diff --git a/-630YTQEuCI.txt b/-630YTQEuCI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a645e252c836df3c89a4302c3f37e833ea323946
--- /dev/null
+++ b/-630YTQEuCI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,259 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this sequence of segments we review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this sequence of segments we review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this sequence of segments we review
+some mathematical background that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some mathematical background that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some mathematical background that will
+be useful at various places in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be useful at various places in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be useful at various places in this
+course most of what is covered with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course most of what is covered with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course most of what is covered with the
+exception of the last segment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception of the last segment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception of the last segment is
+material that you may have seen before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that you may have seen before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that you may have seen before
+but this could still be an opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this could still be an opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this could still be an opportunity
+to refresh some of these concepts I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to refresh some of these concepts I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to refresh some of these concepts I
+should say that this is intended to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say that this is intended to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say that this is intended to be
+just a refresher our coverage is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a refresher our coverage is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a refresher our coverage is not
+going to be complete in any sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be complete in any sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be complete in any sense
+what we will talk about is set various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we will talk about is set various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we will talk about is set various
+definitions related to sets and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions related to sets and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions related to sets and some
+basic properties including the Morgan's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic properties including the Morgan's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic properties including the Morgan's
+laws we will talk about what a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws we will talk about what a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws we will talk about what a sequence
+is and what it means for a sequence to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and what it means for a sequence to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and what it means for a sequence to
+converge to something we will talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to something we will talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to something we will talk about
+infinite series and as an example we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite series and as an example we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite series and as an example we
+will look at the geometric series then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will look at the geometric series then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will look at the geometric series then
+we will talk about some subtleties that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will talk about some subtleties that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will talk about some subtleties that
+arise when you have sums of terms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise when you have sums of terms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise when you have sums of terms that
+are indexed with multiple indices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are indexed with multiple indices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are indexed with multiple indices and
+finally probably the most sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally probably the most sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally probably the most sophisticated
+part will be a discussion of countable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part will be a discussion of countable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part will be a discussion of countable
+versus uncountable sets countable sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus uncountable sets countable sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus uncountable sets countable sets
+are like the integers uncountable sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like the integers uncountable sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like the integers uncountable sets
+are like the real line and they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like the real line and they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like the real line and they are
+fundamentally different and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally different and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally different and this
+fundamental difference reflects itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental difference reflects itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental difference reflects itself
+in two fundamentally different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two fundamentally different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two fundamentally different
+probabilistic models models that involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic models models that involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic models models that involve
+discrete experiments and outcomes versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete experiments and outcomes versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete experiments and outcomes versus
+models that involve continues outcomes
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/-BYC6cNSO78.txt b/-BYC6cNSO78.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7e96d279494e90df9eac1a6e041ac1314bad2d1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/-BYC6cNSO78.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2305 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high-quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Ladies and gentlemen,
+welcome to this
+
+lecture on nonlinear finite
+element analysis of solids and
+
+structures.
+
+In this lecture I'd like
+to discuss with
+
+you structural elements.
+
+Structural elements are, of
+course, employed to model
+
+beam, plate and shell structures
+and are most
+
+important elements.
+
+Because of their importance in
+engineering practice much
+
+research and development effort
+has been focused on the
+
+development of efficient
+structural elements.
+
+In this and the next lecture I'd
+like to discuss with you
+
+some modern effective
+elements.
+
+We will first discuss shell
+elements and then beam
+
+elements and then we go back to
+use the shell elements, a
+
+concept that we discussed in
+some actual applications.
+
+When we do structural analysis
+we should keep one method in
+
+mind, namely that in a
+geometrically nonlinear
+
+analysis, a flat shell, referred
+to as a plate, goes
+
+very rapidly over into the
+behavior of a shell because of
+
+the curvature that develops
+as the plate deforms.
+
+Therefore, to analyze
+geometrically nonlinear plates
+
+we really are quite well off
+using general shell elements.
+
+And I'd like to now focus our
+attention on the development
+
+of general shell elements that
+we actually then employ to
+
+analyze plates as well
+as general shells.
+
+There are various solution
+approaches that one can follow
+
+for the development of
+efficient elements.
+
+And one such approach is
+the use of general
+
+beam and shell theories.
+
+I'm thinking of beams as well
+as shells although I want to
+
+focus our attention on shells,
+really, in this first lecture.
+
+One starts with beam or shell
+theory as general as possible
+
+and develops the governing
+differential equations.
+
+From the governing differential
+equation one
+
+develops variational
+formulations and one
+
+discretizes those variation
+formulations using finite
+
+element interpolations.
+
+This is the approach
+that is taken.
+
+The disadvantage of that
+approach is, in general, lack
+
+of generality of the approach.
+
+You're starting off with
+a particular shell
+
+theory, beam theory.
+
+You of course would like to
+have that shell theory as
+
+general as possible but you
+will find that really, the
+
+shell theory that you're
+starting of will mostly only
+
+be applicable to a certain
+class of shells.
+
+Therefore your finite elements
+that you're developing would
+
+also be only applicable to that
+same class of shells.
+
+And that means in engineering
+practice, in actual usage, the
+
+user has to be very familiar
+for which the particular
+
+element developed,
+as shown here.
+
+I'll discuss now for what
+kinds of shells this
+
+particular shell element
+is really applicable.
+
+We would rather like to have
+shell elements that are
+
+applicable to any shell.
+
+Of course this is a
+very big aim, very
+
+difficult to achieve.
+
+But this is what we would
+like to have ideally
+
+in engineering practice.
+
+The other difficulty with this
+approach is that frequently a
+
+large number of nodal degrees of
+freedom have to be carried
+
+along in the development
+of the shell elements.
+
+And what I'm thinking of there
+is that you don't just have
+
+translations and rotations at
+the nodal points, which has
+
+engineering degrees of freedom
+that we would like to have and
+
+see in for the element, but
+you also have to have
+
+additional degrees of freedoms
+relating to the curvatures in
+
+the elements.
+
+And so on.
+
+So this of course would mean, or
+does mean, difficult use of
+
+such elements and these reasons,
+these two reasons
+
+here have really driven the
+research and development
+
+efforts in different
+directions.
+
+Another approach is to
+use simple elements.
+
+Simple elements, but a large
+number of elements, then to
+
+model very complex beam
+and shell structures.
+
+As an example I'd like to just
+refer you to a 3-node
+
+triangle, a flat element in
+which the plate-bending
+
+behavior is modeled in a
+particular way and the plane
+
+stress behavior is modeled as
+a constant strain, constant
+
+stress element.
+
+These two are superimposed,
+these two behaviors are
+
+superimposed and you have a very
+simple shell element that
+
+in certain analyses can
+be quite effective.
+
+Of course we have to recognize
+in this approach that the
+
+coupling between the membrane
+and bending action is only
+
+introduced at the
+element nodes.
+
+That is a major disadvantage.
+
+And that is the reason why you
+need so many elements to model
+
+a shell and that if we use a
+triangular 3-noded element
+
+with just a constant strain,
+constant stress element to
+
+model the membrane behavior, the
+membrane action, of course
+
+the membrane action is quite
+poorly approximated.
+
+And that is another reason why
+we need so many elements to
+
+model a complex shell
+behavior.
+
+Here on this viewgraph I'm
+showing a picture of the
+
+element that I just
+referred to.
+
+Here you have a triangular
+element in the three
+
+dimensional space.
+
+Notice we introduce a local
+coordinate system, x bar 2, x
+
+bar 3, x bar 1.
+
+Local coordinate system, and
+in this local coordinate
+
+system we measure the
+displacements and rotations.
+
+And we superimpose for this
+element the bending behavior,
+
+the bending behavior
+corresponding to this degree
+
+of freedom, that degree of
+freedom and this degree of
+
+freedom at every node,
+of course.
+
+We add, or superimpose onto
+this bending behavior the
+
+membrane behavior which
+corresponds to these two
+
+degrees of freedom.
+
+And we immediately notice that
+corresponding to this degree
+
+of freedom we don't have a real
+physical stiffness and we
+
+introduce a little artificial
+stiffness as shown down here.
+
+Now this artificial stiffness
+has to be selected and you
+
+want to select it such as to
+take out the singularity out
+
+of the system but yet make the
+stiffness not too big so as to
+
+destroy the behavior
+of the element.
+
+Because it's an artificial
+stiffness you really want to
+
+make it as small as possible
+just to take out the
+
+singularity out of this element
+when you apply this
+
+element in the modeling of
+general shell structures.
+
+This artificial stiffness
+actually is quite bothersome
+
+in nonlinear analysis.
+
+It can provide problems and
+we really don't like it.
+
+But if we use this approach we
+have to introduce it and well,
+
+we have to, so to say, live with
+it, with the difficulties
+
+that we encounter.
+
+But the other approach that
+I want to discuss with you
+
+really quite extensively in
+these two lectures, namely
+
+using the isoparametric
+elements, having curved
+
+elements there as well, we
+don't introduce this
+
+artificial stiffness anymore
+because our experiences of
+
+introducing it in nonlinear
+analysis show us that there
+
+are many difficulties that
+come into the analysis
+
+procedure if you have this
+artificial stiffness.
+
+So we got rid of it.
+
+We don't need to use it any
+longer for the more modern
+
+elements that I will be talking
+about just now.
+
+The approach for these modern
+elements is to use
+
+isoparametric interpolations
+and we talk then about the
+
+isoparametric (degenerate)
+beams and shell elements.
+
+"Degenerate" because we
+degenerate these elements, or
+
+we obtain these elements I
+should say, by degeneration
+
+from three dimensional
+behavior.
+
+We will talk much more
+about it just now.
+
+But in essence we are saying
+we take the 3-D continuum
+
+equations and we degenerate
+those equations to the
+
+particular shell behavior and
+beam behavior for beams that
+
+we would like to capture.
+
+The resulting elements can be
+used to model quite general
+
+beam and shell structures.
+
+And that is, of course, a very
+large advantage in engineering
+
+practice if you can use the
+same elements to model a
+
+variety of structures.
+
+The basic approach of this
+isoparametric interpolation is
+
+to use the total and updated
+Lagrangian formulations that
+
+we developed earlier.
+
+We talked in the earlier
+lectures quite extensively
+
+about the total updated
+Lagrangian formulation, the
+
+continuum mechanics equations,
+as well as the finite element
+
+discretization of the continuum
+mechanics equations.
+
+But we applied the final
+discretization only to 2-D and
+
+3-D solid elements.
+
+Now we want to do the same
+for shell elements.
+
+We recall that in the T.L.
+formulation the governing
+
+equation is this one here, which
+is nothing else than the
+
+principal of virtual work
+operating on the second
+
+Piola-Kirchhoff stress and
+the variation on the
+
+Green-Lagrange strain.
+
+This integral has taken over
+the original volume of the
+
+structure, of the
+element, when we
+
+develop a finite element.
+
+And this of course, the internal
+virtual work, and
+
+here we have the external
+virtual work.
+
+Notice the linearization of
+this left integral here
+
+resulted into these
+three integrals.
+
+We went through that
+linearization in quite some
+
+detail and we talked about
+the individual terms.
+
+I don't think it's now necessity
+to review that
+
+material anymore.
+
+Please refer to the
+earlier lectures.
+
+The same approach of course
+we used also for the U.L.
+
+formulation.
+
+Here is the general starting
+point, the principle of
+
+virtual work now, using second
+Piola-Kirchhoff stresses refer
+
+to the configuration
+at time t.
+
+Variations in the Green-Lagrange
+strains refer
+
+to the time configuration
+at time t.
+
+This gives the internal virtual
+work corresponding to
+
+time t plus delta t,
+t plus delta t.
+
+And this is the external virtual
+work, same external
+
+virtual work of course that
+we are having in the total
+
+Lagrangian formulation.
+
+The linearization of the left
+hand side integral here
+
+results into these
+three integrals.
+
+Once again we talked about
+the linearization quiet
+
+extensively and if you refer to
+the earlier lectures surely
+
+you recognize individual terms
+that you're seeing here now.
+
+We use these governing equations
+for the total
+
+Lagrangian and updated
+Lagrangian formulation to
+
+develop the general
+shell elements.
+
+And what we have to do now is
+to impose on these equations
+
+the basic assumptions of
+beam and shell action.
+
+And let us go now through these
+basic assumptions one by
+
+one carefully.
+
+The first assumption is that
+the material particles
+
+originally on a straight line
+normal to the mid-surface of
+
+the beam or the shell remain
+on that straight line
+
+throughout the response
+history.
+
+This is one most important
+assumption.
+
+You must have encountered this
+assumption or at least some
+
+form of it already earlier in
+your discussion of beam
+
+theories and possibly
+shell theories.
+
+Let's look at this assumption
+more closely, so.
+
+For beams we would say plane
+sections initially normal to
+
+the mid-surface remain
+plane sections during
+
+the response history.
+
+This is basically saying
+the same thing
+
+what I just said earlier.
+
+And if you look at this closely
+you recognize that we
+
+do not say that the plane
+sections initially normal to
+
+the mid-surface remain plane
+sections during the response
+
+history and remain normal
+to the mid-surface.
+
+We don't say that.
+
+That's of course being
+said when you use the
+
+Euler-Bernoulli beam theory.
+
+We don't say this, that the
+plane sections remain normal
+
+to the mid-surface throughout
+the response history.
+
+We don't say that and because we
+don't say that we in effect
+
+include in an approximate
+way shear deformations.
+
+In other words, we look here
+at the effect of transverse
+
+shear deformations is included,
+and hence the lines
+
+initially normal to the
+mid-surface do not remain
+
+normal to the mid-surface
+during the deformations.
+
+Let's look at what this
+means pictorially.
+
+Here we have a section of a beam
+at time 0 and we draw a
+
+line normal, that is, at 90
+degrees to the mid-surface,
+
+shown as a dashed line.
+
+And we identify particles
+on that line.
+
+Here we have four
+such [? rad ?]
+
+material particles.
+
+Now the beam will move, deform,
+go through large
+
+displacements, large
+rotations.
+
+But actually we assume
+small strains.
+
+And we see that these material
+particles which were
+
+originally up here are
+now down here.
+
+We identify that these material
+particles are still
+
+on a straight line.
+
+But this straight line is not
+anymore normal, that it is at
+
+90 degrees to the mid-surface.
+
+And because it is not any more
+normal to the mid-surface we
+
+do include shear deformations
+approximately because we
+
+assume that the shear
+deformations are constant
+
+throughout the thickness
+of the beam.
+
+This is a most important
+assumption.
+
+We're looking here what looks
+like a beam but actually, if
+
+you think of another dimension
+here, you can directly see
+
+that the same picture is
+also applicable to
+
+the motion of a shell.
+
+The second important assumption
+is that the stress
+
+in the direction normal to the
+beam or shell mid-surface is
+
+zero throughout the
+response history.
+
+In other words, there is no
+stress developed normal to the
+
+mid-surface.
+
+But notice that here is a stress
+along the material
+
+fiber that is initially normal
+to the mid-surface is
+
+considered.
+
+Now this material fiber which
+is initially normal to the
+
+mid-surface will not remain
+normal to the
+
+mid-surface as I just said.
+
+And in the motion we will
+consider always this stress in
+
+the direction of that material
+fiber which was originally
+
+normal to the mid-surface.
+
+So after motion has taken
+place we are not really
+
+talking anymore exactly--
+
+you want to look in great detail
+at what's happening--
+
+we don't talk anymore exactly
+about the stress, that is
+
+normal to the current
+mid-surface.
+
+But we always talk about the
+stress in the direction of the
+
+fiber that was initially normal
+to the mid-surface.
+
+That's being said here.
+
+And the third assumption, also
+most important assumption, is
+
+that the thickness of the beam
+or shell remains constant.
+
+Here then we clearly identify
+that we are using really a
+
+small-- we are assuming small
+strain conditions, but we
+
+allow for very large
+displacements and rotations.
+
+Well, with these three
+kinematic and static
+
+assumptions clearly identified
+we are now ready to actually
+
+develop the shell element
+interpolations.
+
+And let's go at that.
+
+The first point is that we
+incorporate the geometric
+
+assumptions.
+
+Straight lines normal to the
+mid-surface remain straight,
+
+put here in quotes, that
+geometric assumption and the
+
+geometric assumption that the
+shell thickness remains
+
+constant throughout
+the whole motion.
+
+These were two assumptions
+that we just discussed.
+
+We incorporate that into our
+shell element formulation by
+
+using the appropriate geometric
+and displacement
+
+interpolations.
+
+We incorporate the condition of
+zero stress normal to the
+
+mid-surface, I put it in quotes
+here, because remember,
+
+we are talking about the stress
+in the direction of the
+
+fiber that was originally normal
+to the mid-surface.
+
+We incorporate this condition
+by using the appropriate
+
+stress-strain law.
+
+Let's talk first about this
+assumption and then about this
+
+assumption, how we're using
+these to actually develop our
+
+shell elements.
+
+To focus our attention
+I'd like to talk
+
+about a 9-node element.
+
+However.
+
+we will later on see that in
+practice actually we don't use
+
+the 9-node element very much.
+
+We actually recommend the use
+of a 16-node element and a
+
+4-node element but this
+9-node element in some
+
+analysis is also used.
+
+And it certainly is an element
+with which I can discuss with
+
+you, share with you all the
+experiences regarding the
+
+formulation of the elements
+because what we're talking
+
+about now really is applicable
+to any of the elements.
+
+In fact, we're talking about
+variable number nodes
+
+elements, where the number of
+nodes can be selected by the
+
+analyst and the geometric
+assumptions that we're now
+
+talking about are the same for
+any one of these elements.
+
+How do we go about
+the formulation?
+
+Well, one important point is
+that we introduce at each node
+
+lying on the mid-surface, and
+here we see such 9-nodes, a
+
+director vector, a director
+vector t v n k, t referring
+
+already to the geometry
+at time t.
+
+Of course this director vector
+is actually input by the
+
+analyst for time 0 and then
+it evolves with the
+
+motion of the shell.
+
+Also we're introducing for the
+analysis, and that's being
+
+done automatically in the
+computer program, these two
+
+vectors here, t v 1 k and t v
+2 k, which are normal to the
+
+director vector.
+
+These vectors are calculated
+automatically in
+
+the computer program.
+
+We talk more about it
+a little later.
+
+Notice that the thickness here
+at this node is a k, and
+
+notice that v n k at node
+k-- k of course
+
+stands for that node--
+
+acts into the direction off
+the thickness here.
+
+Notice that such [? triad ?]
+
+of vectors is of course
+being worked with at
+
+each of these nodes.
+
+And notice that the thickness
+at the nodes can change.
+
+The element is defined
+as follows.
+
+As far as the analyst is
+concerned the initial nodal
+
+point coordinates of all
+the nodal points on the
+
+mid-surface must be input.
+
+Also the initial director vector
+must be input, here now
+
+you see the zero, and the
+thickness at every
+
+node must be input.
+
+Notice if these director vectors
+at all of the nodes
+
+are known, with the thicknesses
+at the nodes of
+
+course, then we can interpolate
+the thickness at
+
+any point of the mid-surface
+of the shell and we can
+
+interpolate the director vector
+corresponding to any
+
+point on the mid-surface.
+
+Here such point on the
+mid-surface we get the
+
+thickness at that point, from
+the thicknesses that we have
+
+here, and from the
+director vectors.
+
+And of course we are also
+getting the director vector at
+
+this point from these
+director vectors.
+
+So the analyst must put in the
+nodal point coordinates of the
+
+mid-surface nodes and the
+direction cosines of these
+
+director vectors.
+
+Much of it of course
+can be generated
+
+in a practical analysis.
+
+We use an isoparametric
+coordinate system with
+
+coordinates r, s, and t.
+
+The coordinates r and s
+correspond to a measure in the
+
+mid-surface.
+
+The coordinate t is measured
+in the direction of the
+
+director vectors.
+
+The geometry at time 0 is
+interpolated as shown here in
+
+this equation.
+
+0 x i gives us the coordinates,
+three, i goes
+
+from one to three, of any
+material particle in the
+
+stationary coordinate frame.
+
+I should point out once more
+very strongly that we use a
+
+stationary Cartesian coordinate
+frame, x1, x2, x3,
+
+to describe the geometry of the
+element and to work with
+
+our element.
+
+This coordinate frame, x1,
+x2, x3, is stationary.
+
+In that stationary coordinate
+frame of course we are
+
+measuring the coordinates
+of any material particle
+
+corresponding to time
+0, corresponding
+
+to time t, et cetera.
+
+The same way as we discussed it
+in earlier lectures when we
+
+talked about the analysis of
+solids, 2-D and 3-D solids,
+
+and when we talked about the
+continuum mechanics equations.
+
+So here these coordinates of the
+material particles, as the
+
+material particles are moving
+through the stationary
+
+coordinate frame, are given
+by the right hand side.
+
+And what do we see here?
+
+k is 1 to n, n is the number of
+nodes for the element that
+
+I've shown you and
+would be nine.
+
+h k are the interpolation
+functions corresponding to the
+
+two-dimensional surface
+of the element.
+
+In other words, these h
+k's are really the 2-D
+
+interpolation functions as we
+are used to see them for plane
+
+stress, plane strain, and
+axisymmetric analysis.
+
+Same interpolation functions.
+
+These are the nodal point
+coordinates at time 0.
+
+Here we have t, that is the
+third isoparametric
+
+coordinate.
+
+We talked about it just now.
+
+k, going from 1 to n again.
+
+a k are the thicknesses
+at the nodal points.
+
+h k here is exactly the same
+h k that you see here.
+
+And these are the direction
+cosines of
+
+the director vectors.
+
+Director vector n means director
+vector k, or normal.
+
+n really stands for normal, but
+it's really the director
+
+vector referring to the
+director vector k,
+
+of course, a node.
+
+0 means time 0 and i means
+the components, the three
+
+components of the
+director vector.
+
+That's what we're
+looking at here.
+
+Now if you leave this term out
+then you would have simply the
+
+interpolation of the mid-surface
+as for a membrane
+
+element, of course curved
+mid-surface.
+
+This term here is added in to
+take into account the effect
+
+of the shell thickness.
+
+Similarly at time t we have,
+applying the same
+
+interpolation t,
+x, i here now.
+
+Here we have t, x, i, k, same
+h k that we talked about
+
+earlier, same summing that
+we talked about just now.
+
+Here now t, v, n, i, k, the
+direction cosines, also
+
+director vectors.
+
+Director vector k
+at time t now.
+
+Notice that all we have done in
+this term and in that term
+
+is to substitute for the 0 that
+we had here and that we
+
+had there, the t now.
+
+Of course this t means
+time t, this t here
+
+means coordinate t.
+
+That's why we put a circle
+around it and wrote it out
+
+there once more.
+
+This is the coordinate, the
+isoparametric coordinate t.
+
+r s coordinates go in here, t
+coordinate goes in there.
+
+What has happened here is that
+originally our director vector
+
+might look like shown in
+this picture here.
+
+The node coordinates are given
+here, 0 x i k, and in the time
+
+from time 0 to time t this
+director vector moves to look
+
+as shown now here.
+
+And of course the nodal point
+itself has moved as well.
+
+So it's these quantities here,
+these [? rad ?] quantities
+
+that we're using here, which
+carries a curve.
+
+Well, to obtain the displacement
+of any material
+
+particle within the shell we
+proceed now exactly the same
+
+way as we have proceeded
+in the development
+
+of 3-D solid elements.
+
+We take the interpolation for
+the geometry at time t,
+
+subtract the interpolation for
+the geometry at time 0 and we
+
+get the displacements
+corresponding to time t.
+
+The result is this
+equation here.
+
+Here we have the displacements
+of any material
+
+particle in the shell.
+
+Here we have the nodal point
+displacements from
+
+time 0 to time t.
+
+Here we have the director
+vectors at time t, so to say,
+
+minus the director vectors
+at time 0.
+
+Really these are the direction
+cosines corresponding to the
+
+director vector at time t, minus
+the direction cosines of
+
+the director vector
+corresponding at time 0.
+
+Of course this quantity here is
+obtained by this equation
+
+and that quantity here is simply
+obtained by subtracting
+
+the right hand sides
+corresponding to t x i and 0 x
+
+i the way you just have seen
+them on the previous
+
+viewgraphs.
+
+The incremental displacement
+from time t to time t plus
+
+delta t is similarly obtained
+from this relationship here.
+
+And the result is shown here
+where now we have here the
+
+increments in the nodal
+point displacements.
+
+And here we have the increments
+in the direction
+
+cosines of the director vectors
+from time t to time t
+
+plus delta t.
+
+The equation is given
+right there.
+
+Well, with the equations that
+we have developed so far we
+
+are almost ready to establish
+the strain displacement
+
+matrices for the T.L. and U.L.
+formulations of the element.
+
+We have the coordinate
+interpolations for the
+
+material particles.
+
+We discussed those.
+
+And we have at the moment also
+the interpolation of the
+
+incremental displacements of the
+material particles in the
+
+shell element in terms of
+nodal point incremental
+
+displacements and the increments
+of the direction
+
+cosines of the director vectors
+at the nodal points.
+
+What we, however, want is
+to have the incremental
+
+displacements in terms of the
+nodal point displacements and
+
+nodal point rotations.
+
+The nodal point rotations
+because the incremental nodal
+
+point displacements and nodal
+point rotations are the
+
+engineering type quantities that
+we can nicely deal with
+
+in a computer program when we
+analyze shell structures.
+
+So what we want is to express v
+n i k, the increments in the
+
+direction cosines of the
+director vectors, from time t
+
+to time t plus delta
+t in terms of
+
+the nodal point rotations.
+
+And that is achieved
+as follows.
+
+Here we have the stationary
+coordinate frame x1, x2, x3.
+
+e 1 is a vector into the x1
+direction, e 2 the vector into
+
+the x2 direction, e 3 the vector
+into the x3 direction.
+
+Here we show v n k for
+nodal point k.
+
+In other words, a director
+vector, at time 0.
+
+This one is input
+by the analyst.
+
+These two are calculated
+in the program.
+
+And of course there are such two
+for every nodal point k.
+
+For every nodal point k we also
+put in a director vector.
+
+Now the convention that is used,
+that can be used for the
+
+v 1 and v 2 calculations, that
+convention is given down here.
+
+Notice that if v n points into
+the e 3 direction then v 1
+
+points into the 1 direction
+and v 2
+
+points into the 2 direction.
+
+By that I mean into the e 1 and
+into the e 2 directions.
+
+Notice, this is a detail, that
+when v n points into the e 2
+
+direction this formula breaks
+down and you need to use some
+
+other convention.
+
+But that is a detail.
+
+We don't really need
+to discuss that
+
+very much here now.
+
+Anyways, let us say then at
+every nodal point k, v n has
+
+been input by the user, v
+1, v 2, calculated by
+
+the computer program.
+
+We notice that these
+two are once again
+
+perpendicular to v n.
+
+Then we can directly say that
+the increment in the direction
+
+cosines of the vector, the
+director vector, is given via
+
+this relationship here.
+
+Now I've written this down
+already for time t.
+
+Of course it also holds for
+time 0, all you do is
+
+substitute for t, 0.
+
+It holds in fact for any time
+of the motion that we are
+
+considering.
+
+Let's see why this holds.
+
+Well, this picture here shows
+what's happening.
+
+Here we have v n, here we have
+v 2, here we have v 1.
+
+Notice alpha is the rotation
+about v 1, beta is the
+
+rotation about v 2.
+
+Notice that with the rotation
+beta about v 2 here, we of
+
+course have an increment in
+this vector shown by this
+
+component because this here is
+now v n at time t plus delta t
+
+when alpha k is 0.
+
+When alpha k is 0.
+
+Now of course you would also
+have the alpha k component
+
+coming in and that means you
+have to add also this term.
+
+Notice that once you have
+obtained this vector you want
+
+to normalize its
+lengths again.
+
+But this picture here shows
+why this term is a correct
+
+term to use in this formula
+and you can extend this
+
+picture to also include
+this term.
+
+With this relationship we can
+substitute for v n and that's
+
+now done in this equation.
+
+We have substituted for v n and
+have now our increments in
+
+the displacements for the
+material particle within the
+
+shell in terms of nodal point
+incremental displacements and
+
+rotations about these v 1 and
+v 2 axes that we defined.
+
+Well, having established this
+interpolation for the
+
+incremental displacements and,
+of course, the interpolations
+
+for the geometries of the
+element at time 0, at time t,
+
+we can directly establish the
+strain displacement matrices.
+
+And we will see we can then
+set up the k matrix, the f
+
+vector, the elements that go
+into the equilibrium equations
+
+the way that we discussed it
+in the earlier lectures.
+
+And from the solution of k u
+equals r or k delta u equals
+
+delta r in nonlinear analysis,
+we of course get our nodal
+
+point rotations, alpha
+k and beta k.
+
+And once we have calculated
+these nodal point rotations we
+
+obtain by this relationship
+here the v n at time
+
+t plus delta t.
+
+In other words, what we're
+doing really here is we
+
+integrate over all of the angle,
+alpha k and beta k, to
+
+get a more accurate
+approximation for the nodal
+
+point vector, of the director
+vector, I should say, at time
+
+t plus delta t.
+
+Notice that if you do this
+integration in one step with
+
+the Euler forward method, you
+get back the equation that we
+
+had earlier on the viewgraph.
+
+And which I tried to explain or
+discuss with you using this
+
+picture that you saw.
+
+And I mentioned also that after
+this integration of
+
+course we want to normalize the
+lengths of this vector to
+
+make it always a unit
+length vector.
+
+We recognize that with this
+approach we have only five
+
+degrees of freedom per node.
+
+Three translations in the
+Cartesian coordinate
+
+directions which are stationary,
+and two rotations
+
+refer to the local nodal point
+vectors v 1 and v 2 at time t.
+
+Now notice in geometric
+nonlinear analysis, of course,
+
+this vector and that vector,
+t v 1 and t v 2, change
+
+direction so our alpha k and
+beta k are rotations that are
+
+measured about changing
+directions.
+
+That is an important
+point to recognize.
+
+Let's look at one pictorial
+
+representation of what's happening.
+
+Here we have node k.
+
+We have a smooth shell, say,
+that is discretized using four
+
+shell elements.
+
+I've taken one shell element
+away as shown here so that we
+
+can look into the shell.
+
+And at that node we have, as
+shown now, v 1 and v 2 at time
+
+t and the director vector
+corresponding to a time t.
+
+We measure at that time
+alpha k and beta k
+
+about v 1 and v 2.
+
+And we also measure the
+displacements of the node, u
+
+1, u 2, u 3.
+
+So notice that this node
+moves as shown.
+
+These are the three
+translational degrees of
+
+freedom and this director vector
+here moves to a new
+
+position and also changes
+direction.
+
+And that new director
+vector of course is
+
+given here in red.
+
+Notice that there is no
+physical stiffness
+
+corresponding to the rotation
+about the director vector.
+
+No physical stiffness.
+
+The five degrees of freedom
+that the element very
+
+naturally carries, u 1, u
+2, u 3, alpha k, beta k.
+
+Alpha, beta at every node k.
+
+If only shell elements connect
+to node k and the node k is
+
+not subjected to
+boundary-prescribed rotations
+
+then we only need to assign
+these five degrees of freedom
+
+to the node and only work with
+these five degrees of freedom
+
+at that node.
+
+However if we deal with a node
+to which also beam element is
+
+connected, which of course in
+general has three rotational
+
+degrees of freedom, or a node
+on which a boundary rotation
+
+other than alpha k or beta k is
+imposed then we transform
+
+the two nodal rotations, alpha
+k and beta k, to the three
+
+Cartesian axes.
+
+Because this way we can directly
+deal then with the
+
+connection here and
+the imposition of
+
+the boundary rotation.
+
+We can do so directly using
+these three rotations now
+
+measured in the Cartesian
+axis directions.
+
+I mentioned already that the
+above interpolations for 0 x
+
+i, t x i and u i, in other
+words, for the original
+
+geometry, the current geometry,
+and the incremental
+
+displacements the way we have
+developed them, they can
+
+directly be used to obtain
+the strain displacement
+
+transformation matrices.
+
+And we really do so in the same
+way as for the 3-D solid
+
+elements which we discussed
+in an earlier lecture.
+
+However, there's one method to
+recognize, and I briefly
+
+pointed it out also already in
+the earlier lecture, that
+
+using this expression here--
+
+and I now must refer to the
+earlier material that we
+
+discussed--
+
+using this expression to obtain
+the strain displacement
+
+matrix, we realize that we
+obtain the exact linear strain
+
+displacement matrix.
+
+However, using this expression
+here to develop the nonlinear
+
+strain displacement matrix, t 0
+b n l, for the shell element
+
+only in approximation to the
+exact second-order strain
+
+displacement rotation expression
+is obtained because
+
+the internal element
+displacements depend
+
+nonlinearly on the nodal
+point rotations.
+
+I pointed that out earlier.
+
+Please refer back to that
+discussion to obtain a deeper
+
+understanding of what
+I mean here.
+
+The important point, of course,
+is that we do obtain
+
+the exact linear strain
+displacement matrix, so at
+
+convergence in an iteration, k
+delta u equals delta r, when
+
+we have converged we actually
+have the exact solution to the
+
+model that we're using,
+of course.
+
+So this is important that we
+obtain the appropriate and
+
+exact t 0 b l matrix.
+
+The effect of what we are
+neglecting here was earlier
+
+mentioned and please refer
+back to that lecture.
+
+We finally need to still impose
+the condition that the
+
+stress in the direction
+normal to the shell
+
+mid-surface is zero.
+
+Remember this was one further
+assumption that we discussed
+
+at the beginning of
+this lecture.
+
+We use a direction
+of the director
+
+vector as a normal direction.
+
+This means that at each Gauss
+integration point within the
+
+element, and which we want to
+evaluate the stress-strain
+
+law, we first of all set up a
+system of vectors, e bar r, e
+
+bar s, e t, that are mutually
+perpendicular.
+
+Now let's look here into the
+picture above and we see here
+
+at a particular Gauss point,
+schematically shown, the
+
+vector e r and e s which are
+vectors corresponding to the r
+
+and s axes.
+
+e t is a vector corresponding
+to the direction of the
+
+director vector at that point.
+
+e t we accept as the normal
+direction, that's for the
+
+shell at that point, and we
+construct e bar s and e bar r
+
+to be vectors perpendicular
+to e t and to themselves.
+
+And that is achieved by this
+relationship here.
+
+Having now established e t, e
+bar r and e bar s, we use this
+
+stress-strain law.
+
+And by this I mean let's
+look first what's
+
+in these round brackets.
+
+We use this stress-strain law
+corresponding to these
+
+directions.
+
+In other words, the directions e
+bar r, e bar s and e t where
+
+this is the normal direction,
+this corresponds to the normal
+
+direction e t.
+
+Notice by putting zeroes here
+we impose the fact that into
+
+the direction e t we
+have zero stress.
+
+Of course this matrix
+is symmetric.
+
+Notice we have k here which is
+a shear correction factor
+
+applied to the transfer shear
+stresses in the shell.
+
+New of course is Poisson's
+ratio and
+
+e is Young's modulus.
+
+Now this is the material law
+corresponding to e t, e
+
+bar r, e bar s.
+
+And what we now have to do is
+transform this material law at
+
+every integration point to
+the global directions.
+
+Global directions because for
+the global x1, x2, x3
+
+directions we have established
+the b, the strain
+
+displacement matrices.
+
+And that gives us this material,
+or c, shell.
+
+This q s h t, q s h is, I
+think, quite well known.
+
+Let me show you the form
+of it briefly.
+
+It's a transformation matrix
+where we show some of the
+
+terms here, as you can see.
+
+And these terms, l 1, m
+1, n 1, et cetera, are
+
+defined down here.
+
+And l 1, for example, is nothing
+else but the cosine of
+
+the angle between
+e 1 and e bar r.
+
+In other words, it's a
+transformation matrix that you
+
+are probably quite familiar
+with in linear analysis.
+
+It's the matrix that transforms
+the stress and
+
+strain components from one
+coordinate system to the other
+
+coordinate system.
+
+And of course the coordinate
+systems that we are
+
+transforming, that we're using
+here, are the bar, e bar, r, e
+
+bar s, e t coordinate system on
+the one side and e 1, e 2,
+
+e 3 on the other side.
+
+Well, using this matrix we
+assure that the columns and
+
+rows 1 to 3 in c s h reflect
+that the stress normal to the
+
+shell mid-surface is zero.
+
+This holds true because,
+remember if we go back once
+
+more to the viewgraph, we
+have set this column and
+
+corresponding row to
+zero elements.
+
+And of course this means that
+the stress normal to the shell
+
+surface is zero.
+
+I should also briefly point
+out that we have a plane
+
+stress condition corresponding
+to the other direction of
+
+stresses, in other words,
+the e bar r and e
+
+bar s direction stresses.
+
+We have a plane stress condition
+as you can see here.
+
+And of course this term would
+go with it as well.
+
+This term and these terms here
+reflect the plane stress
+
+situation in the plane
+of the shell, zero
+
+stress through the thickness.
+
+And all that we are transforming
+to the global
+
+system now here--
+
+that fact, that physical
+fact--
+
+of course must still be
+reflected in c s h.
+
+And that's what's being said
+here at that point.
+
+If you want to do plastic
+analysis, creep analysis, you
+
+proceed in the same way.
+
+But you calculate then once
+again the stress-strain
+
+metrics as in the analysis
+of 3-D solids.
+
+And having got that
+stress-strain matrix, six by
+
+six matrix, you impose the
+condition that the stress
+
+normal to the mid-surface is
+zero in much the same way as
+
+what we have done here for the
+elastic material condition.
+
+Finally, regarding the kinematic
+descriptions that we
+
+talked about for the shell
+elements, it is interesting to
+
+note that also transition
+elements can be developed.
+
+These can be quite useful in
+practical analysis because
+
+they are elements with some
+mid-surface nodes that carry,
+
+in other words, associate
+director vectors and five
+
+degrees of freedom per node
+and some top and bottom
+
+surface nodes with three
+translational degrees of
+
+freedom per node.
+
+These elements would be used,
+for example, to model
+
+shell-to-solid transitions or to
+model shell intersections.
+
+And here you see one such
+typical element just
+
+schematically shown.
+
+Here we have a mid-surface
+node, three translational
+
+degrees of freedom corresponding
+to the
+
+stationary coordinate frame,
+two rotational degrees of
+
+freedom the way we talked about
+it just now, mid-surface
+
+node here and top and bottom
+nodes here with three
+
+translational degrees
+of freedom for
+
+each of these nodes.
+
+Notice we can directly couple
+3-D solids to this phase here
+
+and shell elements to
+this phase here.
+
+We haven't shown mid-surface
+nodes here, but you would,
+
+say, have all the mid-surface
+nodes here and then surely
+
+shell element can directly be
+coupled into here in such
+
+situation as schematically shown
+right down here on this
+
+viewgraph where we have solid
+elements on this side and
+
+transition element right
+there and shell
+
+elements on that side.
+
+Because here you would continue
+with shell elements,
+
+you would continue with
+solid elements here.
+
+And once again three
+translational degrees of
+
+freedom for these top and bottom
+surface nodes and five
+
+degrees of freedom at shell
+mid-surface nodes as shown for
+
+that node right here.
+
+Notice we can also use these
+transition elements to model
+
+shell intersections very nicely
+as exemplified up here.
+
+Well, this brings me to the
+end of what I wanted to
+
+discuss with you in
+this lecture.
+
+Of course what we have not done
+yet is to look at example
+
+solutions and what I'd like to
+do in the next lecture is
+
+first of all talk with you
+about beam elements, the
+
+isoparametric beam element,
+which is formulated much in
+
+the same way as the
+shell elements
+
+that we just discussed.
+
+And then I'd like to show you
+applications of the beam
+
+elements as well as the
+shell elements.
+
+So please, if you are interested
+in this subject
+
+matter, continue looking at the
+second tape, part two of
+
+this set of lectures.
+
+Thank you very much for
+your attention.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/-JtATRj2EG4.txt b/-JtATRj2EG4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0c97d5290373e9750d45296d288cfd2edf3142d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/-JtATRj2EG4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,531 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in a 13 the way that we assess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in a 13 the way that we assess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in a 13 the way that we assess
+student learning one of the ways that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student learning one of the ways that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student learning one of the ways that we
+assess student learning is for them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assess student learning is for them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assess student learning is for them to
+give talks that are the kind of talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give talks that are the kind of talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give talks that are the kind of talk
+that you would give at the American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would give at the American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would give at the American
+Physical Society meeting it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Physical Society meeting it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Physical Society meeting it's a little
+bit different we give them three extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit different we give them three extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit different we give them three extra
+minutes than what you would have in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes than what you would have in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes than what you would have in the
+American Physical Society meeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American Physical Society meeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American Physical Society meeting
+nevertheless it's very hard to squeeze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless it's very hard to squeeze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless it's very hard to squeeze
+everything you've learned into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you've learned into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you've learned into a
+15-minute talk and what we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15-minute talk and what we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15-minute talk and what we're looking
+for in the talks we're looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for in the talks we're looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for in the talks we're looking for
+several things we are looking for how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several things we are looking for how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several things we are looking for how
+well they understand the content and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they understand the content and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they understand the content and how
+well they communicate the content both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they communicate the content both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they communicate the content both
+visually and also verbally and so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visually and also verbally and so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visually and also verbally and so those
+are the three things that we're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the three things that we're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the three things that we're really
+trying to hit on as we grade them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to hit on as we grade them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to hit on as we grade them
+related to the talk so the students will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the talk so the students will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the talk so the students will
+end up giving four talks the first talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up giving four talks the first talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up giving four talks the first talk
+is on the early set of experiments that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the early set of experiments that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the early set of experiments that
+they have so they do three short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have so they do three short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have so they do three short
+experiments just to learn a lot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments just to learn a lot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments just to learn a lot about
+how the equipment works how statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the equipment works how statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the equipment works how statistics
+works things along those lines and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works things along those lines and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works things along those lines and they
+choose one of those to give a talk and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose one of those to give a talk and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose one of those to give a talk and
+that talk doesn't count so it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that talk doesn't count so it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that talk doesn't count so it's an
+opportunity to find out what it is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to find out what it is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to find out what it is like
+to give a talk and to find out how I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give a talk and to find out how I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give a talk and to find out how I'm
+gonna be responding the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be responding the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be responding the kind of
+questions that I'm going to ask at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that I'm going to ask at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that I'm going to ask at the
+end and how we're gonna go back through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end and how we're gonna go back through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end and how we're gonna go back through
+everything and take it all apart and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and take it all apart and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and take it all apart and see
+if we can put it back together then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we can put it back together then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we can put it back together then they
+have three long laps that they have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three long laps that they have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three long laps that they have done
+and one of those three long labs will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of those three long labs will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of those three long labs will be
+the subject of their final talk that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject of their final talk that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject of their final talk that
+they give in our mini conference and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give in our mini conference and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give in our mini conference and so
+in the three talks that they give what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the three talks that they give what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the three talks that they give what
+we're doing is we are not just checking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing is we are not just checking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing is we are not just checking
+all of the information that they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the information that they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the information that they've
+learned make sure that they understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned make sure that they understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned make sure that they understand
+all of the physics and so forth we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the physics and so forth we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the physics and so forth we're
+also helping them rethink those talks so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also helping them rethink those talks so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also helping them rethink those talks so
+that they can then give an even better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can then give an even better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can then give an even better
+talk at the mini conference and so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk at the mini conference and so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk at the mini conference and so I'm
+doing that I always do this with my TA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that I always do this with my TA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that I always do this with my TA
+so there's two of us in the room and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's two of us in the room and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's two of us in the room and
+there are the lab partners are together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are the lab partners are together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are the lab partners are together
+in the room one person gives the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the room one person gives the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the room one person gives the
+15-minute talk and then as we go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15-minute talk and then as we go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15-minute talk and then as we go back
+through the other lab partner writes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the other lab partner writes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the other lab partner writes
+down all of the comments that we had so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down all of the comments that we had so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down all of the comments that we had so
+that the other lab partner can give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the other lab partner can give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the other lab partner can give the
+first one the one that was giving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one the one that was giving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one the one that was giving the
+talk all of our information so so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk all of our information so so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk all of our information so so that
+they can make the changes and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can make the changes and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can make the changes and so this
+seems to work really well and they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to work really well and they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to work really well and they will
+also work very closely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also work very closely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also work very closely
+with the TSR communications person and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the TSR communications person and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the TSR communications person and
+she also goes through the talks with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she also goes through the talks with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she also goes through the talks with
+them we videotape them so she can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them we videotape them so she can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them we videotape them so she can see
+the videotape and then she can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the videotape and then she can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the videotape and then she can go
+through the videotape with the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the videotape with the students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the videotape with the students
+and that really helps to make the mini
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that really helps to make the mini
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that really helps to make the mini
+conference talk really good also
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/-hgRkC_uUzU.txt b/-hgRkC_uUzU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5e436482f0d7f11d5a65d40b861b63825bab33b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/-hgRkC_uUzU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1707 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to 8701
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to 8701
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to 8701
+so now um after we introduced um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now um after we introduced um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now um after we introduced um
+the weak interaction um and the feynman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weak interaction um and the feynman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weak interaction um and the feynman
+rules four week interaction we can now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules four week interaction we can now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules four week interaction we can now
+look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at
+the case of neurons and in this case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of neurons and in this case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of neurons and in this case the
+decay of a pion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay of a pion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay of a pion
+decay of the pion is specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay of the pion is specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay of the pion is specifically
+interesting and we discussed the decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and we discussed the decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and we discussed the decay
+of the prion before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the prion before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the prion before
+when it came to the discussion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it came to the discussion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it came to the discussion of
+helicity states now let's look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicity states now let's look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicity states now let's look at this
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+with the information we have and what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the information we have and what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the information we have and what we
+learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned
+now if you look at the pi and decay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you look at the pi and decay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you look at the pi and decay the
+two leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two leading
+two of three leading decay modes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of three leading decay modes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of three leading decay modes are
+given here the one is where the pion in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given here the one is where the pion in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given here the one is where the pion in
+this case a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case a
+negatively charged fire decays into an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively charged fire decays into an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively charged fire decays into an
+entry electron neutrino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry electron neutrino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry electron neutrino
+and an electron or via the w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an electron or via the w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an electron or via the w
+in a muon and an antimur neutrino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a muon and an antimur neutrino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a muon and an antimur neutrino
+if you look at this in the rest frame of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at this in the rest frame of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at this in the rest frame of
+the pion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pion
+we can see that the neutrino and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see that the neutrino and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see that the neutrino and the
+lepton charged lepton are produced back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lepton charged lepton are produced back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lepton charged lepton are produced back
+to back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to back
+now the spin of the pion is zero which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the spin of the pion is zero which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the spin of the pion is zero which
+means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that
+the out in opposite direction outgoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the out in opposite direction outgoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the out in opposite direction outgoing
+leptons have to have the same velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leptons have to have the same velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leptons have to have the same velocity
+states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states
+since the neutrino is massless the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the neutrino is massless the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the neutrino is massless the
+anti-neutrino is massless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-neutrino is massless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-neutrino is massless
+the anti-neutrino is produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anti-neutrino is produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anti-neutrino is produced
+right-handed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-handed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-handed
+it's always right-handed the carrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always right-handed the carrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always right-handed the carrier
+state of the neutrino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the neutrino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the neutrino
+and the eliciting state of the neutrino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the eliciting state of the neutrino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the eliciting state of the neutrino
+are essentially the same because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are essentially the same because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are essentially the same because they
+are massless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are massless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are massless
+meaning the projection of the sphenoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning the projection of the sphenoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning the projection of the sphenoid
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+is basically the same as the projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically the same as the projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically the same as the projection
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+spin in on the momentum direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin in on the momentum direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin in on the momentum direction
+all right but the charged lepton is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right but the charged lepton is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right but the charged lepton is
+massive if the charge laptop would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive if the charge laptop would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive if the charge laptop would be
+massless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massless
+um the decay would not be allowed there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the decay would not be allowed there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the decay would not be allowed there
+would not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not be
+a right-handed helicity state for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a right-handed helicity state for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a right-handed helicity state for
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+now this causes quite some confusion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this causes quite some confusion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this causes quite some confusion and
+i've seen uh even in this course some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've seen uh even in this course some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've seen uh even in this course some
+students being confused by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students being confused by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students being confused by this
+um i can write the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i can write the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i can write the um
+let's say right-handed charge lepton and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say right-handed charge lepton and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say right-handed charge lepton and
+decomposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposes
+as right-handed helicity state so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as right-handed helicity state so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as right-handed helicity state so this
+is let's say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is let's say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is let's say the
+right-handed elicity state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-handed elicity state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-handed elicity state
+and i can decompose this through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i can decompose this through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i can decompose this through the
+chiral states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chiral states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chiral states
+the right-handed and the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right-handed and the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right-handed and the left
+left-handed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-handed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-handed
+and we have seen in previous in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have seen in previous in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have seen in previous in the
+previous lectures that only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous lectures that only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous lectures that only the
+left-handed component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-handed component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-handed component
+participates now you can also see from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participates now you can also see from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participates now you can also see from
+this equation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation here
+that if the momentum and energy would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the momentum and energy would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the momentum and energy would be
+the same as that it's the case for mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as that it's the case for mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as that it's the case for mass
+particle this would be zero this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle this would be zero this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle this would be zero this would
+be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one
+this would be one and therefore this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be one and therefore this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be one and therefore this
+right-handed helicity state would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-handed helicity state would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-handed helicity state would be the
+same essay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same essay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same essay
+as the chiral state and it wouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the chiral state and it wouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the chiral state and it wouldn't be
+coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling
+to the weak interaction well let's erase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the weak interaction well let's erase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the weak interaction well let's erase
+this really quickly because we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really quickly because we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really quickly because we want to
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+look at this decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this decay
+and so now we have all the tools to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now we have all the tools to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now we have all the tools to get
+almost all the tools together to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all the tools together to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all the tools together to
+calculate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this
+um the decay rates or the ratio of decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the decay rates or the ratio of decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the decay rates or the ratio of decay
+rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates
+and you want to do this in the pi and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to do this in the pi and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to do this in the pi and
+rest frame so the momentum are given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest frame so the momentum are given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest frame so the momentum are given the
+moment are given here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment are given here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment are given here
+see that the pi momentum is zero the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the pi momentum is zero the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the pi momentum is zero the
+formamental energy is equal to the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formamental energy is equal to the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formamental energy is equal to the mass
+for the charged lepton and for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the charged lepton and for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the charged lepton and for the
+neutrino just produced in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrino just produced in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrino just produced in an
+opposite direction so neutrino in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction so neutrino in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction so neutrino in this
+case goes into negative z direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case goes into negative z direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case goes into negative z direction
+then we can write the electronic current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can write the electronic current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can write the electronic current
+as we have just seen in the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we have just seen in the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we have just seen in the previous
+lecture you see this one minus gamma 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture you see this one minus gamma 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture you see this one minus gamma 5
+term here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term here
+um good and i could have just called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um good and i could have just called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um good and i could have just called
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+left that left handed here and put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left that left handed here and put this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left that left handed here and put this
+into the definition of the spinner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the definition of the spinner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the definition of the spinner
+fine when we put a real spinner this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine when we put a real spinner this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine when we put a real spinner this
+comes out immediately the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out immediately the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out immediately the right
+when immediately you have to keep this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when immediately you have to keep this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when immediately you have to keep this
+in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind
+the matrix element then is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix element then is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix element then is a little bit
+more complicated here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated here's an
+additional so you see the the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional so you see the the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional so you see the the current
+here again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here again
+see the propagator and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the propagator and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the propagator and i
+went into the low energy approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went into the low energy approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went into the low energy approximation
+here you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you see that
+instead of having a q q square minus m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having a q q square minus m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having a q q square minus m
+square i'm just keeping the n square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square i'm just keeping the n square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square i'm just keeping the n square
+component of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of this
+and then i have this case part here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i have this case part here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i have this case part here for
+the current for the ion current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current for the ion current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current for the ion current
+here and i simply parametrize my missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and i simply parametrize my missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and i simply parametrize my missing
+understanding or missing ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding or missing ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding or missing ability to
+calculate non-perturbative qcd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate non-perturbative qcd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate non-perturbative qcd
+with the form factor so i introduce this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the form factor so i introduce this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the form factor so i introduce this
+form factor for pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form factor for pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form factor for pi
+this is not the important part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not the important part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not the important part of the
+discussion we just keep track of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion we just keep track of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion we just keep track of this
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+all right we can calculate this matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we can calculate this matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we can calculate this matrix
+element fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element fine
+we then have to be explicit about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we then have to be explicit about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we then have to be explicit about the
+sphenos we are using and we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphenos we are using and we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphenos we are using and we use
+the momentum as defined above so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the momentum as defined above so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the momentum as defined above so this
+step here i'm not doing explicitly if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step here i'm not doing explicitly if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step here i'm not doing explicitly if
+you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want
+you can go to thomson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go to thomson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go to thomson
+thompson and read in chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thompson and read in chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thompson and read in chapter
+11 he gives quite some detail on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 he gives quite some detail on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 he gives quite some detail on this
+all right um so moving on um there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right um so moving on um there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right um so moving on um there's one
+extra thing when we try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra thing when we try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra thing when we try
+to calculate the spin average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate the spin average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate the spin average
+matrix element um we find that we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix element um we find that we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix element um we find that we don't
+have to do any work because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do any work because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do any work because
+there's been sphero says there's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been sphero says there's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been sphero says there's only
+one state contributing so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one state contributing so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one state contributing so we
+you know don't have to do any work we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know don't have to do any work we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know don't have to do any work we
+just have to square the matrix element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to square the matrix element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to square the matrix element
+we find this as a solution here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find this as a solution here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find this as a solution here and
+there's an additional factor we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an additional factor we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an additional factor we haven't
+introduced yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced yet
+this is the fermi coupling again this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the fermi coupling again this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the fermi coupling again this is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+comes out in the low energy um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out in the low energy um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out in the low energy um
+approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation
+and g fermi is simply defined over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and g fermi is simply defined over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and g fermi is simply defined over
+the coupling to the w over the w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coupling to the w over the w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coupling to the w over the w
+mass squared as shown here all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass squared as shown here all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass squared as shown here all right
+again this is just a factor which is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is just a factor which is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is just a factor which is not
+relevant to the discussion at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to the discussion at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to the discussion at this
+point um but we can then using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point um but we can then using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point um but we can then using
+um from his golden rule calculates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from his golden rule calculates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from his golden rule calculates the
+partial decay bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial decay bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial decay bits
+of the pion decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pion decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pion decay
+okay so we just put in the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we just put in the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we just put in the matrix
+element here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element here
+and we replace the momentum with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we replace the momentum with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we replace the momentum with the
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+um being equal to the mass of the pion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um being equal to the mass of the pion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um being equal to the mass of the pion
+and voila we get this as an answer for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and voila we get this as an answer for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and voila we get this as an answer for
+the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial
+cables okay if you do not want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cables okay if you do not want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cables okay if you do not want to know
+some experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some experimental
+information like the partial decay bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information like the partial decay bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information like the partial decay bits
+of the pie uncharged pi and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pie uncharged pi and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pie uncharged pi and
+to electrons over the muon you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to electrons over the muon you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to electrons over the muon you want to
+know what this factor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what this factor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what this factor is
+we immediately can do this we don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we immediately can do this we don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we immediately can do this we don't need
+to know any of the details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know any of the details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know any of the details
+as g fermi as a structure function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as g fermi as a structure function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as g fermi as a structure function of
+the ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ion
+all of those vectors cancel out and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those vectors cancel out and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those vectors cancel out and what
+is left here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is left here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is left here
+are the parameters of the electron mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the parameters of the electron mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the parameters of the electron mass
+the neuron mass and the ion mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neuron mass and the ion mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neuron mass and the ion mass
+and if you just use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you just use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you just use
+values like this the mass of the neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values like this the mass of the neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values like this the mass of the neuron
+will 205 mev
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will 205 mev
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will 205 mev
+and the mass of the pion equal 240
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the mass of the pion equal 240
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the mass of the pion equal 240
+mav you find 10 to the minus 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mav you find 10 to the minus 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mav you find 10 to the minus 4
+as values uh as a value for this ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as values uh as a value for this ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as values uh as a value for this ratio
+of partial indicators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of partial indicators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of partial indicators
+and you see where this comes from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see where this comes from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see where this comes from this
+basically comes from the fact that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically comes from the fact that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically comes from the fact that the
+electron mass is much much smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron mass is much much smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron mass is much much smaller than
+the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass
+of the mirror and it's actually you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mirror and it's actually you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mirror and it's actually you can
+explain this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain this
+by the fact that a right-handed helicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the fact that a right-handed helicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the fact that a right-handed helicity
+state formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state formula
+can have a much larger contribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have a much larger contribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have a much larger contribution
+of the left-handed chiral state of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the left-handed chiral state of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the left-handed chiral state of a
+neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron
+why this is not possible or this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this is not possible or this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this is not possible or this
+component is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component is much
+smaller for the lighter electron and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller for the lighter electron and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller for the lighter electron and
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+only the left-handed component of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the left-handed component of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the left-handed component of the
+charged leptons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged leptons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged leptons
+of the charged lepton contributes to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the charged lepton contributes to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the charged lepton contributes to the
+weak interaction
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/-k8WU-KB0rk.txt b/-k8WU-KB0rk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..461ed0cf8b2315d4137e7fd613aa63796f4bcd4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/-k8WU-KB0rk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1667 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this segment we'll introduce a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this segment we'll introduce a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this segment we'll introduce a simple
+but powerful tool the basic counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but powerful tool the basic counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but powerful tool the basic counting
+principle which we will be using over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle which we will be using over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle which we will be using over
+and over to deal with counting problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over to deal with counting problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over to deal with counting problems
+let me describe the idea through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me describe the idea through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me describe the idea through a
+simple example you wake up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple example you wake up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple example you wake up in the
+morning and you find that you have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning and you find that you have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning and you find that you have in
+your closet for shirts three ties and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your closet for shirts three ties and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your closet for shirts three ties and
+two jackets in how many different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two jackets in how many different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two jackets in how many different ways
+can you get dressed today to answer this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you get dressed today to answer this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you get dressed today to answer this
+question let us think of the process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question let us think of the process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question let us think of the process of
+getting dressed as consisting of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting dressed as consisting of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting dressed as consisting of three
+steps three stages you first choose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps three stages you first choose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps three stages you first choose a
+shirt let's say this one and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shirt let's say this one and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shirt let's say this one and you have
+four choices of shirts but each shirt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four choices of shirts but each shirt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four choices of shirts but each shirt
+can be used together with one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be used together with one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be used together with one of the
+three available ties to make three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three available ties to make three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three available ties to make three
+different shirt tie combinations but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different shirt tie combinations but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different shirt tie combinations but
+since we had four choices for the shirt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we had four choices for the shirt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we had four choices for the shirt
+this means that we have 4 times 3 equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that we have 4 times 3 equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that we have 4 times 3 equals
+12 shirt tie combinations finally you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 shirt tie combinations finally you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 shirt tie combinations finally you
+choose a jacket each shirt tie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a jacket each shirt tie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a jacket each shirt tie
+combination can go together with either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination can go together with either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination can go together with either
+jacket and so the fact that you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacket and so the fact that you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacket and so the fact that you have two
+jackets available doubles the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jackets available doubles the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jackets available doubles the number of
+options that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options that you have
+leading to 24 different options overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading to 24 different options overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading to 24 different options overall
+so 24 is the answer to this simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 24 is the answer to this simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 24 is the answer to this simple
+problem and how did the number 24 come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and how did the number 24 come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and how did the number 24 come
+about well 24 is the same as the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about well 24 is the same as the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about well 24 is the same as the number
+of options you had in the first stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of options you had in the first stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of options you had in the first stage
+times the number of options you had in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the number of options you had in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the number of options you had in
+the second stage times the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second stage times the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second stage times the number of
+options you had in the third stage let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options you had in the third stage let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options you had in the third stage let
+us generalize suppose we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us generalize suppose we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us generalize suppose we want to
+construct some kind of object and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct some kind of object and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct some kind of object and we're
+going to construct it through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to construct it through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to construct it through a
+sequential process through a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequential process through a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequential process through a sequence of
+our different stages in the example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our different stages in the example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our different stages in the example that
+we just considered the number of stages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just considered the number of stages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just considered the number of stages
+was equal to 3 at each one of the stages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was equal to 3 at each one of the stages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was equal to 3 at each one of the stages
+you have a number of options that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a number of options that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a number of options that are
+available so in our example at the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available so in our example at the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available so in our example at the first
+stage we had 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage we had 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage we had 4
+options at the second stage we had three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options at the second stage we had three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options at the second stage we had three
+options and at the last stage we had two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options and at the last stage we had two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options and at the last stage we had two
+options what is important is that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options what is important is that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options what is important is that when
+you reach stage I no matter what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reach stage I no matter what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reach stage I no matter what you
+chose no matter what you did at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose no matter what you did at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose no matter what you did at the
+preview stages the number of options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preview stages the number of options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preview stages the number of options
+that you will have available at stage I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you will have available at stage I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you will have available at stage I
+is going to be that fixed number and sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be that fixed number and sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be that fixed number and sub
+I so what is the answer how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I so what is the answer how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I so what is the answer how many
+different objects can you construct this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different objects can you construct this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different objects can you construct this
+way well just generalizing from what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way well just generalizing from what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way well just generalizing from what we
+did in our specific example the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did in our specific example the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did in our specific example the answer
+is the product of the number of choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the product of the number of choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the product of the number of choices
+or options that you had at each stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or options that you had at each stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or options that you had at each stage
+this is the counting principle it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the counting principle it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the counting principle it's a
+very simple idea but it is powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple idea but it is powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple idea but it is powerful
+it will allow us to solve fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will allow us to solve fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will allow us to solve fairly
+complicated counting problems however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated counting problems however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated counting problems however
+before we go into more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we go into more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we go into more complicated
+problems let us first deal with a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems let us first deal with a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems let us first deal with a few
+relatively easy examples in our first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively easy examples in our first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively easy examples in our first
+example let us consider license plates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let us consider license plates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let us consider license plates
+that consists of two letters followed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that consists of two letters followed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that consists of two letters followed by
+three digits the question is how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three digits the question is how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three digits the question is how many
+different license plates are there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different license plates are there we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different license plates are there we
+think of the process of constructing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the process of constructing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the process of constructing a
+license plate as a sequential process at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license plate as a sequential process at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license plate as a sequential process at
+the first stage we choose a letter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first stage we choose a letter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first stage we choose a letter and
+we have 26 choices for the first letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have 26 choices for the first letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have 26 choices for the first letter
+then we need to choose the second letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we need to choose the second letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we need to choose the second letter
+and we have 26 choices for that one then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have 26 choices for that one then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have 26 choices for that one then
+we choose the first digit we have ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we choose the first digit we have ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we choose the first digit we have ten
+choices for it we choose the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices for it we choose the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices for it we choose the second
+digit for which we have ten choices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digit for which we have ten choices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digit for which we have ten choices and
+finally we choose the last digit for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally we choose the last digit for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally we choose the last digit for
+which we also have ten choices so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we also have ten choices so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we also have ten choices so if you
+multiply these numbers you can find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply these numbers you can find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply these numbers you can find the
+number of different license plates that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of different license plates that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of different license plates that
+you can make with two letters followed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make with two letters followed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make with two letters followed
+by three digits now let us change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by three digits now let us change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by three digits now let us change the
+problem a little bit and require that no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem a little bit and require that no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem a little bit and require that no
+letter and no digits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter and no digits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter and no digits
+be used more than once so let us think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used more than once so let us think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used more than once so let us think
+of the process of a process by which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the process of a process by which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the process of a process by which we
+could construct license plates of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could construct license plates of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could construct license plates of this
+kind in the first stage we choose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind in the first stage we choose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind in the first stage we choose the
+letter that goes the first letter that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter that goes the first letter that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter that goes the first letter that
+goes to the license plate and we have 26
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to the license plate and we have 26
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to the license plate and we have 26
+choices now let us go into a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices now let us go into a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices now let us go into a second
+stage where we choose the second letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage where we choose the second letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage where we choose the second letter
+because we used one letter in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we used one letter in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we used one letter in the first
+stage this means that there's only 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage this means that there's only 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage this means that there's only 25
+available letters that can be used we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available letters that can be used we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available letters that can be used we
+only have 25 choices at the second stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have 25 choices at the second stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have 25 choices at the second stage
+now let us start dealing with the digits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let us start dealing with the digits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let us start dealing with the digits
+we choose the first digit and we have 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we choose the first digit and we have 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we choose the first digit and we have 10
+choices for it however when we go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices for it however when we go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices for it however when we go and
+choose the next digit we will only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the next digit we will only have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the next digit we will only have
+nine choices because one of the digits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine choices because one of the digits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine choices because one of the digits
+has already been used at this point two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has already been used at this point two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has already been used at this point two
+digits have been used which means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits have been used which means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits have been used which means that
+at the last stage we have only eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the last stage we have only eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the last stage we have only eight
+digits to choose from so by multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits to choose from so by multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits to choose from so by multiplying
+these numbers we can find out the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers we can find out the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers we can find out the answer
+to this question the number of license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this question the number of license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this question the number of license
+plates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates
+if repetition is prohibited let us now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if repetition is prohibited let us now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if repetition is prohibited let us now
+consider a different example suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a different example suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a different example suppose
+that we start with a set that consists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we start with a set that consists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we start with a set that consists
+of n elements what we want to do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n elements what we want to do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n elements what we want to do is to
+take these n elements and order them a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these n elements and order them a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these n elements and order them a
+terminology that's often used here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology that's often used here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology that's often used here is
+that we want to form a permutation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want to form a permutation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want to form a permutation of
+these n elements one way of visualizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these n elements one way of visualizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these n elements one way of visualizing
+permutations is to say that we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations is to say that we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations is to say that we're going
+to take these elements of the set which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take these elements of the set which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take these elements of the set which
+are unordered and we're going to place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are unordered and we're going to place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are unordered and we're going to place
+them in a sequence of slots so we create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in a sequence of slots so we create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in a sequence of slots so we create
+n slots and we want to put each one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n slots and we want to put each one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n slots and we want to put each one of
+these elements into one of these slots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these elements into one of these slots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these elements into one of these slots
+how do we go about it we think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we go about it we think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we go about it we think of
+putting the elements in two slots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting the elements in two slots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting the elements in two slots
+one slot at a time we first consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one slot at a time we first consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one slot at a time we first consider the
+first slot we pick one of the elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first slot we pick one of the elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first slot we pick one of the elements
+and put it there how many choices do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put it there how many choices do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put it there how many choices do we
+have at this stage we have n choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have at this stage we have n choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have at this stage we have n choices
+because we can pick any of the available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can pick any of the available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can pick any of the available
+elements and place it in that slot next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and place it in that slot next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and place it in that slot next
+we pick another element and put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we pick another element and put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we pick another element and put it
+inside the second slot how many choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the second slot how many choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the second slot how many choices
+do we have at this step well we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we have at this step well we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we have at this step well we have
+only we have already used one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only we have already used one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only we have already used one of the
+available elements which means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available elements which means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available elements which means that
+there's n minus 1 elements to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's n minus 1 elements to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's n minus 1 elements to choose
+from at the next stage at this point we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from at the next stage at this point we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from at the next stage at this point we
+have used two of the elements there's n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have used two of the elements there's n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have used two of the elements there's n
+minus 2 that are left we'd pick one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 that are left we'd pick one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 that are left we'd pick one of
+them and put it in the third slot and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and put it in the third slot and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and put it in the third slot and we
+have n minus 2 choices at this point we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have n minus 2 choices at this point we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have n minus 2 choices at this point we
+continue this way we keep going on at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue this way we keep going on at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue this way we keep going on at
+some point we have placed n minus 1 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point we have placed n minus 1 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point we have placed n minus 1 of
+the elements into slots there's only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elements into slots there's only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elements into slots there's only one
+element left and that element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element left and that element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element left and that element
+necessarily will get into the last slot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily will get into the last slot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily will get into the last slot
+there's no there are no choices to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no there are no choices to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no there are no choices to be
+made at this point so the overall number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made at this point so the overall number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made at this point so the overall number
+of ways that we can carry out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ways that we can carry out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ways that we can carry out this
+process put the elements into the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process put the elements into the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process put the elements into the n
+slots by the counting principle is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slots by the counting principle is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slots by the counting principle is going
+to be the product of the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the product of the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the product of the number of
+choices that we had at each one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices that we had at each one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices that we had at each one of the
+stages so it's the product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages so it's the product of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages so it's the product of the
+numbers and n minus 1 and minus 2 all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and n minus 1 and minus 2 all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and n minus 1 and minus 2 all
+the way down to 1 and this product we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way down to 1 and this product we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way down to 1 and this product we
+denoted as a shorthand this way which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denoted as a shorthand this way which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denoted as a shorthand this way which we
+read as n factorial n factorial is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read as n factorial n factorial is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read as n factorial n factorial is the
+product of all integers from 1 all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of all integers from 1 all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of all integers from 1 all the
+way up to N and in particular the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way up to N and in particular the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way up to N and in particular the number
+of permutations of n elements is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of permutations of n elements is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of permutations of n elements is equal
+to n factorial let us now consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n factorial let us now consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n factorial let us now consider
+another example we start again with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example we start again with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example we start again with
+general set which consists of n elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general set which consists of n elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general set which consists of n elements
+and were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and were
+interested in constructing a subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in constructing a subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in constructing a subset of
+that set in how many different ways can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that set in how many different ways can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that set in how many different ways can
+we do that how many different subsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do that how many different subsets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do that how many different subsets
+are there let us think of a sequential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there let us think of a sequential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there let us think of a sequential
+process through which we can choose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process through which we can choose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process through which we can choose the
+subset the sequential process proceeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset the sequential process proceeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset the sequential process proceeds
+by considering each one of the elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by considering each one of the elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by considering each one of the elements
+of our set one at a time we first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our set one at a time we first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our set one at a time we first
+consider the first element and here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the first element and here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the first element and here we
+have two choices do we put it inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two choices do we put it inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two choices do we put it inside the
+set or not so two choices for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set or not so two choices for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set or not so two choices for the first
+element then we consider the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element then we consider the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element then we consider the second
+element again we have two choices do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element again we have two choices do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element again we have two choices do we
+put it in the subset or not we continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in the subset or not we continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in the subset or not we continue
+this way until we consider all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way until we consider all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way until we consider all the
+elements there's n of them and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements there's n of them and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements there's n of them and the
+overall number of choices that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall number of choices that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall number of choices that we have
+is the product of two times two times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the product of two times two times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the product of two times two times
+two and times which is 2 to the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and times which is 2 to the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and times which is 2 to the power
+and at this point we can also do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at this point we can also do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at this point we can also do a
+sanity check to make sure that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sanity check to make sure that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sanity check to make sure that our
+answer is correct let us consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is correct let us consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is correct let us consider the
+simple and special case where n is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and special case where n is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and special case where n is equal
+to 1 which means we are starting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 which means we are starting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 which means we are starting with
+this set with one element and we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set with one element and we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set with one element and we want to
+find the number of subsets that it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the number of subsets that it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the number of subsets that it has
+according to the answer that we derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the answer that we derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the answer that we derived
+this should have two to the first that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should have two to the first that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should have two to the first that
+is two subsets which ones are they one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is two subsets which ones are they one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is two subsets which ones are they one
+subset of this set is the set itself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of this set is the set itself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of this set is the set itself and
+the other subset is the empty set so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other subset is the empty set so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other subset is the empty set so we
+do have indeed two subsets out of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have indeed two subsets out of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have indeed two subsets out of that
+set which agrees with the answer that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set which agrees with the answer that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set which agrees with the answer that we
+found notice that when we count subsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found notice that when we count subsets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found notice that when we count subsets
+of a given set we count both the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a given set we count both the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a given set we count both the set
+itself the whole set and we also count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself the whole set and we also count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself the whole set and we also count
+the empty set all of these are subsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the empty set all of these are subsets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the empty set all of these are subsets
+of our set at this point we can now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our set at this point we can now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our set at this point we can now
+pause and you can try to answer some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pause and you can try to answer some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pause and you can try to answer some
+simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+questions of the same kind as the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions of the same kind as the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions of the same kind as the ones
+that we just practiced
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/00KTZ7t_rWw.txt b/00KTZ7t_rWw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cab240a7951924076ce31e6d684e791110ef8024
--- /dev/null
+++ b/00KTZ7t_rWw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+We'll use the stack to hold a procedure's
+activation record.
+
+That includes the values of the arguments
+to the procedure call.
+
+We'll allocate words on the stack to hold
+the values of the procedure's local variables,
+
+assuming we don't keep them in registers.
+
+And we'll use the stack to save the return
+address (passed in LP) so the procedure can
+
+make nested procedure calls without overwriting
+its return address.
+
+The responsibility for allocating and deallocating
+the activation record will be shared between
+
+the calling procedure (the "caller") and the
+called procedure (the "callee").
+
+The caller is responsible for evaluating the
+argument expressions and saving their values
+
+in the activation record being built on the
+stack.
+
+We'll adopt the convention that the arguments
+are pushed in reverse order, i.e., the first
+
+argument will be the last to be pushed on
+the stack.
+
+We'll explain why we made this choice in a
+couple of slides…
+
+The code compiled for a procedure involves
+a sequence of expression evaluations, each
+
+followed by a PUSH to save the calculated
+value on the stack.
+
+So when the callee starts execution, the top
+of the stack contains the value of the first
+
+argument, the next word down the value of
+the second argument, and so on.
+
+After the argument values, if any, have been
+pushed on the stack, there's a BR to transfer
+
+control to the procedure's entry point,
+saving the address of the instruction following
+
+the BR in the linkage pointer, R28, a register
+that we'll dedicate to that purpose.
+
+When the callee returns and execution resumes
+in the caller, a DEALLOCATE is used to remove
+
+all the argument values from the stack, preserving
+stack discipline.
+
+So that's the code the compiler generates
+for the procedure.
+
+The rest of the work happens in the called
+procedure.
+
+The code at the start of the called procedure
+completes the allocation of the activation
+
+record.
+
+Since when we're done the activation record
+will occupy a bunch of consecutive words on
+
+the stack, we'll sometimes refer to the activation
+record as a "stack frame" to remind us of
+
+where it lives.
+
+The first action is to save the return address
+found in the LP register.
+
+This frees up LP to be used by any nested
+procedure calls in the body of the callee.
+
+In order to make it easy to access values
+stored in the activation record, we'll dedicate
+
+another register called the "base pointer"
+(BP = R27) which will point to the stack frame
+
+we're building.
+
+So as we enter the procedure, the code saves
+the pointer to the caller's stack frame, and
+
+then uses the current value of the stack pointer
+to make BP point to the current stack frame.
+
+We'll see how we use BP in just a moment.
+
+Now the code will allocate words in the stack
+frame to hold the values for the callee's
+
+local variables, if any.
+
+Finally, the callee needs to save the values
+of any registers it will use when executing
+
+the rest of its code.
+
+These saved values can be used to restore
+the register values just before returning
+
+to the caller.
+
+This is called the "callee saves" convention
+where the callee guarantees that all register
+
+values will be preserved across the procedure
+call.
+
+With this convention, the code in the caller
+can assume any values it placed in registers
+
+before a nested procedure call will still
+be there when the nested call returns.
+
+Note that dedicating a register as the base
+pointer isn't strictly necessary.
+
+All accesses to the values on the stack can
+be made relative to the stack pointer, but
+
+the offsets from SP will change as values
+are PUSHed and POPed from the stack, e.g.,
+
+during procedure calls.
+
+It will be easier to understand the generated
+code if we use BP for all stack frame references.
+
+Let's return to the question about the order
+of argument values in the stack frame.
+
+We adopted the convention of PUSHing the values
+in reverse order, i.e., where the value of
+
+the first argument is the last one to be PUSHED.
+
+So, why PUSH argument values in reverse order?
+
+With the arguments PUSHed in reverse order,
+the first argument (labeled "arg 0") will
+
+be at a fixed offset from the base pointer
+regardless of the number of argument values
+
+pushed on the stack.
+
+The compiler can use a simple formula to the
+determine the correct BP offset value for
+
+any particular argument.
+
+So the first argument is at offset -12, the
+second at -16, and so on.
+
+Why is this important?
+
+Some languages, such as C, support procedure
+calls with a variable number of arguments.
+
+Usually the procedure can determine from,
+say, the first argument, how many additional
+
+arguments to expect.
+
+The canonical example is the C printf function
+where the first argument is a format string
+
+that specifies how a sequence of values should
+be printed.
+
+So a call to printf includes the format string
+argument plus a varying number of additional
+
+arguments.
+
+With our calling convention the format string
+will always be in the same location relative
+
+to BP, so the printf code can find it without
+knowing the number of additional arguments
+
+in the current call.
+
+The local variables are also at fixed offsets
+from BP.
+
+The first local variable is at offset 0, the
+second at offset 4, and so on.
+
+So, we see that having a base pointer makes
+it easy to access the values of the arguments
+
+and local variables using fixed offsets that
+can be determined at compile time.
+
+The stack above the local variables is available
+for other uses, e.g., building the activation
+
+record for a nested procedure call!
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/09mb78oiPkA.txt b/09mb78oiPkA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a09c980fc3f90c21710ef07748915bd6c21c77d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/09mb78oiPkA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2412 @@
+PROF.
+
+PATRICK WINSTON: Well that's
+the Kodo Drummers.
+
+They're a group of about 30 or
+40 Japanese people who live in
+
+a village on some island off
+the coast of Japan, and
+
+preserve traditional
+Japanese music.
+
+It's an unusual semi
+communal group.
+
+They generally run about 10
+kilometers before breakfast,
+
+which is served at 5:00 AM.
+
+Strange group.
+
+Wouldn't miss a concert for
+the world, although they,
+
+alas, don't seem to be
+coming down to the
+
+Boston area very soon.
+
+If you go to a concert
+from the Kodo
+
+Drummers--and you should--
+
+and if you're no longer young,
+you'll want to bring earplugs.
+
+Because, as we humans get
+older the dynamic range
+
+control in our inner ear tends
+to be less effective.
+
+So that's why a person of my age
+might find some piece of
+
+music excruciatingly loud,
+whereas you'll
+
+think it's just fine.
+
+Because you have better
+automatic gain control.
+
+Just like in any kind of
+communication device there's a
+
+control on how intense
+the sound gets.
+
+Ah, but I go off on a sidebar.
+
+Many of you have looked
+at me in astonishment
+
+as I drink my coffee.
+
+And you have undoubtedly have
+been saying to yourself, you
+
+know, Winston doesn't look like
+a professional athlete,
+
+but he seemed to have no trouble
+drinking his coffee.
+
+So today's material is going
+to be pretty easy.
+
+So I want to give you the side
+problem of thinking about how
+
+it's possible for somebody
+to do that.
+
+How is it possible?
+
+How would you make a computer
+program that could reach out
+
+and drink a cup of coffee, if
+it wanted a cup of coffee?
+
+So that's one puzzle I'd
+like you to work on.
+
+There's another puzzle, too.
+
+And that puzzle concerns
+diet drinks.
+
+This is a so-called Diet Coke.
+
+Yeah, it's ripe.
+
+If you take a Diet Coke and ask
+yourself, what would a dog
+
+think a Diet Coke is for?
+
+That's another puzzle that you
+can work on while we go
+
+through the material
+of the day.
+
+So this is our first lecture
+on learning, and I want to
+
+spend a minute or two in the
+beginning talking about the
+
+lay of the land.
+
+And then we'll race through
+some material on nearest
+
+neighbor learning.
+
+And then we'll finish up
+with the advertised
+
+discussion of sleep.
+
+Because I know many of you think
+that because your MIT
+
+students you're pretty tough,
+and you don't need
+
+to sleep and stuff.
+
+And we need to address that
+question before it's too late
+
+in the semester to get
+back on track.
+
+All right.
+
+So here's the story.
+
+Now the way we're going
+to look at learning is
+
+there are two kinds.
+
+There's this kind, and
+there's that kind.
+
+And we're going to talk a little
+bit about both kinds.
+
+The kind of the right is
+learning based on observations
+
+of regularity.
+
+And computers are particularly
+good at this stuff.
+
+And amongst the things that
+we'll talk about in connection
+
+with regularity based learning
+are today's topic, which is
+
+nearest neighbors.
+
+Then a little bit downstream
+we'll talk about neural nets.
+
+And then somewhere near the end
+of the segment, we'll talk
+
+about boosting.
+
+And these ideas come from
+all over the place.
+
+In particular, the stuff we're
+talking about today, nearest
+
+neighbors, is the stuff of which
+the field of pattern
+
+recognition--
+
+it's the stuff of which pattern
+recognition journals
+
+are filled.
+
+This stuff has been around
+a long time.
+
+Does that mean it's not good?
+
+I hope not, because that would
+mean that everything you
+
+learned in 1801 is not good,
+because the same course was
+
+taught 1910.
+
+So it has been around a while,
+but it's extremely useful.
+
+And it's the first thing to try
+when you have a learning
+
+problem, because it's
+the simplest thing.
+
+And you always want to try the
+simplest thing before you try
+
+something more complex that
+you will be less likely to
+
+understand.
+
+So that's nearest neighbors
+and pattern recognitions.
+
+And the custodians of knowledge
+about neural nets,
+
+well this is sort of an attempt
+to mimic biology.
+
+And I'll cast a lot of calumny
+on that when we get down there
+
+to talk about it.
+
+And finally, this is the gift
+of the theoreticians.
+
+So we in AI have invented some
+stuff, we've borrowed some
+
+stuff, we've stolen some stuff,
+we've championed some
+
+stuff, and we've improved
+some stuff.
+
+That's why our discussion of
+learning will reach around all
+
+of these topics.
+
+So that's regularity
+based learning.
+
+And you can think of
+this as the branch
+
+of bulldozer computing.
+
+Because, when doing these kinds
+of things, a computer's
+
+processing information like a
+bulldozer processes gravel.
+
+Now that's not necessarily a
+good model for all the kinds
+
+of learning that humans do.
+
+And after all, learning is one
+of the things that we think
+
+characterizes human
+intelligence.
+
+So if we were to build models
+of it and understand that we
+
+have to go down this
+other branch, too.
+
+And down this other branch we
+find learning ideas that are
+
+based on constraint.
+
+And let's call this the
+
+human-like side of the picture.
+
+And we'll talk about ideas
+that enable, for example,
+
+one-shot learning, where you
+learn something definite from
+
+each experience.
+
+And we'll talk about explanation
+based learning.
+
+By the way, do you learn
+by self explanation?
+
+I think so.
+
+I had an advisee once, who got
+nothing but A's and F's.
+
+And I said, what are the
+subjects that you get A's in?
+
+And why don't you get A's
+in all of your subjects?
+
+And he said, oh, I get A's in
+the subjects when I convince
+
+myself the material is true.
+
+So the learning was a byproduct
+of self explanation,
+
+an important kind of learning.
+
+But alas, that's downstream.
+
+And what we're going to talk
+about today is this path
+
+through the tree, nearest
+neighbor learning.
+
+And here's how it works,
+in general.
+
+Here's just a general picture
+of what we're talking about.
+
+When you think of pattern
+recognition, or nearest
+
+neighbor based learning,
+you've got some sort of
+
+mechanism that generates
+a vector of features.
+
+So we'll call this the
+feature detector.
+
+And out comes a vector
+of values.
+
+And that vector of values
+goes into a
+
+comparator of some sort.
+
+And that comparator compares
+the feature vector with
+
+feature vectors coming from a
+library of possibilities.
+
+And by finding the closest
+match the comparator
+
+determines what some
+object is.
+
+It does recognition.
+
+So let me demonstrate that with
+these electrical covers.
+
+Suppose they arrived on an
+assembly line and some robot
+
+wants to sort them.
+
+How would it go about
+doing that?
+
+Well it could easily
+use the nearest
+
+neighbor sorting mechanism.
+
+So how would that work?
+
+Well here's how if would work.
+
+You would make some
+measurements.
+
+And it we'll just make some
+measurements in two
+
+dimensions.
+
+And one of those measurements
+might be the total area,
+
+including the area
+of the holes of
+
+these electrical covers.
+
+Just so you can follow what I'm
+doing without craning your
+
+neck, let me see if I can find
+the electrical covers.
+
+Yes, there they are.
+
+So we've got one big blank
+one, and several others.
+
+So we might also measure
+the hole area.
+
+And this one here, this guy
+here, this big white one has
+
+no hole area, and its got the
+maximum amount of total area.
+
+So it will find itself
+at that point in
+
+this space of features.
+
+Then we've got the guy
+here, with room for
+
+four sockets in it.
+
+That's got the maximum amount
+of hole area, as well as the
+
+maximum amount of area.
+
+So it will be right straight
+up, maybe up here.
+
+Then we have, in addition to
+those two, a blank cover, like
+
+this, that's got about 1/2 the
+total area that any cover can
+
+have, so we'll put
+it right here.
+
+And finally, we've got one
+more of these guys.
+
+Oh yes, this one.
+
+1/2 the hole area, and
+1/2 the total area.
+
+So I don't know, let's see.
+
+Where will that go?
+
+Maybe about right here.
+
+So now our robot is looking on
+the assembly line and it sees
+
+something coming along, and
+it measures the area.
+
+And of course, there's noise.
+
+There's manufacturing
+variability.
+
+So it won't be precisely
+on top of anything.
+
+But suppose it's right there.
+
+Well it doesn't take any
+genius human, human or
+
+computer, to figure out that
+this must be one of those guys
+
+with maximum area and
+maximum hole area.
+
+But now let's ask some
+other questions.
+
+Where would
+[TAPPING ON CHALK BOARD], what
+
+would that be?
+
+Or what would this be?
+
+[TAPPING ON CHALK BOARD],
+and so on.
+
+Well we have to figure out
+what those newly viewed
+
+objects are closest to in order
+to do an identification.
+
+But that's easy.
+
+We just calculate the distance
+to all of those standard,
+
+platonic, ideal descriptions
+of things, and we find out
+
+which is nearest.
+
+But in general, it's a little
+easier to think about
+
+producing some boundaries
+between these various idealize
+
+places, so that we can just
+say, well which area
+
+is the object in?
+
+And then we'll know
+instantaneously to what
+
+category it belongs.
+
+So if we only had two, like the
+purple one and the yellow
+
+one, it would be easy.
+
+Because, we would just construct
+a line between the
+
+two, with a line between the
+purple and yellow as a
+
+perpendicular bisector.
+
+And so drawing it out instead of
+talking about it, if there
+
+were only two, that would
+be the boundary line.
+
+Anything south of the dotted
+line would be purple, and
+
+anything north would
+be yellow.
+
+And now we can do this with
+all the points, right?
+
+So we can figure out-- oh could
+you, Pierre, could you
+
+just close the lap top please?
+
+So if we want to do this with
+all these guys it would go
+
+something like this--
+
+I better get rid of these
+dotted x's before
+
+they confuse me.
+
+Let's see, if these were the
+only two points, then we would
+
+want to construct a
+perpendicular bisector between
+
+the line joining them.
+
+And if these two were the only
+points, I would want to
+
+construct this perpendicular
+bisector.
+
+And if these two were the only
+points, I would want to
+
+construct a perpendicular
+bisector.
+
+And if these two points were
+the only ones involved I'd
+
+want to construct--
+
+oh, you see what I'm doing?
+
+I'm constructing perpendicular
+bisectors, and those are
+
+exactly the lines that
+I need in order to
+
+divide up this space.
+
+And it's going to divide
+up like this.
+
+And I won't say we'll give you
+a problem like this on an
+
+examination, but we have every
+year in the past ten.
+
+To divide up a space
+and produce--
+
+something we would like
+to give a name.
+
+You know, Rumpelstiltskin
+effect, when you have a name
+
+you get power over it.
+
+So we're going to call these
+decision boundaries.
+
+OK so those are the simple
+decision boundaries, produced
+
+in a sample space,
+by a simple idea.
+
+But there is a little bit
+more to say about this.
+
+Because, I've talked about this
+as if we're trying to
+
+identify something.
+
+There's another way of thinking
+about it that's
+
+extremely important.
+
+And that is this.
+
+Suppose I come in with a brand
+new cover, never before seen.
+
+And I only measure, well
+let's say I only
+
+measure the hole area.
+
+And the hole area
+has that value.
+
+What is the most likely
+total area?
+
+Well I don't know.
+
+But there's a kind of weak
+principle of, if something is
+
+similar in some respects,
+it's likely to be
+
+similar in other respects.
+
+So I'm going to guess, if you
+hold a knife to my throat and
+
+back me into a corner, that it's
+total area is going to be
+
+something like that orange
+cover whole, total area.
+
+So this is a contrived example,
+and I don't make too
+
+much of it.
+
+But I do want to make
+a lot of that first
+
+principal, over there.
+
+And that is the idea that, if
+something is similar in some
+
+respects, it's likely to be
+similar in other respects.
+
+Because that's what most
+of education is about.
+
+Fairy tales, legal
+cases, medical
+
+cases, business cases--
+
+if you can see that there are
+similar in some respects to a
+
+situation you've got now, then
+it's likely that they're going
+
+to be similar in other
+respects, as well.
+
+So when we're learning, we're
+not just learning to recognize
+
+a category, we're learning
+because we're attempting to
+
+apply some kind of precedent.
+
+That's the story on that.
+
+Well that's a simple idea but
+does it have any application?
+
+The answer is sure.
+
+Here's an example.
+
+My second example, the example
+of cell identification.
+
+Suppose you have some
+white blood cells,
+
+what might you do?
+
+You might measure the total
+area of the cell.
+
+And not the hole area, but
+maybe the nucleus area.
+
+And maybe you might measure four
+or five other things, and
+
+put this thing in a high
+dimensional space.
+
+You can still measure
+the nearness in a
+
+high dimensional space.
+
+So you can use the
+idea to do that.
+
+It works pretty well.
+
+A friend of mine once started a
+company based on this idea.
+
+He got wiped out, of course,
+but it wasn't his fault.
+
+What happened is that somebody
+invented a better stain and it
+
+became much easier
+to just do the
+
+recognition by brute force.
+
+So let's see, that's
+two examples.
+
+the introductory example of the
+holes of the electrical
+
+covers, and the example
+of cells.
+
+And what I want to do now is
+show you how the idea can
+
+reappear in disguised forms in
+areas where you might not
+
+expect to see it.
+
+So consider the following
+problem.
+
+You have a collection of
+articles from magazines.
+
+And you're interested in
+learning something about how
+
+to address a particular
+question.
+
+How do you go about finding the
+articles that are relevant
+
+to your question?
+
+So this is a puzzle that has
+been studied for decades by
+
+people interested in information
+retrieval.
+
+And here's the simple
+way to do it.
+
+I'm going to illustrate, once
+again, in just two dimensions.
+
+But it has to be applied in
+many, many dimensions.
+
+The idea is you count up the
+words in the articles in your
+
+library, and you compare the
+word counts to the word counts
+
+in your probing question.
+
+So you might be interested
+in 100 words.
+
+I'm only going to write two on
+the board for illustration.
+
+So we're going to think about
+articles from two magazines.
+
+Well first of all, what words
+are we going to use?
+
+One word is going to be hack,
+and that will include all
+
+derivatives of hack-- hacker,
+hacking, and so on.
+
+And the other word is going
+to be computer.
+
+And so it would not be
+surprising for you to see that
+
+articles from Wired Magazine
+might appear
+
+in places like this.
+
+They would involve lots of uses
+of the word computer, and
+
+lots of uses of the word hack.
+
+And now for the sake of
+illustration, the second
+
+magazine from which we are going
+to draw articles is Town
+
+and Country.
+
+It's a very tony magazine, and
+the people who read out Town
+
+and Country tend to be
+social parasites.
+
+And they still use
+the word hack.
+
+Because you can talk about
+hacking, there's some sort of
+
+specialize term of art in
+dealing with horses.
+
+So all the Town and Country
+articles would be likely to be
+
+down here somewhere.
+
+And maybe they would be one like
+that when they talk about
+
+hiring some computer expert to
+keep track of the results so
+
+the weekly hunt, or something.
+
+And now, in you come
+with your probe.
+
+And of course your probe
+question is going to be
+
+relatively small.
+
+It's not going to have
+a lot of words in it.
+
+So here's your here's
+your probe question.
+
+Here's your unknown.
+
+Which article's going
+to be closest?
+
+Which articles are going
+to be closest?
+
+Well, alas, all those Town and
+Country articles are closest.
+
+So you can't use the nearest
+neighbor idea, it would seem.
+
+Anybody got a suggestion
+for how we might
+
+get out of this dilemma?
+
+Yes, Christopher.
+
+CHRISTOPHER: If you're looking
+for word counts and you want
+
+to include some terms of
+computer, then wouldn't you
+
+want to use that as a threshold,
+rather than the
+
+nearest neighbor?
+
+PROF.
+
+PATRICK WINSTON: I don't
+know, it's a good idea.
+
+It might work, who knows.
+
+Doug?
+
+DOUG: Instead of using decision
+boundaries that are
+
+perpendicular bisectors, if you
+treated Wired and Town and
+
+Country as sort of this
+like, [INAUDIBLE]
+
+targets.
+
+And they would look like some
+[? great radial ?], here.
+
+I guess, some radius
+around curves.
+
+If it's within a certain
+radius then--
+
+PROF.
+
+PATRICK WINSTON: Yes?
+
+[? SPEAKER 1: Are we, ?]
+necessarily, have it done with
+
+some sort of a
+[? politidy distance ?]
+
+metric?
+
+PROF.
+
+PATRICK WINSTON:
+Oh, here we go.
+
+We're not going to use any
+[? politidy distance ?]
+
+metric.
+
+We're going to use some
+other metric.
+
+SPEAKER 1: Like alogrithmic,
+or whatnot?
+
+PROF.
+
+PATRICK WINSTON: Well,
+algorithmic,
+
+gees, I don't know.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+PROF.
+
+PATRICK WINSTON: Let
+me give you a hint.
+
+Let me give you a hint.
+
+There are all those articles up
+there, out there, and out
+
+there, just for example.
+
+And here are the Town and
+Country articles.
+
+They're out there, and out
+there, for example.
+
+And now our unknown
+is out there.
+
+Anybody got an idea now?
+
+Hey Brett, what do you think?
+
+BRETT: So you sort of
+want the ratio.
+
+Or in this case, you can
+take the angle--
+
+PROF.
+
+PATRICK WINSTON: Let's be-- ah,
+there we go, we're getting
+
+a little more sophisticated.
+
+The angle between what?
+
+BRETT: The angle between
+the vectors.
+
+PROF.
+
+PATRICK WINSTON: The vectors.
+
+Good.
+
+So we're going to use
+a different metric.
+
+What we're going to do is,
+we're going to forget
+
+including a distance, and we're
+going to measure the
+
+angle between the vectors.
+
+So the angle between the
+vectors, well let's actually
+
+measure the cosine of the angle
+between the vectors.
+
+Let's see how we can
+calculate that.
+
+So we'll take the cosine of the
+angle between the vectors,
+
+we'll call it theta.
+
+That's going to be equal to the
+sum of the unknown values
+
+times the article values.
+
+Those are just the values
+in various dimensions.
+
+And then we'll divide that
+by the magnitude
+
+of the other vectors.
+
+So we'll divide by the magnitude
+of u, and we'll
+
+divide by the magnitude of the
+art vector to the article.
+
+So that's just the dot
+product right?
+
+That's a very fast
+computation.
+
+So with a very fast computation
+you can see if
+
+these things are going to be
+in the same direction.
+
+By the way, if this vector here
+is actually identical to
+
+one of those articles, what
+will the value be?
+
+Well then a cosine will be 0 and
+we'll get the maximum die
+
+of the cosine, which is 1.
+
+Yeah, that will do it.
+
+So if we use any of the articles
+to probe the article
+
+space, they'll find themselves,
+which is a good
+
+thing to have a mechanism do.
+
+OK.
+
+So that's just the dot product
+of those two vectors.
+
+And it works like a charm.
+
+It's not the most sophisticated
+way of doing
+
+these things.
+
+There are hairy ways.
+
+You can get a Ph.D. by doing
+this sort of stuff in some new
+
+and sophisticated way.
+
+But this is a simple way.
+
+It works pretty well.
+
+And you don't have to strain
+yourself, much,
+
+to implement it.
+
+So that's cool.
+
+That's an example where
+we have a very
+
+non-standard metric.
+
+Now let's see, what
+else can we do?
+
+How about a robotic
+arm control?
+
+Here we go.
+
+We're going to just
+have a simple arm.
+
+And what we want to do is, we
+want to get this arm to move
+
+that ball along some trajectory
+at a speed,
+
+velocity, and acceleration
+that we have determined.
+
+So we've got two
+problems here.
+
+Well let's see, we've got two
+problems because, first of
+
+all, we've got angles,
+theta 1 and theta 2.
+
+It's a 2 degree of 3 of arm, so
+there are only two angles.
+
+So the first problem we have
+is the kinematic problem of
+
+translating the (x,y)-cordinates
+of the ball,
+
+the desired ones, into the
+theta 1, theta 2 space.
+
+That's simple kinematic
+problem.
+
+No f equals ma there.
+
+It Doesn't involve forces,
+or time, or
+
+acceleration, anything.
+
+Pretty simple.
+
+But then we've got the problem
+of getting it to go along that
+
+trajectory with positions,
+speeds, and
+
+accelerations that we desire.
+
+And now you say to me, well I've
+got 801, I can do that.
+
+And that's true, you can.
+
+Because, it's Newtonian
+mechanics.
+
+All you have to do is
+solve the equations.
+
+There are the equations.
+
+Good luck.
+
+Why are they so complicated?
+
+Well because of the complicated
+geometry.
+
+You notice we've got some
+products of theta 1 and theta
+
+2 in there, somewhere,
+I think?
+
+You've got theta 2's.
+
+I see an acceleration squared.
+
+And yeah, there's a theta 1
+dot times a theta 2 dot.
+
+A velocity times a velocity.
+
+Where the hell did
+that come from?
+
+I mean it's supposed to
+be f equals ma, right?
+
+Those are Coriolis forces,
+because of
+
+the complicated geometry.
+
+OK.
+
+So you hire Berthold Horn, or
+somebody, to work these
+
+equations out for you.
+
+And he comes up with something
+like this.
+
+And you try it out and
+it doesn't work.
+
+Why doesn't it work?
+
+It's Newtonian mechanics,
+I said.
+
+It doesn't work because we
+forgot to tell Berthold that
+
+there's friction in
+all the joints.
+
+And we forgot to tell him that
+they've worn a little bit
+
+since yesterday.
+
+And we forgot that the
+measurements we make on the
+
+lab table are not
+quite precise.
+
+So people try to do this.
+
+It just doesn't work.
+
+As soon as you get a ball of a
+different weight you have to
+
+start over.
+
+It's gross.
+
+So I don't know.
+
+I can do this sort of thing
+effortlessly, and I couldn't
+
+begin to solve those
+equations.
+
+So let's see.
+
+What we're going to do is we're
+going to forget about
+
+the problem for a minute.
+
+And we're going to talk
+about building
+
+ourselves a gigantic table.
+
+And here's what's going
+to be on the table.
+
+Theta 1, theta 2, theta 3,
+oops, there are only two.
+
+So that's theta 1 again,
+but it's the
+
+velocity, angular velocity.
+
+And then we have the
+accelerations.
+
+So we're going to have a big
+table of these things.
+
+And what we're going to
+do, is we're going to
+
+give this arm a childhood.
+
+And we're going to write down
+all the combinations we ever
+
+see, every 100 milliseconds,
+or something.
+
+And the arm is just going to
+wave around like a kid does in
+
+the cradle.
+
+And then, we're not
+quite done.
+
+Because there are two other
+things we're going to record.
+
+Can you guess what they are?
+
+There are going to be the torque
+on the first motor, and
+
+the torque on the
+second motor.
+
+And so now, we've got a whole
+bunch of those records.
+
+The question is, what do
+we got to do with it?
+
+Well here's what we're
+going to do it.
+
+We're going to divide this
+trajectory that we're hoping
+
+to achieve, up into
+little pieces.
+
+And there's a little piece.
+
+And in that little
+piece nothing is
+
+going to change much.
+
+There's going to be an
+
+acceleration, velocity, position.
+
+And so we can look those
+up in the table that
+
+we made in the childhood.
+
+And we'll look around and find
+the closest match, and this
+
+will be the set of values for
+the positions, velocities, and
+
+accelerations that are
+associated with that
+
+particular movement.
+
+And guess what we can do now?
+
+We can say, in the past, the
+torques associated with that
+
+particular little piece of
+movement lie right there.
+
+So we can just look it up.
+
+Now this method was thought
+up and rejected, because
+
+computers weren't
+powerful enough.
+
+And then, this is the age
+of recycling, right?
+
+So the idea got recycled when
+computers got strong enough.
+
+And it works pretty well,
+for things like this.
+
+But you might say to me, well
+can it do the stuff that we
+
+humans can do, like this?
+
+And the answer is, let's look.
+
+So this is a training
+phase, it's
+
+going through its childhood.
+
+You see what's happening
+is this.
+
+The initial table won't
+be very good.
+
+But that's OK.
+
+Because there are only a small
+number of things that it's
+
+important for you to
+be able to do.
+
+So when you try those
+things it's still
+
+writing into the table.
+
+So the next time you try that
+particular motion, it's going
+
+to be better at it, because
+its got better stuff to
+
+interpolate [? amongst ?]
+
+in that table.
+
+So that's why this thing is
+getting better and better as
+
+it goes on.
+
+That's as good as I was doing.
+
+Pretty good, don't you think?
+
+There's just one thing I want
+to show at the end of this
+
+clip just for fun.
+
+Maybe you've seen some
+old Zorro movies?
+
+So here's a little set up where
+this thing has learned
+
+to use a lash.
+
+So here's the lash, and there's
+a candle down there.
+
+So watch this.
+
+Pretty good, don't you think?
+
+So how fast does the learning
+take place?
+
+Let me go back to that other
+slides and show you.
+
+So here's some graphs to show
+you how fast goes, boom.
+
+That gives you the curves of how
+well the robot arm can go
+
+along a straight line, after
+no practice with just some
+
+stuff recorded in the memory.
+
+And then with a couple of
+practice runs do give it
+
+better values amongst which
+to interpolate.
+
+So I think that's pretty cool.
+
+So simple, but yet
+so effective.
+
+But you still might say, well,
+I don't know, it might be
+
+something that can be done
+in special cases.
+
+I wonder if old Winston uses
+something like that when he
+
+drinks his coffee?
+
+Well we' ought to
+do the numbers
+
+and see if it's possible.
+
+But I don't want to
+use coffee, it's
+
+the baseball season.
+
+We're approaching the
+World Series.
+
+We might as well talk about
+professional athletes.
+
+So let's suppose that this
+is a baseball pitcher.
+
+And I want to know how much
+memory I'll need to record a
+
+whole lot of pitches.
+
+Is there a good pitcher
+these days?
+
+The Red Socks suck so I
+don't do Red Socks.
+
+Clay Buchholz, I guess.
+
+I don't know, some pitcher.
+
+And what we're going to do, is
+we're going to say for each of
+
+these little segments
+were going to record
+
+100 bytes per joint.
+
+And we've got joints
+all over the place.
+
+I don't know how many are
+involved in doing a baseball
+
+pitch, but let's just say
+we have had 100 joints.
+
+And then we have to divide
+the pitch up
+
+into a bunch of segments.
+
+So let's just say for sake
+of argument that
+
+there are 100 segments.
+
+And how many pitches does a
+pitcher throw in a day?
+
+What?
+
+SPEAKER 2: In a day?
+
+PROF.
+
+PATRICK WINSTON:
+In a day, yeah.
+
+This, we all know,
+is about 100.
+
+Everybody knows that
+they take them out
+
+after about 100 pitches.
+
+So what I want to know is how
+much memory we need to record
+
+all the pitches a pitcher
+pitches in his career.
+
+So we still have to work on
+this little bit more.
+
+How many days a year does
+a pitcher pitch?
+
+Well, they've got winter ball,
+and that sort of thing, so
+
+let's just approximate
+it as 100.
+
+I don't know, some of these may
+be a little high, some of
+
+the others may be a low.
+
+And of course, the career--
+
+just to make things easy--
+
+is 100 years.
+
+So that's one, two, three,
+four, five, six.
+
+So we have 10 to
+the 12th bytes.
+
+Is that the hopelessly
+big to store in here?
+
+CHRISTOPHER: 10 to 100
+[INAUDIBLE] or
+
+just 100 times throwing?
+
+PROF.
+
+PATRICK WINSTON: 100
+pitches in a day--
+
+Christopher's asking
+some detail--
+
+and what we're gong to do
+is we're going to record
+
+everything there is to know
+about one pitch, and then
+
+we're going to see how
+many pitches, he
+
+pitches in his lifetime.
+
+And we're going to
+record all that.
+
+Trust me.
+
+Trust me.
+
+OK. so we want to know if this
+is actually a practical scale.
+
+And this, by the way, is
+cocktail conversation, who
+
+knows, right?
+
+But it's useful to work out
+these numbers, and know some
+
+of these numbers.
+
+So the question we have
+to ask is, how much
+
+computation is in there?
+
+And the first question relevant
+to that is, how many
+
+neurons do we have
+in our brain?
+
+Volunteer?
+
+Neuroscience?
+
+No one to volunteer?
+
+All right.
+
+Well this is a number you should
+know, because this is
+
+what you've got in there.
+
+There are 10 to the 10th neurons
+in the brain, of which
+
+10 to the 11th are in the
+cerebellum, alone.
+
+What the devil do
+I mean by that?
+
+I mean that your cerebellum is
+so full of neurons that it
+
+dwarfs the rest of the brain.
+
+So if you exclude the
+cerebellum, you've got about
+
+10 to 10th neurons.
+
+And there about 10 to
+the 11th neurons in
+
+the cerebellum, alone.
+
+What's the cerebellum for?
+
+Motor control.
+
+Interesting.
+
+So we're a little short.
+
+Oh, but we forget, that's just
+the number of neurons.
+
+We have to count up the
+number of synapses.
+
+Because conceivably, we might
+be able to adjust those
+
+synapses, right?
+
+So how many synapses
+does a neuron have?
+
+The answer is, it depends.
+
+But the ones in the
+cerebellum--
+
+I should be pointing back
+there, I guess--
+
+10 to the 5th.
+
+So if we add all that up
+we have 10 to the 16th.
+
+No problem.
+
+It's just that existence proves
+that you don't have to
+
+worry too much about
+having storage.
+
+So maybe our cerebellum
+functions, in some way, as a
+
+gigantic table.
+
+And that's maybe how we learn
+motor skills, by filling up
+
+that table as we run around
+emerging from the cradle,
+
+learning how to manipulate
+ourselves as we go on.
+
+So that's the story
+on arm control.
+
+Now all this is pretty
+straightforward, easy to
+
+understand.
+
+And of course, there
+are some problems.
+
+Problem number one, what
+if the space of
+
+samples looks like this?
+
+[TAPPING ON CHALK BOARD]
+
+What's going to happen
+in that case?
+
+Well what's going to happen
+in that case is that the--
+
+let's see, which values are
+going to be more important?
+
+The x values, right?
+
+The y values are spread out
+all over the place.
+
+So you'd like the spread of
+the data to sort of be the
+
+same in all the dimensions.
+
+So is there anything we
+can do to arrange
+
+for that to be true?
+
+Sure, we can just normalize
+the data.
+
+So we can borrow from our
+statistics course and say,
+
+well, let's see, we're
+interested in x.
+
+And we know that the variance
+of x is equal to 1 over n
+
+times the sum of the values,
+minus the mean value squared.
+
+That's a measure of how much
+the data spreads out.
+
+So now, instead of using x, we
+can use x prime, which is
+
+equal to x over sigma.
+
+What's the variance of
+that going to be?
+
+x over sigma sub x.
+
+Anybody see, instantaneously,
+what the variance of
+
+that's going be?
+
+Or do we have to work it out?
+
+It's going to be 1, Work
+out the algebra for me.
+
+It's obvious, it's simple.
+
+Just substitute x prime into
+this formula for variance, and
+
+do the algebraic high
+school manipulation.
+
+And you'll see that the variance
+turns out not to be
+
+of this new variable, this
+transformed variable you want.
+
+So that problem, the non
+uniformity problem, the spread
+
+problem, is easy to handle.
+
+What about that other problem?
+
+No cake without flour?
+
+What if it turns out
+that the data--
+
+you have two dimensions and the
+answer, actually, doesn't
+
+depend on y at all.
+
+What will happen?
+
+Then you're often going to get
+screwy results, because it'll
+
+be measuring a distance
+that is merely
+
+confusing the answer.
+
+So problem number two is the
+what matters problem.
+
+Write it down, what matters.
+
+Problem number three is, what
+if the answer doesn't depend
+
+on the data at all?
+
+Then you've got the trying to
+build a cake without flour.
+
+Once somebody asked me--
+
+a classmate of mine, who went
+on to become an important
+
+executive in an important credit
+card company-- asked me
+
+if we could use artificial
+intelligence to determine when
+
+somebody was going
+to go bankrupt?
+
+And the answer was, no.
+
+Because the data available was
+data that was independent of
+
+that question.
+
+So he was trying to make a cake
+without flour, and you
+
+can't do that.
+
+So that concludes what
+I want to say
+
+about nearest neighbors.
+
+No I want to talk a little
+bit about sleep.
+
+Over there on that left-side
+branch, now disappeared, we
+
+talked about the human
+side of learning.
+
+And I said something
+about one-shot, an
+
+escalation based learning.
+
+And what that means is,
+you don't learn
+
+without problem solving.
+
+And the question is, how is
+problem solving related to how
+
+much sleep you get?
+
+And to answer questions like
+that, of course, you want to
+
+go to the people who are the
+custodians of the kind of
+
+knowledge you are
+interested in.
+
+And so you would say, who are
+the custodians of knowledge
+
+about how much sleep you need?
+
+And what happens if
+you don't get it?
+
+And the answer is the
+United States Army.
+
+Because they're extremely
+interested in what happens
+
+when you cross 10 or 12 times
+zones, and have no sleep, and
+
+have to perform.
+
+So they're very interested
+in that question.
+
+And they got even more
+interested after the first
+
+Gulf War, which was the
+most studied war in
+
+history, up to that time.
+
+Because, there were after action
+reports they were full
+
+of examples like this.
+
+The US Forces, in a certain part
+of the battlefield, and
+
+drawn up for the night.
+
+And those are Bradley fighting
+vehicles, there, and back here
+
+Abrams tanks.
+
+And they're all just kind
+of settling down for
+
+good night's sleep.
+
+They've been up for about 36
+hours straight, by the way.
+
+When, much to their amazement,
+across their field-of-view
+
+came a column of
+Iraqi vehicles.
+
+And both sides were enormously
+surprised.
+
+A firefight broke out.
+
+The lead vehicle, over
+here, on the Iraqi
+
+side caught on fire.
+
+So these guys, in the Bradley
+fighting vehicles, went around
+
+to investigate, whereupon, these
+guys started blasting
+
+away, in acts of fratricidal
+fire.
+
+And the interesting thing is
+that all these folks here
+
+swore in the after action
+reports that they were firing
+
+straight ahead.
+
+And what happened was their
+ability to put ordnance on
+
+target was not impaired
+at all.
+
+But their idea of where the
+target was, what the target
+
+was, whether it was a target,
+was all screwed up.
+
+So this led to a lot of
+experiments in which people
+
+were sleep deprived.
+
+And by the way, you think
+you're a tough
+
+MIT student, right?
+
+These are Army Rangers.
+
+It doesn't get any tougher
+than this, believe me.
+
+So here's one of the
+
+experiments that was performed.
+
+In those days they had
+what they called
+
+fire control teams.
+
+And their job is to take
+information from an observer,
+
+over here, about a target,
+over here.
+
+And tell the artillery, over
+here, where to fire.
+
+So they kept some of
+these folks up
+
+for 36 hours straight.
+
+And after 36 hours they all
+said, we're doing great.
+
+And at that time they were
+bringing fire down on
+
+hospitals, mosques, churches,
+schools, and themselves.
+
+Because, they couldn't do the
+calculations anymore, after 36
+
+hours without sleep.
+
+And now you say to me, well I'm
+a MIT student, I want to
+
+see the data.
+
+So let's have a look
+at the data.
+
+OK.
+
+So there it goes.
+
+That's what happens to you after
+72 hours without sleep.
+
+These are simple things to do.
+
+Very simple calculations you
+have to do in your head, like
+
+adding numbers, spelling words,
+and things like that.
+
+So after 72 hours without
+sleep, your performance
+
+relative to what you were at
+the beginning is about 30%.
+
+So loss of sleep destroys
+ability.
+
+[BELL RINGING]
+
+Sleep loss accumulates.
+
+So you say, well I need
+eight hours of sleep--
+
+and what you need, by
+the way, varies--
+
+but I'm going to get by was
+seven hours of sleep.
+
+So after 20 days of one hour's
+worth of sleep deprivation,
+
+you're down about 25%.
+
+If you say, well I need eight
+hours of sleep, but I'm going
+
+to have to get by with just six,
+after 20 days of that,
+
+you're down to about 25% of
+your original capability.
+
+So you might say, well
+does caffeine help?
+
+Or naps, naps in this case.
+
+And the answer is, yes,
+a little bit.
+
+Some people argue that you get
+the more affect out of the
+
+sleep that you do get if
+you divide it into two.
+
+Winston Churchill always
+took a three
+
+hour nap in the afternoon.
+
+He said that way he got a day
+and a half's worth of work out
+
+of every day.
+
+He got the full amount
+of sleep.
+
+But he divided it
+into two pieces.
+
+Here's the caffeine one.
+
+So caffeine does help.
+
+And now you say, well, shoot,
+I think I'm going to take it
+
+kind of easy this semester.
+
+And I'll just work hard during
+the week before finals.
+
+Maybe I won't even bother
+sleeping for the 24 hours
+
+before the 6034 final.
+
+That's OK.
+
+Well let's see what
+will happen.
+
+So let's work the numbers.
+
+Here is 24 hours.
+
+And that's where your
+
+effectiveness is after 24 hours.
+
+Now let's go over to the same
+amount of effectiveness on the
+
+blood alcohol curve.
+
+And it's about the level
+at which you
+
+would be legally drunk.
+
+So I guess what we ought to do
+is to check everybody as they
+
+come in for the 6034 final, and
+arrest you if you've been
+
+24 hours without sleep.
+
+And not let you take any finals
+again, for a year.
+
+So if you do all that, you
+might as well get drunk.
+
+And now we have one thing
+left to do today.
+
+And that is address the original
+question of, why it
+
+is that the dogs and cats in the
+world think that the diet
+
+drink makes people fat?
+
+What's the answer?
+
+It's because only fat guys
+like me drink this crap.
+
+So since the dogs and cats don't
+have the ability to tell
+
+themselves stories, don't have
+that capacity to string
+
+together events into narratives,
+they don't have
+
+any way of saying, well this is
+a consequence of desiring
+
+not to be fat.
+
+Not a consequence
+of being fat.
+
+They don't have that story.
+
+And so what they're doing is
+something you have to be very
+
+careful about.
+
+And that thing you have to be
+very careful about is the
+
+confusion of correlation
+with cause.
+
+They see the correlation, but
+they don't understand the
+
+cause, so that's why they
+make a mistake.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/0AM6arPSszI.txt b/0AM6arPSszI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5bbda0acb9e9dbce125ce606dabaa4e2f6166f26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/0AM6arPSszI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4211 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's do adiabatic evolution really now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we're going to say lots of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to say lots of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to say lots of things
+but the takeaway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the takeaway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the takeaway
+message is going to be the following uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message is going to be the following uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message is going to be the following uh
+we're going to get maybe even confused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get maybe even confused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get maybe even confused
+as we do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we do this
+but the take away message is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the take away message is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the take away message is the
+following you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following you
+sort of begin in some quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of begin in some quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of begin in some quantum
+state and you're going to remain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and you're going to remain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and you're going to remain
+in that quantum state as it changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that quantum state as it changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that quantum state as it changes
+all the states are going to be changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the states are going to be changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the states are going to be changing
+the quantum states are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantum states are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantum states are going to be
+changing in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing in time
+and you're going to remain on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to remain on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to remain on that
+quantum state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with an extra face that is going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an extra face that is going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an extra face that is going to have
+important information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important information
+that's basically all that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically all that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically all that's going to
+happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+there's a lot of subtleties in what i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of subtleties in what i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of subtleties in what i've
+said and we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said and we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said and we have to
+unmask those subtleties but you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unmask those subtleties but you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unmask those subtleties but you're going
+to remain in the state up to a face that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remain in the state up to a face that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remain in the state up to a face that
+face is going to be called sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face is going to be called sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face is going to be called sometimes
+barry's face and there's a dynamical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barry's face and there's a dynamical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barry's face and there's a dynamical
+face as well that is simple and familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face as well that is simple and familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face as well that is simple and familiar
+but barry's face is a little less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but barry's face is a little less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but barry's face is a little less
+familiar so you're going to get the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar so you're going to get the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar so you're going to get the same
+state up to a face you're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state up to a face you're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state up to a face you're not going to
+jump state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump state
+after we'll do that we'll do landau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we'll do that we'll do landau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we'll do that we'll do landau
+zenner transitions which are an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zenner transitions which are an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zenner transitions which are an
+example where you can jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where you can jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where you can jump
+and you will calculate and determine how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will calculate and determine how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will calculate and determine how
+big is the suppression to jumping so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big is the suppression to jumping so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big is the suppression to jumping so it
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+reinforce the idea so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforce the idea so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforce the idea so
+let me begin with this thing suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you have an h of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now you come across this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you come across this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you come across this
+states that satisfy the following thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that satisfy the following thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that satisfy the following thing
+h of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+psi of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is equal to e of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+psi of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if this equation doesn't look to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this equation doesn't look to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this equation doesn't look to you
+totally strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally strange
+you're not looking hard enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not looking hard enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not looking hard enough
+it is a very strange equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a very strange equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a very strange equation
+oh it looks familiar it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it looks familiar it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it looks familiar it looks like
+everything we've always been writing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we've always been writing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we've always been writing but
+it's not look what this is saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose you look at the hamiltonian at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you look at the hamiltonian at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you look at the hamiltonian at
+time 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time 0
+then the state at time 0 would be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the state at time 0 would be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the state at time 0 would be an
+eigen state of the hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen state of the hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen state of the hamiltonian
+times 0 with some energy at time 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 0 with some energy at time 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 0 with some energy at time 0 and
+some state here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some state here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some state here so
+this is what's called an instantaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what's called an instantaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what's called an instantaneous
+eigen state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's an eigen state that every time it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an eigen state that every time it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an eigen state that every time it's
+almost as if you find the eigen state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost as if you find the eigen state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost as if you find the eigen state
+that time equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time equals zero
+you'd find there and you said that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd find there and you said that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd find there and you said that time
+equals epsilon you find the eigen state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals epsilon you find the eigen state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals epsilon you find the eigen state
+at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time
+equal to epsilon each time and you piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to epsilon each time and you piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to epsilon each time and you piece
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+a time dependent energy eigenstate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time dependent energy eigenstate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time dependent energy eigenstate
+with a time dependent energy but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a time dependent energy but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a time dependent energy but we
+never did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never did that
+our energy eigenstates were all time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our energy eigenstates were all time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our energy eigenstates were all time
+independent so what kind of crazy thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so what kind of crazy thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so what kind of crazy thing
+is this well it has some intuition you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this well it has some intuition you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this well it has some intuition you
+know how to do it you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to do it you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to do it you know the
+hamiltonian that every time and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian that every time and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian that every time and then
+anytime you can find eigenstates now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you solve it at time equals zero and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solve it at time equals zero and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solve it at time equals zero and you
+solve it at time equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it at time equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it at time equal
+epsilon and at time equal epsilon you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon and at time equal epsilon you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon and at time equal epsilon you're
+going to have different eigen states but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have different eigen states but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have different eigen states but
+at time equals zero you're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time equals zero you're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time equals zero you're going to have
+lots of eigen states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of eigen states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of eigen states
+at time equal epsilon you have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time equal epsilon you have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time equal epsilon you have to have
+lots of eigenstates but presumably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of eigenstates but presumably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of eigenstates but presumably
+things are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are not
+changing too fast you will know which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing too fast you will know which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing too fast you will know which
+one goes with which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one goes with which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one goes with which
+like at time equals zero i get all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like at time equals zero i get all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like at time equals zero i get all these
+eigen states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen states
+and at time equal epsilon i'll get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at time equal epsilon i'll get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at time equal epsilon i'll get this
+eigen states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen states
+and presumably you think well maybe i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and presumably you think well maybe i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and presumably you think well maybe i
+can join them i'm not going to go this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can join them i'm not going to go this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can join them i'm not going to go this
+to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that
+because it's a big jump and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a big jump and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a big jump and you can
+track them so this you could find many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track them so this you could find many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track them so this you could find many
+of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those
+these are called uh instantaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+eigenstates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they are a little strange because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are a little strange because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are a little strange because
+suppose you find those eigen states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you find those eigen states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you find those eigen states
+this is so far so good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is so far so good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is so far so good
+but maybe this goes like that and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe this goes like that and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe this goes like that and this
+crosses that one oh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosses that one oh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosses that one oh you
+then how do you know which one should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then how do you know which one should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then how do you know which one should
+you go here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go here
+or should you go here which one is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or should you go here which one is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or should you go here which one is your
+eigen state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen state
+so let's just hope that doesn't happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just hope that doesn't happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just hope that doesn't happen
+it just it's going to be very difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just it's going to be very difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just it's going to be very difficult
+if it happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um moreover there's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um moreover there's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um moreover there's going to be
+these states are not all that unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these states are not all that unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these states are not all that unique
+um i could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i could
+multiply this hamiltonians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply this hamiltonians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply this hamiltonians
+this states by faces e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this states by faces e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this states by faces e to the
+i chi of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i chi of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i chi of t
+here and a time dependent phase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and a time dependent phase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and a time dependent phase the
+humanitarian wouldn't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanitarian wouldn't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanitarian wouldn't care
+it wouldn't it would cancel so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wouldn't it would cancel so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wouldn't it would cancel so these
+states are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states are
+just not very unique now the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not very unique now the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not very unique now the more
+important thing i want to say about them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing i want to say about them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing i want to say about them
+they are the beginning of our explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are the beginning of our explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are the beginning of our explicit
+analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+do this size of ts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this size of ts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this size of ts
+solve the schrodinger equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the schrodinger equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the schrodinger equation
+are these the solutions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these the solutions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these the solutions of the
+schrodinger equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we found the instantaneous eigens so are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found the instantaneous eigens so are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found the instantaneous eigens so are
+these solutions of the schrodinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these solutions of the schrodinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these solutions of the schrodinger
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+is that what it means to solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that what it means to solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that what it means to solve the
+schrodinger equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here no that's true not at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here no that's true not at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here no that's true not at all
+uh this this our auxiliary states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this this our auxiliary states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this this our auxiliary states
+they don't quite solve the schrodinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't quite solve the schrodinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't quite solve the schrodinger
+equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and
+we'll try to use them to solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll try to use them to solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll try to use them to solve the
+schrodinger equation that's what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schrodinger equation that's what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schrodinger equation that's what we're
+going to try to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to do
+so let's try to appreciate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's try to appreciate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's try to appreciate that
+these are size of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are size of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are size of t
+now my notation is going to be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now my notation is going to be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now my notation is going to be a little
+delicate here is your shreddinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delicate here is your shreddinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delicate here is your shreddinger
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+the only difference is that thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only difference is that thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only difference is that thing here
+now we're suppressing all spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're suppressing all spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're suppressing all spatial
+dependent the hamiltonian might depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent the hamiltonian might depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent the hamiltonian might depend
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+x and p and the wave function might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and p and the wave function might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and p and the wave function might
+depend on x and p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on x and p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on x and p
+no and x and other things and spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no and x and other things and spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no and x and other things and spin
+other things will just suppress them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is the equation we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the equation we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the equation we're trying to
+solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve
+this is the real equation that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the real equation that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the real equation that we're
+trying to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve
+and if you just plug the top thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you just plug the top thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you just plug the top thing and
+try to see if that solves that equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to see if that solves that equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to see if that solves that equation
+you will find him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will find him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will find him
+very quickly it doesn't solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly it doesn't solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly it doesn't solve this
+equation at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation at all
+the left-hand side if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left-hand side if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left-hand side if you
+plugged in there will appear a psi dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you thought psi of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you thought psi of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you thought psi of t
+solves this equation you will have a psi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solves this equation you will have a psi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solves this equation you will have a psi
+dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot
+and here you will have an energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you will have an energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you will have an energy and
+what is supposed to be psi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is supposed to be psi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is supposed to be psi
+dot it's it's not obvious it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot it's it's not obvious it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot it's it's not obvious it just
+doesn't solve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so on the other hand we can try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on the other hand we can try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on the other hand we can try to
+inspire ourselves to solve it this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspire ourselves to solve it this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspire ourselves to solve it this way
+um you will write an answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we'll put up psi of t we'll try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll put up psi of t we'll try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll put up psi of t we'll try to
+build our solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build our solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build our solution
+by putting maybe uh the kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by putting maybe uh the kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by putting maybe uh the kind of thing
+that you usually put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you usually put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you usually put
+for an energy eigenstate when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an energy eigenstate when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an energy eigenstate when you have
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+energy eigenstate you would put an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy eigenstate you would put an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy eigenstate you would put an
+e to the minus i e t over h bar to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the minus i e t over h bar to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the minus i e t over h bar to solve
+the schrodinger equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the schrodinger equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the schrodinger equation
+so let's do the same thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's do the same thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's do the same thing here
+let's put on top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put on top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put on top
+of the psi of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and e to the minus i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and e to the minus i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and e to the minus i
+over h bar energy but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over h bar energy but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over h bar energy but
+the energy depends on time so actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy depends on time so actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy depends on time so actually
+the clever thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clever thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clever thing to
+try to put here is an integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to put here is an integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to put here is an integral
+of the energy of time dt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the energy of time dt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the energy of time dt
+prime up to t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime up to t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime up to t
+because the main thing of that phase is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the main thing of that phase is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the main thing of that phase is
+that its derivative should be the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that its derivative should be the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that its derivative should be the energy
+so that should help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that should help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that should help
+so maybe this is almost a solution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe this is almost a solution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe this is almost a solution of
+the schrodinger equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the schrodinger equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the schrodinger equation
+but let's uh that may not be the case so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's uh that may not be the case so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's uh that may not be the case so
+let's put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put
+just in case here a c of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in case here a c of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in case here a c of t
+that maybe we will need it in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe we will need it in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe we will need it in order to
+solve the schrodinger equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the schrodinger equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the schrodinger equation
+so our idea is okay we're given those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our idea is okay we're given those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our idea is okay we're given those
+instantaneous eigenstates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous eigenstates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous eigenstates
+and let's use them to get a solution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's use them to get a solution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's use them to get a solution of
+the schrodinger equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the schrodinger equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the schrodinger equation
+of course if we found that this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if we found that this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if we found that this is a
+solution of the schrodinger equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of the schrodinger equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of the schrodinger equation
+we would have found that with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would have found that with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would have found that with some
+modification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modification
+the instantaneous eigenstates produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instantaneous eigenstates produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instantaneous eigenstates produce
+solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions
+and that would be very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would be very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would be very nice
+we will find essentially that's true in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will find essentially that's true in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will find essentially that's true in
+the adiabatic approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adiabatic approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adiabatic approximation
+so let's let's do this calculation which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let's do this calculation which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let's do this calculation which
+is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is important
+and gives us our first uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+site of the adiabatic result so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site of the adiabatic result so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site of the adiabatic result so
+here is the psi of t now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the psi of t now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the psi of t now let's
+substitute into the schrodinger equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute into the schrodinger equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute into the schrodinger equation
+so i have the left hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have the left hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have the left hand side
+is left hand side is i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is left hand side is i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is left hand side is i
+h bar dt of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h bar dt of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h bar dt of this
+psi would be first i differentiate the c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psi would be first i differentiate the c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psi would be first i differentiate the c
+so c dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so c dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so c dot
+e to the minus i h bar integral to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the minus i h bar integral to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the minus i h bar integral to
+t e dt prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t e dt prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t e dt prime
+psi of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus now i differentiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus now i differentiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus now i differentiate
+this exponent i h bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exponent i h bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exponent i h bar
+so i'm sorry i have a ih bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+when i differentiate this exponent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i differentiate this exponent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i differentiate this exponent the
+i's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i's
+cancel with the signs the h-bar cancels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel with the signs the h-bar cancels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel with the signs the h-bar cancels
+i get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get an
+e evaluated at t i'm differentiating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e evaluated at t i'm differentiating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e evaluated at t i'm differentiating
+with respect to time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to time
+here so i get here nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so i get here nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so i get here nicely
+e of t times the whole wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e of t times the whole wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e of t times the whole wave function
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+psi of t and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psi of t and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psi of t and then
+finally i get plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally i get plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally i get plus
+i h bar c of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i h bar c of t times uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i h bar c of t times uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i h bar c of t times uh
+the exponent and a time derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponent and a time derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponent and a time derivative of
+psi minus i over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psi minus i over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psi minus i over
+h bar t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h bar t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h bar t
+e dt prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e dt prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e dt prime
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+psi of t dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psi of t dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psi of t dot
+so that is the dot of the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can differentiate a state means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can differentiate a state means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can differentiate a state means
+evaluating the state that t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating the state that t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating the state that t
+plus epsilon minus data at t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus epsilon minus data at t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus epsilon minus data at t
+divided by epsilon so we'll write it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by epsilon so we'll write it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by epsilon so we'll write it as
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+psi dot in there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psi dot in there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psi dot in there so
+what do we get here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's uh see the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's uh see the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's uh see the right hand side
+right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i is h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on the state and h on the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the state and h on the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the state and h on the state
+comes here and ignores this factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes here and ignores this factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes here and ignores this factor
+ignores these factors our time dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignores these factors our time dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignores these factors our time dependent
+factors come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors come
+here and produces a factor of e of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and produces a factor of e of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and produces a factor of e of t
+so h on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so h on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so h on
+psi of t is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psi of t is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psi of t is just
+e of t times psi of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what happens left hand side equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens left hand side equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens left hand side equal to
+right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this term cancels with this this is nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term cancels with this this is nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term cancels with this this is nice
+that's what the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the energy
+and the instantaneous state should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the instantaneous state should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the instantaneous state should have
+done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+but we're left with two more terms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're left with two more terms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're left with two more terms that
+didn't cancel these two terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't cancel these two terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't cancel these two terms
+c dot is related to psi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c dot is related to psi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c dot is related to psi
+dot so indeed there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot so indeed there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot so indeed there's no
+obvious way of generating a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious way of generating a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious way of generating a solution
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+there is a term in the schrodinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a term in the schrodinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a term in the schrodinger
+equation with psi dot that must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation with psi dot that must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation with psi dot that must be
+cancelled or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancelled or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancelled or
+properly taken care by a c dot here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what is the equation that we have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is the equation that we have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is the equation that we have uh
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+this first term but the second term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first term but the second term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first term but the second term
+should be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be zero
+so it's a simple equation you can cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a simple equation you can cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a simple equation you can cancel
+the everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the everything
+basically um you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically um you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically um you have
+the phase can be canceled the ih can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase can be canceled the ih can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase can be canceled the ih can be
+canceled so we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canceled so we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canceled so we get
+c dot of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c dot of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c dot of t
+times psi of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times psi of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times psi of t
+is equal to minus c of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to minus c of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to minus c of t
+times psi dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's what we have to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we have to solve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's see how it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's see okay let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see okay let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see okay let's
+uh try to solve this equation by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh try to solve this equation by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh try to solve this equation by
+sandwiching uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sandwiching uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sandwiching uh
+a psi of t one of those instantaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a psi of t one of those instantaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a psi of t one of those instantaneous
+eigen states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen states
+from the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what do we get here well this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we get here well this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we get here well this is just
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+function it just doesn't care and psi is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it just doesn't care and psi is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it just doesn't care and psi is
+supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be
+normalized states maybe i should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized states maybe i should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized states maybe i should have
+said these are instantaneous eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said these are instantaneous eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said these are instantaneous eigen
+states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states
+and psi of t psi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and psi of t psi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and psi of t psi
+of t is equal to one they're normalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t is equal to one they're normalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t is equal to one they're normalized
+at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at every
+instant of time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant of time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant of time that
+should not be difficult to implement so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not be difficult to implement so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not be difficult to implement so
+we get here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get here
+c dot of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equals minus c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals minus c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals minus c
+of t psi of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t psi of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t psi of t
+psi dot of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's the kind of differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the kind of differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the kind of differential equation
+it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just
+doesn't look that bad at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look that bad at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look that bad at all
+in fact it's one of those differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it's one of those differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it's one of those differential
+equations you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations you can
+solve and the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve and the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve and the answer is
+c of t is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c of t is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c of t is equal to
+e to the minus 0 to t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the minus 0 to t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the minus 0 to t
+psi of t prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psi of t prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psi of t prime
+psi dot of t prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psi dot of t prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psi dot of t prime
+d t prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d t prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d t prime
+and that's the answer in fact take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the answer in fact take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the answer in fact take the
+derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative
+and you see this this is an equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see this this is an equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see this this is an equation of
+the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form
+f dot is equal to a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f dot is equal to a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f dot is equal to a function
+of time times f this is solved by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time times f this is solved by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time times f this is solved by
+integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration
+it's that's what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that's what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that's what it is
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we will see that um that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will see that um that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will see that um that's
+my next point um we have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my next point um we have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my next point um we have here
+a c of t and we have an integral now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a c of t and we have an integral now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a c of t and we have an integral now
+it looks decaying but uh it's actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks decaying but uh it's actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks decaying but uh it's actually a
+phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase
+let's see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see that
+so i want to understand what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i want to understand what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i want to understand what is
+psi psi dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i claim that this quantity in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i claim that this quantity in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i claim that this quantity in fact
+is purely imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's see why what is this thing this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see why what is this thing this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see why what is this thing this is
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+overlap intuitively over x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap intuitively over x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap intuitively over x
+of psi of x and t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of psi of x and t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of psi of x and t
+star ddt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of psi of x and t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this the
+this is a ddx integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a ddx integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a ddx integral
+it's a vector integral in general i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a vector integral in general i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a vector integral in general i
+don't have to put arrows i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to put arrows i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to put arrows i think
+i have ddt of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have ddt of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have ddt of
+psi star psi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus of the psi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus of the psi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus of the psi
+star dt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+psi this is just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psi this is just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psi this is just uh
+a little bit like pre-integration by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit like pre-integration by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit like pre-integration by
+part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part
+uh it's just saying a d b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's just saying a d b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's just saying a d b
+is d of a b minus b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is d of a b minus b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is d of a b minus b
+d a that's uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d a that's uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d a that's uh an
+identity now the first term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity now the first term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity now the first term
+it's a ddt of an integral so over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a ddt of an integral so over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a ddt of an integral so over
+x so the ddt goes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x so the ddt goes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x so the ddt goes out
+and you have the integral over x of psi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have the integral over x of psi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have the integral over x of psi
+star psi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star psi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star psi
+that's the first term and the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the first term and the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the first term and the second
+term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+is minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus the
+integral of the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the x
+of d psi star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of d psi star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of d psi star
+psi but i will write it as psi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psi but i will write it as psi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psi but i will write it as psi
+the dt of psi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dt of psi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dt of psi
+star here with a star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star here with a star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star here with a star
+there lots of stars sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there lots of stars sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there lots of stars sorry
+can you see that the first term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you see that the first term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you see that the first term
+they took out the derivative the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they took out the derivative the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they took out the derivative the second
+term the sign is out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term the sign is out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term the sign is out
+and you have the psi star times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have the psi star times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have the psi star times
+psi but that's a complex conjugate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psi but that's a complex conjugate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psi but that's a complex conjugate of
+that other integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that other integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that other integral
+the integral over space is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral over space is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral over space is one
+so this is zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is zero so
+this is equal to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+psi psi dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psi psi dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psi psi dot
+star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that thing in parenthesis is psi psi dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing in parenthesis is psi psi dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing in parenthesis is psi psi dot
+so what did you show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what did you show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what did you show that
+this complex number is minus its complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this complex number is minus its complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this complex number is minus its complex
+conjugate so that thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate so that thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate so that thing
+is indeed a pure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is indeed a pure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is indeed a pure the
+imaginary number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we're almost there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's write this nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what did we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did we find
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+psi of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is equal this psi of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal this psi of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal this psi of
+t it's c of t times this phase so i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t it's c of t times this phase so i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t it's c of t times this phase so i'll
+put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put
+first this phase here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'll call a c of zero here uh i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll call a c of zero here uh i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll call a c of zero here uh i
+ignored it before but i could have put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignored it before but i could have put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignored it before but i could have put
+it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here
+i i don't have to put it there's no need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i don't have to put it there's no need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i don't have to put it there's no need
+for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+e to the minus i over h bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the minus i over h bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the minus i over h bar
+the integral from 0 to t of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral from 0 to t of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral from 0 to t of
+e of t prime d t prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e of t prime d t prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e of t prime d t prime
+that's it and then i have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it and then i have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it and then i have this
+factor this c of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor this c of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor this c of t
+that i have to include so let's put that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i have to include so let's put that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i have to include so let's put that
+face here too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face here too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face here too
+it's e to the this minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's e to the this minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's e to the this minus
+is convenient to replace it by an i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is convenient to replace it by an i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is convenient to replace it by an i
+with another i in here why would you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with another i in here why would you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with another i in here why would you do
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+well it's it's it's good notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's it's it's good notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's it's it's good notation
+actually psi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually psi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually psi
+psi dot of t prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psi dot of t prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psi dot of t prime
+dt prime and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt prime and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt prime and
+all that multiplying the instantaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that multiplying the instantaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that multiplying the instantaneous
+eigenstate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you see this thing this i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see this thing this i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see this thing this i
+in front is telling you that if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front is telling you that if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front is telling you that if you're
+using good notation that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using good notation that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using good notation that this
+quantity is a pure face and indeed it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity is a pure face and indeed it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity is a pure face and indeed it's
+a pure face because this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pure face because this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pure face because this thing
+is already known to be imaginary so with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is already known to be imaginary so with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is already known to be imaginary so with
+an i this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an i this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an i this is
+real and with this eye this is a pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real and with this eye this is a pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real and with this eye this is a pure
+face so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face so
+it's just notation so here it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did it
+but uh i must say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh i must say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh i must say we
+made a very serious mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i want to know if you can identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i want to know if you can identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i want to know if you can identify
+where was our mistake let's give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where was our mistake let's give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where was our mistake let's give a
+little chance somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little chance somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little chance somebody
+else to see where is the mistake and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else to see where is the mistake and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else to see where is the mistake and
+then you have your goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have your goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have your goal
+anybody wants to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody wants to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody wants to say
+what is the mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the mistake
+the mistake is so serious that i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mistake is so serious that i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mistake is so serious that i don't
+really have the right to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have the right to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have the right to
+look if i didn't make a mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look if i didn't make a mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look if i didn't make a mistake
+i've done something unbelievable i found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've done something unbelievable i found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've done something unbelievable i found
+the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution
+of the schrodinger equation using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the schrodinger equation using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the schrodinger equation using the
+instantaneous eigenstate i took the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous eigenstate i took the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous eigenstate i took the
+instantaneous eigenstate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous eigenstate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous eigenstate
+and now i've built the solution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i've built the solution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i've built the solution of the
+schrodinger equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schrodinger equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schrodinger equation
+that is an unbelievable statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is an unbelievable statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is an unbelievable statement
+it would show that you will remain in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would show that you will remain in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would show that you will remain in
+the instantaneous eigenstate forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instantaneous eigenstate forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instantaneous eigenstate forever
+and i never used slow variation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i never used slow variation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i never used slow variation so
+this would be an exact state this better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be an exact state this better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be an exact state this better
+be wrong this cannot be right it cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be wrong this cannot be right it cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be wrong this cannot be right it cannot
+be that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that you
+always remain in the same eye as that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always remain in the same eye as that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always remain in the same eye as that
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's right there's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right there's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right there's going to be a
+problem with that equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with that equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with that equation
+we did a little mistake here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did a little mistake here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did a little mistake here
+well we didn't do a mistake but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we didn't do a mistake but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we didn't do a mistake but we
+didn't do our full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do our full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do our full
+job remember in perturbation theory when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job remember in perturbation theory when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job remember in perturbation theory when
+you had to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had to find
+the first order correction to the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first order correction to the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first order correction to the state
+you put from the left a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put from the left a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put from the left a state
+in the original subspace you put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the original subspace you put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the original subspace you put the
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+outside some place here we dotted with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside some place here we dotted with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside some place here we dotted with
+psi of t but we have to dot with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psi of t but we have to dot with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psi of t but we have to dot with
+every state in the hilbert space to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every state in the hilbert space to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every state in the hilbert space to make
+sure we have a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure we have a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure we have a solution
+if you have a vector equation you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a vector equation you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a vector equation you cannot
+just dot with something and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just dot with something and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just dot with something and say
+okay i solved it you might have solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i solved it you might have solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i solved it you might have solved
+the x component of the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x component of the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x component of the equation
+so we really did not solve this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we really did not solve this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we really did not solve this equation
+so we made serious mistake in doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we made serious mistake in doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we made serious mistake in doing this
+but the good thing is that uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the good thing is that uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the good thing is that uh this is
+not a a bad mistake in the sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a a bad mistake in the sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a a bad mistake in the sense of
+learning the only thing i have to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning the only thing i have to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning the only thing i have to say
+here is that this is approximately true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that this is approximately true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that this is approximately true
+when the change is adiabatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the change is adiabatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the change is adiabatic
+if the change is adiabatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that is what we're going to justify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is what we're going to justify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is what we're going to justify
+next time with another detailed analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time with another detailed analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time with another detailed analysis
+of this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this so
+we did a good effort to find an exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did a good effort to find an exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did a good effort to find an exact
+solution of the showing relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of the showing relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of the showing relation
+and we came close and this is a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we came close and this is a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we came close and this is a pretty
+good approximation and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good approximation and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good approximation and this is the
+statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement
+of the adiabatic theorem you pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the adiabatic theorem you pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the adiabatic theorem you pretty much
+follow the instantaneous eigenstate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the instantaneous eigenstate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the instantaneous eigenstate
+up to a dynamical phase and up to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to a dynamical phase and up to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to a dynamical phase and up to a
+berry face but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+berry face but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+berry face but
+this is not an exact solution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not an exact solution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not an exact solution of the
+schrodinger equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schrodinger equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schrodinger equation
+and in some cases there will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in some cases there will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in some cases there will be
+transitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions
+between those instantaneous eigenstates
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/0Gat_aSzi5Y.txt b/0Gat_aSzi5Y.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4e7cde22178efd885eaef40b12c019bb6f557ede
--- /dev/null
+++ b/0Gat_aSzi5Y.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2152 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high-quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation, or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+PROFESSOR: In the last several
+lectures, we've talked about a
+
+generalization of the
+continuous-time Fourier
+
+transform and a very similar
+strategy also applies to
+
+discrete-time, and that's what
+we want to begin to deal with
+
+in today's lecture.
+
+So what we want to talk about
+is generalizing the Fourier
+
+transform, and what this will
+lead to in discrete-time is a
+
+notion referred to as
+the z-transform.
+
+Now, just as in continuous-time,
+in
+
+discrete-time the Fourier
+transform corresponded to a
+
+representation of a sequence
+as a linear combination of
+
+complex exponentials.
+
+So this was the synthesis
+equation.
+
+And, of course, there is the
+
+corresponding analysis equation.
+
+And as you recall, and as is the
+same for continuous-time,
+
+the reason that we picked
+complex exponentials was
+
+because of the fact that they
+are eigenfunctions of linear
+
+time-invariant systems.
+
+In other words, if you have a
+complex exponential into a
+
+linear time-invariant system,
+the output is a complex
+
+exponential.
+
+And the change in complex
+amplitude, which corresponds
+
+to the frequency response, in
+fact is what led to the
+
+definition of the Fourier
+transform.
+
+In particular, it is the Fourier
+transform of the
+
+impulse response.
+
+Well, that set of notions is,
+more or less, identical to the
+
+way we motivated the Laplace
+transform in the
+
+continuous-time case, in the
+Fourier transform in the
+
+continuous-time case.
+
+And just as in continuous-time,
+there are a
+
+set of signals more general than
+the complex exponentials,
+
+which are also eigenfunctions
+of linear
+
+time-invariant systems.
+
+In particular, in discrete-time,
+if we had
+
+instead of an exponential e to
+the j omega n, we had a more
+
+general complex number z, that
+the signal z to the n is also
+
+an eigenfunction of a linear
+time-invariant system for any
+
+particular z.
+
+So we can see that by
+substituting that into the
+
+convolution sum and recognizing,
+again, very
+
+strongly paralleling the
+continuous-time argument, that
+
+we can rewrite this factor as
+z to the n z to the minus k.
+
+And because of the fact that
+it's a sum on k and this term
+
+doesn't depend on k, we can
+take that term out.
+
+And the conclusion is that if
+we have z to the n as an
+
+input, that the output is of the
+same form times a factor
+
+which depends on z.
+
+But of course, doesn't depend
+on k because that is summed
+
+out as we form the summation.
+
+So, in fact, this summation
+corresponds to a complex
+
+number, which we'll denote as H
+of z, where z will represent
+
+a more general complex number.
+
+Namely, z is r e to the j omega,
+r being the magnitude
+
+of this complex number
+and omega, of
+
+course, being the angle.
+
+So for a linear time-invariant
+system, a more general complex
+
+exponential sequence of this
+form generates as an output a
+
+complex exponential sequence of
+the same form with a change
+
+in amplitude which we're
+representing as H of z,
+
+recognizing the fact that it's
+going to be a function of what
+
+that complex number is.
+
+And this amplitude factor is
+given by this summation.
+
+And it is this summation which
+is defined as the z-transform
+
+of the sequence H of n.
+
+Now, let me stress that--
+
+and I'll continue to stress this
+as the lecture goes on.
+
+That much of what we've said is
+directly parallel to what
+
+we said in the continuous-time
+case.
+
+And what we've simply done
+is to expand from complex
+
+exponentials with a purely
+imaginary exponent, complex
+
+exponential time functions or
+sequences of that form, to
+
+ones that have more general
+complex exponential factors.
+
+Now, we have a mapping here from
+the impulse response to
+
+the amplitude or the eigenvalue
+associated with
+
+that input, and this mapping is
+what is referred to as the
+
+z-transform.
+
+So H of z is, in fact,
+the z-transform
+
+of the impulse response.
+
+And if we consider applying
+this mapping as we did in
+
+continuous-time in a similar
+argument, applying this
+
+mapping to a sequence whether
+or not it corresponds to the
+
+impulse response or a linear
+time-invariant system, that
+
+leads then to the z-transform of
+a general sequence x of n.
+
+The z-transform being defined
+by this relationship.
+
+And again, notationally, we'll
+often represent a time
+
+function and a z-transform
+through a shorthand notation,
+
+just indicating that x of z is
+the z-transform of x of n.
+
+So we've kind of motivated the
+development in a manner
+
+exactly identical to
+what we had done
+
+with the Laplace transform.
+
+Kind of the idea that if you
+look at the eigenvalue
+
+associated with a linear
+time-invariant system, that
+
+essentially generates a mapping
+between the sequence--
+
+system impulse response
+and a function of z.
+
+And that corresponds to the
+z-transform here, it
+
+corresponded to the Laplace
+transform in the
+
+continuous-time case.
+
+That same argument is also the
+kind of argument that we use
+
+to lead us into the Fourier
+transform originally.
+
+And once again, what you would
+expect is that the z-transform
+
+has a very close and important
+relationship
+
+to the Fourier transform.
+
+And indeed, that relationship
+turns out to be, more or less,
+
+identical to the relationship
+between the Laplace transform
+
+and the Fourier transform
+in continuous-time.
+
+Well, let's look at
+the relationship.
+
+First of all, what we recognize
+is that if we
+
+compare the Fourier transform
+expression for a sequence and
+
+the z-transform expression for
+the same sequence that they
+
+involve, essentially,
+the same operations.
+
+And in fact, since z is of the
+form r e to the j omega, if we
+
+want this sum to look like this
+sum, then that would mean
+
+that we would choose z equal
+to e to the j omega.
+
+Said another way, the
+z-transform, when z is e to
+
+the j omega, is going to reduce
+
+to the Fourier transform.
+
+So we have a relationship like
+the one, again, that we had
+
+between the Laplace transform
+and the Fourier transform in
+
+continuous-time.
+
+Namely that for a certain set
+of values of the complex
+
+variable, the transform, the
+z-transform, reduces to the
+
+Fourier transform.
+
+So if we have x of z, the
+z-transform, and we look at
+
+that for z equal to e to the j
+omega, and z equal to e to the
+
+j omega is similar to saying
+that we're looking at that for
+
+the magnitude of z equal to 1.
+
+We're specifically choosing
+r equal to 1, which is the
+
+magnitude of z.
+
+Then this is equal
+to the Fourier
+
+transform of the sequence.
+
+So the z-transform for z equal
+to e to the j omega is the
+
+Fourier transform,
+and so this then
+
+corresponds to x of omega.
+
+Namely, the Fourier transform.
+
+Well, we now have ourselves in a
+similar situation, again, to
+
+what we had when we talked about
+the Laplace transform.
+
+Namely, a notational
+awkwardness, or inconvenience,
+
+which we can resolve by simply
+
+redefining some of our notation.
+
+In particular, the awkwardness
+relates to the fact that
+
+whereas we've been writing our
+Fourier transforms this way,
+
+as x of omega, if we were to
+express x of z and look at it,
+
+it's equal to e to
+the j omega.
+
+We end up with the independent
+variable being e to the j
+
+omega rather than omega.
+
+Well, in fact, the Fourier
+transform is
+
+a function of omega.
+
+It's also a function of
+e to the j omega.
+
+And now what we can see is that
+given the fact that we
+
+want to generalize the Fourier
+transform to the z-transform,
+
+it's convenient now to use as
+notation for the Fourier
+
+transform x of z with z equal
+to e to the j omega.
+
+Namely, our Fourier transforms
+will now be written as I've
+
+indicated here.
+
+So just summarizing that, our
+new notation is that the
+
+independent variable on the
+Fourier transform is now going
+
+to be expressed as e to the j
+omega rather than as omega.
+
+It's a minor notational change,
+but I recognize the
+
+fact that it's somewhat
+confusing initially, and takes
+
+a few minutes to sit down and
+just get it straightened out.
+
+It's very similar
+to what we did
+
+with the Laplace transform.
+
+But let me draw your attention
+to the fact that in the
+
+Laplace transform, the
+independent variable that we
+
+ended up with in talking about
+the Fourier transform is
+
+different than what we're
+ending up with here.
+
+In particular, before we
+had j omega, now we
+
+have e to the j omega.
+
+And the reason for that is
+simply that whereas in
+
+continuous time we were talking
+about functions of the
+
+form e to the st, now we're
+talking about sequences of the
+
+form z to the n.
+
+So we have one relationship
+between the Fourier transform
+
+and the z-transform.
+
+Namely, the fact that for the
+magnitude of z equal to 1, the
+
+z-transform reduces to the
+Fourier transform.
+
+Now, in the Laplace transform,
+we also had another important
+
+relationship and observation,
+which was the fact that the
+
+Laplace transform
+was the Fourier
+
+transform of x of t modified.
+
+And how was it modified?
+
+It was modified by multiplying
+by a decaying or growing
+
+exponential, depending on what
+the real part of s is.
+
+Well, we have a very similar
+situation with the
+
+z-transform.
+
+In particular, in addition to
+the fact that the z-transform
+
+for z equal to e to the j omega
+reduces to the Fourier
+
+transform, we'll see that the
+z-transform for other values
+
+of z is the Fourier transform
+of the sequence with an
+
+exponential weighting.
+
+And let's see where
+that comes from.
+
+Here we have the general
+expression for the
+
+z-transform.
+
+And recognizing that z is a
+complex number which we're
+
+expressing in polar form as r e
+to the j omega, substituting
+
+that in, this summation now
+becomes x of n, r e to the j
+
+omega to the minus n.
+
+We can factor out these two
+terms, r to the minus n and e
+
+to the minus j omega n.
+
+And combining the r to the minus
+n with x of n and the e
+
+to the minus j omega n being
+treated separately, what we
+
+end up with is the summation
+that I have here.
+
+Well, what this says is that
+the z-transform, which is
+
+this, at z equal to r e to the
+j omega, is in fact the
+
+Fourier transform of what?
+
+It's the Fourier transform
+of x of n multiplied by r
+
+to the minus n.
+
+So that is the expression
+that we have here.
+
+And in continuous-time, we had
+the Laplace transform as the
+
+Fourier transform of x of t
+e to the minus sigma t.
+
+Here we have the Fourier
+transform of x of n r
+
+to the minus n.
+
+Now, something to just reflect
+on for a minute is--
+
+because it tends to cause a
+little bit of problem with the
+
+algebra later on if you're
+attention isn't drawn to it,
+
+is that we're talking about
+multiplying x of n times r to
+
+the minus n.
+
+The question is, for r greater
+than 1, does r to the minus n
+
+increase exponentially as n
+increases or does it decrease?
+
+We're talking about
+r to the minus n.
+
+If r is greater than 1, if
+the magnitude of r is
+
+greater than 1.
+
+For example, if it's equal
+to 2, r to the minus n
+
+is 1/2 to the n.
+
+And so, in fact, that decreases
+exponentially.
+
+Or more generally, the larger
+r is, the faster r to the
+
+minus n decays with
+increasing n.
+
+Well, let's just look at some
+examples of the z-transform.
+
+And examples that I've picked,
+again, are examples directly
+
+out of the text.
+
+And so the details of the
+algebra you can look at more
+
+leisurely as you sit
+with the textbook.
+
+Let's consider, first of all, an
+exponential sequence x of n
+
+equals a to the n times
+the unit step.
+
+So 0 for negative time and an
+exponential for positive time.
+
+And the Fourier transform,
+as we've seen in earlier
+
+lectures, is 1 over 1 minus
+a e to the minus j omega.
+
+But this doesn't always
+converge.
+
+In particular, for convergence
+of the Fourier transform, we
+
+would require absolute
+summability of
+
+the original sequence.
+
+And that, in turn, requires
+that the magnitude of a be
+
+less than 1.
+
+So the Fourier transform is
+this, provided that the
+
+magnitude of a is less than 1.
+
+And what is the Fourier
+transform if the magnitude of
+
+a is not less than 1?
+
+Well, the answer is
+that, in that
+
+case, it doesn't converge.
+
+Now, let's look at
+the z-transform.
+
+The z-transform is the sum from
+minus infinity to plus
+
+infinity of a to the
+n z to the minus n
+
+times the unit step.
+
+The unit step will change
+the lower limit to 0.
+
+So it's the sum from
+0 to infinity.
+
+And this is of the form
+a times z to the
+
+minus 1 to the n.
+
+So we're summing from 0 to
+infinity a times z to the
+
+minus 1 to the n.
+
+That sum is 1 over 1 minus
+a z to the minus 1.
+
+But in order for that sum to
+converge, we require that the
+
+magnitude of a times z to the
+minus 1 be less than 1.
+
+Now, the z-transform is the
+Fourier transform of the
+
+sequence a to the n times
+r to the minus n.
+
+And this statement about the
+z-transform converging is
+
+exactly identical to the
+statement that what we're
+
+requiring is that the magnitude
+of a times r to the
+
+minus 1 be less than 1, where
+this represents the
+
+exponential factor that we have
+that in effect is applied
+
+to the sequence, so that the
+Fourier transform becomes the
+
+z-transform.
+
+And so, if we put this
+condition, we can interpret
+
+this condition in exactly the
+same way that we interpret the
+
+condition on convergence of
+the Fourier transform.
+
+So from what we've worked out
+here then, what we have is the
+
+z-transform of a to the n times
+u of n is 1 over 1 minus
+
+a z to the minus 1.
+
+That works for any value of a
+provided that we pick the
+
+value of z correctly.
+
+In particular, we have to
+pick the set of values
+
+of z, so that what?
+
+So that the magnitude of a
+times z to the minus 1
+
+is less than 1.
+
+Or equivalently, so that the
+magnitude of z is greater than
+
+the magnitude of a.
+
+So associated with the
+z-transform of this sequence
+
+is this algebraic expression,
+and this set of values on z
+
+for which that algebraic
+expression is valid.
+
+And just as with the Laplace
+transform, this range of
+
+values is referred to as the
+region of convergence of the
+
+z-transform.
+
+Now, again, as we saw with the
+Laplace transform, it's
+
+important to recognize that in
+specifying or having worked
+
+out the z-transform of a
+sequence, it's not just the
+
+algebraic expression, but also
+the region of convergence
+
+that's required to uniquely
+specify it.
+
+To emphasize that further,
+here is Example
+
+10.2 from the text.
+
+And if you work that one
+through, what you find is
+
+that, algebraically, the
+z-transform of this sequence
+
+is 1 over 1 minus a
+z to the minus 1.
+
+Identical algebraically to
+what we had up here.
+
+But now with a region of
+convergence, which is the
+
+magnitude of z less than
+the magnitude of a.
+
+In contrast to this example,
+where the region of
+
+convergence was the magnitude
+of z greater than the
+
+magnitude of a.
+
+So again, it requires not just
+the algebraic expression, but
+
+also requires a specification of
+the region of convergence.
+
+And also, as with the Laplace
+transform, it's convenient in
+
+looking at the z-transform
+to represent it
+
+in the complex plane.
+
+In this case, the complex
+plane referred to as the
+
+z-plane, whereas in
+continuous-time when we talked
+
+about the Laplace transform,
+it was the s-plane.
+
+z, of course, because z is the
+complex variable in terms of
+
+which we're representing
+the z-transform.
+
+So we will be representing the
+z-transform in terms of
+
+representations in the complex
+plane, real part
+
+and imaginary part.
+
+But I've also identified
+a circle here.
+
+And you could wonder,
+well, what's the
+
+significance of the circle?
+
+Recall that in the discussion
+that we just came from, when
+
+we talked about the relationship
+between the
+
+z-transform and the Fourier
+transform, the z-transform
+
+reduces to the Fourier transform
+when the magnitude
+
+of z is equal to 1.
+
+The magnitude of z
+equal to 1 in the
+
+complex plane is a circle.
+
+And that circle, in fact,
+is a circle of radius 1.
+
+And so it's on this contour
+in the z-plane that the
+
+z-transform reduces to the
+Fourier transform.
+
+And we'll see some additional
+significance of
+
+that as we go along.
+
+Just again to emphasize the
+relationships and differences
+
+with continuous-time, with the
+Laplace transform it's the
+
+behavior in the s-plane on the
+j omega axis that corresponds
+
+to the Fourier transform.
+
+Here it's the behavior on the
+unit circle where the
+
+z-transform corresponds to
+the Fourier transform.
+
+Now, we'll be talking--
+
+as we did with the Laplace
+transform, we'll be talking
+
+very often about transforms
+which are rational, and
+
+rational transforms as we'll
+see, represent systems which
+
+are characterized by linear
+constant coefficient
+
+difference equations.
+
+And so for the rational
+z-transforms, we'll again find
+
+it convenient to use a
+representation in terms of
+
+poles and zeroes
+in the z-plane.
+
+So let's look at our example
+as we've worked it out
+
+previously, Example 10.1.
+
+And with this sequence, the
+z-transform is 1 divided by 1
+
+minus a z to the minus 1.
+
+And we happen to have written
+it as a function of z
+
+to the minus 1.
+
+Clearly, we can rewrite this by
+multiplying numerator and
+
+denominator by z, and this would
+equivalently then be z
+
+divided by z minus a.
+
+And so if we were to represent
+this through a pole-zero plot,
+
+we would have a 0 at the origin
+corresponding to this
+
+factor and a pole at z equals
+a corresponding to the
+
+denominator factor.
+
+And so the pole-zero pattern for
+this is then a pole at z
+
+equal to a and a 0
+at the origin.
+
+Now, let me just comment quickly
+about the fact that we
+
+had written this as 1 over 1
+minus a z to the minus 1, and
+
+that seems kind of strange
+because perhaps we should have
+
+multiplied through by z.
+
+Let me just indicate that as
+you'll see as you work
+
+examples, it's very typical for
+the z-transform to come
+
+out as a function of
+z to the minus 1.
+
+And so very typically, you'll
+get to recognize that things
+
+will be expressed in terms of
+factors involving terms like 1
+
+minus a z to the minus 1, rather
+than factors of the
+
+form z minus a.
+
+Well, here is the one example
+that we had referred to.
+
+And if we consider another
+example, the other example,
+
+which was example 10.2 consists
+of an algebraic
+
+expression as I indicate here.
+
+But its region of validity is
+the magnitude of z less than
+
+the magnitude of a.
+
+And that corresponds to the
+same pole-zero plot, but a
+
+region of convergence which
+is inside this circle.
+
+Whereas, in the previous case,
+with the pole-zero plot, we
+
+had a region of convergence
+which was for the magnitude of
+
+z greater than the
+magnitude of a.
+
+So these two examples, this one
+and the other one, have
+
+exactly the same pole-zero
+pattern and they're
+
+distinguished by their region
+of convergence.
+
+Now, notice incidentally that
+in this particular case, the
+
+region of convergence includes
+the unit circle provided that
+
+the magnitude of a
+is less than 1.
+
+And so, in fact, that would say
+that the sequence has a
+
+Fourier transform
+that converges.
+
+Namely, with the magnitude
+of z equal to 1.
+
+Whereas, in this example, the
+region of convergence does not
+
+include the unit circle.
+
+And so, in fact, we cannot
+look at x of z for the
+
+magnitude of z equal to 1.
+
+And so this example, with the
+magnitude of a less than 1,
+
+does not have a Fourier
+transform that converges.
+
+Well, assuming that the
+magnitude of a is less than 1
+
+and the Fourier transform
+converges, we can, in fact,
+
+look at the Fourier transform
+by observing what happens as
+
+we go around the unit circle.
+
+We had seen this with the
+Laplace transform in terms of
+
+observing what happened as we
+move along the j omega axis.
+
+And here again, we can use the
+vectors as we trace out the
+
+unit circle.
+
+And in particular, what we would
+be looking at in this
+
+case is the ratio of the zero
+vector to the pole vector.
+
+For example, if we were looking
+at the magnitude of
+
+the z-transform, the magnitude
+of the z-transform would be
+
+the ratio of the length of this
+vector to the length of
+
+this vector.
+
+And to observe the Fourier
+transform, we would observe
+
+how those vectors change in
+length as we move around the
+
+unit circle.
+
+And as we move around the unit
+circle, what we would trace
+
+out in terms of the ratio of the
+lengths of those vectors
+
+is the Fourier transform.
+
+Well, let's focus on that also
+in the context of a slightly
+
+different z-transform.
+
+In the z-transform here as we'll
+see in a later lecture,
+
+is the z-transform associated
+with a second
+
+order difference equation.
+
+It has a denominator factor
+which has two poles
+
+associated with it.
+
+And so here, if we assumed that
+the Fourier transform of
+
+the associated sequence
+converged, then again we would
+
+look at the behavior
+of this as we moved
+
+around the unit circle.
+
+And the ratio of the lengths
+of the appropriate vectors
+
+would describe for us the
+frequency response.
+
+I'm sorry, the Fourier
+transform.
+
+So the Fourier transform
+magnitude would consist of the
+
+ratio of the lengths of the zero
+vectors divided by the
+
+lengths of the pole vectors.
+
+And one thing that we observe
+is that as we move in
+
+frequency omega in the vicinity
+of this pole, this
+
+pole vector, in fact, reaches
+a minimum length.
+
+That would mean that it's
+reciprocal would be maximum.
+
+And then, as we sweep past,
+the lengths of these two
+
+vectors would increase.
+
+The zero vectors, of course,
+would retain the same length
+
+no matter where we were
+on the unit circle.
+
+So, in fact, if we looked
+at the Fourier transform
+
+associated with this pole-zero
+pattern, if this was, for
+
+example, represented the
+z-transform of the impulse
+
+response or a linear
+time-invariant system, the
+
+corresponding frequency response
+would be what I
+
+plotted out below.
+
+And so it would peak.
+
+And in fact, where it would peak
+is in the vicinity of the
+
+frequency location of the pole
+as I indicate up here.
+
+So as we sweep past this pole
+then, in fact, this Fourier
+
+transform .
+
+Peaks.
+
+Well, this notion of looking at
+the frequency response as
+
+we move around the unit circle
+is a very important notion.
+
+And it's important to recognize
+it's the unit circle
+
+we're talking about here,
+whereas before we were talking
+
+about the j omega axis.
+
+And to emphasize this further,
+let me just show this example.
+
+And in fact, the previous
+example with the computer
+
+displays, so that we can see the
+frequency response as it
+
+sweeps out as we go around
+the unit circle.
+
+So here we have the pole-zero
+pattern for the
+
+second order example.
+
+And to generate the Fourier
+transform, we want to look at
+
+the behavior of the pole and
+zero vectors as we move around
+
+the unit circle.
+
+So first, let's display
+the vectors.
+
+And here we have them displayed
+to the point
+
+corresponding to
+zero frequency.
+
+And the magnitude of the Fourier
+transform will be, as
+
+we discussed, the magnitude of
+the length of the zero vector
+
+is divided by the
+magnitude of the
+
+length of the pole vectors.
+
+Shown below will be the
+Fourier transform.
+
+And we have the Fourier
+transform displayed here from
+
+0 to 2 pi, rather than from
+minus pi to pi as it was
+
+displayed in the transparency.
+
+Because of the periodicity of
+the Fourier transform, both of
+
+those are equivalent.
+
+Now we're sweeping away from
+omega equals 0 and the lengths
+
+of the pole vectors
+have changed.
+
+And that, of course,
+generates a change
+
+in the Fourier transform.
+
+And as we continued the
+process further, if we
+
+increase frequency, as we sweep
+closer to the location
+
+of the pole, the pole vector
+decreases in length
+
+dramatically.
+
+And that generates a residence
+in the Fourier transform, very
+
+similar to what we saw
+in continuous-time.
+
+Now as we continue to sweep
+further, what will happen is
+
+that that pole vector
+will begin to
+
+increase in length again.
+
+And so, in fact, the magnitude
+of the Fourier
+
+transform will decrease.
+
+And we see that here
+as we sweep toward
+
+omega equal to pi.
+
+Now, notice in this process that
+the length of the zero
+
+vectors has stayed the same
+because of the fact that the
+
+zeroes are at the origin, and no
+matter where we are in the
+
+unit circle, the length of
+those vectors is unity.
+
+So they don't influence in this
+example the magnitude,
+
+but they would, of course,
+influence the phase.
+
+Now we want to continue sweeping
+from omega equal to
+
+pi around to 2 pi.
+
+And because of the symmetry in
+the Fourier transform, what we
+
+will see in the magnitude is
+identical to what we would see
+
+if we swept from omega equal
+to pi back clockwise to
+
+omega equals 0.
+
+In particular now, as we're
+increasing frequency, notice
+
+that the length of the pole
+vector associated with the
+
+lower half plane pole
+is decreasing.
+
+And so, in fact, that
+corresponds to generating a
+
+resonance as we sweep
+past that pole
+
+location as we are here.
+
+And then finally, that pole
+vector increases in length as
+
+we begin to approach omega
+equal to 2 pi.
+
+Or equivalently, as we approach
+omega equal to 0.
+
+Now finally, let's also look
+at the Fourier transform
+
+associated with the first
+order example that we
+
+discussed earlier
+in the lecture.
+
+And so what we'll want to look
+at is the Fourier transform as
+
+the pole and zero
+vectors change.
+
+Once again, the Fourier
+transform will be displayed on
+
+a scale from 0 to 2 pi, a
+frequency scale from 0 to 2
+
+pi, rather than minus
+pi to pi.
+
+And we want to observe the pole
+and zero vectors as we
+
+sweep around the unit circle.
+
+We display first the pole
+and zero vectors at
+
+omega equal to 0.
+
+And as the frequency increases,
+the pole vector
+
+increases in length.
+
+The zero vector, since the zero
+is at the origin, will
+
+have constant length
+no matter where we
+
+are on the unit circle.
+
+Although it would affect the
+phase, which we are not
+
+displaying here.
+
+And so the principle effect, the
+only effect really on the
+
+magnitude, is due to
+the pole vector.
+
+As the frequency continues to
+increase, the pole vector
+
+increases in length,
+monotonically in fact.
+
+And so that means that the
+magnitude of the Fourier
+
+transform will decrease
+monotonically until we get
+
+past omega equal to pi.
+
+Here we are now at omega
+equal to pi.
+
+And when we continue sweeping
+past this frequency around to
+
+2 pi, then we will see basically
+the same curve swept
+
+out in reverse.
+
+Since because of the symmetry,
+again, of the Fourier
+
+transform magnitude, sweeping
+from pi to 2 pi is going to be
+
+equivalent with regard to the
+magnitude to sweeping
+
+from pi back to 0.
+
+And so now the pole vector
+begins to decrease in length
+
+and correspondingly, the
+magnitude of the Fourier
+
+transform will increase.
+
+And that will continue until we
+get around to omega equal
+
+to 2 pi, which is equivalent,
+of course, to
+
+omega equal to 0.
+
+And obviously, if we continue
+to sweep around again, we
+
+would simply trace out other
+periods associated with the
+
+Fourier transform.
+
+Well, that hopefully gives you
+kind of some feel for the
+
+notion of sweeping around
+the unit circle.
+
+And of course, you can see that
+because the circle is
+
+periodic as we go around and
+around, of course, what we'll
+
+get is a periodic Fourier
+transform, which is the way
+
+Fourier transforms are
+supposed to be.
+
+Now, just as with the Laplace
+transform, the region of
+
+convergence of the z-transform,
+as we've seen in
+
+this example, is a very
+important part of the
+
+specification of the
+z-transform.
+
+And we can, in talking about
+sequences and their
+
+transforms, either specify
+the region of convergence
+
+implicitly, or we can specify
+it explicitly.
+
+We can, for example, say what
+it is, as let's say the
+
+magnitude of z being greater
+than the magnitude of a.
+
+Or we can recognize that the
+region of convergence has
+
+certain constraints associated
+with certain properties of the
+
+time function.
+
+And in particular, there are
+some important properties of
+
+the region of convergence which
+allow us, given that we
+
+know certain characteristics of
+the time function, to then
+
+identify the region of
+convergence by looking at the
+
+pole-zero pattern.
+
+For example, we recognize that
+the region of convergence does
+
+not contain any poles because of
+the fact that at poles, the
+
+z-transform, in fact, blows up
+and, of course, can't converge
+
+at that point.
+
+Furthermore, the region of
+convergence consists of a ring
+
+in the z-plane centered
+about the origin.
+
+Recall that with the Laplace
+transform, the region of
+
+convergence consisted of
+strips in the s-plane.
+
+With the z-transform, the region
+of convergence consists
+
+of a ring, basically because of
+the fact that the region of
+
+convergence is dependent
+on the magnitude of z.
+
+Whereas, with the Laplace
+transform, the region of
+
+convergence was dependent
+on the real part of s.
+
+The fact that it's the magnitude
+of z says, in
+
+effect, that all values of z
+that have the same magnitude
+
+lie on a circle.
+
+And so the region of convergence
+you would expect
+
+to be a concentric ring
+in the z-plane.
+
+Furthermore, as we've already
+talked about and exploited
+
+actually, convergence of the
+Fourier transform is
+
+equivalent to the statement that
+the region of convergence
+
+includes the unit circle
+in the z-plane.
+
+Now, we can also associate the
+region of convergence with
+
+issues about whether the
+sequence is of finite duration
+
+or right-sided or left-sided.
+
+And let me sort of quickly
+indicate again what the style
+
+of the argument is.
+
+If we have a finite duration
+sequence, so that the sequence
+
+is absolutely summable, and
+therefore has a Fourier
+
+transform that converges, then
+because of the fact that it's
+
+0 outside some interval,
+I can multiply it by an
+
+exponentially decaying
+sequence or by an
+
+exponentially growing
+sequence.
+
+And since I'm only doing this
+over a finite interval, no
+
+matter how I choose that
+exponential, we'll end up with
+
+an absolutely summable
+product.
+
+So if x of n is a finite
+duration, then in fact the
+
+region of convergence is the
+entire z-plane, possibly with
+
+the exception of the
+origin or infinity.
+
+On the other hand, if the
+sequence is a right-sided
+
+sequence, then we have to be
+careful that we don't multiply
+
+by an exponential that grows
+too fast for positive time.
+
+Or equivalently, we might have
+to choose the exponential so
+
+that it decays sufficiently
+fast for positive time.
+
+As a consequence of that, for a
+right-sided sequence, if we
+
+have a value which is in the
+region of convergence, as long
+
+as I multiply by exponentials
+that decay faster than that
+
+for positive time, then I'll
+also have convergence.
+
+In other words, all finite
+values of z for which the
+
+magnitude of z is greater than
+this, so that the exponentials
+
+die off even faster will also
+be in the region of
+
+convergence.
+
+If we combine that statement
+with the fact that there are
+
+no poles in the region of
+convergence, then we end up
+
+with a statement similar
+to what we had
+
+with the Laplace transform.
+
+Here, the statement is that if
+the sequence is right-sided,
+
+then the region of convergence
+has to be outside the
+
+outermost pole.
+
+Essentially, because it has to
+be outside someplace and can't
+
+include any poles.
+
+Finally, if we have a left-sided
+sequence, then if
+
+we have a value which is in the
+region of convergence, all
+
+values for which the magnitude
+of z is less than that will
+
+also be in the region
+of convergence.
+
+Or if x of z is rational, then
+the region of convergence must
+
+be inside the innermost pole.
+
+And finally, if we have a
+two-sided sequence, then
+
+there's kind of a balance
+between the exponential factor
+
+that we use.
+
+And so in that case, then the
+region of convergence will be
+
+a ring in the z-plane, and
+essentially will extend
+
+outward to a pole and
+inward to a pole.
+
+So if we had an algebraic
+expression, let's say as we
+
+have here, then we could
+associate with that a region
+
+of convergence outside
+this pole.
+
+And that would correspond to
+a right-sided sequence.
+
+Or we can associate with it a
+region of convergence, which
+
+is inside the innermost pole.
+
+And that would correspond to
+a left-sided sequence.
+
+And the third and only other
+possibility is a region of
+
+convergence which lies between
+these two poles.
+
+And that would then correspond
+to a two-sided sequence.
+
+And notice incidentally because
+of where I've placed
+
+these poles, that this is the
+only one for which the region
+
+of convergence includes
+the unit circle.
+
+In other words, it's the only
+one for which the Fourier
+
+transform converges.
+
+OK, now we've moved through
+that fairly quickly.
+
+And I've emphasized the fact
+that it parallels very closely
+
+what we did with the
+Laplace transform.
+
+What I'd like to do is just
+conclude with a discussion of
+
+how we get the time function
+back again when we have the
+
+z-transform including its
+region of convergence.
+
+Well, we can, first of all,
+develop a more or less formal
+
+expression.
+
+And the algebra for this is gone
+through in the text, and
+
+you went through something
+similar to this with the
+
+Laplace transform in the
+video course manual.
+
+So I won't carry through
+the details.
+
+But basically, what we can use
+to develop a formal expression
+
+is the fact that the z-transform
+is the Fourier
+
+transform of the sequence
+exponentially weighted.
+
+So we can apply the inverse
+transform to that, and that
+
+gives us not x of n, but x of
+n exponentially weighted.
+
+And if we track that through,
+then what we'll end up with is
+
+an expression.
+
+After we've taken care of a
+few of the epsilons and
+
+deltas, we'll end up with an
+expression that expresses
+
+formally the sequence x of n in
+terms of the z-transform,
+
+where this, in fact, is a
+contour integral in the
+
+complex plane.
+
+And so there's a formal
+expression, just as there's a
+
+formal expression for the
+Laplace transform.
+
+But in fact, the more typical
+procedure is to use
+
+essentially transformed pairs
+that we know together with the
+
+idea of using a partial
+fraction expansion.
+
+So if we had a z-transform as
+I indicate here, and if we
+
+expand it out in a partial
+fraction expansion, then we
+
+can recognize, as we did in a
+similar style with the Laplace
+
+transform--
+
+we can recognize that each
+term, together with the
+
+identified region of convergence
+corresponds to an
+
+exponential factor.
+
+And so this term, together with
+the fact we know that the
+
+magnitude of z must be greater
+than 2, allows us to recognize
+
+this as similar to
+the Example 10.1.
+
+And in particular then, the
+sequence associated with that
+
+is what I indicate here.
+
+And for the second term,
+the sequence is
+
+what I indicate here.
+
+So what we're simply doing is
+using the fact that we've
+
+worked out the example going one
+direction before, and now
+
+we use that together with the
+partial fraction expansion to
+
+get the individual sequences
+back again, and
+
+then add them together.
+
+There's one other method which
+I'll just point to, which is
+
+also elaborated on a little
+more in the text.
+
+But it's kind of the idea of
+developing the inverse
+
+z-transform by recognizing that
+this z-transform formula,
+
+in fact, is a power series.
+
+So if we take x of z and expand
+it in a power series,
+
+then we can pick off the
+values of x of n by
+
+identifying the individual
+
+coefficients in this expansion.
+
+And so by simply doing long
+division, for example, we can
+
+also get the inverse
+transform.
+
+And that, by the way,
+is very useful.
+
+Particularly if we want to get
+the inverse z-transform for a
+
+z-transform expression,
+which is not rational.
+
+Now we've moved through
+this fairly quickly.
+
+On the other hand, I've stressed
+that it's very
+
+similar to what we went through
+for the Laplace
+
+transform, except for a very
+important difference.
+
+The principal difference really
+being that with the
+
+Laplace transform, it was the
+j omega axis in the s-plane
+
+that we focused attention on
+when we were thinking about
+
+the Fourier transform.
+
+Here, the unit circle
+in the z-plane plays
+
+an important role.
+
+What we'll see when we continue
+this in the next
+
+lecture is that there are
+properties of the z-transform,
+
+just as there were properties
+of the Laplace transform.
+
+And those properties allow us
+to develop and exploit the
+
+z-transform in the context of
+systems describable by linear
+
+constant coefficient difference
+equations.
+
+So in the next lecture, we'll
+focus on some properties of
+
+the z-transform, and then we'll
+see how to use those
+
+properties to help us in getting
+further insight and
+
+working with systems
+describable
+
+by difference equations.
+
+Thank you.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/0oUSmdQ-WaA.txt b/0oUSmdQ-WaA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3b70c79ebb3f61739bc0dcfb63b77cb0fd3cf74a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/0oUSmdQ-WaA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,379 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so during the class I usually do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so during the class I usually do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so during the class I usually do a
+little boat and the physical situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little boat and the physical situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little boat and the physical situation
+we are interested the to proceed will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are interested the to proceed will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are interested the to proceed will be
+the outcome of the of the calculation I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome of the of the calculation I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome of the of the calculation I
+think that is actually very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that is actually very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that is actually very very
+interesting things to do first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things to do first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things to do first of all
+Dow will attract the attention of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dow will attract the attention of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dow will attract the attention of the
+students that we are going to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students that we are going to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students that we are going to do a
+prediction of a physical situation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction of a physical situation okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction of a physical situation okay
+so that that's actually the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that's actually the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that's actually the first
+purpose to encourage participation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose to encourage participation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose to encourage participation of
+the students into class and the secondly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students into class and the secondly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students into class and the secondly
+I can know if the majority of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can know if the majority of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can know if the majority of the
+students already know the outcome or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students already know the outcome or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students already know the outcome or not
+by looking at the boat result so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking at the boat result so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking at the boat result so if I
+have if I have my polarizer arranged in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if I have my polarizer arranged in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if I have my polarizer arranged in
+this direction can you predict what will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction can you predict what will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction can you predict what will
+happen to the readout on the scope where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to the readout on the scope where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to the readout on the scope where
+I see signal or not how many help you as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see signal or not how many help you as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see signal or not how many help you as
+you think we will see signal if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think we will see signal if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think we will see signal if I
+arrange that the the the electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrange that the the the electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrange that the the the electromagnetic
+wave is she pointing polarized in the up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave is she pointing polarized in the up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave is she pointing polarized in the up
+and down okay one okay on these four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down okay one okay on these four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down okay one okay on these four
+people think so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think so
+how many of you think nothing was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of you think nothing was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of you think nothing was
+nothing over change Nancy I'm sorry not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing over change Nancy I'm sorry not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing over change Nancy I'm sorry not
+nothing will be observed by them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing will be observed by them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing will be observed by them
+let's go okay most of you as you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go okay most of you as you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go okay most of you as you think
+so so that's actually really 2d his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that's actually really 2d his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that's actually really 2d his
+experiment I choose to use an analog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment I choose to use an analog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment I choose to use an analog
+master instead of clicker and over or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master instead of clicker and over or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master instead of clicker and over or
+the poor with utter take taking called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poor with utter take taking called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poor with utter take taking called
+course and that is because I would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and that is because I would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and that is because I would like
+this process to be a smooth side I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process to be a smooth side I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process to be a smooth side I I
+could achieve so it doing it by raising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could achieve so it doing it by raising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could achieve so it doing it by raising
+your hand first of all they they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand first of all they they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand first of all they they have to
+do a lot more by raising your hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a lot more by raising your hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a lot more by raising your hand
+instead of clicking a button so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of clicking a button so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of clicking a button so that's
+actually makes a difference for then to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually makes a difference for then to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually makes a difference for then to
+focus on my question okay so secondly I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on my question okay so secondly I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on my question okay so secondly I
+don't want to do automatically country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to do automatically country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to do automatically country
+because usually they provide a graph and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because usually they provide a graph and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because usually they provide a graph and
+I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to
+switch back and forth between graf and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch back and forth between graf and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch back and forth between graf and
+my lectures or other lecture slides and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my lectures or other lecture slides and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my lectures or other lecture slides and
+la usually takes some time and also that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+la usually takes some time and also that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+la usually takes some time and also that
+introduced in turn into any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced in turn into any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced in turn into any
+interruptions during my lecture
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/0ppkDQuiHkw.txt b/0ppkDQuiHkw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2bc7416ab1d64cc341527b7a4bff71f0cd2fd6c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/0ppkDQuiHkw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1171 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+good morning thank you for inviting me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good morning thank you for inviting me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good morning thank you for inviting me
+here today to speak to you about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here today to speak to you about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here today to speak to you about the
+liquefied natural gas facility in Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquefied natural gas facility in Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquefied natural gas facility in Boston
+Harbor based on my experience as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harbor based on my experience as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harbor based on my experience as
+director of the Boston Harbor associates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director of the Boston Harbor associates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director of the Boston Harbor associates
+I believe that the risks of this LNG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe that the risks of this LNG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe that the risks of this LNG
+facility are too high and that a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility are too high and that a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility are too high and that a new
+risk assessment is needed to properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk assessment is needed to properly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk assessment is needed to properly
+evaluate these risks this morning I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate these risks this morning I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate these risks this morning I'd
+like to tell you about the problems but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to tell you about the problems but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to tell you about the problems but
+the current risk assessment and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current risk assessment and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current risk assessment and then
+provide my recommendations for a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide my recommendations for a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide my recommendations for a new
+risk assessment going forward as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk assessment going forward as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk assessment going forward as you
+know LNG has a very there it comes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know LNG has a very there it comes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know LNG has a very there it comes with
+the possibility of a gas leak which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possibility of a gas leak which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possibility of a gas leak which
+could lead to a fire and a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could lead to a fire and a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could lead to a fire and a large
+explosion although this happening is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosion although this happening is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosion although this happening is
+fairly unlikely the severity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly unlikely the severity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly unlikely the severity of the
+damages that would happen if it did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damages that would happen if it did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damages that would happen if it did
+occur would be extremely large and risks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur would be extremely large and risks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur would be extremely large and risks
+are greater when LNG is transported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are greater when LNG is transported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are greater when LNG is transported
+through the water it can if a spill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the water it can if a spill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the water it can if a spill
+occurs in water it would spread more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs in water it would spread more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs in water it would spread more
+quickly and be more difficult to contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and be more difficult to contain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and be more difficult to contain
+so we can expect that if this bill did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can expect that if this bill did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can expect that if this bill did
+happen in Boston Harbor it would be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in Boston Harbor it would be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in Boston Harbor it would be very
+difficult to manage it would quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to manage it would quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to manage it would quickly
+spread to the harbor islands and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread to the harbor islands and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread to the harbor islands and also
+around the city and could cause a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the city and could cause a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the city and could cause a large
+explosion that would not only have major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosion that would not only have major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosion that would not only have major
+damage on infrastructure and property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage on infrastructure and property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage on infrastructure and property
+but also could cause a major loss of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also could cause a major loss of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also could cause a major loss of
+human life I know that you're all well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human life I know that you're all well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human life I know that you're all well
+aware of these risks but you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of these risks but you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of these risks but you probably
+are assuming that the risk assessment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are assuming that the risk assessment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are assuming that the risk assessment
+that was done when the facility was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was done when the facility was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was done when the facility was
+built several decades ago accurately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built several decades ago accurately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built several decades ago accurately
+takes into account these risks however I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes into account these risks however I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes into account these risks however I
+believe that there are major problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that there are major problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that there are major problems
+with that risk assessment first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that risk assessment first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that risk assessment first of all
+the risk assessment assumes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risk assessment assumes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risk assessment assumes that
+everything possible to manage these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything possible to manage these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything possible to manage these
+risks is being done it doesn't leave any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks is being done it doesn't leave any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks is being done it doesn't leave any
+possibility for human error or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility for human error or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility for human error or
+negligence or any mistakes happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligence or any mistakes happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligence or any mistakes happening
+however there's very little evaluation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however there's very little evaluation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however there's very little evaluation
+to ensure that all these safety measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ensure that all these safety measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ensure that all these safety measures
+are being taken 100% of the time there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being taken 100% of the time there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being taken 100% of the time there's
+cypress visits by the regulatory agency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cypress visits by the regulatory agency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cypress visits by the regulatory agency
+only several times a year and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only several times a year and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only several times a year and these are
+announced ahead of time so they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announced ahead of time so they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announced ahead of time so they don't
+accurately reflect whether the safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately reflect whether the safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately reflect whether the safety
+measures are being taken day in and day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures are being taken day in and day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures are being taken day in and day
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+we know that human error can lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that human error can lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that human error can lead to
+major industrial accidents just look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major industrial accidents just look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major industrial accidents just look at
+the case of Three Mile Island where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of Three Mile Island where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of Three Mile Island where the
+accident was made worse by inadequate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident was made worse by inadequate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident was made worse by inadequate
+training and the plant operator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training and the plant operator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training and the plant operator is
+failing to respond to the problem as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failing to respond to the problem as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failing to respond to the problem as it
+was unfolding and making the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was unfolding and making the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was unfolding and making the problem
+worse so given that we know that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse so given that we know that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse so given that we know that that
+human error and negligence can lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human error and negligence can lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human error and negligence can lead to
+major accidents I'd like to propose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major accidents I'd like to propose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major accidents I'd like to propose a
+new risk assessment that takes these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new risk assessment that takes these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new risk assessment that takes these
+into account my recommendation for a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account my recommendation for a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account my recommendation for a new
+risk assessment falls in a two step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk assessment falls in a two step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk assessment falls in a two step
+process in which the estimation of risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process in which the estimation of risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process in which the estimation of risk
+is separate from the decision-making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is separate from the decision-making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is separate from the decision-making
+process so in the first step the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so in the first step the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so in the first step the the
+government of your respective agencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government of your respective agencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government of your respective agencies
+with input from the public would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with input from the public would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with input from the public would
+determine what level of risk it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine what level of risk it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine what level of risk it is
+willing to accept for example is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to accept for example is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to accept for example is it
+willing to accept you know some water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to accept you know some water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to accept you know some water
+pollution from a leak what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution from a leak what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution from a leak what about
+property damage what about loss of life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property damage what about loss of life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property damage what about loss of life
+what level of risk can you as a society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what level of risk can you as a society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what level of risk can you as a society
+tolerate it's very important that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerate it's very important that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerate it's very important that you
+involve the public in determining this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve the public in determining this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve the public in determining this
+level of risk that you're willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of risk that you're willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of risk that you're willing to
+accept not only will this help them feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept not only will this help them feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept not only will this help them feel
+like they have ownership in the decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they have ownership in the decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they have ownership in the decision
+that affects their home but it'll also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that affects their home but it'll also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that affects their home but it'll also
+help them think about the likelihood of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help them think about the likelihood of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help them think about the likelihood of
+risk and whether this technology is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk and whether this technology is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk and whether this technology is
+appropriate well ensure that they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate well ensure that they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate well ensure that they're not
+unnecessarily scared about the risks but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnecessarily scared about the risks but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnecessarily scared about the risks but
+rather that they understand what might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather that they understand what might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather that they understand what might
+happen with this technology so after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen with this technology so after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen with this technology so after
+you've determined what level of risk you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've determined what level of risk you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've determined what level of risk you
+as a society is what are willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a society is what are willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a society is what are willing to
+accept I would recommend that you hire a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept I would recommend that you hire a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept I would recommend that you hire a
+group of scientists to conduct their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of scientists to conduct their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of scientists to conduct their
+risk assessment itself and to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk assessment itself and to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk assessment itself and to figure out
+both the harms from a gas leak that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the harms from a gas leak that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the harms from a gas leak that are
+possible and the likelihood of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and the likelihood of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and the likelihood of this
+occurring in addition it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring in addition it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring in addition it's really
+important that as part of this risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that as part of this risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that as part of this risk
+assessment you assume that some degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment you assume that some degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment you assume that some degree
+of human error will occur and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of human error will occur and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of human error will occur and that
+safety measures will not be followed all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety measures will not be followed all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety measures will not be followed all
+the time the scientists can estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time the scientists can estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time the scientists can estimate
+this based on accidents at other LNG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this based on accidents at other LNG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this based on accidents at other LNG
+facilities around the world and what led
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities around the world and what led
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities around the world and what led
+to these accidents and whether whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these accidents and whether whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these accidents and whether whether
+or not safety measures were being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not safety measures were being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not safety measures were being
+followed there after the risk assessment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed there after the risk assessment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed there after the risk assessment
+is completed the government can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is completed the government can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is completed the government can
+look at the results and decide whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the results and decide whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the results and decide whether
+it meets that previously set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it meets that previously set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it meets that previously set
+determination of risk that the science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determination of risk that the science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determination of risk that the science
+society is willing to accept and if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society is willing to accept and if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society is willing to accept and if it
+does to go forward and keep the facility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does to go forward and keep the facility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does to go forward and keep the facility
+open and if not close the facility one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open and if not close the facility one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open and if not close the facility one
+important thing to note is that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing to note is that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing to note is that if you
+do decide to keep the facility open it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do decide to keep the facility open it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do decide to keep the facility open it's
+very important that there's a mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important that there's a mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important that there's a mechanism
+in place for regular monitoring of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in place for regular monitoring of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in place for regular monitoring of
+safety at the plant and to ensure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety at the plant and to ensure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety at the plant and to ensure that
+all the safety measures that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the safety measures that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the safety measures that were
+assumed in the risk assessment are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed in the risk assessment are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed in the risk assessment are
+actually being followed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+finally it's very important to compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally it's very important to compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally it's very important to compare
+the alternatives LNG their natural gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alternatives LNG their natural gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alternatives LNG their natural gas
+is a major source of energy especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a major source of energy especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a major source of energy especially
+for heating in the Boston area and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for heating in the Boston area and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for heating in the Boston area and if
+it's found too risky we need to replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's found too risky we need to replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's found too risky we need to replace
+this facility with another source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this facility with another source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this facility with another source of
+energy so whether that comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so whether that comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so whether that comes from
+natural gas through pipelines or oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas through pipelines or oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas through pipelines or oil
+heating or some kind of renewable energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating or some kind of renewable energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating or some kind of renewable energy
+all of these energy sources have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these energy sources have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these energy sources have some
+kind of risk so it's important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of risk so it's important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of risk so it's important to
+measure the risks of those as well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the risks of those as well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the risks of those as well and
+make sure that we're not replacing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that we're not replacing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that we're not replacing the
+natural or the LNG with something even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural or the LNG with something even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural or the LNG with something even
+riskier so to conclude I believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riskier so to conclude I believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riskier so to conclude I believe that
+the risks of this LNG facility in Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risks of this LNG facility in Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risks of this LNG facility in Boston
+Harbor are very high and that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harbor are very high and that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harbor are very high and that the
+current risk assessment is inadequate I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current risk assessment is inadequate I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current risk assessment is inadequate I
+hope you'll follow my recommendations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you'll follow my recommendations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you'll follow my recommendations
+for a new risk assessment that better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a new risk assessment that better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a new risk assessment that better
+takes into account but the dangers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes into account but the dangers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes into account but the dangers of
+this technology and the level of risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this technology and the level of risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this technology and the level of risk
+that society is willing to accept thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that society is willing to accept thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that society is willing to accept thank
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/0x4PfWpy-ls.txt b/0x4PfWpy-ls.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0197192047a82c802e7c8331ab877343143fa581
--- /dev/null
+++ b/0x4PfWpy-ls.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1523 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+now that we have identified a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we have identified a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we have identified a set of
+risk factors let's use this data to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk factors let's use this data to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk factors let's use this data to
+predict the ten-year risk of CHD first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict the ten-year risk of CHD first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict the ten-year risk of CHD first
+we'll randomly split our patients into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll randomly split our patients into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll randomly split our patients into a
+training set and a testing set then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training set and a testing set then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training set and a testing set then
+we'll use logistic regression to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use logistic regression to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use logistic regression to predict
+whether or not a patient experienced CHD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not a patient experienced CHD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not a patient experienced CHD
+within ten years of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within ten years of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within ten years of the first
+examination keep in mind that all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examination keep in mind that all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examination keep in mind that all of the
+risk factors were collected at the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk factors were collected at the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk factors were collected at the first
+examination of the patients after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examination of the patients after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examination of the patients after
+building our model will evaluate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building our model will evaluate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building our model will evaluate the
+predictive power of the model on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive power of the model on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive power of the model on the
+test set let's go to our and create our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test set let's go to our and create our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test set let's go to our and create our
+logistic regression model in our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistic regression model in our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistic regression model in our our
+console we'll call our data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+console we'll call our data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+console we'll call our data set
+Framingham and use the Reese's v--
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Framingham and use the Reese's v--
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Framingham and use the Reese's v--
+function to read in the data file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to read in the data file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to read in the data file
+Framingham dot CSV remember to navigate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Framingham dot CSV remember to navigate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Framingham dot CSV remember to navigate
+to the directory containing the file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the directory containing the file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the directory containing the file
+Framingham CSV before reading in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Framingham CSV before reading in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Framingham CSV before reading in the
+data let's take a look at our data by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data let's take a look at our data by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data let's take a look at our data by
+using the STR function we have data for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the STR function we have data for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the STR function we have data for
+four thousand two hundred and forty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four thousand two hundred and forty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four thousand two hundred and forty
+patients and sixteen variables we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients and sixteen variables we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients and sixteen variables we have
+the demographic risk factors mail age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demographic risk factors mail age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demographic risk factors mail age
+and education the behavioral risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and education the behavioral risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and education the behavioral risk
+factors current smoker and cigarettes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors current smoker and cigarettes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors current smoker and cigarettes
+per day the medical history risk factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per day the medical history risk factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per day the medical history risk factors
+BP meds prevalence stroke prevalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BP meds prevalence stroke prevalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BP meds prevalence stroke prevalent
+hypertension and diabetes and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypertension and diabetes and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypertension and diabetes and the
+physical exam risk factors total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical exam risk factors total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical exam risk factors total
+cholesterol systolic blood pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol systolic blood pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol systolic blood pressure
+diastolic blood pressure BMI heart rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diastolic blood pressure BMI heart rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diastolic blood pressure BMI heart rate
+and glucose level the last variable is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and glucose level the last variable is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and glucose level the last variable is
+the outcome or dependent variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome or dependent variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome or dependent variable
+whether or not the patient developed CHD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not the patient developed CHD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not the patient developed CHD
+in the next 10 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next 10 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next 10 years
+now let's split our data into a training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's split our data into a training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's split our data into a training
+set and a testing set using sample dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and a testing set using sample dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and a testing set using sample dot
+split like we did in the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split like we did in the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split like we did in the previous
+lecture we first need to load the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we first need to load the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we first need to load the
+library CA tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now let's set our seed and create our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's set our seed and create our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's set our seed and create our
+split we'll start by setting our seed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split we'll start by setting our seed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split we'll start by setting our seed to
+a thousand and then use a sample split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thousand and then use a sample split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thousand and then use a sample split
+function to create the split the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to create the split the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to create the split the first
+argument is the outcome variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument is the outcome variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument is the outcome variable
+Framingham ten-year CHD and the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Framingham ten-year CHD and the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Framingham ten-year CHD and the second
+argument is the percentage of data that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument is the percentage of data that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument is the percentage of data that
+we want in the training set or the split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want in the training set or the split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want in the training set or the split
+ratio here we'll put 65% of the data in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio here we'll put 65% of the data in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio here we'll put 65% of the data in
+the training set when you have more data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the training set when you have more data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the training set when you have more data
+like we do here you can afford to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we do here you can afford to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we do here you can afford to put
+less data in the training set and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less data in the training set and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less data in the training set and more
+in the testing set this will increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the testing set this will increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the testing set this will increase
+our confidence in the ability of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our confidence in the ability of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our confidence in the ability of the
+model to extend new data since we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model to extend new data since we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model to extend new data since we have a
+larger test set and still give us enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger test set and still give us enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger test set and still give us enough
+data in the training set to create our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in the training set to create our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in the training set to create our
+model you typically want to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model you typically want to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model you typically want to put
+somewhere between 50% and 80% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere between 50% and 80% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere between 50% and 80% of the
+data in the training set now let's split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in the training set now let's split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in the training set now let's split
+up our data using subsets we'll call our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up our data using subsets we'll call our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up our data using subsets we'll call our
+training set train and use a subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training set train and use a subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training set train and use a subset
+function to take a subset of Framingham
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to take a subset of Framingham
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to take a subset of Framingham
+and take the observations for which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take the observations for which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take the observations for which
+split is equal to true we'll call our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split is equal to true we'll call our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split is equal to true we'll call our
+testing set test and again use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing set test and again use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing set test and again use the
+subset function to take a subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset function to take a subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset function to take a subset of
+Framingham and take the observations for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Framingham and take the observations for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Framingham and take the observations for
+which split equals false now we're ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which split equals false now we're ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which split equals false now we're ready
+to build our logistic regression model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build our logistic regression model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build our logistic regression model
+using the training set let's call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the training set let's call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the training set let's call it
+Framingham log and we'll use the GLM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Framingham log and we'll use the GLM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Framingham log and we'll use the GLM
+function like we did in the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function like we did in the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function like we did in the previous
+lecture to create a logistic regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture to create a logistic regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture to create a logistic regression
+model we'll use a nice little trick here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model we'll use a nice little trick here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model we'll use a nice little trick here
+where we predict our dependent variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we predict our dependent variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we predict our dependent variable
+using all of the other variables in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using all of the other variables in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using all of the other variables in the
+data set as independent variables first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set as independent variables first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set as independent variables first
+type the name of the dependent variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type the name of the dependent variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type the name of the dependent variable
+10-years CHD followed by the tilde and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10-years CHD followed by the tilde and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10-years CHD followed by the tilde and
+then a period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this will use all of the other variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will use all of the other variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will use all of the other variables
+in the data set as independent variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the data set as independent variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the data set as independent variables
+and is used in place of listing out all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is used in place of listing out all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is used in place of listing out all
+of the independent variables names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the independent variables names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the independent variables names
+separated by the plus sign be careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated by the plus sign be careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated by the plus sign be careful
+doing this with data sets that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this with data sets that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this with data sets that have
+identifying variables like a patient ID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying variables like a patient ID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying variables like a patient ID
+or name since you wouldn't want to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or name since you wouldn't want to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or name since you wouldn't want to use
+these as independent variables following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these as independent variables following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these as independent variables following
+the period we need to give the argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the period we need to give the argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the period we need to give the argument
+that defines the data set to use data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that defines the data set to use data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that defines the data set to use data
+equals train and then the final argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals train and then the final argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals train and then the final argument
+for a logistic regression model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a logistic regression model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a logistic regression model is
+family equals binomial let's take a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family equals binomial let's take a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family equals binomial let's take a look
+at the summary of our model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it looks like male age prevalent stroke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like male age prevalent stroke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like male age prevalent stroke
+total cholesterol systolic blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total cholesterol systolic blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total cholesterol systolic blood
+pressure and glucose are all significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and glucose are all significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and glucose are all significant
+in our model cigarettes per day and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our model cigarettes per day and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our model cigarettes per day and
+prevalent hypertension are almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevalent hypertension are almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevalent hypertension are almost
+significant all of the significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant all of the significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant all of the significant
+variables have positive coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables have positive coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables have positive coefficients
+meaning that higher values in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that higher values in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that higher values in these
+variables contribute to a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables contribute to a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables contribute to a higher
+probability of ten-year coronary heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of ten-year coronary heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of ten-year coronary heart
+disease now let's use this model to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease now let's use this model to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease now let's use this model to make
+predictions on our test set we'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions on our test set we'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions on our test set we'll call
+our predictions predict tests and use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our predictions predict tests and use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our predictions predict tests and use
+the predict function which takes as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the predict function which takes as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the predict function which takes as
+arguments the name of our model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments the name of our model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments the name of our model
+Framingham log then type equals response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Framingham log then type equals response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Framingham log then type equals response
+which gives us probabilities and lastly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which gives us probabilities and lastly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which gives us probabilities and lastly
+new data equals test the name of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new data equals test the name of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new data equals test the name of our
+testing set now let's use a threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing set now let's use a threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing set now let's use a threshold
+value of 0.5 to create a confusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of 0.5 to create a confusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of 0.5 to create a confusion
+matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix
+we'll use the table function and give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use the table function and give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use the table function and give us
+the first argument the actual values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first argument the actual values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first argument the actual values
+test dollar sign 10-year CHD and then as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test dollar sign 10-year CHD and then as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test dollar sign 10-year CHD and then as
+the second argument our predictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second argument our predictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second argument our predictions
+predict tests greater than 0.5 with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict tests greater than 0.5 with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict tests greater than 0.5 with a
+threshold of 0.5 we predict an outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold of 0.5 we predict an outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold of 0.5 we predict an outcome
+of 1 the true column very rarely this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 the true column very rarely this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 the true column very rarely this
+means that our model rarely predicts a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that our model rarely predicts a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that our model rarely predicts a
+10-year CHD risk above 50% what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10-year CHD risk above 50% what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10-year CHD risk above 50% what is the
+accuracy of this model what's the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy of this model what's the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy of this model what's the sum of
+the cases we get right 10 69 plus 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cases we get right 10 69 plus 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cases we get right 10 69 plus 11
+divided by the total number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the total number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the total number of
+observations in our data set 10 69 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations in our data set 10 69 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations in our data set 10 69 plus
+6 plus 1 87 plus 11 so the accuracy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 plus 1 87 plus 11 so the accuracy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 plus 1 87 plus 11 so the accuracy of
+our model is about 80 4.8% we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our model is about 80 4.8% we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our model is about 80 4.8% we need to
+compare this to the accuracy of a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare this to the accuracy of a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare this to the accuracy of a simple
+baseline method the more frequent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline method the more frequent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline method the more frequent
+outcome in this case is zero so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome in this case is zero so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome in this case is zero so the
+baseline method would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline method would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline method would
+always predict 0 or no CHD this baseline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always predict 0 or no CHD this baseline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always predict 0 or no CHD this baseline
+method would get an accuracy of 10 69
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method would get an accuracy of 10 69
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method would get an accuracy of 10 69
+plus 6 this is the total number of true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 6 this is the total number of true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 6 this is the total number of true
+negative cases divided by the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative cases divided by the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative cases divided by the total
+number of observations in our dataset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of observations in our dataset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of observations in our dataset
+10 69 + 6 + 187 plus 11 so the baseline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 69 + 6 + 187 plus 11 so the baseline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 69 + 6 + 187 plus 11 so the baseline
+model would get an accuracy of about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model would get an accuracy of about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model would get an accuracy of about
+eighty four point four percent so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighty four point four percent so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighty four point four percent so our
+model barely beats the baseline in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model barely beats the baseline in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model barely beats the baseline in terms
+of accuracy but do we still have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of accuracy but do we still have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of accuracy but do we still have a
+valuable model by varying the threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable model by varying the threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable model by varying the threshold
+let's compute the out-of-sample AUC to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's compute the out-of-sample AUC to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's compute the out-of-sample AUC to
+do this we first need to load the ROC r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this we first need to load the ROC r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this we first need to load the ROC r
+package and then we'll use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package and then we'll use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package and then we'll use the
+prediction function of the ROC r package
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction function of the ROC r package
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction function of the ROC r package
+to make our predictions let's call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make our predictions let's call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make our predictions let's call the
+output of that ROC our pred and use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of that ROC our pred and use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of that ROC our pred and use the
+prediction function which takes as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction function which takes as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction function which takes as a
+first argument our predictions predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first argument our predictions predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first argument our predictions predict
+test and then as a second argument the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test and then as a second argument the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test and then as a second argument the
+true outcome test dollar sign ten-year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true outcome test dollar sign ten-year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true outcome test dollar sign ten-year
+CHD then we need to type a s dot numeric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CHD then we need to type a s dot numeric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CHD then we need to type a s dot numeric
+and in parentheses performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in parentheses performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in parentheses performance
+parentheses ROC our pred this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses ROC our pred this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses ROC our pred this is the
+output of the prediction function comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of the prediction function comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of the prediction function comma
+and then in quotes AUC close the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in quotes AUC close the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in quotes AUC close the
+parentheses type at Y dot values and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses type at Y dot values and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses type at Y dot values and
+then close the second parentheses this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then close the second parentheses this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then close the second parentheses this
+will give us the AUC value on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give us the AUC value on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give us the AUC value on our
+testing set so we have an AUC of about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing set so we have an AUC of about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing set so we have an AUC of about
+74 percent on our test set which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+74 percent on our test set which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+74 percent on our test set which means
+that the model can differentiate between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the model can differentiate between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the model can differentiate between
+low-risk patients and high-risk patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-risk patients and high-risk patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-risk patients and high-risk patients
+pretty well as we saw in our we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well as we saw in our we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well as we saw in our we were
+able to build a logistic regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to build a logistic regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to build a logistic regression
+model with a few interesting properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model with a few interesting properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model with a few interesting properties
+it rarely predicted ten-year CHD risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it rarely predicted ten-year CHD risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it rarely predicted ten-year CHD risk
+above 50% so the accuracy of the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above 50% so the accuracy of the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above 50% so the accuracy of the model
+was very close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very close
+to the baseline model however the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the baseline model however the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the baseline model however the model
+could differentiate between low-risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could differentiate between low-risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could differentiate between low-risk
+patients and high-risk patients pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients and high-risk patients pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients and high-risk patients pretty
+well with an out-of-sample AUC of 0.7 t4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well with an out-of-sample AUC of 0.7 t4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well with an out-of-sample AUC of 0.7 t4
+additionally some of the significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additionally some of the significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additionally some of the significant
+variables suggest possible interventions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables suggest possible interventions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables suggest possible interventions
+to prevent CHD we saw that more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prevent CHD we saw that more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prevent CHD we saw that more
+cigarettes per day higher cholesterol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cigarettes per day higher cholesterol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cigarettes per day higher cholesterol
+higher systolic blood pressure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher systolic blood pressure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher systolic blood pressure and
+higher glucose levels all increased risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher glucose levels all increased risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher glucose levels all increased risk
+later in the lecture we'll discuss some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in the lecture we'll discuss some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in the lecture we'll discuss some
+medical interventions that are currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical interventions that are currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical interventions that are currently
+used to prevent CHD
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/1GvCIlHihEA.txt b/1GvCIlHihEA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ba2be006e382cda7e42d776c8213865f5169048b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1GvCIlHihEA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1139 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so suppose we have a point Mass particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose we have a point Mass particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose we have a point Mass particle
+of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mass
+m moving with velocity vector v we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m moving with velocity vector v we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m moving with velocity vector v we can
+introduce a quantity we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a quantity we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a quantity we call the
+momentum of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particle I'll label it with the symbol p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle I'll label it with the symbol p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle I'll label it with the symbol p
+and it's equal to the product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's equal to the product of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's equal to the product of the
+masstimes the velocity this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masstimes the velocity this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masstimes the velocity this is something
+you've undoubtedly seen before now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've undoubtedly seen before now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've undoubtedly seen before now let's
+think about the dimensions of momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the dimensions of momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the dimensions of momentum
+for a moment so dimensionally momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a moment so dimensionally momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a moment so dimensionally momentum
+has uh units of mass times the velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has uh units of mass times the velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has uh units of mass times the velocity
+and so that's uh in SI units the units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's uh in SI units the units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's uh in SI units the units
+of mass are kilograms and then the units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mass are kilograms and then the units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mass are kilograms and then the units
+of velocity are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of velocity are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of velocity are
+meters per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters per
+second you can also Express momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second you can also Express momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second you can also Express momentum
+dimensionally as the product of a force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionally as the product of a force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionally as the product of a force
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+time and so again in SI unit units of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and so again in SI unit units of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and so again in SI unit units of
+force are the Newton and the units of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force are the Newton and the units of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force are the Newton and the units of
+time is the second okay so these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is the second okay so these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is the second okay so these are the
+SI units for momentum two different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SI units for momentum two different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SI units for momentum two different ways
+of writing the same uh uh the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of writing the same uh uh the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of writing the same uh uh the same
+dimensions now we've seen that for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions now we've seen that for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions now we've seen that for a
+single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particle we can write Newton's Second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle we can write Newton's Second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle we can write Newton's Second
+Law as the force is equal to the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Law as the force is equal to the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Law as the force is equal to the mass
+time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the
+acceleration or equivalently we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration or equivalently we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration or equivalently we can
+write that as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that as the
+masstimes the time derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masstimes the time derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masstimes the time derivative of the
+acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration
+dvdt now if m is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant then I can rewrite this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as f is equal to the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+derivative of mass times velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of mass times velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of mass times velocity
+or equivalently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equivalently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equivalently
+as the time derivative of momentum since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the time derivative of momentum since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the time derivative of momentum since
+MV is just equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MV is just equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MV is just equal to
+P okay so I actually want to this I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P okay so I actually want to this I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P okay so I actually want to this I'm
+actually going to put it in a box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to put it in a box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to put it in a box
+because it's very important that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's very important that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's very important that I can
+write Newton's Second Law instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write Newton's Second Law instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write Newton's Second Law instead of
+fals M as f equals the time derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fals M as f equals the time derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fals M as f equals the time derivative
+of the momentum and this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the momentum and this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the momentum and this is actually
+where we'll see the momentum becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we'll see the momentum becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we'll see the momentum becomes
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+useful because turns out that this form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful because turns out that this form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful because turns out that this form
+of Newton's second law is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Newton's second law is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Newton's second law is actually the
+most general form of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most general form of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most general form of the
+equation because it's applicable not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation because it's applicable not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation because it's applicable not
+just to a single point Mass but also to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to a single point Mass but also to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to a single point Mass but also to
+a more complicated system a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more complicated system a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more complicated system a system
+consisting of many masses or a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consisting of many masses or a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consisting of many masses or a system
+where the mass is changing or masses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the mass is changing or masses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the mass is changing or masses
+flowing as in a fluid in all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing as in a fluid in all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing as in a fluid in all of those
+cases this form of Newton Second Law is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases this form of Newton Second Law is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases this form of Newton Second Law is
+correct f equals ma which is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct f equals ma which is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct f equals ma which is probably
+more familiar to you is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more familiar to you is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more familiar to you is actually a
+special case of this law for the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case of this law for the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case of this law for the case of
+a single point Mass so this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single point Mass so this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single point Mass so this is where
+we'll see the momentum is uh quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see the momentum is uh quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see the momentum is uh quite a
+useful concept especially as we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful concept especially as we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful concept especially as we start
+considering more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering more complicated
+systems as we'll as we'll get to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems as we'll as we'll get to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems as we'll as we'll get to a
+little later in the course what I'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little later in the course what I'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little later in the course what I'd like
+to do now though is to take a closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do now though is to take a closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do now though is to take a closer
+look at this equation force is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this equation force is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this equation force is equal to
+the time derivative of the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time derivative of the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time derivative of the momentum
+whenever we have a relation involving a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever we have a relation involving a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever we have a relation involving a
+derivative like this we can always also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative like this we can always also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative like this we can always also
+rewrite it in an equivalent integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite it in an equivalent integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite it in an equivalent integral
+form which can be very useful and give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form which can be very useful and give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form which can be very useful and give
+us a different way of looking at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us a different way of looking at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us a different way of looking at this
+same information so let's take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same information so let's take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same information so let's take a look at
+that so if I take this equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so if I take this equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so if I take this equation and
+integrate both sides with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate both sides with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate both sides with respect to
+time then I can write that as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time then I can write that as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time then I can write that as the
+integral of f with respect to time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of f with respect to time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of f with respect to time is
+equal to the integral of the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the integral of the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the integral of the right hand
+side d p DT with respect to time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side d p DT with respect to time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side d p DT with respect to time and
+let's make this a definite integral I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make this a definite integral I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make this a definite integral I'll
+go from time T1 to time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from time T1 to time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from time T1 to time
+T2 on both sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T2 on both sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T2 on both sides
+here okay now this right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay now this right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay now this right hand
+side is just so the integral of dpdt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is just so the integral of dpdt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is just so the integral of dpdt
+with respect to time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to time is
+just P at time 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just P at time 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just P at time 2
+minus P at Time 1 and that is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus P at Time 1 and that is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus P at Time 1 and that is just the
+change in the momentum vector going from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the momentum vector going from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the momentum vector going from
+time one to time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time one to time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time one to time
+two now this integral on the left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two now this integral on the left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two now this integral on the left hand
+side we give a special name we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side we give a special name we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side we give a special name we call
+this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the
+impulse this name impulse calls to mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse this name impulse calls to mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse this name impulse calls to mind
+a short sharp shock of some sort but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a short sharp shock of some sort but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a short sharp shock of some sort but it
+can also refer to a weak force acting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also refer to a weak force acting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also refer to a weak force acting
+over a long interval and notice here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a long interval and notice here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a long interval and notice here the
+function f the force f is in general a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f the force f is in general a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f the force f is in general a
+function of time okay so this doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time okay so this doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time okay so this doesn't
+necessarily mean a const depth this can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily mean a const depth this can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily mean a const depth this can
+mean a force that's varying in time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean a force that's varying in time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean a force that's varying in time and
+what this equation tells us is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this equation tells us is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this equation tells us is that the
+change in the momentum of a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the momentum of a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the momentum of a system
+doesn't depend on the detailed time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't depend on the detailed time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't depend on the detailed time
+dependence of f but rather just on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence of f but rather just on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence of f but rather just on the
+integral of F and so suppose I were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+graph the force as a function of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph the force as a function of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph the force as a function of time
+going from time zero to a Time delta T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from time zero to a Time delta T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from time zero to a Time delta T
+and suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suppose
+I had some complicated function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had some complicated function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had some complicated function that
+looked like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked like
+that the impulse is just the area under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the impulse is just the area under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the impulse is just the area under
+this curve it's the integral of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function that's the impulse and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's the impulse and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's the impulse and the
+change in the momentum depends only on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the momentum depends only on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the momentum depends only on
+the area under this curve and not on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area under this curve and not on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area under this curve and not on the
+detailed shape of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed shape of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed shape of the
+curve so what that means is that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so what that means is that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so what that means is that I can
+define an average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Force by choosing a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+force that has the same area as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force that has the same area as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force that has the same area as this
+example on the left so suppose I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example on the left so suppose I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example on the left so suppose I
+calculated that and there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated that and there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated that and there's some
+constant force here I'll call this F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant force here I'll call this F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant force here I'll call this F
+average going over the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interval the Aver average force is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval the Aver average force is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval the Aver average force is that
+constant force which has the same area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant force which has the same area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant force which has the same area
+as the area under my f of T so in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the area under my f of T so in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the area under my f of T so in other
+words F average time delta T which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words F average time delta T which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words F average time delta T which is
+the area on the right hand side here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area on the right hand side here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area on the right hand side here is
+equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the
+integral of f of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of f of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of f of T
+DT integrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT integrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT integrated
+from0 to delta T okay which is the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from0 to delta T okay which is the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from0 to delta T okay which is the area
+under this right hand curve and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under this right hand curve and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under this right hand curve and so
+my average force is just that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my average force is just that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my average force is just that
+integral F of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral F of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral F of T
+DT divided by delta T and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT divided by delta T and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT divided by delta T and this is
+integrated from zero to delta T so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated from zero to delta T so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated from zero to delta T so
+that's my average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+force
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/1VhnDdQsELo.txt b/1VhnDdQsELo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a898cd41e28fe1049ed432fe989d5007a1bd50e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1VhnDdQsELo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17344 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+hi everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi everybody
+let's get started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+it's been a while since we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been a while since we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been a while since we uh
+came together in a lecture last week we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came together in a lecture last week we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came together in a lecture last week we
+had the holiday we had the midterm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the holiday we had the midterm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the holiday we had the midterm
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so uh with that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh with that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh with that um
+where what have we been doing um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where what have we been doing um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where what have we been doing um we
+finished the first half of the course um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished the first half of the course um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished the first half of the course um
+you know about two weeks ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know about two weeks ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know about two weeks ago
+where we talked uh we were talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we talked uh we were talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we talked uh we were talking about
+computability theory we have shifted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computability theory we have shifted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computability theory we have shifted
+into the second half talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the second half talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the second half talking about
+complexity theory um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity theory um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity theory um so
+get your mind uh back to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your mind uh back to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your mind uh back to that
+uh we um discussed the various different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we um discussed the various different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we um discussed the various different
+models um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+and and and ways of measuring uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and ways of measuring uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and ways of measuring uh
+complexity on different models um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity on different models um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity on different models um
+at least in terms of the amount of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in terms of the amount of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in terms of the amount of time
+that's used and in the end we settled on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's used and in the end we settled on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's used and in the end we settled on
+the one tape turing machine which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one tape turing machine which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one tape turing machine which is the
+same model we had been working with in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same model we had been working with in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same model we had been working with in
+the first half of the course and argued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first half of the course and argued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first half of the course and argued
+that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um
+though there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though there
+the measures of complexity are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measures of complexity are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measures of complexity are going to
+differ somewhat from model to model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ somewhat from model to model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ somewhat from model to model
+they're not going to matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not going to matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not going to matter
+different by more than a polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different by more than a polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different by more than a polynomial
+amount and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount and so
+since the kinds of questions we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the kinds of questions we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the kinds of questions we're going
+to be asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be asking
+uh are going to be um basically whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh are going to be um basically whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh are going to be um basically whether
+problems are polynomial or not uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are polynomial or not uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are polynomial or not uh it's
+not going to really matter uh which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to really matter uh which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to really matter uh which
+model we pick among reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model we pick among reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model we pick among reasonable
+deterministic models and so we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic models and so we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic models and so we're gonna
+the one tape turing machine is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one tape turing machine is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one tape turing machine is a
+reasonable choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable choice
+uh given that we defined time complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh given that we defined time complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh given that we defined time complexity
+classes the time t of n classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes the time t of n classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes the time t of n classes
+we defined the class p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we defined the class p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we defined the class p
+which was invariant among all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was invariant among all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was invariant among all of those
+different model deterministic models in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different model deterministic models in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different model deterministic models in
+the sense that it didn't matter which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that it didn't matter which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that it didn't matter which
+model we choose we're going to end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model we choose we're going to end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model we choose we're going to end up
+with the same class p so that argues for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same class p so that argues for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same class p so that argues for
+its naturalness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its naturalness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its naturalness
+and we gave an example of this path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we gave an example of this path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we gave an example of this path
+problem being in p and we kind of ended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem being in p and we kind of ended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem being in p and we kind of ended
+that lecture uh before the midterm with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lecture uh before the midterm with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lecture uh before the midterm with
+the discussion of this hamiltonian path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discussion of this hamiltonian path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discussion of this hamiltonian path
+problem so we're going to come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so we're going to come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so we're going to come back to
+that today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that today
+uh so today we're going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so today we're going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so today we're going to look at
+non-deterministic complexity uh define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic complexity uh define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic complexity uh define
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+classes non-deterministic time or end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes non-deterministic time or end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes non-deterministic time or end
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+uh talk about the class np
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh talk about the class np
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh talk about the class np
+the p versus np problem which one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the p versus np problem which one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the p versus np problem which one of the
+you know very famous unsolved problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know very famous unsolved problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know very famous unsolved problems
+in our field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our field
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh look at dynamic programming one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh look at dynamic programming one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh look at dynamic programming one of
+the most basic algorithm polynomial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most basic algorithm polynomial time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most basic algorithm polynomial time
+algorithms and polynomial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms and polynomial time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms and polynomial time
+reproducibility moving toward our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproducibility moving toward our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproducibility moving toward our
+discussion of np completeness which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of np completeness which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of np completeness which we
+will begin um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will begin um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will begin um
+next lecture so with that uh let's move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next lecture so with that uh let's move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next lecture so with that uh let's move
+into today's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into today's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into today's uh
+content which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content which is
+well just quick review we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well just quick review we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well just quick review we
+as i mentioned we defined the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i mentioned we defined the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i mentioned we defined the time
+complexity class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity class
+this is a the time complexity class is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a the time complexity class is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a the time complexity class is a
+collection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of
+languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages
+the languages that you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the languages that you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the languages that you can do
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+these are a collection of languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are a collection of languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are a collection of languages
+all of the languages that you can solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the languages that you can solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the languages that you can solve
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+a certain amount of a certain time bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain amount of a certain time bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain amount of a certain time bound
+within a certain amount of time so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a certain amount of time so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a certain amount of time so the
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+the time n squared for example is all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time n squared for example is all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time n squared for example is all of
+the the pr all of the languages or all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the pr all of the languages or all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the pr all of the languages or all
+of the problems that you can solve in n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the problems that you can solve in n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the problems that you can solve in n
+squared times we're identifying problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared times we're identifying problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared times we're identifying problems
+with languages here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with languages here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with languages here
+and the class p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the class p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the class p
+is the collection of all problems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the collection of all problems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the collection of all problems that
+you can solve or languages that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can solve or languages that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can solve or languages that you can
+solve in polynomial time so it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve in polynomial time so it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve in polynomial time so it's the
+union over all time n to the k so n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union over all time n to the k so n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union over all time n to the k so n
+squared and cubed and to the fifth power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and cubed and to the fifth power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and cubed and to the fifth power
+and so on um union out of all that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on um union out of all that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on um union out of all that all
+of those bounds um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those bounds um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those bounds um
+the the associated language languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the associated language languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the associated language languages
+that's the class p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the class p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the class p
+and um we gave an example this path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um we gave an example this path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um we gave an example this path
+problem we gave an algorithm for path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we gave an algorithm for path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we gave an algorithm for path
+and then we introduced this hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we introduced this hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we introduced this hamiltonian
+path problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path problem
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+if you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember
+instead of just asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just asking
+given a graph whether you can get from s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a graph whether you can get from s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a graph whether you can get from s
+to t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to t
+now we want to know can i get from s of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we want to know can i get from s of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we want to know can i get from s of
+t but visit every other node along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t but visit every other node along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t but visit every other node along the
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+so find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so find a
+a path that goes through everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a path that goes through everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a path that goes through everything else
+and gets from s to t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gets from s to t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gets from s to t
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+i should say it's also it's a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should say it's also it's a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should say it's also it's a simple
+path so you're only allowed to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path so you're only allowed to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path so you're only allowed to go
+through every node just once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through every node just once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through every node just once
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um
+the question is for this problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is for this problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is for this problem is
+that can we solve that problem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can we solve that problem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can we solve that problem in
+polynomial time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial time the
+you know can we somehow modify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know can we somehow modify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know can we somehow modify the
+algorithm for path to give us an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm for path to give us an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm for path to give us an
+algorithm that solves hamiltonian path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that solves hamiltonian path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that solves hamiltonian path
+in polynomial time of course we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in polynomial time of course we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in polynomial time of course we could
+solve hamiltonian path with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve hamiltonian path with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve hamiltonian path with an
+exponential algorithm by trying all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential algorithm by trying all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential algorithm by trying all
+possible paths um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible paths um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible paths um
+and that will give a correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will give a correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will give a correct
+algorithm but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm but
+there are exponentially many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are exponentially many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are exponentially many different
+paths and trying them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths and trying them all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths and trying them all
+will not give a polynomial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not give a polynomial time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not give a polynomial time
+algorithm so the interesting problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm so the interesting problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm so the interesting problem is
+can we solve that without doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we solve that without doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we solve that without doing that
+brute force searching through all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brute force searching through all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brute force searching through all
+possible paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible paths
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+that's a problem that no one knows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a problem that no one knows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a problem that no one knows the
+answer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+despite lots of effort people have not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite lots of effort people have not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite lots of effort people have not
+succeeded in finding an algorithm for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeeded in finding an algorithm for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeeded in finding an algorithm for
+that but um on the other hand we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but um on the other hand we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but um on the other hand we don't
+have any idea how to approve there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any idea how to approve there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any idea how to approve there is no
+such algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such algorithm
+i mean it's conceivable that one could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean it's conceivable that one could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean it's conceivable that one could
+prove such a thing but we just don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove such a thing but we just don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove such a thing but we just don't
+know how to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that problem is an unsolved problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that problem is an unsolved problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that problem is an unsolved problem and
+i just want this isn't really a note to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just want this isn't really a note to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just want this isn't really a note to
+myself um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself um
+what's kind of amazing and this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's kind of amazing and this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's kind of amazing and this is what
+we're going to be showing over the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be showing over the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be showing over the next
+few lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few lectures
+that there are there would there would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are there would there would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are there would there would
+be very surprising consequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very surprising consequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very surprising consequences
+if you could find a way to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you could find a way to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you could find a way to solve
+hamiltonian path in polynomial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian path in polynomial time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian path in polynomial time
+because what that would immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what that would immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what that would immediately
+yield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield
+is a polynomial time way of say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a polynomial time way of say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a polynomial time way of say
+factoring large numbers or solving a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factoring large numbers or solving a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factoring large numbers or solving a
+large number of other problems that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large number of other problems that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large number of other problems that we
+don't don't know how to solve in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't don't know how to solve in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't don't know how to solve in
+polynomial time so you know as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial time so you know as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial time so you know as we
+mentioned you know factoring um isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned you know factoring um isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned you know factoring um isn't
+problem that we only know at present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that we only know at present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that we only know at present
+time itself with an exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time itself with an exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time itself with an exponential
+algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+um and it doesn't seem to have anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it doesn't seem to have anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it doesn't seem to have anything
+to do with the fact with the hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with the fact with the hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with the fact with the hamiltonian
+path problem seemed very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path problem seemed very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path problem seemed very different
+but yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yet
+if you can solve hamiltonian path and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can solve hamiltonian path and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can solve hamiltonian path and
+polynomial time then you can factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial time then you can factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial time then you can factor
+numbers in polynomial time and so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers in polynomial time and so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers in polynomial time and so we'll
+see how to make that connection um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how to make that connection um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how to make that connection um
+that's what we're building toward with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're building toward with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're building toward with
+the next uh few lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next uh few lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next uh few lectures
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so happy to take any comments on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so happy to take any comments on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so happy to take any comments on
+comments and questions on that or we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments and questions on that or we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments and questions on that or we'll
+just move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just move on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just move on
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+if you have any questions on our little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have any questions on our little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have any questions on our little
+review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review
+well send questions along and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well send questions along and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well send questions along and we can
+stop at the end of uh you know various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop at the end of uh you know various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop at the end of uh you know various
+slides to to to try to answer them or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides to to to try to answer them or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides to to to try to answer them or
+and of course write to the tas um who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course write to the tas um who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course write to the tas um who
+can take your questions during during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take your questions during during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take your questions during during
+while i'm lecturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while i'm lecturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while i'm lecturing
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+so to start this off we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to start this off we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to start this off we're going to have
+to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about
+uh non-deterministic complexity as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh non-deterministic complexity as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh non-deterministic complexity as a
+variation of deterministic complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation of deterministic complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation of deterministic complexity
+so first of all when we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all when we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all when we have a
+all of our all of the machines in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of our all of the machines in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of our all of the machines in this
+part of the course and the languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the course and the languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the course and the languages
+everything is going to be decidable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is going to be decidable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is going to be decidable and
+all the machines are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the machines are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the machines are going to be
+deciders so what do we mean when we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciders so what do we mean when we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciders so what do we mean when we have
+a non-deterministic machine which a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a non-deterministic machine which a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a non-deterministic machine which a
+decider is a decider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decider is a decider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decider is a decider
+and that just simply means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that just simply means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that just simply means that
+all of the branches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the branches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the branches
+it's not just the machine holds on every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just the machine holds on every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just the machine holds on every
+input but all of the branches hold on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input but all of the branches hold on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input but all of the branches hold on
+every input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every input
+you know so the non-deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so the non-deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so the non-deterministic
+machine is non-deterministic it has lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine is non-deterministic it has lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine is non-deterministic it has lots
+of possible branches they all have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of possible branches they all have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of possible branches they all have to
+halt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halt
+all of them on every input that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them on every input that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them on every input that's what
+makes a non-deterministic machine a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a non-deterministic machine a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a non-deterministic machine a
+decider and you can convert a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decider and you can convert a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decider and you can convert a
+non-deterministic decider into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic decider into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic decider into a
+deterministic decider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic decider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic decider
+but the question is how much time would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the question is how much time would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the question is how much time would
+that introduce how much extra time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that introduce how much extra time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that introduce how much extra time is
+that going to cost and the only way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that going to cost and the only way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that going to cost and the only way that
+people know at the present time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people know at the present time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people know at the present time
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+that conversion would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that conversion would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that conversion would be
+to do an exponential increase um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do an exponential increase um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do an exponential increase um
+basically to try all possible branches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically to try all possible branches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically to try all possible branches
+and that's of course very slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's of course very slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's of course very slow
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+let's first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's first
+let's understand what we mean by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's understand what we mean by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's understand what we mean by the
+time used by a non-deterministic machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time used by a non-deterministic machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time used by a non-deterministic machine
+and what we mean by the time used is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we mean by the time used is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we mean by the time used is
+we're looking at the each individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at the each individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at the each individual
+branch individually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch individually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch individually
+separately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately
+so a non-deterministic machine will say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a non-deterministic machine will say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a non-deterministic machine will say
+runs in a certain amount of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs in a certain amount of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs in a certain amount of time
+if all of the branches halt within that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if all of the branches halt within that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if all of the branches halt within that
+amount of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time
+so you you know what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you know what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you know what we do
+we we do not mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we do not mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we do not mean
+that the total amount of usage the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the total amount of usage the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the total amount of usage the total
+amount of effort by adding up all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of effort by adding up all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of effort by adding up all the
+branches is at most t of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches is at most t of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches is at most t of n
+it's just that each branch individually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just that each branch individually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just that each branch individually
+uses at most the event that's just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses at most the event that's just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses at most the event that's just going
+to be our definition and it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be our definition and it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be our definition and it's going to
+turn out to be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn out to be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn out to be uh
+the right way to look at this to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right way to look at this to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right way to look at this to get
+something useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something useful
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if we have um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have um
+so now we're going to define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're going to define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're going to define the
+analogous uh complexity class associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous uh complexity class associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous uh complexity class associated
+to uh non-deterministic computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh non-deterministic computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh non-deterministic computation
+which we'll call non-deterministic time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll call non-deterministic time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll call non-deterministic time
+so non-deterministic time t of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so non-deterministic time t of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so non-deterministic time t of n
+is the set of all languages that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the set of all languages that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the set of all languages that you can
+do with a non-deterministic machine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with a non-deterministic machine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with a non-deterministic machine that
+runs an order t of n time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs an order t of n time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs an order t of n time
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+just think back to the definition we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think back to the definition we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think back to the definition we had
+for deterministic uh complexity the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for deterministic uh complexity the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for deterministic uh complexity the time
+class or sometimes people call it d time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class or sometimes people call it d time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class or sometimes people call it d time
+to emphasize the difference but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to emphasize the difference but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to emphasize the difference but let's
+just say we're calling it in this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say we're calling it in this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say we're calling it in this course
+time versus end time so time t of n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time versus end time so time t of n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time versus end time so time t of n is
+all of the languages that you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the languages that you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the languages that you can do
+with the one tape turing machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the one tape turing machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the one tape turing machine
+that's deterministic um but this here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's deterministic um but this here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's deterministic um but this here is
+a non-deterministic turing machine for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a non-deterministic turing machine for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a non-deterministic turing machine for
+non-deterministic time um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic time um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic time um
+so the picture that uh uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the picture that uh uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the picture that uh uh that
+is good to have in your head here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good to have in your head here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good to have in your head here
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+uh if you think of non-determinism in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you think of non-determinism in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you think of non-determinism in
+terms of a computation tree thinking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of a computation tree thinking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of a computation tree thinking of
+all the different branches of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the different branches of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the different branches of the
+non-determinism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-determinism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-determinism
+all of those branches have to halt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those branches have to halt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those branches have to halt
+and they have to halt within the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have to halt within the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have to halt within the time
+bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound
+so imagine here this is t of n time all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so imagine here this is t of n time all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so imagine here this is t of n time all
+of the branches have to hold within t of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the branches have to hold within t of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the branches have to hold within t of
+n steps for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n steps for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n steps for this
+a non-deterministic turning machine to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a non-deterministic turning machine to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a non-deterministic turning machine to
+be running in t of n time and to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be running in t of n time and to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be running in t of n time and to be
+doing a language in the end time t of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a language in the end time t of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a language in the end time t of n
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and by analogy with what we did before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by analogy with what we did before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by analogy with what we did before
+the class np
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class np
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class np
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh collection of all languages that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh collection of all languages that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh collection of all languages that you
+can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do
+non-deterministically in polynomial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministically in polynomial time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministically in polynomial time
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so it's the union over all the end time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's the union over all the end time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's the union over all the end time
+classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+where we the bound is polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we the bound is polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we the bound is polynomial
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so a lot of this should look very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so a lot of this should look very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so a lot of this should look very
+familiar but we've just added a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar but we've just added a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar but we've just added a bunch of
+non-deterministics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministics
+and a bunch of n's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a bunch of n's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a bunch of n's
+in in place but the definitions are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in place but the definitions are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in place but the definitions are very
+similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and one of the motivations we had for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the motivations we had for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the motivations we had for
+looking at p the class p was that it did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at p the class p was that it did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at p the class p was that it did
+not depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not depend
+um on the choice of model as long as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on the choice of model as long as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on the choice of model as long as the
+model was deterministic and reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model was deterministic and reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model was deterministic and reasonable
+and this is also the class np is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is also the class np is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is also the class np is also
+going to not depend on the choice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to not depend on the choice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to not depend on the choice of
+model as long as it's a reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model as long as it's a reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model as long as it's a reasonable
+non-deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+it's again a very natural class to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's again a very natural class to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's again a very natural class to look
+at from a mathematical standpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at from a mathematical standpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at from a mathematical standpoint
+and it also captures something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it also captures something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it also captures something
+uh interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh interesting
+kind of different from a practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of different from a practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of different from a practical
+standpoint which we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint which we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint which we're going to talk
+about over the next couple of live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about over the next couple of live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about over the next couple of live
+slides which is that it captures the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides which is that it captures the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides which is that it captures the
+problems where you can easily verify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems where you can easily verify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems where you can easily verify
+when you're a member of the language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're a member of the language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're a member of the language
+okay so we'll talk about that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we'll talk about that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we'll talk about that but
+you know if you take for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you take for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you take for example the
+hamiltonian path problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian path problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian path problem
+when you find a member of the language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you find a member of the language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you find a member of the language
+so that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is a
+graph that does have a hamiltonian path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph that does have a hamiltonian path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph that does have a hamiltonian path
+from s to t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from s to t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from s to t
+you can easily verify that's true by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can easily verify that's true by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can easily verify that's true by
+simply exhibiting the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply exhibiting the path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply exhibiting the path
+not all problems can be solved can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all problems can be solved can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all problems can be solved can be
+verified in that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verified in that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verified in that way
+but the problems that are in np have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the problems that are in np have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the problems that are in np have
+that special feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that special feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that special feature
+that you when you have a member of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you when you have a member of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you when you have a member of the
+language there's a way to verify that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language there's a way to verify that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language there's a way to verify that
+you're a member so we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a member so we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a member so we're going to talk
+about that um because that's really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that um because that's really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that um because that's really the
+key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key
+to understanding np
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understanding np
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understanding np
+this notion of verification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion of verification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion of verification
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+let me go there was a good question here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me go there was a good question here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me go there was a good question here
+let me just see if i want to answer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just see if i want to answer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just see if i want to answer that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+this is a little bit of a long longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a little bit of a long longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a little bit of a long longer
+question that i i i want to fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that i i i want to fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that i i i want to fully
+respond to but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to but
+you mean the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mean the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mean the the
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+let's turn to my next slide which maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's turn to my next slide which maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's turn to my next slide which maybe
+sort of bring that out anyway um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of bring that out anyway um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of bring that out anyway um
+actually it's a couple of slides from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's a couple of slides from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's a couple of slides from
+now but i'll get to that point um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's look at hamiltonian the hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at hamiltonian the hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at hamiltonian the hand
+path problem and what i'm what i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path problem and what i'm what i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path problem and what i'm what i'm going
+to show is the hamiltonian path problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show is the hamiltonian path problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show is the hamiltonian path problem
+is in np and i'm going to walk you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in np and i'm going to walk you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in np and i'm going to walk you
+through this one kind of slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this one kind of slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this one kind of slowly
+um so the hamiltonian path problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the hamiltonian path problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the hamiltonian path problem
+remember we don't know if it's in p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we don't know if it's in p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we don't know if it's in p
+but it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is
+in np
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in np
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in np
+so it's in one of these you can solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's in one of these you can solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's in one of these you can solve
+hamiltonian path in polynomial time if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian path in polynomial time if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian path in polynomial time if
+you're a non-deterministic machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a non-deterministic machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a non-deterministic machine
+um why is that well it's because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um why is that well it's because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um why is that well it's because of the
+non-determinism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-determinism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-determinism
+because of the parallelism of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the parallelism of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the parallelism of
+non-determinism um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-determinism um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-determinism um
+which allows you to kind of check all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which allows you to kind of check all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which allows you to kind of check all of
+the paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paths
+on different branches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on different branches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on different branches
+so let me first describe how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me first describe how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me first describe how the
+algorithm how i would just how i would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm how i would just how i would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm how i would just how i would
+write down the algorithm and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the algorithm and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the algorithm and then we'll
+kind of try to unpack that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of try to unpack that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of try to unpack that and
+understand how that actually looks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how that actually looks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how that actually looks in
+terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of
+the turing machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the turing machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the turing machine
+or the turing machine's computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the turing machine's computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the turing machine's computation
+so first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all
+so taking the hamiltonian path problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so taking the hamiltonian path problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so taking the hamiltonian path problem
+you know you're given an input now which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're given an input now which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're given an input now which
+is a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a graph
+and the node's s and t where i'm trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the node's s and t where i'm trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the node's s and t where i'm trying
+to figure out is the hamiltonian path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out is the hamiltonian path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out is the hamiltonian path
+again which visits all the nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again which visits all the nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again which visits all the nodes
+which takes you from s to t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+we're trying to make now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to make now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to make now a
+non-deterministic machine which is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic machine which is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic machine which is going
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept
+all such inputs which have a path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the way this non-deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way this non-deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way this non-deterministic
+machine is going to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine is going to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine is going to work
+is it's basically going to use its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's basically going to use its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's basically going to use its
+non-determinism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-determinism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-determinism
+to try all possible paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try all possible paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try all possible paths
+on the different branches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the different branches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the different branches
+and the way i'll specify that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way i'll specify that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way i'll specify that
+is to say non-deterministically we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say non-deterministically we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say non-deterministically we're
+going to write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write down
+a candidate path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a candidate path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a candidate path
+which is just going to be a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just going to be a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just going to be a sequence of
+nodes sequence of m nodes where we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes sequence of m nodes where we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes sequence of m nodes where we'll
+say that's the total number of nodes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that's the total number of nodes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that's the total number of nodes of
+the graph remember a hamiltonian path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph remember a hamiltonian path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph remember a hamiltonian path
+because it visits every node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it visits every node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it visits every node
+is going to be a path with exactly m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be a path with exactly m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be a path with exactly m
+nodes in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i'm going to write down a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to write down a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to write down a sequence of
+nodes as a candidate path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes as a candidate path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes as a candidate path
+and i'm not deterministically going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm not deterministically going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm not deterministically going to
+choose every possible sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose every possible sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose every possible sequence
+in this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this way
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+if you like to think of the guessing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like to think of the guessing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like to think of the guessing
+metaphor for non-determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphor for non-determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphor for non-determine
+non-determinism you can think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-determinism you can think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-determinism you can think of the
+non-deterministic machine as guessing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic machine as guessing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic machine as guessing
+the right path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right path
+which is going to be the hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to be the hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to be the hamiltonian
+path from s to t but i think from for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path from s to t but i think from for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path from s to t but i think from for
+this discussion it might be more helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this discussion it might be more helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this discussion it might be more helpful
+to think about all of the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about all of the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about all of the different
+branches of the non-determinism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches of the non-determinism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches of the non-determinism
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+because that's perhaps more useful when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's perhaps more useful when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's perhaps more useful when
+we're thinking about it in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're thinking about it in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're thinking about it in terms of the
+time you know i think you'll get used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you know i think you'll get used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you know i think you'll get used to
+thinking about it you should be used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it you should be used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it you should be used to
+thinking about it many in many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it many in many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it many in many of the
+different ways but maybe the computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways but maybe the computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways but maybe the computation
+tree of all branches might be the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree of all branches might be the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree of all branches might be the more
+helpful one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful one here
+so now as after we write down a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now as after we write down a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now as after we write down a sequence
+a candidate path sequence of nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a candidate path sequence of nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a candidate path sequence of nodes
+now i have to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i have to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i have to check
+that this really is a path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this really is a path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this really is a path
+and the way i'm going to do that is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way i'm going to do that is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way i'm going to do that is to
+say well now if i have just a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well now if i have just a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well now if i have just a sequence
+of nodes written down what does it mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nodes written down what does it mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nodes written down what does it mean
+for it to be a hamiltonian path from s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it to be a hamiltonian path from s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it to be a hamiltonian path from s
+to t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to t
+well it better start with s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it better start with s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it better start with s
+and end with t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and end with t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and end with t
+first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+we have to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to make sure
+that every step of the way is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every step of the way is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every step of the way is actually
+an edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an edge
+so each pair v i to v i plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each pair v i to v i plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each pair v i to v i plus 1
+has to be an edge in the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be an edge in the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be an edge in the graph
+otherwise that sequence of nodes is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise that sequence of nodes is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise that sequence of nodes is not
+going to be a legitimate hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a legitimate hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a legitimate hamiltonian
+path from s of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path from s of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path from s of t
+and you could it has to be a simple pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could it has to be a simple pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could it has to be a simple pass
+you can't be repeating notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these four conditions together will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these four conditions together will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these four conditions together will
+guarantee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee
+that we have a hamiltonian path and once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have a hamiltonian path and once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have a hamiltonian path and once
+we have written down a candidate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have written down a candidate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have written down a candidate
+sequence we can just check that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence we can just check that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence we can just check that that
+sequence actually works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence actually works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence actually works
+um there's no at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's no at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's no at this
+second stage of the algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second stage of the algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second stage of the algorithm
+non-determinism is necessary this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-determinism is necessary this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-determinism is necessary this is
+going to be a deterministic phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a deterministic phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a deterministic phase
+but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the
+stage one of the algorithm is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage one of the algorithm is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage one of the algorithm is going to
+be a non-deterministic phase where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a non-deterministic phase where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a non-deterministic phase where it's
+writing down all possible paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing down all possible paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing down all possible paths
+now i'm going to try to unpack that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm going to try to unpack that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm going to try to unpack that for
+you so you can actually visualize how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so you can actually visualize how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so you can actually visualize how
+the machine is doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine is doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine is doing this
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and then of course you know so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then of course you know so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then of course you know so you're
+gonna on each branch of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna on each branch of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna on each branch of the
+non-determinism you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-determinism you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-determinism you're going to
+check to see whether the conditions have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check to see whether the conditions have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check to see whether the conditions have
+been satisfied and on that branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been satisfied and on that branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been satisfied and on that branch
+if the conditions were not satisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the conditions were not satisfied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the conditions were not satisfied
+that branch is going to reject of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that branch is going to reject of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that branch is going to reject of course
+one of the other branches might yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the other branches might yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the other branches might yet
+accept so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that's how non-determinism works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how non-determinism works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how non-determinism works
+okay so i'd like to visualize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i'd like to visualize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i'd like to visualize this
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i'd like to visualize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd like to visualize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd like to visualize this
+as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tree
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+uh of the different branches of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of the different branches of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of the different branches of the
+computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation
+of m on its input so here is the here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of m on its input so here is the here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of m on its input so here is the here is
+our non-deterministic turing machine um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our non-deterministic turing machine um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our non-deterministic turing machine um
+uh which this one um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which this one um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which this one um
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+you provided with the input uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you provided with the input uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you provided with the input uh
+you know g s and t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know g s and t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know g s and t
+and how does the machine actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how does the machine actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how does the machine actually
+working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working
+so when i say non-deterministically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when i say non-deterministically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when i say non-deterministically
+write down a sequence of m nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down a sequence of m nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down a sequence of m nodes
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+this is getting into a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is getting into a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is getting into a little bit more
+detail detail than i would normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail detail than i would normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail detail than i would normally
+think about it uh because we try to tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it uh because we try to tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it uh because we try to tend
+to think about things at a higher level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about things at a higher level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about things at a higher level
+but just for just to get us started i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just for just to get us started i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just for just to get us started i
+think it's good to think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's good to think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's good to think about this
+with a bit more detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a bit more detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a bit more detail
+so let's think of the nodes the m nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's think of the nodes the m nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's think of the nodes the m nodes
+as being numbered having labels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being numbered having labels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being numbered having labels
+numbered one through m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbered one through m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbered one through m
+and i'm going to think about them being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to think about them being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to think about them being
+labeled by their binary sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled by their binary sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled by their binary sequences
+you know we're going to write down those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're going to write down those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're going to write down those
+nodes that's how the you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes that's how the you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes that's how the you know the
+machine is going to have to operate on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine is going to have to operate on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine is going to have to operate on
+those numbers for the nodes we'll think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those numbers for the nodes we'll think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those numbers for the nodes we'll think
+about them as being written in binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them as being written in binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them as being written in binary
+and now as the machine is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now as the machine is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now as the machine is going to be
+writing down let's say the node v1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing down let's say the node v1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing down let's say the node v1
+so it's not deterministically picking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not deterministically picking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not deterministically picking
+the first node of the sequence what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first node of the sequence what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first node of the sequence what does
+that actually mean in terms of the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually mean in terms of the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually mean in terms of the um
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+step-by-step processing of the turing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step-by-step processing of the turing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step-by-step processing of the turing
+machine m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine m
+well it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's going to be
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+guessing via a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing via a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing via a sequence of
+non-deterministic moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic moves
+the bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bits
+that represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that represent
+the number of the node v for v1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of the node v for v1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of the node v for v1
+you know for example v1 might be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for example v1 might be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for example v1 might be the
+node number five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node number five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node number five
+in the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the graph
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+of course you know non-deterministically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you know non-deterministically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you know non-deterministically
+the machine is on different branches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine is on different branches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine is on different branches
+picking all different possible can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking all different possible can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking all different possible can
+choices for v1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices for v1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices for v1
+those are going to be the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are going to be the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are going to be the different
+branches here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches here
+but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know
+one of the branches might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the branches might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the branches might be
+and what i'm what i'm really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i'm what i'm really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i'm what i'm really
+representing here these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing here these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing here these are
+uh i probably could have written this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i probably could have written this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i probably could have written this
+down on the slide here in in in tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down on the slide here in in in tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down on the slide here in in in tiny
+font but these are like the zero one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+font but these are like the zero one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+font but these are like the zero one
+choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices
+that's why it's sort of a binary tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it's sort of a binary tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it's sort of a binary tree
+here for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for the
+writing down the bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing down the bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing down the bits
+of the uh of a v1 so here maybe this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh of a v1 so here maybe this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh of a v1 so here maybe this
+could be one zero one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be one zero one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be one zero one
+representing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing
+uh the number five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the number five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the number five
+which might be the very first node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which might be the very first node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which might be the very first node
+that i'm writing down in my sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i'm writing down in my sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i'm writing down in my sequence
+some other branch is going to write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other branch is going to write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other branch is going to write down
+node number six some other branch is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node number six some other branch is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node number six some other branch is
+going to write down node number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write down node number two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write down node number two
+because non-deterministically we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because non-deterministically we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because non-deterministically we're
+making all possible choices for v1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making all possible choices for v1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making all possible choices for v1
+that's what i'm trying to show in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what i'm trying to show in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what i'm trying to show in this
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+part of the computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the computation
+of m on this input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of m on this input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of m on this input
+so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then
+after it's uh finished writing down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after it's uh finished writing down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after it's uh finished writing down the
+description of the node uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of the node uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of the node uh
+for v1 um its choice for v1 it goes down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for v1 um its choice for v1 it goes down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for v1 um its choice for v1 it goes down
+to make choose what v2 is again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make choose what v2 is again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make choose what v2 is again
+non-deterministically so there's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministically so there's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministically so there's going
+to be more branches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be more branches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be more branches
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+um for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for each
+possible choice of v2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible choice of v2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible choice of v2
+and so on node after node um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on node after node um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on node after node um
+then it's going to finally get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's going to finally get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's going to finally get to the
+last node vm is going to write down lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last node vm is going to write down lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last node vm is going to write down lots
+of choices for vm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of choices for vm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of choices for vm
+and at this point here we have completed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at this point here we have completed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at this point here we have completed
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the first stage of the algorithm now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first stage of the algorithm now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first stage of the algorithm now
+there's some huge tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some huge tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some huge tree
+of all of the possible choices for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all of the possible choices for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all of the possible choices for the
+v's that have shown up at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v's that have shown up at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v's that have shown up at this point
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh now we're going to move into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now we're going to move into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now we're going to move into the
+second phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second phase
+so following this there's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so following this there's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so following this there's going to be
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh a bunch of uh deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a bunch of uh deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a bunch of uh deterministic
+steps of the machine so no more no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps of the machine so no more no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps of the machine so no more no no
+more branching no more branching is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more branching no more branching is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more branching no more branching is
+needed uh because here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed uh because here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed uh because here
+we've written down at this at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've written down at this at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've written down at this at this point
+we've we've reached a point in each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've we've reached a point in each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've we've reached a point in each of
+these um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these um
+at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each
+each of those locations where we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those locations where we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those locations where we've
+chosen one of the candidates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen one of the candidates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen one of the candidates
+one of the possible branches or one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the possible branches or one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the possible branches or one of
+the possible paths through the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possible paths through the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possible paths through the machine
+um one of the possible paths look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of the possible paths look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of the possible paths look
+through the graph i'm sorry so we um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the graph i'm sorry so we um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the graph i'm sorry so we um you
+know here we're guessing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know here we're guessing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know here we're guessing
+uh potential paths in the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh potential paths in the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh potential paths in the graph
+and now we're going to check that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we're going to check that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we're going to check that we
+actually have picked a path that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have picked a path that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have picked a path that's a
+hamiltonian path from s to p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian path from s to p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian path from s to p
+as to t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to t
+okay so each each one of these branches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so each each one of these branches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so each each one of these branches
+is now going to end up accepting or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now going to end up accepting or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now going to end up accepting or
+rejecting and the whole overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejecting and the whole overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejecting and the whole overall
+computation is going to accept if at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation is going to accept if at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation is going to accept if at
+least one of them ended up accepting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one of them ended up accepting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one of them ended up accepting
+which means you actually found a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means you actually found a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means you actually found a
+hamiltonian path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian path
+okay so i don't know if that's helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i don't know if that's helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i don't know if that's helpful
+to you or not but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you or not but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you or not but um
+that is uh so we can just you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is uh so we can just you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is uh so we can just you know if
+there's any questions on this let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's any questions on this let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's any questions on this let's see
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+question on you know is there something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question on you know is there something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question on you know is there something
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+trying to draw a connection here between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to draw a connection here between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to draw a connection here between
+this and and computation histories um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and and computation histories um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and and computation histories um
+i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean
+there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is
+a pattern here that does come up often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pattern here that does come up often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pattern here that does come up often
+where you you you want to check some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you you you want to check some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you you you want to check some
+things you know starts right ends right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you know starts right ends right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you know starts right ends right
+and that all of the intermediates are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that all of the intermediates are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that all of the intermediates are
+right so there is i think there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there is i think there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there is i think there is a
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+there is some deeper connection here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some deeper connection here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some deeper connection here
+probably too hard to explain but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably too hard to explain but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably too hard to explain but
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that does have something to do with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does have something to do with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does have something to do with this
+hamiltonian path problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um why are we using binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um why are we using binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um why are we using binary
+representation well we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation well we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation well we're going to talk
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+um you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know we
+the algorithm would have worked equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorithm would have worked equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorithm would have worked equally
+well if we used um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if we used um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if we used um
+base three or base five or base you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base three or base five or base you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base three or base five or base you know
+20 um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 um
+as a way of writing down our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way of writing down our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way of writing down our
+labels for the nodes um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels for the nodes um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels for the nodes um
+but in a sense it doesn't matter um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in a sense it doesn't matter um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in a sense it doesn't matter um
+um the alphabet has to be finite so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the alphabet has to be finite so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the alphabet has to be finite so
+that's that's true i mean that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's true i mean that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's true i mean that's why
+you it's not just in a single step of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it's not just in a single step of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it's not just in a single step of
+the turing machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the turing machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the turing machine
+that you would pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would pick
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+the node uh the true the choice for v1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the node uh the true the choice for v1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the node uh the true the choice for v1
+you really have to go through a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really have to go through a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really have to go through a sequence
+of steps because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of steps because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of steps because
+each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the
+branches of the machine only has a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches of the machine only has a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches of the machine only has a fixed
+number of choices so you can't in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of choices so you can't in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of choices so you can't in a
+single step of the turing machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single step of the turing machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single step of the turing machine
+pick all the different possibilities for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick all the different possibilities for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick all the different possibilities for
+v1 it has to go through a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v1 it has to go through a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v1 it has to go through a sequence
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now let me do a second example the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me do a second example the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me do a second example the the
+problem for of composites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for of composites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for of composites
+so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the
+the language of all composites are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language of all composites are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language of all composites are all
+of the non-primes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the non-primes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the non-primes
+written as binary numbers again so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as binary numbers again so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as binary numbers again so we'll
+talk about the base and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the base and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the base and the
+representation in a second but just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation in a second but just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation in a second but just
+imagine you know he you know these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you know he you know these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you know he you know these are
+all of the numbers that are not prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the numbers that are not prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the numbers that are not prime
+uh and that language is easily seen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that language is easily seen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that language is easily seen to
+be a member of np
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh here is again the algorithm for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here is again the algorithm for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here is again the algorithm for that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+given x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given x
+um we want to accept x if it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we want to accept x if it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we want to accept x if it's not a
+prime number so it has some non-trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime number so it has some non-trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime number so it has some non-trivial
+factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so first the way the non-deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first the way the non-deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first the way the non-deterministic
+machine is going to work is it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine is going to work is it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine is going to work is it's going
+to guess that factor so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to guess that factor so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to guess that factor so it's not
+deterministically it's going to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministically it's going to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministically it's going to try
+every possible factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every possible factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every possible factor
+what we're wrong y is going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're wrong y is going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're wrong y is going to be a
+number between 1 and x but not including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number between 1 and x but not including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number between 1 and x but not including
+one we you know that we have to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we you know that we have to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we you know that we have to be an
+interesting factor so not including 1 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting factor so not including 1 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting factor so not including 1 in
+the number itself so something strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number itself so something strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number itself so something strictly
+in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between
+and we're going to then after we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to then after we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to then after we've
+non-deterministically chosen y then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministically chosen y then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministically chosen y then
+we're going to test to see if y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to test to see if y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to test to see if y
+is really a factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really a factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really a factor
+we'll so we'll see if it y divides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll so we'll see if it y divides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll so we'll see if it y divides
+evenly into x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evenly into x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evenly into x
+with a remainder of zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a remainder of zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a remainder of zero
+you know if that branch successfully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if that branch successfully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if that branch successfully
+picked the right y it's going to accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked the right y it's going to accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked the right y it's going to accept
+and some other branch might have picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some other branch might have picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some other branch might have picked
+the wrong y will not and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong y will not and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong y will not and if
+x is really a composite number some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is really a composite number some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is really a composite number some
+branch will find the factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch will find the factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch will find the factor
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+now the base doesn't matter could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the base doesn't matter could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the base doesn't matter could have
+used base 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because you can convert from base to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can convert from base to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can convert from base to
+another um so this is really in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another um so this is really in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another um so this is really in terms of
+our representation of the of the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our representation of the of the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our representation of the of the number
+but i do want to make one point here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i do want to make one point here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i do want to make one point here
+that changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that changing
+we don't want to write the number in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want to write the number in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want to write the number in
+unary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unary
+um you know just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know just as
+writing the number k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing the number k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing the number k
+as a sequence of k ones um that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a sequence of k ones um that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a sequence of k ones um that's not
+really a base um that's just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a base um that's just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a base um that's just an
+exponential representation for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential representation for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential representation for the
+number and that changes the game because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and that changes the game because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and that changes the game because
+if you make the input exponentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you make the input exponentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you make the input exponentially
+larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+it's going to change whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to change whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to change whether the
+algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+relative to that exponentially larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to that exponentially larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to that exponentially larger
+input is polynomial or not um so an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input is polynomial or not um so an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input is polynomial or not um so an
+algorithm that might have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that might have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that might have been
+exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential
+originally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally
+when the numbers written binary might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the numbers written binary might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the numbers written binary might
+become polynomial if the number's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become polynomial if the number's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become polynomial if the number's
+written in unary um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in unary um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in unary um
+and i do want to mention as a side note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i do want to mention as a side note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i do want to mention as a side note
+that the composites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the composites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the composites
+language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language
+uh or primes for that matter doesn't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or primes for that matter doesn't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or primes for that matter doesn't you
+know both are in p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know both are in p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know both are in p
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but we won't cover that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we won't cover that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we won't cover that
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+whereas the hamiltonian path problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the hamiltonian path problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the hamiltonian path problem is
+not known whether it's in p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not known whether it's in p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not known whether it's in p
+the primes and composites problem are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primes and composites problem are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primes and composites problem are uh
+np um so that was known there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+np um so that was known there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+np um so that was known there was
+actually a very big result in the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a very big result in the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a very big result in the field
+uh solved um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh solved um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh solved um
+uh by folks in at one of the uh indian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by folks in at one of the uh indian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by folks in at one of the uh indian
+institutes of technology uh back about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutes of technology uh back about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutes of technology uh back about
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+you know almost 20 years ago now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know almost 20 years ago now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know almost 20 years ago now
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+so let's turn here to trying to get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's turn here to trying to get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's turn here to trying to get an
+intuitive feeling for pnnp and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive feeling for pnnp and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive feeling for pnnp and we'll
+talk we'll return now to this notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk we'll return now to this notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk we'll return now to this notion of
+np corresponding to easy verifiability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+np corresponding to easy verifiability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+np corresponding to easy verifiability
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+np are the languages where you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+np are the languages where you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+np are the languages where you can
+easily verify membership quickly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily verify membership quickly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily verify membership quickly and
+i'll try to explain what that means in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll try to explain what that means in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll try to explain what that means in
+contrast p are the languages where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast p are the languages where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast p are the languages where you
+can test membership quickly uh by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can test membership quickly uh by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can test membership quickly uh by
+quickly i mean i'm using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly i mean i'm using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly i mean i'm using
+polynomial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial time
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that's going to be basically you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be basically you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be basically you know
+for us that's what quickly means in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us that's what quickly means in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us that's what quickly means in this
+course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the case of the hamiltonian path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of the hamiltonian path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of the hamiltonian path
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+the way you verify the membership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you verify the membership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you verify the membership
+is you give the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you give the path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you give the path
+in the case of the composites the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of the composites the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of the composites the way
+you verify the membership is you give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you verify the membership is you give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you verify the membership is you give
+the factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factor
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+in those two cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those two cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those two cases
+and in general um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in general um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in general um
+when we have a problem that's in np
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we have a problem that's in np
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we have a problem that's in np
+we think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think of this
+verification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification
+as having a giving we give it a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as having a giving we give it a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as having a giving we give it a special
+name called a certificate or sometimes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name called a certificate or sometimes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name called a certificate or sometimes a
+short certificate to emphasize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short certificate to emphasize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short certificate to emphasize the
+polynomiality of the certificate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomiality of the certificate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomiality of the certificate
+it's like a way of proving that you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a way of proving that you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a way of proving that you're a
+member of the language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of the language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of the language
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+in the case of composites the proof is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of composites the proof is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of composites the proof is
+the factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factor
+in the case of ham path the proof is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of ham path the proof is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of ham path the proof is the
+is the path the hamiltonian path um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the path the hamiltonian path um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the path the hamiltonian path um
+contrast that for example if you had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast that for example if you had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast that for example if you had a
+prime number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime number
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+proving a number is composite is easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving a number is composite is easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving a number is composite is easy
+because you just exhibit the factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you just exhibit the factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you just exhibit the factor
+how would you prove that a number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you prove that a number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you prove that a number is
+prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime
+um what's what's the short certificate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's what's the short certificate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's what's the short certificate
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+proving that some number is it has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving that some number is it has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving that some number is it has no
+factor that's not so obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor that's not so obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor that's not so obvious
+in fact there are ways of doing it which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact there are ways of doing it which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact there are ways of doing it which
+i'm not going to get into in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to get into in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to get into in the case of
+prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime
+testing of numbers prime but and and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing of numbers prime but and and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing of numbers prime but and and now
+it's even so known to be in p so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's even so known to be in p so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's even so known to be in p so that's
+even better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even better
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+there's no obvious way of proving that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no obvious way of proving that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no obvious way of proving that a
+number is prime with a short certificate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is prime with a short certificate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is prime with a short certificate
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so this concept of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this concept of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this concept of having
+being able to verify when you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to verify when you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to verify when you're a
+member of the language that's key to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of the language that's key to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of the language that's key to
+understanding np
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding np
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding np
+that's the intuition you need to develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the intuition you need to develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the intuition you need to develop
+and hopefully take away from today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully take away from today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully take away from today's
+lecture or at least you know by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture or at least you know by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture or at least you know by
+thinking about it and reading the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it and reading the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it and reading the book
+and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you compare these two classes p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you compare these two classes p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you compare these two classes p
+and np
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and np
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and np
+uh p first of all is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh p first of all is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh p first of all is
+going to be a subset of np both in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a subset of np both in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a subset of np both in terms
+of the way we defined it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the way we defined it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the way we defined it because
+deterministic machines are a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic machines are a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic machines are a special
+case of non-deterministic machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of non-deterministic machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of non-deterministic machines
+but also if you want to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also if you want to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also if you want to think about
+testing membership if you can test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing membership if you can test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing membership if you can test
+membership easily then you can certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membership easily then you can certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membership easily then you can certainly
+verify it in terms of the certificate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify it in terms of the certificate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify it in terms of the certificate
+you don't even need the certificate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't even need the certificate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't even need the certificate is
+irrelevant at that point because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant at that point because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant at that point because
+whatever the certificate is you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the certificate is you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the certificate is you can
+still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still
+test yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test yourself
+whether the input is in the is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the input is in the is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the input is in the is in the
+language or not um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the big question as i mentioned is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big question as i mentioned is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big question as i mentioned is
+whether these two classes are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether these two classes are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether these two classes are the same
+so does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so does
+uh being able to verify membership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh being able to verify membership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh being able to verify membership
+quickly say with one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly say with one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly say with one of these
+certificates allow you to dispense with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates allow you to dispense with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates allow you to dispense with
+the certificate not even need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the certificate not even need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the certificate not even need a
+certificate and just test it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate and just test it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate and just test it for
+yourself whether you're in the language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself whether you're in the language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself whether you're in the language
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and do that you know in polynomial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do that you know in polynomial time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do that you know in polynomial time
+uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that
+that's the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the question
+for a problem like hamiltonian path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a problem like hamiltonian path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a problem like hamiltonian path
+uh do you need to search for the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do you need to search for the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do you need to search for the answer
+um if you're doing it deterministically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you're doing it deterministically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you're doing it deterministically
+or can you somehow uh not me you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or can you somehow uh not me you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or can you somehow uh not me you know
+avoid that and just come up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid that and just come up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid that and just come up with the
+answer directly uh with it with a with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer directly uh with it with a with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer directly uh with it with a with a
+polynomial time solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial time solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial time solution
+nobody knows the answer to that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody knows the answer to that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody knows the answer to that uh
+and goes back at this point quite a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and goes back at this point quite a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and goes back at this point quite a long
+time it's almost 60 years now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's almost 60 years now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's almost 60 years now um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+that problem has been around 60 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that problem has been around 60 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that problem has been around 60 years
+oh that would be 50 years no 50 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that would be 50 years no 50 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that would be 50 years no 50 years
+almost 50 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost 50 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost 50 years
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+the uh most people believe that p is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh most people believe that p is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh most people believe that p is
+different from np in other words that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from np in other words that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from np in other words that
+there are problems in p that are in np
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are problems in p that are in np
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are problems in p that are in np
+would turn out in p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would turn out in p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would turn out in p
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the candidate would be the hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the candidate would be the hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the candidate would be the hamiltonian
+path problem uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path problem uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path problem uh
+but it seems to be very hard to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it seems to be very hard to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it seems to be very hard to prove
+that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um
+and part of the reason is i mean how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and part of the reason is i mean how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and part of the reason is i mean how do
+you prove that a problem like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you prove that a problem like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you prove that a problem like
+hamiltonian path does not have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian path does not have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian path does not have a
+polynomial time algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial time algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial time algorithm
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+it's very tricky to do that because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very tricky to do that because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very tricky to do that because the
+class of polynomial time algorithms is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of polynomial time algorithms is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of polynomial time algorithms is a
+very rich class polynomial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rich class polynomial time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rich class polynomial time
+algorithms are very powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms are very powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms are very powerful
+and to try to prove there's no clever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to try to prove there's no clever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to try to prove there's no clever
+way of solving the hamiltonian path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of solving the hamiltonian path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of solving the hamiltonian path
+problems just seems to be beyond our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems just seems to be beyond our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems just seems to be beyond our
+present-day mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present-day mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present-day mathematics
+i believe some days somebody's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i believe some days somebody's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i believe some days somebody's going to
+solve it but all right so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it but all right so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it but all right so far
+no one has succeeded um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one has succeeded um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one has succeeded um
+so what i thought we would do is i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i thought we would do is i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i thought we would do is i think
+i have a check in here uh yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have a check in here uh yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have a check in here uh yes
+and then we'll stop for a break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at the
+the complementary problem hand path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complementary problem hand path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complementary problem hand path
+complement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so that's you're in the language now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's you're in the language now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's you're in the language now if
+you don't have a path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have a path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have a path
+um so is that complementary problem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so is that complementary problem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so is that complementary problem in
+np
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+for that to be the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that to be the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that to be the case
+we would need to have short certificates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would need to have short certificates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would need to have short certificates
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+when a graph does not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a graph does not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a graph does not have
+um a hamiltonian path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a hamiltonian path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a hamiltonian path
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i leave it to you so there are three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i leave it to you so there are three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i leave it to you so there are three
+choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+i'm going to stop here so make sure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to stop here so make sure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to stop here so make sure you
+get your participation credit here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your participation credit here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your participation credit here
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+end the polling now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interesting still the majority is wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting still the majority is wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting still the majority is wrong
+well i know wrong we don't know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i know wrong we don't know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i know wrong we don't know uh
+you know um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh i i think the only fair answer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i i think the only fair answer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i i think the only fair answer to
+this question is is c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question is is c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question is is c
+um because we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because we don't know
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+whether or not we can give short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not we can give short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not we can give short
+certificates for a graph not to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates for a graph not to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates for a graph not to have a
+hamiltonian path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian path
+if if p equaled np
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if p equaled np
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if p equaled np
+then you can test in polynomial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can test in polynomial time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can test in polynomial time
+whether a graph has a hamiltonian path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether a graph has a hamiltonian path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether a graph has a hamiltonian path
+and then the computation itself would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the computation itself would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the computation itself would be
+a certificate whether it has a path or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certificate whether it has a path or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certificate whether it has a path or
+whether it doesn't have a path because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it doesn't have a path because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it doesn't have a path because
+it would be something that you can check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be something that you can check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be something that you can check
+easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+since we don't know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we don't know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we don't know uh
+for sure that p is different from np um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sure that p is different from np um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sure that p is different from np um
+you know p could be equal to np then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know p could be equal to np then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know p could be equal to np then
+it's possible that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+we can we could give a short certificate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can we could give a short certificate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can we could give a short certificate
+namely the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely the
+computation of the polynomial algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation of the polynomial algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation of the polynomial algorithm
+so the only really um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reasonable answer to this question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable answer to this question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable answer to this question is
+that we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't know
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so uh just uh ponder that i think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh just uh ponder that i think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh just uh ponder that i think the
+the the thing that um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the thing that um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the thing that um you
+those of you who answered yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who answered yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who answered yes
+however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however
+um need to go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um need to go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um need to go back
+and and i ain't put this here explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and i ain't put this here explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and i ain't put this here explicitly
+because i know this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i know this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i know this is a
+th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th
+this is a confusion for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a confusion for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a confusion for
+well i can see for quite a few of you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i can see for quite a few of you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i can see for quite a few of you um
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when we have non-deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we have non-deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we have non-deterministic
+computation and you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation and you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation and you have a
+non-deterministic machine you can't sim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic machine you can't sim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic machine you can't sim
+simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply
+invert the answer and get back a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invert the answer and get back a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invert the answer and get back a
+non-deterministic machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic machine
+non-determinism does not work that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-determinism does not work that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-determinism does not work that way
+uh if you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you remember
+you know the non-deter the complement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the non-deter the complement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the non-deter the complement of
+a push-down automaton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a push-down automaton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a push-down automaton
+um is not a push-down automaton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you have a non-deterministic machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a non-deterministic machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a non-deterministic machine
+and you invert all of the responses on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you invert all of the responses on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you invert all of the responses on
+each of the branches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the branches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the branches
+um it's not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's not going to be
+recognizing or deciding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing or deciding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing or deciding the
+complementary language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementary language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementary language
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+well i i think that this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i i think that this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i i think that this is something
+you you if you answered yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you if you answered yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you if you answered yes
+you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to
+go back and make sure you understand why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and make sure you understand why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and make sure you understand why
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+um is is not a is not a reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is is not a is not a reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is is not a is not a reasonable
+answer to this question uh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to this question uh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to this question uh because
+that's not how non-determinism works so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not how non-determinism works so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not how non-determinism works so
+you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+a not complete understanding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a not complete understanding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a not complete understanding of
+non-determinism and that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-determinism and that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-determinism and that's going to be
+really important for us going forward so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important for us going forward so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important for us going forward so
+i i really urge you to figure out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i really urge you to figure out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i really urge you to figure out and
+understand why yes is not a is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why yes is not a is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why yes is not a is not a
+good answer to this uh to this check-in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good answer to this uh to this check-in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good answer to this uh to this check-in
+okay so i think we will um we can talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i think we will um we can talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i think we will um we can talk
+about that more over the over the break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that more over the over the break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that more over the over the break
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and so uh we'll we'll return here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh we'll we'll return here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh we'll we'll return here in
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+in five minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+somebody's asking about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's asking about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's asking about in
+you know infinite uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know infinite uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know infinite uh
+equal infinite sequences be generated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal infinite sequences be generated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal infinite sequences be generated by
+the machine um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine um
+i you know when we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i you know when we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i you know when we're talking about
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know especially in the complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know especially in the complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know especially in the complexity
+section of the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section of the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section of the course
+all of the computations are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the computations are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the computations are going to be
+bounded in time so we're not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded in time so we're not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded in time so we're not going to be
+thinking about sort of infinite runs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about sort of infinite runs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about sort of infinite runs of
+the machine that's not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine that's not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine that's not going to be
+relevant for us so um let's not think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant for us so um let's not think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant for us so um let's not think
+about that how does the turing machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that how does the turing machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that how does the turing machine
+perform division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform division
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+how does a turning machine perform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does a turning machine perform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does a turning machine perform
+division well uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division well uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division well uh
+how do you perform division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you perform division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you perform division
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+long division is a is an operation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long division is a is an operation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long division is a is an operation that
+can run in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can run in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can run in
+you know the the long division procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the long division procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the long division procedure
+that you you learn in a grade school can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you you learn in a grade school can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you you learn in a grade school can
+you can implement that on a turing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can implement that on a turing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can implement that on a turing
+machine um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine um
+so yes a turing machine can definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yes a turing machine can definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yes a turing machine can definitely
+perform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform
+do long division or division in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do long division or division in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do long division or division in one
+integer by another in in polynomial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay another question can we generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay another question can we generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay another question can we generally
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+try dividing y by x or do we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try dividing y by x or do we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try dividing y by x or do we have to
+enumerate a string of length y and cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enumerate a string of length y and cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enumerate a string of length y and cross
+off every no i think that's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off every no i think that's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off every no i think that's the same
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i mean how would you know if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean how would you know if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean how would you know if you have
+numbers written in binary how would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers written in binary how would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers written in binary how would you
+do the division you're not going to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the division you're not going to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the division you're not going to uh
+use long division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use long division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use long division
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know anything such as the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know anything such as the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know anything such as the the the
+thing that's proposed here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's proposed here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's proposed here uh
+by by the the questioner is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by the the questioner is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by the the questioner is going to be
+an exponential algorithm so don't do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exponential algorithm so don't do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exponential algorithm so don't do it
+that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why does primes in p not um composites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does primes in p not um composites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does primes in p not um composites
+in p not implied primes in p it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in p not implied primes in p it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in p not implied primes in p it does
+imply if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imply if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imply if
+if composites are in p then primes is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if composites are in p then primes is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if composites are in p then primes is in
+p as well because you can just you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p as well because you can just you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p as well because you can just you know
+when you have a deterministic machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a deterministic machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a deterministic machine
+you can flip the answer when you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can flip the answer when you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can flip the answer when you have a
+non-deterministic machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic machine
+you may not be able to flip the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may not be able to flip the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may not be able to flip the answer
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the deterministic machine just having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deterministic machine just having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deterministic machine just having a
+single branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single branch
+um you can make another deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can make another deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can make another deterministic
+machine that runs in the same amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine that runs in the same amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine that runs in the same amount of
+time that does the complementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that does the complementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that does the complementary
+language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language
+um because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because
+um for deterministic machines um just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for deterministic machines um just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for deterministic machines um just
+like for deciders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for deciders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for deciders
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+in the in the computability section you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the computability section you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the computability section you
+can just invert the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just invert the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just invert the answer
+uh there is an analogy here between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there is an analogy here between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there is an analogy here between
+p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p
+and decidability and np and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and decidability and np and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and decidability and np and
+recognizability it's not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizability it's not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizability it's not an
+airtight analogy here but there is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airtight analogy here but there is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airtight analogy here but there is some
+relationship there um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what are the input like somebody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the input like somebody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the input like somebody's
+asking me the implications of p equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking me the implications of p equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking me the implications of p equal to
+np lots of implications um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+np lots of implications um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+np lots of implications um
+too long to enumerate now but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too long to enumerate now but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too long to enumerate now but for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+uh you would be able to break basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you would be able to break basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you would be able to break basically
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+cryptosystems um that i'm aware of if p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptosystems um that i'm aware of if p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptosystems um that i'm aware of if p
+equaled np so we would have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equaled np so we would have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equaled np so we would have a lot of
+consequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so he's asking so composites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he's asking so composites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he's asking so composites
+primality and compositeness testing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primality and compositeness testing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primality and compositeness testing is
+solvable in polynomial time but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvable in polynomial time but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvable in polynomial time but
+factoring interestingly enough is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factoring interestingly enough is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factoring interestingly enough is not
+known to be solvable in polynomial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known to be solvable in polynomial time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known to be solvable in polynomial time
+uh so that i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that i mean
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+we may talk about this a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we may talk about this a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we may talk about this a little bit
+toward the end of the term if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward the end of the term if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward the end of the term if we have
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the algorithms for testing whether a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorithms for testing whether a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorithms for testing whether a
+number is prime or composite in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is prime or composite in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is prime or composite in
+polynomial time do not operate by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial time do not operate by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial time do not operate by
+looking for factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for factors
+they operate in an entirely different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they operate in an entirely different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they operate in an entirely different
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+basically by showing that a number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically by showing that a number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically by showing that a number is
+prime or composite by looking at certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime or composite by looking at certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime or composite by looking at certain
+properties of that number but without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of that number but without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of that number but without
+testing whether it has uh testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing whether it has uh testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing whether it has uh testing
+but without finding a factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but without finding a factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but without finding a factor
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+another question here about asking um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another question here about asking um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another question here about asking um
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+when we talk about encodings do we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about encodings do we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about encodings do we have
+to say how we encode numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say how we encode numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say how we encode numbers
+values no we don't have to we usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values no we don't have to we usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values no we don't have to we usually
+don't get have to get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get have to get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get have to get into
+spelling out encodings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spelling out encodings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spelling out encodings
+as long as they're reasonable encodings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as they're reasonable encodings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as they're reasonable encodings
+so you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't have to
+usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually
+we're going to be talking about things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be talking about things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be talking about things
+at a higher enough level that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a higher enough level that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a higher enough level that the
+specific encodings are not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific encodings are not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific encodings are not going to
+matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay let's let's return to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's let's return to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's let's return to our
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the rest of our lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of our lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of our lecture
+when we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say this p versus np problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this p versus np problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this p versus np problem
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+how do you show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you show
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+you know a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a problem
+might not be solvable in p like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be solvable in p like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be solvable in p like the
+hamiltonian path problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian path problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian path problem
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know many people
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are
+not uh practitioners in the field um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh practitioners in the field um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh practitioners in the field um you
+know are know about the p versus no know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know are know about the p versus no know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know are know about the p versus no know
+about the p versus np problems i i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the p versus np problems i i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the p versus np problems i i've
+over the years i've got many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the years i've got many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the years i've got many many
+emails and and and physical letters from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emails and and and physical letters from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emails and and and physical letters from
+from people um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from people um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from people um
+about that uh since people you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that uh since people you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that uh since people you know
+since uh since i've spent some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since uh since i've spent some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since uh since i've spent some time
+thinking i'm known as having spent some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking i'm known as having spent some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking i'm known as having spent some
+time thinking about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time thinking about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time thinking about it
+and um people claim to solve the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um people claim to solve the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um people claim to solve the problem
+uh solve p is np
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh solve p is np
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh solve p is np
+p the p versus np problem by basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p the p versus np problem by basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p the p versus np problem by basically
+saying you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you know
+problems like hamiltonian path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems like hamiltonian path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems like hamiltonian path
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+you know or these or other similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know or these or other similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know or these or other similar
+problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+basically there's clearly no way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically there's clearly no way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically there's clearly no way to
+solve them without searching uh through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve them without searching uh through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve them without searching uh through
+a lot of possibilities and then they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of possibilities and then they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of possibilities and then they go
+through a big long analysis showing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a big long analysis showing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a big long analysis showing that
+there are exponentially many uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are exponentially many uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are exponentially many uh
+possibilities um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+and a lot of the proofs that claim to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of the proofs that claim to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of the proofs that claim to
+solve p versus np they all look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve p versus np they all look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve p versus np they all look like
+that you only you only have to look some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you only you only have to look some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you only you only have to look some
+somewhere in that paper there's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in that paper there's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in that paper there's going to
+be a statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a statement
+uh along the lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh along the lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh along the lines
+to solve this problem clearly you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve this problem clearly you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve this problem clearly you have
+to do it this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it this way
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+that's the flaw in the reasoning because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the flaw in the reasoning because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the flaw in the reasoning because
+just like for the factoring problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like for the factoring problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like for the factoring problem
+just like for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like for the
+uh compositeness testing problem you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh compositeness testing problem you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh compositeness testing problem you
+don't necessarily have to solve it use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't necessarily have to solve it use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't necessarily have to solve it use
+by by searching for factors there might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by searching for factors there might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by searching for factors there might
+be some other way to do it you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some other way to do it you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some other way to do it you might be
+able to solve a hamiltonian path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to solve a hamiltonian path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to solve a hamiltonian path
+problem without searching for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem without searching for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem without searching for
+hamiltonian paths there might be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian paths there might be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian paths there might be some
+other process that you can use which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other process that you can use which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other process that you can use which
+would uh give you the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would uh give you the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would uh give you the answer
+um so i the class of polynomial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so i the class of polynomial time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so i the class of polynomial time
+algorithms is very rich can do many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms is very rich can do many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms is very rich can do many many
+things and i and i i wanted to present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and i and i i wanted to present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and i and i i wanted to present
+to you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you um
+one of the most important polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most important polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most important polynomial
+time algorithms in a sense it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time algorithms in a sense it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time algorithms in a sense it's kind of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+you can make a certain argument that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make a certain argument that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make a certain argument that
+this is sort of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of the the
+the the in a sense the most fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the in a sense the most fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the in a sense the most fundamental
+polynomial time algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial time algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial time algorithm
+some people might argue with me on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people might argue with me on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people might argue with me on that
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+um and that's a process called dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's a process called dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's a process called dynamic
+programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming
+which i'm sure some of you have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i'm sure some of you have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i'm sure some of you have seen
+already in your algorithms classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already in your algorithms classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already in your algorithms classes
+and some of you may not have but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of you may not have but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of you may not have but um
+since you have a homework problem on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since you have a homework problem on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since you have a homework problem on it
+um i i want to spend a little time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i i want to spend a little time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i i want to spend a little time
+describing it to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing it to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing it to you
+and that's useful for solving this acfg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's useful for solving this acfg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's useful for solving this acfg
+problem um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem um
+which you may remember from the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you may remember from the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you may remember from the first
+half of the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the course
+involving testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving testing
+uh if a grammar generates a string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if a grammar generates a string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if a grammar generates a string
+okay so remember this acfg problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so remember this acfg problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so remember this acfg problem
+you're given a grammar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're given a grammar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're given a grammar
+context free grammar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context free grammar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context free grammar
+and a string and i want to know is it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a string and i want to know is it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a string and i want to know is it in
+the language of the grammar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language of the grammar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language of the grammar
+okay so that's going to turn out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's going to turn out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's going to turn out to be
+solvable in polynomial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvable in polynomial time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvable in polynomial time
+but only with a kind of a clever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but only with a kind of a clever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but only with a kind of a clever
+algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember it's decidable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it's decidable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it's decidable
+we decided it by converting by making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we decided it by converting by making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we decided it by converting by making
+sure that you are converting the grammar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that you are converting the grammar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that you are converting the grammar
+into chance chomsky normal form then all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into chance chomsky normal form then all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into chance chomsky normal form then all
+the derivations have a certain length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivations have a certain length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivations have a certain length
+you just try all the possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just try all the possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just try all the possible
+derivations of that length and you set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivations of that length and you set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivations of that length and you set
+except if any of those derivations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except if any of those derivations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except if any of those derivations
+generate w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate w
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh you may remember that um from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you may remember that um from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you may remember that um from the
+first half of the course um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first half of the course um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first half of the course um
+that immediately gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that immediately gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that immediately gives
+an np type algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an np type algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an np type algorithm
+for this language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this language
+because basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because basically
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+non-deterministically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministically
+instead of trying the most sequentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of trying the most sequentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of trying the most sequentially
+all of these derivations you try them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these derivations you try them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these derivations you try them in
+parallel non-deterministically so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel non-deterministically so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel non-deterministically so
+non-deterministically you pick some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministically you pick some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministically you pick some
+derivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation
+of that length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that length
+and you accept it if it generates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you accept it if it generates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you accept it if it generates the
+input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input
+this fits this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fits this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fits this is
+classically fits our model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classically fits our model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classically fits our model
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh
+of np
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of np
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of np
+you can think of it as guessing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of it as guessing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of it as guessing the
+derivation and checking that works or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation and checking that works or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation and checking that works or in
+parallel writing down all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel writing down all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel writing down all possible
+derivations um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivations um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivations um
+but this acfg problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this acfg problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this acfg problem is
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+classically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classically
+uh an np problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an np problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an np problem
+uh probably an in in np um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh probably an in in np um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh probably an in in np um
+uh and if you just imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and if you just imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and if you just imagine
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+uh so and and then what's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so and and then what's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so and and then what's going to be
+this the certificate if you found an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the certificate if you found an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the certificate if you found an
+input that's in the language um that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input that's in the language um that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input that's in the language um that's
+generated by the grammar the certificate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated by the grammar the certificate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated by the grammar the certificate
+is the derivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the derivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the derivation
+so if you look at it that way you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at it that way you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at it that way you might
+think well that's the best you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think well that's the best you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think well that's the best you can do
+this is going to be an np pro problem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be an np pro problem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be an np pro problem in
+np and there's not going to be a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+np and there's not going to be a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+np and there's not going to be a way of
+avoiding searching for the derivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoiding searching for the derivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoiding searching for the derivation
+but that's not true there is a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not true there is a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not true there is a way of
+avoiding searching for the derivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoiding searching for the derivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoiding searching for the derivation
+you can kind of build up the derivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can kind of build up the derivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can kind of build up the derivation
+um using dynamic program and so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um using dynamic program and so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um using dynamic program and so that's
+what i wanted to kind of just describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i wanted to kind of just describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i wanted to kind of just describe
+for you um how that works also partly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you um how that works also partly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you um how that works also partly
+because it's a homework problem and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a homework problem and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a homework problem and i
+think dynamic programming isn't is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think dynamic programming isn't is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think dynamic programming isn't is a
+very important algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+describe what dynamic programming is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe what dynamic programming is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe what dynamic programming is
+which is very simple by the way um let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is very simple by the way um let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is very simple by the way um let's
+try to work up to it by making an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to work up to it by making an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to work up to it by making an
+attempt to solve this problem just using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to solve this problem just using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to solve this problem just using
+ordinary recursion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary recursion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary recursion
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so how would we solve the acfg problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how would we solve the acfg problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how would we solve the acfg problem
+so you're given a grammar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're given a grammar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're given a grammar
+you're given an input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're given an input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're given an input
+let's assume the grammar's in conjunct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume the grammar's in conjunct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume the grammar's in conjunct
+in chomsky normal form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in chomsky normal form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in chomsky normal form
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+that's going to be useful so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be useful so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be useful so it's a
+chomsky normal form grammar and we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chomsky normal form grammar and we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chomsky normal form grammar and we want
+to see how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see how to
+test if you can generate w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test if you can generate w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test if you can generate w
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and it's going to be recursive algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to be recursive algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to be recursive algorithm
+recursive algorithm is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive algorithm is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive algorithm is going to
+actually sound something slightly more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sound something slightly more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sound something slightly more
+general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general
+i'm going to give you the grammar i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to give you the grammar i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to give you the grammar i'm
+going to give you the string and i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you the string and i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you the string and i'm
+also going to allow you to start at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to allow you to start at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to allow you to start at some
+other variable variable besides the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other variable variable besides the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other variable variable besides the
+start variable so i'm going to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start variable so i'm going to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start variable so i'm going to give you
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+some variable r and i know i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some variable r and i know i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some variable r and i know i want to
+know can i generate w starting at r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's my slightly more general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's my slightly more general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's my slightly more general
+problem which is going to be useful in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which is going to be useful in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which is going to be useful in
+the recursion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the input now to this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the input now to this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the input now to this this
+algorithm is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm is
+the grammar the input and the starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grammar the input and the starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grammar the input and the starting
+variable and now how is the algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and now how is the algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and now how is the algorithm
+going to work it's going to try to test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work it's going to try to test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work it's going to try to test
+can i get to you know is there some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i get to you know is there some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i get to you know is there some
+derivation pictured here as the parse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation pictured here as the parse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation pictured here as the parse
+tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree
+for w starting at r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for w starting at r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for w starting at r
+that's what the algorithm is trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the algorithm is trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the algorithm is trying to
+answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+can i get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i get
+w from r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w from r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w from r
+the way it's going to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it's going to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it's going to do that
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+it's going to try to divide w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to try to divide w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to try to divide w
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+the two strings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two strings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two strings
+in all possible ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all possible ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all possible ways
+which sounds like it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which sounds like it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which sounds like it might be
+exponential but it isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential but it isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential but it isn't
+there's only a polynomial number of ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only a polynomial number of ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only a polynomial number of ways
+to divide the string into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to divide the string into two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to divide the string into two
+substrings um just order n just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrings um just order n just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrings um just order n just
+depending where you make that cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending where you make that cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending where you make that cut
+so there's you know some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's you know some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's you know some
+uh so that's not too bad there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that's not too bad there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that's not too bad there's a
+polynomial there's only n ways of making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial there's only n ways of making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial there's only n ways of making
+that division and also i'm going to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that division and also i'm going to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that division and also i'm going to try
+every possible rule that comes from r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every possible rule that comes from r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every possible rule that comes from r
+um that generates two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that generates two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that generates two
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that generates two variables so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that generates two variables so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that generates two variables so these
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+what's allowed in chomsky normal form r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's allowed in chomsky normal form r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's allowed in chomsky normal form r
+goes to st
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to st
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to st
+okay so i'm gonna for each possible way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i'm gonna for each possible way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i'm gonna for each possible way
+of cutting w into x and x y and for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cutting w into x and x y and for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cutting w into x and x y and for each
+possible rule r goes to st i'm gonna see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible rule r goes to st i'm gonna see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible rule r goes to st i'm gonna see
+recursively can i get uh from s to x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively can i get uh from s to x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively can i get uh from s to x and
+from t to y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i'm going to use my recursion now now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to use my recursion now now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to use my recursion now now
+that i have smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i have smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i have smaller
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+um strings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um strings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um strings
+instead of w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of w
+um i can apply my recursion and try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i can apply my recursion and try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i can apply my recursion and try to
+answer it that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer it that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer it that way
+and this algorithm will work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this algorithm will work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this algorithm will work
+so if they if i found a way to cut w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if they if i found a way to cut w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if they if i found a way to cut w
+into xy and i found a rule r goes to st
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into xy and i found a rule r goes to st
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into xy and i found a rule r goes to st
+such that s generates x and t generates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that s generates x and t generates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that s generates x and t generates
+y then i'm good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y then i'm good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y then i'm good
+i know i can generate uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know i can generate uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know i can generate uh
+w from r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w from r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w from r
+okay and if there's no way of cutting w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if there's no way of cutting w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if there's no way of cutting w
+up um to satisfy that or uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up um to satisfy that or uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up um to satisfy that or uh
+you know uh if i can't find any way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh if i can't find any way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh if i can't find any way to
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+to divide w into x y and the rule r goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to divide w into x y and the rule r goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to divide w into x y and the rule r goes
+to x t which makes this work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to x t which makes this work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to x t which makes this work
+if all possible ways fail then you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if all possible ways fail then you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if all possible ways fail then you can't
+get from r to w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from r to w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from r to w
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and then you can decide the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can decide the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can decide the original
+acfg problem now by starting from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acfg problem now by starting from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acfg problem now by starting from the
+start variable instead of just some any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start variable instead of just some any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start variable instead of just some any
+old r you plug in the start variable far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old r you plug in the start variable far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old r you plug in the start variable far
+okay so if this algorithm works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if this algorithm works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if this algorithm works
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+can be used to solve ac of g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be used to solve ac of g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be used to solve ac of g
+but the question is is a polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the question is is a polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the question is is a polynomial
+and it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+every time you're doing the recursion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you're doing the recursion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you're doing the recursion
+you're essentially adding another factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're essentially adding another factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're essentially adding another factor
+of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n
+because here as we pointed out this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because here as we pointed out this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because here as we pointed out this is a
+factor of n but that's happening every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of n but that's happening every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of n but that's happening every
+time you're doing a recursive level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you're doing a recursive level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you're doing a recursive level
+and you can imagine you know i'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can imagine you know i'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can imagine you know i'm just
+doing a very crude analysis here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a very crude analysis here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a very crude analysis here
+depending upon how you divide divide w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending upon how you divide divide w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending upon how you divide divide w
+up but roughly speaking it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up but roughly speaking it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up but roughly speaking it's going to
+get divided in half each time so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get divided in half each time so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get divided in half each time so there's
+going to be log n levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be log n levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be log n levels
+and so that means you're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that means you're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that means you're going to be
+multiplying n by itself log n times or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying n by itself log n times or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying n by itself log n times or
+get give you an n to the log n algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get give you an n to the log n algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get give you an n to the log n algorithm
+that's not polynomial because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not polynomial because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not polynomial because
+polynomials enter the constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomials enter the constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomials enter the constant
+for some fixed constant n to the log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some fixed constant n to the log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some fixed constant n to the log n
+is not going to be polynomial so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not going to be polynomial so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not going to be polynomial so this is
+not a polynomial algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so instead you're going to have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead you're going to have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead you're going to have to do
+something just a little bit more clever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's going to be the same basic idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be the same basic idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be the same basic idea
+but just relying on one little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just relying on one little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just relying on one little
+observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation
+and the little observation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the little observation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the little observation is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+non-polynomial implementation that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-polynomial implementation that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-polynomial implementation that i
+just described is actually pretty pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just described is actually pretty pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just described is actually pretty pretty
+dumb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dumb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dumb
+because it's doing a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's doing a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's doing a lot of
+recomputation of things that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recomputation of things that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recomputation of things that it's
+already solved why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already solved why is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already solved why is that
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you look at the number of possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the number of possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the number of possible
+different sub-problems here once i fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sub-problems here once i fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sub-problems here once i fix
+once i give you g and and i give you w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once i give you g and and i give you w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once i give you g and and i give you w
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many
+different sub-problems uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sub-problems uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sub-problems uh
+g s and t are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g s and t are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g s and t are there
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+well the number of sub the number of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the number of sub the number of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the number of sub the number of uh
+of strings here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of strings here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of strings here
+all of those strings are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those strings are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those strings are going to be
+substrings of w there's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrings of w there's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrings of w there's only
+roughly n squared substrings of w i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly n squared substrings of w i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly n squared substrings of w i'm
+always going to be generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to be generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to be generating
+in a sub problem here some substring of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sub problem here some substring of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sub problem here some substring of
+w from some starting variable um in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w from some starting variable um in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w from some starting variable um in the
+grammar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammar
+so because there aren't that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because there aren't that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because there aren't that many
+different substrings and not that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different substrings and not that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different substrings and not that many
+different starting variables the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different starting variables the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different starting variables the number
+the total number of possible problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total number of possible problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total number of possible problems
+that this algorithm is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this algorithm is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this algorithm is going to be
+called on to solve is going to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called on to solve is going to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called on to solve is going to be in
+total a polynomial number of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total a polynomial number of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total a polynomial number of different
+sub problems there aren't very many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub problems there aren't very many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub problems there aren't very many of
+them it's only something like border n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them it's only something like border n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them it's only something like border n
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+so if the algorithm is running for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the algorithm is running for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the algorithm is running for
+exponentially long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially long
+long time it's solving the same sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time it's solving the same sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time it's solving the same sub
+problem over and over again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem over and over again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem over and over again
+that's dumb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why don't you just remember when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't you just remember when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't you just remember when you
+solve the sub problem so you don't solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the sub problem so you don't solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the sub problem so you don't solve
+it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that
+enhanced recursion where you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhanced recursion where you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhanced recursion where you remember
+the problems you've already solved it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems you've already solved it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems you've already solved it's
+called dynamic programming i don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called dynamic programming i don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called dynamic programming i don't know
+why it has such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it has such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it has such a
+a confusing name like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a confusing name like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a confusing name like that
+actually it's called by several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's called by several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's called by several
+different things but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things but anyway
+that's known as dynamic programming it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's known as dynamic programming it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's known as dynamic programming it's
+a recursion plus the memory um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a recursion plus the memory um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a recursion plus the memory um
+and here is just repeating myself um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is just repeating myself um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is just repeating myself um
+there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are
+not very many different substrings um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very many different substrings um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very many different substrings um
+so every time you're going to be in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so every time you're going to be in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so every time you're going to be in your
+recursion somewhere you're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion somewhere you're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion somewhere you're going to be
+working with a substring so there's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with a substring so there's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with a substring so there's not
+that many different sub problems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many different sub problems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many different sub problems that
+you can possibly solve and just remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can possibly solve and just remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can possibly solve and just remember
+when you solve the sub problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you solve the sub problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you solve the sub problem
+and not solve it again so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not solve it again so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not solve it again so
+let me just show you that algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just show you that algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just show you that algorithm
+again here with them with a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again here with them with a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again here with them with a little
+modification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modification
+so first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all
+let me give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give you
+this is the same algorithm from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the same algorithm from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the same algorithm from the
+previous slide i'm just repeating here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous slide i'm just repeating here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous slide i'm just repeating here
+without all the other stuff so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without all the other stuff so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without all the other stuff so we can
+just look at it directly right dividing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at it directly right dividing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at it directly right dividing
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+into x and y for each possible rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into x and y for each possible rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into x and y for each possible rule
+and just and then recurse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just and then recurse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just and then recurse
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to
+add a little step 0 beforehand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add a little step 0 beforehand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add a little step 0 beforehand
+um which says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which says
+if i have g w and r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have g w and r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have g w and r
+let me just check first with i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just check first with i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just check first with i've
+already solved that one before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already solved that one before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already solved that one before
+so i have to keep track of the ones i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have to keep track of the ones i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have to keep track of the ones i've
+already solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already solved
+that's not too bad because there's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not too bad because there's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not too bad because there's only
+n squared order n squared possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n squared order n squared possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n squared order n squared possible
+different ones that i could be called on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ones that i could be called on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ones that i could be called on
+to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve
+so i'm just going to have a little table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm just going to have a little table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm just going to have a little table
+where i'm going to remember those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i'm going to remember those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i'm going to remember those
+and then every time i get a new one i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then every time i get a new one i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then every time i get a new one i
+get i get one to solve i'll check is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get i get one to solve i'll check is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get i get one to solve i'll check is it
+on that table and what's the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that table and what's the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that table and what's the answer
+so i won't have to rerun those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i won't have to rerun those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i won't have to rerun those
+so now the total i'm going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now the total i'm going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now the total i'm going to be
+basically pruning that tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically pruning that tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically pruning that tree
+um so that it has only a polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that it has only a polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that it has only a polynomial
+number of leaves and so the total size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of leaves and so the total size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of leaves and so the total size
+of that tree now is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that tree now is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that tree now is going to be
+polynomial um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial um
+uh and so that's going to yield a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so that's going to yield a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so that's going to yield a
+polynomial running time this by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial running time this by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial running time this by the way
+i only learned this myself i'm sure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i only learned this myself i'm sure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i only learned this myself i'm sure you
+guys all know this who have taken this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys all know this who have taken this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys all know this who have taken this
+as in the algorithms of course has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in the algorithms of course has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in the algorithms of course has a
+special name called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special name called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special name called
+memoization not memorization sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memoization not memorization sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memoization not memorization sort of
+this came from the same root i think but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this came from the same root i think but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this came from the same root i think but
+memoization which is somehow remembering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memoization which is somehow remembering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memoization which is somehow remembering
+the results of a computation so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results of a computation so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results of a computation so you
+don't have to repeat it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to repeat it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to repeat it
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the total number of calls is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the total number of calls is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the total number of calls is going to
+be most n squared to this algorithm uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be most n squared to this algorithm uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be most n squared to this algorithm uh
+because you're never going to be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're never going to be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're never going to be uh
+redoing a work that you've done already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redoing a work that you've done already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redoing a work that you've done already
+so and you know and when you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and you know and when you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and you know and when you actually
+have to go through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go through it
+the the running time um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so
+it's it's the the total amount of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's the the total amount of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's the the total amount of time
+that you're going to need is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to need is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to need is going to be
+polynomial altogether um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial altogether um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial altogether um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+let's here i don't remember what my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's here i don't remember what my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's here i don't remember what my
+check-in is on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check-in is on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check-in is on this
+um oh yeah so i mean this is somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh yeah so i mean this is somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh yeah so i mean this is somehow
+related and feel free to ask questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related and feel free to ask questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related and feel free to ask questions
+too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too
+while you're thinking about uh this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while you're thinking about uh this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while you're thinking about uh this um
+this check-in but the check-in says here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this check-in but the check-in says here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this check-in but the check-in says here
+we've solved the acdfg problem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've solved the acdfg problem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've solved the acdfg problem in
+polynomial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial time
+does that tell us that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that tell us that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that tell us that every
+context-free language itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context-free language itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context-free language itself
+is also solvable in polynomial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also solvable in polynomial time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also solvable in polynomial time
+so just mull that over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just mull that over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just mull that over
+and please give me an answer to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and please give me an answer to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and please give me an answer to it
+i hope you do better on this check and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hope you do better on this check and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hope you do better on this check and
+then you did on the last one um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you did on the last one um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you did on the last one um
+but anyway why don't you go ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway why don't you go ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway why don't you go ahead and
+think about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that
+and i can take some questions in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i can take some questions in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i can take some questions in the
+meantime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+someone is asking here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone is asking here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone is asking here
+um actually i'm getting several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um actually i'm getting several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um actually i'm getting several
+questions on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on this
+why isn't it order n cubed or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why isn't it order n cubed or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why isn't it order n cubed or something
+greater than order n squared because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than order n squared because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than order n squared because of
+the variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variables
+the variables are not don't don't depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variables are not don't don't depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variables are not don't don't depend
+on n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on n
+you know when you're given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when you're given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when you're given
+um oh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh well
+actually that's not true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that's not true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that's not true
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+you you're you are right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you're you are right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you're you are right
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh because the grammar is part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because the grammar is part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because the grammar is part of the
+input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input
+so that you might have as many as n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you might have as many as n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you might have as many as n
+different variables in the given grammar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different variables in the given grammar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different variables in the given grammar
+so you you are right there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you are right there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you are right there is
+potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially
+um you know the grammar might be half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know the grammar might be half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know the grammar might be half
+the size of the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the input
+and the input to the grammar w might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the input to the grammar w might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the input to the grammar w might be
+half the size of the input so i didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the size of the input so i didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the size of the input so i didn't
+think about that but you're correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that but you're correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that but you're correct
+there are uh potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are uh potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are uh potentially
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+different numbers of variables in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different numbers of variables in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different numbers of variables in
+different grammars so you have to add an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different grammars so you have to add an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different grammars so you have to add an
+extra factor which would be at most the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra factor which would be at most the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra factor which would be at most the
+size of the input because that's as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the input because that's as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the input because that's as many
+variables as you could possibly have so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables as you could possibly have so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables as you could possibly have so
+it really should be i think um order n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really should be i think um order n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really should be i think um order n
+cubed um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed um
+to take that into account as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take that into account as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take that into account as well
+plus all of the work that needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus all of the work that needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus all of the work that needs to
+happen in terms of dividing things up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in terms of dividing things up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in terms of dividing things up
+you know on a one tape turing machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know on a one tape turing machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know on a one tape turing machine
+there's going to be some extra work uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be some extra work uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be some extra work uh
+just to carry out some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to carry out some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to carry out some of these
+individual steps um because with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual steps um because with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual steps um because with a
+single tape things are sometimes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single tape things are sometimes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single tape things are sometimes a
+little awkward i think the total running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little awkward i think the total running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little awkward i think the total running
+time is going to end up being something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is going to end up being something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is going to end up being something
+like enter the fourth or into the fifth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like enter the fourth or into the fifth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like enter the fourth or into the fifth
+on a one tape turing machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+but that's a good point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so somebody's saying how can we be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so somebody's saying how can we be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so somebody's saying how can we be
+storing n squared strings in finite time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing n squared strings in finite time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing n squared strings in finite time
+i'm not saying what why finite time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not saying what why finite time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not saying what why finite time we
+have polynomial time every every state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have polynomial time every every state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have polynomial time every every state
+stage of this algorithm is allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage of this algorithm is allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage of this algorithm is allowed to
+run for polynomially many steps as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run for polynomially many steps as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run for polynomially many steps as long
+as it's clearly polynomial we can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it's clearly polynomial we can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it's clearly polynomial we can just
+write that down as a single stage um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+part two should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part two should say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part two should say
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+there's a typo here so use d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a typo here so use d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a typo here so use d
+thank you that's that is a typo um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you that's that is a typo um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you that's that is a typo um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm afraid if i change it on my original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm afraid if i change it on my original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm afraid if i change it on my original
+slide here things will break in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide here things will break in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide here things will break in some
+horrible way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible way
+let's just see that i completely wrecked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just see that i completely wrecked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just see that i completely wrecked
+my slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my slide
+no that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that's good
+yeah thank you good point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah thank you good point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah thank you good point
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops
+okay how's how's our check-in doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how's how's our check-in doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how's how's our check-in doing
+okay i think you're just about all done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i think you're just about all done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i think you're just about all done
+um oh that's still spent a lot of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh that's still spent a lot of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh that's still spent a lot of time
+on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this
+and polling um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as you may remember from the first half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you may remember from the first half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you may remember from the first half
+of the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the course
+so the answer is is a indeed um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the answer is is a indeed um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the answer is is a indeed um
+remember that we showed acfg is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that we showed acfg is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that we showed acfg is in
+is decidable and therefore each context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is decidable and therefore each context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is decidable and therefore each context
+free language itself is decidable just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free language itself is decidable just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free language itself is decidable just
+because you can then plug you can plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can then plug you can plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can then plug you can plug
+in the specific grammar into the acfg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the specific grammar into the acfg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the specific grammar into the acfg
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+the very same reasoning works here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very same reasoning works here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very same reasoning works here
+um you can for if if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can for if if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can for if if you have a
+context-free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context-free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context-free
+language it has a grammar you can plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language it has a grammar you can plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language it has a grammar you can plug
+that grammar into the acfg problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that grammar into the acfg problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that grammar into the acfg problem
+and then that's polynomial time you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that's polynomial time you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that's polynomial time you'll
+get you're going to get a polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you're going to get a polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you're going to get a polynomial
+time algorithm for that uh for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time algorithm for that uh for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time algorithm for that uh for that
+language um so good to review that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language um so good to review that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language um so good to review that um
+it's it's the same thing from same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's the same thing from same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's the same thing from same
+argument we used before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+also i i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also i i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also i i
+i want to spend a lot of time on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to spend a lot of time on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to spend a lot of time on this
+there are there's another way of looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are there's another way of looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are there's another way of looking
+at dynamic programming we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at dynamic programming we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at dynamic programming we'll talk about
+this again um maybe in a lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this again um maybe in a lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this again um maybe in a lecture
+probably next lecture just because i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably next lecture just because i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably next lecture just because i
+know you have a homework problem on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you have a homework problem on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you have a homework problem on it
+and um if if you've seen dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um if if you've seen dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um if if you've seen dynamic
+programming before is going to be easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming before is going to be easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming before is going to be easy
+if you haven't seen it before it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you haven't seen it before it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you haven't seen it before it's going
+to be i think probably a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be i think probably a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be i think probably a little
+challenging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+another way of looking at dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of looking at dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of looking at dynamic
+programming is the so-called bottom-up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming is the so-called bottom-up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming is the so-called bottom-up
+version of dynamic programming and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of dynamic programming and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of dynamic programming and what
+that would mean is you solve all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would mean is you solve all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would mean is you solve all of the
+sub-problems first before you solve all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub-problems first before you solve all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub-problems first before you solve all
+the smaller sub-problems before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smaller sub-problems before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smaller sub-problems before you
+solve the larger sub-problems um let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the larger sub-problems um let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the larger sub-problems um let me
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+you know i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i
+i it's here on the slide i'm not sure i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i it's here on the slide i'm not sure i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i it's here on the slide i'm not sure i
+want to talk it through but basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk it through but basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk it through but basically
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solve
+this the sub problems here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the sub problems here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the sub problems here
+where um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where um
+the strings are start with strings of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strings are start with strings of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strings are start with strings of
+length one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length one
+and then from that you build up to sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then from that you build up to sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then from that you build up to sub
+problems where the substrings are of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems where the substrings are of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems where the substrings are of
+length two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length two
+and then three and so on and each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then three and so on and each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then three and so on and each of
+those only relies on the smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those only relies on the smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those only relies on the smaller
+previously solved sub problems so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously solved sub problems so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously solved sub problems so you
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+kind of in a systematic way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of in a systematic way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of in a systematic way
+solve all the larger and larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve all the larger and larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve all the larger and larger
+subproblems uh you know for larger and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subproblems uh you know for larger and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subproblems uh you know for larger and
+larger substrings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger substrings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger substrings
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+that gives a kind of a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives a kind of a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives a kind of a different
+perspective on dynamic programming and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective on dynamic programming and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective on dynamic programming and
+kind of for different problems sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of for different problems sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of for different problems sometimes
+it's better to think about either the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's better to think about either the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's better to think about either the
+sort of top-down recursion-based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of top-down recursion-based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of top-down recursion-based
+process or the sort of the bottom-up uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process or the sort of the bottom-up uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process or the sort of the bottom-up uh
+process that i'm describing here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that i'm describing here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that i'm describing here um
+they're really completely equivalent um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really completely equivalent um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really completely equivalent um
+but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+the version that's described for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the version that's described for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the version that's described for this
+particular algorithm which appears in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular algorithm which appears in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular algorithm which appears in
+the textbook is actually the bottom-up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the textbook is actually the bottom-up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the textbook is actually the bottom-up
+algorithm um so you shouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm um so you shouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm um so you shouldn't be
+confused if you see something there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused if you see something there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused if you see something there
+which looks somewhat different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which looks somewhat different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which looks somewhat different
+and that's often you see you basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's often you see you basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's often you see you basically
+solve all possible sub problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve all possible sub problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve all possible sub problems
+filling up basically filling out a table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling up basically filling out a table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling up basically filling out a table
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+let me not say it anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me not say it anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me not say it anymore
+say anything more about that here since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say anything more about that here since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say anything more about that here since
+we're running a little short on time um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're running a little short on time um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're running a little short on time um
+but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um
+there are really two perspectives on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are really two perspectives on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are really two perspectives on
+dynamic programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic programming
+okay so moving on from there um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so moving on from there um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so moving on from there um
+let's let's shift gears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh leave context free languages and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh leave context free languages and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh leave context free languages and uh
+dynamic programming behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic programming behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic programming behind
+um and start moving toward understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and start moving toward understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and start moving toward understanding
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+p and np
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and np
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and np
+and for that we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for that we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for that we will
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+introduce a new problem called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a new problem called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a new problem called the
+satisfiability problem and that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfiability problem and that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfiability problem and that's one
+we're going to spend a lot of time on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to spend a lot of time on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to spend a lot of time on
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to
+if you tuned out a little bit during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you tuned out a little bit during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you tuned out a little bit during the
+dynamic programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic programming
+discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion
+time to get back on board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the satisfiability problem is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the satisfiability problem is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the satisfiability problem is going
+to be a computational problem um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a computational problem um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a computational problem um
+uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're going to be working on and it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be working on and it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be working on and it has
+to do with boolean formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with boolean formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with boolean formula
+so these are like expressions like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are like expressions like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are like expressions like
+arithmetical formula like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetical formula like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetical formula like
+x plus y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x plus y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x plus y
+times z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times z
+but instead of using um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but instead of using um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but instead of using um
+numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical
+variables we're going to be using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables we're going to be using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables we're going to be using
+boolean variables that take on boolean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boolean variables that take on boolean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boolean variables that take on boolean
+values true false or sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values true false or sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values true false or sometimes
+represented by one and zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the operators that we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the operators that we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the operators that we're going to be
+using are going to be the and or and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using are going to be the and or and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using are going to be the and or and
+negation operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negation operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negation operations
+and or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and or not
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+i'm going to say such a very such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to say such a very such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to say such a very such a
+formula such a boolean formula we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula such a boolean formula we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula such a boolean formula we're
+going to call it satisfiable we'll do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call it satisfiable we'll do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call it satisfiable we'll do an
+example in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in a second
+if that formula value evaluates to true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that formula value evaluates to true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that formula value evaluates to true
+um if you assign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you assign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you assign
+make some assignment the values to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some assignment the values to its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some assignment the values to its
+variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+so just like arithmetic their formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just like arithmetic their formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just like arithmetic their formula
+will have some value if you plug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have some value if you plug in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have some value if you plug in
+values for the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values for the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values for the uh
+boolean formula is going to have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boolean formula is going to have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boolean formula is going to have some
+value if you plug in boolean values for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value if you plug in boolean values for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value if you plug in boolean values for
+its variables and i want to know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its variables and i want to know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its variables and i want to know is
+there some way to plug in values which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there some way to plug in values which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there some way to plug in values which
+makes the whole thing evaluate the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the whole thing evaluate the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the whole thing evaluate the true
+the the formula itself is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the formula itself is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the formula itself is going to
+evaluate to some either true or false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate to some either true or false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate to some either true or false
+and i want it to evaluate to true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i want it to evaluate to true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i want it to evaluate to true
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh here is our example that let's take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here is our example that let's take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here is our example that let's take
+the formula fee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula fee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula fee
+which is x or y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is x or y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is x or y
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+x complement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x complement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x complement
+you know or not x or not y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know or not x or not y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know or not x or not y
+so the notation x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the notation x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the notation x
+with a bar over it x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a bar over it x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a bar over it x
+x complement is just x bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x complement is just x bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x complement is just x bar
+not x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not x
+is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just
+the way if you're familiar with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way if you're familiar with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way if you're familiar with the
+other notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other notation
+uh for the the not operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for the the not operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for the the not operation
+we just inverts ones and zeros um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just inverts ones and zeros um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just inverts ones and zeros um
+we we would write it we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we would write it we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we would write it we're going to
+write it with a bar instead of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it with a bar instead of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it with a bar instead of the
+negation symbol so i i'm assuming that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negation symbol so i i'm assuming that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negation symbol so i i'm assuming that
+you've all seen boolean algebra boolean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've all seen boolean algebra boolean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've all seen boolean algebra boolean
+arithmetic before you know where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic before you know where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic before you know where you
+know the and operation is only true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the and operation is only true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the and operation is only true
+if both inputs are true so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if both inputs are true so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if both inputs are true so these are
+going to be binary and operations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be binary and operations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be binary and operations in
+binary or operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary or operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary or operations
+um or is going to be true if either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or is going to be true if either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or is going to be true if either
+input is true and not as true if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input is true and not as true if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input is true and not as true if it's
+single input is false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single input is false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single input is false
+so it just flips the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it just flips the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it just flips the answer
+okay so here i want to know for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here i want to know for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here i want to know for this
+formula for this boolean formula here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for this boolean formula here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for this boolean formula here is
+it satisfiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it satisfiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it satisfiable
+is there some way to assign values to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there some way to assign values to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there some way to assign values to
+the variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variables
+to make this formula evaluate to true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make this formula evaluate to true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make this formula evaluate to true
+so for example let's just try things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example let's just try things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example let's just try things
+let's make x and y both true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make x and y both true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make x and y both true
+so x is true and y is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so x is true and y is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so x is true and y is true
+so x or y well that's good that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so x or y well that's good that's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so x or y well that's good that's true
+but now we have to do an and so we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we have to do an and so we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we have to do an and so we need
+both sides to be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides to be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides to be true
+so now now we have x complement well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now now we have x complement well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now now we have x complement well we
+said we said x is true so x complement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we said x is true so x complement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we said x is true so x complement
+is false y complement is false false or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is false y complement is false false or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is false y complement is false false or
+false is false so now we have a true and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false is false so now we have a true and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false is false so now we have a true and
+false that's going to be false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false that's going to be false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false that's going to be false
+we did not find a satisfying assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did not find a satisfying assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did not find a satisfying assignment
+but maybe there's another one and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe there's another one and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe there's another one and in
+fact there is if you make x true and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact there is if you make x true and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact there is if you make x true and y
+false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false
+then both of these parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then both of these parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then both of these parts
+will be evaluate to true and then you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be evaluate to true and then you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be evaluate to true and then you'll
+have true and true so we found a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have true and true so we found a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have true and true so we found a
+satisfying assignment to this formula it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying assignment to this formula it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying assignment to this formula it
+is in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in fact
+uh satisfiable so if you say x is 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh satisfiable so if you say x is 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh satisfiable so if you say x is 1 and
+y 0 yes this is satisfiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y 0 yes this is satisfiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y 0 yes this is satisfiable
+now the problem of testing for a boolean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the problem of testing for a boolean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the problem of testing for a boolean
+formula if it is satisfiable is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula if it is satisfiable is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula if it is satisfiable is going to
+be the sat language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the sat language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the sat language
+it's a set it's a collection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a set it's a collection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a set it's a collection of
+satisfiable boolean formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfiable boolean formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfiable boolean formula
+and testing whether you're in sat or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and testing whether you're in sat or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and testing whether you're in sat or not
+is going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be a
+an important computational problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important computational problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important computational problem
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+there was an amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which really got this whole subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which really got this whole subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which really got this whole subject
+going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+uh discovered independently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh discovered independently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh discovered independently
+by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uh
+steve cook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steve cook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steve cook
+in north america and lane 11 in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in north america and lane 11 in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in north america and lane 11 in the in
+the former soviet union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the former soviet union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the former soviet union
+almost exactly at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost exactly at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost exactly at the same time
+which made a connection between this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which made a connection between this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which made a connection between this
+one problem and all of the problems in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one problem and all of the problems in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one problem and all of the problems in
+np
+
+ align:start position:0%
+np
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+np
+so by solving this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by solving this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by solving this one
+satisfiability problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfiability problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfiability problem
+in polynomial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in polynomial time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in polynomial time
+you you there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you there
+it give it it allows you to solve all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it give it it allows you to solve all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it give it it allows you to solve all of
+the problems in np in polynomial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems in np in polynomial time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems in np in polynomial time
+so if you could solve this problem sat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you could solve this problem sat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you could solve this problem sat
+in in in p then hamiltonian path is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in p then hamiltonian path is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in p then hamiltonian path is also
+solvable in p it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvable in p it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvable in p it's kind of
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+step back and think about that it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step back and think about that it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step back and think about that it's kind
+of amazing um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of amazing um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of amazing um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+and the method that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the method that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the method that we're going to
+introduce is called polynomial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce is called polynomial time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce is called polynomial time
+reducibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducibility
+and let's do a quick checking on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's do a quick checking on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's do a quick checking on this
+this should be an easy one um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should be an easy one um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should be an easy one um
+i want to just think about is sat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to just think about is sat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to just think about is sat the
+sat problem that we just described here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat problem that we just described here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat problem that we just described here
+is that in np
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you all there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all there
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ending polling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending polling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending polling
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yeah so the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hopefully you're getting the intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you're getting the intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you're getting the intuition
+for np uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for np uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for np uh that
+these are the problems to be an np means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the problems to be an np means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the problems to be an np means
+that when you're a member of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you're a member of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you're a member of the
+language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language
+there's a short proof or a short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a short proof or a short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a short proof or a short
+certificate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate
+of membership in this case the short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of membership in this case the short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of membership in this case the short
+certificate that the formula is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate that the formula is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate that the formula is
+satisfiable is the assignment which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfiable is the assignment which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfiable is the assignment which
+makes it true also called the satisfying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it true also called the satisfying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it true also called the satisfying
+assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment
+so yes this is an np language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yes this is an np language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yes this is an np language
+language that's in np
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that's in np
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that's in np
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh so there are a lot of things that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so there are a lot of things that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so there are a lot of things that we
+don't know in this subject but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know in this subject but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know in this subject but
+this isn't one of them we do know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't one of them we do know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't one of them we do know that
+sat is an np
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat is an np
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat is an np
+so let's talk about our method um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's talk about our method um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's talk about our method um
+for showing this uh remarkable fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for showing this uh remarkable fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for showing this uh remarkable fact that
+if you can solve pollen if you can solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you can solve sat in polynomial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can solve sat in polynomial time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can solve sat in polynomial time
+then all of np is solvable in polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all of np is solvable in polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all of np is solvable in polynomial
+time and it uses this notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and it uses this notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and it uses this notion of
+polynomial time reducibility which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial time reducibility which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial time reducibility which is
+just like mapping reducibility that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like mapping reducibility that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like mapping reducibility that i
+hope you've all grown to know and love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you've all grown to know and love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you've all grown to know and love
+in the first half of the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first half of the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first half of the course
+but now the reduction has to operate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now the reduction has to operate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now the reduction has to operate in
+polynomial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial time
+so it's the same picture that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's the same picture that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's the same picture that we had
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+mapping a to b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping a to b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping a to b
+transforming a questions to b questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforming a questions to b questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforming a questions to b questions
+but now the transformation has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now the transformation has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now the transformation has to
+operate quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate quickly
+and we get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get that
+if a is polynomial time reducible to b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a is polynomial time reducible to b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a is polynomial time reducible to b
+and b is polynomial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b is polynomial time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b is polynomial time
+then a is also polynomial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a is also polynomial time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a is also polynomial time
+same pattern as before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same pattern as before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same pattern as before
+if a is reducible to b and b is easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a is reducible to b and b is easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a is reducible to b and b is easy
+then a is easy um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a is easy um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a is easy um
+and here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is
+kind of the essence of the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the essence of the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the essence of the idea
+or at least the outline in a sense the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least the outline in a sense the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least the outline in a sense the
+idea of of this cook and levin theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of of this cook and levin theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of of this cook and levin theorem
+that if satisfiability is in p then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if satisfiability is in p then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if satisfiability is in p then
+everything in np can be done in p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in np can be done in p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in np can be done in p
+which is because we will show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is because we will show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is because we will show
+that all problems in np are polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all problems in np are polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all problems in np are polynomial
+time reducible to set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's the amazing fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the amazing fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the amazing fact
+so therefore if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore if you can
+bring sat down into p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring sat down into p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring sat down into p
+by using this reduction it brings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by using this reduction it brings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by using this reduction it brings
+everything else along with it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else along with it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else along with it because
+everything is reducible to the set so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is reducible to the set so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is reducible to the set so we
+just have to show how to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to show how to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to show how to do that
+and there is an analogy that we had in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is an analogy that we had in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is an analogy that we had in
+the first half of the course in one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first half of the course in one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first half of the course in one of
+our homework problems if you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our homework problems if you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our homework problems if you may
+remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+we showed that atm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we showed that atm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we showed that atm
+has the very special property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the very special property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the very special property
+that all touring recognizable languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all touring recognizable languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all touring recognizable languages
+are mapping reducible to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are mapping reducible to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are mapping reducible to it
+i think that was problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that was problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that was problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+2a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2a
+either in this problem set 3 or problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either in this problem set 3 or problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either in this problem set 3 or problem
+set 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set 2.
+i think problem said three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think problem said three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think problem said three
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every
+every entering recognizable language is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every entering recognizable language is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every entering recognizable language is
+polynomial time reducible to atm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial time reducible to atm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial time reducible to atm
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+very similar picture and there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar picture and there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar picture and there's the
+a lot of analogies here that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of analogies here that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of analogies here that you can
+draw between between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw between between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw between between
+uh the computability section and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the computability section and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the computability section and the
+complexity section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity section
+anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+with that i know we're just about out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that i know we're just about out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that i know we're just about out of
+time so let's quick review um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so let's quick review um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so let's quick review um
+of what we've done um here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we've done um here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we've done um here
+and um i will stick around for questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um i will stick around for questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um i will stick around for questions
+for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while
+is there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that's a good question is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's a good question is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's a good question is there
+kind of a you know a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a you know a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a you know a um
+sort of a regular reduction analogy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a regular reduction analogy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a regular reduction analogy
+version to mapping reducibility you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version to mapping reducibility you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version to mapping reducibility you know
+we had that we had the general reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had that we had the general reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had that we had the general reduction
+uh for the computability section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for the computability section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for the computability section
+and we had the mapping reduction for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we had the mapping reduction for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we had the mapping reduction for the
+computability section here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computability section here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computability section here
+we're only going to be focusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only going to be focusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only going to be focusing
+now on the mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now on the mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now on the mapping
+reduction so polynomial time reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction so polynomial time reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction so polynomial time reduction
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+by assumption going to be a mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by assumption going to be a mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by assumption going to be a mapping
+reduction yes there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction yes there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction yes there is a
+general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general
+polynomial time reduction notion as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you
+you know this is not required but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is not required but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is not required but if you
+are curious about the general reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are curious about the general reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are curious about the general reduction
+and how to precisely formulate that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how to precisely formulate that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how to precisely formulate that it
+actually appears in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually appears in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually appears in
+uh chapter six under turing reducibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh chapter six under turing reducibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh chapter six under turing reducibility
+um that's the general notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's the general notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's the general notion of
+reducibility spelled out in a formal way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducibility spelled out in a formal way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducibility spelled out in a formal way
+and there's polynomial time touring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's polynomial time touring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's polynomial time touring
+reducibility as well we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducibility as well we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducibility as well we're not going to
+talk about it this in this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about it this in this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about it this in this course
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does np correspond exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does np correspond exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does np correspond exactly
+to verification in polynomial time if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to verification in polynomial time if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to verification in polynomial time if
+well we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we have to
+for me to answer that as a precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me to answer that as a precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me to answer that as a precise
+question we have to have a precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question we have to have a precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question we have to have a precise
+definition of verification but with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of verification but with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of verification but with the
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+definition the answer is yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition the answer is yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition the answer is yes
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so you can define a verifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can define a verifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can define a verifier
+as a polynomial time algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a polynomial time algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a polynomial time algorithm
+um that gives a certificate given that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that gives a certificate given that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that gives a certificate given that
+takes a certificate and an input to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a certificate and an input to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a certificate and an input to the
+language and will um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and will um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and will um
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+accept if they're if that certificate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept if they're if that certificate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept if they're if that certificate is
+a valid certificate for that input um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a valid certificate for that input um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a valid certificate for that input um
+this is actually discussed in chapter i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually discussed in chapter i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually discussed in chapter i
+think nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think nine
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+of the text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the text
+uh but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but um
+uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+no i'm forgetting already what's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i'm forgetting already what's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i'm forgetting already what's where
+in the book but yeah you can think of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the book but yeah you can think of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the book but yeah you can think of it
+you can think of np in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of np in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of np in terms of
+verification as a definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+is proving people np the same as proving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is proving people np the same as proving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is proving people np the same as proving
+that a problem you know actually i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a problem you know actually i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a problem you know actually i can
+even make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even make the
+if you want you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want you can
+post public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post public
+comments too as well should have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments too as well should have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments too as well should have done
+that in other cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in other cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in other cases
+if is proving p equal np the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if is proving p equal np the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if is proving p equal np the same as
+proving that a polynomial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving that a polynomial time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving that a polynomial time
+non-deterministic turing machine n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic turing machine n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic turing machine n
+has a polynomial time deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so it
+doesn't mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean that
+suppose we prove that p equals np
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we prove that p equals np
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we prove that p equals np
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the minority view i would say uh quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minority view i would say uh quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minority view i would say uh quite
+the small minority view that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small minority view that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small minority view that that
+there are some people who believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some people who believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some people who believe that
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+that that is uh entirely possible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is uh entirely possible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is uh entirely possible and
+might even be the case but that's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might even be the case but that's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might even be the case but that's a very
+small small group um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small small group um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small small group um
+but yeah if you proved p equal np that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah if you proved p equal np that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah if you proved p equal np that's
+the same as saying that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as saying that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as saying that every
+non-deterministic polynomial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic polynomial time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic polynomial time
+turing machine is going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turing machine is going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turing machine is going to have a
+companion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companion
+deterministic polynomial time turing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic polynomial time turing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic polynomial time turing
+machine which does the same language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine which does the same language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine which does the same language
+that's exactly what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly what it
+bye means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/1YVNvOqy9Gw.txt b/1YVNvOqy9Gw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1cb1081c8d74e383d78394da2d2dfa8b4bf37a9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1YVNvOqy9Gw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17043 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+on bounded rationality you know I told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on bounded rationality you know I told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on bounded rationality you know I told
+you there are sort of several different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you there are sort of several different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you there are sort of several different
+ways people do boundedly rational models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways people do boundedly rational models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways people do boundedly rational models
+last class and and the one I emphasized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last class and and the one I emphasized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last class and and the one I emphasized
+was this sort of psychology and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this sort of psychology and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this sort of psychology and
+economics style where you take one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics style where you take one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics style where you take one of
+these rationality like models you see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these rationality like models you see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these rationality like models you see in
+in behavioral economics classes and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in behavioral economics classes and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in behavioral economics classes and you
+sort of think about what happens when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of think about what happens when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of think about what happens when
+consumers do behave like that and firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers do behave like that and firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers do behave like that and firms
+exploit them um but sort of the let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploit them um but sort of the let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploit them um but sort of the let me
+say the motivate the rule of thumb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the motivate the rule of thumb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the motivate the rule of thumb
+approach I guess one philosophical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach I guess one philosophical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach I guess one philosophical
+question of like why is it we ever even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of like why is it we ever even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of like why is it we ever even
+do economics with rational models to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do economics with rational models to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do economics with rational models to
+begin with you know when we have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin with you know when we have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin with you know when we have you
+know you do write down some rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you do write down some rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you do write down some rational
+model and then you have some very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and then you have some very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and then you have some very
+complicated you know if you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated you know if you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated you know if you're going to
+publish paper top Journal you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish paper top Journal you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish paper top Journal you've got
+very complicated AR mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated AR mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated AR mathematical
+argument of eight pages of calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument of eight pages of calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument of eight pages of calculations
+proving what happens under this set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving what happens under this set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving what happens under this set of
+assumptions and and then you sort of say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions and and then you sort of say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions and and then you sort of say
+therefore this happens to this industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this happens to this industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this happens to this industry
+and your question is like why do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your question is like why do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your question is like why do we
+believe that in the first place you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that in the first place you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that in the first place you know
+like like there's some parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like there's some parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like there's some parts of
+rationality that we really do believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationality that we really do believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationality that we really do believe
+that like if people can do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like if people can do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like if people can do something
+that's better for themselves they'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's better for themselves they'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's better for themselves they'll do
+it and they have some preferences they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and they have some preferences they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and they have some preferences they
+have some goals they're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some goals they're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some goals they're trying to
+achieve you can't keep fooling them over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve you can't keep fooling them over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve you can't keep fooling them over
+and over again they will catch on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over again they will catch on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over again they will catch on to
+things but you know the full rationality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but you know the full rationality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but you know the full rationality
+I think we don't really believe it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we don't really believe it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we don't really believe it and
+you know same with these sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know same with these sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know same with these sort of
+Behavioral models like okay we believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavioral models like okay we believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavioral models like okay we believe
+people are shortsighted Ed but do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are shortsighted Ed but do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are shortsighted Ed but do we
+really believe the sort of beta beta hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really believe the sort of beta beta hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really believe the sort of beta beta hat
+Delta quasi hyperbolic model why not any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta quasi hyperbolic model why not any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta quasi hyperbolic model why not any
+other functional form and you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other functional form and you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other functional form and you know if
+their people are being fooled are is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their people are being fooled are is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their people are being fooled are is
+that going to keep working on them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that going to keep working on them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that going to keep working on them in
+that model or are they going to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that model or are they going to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that model or are they going to sort of
+change the way they behave when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the way they behave when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the way they behave when they
+realize that their life is going badly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that their life is going badly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that their life is going badly
+because of something that they do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of something that they do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of something that they do and
+are they going to introspect and change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they going to introspect and change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they going to introspect and change
+it um and you know so I mean I think one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um and you know so I mean I think one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um and you know so I mean I think one
+answer why we do that is it does prevent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer why we do that is it does prevent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer why we do that is it does prevent
+you from cheating it prevents you from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you from cheating it prevents you from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you from cheating it prevents you from
+sort of just assuming people do this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of just assuming people do this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of just assuming people do this and
+then getting your conclusion right way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then getting your conclusion right way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then getting your conclusion right way
+but you know you can still cheat with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know you can still cheat with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know you can still cheat with
+rational modeling and you just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational modeling and you just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational modeling and you just sort of
+when you're writing down the preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're writing down the preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're writing down the preferences
+and you're writing down the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're writing down the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're writing down the cost
+functions and you're writing down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and you're writing down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and you're writing down the
+other things you and the information you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things you and the information you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things you and the information you
+slip in a lot of extra assumptions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slip in a lot of extra assumptions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slip in a lot of extra assumptions that
+some sense let you get to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense let you get to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense let you get to your
+conclusion anyway um and you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion anyway um and you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion anyway um and you know so
+then maybe you know sociology of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then maybe you know sociology of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then maybe you know sociology of
+Economics one of the reasons we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economics one of the reasons we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economics one of the reasons we do that
+is because to publish a paper you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because to publish a paper you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because to publish a paper you need
+to have eight pages of complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have eight pages of complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have eight pages of complicated
+seeming complications to show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeming complications to show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeming complications to show that
+you've accomplished something hard in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've accomplished something hard in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've accomplished something hard in
+your paper and then that rationality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your paper and then that rationality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your paper and then that rationality
+lets you do that um but then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lets you do that um but then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lets you do that um but then the
+question is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is you
+know you know is it really a good model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know is it really a good model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know is it really a good model
+if it takes a lot of pages of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it takes a lot of pages of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it takes a lot of pages of
+complicated calculations to find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated calculations to find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated calculations to find out
+what happens because that's when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens because that's when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens because that's when we
+don't really all the minor things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really all the minor things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really all the minor things that
+are depart from rationality don't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are depart from rationality don't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are depart from rationality don't matter
+or or could make have an effect and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or could make have an effect and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or could make have an effect and so
+what the like the rule of thumb approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the like the rule of thumb approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the like the rule of thumb approach
+tends to do is say that rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to do is say that rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to do is say that rather than
+rather than writing down a rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than writing down a rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than writing down a rational
+model and sticking with it even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and sticking with it even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and sticking with it even though
+it's really hard to solve and we may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really hard to solve and we may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really hard to solve and we may not
+believe it why don't we just write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe it why don't we just write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe it why don't we just write down
+a model that we think is more like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a model that we think is more like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a model that we think is more like what
+we think is kind of like what consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think is kind of like what consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think is kind of like what consumers
+do and we're happy to buy that as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and we're happy to buy that as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and we're happy to buy that as an
+approximation that's easy to solve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation that's easy to solve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation that's easy to solve and
+so instead of thinking of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead of thinking of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead of thinking of the
+assumptions on information and costs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions on information and costs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions on information and costs and
+whatever that and and you know Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever that and and you know Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever that and and you know Epsilon
+JK is being lit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JK is being lit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JK is being lit
+distributed let's just go straight to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed let's just go straight to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed let's just go straight to
+the behavior write down a behavior that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior write down a behavior that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior write down a behavior that
+makes the model tractable and like let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the model tractable and like let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the model tractable and like let
+us describe what happens so I'll I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us describe what happens so I'll I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us describe what happens so I'll I'll
+start with an example uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with an example uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with an example uh you know
+Smallwood and conis is one of my uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Smallwood and conis is one of my uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Smallwood and conis is one of my uh you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+favorite classic economics papers um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite classic economics papers um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite classic economics papers um you
+know that didn't get taught when I took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that didn't get taught when I took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that didn't get taught when I took
+IO but you know small one and cond start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IO but you know small one and cond start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IO but you know small one and cond start
+with you know they they have the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you know they they have the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you know they they have the sort of
+question they're starting from of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question they're starting from of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question they're starting from of
+um you know are Superior Products going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know are Superior Products going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know are Superior Products going
+to win out in the long run in the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to win out in the long run in the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to win out in the long run in the market
+and and do Superior Products sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and do Superior Products sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and do Superior Products sort of
+take over markets and and out compete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take over markets and and out compete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take over markets and and out compete
+inferior products in a world where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior products in a world where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior products in a world where
+people don't know the quality of every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't know the quality of every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't know the quality of every
+product when it when it's first invented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product when it when it's first invented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product when it when it's first invented
+uh and so they use the example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so they use the example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so they use the example of
+suppose you have someone buying a box of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have someone buying a box of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have someone buying a box of
+cereal and they're standing here looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cereal and they're standing here looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cereal and they're standing here looking
+at the supermarket shelf and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the supermarket shelf and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the supermarket shelf and they're
+trying to decide what to buy you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to decide what to buy you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to decide what to buy you know
+obviously they've only tasted some small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously they've only tasted some small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously they've only tasted some small
+fraction of those cereals and so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of those cereals and so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of those cereals and so they
+have to go there and look at the prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go there and look at the prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go there and look at the prices
+of some subset of them and think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some subset of them and think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some subset of them and think about
+how much they're going to like them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much they're going to like them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much they're going to like them and
+what you know will they like it or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know will they like it or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know will they like it or not
+if I buy it you know what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I buy it you know what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I buy it you know what's the
+probability I'll like it will I like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability I'll like it will I like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability I'll like it will I like it
+enough that I'll want to buy it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that I'll want to buy it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that I'll want to buy it again
+and how much extra utility will I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how much extra utility will I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how much extra utility will I get
+from the future purchase of that cereal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the future purchase of that cereal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the future purchase of that cereal
+L of the extra information and they said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L of the extra information and they said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L of the extra information and they said
+well what's even much worse is imagining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what's even much worse is imagining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what's even much worse is imagining
+that like when you're going to buy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like when you're going to buy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like when you're going to buy the
+box of cereal you're just walking up you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box of cereal you're just walking up you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box of cereal you're just walking up you
+know through the shelf and you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know through the shelf and you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know through the shelf and you sort of
+see that person in front of you buying a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that person in front of you buying a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that person in front of you buying a
+box of cereal and then what are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box of cereal and then what are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box of cereal and then what are you
+supposed to do you're supposed to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to do you're supposed to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to do you're supposed to say
+okay well that person is buying this box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well that person is buying this box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well that person is buying this box
+of cereal if they bought that box of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cereal if they bought that box of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cereal if they bought that box of
+cereal they must like that cereal and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cereal they must like that cereal and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cereal they must like that cereal and so
+if they like that cereal and then our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they like that cereal and then our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they like that cereal and then our
+Epsilon you know these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon you know these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon you know these things are
+there's a CJ and an Epsilon JK our CJs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a CJ and an Epsilon JK our CJs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a CJ and an Epsilon JK our CJs
+that the CJ must be high for that serial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the CJ must be high for that serial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the CJ must be high for that serial
+condition on that person buying it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition on that person buying it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition on that person buying it but
+then you think well wait no but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you think well wait no but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you think well wait no but this
+person might be buying it because he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person might be buying it because he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person might be buying it because he's
+tasted before or that person might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasted before or that person might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasted before or that person might be
+buying it because you know you know two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying it because you know you know two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying it because you know you know two
+days earlier that person was you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days earlier that person was you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days earlier that person was you know
+sitting sitting on their couch at home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting sitting on their couch at home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting sitting on their couch at home
+when there was a TV and they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there was a TV and they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there was a TV and they were
+watching a TV and there was a commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching a TV and there was a commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching a TV and there was a commercial
+and they saw the TV commercial for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they saw the TV commercial for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they saw the TV commercial for that
+seral but then well but if they did buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seral but then well but if they did buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seral but then well but if they did buy
+see the TV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the TV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the TV
+commercial you know what's the signaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial you know what's the signaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial you know what's the signaling
+value of the TV commercial that they saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the TV commercial that they saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the TV commercial that they saw
+because the firm wouldn't have had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the firm wouldn't have had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the firm wouldn't have had
+advertised the cereal unless it knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertised the cereal unless it knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertised the cereal unless it knew
+people were going to repeat purchase it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were going to repeat purchase it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were going to repeat purchase it
+so maybe after sort of a prior over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe after sort of a prior over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe after sort of a prior over the
+cost of that cereal and the reasons why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of that cereal and the reasons why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of that cereal and the reasons why
+the TV commercial would have been on um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the TV commercial would have been on um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the TV commercial would have been on um
+but then again you know maybe this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then again you know maybe this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then again you know maybe this
+person's buying it because the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's buying it because the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's buying it because the person
+who was two people before them in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was two people before them in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was two people before them in the
+aisle bought it and they saw the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aisle bought it and they saw the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aisle bought it and they saw the person
+before take it off that aisle or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before take it off that aisle or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before take it off that aisle or maybe
+they're just buying it because it's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just buying it because it's at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just buying it because it's at
+eye level but if it's at eye level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye level but if it's at eye level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye level but if it's at eye level
+there's this signaling problem of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this signaling problem of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this signaling problem of you
+know who is it why is it at ey level is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know who is it why is it at ey level is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know who is it why is it at ey level is
+it eye level because it's really popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it eye level because it's really popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it eye level because it's really popular
+or is it at eye level because The Firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is it at eye level because The Firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is it at eye level because The Firm
+paid the store to put it at eye level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid the store to put it at eye level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid the store to put it at eye level
+and would they have paid more or less to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and would they have paid more or less to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and would they have paid more or less to
+put it at ey level if it was good or bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it at ey level if it was good or bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it at ey level if it was good or bad
+but especially that if this person saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but especially that if this person saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but especially that if this person saw
+the person before it's almost like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person before it's almost like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person before it's almost like I
+need this you know prior over all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need this you know prior over all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need this you know prior over all
+possible purchases by every person since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible purchases by every person since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible purchases by every person since
+the invention of cereal in the 19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the invention of cereal in the 19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the invention of cereal in the 19
+century and who saw what and what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century and who saw what and what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century and who saw what and what they
+did and what that did to the popularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did and what that did to the popularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did and what that did to the popularity
+and then I've got to sort of have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I've got to sort of have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I've got to sort of have that
+prior over that enormous network of of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior over that enormous network of of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior over that enormous network of of a
+Century's worth of Serial purchases and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Century's worth of Serial purchases and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Century's worth of Serial purchases and
+then inverted and figure out now what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then inverted and figure out now what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then inverted and figure out now what's
+my posterior on that serial box and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my posterior on that serial box and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my posterior on that serial box and
+small onec VI is that this is insane you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small onec VI is that this is insane you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small onec VI is that this is insane you
+know like this is not what people do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like this is not what people do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like this is not what people do
+people walk up they look at the cial box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people walk up they look at the cial box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people walk up they look at the cial box
+they're buying 50 different things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're buying 50 different things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're buying 50 different things in
+the supermarket most of the time they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supermarket most of the time they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supermarket most of the time they
+just take off the shelf whatever they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take off the shelf whatever they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take off the shelf whatever they
+normally take off the shelf and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally take off the shelf and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally take off the shelf and then
+every once in a while they've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every once in a while they've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every once in a while they've got a
+little extra time and they sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little extra time and they sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little extra time and they sort of like
+put a little bit of time into thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a little bit of time into thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a little bit of time into thinking
+which one do I buy and so why don't we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one do I buy and so why don't we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one do I buy and so why don't we
+sort of think about consumers more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of think about consumers more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of think about consumers more like
+that and ask about you know then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and ask about you know then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and ask about you know then what
+would happen would good cereal brands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen would good cereal brands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen would good cereal brands
+take over or do we think that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take over or do we think that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take over or do we think that you know
+Cheerios is really popular even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cheerios is really popular even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cheerios is really popular even though
+Cheerios isn't very good or whatever it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cheerios isn't very good or whatever it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cheerios isn't very good or whatever it
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+um okay so here's you know what small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so here's you know what small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so here's you know what small
+one and conas did in this idea of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and conas did in this idea of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and conas did in this idea of just
+trying to write down let's write down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to write down let's write down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to write down let's write down a
+dynamic model that seems reasonable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic model that seems reasonable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic model that seems reasonable to
+us and talk about what's the long run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us and talk about what's the long run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us and talk about what's the long run
+implications in terms of do Superior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications in terms of do Superior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications in terms of do Superior
+Brands take over when consumers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brands take over when consumers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brands take over when consumers are
+fairly naive in their shopping um okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly naive in their shopping um okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly naive in their shopping um okay
+and I and I think they very much do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I and I think they very much do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I and I think they very much do
+believe that consumers are naive when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that consumers are naive when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that consumers are naive when
+they shop um and that that that prior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they shop um and that that that prior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they shop um and that that that prior
+this is this is a better model than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is a better model than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is a better model than the
+rational one so anyway here's their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational one so anyway here's their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational one so anyway here's their
+model products differ in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model products differ in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model products differ in
+quality uh consumer of product K has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality uh consumer of product K has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality uh consumer of product K has a
+bad experience which they'll call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad experience which they'll call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad experience which they'll call a
+breakdown with probability BK so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdown with probability BK so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdown with probability BK so you
+know if you're talking about people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you're talking about people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you're talking about people
+buying light bulbs that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying light bulbs that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying light bulbs that could be
+literally the probability that the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally the probability that the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally the probability that the light
+bulb burns out in in any given uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulb burns out in in any given uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulb burns out in in any given uh
+between any given shopping trip if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between any given shopping trip if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between any given shopping trip if it's
+a cereal it just could be that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cereal it just could be that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cereal it just could be that every
+once in a while you're eating your and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once in a while you're eating your and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once in a while you're eating your and
+just curs you in the morning like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just curs you in the morning like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just curs you in the morning like you
+know this really isn't all that good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this really isn't all that good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this really isn't all that good
+maybe I should buy a different cereal so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I should buy a different cereal so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I should buy a different cereal so
+but products differ in the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but products differ in the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but products differ in the probability
+of giving a bad experience and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of giving a bad experience and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of giving a bad experience and so the
+highest quality products are the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest quality products are the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest quality products are the ones
+with the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+BK uh what consumers do is they always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BK uh what consumers do is they always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BK uh what consumers do is they always
+continue to buy the same product they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to buy the same product they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to buy the same product they
+bought previously until one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought previously until one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought previously until one of these
+breakdowns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdowns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdowns
+occur when the breakdown occurs they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur when the breakdown occurs they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur when the breakdown occurs they
+they decide to buy product K with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they decide to buy product K with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they decide to buy product K with some
+probability MK of T raised to the sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability MK of T raised to the sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability MK of T raised to the sigma
+power where MK of T is the market share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power where MK of T is the market share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power where MK of T is the market share
+of the product so they just buy it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the product so they just buy it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the product so they just buy it with
+some probability that's related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some probability that's related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some probability that's related to the
+product's current market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product's current market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product's current market
+share so one example Sigma equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share so one example Sigma equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share so one example Sigma equals zero
+Sigma equal Zer would just be when a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma equal Zer would just be when a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma equal Zer would just be when a
+breakdown occurs I just buy a product in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdown occurs I just buy a product in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdown occurs I just buy a product in
+proportion to its popularity so it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion to its popularity so it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion to its popularity so it could
+be that the supermarket stock shelves so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that the supermarket stock shelves so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that the supermarket stock shelves so
+that the number of boxes of each cial is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the number of boxes of each cial is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the number of boxes of each cial is
+related to how how many people buy it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to how how many people buy it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to how how many people buy it
+and therefore I just pick one off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore I just pick one off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore I just pick one off the
+shelf entirely at random okay um sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shelf entirely at random okay um sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shelf entirely at random okay um sorry
+sigma0 would be that there's one box of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma0 would be that there's one box of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma0 would be that there's one box of
+each Cal I pick the box of the cial off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each Cal I pick the box of the cial off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each Cal I pick the box of the cial off
+at random when there's one box of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at random when there's one box of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at random when there's one box of each
+um Sigma equals one is um I I buy it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Sigma equals one is um I I buy it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Sigma equals one is um I I buy it in
+proportion to the market share so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion to the market share so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion to the market share so that
+could be they stock more boxes of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be they stock more boxes of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be they stock more boxes of you
+know the more popular series get more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the more popular series get more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the more popular series get more
+more shelf space and you pick according
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more shelf space and you pick according
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more shelf space and you pick according
+shelf space or it could be that I watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shelf space or it could be that I watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shelf space or it could be that I watch
+the person before me I see them pick off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person before me I see them pick off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person before me I see them pick off
+a Serial and I I say okay that person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Serial and I I say okay that person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Serial and I I say okay that person
+likes it maybe I will try it so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes it maybe I will try it so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes it maybe I will try it so that
+would be a sigma equals one model um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a sigma equals one model um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a sigma equals one model um a
+larger Sigma could be you know some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger Sigma could be you know some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger Sigma could be you know some
+explicit reasoning about popularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit reasoning about popularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit reasoning about popularity
+saying this one seems to be the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying this one seems to be the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying this one seems to be the most
+popular maybe I will try that that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular maybe I will try that that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular maybe I will try that that I
+think popularity is probably correlated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think popularity is probably correlated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think popularity is probably correlated
+with fewer breakdowns therefore I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with fewer breakdowns therefore I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with fewer breakdowns therefore I will
+buy a more popular brand and so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy a more popular brand and so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy a more popular brand and so you know
+you know Sigma going to Infinity would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Sigma going to Infinity would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Sigma going to Infinity would
+be you buy the most popular brand with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you buy the most popular brand with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you buy the most popular brand with
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+one um and then the main result small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um and then the main result small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um and then the main result small
+onecis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onecis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onecis is
+that with fairly naive consumers social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with fairly naive consumers social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with fairly naive consumers social
+learning can work very well and what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning can work very well and what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning can work very well and what it
+has to be is they have to use the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be is they have to use the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be is they have to use the right
+amount of weight on popularity so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of weight on popularity so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of weight on popularity so the
+theorem is if Sigma equals 1 uh the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is if Sigma equals 1 uh the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is if Sigma equals 1 uh the most
+popular product dominates in the T goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular product dominates in the T goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular product dominates in the T goes
+to Infinity limit that is the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Infinity limit that is the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Infinity limit that is the product
+that has the smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has the smallest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has the smallest
+BK um so it's that MK of T goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BK um so it's that MK of T goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BK um so it's that MK of T goes to
+one so limit as T goes to Infinity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so limit as T goes to Infinity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so limit as T goes to Infinity of
+MKV goes to one for the for k equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MKV goes to one for the for k equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MKV goes to one for the for k equals
+the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+argman of uh BK so whatever the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argman of uh BK so whatever the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argman of uh BK so whatever the product
+that has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has the
+lowest breakdown probability has its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest breakdown probability has its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest breakdown probability has its
+market share converge to one in the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market share converge to one in the long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market share converge to one in the long
+run so the best product takes over all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run so the best product takes over all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run so the best product takes over all
+other products die out okay and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other products die out okay and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other products die out okay and that
+happens when people put the sigma equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when people put the sigma equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when people put the sigma equals
+one weight on probability so they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one weight on probability so they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one weight on probability so they're not
+really explicit it's as if you just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really explicit it's as if you just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really explicit it's as if you just do
+the watch one person in front of you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the watch one person in front of you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the watch one person in front of you uh
+model so it's using very minimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so it's using very minimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so it's using very minimal
+information about probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about probability that
+converges to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to one
+um when sigma's less than one uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when sigma's less than one uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when sigma's less than one uh we
+converge to a state with all products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to a state with all products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to a state with all products
+active so each each product has then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active so each each product has then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active so each each product has then a
+market share between zero and one in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market share between zero and one in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market share between zero and one in the
+long run inferior products stay alive in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long run inferior products stay alive in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long run inferior products stay alive in
+the market Superior Products have bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market Superior Products have bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market Superior Products have bigger
+market shares that they don't go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market shares that they don't go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market shares that they don't go to
+one uh and then if you know anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh and then if you know anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh and then if you know anything
+like the sigma equals infinity but any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the sigma equals infinity but any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the sigma equals infinity but any
+any Sigma greater than one where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any Sigma greater than one where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any Sigma greater than one where you
+pick the most popular product then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick the most popular product then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick the most popular product then
+inferior products can come to dominate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior products can come to dominate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior products can come to dominate
+the market where if you just get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market where if you just get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market where if you just get some
+initial popularity you're initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial popularity you're initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial popularity you're initially
+popular people buy you your popularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular people buy you your popularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular people buy you your popularity
+just goes to one and and Superior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just goes to one and and Superior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just goes to one and and Superior
+Products can't outc compete you because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Products can't outc compete you because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Products can't outc compete you because
+you're more popular so small onec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're more popular so small onec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're more popular so small onec
+argument was that you know markets can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument was that you know markets can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument was that you know markets can
+select things but there there's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select things but there there's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select things but there there's sort of
+this awkward part of it is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this awkward part of it is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this awkward part of it is that
+consumers have to be fairly naive to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers have to be fairly naive to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers have to be fairly naive to get
+the market to select the best products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market to select the best products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market to select the best products
+they have to put fairly little weight on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to put fairly little weight on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to put fairly little weight on
+popularity they put some weight on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popularity they put some weight on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popularity they put some weight on
+popularity but it's got to be this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popularity but it's got to be this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popularity but it's got to be this sort
+of equivalent to the sigma equals one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equivalent to the sigma equals one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equivalent to the sigma equals one
+weight on popularity to get social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight on popularity to get social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight on popularity to get social
+learning to work out um okay anyway so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning to work out um okay anyway so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning to work out um okay anyway so
+I'm was going to then just talk about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm was going to then just talk about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm was going to then just talk about a
+couple other papers that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple other papers that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple other papers that have
+um built on this and done other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um built on this and done other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um built on this and done other things
+so um you know I have a paper with um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um you know I have a paper with um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um you know I have a paper with um
+Drew uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Drew uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Drew uh
+1995 where we sort of try to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1995 where we sort of try to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1995 where we sort of try to take the
+Smallwood and conis idea and make it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Smallwood and conis idea and make it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Smallwood and conis idea and make it a
+bit more like a classic economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more like a classic economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more like a classic economics
+utility framework so again so here now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility framework so again so here now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility framework so again so here now
+when consumer eyes uh consume products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when consumer eyes uh consume products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when consumer eyes uh consume products
+they receive utility and the utility you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they receive utility and the utility you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they receive utility and the utility you
+get from consuming a product is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from consuming a product is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from consuming a product is a
+product specific mean this is like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product specific mean this is like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product specific mean this is like the
+the CJ or whatever so you get a product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CJ or whatever so you get a product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CJ or whatever so you get a product
+specific mean utility and you get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific mean utility and you get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific mean utility and you get an
+Epsilon I I ikt which is your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon I I ikt which is your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon I I ikt which is your own
+idiosyncratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiosyncratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiosyncratic
+preference um and we're going to assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference um and we're going to assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference um and we're going to assume
+that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+um utility difference between product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um utility difference between product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um utility difference between product
+one and probability 2 is a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and probability 2 is a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and probability 2 is a random
+variable where sometimes Pro product one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable where sometimes Pro product one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable where sometimes Pro product one
+is better sometimes product two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is better sometimes product two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is better sometimes product two is
+better so this is something about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so this is something about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so this is something about these
+products that there's a period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products that there's a period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products that there's a period
+specific uh choice to them that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific uh choice to them that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific uh choice to them that makes
+one of them better than the other so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them better than the other so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them better than the other so for
+instance it could be that like these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance it could be that like these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance it could be that like these two
+products are not actually serial boxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products are not actually serial boxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products are not actually serial boxes
+it could be those two products are ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be those two products are ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be those two products are ways
+to drive to work do I drive to work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drive to work do I drive to work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drive to work do I drive to work on
+the Mass Pike do I drive to work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Mass Pike do I drive to work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Mass Pike do I drive to work on
+storo drive and every day one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storo drive and every day one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storo drive and every day one of those
+two ways to drive to work is better uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ways to drive to work is better uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ways to drive to work is better uh
+but it changes from day to day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it changes from day to day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it changes from day to day
+um you know it could be that these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know it could be that these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know it could be that these are
+products that you're buying where there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products that you're buying where there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products that you're buying where there
+are two restaurants and you know because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two restaurants and you know because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two restaurants and you know because
+the food quality varies from day to day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the food quality varies from day to day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the food quality varies from day to day
+due to the quality of the ingred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to the quality of the ingred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to the quality of the ingred
+ingredients or the chef that's working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients or the chef that's working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients or the chef that's working
+on some days shop a is bet the food is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some days shop a is bet the food is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some days shop a is bet the food is
+better than in shop B and then some days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than in shop B and then some days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than in shop B and then some days
+shop B is better um you know or it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shop B is better um you know or it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shop B is better um you know or it could
+be that these are different you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that these are different you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that these are different you know
+you're buying from different insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're buying from different insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're buying from different insurance
+companies and if like there's a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies and if like there's a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies and if like there's a bad
+event then one of them was better to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event then one of them was better to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event then one of them was better to
+have have bought from and if there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have have bought from and if there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have have bought from and if there's no
+bad event than the other one is better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad event than the other one is better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad event than the other one is better
+to have bought from so we have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have bought from so we have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have bought from so we have something
+that makes the quality of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes the quality of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes the quality of the two
+products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products
+differ um product one is better with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ um product one is better with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ um product one is better with
+probability P so you know you would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability P so you know you would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability P so you know you would like
+to buy the product product one if p is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buy the product product one if p is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buy the product product one if p is
+bigger than a half and buy product two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than a half and buy product two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than a half and buy product two
+if p is less than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if p is less than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if p is less than a
+half and then we have Smallwood conis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and then we have Smallwood conis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and then we have Smallwood conis
+like consumers um we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like consumers um we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like consumers um we don't have
+breakdowns but so the inertia part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdowns but so the inertia part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdowns but so the inertia part is
+consumers buy the same product they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers buy the same product they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers buy the same product they
+bought previously with with probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought previously with with probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought previously with with probability
+1 minus Alpha and with probability Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus Alpha and with probability Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus Alpha and with probability Alpha
+they try to decide what they should they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they try to decide what they should they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they try to decide what they should they
+consider changing and think about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider changing and think about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider changing and think about what
+they should buy uh and when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should buy uh and when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should buy uh and when they
+consider changing what they do is ask n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider changing what they do is ask n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider changing what they do is ask n
+of their friends about their most recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their friends about their most recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their friends about their most recent
+experience um you know I form uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience um you know I form uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience um you know I form uh
+U uh one T Bar to be the sum you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U uh one T Bar to be the sum you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U uh one T Bar to be the sum you know
+it's you know I form U one t bar and U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know I form U one t bar and U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know I form U one t bar and U
+two T Bar this is like the average of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two T Bar this is like the average of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two T Bar this is like the average of
+the utilities received by all my friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utilities received by all my friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utilities received by all my friends
+who use product one this is the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who use product one this is the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who use product one this is the average
+of the utilities of all my friends who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the utilities of all my friends who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the utilities of all my friends who
+use product two and then I pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use product two and then I pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use product two and then I pick
+whichever one has the better average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever one has the better average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever one has the better average
+when I when I've surveyed them again you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I when I've surveyed them again you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I when I've surveyed them again you
+know the I asked the friends who who I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the I asked the friends who who I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the I asked the friends who who I
+asked the friends who took storo Drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked the friends who took storo Drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked the friends who took storo Drive
+uh which is better for them and vice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is better for them and vice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is better for them and vice
+versa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa
+um and then if all friends if everyone I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then if all friends if everyone I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then if all friends if everyone I
+asked bought the same product then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked bought the same product then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked bought the same product then I
+just buy that one so I I take a average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just buy that one so I I take a average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just buy that one so I I take a average
+of 0 over Z is negative Infinity so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 0 over Z is negative Infinity so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 0 over Z is negative Infinity so I
+don't buy that one and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't buy that one and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't buy that one and so the
+observation is in this model again we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation is in this model again we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation is in this model again we
+can sometimes get optimal social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sometimes get optimal social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sometimes get optimal social
+learning from just asking friends about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning from just asking friends about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning from just asking friends about
+products um typically this occurs when n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products um typically this occurs when n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products um typically this occurs when n
+is fairly small so this is a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fairly small so this is a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fairly small so this is a graph
+showing as a function of alpha what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing as a function of alpha what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing as a function of alpha what's
+the range of n's for which um what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range of n's for which um what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range of n's for which um what's the
+range of ends for which this model gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of ends for which this model gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of ends for which this model gives
+efficient social learning and this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient social learning and this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient social learning and this graph
+is seems to be showing us that if Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is seems to be showing us that if Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is seems to be showing us that if Alpha
+is close to one almost everybody is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is close to one almost everybody is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is close to one almost everybody is
+asking their friends every period then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking their friends every period then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking their friends every period then
+you need to be asking three four five or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to be asking three four five or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to be asking three four five or
+six friends most of the time when Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six friends most of the time when Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six friends most of the time when Alpha
+is small this model with the ask one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small this model with the ask one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small this model with the ask one
+friend what they bought works well so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend what they bought works well so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend what they bought works well so in
+some sense asking one friend what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense asking one friend what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense asking one friend what they
+bought if that's a lot like small one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought if that's a lot like small one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought if that's a lot like small one
+and con list because that's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and con list because that's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and con list because that's like
+choosing in proportion to market share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing in proportion to market share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing in proportion to market share
+uh but then when Alpha is bigger what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but then when Alpha is bigger what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but then when Alpha is bigger what
+you want to do is gather more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do is gather more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do is gather more
+information and the more information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and the more information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and the more information
+helps you find the better products uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps you find the better products uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps you find the better products uh
+and again you know the what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again you know the what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again you know the what's going on
+here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is
+that you know there's this sort of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know there's this sort of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know there's this sort of uh
+more better products do have higher mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more better products do have higher mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more better products do have higher mean
+utilities uh and then there's also some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities uh and then there's also some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities uh and then there's also some
+uh effect of popularity waiting in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh effect of popularity waiting in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh effect of popularity waiting in that
+if something is more popular you're more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if something is more popular you're more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if something is more popular you're more
+likely to hear about it more likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to hear about it more likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to hear about it more likely to
+not hear about the popularity and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not hear about the popularity and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not hear about the popularity and the
+combination of those two things can give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of those two things can give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of those two things can give
+us social learning but doesn't give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us social learning but doesn't give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us social learning but doesn't give us
+social learning if n is too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social learning if n is too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social learning if n is too
+big and then one other uh paper along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big and then one other uh paper along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big and then one other uh paper along
+these lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lines
+um uh Ronnie Spiegler has a paper uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh Ronnie Spiegler has a paper uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh Ronnie Spiegler has a paper uh
+another file on paper he calls the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another file on paper he calls the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another file on paper he calls the
+market for quacks which is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market for quacks which is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market for quacks which is you know
+the uh my paper with Drew we were sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh my paper with Drew we were sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh my paper with Drew we were sort
+of following Smallwood and conlisk in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of following Smallwood and conlisk in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of following Smallwood and conlisk in
+not having any prices at all in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not having any prices at all in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not having any prices at all in the
+model uh which you know works well for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model uh which you know works well for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model uh which you know works well for
+the the people learning which way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the people learning which way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the people learning which way to
+drive to work or learning things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive to work or learning things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive to work or learning things like
+that doesn't work as well necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't work as well necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't work as well necessarily
+for buying products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for buying products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for buying products
+um Spiegler sort of thinks about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Spiegler sort of thinks about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Spiegler sort of thinks about what
+happens in Word of Mouth models if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in Word of Mouth models if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in Word of Mouth models if you
+let the firm set prices um so he calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let the firm set prices um so he calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let the firm set prices um so he calls
+the market for quacks because he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market for quacks because he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market for quacks because he's
+thinking about the applica his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the applica his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the applica his
+application he's thinking about is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application he's thinking about is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application he's thinking about is um
+people selling the many medications and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people selling the many medications and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people selling the many medications and
+health things or whatever that you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health things or whatever that you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health things or whatever that you see
+on advertised online that are probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on advertised online that are probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on advertised online that are probably
+no better than not buying some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no better than not buying some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no better than not buying some kind of
+health supplement that's supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health supplement that's supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health supplement that's supposed to
+improve your whatever um and so what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve your whatever um and so what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve your whatever um and so what he
+imagines is that he has this model where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagines is that he has this model where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagines is that he has this model where
+you have this large number of products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this large number of products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this large number of products
+and whenever you consume one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whenever you consume one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whenever you consume one of these
+products with probability Alpha you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products with probability Alpha you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products with probability Alpha you do
+get a good outcome after having consumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a good outcome after having consumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a good outcome after having consumed
+it um but of course there's an outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um but of course there's an outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um but of course there's an outside
+option that gives you utility Z you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option that gives you utility Z you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option that gives you utility Z you know
+that cost zero and you also get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cost zero and you also get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cost zero and you also get a
+positive experience sometimes after not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive experience sometimes after not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive experience sometimes after not
+consuming any of these products and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consuming any of these products and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consuming any of these products and in
+particular he's got that sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular he's got that sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular he's got that sort of the
+outside option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside option
+you know there's an outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's an outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's an outside
+option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option
+uh which you know also gives you a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which you know also gives you a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which you know also gives you a good
+experience with probability Alpha and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with probability Alpha and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with probability Alpha and
+cost zero okay so the alpha outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost zero okay so the alpha outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost zero okay so the alpha outside
+option is actually just better than all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option is actually just better than all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option is actually just better than all
+of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these
+products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products
+um but so what happens is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but so what happens is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but so what happens is you know
+utility that a consumer I gets in Period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility that a consumer I gets in Period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility that a consumer I gets in Period
+T if they buy product K is 1 minus pkt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T if they buy product K is 1 minus pkt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T if they buy product K is 1 minus pkt
+with probability Alpha and minus pkt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability Alpha and minus pkt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability Alpha and minus pkt
+with probability 1 minus Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability 1 minus Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability 1 minus Alpha
+and what consumers do in each period is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what consumers do in each period is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what consumers do in each period is
+you know again it's like uh like we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know again it's like uh like we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know again it's like uh like we have
+like Smallwood and conis we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Smallwood and conis we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Smallwood and conis we have this
+Continuum of consumers some consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Continuum of consumers some consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Continuum of consumers some consumers
+are using every product what consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are using every product what consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are using every product what consumers
+do is in each period is ask one user of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is in each period is ask one user of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is in each period is ask one user of
+each product about their experience and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each product about their experience and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each product about their experience and
+buy the product that would give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy the product that would give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy the product that would give the
+highest utility assuming the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest utility assuming the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest utility assuming the same
+experience if it gives positive utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience if it gives positive utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience if it gives positive utility
+so you know I ask there are K different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know I ask there are K different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know I ask there are K different
+products I find one person using each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products I find one person using each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products I find one person using each
+product I would like how did you like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product I would like how did you like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product I would like how did you like it
+did it work for you and three people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it work for you and three people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it work for you and three people
+tell you that yeah the product worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that yeah the product worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that yeah the product worked
+for me it gave me utility one uh but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me it gave me utility one uh but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me it gave me utility one uh but I
+paid this for it seven people tell you I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid this for it seven people tell you I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid this for it seven people tell you I
+didn't like it I gave me utility zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't like it I gave me utility zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't like it I gave me utility zero
+and I paid money for it so I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I paid money for it so I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I paid money for it so I got
+negative utility and so then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative utility and so then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative utility and so then what
+consumers do is they you know they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers do is they you know they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers do is they you know they they
+pick the they in some sense they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick the they in some sense they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick the they in some sense they're
+going to choose among the products that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to choose among the products that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to choose among the products that
+gave utility one to their friends the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave utility one to their friends the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave utility one to their friends the
+one that's offered at the lowest price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's offered at the lowest price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's offered at the lowest price
+this period And if every one of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this period And if every one of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this period And if every one of their
+friends got zero got negative utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends got zero got negative utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends got zero got negative utility
+then they just buy the outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they just buy the outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they just buy the outside
+option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option
+um okay what happens here um this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay what happens here um this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay what happens here um this model
+is you know if you go think back to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know if you go think back to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know if you go think back to like
+the stall model of price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stall model of price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stall model of price
+dispersion this model is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion this model is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion this model is going to be
+sort of kind of like that stall model of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of kind of like that stall model of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of kind of like that stall model of
+price dispersion because imagine you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price dispersion because imagine you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price dispersion because imagine you're
+a firm uh you know you're a firm and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a firm uh you know you're a firm and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a firm uh you know you're a firm and you
+know that there going to be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that there going to be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that there going to be some
+consumers out there who heard positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers out there who heard positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers out there who heard positive
+reviews of your product and negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviews of your product and negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviews of your product and negative
+reviews of every other product and so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviews of every other product and so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviews of every other product and so if
+they heard a positive news about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they heard a positive news about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they heard a positive news about your
+product and negative about everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and negative about everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and negative about everybody
+else's you'd want to set P equals 1 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else's you'd want to set P equals 1 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else's you'd want to set P equals 1 but
+then there going be other consumers who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there going be other consumers who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there going be other consumers who
+heard positive things about your product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard positive things about your product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard positive things about your product
+and about exactly one other product and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and about exactly one other product and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and about exactly one other product and
+so if they heard positive things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if they heard positive things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if they heard positive things about
+two products including yours you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two products including yours you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two products including yours you want to
+be Epsilon less than the product that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Epsilon less than the product that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Epsilon less than the product that
+they heard the other product they heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they heard the other product they heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they heard the other product they heard
+good things about and so it it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good things about and so it it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good things about and so it it's kind of
+like that sort of style model where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that sort of style model where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that sort of style model where
+there's multiple types of consumers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's multiple types of consumers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's multiple types of consumers the
+consumers who heard good only about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers who heard good only about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers who heard good only about
+yours who where you're like the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yours who where you're like the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yours who where you're like the like
+they're like the non-shoppers and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like the non-shoppers and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like the non-shoppers and the
+consumers who heard good things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers who heard good things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers who heard good things about
+you and several others and there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and several others and there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and several others and there you
+want to sort of be undercutting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to sort of be undercutting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to sort of be undercutting the
+other prices so you know what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other prices so you know what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other prices so you know what you're
+going to get is some kind of mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get is some kind of mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get is some kind of mixed
+strategy equilibrium where you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy equilibrium where you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy equilibrium where you know
+you're mixing over some interval and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're mixing over some interval and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're mixing over some interval and
+you're sometimes charging a high price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sometimes charging a high price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sometimes charging a high price
+and sometimes charging a low price to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes charging a low price to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes charging a low price to
+try to get the people who've heard about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to get the people who've heard about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to get the people who've heard about
+multiple products uh it's not as Extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple products uh it's not as Extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple products uh it's not as Extreme
+as that style model in that there's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as that style model in that there's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as that style model in that there's you
+know it's going to be very rare for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's going to be very rare for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's going to be very rare for
+consumers who have heard about all end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers who have heard about all end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers who have heard about all end
+products you don't need to be the single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products you don't need to be the single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products you don't need to be the single
+lowest price product in the market to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest price product in the market to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest price product in the market to
+get people they probably only heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get people they probably only heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get people they probably only heard
+about two or three or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two or three or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two or three or something like
+that and so anyway that's you'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so anyway that's you'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so anyway that's you'll have
+some distribution imagine it probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some distribution imagine it probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some distribution imagine it probably
+looks like this of what prices look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this of what prices look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this of what prices look like
+um interesting observation is that uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um interesting observation is that uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um interesting observation is that uh in
+this model price is inversely related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model price is inversely related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model price is inversely related to
+product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+quality so if you imagine you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality so if you imagine you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality so if you imagine you know if
+these um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these um
+if the products are all like this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the products are all like this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the products are all like this is
+common product quality if the products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common product quality if the products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common product quality if the products
+are all good and people actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all good and people actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all good and people actually have
+positive experiences with them then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive experiences with them then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive experiences with them then you
+as a firm selling are going to be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a firm selling are going to be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a firm selling are going to be like
+okay if someone heard about my their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if someone heard about my their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if someone heard about my their
+friend had good experience with with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend had good experience with with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend had good experience with with my
+product they probably also talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product they probably also talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product they probably also talk to
+friends who had good experiences with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends who had good experiences with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends who had good experiences with
+the other product so I'm probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other product so I'm probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other product so I'm probably
+competing with three or four or five or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing with three or four or five or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing with three or four or five or
+six other products for their business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six other products for their business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six other products for their business
+therefore I need to price aggressively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I need to price aggressively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I need to price aggressively
+to be beat those four or five or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be beat those four or five or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be beat those four or five or
+products but if the products are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products but if the products are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products but if the products are
+terrible and there's like a one in 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible and there's like a one in 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible and there's like a one in 100
+chance that they actually do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that they actually do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that they actually do anything
+then you'd think okay well if someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'd think okay well if someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'd think okay well if someone
+had a positive experience with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a positive experience with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a positive experience with my
+product then they'll when they're when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product then they'll when they're when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product then they'll when they're when
+they're asking you know they ask they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're asking you know they ask they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're asking you know they ask they
+found a friend who had liked my product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found a friend who had liked my product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found a friend who had liked my product
+they probably didn't find a friend who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they probably didn't find a friend who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they probably didn't find a friend who
+liked any of the other products so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liked any of the other products so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liked any of the other products so I'm
+probably a monopolist so I'm probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a monopolist so I'm probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a monopolist so I'm probably
+safe pricing close to one so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe pricing close to one so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe pricing close to one so in
+equilibrium competition between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium competition between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium competition between
+lowquality products we get high prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowquality products we get high prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowquality products we get high prices
+competition between high quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition between high quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition between high quality
+products we get low prices uh and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products we get low prices uh and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products we get low prices uh and the
+reason is that the competition between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is that the competition between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is that the competition between
+high quality products is actually more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high quality products is actually more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high quality products is actually more
+real competition whereas the competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real competition whereas the competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real competition whereas the competition
+for the lowquality products is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the lowquality products is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the lowquality products is just
+getting the people who had the rare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the people who had the rare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the people who had the rare
+mistaken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistaken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistaken
+impression and again you know right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impression and again you know right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impression and again you know right so
+this is not you know this is not a fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not you know this is not a fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not you know this is not a fully
+rational model the consumers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational model the consumers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational model the consumers are
+not somehow inverting the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not somehow inverting the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not somehow inverting the equilibrium
+price distribution or inverting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price distribution or inverting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price distribution or inverting the
+market shares and realizing okay if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market shares and realizing okay if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market shares and realizing okay if
+prices are you you know if prices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices are you you know if prices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices are you you know if prices are
+high it must be that the quality is low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high it must be that the quality is low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high it must be that the quality is low
+therefore I'm learning that I'm learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I'm learning that I'm learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I'm learning that I'm learning
+something about I had a prior about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about I had a prior about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about I had a prior about
+Alpha now I'm learning something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha now I'm learning something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha now I'm learning something about
+alpha or I'm not updating Alpha from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha or I'm not updating Alpha from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha or I'm not updating Alpha from
+realizing that I'm just getting IID you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizing that I'm just getting IID you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizing that I'm just getting IID you
+know these are all these seem to be IID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know these are all these seem to be IID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know these are all these seem to be IID
+draws as I draw them every period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draws as I draw them every period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draws as I draw them every period
+they're just sort of every period taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just sort of every period taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just sort of every period taking
+this person liked it therefore this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person liked it therefore this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person liked it therefore this is
+quality one this person didn't like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality one this person didn't like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality one this person didn't like it
+these are all quality zero um but I you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all quality zero um but I you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all quality zero um but I you
+know I think Spiegler view is that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I think Spiegler view is that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I think Spiegler view is that uh
+you know this seems like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this seems like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this seems like a
+seems like a reasonable Force and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like a reasonable Force and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like a reasonable Force and and
+that the sort of naive model maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sort of naive model maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sort of naive model maybe a
+better way to think about that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better way to think about that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better way to think about that this
+force of competition or quality drives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force of competition or quality drives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force of competition or quality drives
+down prices could be a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down prices could be a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down prices could be a real
+thing okay uh second thing I want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay uh second thing I want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay uh second thing I want to do
+is and I you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and I you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and I you
+know figured I would do something fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know figured I would do something fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know figured I would do something fun
+today um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today um
+for in honor of being here before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for in honor of being here before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for in honor of being here before the
+holiday so um anyway I'm going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holiday so um anyway I'm going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holiday so um anyway I'm going to talk
+about this is a another rule of uh thumb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is a another rule of uh thumb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is a another rule of uh thumb
+paper I've written it's not actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper I've written it's not actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper I've written it's not actually
+really an IO paper but I feel it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really an IO paper but I feel it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really an IO paper but I feel it's
+useful for graduate students who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for graduate students who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for graduate students who have
+thought about these issues um so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about these issues um so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about these issues um so this is
+a paper thinking about uh the journal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a paper thinking about uh the journal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a paper thinking about uh the journal
+refereeing process so you know six or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refereeing process so you know six or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refereeing process so you know six or
+seven years from now you know many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven years from now you know many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven years from now you know many of
+you will be professors and you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will be professors and you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will be professors and you'll be
+sitting in offices somewhere and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in offices somewhere and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in offices somewhere and this is
+what you'll be complaining about is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you'll be complaining about is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you'll be complaining about is the
+journal refereeing process um so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal refereeing process um so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal refereeing process um so you
+know in particular you know what What's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in particular you know what What's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in particular you know what What's
+um very difficult is you know people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um very difficult is you know people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um very difficult is you know people
+find out is it's somehow it's very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out is it's somehow it's very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out is it's somehow it's very very
+hard to publish an economics paper and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to publish an economics paper and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to publish an economics paper and
+it takes years and years and years and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes years and years and years and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes years and years and years and
+years you try to write about something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years you try to write about something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years you try to write about something
+topical and then it takes five years to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topical and then it takes five years to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topical and then it takes five years to
+get your paper through the journal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your paper through the journal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your paper through the journal
+refereeing process and after five years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refereeing process and after five years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refereeing process and after five years
+getting through the journal refereeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting through the journal refereeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting through the journal refereeing
+process your wonderfully topical thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process your wonderfully topical thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process your wonderfully topical thing
+is now completely irrelevant because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now completely irrelevant because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now completely irrelevant because the
+things you're writing about are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you're writing about are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you're writing about are no
+longer topical um you know actually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer topical um you know actually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer topical um you know actually I
+The Experience I'm I'm a you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Experience I'm I'm a you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Experience I'm I'm a you know
+Department time also on promotions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department time also on promotions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department time also on promotions and
+tenure committee for like people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenure committee for like people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenure committee for like people in
+other departments and like in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other departments and like in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other departments and like in other
+social science Fields people books this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social science Fields people books this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social science Fields people books this
+problem also just appears in Spades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem also just appears in Spades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem also just appears in Spades
+we're constantly reading cases of here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're constantly reading cases of here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're constantly reading cases of here's
+this person they've been a facult member
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person they've been a facult member
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person they've been a facult member
+for 5 years their book which was based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 5 years their book which was based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 5 years their book which was based
+on their graduate student thesis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their graduate student thesis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their graduate student thesis is
+still not out yet because they've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still not out yet because they've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still not out yet because they've just
+been revising their book for the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been revising their book for the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been revising their book for the past
+five years and the book is you know five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five years and the book is you know five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five years and the book is you know five
+years less timely than it was when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years less timely than it was when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years less timely than it was when they
+wrote it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote it
+originally okay so anyway how do I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally okay so anyway how do I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally okay so anyway how do I think
+about why publication works this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why publication works this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why publication works this way
+here's a theory so in my in the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a theory so in my in the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a theory so in my in the model
+papers have a two-dimensional quality q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers have a two-dimensional quality q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers have a two-dimensional quality q
+and R um Q I think of as the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and R um Q I think of as the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and R um Q I think of as the fundamental
+idea in the paper or the quality of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea in the paper or the quality of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea in the paper or the quality of the
+in unchangeable Insight that this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in unchangeable Insight that this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in unchangeable Insight that this paper
+has you know the cue is what you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has you know the cue is what you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has you know the cue is what you would
+teach when you teach that paper in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach when you teach that paper in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach when you teach that paper in your
+graduate course this is the paper's idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate course this is the paper's idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate course this is the paper's idea
+this is how that paper changes the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how that paper changes the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how that paper changes the way
+we think about something this was their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think about something this was their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think about something this was their
+interesting idea they came up with and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting idea they came up with and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting idea they came up with and
+then the r is the other dimensions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the r is the other dimensions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the r is the other dimensions of
+quality that you can improve in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality that you can improve in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality that you can improve in a
+revision so rather than having linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revision so rather than having linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revision so rather than having linear
+functional forms you can can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional forms you can can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional forms you can can do
+everything with arbitrary functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything with arbitrary functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything with arbitrary functional
+forms you can sort of go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms you can sort of go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms you can sort of go through the
+seven most recent economet techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven most recent economet techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven most recent economet techniques
+published in econometrica and reestimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published in econometrica and reestimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published in econometrica and reestimate
+it using these seven different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it using these seven different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it using these seven different
+estimators and talk about how all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimators and talk about how all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimators and talk about how all those
+estimators do things you know obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimators do things you know obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimators do things you know obviously
+some parts of the things we improve in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some parts of the things we improve in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some parts of the things we improve in
+revision are making us more confident in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revision are making us more confident in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revision are making us more confident in
+the results they are valuable many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results they are valuable many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results they are valuable many of
+them are just doing everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are just doing everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are just doing everything
+addressing every potential criticism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing every potential criticism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing every potential criticism
+that anyone could have come up with and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anyone could have come up with and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anyone could have come up with and
+just continuing to sort of just make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just continuing to sort of just make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just continuing to sort of just make
+your paper harder and harder um to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your paper harder and harder um to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your paper harder and harder um to read
+um okay but so we value both aspects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay but so we value both aspects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay but so we value both aspects of
+quality the sort of uh idea part in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality the sort of uh idea part in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality the sort of uh idea part in the
+craftsmanship part um and referees know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+craftsmanship part um and referees know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+craftsmanship part um and referees know
+that they're supposed that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're supposed that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're supposed that there's a
+sort of social Norm in the profession
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of social Norm in the profession
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of social Norm in the profession
+that we put Alpha weight on the Q and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we put Alpha weight on the Q and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we put Alpha weight on the Q and we
+put one minus Alpha weight on the r and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put one minus Alpha weight on the r and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put one minus Alpha weight on the r and
+they know that they're supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know that they're supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know that they're supposed to
+recommend acceptance if this weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend acceptance if this weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend acceptance if this weighted
+average of Q andr is at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of Q andr is at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of Q andr is at least
+Z but referees being people who are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z but referees being people who are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z but referees being people who are in
+general you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general you
+know 32 years old or whatever not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 32 years old or whatever not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 32 years old or whatever not in the
+profession for all that long don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profession for all that long don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profession for all that long don't
+necessarily know what Alpha and z are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily know what Alpha and z are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily know what Alpha and z are
+and they're trying to learn you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're trying to learn you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're trying to learn you know
+they're just trying to be good referees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just trying to be good referees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just trying to be good referees
+and evaluate papers appropriately when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and evaluate papers appropriately when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and evaluate papers appropriately when
+asked to evaluate a paper and so at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked to evaluate a paper and so at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked to evaluate a paper and so at time
+T the profession ends up using these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T the profession ends up using these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T the profession ends up using these
+weights Alpha T and ZT and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights Alpha T and ZT and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights Alpha T and ZT and all the
+members referees in the profession are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members referees in the profession are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members referees in the profession are
+just trying to update all the time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just trying to update all the time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just trying to update all the time and
+learn what is Alpha T what's the weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn what is Alpha T what's the weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn what is Alpha T what's the weight
+on these two and what's the thresh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these two and what's the thresh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these two and what's the thresh
+quality threshold I'm supposed to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality threshold I'm supposed to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality threshold I'm supposed to say
+Yes versus no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes versus no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes versus no
+um I assume that authors rationally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I assume that authors rationally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I assume that authors rationally
+divide their time between producing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide their time between producing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide their time between producing the
+two types of quality um they start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two types of quality um they start by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two types of quality um they start by
+picking some amount of time TQ so one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking some amount of time TQ so one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking some amount of time TQ so one is
+a total amount of time you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a total amount of time you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a total amount of time you have
+available you start by spending some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available you start by spending some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available you start by spending some
+time TQ in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time TQ in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time TQ in
+01 uh to get a random draw on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 uh to get a random draw on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 uh to get a random draw on an
+idea and at the end of that time TQ that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and at the end of that time TQ that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and at the end of that time TQ that
+you spent getting uh developing random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you spent getting uh developing random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you spent getting uh developing random
+draws and the ideas then uh you get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draws and the ideas then uh you get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draws and the ideas then uh you get an
+idea of quality q and there's some CDF F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of quality q and there's some CDF F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of quality q and there's some CDF F
+of Q given TQ that's increasing so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Q given TQ that's increasing so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Q given TQ that's increasing so for
+instance it could be that just Q is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance it could be that just Q is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance it could be that just Q is
+uniform on zero to TQ is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one but you could also make it you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but you could also make it you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but you could also make it you know
+normal mean t mean TQ or whatever um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal mean t mean TQ or whatever um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal mean t mean TQ or whatever um and
+then after you get your idea you send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then after you get your idea you send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then after you get your idea you send
+your paper into the journal and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your paper into the journal and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your paper into the journal and they
+evaluate your paper um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate your paper um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate your paper um
+and then they tell you how good they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they tell you how good they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they tell you how good they
+give you sort of some answer R of Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you sort of some answer R of Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you sort of some answer R of Q
+which is like if you can make your paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like if you can make your paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like if you can make your paper
+get your sort of craftsmanship up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your sort of craftsmanship up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your sort of craftsmanship up to
+Quality R of Q we would take your paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quality R of Q we would take your paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quality R of Q we would take your paper
+otherwise no it's not good enough so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise no it's not good enough so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise no it's not good enough so
+here's your paper uh in general actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's your paper uh in general actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's your paper uh in general actually
+you know like it's um you know you send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like it's um you know you send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like it's um you know you send
+a paper to a lot of top economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a paper to a lot of top economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a paper to a lot of top economics
+journals say you're going to get five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journals say you're going to get five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journals say you're going to get five
+referee reports they're going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referee reports they're going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referee reports they're going to be a
+total of like 18 pages long and have 67
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total of like 18 pages long and have 67
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total of like 18 pages long and have 67
+comments of things you could improve in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments of things you could improve in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments of things you could improve in
+your paper and you know you then decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your paper and you know you then decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your paper and you know you then decide
+they sort of they're telling you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sort of they're telling you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sort of they're telling you how
+much you have to do to get the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much you have to do to get the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much you have to do to get the paper
+into the journal and then authors decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the journal and then authors decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the journal and then authors decide
+how much time of their remaining time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much time of their remaining time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much time of their remaining time
+between 0 and 1 minus TQ to spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 0 and 1 minus TQ to spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 0 and 1 minus TQ to spend
+improving the paper and time spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving the paper and time spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving the paper and time spent
+improving the craftsmanship increases R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving the craftsmanship increases R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving the craftsmanship increases R
+to H of TR plus Ada where Ada is again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to H of TR plus Ada where Ada is again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to H of TR plus Ada where Ada is again
+some random variable so sometimes you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some random variable so sometimes you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some random variable so sometimes you're
+able to do the things well sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do the things well sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do the things well sometimes
+you're not able to do the things well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not able to do the things well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not able to do the things well
+and then I make Ada again a uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I make Ada again a uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I make Ada again a uniform
+distribution um and then what editors do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution um and then what editors do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution um and then what editors do
+is editors accept the highest quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is editors accept the highest quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is editors accept the highest quality
+papers that are resubmitted you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers that are resubmitted you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers that are resubmitted you know the
+editors all also know Alpha T they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editors all also know Alpha T they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editors all also know Alpha T they all
+know the current market weights on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the current market weights on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the current market weights on these
+things the editors though don't use ZT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things the editors though don't use ZT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things the editors though don't use ZT
+the editors like they know how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the editors like they know how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the editors like they know how many
+papers they're supposed to accept so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers they're supposed to accept so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers they're supposed to accept so
+they just accept the best pay you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just accept the best pay you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just accept the best pay you know
+even if the referees told people to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if the referees told people to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if the referees told people to do
+more than was feasible the editors have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than was feasible the editors have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than was feasible the editors have
+to go against the referee and say I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go against the referee and say I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go against the referee and say I have
+to accept something and so the editors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accept something and so the editors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accept something and so the editors
+just accept some fraction tow of papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just accept some fraction tow of papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just accept some fraction tow of papers
+that are highest on this metric Alpha Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are highest on this metric Alpha Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are highest on this metric Alpha Q
++ 1us Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 1us Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 1us Alpha
+R okay so anyway that's my model of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R okay so anyway that's my model of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R okay so anyway that's my model of of
+academics writing and revising papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academics writing and revising papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academics writing and revising papers
+um first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um first
+observation you know this model has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation you know this model has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation you know this model has a
+Continuum of consistent social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Continuum of consistent social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Continuum of consistent social
+norms you know if I pick if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norms you know if I pick if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norms you know if I pick if you think
+about it you know if I pick any Alpha if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it you know if I pick any Alpha if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it you know if I pick any Alpha if
+I pick Alpha equals 1 so only Q counts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I pick Alpha equals 1 so only Q counts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I pick Alpha equals 1 so only Q counts
+if only Q counts what people are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if only Q counts what people are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if only Q counts what people are going
+to do is just spend 100% of their time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is just spend 100% of their time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is just spend 100% of their time
+producing ideas have zero craftsmanship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing ideas have zero craftsmanship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing ideas have zero craftsmanship
+and there's going to be some level Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's going to be some level Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's going to be some level Z
+that clears the market so if you spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that clears the market so if you spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that clears the market so if you spend
+100% of your time on Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% of your time on Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% of your time on Q
+quality um a fraction tow of people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality um a fraction tow of people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality um a fraction tow of people are
+going to get qualities Above This level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get qualities Above This level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get qualities Above This level
+and one minus to are going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one minus to are going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one minus to are going to get
+qualities below that level and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualities below that level and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualities below that level and that
+clears the market um if you spend if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clears the market um if you spend if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clears the market um if you spend if you
+choose Alpha equals zero then people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose Alpha equals zero then people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose Alpha equals zero then people are
+going to spend zero time thinking up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to spend zero time thinking up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to spend zero time thinking up
+ideas and they're just going to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas and they're just going to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas and they're just going to sort
+of have very very complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of have very very complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of have very very complicated
+estimations or proofs of their non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimations or proofs of their non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimations or proofs of their non-
+ideas they're going to have incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas they're going to have incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas they're going to have incredibly
+high levels of R quality but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high levels of R quality but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high levels of R quality but they're
+going to have no ideas in the paper and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have no ideas in the paper and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have no ideas in the paper and
+again the people who get the best draws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the people who get the best draws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the people who get the best draws
+everyone spends time one the people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone spends time one the people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone spends time one the people who
+get the best draws here the tow fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the best draws here the tow fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the best draws here the tow fraction
+get the best draws get their papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the best draws get their papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the best draws get their papers
+published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published
+the other people get the bad draws on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other people get the bad draws on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other people get the bad draws on
+our don't get their papers published and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our don't get their papers published and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our don't get their papers published and
+then you know for every weight in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know for every weight in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know for every weight in
+between people are going to spend some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between people are going to spend some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between people are going to spend some
+time in Q and sometime on R and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in Q and sometime on R and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in Q and sometime on R and there's
+some quality threshold that clears the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some quality threshold that clears the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some quality threshold that clears the
+market so in some sense you know there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market so in some sense you know there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market so in some sense you know there's
+nothing nothing in this model that pins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing nothing in this model that pins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing nothing in this model that pins
+down what whether we care about main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down what whether we care about main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down what whether we care about main
+ideas or whether we care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas or whether we care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas or whether we care about
+craftsmanship profession could have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+craftsmanship profession could have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+craftsmanship profession could have any
+set of norms they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of norms they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of norms they're all
+stable um and you know this would be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable um and you know this would be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable um and you know this would be an
+example of what this equilibrium would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of what this equilibrium would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of what this equilibrium would
+look like you know this is a weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like you know this is a weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like you know this is a weight
+where people are putting weight on both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people are putting weight on both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people are putting weight on both
+so people choose some T time Q must be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people choose some T time Q must be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people choose some T time Q must be a
+pretty high people put some weight on Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty high people put some weight on Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty high people put some weight on Q
+oh no this is like equal weights it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no this is like equal weights it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no this is like equal weights it
+looks like um people put some weight on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like um people put some weight on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like um people put some weight on
+Q that's between zero and one they come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q that's between zero and one they come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q that's between zero and one they come
+up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with
+ideas if your paper if at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas if your paper if at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas if your paper if at the end of
+your time queue you end up with a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your time queue you end up with a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your time queue you end up with a bad
+idea you send it to the journal and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea you send it to the journal and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea you send it to the journal and the
+journal's like in order to get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal's like in order to get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal's like in order to get your
+paper uh accepted you're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper uh accepted you're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper uh accepted you're going to have
+to reach this super high threshold on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reach this super high threshold on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reach this super high threshold on
+cra manip because you don't have much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cra manip because you don't have much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cra manip because you don't have much of
+an idea you look at and you're like with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea you look at and you're like with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea you look at and you're like with
+given that I I made the dist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that I I made the dist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that I I made the dist
+distribution that you know R is H of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that you know R is H of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that you know R is H of
+TR uh plus Ada where Ada is uniform zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TR uh plus Ada where Ada is uniform zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TR uh plus Ada where Ada is uniform zero
+Sigma there's an upper bound to how good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma there's an upper bound to how good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma there's an upper bound to how good
+my craftsmanship can be even if I spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my craftsmanship can be even if I spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my craftsmanship can be even if I spend
+all the time on it so you've got a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time on it so you've got a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time on it so you've got a bad
+idea they tell you what to do you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea they tell you what to do you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea they tell you what to do you're
+like there's no way I can do that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's no way I can do that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's no way I can do that you
+just give up you don't revise your paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give up you don't revise your paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give up you don't revise your paper
+and you go home um if your paper is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you go home um if your paper is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you go home um if your paper is
+better um you revise it to death you set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better um you revise it to death you set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better um you revise it to death you set
+uh you know TR to be 1 minus TQ you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know TR to be 1 minus TQ you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know TR to be 1 minus TQ you do
+all the revisions you can you get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the revisions you can you get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the revisions you can you get this
+draw on R quality and if you get a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw on R quality and if you get a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw on R quality and if you get a good
+draw you get accepted you get a bad draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw you get accepted you get a bad draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw you get accepted you get a bad draw
+you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get
+rejected and then if your quality is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected and then if your quality is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected and then if your quality is
+super high then they recognize your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super high then they recognize your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super high then they recognize your
+quality super high and they tell you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality super high and they tell you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality super high and they tell you you
+only need to do this Reach This level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only need to do this Reach This level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only need to do this Reach This level of
+R quality to get accepted so what you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R quality to get accepted so what you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R quality to get accepted so what you do
+is there you're able to get it accepted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there you're able to get it accepted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there you're able to get it accepted
+with probability one here and up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability one here and up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability one here and up here
+you can get accept with probability one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get accept with probability one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get accept with probability one
+and even take a vacation some vacation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even take a vacation some vacation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even take a vacation some vacation
+time so here you sort of like take some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so here you sort of like take some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so here you sort of like take some
+time off but any of these papers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time off but any of these papers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time off but any of these papers that
+are super high quality they get accepted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are super high quality they get accepted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are super high quality they get accepted
+with probability one and you just do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability one and you just do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability one and you just do the
+you know you sort of Set uh you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you sort of Set uh you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you sort of Set uh you know you
+choose h of TR star is just equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose h of TR star is just equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose h of TR star is just equal to the
+thing that you're being asked to do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you're being asked to do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you're being asked to do so
+that even if you get the worst data draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even if you get the worst data draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even if you get the worst data draw
+possible the paper gets accepted with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible the paper gets accepted with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible the paper gets accepted with
+probability one so you ensure that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability one so you ensure that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability one so you ensure that your
+paper gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper gets
+in um in my model people have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um in my model people have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um in my model people have these
+lexicographic preferences over um paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lexicographic preferences over um paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lexicographic preferences over um paper
+acceptance and Leisure so anything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptance and Leisure so anything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptance and Leisure so anything that
+adds any probability your paper getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds any probability your paper getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds any probability your paper getting
+accepted you do it and you only take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted you do it and you only take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted you do it and you only take
+Leisure when your probability of getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leisure when your probability of getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leisure when your probability of getting
+in is zero or when it's zero marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in is zero or when it's zero marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in is zero or when it's zero marginal
+impact um anyway so you know this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact um anyway so you know this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact um anyway so you know this is
+what this is what we would we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is what we would we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is what we would we think
+would happen um and so you know that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen um and so you know that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen um and so you know that's
+what state that's what an equal would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what state that's what an equal would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what state that's what an equal would
+look like and then the question about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like and then the question about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like and then the question about
+like where where do these sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like where where do these sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like where where do these sort of
+Dynamics come from uh because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics come from uh because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics come from uh because it's
+gotten harder and harder to publish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten harder and harder to publish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten harder and harder to publish
+papers over the years why do I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers over the years why do I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers over the years why do I think
+that happens uh what I then add is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens uh what I then add is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens uh what I then add is an
+overconfidence bias so everybody thinks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overconfidence bias so everybody thinks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overconfidence bias so everybody thinks
+their papers are better than they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their papers are better than they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their papers are better than they
+actually are so you know either you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are so you know either you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are so you know either you
+think your queue is better than it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think your queue is better than it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think your queue is better than it
+really is your idea is more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is your idea is more interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is your idea is more interesting
+or you think your craftsmanship is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you think your craftsmanship is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you think your craftsmanship is
+better than your craftsmanship really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than your craftsmanship really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than your craftsmanship really is
+because you're using the best techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're using the best techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're using the best techniques
+you know about and you think therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know about and you think therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know about and you think therefore
+I'm state-of-the-art when you're not but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm state-of-the-art when you're not but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm state-of-the-art when you're not but
+everybody just thinks their paper is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody just thinks their paper is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody just thinks their paper is
+Epsilon better Epsilon better than than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon better Epsilon better than than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon better Epsilon better than than
+other people think their paper is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people think their paper is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people think their paper is
+okay and so what's going to happen when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so what's going to happen when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so what's going to happen when
+people are learning is um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are learning is um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are learning is um this
+Norm with an overconfidence bias is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm with an overconfidence bias is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm with an overconfidence bias is
+going to confuse people because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to confuse people because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to confuse people because they're
+going to be sort of h two things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be sort of h two things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be sort of h two things are
+going to be happening to them one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be happening to them one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be happening to them one is
+they're gonna be submitting papers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna be submitting papers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna be submitting papers and
+going to be told that you've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be told that you've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be told that you've got to
+reach this really really high well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach this really really high well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach this really really high well what
+seems to you to be a really really high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to you to be a really really high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to you to be a really really high
+line because you think your paper is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line because you think your paper is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line because you think your paper is
+better than it is and you're like wow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than it is and you're like wow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than it is and you're like wow
+it's really really hard to get a paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really really hard to get a paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really really hard to get a paper
+in for my paper to get accepted I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for my paper to get accepted I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for my paper to get accepted I have
+to do this laundry list of 67 things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this laundry list of 67 things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this laundry list of 67 things
+better than I'm doing today and yet you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than I'm doing today and yet you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than I'm doing today and yet you
+also referee papers and you say this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also referee papers and you say this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also referee papers and you say this is
+not as good as mine you should reject it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as good as mine you should reject it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as good as mine you should reject it
+and then you see the journal taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you see the journal taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you see the journal taking the
+paper and so you have this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper and so you have this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper and so you have this sort of
+cognitive dissonance is like why is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive dissonance is like why is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive dissonance is like why is it
+that I can't get my papers in and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can't get my papers in and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can't get my papers in and these
+mediocre things either that I refereed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediocre things either that I refereed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediocre things either that I refereed
+or I see in the journal are getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I see in the journal are getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I see in the journal are getting
+published and so you have to sort of try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published and so you have to sort of try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published and so you have to sort of try
+to reconcile those two things in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reconcile those two things in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reconcile those two things in your
+mind and think maybe I misunderstood the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind and think maybe I misunderstood the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind and think maybe I misunderstood the
+alpha Z process okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha Z process okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha Z process okay
+um again you know here I could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again you know here I could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again you know here I could do
+something rational where something fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something rational where something fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something rational where something fully
+rational where people have this prior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational where people have this prior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational where people have this prior
+over all alphas and Z's that the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all alphas and Z's that the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all alphas and Z's that the world
+might have and a prior over the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have and a prior over the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have and a prior over the whole
+process that is being used to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that is being used to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that is being used to generate
+acceptance and regression ejections and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptance and regression ejections and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptance and regression ejections and
+think about the rational basan updating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the rational basan updating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the rational basan updating
+when you're getting these sort of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're getting these sort of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're getting these sort of two
+conflicting pieces of evidence how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicting pieces of evidence how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicting pieces of evidence how do
+you best you know in some sense it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you best you know in some sense it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you best you know in some sense it's a
+the basan updating with with the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basan updating with with the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basan updating with with the sort of
+the the true state of the world is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the true state of the world is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the true state of the world is
+outside the um outside the the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the um outside the the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the um outside the the sort of
+support of your prior because you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support of your prior because you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support of your prior because you don't
+think that you're biased um but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that you're biased um but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that you're biased um but anyway
+what I did instead was um think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I did instead was um think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I did instead was um think about
+just a different objective function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a different objective function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a different objective function that
+is you know I'm basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know I'm basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know I'm basically
+getting uh you know two types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting uh you know two types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting uh you know two types of
+evidence one is I'm being asked these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence one is I'm being asked these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence one is I'm being asked these
+are the sort of R of Q's on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the sort of R of Q's on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the sort of R of Q's on my
+paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper
+and I'm trying to sort of figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm trying to sort of figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm trying to sort of figure out
+what is the correct I'm trying to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the correct I'm trying to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the correct I'm trying to figure
+out what is the correct line and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what is the correct line and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what is the correct line and this is
+what I think R ofq is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I think R ofq is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I think R ofq is on the
+observations on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations on my
+paper uh and I'm going to sort of say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper uh and I'm going to sort of say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper uh and I'm going to sort of say
+that people are sort of in some one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people are sort of in some one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people are sort of in some one
+thing they're trying to do is fit a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing they're trying to do is fit a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing they're trying to do is fit a a
+line to the data they're getting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line to the data they're getting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line to the data they're getting on
+their own papers with some leas squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own papers with some leas squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own papers with some leas squares
+procedure but then the other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure but then the other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure but then the other thing
+they're doing is they're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing is they're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing is they're sort of
+seeing other papers are accepted or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing other papers are accepted or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing other papers are accepted or
+rejected and every time a paper if like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected and every time a paper if like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected and every time a paper if like
+this paper is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper is
+accepted uh but this paper's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted uh but this paper's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted uh but this paper's also
+accepted and this one's rejected and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted and this one's rejected and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted and this one's rejected and
+this one's rejected and this one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one's rejected and this one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one's rejected and this one's
+rejected and this one's accepted you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected and this one's accepted you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected and this one's accepted you
+know they're trying to some sense also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're trying to some sense also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're trying to some sense also
+fit a line to this data that separates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit a line to this data that separates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit a line to this data that separates
+the accepted papers from the rejected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the accepted papers from the rejected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the accepted papers from the rejected
+papers uh and what I do because entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers uh and what I do because entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers uh and what I do because entirely
+to make the model tractable is say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the model tractable is say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the model tractable is say that
+you're using a least squares loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using a least squares loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using a least squares loss
+function for the things you're told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for the things you're told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for the things you're told
+about your own papers and you're using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your own papers and you're using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your own papers and you're using a
+sum of absolute deviations loss function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of absolute deviations loss function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of absolute deviations loss function
+for the acceptance and rejections and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the acceptance and rejections and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the acceptance and rejections and
+trying to fit the two data together with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to fit the two data together with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to fit the two data together with
+the same line and you know what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same line and you know what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same line and you know what's going
+on is that they're actually basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on is that they're actually basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on is that they're actually basically
+they're what's happening is in reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're what's happening is in reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're what's happening is in reality
+is there two lines this is the r ofq
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there two lines this is the r ofq
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there two lines this is the r ofq
+line what you what you think perceive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line what you what you think perceive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line what you what you think perceive
+you're being asked to do and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're being asked to do and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're being asked to do and this is the
+acceptance rejection line which is lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptance rejection line which is lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptance rejection line which is lower
+and you you think you're being asked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you you think you're being asked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you you think you're being asked to
+do more because you think your quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do more because you think your quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do more because you think your quality
+is better than it is so the data is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is better than it is so the data is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is better than it is so the data is
+really coming in on these two lines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really coming in on these two lines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really coming in on these two lines and
+you're yet trying to fit a single line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're yet trying to fit a single line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're yet trying to fit a single line
+to this data not recognizing that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this data not recognizing that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this data not recognizing that the
+observations from your papers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations from your papers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations from your papers are
+different from the observations on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the observations on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the observations on the
+other papers okay and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other papers okay and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other papers okay and and the
+observation of the paper is if you H if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation of the paper is if you H if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation of the paper is if you H if
+people have views on this what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have views on this what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have views on this what happens
+what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens
+is people perceive this line to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is people perceive this line to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is people perceive this line to be the
+line and and everyone thinks it's harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and and everyone thinks it's harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and and everyone thinks it's harder
+to publish than it is they always tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to publish than it is they always tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to publish than it is they always tell
+the authors when they're refereeing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the authors when they're refereeing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the authors when they're refereeing you
+need to get really really good to get in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get really really good to get in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get really really good to get in
+and you need to reach this High RFQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you need to reach this High RFQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you need to reach this High RFQ
+line but then the editors can't fill the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line but then the editors can't fill the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line but then the editors can't fill the
+journal with papers who reach the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal with papers who reach the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal with papers who reach the high
+RFQ line so there are these people down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RFQ line so there are these people down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RFQ line so there are these people down
+here who had the me medium quality ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here who had the me medium quality ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here who had the me medium quality ideas
+that revised him to death who fell just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that revised him to death who fell just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that revised him to death who fell just
+short of what the referees told them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short of what the referees told them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short of what the referees told them to
+do and then the editors take the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and then the editors take the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and then the editors take the paper
+anyway because they need to fill the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway because they need to fill the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway because they need to fill the
+journal and so they like take the papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal and so they like take the papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal and so they like take the papers
+that were slightly lower quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were slightly lower quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were slightly lower quality
+um slightly lower lower quality on the r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um slightly lower lower quality on the r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um slightly lower lower quality on the r
+Dimension than what they were told to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension than what they were told to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension than what they were told to do
+so that's what the data actually looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what the data actually looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what the data actually looks
+like and then when people are trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and then when people are trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and then when people are trying to
+sort of fit these sort of two data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of fit these sort of two data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of fit these sort of two data
+sources together the Q R ofq data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources together the Q R ofq data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources together the Q R ofq data and
+the acceptance rejection data the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acceptance rejection data the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acceptance rejection data the best
+way to do that is with is by tilt is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do that is with is by tilt is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do that is with is by tilt is by
+tilting the line down because the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilting the line down because the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilting the line down because the the
+surprise acceptances are papers that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise acceptances are papers that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise acceptances are papers that are
+low Q High R and get in and so the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low Q High R and get in and so the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low Q High R and get in and so the best
+way that you can explain that on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that you can explain that on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that you can explain that on these
+really great papers I'm being asked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really great papers I'm being asked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really great papers I'm being asked to
+do a lot and yet down here I see these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a lot and yet down here I see these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a lot and yet down here I see these
+low Q highr papers getting in is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low Q highr papers getting in is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low Q highr papers getting in is to say
+oh I think it must be that you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I think it must be that you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I think it must be that you know the
+best way to fit this data is to tilt the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best way to fit this data is to tilt the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best way to fit this data is to tilt the
+line down and think that R quality is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line down and think that R quality is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line down and think that R quality is
+more important than I thought and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more important than I thought and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more important than I thought and and
+these high R papers are getting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these high R papers are getting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these high R papers are getting in
+because R quality matters more and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because R quality matters more and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because R quality matters more and so
+the argument is that what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the argument is that what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the argument is that what's going to
+happen is people are just going to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is people are just going to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is people are just going to keep
+being surprised that papers get accepted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being surprised that papers get accepted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being surprised that papers get accepted
+that they refereed the surprise cces are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they refereed the surprise cces are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they refereed the surprise cces are
+overwhelmingly low Q High R papers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelmingly low Q High R papers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelmingly low Q High R papers that
+that and then and so the best way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then and so the best way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then and so the best way to
+explain that those surprise acceptances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain that those surprise acceptances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain that those surprise acceptances
+and yet the high demands being made for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet the high demands being made for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet the high demands being made for
+the high Q papers uh are tilting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high Q papers uh are tilting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high Q papers uh are tilting the
+line and thinking our quality is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and thinking our quality is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and thinking our quality is a
+little bit more important than I am and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more important than I am and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more important than I am and
+so we end up with this situation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we end up with this situation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we end up with this situation where
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+perpetually everyone always is holding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetually everyone always is holding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetually everyone always is holding
+people to standards that're slightly too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to standards that're slightly too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to standards that're slightly too
+high and then slightly twisting their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high and then slightly twisting their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high and then slightly twisting their
+views to think about the importance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+views to think about the importance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+views to think about the importance of
+craftsmanship versus the importance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+craftsmanship versus the importance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+craftsmanship versus the importance of
+ideas uh and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas uh and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas uh and this
+um you know graph shows you if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know graph shows you if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know graph shows you if this is
+sort of you think of this as the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you think of this as the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you think of this as the sort of
+set of social norms that would all be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of social norms that would all be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of social norms that would all be
+consistent with Alpha on this axis and Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with Alpha on this axis and Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with Alpha on this axis and Z
+on this axis we're always staying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this axis we're always staying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this axis we're always staying
+slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly
+above uh slightly above that set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above uh slightly above that set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above uh slightly above that set of
+social norms and then this Dynamics this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social norms and then this Dynamics this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social norms and then this Dynamics this
+model would just slowly drift and drift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model would just slowly drift and drift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model would just slowly drift and drift
+and drift and drift and drift and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and drift and drift and drift and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and drift and drift and drift and you
+know the argument is that you know I I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the argument is that you know I I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the argument is that you know I I'm
+going to argue that this was a 30-year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to argue that this was a 30-year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to argue that this was a 30-year
+disequilibrium process 30 years we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disequilibrium process 30 years we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disequilibrium process 30 years we've
+been out of equilibrium referees are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been out of equilibrium referees are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been out of equilibrium referees are
+always slightly too high un trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always slightly too high un trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always slightly too high un trying to
+reconcile the sort of difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconcile the sort of difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconcile the sort of difference in
+their mind between the slightly too high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their mind between the slightly too high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their mind between the slightly too high
+standards they think are being applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards they think are being applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards they think are being applied
+with the acceptances they see they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the acceptances they see they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the acceptances they see they just
+keep thinking that it must be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep thinking that it must be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep thinking that it must be the
+craftsmanship that got that one in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+craftsmanship that got that one in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+craftsmanship that got that one in and
+then they keep just changing their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they keep just changing their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they keep just changing their
+beliefs about the importance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+craftsmanship any questions there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+craftsmanship any questions there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+craftsmanship any questions there so
+again you right the rule of thumb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you right the rule of thumb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you right the rule of thumb
+approach here is just I trying to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach here is just I trying to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach here is just I trying to say
+what the referees do and and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the referees do and and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the referees do and and I've
+actually you know um some chance I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you know um some chance I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you know um some chance I will
+rewrite this paper doing the fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this paper doing the fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this paper doing the fully
+beijan version which I I think there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beijan version which I I think there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beijan version which I I think there's
+been big advances of ban learning with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been big advances of ban learning with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been big advances of ban learning with
+me specified priors in the last uh 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me specified priors in the last uh 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me specified priors in the last uh 20
+years where I think maybe now I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years where I think maybe now I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years where I think maybe now I could
+solve this basian model with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this basian model with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this basian model with
+misspecified priors and show that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misspecified priors and show that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misspecified priors and show that kind
+of what I say happens here happens in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what I say happens here happens in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what I say happens here happens in a
+fully beian model with Miss specified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully beian model with Miss specified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully beian model with Miss specified
+priors but I sort of think that the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priors but I sort of think that the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priors but I sort of think that the idea
+of the rule of thumb approach is just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the rule of thumb approach is just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the rule of thumb approach is just to
+say think about what you think people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say think about what you think people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say think about what you think people
+would do think about what you think they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do think about what you think they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do think about what you think they
+would do that's reasonable I I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do that's reasonable I I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do that's reasonable I I don't
+think it's reasonable I think it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's reasonable I think it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's reasonable I think it seems
+like referees are fairly naive and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like referees are fairly naive and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like referees are fairly naive and this
+is how they're trying to reconcile the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how they're trying to reconcile the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how they're trying to reconcile the
+two things this could happen and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things this could happen and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things this could happen and then
+write down a model that you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down a model that you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down a model that you can actually
+solve and like why do I have a quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve and like why do I have a quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve and like why do I have a quadratic
+loss function one part and at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss function one part and at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss function one part and at least
+absolute deviations lost function in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute deviations lost function in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute deviations lost function in one
+part and it's exactly because that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and it's exactly because that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and it's exactly because that was
+the model I could solve we might as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model I could solve we might as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model I could solve we might as well
+solve write down models we can solve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve write down models we can solve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve write down models we can solve and
+and say what we can about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say what we can about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say what we can about
+them the let me say empirics on this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the let me say empirics on this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the let me say empirics on this uh
+have another kind of depressing paper uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another kind of depressing paper uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another kind of depressing paper uh
+in in the jpe looking at how long it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the jpe looking at how long it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the jpe looking at how long it
+takes a paper to get accepted from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a paper to get accepted from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a paper to get accepted from the
+time it's first submitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's first submitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's first submitted
+historically uh and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically uh and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically uh and in the
+1970s uh papers were typically getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970s uh papers were typically getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970s uh papers were typically getting
+accepted at all the top journals six to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted at all the top journals six to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted at all the top journals six to
+eight months after they were first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight months after they were first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight months after they were first
+accepted uh and you know it's it kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted uh and you know it's it kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted uh and you know it's it kind of
+remarkable and you realize like at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable and you realize like at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable and you realize like at the
+time the Xerox machine had not been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the Xerox machine had not been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the Xerox machine had not been
+invented um and so how did refering a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented um and so how did refering a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented um and so how did refering a
+paper work you would type up two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper work you would type up two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper work you would type up two or
+three copies of your paper you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three copies of your paper you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three copies of your paper you would
+send or actually in the 1960s you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send or actually in the 1960s you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send or actually in the 1960s you would
+send in the single draft of manuscript
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send in the single draft of manuscript
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send in the single draft of manuscript
+that your secretary typed but you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your secretary typed but you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your secretary typed but you would
+send the paper in uh so 60s certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send the paper in uh so 60s certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send the paper in uh so 60s certainly
+you sent the your your secretary typed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sent the your your secretary typed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sent the your your secretary typed
+one copy of the paper you sent it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one copy of the paper you sent it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one copy of the paper you sent it to the
+journal they sent it to the referee the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal they sent it to the referee the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal they sent it to the referee the
+referee read the paper made comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referee read the paper made comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referee read the paper made comments
+sent it back to the journal office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent it back to the journal office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent it back to the journal office
+because that was the only copy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that was the only copy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that was the only copy the
+journal office then sent the paper to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal office then sent the paper to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal office then sent the paper to a
+second referee that second referee paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second referee that second referee paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second referee that second referee paper
+sent made comments sent it back the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent made comments sent it back the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent made comments sent it back the
+Journal office the journal office made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Journal office the journal office made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Journal office the journal office made
+comments and mailed them you mailed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments and mailed them you mailed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments and mailed them you mailed you
+a decision somehow in the time papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a decision somehow in the time papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a decision somehow in the time papers
+were getting published you know five six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were getting published you know five six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were getting published you know five six
+months after they were submitted uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months after they were submitted uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months after they were submitted uh
+starting in the 70s when the Revis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting in the 70s when the Revis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting in the 70s when the Revis and
+resubmit was invented things just got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resubmit was invented things just got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resubmit was invented things just got
+longer and longer and longer and longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer and longer and longer and longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer and longer and longer and longer
+and by you know the year 2000 some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by you know the year 2000 some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by you know the year 2000 some
+journals were averaging two and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journals were averaging two and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journals were averaging two and a half
+years from the time a paper was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years from the time a paper was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years from the time a paper was
+submitted to get it published some were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submitted to get it published some were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submitted to get it published some were
+averaging two years uh and so on so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging two years uh and so on so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging two years uh and so on so that
+and and you know this is sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you know this is sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you know this is sort of the
+time that conditional on a good outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that conditional on a good outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that conditional on a good outcome
+you know the way the process tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the way the process tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the way the process tends to
+work though is like right the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work though is like right the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work though is like right the top
+journals have a 98 96% rejection rate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journals have a 98 96% rejection rate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journals have a 98 96% rejection rate so
+you send it to journal one they screw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you send it to journal one they screw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you send it to journal one they screw
+around with it for a year and a half and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with it for a year and a half and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with it for a year and a half and
+then they reject it and then a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they reject it and then a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they reject it and then a second
+one and then they mess around with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then they mess around with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then they mess around with it
+for six months and they reject it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for six months and they reject it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for six months and they reject it and
+the third one it's a year and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third one it's a year and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third one it's a year and then they
+reject it and then finally you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject it and then finally you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject it and then finally you get
+someone to spend three years revising it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone to spend three years revising it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone to spend three years revising it
+before they then P two two or three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they then P two two or three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they then P two two or three
+years and then they publish it um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and then they publish it um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and then they publish it um so
+actually I have this sort of um very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I have this sort of um very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I have this sort of um very
+depressing statistic that if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depressing statistic that if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depressing statistic that if you look at
+the sort of absolute stars on the io
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of absolute stars on the io
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of absolute stars on the io
+Market who do uh empirical IO and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market who do uh empirical IO and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market who do uh empirical IO and how
+long it takes them to get their job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long it takes them to get their job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long it takes them to get their job
+market papers published uh the median
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market papers published uh the median
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market papers published uh the median
+time is now seven years uh which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is now seven years uh which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is now seven years uh which you
+know it's a long time considering you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's a long time considering you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's a long time considering you
+spent also three years writing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent also three years writing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent also three years writing that
+paper before you first graduated from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper before you first graduated from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper before you first graduated from
+school so uh anyway I I hope future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school so uh anyway I I hope future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school so uh anyway I I hope future
+Generations will sort of recognize what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generations will sort of recognize what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generations will sort of recognize what
+they're doing and solve this problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing and solve this problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing and solve this problem and
+i' I've made some attempts with limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i' I've made some attempts with limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i' I've made some attempts with limited
+success um okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success um okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success um okay
+any questions yeah how important is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions yeah how important is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions yeah how important is it
+in the model that the author perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the model that the author perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the model that the author perfectly
+observ is um so it I don't think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observ is um so it I don't think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observ is um so it I don't think it's
+it's at all important you know I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's at all important you know I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's at all important you know I think
+what's going on is I'm having the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on is I'm having the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on is I'm having the
+authors do this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authors do this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authors do this sort of
+uh least squares fit of the ex of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh least squares fit of the ex of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh least squares fit of the ex of you
+know this so like they're being asked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this so like they're being asked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this so like they're being asked to
+do every time you submit a paper quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do every time you submit a paper quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do every time you submit a paper quality
+Q you're being asked do R of Q and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q you're being asked do R of Q and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q you're being asked do R of Q and you
+just fit a leas square ER line to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just fit a leas square ER line to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just fit a leas square ER line to that
+so if if there was sort of uh if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if if there was sort of uh if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if if there was sort of uh if your
+paper were you know qualities were like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper were you know qualities were like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper were you know qualities were like
+this fitting aligned to it I think would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fitting aligned to it I think would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fitting aligned to it I think would
+do roughly the same thing uh what what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do roughly the same thing uh what what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do roughly the same thing uh what what's
+important is the argument that the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is the argument that the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is the argument that the very
+high quality papers you're asked to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high quality papers you're asked to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high quality papers you're asked to do a
+lot and they do all get accepted because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot and they do all get accepted because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot and they do all get accepted because
+you do what they you're being asked and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do what they you're being asked and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do what they you're being asked and
+the lowquality ones are the ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowquality ones are the ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowquality ones are the ones that
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+in not doing what they were asked so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in not doing what they were asked so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in not doing what they were asked so the
+high quality ones don't get in not doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high quality ones don't get in not doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high quality ones don't get in not doing
+what they were asked because they always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they were asked because they always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they were asked because they always
+do what they were asked enough that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what they were asked enough that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what they were asked enough that
+that's I think the main thing um but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I think the main thing um but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I think the main thing um but the
+randomness I don't think would affect EI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness I don't think would affect EI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness I don't think would affect EI
+and either one shouldn't affect it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and either one shouldn't affect it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and either one shouldn't affect it um
+let me say you know advertising is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me say you know advertising is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me say you know advertising is not
+something I can do in and any do justice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I can do in and any do justice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I can do in and any do justice
+in this paper you know there's a field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this paper you know there's a field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this paper you know there's a field
+called marketing uh I don't know if any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called marketing uh I don't know if any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called marketing uh I don't know if any
+of you are from the Sloan marketing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you are from the Sloan marketing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you are from the Sloan marketing
+department but you know most Business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department but you know most Business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department but you know most Business
+Schools have marketing departments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schools have marketing departments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schools have marketing departments
+marketing departments have lots and lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing departments have lots and lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing departments have lots and lots
+of professors you know they're like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of professors you know they're like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of professors you know they're like a
+thousand marketing Prof professors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand marketing Prof professors in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand marketing Prof professors in
+the United States there are many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States there are many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States there are many many
+marketing journals just like there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing journals just like there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing journals just like there are
+economics journals those marketing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics journals those marketing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics journals those marketing
+journals are full of papers and like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journals are full of papers and like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journals are full of papers and like you
+obviously people in marketing do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously people in marketing do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously people in marketing do
+advertising you know they teach entire C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising you know they teach entire C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising you know they teach entire C
+all of their courses are entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of their courses are entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of their courses are entirely
+marketing not one week of of my class or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing not one week of of my class or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing not one week of of my class or
+something like that so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that so there's a
+enormous literature out there um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous literature out there um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous literature out there um
+marketing is a field where um I put here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing is a field where um I put here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing is a field where um I put here
+you know influences on marketing so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know influences on marketing so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know influences on marketing so if
+you look at what's being cited by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at what's being cited by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at what's being cited by
+marketing papers um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing papers um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing papers um
+the largest well obviously mostly they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest well obviously mostly they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest well obviously mostly they
+cite other marketing papers so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cite other marketing papers so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cite other marketing papers so this is
+what non business things are they citing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what non business things are they citing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what non business things are they citing
+they do site a lot of psychology papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do site a lot of psychology papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do site a lot of psychology papers
+and there's been sort of a rise of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's been sort of a rise of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's been sort of a rise of
+psychology and marketing over the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology and marketing over the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology and marketing over the last
+you know 40-year time span where people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 40-year time span where people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 40-year time span where people
+in marketing are paying more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in marketing are paying more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in marketing are paying more and more
+attention to what psychologists are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to what psychologists are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to what psychologists are
+saying and citing what psychologists are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying and citing what psychologists are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying and citing what psychologists are
+saying there's also though been an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying there's also though been an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying there's also though been an
+increasing Trend in citing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing Trend in citing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing Trend in citing what
+economists are doing and so you know now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists are doing and so you know now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists are doing and so you know now
+it's you know 6% of the citations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know 6% of the citations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know 6% of the citations in
+marketing papers are to economics papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing papers are to economics papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing papers are to economics papers
+rather than to marketing papers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than to marketing papers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than to marketing papers so
+there's a substantial influence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a substantial influence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a substantial influence of
+Economics on marketing and if then if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economics on marketing and if then if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economics on marketing and if then if
+you look at what within economics are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at what within economics are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at what within economics are
+marketing people citing you know IO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing people citing you know IO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing people citing you know IO
+which is the yellow line here is a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the yellow line here is a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the yellow line here is a big
+part of what's going on in marketing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of what's going on in marketing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of what's going on in marketing and
+so there's just you know there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's just you know there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's just you know there are
+marketing papers that look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing papers that look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing papers that look like
+psychology papers or look very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology papers or look very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology papers or look very different
+from economics but there are a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from economics but there are a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from economics but there are a lot of
+marketing papers that look like IO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing papers that look like IO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing papers that look like IO
+Theory papers and that look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory papers and that look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory papers and that look like
+empirical IO papers so they just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical IO papers so they just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical IO papers so they just you
+know Market people write all about way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Market people write all about way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Market people write all about way
+that firm firms can price to or make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that firm firms can price to or make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that firm firms can price to or make
+their products appealing to customers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their products appealing to customers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their products appealing to customers
+and they write a lot about sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they write a lot about sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they write a lot about sort of
+empirical demand estimation and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical demand estimation and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical demand estimation and how
+advertising campaigns affect demand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising campaigns affect demand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising campaigns affect demand and
+so on and both those parts look a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and both those parts look a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and both those parts look a lot
+like IO um so what I'm going to do today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like IO um so what I'm going to do today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like IO um so what I'm going to do today
+is today I'm just going to do sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is today I'm just going to do sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is today I'm just going to do sort of a
+few classic models of advertising and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few classic models of advertising and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few classic models of advertising and
+then it's it's again a week from Monday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's it's again a week from Monday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's it's again a week from Monday
+I'm going to do some empirics on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do some empirics on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do some empirics on uh
+advertising okay so monitors of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising okay so monitors of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising okay so monitors of
+advertising um generally I think you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising um generally I think you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising um generally I think you can
+sort of say the way people in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of say the way people in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of say the way people in in the
+economics literature sort of break down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics literature sort of break down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics literature sort of break down
+sort of three different you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of three different you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of three different you know
+obviously to explain advertising you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously to explain advertising you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously to explain advertising you got
+to say like why is it that advertising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say like why is it that advertising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say like why is it that advertising
+changes what people purchase if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes what people purchase if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes what people purchase if you
+start with our basic model of consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with our basic model of consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with our basic model of consumers
+have preferences UI JT if they buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have preferences UI JT if they buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have preferences UI JT if they buy
+product J at time T and it's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product J at time T and it's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product J at time T and it's you know
+xjt beta minus Alpha pjt and they buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xjt beta minus Alpha pjt and they buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xjt beta minus Alpha pjt and they buy
+the best thing then what does an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best thing then what does an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best thing then what does an
+advertisement do it if it doesn't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertisement do it if it doesn't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertisement do it if it doesn't change
+your you know if that's your utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your you know if that's your utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your you know if that's your utility
+function you're always maximizing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you're always maximizing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you're always maximizing your
+utility advertising shouldn't affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility advertising shouldn't affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility advertising shouldn't affect
+anything that goes on in the world um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that goes on in the world um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that goes on in the world um
+and yet we see firms spend lots and lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet we see firms spend lots and lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet we see firms spend lots and lots
+of money on Advertising it must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money on Advertising it must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money on Advertising it must be
+advertising changes Behavior or changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising changes Behavior or changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising changes Behavior or changes
+something that increases profits what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that increases profits what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that increases profits what is
+it um one thing one sort of class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um one thing one sort of class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um one thing one sort of class of
+models is advertising can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models is advertising can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models is advertising can have
+informational content you know it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informational content you know it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informational content you know it can
+tell you that a product exists that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that a product exists that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that a product exists that what
+the product's price is what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product's price is what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product's price is what the
+product's attributes are but it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product's attributes are but it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product's attributes are but it's like
+you know some sense it's like a search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some sense it's like a search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some sense it's like a search
+SE model you don't know everything but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SE model you don't know everything but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SE model you don't know everything but
+then the advertising tells you things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the advertising tells you things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the advertising tells you things
+that you would otherwise have to invest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would otherwise have to invest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would otherwise have to invest
+search effort in uh figuring out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search effort in uh figuring out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search effort in uh figuring out and
+that increases the number of people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that increases the number of people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that increases the number of people who
+buy the product uh and you know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy the product uh and you know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy the product uh and you know like
+right classic examples like this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right classic examples like this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right classic examples like this you
+know informative advertising you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know informative advertising you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know informative advertising you just
+get an ad in in the mail or in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an ad in in the mail or in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an ad in in the mail or in your
+newspaper for Target and the advertising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspaper for Target and the advertising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspaper for Target and the advertising
+for Target tells you you know you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Target tells you you know you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Target tells you you know you can
+get these These Boots for $10 and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get these These Boots for $10 and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get these These Boots for $10 and those
+jackets for $5 or $20 and these clothes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jackets for $5 or $20 and these clothes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jackets for $5 or $20 and these clothes
+for four or5 they show you the pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for four or5 they show you the pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for four or5 they show you the pictures
+that things to tell you what what Target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that things to tell you what what Target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that things to tell you what what Target
+is selling and what it costs and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is selling and what it costs and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is selling and what it costs and this
+would be informative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be informative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be informative
+advertising um a second thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising um a second thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising um a second thing that
+advertising can do is not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising can do is not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising can do is not necessarily
+tell you anything about the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you anything about the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you anything about the product
+itself but just signal to you something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself but just signal to you something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself but just signal to you something
+about the quality um so for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the quality um so for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the quality um so for instance
+like let me look at these two ads you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like let me look at these two ads you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like let me look at these two ads you
+know you guys are probably all too young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you guys are probably all too young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you guys are probably all too young
+to remember uh pets.com you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember uh pets.com you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember uh pets.com you know
+pets.com in the first internet boom just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pets.com in the first internet boom just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pets.com in the first internet boom just
+like when there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when there was
+amazon.com uh pets.com started up around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazon.com uh pets.com started up around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazon.com uh pets.com started up around
+the same time uh pets.com just you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time uh pets.com just you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time uh pets.com just you know
+miraculous rise and fall of a company in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miraculous rise and fall of a company in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miraculous rise and fall of a company in
+the space of of of a year or two where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space of of of a year or two where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space of of of a year or two where
+pets.com just burned through like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pets.com just burned through like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pets.com just burned through like
+hundreds of millions of dollars they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of millions of dollars they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of millions of dollars they had
+the sock puppet and like they put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sock puppet and like they put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sock puppet and like they put the
+sock puppet on the Super Bowl and spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sock puppet on the Super Bowl and spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sock puppet on the Super Bowl and spent
+millions of dollars just having the sock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of dollars just having the sock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of dollars just having the sock
+puppet just appear on the Super Bowl you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puppet just appear on the Super Bowl you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puppet just appear on the Super Bowl you
+know the sock puppet did not tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the sock puppet did not tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the sock puppet did not tell you
+anything about you know obviously what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about you know obviously what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about you know obviously what
+is pets.com they sell like stuff for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pets.com they sell like stuff for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pets.com they sell like stuff for
+pets like you you know you know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pets like you you know you know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pets like you you know you know what's
+in a Petco store you probably know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a Petco store you probably know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a Petco store you probably know
+what's on pet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's on pet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's on pet
+. um but you know the stock was some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+. um but you know the stock was some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+. um but you know the stock was some
+sense maybe you s of say that like they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense maybe you s of say that like they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense maybe you s of say that like they
+wow they just spent you know 2.4 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow they just spent you know 2.4 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow they just spent you know 2.4 million
+dollars to have the sock puppet just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars to have the sock puppet just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars to have the sock puppet just
+interviewing somebody during the Super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewing somebody during the Super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewing somebody during the Super
+Bowl uh it must be they think they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bowl uh it must be they think they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bowl uh it must be they think they have
+a good product and if I actually go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good product and if I actually go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good product and if I actually go to
+pets.com I'll buy stuff because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pets.com I'll buy stuff because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pets.com I'll buy stuff because
+otherwise how could they have burned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise how could they have burned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise how could they have burned
+through $2 million in 30 seconds like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through $2 million in 30 seconds like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through $2 million in 30 seconds like
+that and so there's s you this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so there's s you this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so there's s you this sort of
+signaling idea I would sort of say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling idea I would sort of say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling idea I would sort of say the
+same thing about like you know you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing about like you know you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing about like you know you look
+at the Patagonia ad here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the Patagonia ad here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the Patagonia ad here
+again you know like it I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you know like it I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you know like it I don't know
+right I mean I mean maybe maybe it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean I mean maybe maybe it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean I mean maybe maybe it's all
+Photoshop but like it must have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photoshop but like it must have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photoshop but like it must have been
+expensive to send some guy with a camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive to send some guy with a camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive to send some guy with a camera
+up to the top of some mountain with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to the top of some mountain with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to the top of some mountain with
+wearing those Patagonia stuff and taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearing those Patagonia stuff and taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearing those Patagonia stuff and taking
+the pictures and it must be that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pictures and it must be that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pictures and it must be that they're
+clothing either this person's really not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clothing either this person's really not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clothing either this person's really not
+uncomfortable up there on that mountain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortable up there on that mountain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortable up there on that mountain
+wearing the Patagonia stuff and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearing the Patagonia stuff and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearing the Patagonia stuff and so the
+clothing is good or they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clothing is good or they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clothing is good or they're just
+spending a lot of money on the ads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending a lot of money on the ads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending a lot of money on the ads
+because they know that the if I bought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they know that the if I bought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they know that the if I bought
+the clothing I would like it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clothing I would like it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clothing I would like it or
+something like that and then the I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and then the I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and then the I guess
+the third thing we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third thing we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third thing we think about
+advertising is advertising can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising is advertising can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising is advertising can be
+changing your preferences or directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing your preferences or directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing your preferences or directly
+affecting purchase decisions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting purchase decisions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting purchase decisions of
+non-rational things so if I look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-rational things so if I look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-rational things so if I look at this
+commercial you know litz grab a beer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial you know litz grab a beer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial you know litz grab a beer and
+those people are having just a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those people are having just a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those people are having just a great
+time having those beer Outdoors at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time having those beer Outdoors at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time having those beer Outdoors at some
+you know and then they're all relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and then they're all relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and then they're all relatively
+attractive or whatever you know I I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive or whatever you know I I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive or whatever you know I I I
+must be I think that like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be I think that like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be I think that like you know
+somehow if only I was having that beer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow if only I was having that beer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow if only I was having that beer
+my life would be like that instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my life would be like that instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my life would be like that instead of
+what my life is like today and I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what my life is like today and I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what my life is like today and I just
+you know I would I would like to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I would I would like to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I would I would like to be
+those people and somehow if I just had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those people and somehow if I just had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those people and somehow if I just had
+that beer this this is me or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that beer this this is me or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that beer this this is me or something
+like you know like it it sort of it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know like it it sort of it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know like it it sort of it it
+changes your preferences from being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes your preferences from being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes your preferences from being a
+person who wants to work on a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who wants to work on a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who wants to work on a problem
+set to being a person who wants to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set to being a person who wants to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set to being a person who wants to be
+out on the street drinking beer and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out on the street drinking beer and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out on the street drinking beer and and
+it your taste change and therefore your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it your taste change and therefore your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it your taste change and therefore your
+purchases change um okay so um how do no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchases change um okay so um how do no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchases change um okay so um how do no
+see so how do I model these and what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so how do I model these and what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so how do I model these and what do
+we and and what do we get out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we and and what do we get out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we and and what do we get out of the
+model so first you know classic Model of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so first you know classic Model of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so first you know classic Model of
+informative advertising is is Butter's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informative advertising is is Butter's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informative advertising is is Butter's
+1977 uh Butters was thinking about n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1977 uh Butters was thinking about n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1977 uh Butters was thinking about n
+firms selling identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms selling identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms selling identical
+Goods uh there's this unit mass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods uh there's this unit mass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods uh there's this unit mass of
+identical consumers and they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical consumers and they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical consumers and they're all
+going to get utility V minus P if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get utility V minus P if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get utility V minus P if they
+buy this good at Price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy this good at Price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy this good at Price
+p all the firms have some cost C of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p all the firms have some cost C of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p all the firms have some cost C of
+production and this is a problem where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production and this is a problem where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production and this is a problem where
+the consumers you know consumers don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consumers you know consumers don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consumers you know consumers don't
+know either that the product exists or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know either that the product exists or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know either that the product exists or
+where they would buy it so what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they would buy it so what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they would buy it so what the
+firms can do is they can spend amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms can do is they can spend amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms can do is they can spend amount of
+money um so if they spend a ofx on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money um so if they spend a ofx on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money um so if they spend a ofx on
+Advertising their ads will reach the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advertising their ads will reach the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advertising their ads will reach the
+fraction X of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction X of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction X of of
+consumers okay so it's like you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers okay so it's like you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers okay so it's like you know I
+guess good to think about this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess good to think about this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess good to think about this is like
+putting ads out there on the radio or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting ads out there on the radio or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting ads out there on the radio or or
+print Airwaves and just every ad you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print Airwaves and just every ad you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print Airwaves and just every ad you put
+out there you're going to hit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there you're going to hit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there you're going to hit more
+consumers there's decreasing returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers there's decreasing returns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers there's decreasing returns
+because the you know first ads I send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the you know first ads I send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the you know first ads I send
+out all hit somebody but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all hit somebody but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all hit somebody but then
+the the later ads that I send out are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the later ads that I send out are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the later ads that I send out are
+mostly hitting people who already heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly hitting people who already heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly hitting people who already heard
+about my product and so by having them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about my product and so by having them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about my product and so by having them
+hear about my product I'm just wasting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear about my product I'm just wasting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear about my product I'm just wasting
+duplicated messages on them and and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplicated messages on them and and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplicated messages on them and and so
+I'm sending out these messages and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sending out these messages and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sending out these messages and the
+more people I want to reach the higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more people I want to reach the higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more people I want to reach the higher
+is the AF ofx money I'm have to spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the AF ofx money I'm have to spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the AF ofx money I'm have to spend
+and you know could be even getting to x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know could be even getting to x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know could be even getting to x
+equals 1 this thing could almost ASM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 this thing could almost ASM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 this thing could almost ASM
+toote to Infinity if I'm trying to reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toote to Infinity if I'm trying to reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toote to Infinity if I'm trying to reach
+every person in the world it's hard um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every person in the world it's hard um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every person in the world it's hard um
+and so they consider a game where firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they consider a game where firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they consider a game where firms
+simultaneously choose two things the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously choose two things the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously choose two things the
+amount of advertising X are going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of advertising X are going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of advertising X are going to do
+and the price is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the price is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the price is
+p and then consumers who buy at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and then consumers who buy at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and then consumers who buy at least
+one ad buy from the cheapest firm that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one ad buy from the cheapest firm that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one ad buy from the cheapest firm that
+they heard about okay and again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they heard about okay and again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they heard about okay and again the
+goods are identical so it's just if V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods are identical so it's just if V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods are identical so it's just if V
+minus PJ is positive then I'll buy it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus PJ is positive then I'll buy it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus PJ is positive then I'll buy it
+from the you know the cheapest firm uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the you know the cheapest firm uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the you know the cheapest firm uh I
+found out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and if I don't hear about a firm I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if I don't hear about a firm I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if I don't hear about a firm I
+I I can't buy from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I can't buy from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I can't buy from
+them you know this this could be a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you know this this could be a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you know this this could be a good
+model for like things advertised through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for like things advertised through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for like things advertised through
+infomercials on TV also or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infomercials on TV also or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infomercials on TV also or something
+like that it's like if you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that it's like if you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that it's like if you see the
+infomercial you can then buy the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infomercial you can then buy the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infomercial you can then buy the product
+and write down the phone number um okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and write down the phone number um okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and write down the phone number um okay
+observations uh again you know this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations uh again you know this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations uh again you know this was
+one of the early papers that had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the early papers that had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the early papers that had an
+equilibrium with price dispersion this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium with price dispersion this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium with price dispersion this
+is like the Spiegler paper I talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like the Spiegler paper I talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like the Spiegler paper I talked
+about earlier this is like stall from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about earlier this is like stall from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about earlier this is like stall from a
+few weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few weeks
+ago again you know some consumers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago again you know some consumers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago again you know some consumers are
+going to only get one ad if the consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to only get one ad if the consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to only get one ad if the consumer
+only got your ad and nobody else's then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only got your ad and nobody else's then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only got your ad and nobody else's then
+you want to set P equals V but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to set P equals V but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to set P equals V but if
+they've got multiple ads you know we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got multiple ads you know we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got multiple ads you know we're
+again in this situation where in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in this situation where in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in this situation where in
+equilibrium we're going to get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium we're going to get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium we're going to get some
+Distribution on prices that has an upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distribution on prices that has an upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distribution on prices that has an upper
+bound of v and then goes down from there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound of v and then goes down from there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound of v and then goes down from there
+um and it's just determined by you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's just determined by you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's just determined by you know
+I want to undercut but I want I I you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to undercut but I want I I you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to undercut but I want I I you
+know if if they only see one at I'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if if they only see one at I'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if if they only see one at I'd like
+to be the highest I'd like to set it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the highest I'd like to set it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the highest I'd like to set it
+price equals V but then if there's they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price equals V but then if there's they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price equals V but then if there's they
+might see two or three or four or five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might see two or three or four or five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might see two or three or four or five
+ads and so I want I undercut we get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ads and so I want I undercut we get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ads and so I want I undercut we get this
+mixed strategy pricing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equilibrium um advertising levels if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium um advertising levels if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium um advertising levels if you
+know a prime of zero is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a prime of zero is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a prime of zero is
+small uh and a prime of one is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small uh and a prime of one is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small uh and a prime of one is really
+big so if I make it you even more Stark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big so if I make it you even more Stark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big so if I make it you even more Stark
+if if you know this thing starts out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if you know this thing starts out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if you know this thing starts out
+like and advertising the first people is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and advertising the first people is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and advertising the first people is
+really cheap and then reaching the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cheap and then reaching the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cheap and then reaching the last
+people is really expensive there's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people is really expensive there's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people is really expensive there's going
+to be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be some
+internal level xstar of advertising that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal level xstar of advertising that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal level xstar of advertising that
+I pick and I'm going to pick at X star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I pick and I'm going to pick at X star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I pick and I'm going to pick at X star
+so that the marginal cost of reaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the marginal cost of reaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the marginal cost of reaching
+one more consumer equals the marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more consumer equals the marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more consumer equals the marginal
+profit I get off the last consumer I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit I get off the last consumer I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit I get off the last consumer I
+make I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make I
+reach okay so the the you know first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach okay so the the you know first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach okay so the the you know first
+order condition is going to be the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order condition is going to be the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order condition is going to be the you
+know uh profit on the marginal consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh profit on the marginal consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh profit on the marginal consumer
+reached equals the cost of the marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached equals the cost of the marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached equals the cost of the marginal
+consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer
+reached
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached
+okay uh interesting observation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh interesting observation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh interesting observation that
+Butters has is that uh in this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Butters has is that uh in this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Butters has is that uh in this model
+advertising levels are so socially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising levels are so socially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising levels are so socially
+efficient you know you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient you know you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient you know you might have
+thought this is like entry where there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought this is like entry where there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought this is like entry where there's
+business dealing and because of business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business dealing and because of business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business dealing and because of business
+dealing you could have too much entry or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing you could have too much entry or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing you could have too much entry or
+it could be because it's like you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be because it's like you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be because it's like you don't
+internalize consumer surplus gains there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internalize consumer surplus gains there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internalize consumer surplus gains there
+could be too little entry or entry being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be too little entry or entry being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be too little entry or entry being
+advertising uh but in this model with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising uh but in this model with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising uh but in this model with
+the Technologies he's got advertising is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Technologies he's got advertising is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Technologies he's got advertising is
+socially efficient and we think of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socially efficient and we think of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socially efficient and we think of that
+like this sort of as an argument that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this sort of as an argument that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this sort of as an argument that
+here's a special case where there's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a special case where there's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a special case where there's not
+a distortion and the informative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a distortion and the informative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a distortion and the informative
+advertising in the world should exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising in the world should exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising in the world should exactly
+match what a social planner would want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match what a social planner would want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match what a social planner would want
+it to be and why is that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be and why is that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be and why is that well
+so you know first order condition for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know first order condition for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know first order condition for
+xar gives the marginal cost of reaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xar gives the marginal cost of reaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xar gives the marginal cost of reaching
+the consumer equals the marginal benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consumer equals the marginal benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consumer equals the marginal benefit
+to the firm of reaching the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the firm of reaching the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the firm of reaching the
+consumer marginal cost of reaching the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer marginal cost of reaching the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer marginal cost of reaching the
+consumer is a prime of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer is a prime of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer is a prime of
+xstar what's the marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xstar what's the marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xstar what's the marginal
+benefit you know the marginal benefit M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit you know the marginal benefit M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit you know the marginal benefit M
+I'm in different I'm mixing over these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm in different I'm mixing over these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm in different I'm mixing over these
+prices so I'm both choosing a pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices so I'm both choosing a pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices so I'm both choosing a pure
+strategy xar and I'm mixing over prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy xar and I'm mixing over prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy xar and I'm mixing over prices
+so it must be I'm in different my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it must be I'm in different my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it must be I'm in different my
+profits are the same regardless of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits are the same regardless of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits are the same regardless of which
+price I choose from my price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price I choose from my price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price I choose from my price
+distribution and so my profit on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and so my profit on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and so my profit on the
+marginal consumer is the same regardless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal consumer is the same regardless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal consumer is the same regardless
+to which profit I price I choose from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to which profit I price I choose from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to which profit I price I choose from
+the price distribution so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price distribution so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price distribution so I'm going to
+evaluate it looking at the case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate it looking at the case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate it looking at the case where
+the I set a price of the upper bound of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I set a price of the upper bound of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I set a price of the upper bound of
+the price distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price distribution
+V so if what's the marginal value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V so if what's the marginal value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V so if what's the marginal value of
+reaching one more consumer when I set a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaching one more consumer when I set a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaching one more consumer when I set a
+price of V well I get V minus C is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of V well I get V minus C is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of V well I get V minus C is the
+profit from selling to that consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit from selling to that consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit from selling to that consumer
+consumer and then uh I get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer and then uh I get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer and then uh I get that
+multiplied by the probability that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by the probability that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by the probability that the
+consumer saw no other ad because when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer saw no other ad because when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer saw no other ad because when I
+set price V I sell to them only if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set price V I sell to them only if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set price V I sell to them only if they
+got no other ad because if they got any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got no other ad because if they got any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got no other ad because if they got any
+other AD they'll find a lower price they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other AD they'll find a lower price they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other AD they'll find a lower price they
+won't buy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't buy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't buy for
+me but you know this is the social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me but you know this is the social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me but you know this is the social
+benefit of the of an ad of reaching a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit of the of an ad of reaching a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit of the of an ad of reaching a
+consumer who's never been reached before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer who's never been reached before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer who's never been reached before
+because if a consumer has never been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if a consumer has never been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if a consumer has never been
+reached before the social surplus from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached before the social surplus from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached before the social surplus from
+the firms interacting with that consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firms interacting with that consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firms interacting with that consumer
+goes from zero to V minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes from zero to V minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes from zero to V minus
+C so what you're what what we're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so what you're what what we're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so what you're what what we're getting
+is that the sort of private return to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the sort of private return to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the sort of private return to
+reaching one more consumer is the social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaching one more consumer is the social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaching one more consumer is the social
+return to reaching one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to reaching one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to reaching one more
+consumer um and you know it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer um and you know it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer um and you know it's not
+obvious if you think about any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious if you think about any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious if you think about any other
+price when you said any other price you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price when you said any other price you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price when you said any other price you
+are doing some business stealing and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing some business stealing and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing some business stealing and you
+are you are stealing consumers away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you are stealing consumers away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you are stealing consumers away from
+other firms and you are increasing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other firms and you are increasing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other firms and you are increasing the
+consumer surplus of the consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer surplus of the consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer surplus of the consumer
+but somehow this model is such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but somehow this model is such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but somehow this model is such that
+those two things are are do exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two things are are do exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two things are are do exactly
+offset uh and so there's no social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset uh and so there's no social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset uh and so there's no social
+there's no social inefficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so it's at least one case where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so it's at least one case where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so it's at least one case where we
+don't worry about sort of advertising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry about sort of advertising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry about sort of advertising
+being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+distortionary and you know obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distortionary and you know obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distortionary and you know obviously
+this is a an extreme you know this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a an extreme you know this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a an extreme you know this is a
+Butters has come up with a special case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Butters has come up with a special case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Butters has come up with a special case
+where this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this is
+true uh if you had you know if you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true uh if you had you know if you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true uh if you had you know if you had
+the firm selling imperfect substitutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firm selling imperfect substitutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firm selling imperfect substitutes
+rather than perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than perfect
+substitutes you know like we wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutes you know like we wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutes you know like we wouldn't
+get this like you know we could get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this like you know we could get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this like you know we could get
+these sort of uh kind of mixed strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sort of uh kind of mixed strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sort of uh kind of mixed strategy
+equilibri we we get the kind of pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibri we we get the kind of pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibri we we get the kind of pure
+strategy equilibrium pricing like we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy equilibrium pricing like we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy equilibrium pricing like we got
+with search with differentiated Goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with search with differentiated Goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with search with differentiated Goods
+you'd have the business stealing effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have the business stealing effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have the business stealing effects
+you'd have the consumer surplus effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have the consumer surplus effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have the consumer surplus effects
+but you know I think in the like entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know I think in the like entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know I think in the like entry
+literature we had this intuition that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature we had this intuition that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature we had this intuition that
+one of them was often going to be bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them was often going to be bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them was often going to be bigger
+than the others here I think we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the others here I think we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the others here I think we don't
+have that intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay
+um second class of model I want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um second class of model I want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um second class of model I want to talk
+about then is sort of how do we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about then is sort of how do we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about then is sort of how do we think
+about signaling models of advertising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about signaling models of advertising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about signaling models of advertising
+and when when would they work um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when when would they work um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when when would they work um so
+mgram and Roberts is your sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mgram and Roberts is your sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mgram and Roberts is your sort of
+classic paper doing this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic paper doing this in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic paper doing this in the
+1980s um milgrim and Robert's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1980s um milgrim and Robert's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1980s um milgrim and Robert's
+model nature you know like that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model nature you know like that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model nature you know like that all
+firms that are entering the market they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms that are entering the market they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms that are entering the market they
+try to come up with some product they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to come up with some product they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to come up with some product they
+invent some quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invent some quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invent some quality
+queue we're just going to make it a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queue we're just going to make it a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queue we're just going to make it a two
+point support your quality is either low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point support your quality is either low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point support your quality is either low
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+high um obviously all the firms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high um obviously all the firms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high um obviously all the firms are
+trying to invent quality CU but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to invent quality CU but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to invent quality CU but they
+sometimes come up with Quality quality H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes come up with Quality quality H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes come up with Quality quality H
+they come with quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come with quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come with quality
+L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L
+uh you know there's some Pro you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know there's some Pro you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know there's some Pro you know
+there's some common prior that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some common prior that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some common prior that the
+consumers and the firm have over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers and the firm have over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers and the firm have over the
+probability that the quality is high of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the quality is high of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the quality is high of
+a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new
+product The Firm observes its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product The Firm observes its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product The Firm observes its own
+quality and then chooses a price P for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality and then chooses a price P for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality and then chooses a price P for
+the product and a level of advertising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product and a level of advertising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product and a level of advertising
+in a um important in this model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a um important in this model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a um important in this model is
+consumers observe a you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers observe a you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers observe a you know the
+consumers observe that they just put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers observe that they just put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers observe that they just put
+that sock puppet on the Super Bowl that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sock puppet on the Super Bowl that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sock puppet on the Super Bowl that
+was 2.4 million you know in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 2.4 million you know in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 2.4 million you know in some sense
+this is people was a money burning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is people was a money burning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is people was a money burning
+theory of advertising it it almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of advertising it it almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of advertising it it almost
+doesn't matter what they did with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter what they did with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter what they did with the
+money what it's just like it's like yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money what it's just like it's like yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money what it's just like it's like yeah
+those guys just put 2.4 million in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those guys just put 2.4 million in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those guys just put 2.4 million in
+dollar bills in a big pile and lit it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar bills in a big pile and lit it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar bills in a big pile and lit it on
+fire that proves to me that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire that proves to me that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire that proves to me that you know
+they must have thought it was worth it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they must have thought it was worth it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they must have thought it was worth it
+for them to burn $2.4 million so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them to burn $2.4 million so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them to burn $2.4 million so they
+must be the type of firm that wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be the type of firm that wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be the type of firm that wants to
+make big bonfires of money um so anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make big bonfires of money um so anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make big bonfires of money um so anyway
+consumers observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers observe
+a um they beige an update on what Q is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a um they beige an update on what Q is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a um they beige an update on what Q is
+knowing how what different firms would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing how what different firms would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing how what different firms would
+do in terms of burning money or not uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in terms of burning money or not uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in terms of burning money or not uh
+and so then they form a posterior on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then they form a posterior on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then they form a posterior on
+what Q is and they buy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Q is and they buy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Q is and they buy the
+product and then thought here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and then thought here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and then thought here is that
+this is like a dynamic model although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like a dynamic model although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like a dynamic model although
+they don't really model the Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't really model the Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't really model the Dynamics
+fully but then after you buy the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully but then after you buy the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully but then after you buy the product
+you learn something more about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learn something more about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learn something more about the
+quality and then you may buy the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality and then you may buy the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality and then you may buy the product
+again or you may buy it a third time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again or you may buy it a third time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again or you may buy it a third time you
+may continue to buy it for many years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may continue to buy it for many years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may continue to buy it for many years
+you may tell your friends about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may tell your friends about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may tell your friends about it
+whatever but so you sort of observe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever but so you sort of observe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever but so you sort of observe the
+a you decide whether to buy if you buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you decide whether to buy if you buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you decide whether to buy if you buy
+you learn something about the quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learn something about the quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learn something about the quality
+and then there's some repeat purchasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's some repeat purchasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's some repeat purchasing
+going on later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on later
+on okay they they sort of say you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on okay they they sort of say you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on okay they they sort of say you know
+whatever is going on in all those later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever is going on in all those later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever is going on in all those later
+stages we're just going to model this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages we're just going to model this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages we're just going to model this in
+a reduced form way we're going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reduced form way we're going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reduced form way we're going to say
+that the profits The Firm gets are Pi of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the profits The Firm gets are Pi of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the profits The Firm gets are Pi of
+P given q and Q hat that depend both on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P given q and Q hat that depend both on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P given q and Q hat that depend both on
+the true quality q and on the quality Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true quality q and on the quality Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true quality q and on the quality Q
+hat that consumers expect to receive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat that consumers expect to receive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat that consumers expect to receive
+when making purchase decisions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when making purchase decisions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when making purchase decisions and
+generally profit is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally profit is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally profit is going to be
+increasing in both of these arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing in both of these arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing in both of these arguments
+right if if consumers think your product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if if consumers think your product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if if consumers think your product
+is good even though it's not good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good even though it's not good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good even though it's not good
+they're still going toy it once and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're still going toy it once and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're still going toy it once and
+you're going to make money from them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to make money from them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to make money from them
+thinking it's good but then condition on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking it's good but then condition on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking it's good but then condition on
+how good they think it is would makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how good they think it is would makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how good they think it is would makes
+them buy it or not if it's actually good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them buy it or not if it's actually good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them buy it or not if it's actually good
+then when they buy it they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when they buy it they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when they buy it they're going to
+enjoy it they're going to buy it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy it they're going to buy it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy it they're going to buy it again
+and so your profits increasing in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so your profits increasing in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so your profits increasing in both
+the true quality q and in Q hat which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true quality q and in Q hat which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true quality q and in Q hat which is
+their posterior on Q after you've sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their posterior on Q after you've sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their posterior on Q after you've sort
+of had your advertising campaign and set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of had your advertising campaign and set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of had your advertising campaign and set
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+price okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price okay
+uh you know uh observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know uh observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know uh observation
+this model can have a separating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model can have a separating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model can have a separating
+equilibrium where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium where
+only uh firms with high quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only uh firms with high quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only uh firms with high quality
+advertise so we get this equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertise so we get this equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertise so we get this equilibrium
+where you know you have these two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you know you have these two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you know you have these two things
+a low price and zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a low price and zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a low price and zero
+advertising and a high price and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising and a high price and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising and a high price and some
+level of advertising and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of advertising and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of advertising and all the
+lowquality firms do this all the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowquality firms do this all the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowquality firms do this all the high
+quality firms do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this um when is it that this can happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um when is it that this can happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um when is it that this can happen
+you know I I think two things you you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I I think two things you you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I I think two things you you're
+going to want to have first is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to want to have first is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to want to have first is that
+repeat purchases are going have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat purchases are going have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat purchases are going have to be
+important if there were no repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important if there were no repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important if there were no repeat
+purchases in the model this wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchases in the model this wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchases in the model this wouldn't
+happen um because if there were no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen um because if there were no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen um because if there were no
+repeat purchases low and high quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat purchases low and high quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat purchases low and high quality
+firms would earn exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms would earn exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms would earn exactly the same
+profits so if the high quality firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits so if the high quality firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits so if the high quality firms
+found it better to sort of set a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found it better to sort of set a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found it better to sort of set a high
+price and burn money the low quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and burn money the low quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and burn money the low quality
+firms would also set make it set a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms would also set make it set a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms would also set make it set a high
+price profitable burn money so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price profitable burn money so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price profitable burn money so what you
+have to have happen is there got to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have happen is there got to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have happen is there got to be
+repeat purchases so that the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat purchases so that the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat purchases so that the high
+quality firms are willing to burn this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality firms are willing to burn this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality firms are willing to burn this
+money because they know the consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money because they know the consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money because they know the consumers
+will keep coming back the lowquality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will keep coming back the lowquality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will keep coming back the lowquality
+firms are only going to sell to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms are only going to sell to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms are only going to sell to
+Consumers once so you have to like burn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consumers once so you have to like burn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consumers once so you have to like burn
+an amount of money such that the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an amount of money such that the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an amount of money such that the you
+know uh it's got to be that you know pH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh it's got to be that you know pH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh it's got to be that you know pH
+minus PL or you know pH minus c d of pH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus PL or you know pH minus c d of pH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus PL or you know pH minus c d of pH
+or D1 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or D1 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or D1 of
+pH minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH minus
+uh pH minus C PL minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pH minus C PL minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pH minus C PL minus
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+the you know so like imagine that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know so like imagine that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know so like imagine that this
+is the extra profits I get in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the extra profits I get in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the extra profits I get in the first
+period from burning that from burning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period from burning that from burning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period from burning that from burning
+the money it's got to be that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money it's got to be that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money it's got to be that this is
+less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than
+a because if this is less if if this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a because if this is less if if this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a because if this is less if if this was
+bigger than a then even the low quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than a then even the low quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than a then even the low quality
+firms would just go ahead and burn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms would just go ahead and burn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms would just go ahead and burn the
+money in order to get the extra demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in order to get the extra demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in order to get the extra demand
+in the first period okay so it's got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first period okay so it's got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first period okay so it's got to
+be that like this is less than a but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that like this is less than a but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that like this is less than a but
+this plus the long run benefit that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plus the long run benefit that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plus the long run benefit that you
+get from the repeat purchases at T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from the repeat purchases at T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from the repeat purchases at T
+equals 2 or t equal 3 or whatever does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 2 or t equal 3 or whatever does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 2 or t equal 3 or whatever does
+make it worth advertising and so we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it worth advertising and so we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it worth advertising and so we need
+a repeat purchasing effect and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a repeat purchasing effect and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a repeat purchasing effect and then we
+also need some kind of small word we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also need some kind of small word we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also need some kind of small word we
+need Word of Mouth learning effects to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need Word of Mouth learning effects to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need Word of Mouth learning effects to
+be small because if Word of Mouth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be small because if Word of Mouth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be small because if Word of Mouth
+learning effects were going to be small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning effects were going to be small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning effects were going to be small
+you could just come in uh set a you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could just come in uh set a you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could just come in uh set a you know
+set a set a price of pH do zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set a set a price of pH do zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set a set a price of pH do zero
+advertising have only a few people buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising have only a few people buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising have only a few people buy
+your product then those few people tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your product then those few people tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your product then those few people tell
+everybody and they tell everybody and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody and they tell everybody and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody and they tell everybody and
+they tell every body and the thing takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tell every body and the thing takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tell every body and the thing takes
+off and the long run benefits are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and the long run benefits are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and the long run benefits are there
+even without having spent the money on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even without having spent the money on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even without having spent the money on
+the advertising in the first place so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the advertising in the first place so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the advertising in the first place so
+what we need is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we need is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we need is something
+about repeat purchases help you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about repeat purchases help you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about repeat purchases help you know
+getting people to buy once the repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting people to buy once the repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting people to buy once the repeat
+purchases make it worth spending the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchases make it worth spending the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchases make it worth spending the
+advertising and you can't do it without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising and you can't do it without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising and you can't do it without
+spending the advertising because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending the advertising because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending the advertising because you
+can't do it by just a small release and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do it by just a small release and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do it by just a small release and
+then let let people sort of tell their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then let let people sort of tell their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then let let people sort of tell their
+friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends
+instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead
+okay um you know technologically this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um you know technologically this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um you know technologically this
+advertising is money burning right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising is money burning right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising is money burning right it's
+not changing the utility functions at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not changing the utility functions at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not changing the utility functions at
+all um but it can increase it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all um but it can increase it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all um but it can increase it can be
+socially valuable if it increases sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socially valuable if it increases sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socially valuable if it increases sort
+of the match quality so if you imagine a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the match quality so if you imagine a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the match quality so if you imagine a
+model where you have you know there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model where you have you know there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model where you have you know there's
+some people who who only really have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people who who only really have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people who who only really have
+value for a high quality you know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value for a high quality you know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value for a high quality you know like
+the some people who are serious hikers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the some people who are serious hikers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the some people who are serious hikers
+and so if it's not a really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if it's not a really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if it's not a really good
+Patagonia coat that's actually going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Patagonia coat that's actually going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Patagonia coat that's actually going to
+keep you warm on a mountain you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep you warm on a mountain you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep you warm on a mountain you don't
+want it and then there's some lowquality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it and then there's some lowquality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it and then there's some lowquality
+consumers who are just wearing it around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers who are just wearing it around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers who are just wearing it around
+town and if it doesn't actually prevent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town and if it doesn't actually prevent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town and if it doesn't actually prevent
+the wind from getting you it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wind from getting you it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wind from getting you it doesn't
+really matter because you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matter because you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matter because you're just
+wearing it around the city if the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearing it around the city if the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearing it around the city if the sort
+of advertising helps us with the match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of advertising helps us with the match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of advertising helps us with the match
+quality and lets the high quality the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality and lets the high quality the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality and lets the high quality the
+people who want high quality buy high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who want high quality buy high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who want high quality buy high
+quality people who want low quality buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality people who want low quality buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality people who want low quality buy
+low quality then this sort of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low quality then this sort of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low quality then this sort of money
+burning can raise utility and we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burning can raise utility and we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burning can raise utility and we might
+not want to ban it even though it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not want to ban it even though it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not want to ban it even though it's not
+technologically valuable but it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologically valuable but it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologically valuable but it can be
+sort of only way to convey to Signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of only way to convey to Signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of only way to convey to Signal
+information here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information here okay
+um and you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know in
+in some models like this you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some models like this you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some models like this you can
+actually even do signaling without any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually even do signaling without any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually even do signaling without any
+advertising at all so it's possible that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising at all so it's possible that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising at all so it's possible that
+there can be you know don't go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can be you know don't go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can be you know don't go in
+advertising mod there can be equilibria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising mod there can be equilibria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising mod there can be equilibria
+like this where some firms set a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this where some firms set a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this where some firms set a really
+high price and then people know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high price and then people know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high price and then people know that
+that like you know the the they're only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like you know the the they're only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like you know the the they're only
+going to sell to a small number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sell to a small number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sell to a small number of
+people so it must be they're expecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so it must be they're expecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so it must be they're expecting
+to sell to that small number of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sell to that small number of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sell to that small number of people
+over and over and over again whereas you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over and over again whereas you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over and over again whereas you
+can set a low price and sell to a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can set a low price and sell to a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can set a low price and sell to a lot of
+people who just buy once because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who just buy once because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who just buy once because you
+know and or something like that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and or something like that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and or something like that you can
+get you can get price as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you can get price as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you can get price as a
+signal uh you can get price as a signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal uh you can get price as a signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal uh you can get price as a signal
+even without advertising but it's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even without advertising but it's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even without advertising but it's you
+know advertising makes it easier to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know advertising makes it easier to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know advertising makes it easier to get
+signaling models to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling models to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling models to work
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay questions so then I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay questions so then I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay questions so then I thought
+the final one I will go to my you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final one I will go to my you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final one I will go to my you know
+Things based on my uh beer ad and I you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Things based on my uh beer ad and I you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Things based on my uh beer ad and I you
+know here I'm uh covering an unpublished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know here I'm uh covering an unpublished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know here I'm uh covering an unpublished
+paper that that's sort of unpublished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that that's sort of unpublished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that that's sort of unpublished
+for 15 years or whatever I'm sure Jesse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 15 years or whatever I'm sure Jesse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 15 years or whatever I'm sure Jesse
+has long since given up on this paper um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has long since given up on this paper um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has long since given up on this paper um
+but I always really liked it so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I always really liked it so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I always really liked it so I'm
+going to sort of keep covering it anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sort of keep covering it anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sort of keep covering it anyway
+so you know this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know this is
+a behavioral economics paper about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a behavioral economics paper about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a behavioral economics paper about
+advertising changing preferences and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising changing preferences and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising changing preferences and you
+know it starts out with noting there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it starts out with noting there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it starts out with noting there's a
+lot of very very good evidence about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of very very good evidence about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of very very good evidence about
+fallibility of memory and manipulability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fallibility of memory and manipulability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fallibility of memory and manipulability
+of memory that makes you think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of memory that makes you think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of memory that makes you think that
+these things can work so for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things can work so for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things can work so for instance
+you know the um one of these sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the um one of these sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the um one of these sort of
+very classic experiments the uh famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very classic experiments the uh famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very classic experiments the uh famous
+person experiment is I give you a list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person experiment is I give you a list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person experiment is I give you a list
+of people and uh I write down I give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people and uh I write down I give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people and uh I write down I give you
+a list of kind of famous people and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a list of kind of famous people and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a list of kind of famous people and I
+ask you which of these people people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you which of these people people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you which of these people people are
+famous and like you know I put in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous and like you know I put in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous and like you know I put in a
+bunch of names on there like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of names on there like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of names on there like you know
+Bon kimoon and Sebastian Weiss dorf and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bon kimoon and Sebastian Weiss dorf and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bon kimoon and Sebastian Weiss dorf and
+whatever and you know these people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and you know these people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and you know these people who
+are sort of people who you've kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of people who you've kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of people who you've kind of
+heard of and you're like okay yeah Bon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of and you're like okay yeah Bon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of and you're like okay yeah Bon
+kimoon that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kimoon that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kimoon that's
+some guy who did something un official
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some guy who did something un official
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some guy who did something un official
+or something I don't I don't remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something I don't I don't remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something I don't I don't remember
+quite who he is Sebastian Weiss dorf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite who he is Sebastian Weiss dorf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite who he is Sebastian Weiss dorf
+that just doesn't ring a bell I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just doesn't ring a bell I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just doesn't ring a bell I'm going
+to put not famous and you know like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put not famous and you know like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put not famous and you know like you
+put names of actresses and whatever that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put names of actresses and whatever that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put names of actresses and whatever that
+again you know I have no idea where that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you know I have no idea where that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you know I have no idea where that
+person's ever been in but yeah I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's ever been in but yeah I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's ever been in but yeah I know
+that's the name of some actress and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the name of some actress and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the name of some actress and
+whatever and people are pretty good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and people are pretty good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and people are pretty good at
+this task of saying is someone famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this task of saying is someone famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this task of saying is someone famous
+and one of the interesting things is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the interesting things is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the interesting things is you
+give people that task you sort of give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give people that task you sort of give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give people that task you sort of give
+them here's 20 people is this person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them here's 20 people is this person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them here's 20 people is this person
+famous or not and you know some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous or not and you know some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous or not and you know some of them
+are just madeup names and people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just madeup names and people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just madeup names and people are
+very very good at that task they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very good at that task they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very good at that task they can
+write down famous famous not famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down famous famous not famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down famous famous not famous
+famous not famous even though they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous not famous even though they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous not famous even though they don't
+have no idea who the people actually are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no idea who the people actually are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no idea who the people actually are
+um and then you bring the same students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then you bring the same students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then you bring the same students
+back in the list into the lab one week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the list into the lab one week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the list into the lab one week
+later you hand them exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later you hand them exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later you hand them exactly the same
+list that they said yes or no on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list that they said yes or no on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list that they said yes or no on and
+they're much worse the task and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're much worse the task and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're much worse the task and it's
+because like okay Sebastian weisdorf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like okay Sebastian weisdorf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like okay Sebastian weisdorf
+I've kind of heard that well but is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've kind of heard that well but is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've kind of heard that well but is is
+that because like Sebastian weor is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because like Sebastian weor is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because like Sebastian weor is some
+guy I've heard of or is because he was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy I've heard of or is because he was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy I've heard of or is because he was a
+guy who was on the list that I did last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy who was on the list that I did last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy who was on the list that I did last
+week and like people no longer can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week and like people no longer can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week and like people no longer can
+remember the things as well as they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the things as well as they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the things as well as they did
+the week before or whatever um he also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the week before or whatever um he also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the week before or whatever um he also
+gives these examples of like these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives these examples of like these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives these examples of like these
+marketing experiments with like orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing experiments with like orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing experiments with like orange
+juice where you get people have people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juice where you get people have people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juice where you get people have people
+taste orange juice and you sort of prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taste orange juice and you sort of prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taste orange juice and you sort of prime
+them before it to with the correct aners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them before it to with the correct aners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them before it to with the correct aners
+like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you
+know you know here's here's an orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know here's here's an orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know here's here's an orange
+juice that's got a really Tangy taste or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juice that's got a really Tangy taste or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juice that's got a really Tangy taste or
+whatever you know and then here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you know and then here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you know and then here's an
+orange juice that's got a really sweet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange juice that's got a really sweet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange juice that's got a really sweet
+taste or whatever like which one do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taste or whatever like which one do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taste or whatever like which one do you
+like and then like the one the Tangy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and then like the one the Tangy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and then like the one the Tangy
+taste one is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taste one is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taste one is just
+like you know you put vinegar in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know you put vinegar in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know you put vinegar in the
+orange juice and you just made it worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange juice and you just made it worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange juice and you just made it worse
+but like if you've described it like oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like if you've described it like oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like if you've described it like oh
+here's a really sour orange juice taste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a really sour orange juice taste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a really sour orange juice taste
+or here's a really Tangy One Taste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or here's a really Tangy One Taste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or here's a really Tangy One Taste
+somehow like if you've told them it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow like if you've told them it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow like if you've told them it's
+really Tangy one they're like oh yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really Tangy one they're like oh yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really Tangy one they're like oh yeah I
+like that one that's Tangy or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that one that's Tangy or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that one that's Tangy or something
+like that and and so and you know his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and and so and you know his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and and so and you know his
+his thought is like on the beer example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his thought is like on the beer example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his thought is like on the beer example
+is people have had beer many times in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is people have had beer many times in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is people have had beer many times in
+their lives and they've had parties with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their lives and they've had parties with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their lives and they've had parties with
+their friends many times and the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their friends many times and the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their friends many times and the thing
+is you know you like to sort of go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know you like to sort of go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know you like to sort of go to
+events where you're having having a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events where you're having having a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events where you're having having a good
+time and you don't remember whether it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and you don't remember whether it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and you don't remember whether it
+was me who had a good time drinking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was me who had a good time drinking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was me who had a good time drinking the
+budweis or if it was those people on I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budweis or if it was those people on I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budweis or if it was those people on I
+saw on TV having a good time drinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw on TV having a good time drinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw on TV having a good time drinking
+the Budweiser and so then when I'm there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Budweiser and so then when I'm there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Budweiser and so then when I'm there
+in the store I'm trying to remember huh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the store I'm trying to remember huh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the store I'm trying to remember huh
+should I buy the Budweiser or not and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I buy the Budweiser or not and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I buy the Budweiser or not and
+I'm just trying to remember some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just trying to remember some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just trying to remember some
+previous time when I had a party and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous time when I had a party and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous time when I had a party and I
+served Budweiser did people have a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+served Budweiser did people have a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+served Budweiser did people have a lot
+of fun and I can't keep track of whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fun and I can't keep track of whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fun and I can't keep track of whether
+it was my party with the Budweiser where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was my party with the Budweiser where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was my party with the Budweiser where
+people had the fun or it was that one on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people had the fun or it was that one on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people had the fun or it was that one on
+TV I saw with people having Budweiser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TV I saw with people having Budweiser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TV I saw with people having Budweiser
+where everyone had a great time and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where everyone had a great time and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where everyone had a great time and I
+they some sense they've changed my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they some sense they've changed my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they some sense they've changed my
+memory and put all these memories in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and put all these memories in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and put all these memories in
+there that I can't distinguish from my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that I can't distinguish from my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that I can't distinguish from my
+own memories and therefore I can't I you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own memories and therefore I can't I you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own memories and therefore I can't I you
+know and so you you're changing my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and so you you're changing my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and so you you're changing my
+preferences by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences by
+changing what I remember about my prior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing what I remember about my prior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing what I remember about my prior
+experiences with the product confusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences with the product confusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences with the product confusing
+my experiences with the people on TV's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my experiences with the people on TV's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my experiences with the people on TV's
+experiences with the product um so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences with the product um so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences with the product um so the
+way he does this is he has this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way he does this is he has this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way he does this is he has this uh
+continue of consumers who have types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue of consumers who have types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue of consumers who have types
+Theta I and the type Theta consumers get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta I and the type Theta consumers get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta I and the type Theta consumers get
+benefit V with probability Theta when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit V with probability Theta when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit V with probability Theta when
+they consume the good so like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they consume the good so like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they consume the good so like you know
+could this just be depending on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could this just be depending on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could this just be depending on your
+friend group you could be in a friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend group you could be in a friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend group you could be in a friend
+group we're serving Budweiser at your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group we're serving Budweiser at your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group we're serving Budweiser at your
+party 100% chance the party goes well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party 100% chance the party goes well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party 100% chance the party goes well
+you could be in a friend group where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could be in a friend group where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could be in a friend group where
+serving budwiser your party just 0%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serving budwiser your party just 0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serving budwiser your party just 0%
+chance the party goes well because your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance the party goes well because your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance the party goes well because your
+friends all hate Budweiser um anyway but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends all hate Budweiser um anyway but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends all hate Budweiser um anyway but
+so each consumer is different in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each consumer is different in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each consumer is different in their
+sort of experiences when they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of experiences when they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of experiences when they've
+consumed the good um consumers have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumed the good um consumers have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumed the good um consumers have
+consumed the good on end prior occasions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumed the good on end prior occasions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumed the good on end prior occasions
+and gotten the these draws but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gotten the these draws but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gotten the these draws but they
+don't know Theta I can't go every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know Theta I can't go every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know Theta I can't go every time
+in my life that I've bought Budweiser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my life that I've bought Budweiser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my life that I've bought Budweiser
+for a party how did that party go let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a party how did that party go let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a party how did that party go let me
+count them all up and add them all up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count them all up and add them all up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count them all up and add them all up
+what I do is I just remember often just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I do is I just remember often just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I do is I just remember often just
+one I just call to mind let me try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I just call to mind let me try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I just call to mind let me try to
+remember the last sometime when I start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the last sometime when I start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the last sometime when I start
+Budweiser I remember that experience I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Budweiser I remember that experience I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Budweiser I remember that experience I
+remember how it went and then I beige an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember how it went and then I beige an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember how it went and then I beige an
+update uh so I have I you know I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update uh so I have I you know I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update uh so I have I you know I have
+some there's some common prior over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some there's some common prior over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some there's some common prior over the
+thetas and then I beige an update to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thetas and then I beige an update to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thetas and then I beige an update to
+form what's my expected view of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form what's my expected view of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form what's my expected view of my
+preference for the product conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference for the product conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference for the product conditional
+on the events that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the events that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the events that I'm
+remembering and then what Jesse does he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering and then what Jesse does he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering and then what Jesse does he
+models advertising is potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models advertising is potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models advertising is potentially
+alternate altering memory in one of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternate altering memory in one of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternate altering memory in one of two
+ways um one is an ad could just take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways um one is an ad could just take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways um one is an ad could just take a
+memory out of your head and stick a fake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory out of your head and stick a fake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory out of your head and stick a fake
+memory in instead so it's just taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory in instead so it's just taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory in instead so it's just taking
+one of your n observations out putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of your n observations out putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of your n observations out putting
+another observation in so that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another observation in so that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another observation in so that when you
+do the ban updating you might recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the ban updating you might recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the ban updating you might recall
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+memory um the other thing is is is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory um the other thing is is is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory um the other thing is is is sort
+of a a notion of priming memories that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a a notion of priming memories that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a a notion of priming memories that
+is we all have all these memory in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we all have all these memory in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we all have all these memory in our
+memories in our heads um if I I if I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories in our heads um if I I if I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories in our heads um if I I if I get
+you to make one memory call that memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to make one memory call that memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to make one memory call that memory
+to the front of your mind then the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the front of your mind then the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the front of your mind then the next
+time you're trying to call a memory to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you're trying to call a memory to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you're trying to call a memory to
+the front of your mind that one will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front of your mind that one will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front of your mind that one will
+come forward again it's sort of been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come forward again it's sort of been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come forward again it's sort of been
+more recent and more Prime to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more recent and more Prime to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more recent and more Prime to come
+forward and so here you know this is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward and so here you know this is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward and so here you know this is you
+show people a positive experience while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show people a positive experience while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show people a positive experience while
+they're watching the ad they remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're watching the ad they remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're watching the ad they remember
+the most similar experience that they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most similar experience that they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most similar experience that they've
+had and then because that experience has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had and then because that experience has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had and then because that experience has
+been brought through to the front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been brought through to the front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been brought through to the front of
+their mind you're it it's more likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their mind you're it it's more likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their mind you're it it's more likely to
+be drawn the next time it comes out so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be drawn the next time it comes out so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be drawn the next time it comes out so
+this is like you're manipulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like you're manipulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like you're manipulating
+Memories by making people's memories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Memories by making people's memories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Memories by making people's memories
+more you know the making changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more you know the making changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more you know the making changing the
+probability of recall of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of recall of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of recall of different
+memories that they have um and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories that they have um and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories that they have um and then the
+paper itself it sort of mostly focuses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper itself it sort of mostly focuses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper itself it sort of mostly focuses
+on this you know it gets into this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this you know it gets into this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this you know it gets into this sort
+of uh highly r case where you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh highly r case where you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh highly r case where you know
+consumers are aware that their memories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers are aware that their memories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers are aware that their memories
+are being manipulated and they are aware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being manipulated and they are aware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being manipulated and they are aware
+of the equilibrium level of memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the equilibrium level of memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the equilibrium level of memory
+manipulation that's going on by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation that's going on by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation that's going on by the
+firms and then they try to actually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms and then they try to actually you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms and then they try to actually you
+know you know I if I were him I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know I if I were him I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know I if I were him I might
+have started with more of the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have started with more of the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have started with more of the sort of
+nonfully rational thing where people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonfully rational thing where people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonfully rational thing where people are
+just being manipulated and don't realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just being manipulated and don't realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just being manipulated and don't realize
+it but he's mostly doing the they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but he's mostly doing the they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but he's mostly doing the they are
+trying to offset the manipulation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to offset the manipulation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to offset the manipulation of
+their memories and then so they they in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their memories and then so they they in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their memories and then so they they in
+some sense they down they're like I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense they down they're like I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense they down they're like I know
+this firm in equilibrium is advertising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this firm in equilibrium is advertising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this firm in equilibrium is advertising
+therefore I know this memory might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I know this memory might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I know this memory might be
+mine or might be someone else's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine or might be someone else's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine or might be someone else's
+therefore I I when I'm doing the ban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I I when I'm doing the ban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I I when I'm doing the ban
+updating I'm doing the basan updating of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updating I'm doing the basan updating of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updating I'm doing the basan updating of
+expectation of theta given RI and giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of theta given RI and giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of theta given RI and giving
+a star where I know what the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a star where I know what the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a star where I know what the equilibrium
+advertising level is in the world and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising level is in the world and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising level is in the world and so
+I know and I'm trying to undo this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know and I'm trying to undo this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know and I'm trying to undo this um
+but nonetheless you know point is even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nonetheless you know point is even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nonetheless you know point is even
+in this model where memories are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this model where memories are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this model where memories are being
+artificially manipulated firms might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificially manipulated firms might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificially manipulated firms might
+still want to manipulate them memories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still want to manipulate them memories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still want to manipulate them memories
+uh and this is kind of like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and this is kind of like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and this is kind of like for
+information design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information design
+reasons you know so you're not sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons you know so you're not sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons you know so you're not sort of
+changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the
+mean you're not changing the mean level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you're not changing the mean level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you're not changing the mean level
+of people's prior posterior on Theta but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people's prior posterior on Theta but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people's prior posterior on Theta but
+you are changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are changing the
+distributions on the Theta and so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions on the Theta and so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions on the Theta and so if you
+can change the distribution of thetas in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change the distribution of thetas in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change the distribution of thetas in
+a way that lets you extract more of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way that lets you extract more of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way that lets you extract more of the
+social surplus it may make sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social surplus it may make sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social surplus it may make sense to
+advertise even if the advertising is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertise even if the advertising is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertise even if the advertising is
+being undone so you know if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being undone so you know if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being undone so you know if the
+advertising is not being undone it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising is not being undone it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising is not being undone it's
+clear you want to advertise but even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear you want to advertise but even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear you want to advertise but even
+when it's being undone you might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's being undone you might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's being undone you might want to
+do it for information design reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it for information design reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it for information design reasons
+where if I can get everyone to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if I can get everyone to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if I can get everyone to have the
+same posterior then I can charge that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same posterior then I can charge that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same posterior then I can charge that
+posterior and extract all the social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior and extract all the social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior and extract all the social
+surplus where if there's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus where if there's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus where if there's more
+heterogeneity I only extract a fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneity I only extract a fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneity I only extract a fraction
+of the social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the social
+surplus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus
+um anyway so it you know it's just got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyway so it you know it's just got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyway so it you know it's just got
+some interesting observations and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some interesting observations and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some interesting observations and and
+it's also interesting about you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also interesting about you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also interesting about you can
+think about when advertising is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about when advertising is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about when advertising is going to
+be more and less likely because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more and less likely because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more and less likely because you know
+it's it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's going
+to depend on product quality because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to depend on product quality because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to depend on product quality because
+like if you actually have a high quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you actually have a high quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you actually have a high quality
+product you don't need you don't get as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product you don't need you don't get as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product you don't need you don't get as
+much marginal benefit from replacing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much marginal benefit from replacing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much marginal benefit from replacing
+memories in people's minds with fake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories in people's minds with fake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories in people's minds with fake
+memories because the true memories are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories because the true memories are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories because the true memories are
+good and so you can get this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and so you can get this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and so you can get this sort of
+advertising as a signal of bad quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising as a signal of bad quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising as a signal of bad quality
+and and various interesting things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay uh anyway I am out of time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay uh anyway I am out of time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay uh anyway I am out of time so
+anyway um Monday I'm going to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway um Monday I'm going to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway um Monday I'm going to sort of
+again I'm going to do auctions uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'm going to do auctions uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'm going to do auctions uh it's
+going to be mostly auction Theory I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be mostly auction Theory I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be mostly auction Theory I am
+going to do one empirical paper that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do one empirical paper that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do one empirical paper that I
+really like this is the Hendrix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like this is the Hendrix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like this is the Hendrix and
+Porter paper about offshore oil um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Porter paper about offshore oil um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Porter paper about offshore oil um uh
+drilling auctions uh and then yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drilling auctions uh and then yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drilling auctions uh and then yeah
+that's that's planned for next week I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's planned for next week I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's planned for next week I'll
+do auctions Tobias comes in Wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do auctions Tobias comes in Wednesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do auctions Tobias comes in Wednesday
+and does uh structural empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and does uh structural empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and does uh structural empirical
+auctions and we go back to advertising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auctions and we go back to advertising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auctions and we go back to advertising
+empirics the week after
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/1qHVpGA_qfs.txt b/1qHVpGA_qfs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..84f24f9edeb8b94251045939f10a945703789ace
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1qHVpGA_qfs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11064 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So last time we um we looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So last time we um we looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So last time we um we looked at
+power series.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So you have a sequence uh am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you have a sequence uh am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you have a sequence uh am
+uh this is a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And then for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for each x you form the the new series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each x you form the the new series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each x you form the the new series
+you form the series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and the series is where a n * x ^ n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the series is where a n * x ^ n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the series is where a n * x ^ n
+and then you're summing you decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're summing you decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're summing you decide
+somewhere to start and then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere to start and then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere to start and then you're
+summing to infinitive like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing to infinitive like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing to infinitive like that.
+So something like this that's a power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So something like this that's a power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So something like this that's a power
+series and we looked at a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and we looked at a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and we looked at a particular
+case u where the a ends so example here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case u where the a ends so example here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case u where the a ends so example here
+is where a n is equal to 1 / n factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where a n is equal to 1 / n factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where a n is equal to 1 / n factorial
+uh and so we got the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so we got the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so we got the function
+e of x which is a sum from n =0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e of x which is a sum from n =0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e of x which is a sum from n =0 to
+infinity of x ^ n divided by n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity of x ^ n divided by n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity of x ^ n divided by n
+factorial.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then we
+we use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use this
+to we observed that we observed that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to we observed that we observed that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to we observed that we observed that uh
+e is bigger equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e is bigger equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e is bigger equal to zero
+for x bigger equal to zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for x bigger equal to zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for x bigger equal to zero.
+And we also observe that e of uh of zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we also observe that e of uh of zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we also observe that e of uh of zero
+is equal to one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to one.
+And we defined little e to be e this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we defined little e to be e this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we defined little e to be e this
+function e of one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function e of one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function e of one.
+And then we defined another function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then we defined another function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then we defined another function
+um uh e to the q where q here is now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh e to the q where q here is now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh e to the q where q here is now a
+rational number.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational number.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational number.
+Right. And uh it was defined in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. And uh it was defined in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. And uh it was defined in
+particular E of zero was defined to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular E of zero was defined to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular E of zero was defined to be
+equal to one. E of one was def was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one. E of one was def was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one. E of one was def was uh
+was just defined to be E right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just defined to be E right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just defined to be E right.
+And uh then we also we assumed which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh then we also we assumed which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh then we also we assumed which we
+will prove today that e of x plus e uh e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will prove today that e of x plus e uh e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will prove today that e of x plus e uh e
+capital e of x + y is equal to e of x *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital e of x + y is equal to e of x *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital e of x + y is equal to e of x *
+e of y.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e of y.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e of y.
+So we assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we saw and and then we defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we saw and and then we defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we saw and and then we defined
+right. So this little e this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So this little e this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So this little e this function
+based on the little e in particular e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the little e in particular e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the little e in particular e to
+some power m if m is an integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some power m if m is an integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some power m if m is an integer
+is just e * itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just e * itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just e * itself
+uh m times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we defined um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we defined um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we defined um
+uh e to a power 1 / n here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh e to a power 1 / n here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh e to a power 1 / n here
+to be uh the positive number. This was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be uh the positive number. This was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be uh the positive number. This was
+defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+a positive number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that uh alpha is saying so that alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that uh alpha is saying so that alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that uh alpha is saying so that alpha
+raised to the power n is equal to e.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised to the power n is equal to e.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised to the power n is equal to e.
+uh and and and we also defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and and we also defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and and we also defined
+um e to a negative integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um e to a negative integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um e to a negative integer
+and this was just to be defined to one /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was just to be defined to one /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was just to be defined to one /
+so we defined e to minus m to 1 / e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we defined e to minus m to 1 / e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we defined e to minus m to 1 / e to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+so this way we defined uh uh we this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this way we defined uh uh we this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this way we defined uh uh we this
+function here the power series was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here the power series was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here the power series was
+defined for for all x and we defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined for for all x and we defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined for for all x and we defined
+another function little e of q uh on all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another function little e of q uh on all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another function little e of q uh on all
+rational numbers q right and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational numbers q right and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational numbers q right and then
+we saw we assume this here we saw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw we assume this here we saw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw we assume this here we saw that
+uh that these two functions so e of x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that these two functions so e of x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that these two functions so e of x is
+equal to e this function here is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to e this function here is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to e this function here is only
+defined on rational numbers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined on rational numbers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined on rational numbers so
+it's they're equal when uh for at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's they're equal when uh for at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's they're equal when uh for at
+rational numbers. So we saw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational numbers. So we saw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational numbers. So we saw that
+and then in in the P sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in in the P sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in in the P sets
+P set five I think it's for both of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P set five I think it's for both of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P set five I think it's for both of them
+you will show or maybe it's one for four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will show or maybe it's one for four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will show or maybe it's one for four
+and one for five you show that E is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one for five you show that E is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one for five you show that E is
+continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and uh you will also show that that E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh you will also show that that E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh you will also show that that E
+is the so it would also Show the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the so it would also Show the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the so it would also Show the
+following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that if you have if f and g are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have if f and g are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have if f and g are two
+continuous functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and h so they are defined both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and h so they are defined both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and h so they are defined both of
+them f both f and g are defined on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them f both f and g are defined on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them f both f and g are defined on the
+real numbers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you assume that if you restrict them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you assume that if you restrict them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you assume that if you restrict them
+to the rational numbers then the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the rational numbers then the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the rational numbers then the two
+functions are equal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are equal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are equal.
+So if they're both continuous and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if they're both continuous and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if they're both continuous and they
+agree on the rational numbers then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree on the rational numbers then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree on the rational numbers then
+actually they must agree everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh on all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So in other words,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So in other words,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So in other words,
+this one here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one here,
+you know, this is a function by P sub5.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, this is a function by P sub5.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, this is a function by P sub5.
+It's a function that's continuous on all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a function that's continuous on all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a function that's continuous on all
+of R. It's agree with this function. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of R. It's agree with this function. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of R. It's agree with this function. And
+so this is the the only extension of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the the only extension of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the the only extension of
+this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function
+to be continuous and defined on all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be continuous and defined on all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be continuous and defined on all of
+them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So now, but we still needed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now, but we still needed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now, but we still needed to
+prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove
+we still needed to prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we still needed to prove this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we still needed to prove this
+relationship here that we assumed. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship here that we assumed. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship here that we assumed. So
+let's try to prove this one here. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try to prove this one here. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try to prove this one here. And
+I'll just do a the main case of it. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just do a the main case of it. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just do a the main case of it. Um
+and so we're going to prove so theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+prove that E of X * Y is equal to E of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that E of X * Y is equal to E of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that E of X * Y is equal to E of X
+time e to the y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time e to the y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time e to the y
+and I I'm going to show this proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+where these are non negative numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these are non negative numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these are non negative numbers
+both of them the general cases is once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them the general cases is once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them the general cases is once
+you have this is the general case is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this is the general case is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this is the general case is not
+very difficult but I won't do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult but I won't do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult but I won't do the
+general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now how are we going to prove that? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now how are we going to prove that? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now how are we going to prove that? So
+to prove that we're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove that we're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove that we're going to use
+another theorem. So the other theorem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another theorem. So the other theorem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another theorem. So the other theorem is
+that so we take two suppose you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so we take two suppose you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so we take two suppose you have two
+um suppose you take two series of non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um suppose you take two series of non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um suppose you take two series of non
+each of them are of non- negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of them are of non- negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of them are of non- negative
+numbers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers.
+So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+so the setup is so again this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the setup is so again this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the setup is so again this is going
+to go into the proof of that theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go into the proof of that theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go into the proof of that theorem
+over there but the setup for this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there but the setup for this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there but the setup for this is
+is more general.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more general.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more general.
+I take a series A N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I take another series BN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I'm assuming that both A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm assuming that both A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm assuming that both A
+and B and for all N for is are non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B and for all N for is are non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B and for all N for is are non
+negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+so for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for all
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+so these are series of non- negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are series of non- negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are series of non- negative
+numbers and then I form another series.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and then I form another series.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and then I form another series.
+Um I will form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a third series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that third series is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that third series is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that third series is going to be
+defined from from the two previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined from from the two previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined from from the two previous
+series and and the third series is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and and the third series is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and and the third series is
+called it CN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it CN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it CN
+like this. And now CN here is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. And now CN here is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. And now CN here is going to
+be the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the sum
+of a i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a i
+b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+uh n minus i i i = 0 to n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh n minus i i i = 0 to n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh n minus i i i = 0 to n.
+So this has the effect of that that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this has the effect of that that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this has the effect of that that the
+index of this plus the index of that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index of this plus the index of that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index of this plus the index of that is
+always adding up to n. Right? So the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always adding up to n. Right? So the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always adding up to n. Right? So the sum
+of the two indices is is ex is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two indices is is ex is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two indices is is ex is exactly
+in right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in right.
+Okay. So that's so obviously so note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that's so obviously so note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that's so obviously so note
+note that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that the C ends here of course also non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the C ends here of course also non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the C ends here of course also non-
+negative that just sums of non- negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative that just sums of non- negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative that just sums of non- negative
+numbers right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this is a new series right of non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is a new series right of non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is a new series right of non-
+negative numbers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative numbers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative numbers.
+And then the theorem is so the theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the theorem is so the theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the theorem is so the theorem
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the theorem is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theorem is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theorem is that if
+if these series here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if these series here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if these series here
+this one here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one here and
+this one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh are convergent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Then this series here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is also converging.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And and uh we also have that the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And and uh we also have that the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And and uh we also have that the sum
+here that this sum here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that this sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this sum
+is just a product of the two sums. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a product of the two sums. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a product of the two sums. So
+it's a product of the sum here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So again we have these two series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So again we have these two series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So again we have these two series of
+non- negative numbers. From those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non- negative numbers. From those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non- negative numbers. From those two
+series you form a third series and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series you form a third series and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series you form a third series and the
+third third series the idea is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third third series the idea is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third third series the idea is that the
+third series is kind of like a product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third series is kind of like a product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third series is kind of like a product
+of the other two and it's uh the CN in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other two and it's uh the CN in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other two and it's uh the CN in
+the third series is given where you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third series is given where you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third series is given where you take
+the sum of the products of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the products of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the products of the of the
+elements in the other two so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in the other two so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in the other two so that the
+index is is at n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index is is at n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index is is at n
+and then if these the two series you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if these the two series you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if these the two series you
+started with are convergent then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with are convergent then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with are convergent then this
+you know product series is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know product series is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know product series is also
+convergent and the sum of the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent and the sum of the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent and the sum of the product
+series is is really the product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series is is really the product of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series is is really the product of the
+sum of the other two series. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the other two series. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the other two series. Okay.
+Now so that's what we want to prove and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now so that's what we want to prove and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now so that's what we want to prove and
+then once we have this we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then once we have this we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then once we have this we're going to
+use it to prove this the term here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it to prove this the term here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it to prove this the term here.
+uh and so so now to prove it let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so so now to prove it let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so so now to prove it let me just
+first observe that so let me observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first observe that so let me observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first observe that so let me observe
+over here that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so uh let me make a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh let me make a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh let me make a couple of
+definitions and then making an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions and then making an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions and then making an
+observation let me start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with making some definitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with making some definitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with making some definitions
+that is useful in the proof.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+we will I'm going to define s n a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will I'm going to define s n a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will I'm going to define s n a
+just kind of like we usually do where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of like we usually do where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of like we usually do where we
+summing here from i = z up to n of a i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing here from i = z up to n of a i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing here from i = z up to n of a i
+right the the superscript is is come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the the superscript is is come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the the superscript is is come
+from the series the a series and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the series the a series and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the series the a series and then
+likewise I define uh S and B to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise I define uh S and B to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise I define uh S and B to be the
+sum here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum here
+of the B eyes and then I'm defining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the B eyes and then I'm defining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the B eyes and then I'm defining
+uh S and C to be the sum of the C eyes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh S and C to be the sum of the C eyes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh S and C to be the sum of the C eyes.
+Oops. Up to like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oops. Up to like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oops. Up to like that.
+And so of course you have that we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so of course you have that we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so of course you have that we know
+that a i, b i and ci
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a i, b i and ci
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a i, b i and ci
+are all non- negative numbers. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all non- negative numbers. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all non- negative numbers. So this
+means that convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that convergence
+so convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of any of these series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so convergence say of this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so convergence say of this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so convergence say of this one is
+the same as saying that these numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as saying that these numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as saying that these numbers
+here are bound right that's by mono
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are bound right that's by mono
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are bound right that's by mono
+converter so convergence of any of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter so convergence of any of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter so convergence of any of these
+series is equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that
+that the corresponding S n a b or c a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the corresponding S n a b or c a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the corresponding S n a b or c a b
+c is uh are bounded.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So that's just an observation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that's just an observation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that's just an observation and
+again this is the monot convergence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is the monot convergence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is the monot convergence of
+this is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is by
+Mon.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So that's a monotone convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's a monotone convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's a monotone convergence
+theorem. Uh the other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem. Uh the other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem. Uh the other thing
+uh see I thought of something else I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh see I thought of something else I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh see I thought of something else I
+wanted to to note. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to to note. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to to note. Um
+right okay so let's try to prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so let's try to prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so let's try to prove that
+so to prove it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to prove it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to prove it
+let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just
+try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to
+think about it for a second here so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it for a second here so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it for a second here so if
+I'm looking at a1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking at a1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking at a1
+say a2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a2
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+up to a n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to a n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to a n
+suppose I'm looking at this here. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I'm looking at this here. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I'm looking at this here. This
+is like this is like SN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A, right?
+And I have that SNA and suppose I'm now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I have that SNA and suppose I'm now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I have that SNA and suppose I'm now
+looking at the SNB.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This here is the SNP.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now if you just multiply out the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now if you just multiply out the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now if you just multiply out the product
+of these two right then you would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two right then you would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two right then you would get
+and I should have started at zero sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I should have started at zero sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I should have started at zero sorry
+let's start at zero because that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start at zero because that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start at zero because that's what
+we do up there like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do up there like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do up there like that
+okay so now I multiply out and you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I multiply out and you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I multiply out and you see
+that you're getting a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're getting a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're getting a zero
+uh b and you're getting then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh b and you're getting then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh b and you're getting then you can
+kind of if you try to do it. So, let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of if you try to do it. So, let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of if you try to do it. So, let's
+try to multiply this out, but let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to multiply this out, but let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to multiply this out, but let's do
+it in an ordered way. Okay? And when I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in an ordered way. Okay? And when I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in an ordered way. Okay? And when I'm
+talking about ordering way, I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about ordering way, I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about ordering way, I'm not
+talking about just multiplying this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about just multiplying this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about just multiplying this one
+on that. Uh I mean, you could say that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that. Uh I mean, you could say that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that. Uh I mean, you could say that's
+very ordered, but it's not it's not uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very ordered, but it's not it's not uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very ordered, but it's not it's not uh
+it it's not related to what the the C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's not related to what the the C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's not related to what the the C
+series. So, I want to just group things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series. So, I want to just group things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series. So, I want to just group things
+so that they remind us of the C series.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that they remind us of the C series.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that they remind us of the C series.
+But if I do that, so what I starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But if I do that, so what I starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But if I do that, so what I starting
+with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this
+uh is is this multip multiplied by this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is is this multip multiplied by this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is is this multip multiplied by this.
+Then I take this one here multiply by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then I take this one here multiply by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then I take this one here multiply by
+that. So a z b1 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So a z b1 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So a z b1 right
+this here is the only one where this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here is the only one where this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here is the only one where this the
+index the the subscripts are non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index the the subscripts are non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index the the subscripts are non-
+negative integers. This is the only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative integers. This is the only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative integers. This is the only one
+where the sum of the two subscript is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the sum of the two subscript is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the sum of the two subscript is
+zero. Right? If I'm looking at where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Right? If I'm looking at where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Right? If I'm looking at where the
+sum of the two subscript is one, this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the two subscript is one, this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the two subscript is one, this is
+one of them. But there's another one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them. But there's another one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them. But there's another one and
+that's where I take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where I take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where I take this
+multiply by that. So I sort of group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by that. So I sort of group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by that. So I sort of group
+those together. So a1 b 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those together. So a1 b 0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those together. So a1 b 0.
+And now I want to collect the ones. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now I want to collect the ones. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now I want to collect the ones. So
+those are the only two where the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the only two where the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the only two where the sum of
+the subscript is one. Then if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subscript is one. Then if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subscript is one. Then if I'm
+looking at at the when I'm multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at at the when I'm multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at at the when I'm multiplying
+out where the sum of the subscript is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out where the sum of the subscript is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out where the sum of the subscript is
+two well I could start with this one but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two well I could start with this one but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two well I could start with this one but
+then I have to pick b2 so I take plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have to pick b2 so I take plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have to pick b2 so I take plus a
+z b2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z b2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z b2
+then I could take a1 b1 right that's has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I could take a1 b1 right that's has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I could take a1 b1 right that's has
+also sum of subscript two and the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also sum of subscript two and the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also sum of subscript two and the last
+one is if I take a2 But then the B have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is if I take a2 But then the B have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is if I take a2 But then the B have
+to be the zero first. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the zero first. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the zero first. Right?
+And now I proceed like this. So I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now I proceed like this. So I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now I proceed like this. So I'm
+grouping it like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grouping it like this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grouping it like this.
+Okay? Now of course there's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? Now of course there's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? Now of course there's going to be
+a little bit of an issue. So for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of an issue. So for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of an issue. So for a while
+everything is you see that this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is you see that this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is you see that this thing
+here this here is what we call C0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this here is what we call C0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this here is what we call C0.
+This here is C1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This here is C1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This here is C1.
+And this here is C2, right? And then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this here is C2, right? And then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this here is C2, right? And then we
+presumably also get C3.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably also get C3.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably also get C3.
+But then there is a point where uh where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But then there is a point where uh where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But then there is a point where uh where
+we sort of run into trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sort of run into trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sort of run into trouble
+if we want to really do it like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to really do it like this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to really do it like this.
+So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+so what we get is that. So when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we get is that. So when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we get is that. So when you do
+this multiplication what you will see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this multiplication what you will see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this multiplication what you will see is
+so you see like this a z plus a1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a n
+what you will see times b 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you will see times b 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you will see times b 0
+b1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b1
+up to bn what you'll see that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to bn what you'll see that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to bn what you'll see that this
+pattern here it's continue for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern here it's continue for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern here it's continue for a while
+and you're getting that this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're getting that this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're getting that this is equal to
+c 0 c1 C1 plus C2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c 0 c1 C1 plus C2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c 0 c1 C1 plus C2
+up to CN.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to CN.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to CN.
+CN in the CN, right? This is again where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CN in the CN, right? This is again where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CN in the CN, right? This is again where
+the sum of these indices could be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of these indices could be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of these indices could be this
+one here multiply by that the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here multiply by that the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here multiply by that the sum of the
+subscript will be N. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript will be N. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript will be N. Right?
+But if you're now looking at the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But if you're now looking at the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But if you're now looking at the next
+one that correspond to CN + one, you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that correspond to CN + one, you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that correspond to CN + one, you're
+not getting all of the CN + one because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not getting all of the CN + one because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not getting all of the CN + one because
+like one of the CN + one would be like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one of the CN + one would be like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one of the CN + one would be like a
+to the N +1*
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the N +1*
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the N +1*
+B 0. But you don't have that one here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B 0. But you don't have that one here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B 0. But you don't have that one here,
+right? So what you get is that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So what you get is that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So what you get is that you're
+getting all of these plus something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting all of these plus something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting all of these plus something
+additional.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And the additional is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And the additional is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And the additional is because
+everything is non negative. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is non negative. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is non negative. The
+additional thing is a non- negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional thing is a non- negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional thing is a non- negative
+number. Right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number. Right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number. Right.
+Okay. So what we have established here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So what we have established here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So what we have established here
+is that we have so this here show that s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we have so this here show that s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we have so this here show that s
+n c this is here this here is let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n c this is here this here is let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n c this is here this here is let me
+just write like this. This here is sn.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write like this. This here is sn.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write like this. This here is sn.
+So you see that and this here this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you see that and this here this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you see that and this here this here
+was SN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was SN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was SN
+this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here
+this here was S this here was um right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here was S this here was um right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here was S this here was um right
+this thing here was SN A and this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here was SN A and this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here was SN A and this here
+was SNB right so what you have is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was SNB right so what you have is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was SNB right so what you have is so
+this inequality just tells you that S N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inequality just tells you that S N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inequality just tells you that S N
+A time S NB is equal to S N C plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A time S NB is equal to S N C plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A time S NB is equal to S N C plus
+something positive not negative.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So in other words, this number here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in other words, this number here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in other words, this number here is
+lesser equal to the product of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesser equal to the product of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesser equal to the product of these
+two. So this imply that SN c is less or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. So this imply that SN c is less or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. So this imply that SN c is less or
+equal to this here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to this here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to this here.
+But now you see you already have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But now you see you already have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But now you see you already have
+something because these here was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something because these here was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something because these here was
+increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing
+right they were increasing because the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they were increasing because the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they were increasing because the a
+was all non negative so these here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was all non negative so these here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was all non negative so these here are
+increasing and they are lesser equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing and they are lesser equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing and they are lesser equal to
+right there the series was supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there the series was supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there the series was supposed to
+be convergent so you have that sorry so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be convergent so you have that sorry so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be convergent so you have that sorry so
+I'm here I'm using that the sn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm here I'm using that the sn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm here I'm using that the sn
+a is is monot increasing up to the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is is monot increasing up to the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is is monot increasing up to the limit
+here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+right? And likewise the SN here monc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And likewise the SN here monc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And likewise the SN here monc
+increasing up to the limit,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right? So this thing here so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So this thing here so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So this thing here so this is
+smaller than the limit. This is smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than the limit. This is smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than the limit. This is smaller
+than the limit of that. So this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the limit of that. So this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the limit of that. So this thing
+here is less or equal to the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of um of these guys,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right? And so you see and that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And so you see and that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And so you see and that's that's
+supposed to be just a real number this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be just a real number this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be just a real number this
+here. So you see that these guys here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So you see that these guys here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So you see that these guys here
+are now bounded.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now bounded.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now bounded.
+So this means that because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this means that because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this means that because they're
+monotone it means that that series is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotone it means that that series is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotone it means that that series is
+also convergent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also convergent.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also convergent.
+So what we have concluded here is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what we have concluded here is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what we have concluded here is so
+what we have concluded here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have concluded here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have concluded here is
+that uh that the series uh that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh that the series uh that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh that the series uh that this
+series here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series here
+is convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we have that uh this infinite sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have that uh this infinite sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have that uh this infinite sum
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+is lesser equal to the product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lesser equal to the product of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lesser equal to the product of the
+other ones.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right. This is what what this gave us.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. This is what what this gave us.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. This is what what this gave us.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right. So this is what we have so far.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So this is what we have so far.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So this is what we have so far.
+Okay. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now
+we we want to we want to uh right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we want to we want to uh right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we want to we want to uh right we
+want to get the reverse inequality also.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get the reverse inequality also.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get the reverse inequality also.
+Right. So we want the reverse inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So we want the reverse inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So we want the reverse inequality
+of what is over there. So that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what is over there. So that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what is over there. So that we can
+say that those two things here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that those two things here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that those two things here are
+actually equal. Right? Now let's try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually equal. Right? Now let's try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually equal. Right? Now let's try to
+see how do we prove this the reverse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how do we prove this the reverse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how do we prove this the reverse of
+this inequality. The reverse we proving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inequality. The reverse we proving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inequality. The reverse we proving
+by examine more closely what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by examine more closely what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by examine more closely what that
+product was.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So you see so what is this additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you see so what is this additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you see so what is this additional
+thing here?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here?
+So again,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So again,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So again,
+so we have we're looking at this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have we're looking at this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have we're looking at this thing
+here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And what we got is that this here was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what we got is that this here was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what we got is that this here was
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+the sum here of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum here of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum here of
+C N. But then we have some additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C N. But then we have some additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C N. But then we have some additional
+terms right and the additional terms is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms right and the additional terms is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms right and the additional terms is
+the thing is that if you start looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing is that if you start looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing is that if you start looking
+at the additional terms so what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the additional terms so what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the additional terms so what are the
+additional terms you're getting a a1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional terms you're getting a a1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional terms you're getting a a1
+bn right that's one where the sum here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bn right that's one where the sum here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bn right that's one where the sum here
+is n + one right and then you also get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n + one right and then you also get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n + one right and then you also get
+so this is coming from this uh sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is coming from this uh sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is coming from this uh sorry
+that one here multiplied by this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one here multiplied by this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one here multiplied by this you
+would also get a a2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+b minus 2 you get a a3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b minus 2 you get a a3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b minus 2 you get a a3
+b sorry not n minus2 n minus one b3 n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b sorry not n minus2 n minus one b3 n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b sorry not n minus2 n minus one b3 n
+minus2 right etc right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus2 right etc right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus2 right etc right
+so but all of these here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but all of these here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but all of these here
+all of these here and then right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these here and then right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these here and then right so you
+get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that
+And but you don't get again you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And but you don't get again you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And but you don't get again you don't
+get the one that is missing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is a z b n + one. This one is missing,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a z b n + one. This one is missing,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a z b n + one. This one is missing,
+right? And the other one that is missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And the other one that is missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And the other one that is missing
+is this one here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this one here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this one here.
+But otherwise you get all of the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But otherwise you get all of the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But otherwise you get all of the ones
+that was in the CN + one and you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was in the CN + one and you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was in the CN + one and you don't
+get anything more. Right? And so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get anything more. Right? And so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get anything more. Right? And so this
+path continues.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path continues.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path continues.
+So like the next term would be like a2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So like the next term would be like a2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So like the next term would be like a2
+sorry yeah then you get you would also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry yeah then you get you would also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry yeah then you get you would also
+get something where the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something where the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something where the sum of the
+indices was two that's like a2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices was two that's like a2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices was two that's like a2
+bn right but here you would be missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bn right but here you would be missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bn right but here you would be missing
+more right you'll be missing a z bn + 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more right you'll be missing a z bn + 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more right you'll be missing a z bn + 2
+you're missing a1 b n + one right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're missing a1 b n + one right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're missing a1 b n + one right but
+you don't get anything more Fine. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't get anything more Fine. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't get anything more Fine. And so
+the thing is like when you continue like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing is like when you continue like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing is like when you continue like
+this, the last one you get is like when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, the last one you get is like when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, the last one you get is like when
+you're multiplying that by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're multiplying that by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're multiplying that by that
+and that's a n * bn those here the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a n * bn those here the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a n * bn those here the sum
+of the indices is two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the indices is two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the indices is two
+two n sorry right it's 2 n but you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two n sorry right it's 2 n but you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two n sorry right it's 2 n but you're
+missing a lot now right you only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing a lot now right you only have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing a lot now right you only have
+one of many many terms right but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of many many terms right but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of many many terms right but they
+they but it is a term that all appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they but it is a term that all appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they but it is a term that all appear
+and this one would appear in C 2n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one would appear in C 2n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one would appear in C 2n.
+So in this way what you have is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in this way what you have is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in this way what you have is that
+this here is less than s to the power 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here is less than s to the power 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here is less than s to the power 2
+n c right they are all in there but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n c right they are all in there but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n c right they are all in there but you
+will be missing terms but all terms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be missing terms but all terms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be missing terms but all terms are
+non- negative right so this means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non- negative right so this means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non- negative right so this means that
+you have that in quarter right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have that in quarter right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have that in quarter right so you
+see that now we have now what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that now we have now what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that now we have now what we have
+here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is
+that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have
+what we established before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we established before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we established before
+was the inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the inequality
+that uh s n c was less than s n a * s n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh s n c was less than s n a * s n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh s n c was less than s n a * s n
+b. But what we have now here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b. But what we have now here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b. But what we have now here is that
+this thing here, this product is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here, this product is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here, this product is less
+than s 2n c.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This one here is squeezed between this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This one here is squeezed between this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This one here is squeezed between this
+one here and that one here. But both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here and that one here. But both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here and that one here. But both
+these here converts to the same. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these here converts to the same. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these here converts to the same. Right?
+They both converge to this infinite sum.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They both converge to this infinite sum.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They both converge to this infinite sum.
+Right? So these here converts to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So these here converts to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So these here converts to the
+same. This means that this here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same. This means that this here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same. This means that this here the
+limit of this here must also be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of this here must also be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of this here must also be the
+same. Right? And so this proof this show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same. Right? And so this proof this show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same. Right? And so this proof this show
+that this here is the reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this here is the reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this here is the reverse
+inequality.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So proof
+proof over there, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof over there, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof over there, right?
+Okay. So now so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now so that's
+um okay. So this is this is this that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay. So this is this is this that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay. So this is this is this that if
+you take two series and you form the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take two series and you form the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take two series and you form the
+product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+then that also converge if the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that also converge if the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that also converge if the two
+series is non- negative numbers. So let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series is non- negative numbers. So let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series is non- negative numbers. So let
+me just make a corner of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that of course if you take a series here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of course if you take a series here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of course if you take a series here
+uh and it's a I'll just do a trivial cor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it's a I'll just do a trivial cor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it's a I'll just do a trivial cor
+but you can see how you can use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can see how you can use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can see how you can use this
+and this is kind of used in proving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is kind of used in proving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is kind of used in proving the
+general case. So we we will only yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general case. So we we will only yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general case. So we we will only yeah I
+mean so okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so okay so
+so suppose I take two series here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is a trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a trivial
+corary of it suppose I take two series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corary of it suppose I take two series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corary of it suppose I take two series
+here and I know that this one here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I know that this one here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I know that this one here that
+they're both absolutely convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If they're both absolutely convergent,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If they're both absolutely convergent,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If they're both absolutely convergent,
+then if you take this series here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you take this series here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you take this series here,
+CN C, sorry, CI.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, uh, this one here I claim is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, uh, this one here I claim is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, uh, this one here I claim is also
+absolute converted. Again,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this this sort of trivial color is is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this sort of trivial color is is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this sort of trivial color is is is
+the key ingredients in proving a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key ingredients in proving a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key ingredients in proving a more
+general statement that would be used say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general statement that would be used say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general statement that would be used say
+to prove this inequality here when x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove this inequality here when x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove this inequality here when x and
+y are non negative are not assumed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y are non negative are not assumed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y are non negative are not assumed to be
+non- negative but I won't get into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non- negative but I won't get into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non- negative but I won't get into that
+but I just make this observation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I just make this observation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I just make this observation that
+would get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I claim that this thing here is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I claim that this thing here is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I claim that this thing here is also
+absolute convergence right so again I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute convergence right so again I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute convergence right so again I'm
+not assuming now a sign on these but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not assuming now a sign on these but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not assuming now a sign on these but I
+am assuming that they're absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am assuming that they're absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am assuming that they're absolute
+convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so if they're absolutely convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if they're absolutely convergent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if they're absolutely convergent
+so prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so prove
+so absolutely convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+convergent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This just means that the series here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This just means that the series here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This just means that the series here,
+this one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one here
+and this one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are convergent,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right? That's what absolute convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? That's what absolute convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? That's what absolute convergence
+mean.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean.
+But now if you're looking at CI,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the CI says this here is the sum here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CI says this here is the sum here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CI says this here is the sum here I
+= 0 to N of A I sorry A I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= 0 to N of A I sorry A I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= 0 to N of A I sorry A I
+B N minus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+but this means that CI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this means that CI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this means that CI
+absolute value here is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value here is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value here is less than
+this thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here
+absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like that you can take the absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that you can take the absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that you can take the absolute
+value sign in under the summation sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value sign in under the summation sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value sign in under the summation sign
+so this is less than sum here from i = z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is less than sum here from i = z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is less than sum here from i = z
+to n and then a i * b n minus i like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n and then a i * b n minus i like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n and then a i * b n minus i like
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+But now you see that this here is a this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But now you see that this here is a this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But now you see that this here is a this
+here is the series. This here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the series. This here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the series. This here is the
+corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding
+C. So that so you could call you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C. So that so you could call you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C. So that so you could call you could
+now define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now define
+uh you could now define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you could now define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you could now define
+so you start with the sequence AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you start with the sequence AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you start with the sequence AI
+and I now define a a new sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I now define a a new sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I now define a a new sequence
+bi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bi
+bar and I do it by just taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar and I do it by just taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar and I do it by just taking the
+absolute value like that. So I know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value like that. So I know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value like that. So I know that
+this new series is convergent. Likewise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new series is convergent. Likewise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new series is convergent. Likewise
+I defined bi bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I defined bi bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I defined bi bar
+to be the the BI absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the the BI absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the the BI absolute value
+and I know that this is convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I know that this is convergent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I know that this is convergent
+and then I defined a sequence here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I defined a sequence here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I defined a sequence here
+CI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CI
+bar which is just the absolute value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar which is just the absolute value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar which is just the absolute value of
+the CIS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I know that this one here so I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I know that this one here so I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I know that this one here so I know
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+that this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this here
+is converging that's by assumption.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This one here is convergent by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This one here is convergent by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This one here is convergent by
+assumption.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption.
+And this inequality here proves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this inequality here proves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this inequality here proves
+that this here that the CI bar is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this here that the CI bar is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this here that the CI bar is also
+convergent because this one here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent because this one here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent because this one here is the
+one where you form the products of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one where you form the products of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one where you form the products of these
+two convergent sequences. So this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two convergent sequences. So this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two convergent sequences. So this one
+here is also converting. So this here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is also converting. So this here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is also converting. So this here is
+also converting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay anyway there was just an an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay anyway there was just an an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay anyway there was just an an
+observation that we we're getting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation that we we're getting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation that we we're getting this
+sort of statement out of it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of statement out of it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of statement out of it.
+Okay. Now this is also related. So why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now this is also related. So why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now this is also related. So why
+do we have non- negative here right or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we have non- negative here right or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we have non- negative here right or
+why do we talk about absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we talk about absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we talk about absolute
+convergence? So this is a simple fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence? So this is a simple fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence? So this is a simple fact
+that if you take a serious if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you take a serious if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you take a serious if you're
+trying to sum infinite numbers right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to sum infinite numbers right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to sum infinite numbers right we
+now know how to sum infinite numbers. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now know how to sum infinite numbers. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now know how to sum infinite numbers. If
+you're trying to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to do it
+if the numbers that you're summing are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the numbers that you're summing are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the numbers that you're summing are
+all non- negative then actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all non- negative then actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all non- negative then actually the
+ordering doesn't matter. You can check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering doesn't matter. You can check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering doesn't matter. You can check
+you you know you can take the fifth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know you can take the fifth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know you can take the fifth
+element first and then the seventh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element first and then the seventh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element first and then the seventh and
+then the 119 and then come back and take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the 119 and then come back and take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the 119 and then come back and take
+one. It doesn't matter what order you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. It doesn't matter what order you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. It doesn't matter what order you do
+it in.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in.
+But if the numbers are not non- negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But if the numbers are not non- negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But if the numbers are not non- negative
+then and the and the series is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and the and the series is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and the and the series is not
+absolutely convergent now it suddenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely convergent now it suddenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely convergent now it suddenly
+matters because you could end up taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters because you could end up taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters because you could end up taking
+all the negative numbers first and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the negative numbers first and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the negative numbers first and then
+you get really really far down to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get really really far down to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get really really far down to you
+know to minus towards 9 minus infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to minus towards 9 minus infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to minus towards 9 minus infinity
+then you take a few of the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you take a few of the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you take a few of the positive
+elements and then you take more of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and then you take more of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and then you take more of the
+negative and so then you would actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and so then you would actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and so then you would actually
+stay very far down towards minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay very far down towards minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay very far down towards minus
+infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity
+and and you would never be able to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you would never be able to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you would never be able to come
+up again. I mean so so this is like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up again. I mean so so this is like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up again. I mean so so this is like a
+basic fact that if you take a series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic fact that if you take a series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic fact that if you take a series
+and the series are of non- negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the series are of non- negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the series are of non- negative
+numbers then actually the and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers then actually the and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers then actually the and it's
+converging then you can rearrange the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging then you can rearrange the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging then you can rearrange the
+ordering and it will still converge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering and it will still converge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering and it will still converge and
+it will still converge to the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will still converge to the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will still converge to the same
+number. If you're trying to sum infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number. If you're trying to sum infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number. If you're trying to sum infinite
+numbers and they are not non- negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and they are not non- negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and they are not non- negative
+and they are don't converge absolute uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are don't converge absolute uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are don't converge absolute uh
+and they don't converge absolutely then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they don't converge absolutely then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they don't converge absolutely then
+the ordering does matter okay and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ordering does matter okay and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ordering does matter okay and this
+is related to why we assuming that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to why we assuming that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to why we assuming that all
+of these ai bis are non- negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these ai bis are non- negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these ai bis are non- negative
+numbers and okay but we won't get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and okay but we won't get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and okay but we won't get into
+this I mean you can read about it it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I mean you can read about it it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I mean you can read about it it's a
+sort of standard fact it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of standard fact it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of standard fact it's it's
+certainly somewhere in the book but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly somewhere in the book but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly somewhere in the book but it's
+not Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Yeah. So I mean so it's related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. So I mean so it's related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. So I mean so it's related to
+it's related to so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's related to so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's related to so so
+I mean it's a you know again this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it's a you know again this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it's a you know again this is not
+part of the sort of syllabus but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the sort of syllabus but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the sort of syllabus but I think
+it's a useful thing to keep in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a useful thing to keep in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a useful thing to keep in mind
+because it also sort of explain why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it also sort of explain why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it also sort of explain why
+we're doing it in a certain way. Suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing it in a certain way. Suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing it in a certain way. Suppose
+you take the the alternating harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the the alternating harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the the alternating harmonic
+series, right? Remember that this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series, right? Remember that this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series, right? Remember that this thing
+here, that's a harmonic series.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, that's a harmonic series.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, that's a harmonic series.
+This here is is divergent,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right? I actually proved I I proved or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? I actually proved I I proved or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? I actually proved I I proved or
+at least I outlined in class why this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least I outlined in class why this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least I outlined in class why this
+series here is convergent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series here is convergent.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series here is convergent.
+And this is um okay. And it's just again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is um okay. And it's just again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is um okay. And it's just again
+the idea here is that if you take so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea here is that if you take so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea here is that if you take so you
+have something which is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something which is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something which is called the
+alternating series test.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternating series test.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternating series test.
+So this is a I'm coming back to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is a I'm coming back to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is a I'm coming back to your
+question just a second but but but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question just a second but but but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question just a second but but but but
+and this is closely related to that. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is closely related to that. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is closely related to that. So
+the alternating series test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alternating series test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alternating series test
+is that if you take a sequence a n of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if you take a sequence a n of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if you take a sequence a n of
+non- negative numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non- negative numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non- negative numbers
+and a end converts to zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a end converts to zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a end converts to zero.
+Let's say that a n converts to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's say that a n converts to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's say that a n converts to zero
+monot in a mono way. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monot in a mono way. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monot in a mono way. Right?
+So, so an example here of this would of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so an example here of this would of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so an example here of this would of
+course be where a in is one away right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course be where a in is one away right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course be where a in is one away right
+these that's a mono uh sequence right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these that's a mono uh sequence right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these that's a mono uh sequence right so
+if you take a mono sequence like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take a mono sequence like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take a mono sequence like this
+but it doesn't need to go very fast to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't need to go very fast to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't need to go very fast to
+zero this one does not convert to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this one does not convert to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this one does not convert to zero
+very fast right but if you have that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fast right but if you have that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fast right but if you have that and
+you're now looking at the alternating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're now looking at the alternating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're now looking at the alternating
+series based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This one here is convergent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This one here is convergent.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This one here is convergent.
+This one here is convergent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And why is it convergent?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And why is it convergent?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And why is it convergent?
+It's convergent because of the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's convergent because of the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's convergent because of the following
+thing. And this is exactly what I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. And this is exactly what I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. And this is exactly what I did
+you know when I when I try to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when I when I try to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when I when I try to explain
+why this here is convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this here is convergent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this here is convergent
+that you're starting somewhere let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're starting somewhere let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're starting somewhere let's say
+starting at zero then you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting at zero then you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting at zero then you're looking at
+the first element right if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first element right if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first element right if you're
+summing here let's say you're summing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing here let's say you're summing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing here let's say you're summing
+from one to infinity. If you're summing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one to infinity. If you're summing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one to infinity. If you're summing
+from one, then the first element here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one, then the first element here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one, then the first element here,
+this here is minus one. This is non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here is minus one. This is non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here is minus one. This is non
+negative. So this is a negative number.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative. So this is a negative number.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative. So this is a negative number.
+So you're going down. You're starting at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you're going down. You're starting at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you're going down. You're starting at
+zero. You're going down. Right? The next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. You're going down. Right? The next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. You're going down. Right? The next
+element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element
+that will be positive because it's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be positive because it's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be positive because it's true
+here. So it's positive. It will go up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So it's positive. It will go up.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So it's positive. It will go up.
+Right? But it's monot. So you don't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? But it's monot. So you don't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? But it's monot. So you don't go
+as much up as you're going down. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much up as you're going down. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much up as you're going down. So
+you're going first you're going down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going first you're going down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going first you're going down
+then you're going up but you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're going up but you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're going up but you're going
+less up then you're going less down then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less up then you're going less down then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less up then you're going less down then
+you're going less up etc. And that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going less up etc. And that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going less up etc. And that
+actually is forcing it to converge.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is forcing it to converge.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is forcing it to converge.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+And so now why is this related to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so now why is this related to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so now why is this related to your
+question about how do you reconcile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about how do you reconcile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about how do you reconcile
+these? So you see like if you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these? So you see like if you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these? So you see like if you're looking
+at something like this and you now took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at something like this and you now took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at something like this and you now took
+all of the you know if you first took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the you know if you first took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the you know if you first took
+many many of the of the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many of the of the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many of the of the positive
+elements and then you know one or two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and then you know one or two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and then you know one or two of
+the negative and then many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative and then many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative and then many of the
+positive element again then actually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive element again then actually you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive element again then actually you
+could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could
+for this series if you rearrange the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this series if you rearrange the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this series if you rearrange the
+order of the things you're summing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of the things you're summing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of the things you're summing in
+then you could either get it to diverge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you could either get it to diverge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you could either get it to diverge
+or you could get it to convert to pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could get it to convert to pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could get it to convert to pretty
+much anything you want.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much anything you want.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much anything you want.
+Okay. So, so this hopefully explain why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, so this hopefully explain why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, so this hopefully explain why
+when the series is not non- negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the series is not non- negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the series is not non- negative
+numbers why you know the ordering really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers why you know the ordering really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers why you know the ordering really
+matters and and again this is related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters and and again this is related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters and and again this is related to
+very closely related to to this with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very closely related to to this with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very closely related to to this with the
+product of things. Why is related?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of things. Why is related?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of things. Why is related?
+Because we're getting this, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because we're getting this, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because we're getting this, you know,
+we're getting this remainder term,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting this remainder term,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting this remainder term,
+right? We're getting we got something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? We're getting we got something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? We're getting we got something
+that was kind of like the remainder and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was kind of like the remainder and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was kind of like the remainder and
+you that's the remainder that you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that's the remainder that you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that's the remainder that you want
+to be small in order to say that things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be small in order to say that things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be small in order to say that things
+are converging to the same thing and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are converging to the same thing and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are converging to the same thing and and
+you wouldn't have that necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wouldn't have that necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wouldn't have that necessary
+in general unless you assuming that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general unless you assuming that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general unless you assuming that the
+terms were not necessary.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms were not necessary.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms were not necessary.
+Okay, so let's come back to that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so let's come back to that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so let's come back to that was
+just a little bit of sight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little bit of sight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little bit of sight
+but I hope it makes things a bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I hope it makes things a bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I hope it makes things a bit more
+clear. Let's come back to this theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear. Let's come back to this theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear. Let's come back to this theorem
+here. How do we prove this? So we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. How do we prove this? So we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. How do we prove this? So we're
+going to prove it from the theorem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to prove it from the theorem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to prove it from the theorem that
+we did with that if you so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did with that if you so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did with that if you so we're going
+to use this theorem we just proved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is this theorem here. So we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this theorem here. So we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this theorem here. So we can
+use this theorem here to prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this theorem here to prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this theorem here to prove that
+theorem up there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem up there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem up there.
+So now it's just a matter of identifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now it's just a matter of identifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now it's just a matter of identifying
+the right series.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So right so we have so this is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So right so we have so this is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So right so we have so this is what we
+want to prove.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This is what we want to show. And this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is what we want to show. And this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is what we want to show. And this
+one here, this is the infinite sum i = 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here, this is the infinite sum i = 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here, this is the infinite sum i = 0
+to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity
+x + y to the power n sorry over uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x + y to the power n sorry over uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x + y to the power n sorry over uh
+uh i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+let's call it this sum from n i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call it this sum from n i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call it this sum from n i
+like that. That's what what that series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. That's what what that series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. That's what what that series
+is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is.
+So, and this one here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, and this one here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, and this one here,
+that's a sum x n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a sum x n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a sum x n
+factorial. And this one here is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial. And this one here is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial. And this one here is some
+uh y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh y
+uh n factorial. Right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh n factorial. Right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh n factorial. Right
+now,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I want So, if I want cn. So the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want So, if I want cn. So the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want So, if I want cn. So the idea
+is that if I'm writing CN as X + Y ^ N /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if I'm writing CN as X + Y ^ N /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if I'm writing CN as X + Y ^ N /
+N factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N factorial
+suppose I write CN like this and I write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I write CN like this and I write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I write CN like this and I write
+a n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a n
+X n / n factorial and I write bn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X n / n factorial and I write bn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X n / n factorial and I write bn
+y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+n / n factorial. Right? Suppose I write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n / n factorial. Right? Suppose I write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n / n factorial. Right? Suppose I write
+I define them like this. I already know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I define them like this. I already know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I define them like this. I already know
+that this here is convergent and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this here is convergent and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this here is convergent and that
+here is convergent. I by by the way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is convergent. I by by the way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is convergent. I by by the way of
+course I also know that this here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I also know that this here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I also know that this here is
+convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent
+but but I now have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but I now have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but I now have
+that but I don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but I don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but I don't have
+I haven't proved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't proved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't proved
+so but I claim now that this CN is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but I claim now that this CN is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but I claim now that this CN is
+really kind of form in this way. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really kind of form in this way. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really kind of form in this way. Okay.
+So let's see. So CN here if I define CN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's see. So CN here if I define CN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's see. So CN here if I define CN
+to be this in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by the binomial formula. So x + y if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the binomial formula. So x + y if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the binomial formula. So x + y if you
+take this here to the power n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this here to the power n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this here to the power n
+this thing here is the sum here of x i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here is the sum here of x i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here is the sum here of x i
+* y n - i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* y n - i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* y n - i
+and then the coefficient is sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the coefficient is sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the coefficient is sorry
+x i * y to n - y i = 0 to n and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i * y to n - y i = 0 to n and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i * y to n - y i = 0 to n and the
+coefficient is n choose i. That's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient is n choose i. That's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient is n choose i. That's a
+binomial formula.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now what is what is n choose i?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now what is what is n choose i?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now what is what is n choose i?
+Well, n choose i.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, n choose i.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, n choose i.
+n choose i. This is just n * n - 1 down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n choose i. This is just n * n - 1 down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n choose i. This is just n * n - 1 down
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+n - i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n - i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n - i
++ one. Right? This here gives you n
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ one. Right? This here gives you n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ one. Right? This here gives you n
+elements and then divided by i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and then divided by i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and then divided by i
+factorial.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial.
+Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+But you can write this in here as n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But you can write this in here as n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But you can write this in here as n
+factorial. If you do that then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial. If you do that then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial. If you do that then you
+included too many. So you have to divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included too many. So you have to divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included too many. So you have to divide
+by n minus i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by n minus i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by n minus i
+factorial and then of course you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial and then of course you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial and then of course you still
+have the i factorial in the denominator.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the i factorial in the denominator.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the i factorial in the denominator.
+So you can write it like that. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you can write it like that. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you can write it like that. Okay.
+So this means that the CN here our CN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this means that the CN here our CN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this means that the CN here our CN
+is so we define CN like this X to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so we define CN like this X to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so we define CN like this X to the
+power + Y to ^ N / N factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if we use the binomial formula then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we use the binomial formula then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we use the binomial formula then
+it was equal to that. So this here was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was equal to that. So this here was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was equal to that. So this here was
+equal to 1 / n factorial sum i = 0 to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 / n factorial sum i = 0 to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 / n factorial sum i = 0 to n
+x i y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i y
+n minus i and then n choose i like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus i and then n choose i like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus i and then n choose i like that.
+Now I write in this little this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now I write in this little this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now I write in this little this little
+equation here and so I get that 1 / n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation here and so I get that 1 / n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation here and so I get that 1 / n
+factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial
+summing from i = 0 to n and then n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing from i = 0 to n and then n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing from i = 0 to n and then n
+factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial
+n - i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n - i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n - i
+factorial * i factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial * i factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial * i factorial
+x to the i * y -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x to the i * y -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x to the i * y -
+Okay. And now you see that the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And now you see that the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And now you see that the n
+factorials here cancel with the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorials here cancel with the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorials here cancel with the n
+factorials. So you're left with i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorials. So you're left with i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorials. So you're left with i
+= 0 to n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= 0 to n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= 0 to n.
+And now I can group it. I can group it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now I can group it. I can group it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now I can group it. I can group it.
+I can write it as x i / i factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+* y / n - i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* y / n - i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* y / n - i
+factorial and this is to the power n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial and this is to the power n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial and this is to the power n
+minus i like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus i like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus i like that.
+But now you see that this here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But now you see that this here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But now you see that this here is
+exactly this here is exactly when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly this here is exactly when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly this here is exactly when we
+defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined
+uh a n like this and bn like this. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a n like this and bn like this. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a n like this and bn like this. This
+here is exactly the sum from i = z to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is exactly the sum from i = z to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is exactly the sum from i = z to n
+of a i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a i
+b n minus i.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b n minus i.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b n minus i.
+Right? And so you see that what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? And so you see that what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? And so you see that what we have
+is that this thing here that so so e of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this thing here that so so e of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this thing here that so so e of
+x + y with our definition of the c's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x + y with our definition of the c's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x + y with our definition of the c's
+this was just defined to be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was just defined to be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was just defined to be equal to
+this limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but but it's also the cn is also given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but it's also the cn is also given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but it's also the cn is also given
+by the product of these two other series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the product of these two other series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the product of these two other series
+but this means that it must be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this means that it must be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this means that it must be the
+product of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the two
+like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that.
+It's product of the two sums. Infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's product of the two sums. Infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's product of the two sums. Infinite
+sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like that, right? But this thing here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that, right? But this thing here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that, right? But this thing here is
+of course just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course just
+e x and this is just e y,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e x and this is just e y,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e x and this is just e y,
+right? So this proved it, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And again this here I was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And again this here I was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And again this here I was just
+assuming that the X and Y are non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that the X and Y are non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that the X and Y are non
+negative but given what I said also this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative but given what I said also this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative but given what I said also this
+colorary it's not very hard to prove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorary it's not very hard to prove the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorary it's not very hard to prove the
+general case from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general case from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general case from that
+okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now
+um but I won't do that but let's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I won't do that but let's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I won't do that but let's so
+let's um let's just talk about a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's um let's just talk about a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's um let's just talk about a little
+bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more
+about continuous functions so let me one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about continuous functions so let me one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about continuous functions so let me one
+more time just remind you about it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time just remind you about it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time just remind you about it and
+then let me give you a sort of wild
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then let me give you a sort of wild
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then let me give you a sort of wild
+example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of
+of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um
+of a function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a function.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a function.
+Um so so so first let me remind you with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so so so first let me remind you with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so so so first let me remind you with
+continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous
+so continuous right is a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so continuous right is a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so continuous right is a really
+important concept also in in this class.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important concept also in in this class.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important concept also in in this class.
+So I have a function and it doesn't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I have a function and it doesn't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I have a function and it doesn't need
+to be defined.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be defined.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be defined.
+It's defined say on some subset of R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's defined say on some subset of R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's defined say on some subset of R
+into R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into R
+and then we say that uh and then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we say that uh and then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we say that uh and then we have
+some point X0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point X0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point X0
+in the domain and we say that f here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the domain and we say that f here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the domain and we say that f here is
+continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at X0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at X0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at X0.
+If the following hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if the following holds that for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the following holds that for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the following holds that for all
+epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon
+for all epsilon greater than zero there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all epsilon greater than zero there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all epsilon greater than zero there
+exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+delta greater than zero such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta greater than zero such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta greater than zero such that
+If um x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If um x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If um x
+is in the domain and x - x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the domain and x - x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the domain and x - x0
+is less than delta then the images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+deviate at most by epsilon. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviate at most by epsilon. Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviate at most by epsilon. Okay. So
+this is again what it's say to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is again what it's say to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is again what it's say to be
+continuous and here unlike the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous and here unlike the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous and here unlike the previous
+couple of times when I define it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of times when I define it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of times when I define it here
+it's really defined you see it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really defined you see it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really defined you see it makes
+total sense on any subset of R it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total sense on any subset of R it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total sense on any subset of R it
+doesn't need to be a interval even right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't need to be a interval even right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't need to be a interval even right
+doesn't need to be all of R but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't need to be all of R but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't need to be all of R but it
+doesn't need to be an interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't need to be an interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't need to be an interval
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+now so this is what it means means uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so this is what it means means uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so this is what it means means uh
+for a function to be continuous. Let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a function to be continuous. Let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a function to be continuous. Let me
+give you an example of a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an example of a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an example of a sort of
+somewhat wild function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and
+so continuous is a very nice property.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so continuous is a very nice property.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so continuous is a very nice property.
+It's continuous if it's continuous at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's continuous if it's continuous at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's continuous if it's continuous at
+all points. You know, usually continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all points. You know, usually continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all points. You know, usually continuous
+is a nice property to have.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a nice property to have.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a nice property to have.
+Often it's sort of the minimum bare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Often it's sort of the minimum bare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Often it's sort of the minimum bare
+minimum. It's often not enough. you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum. It's often not enough. you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum. It's often not enough. you
+know, you want something more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, you want something more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, you want something more than
+continuous,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous,
+but but of course other times you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but of course other times you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but of course other times you you
+know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know,
+you may have much less. So here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have much less. So here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have much less. So here's an
+example.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this is an example. So it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is an example. So it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is an example. So it's a
+function. So it's a function defined on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. So it's a function defined on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. So it's a function defined on
+all of R.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of R.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of R.
+Example of a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+all of R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of R
+that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+is nowhere continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by nowhere continuous I mean that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by nowhere continuous I mean that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by nowhere continuous I mean that it
+that's not a single point where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a single point where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a single point where it's
+continuous Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous Okay.
+And so this is the function f ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this is the function f ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this is the function f ofx
+and the function uh is uh if x here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the function uh is uh if x here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the function uh is uh if x here is
+uh is a rational point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is a rational point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is a rational point
+uh then f of x is sure and if uh if x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then f of x is sure and if uh if x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then f of x is sure and if uh if x
+here is a irrational point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then I setting it equal to one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I setting it equal to one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I setting it equal to one.
+Okay, just a pretty simple function. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, just a pretty simple function. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, just a pretty simple function. And
+so I claim that this is not continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I claim that this is not continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I claim that this is not continuous
+at any point.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any point.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any point.
+And so the thing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see if you take any points, let's take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if you take any points, let's take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if you take any points, let's take a
+rational points first.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So suppose here suppose you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So suppose here suppose you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So suppose here suppose you take a
+rational point here. This here is x0 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational point here. This here is x0 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational point here. This here is x0 is
+rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then you have that if you are looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have that if you are looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have that if you are looking at
+square root of two we know that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of two we know that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of two we know that this
+here is this here is not rational. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is this here is not rational. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is this here is not rational. We
+proved that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right. We showed that this here is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. We showed that this here is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. We showed that this here is not
+rational. And so in fact by if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational. And so in fact by if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational. And so in fact by if you take
+if you take uh one over sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take uh one over sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take uh one over sorry
+square<unk> two divided by n where n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square<unk> two divided by n where n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square<unk> two divided by n where n
+here is sufficiently large then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is sufficiently large then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is sufficiently large then you can
+make this thing here very close to zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this thing here very close to zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this thing here very close to zero.
+Right? So you could look at and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So you could look at and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So you could look at and then you
+could add this thing here. So you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could add this thing here. So you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could add this thing here. So you could
+look at x0 and you could look at square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at x0 and you could look at square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at x0 and you could look at square
+root of two over n for n really large.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of two over n for n really large.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of two over n for n really large.
+If n is really large, you can make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If n is really large, you can make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If n is really large, you can make this
+thing here. So this is<unk> 2 plus x0,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here. So this is<unk> 2 plus x0,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here. So this is<unk> 2 plus x0,
+right? So you can make this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So you can make this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So you can make this really
+really close to x0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really close to x0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really close to x0.
+This thing here would be irrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This thing here would be irrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This thing here would be irrational
+and so the value of the function here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the value of the function here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the value of the function here
+would be one. Okay, let's make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be one. Okay, let's make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be one. Okay, let's make this
+precise a little bit more precise,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right? And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And so
+let me maybe say just before I make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me maybe say just before I make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me maybe say just before I make it
+more precise. So let let's just draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more precise. So let let's just draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more precise. So let let's just draw the
+graph here. So we have here x0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph here. So we have here x0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph here. So we have here x0.
+We have here this this here is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We have here this this here is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We have here this this here is this
+irrational number which which you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrational number which which you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrational number which which you could
+think about but it doesn't need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about but it doesn't need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about but it doesn't need to be
+this number. It could be anything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number. It could be anything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number. It could be anything that
+is irrational. This one here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is irrational. This one here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is irrational. This one here is
+irrational. And by making n super large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrational. And by making n super large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrational. And by making n super large
+right this here is super close to x0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this here is super close to x0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this here is super close to x0.
+The value of the function here is zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The value of the function here is zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The value of the function here is zero.
+The value of the function here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The value of the function here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The value of the function here
+is is one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right? And so you see that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? And so you see that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? And so you see that you have
+these points as close to this point here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these points as close to this point here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these points as close to this point here
+as you want but the value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you want but the value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you want but the value of the
+function is very different. Right? So so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is very different. Right? So so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is very different. Right? So so
+again just to kind of spell it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again just to kind of spell it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again just to kind of spell it out
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know given an epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you see that if epsilon here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that if epsilon here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that if epsilon here
+If epsilon here was was smaller than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then you would have that uh f ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you would have that uh f ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you would have that uh f ofx
+minus f of x0 this here is uh a rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f of x0 this here is uh a rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f of x0 this here is uh a rational
+point. So this here is this is zero. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. So this here is this is zero. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. So this here is this is zero. So
+this is just f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if this here is irrational. So if x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if this here is irrational. So if x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if this here is irrational. So if x
+here is irrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is irrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is irrational
+then this here is one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this here is one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this here is one.
+So you would have that you would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you would have that you would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you would have that you would have
+that you can choose this irrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can choose this irrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can choose this irrational
+point. So for any delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. So for any delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. So for any delta
+for any delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh x which is irrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so that x - x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that x - x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that x - x0
+is smaller than delta. But we have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is smaller than delta. But we have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is smaller than delta. But we have that
+f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x
+here is actually equal to one. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is actually equal to one. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is actually equal to one. And so
+this but this difference here was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but this difference here was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but this difference here was
+supposed to be smaller than delta.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be smaller than delta.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be smaller than delta.
+That's a that it's not the case. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a that it's not the case. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a that it's not the case. Right?
+If I if if epsilon smaller than epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I if if epsilon smaller than epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I if if epsilon smaller than epsilon
+if epsilon is bigger smaller than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if epsilon is bigger smaller than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if epsilon is bigger smaller than one
+it's definitely not. It's it's one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's definitely not. It's it's one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's definitely not. It's it's one.
+Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And so similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so similarly
+if you take so this was proving so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take so this was proving so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take so this was proving so this
+showed right. So this proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+prove that f is discontinuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all
+uh rational points.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now let's prove that it's discontinuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now let's prove that it's discontinuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now let's prove that it's discontinuous
+at all irrational points. So so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all irrational points. So so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all irrational points. So so if
+x here zero is is irrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then we have of course that f of x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have of course that f of x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have of course that f of x0
+is equal to one. But we but but we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to one. But we but but we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to one. But we but but we also
+know that arbitrary close. So for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for any uh delta greater than zero there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any uh delta greater than zero there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any uh delta greater than zero there
+exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there exist a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exist a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exist a
+uh rational point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rational point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rational point
+a rational number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+uh so that x - X0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that x - X0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that x - X0
+is smaller than delta. Right? But now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is smaller than delta. Right? But now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is smaller than delta. Right? But now
+again we have that f of x minus f of x0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we have that f of x minus f of x0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we have that f of x minus f of x0.
+This thing here is one. This thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This thing here is one. This thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This thing here is one. This thing here
+is zero. So this difference here is one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero. So this difference here is one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero. So this difference here is one.
+And so you couldn't make it strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so you couldn't make it strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so you couldn't make it strictly
+less than one right by having this delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one right by having this delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one right by having this delta
+sufficient small. So this pro sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient small. So this pro sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient small. So this pro sort of
+same thing. It proves that the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing. It proves that the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing. It proves that the function
+is also discontinuous at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also discontinuous at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also discontinuous at all
+um at all irrational points.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at all irrational points.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at all irrational points.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Now let's talk a little bit more. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now let's talk a little bit more. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now let's talk a little bit more. Right?
+So this is uh okay. So let's talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is uh okay. So let's talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is uh okay. So let's talk a
+little bit more about some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more about some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more about some of the
+algebraic rules that we we we discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic rules that we we we discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic rules that we we we discussed
+last time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time.
+and I wanted to single out two of them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I wanted to single out two of them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I wanted to single out two of them.
+So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we had
+so if we had the following if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we had the following if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we had the following if
+f and g are continuous functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and c
+is a constant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Then last time we talked about uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then last time we talked about uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then last time we talked about uh the
+following. We talked about that f plus g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following. We talked about that f plus g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following. We talked about that f plus g
+the sum of these two functions is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of these two functions is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of these two functions is also
+continuous.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We talked about that if you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We talked about that if you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We talked about that if you take a
+function and you multiply by constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and you multiply by constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and you multiply by constant
+this is also continuous.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also continuous.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also continuous.
+We talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We talked about
+that if you're looking at the product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you're looking at the product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you're looking at the product of
+these functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these functions
+that's also continuous.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also continuous.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also continuous.
+The ones we mentioned but we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The ones we mentioned but we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The ones we mentioned but we didn't
+actually I mean you know these here was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I mean you know these here was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I mean you know these here was
+so elementary. This one here I sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so elementary. This one here I sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so elementary. This one here I sort of
+outline and let's talk about the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outline and let's talk about the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outline and let's talk about the last
+two properties. One is close to what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two properties. One is close to what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two properties. One is close to what we
+had for sequences and that was that if f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had for sequences and that was that if f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had for sequences and that was that if f
+here does not vanish is nowhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here does not vanish is nowhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here does not vanish is nowhere
+vanishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanishing
+then one / f here is also continuous.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And the last one which is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the last one which is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the last one which is sort of
+different from anything we had for four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from anything we had for four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from anything we had for four
+sequences is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences is that
+um that if you take if you have now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that if you take if you have now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that if you take if you have now a
+function so if uh so you have these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so if uh so you have these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so if uh so you have these two
+functions f and g but now I'm thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions f and g but now I'm thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions f and g but now I'm thinking
+about f here as going from say some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about f here as going from say some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about f here as going from say some
+subset of r into r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of r into r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of r into r
+right but it may starts right by into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but it may starts right by into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but it may starts right by into
+some set D. This is a subset of R. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some set D. This is a subset of R. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some set D. This is a subset of R. This
+is another subset of R. And then I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another subset of R. And then I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another subset of R. And then I have
+G here goes from this set into R.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G here goes from this set into R.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G here goes from this set into R.
+Right? It needs to be right. So you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? It needs to be right. So you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? It needs to be right. So you need
+this here to be defined on the images of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here to be defined on the images of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here to be defined on the images of
+F. If you have that and these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F. If you have that and these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F. If you have that and these two
+functions are continuous then if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are continuous then if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are continuous then if you
+form the if you form the composition. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form the if you form the composition. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form the if you form the composition. So
+this is g of f ofx this new function h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is g of f ofx this new function h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is g of f ofx this new function h
+here is also continuous.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+And so I want to in a few remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so I want to in a few remaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so I want to in a few remaining
+minutes uh I want to talk about uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes uh I want to talk about uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes uh I want to talk about uh these
+two properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I I will start with the last one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I will start with the last one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I will start with the last one
+because that's somewhat different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's somewhat different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's somewhat different from
+stuff we tal about last time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff we tal about last time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff we tal about last time.
+I mean for for for uh for sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So let's try to prove that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's try to prove that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's try to prove that this
+composition here is continuous.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So proof of five.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So given epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+given epsilon right well we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given epsilon right well we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given epsilon right well we know that
+the function so you sort of have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function so you sort of have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function so you sort of have to
+start backwards given epsilon you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start backwards given epsilon you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start backwards given epsilon you know
+right sorry uh let's before I take given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right sorry uh let's before I take given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right sorry uh let's before I take given
+let me just say that I want to prove it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just say that I want to prove it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just say that I want to prove it
+let's show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that um that h which is a composition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that h which is a composition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that h which is a composition is
+continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at x0. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at x0. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at x0. Okay.
+And and uh so I want to prove that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And and uh so I want to prove that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And and uh so I want to prove that and
+for for for convenience I'm just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for for convenience I'm just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for for convenience I'm just going
+to call the image of x0 under f and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call the image of x0 under f and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call the image of x0 under f and
+we'll call that y.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call that y.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call that y.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So now given epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+given epsilon bigger than zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given epsilon bigger than zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given epsilon bigger than zero.
+There uh since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There uh since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There uh since
+since uh g is continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at y zeote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at y zeote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at y zeote
+that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is
+this is y z. So since G is continuous at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is y z. So since G is continuous at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is y z. So since G is continuous at
+Y Z there exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at delta let's call it delta G.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at delta let's call it delta G.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at delta let's call it delta G.
+So that if y - y0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that if y - y0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that if y - y0
+if this is less than delta g then there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is less than delta g then there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is less than delta g then there
+images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry on the g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry on the g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry on the g
+f but on the g.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f but on the g.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f but on the g.
+So then their images g of y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So then their images g of y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So then their images g of y
+minus g of y0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus g of y0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus g of y0
+the images under g is smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the images under g is smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the images under g is smaller than
+epsilon.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this is just because g is continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is just because g is continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is just because g is continuous
+and I'm using that it's continuous at y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm using that it's continuous at y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm using that it's continuous at y
+z.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now I kn need to use that f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now I kn need to use that f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now I kn need to use that f is
+continuous.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous.
+So now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now I'm thinking about this delta G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I'm thinking about this delta G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I'm thinking about this delta G
+as my epsilon that in F right so from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from delta G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the continuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Uh there exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there exist uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exist uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exist uh
+there exist um delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exist um delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exist um delta
+of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if x - x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x - x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x - x0
+is less than delta of f then the images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than delta of f then the images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than delta of f then the images
+f ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f ofx
+minus f of x0 the images is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f of x0 the images is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f of x0 the images is less than
+delta g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta g
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+but now you see now I have this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now you see now I have this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now you see now I have this thing
+here f ofx this thing here this is f ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and this thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and this thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and this thing here
+f of x0 was y z right so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x0 was y z right so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x0 was y z right so this is the
+same as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but now you see that so that I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now you see that so that I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now you see that so that I have
+these two points that they are and where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two points that they are and where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two points that they are and where
+one of them is y zero and then I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is y zero and then I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is y zero and then I have
+this other point and their difference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other point and their difference is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other point and their difference is
+bounded by delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by delta
+g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g
+so I'm in this iteration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm in this iteration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm in this iteration
+So it means that the images of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it means that the images of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it means that the images of these
+two. So this imply that the images of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. So this imply that the images of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. So this imply that the images of
+this thing here under G and this here on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here under G and this here on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here under G and this here on
+G. So G of F of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G. So G of F of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G. So G of F of X
+minus G of F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus G of F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus G of F
+sorry G of Y zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry G of Y zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry G of Y zero.
+This thing here is less than epsilon,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This thing here is less than epsilon,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This thing here is less than epsilon,
+right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+This is just because I that was how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is just because I that was how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is just because I that was how
+delta G was chosen, right? And you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta G was chosen, right? And you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta G was chosen, right? And you see
+that one of them one of these two points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one of them one of these two points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one of them one of these two points
+have to be y zero. But that's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be y zero. But that's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be y zero. But that's exactly
+what it is over there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is over there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is over there.
+So I have this but you see this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I have this but you see this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I have this but you see this thing
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+but but this thing here is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+But you see that f g of f ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But you see that f g of f ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But you see that f g of f ofx
+this is just the composition. So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just the composition. So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just the composition. So this is
+what we call h of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call h of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call h of x
+g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g
+of y 0. Well y z was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of y 0. Well y z was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of y 0. Well y z was
+defined to be f of x0. Right? So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined to be f of x0. Right? So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined to be f of x0. Right? So this
+thing here is g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here is g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here is g
+of f of x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f of x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f of x0
+but that's just a composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's just a composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's just a composition
+at x0. So you see what we have now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at x0. So you see what we have now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at x0. So you see what we have now is
+that so so therefore we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that if x - x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if x - x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if x - x0
+if this thing here is less than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this thing here is less than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this thing here is less than this
+delta f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta f
+then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have
+we have this thing here right but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this thing here right but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this thing here right but this
+thing here is h of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here is h of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here is h of x
+minus h of x0 Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus h of x0 Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus h of x0 Z
+is less than epsilon.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than epsilon.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than epsilon.
+Right? And so this prove that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? And so this prove that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? And so this prove that the
+composition of these two function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition of these two function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition of these two function is
+continuous. Right? And so again when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous. Right? And so again when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous. Right? And so again when you
+have when you have two function and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have when you have two function and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have when you have two function and you
+look at the composition, it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the composition, it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the composition, it's really
+important to first check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to first check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to first check
+that the second one is defined. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the second one is defined. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the second one is defined. So the
+second one should be defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one should be defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one should be defined
+where you end up under the first map.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you end up under the first map.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you end up under the first map.
+Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right?
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay. So now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. So now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. So now
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so now let me just say a few words about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let me just say a few words about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let me just say a few words about
+the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one
+number four.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number four.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number four.
+But that's the number four is closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But that's the number four is closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But that's the number four is closer to
+things we had for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we had for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we had for
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the sequences. So you so we are now pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequences. So you so we are now pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequences. So you so we are now pro
+of four.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So what we have is we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what we have is we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what we have is we have this
+function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function.
+It's never zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's never zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's never zero
+and we have some x0 in the domain.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And we know that f here is continuous.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We only need it to be continuous at x0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We only need it to be continuous at x0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We only need it to be continuous at x0.
+And then I want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that 1 / f ofx is continuous.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And so I'm looking at um so I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so I'm looking at um so I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so I'm looking at um so I want to
+estimate this difference here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I want to say that I if I pick an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to say that I if I pick an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to say that I if I pick an
+epsilon then I can pick X as close if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon then I can pick X as close if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon then I can pick X as close if if
+I pick X to be within delta but delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I pick X to be within delta but delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I pick X to be within delta but delta
+sufficiently small of x0 then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently small of x0 then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently small of x0 then this
+difference here can be smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference here can be smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference here can be smaller than
+epsilon.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon.
+So now just let me just estimate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now just let me just estimate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now just let me just estimate this
+thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here
+and so this thing here is just by so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this thing here is just by so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this thing here is just by so now
+I just put it on the common denominator.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just put it on the common denominator.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just put it on the common denominator.
+So I have f of x0 minus f ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I have f of x0 minus f ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I have f of x0 minus f ofx
+divided by f of x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by f of x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by f of x0
+uh f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and now it's sort of the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and now it's sort of the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and now it's sort of the usual
+problem but but now we we maybe not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but but now we we maybe not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but but now we we maybe not so
+worried about that usual problem the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about that usual problem the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about that usual problem the
+usual problem is this s x x0 is fixed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual problem is this s x x0 is fixed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual problem is this s x x0 is fixed so
+this is just some number. So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just some number. So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just some number. So that
+doesn't really matter too much. This one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really matter too much. This one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really matter too much. This one
+here is not fixed, right? But so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is not fixed, right? But so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is not fixed, right? But so that's
+a usual problem. I mean this is problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a usual problem. I mean this is problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a usual problem. I mean this is problem
+we've seen before. We saw it in three up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen before. We saw it in three up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen before. We saw it in three up
+there and we saw it in the similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and we saw it in the similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and we saw it in the similar
+things for sequences.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things for sequences.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things for sequences.
+But now the thing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But now the thing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But now the thing is that
+that since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that since
+since uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since uh
+f of x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x0
+is not equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then you can just take so then now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can just take so then now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can just take so then now you
+can first take so we're going to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can first take so we're going to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can first take so we're going to uh
+right so now we just going to we we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now we just going to we we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now we just going to we we're
+going to pick the delta in uh in uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pick the delta in uh in uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pick the delta in uh in uh the
+delta we want in in two in two steps the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta we want in in two in two steps the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta we want in in two in two steps the
+first step is since this here is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step is since this here is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step is since this here is not
+zero then we know that they exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at delta 1 greater than zero. So that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at delta 1 greater than zero. So that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at delta 1 greater than zero. So that if
+x - x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x - x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x - x0
+is smaller than delta 1, then the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is smaller than delta 1, then the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is smaller than delta 1, then the image
+between f of x and f of x0. I can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between f of x and f of x0. I can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between f of x and f of x0. I can make
+that smaller than f of x0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over two. Right? You see I'm just using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two. Right? You see I'm just using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two. Right? You see I'm just using
+this one here first as my epsilon.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one here first as my epsilon.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one here first as my epsilon.
+Right? Once I have that, but this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Once I have that, but this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Once I have that, but this here
+implies of course that f ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies of course that f ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies of course that f ofx
+see I have f ofx in the denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I have f ofx in the denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I have f ofx in the denominator
+and I want to bound this here from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to bound this here from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to bound this here from
+above. Right? Right. I want to bound it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above. Right? Right. I want to bound it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above. Right? Right. I want to bound it
+from above. So I just need to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from above. So I just need to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from above. So I just need to get a
+lower bound for f ofx. Right? So f ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound for f ofx. Right? So f ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound for f ofx. Right? So f ofx
+here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here.
+So I have that f ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I have that f ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I have that f ofx
+uh plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh plus
+um I can write sorry I can write um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I can write sorry I can write um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I can write sorry I can write um
+using this I can write f of x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as uh f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as uh f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as uh f of x
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh sorry f of x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sorry f of x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sorry f of x0
+like this minus f ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this minus f ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this minus f ofx
+plus f of x right obviously I can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus f of x right obviously I can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus f of x right obviously I can write
+like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so this means that f of x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this means that f of x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this means that f of x0
+taking slabbing absolute value sign on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking slabbing absolute value sign on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking slabbing absolute value sign on
+it this here is less than f of x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this here is less than f of x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this here is less than f of x0
+- f ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- f ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- f ofx
+plus f ofx,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus f ofx,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus f ofx,
+right? And so now I can move this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And so now I can move this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And so now I can move this one
+here over on the other side. So I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here over on the other side. So I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here over on the other side. So I have
+that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I have that. So if I move this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I have that. So if I move this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I have that. So if I move this one
+here over on the other side, I get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here over on the other side, I get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here over on the other side, I get that
+f ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f ofx
+absolute value is bigger or equal to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value is bigger or equal to f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value is bigger or equal to f
+of x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x0
+absolute value minus this difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value minus this difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value minus this difference
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like that. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. Right?
+But if I make x and x0 delta one close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But if I make x and x0 delta one close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But if I make x and x0 delta one close
+to each other, then this difference here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other, then this difference here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other, then this difference here
+is at, you know, it's actually less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at, you know, it's actually less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at, you know, it's actually less than
+this thing here. So there's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here. So there's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here. So there's still
+another half. You see this one here must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another half. You see this one here must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another half. You see this one here must
+be bigger equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be bigger equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be bigger equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f of x0,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right? Because this here takes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Because this here takes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Because this here takes up
+strictly less than half of this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly less than half of this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly less than half of this thing
+here. So there's still another half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So there's still another half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So there's still another half
+left. Okay. And so this give us a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left. Okay. And so this give us a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left. Okay. And so this give us a lower
+bound for this. And now we're out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound for this. And now we're out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound for this. And now we're out of
+time, but this give us a lower bound for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, but this give us a lower bound for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, but this give us a lower bound for
+this as long as we make sure that X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as long as we make sure that X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as long as we make sure that X and
+X0 is delta one close. And once you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X0 is delta one close. And once you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X0 is delta one close. And once you have
+then you can just treat this here as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can just treat this here as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can just treat this here as a
+constant. And so now it's clear that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant. And so now it's clear that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant. And so now it's clear that you
+then make another choice of of delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then make another choice of of delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then make another choice of of delta
+possibly even smaller than the one this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly even smaller than the one this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly even smaller than the one this
+one here. And then for this smallest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here. And then for this smallest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here. And then for this smallest of
+these two numbers then you can now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two numbers then you can now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two numbers then you can now
+conclude that this fraction here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that this fraction here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that this fraction here is
+smaller than epsilon. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Any questions?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Any questions?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Any questions?
+>> Yeah. Um, I have a question going back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Um, I have a question going back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Um, I have a question going back
+to what we're talking about.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what we're talking about.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what we're talking about.
+>> I was a little bit confused because like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I was a little bit confused because like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I was a little bit confused because like
+we're defining it to be like non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're defining it to be like non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're defining it to be like non
+continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous
+>> but like by definition of continuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> but like by definition of continuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> but like by definition of continuity
+like if you had if you picked some um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you had if you picked some um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you had if you picked some um
+like two x's near each other that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like two x's near each other that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like two x's near each other that were
+both rational.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both rational.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both rational.
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+>> Like and f of x is both zero then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Like and f of x is both zero then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Like and f of x is both zero then
+wouldn't that be continuous?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't that be continuous?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't that be continuous?
+>> Right. So, so the first of all, let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Right. So, so the first of all, let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Right. So, so the first of all, let me
+say that if you were to picture this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that if you were to picture this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that if you were to picture this
+function, right? I mean, of course, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function, right? I mean, of course, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function, right? I mean, of course, it
+wouldn't be very easy to picture it, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be very easy to picture it, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be very easy to picture it, but
+but you would sort of if you were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you would sort of if you were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you would sort of if you were to
+draw it, right? Then actually, it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw it, right? Then actually, it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw it, right? Then actually, it would
+look it wouldn't look like a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look it wouldn't look like a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look it wouldn't look like a function
+anymore because like you would have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore because like you would have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore because like you would have it
+on all the rational numbers here, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on all the rational numbers here, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on all the rational numbers here, it
+would be zero. On all the irrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be zero. On all the irrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be zero. On all the irrational
+numbers here, it would be one. So, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers here, it would be one. So, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers here, it would be one. So, if
+you picture it, it would look like two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you picture it, it would look like two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you picture it, it would look like two
+lines. But of course it wouldn't be two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines. But of course it wouldn't be two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines. But of course it wouldn't be two
+lines because it's right but the points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines because it's right but the points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines because it's right but the points
+are just so close together that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just so close together that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just so close together that you
+couldn't really draw it right. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't really draw it right. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't really draw it right. And so
+the thing is that but it also means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing is that but it also means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing is that but it also means that
+if you this picture here illustrate what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you this picture here illustrate what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you this picture here illustrate what
+you're saying that for if you take here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying that for if you take here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying that for if you take here
+if you take a rational numbers well all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take a rational numbers well all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take a rational numbers well all
+the rational numbers that is really you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rational numbers that is really you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rational numbers that is really you
+know any rational number whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know any rational number whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know any rational number whether it's
+close or not it will all be zero on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close or not it will all be zero on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close or not it will all be zero on
+those. So that's not where the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those. So that's not where the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those. So that's not where the problem
+with continuity occur. The problem occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with continuity occur. The problem occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with continuity occur. The problem occur
+because you also have irrational numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you also have irrational numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you also have irrational numbers
+close to it and it has to be for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to it and it has to be for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to it and it has to be for all
+points close to this that it the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points close to this that it the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points close to this that it the value
+had to be almost the same. Right? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to be almost the same. Right? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to be almost the same. Right? So
+it's really for the irrational numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really for the irrational numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really for the irrational numbers
+that the problem occur with continuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the problem occur with continuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the problem occur with continuity
+in a rational numbers and vice versa.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a rational numbers and vice versa.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a rational numbers and vice versa.
+for an irrational number. If you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an irrational number. If you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an irrational number. If you're
+looking at continuity around an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at continuity around an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at continuity around an
+irrational number, the problem is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrational number, the problem is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrational number, the problem is not
+from other irrational numbers, but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from other irrational numbers, but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from other irrational numbers, but it's
+from the rational numbers.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/24iPsnbS6_0.txt b/24iPsnbS6_0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9021684bf9acd98345f68369498d9cad974b4717
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24iPsnbS6_0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,675 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to h20 special relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to h20 special relativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to h20 special relativity
+in this short video we want to see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this short video we want to see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this short video we want to see how
+special relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special relativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special relativity
+here short and sr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here short and sr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here short and sr
+fits into the general landscape of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits into the general landscape of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits into the general landscape of
+physics series very likely you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics series very likely you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics series very likely you have
+listened to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listened to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listened to
+801 last semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+801 last semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+801 last semester
+or at some previous time in your career
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at some previous time in your career
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at some previous time in your career
+at mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at mit
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+once we enter the discussion of special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we enter the discussion of special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we enter the discussion of special
+relativity it might seem to you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity it might seem to you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity it might seem to you that
+what you learned there is was simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you learned there is was simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you learned there is was simply
+incorrect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrect
+a better way to look at this is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a better way to look at this is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a better way to look at this is that you
+know each of those physics theories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know each of those physics theories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know each of those physics theories
+they have a range of validity a range in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a range of validity a range in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a range of validity a range in
+which the theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the theory
+theory works and describes physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory works and describes physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory works and describes physical
+phenomena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena
+and so here in this picture i'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here in this picture i'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here in this picture i'd like to
+point out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out that
+even special relativity has its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even special relativity has its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even special relativity has its own
+range of mobility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of mobility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of mobility
+but let's start with classical mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's start with classical mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's start with classical mechanics
+so classical mechanics describes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so classical mechanics describes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so classical mechanics describes
+the motion of objects collision of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motion of objects collision of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motion of objects collision of
+objects the rotation of objects in 802
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects the rotation of objects in 802
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects the rotation of objects in 802
+you are studying electrodynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are studying electrodynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are studying electrodynamics
+but you do that typically at mit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you do that typically at mit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you do that typically at mit in
+those courses at velocities which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those courses at velocities which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those courses at velocities which are
+modest small velocities small velocities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modest small velocities small velocities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modest small velocities small velocities
+compared to the speed of light once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the speed of light once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the speed of light once you
+accelerate once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate once you
+have velocities which are really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have velocities which are really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have velocities which are really really
+large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+the description breaks the validity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the description breaks the validity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the description breaks the validity of
+those series breaks and that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those series breaks and that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those series breaks and that's where
+special velocity comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special velocity comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special velocity comes in
+and it's especially important when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's especially important when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's especially important when you
+discuss um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss um
+very fast moving bodies more fast-moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fast moving bodies more fast-moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fast moving bodies more fast-moving
+reference frames or behavior of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frames or behavior of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frames or behavior of light
+and so this is what special relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is what special relativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is what special relativity
+does the range of validity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the range of validity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the range of validity is
+basically you know fast moving phenomena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you know fast moving phenomena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you know fast moving phenomena
+is high speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is high speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is high speed
+but special relativity by itself doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but special relativity by itself doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but special relativity by itself doesn't
+help you to understand for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you to understand for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you to understand for example
+object of small scales in order to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object of small scales in order to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object of small scales in order to have
+a proper description here you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a proper description here you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a proper description here you need to
+study quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study quantum mechanics
+if you have objects of very much large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have objects of very much large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have objects of very much large
+or with large accelerations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or with large accelerations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or with large accelerations
+uh you need to enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you need to enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you need to enter
+a generalized view general relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a generalized view general relativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a generalized view general relativity
+and if you for example combine high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you for example combine high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you for example combine high
+velocities in small scales you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities in small scales you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities in small scales you have to
+study quantum field series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study quantum field series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study quantum field series
+so the point of this slide is really to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the point of this slide is really to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the point of this slide is really to
+point out that special relativity has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out that special relativity has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out that special relativity has a
+specific use case it's limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific use case it's limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific use case it's limited
+um it describes fast moving objects it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it describes fast moving objects it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it describes fast moving objects it
+doesn't describe large accelerations for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't describe large accelerations for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't describe large accelerations for
+example so that that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so that that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so that that is the
+generalization you get when you study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization you get when you study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization you get when you study
+general relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general relativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general relativity
+so in summary special relativity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in summary special relativity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in summary special relativity is
+a complete description of physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complete description of physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complete description of physical
+phenomena at high speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena at high speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena at high speed
+it is consistent with 801 and 802 and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is consistent with 801 and 802 and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is consistent with 801 and 802 and we
+will later see that whenever we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will later see that whenever we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will later see that whenever we find
+integration of motion on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration of motion on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration of motion on
+at for objects at high speed we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at for objects at high speed we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at for objects at high speed we can
+if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we
+use smaller velocities we will find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use smaller velocities we will find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use smaller velocities we will find the
+solutions of 801 and 803
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions of 801 and 803
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions of 801 and 803
+when we combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we combine
+special relativity with quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special relativity with quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special relativity with quantum
+mechanics it describes quantum fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics it describes quantum fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics it describes quantum fields
+theories and as i was saying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories and as i was saying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories and as i was saying the
+generalization of special relativity as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization of special relativity as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization of special relativity as
+r is general relativity gr
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/37-GdFJGSXs.txt b/37-GdFJGSXs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..899ddad1dcf10d6cf3f229ddd2a19922804ada63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/37-GdFJGSXs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1636 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let me assume for example that I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me assume for example that I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me assume for example that I'll
+put a state Alpha Beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a state Alpha Beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a state Alpha Beta
+in bet what do I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in bet what do I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in bet what do I get
+out so you have the state Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so you have the state Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so you have the state Alpha
+Beta what do you get out well State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beta what do you get out well State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beta what do you get out well State
+comes in and is acted by beam splitter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in and is acted by beam splitter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in and is acted by beam splitter
+one so you must put the beam splitter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so you must put the beam splitter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so you must put the beam splitter
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Matrix and then it comes the mirrors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and then it comes the mirrors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and then it comes the mirrors and
+let's assume mirrors do nothing in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume mirrors do nothing in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume mirrors do nothing in fact
+mirrors the two mirrors would multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirrors the two mirrors would multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirrors the two mirrors would multiply
+by minus one which will have no effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by minus one which will have no effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by minus one which will have no effect
+so let's ignore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's ignore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's ignore
+mirrors and then you get to beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirrors and then you get to beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirrors and then you get to beam
+splitter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitter
+two and you must multiply by The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and you must multiply by The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and you must multiply by The
+Matrix of beam splitter 2 and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix of beam splitter 2 and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix of beam splitter 2 and that's the
+output and that output is a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output and that output is a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output and that output is a two
+component Vector that gives you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component Vector that gives you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component Vector that gives you the
+amplitude up and the amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+down so I should put bs2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here bs1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here bs1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here bs1 over
+here Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Alpha
+Beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beta
+the numbers move away 1 / < TK of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers move away 1 / < TK of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers move away 1 / < TK of two
+and 1/ < TK of two commute in matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1/ < TK of two commute in matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1/ < TK of two commute in matrix
+multiplication then you multiply these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication then you multiply these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication then you multiply these
+two matrices you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two matrices you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two matrices you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+2 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 -
+2 and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and uh
+0 Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 Alpha
+Beta And you put the two in so you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beta And you put the two in so you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beta And you put the two in so you get
+beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta
+minus Alpha so here is the rule if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Alpha so here is the rule if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Alpha so here is the rule if you
+have Alpha and beta you get here beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Alpha and beta you get here beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Alpha and beta you get here beta
+and minus Alpha here or a beta minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus Alpha here or a beta minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus Alpha here or a beta minus
+Alpha Photon at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end
+good so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so let's
+uh do an um our first kind of experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do an um our first kind of experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do an um our first kind of experiment
+our first experiment is to have the beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our first experiment is to have the beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our first experiment is to have the beam
+Splitters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here d0 detector d0 and detector D1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here d0 detector d0 and detector D1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here d0 detector d0 and detector D1 over
+there and let's send in a photon over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and let's send in a photon over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and let's send in a photon over
+here only one or input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+uh this Photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this Photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this Photon
+01 splits here you act with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 splits here you act with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 splits here you act with
+bs1 the Matrix bs1 you get two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bs1 the Matrix bs1 you get two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bs1 the Matrix bs1 you get two things
+you act with the Matrix bs2 and gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you act with the Matrix bs2 and gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you act with the Matrix bs2 and gives
+you this but we have the rule already if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this but we have the rule already if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this but we have the rule already if
+you have an alpha beta out comes a beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an alpha beta out comes a beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an alpha beta out comes a beta
+minus Alpha so it should have a one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Alpha so it should have a one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Alpha so it should have a one here
+and minus Z here which is zero so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus Z here which is zero so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus Z here which is zero so you
+get a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a one
+Zer so what is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happening what's really happening is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening what's really happening is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening what's really happening is
+that your Photon that came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in divided
+into recombined and actually there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into recombined and actually there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into recombined and actually there was a
+very interesting interference here from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting interference here from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting interference here from
+the the top beam came some amplitude and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the top beam came some amplitude and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the top beam came some amplitude and
+gave some reflected and some transmitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave some reflected and some transmitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave some reflected and some transmitted
+from the bottom beam there was some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the bottom beam there was some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the bottom beam there was some
+transmission and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission and some
+reflection the transmission from the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection the transmission from the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection the transmission from the top
+and Reflection from the bottom interfere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Reflection from the bottom interfere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Reflection from the bottom interfere
+to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give
+zero and this two the Reflection from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and this two the Reflection from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and this two the Reflection from
+the top and transmission from the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top and transmission from the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top and transmission from the bottom
+were coherent and added up to one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were coherent and added up to one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were coherent and added up to one one
+and every single Photon ends up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every single Photon ends up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every single Photon ends up in the
+zero if you would put a beam well Mahan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero if you would put a beam well Mahan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero if you would put a beam well Mahan
+Zender were working in the late 1800s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zender were working in the late 1800s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zender were working in the late 1800s
+1890s and they would shine light um they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1890s and they would shine light um they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1890s and they would shine light um they
+had no ability to manipulate photons but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had no ability to manipulate photons but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had no ability to manipulate photons but
+they could put those beam Splitters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could put those beam Splitters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could put those beam Splitters and
+they could get this interference effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could get this interference effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could get this interference effect
+where everything goes to D zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where everything goes to D zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where everything goes to D zero
+so far so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far so
+good now let me do a slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+experiment I will now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment I will now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment I will now
+put the same thing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the same thing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the same thing a
+bs1 and a beam going in Mirror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bs1 and a beam going in Mirror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bs1 and a beam going in Mirror
+Mirror bs2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but now
+I will put put a block of concrete here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will put put a block of concrete here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will put put a block of concrete here
+on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way I'll put it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so that if there's any Photon that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so that if there's any Photon that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so that if there's any Photon that
+wants to come in this direction it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to come in this direction it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to come in this direction it will
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+absorbed Photon could still go like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed Photon could still go like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed Photon could still go like this
+but nothing would go through here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nothing would go through here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nothing would go through here and
+here of course there might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here of course there might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here of course there might be
+d0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+D1 and here are the mirrors M and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+M now the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M now the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M now the bottom
+mirror is of no use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror is of no use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror is of no use
+anymore because there's a big block of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore because there's a big block of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore because there's a big block of
+concrete that will stop any Photon from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete that will stop any Photon from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete that will stop any Photon from
+getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there and we are asked again what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and we are asked again what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and we are asked again what
+happens what do the detectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens what do the detectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens what do the detectors
+see and this type we still have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and this type we still have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and this type we still have a
+01 now I would be tempted to use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 now I would be tempted to use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 now I would be tempted to use this
+formula but this formula was derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula but this formula was derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula but this formula was derived
+under the wrong assumptions that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the wrong assumptions that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the wrong assumptions that there
+was no block here so I cannot use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was no block here so I cannot use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was no block here so I cannot use that
+formula and certainly things are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and certainly things are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and certainly things are going
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+different so I have have to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so I have have to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so I have have to calculate
+things and uh we're doing a quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and uh we're doing a quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and uh we're doing a quantum
+mechanical calculation so well up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical calculation so well up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical calculation so well up to
+here before it reaches here I can you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here before it reaches here I can you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here before it reaches here I can you do
+my usual calculation it's certainly we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my usual calculation it's certainly we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my usual calculation it's certainly we
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+bs1 acting on the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bs1 acting on the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bs1 acting on the state
+01 and this is 1 /are < TK of two I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 and this is 1 /are < TK of two I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 and this is 1 /are < TK of two I
+think - one one one 1 yep that's BS one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think - one one one 1 yep that's BS one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think - one one one 1 yep that's BS one
+acting on zero 1 and that gives me 1 / <
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on zero 1 and that gives me 1 / <
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on zero 1 and that gives me 1 / <
+TK 2 1 / < TK of 2 so yes here I have 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TK 2 1 / < TK of 2 so yes here I have 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TK 2 1 / < TK of 2 so yes here I have 1
+/ Square < TK of two amplitude and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ Square < TK of two amplitude and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ Square < TK of two amplitude and here
+I also have 1 / sare < TK of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude
+Okay now that's the end of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay now that's the end of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay now that's the end of this
+amplitude it doesn't follow but on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude it doesn't follow but on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude it doesn't follow but on the
+other hand in this Branch the mirror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand in this Branch the mirror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand in this Branch the mirror
+doesn't change the amplitude doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change the amplitude doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change the amplitude doesn't
+absorb so you still have 1/ square < TK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb so you still have 1/ square < TK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb so you still have 1/ square < TK
+of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two
+here and now you're reaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and now you're reaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and now you're reaching
+bs2 now what is the input for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bs2 now what is the input for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bs2 now what is the input for
+bs2 the input is a one / Square < tk2 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bs2 the input is a one / Square < tk2 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bs2 the input is a one / Square < tk2 in
+the top beam and nothing in the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top beam and nothing in the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top beam and nothing in the lower
+beam because nothing is reaching bs2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam because nothing is reaching bs2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam because nothing is reaching bs2
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+below this is blocked so yeah there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below this is blocked so yeah there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below this is blocked so yeah there was
+sometimes when something reached From
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes when something reached From
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes when something reached From
+Below but nothing here so to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Below but nothing here so to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Below but nothing here so to figure out
+the amplitudes here I must do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitudes here I must do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitudes here I must do
+bs2 acting on 1 / Square < TK of 2 0o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bs2 acting on 1 / Square < TK of 2 0o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bs2 acting on 1 / Square < TK of 2 0o
+because 1 /are < TK of two is coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because 1 /are < TK of two is coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because 1 /are < TK of two is coming in
+but nothing is coming in from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+below and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below and
+therefore I get 1 / < TK of 2 1 1 1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I get 1 / < TK of 2 1 1 1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I get 1 / < TK of 2 1 1 1 -
+1 1 / < TK of 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0 this time I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 this time I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 this time I get
+um 12 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+12 okay must trust the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 okay must trust the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 okay must trust the
+math one2 here and 1/2 there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math one2 here and 1/2 there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math one2 here and 1/2 there so
+1/2 a column vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 a column vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 a column vector
+12 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+12 okay let me uh maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 okay let me uh maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 okay let me uh maybe
+tabulate this result which is somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabulate this result which is somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabulate this result which is somewhat
+strange really uh so what is strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange really uh so what is strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange really uh so what is strange
+about it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it is the
+following in the first case where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following in the first case where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following in the first case where the
+interferometer was totally clear nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferometer was totally clear nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferometer was totally clear nothing
+in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the
+middle everything went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle everything went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle everything went to
+D2 and nothing went into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D2 and nothing went into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D2 and nothing went into
+D1 but now you do something that should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D1 but now you do something that should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D1 but now you do something that should
+block some photons you block some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block some photons you block some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block some photons you block some
+photons in the lower path and you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons in the lower path and you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons in the lower path and you now
+you seem to be able to get something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you seem to be able to get something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you seem to be able to get something
+into D1 there is an amplitude to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into D1 there is an amplitude to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into D1 there is an amplitude to get
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+D1 so by blocking a source you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D1 so by blocking a source you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D1 so by blocking a source you're
+getting more somewhere it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting more somewhere it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting more somewhere it's
+somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat
+counterintuitive um you will see by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive um you will see by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive um you will see by the
+end of the lecture in 10 minutes that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the lecture in 10 minutes that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the lecture in 10 minutes that is
+not just somewhat counterintuitive it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just somewhat counterintuitive it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just somewhat counterintuitive it's
+tremendously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously
+counterintuitive um let's see let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive um let's see let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive um let's see let's
+summarize the result here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+outcome come in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+blocked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocked
+lower Branch okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower Branch okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower Branch okay
+Cas and the probability for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+Photon at the Block the photon can end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon at the Block the photon can end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon at the Block the photon can end
+in three places it can end on the Block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in three places it can end on the Block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in three places it can end on the Block
+it can end on d0 or it can end on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can end on d0 or it can end on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can end on d0 or it can end on
+D1 so Photon at the Block well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D1 so Photon at the Block well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D1 so Photon at the Block well the
+amplitude to be here is 1/ square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude to be here is 1/ square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude to be here is 1/ square root
+of two the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two the
+probability should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Photon at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+d0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d0
+probability amplitude 12 probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability amplitude 12 probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability amplitude 12 probability
+1/4 Photon at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/4 Photon at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/4 Photon at
+D1 probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D1 probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D1 probability
+14 um you could put a another table here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 um you could put a another table here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 um you could put a another table here
+outcome all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open
+um probability and in this case there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um probability and in this case there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um probability and in this case there's
+just Photon at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+d0o was one and Photon at D1 was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Zero
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/3edzxv_mYZk.txt b/3edzxv_mYZk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2183057b8a64d7b24ee6152960d55bded6ce5cbd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3edzxv_mYZk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,670 @@
+HAZEL SIVE: All right.
+
+Let's move on to the second
+topic of our discussion today,
+
+which we will start today and
+then continue on Friday.
+
+And this is a discussion
+of the proteins.
+
+The proteins, probably the
+most fascinating class of
+
+macromolecules, 55% of the dry
+mass of a cell, and proteins
+
+function everywhere.
+
+They do almost everything.
+
+Strictly speaking, proteins
+are not hereditary
+
+information, although Professor
+Jacks will talk with
+
+you about a class of proteins
+called prions, which kind of
+
+are hereditary information.
+
+So not hereditary info,
+but they do
+
+almost everything else.
+
+They form the structure
+of the cell.
+
+They form a major class of
+catalysts called enzymes that
+
+we will talk about on Friday.
+
+They function in defense as
+in the immune system.
+
+They allow cells to move,
+dot, dot, dot.
+
+Okay?
+
+We'll talk about proteins on and
+on and on as major players
+
+in the fabric of life.
+
+Their monomer is an amino
+acid that is abbreviated
+
+AA or little aa.
+
+And it has a particular
+structure that forms around a
+
+central carbon, which is called
+the alpha carbon.
+
+And from this alpha carbon,
+there are four groups that
+
+emanate, something called R,
+which is the functional
+
+interesting group of
+each amino acid.
+
+So R is characteristic of each
+class of amino acid.
+
+We'll talk more about
+this in a moment.
+
+And then we'll put in a hydrogen
+and then there is a
+
+nitrogen or an amine group,
+which I'm going to draw here
+
+as NH3 positive.
+
+And the other group is a
+carboxyl group, which I'm
+
+going to draw here
+again as ionized.
+
+So R, actually, I'm going to
+give a special name to.
+
+We'll call it a side chain.
+
+And this side chain can
+be a charged group.
+
+It can be polar or non-polar.
+
+And let me see what I have
+as the first thing.
+
+Yes.
+
+Here are some of the side groups
+in amino acids, for
+
+example, lysine.
+
+Here is the alpha carbon, and
+here's its side group.
+
+You can see it ends
+in an amino group.
+
+It's positively charged.
+
+Glutamic acid, I keep forgetting
+glutamic acid.
+
+This is a better screen.
+
+Glutamic acid ends.
+
+It's got a carboxyl
+group at the end.
+
+It's negatively charged.
+
+It's an acid.
+
+Here's one, tyrosine with
+a polar uncharged group.
+
+This benzene ring and the
+hydroxyl gives some polarity
+
+to the molecule and here's
+leucine with a
+
+hydroxyl gives polarity.
+
+Leucine is non-polar.
+
+It's really a hydrocarbon and
+cystine has this interesting
+
+very reactive sulfhydryl group
+at the end of its R chain,
+
+which is capable of reacting
+with another sulfhydryl group
+
+and forming a disulfide bond.
+
+The polymer, actually I think
+I could write it here, the
+
+polymer of amino acids looks
+like this, and it's called a
+
+peptide if it's less than 20
+amino acids and a protein if
+
+it's about more than
+20 amino acids, but
+
+that's kind of loose.
+
+You should know the term
+peptide, polypeptide mean
+
+something a bit bigger than a
+peptide, protein, they're all
+
+the same chemical structure --
+
+just refers to differences
+in the amount of
+
+sequence in the polymer.
+
+How does the protein
+polymer form?
+
+I'll draw that for you now.
+
+And it forms by making a
+particular bond called a
+
+peptide bond that you should
+know and be able to recognize.
+
+So let's draw amino acid
+one with carbon.
+
+And we're going to put its amino
+group, its hydrogren,
+
+and then its carboxyl group.
+
+And we're going to add to it.
+
+So this is going to be amino
+acid one, and we're going to
+
+add to it another one with
+a second side chain.
+
+And here, we'll draw out the
+hydrogens on the amino group.
+
+This oxygen and the hydrogens
+on the amino group are going
+
+to interact, and they are
+going to undergo a
+
+condensation reaction.
+
+And actually I realize when I
+drew for you the nucleotide
+
+condensation reaction, that
+was when we drew the
+
+dinucleotide that was forming,
+I realize I didn't put that
+
+there was elimination of a
+molecule as the dinucleotide
+
+was forming.
+
+It's a bit complicated, and that
+was why I didn't do it.
+
+But in this case, this is a kind
+of classic condensation
+
+reaction, which will eliminate
+water, and you'll end up with
+
+something that looks
+like this.
+
+So here's your alpha.
+
+I'm going to circle the alpha
+carbon so we don't
+
+get where they are.
+
+And then we've got a carbonyl
+group that's joined to an
+
+amine and then the other
+alpha carbon, R2.
+
+So here is amino acid
+one, amino acid two.
+
+And here is a dipeptide,
+or diamino acid.
+
+It doesn't really matter
+what you call it.
+
+The peptide bond is this guy,
+and it's a very, very
+
+important bond.
+
+It holds the protein chain
+together, and you need to be
+
+able to recognize it.
+
+Two other features of this
+as well, which will be
+
+reminiscent of the nucleic acid
+case, and on one end --
+
+the ends are different.
+
+Okay?
+
+The ends are different.
+
+On one end, there is a free
+amino group, and this is
+
+called the amino end or the
+N-terminal of the dipeptide or
+
+of the protein.
+
+And on the other end, there is
+a free carboxyl group, and
+
+this is termed the carboxyl or
+the carboxy, or the C-terminal
+
+of this dipeptide, or indeed
+of any protein.
+
+So this is going to sound
+reminiscent of the case as in
+
+nucleic acids because like
+nucleic acids, proteins,
+
+because they have different
+ends, have a linear order.
+
+So we'll write it again,
+different ends
+
+and a linear order.
+
+And again, it's this linear
+order that can only be read in
+
+one direction or that leads
+to information that is not
+
+symmetric or not randomly
+oriented that gives the
+
+protein its particular
+properties.
+
+So let's write this out
+again, formally.
+
+On one end, there's
+the amino end.
+
+You can also write
+this as NH2.
+
+It's done kind of casually.
+
+You can write it as N. Doesn't
+really matter to us.
+
+And then here's your polymer
+of amino acids.
+
+And here is your carboxy end.
+
+You can write COO.
+
+I always write COOH.
+
+You can also write C. All of
+those are kind of given as
+
+being equivalent and this is
+your amino end and your
+
+carboxy end.
+
+That's terminology, but you can
+tell from where these free
+
+chemical groups are which amino
+acid was added first and
+
+which was added last.
+
+And the amino acid nearest the
+end terminal is added first.
+
+The one nearest the free carboxy
+is the most recently
+
+added, always added last.
+
+Now, we went through a bit of
+a calculation for nucleic
+
+acids where there are four
+bases, and I pointed out to
+
+you that you could get a lot of
+combinatorics out of four
+
+bases if you had a polymer
+that was long enough.
+
+For proteins, the situation
+is actually
+
+dauntingly more complex.
+
+There are 20 different
+amino acids.
+
+So for a peptide, that's three
+amino acids, you would get 20
+
+to the third combinations
+or 8,000.
+
+Proteins can be greater than
+1,000 amino acids in length.
+
+Proteins or peptides for little
+ones can range from two
+
+to greater than 1,000
+amino acids.
+
+And so the number of
+combinations of information
+
+that you can get in proteins
+is enormous, and that means
+
+that most of protein space has
+not been explored by life and
+
+can be explored in
+the laboratory.
+
+And that's very exciting in
+thinking about the various
+
+functions that one can find that
+have not yet been found.
+
+Now, the thing that is different
+about nucleic acids
+
+and proteins apart from their
+fundamental chemical
+
+structure, is that nucleic
+acids, as we will discuss, are
+
+used as a linear more
+or less, they are
+
+read as a linear string.
+
+You start somewhere, and you
+read along the nucleic acid,
+
+and you get your information
+out, and that gives you some
+
+kind of a next step.
+
+Proteins, although they have a
+linear order, are not used in
+
+this kind of straight
+linear way.
+
+They are read once they
+have folded up into
+
+three-dimensional structures,
+and the folding of proteins
+
+into these 3D structures is
+intrinsic and essential for
+
+their function.
+
+So protein folding --
+
+Actually, let me before we do
+protein folding, I realize
+
+I've been remiss in giving
+you these slides.
+
+Here is something I drew
+for you on amino acid
+
+polymerization from your
+book, and here we are
+
+where we should be.
+
+Protein folding is required
+for function.
+
+The linear order of amino acids
+in the first peptide
+
+chain that is synthesized is
+called the primary structure.
+
+So primary structure refers
+to the linear
+
+order of amino acids.
+
+And these amino acids, of
+course, are held together by
+
+covalent bonds as in
+peptide bonds.
+
+But this primary structure,
+while absolutely essential for
+
+protein function, is not
+the functional protein.
+
+It folds up, this primary
+structure, this linear chain,
+
+folds up and folds again
+and folds again.
+
+The way I think of it is, if you
+took a piece of string or
+
+an old-fashioned telephone cord,
+and you folded it up,
+
+you start rolling it up into a
+roll, it will roll up, and
+
+it'll fold back on itself, and
+fold back on itself, and fold
+
+back on itself.
+
+And that's kind of the
+deal with proteins.
+
+So we have to consider something
+called secondary
+
+structure where the linear chain
+of amino acids folds
+
+back on itself.
+
+So the linear amino acid
+chain folds up, and it
+
+does so in two ways.
+
+It forms something called an
+alpha helix or it forms
+
+something called a beta sheet
+or a beta pleated sheet, and
+
+these are characteristics
+folding structure or folding
+
+patterns that are governed
+by hydrogen bonds.
+
+But that secondary structure
+of the protein is not the
+
+functional protein.
+
+Those folded hydrogen-bonded
+alpha helices or beta sheets
+
+fold on themselves again to form
+the tertiary structure of
+
+the protein.
+
+So this is more folding
+of the alpha
+
+helices or the beta sheets.
+
+And this tertiary structure
+can involve any number of
+
+different kinds of bonds.
+
+It can involve covalent bonds
+like sulfhydryl disulfide
+
+bonds, hydrogen bonds,
+hydrophobic bonds, and all of
+
+these things give a tertiary
+structure.
+
+All of them use one linear
+polypeptide or protein chain.
+
+But then there's a fourth
+folding that is required for
+
+the function of many proteins.
+
+This is the quaternary
+structure, and this refers to,
+
+so again, this is of the primary
+and secondary chain.
+
+The quaternary structure is
+an association between two
+
+different proteins in a
+non-covalent way, usually.
+
+So this is association between
+two different protein chains
+
+and two different protein chains
+that are in some kind
+
+of tertiary structure.
+
+And usually this association
+is non-covalent.
+
+The way protein structure is
+governed and proteins fold is
+
+mysterious, and very
+complicated, and not well
+
+understood.
+
+And there we go.
+
+Look at this interesting stuff
+you can see on my screen.
+
+Here we go.
+
+Here, not from your book because
+I think it's better
+
+from a different book, is a
+picture of an alpha helix, a
+
+beta sheet, tertiary structures
+of folded
+
+polypeptide chains.
+
+And here is a quaternary
+structure.
+
+And as we'll talk about on
+Friday, it's the quaternary
+
+structures that are these
+functional units called
+
+enzymes, and we'll stop there.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/4bwMeTKC0M4.txt b/4bwMeTKC0M4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5c5be1749a96bb06e3fe042755ea6ebc1d46e1fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/4bwMeTKC0M4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,867 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+have you ever wondered how all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you ever wondered how all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you ever wondered how all the
+chemical elements are made then join me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical elements are made then join me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical elements are made then join me
+as we are lifting all the status secrets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we are lifting all the status secrets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we are lifting all the status secrets
+to understand the cosmic origin of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand the cosmic origin of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand the cosmic origin of the
+chemical elements what is the universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical elements what is the universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical elements what is the universe
+actually made of let's look at three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually made of let's look at three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually made of let's look at three
+different times in the universe and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different times in the universe and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different times in the universe and
+consider what it was made of them first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider what it was made of them first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider what it was made of them first
+after the Big Bang so if we draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the Big Bang so if we draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the Big Bang so if we draw a
+little pie chart here the universe was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little pie chart here the universe was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little pie chart here the universe was
+made from just hydrogen and helium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made from just hydrogen and helium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made from just hydrogen and helium and
+tiny little bits of lithium we can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny little bits of lithium we can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny little bits of lithium we can just
+cut it up like this and so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut it up like this and so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut it up like this and so this is
+hydrogen 75% and helium 25% and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen 75% and helium 25% and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen 75% and helium 25% and it's
+pretty much adds up to a hundred already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much adds up to a hundred already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much adds up to a hundred already
+but we'll just write it up here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll just write it up here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll just write it up here so
+lithium is of the order of 10 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lithium is of the order of 10 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lithium is of the order of 10 to the
+minus 10 which is really just a tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 10 which is really just a tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 10 which is really just a tiny
+tiny tiny amount and we don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny tiny amount and we don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny tiny amount and we don't really
+need to worry much more with him now at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to worry much more with him now at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to worry much more with him now at
+a time later nearly 4.6 billion years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time later nearly 4.6 billion years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time later nearly 4.6 billion years
+after the Big Bang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the Big Bang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the Big Bang
+an important event happened at least for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important event happened at least for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important event happened at least for
+us humans namely the Sun was born and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us humans namely the Sun was born and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us humans namely the Sun was born and
+from studying the chemical composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from studying the chemical composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from studying the chemical composition
+of the Sun and as I will explain later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Sun and as I will explain later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Sun and as I will explain later
+we can deduce what the universe was made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can deduce what the universe was made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can deduce what the universe was made
+of at that time and as it turns out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of at that time and as it turns out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of at that time and as it turns out the
+universe looked a little bit different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe looked a little bit different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe looked a little bit different
+in its composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it looks something like this here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks something like this here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks something like this here we
+have hydrogen 70 1.6%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+27% helium and then this one here that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+27% helium and then this one here that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+27% helium and then this one here that's
+1.4 percent of heavy elements and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.4 percent of heavy elements and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.4 percent of heavy elements and so
+what we can see and again we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can see and again we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can see and again we're going to
+go into more detail later some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into more detail later some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into more detail later some of the
+hydrogen got converted into helium so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen got converted into helium so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen got converted into helium so
+with less hydrogen about 5 billion years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with less hydrogen about 5 billion years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with less hydrogen about 5 billion years
+after the Big Bang a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the Big Bang a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the Big Bang a little bit more
+helium and helium through various steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium and helium through various steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium and helium through various steps
+has been converted into heavier elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been converted into heavier elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been converted into heavier elements
+a whole 1.4 percent now if we then look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole 1.4 percent now if we then look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole 1.4 percent now if we then look
+at what things look like today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what things look like today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what things look like today
+that's 13.8 billion years after the Big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 13.8 billion years after the Big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 13.8 billion years after the Big
+Bang we see that the heavy elements make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bang we see that the heavy elements make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bang we see that the heavy elements make
+up a whole 2 percent elements yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a whole 2 percent elements yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a whole 2 percent elements yeah and
+there's a little bit more helium and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit more helium and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit more helium and a
+little bit less hydrogen so we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit less hydrogen so we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit less hydrogen so we have a
+whole 2 percent of all the the matter is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole 2 percent of all the the matter is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole 2 percent of all the the matter is
+in elements heavier than hydrogen helium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in elements heavier than hydrogen helium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in elements heavier than hydrogen helium
+so as you can see the two most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as you can see the two most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as you can see the two most important
+elements in the universe clearly are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in the universe clearly are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in the universe clearly are
+hydrogen and helium and really who cares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen and helium and really who cares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen and helium and really who cares
+about all of these other heavy elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all of these other heavy elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all of these other heavy elements
+they make today 2 percent and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make today 2 percent and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make today 2 percent and in the
+early universe it was zero and then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early universe it was zero and then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early universe it was zero and then a
+little bit and accordingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and accordingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and accordingly
+astronomers already quite a while ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomers already quite a while ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomers already quite a while ago
+came up with the astronomers periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with the astronomers periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with the astronomers periodic
+table that is pretty simple actually so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table that is pretty simple actually so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table that is pretty simple actually so
+simple that I can draw it for you here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple that I can draw it for you here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple that I can draw it for you here
+and it contains of three things x y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it contains of three things x y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it contains of three things x y and
+z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z
+and you can guess what X is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can guess what X is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can guess what X is it's
+hydrogen hydrogen is pretty important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen hydrogen is pretty important in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen hydrogen is pretty important in
+the universe and it sits there in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe and it sits there in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe and it sits there in the
+periodic table helium is also pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table helium is also pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table helium is also pretty
+important second most common element yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important second most common element yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important second most common element yes
+in the top right corner there and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the top right corner there and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the top right corner there and then
+all the heavy elements combined they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the heavy elements combined they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the heavy elements combined they
+were called metals and they're together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were called metals and they're together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were called metals and they're together
+make up Z so we can simplify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make up Z so we can simplify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make up Z so we can simplify the
+universe pretty well to just hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe pretty well to just hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe pretty well to just hydrogen
+helium and metals but of course we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium and metals but of course we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium and metals but of course we know
+that the devil is in the detail and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the devil is in the detail and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the devil is in the detail and we
+are really interested in these metals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really interested in these metals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really interested in these metals
+here because that is the subject of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because that is the subject of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because that is the subject of this
+this lecture right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture right
+they cosmic origin of these heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cosmic origin of these heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cosmic origin of these heavy
+elements and I should say here of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and I should say here of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and I should say here of course
+that metals is it's not in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that metals is it's not in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that metals is it's not in terms of the
+chemistry is not the correct description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry is not the correct description
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry is not the correct description
+of all these elements that I found in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all these elements that I found in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all these elements that I found in
+the Braddock table but you know we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Braddock table but you know we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Braddock table but you know we are
+astronomers so we get away with calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomers so we get away with calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomers so we get away with calling
+all the elements metals even if in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the elements metals even if in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the elements metals even if in a
+chemical sense they are nothing but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical sense they are nothing but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical sense they are nothing but a
+metal and so that's that's a that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal and so that's that's a that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal and so that's that's a that's a
+little historical piece and people still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little historical piece and people still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little historical piece and people still
+use the term metal and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the term metal and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the term metal and we're going to
+use it for our stars as well before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it for our stars as well before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it for our stars as well before we
+move on to the next topic I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on to the next topic I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on to the next topic I just want to
+say that you can see the universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that you can see the universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that you can see the universe
+changes its overall composition with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes its overall composition with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes its overall composition with
+time and which means that stars formed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and which means that stars formed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and which means that stars formed
+at different times will naturally have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at different times will naturally have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at different times will naturally have a
+slightly different composition as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different composition as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different composition as well
+because stars formed from gas that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because stars formed from gas that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because stars formed from gas that is
+available at a given place at a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available at a given place at a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available at a given place at a given
+time in the universe and the Stars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in the universe and the Stars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in the universe and the Stars
+surface layers they do reflect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface layers they do reflect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface layers they do reflect the
+composition of the birth gas cloud so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition of the birth gas cloud so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition of the birth gas cloud so we
+are in a very lucky position that if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in a very lucky position that if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in a very lucky position that if we
+find stars born at different times and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find stars born at different times and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find stars born at different times and
+we study their chemical composition we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we study their chemical composition we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we study their chemical composition we
+can reconstruct how the composition the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can reconstruct how the composition the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can reconstruct how the composition the
+makeup of the universe changed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makeup of the universe changed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makeup of the universe changed and
+that's exactly what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly what we're going to do
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/5Y3hS_ckeJE.txt b/5Y3hS_ckeJE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ce5fe2af8e9617639420a623022987ae96f91a21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/5Y3hS_ckeJE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1107 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi I'm Jessica and today I'm going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi I'm Jessica and today I'm going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi I'm Jessica and today I'm going to be
+talking about a chemical demonstration I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a chemical demonstration I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a chemical demonstration I
+like to call money to burn and chemist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to call money to burn and chemist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to call money to burn and chemist
+Dr Bassam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr Bassam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr Bassam
+shakiri here he is is actually going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shakiri here he is is actually going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shakiri here he is is actually going to
+be showing us the demo he's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be showing us the demo he's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be showing us the demo he's the
+president of the American Chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president of the American Chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president of the American Chemical
+Society and is performing this demo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society and is performing this demo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society and is performing this demo
+right here at MIT let's see if he has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here at MIT let's see if he has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here at MIT let's see if he has
+some money need to burn what I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some money need to burn what I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some money need to burn what I'm going
+to do now is going to reach in here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do now is going to reach in here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do now is going to reach in here I'm
+going to take a dollar bill and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take a dollar bill and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take a dollar bill and I'm
+going to put it in the flame just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put it in the flame just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put it in the flame just like
+that was that too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was that too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was that too
+fast what we always do in science is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast what we always do in science is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast what we always do in science is
+repeat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat the
+experiment so I take out what looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment so I take out what looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment so I take out what looks like
+a dollar Barrel it's not a real dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dollar Barrel it's not a real dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dollar Barrel it's not a real dollar
+Barrel I bring it close to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flame disappears at the thin air it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flame disappears at the thin air it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flame disappears at the thin air it
+looks like magic right I love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like magic right I love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like magic right I love
+magic magic is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic magic is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic magic is
+engaging but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging but not
+informative how is that dollar bill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informative how is that dollar bill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informative how is that dollar bill
+burning up so quickly well it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burning up so quickly well it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burning up so quickly well it's actually
+not a dollar bill it's called flash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a dollar bill it's called flash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a dollar bill it's called flash
+paper and it's paper that has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper and it's paper that has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper and it's paper that has been
+treated with chemicals to make it burn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated with chemicals to make it burn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated with chemicals to make it burn
+quickly and leave no ashes now flash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and leave no ashes now flash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and leave no ashes now flash
+paper has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper has been
+nitrated practically what that means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrated practically what that means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrated practically what that means is
+that you soak the paper in a mixture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you soak the paper in a mixture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you soak the paper in a mixture of
+concentrated nitric and sulfuric acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated nitric and sulfuric acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated nitric and sulfuric acids
+the cellulose in the paper then reacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cellulose in the paper then reacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cellulose in the paper then reacts
+with the acid to produce nited cellulose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the acid to produce nited cellulose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the acid to produce nited cellulose
+and water the reaction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so our nitric acid here mixes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so our nitric acid here mixes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so our nitric acid here mixes with
+the cellulose now this is actually just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cellulose now this is actually just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cellulose now this is actually just
+one unit in the big polymer that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one unit in the big polymer that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one unit in the big polymer that is
+cellulose it's got lots of little units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellulose it's got lots of little units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellulose it's got lots of little units
+of C6 h105 so in this equation I'm only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of C6 h105 so in this equation I'm only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of C6 h105 so in this equation I'm only
+writing one unit and that's creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing one unit and that's creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing one unit and that's creating
+nitrated cellulose and water now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrated cellulose and water now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrated cellulose and water now the
+Nitro group The NO2 is the reactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nitro group The NO2 is the reactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nitro group The NO2 is the reactive
+group and it can be very reactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and it can be very reactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and it can be very reactive
+depending on the molecule that it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the molecule that it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the molecule that it's in
+you've no doubt heard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nitroglycerin which looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this it's an explosive liquid or TNT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's an explosive liquid or TNT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's an explosive liquid or TNT
+which actually stands for TR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which actually stands for TR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which actually stands for TR
+nitrotoluene it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so all of these molecules have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so all of these molecules have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so all of these molecules have
+Nitro groups in them and it's the Nitro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nitro groups in them and it's the Nitro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nitro groups in them and it's the Nitro
+or NO2 groups that make these molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or NO2 groups that make these molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or NO2 groups that make these molecules
+explosive now let's watch what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosive now let's watch what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosive now let's watch what happens
+when Dr shakiri tries this again but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Dr shakiri tries this again but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Dr shakiri tries this again but
+this time with a real dollar bill I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time with a real dollar bill I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time with a real dollar bill I'd
+like someone in the audience to uh let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like someone in the audience to uh let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like someone in the audience to uh let
+me borrow them from them a real $1 bill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me borrow them from them a real $1 bill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me borrow them from them a real $1 bill
+is there someone in the audience who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there someone in the audience who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there someone in the audience who
+would let me who would trust me with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would let me who would trust me with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would let me who would trust me with a
+real $1 bill or a $5 bill Steve how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real $1 bill or a $5 bill Steve how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real $1 bill or a $5 bill Steve how
+about a $20 bill huh you got a $20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a $20 bill huh you got a $20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a $20 bill huh you got a $20
+bill okay here's $1 bill it's the Real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bill okay here's $1 bill it's the Real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bill okay here's $1 bill it's the Real
+$1 bill you know what I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1 bill you know what I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1 bill you know what I'm going to do
+with it don't you so what I have a jar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it don't you so what I have a jar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it don't you so what I have a jar
+right here and I have in this jar what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here and I have in this jar what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here and I have in this jar what
+what do you what does it look like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you what does it look like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you what does it look like I
+have a liquid what does it look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a liquid what does it look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a liquid what does it look like
+looks like looks like water the way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like looks like water the way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like looks like water the way we
+describe this liquid is to say it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe this liquid is to say it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe this liquid is to say it's a
+clear and colorless liquid which is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear and colorless liquid which is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear and colorless liquid which is what
+water is okay so I'm going to take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water is okay so I'm going to take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water is okay so I'm going to take this
+liquid and so I want everybody to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid and so I want everybody to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid and so I want everybody to see
+the jar right here get this out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jar right here get this out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jar right here get this out of the
+way I'm going to take the dollar bill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I'm going to take the dollar bill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I'm going to take the dollar bill
+I'm going to soak it in this clear and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to soak it in this clear and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to soak it in this clear and
+colorless liquid which looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorless liquid which looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorless liquid which looks like
+water and I'm going to fish it out using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and I'm going to fish it out using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and I'm going to fish it out using
+those tongs you see it's dripping like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those tongs you see it's dripping like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those tongs you see it's dripping like
+any wet object would right and then I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any wet object would right and then I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any wet object would right and then I'm
+going to take it to the flame take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take it to the flame take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take it to the flame take a
+good look at it now Judy it's maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good look at it now Judy it's maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good look at it now Judy it's maybe the
+last time you see it so here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time you see it so here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time you see it so here is the
+dollar bill on fire or is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar bill on fire or is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar bill on fire or is
+it but you did see a flame didn't you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but you did see a flame didn't you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but you did see a flame didn't you so
+now I ask you can this liquid be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I ask you can this liquid be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I ask you can this liquid be
+water you know from experience that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water you know from experience that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water you know from experience that
+water does not burn under these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water does not burn under these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water does not burn under these
+conditions right so I will tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions right so I will tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions right so I will tell you
+what's in this jar this clear and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in this jar this clear and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in this jar this clear and
+colorless liquid is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorless liquid is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorless liquid is a
+mixture of rubbing alcohol and water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture of rubbing alcohol and water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture of rubbing alcohol and water
+isopropyl alcohol and water you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isopropyl alcohol and water you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isopropyl alcohol and water you know
+also from experience that when you burn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also from experience that when you burn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also from experience that when you burn
+alcohol what color flame do you see it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol what color flame do you see it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol what color flame do you see it's
+kind of bluish right you remember what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of bluish right you remember what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of bluish right you remember what
+color flame you saw here it was a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color flame you saw here it was a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color flame you saw here it was a little
+yellowish right right that's because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellowish right right that's because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellowish right right that's because we
+also added a little bit of sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also added a little bit of sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also added a little bit of sodium
+chloride in there the eye is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride in there the eye is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride in there the eye is more
+sensitive to the yellow color than it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to the yellow color than it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to the yellow color than it is
+to the blue color so we added the sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the blue color so we added the sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the blue color so we added the sodium
+chloride to enhance the visibility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride to enhance the visibility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride to enhance the visibility of
+what's going on all right so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on all right so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on all right so what
+happened there Dr shakiri soaked the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened there Dr shakiri soaked the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened there Dr shakiri soaked the
+money in a solution of water rubbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in a solution of water rubbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in a solution of water rubbing
+alcohol and a little bit of table salt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol and a little bit of table salt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol and a little bit of table salt
+when he puts the money in the flame the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he puts the money in the flame the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he puts the money in the flame the
+alcohol burns producing heat and light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol burns producing heat and light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol burns producing heat and light
+energy and carbon dioxide and water the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and carbon dioxide and water the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and carbon dioxide and water the
+reaction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this there's our alcohol reacting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there's our alcohol reacting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there's our alcohol reacting with
+oxygen producing carbon dioxide water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen producing carbon dioxide water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen producing carbon dioxide water
+and energy so why doesn't the bill burn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and energy so why doesn't the bill burn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and energy so why doesn't the bill burn
+if you have a beaker of alcohol and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a beaker of alcohol and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a beaker of alcohol and
+light it on fire it's just that very top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light it on fire it's just that very top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light it on fire it's just that very top
+layer of alcohol and the gas above it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer of alcohol and the gas above it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer of alcohol and the gas above it
+that burns the rest of the alcohol in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that burns the rest of the alcohol in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that burns the rest of the alcohol in
+the beaker does not so that's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beaker does not so that's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beaker does not so that's what's
+happening with our dollar bill let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening with our dollar bill let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening with our dollar bill let's
+draw a dollar bill right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a dollar bill right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a dollar bill right
+here so the alcohol Ro could be any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the alcohol Ro could be any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the alcohol Ro could be any
+alcohol is evaporating off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bill turning into a gas and burning so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bill turning into a gas and burning so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bill turning into a gas and burning so
+those are the Flames that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the Flames that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the Flames that you
+see but remember that the solution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see but remember that the solution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see but remember that the solution is
+50% water the water is evaporating much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% water the water is evaporating much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% water the water is evaporating much
+less quickly than the alcohol staying in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less quickly than the alcohol staying in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less quickly than the alcohol staying in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+bill and preventing the paper from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bill and preventing the paper from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bill and preventing the paper from
+burning so that's one way to hold on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burning so that's one way to hold on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burning so that's one way to hold on to
+your cash hope you enjoyed money to burn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cash hope you enjoyed money to burn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cash hope you enjoyed money to burn
+and I'll see you next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll see you next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll see you next
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/5sZo3SrLrGA.txt b/5sZo3SrLrGA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..642f5ff641f7399ae86272022d2fab6ce9d86b00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/5sZo3SrLrGA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3846 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help
+MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+continue to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON:
+Hey, everybody.
+
+Let's get started here.
+
+So last time we had the
+skull and crossbones,
+
+this time we're going to have
+double skull and crossbones.
+
+This stuff is really
+hard and really fun.
+
+And we're going to talk about
+synchronization without locks.
+
+And to start out, I want to
+talk about memory models.
+
+And in particular, the
+most important memory model
+
+from a theoretical point of
+view, which is sequential
+
+consistency.
+
+And to introduce it, I
+want to use an example
+
+to introduce the notion
+of a memory model.
+
+So suppose you have
+two variables, a
+
+and b, which are initially
+0, and those variables
+
+are stored in memory.
+
+And processor 0 moves
+a 1 into a, then
+
+it moves the contents
+of ebx into b.
+
+And meanwhile processor
+1 moves a 1 into b,
+
+and moves the contents
+of a into eax.
+
+I just chose different
+registers just so we
+
+can distinguish the two things.
+
+Now let's think about this code.
+
+We have these two
+things going on.
+
+Is it possible that processor
+0's ebx and processor
+
+1's eax both contain the value
+0 after the processors have both
+
+executed their code?
+
+They're executing in parallel.
+
+So think about a little bit.
+
+This is a good lecture to think
+about because, well, you'll
+
+see in a minute.
+
+So can they both
+have the value of 0?
+
+So you're shaking your head.
+
+Explain why?
+
+STUDENT: So if ebx is
+greater than [INAUDIBLE]
+
+then it's [INAUDIBLE].
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: OK, good.
+
+And that's a correct
+argument, but you're
+
+making a huge assumption.
+
+Yeah, so the idea is that, well,
+if you're moving a 1 into it,
+
+you're not looking at it.
+
+It may be that one of them
+gets 0, and the other gets 1,
+
+but it actually turns
+out to depend on what's
+
+called the memory model.
+
+And it took a long time before
+people realized that there
+
+was actually an issue here.
+
+So this depends upon
+the memory model.
+
+And what you were
+reasoning about
+
+was what's called
+sequential consistency.
+
+You were doing happens
+before types of relationships
+
+and saying, if this
+happened before that, then.
+
+And so you had some
+global notion of time
+
+that you were using to say what
+order these things happened in.
+
+So let's take a look at the
+model that you were assuming.
+
+It's interesting, because
+whenever I do this,
+
+somebody always has
+the right answer,
+
+and they always assume that
+it's sequentially consistent.
+
+It's the most standard one.
+
+So sequential
+consistency was defined
+
+by Leslie Lamport who won the
+Turing Award, a few years ago.
+
+And this is part of
+the reason he won it.
+
+So what he said is, the
+result of any execution
+
+is the same as if the
+operations of all the processors
+
+were executed in some
+sequential order.
+
+And the operations of
+each individual processor
+
+appear in this sequence in the
+order specified by the program.
+
+So let's just break
+that apart, because it's
+
+a mouthful to understand.
+
+So the sequence of instructions
+as defined by a processor's
+
+program are interleaved with the
+corresponding sequences defined
+
+by the other
+processors' programs
+
+to produce a global linear
+order of all instructions.
+
+So you take this
+processor, this processor,
+
+and there's some way of
+interleaving them for us
+
+to understand what happened.
+
+That's the first part
+of what he's saying.
+
+Then after you've done
+this interleaving,
+
+a load instruction is going
+to get the value stored
+
+to the address of the load.
+
+That is, the value
+of the most recent
+
+stored to that same location
+in that linear order.
+
+So by most recent, I mean most
+recent in that linear order.
+
+I'm going to give an
+example in just a second.
+
+So it doesn't fetch
+one from way back,
+
+it fetches the most
+recent one, the last write
+
+that occurred to that location
+in that interleaved order
+
+that you have picked.
+
+Now there could be many
+different interleaved orders,
+
+you can get many
+different behaviors.
+
+After all, here we're talking
+about programs with races,
+
+right?
+
+We're reading stuff that
+other things are writing.
+
+And so basically, the hardware
+can do whatever it wants.
+
+But for the execution to be
+sequentially as consistent,
+
+it must appear as if the
+loads and stores obeyed
+
+some global linear order.
+
+So there could be many different
+possible execution paths,
+
+depending upon how
+things get interleaved.
+
+But if you say, here's the
+result of the computation,
+
+it better be that
+there exists one
+
+of those in which
+every read occurred
+
+to the most recent write
+according to some linear order.
+
+Does that makes sense?
+
+So let's do it for this example.
+
+So here we have our setup again.
+
+How many interleavings
+of four things are there?
+
+Turns out there's
+six interleavings.
+
+So those who've taken 6.042
+will know that, right?
+
+4 choose 2.
+
+So the interleavings,
+you can do them
+
+in the order 1, 2, 3, 4,
+1, 3, 2, 4, 1, 3, 4, 2,
+
+et cetera, et cetera.
+
+But notice that in every
+one of these orders,
+
+1 always comes before 2,
+and 3 always comes before 4.
+
+So you have to respect
+the processor order.
+
+The processor order,
+you have to respect it.
+
+So if I execute in the first
+column, if that's the order,
+
+what's the value that I end
+up with for eax and ebx?
+
+STUDENT: 1 and 0.
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: 1 and 0.
+
+Yep.
+
+So it basically moves a 1 into
+a, then it moves b into ebx.
+
+b is currently 0, so
+it's got a 0 in ebx.
+
+Then processor 1 moves 1 into b.
+
+And then it moves a into eax.
+
+And a at that point
+has the value 1.
+
+What about the second one?
+
+STUDENT: 1, 1.
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: 1, 1.
+
+Good.
+
+Because they basically are both
+moving 1 into their registers,
+
+then they're both storing.
+
+What about the third one?
+
+Yeah?
+
+STUDENT: Same.
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: Same.
+
+OK, fourth one?
+
+We'll try to get
+everybody [INAUDIBLE]..
+
+STUDENT: Same.
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: Same?
+
+Yep.
+
+Fifth one?
+
+Same.
+
+Last one?
+
+STUDENT: 0, 1.
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: Yeah, 0, 1.
+
+Good.
+
+So this is the
+total number of ways
+
+we could interleave things.
+
+We don't know which
+one of these might
+
+occur because, after
+all, the output is
+
+going to be non-deterministic
+upon, which it is.
+
+But one thing that we
+can say for certain
+
+is that if you have
+sequential consistency,
+
+there's no execution
+that ends with them both
+
+being 0, which is exactly
+your intuition and correct
+
+rationalization.
+
+But it turns out interestingly
+that of modern computers, none
+
+implement sequential
+consistency.
+
+Why?
+
+Because life would
+be too easy then.
+
+None of them do that.
+
+So we'll get there, we'll talk
+about what modern machines do.
+
+So let's reason about
+sequential consistency.
+
+So the way that you can
+formally reason about this,
+
+to make an argument as
+you might have for example
+
+on a quiz, if we had
+a quiz coming up,
+
+would be to understand
+that an execution induces
+
+a happens before a
+relationship that we
+
+will denote as a right arrow.
+
+And the right arrow
+relation is linear,
+
+meaning that for
+any two instructions
+
+either one happens before
+the other or the other
+
+happens before the one for any
+two different instructions.
+
+This is the notion
+of a linear order.
+
+The arrow relation
+has to respect.
+
+The happens before relation
+has to respect processor order.
+
+In other words, that within
+the instructions executed
+
+by a processor the
+global order has
+
+to have those same
+sequence of instructions
+
+of whatever that processor
+thought that it was doing.
+
+And then a load from
+a location in memory
+
+reads the value
+written by the most
+
+recent store to that location
+according to happens before.
+
+And for the memory
+resulting from an execution
+
+to be sequentially
+consistent, there
+
+must be a linear order that
+yields that memory state.
+
+If you're going to write
+code without locks,
+
+it's really important to be
+able to reason about what
+
+happened before what.
+
+And with sequential
+consistency, you just
+
+have to understand what are
+all the possible interleavings.
+
+So if you have n instructions
+here and m instructions there,
+
+you only have to worry about n
+times m possible interleavings.
+
+Actually, is it n times m?
+
+No, you've got more than that.
+
+Sorry.
+
+I used to have good math.
+
+So one of the celebrated results
+early in concurrency theory
+
+was that fact that you could do
+mutual exclusion without locks,
+
+or test and set, or
+compare and swap,
+
+or any of these
+special instructions.
+
+Really remarkable
+result. And so I'd
+
+like to show you that
+because it involves thinking
+
+about sequential consistency.
+
+So let's recall, we talked
+about mutual exclusion last time
+
+and how locks could
+solve that problem.
+
+But of course locks
+introduced a lot
+
+of other things like
+deadlock, convoying,
+
+and a variety of
+things, some of which
+
+I didn't even get a
+chance to talk about,
+
+but they're in
+the lecture notes.
+
+So let's recall that a critical
+section is a piece of code that
+
+accesses a shared data
+structure that you
+
+don't want two separate
+threads to be executing
+
+at the same time.
+
+You want it to be
+mutually exclusive.
+
+Most implementations use one
+of these special instructions,
+
+such as the xchg, the exchange
+instructions we talked about
+
+to implement locks last time.
+
+Or they may use test and
+set, compare and swap,
+
+load linked store conditional.
+
+Are any of these
+familiar to people?
+
+Or is this new stuff?
+
+Who's this new for?
+
+Just want to make sure.
+
+OK, great.
+
+So there are these
+special instructions
+
+in the machine that do things
+like an atomic exchange,
+
+or a test and set.
+
+I can set a bit and test
+what the prior value was
+
+of that bit as an
+atomic operation.
+
+It's not two sections
+where I set it,
+
+and then the value
+changed in between.
+
+Or compare and swap, we'll talk
+more about compare and swap.
+
+And load linked store
+conditional, which is even
+
+a more sophisticated one.
+
+So in the early days of
+computing back in the 1960s,
+
+this problem of mutual
+exclusion came up.
+
+And the question was,
+can mutual exclusion
+
+be implemented with only
+the loads and stores
+
+as the only memory operations.
+
+Or do you need one
+of these heavy duty
+
+instructions that does two
+things and calls it atomic?
+
+Oops, yep, so I
+forgot to animate
+
+the appearance of Edsgar.
+
+So two fellows, Dekker and
+Dijkstra, showed that it can,
+
+as long as the computer system
+is sequentially consistent.
+
+And so I'm not going to
+give their algorithm, which
+
+is a little bit complicated.
+
+I'm going to give I what
+I think is boiled down
+
+to the most simple and
+elegant version of that
+
+uses their idea, and
+it's due to Peterson.
+
+And for the life
+of me, I have not
+
+been able to find a
+picture of Peterson.
+
+Otherwise, I'd show you
+what Peterson looks like.
+
+So here's Peterson's algorithm.
+
+And I'm going to model
+it with Alice and Bob.
+
+They have a shared widget.
+
+And what Alice wants to do
+to the widget is to frob it.
+
+And Bob wants to borf it.
+
+So they're going to
+frob and borf it.
+
+But we don't want them to
+be frobbing and borfing
+
+at the same time, naturally.
+
+You don't frob and borf
+widgets at the same time.
+
+So they're mutually exclusive.
+
+So here's Peterson's algorithm.
+
+So we have widget x.
+
+So I'm just going to read
+through the code here.
+
+And I have a Boolean
+variable called wants.
+
+I have an A_wants and a B_wants.
+
+A means Alice wants
+to frob the widget.
+
+B_wants means that Bob
+wants to borf the widget.
+
+And we're also going to have a
+variable that has two values, A
+
+or B, for whose turn it is.
+
+And so we start
+out with that code,
+
+and then we fork the two
+Alice and Bob branches
+
+of our program to
+execute concurrently.
+
+And what Alice does is
+she says, I want it.
+
+She sets A_wants to true.
+
+And I set the turn
+to be Bob's turn.
+
+And then the next loop
+has an empty body, notice.
+
+It's just a while
+with a semicolon.
+
+That's an empty body.
+
+It's just going to
+sit there spinning.
+
+It's going to say, while
+B wants it, Bob wants it,
+
+and it's Bob's turn,
+I'm going to just wait.
+
+And if it turns out that
+either Bob does not want it
+
+or it's not Bob's
+turn, then that's
+
+going to free Alice to go into
+the critical section and frob
+
+x.
+
+And then when she's done she
+says, I don't want it anymore.
+
+And if you look at Bob's code,
+it's exactly the same thing.
+
+And when we're done
+with this code,
+
+we're going to then loop to
+do it again, because they just
+
+want to keep
+frobbing and borfing
+
+until their eyes turn blue or
+red, whatever color eyes they
+
+have there.
+
+Yeah, question?
+
+I didn't explain
+why this works yet.
+
+I'm going to explain
+why it works.
+
+STUDENT: OK.
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: You're
+going to ask why it works?
+
+STUDENT: I was going to
+ask why those aren't locks.
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: Why
+are they not locks?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON:
+Well, a lock says
+
+that if you can acquire it,
+then you stop the other person
+
+from acquiring it.
+
+There's no locking here,
+there's no waiting.
+
+We're implementing a
+mutual exclusion region.
+
+But a lock has a
+particular span--
+
+it's got an acquire
+and a release.
+
+So when you say A
+wants to be true,
+
+I haven't acquired the
+lock at that point, have I?
+
+Or if I set the turn to
+be the other character,
+
+I haven't acquired a lock.
+
+Indeed, I then do some testing
+and so forth and hopefully
+
+end up with mutual exclusion,
+which is effectively
+
+what locking does.
+
+But this is a different
+way of getting you there.
+
+It's only using
+loads and stores.
+
+With a lock, there's an atomic--
+
+I got the lock.
+
+And if it wasn't available,
+I didn't get the lock.
+
+Then I wait.
+
+So let's discuss, let's
+figure out what's going on.
+
+And I'm going to do it two ways.
+
+First, I'm going to
+do the intuition,
+
+and then I'm going to show
+you how you reason through it
+
+with a happens before relation.
+
+Question?
+
+STUDENT: No.
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: No, OK.
+
+Good.
+
+Not good that
+there's no questions.
+
+It's good if there
+are questions.
+
+But good we'll move on.
+
+So here's the idea.
+
+Suppose Alice and Bob
+dropped both tried
+
+to enter the critical section.
+
+And we have sequential
+consistency.
+
+So we can talk about who
+did things in what order.
+
+So whoever is the last one to
+write to the variable turn,
+
+that one's not going to enter.
+
+And the other one will enter.
+
+And then if Alice tries
+to enter the section,
+
+then she progresses
+because at that point
+
+she knows that B_wants is false.
+
+And if only Bob
+tries to enter it,
+
+then he's going to
+go because he's going
+
+to see that A_wants is false.
+
+Does that makes sense?
+
+So only one of them is going
+to be in there at a time.
+
+It's also the case that you
+want to verify that if you
+
+want to enter, you can enter.
+
+Because otherwise, a
+very simple protocol
+
+would be not to bother looking
+at things but just take turns.
+
+It's Alice's turn, it's Bob's
+turn, it's Alice's turn,
+
+it's Bob turn.
+
+And we don't want a
+solution like that
+
+because if Bob doesn't want
+a turn, Alice can't go.
+
+She can go once, and
+then she's stuck.
+
+Whereas we want to be
+able to have somebody,
+
+if they're the
+only one who wants
+
+to go to execute the
+critical section,
+
+Alice can frob, frob,
+frob, frob, frob.
+
+Or Bob can borf, borf,
+borf, borf, borf.
+
+We don't want to force them to
+go if they don't need to go.
+
+So the intuition is
+that only one of them
+
+is going to get in
+there because you
+
+need the other one either
+to say you want to go in,
+
+or else their value for
+wants is going to be 0.
+
+And it's going to
+be false and you're
+
+going to go through anyway.
+
+But this is not a good argument,
+because this is handwaving.
+
+We're at MIT, right,
+so we can do proofs.
+
+And this proof isn't so hard.
+
+But I want to show
+it to you because it
+
+may be different from other
+proofs that you've seen.
+
+So here's the theorem.
+
+Peterson's algorithm
+achieves mutual exclusion
+
+on the critical section.
+
+The setup for the
+proof is, assume
+
+for the purposes
+of contradiction
+
+that both Alice and
+Bob find themselves
+
+in the critical
+section together.
+
+And now we're going to look
+at the series of instructions
+
+that got us there,
+and then argue
+
+there must be a contradiction.
+
+That's the idea.
+
+And so let's consider the most
+recent time that each of them
+
+executed the code before
+entering the critical section.
+
+So we're not interested
+in what happened long ago.
+
+What's the very,
+very last pieces
+
+of code as they entered
+the critical section?
+
+And we'll derive
+a contradiction.
+
+So here we go.
+
+So without loss of generality,
+let's assume that Bob--
+
+we have some linear order.
+
+And to execute, noticed a B
+in the critical section, Alice
+
+and Bob both had to
+set the variable turn.
+
+So one of them had
+to do it first.
+
+I'm going assume without
+loss of generality
+
+that it was Bob because I
+can otherwise make exactly
+
+the same argument for Alice.
+
+So let's assume that Bob is
+the last one to write to turn.
+
+So therefore, if Bob
+was the last one,
+
+that means that Alice
+writing to turn,
+
+so she got in there
+so she wrote to turn.
+
+So her writing B to turn
+preceded Bob writing A to turn.
+
+So we have that happens
+before relationship.
+
+Everybody with me?
+
+Do you understand the
+notation I'm using
+
+and the happens
+before relationship?
+
+Now Alice's program order
+says that true to A_wants
+
+comes before her
+writing turn equals
+
+B. That's just program order.
+
+So we have that.
+
+And similarly, we have
+Bob's program order.
+
+And Bob's program order says,
+well, I wrote turn to A.
+
+So Bob wrote, turn
+equals A. And then Bob,
+
+in this case I'm going
+to do Bob read A_wants.
+
+And then he reads turn.
+
+So the second instruction
+here, up here,
+
+so this is a conditional and.
+
+So we basically are doing this.
+
+And then if that's
+true, then we do this.
+
+So this turn equals
+equals A. That's
+
+reading turn and checking if
+it's A happens after A_wants.
+
+So that's why I get these
+three things in order.
+
+Does that makes sense?
+
+Any question about that?
+
+Is that good?
+
+So I've established
+these two chains.
+
+So I actually have
+three chains here
+
+that I'm now going to combine.
+
+Let's see.
+
+So what's happening
+is let me look
+
+to see what's the order of
+everything that happens.
+
+So the earliest
+thing that happens
+
+is that Alice wants
+to be true because--
+
+where's that?
+
+So Alice wants is true
+is, yes, is coming before.
+
+That's the earliest thing
+that's happening here.
+
+So that instruction
+is basically this--
+
+Alice wants is true, it comes
+before the A turn equals
+
+B. That comes before
+the A turn equals B.
+
+So it comes before
+the write turn equals
+
+A, write B turn equals A.
+And then B turn equals A.
+
+So do you see the chain
+we've established?
+
+You see the chain?
+
+Yeah, yeah.
+
+OK, good.
+
+|
+
+So it says A_wants is first.
+
+A_wants equals true is first.
+
+Then we have the turn equals B.
+That's all from the second line
+
+here.
+
+That's from this line here.
+
+What's next?
+
+Which instruction is next?
+
+So turn equals A. That comes
+from the top line there.
+
+What's next?
+
+STUDENT: B [INAUDIBLE].
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: So I
+read B. Bob reads A_wants.
+
+And then finally,
+Bob reads turn at A.
+
+So this is all based on just
+the interleaving and the fact
+
+that if you saw that we
+have the program order
+
+and that Bob was
+the last to write.
+
+That's all we're using.
+
+And so why is that
+a contradiction?
+
+Well, we know what
+the linear order is.
+
+We know that when Bob
+read, what did Bob read?
+
+What did Bob read when he
+read A_wants in step 4?
+
+He read the last
+value in that chain,
+
+the most recent value In that
+chain where it was stored to.
+
+And what was stored there?
+
+True.
+
+Good.
+
+And then Bob read turn.
+
+And what was the
+most recent value
+
+stored to turn in that chain?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE] A.
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: So then what?
+
+STUDENT: Bob gets stuck.
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: Bob,
+if that were in fact
+
+what he read in the
+while loop line, what
+
+should be happening now?
+
+He should be spinning there.
+
+He shouldn't be in the loop.
+
+Bob didn't obey.
+
+His code did not obey
+the logic of the code.
+
+Bob should be spinning.
+
+That's the contradiction.
+
+Because we said Bob
+was in the loop.
+
+Does that makes sense?
+
+Is that good?
+
+So when you're confronted with
+synchronizing through memory,
+
+as this is called,
+you really got
+
+to write down the
+happens before things
+
+in order to be careful
+about reviewing things.
+
+I have seen in many,
+many cases engineers
+
+think they got it right
+by an informal argument.
+
+And in fact, for those
+people who have studied
+
+model checking-- anybody
+have any interaction
+
+with model checking?
+
+What was the context?
+
+STUDENT: 6.822.
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON:
+Well, and were you
+
+studying protocols and so forth?
+
+STUDENT: Yeah.
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: So in
+6.822, what class is that?
+
+STUDENT: Formal programming.
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON:
+Formal programing.
+
+Good.
+
+So for things like network
+protocols and security
+
+protocols and for cache
+protocols in order
+
+to implement things like MSI
+and MESI protocols and so forth,
+
+these days they can't
+do it in their heads.
+
+They have programs that look
+at all the possible ways
+
+of executing what's
+called model checking.
+
+And it's a great
+technology because it
+
+helps you figure out where the
+bugs are and essentially reason
+
+through this.
+
+For simple things, you
+can reason it through.
+
+For larger things, you
+use the same kind of
+
+happens before analysis
+in those contexts in order
+
+to try to prove that
+your program is correct,
+
+that those protocols
+are correct.
+
+So for example, in
+all the computers
+
+you have in this room,
+every one of them,
+
+there was a model
+checker checking
+
+to make sure the cache
+analysis was done.
+
+And many of the
+security protocols
+
+that you're using as
+you access the web
+
+have all been through
+model checking.
+
+Good.
+
+The other thing is it turns
+out that Peterson's algorithm
+
+guarantees starvation freedom.
+
+So while Bob wants to
+execute her critical session,
+
+Bob cannot execute his critical
+section twice in a row,
+
+and vise versa.
+
+So it's got the property that
+one of the things that you
+
+might worry about
+is Alice wants to go
+
+and then Bob goes
+a gazillion times,
+
+and Alice never gets to go.
+
+Now that doesn't
+happen, as you can see,
+
+from the code because
+every time you
+
+go you set the turn
+to the other person.
+
+So if they do want to go,
+they get to go through.
+
+But proving that
+is a nice exercise.
+
+And it will warm you up
+to this kind of analysis,
+
+how you go about it.
+
+Yeah?
+
+STUDENT: Does it work
+with another [INAUDIBLE]??
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON:
+This one does not.
+
+And there has been
+wonderful studies
+
+of what does it take to get
+n things to work together.
+
+And this is one place where
+the locks have a big advantage
+
+because you can
+use a single lock
+
+to get the mutual
+exclusion among n things,
+
+so constant storage.
+
+Whereas if you just use
+atomic read and atomic write,
+
+it turns out the storage grows.
+
+And there's been
+wonderful studies.
+
+Also, wonderful studies
+of these other operations,
+
+like compare and
+swap and so forth.
+
+And we'll do a
+little bit of that.
+
+We'll do a little bit of that.
+
+So often, in order
+to get performance,
+
+you want to synchronize
+through memory.
+
+Not often, but
+occasionally you want
+
+to synchronize through
+memory to get performance.
+
+But then you have to be
+able to reason about it.
+
+And so the happens before
+sequential consistency,
+
+great tools for doing it.
+
+The only problem with
+sequential consistency is what?
+
+Who is listening?
+
+Yeah?
+
+STUDENT: It's not real.
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON:
+It's not real.
+
+No, we have had
+machines historically
+
+that implemented
+sequential consistency.
+
+Today, no machines support
+sequential consistency,
+
+at least that I'm aware of.
+
+Instead they report what's
+called relaxed memory
+
+consistency.
+
+And let's take a look at
+what the motivation is
+
+for why you would want to make
+it a nightmare for programmers
+
+to synchronize through memory.
+
+This has also led
+software people
+
+to say, never synchronize
+through memory.
+
+Why?
+
+Because it is so hard
+to get it correct.
+
+Because you don't even
+have sequential consistency
+
+at your back.
+
+So today, no modern
+day processor
+
+implements sequential
+consistency.
+
+They all implement some
+form of relaxed consistency.
+
+And in this context, hardware
+actively reorders instructions,
+
+and compilers may
+reorder instructions too.
+
+And that leads you not
+to have the property
+
+that the order of instructions
+that you specify in a processor
+
+is the same as the order
+that they get executed in.
+
+So you say do A and then B.
+The computer does B and then A.
+
+So let's see
+instruction reordering.
+
+So I have on the left the order
+that the programmer specified,
+
+and the order on the right
+what the hardware did.
+
+Or it may have been that
+the compiler reordered them.
+
+Now if you look, why might
+the hardware or compiler
+
+decide to reorder
+these instructions?
+
+What's going on in
+these instructions?
+
+You have to understand what
+these instructions are doing.
+
+So in the first case, I'm
+doing a store and then a load.
+
+And in the second case,
+I have reversed the order
+
+to do the load first.
+
+Now if you think
+about it, if you only
+
+had one thing going
+on, what's the impact
+
+here of this reordering?
+
+Is there any reason the
+compiler or somebody
+
+couldn't reorder these?
+
+STUDENT: I think we reorder
+them is the reason that it
+
+affects the pipeline.
+
+If you have to store first,
+the write [INAUDIBLE]
+
+you have to [INAUDIBLE].
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON:
+Yeah, in what way
+
+does it affect the pipeline?
+
+STUDENT: That basically the
+load doesn't do anything
+
+in the [INAUDIBLE],,
+whereas the store does.
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: I think
+you're on the right track.
+
+There's a higher level
+reason why you might want
+
+to put loads before stores.
+
+Why might you want to put loads?
+
+These are two instructions
+that normally if I only
+
+had one thread, reordering
+them would be perfectly fine.
+
+Well, it's not necessarily
+perfectly fine.
+
+When might there be an issue?
+
+It's almost perfectly fine.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON:
+If A was equal to B.
+
+But if A and B are
+different, than reordering
+
+them is just fine.
+
+If A and B are the same, if
+that's the same location,
+
+uh-oh, I can't reorder them
+because one is using the other.
+
+So why might the hardware
+prefer to put the load earlier?
+
+Yeah?
+
+STUDENT: There might be a later
+instruction which depends on B.
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: There might
+be a later instruction that
+
+depends on B. And so why
+would it put the load earlier?
+
+STUDENT: So by doing
+the load earlier,
+
+the pipeline
+[INAUDIBLE] happens.
+
+Earlier on, [INAUDIBLE].
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: Yeah, you're
+basically covering over latency
+
+in a load.
+
+When I do a load, I have
+to wait for the result
+
+before I can use it.
+
+When I do a store, I don't
+have to wait for the result
+
+because it's not being
+used, I'm storing it.
+
+And so therefore if
+I do loads earlier,
+
+If I have other work to do
+such as doing the store,
+
+then the instruction
+that needs the value of B
+
+doesn't have to
+necessarily wait as long.
+
+I've covered over
+some of the latency.
+
+And so the hardware
+will execute faster.
+
+So we've got higher performance
+by covering load latency.
+
+Does that makes sense?
+
+It's helpful to know what's
+going on in the hardware
+
+here to reason
+about the software.
+
+This is a really great
+example of that lesson
+
+is what the compiler
+is doing there
+
+that it chooses to reorder.
+
+And frankly, in
+the era before 2004
+
+when we were in the
+era of what's called
+
+Dennard scaling,
+and we didn't worry.
+
+All our computers just had one
+processor, it didn't matter.
+
+Didn't have to worry
+about these issues.
+
+These issues only come
+up for when you have
+
+more than one thing going on.
+
+Because if you're sharing
+these values, oops,
+
+I changed the order.
+
+So let's see, so when is
+it safe in this context
+
+for the hardware
+compiler to perform
+
+this particular reordering?
+
+When can I do that?
+
+So there's actually
+two answers here.
+
+Or there's a combined answer.
+
+So we've already talked
+about one of them.
+
+Yeah?
+
+STUDENT: When A is not B.
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: Yeah, when A
+is not B. If A and B are equal,
+
+it's not safe to do.
+
+And what's the second
+constraint where
+
+it's safe to this reordering?
+
+Yeah, go ahead.
+
+STUDENT: If A
+equals B, but if you
+
+have already one [INAUDIBLE].
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: Ooh,
+that's a nasty one.
+
+Yeah, I guess that's true.
+
+I guess that's true.
+
+But more generally
+when is it safe?
+
+That's a benign race
+in some sense, right?
+
+Yeah?
+
+Good.
+
+Good, that's a good one.
+
+What's the other case
+that this is safe to do?
+
+Or what's the case
+where it's not safe?
+
+Same question.
+
+I just told you.
+
+When might this be safe?
+
+When is it safe to
+this reordering?
+
+I can't do it if
+A is equal to B.
+
+And also shouldn't do it when?
+
+Yeah?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE] value of A.
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: Yeah, but.
+
+Yeah?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+if you have like
+
+when a processor is operating.
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: Yeah,
+if there's no concurrency.
+
+If there's no
+concurrency, it's fine.
+
+The problem is when
+there's concurrency.
+
+So let's take a look at how
+the hardware does reordering
+
+so that we can understand
+what's going on.
+
+Because in a modern
+processor, there's
+
+concurrency all the time.
+
+And yet the compiler
+still wants to be
+
+able to cover overload
+latency, because usually it
+
+doesn't matter.
+
+So you can view
+hardware as follows.
+
+So you have a processor
+on the left edge here,
+
+and you have a network
+that connects it
+
+to the memory system, a
+memory bus of some kind.
+
+Now it turns out
+that the processor
+
+can issue stores faster than
+the network can handle them.
+
+So the processor can go store,
+store, store, store, store.
+
+But getting things
+into the memory system,
+
+that can take a while.
+
+Memory system is
+big and it's slow.
+
+But the hardware is usually
+not doing store on every cycle.
+
+It's doing some other
+things, so there are bubbles
+
+in that instruction stream.
+
+And so what it does
+is it says, well, I'm
+
+going to let you
+issue it because I
+
+don't want to hold you up.
+
+So rather than
+being held up, let's
+
+just put them into a buffer.
+
+And as long as there's
+room in the buffer,
+
+I can issue them as
+fast as I need to.
+
+And then the memory system can
+suck them out of the buffer
+
+as it's going along.
+
+And so in critical places where
+there's a bunch of stores,
+
+it stores them in the buffer if
+the memory system can't handle.
+
+On average, of
+course, it's going
+
+to go at whatever the bottleneck
+is on the left or the right.
+
+You can't go faster
+than whichever
+
+is the bottleneck--
+usually the memory system.
+
+But we'd like to
+achieve that, and we
+
+don't want to have to stall
+every time we try to do two
+
+stores in a row, for example.
+
+By putting a little
+bit of a buffer,
+
+we can make it go faster.
+
+Now if I try to do a load,
+that can stall the processor
+
+until it's satisfied.
+
+So whenever you do a load, if
+there's no more instructions
+
+to execute it, if the next
+instruction to execute
+
+requires the value
+that's being loaded,
+
+the processor has to stall
+until it gets that value.
+
+So they don't want the loads
+to go through the store buffer.
+
+I mean, one solution would
+be just put everything
+
+into the store buffer.
+
+In some sense you'd
+be OK, but now I
+
+haven't covered over
+my load latency.
+
+So instead what they do is they
+do what's called a load bypass.
+
+They go directly to the
+memory system for the load,
+
+bypassing all the writes that
+you've done up to that point
+
+and fetch it so that you
+get it to the memory system
+
+and the load bypass takes
+priority over the store buffer.
+
+But there's one problem
+with that hack, if you will.
+
+What's the problem
+with that hack?
+
+If I bypass the load, where
+could I run into trouble
+
+in terms of correctness?
+
+Yeah?
+
+STUDENT: If one your
+stores is the thing
+
+you're trying to load.
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: If one
+of your stores is the thing
+
+you're trying to load.
+
+Exactly.
+
+And so what happens is, as
+the load bypass is going by,
+
+it does an associative
+check in the hardware.
+
+Is the value that I'm fetching
+one of the values that
+
+is in the store buffer?
+
+And if so, it responds
+out of the store buffer
+
+directly rather than going
+into the memory system.
+
+Makes sense?
+
+So that's how the reordering
+happens within the machine.
+
+But by this token, a
+load can bypass a store
+
+to a different address.
+
+So this is how the hardware
+ends up reordering it,
+
+because the appearance
+is that the load occurred
+
+before the store occurred
+if you are looking
+
+at the memory from the
+point of view of the memory,
+
+and in particular
+the point of view
+
+of another processor that's
+accessing that memory.
+
+So over here I said, store load.
+
+Over here it looks like
+he did, load store.
+
+And so that's why it doesn't
+satisfy sequential consistency.
+
+Yeah, question?
+
+STUDENT: So that
+store bumper would
+
+be one for each processor?
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: Yeah,
+there's one for each processor.
+
+It's the way it gets things
+into the memory, right?
+
+So I'll tell you,
+computing would be so easy
+
+if we didn't worry
+about performance.
+
+Because if those guys didn't
+worry about performance,
+
+they'd do the correct thing.
+
+They'd just put them
+in in the right order.
+
+It's because we care about
+performance that we make
+
+our lives hard for ourselves.
+
+And then we have these
+kludges to fix them up.
+
+So that's what's going on
+in the hardware, that's
+
+why things get reordered.
+
+Makes sense?
+
+But it's not as if
+all bets are off.
+
+And in fact, x86 has a
+memory consistency model
+
+they call total store order.
+
+And here's the rules.
+
+So it's a weaker model.
+
+And some of it is kind of
+sequentially consistent type
+
+of thing.
+
+You're talking about
+what can be ordered.
+
+So first of all, loads are
+never reordered with loads.
+
+Let me see here.
+
+Yeah, so you never
+reorder loads with loads.
+
+That's not OK.
+
+Always, you can
+count on loads being
+
+seen by any external
+processor in the same order
+
+that you issued the loads
+within a given processor.
+
+So there is some rationale here.
+
+Likewise, stores are not
+reordered with stores.
+
+That never happens.
+
+And then stores are not
+reordered with prior loads.
+
+So you never move a store
+earlier past a load.
+
+You wouldn't want to do
+that because generally it's
+
+the other direction you're
+covering over latency.
+
+But in fact, they guarantee
+it doesn't happen.
+
+So you never move a
+store before a load.
+
+It's always move a
+load before a store.
+
+And then in general, a load may
+be reordered with a prior store
+
+to a different location,
+but not with a prior load
+
+to the same location.
+
+So this is what were
+just talking about,
+
+that A has to be not
+equal to B in order
+
+for it to be reordered.
+
+And at the point that
+you're executing this,
+
+the hardware knows
+what the addresses
+
+are that are being loaded
+and stored and can tell,
+
+are they the same
+location or not.
+
+And so it knows whether or
+not it's able to do that.
+
+So the loads basically,
+you can move loads upwards.
+
+But you don't reorder them.
+
+And you only move
+it past a store
+
+if it's a store to
+a different address.
+
+And so here we have
+a bunch of things.
+
+So this is basically weaker
+than sequential consistency.
+
+There are a bunch
+of other things.
+
+So for example, if I just
+go back here for a second.
+
+The lock instructions
+respect a total order.
+
+The stores respect
+a total order.
+
+The lock instructions
+and memory ordering
+
+preserves what they call
+transitive visibility.
+
+In other words, causality,
+which is basically the happens--
+
+says that the happens
+before a relation,
+
+you can treat as if
+it's a linear order.
+
+It's transitive as
+a binary relation.
+
+So the main important ones
+are the ones at the beginning.
+
+But it's helpful to
+know that locks are not
+
+going to get reordered.
+
+If you have a lock
+instruction, they're never
+
+going to move it before things.
+
+So here's the
+impact of reordering
+
+on Peterson's algorithm.
+
+Sorry, no, this is not
+Peterson's algorithm yet.
+
+This impact of
+reordering on this
+
+is that I may have written
+things in this order,
+
+but in fact they execute in
+something like this order.
+
+And therefore, the
+ordering, in this case,
+
+2, 4, 1, 3 is going to
+produce the value 0,
+
+0, which was exactly
+the value that you said
+
+couldn't possibly appear.
+
+Well, on these
+machines it can appear.
+
+And also let me say, so
+instruction reordering violates
+
+this sequential consistency.
+
+And by the way, this can happen.
+
+Not just in the hardware, this
+can happen in the compiler
+
+as well.
+
+The compiler can decide
+to reorder instructions.
+
+It's like, oh my god,
+how can we be writing
+
+correct code at all right.
+
+But you've written some
+correct parallel code,
+
+and you didn't have
+to worry about this.
+
+So we'll talk about
+how we get there.
+
+Yeah?
+
+STUDENT: Is the hardware geared
+to even reorder [INAUDIBLE]??
+
+Or [INAUDIBLE] it might happen?
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON:
+It might happen.
+
+No, there's no requirement
+that it move things earlier.
+
+STUDENT: Why is it not
+always [INAUDIBLE]??
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON:
+It may be that there
+
+isn't enough register space.
+
+Because as you move
+things earlier,
+
+you're going to have to
+hold the values longer
+
+before you're using them.
+
+Yeah?
+
+STUDENT: In the previous slide,
+[INAUDIBLE] load 3 [INAUDIBLE]
+
+also.
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: That
+load 3 in the previous--
+
+I'm sorry, I'm not following.
+
+STUDENT: In the previous slide.
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: Oh, the
+previous slide, not this slide.
+
+This one?
+
+STUDENT: Yeah.
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: OK.
+
+STUDENT: So [INAUDIBLE]
+load 3 [INAUDIBLE]..
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON:
+Well, I had said
+
+there's some things that I
+said we're no good, right?
+
+So here it was, what did I do?
+
+I moved the loads
+earlier in that example.
+
+But there were
+some earlier ones.
+
+Are you talking about
+even earlier than that?
+
+STUDENT: Yeah, this one.
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON:
+Oh, this one, OK.
+
+STUDENT: So, load 3 can come
+before store [INAUDIBLE]..
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: So let's see.
+
+So this is the original thing.
+
+Store 3 is before store
+4, and load 3 and load 4
+
+are afterwards, right?
+
+So the stores have to
+be in the same order
+
+and the loads have to
+be in the same order.
+
+But the loads can
+go before the stores
+
+if they're to a
+different address.
+
+So in this case, we
+moved load 3 up two,
+
+and we moved load 4 up one.
+
+We could have maybe move
+load 4 up before store 3,
+
+but maybe they were
+to the same address.
+
+STUDENT: OK, so load 3's store
+doesn't mean that they're
+
+from the same address?
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: No,
+no, this is abstract.
+
+You got it?
+
+OK.
+
+So this is why things
+can get reordering.
+
+And in that case, we can end up
+with a reordering that gives us
+
+something that we
+don't expect when we're
+
+synchronizing through memory.
+
+Never write
+non-deterministic code,
+
+because you deal
+with this stuff--
+
+unless you have to.
+
+Unfortunately, sometimes, it's
+not fast enough otherwise.
+
+Now let's go back and look
+at Peterson's algorithm
+
+and what can go wrong
+with Peterson's algorithm.
+
+So what reordering might happen
+here that would completely
+
+screw up Peterson's algorithm?
+
+A hint, we're looking
+for a load that
+
+might happen before a store.
+
+What load would be really
+bad to happen before a store?
+
+Yeah?
+
+STUDENT: If you load turn to
+[INAUDIBLE] before the store
+
+turn [INAUDIBLE].
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON:
+You load turn earlier.
+
+Maybe.
+
+Let me think, that's
+not the one I chose,
+
+but maybe that could be right.
+
+Well, you can't move it
+before the store to turn.
+
+STUDENT: All right.
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: OK, yeah?
+
+STUDENT: Maybe Alice
+loads B_wants to early?
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: Yeah, if
+Alice loads B_wants to early,
+
+and if they both do, then
+they could be reordered
+
+before the store of
+A_wants and B_wants,
+
+because that's a load
+and B_wants-- well,
+
+Alice isn't touching
+B_wants so why can't it just
+
+move it earlier.
+
+Those are not the
+same locations.
+
+So suppose it reorders
+those, now what happens?
+
+STUDENT: So [INAUDIBLE]
+B_wants [INAUDIBLE] too early?
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: Yeah, it
+would be false too early,
+
+right?
+
+STUDENT: And the
+same with A_wants.
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON:
+And the same with A.
+
+And now they discover they're in
+this critical section together.
+
+And if there's one thing,
+we don't want Alice and Bob
+
+in the same critical section.
+
+Does that makes sense?
+
+So you've got this problem.
+
+There's reordering going on.
+
+And, yikes, how
+could you possibly
+
+write any parallel code
+and any concurrent code?
+
+Well, they say, well,
+we'll put in a kludge.
+
+They introduce some
+new instructions.
+
+And this instruction is
+called a memory fence.
+
+So don't get me wrong.
+
+They need to do stuff like this.
+
+There is an argument to say
+they should still build machines
+
+with sequential
+consistency because it's
+
+been done in the past.
+
+It is hard work for the
+hardware designers to do that.
+
+And so as long as
+the software people
+
+say, well, we can handle
+weak consistency models,
+
+[INAUDIBLE] says,
+OK, your problem.
+
+So Mark Hill, who's a professor
+at University of Wisconsin,
+
+has some wonderful
+essays saying why
+
+he thinks that parallel
+machines should support
+
+sequential consistency, and that
+the complaints of people not
+
+having it supported, that those
+people they could support it
+
+if they really wanted to.
+
+And I tend to be
+persuaded by him.
+
+He's a very good
+thinker, in my opinion.
+
+But in any case, so what
+we have-- yeah, question?
+
+STUDENT: How much
+of a difference
+
+does it make to sacrifice?
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: So
+he talks about this
+
+and what he thinks
+the differences is,
+
+but it's apples and oranges.
+
+Because sometimes
+part of it is what's
+
+the price of having
+bugs in your code.
+
+Because that's what
+happens is programmers
+
+can't deal with this.
+
+And so we end up with
+bugs in our code.
+
+But they can reason about
+sequential consistency.
+
+It's hard, but they
+can reason about it.
+
+When you start having relaxed
+memory consistency, very
+
+tricky.
+
+So let's talk about
+what the solutions are.
+
+And his argument is
+that the performance
+
+doesn't have to be that bad.
+
+There was a series
+of machines made
+
+by a company called Silicon
+Graphics, which were all
+
+sequentially consistent.
+
+Parallel machines, all
+sequentially consistent.
+
+And they were fine.
+
+But they got killed
+in the market
+
+because they couldn't implement
+processors as well as Intel
+
+does.
+
+And so they ended up
+getting killed in the market
+
+and getting bought
+out, and so forth.
+
+And now their
+people are all over,
+
+and the people who were at
+Silicon Graphics, many of them
+
+really understand
+parallel computing well,
+
+the hardware aspects of it.
+
+So a memory fence
+is a hardware action
+
+that forces an
+ordering constraint
+
+between the instructions
+before and after the fence.
+
+So the idea is, you can put a
+memory fence in there and now
+
+that memory fence
+can't be reordered
+
+with things around it.
+
+It maintains its relative
+ordering site to other things.
+
+And that way you can prevent.
+
+So one way you could make any
+code be sequentially consistent
+
+is to put a memory fence
+between every instruction.
+
+Not very practical, but
+there's a subset of those
+
+that actually would matter.
+
+So the idea is to put
+in just the run one.
+
+You can issue them
+explicitly as an instruction.
+
+In the x86, it's called
+the mfence instruction.
+
+Or it can be
+performed implicitly,
+
+so there are other things like
+locking, exchanging, and other
+
+synchronizing instructions.
+
+They implicitly
+have a memory fence.
+
+Now the compiler
+that we're using
+
+implements a memory
+fence via the function
+
+atomic_thread_fence, which is
+defined in the C header file
+
+stdatomic.h.
+
+And you can take a look
+at the reference material
+
+on that to understand a
+little bit more about that.
+
+The typical cost
+on most machines
+
+is comparable to that
+of an L2 cache access.
+
+Now one of the things that
+is nice to see is happening
+
+is they are bringing that down.
+
+They're making that cheaper.
+
+But it's interesting that
+Intel had one processor where
+
+the memory fence
+was actually slower
+
+than the lock instruction.
+
+And you say, wait a minute,
+the lock instruction
+
+has an implicit
+memory fence in it.
+
+I mean, you've got a memory
+fence in the lock instruction.
+
+How could the memory
+fence be slower?
+
+So I don't know exactly how this
+happens, but here's my theory.
+
+So you've got these
+engineering teams
+
+that are designing
+the next processor.
+
+And they of course
+want it to go fast.
+
+So how do they know whether
+it's going to go fast?
+
+They have a bunch
+of benchmark codes
+
+and that they discover,
+well, now that we're
+
+getting the age of parallelism,
+all these parallel codes,
+
+they're using locking.
+
+So they look and
+they say, OK, we're
+
+going to put our best engineer
+on making locks go fast.
+
+And then they see
+that, well, there's
+
+some other codes that maybe
+go slow because they've
+
+got fences.
+
+But there aren't too
+many codes that just
+
+need fences, explicit fences.
+
+In fact, most of
+them use [INAUDIBLE]..
+
+So they put their junior
+engineer on the fence code,
+
+not recognizing that, hey, the
+left hand and the right hand
+
+should know what
+each other is doing.
+
+And so anyway,
+you get an anomaly
+
+like that where it turned out
+that it was actually fastest--
+
+we discovered as we're
+implementing the silk runtime--
+
+to do a fence by just
+doing a lock on a location
+
+that we didn't care
+about the lock.
+
+We just did a lock instruction.
+
+And that actually went faster
+than the fence instruction.
+
+Weird.
+
+But these systems are
+all built by humans.
+
+So if we have this code and we
+want to restore consistency,
+
+where might we put
+a memory fence?
+
+Yeah?
+
+STUDENT: After setting the turn?
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON:
+After setting turn.
+
+You mean like that?
+
+STUDENT: Yeah.
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: Yeah.
+
+OK, so that you can't
+end up loading it
+
+before it's stored too.
+
+And that kind of works, sort of.
+
+You also have to make sure that
+the compiler doesn't screw you
+
+over.
+
+And the reason
+the compiler might
+
+screw you over is that it
+looks at B_wants and turn B,
+
+it says, oh, I'm in a loop here.
+
+So let me load the value and
+keep using the value over.
+
+And I don't see anybody
+using this value.
+
+Right, so it loads the value.
+
+And now it just keeps
+checking the value.
+
+The value has changed
+on the outside,
+
+but it's stored
+that in a register
+
+so that that loop
+will go really fast.
+
+And so it goes really
+fast, and you're spinning
+
+and you're dead in the water.
+
+So in addition to
+the memory fence,
+
+you must declare
+variables as volatile
+
+to prevent the compiler
+from optimizing them away.
+
+When you declare
+something as volatile,
+
+you say, even if you read
+it, if the compiler reads it.
+
+When it reads it a
+second time, it's
+
+still got to read it a
+second time from memory.
+
+It cannot assume that the
+value is going to be stable.
+
+You're saying it
+may change outside.
+
+And then you also, it turns
+out, may need compiler fences
+
+around frob and borf to
+prevent them reordering
+
+some of frob and borf because
+that stuff can also sometimes
+
+get moved outside the loop, the
+actual code in frob and borf,
+
+because it wants
+to, it says, oh.
+
+It doesn't realize always that
+there's no what's going on.
+
+So the C11 language standard
+defines its own weak memory
+
+model.
+
+And you can declare
+things as atomic,
+
+and there are a bunch
+of things there.
+
+And here's a reference
+where you can
+
+take a look at the
+atomic stuff that's
+
+available if you want to do
+this dangerous programming.
+
+In general for implementing
+general mutexes,
+
+if you're going to use
+only load and store,
+
+there's a very nice theorem
+by Burns and Lynch--
+
+this is Nancy Lynch who's
+on the faculty here--
+
+that says any n-thread
+deadlock-free mutual exclusion
+
+algorithm using only load and
+store requires order n space--
+
+the space is linear.
+
+So this answers the question
+that I had answered orally
+
+before.
+
+And then it turns
+out that if you
+
+want an n-thread deadlock-free
+mutual exclusion algorithm,
+
+you actually have to use some
+kind of expensive operation,
+
+such as a memory fence or
+an atomic compare-and-swap.
+
+So in some sense,
+hardware designers
+
+are justified when they
+implement special operations
+
+to support animosity,
+as opposed to just doing
+
+using these clever algorithms.
+
+Those algorithms are
+really at some level
+
+of theoretical interest.
+
+So let's take a look at one
+of these special instructions.
+
+And the one I picked
+is compare-and-swap
+
+because it's the one that's
+probably most available.
+
+There are others like
+test-and-set, and so forth.
+
+And so when you do
+lock-free algorithms,
+
+when you want to build
+algorithms that are lock free,
+
+and we'll talk
+about why you might
+
+want to do lock-free algorithms,
+there's loads and store,
+
+and then there's this CAS
+instruction, Compare-and-Swap.
+
+In stdatomic.h, it is called
+atomic_compare_exchange_strong.
+
+And it can operate on
+various integer types.
+
+It cannot compare and swap
+floating point numbers.
+
+It can only compare
+and swap integers,
+
+and sometimes that's a pain.
+
+And so here's the definition
+of the CAS instruction.
+
+Basically, what it does
+is it has an address.
+
+And then it has two values, the
+old value and the new value.
+
+And what it does is
+it checks to see,
+
+is the value that is
+in that memory location
+
+the same as the old value.
+
+And if it is, it sets it
+to the new value and says,
+
+I succeeded.
+
+And otherwise, it says I failed.
+
+So it swaps it if the value
+that I'm holding, the old value,
+
+is the same as what's in there.
+
+So I can read the
+value, if I want,
+
+then do whatever I want to do.
+
+And then before I
+update it, I can say,
+
+update it only if the
+value hasn't changed.
+
+And that's what the
+compare and swap does.
+
+Does that makes sense?
+
+And it does that
+all atomically,.
+
+And there's an
+implicit fence in there
+
+so things don't get
+reordered around it.
+
+It's all done as one.
+
+The hardware ensures that
+nothing can interfere
+
+in the middle of this.
+
+It's actually comparing the
+old value to what's in there,
+
+and swapping in the new,
+all as one operation.
+
+Or it says, nope, the
+value changed, therefore
+
+it just returned false, and
+the value didn't get updated.
+
+So it turns out that you can
+do an n-thread deadlock-free
+
+mutual exclusion algorithm
+with compare-and-swap
+
+using only constant space.
+
+And here's the way you do it.
+
+And this is basically just the
+space for the new text itself.
+
+So you take a look at the
+lock instruction, and what
+
+you do is you spin, which is
+to say you block, until you
+
+finally get the value true.
+
+So you're trying
+to swap in true.
+
+So true says that
+somebody holds the lock.
+
+I say the old value was false.
+
+If it's true, then the
+swap doesn't succeed
+
+and you just keep spinning.
+
+And then otherwise,
+you swap in the value
+
+and now you're ready to go.
+
+And to unlock it, you just
+have to set it to false.
+
+Question?
+
+STUDENT: Why does
+it de-reference
+
+the pointer in the lock?
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: Why does
+it de-reference the pointer?
+
+Because you're saying,
+what memory location
+
+are you pointing to.
+
+You're interested in
+comparing with the value
+
+in that location.
+
+So it is a memory operation.
+
+So I'm naming the
+memory location.
+
+I'm saying, if the value
+is false, swap in the value
+
+true and return true.
+
+And if it's true, then don't
+do anything and tell me
+
+that you didn't succeed,
+in which case in this loop
+
+it'll just keep trying
+again and again and again.
+
+It's a spinning lock.
+
+Question?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+when you saying
+
+that you're [INAUDIBLE]
+the value at that address
+
+before passing it into CAS.
+
+Yeah, there shouldn't be a
+pointer de-reference after
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON:
+Oh, you're right.
+
+A bug.
+
+Gotcha, yep,
+gotcha, I'll fix it.
+
+So let's take a look at a way
+that you might want to use CAS.
+
+So here's a summing problem.
+
+So suppose I want to compute
+on some variable of type x.
+
+And I've got an array that's--
+
+what is that-- that's a
+million elements long.
+
+And what I'm going
+to do is basically
+
+run through my array in
+parallel and accumulate things
+
+into the result.
+
+And so this is actually
+incorrect code.
+
+Why is this incorrect code?
+
+Yeah?
+
+STUDENT: Extra like a floating
+point taken [INAUDIBLE]
+
+and so forth?
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: Maybe,
+let's assume we have fast math.
+
+Yeah?
+
+STUDENT: You have multiple
+transfer and updated results
+
+at the same time?
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON:
+Which means what?
+
+STUDENT: Which means
+you have a race.
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON:
+You have a race.
+
+You have a race.
+
+Everybody is trying
+to update result.
+
+You've got a gazillion
+strands in parallel all trying
+
+to pound on updating result.
+
+So one way you could solve
+this is with mutual exclusion.
+
+So I introduce a mutex L.
+And I lock before I update
+
+the result, and then I unlock.
+
+Why did I put the
+computation on my array of i?
+
+Why did I put that
+outside the lock?
+
+STUDENT: It's [INAUDIBLE]
+function is very expensive.
+
+That way, you're
+only locking the--
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON:
+Yeah, whenever you lock,
+
+you want to lock for the
+minimum time possible.
+
+Because otherwise you're
+locking everybody else
+
+out from doing anything.
+
+So that was a smart thing
+in that particular code.
+
+So that's the typical
+locking solution.
+
+But look at what might happen.
+
+What if the operating
+system decides
+
+to swap out a loop iteration
+just after it acquires mutext?
+
+As you go down, it says lock.
+
+You get the lock, and now
+the operating says, oops,
+
+your time quantum is up.
+
+Somebody else comes in
+and starts to compute.
+
+What's going to happen now?
+
+What's the problem
+that you might observe?
+
+Yeah?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE] if
+they're [INAUDIBLE] computation
+
+[INAUDIBLE] have to [INAUDIBLE].
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON:
+Yeah, everybody's
+
+going to basically
+just sit there waiting
+
+to acquire the lock because
+the strand that has the lock
+
+is not making progress, because
+it's sitting on the side.
+
+It's been these scheduled.
+
+That's bad, generally.
+
+You'd like to think that
+everybody who's running
+
+could continue to run.
+
+Yeah?
+
+STUDENT: Well, I guess
+under what circumstances
+
+might be useful for
+a processor to have
+
+this running on multi-threads
+instead of multiple processors
+
+simultaneously?
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: No, so
+this the multiple threads
+
+are running on multiple
+processors, right?
+
+STUDENT: What do you
+mean by the time quantum?
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON:
+So one of these guys
+
+says, so I'm running a thread,
+and that thread's time quantum
+
+expires.
+
+STUDENT: Oh, that
+processor's multiple threads.
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: Right.
+
+STUDENT: OK.
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: So I've got
+a whole bunch of processors
+
+with a thread on
+each, let's say.
+
+And I've got a bunch of threads.
+
+The operating system
+has several threads
+
+that are standing by
+waiting for their turn.
+
+And one of them grabs the
+lock and then the scheduler
+
+comes in and says, oops,
+I'm going to take you off,
+
+put somebody else in.
+
+But meanwhile, everybody else is
+there trying to make progress.
+
+And this guy is holding
+the key to going forward.
+
+You thought you were
+only grabbing the lock
+
+for a short period of time.
+
+But instead, the
+operating system
+
+came in and made you
+take a long time.
+
+So this is the kind
+of system issue
+
+that you get into when you
+start using things like locks.
+
+So all the other loop
+iterations have to wait.
+
+So it doesn't matter if--
+
+yeah, question?
+
+STUDENT: How does the
+[INAUDIBLE] reducer
+
+have [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: So that's
+one solution to this, yep.
+
+STUDENT: How does it do it?
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON:
+How does it do it?
+
+We have the paper online.
+
+I had the things for
+explaining how reducers work.
+
+And there's too much stuff.
+
+I always have way more stuff
+to talk about than I ever
+
+get a chance to talk about.
+
+So that was one where
+I said, OK, yeah.
+
+STUDENT: OK.
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: OK.
+
+So all we want to
+do is atomically
+
+execute a load of x
+followed by a store of x.
+
+So instead of doing
+it with locks,
+
+I can use CAS to
+do the same thing,
+
+and I'll get much
+better properties.
+
+So here's the CAS solution.
+
+So what I do is I
+also compute a temp,
+
+and then I have these
+variables old and new.
+
+I store the old result. And
+then I add the temporary result
+
+that I've computed to the
+old to get the new value.
+
+And if it turns out that the old
+value is exactly the same as it
+
+used to be, then I can
+swap in the new value,
+
+which includes that increment.
+
+And if not, then I go
+back and I do it again.
+
+I once again load, add,
+and try to swap in again.
+
+And so now what happens if
+the operating system swaps out
+
+a loop iteration?
+
+Yeah?
+
+STUDENT: It's OK because
+whenever this is put back on,
+
+then you know
+it'll be different.
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: It'll be
+new values, it'll ignore it,
+
+and all the other guys
+can just keep going.
+
+So that's one of
+the great advantages
+
+of lock-free algorithms.
+
+And I have in here several
+other lock-free algorithms.
+
+The thing you should
+pay attention in here
+
+is to what's called
+the ABA problem, which
+
+is an anomaly with
+compare-and-swap
+
+that you can get into.
+
+This is a situation
+where you think
+
+you're using compare-and-swap,
+you say is it the old value.
+
+It turns out that the
+value is the same,
+
+but other people have come in
+and done stuff but happened
+
+to restore the same value.
+
+But you assume it's
+the same situation,
+
+even though the
+situation has changed
+
+but the value is the same.
+
+That's called the ABA problem.
+
+So you can take a
+look at it in here.
+
+So the main thing
+for all this stuff
+
+is, this is really
+interesting stuff.
+
+Professor Nir Shavit
+teaches a class where
+
+this is the content of
+the class for the semester
+
+is all these really
+dangerous algorithms.
+
+And so I encourage you, if
+you're interested in that.
+
+The world needs more
+people who understand
+
+these kinds of algorithms.
+
+And it needs to find ways
+to help people program fast
+
+where people don't have
+to know this stuff,
+
+because this is
+really tricky stuff.
+
+So we need both--
+
+both to make it so
+that we have people
+
+who are talented in
+this way, and also
+
+that we don't need
+their talents.
+
+OK, thanks, everybody.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/6paZkmBMZwQ.txt b/6paZkmBMZwQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..961a548c967efbf04922f22f3ffb48d32aba386a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/6paZkmBMZwQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1451 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi welcome back to recitation in lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back to recitation in lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back to recitation in lecture
+you've been learning about using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been learning about using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been learning about using
+gradients to compute tangent planes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients to compute tangent planes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients to compute tangent planes to
+surfaces so I have an example of a of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces so I have an example of a of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces so I have an example of a of a
+practice problem here for you um so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice problem here for you um so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice problem here for you um so what
+I'd like you to do in part A is to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like you to do in part A is to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like you to do in part A is to use
+uh gradients to find the tangent plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gradients to find the tangent plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gradients to find the tangent plane
+to the surface z = x Cub + 3x y squar at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the surface z = x Cub + 3x y squar at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the surface z = x Cub + 3x y squar at
+the point1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point1
+to13 and in Part B I'd like you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to13 and in Part B I'd like you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to13 and in Part B I'd like you to do
+something similar um which is to find uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something similar um which is to find uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something similar um which is to find uh
+use gradients to find the tangent line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use gradients to find the tangent line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use gradients to find the tangent line
+to the curve X Cub + 2x y + y^2 = 9 at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the curve X Cub + 2x y + y^2 = 9 at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the curve X Cub + 2x y + y^2 = 9 at
+the point one two so why don't you pause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point one two so why don't you pause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point one two so why don't you pause
+the video have a have a couple go at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the video have a have a couple go at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the video have a have a couple go at
+goes at those come back and we can work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes at those come back and we can work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes at those come back and we can work
+on them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+so hopefully you had some some good luck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hopefully you had some some good luck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hopefully you had some some good luck
+working on these problems let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on these problems let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on these problems let's let's
+take a look at them so for part A you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at them so for part A you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at them so for part A you're
+given a function in in the sort of usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a function in in the sort of usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a function in in the sort of usual
+form that we use to graph it which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form that we use to graph it which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form that we use to graph it which is
+you're given Z equals uh a function of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're given Z equals uh a function of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're given Z equals uh a function of X
+and Y um but in order to apply this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y um but in order to apply this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y um but in order to apply this
+gradient method what we really want is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient method what we really want is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient method what we really want is
+we want to look at this at this surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to look at this at this surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to look at this at this surface
+as if it were a level surface of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if it were a level surface of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if it were a level surface of some
+function of three variables so in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of three variables so in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of three variables so in order
+to do that what we want to do always way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that what we want to do always way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that what we want to do always way
+is is to bring the X Y and Z all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is to bring the X Y and Z all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is to bring the X Y and Z all
+together on the same side with just with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together on the same side with just with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together on the same side with just with
+just a zero or a constant on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a zero or a constant on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a zero or a constant on the other
+side so let me do that so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so let me do that so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so let me do that so I'm going to
+rewrite the defining equation of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite the defining equation of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite the defining equation of this
+surface as um 0 = x cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface as um 0 = x cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface as um 0 = x cubed
++ 3 x y^ 2us z and I'm gonna Define this
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 3 x y^ 2us z and I'm gonna Define this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 3 x y^ 2us z and I'm gonna Define this
+right hand side to be a new function W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side to be a new function W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side to be a new function W
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+XYZ all right so if I call this thing W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XYZ all right so if I call this thing W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XYZ all right so if I call this thing W
+then our surface in question is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then our surface in question is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then our surface in question is just a
+level surface of of of w it's the level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level surface of of of w it's the level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level surface of of of w it's the level
+surface W equals z and so we know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface W equals z and so we know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface W equals z and so we know in
+that situation that that the that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that situation that that the that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that situation that that the that the
+gradient of w is is perpendicular to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of w is is perpendicular to its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of w is is perpendicular to its
+level surfaces it's it's orthogonal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level surfaces it's it's orthogonal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level surfaces it's it's orthogonal to
+its level surfaces so so the normal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its level surfaces so so the normal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its level surfaces so so the normal to
+our surface is exactly the gradient of w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our surface is exactly the gradient of w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our surface is exactly the gradient of w
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so gradient of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+w is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w is the
+normal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal to
+our surface and a normal is what we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our surface and a normal is what we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our surface and a normal is what we use
+to write down the equation for a tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write down the equation for a tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write down the equation for a tangent
+line uh tangent plane excuse me so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line uh tangent plane excuse me so okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line uh tangent plane excuse me so okay
+so let's compute the gradient of w well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's compute the gradient of w well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's compute the gradient of w well
+that's not hard to do we just take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not hard to do we just take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not hard to do we just take the
+partial derivatives with respect to X Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivatives with respect to X Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivatives with respect to X Y
+and Z so the the partial derivative of w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Z so the the partial derivative of w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Z so the the partial derivative of w
+with respect to X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to X is
+3x^2 + 3 y^2 the partial derivative with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x^2 + 3 y^2 the partial derivative with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x^2 + 3 y^2 the partial derivative with
+respect to Y is 6 XY and the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Y is 6 XY and the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Y is 6 XY and the partial
+derivative with respect to Z is minus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to Z is minus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to Z is minus1
+so one thing to notice is that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing to notice is that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing to notice is that when you
+when you do this method when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do this method when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do this method when you have
+the function given at Z as when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function given at Z as when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function given at Z as when you have
+the surface given uh in the form Z as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface given uh in the form Z as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface given uh in the form Z as a
+function of of X and Y you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of of X and Y you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of of X and Y you're going to
+bring the Z over and you always have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring the Z over and you always have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring the Z over and you always have a
+minus one there when you when you when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one there when you when you when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one there when you when you when
+you set the problem up this way because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you set the problem up this way because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you set the problem up this way because
+you'll have a minus Z and then you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have a minus Z and then you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have a minus Z and then you'll
+just take the partial with respect to Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take the partial with respect to Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take the partial with respect to Z
+and this will the other terms will only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this will the other terms will only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this will the other terms will only
+involve X and Y so they'll be killed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve X and Y so they'll be killed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve X and Y so they'll be killed by
+the partial derivative so in any case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial derivative so in any case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial derivative so in any case
+this is our this is our gradient so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our this is our gradient so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our this is our gradient so we
+want the normal Vector we were we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the normal Vector we were we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the normal Vector we were we were
+asked for the tangent plane at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked for the tangent plane at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked for the tangent plane at a
+particular point I believe yes at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular point I believe yes at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular point I believe yes at the
+point 1 1213 so we need to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 1 1213 so we need to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 1 1213 so we need to compute the
+gradient at that particular point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient at that particular point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient at that particular point and
+that will be our normal Vector so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be our normal Vector so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be our normal Vector so the
+gradient at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient at this
+point is well we just plug in so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is well we just plug in so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is well we just plug in so the
+gradient one at 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient one at 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient one at 1
+to13 so X is 1 so this is 3 * 1 + 3 * 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to13 so X is 1 so this is 3 * 1 + 3 * 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to13 so X is 1 so this is 3 * 1 + 3 * 4
+so that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's going to be
+15 and 6xy is 12 and -1 is just min-1 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 and 6xy is 12 and -1 is just min-1 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 and 6xy is 12 and -1 is just min-1 so
+this is the the gradient Vector at our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the the gradient Vector at our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the the gradient Vector at our
+Point 1213 so now we have a point the1 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point 1213 so now we have a point the1 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point 1213 so now we have a point the1 1
+233 and we have the normal Vector 15 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+233 and we have the normal Vector 15 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+233 and we have the normal Vector 15 12
+-1 so that gives us the equation for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 so that gives us the equation for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 so that gives us the equation for the
+tangent plane right off so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation so the equation for the tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so the equation for the tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so the equation for the tangent
+plane I just dot the normal Vector with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane I just dot the normal Vector with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane I just dot the normal Vector with
+with the with the vector connecting our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the with the vector connecting our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the with the vector connecting our
+point to the point XYZ so that gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to the point XYZ so that gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to the point XYZ so that gives us
+15 time well our point is 1 2 3 So it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 time well our point is 1 2 3 So it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 time well our point is 1 2 3 So it's
+15 * x - 1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 * x - 1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 * x - 1 +
+12 * y -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 * y -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 * y -
+2 - 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 - 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 - 1
+* Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* Z
+-3 = 0 so in point normal form this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-3 = 0 so in point normal form this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-3 = 0 so in point normal form this is
+the equation for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation for that
+plane uh great and if you wanted you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane uh great and if you wanted you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane uh great and if you wanted you
+could rewrite this a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could rewrite this a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could rewrite this a whole bunch of
+different ways but I'll just leave it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways but I'll just leave it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways but I'll just leave it it
+there so let's do Part B I guess I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so let's do Part B I guess I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so let's do Part B I guess I'll
+just start it right below here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for Part B we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for Part B we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for Part B we have a
+curve X cubed +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve X cubed +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve X cubed +
+2x y + y^2 = 9 so this is a a curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x y + y^2 = 9 so this is a a curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x y + y^2 = 9 so this is a a curve
+that's defined by this implicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's defined by this implicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's defined by this implicit
+relationship between X and Y all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between X and Y all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between X and Y all right
+and so what I want to do is I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what I want to do is I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what I want to do is I can do
+exactly the same process we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same process we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same process we're going to
+do exactly the same thing we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do exactly the same thing we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do exactly the same thing we're going to
+find the normal Point form for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the normal Point form for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the normal Point form for the
+tangent line and so we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent line and so we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent line and so we're going to do
+that by defining a function f ofx y in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by defining a function f ofx y in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by defining a function f ofx y in
+this case it's a function of just two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case it's a function of just two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case it's a function of just two
+variables because we're only working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables because we're only working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables because we're only working
+with a with a curve in two Dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a with a curve in two Dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a with a curve in two Dimensions
+before we had a we had a surface in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we had a we had a surface in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we had a we had a surface in
+three dimensions so we had a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three dimensions so we had a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three dimensions so we had a function of
+three variables so f ofx y and so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three variables so f ofx y and so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three variables so f ofx y and so then
+our curve is exactly a level curve of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our curve is exactly a level curve of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our curve is exactly a level curve of of
+the graph of f right it's the level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph of f right it's the level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph of f right it's the level
+curve f equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve f equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve f equals
+9 so so then I in order to find uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 so so then I in order to find uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 so so then I in order to find uh the
+tangent line I can do exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent line I can do exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent line I can do exactly the same
+thing I can find the gradient the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I can find the gradient the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I can find the gradient the
+gradient is normal to the tangent line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient is normal to the tangent line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient is normal to the tangent line
+and then I can use normal Point form um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I can use normal Point form um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I can use normal Point form um
+so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the
+gradient of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of
+f is again it's f is just a polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is again it's f is just a polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is again it's f is just a polinomial
+function so its gradient is easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so its gradient is easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so its gradient is easy to
+compute it's 3 x^2 + 2 y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute it's 3 x^2 + 2 y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute it's 3 x^2 + 2 y
+comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma
+2 x +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 x +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 x +
+2 Y and so we're interested in in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 Y and so we're interested in in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 Y and so we're interested in in this
+uh in this tangent line at a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in this tangent line at a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in this tangent line at a particular
+point so we're interested at the0 one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so we're interested at the0 one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so we're interested at the0 one
+two so the gradient of F at one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so the gradient of F at one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so the gradient of F at one two
+while I just plug in again so I get 3 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I just plug in again so I get 3 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I just plug in again so I get 3 +
+4 that's 7 and 2 + 4 is six and so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 that's 7 and 2 + 4 is six and so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 that's 7 and 2 + 4 is six and so again
+the same the same analysis as we use in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same the same analysis as we use in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same the same analysis as we use in
+the tent plane case works in the tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tent plane case works in the tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tent plane case works in the tangent
+line case let's come over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line case let's come over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line case let's come over here
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+XY is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY is
+on the tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+line if and only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line if and only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line if and only
+if um we have that uh the gradient dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if um we have that uh the gradient dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if um we have that uh the gradient dot
+so that's the gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the gradient
+76 dot the vector X x -1 y - 2 this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+76 dot the vector X x -1 y - 2 this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+76 dot the vector X x -1 y - 2 this is
+the the vector connecting the point x y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the vector connecting the point x y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the vector connecting the point x y
+to our Point 1 2 is equal to zero if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our Point 1 2 is equal to zero if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our Point 1 2 is equal to zero if
+only if those two things are orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if those two things are orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if those two things are orthogonal
+so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this
+is i e 7 * X - 1 + 6 * y - 2 equal 0 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is i e 7 * X - 1 + 6 * y - 2 equal 0 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is i e 7 * X - 1 + 6 * y - 2 equal 0 so
+this is the the point normal form for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the the point normal form for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the the point normal form for
+the equation of that line and again you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation of that line and again you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation of that line and again you
+could you know expand out and rewrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you know expand out and rewrite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you know expand out and rewrite
+this in in whichever forms you happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in in whichever forms you happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in in whichever forms you happen to
+like to see your equations of lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to see your equations of lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to see your equations of lines
+um so there you go using the gradient we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there you go using the gradient we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there you go using the gradient we
+can compute tangent planes to surfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can compute tangent planes to surfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can compute tangent planes to surfaces
+similarly we can we can use the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly we can we can use the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly we can we can use the same
+idea to compute tangent lines to Curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea to compute tangent lines to Curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea to compute tangent lines to Curves
+the the point is that that the tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the point is that that the tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the point is that that the tangent
+that the gradient Vector of a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the gradient Vector of a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the gradient Vector of a function
+is orthogonal to the level curves of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is orthogonal to the level curves of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is orthogonal to the level curves of
+that function and so we use that to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that function and so we use that to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that function and so we use that to get
+the normal vectors to our to our curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal vectors to our to our curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal vectors to our to our curves
+and or to or our surfaces and with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and or to or our surfaces and with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and or to or our surfaces and with the
+normal Vector we can then easily compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal Vector we can then easily compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal Vector we can then easily compute
+the the tangent plane or the tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the tangent plane or the tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the tangent plane or the tangent
+line so I'll stop up there
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/7NqA49Lb4nU.txt b/7NqA49Lb4nU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..21792dcc7052f6a13459f4026e5f3e8428dc5a6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7NqA49Lb4nU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,427 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+now why does this matter i've got two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why does this matter i've got two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why does this matter i've got two
+why this matters today my first one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this matters today my first one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this matters today my first one is
+on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this
+on a personal scale smaller scale and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a personal scale smaller scale and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a personal scale smaller scale and
+then my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then my my
+my next one is on a grid scale so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my next one is on a grid scale so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my next one is on a grid scale so so
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+is called a little sun there's over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called a little sun there's over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called a little sun there's over a
+billion people who can't read at night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion people who can't read at night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion people who can't read at night
+uh because there's no access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because there's no access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because there's no access to
+electricity um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity um
+and and of course a lot of the studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and of course a lot of the studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and of course a lot of the studying
+that you could do would be at night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could do would be at night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could do would be at night
+right so this is a really cool program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is a really cool program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is a really cool program
+why does this work this is a solar cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does this work this is a solar cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does this work this is a solar cell
+but this wouldn't work unless you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this wouldn't work unless you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this wouldn't work unless you could
+store the electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store the electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store the electricity
+right so i wanted to make you guys aware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so i wanted to make you guys aware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so i wanted to make you guys aware
+of little sun i'll pass it around you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of little sun i'll pass it around you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of little sun i'll pass it around you
+just press this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just press this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just press this
+and you can read at night right this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can read at night right this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can read at night right this is
+already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+making a big difference in millions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a big difference in millions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a big difference in millions of
+people's lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that doesn't happen unless you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't happen unless you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't happen unless you've got
+electrochemical energy storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemical energy storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemical energy storage
+right um and and there's some um some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and and there's some um some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and and there's some um some
+stats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stats
+up here uh 25 billion liters of kerosene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here uh 25 billion liters of kerosene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here uh 25 billion liters of kerosene
+are used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are used
+uh to meet the basic lighting needs in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to meet the basic lighting needs in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to meet the basic lighting needs in a
+lot of these places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these places
+that releases tremendous amounts of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that releases tremendous amounts of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that releases tremendous amounts of um
+of toxic fumes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of toxic fumes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of toxic fumes
+um and and you can you can you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and you can you can you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and you can you can you know you
+can make a huge difference but you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make a huge difference but you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make a huge difference but you can't
+you know the same as cooking right so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the same as cooking right so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the same as cooking right so so
+so wood fire cooking is a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so wood fire cooking is a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so wood fire cooking is a huge
+problem uh but so the challenge is but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh but so the challenge is but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh but so the challenge is but
+you you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you don't
+cook if you have a solar cooker that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cook if you have a solar cooker that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cook if you have a solar cooker that's
+great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+except that most people don't cook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that most people don't cook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that most people don't cook
+during the day they cook at night or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the day they cook at night or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the day they cook at night or in
+the morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the morning
+right um and so how do you so you gotta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and so how do you so you gotta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and so how do you so you gotta
+store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store
+energy to make these things actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to make these things actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to make these things actually
+useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful
+right and and i i really like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and i i really like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and i i really like this
+program so i wanted to make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program so i wanted to make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program so i wanted to make that
+one of my why this matters and we'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of my why this matters and we'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of my why this matters and we'll go
+big on the next one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/7R5DF-w94Zk.txt b/7R5DF-w94Zk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f697f52b0bfb491be7ad2005f0e790856d887e6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7R5DF-w94Zk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free to make a donation or to view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free to make a donation or to view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free to make a donation or to view
+additional materials from hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional materials from hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional materials from hundreds of
+MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at
+ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Applause]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/7eZVshlT33Q.txt b/7eZVshlT33Q.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d23e874f7c9f15d16f58abd030687f5ae867bf04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7eZVshlT33Q.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7627 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+coreware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay so so far we've learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay so so far we've learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay so so far we've learned
+about partial derivatives and how to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about partial derivatives and how to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about partial derivatives and how to use
+them to find Minima and Maxima of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to find Minima and Maxima of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to find Minima and Maxima of
+function of two variables or several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of two variables or several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of two variables or several
+variables and now we try to study more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and now we try to study more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and now we try to study more
+in detail how functions of several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in detail how functions of several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in detail how functions of several
+variables behave how to compute their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables behave how to compute their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables behave how to compute their
+variations how to estimate their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations how to estimate their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations how to estimate their
+variation in arbitrary directions and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in arbitrary directions and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in arbitrary directions and so
+for that we're going to need some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that we're going to need some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that we're going to need some more
+tools actually to study these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so more tools to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so more tools to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so more tools to
+study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so today's topic is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so today's topic is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so today's topic is going to be
+differen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shs and just to motivate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shs and just to motivate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shs and just to motivate
+that let me remind you about you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let me remind you about you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let me remind you about you know
+one trick that you probably know from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one trick that you probably know from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one trick that you probably know from
+single variable calculus namely implicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+differentiation so let's say that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation so let's say that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation so let's say that you
+have a function yal f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a function yal f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a function yal f
+ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx
+then you would sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you would sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you would sometimes
+write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write
+Dy equals frime of x * DX and then maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy equals frime of x * DX and then maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy equals frime of x * DX and then maybe
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+would excuse me can you please take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would excuse me can you please take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would excuse me can you please take a
+seat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seat
+and can you please take a seat and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can you please take a seat and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can you please take a seat and you
+know sit down that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sit down that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sit down that would
+be better thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you no so we use implicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you no so we use implicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you no so we use implicit
+differentiation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation to
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+relate infin changes in y with infal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate infin changes in y with infal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate infin changes in y with infal
+changes in X and one thing we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in X and one thing we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in X and one thing we can do
+with that for example is actually figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that for example is actually figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that for example is actually figure
+out the rate of change Dy by DX but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the rate of change Dy by DX but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the rate of change Dy by DX but also
+the reciprocal DX by Dy and so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example let's say that we have y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's say that we have y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's say that we have y
+equals inverse sign of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals inverse sign of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals inverse sign of
+X then we can write X = sin of Y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X then we can write X = sin of Y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X then we can write X = sin of Y and
+from there we can actually find out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there we can actually find out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there we can actually find out what
+is the derivative of this function if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the derivative of this function if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the derivative of this function if we
+didn't know the answer already by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know the answer already by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know the answer already by
+writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing
+DX equals cosine y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX equals cosine y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX equals cosine y
+Dy and so that tells us that dy/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy and so that tells us that dy/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy and so that tells us that dy/
+DX is going to be 1 / cosine Y and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX is going to be 1 / cosine Y and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX is going to be 1 / cosine Y and now
+sign the relation to S is basically 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign the relation to S is basically 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign the relation to S is basically 1
+/un of 1 - x^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/un of 1 - x^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/un of 1 - x^
+2 and that's how you find the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and that's how you find the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and that's how you find the formula
+for the derivative of the inverse sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the derivative of the inverse sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the derivative of the inverse sign
+function okay formula that probably you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay formula that probably you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay formula that probably you
+already knew but that's one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already knew but that's one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already knew but that's one way to
+derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+so now we are going to use also these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we are going to use also these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we are going to use also these
+kinds of notations DX Dy and so on but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of notations DX Dy and so on but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of notations DX Dy and so on but
+use them for functions of several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use them for functions of several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use them for functions of several
+variables and of course we'll have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and of course we'll have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and of course we'll have to
+learn what are the rules of manipulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn what are the rules of manipulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn what are the rules of manipulation
+and what we can do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so the actual name of that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the actual name of that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the actual name of that is the
+total differential as opposed to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total differential as opposed to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total differential as opposed to the
+partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial
+derivatives because well it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives because well it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives because well it's going to
+be the total differential because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the total differential because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the total differential because it
+includes all of the various causes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes all of the various causes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes all of the various causes that
+can change the can sorry all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change the can sorry all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change the can sorry all of the
+contributions that can cause the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions that can cause the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions that can cause the value
+of your function f to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your function f to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your function f to
+change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+so namely let's say that you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so namely let's say that you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so namely let's say that you have a
+function f maybe of three variables x y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f maybe of three variables x y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f maybe of three variables x y
+z then you will write DF equals F subx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z then you will write DF equals F subx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z then you will write DF equals F subx
+DX plus F suby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX plus F suby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX plus F suby
+Dy plus F subz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy plus F subz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy plus F subz
+DZ okay or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DZ okay or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DZ okay or maybe
+just to remind you of the other notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to remind you of the other notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to remind you of the other notation
+partial F partial X DX plus partial F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial F partial X DX plus partial F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial F partial X DX plus partial F
+partial y Dy plus partial F over partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial y Dy plus partial F over partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial y Dy plus partial F over partial
+Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z
+DZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DZ
+now what is this object what you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what is this object what you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what is this object what you know
+what are the things on either side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the things on either side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the things on either side of
+this equality well they're called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equality well they're called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equality well they're called
+differentials and they're not numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentials and they're not numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentials and they're not numbers
+they're not vectors they're not matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not vectors they're not matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not vectors they're not matrices
+they're a different kind of object so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're a different kind of object so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're a different kind of object so it
+these things have their own rules of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things have their own rules of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things have their own rules of
+manipulations and we have to learn what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations and we have to learn what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations and we have to learn what
+we can do with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do with them
+so how do we think about them so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we think about them so first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we think about them so first
+of all how do we not think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them okay so here's an important thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay so here's an important thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay so here's an important thing
+to pit full to avoid so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+d f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d f is
+not the same thing as Delta F okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the same thing as Delta F okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the same thing as Delta F okay so
+that thing is meant to be a number it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing is meant to be a number it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing is meant to be a number it's
+going to be a number once you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a number once you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a number once you have a
+small variation of x a small variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small variation of x a small variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small variation of x a small variation
+of Y small variation of Z these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y small variation of Z these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y small variation of Z these are
+numbers Delta X Delta y Delta Z are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers Delta X Delta y Delta Z are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers Delta X Delta y Delta Z are
+actual numbers and this becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual numbers and this becomes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual numbers and this becomes a
+number this guy actually is not a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number this guy actually is not a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number this guy actually is not a number
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+cannot give it a particular value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot give it a particular value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot give it a particular value
+all you can do with a differential is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you can do with a differential is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you can do with a differential is
+express it in terms of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express it in terms of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express it in terms of other
+differentials so in fact this DX Dy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentials so in fact this DX Dy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentials so in fact this DX Dy and
+DZ well there mostly symbols out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DZ well there mostly symbols out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DZ well there mostly symbols out there
+but if you want to think about them they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you want to think about them they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you want to think about them they
+are the differentials of X Y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the differentials of X Y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the differentials of X Y and
+Z so in fact you can think of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z so in fact you can think of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z so in fact you can think of these
+differentials as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentials as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentials as
+placeholders where you will put other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placeholders where you will put other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placeholders where you will put other
+things so of course they represent you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so of course they represent you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so of course they represent you
+know there's this idea of changes in X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's this idea of changes in X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's this idea of changes in X
+YZ and F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YZ and F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YZ and F
+um but so one way that one could explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but so one way that one could explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but so one way that one could explain
+it I don't really like that is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I don't really like that is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I don't really like that is to say
+they represent Infinitis imal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they represent Infinitis imal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they represent Infinitis imal
+changes another way to say it and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes another way to say it and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes another way to say it and I
+think that's probably closer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's probably closer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's probably closer to the
+truth is that these things are somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth is that these things are somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth is that these things are somehow
+placeholders to put values and get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placeholders to put values and get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placeholders to put values and get a
+tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent
+approximation so for example if I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation so for example if I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation so for example if I do
+replace these symbols by Delta X Delta Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace these symbols by Delta X Delta Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace these symbols by Delta X Delta Y
+and Delta Z numbers then I will actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Delta Z numbers then I will actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Delta Z numbers then I will actually
+get a numerical quantity and that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a numerical quantity and that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a numerical quantity and that will
+be an approximation formula for Delta f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an approximation formula for Delta f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an approximation formula for Delta f
+it will be the linear approximation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be the linear approximation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be the linear approximation of
+the tangent plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+approximation so what we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do well so let me start first with maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do well so let me start first with maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do well so let me start first with maybe
+something even before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something even before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something even before
+that so the first thing that it does is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so the first thing that it does is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so the first thing that it does is
+it can encode how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in
+XYZ affect the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XYZ affect the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XYZ affect the value of
+F I would say that's the more that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F I would say that's the more that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F I would say that's the more that's the
+most General answer to what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most General answer to what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most General answer to what is this
+formula what are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula what are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula what are these
+differentials it's a relation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentials it's a relation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentials it's a relation between
+XYZ and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XYZ and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XYZ and
+F and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F and in
+particular so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular so this is a
+placeholder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placeholder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placeholder
+for small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variations Delta X Delta y Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations Delta X Delta y Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations Delta X Delta y Delta
+Z to get an approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formula which is Delta f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula which is Delta f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula which is Delta f is
+approximately equal to F subx Delta X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to F subx Delta X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to F subx Delta X
+Plus FY Delta y plus FZ Delta Z sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus FY Delta y plus FZ Delta Z sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus FY Delta y plus FZ Delta Z sorry
+it's getting cramped but I'm sure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's getting cramped but I'm sure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's getting cramped but I'm sure you
+know what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's going
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so and observe how this one is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and observe how this one is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and observe how this one is actually
+equal while that one is approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal while that one is approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal while that one is approximately
+equal so they're really not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal so they're really not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal so they're really not the
+same another thing that the notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same another thing that the notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same another thing that the notation
+suggests we can do and I claim we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests we can do and I claim we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests we can do and I claim we can do
+is divide everything by some variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is divide everything by some variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is divide everything by some variable
+that everybody depends on so say for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everybody depends on so say for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everybody depends on so say for
+example that X Y and Z actually depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that X Y and Z actually depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that X Y and Z actually depend
+on some parameter T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some parameter T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some parameter T
+then they will vary at a certain rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they will vary at a certain rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they will vary at a certain rate
+dxdt dydt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dxdt dydt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dxdt dydt
+dzdt and what the differential will tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dzdt and what the differential will tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dzdt and what the differential will tell
+us then is the rate of change of f as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us then is the rate of change of f as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us then is the rate of change of f as a
+function of T when you plug in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of T when you plug in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of T when you plug in these
+values of XYZ you will get dfdt by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of XYZ you will get dfdt by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of XYZ you will get dfdt by
+dividing everything by DT in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so the thir thing we can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by say something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DT to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT to
+get an infinitism rate of change or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an infinitism rate of change or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an infinitism rate of change or
+instant well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant well
+let me just say a rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+change okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change okay
+so dfdt equals F subx DX DT plus F suby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so dfdt equals F subx DX DT plus F suby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so dfdt equals F subx DX DT plus F suby
+Dy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy
+DT plus F subz DZ DT and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT plus F subz DZ DT and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT plus F subz DZ DT and that
+corresponds to the situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where X is a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where X is a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where X is a function of
+t y is a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t y is a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t y is a function of
+T and Z is a function of T then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and Z is a function of T then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and Z is a function of T then that
+means you can plug in these values into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you can plug in these values into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you can plug in these values into
+F to get well the value of f will depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F to get well the value of f will depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F to get well the value of f will depend
+on T and then you can find the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on T and then you can find the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on T and then you can find the rate of
+change with t of the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change with t of the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change with t of the value of
+f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+okay so these are the basic holes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these are the basic holes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these are the basic holes
+and this is known as the chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is known as the chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is known as the chain
+rule it's one instance of a chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule it's one instance of a chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule it's one instance of a chain
+rule which tells you when you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule which tells you when you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule which tells you when you have a
+function that depends on something and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that depends on something and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that depends on something and
+that something in turn depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something in turn depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something in turn depends on
+something else how to find the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else how to find the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else how to find the rate of
+change of a function on the new variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of a function on the new variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of a function on the new variable
+in terms of the derivatives of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the derivatives of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the derivatives of the
+function and also the dependence between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and also the dependence between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and also the dependence between
+the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various
+variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay any questions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far
+no okay so a word of warning in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay so a word of warning in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay so a word of warning in
+particular about you know what I said up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular about you know what I said up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular about you know what I said up
+here uh it's kind of unfortunate but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh it's kind of unfortunate but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh it's kind of unfortunate but the
+textbook actually has a serious mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook actually has a serious mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook actually has a serious mistake
+on that me they do have a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that me they do have a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that me they do have a couple of
+formulas where they mix a d with a Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas where they mix a d with a Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas where they mix a d with a Delta
+and I would like you not to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would like you not to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would like you not to do that
+please okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I mean there's D's and there's deltas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean there's D's and there's deltas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean there's D's and there's deltas
+and basically they don't live in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically they don't live in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically they don't live in the
+same world they don't see each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other the textbook is lying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+okay so let's see I mean here I made you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's see I mean here I made you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's see I mean here I made you
+know so the first first and the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so the first first and the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so the first first and the second
+claims I don't really need to justify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims I don't really need to justify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims I don't really need to justify
+because the first one is just you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the first one is just you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the first one is just you know
+stating some general principle but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stating some general principle but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stating some general principle but I'm
+not making a precise mathematical claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not making a precise mathematical claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not making a precise mathematical claim
+the second one well I mean we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one well I mean we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one well I mean we know that
+approximation formula already so I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation formula already so I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation formula already so I don't
+need to justify it for you but on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to justify it for you but on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to justify it for you but on the
+other hand this formula here I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand this formula here I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand this formula here I mean you
+probably have a right to expect some you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have a right to expect some you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have a right to expect some you
+know reason for why this works why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know reason for why this works why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know reason for why this works why is
+this valid after all I first told you we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this valid after all I first told you we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this valid after all I first told you we
+have these new mysterious objects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these new mysterious objects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these new mysterious objects and
+then I'm telling you well we can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm telling you well we can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm telling you well we can do that
+but you know I kind have pulled it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know I kind have pulled it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know I kind have pulled it out
+of my hat I mean I don't have a hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay
+so why is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+valid how can I get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid how can I get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid how can I get to
+this so here's a first attempt at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so here's a first attempt at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so here's a first attempt at
+justifying how to get there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's
+see well we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see well we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see well we said
+DF is f subx DX plus F suby Dy plus F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DF is f subx DX plus F suby Dy plus F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DF is f subx DX plus F suby Dy plus F
+subz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subz
+DZ but we know well if x is a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DZ but we know well if x is a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DZ but we know well if x is a function
+of T then DX is X Prime of T DT or DX DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T then DX is X Prime of T DT or DX DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T then DX is X Prime of T DT or DX DT
+DT as you prefer okay Dy is y Prime of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT as you prefer okay Dy is y Prime of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT as you prefer okay Dy is y Prime of T
+DT DZ is z Prime of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT DZ is z Prime of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT DZ is z Prime of T
+DT so if we plug these into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formula we'll get that DF is f subx * X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula we'll get that DF is f subx * X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula we'll get that DF is f subx * X
+Prime of T DT plus F sub y y y Prime of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime of T DT plus F sub y y y Prime of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime of T DT plus F sub y y y Prime of
+T DT plus f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T DT plus f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T DT plus f
+subz z Prime of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subz z Prime of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subz z Prime of T
+DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT
+and now well if I have a relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now well if I have a relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now well if I have a relation
+between DF and DT see I got DF equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between DF and DT see I got DF equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between DF and DT see I got DF equals
+something time DT that means the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something time DT that means the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something time DT that means the rate of
+change of f with respect to T should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of f with respect to T should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of f with respect to T should be
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient
+so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I
+divide by DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by DT
+then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I
+get the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the formula
+that's I get the chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+R now well you know that kind of works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R now well you know that kind of works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R now well you know that kind of works
+but that shouldn't be completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that shouldn't be completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that shouldn't be completely
+satisfactory let's say that you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfactory let's say that you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfactory let's say that you're a
+true skeptic and you don't believe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true skeptic and you don't believe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true skeptic and you don't believe in
+differentials yet then you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentials yet then you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentials yet then you know it's
+maybe not very good that I actually used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not very good that I actually used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not very good that I actually used
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+more of these differential notations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of these differential notations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of these differential notations in
+deriving the answer so that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deriving the answer so that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deriving the answer so that's actually
+not how it's proved you know the way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not how it's proved you know the way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not how it's proved you know the way in
+which you prove the chain rle is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you prove the chain rle is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you prove the chain rle is not
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+way because we don't we shouldn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way because we don't we shouldn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way because we don't we shouldn't have
+too much trust in differentials just yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much trust in differentials just yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much trust in differentials just yet
+I mean at the end of today's lecture yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean at the end of today's lecture yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean at the end of today's lecture yes
+probably we should believe in them but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably we should believe in them but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably we should believe in them but
+so far we should still be a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far we should still be a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far we should still be a little bit
+you know reluctant to believe know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know reluctant to believe know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know reluctant to believe know this
+kind of strange object telling us weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's a better way to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it so one thing that we have trust in so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so one thing that we have trust in so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so one thing that we have trust in so
+far are approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far are approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far are approximation
+formulas at least we should have trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas at least we should have trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas at least we should have trust
+in them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in them
+so we should believe that if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we should believe that if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we should believe that if we
+change x a little bit if we change y a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change x a little bit if we change y a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change x a little bit if we change y a
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then we are actually going to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we are actually going to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we are actually going to get a
+change in F that's approximately given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in F that's approximately given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in F that's approximately given
+by these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by these
+guys so now well this is true for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys so now well this is true for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys so now well this is true for any
+changes in XYZ but in particular let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in XYZ but in particular let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in XYZ but in particular let's
+look at the changes that we get if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the changes that we get if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the changes that we get if we
+just take these formulas as functions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take these formulas as functions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take these formulas as functions of
+time and change time a little bit by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and change time a little bit by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and change time a little bit by
+Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta
+t Okay so we'll actually use for changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t Okay so we'll actually use for changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t Okay so we'll actually use for changes
+in XYZ in a small time delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T and let's divide Everybody by delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T okay here I'm just dividing numbers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay here I'm just dividing numbers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay here I'm just dividing numbers so
+I'm not actually playing any tricks on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not actually playing any tricks on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not actually playing any tricks on
+you um I mean we don't really know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um I mean we don't really know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um I mean we don't really know what
+it means to divide differentials but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means to divide differentials but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means to divide differentials but
+dividing numbers is something we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing numbers is something we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing numbers is something we
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+and now if I take delta T very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+small then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small then this
+guy tends to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy tends to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy tends to the
+differential sorry tends to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential sorry tends to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential sorry tends to the
+derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative
+dfdt remember the definition of dfdt is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dfdt remember the definition of dfdt is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dfdt remember the definition of dfdt is
+the limit of this ratio when the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit of this ratio when the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit of this ratio when the time
+interval delta T tends to zero so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval delta T tends to zero so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval delta T tends to zero so that
+means if I get you know if I choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means if I get you know if I choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means if I get you know if I choose
+smaller and smaller values of delta T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and smaller values of delta T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and smaller values of delta T
+then these ratios of numbers will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then these ratios of numbers will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then these ratios of numbers will
+actually tend to some value and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually tend to some value and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually tend to some value and that
+value is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+derivative so similarly here Delta X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so similarly here Delta X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so similarly here Delta X
+over delta T when delta T is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over delta T when delta T is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over delta T when delta T is really
+small will tend to the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dxdt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dxdt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dxdt
+and similarly for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly for the
+others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay
+so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+particular um so if we take the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular um so if we take the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular um so if we take the limit
+as delta T TS to Z we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as delta T TS to Z we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as delta T TS to Z we get
+dfdt on one side on the other side we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dfdt on one side on the other side we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dfdt on one side on the other side we
+get F subx DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get F subx DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get F subx DX
+DT plus f suby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT plus f suby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT plus f suby
+dydt plus F subz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dydt plus F subz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dydt plus F subz
+dzdt and the approximation becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dzdt and the approximation becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dzdt and the approximation becomes
+better and better remember when we write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and better remember when we write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and better remember when we write
+approximately equal that means that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal that means that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal that means that it's
+not quite the same but if we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite the same but if we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite the same but if we take
+smaller and smaller variations then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and smaller variations then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and smaller variations then
+actually will end up with values that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually will end up with values that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually will end up with values that
+are getting closer and closer so when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are getting closer and closer so when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are getting closer and closer so when we
+take the limit as delta T tends to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the limit as delta T tends to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the limit as delta T tends to zero
+eventually we get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equality okay I mean mathematicians have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality okay I mean mathematicians have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality okay I mean mathematicians have
+more complicated wordss to justify this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated wordss to justify this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated wordss to justify this
+statement but uh I will spare them for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement but uh I will spare them for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement but uh I will spare them for
+now and you will see about them when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and you will see about them when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and you will see about them when you
+take analysis if you go on in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+direction okay any questions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no okay so let's check maybe things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay so let's check maybe things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay so let's check maybe things in
+an example let's say that we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example let's say that we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example let's say that we really
+don't have any faith in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any faith in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any faith in these
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+and so let's try to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's say I give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say I give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say I give
+you a function that's x^2 y +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a function that's x^2 y +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a function that's x^2 y +
+z and let's say that maybe X will be t y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z and let's say that maybe X will be t y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z and let's say that maybe X will be t y
+will be e to the T and Z will be sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what does the chain rule say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what does the chain rule say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what does the chain rule say
+well the chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rule tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule tells us
+that DW
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that DW
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that DW
+DT is so we start with partial W over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT is so we start with partial W over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT is so we start with partial W over
+partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial
+X well what is that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2xy times so maybe I should point out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2xy times so maybe I should point out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2xy times so maybe I should point out
+this is W subx Times DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is W subx Times DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is W subx Times DX
+DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT
+plus Well w sub y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X2 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 *
+dydt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dydt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dydt
+plus W subz that's going to be just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus W subz that's going to be just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus W subz that's going to be just one
+DZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DT okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT okay
+and so now let's plug in the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now let's plug in the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now let's plug in the actual
+values of these things so X is T Y is e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of these things so X is T Y is e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of these things so X is T Y is e
+to the T so that will be 2 t e to the T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the T so that will be 2 t e to the T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the T so that will be 2 t e to the T
+DX DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX DT
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+1 plus x^2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus x^2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus x^2 is
+t^2 dydt is e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t^2 dydt is e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t^2 dydt is e to the
+t plus dzdt is cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+t okay so at the end of calculation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t okay so at the end of calculation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t okay so at the end of calculation we
+get 2 t e to t plus t² e to the t plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 2 t e to t plus t² e to the t plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 2 t e to t plus t² e to the t plus
+cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine
+T that's what the chain rule tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T that's what the chain rule tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T that's what the chain rule tells us
+how else could we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that well we could just plug in values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well we could just plug in values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well we could just plug in values
+of X Y and Z Express W as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X Y and Z Express W as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X Y and Z Express W as a function of
+T and take its derivative okay let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and take its derivative okay let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and take its derivative okay let's do
+that just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just for
+verification it should be exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification it should be exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification it should be exactly the
+same answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in fact in this case the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact in this case the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact in this case the two
+calculations are roughly equal in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations are roughly equal in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations are roughly equal in
+complication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complication
+but say that your function of XYZ was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but say that your function of XYZ was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but say that your function of XYZ was
+much more complicated than that or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more complicated than that or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more complicated than that or maybe
+you actually didn't know a formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually didn't know a formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually didn't know a formula for
+it you only knew its partial derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you only knew its partial derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you only knew its partial derivatives
+then you would need to use the chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you would need to use the chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you would need to use the chain
+rule so sometimes plugging in values is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule so sometimes plugging in values is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule so sometimes plugging in values is
+easier but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's just check quickly so the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just check quickly so the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just check quickly so the other
+method would be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+substitute so w as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute so w as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute so w as a function of
+T well so remember W was was it x²
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T well so remember W was was it x²
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T well so remember W was was it x²
+y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+plus Z so as a function of T well X was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Z so as a function of T well X was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Z so as a function of T well X was
+T so get t^2 Y is e to the t plus Z sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so get t^2 Y is e to the t plus Z sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so get t^2 Y is e to the t plus Z sin
+T So D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T So D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T So D
+wdt we know how to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wdt we know how to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wdt we know how to take the
+derivative using single variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative using single variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative using single variable
+calculus well we should know if we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus well we should know if we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus well we should know if we don't
+know then we should take a look at 1801
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know then we should take a look at 1801
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know then we should take a look at 1801
+again so by the product rule that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so by the product rule that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so by the product rule that will
+be der dtive of t² is 2 T * e to the t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be der dtive of t² is 2 T * e to the t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be der dtive of t² is 2 T * e to the t
+plus T ^ 2 * the derivative of e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus T ^ 2 * the derivative of e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus T ^ 2 * the derivative of e to the
+t is e the t plus cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T okay and that's the same answer as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay and that's the same answer as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay and that's the same answer as
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+there so I ended up writing up you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so I ended up writing up you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so I ended up writing up you know
+maybe I wrote slightly more here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I wrote slightly more here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I wrote slightly more here but
+actually the amount of calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the amount of calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the amount of calculations
+really was pretty much the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really was pretty much the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really was pretty much the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay any questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes uh what kind of object is W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh what kind of object is W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh what kind of object is W
+so well I was intending you know you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well I was intending you know you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well I was intending you know you can
+think of w as just another variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of w as just another variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of w as just another variable
+that's given as a function of X Y and Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's given as a function of X Y and Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's given as a function of X Y and Z
+for example so you have a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example so you have a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example so you have a function of
+XYZ defined by this formula and I call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XYZ defined by this formula and I call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XYZ defined by this formula and I call
+it w I call it value W so that then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it w I call it value W so that then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it w I call it value W so that then I
+can substitute T instead of XYZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so w
+is well let's think of w as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well let's think of w as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well let's think of w as a function
+of three variables okay and then when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three variables okay and then when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three variables okay and then when I
+plug in the dependence of these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in the dependence of these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in the dependence of these three
+variables on T then it becomes just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables on T then it becomes just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables on T then it becomes just a
+function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T I mean really my w here is pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T I mean really my w here is pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T I mean really my w here is pretty much
+what I called f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I called f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I called f
+before there's no you know there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before there's no you know there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before there's no you know there's no
+major difference between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major difference between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major difference between the
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's see here's an application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's see here's an application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's see here's an application
+of what we've seen so let's say that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we've seen so let's say that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we've seen so let's say that you
+want to understand actually all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to understand actually all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to understand actually all these
+rules about taking derivatives in single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules about taking derivatives in single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules about taking derivatives in single
+variable calculus so what I showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable calculus so what I showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable calculus so what I showed you
+at the beginning and then erased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning and then erased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning and then erased
+basically justifies how to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically justifies how to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically justifies how to take the
+derivative of a reciprocal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of a reciprocal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of a reciprocal
+function and for that you didn't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and for that you didn't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and for that you didn't need
+multivariable calculus but let's try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariable calculus but let's try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariable calculus but let's try to
+justify the product rule for example for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justify the product rule for example for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justify the product rule for example for
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative
+so an application of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an application of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an application of this
+actually is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is to
+justify the product and quotient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+holes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's think for example of a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's think for example of a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's think for example of a function
+of two variables u and v that's just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two variables u and v that's just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two variables u and v that's just the
+product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+UV okay and let's say that u and v are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UV okay and let's say that u and v are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UV okay and let's say that u and v are
+actually functions of one variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T then well d by DT DF DT so let's say d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T then well d by DT DF DT so let's say d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T then well d by DT DF DT so let's say d
+of UV over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of UV over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of UV over
+DT is given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT is given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT is given
+by the chain hole applied to F right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the chain hole applied to F right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the chain hole applied to F right
+this is DF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is DF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is DF
+DT so DF DT should be F sub u d u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT so DF DT should be F sub u d u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT so DF DT should be F sub u d u
+DT plus F subv time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT plus F subv time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT plus F subv time
+dvdt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dvdt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dvdt
+right but now what is the partial of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but now what is the partial of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but now what is the partial of f
+with respect to U it's V so that's v d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to U it's V so that's v d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to U it's V so that's v d
+DT and partial of f with respect to V is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT and partial of f with respect to V is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT and partial of f with respect to V is
+going to be just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+U so you get back the usual product rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U so you get back the usual product rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U so you get back the usual product rule
+okay uh that's a slightly complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh that's a slightly complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh that's a slightly complicated
+way of deriving it but that's a valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of deriving it but that's a valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of deriving it but that's a valid
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+of understanding how to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of understanding how to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of understanding how to take the
+derivative of a product by thinking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of a product by thinking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of a product by thinking of
+the product first as a function of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product first as a function of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product first as a function of two
+variables which are u and v and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables which are u and v and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables which are u and v and then
+saying oh but u and v were actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying oh but u and v were actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying oh but u and v were actually
+functions of a variable T and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of a variable T and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of a variable T and then you
+do the differentiation in two stages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the differentiation in two stages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the differentiation in two stages
+using the chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rule okay similarly you can do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule okay similarly you can do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule okay similarly you can do the
+quotient rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotient rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotient rule
+let's do it just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do it just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do it just for
+practice so if I give you the function g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice so if I give you the function g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice so if I give you the function g
+equals U over V so right now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals U over V so right now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals U over V so right now I'm
+thinking of it as a function of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of it as a function of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of it as a function of two
+variables u and v but u and v themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables u and v but u and v themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables u and v but u and v themselves
+are actually going to be functions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then well DG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then well DG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then well DG
+DT is going to be partial G partial U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT is going to be partial G partial U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT is going to be partial G partial U
+how much is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much is
+that how much is partial g paral u one/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how much is partial g paral u one/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how much is partial g paral u one/
+v times D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v times D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v times D
+DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT
+plus well next we need to have paral G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus well next we need to have paral G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus well next we need to have paral G
+partial V well what's the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial V well what's the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial V well what's the derivative of
+this with respect to V well here we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with respect to V well here we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with respect to V well here we need
+to know how to differentiate the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know how to differentiate the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know how to differentiate the inverse
+it's minus u/ v^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's minus u/ v^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's minus u/ v^
+2 time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 time
+dvdt okay and that's actually the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dvdt okay and that's actually the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dvdt okay and that's actually the usual
+quo hole just written in a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quo hole just written in a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quo hole just written in a slightly
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+I mean just in case you really want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean just in case you really want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean just in case you really want to
+see it if you clear denominators to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it if you clear denominators to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it if you clear denominators to put
+the V squ then you will see um basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the V squ then you will see um basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the V squ then you will see um basically
+V well U Prime * V minus V Prime *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now let's go to something even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's go to something even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's go to something even more
+slight even more crazy I claim we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight even more crazy I claim we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight even more crazy I claim we can do
+chain rules with more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variables so let's say that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so let's say that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so let's say that I
+have a quantity let's call it w today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a quantity let's call it w today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a quantity let's call it w today
+for now so let's say I have quantity W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now so let's say I have quantity W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now so let's say I have quantity W
+it's a function of say two variables X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a function of say two variables X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a function of say two variables X
+and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y
+and so in the previous setup X and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in the previous setup X and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in the previous setup X and Y
+depended on some parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depended on some parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depended on some parameter
+T but actually let's now look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T but actually let's now look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T but actually let's now look at the
+case where X and Y themselves are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where X and Y themselves are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where X and Y themselves are
+functions of several variables let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of several variables let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of several variables let's say
+of two more variables let's call them u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two more variables let's call them u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two more variables let's call them u
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+v okay so I'm going to stay with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v okay so I'm going to stay with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v okay so I'm going to stay with these
+abstract letters but you know if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract letters but you know if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract letters but you know if it
+bothers you if it sounds completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bothers you if it sounds completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bothers you if it sounds completely
+unmotivated think think about it maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unmotivated think think about it maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unmotivated think think about it maybe
+in terms of something you might know say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of something you might know say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of something you might know say
+polar coordinate let's say that I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar coordinate let's say that I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar coordinate let's say that I have a
+function that's defined in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's defined in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's defined in terms of the
+polar coordinate variables R and Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar coordinate variables R and Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar coordinate variables R and Theta
+and then I know actually I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I know actually I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I know actually I want to
+switch to usual coordinates X and Y all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch to usual coordinates X and Y all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch to usual coordinates X and Y all
+the other way around I have a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other way around I have a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other way around I have a function
+of X and Y and I want to express it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X and Y and I want to express it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X and Y and I want to express it in
+terms of the PO coordinates are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the PO coordinates are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the PO coordinates are in
+F then I would like to know maybe how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F then I would like to know maybe how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F then I would like to know maybe how
+the Dera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dera
+atives with respect to the various sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atives with respect to the various sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atives with respect to the various sets
+of variables are related to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variables are related to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variables are related to each
+other okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other okay
+so one way I could do it is of course to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one way I could do it is of course to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one way I could do it is of course to
+say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well
+now if I plug the formula for x and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if I plug the formula for x and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if I plug the formula for x and the
+formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for
+Y into the formula for f then W becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y into the formula for f then W becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y into the formula for f then W becomes
+a function of u and v and I can try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of u and v and I can try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of u and v and I can try to
+take its partial derivatives if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take its partial derivatives if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take its partial derivatives if I have
+explicit formulas well that could work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit formulas well that could work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit formulas well that could work
+but maybe the formulas are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe the formulas are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe the formulas are
+complicated typically if I switch you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated typically if I switch you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated typically if I switch you
+know between rectangular and polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know between rectangular and polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know between rectangular and polar
+coordinates there might be inverse trig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates there might be inverse trig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates there might be inverse trig
+there might be maybe arct tangent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be maybe arct tangent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be maybe arct tangent to
+express the polar angle in terms of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express the polar angle in terms of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express the polar angle in terms of X
+and Y and then I don't really want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y and then I don't really want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y and then I don't really want to
+actually substitute AR tangents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually substitute AR tangents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually substitute AR tangents
+everywhere maybe I'd rather deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere maybe I'd rather deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere maybe I'd rather deal with
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives
+so how do I do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question is what are partial W over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what are partial W over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what are partial W over
+partial U and partial W over partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial U and partial W over partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial U and partial W over partial
+V in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V in
+terms of so let's see what do we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of so let's see what do we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of so let's see what do we need to
+know in order to understand that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in order to understand that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in order to understand that well
+probably we should know how W depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably we should know how W depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably we should know how W depends on
+X and Y if we don't know that then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and Y if we don't know that then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and Y if we don't know that then we
+probably to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably to
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so partial W partial X partial W partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so partial W partial X partial W partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so partial W partial X partial W partial
+y should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y should be
+required what else should we know well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required what else should we know well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required what else should we know well
+it would probably help to know how X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would probably help to know how X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would probably help to know how X and
+Y depend on u and v if we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y depend on u and v if we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y depend on u and v if we don't know
+that then we don't really know how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then we don't really know how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then we don't really know how to do
+it either so we need also well U subx uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it either so we need also well U subx uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it either so we need also well U subx uh
+sorry we have way around x sub u x subv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry we have way around x sub u x subv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry we have way around x sub u x subv
+uh y sub u y subv so we have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh y sub u y subv so we have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh y sub u y subv so we have a lot of
+partials in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partials in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partials in
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+well so let's see how we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so let's start by writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so let's start by writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so let's start by writing
+DW so we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DW so we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DW so we know that
+DW
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DW
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DW
+is partial F Well I don't know why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is partial F Well I don't know why I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is partial F Well I don't know why I
+have two names W and F I mean w and F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two names W and F I mean w and F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two names W and F I mean w and F
+are really the same thing here but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really the same thing here but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really the same thing here but let's
+say F subx DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say F subx DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say F subx DX
+plus F suby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus F suby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus F suby
+Dy okay so far that's our new friend the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy okay so far that's our new friend the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy okay so far that's our new friend the
+differential now what do we want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential now what do we want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential now what do we want to do
+with it Well we'd like to get rid of DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it Well we'd like to get rid of DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it Well we'd like to get rid of DX
+and Dy because we'd like to express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Dy because we'd like to express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Dy because we'd like to express
+things in terms of you know the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in terms of you know the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in terms of you know the question
+we're asking ourselves is let's say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're asking ourselves is let's say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're asking ourselves is let's say that
+I change you a little bit how does w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I change you a little bit how does w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I change you a little bit how does w
+change so of course what will happen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so of course what will happen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so of course what will happen is
+if I change VI a little bit then X and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I change VI a little bit then X and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I change VI a little bit then X and Y
+will change how do they change well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will change how do they change well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will change how do they change well
+that's given to me by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's given to me by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's given to me by the
+differential right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DX is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX is going to
+be well I can use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be well I can use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be well I can use the
+differential again you know DX well X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential again you know DX well X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential again you know DX well X is
+a function of u and v that will be x sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of u and v that will be x sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of u and v that will be x sub
+U *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U *
+du plus x subv *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+du plus x subv *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+du plus x subv *
+DV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV
+okay that's again taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's again taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's again taking the
+differential of a function of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential of a function of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential of a function of two
+variables does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables does that make
+sense then we have the other guy F sub y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense then we have the other guy F sub y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense then we have the other guy F sub y
+times what is dy well similarly Dy is y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times what is dy well similarly Dy is y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times what is dy well similarly Dy is y
+sub U du plus y subv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DV and now we have a relation between DW
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV and now we have a relation between DW
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV and now we have a relation between DW
+and du and DV we're expressing how w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and du and DV we're expressing how w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and du and DV we're expressing how w
+reacts to changes in u and v which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacts to changes in u and v which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacts to changes in u and v which was
+our goal now let's actually collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our goal now let's actually collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our goal now let's actually collect
+terms so that we see it a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+better so that's going to be f subx * x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so that's going to be f subx * x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so that's going to be f subx * x
+sub U plus F sub y * y sub U du
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub U plus F sub y * y sub U du
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub U plus F sub y * y sub U du
+plus F subx X subv Plus f suby y subv DV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so now we have DW equals something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now we have DW equals something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now we have DW equals something
+du plus something DV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+du plus something DV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+du plus something DV
+well that coefficient here has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that coefficient here has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that coefficient here has to be
+partial F partial U what else could it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial F partial U what else could it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial F partial U what else could it
+be right that's the rate of change of w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be right that's the rate of change of w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be right that's the rate of change of w
+with respect to U if I forget what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to U if I forget what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to U if I forget what
+happens when I change V that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when I change V that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when I change V that's the
+definition of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a
+partial similarly this one has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial similarly this one has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial similarly this one has to be
+partial F over partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial F over partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial F over partial
+V that's because it's the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V that's because it's the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V that's because it's the rate of
+change with respect to V if I keep U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change with respect to V if I keep U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change with respect to V if I keep U
+constant so that these guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so that these guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so that these guys are
+completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely
+ignored so now you see how the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignored so now you see how the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignored so now you see how the total
+differential accounts for somehow all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential accounts for somehow all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential accounts for somehow all
+the partial derivatives that come as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial derivatives that come as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial derivatives that come as
+coefficients of the individual variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients of the individual variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients of the individual variables
+in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these
+expressions okay so let me maybe rewrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions okay so let me maybe rewrite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions okay so let me maybe rewrite
+these formulas in a more visible way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these formulas in a more visible way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these formulas in a more visible way and
+then re explain them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you okay so here's the chain rule for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay so here's the chain rule for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay so here's the chain rule for
+this situation with two intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this situation with two intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this situation with two intermediate
+variables and two variables that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and two variables that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and two variables that you
+express these in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express these in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express these in terms
+of so in our setting we get partial F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so in our setting we get partial F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so in our setting we get partial F of
+our partial U equals partial F of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our partial U equals partial F of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our partial U equals partial F of our
+partial X partial X over partial U plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial X partial X over partial U plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial X partial X over partial U plus
+partial F of partial y time partial y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial F of partial y time partial y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial F of partial y time partial y
+over partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over partial
+U and the other one same thing with v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and the other one same thing with v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and the other one same thing with v
+instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+U partial F partial X time partial X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U partial F partial X time partial X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U partial F partial X time partial X
+partial V plus partial F partial y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial V plus partial F partial y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial V plus partial F partial y
+partial y partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial y partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial y partial
+V so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V so
+I have to explain various things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to explain various things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to explain various things about
+these formulas because they look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these formulas because they look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these formulas because they look
+complicated and actually they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and actually they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and actually they're not
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+complicated so a couple of things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated so a couple of things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated so a couple of things to
+know first thing so how do we remember a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know first thing so how do we remember a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know first thing so how do we remember a
+formula like that well that's easy we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula like that well that's easy we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula like that well that's easy we
+have we want to know how F depends on U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we want to know how F depends on U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we want to know how F depends on U
+well what does f depend on actually it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what does f depend on actually it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what does f depend on actually it
+depends on X and Y so we'll put partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on X and Y so we'll put partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on X and Y so we'll put partial
+F partial X and partial F partial y now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F partial X and partial F partial y now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F partial X and partial F partial y now
+now X and Y why are they here well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now X and Y why are they here well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now X and Y why are they here well
+they're here because they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're here because they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're here because they actually
+depend on you as well how does X depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on you as well how does X depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on you as well how does X depend
+on you well the answer is partial X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you well the answer is partial X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you well the answer is partial X
+partial U how does y depend on U the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial U how does y depend on U the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial U how does y depend on U the
+answer is partial y partial y partial U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is partial y partial y partial U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is partial y partial y partial U
+so see the structure of this formulas is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so see the structure of this formulas is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so see the structure of this formulas is
+simple to find the partial of f with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple to find the partial of f with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple to find the partial of f with
+respect to some new variable you use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to some new variable you use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to some new variable you use the
+partials with respect to the variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partials with respect to the variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partials with respect to the variables
+that F was initially defined in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that F was initially defined in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that F was initially defined in terms of
+X and Y and you multiply them by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and Y and you multiply them by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and Y and you multiply them by the
+partials of X and Y in terms of the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partials of X and Y in terms of the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partials of X and Y in terms of the new
+variable that you want to look at V here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that you want to look at V here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that you want to look at V here
+and you sum these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+together okay so that's the structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together okay so that's the structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together okay so that's the structure of
+a formula um why does it work well let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a formula um why does it work well let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a formula um why does it work well let
+me explain it to you in a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me explain it to you in a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me explain it to you in a slightly
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+language so this asks us how does f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language so this asks us how does f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language so this asks us how does f
+change if I change you a little bit okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change if I change you a little bit okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change if I change you a little bit okay
+well why would F change if you changes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well why would F change if you changes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well why would F change if you changes a
+little bit well it would change because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit well it would change because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit well it would change because
+F actually depends on X and Y and X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F actually depends on X and Y and X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F actually depends on X and Y and X and
+Y depend on U if I change U how quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y depend on U if I change U how quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y depend on U if I change U how quickly
+does X Change well the answer is partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does X Change well the answer is partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does X Change well the answer is partial
+X partial U and now if I change X at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X partial U and now if I change X at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X partial U and now if I change X at
+this rate how does that cause F to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rate how does that cause F to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rate how does that cause F to
+change well the answer is partial F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change well the answer is partial F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change well the answer is partial F
+partial x times this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial x times this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial x times this
+guy well at the same time Y is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy well at the same time Y is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy well at the same time Y is also
+changing how fast is y changing if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing how fast is y changing if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing how fast is y changing if I
+change U well the rate of partial y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change U well the rate of partial y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change U well the rate of partial y
+partial U but now if I change how does f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial U but now if I change how does f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial U but now if I change how does f
+change well the rate of change is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change well the rate of change is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change well the rate of change is
+partial F partial y so the product is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial F partial y so the product is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial F partial y so the product is
+the effect of you know how you changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect of you know how you changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect of you know how you changes
+changing Y and therefore changing F now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing Y and therefore changing F now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing Y and therefore changing F now
+what happens in real life if I change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in real life if I change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in real life if I change
+you a little bit well both X and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a little bit well both X and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a little bit well both X and Y
+change at the same time so how does f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change at the same time so how does f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change at the same time so how does f
+change well it's the sum of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change well it's the sum of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change well it's the sum of the two
+effects okay does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects okay does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects okay does that make
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+good uh of course if F depends on more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good uh of course if F depends on more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good uh of course if F depends on more
+variable then you just have you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable then you just have you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable then you just have you know you
+just have more terms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here okay here's another thing that may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay here's another thing that may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay here's another thing that may
+be a little bit confusing so what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little bit confusing so what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little bit confusing so what is
+tempting well what's tempting here would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempting well what's tempting here would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempting well what's tempting here would
+be to simplify these formulas by you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to simplify these formulas by you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to simplify these formulas by you
+know removing these partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know removing these partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know removing these partial
+X's so let's simplify by partial X let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's so let's simplify by partial X let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's so let's simplify by partial X let's
+simplify by partial y we get partial F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify by partial y we get partial F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify by partial y we get partial F
+partial U equals partial F partial U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial U equals partial F partial U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial U equals partial F partial U
+plus partial F partial U something is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus partial F partial U something is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus partial F partial U something is
+not working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not working
+properly okay so why doesn't it work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly okay so why doesn't it work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly okay so why doesn't it work
+well the answer is precisely because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the answer is precisely because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the answer is precisely because
+these are partial derivatives these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are partial derivatives these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are partial derivatives these are
+not total derivatives and so you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not total derivatives and so you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not total derivatives and so you cannot
+simplify them in that way I mean and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify them in that way I mean and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify them in that way I mean and
+that's actually the reason why we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually the reason why we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually the reason why we use
+this curly D rather than a straight D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curly D rather than a straight D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curly D rather than a straight D
+it's to remind us beware there's these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's to remind us beware there's these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's to remind us beware there's these
+simplifications that we can do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifications that we can do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifications that we can do with
+straight D that are not legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight D that are not legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight D that are not legal
+here so somehow when you have a partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so somehow when you have a partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so somehow when you have a partial
+derivative you must resist the urge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative you must resist the urge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative you must resist the urge of
+simplifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+okay so no simplifications in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so no simplifications in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so no simplifications in here
+that's the simplest formula you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the simplest formula you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the simplest formula you can
+get okay any questions at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes so when would you use this and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so when would you use this and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so when would you use this and what
+does it describe well it's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it describe well it's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it describe well it's basically
+when you have a function given in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a function given in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a function given in terms
+of a certain set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a certain set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a certain set of
+variables because maybe there's a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables because maybe there's a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables because maybe there's a simple
+expression in terms of those variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression in terms of those variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression in terms of those variables
+but ultimately what you care about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but ultimately what you care about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but ultimately what you care about is
+not those variables X and Y but another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not those variables X and Y but another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not those variables X and Y but another
+set of variables here u and v so X and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of variables here u and v so X and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of variables here u and v so X and Y
+are giving you you know a nice formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are giving you you know a nice formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are giving you you know a nice formula
+for f but actually the relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for f but actually the relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for f but actually the relevant
+variables for your problem Are u and v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables for your problem Are u and v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables for your problem Are u and v
+and you know how X and Y are related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know how X and Y are related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know how X and Y are related to
+u and v so of course what you could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u and v so of course what you could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u and v so of course what you could do
+is you could plug the formulas you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you could plug the formulas you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you could plug the formulas you know
+the way that we did substituting but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that we did substituting but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that we did substituting but
+maybe that will give you very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that will give you very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that will give you very
+complicated EXP expressions and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated EXP expressions and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated EXP expressions and maybe
+it's actually easier to just work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually easier to just work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually easier to just work with
+the derivatives so the important claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivatives so the important claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivatives so the important claim
+here is basically we don't need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is basically we don't need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is basically we don't need to know
+the actual formulas all we need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual formulas all we need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual formulas all we need to know
+is the rates of changes if we know all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the rates of changes if we know all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the rates of changes if we know all
+these rates of change then we know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these rates of change then we know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these rates of change then we know how
+to take these derivatives without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take these derivatives without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take these derivatives without
+actually having to plug in values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes yes you could certainly do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes you could certainly do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes you could certainly do the same
+things in terms of T if you know If X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in terms of T if you know If X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in terms of T if you know If X
+and Y were functions of T instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y were functions of T instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y were functions of T instead of
+being functions of u and v then it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being functions of u and v then it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being functions of u and v then it would
+be the same thing and you would have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same thing and you would have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same thing and you would have the
+same formulas that I had uh well over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same formulas that I had uh well over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same formulas that I had uh well over
+there I still have it so why does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I still have it so why does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I still have it so why does that
+one have straight D's well the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one have straight D's well the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one have straight D's well the answer is
+I could put curly D if I wanted but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could put curly D if I wanted but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could put curly D if I wanted but I
+end up with a function of a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with a function of a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with a function of a single
+variable so if you have a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so if you have a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so if you have a single
+variable then the partial with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable then the partial with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable then the partial with respect
+to that variable is the same thing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that variable is the same thing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that variable is the same thing as
+the usual derivative so we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual derivative so we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual derivative so we don't
+actually need to worry about Curly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually need to worry about Curly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually need to worry about Curly in
+that case okay but that one is indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case okay but that one is indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case okay but that one is indeed
+it's a special case of this one where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a special case of this one where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a special case of this one where
+instead of X and Y depending on two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of X and Y depending on two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of X and Y depending on two
+variables u and v they depend on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables u and v they depend on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables u and v they depend on a
+single variable T now of course whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single variable T now of course whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single variable T now of course whether
+you call your variables you know any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you call your variables you know any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you call your variables you know any
+name you want it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matter but so this is just a slight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter but so this is just a slight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter but so this is just a slight
+generalization of that well not quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization of that well not quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization of that well not quite
+because here I also had a z see I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because here I also had a z see I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because here I also had a z see I'm I'm
+trying to just confuse you by giving you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to just confuse you by giving you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to just confuse you by giving you
+functions that depend on various numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that depend on various numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that depend on various numbers
+of variables uh if you have a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variables uh if you have a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variables uh if you have a function
+of 30 variables things work the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 30 variables things work the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 30 variables things work the same way
+just longer and you're going to run out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just longer and you're going to run out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just longer and you're going to run out
+of letters in the alphabet before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+end okay any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+no yes what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no yes what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no yes what
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Andi so if you and V themselves depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andi so if you and V themselves depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andi so if you and V themselves depend
+on another variable then you would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on another variable then you would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on another variable then you would you
+know continue with your chain rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know continue with your chain rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know continue with your chain rules
+maybe you would would know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you would would know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you would would know how to
+express partial X partial u in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express partial X partial u in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express partial X partial u in terms
+using that chain rule uh sorry so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using that chain rule uh sorry so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using that chain rule uh sorry so if
+sorry if youu and V depended on yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry if youu and V depended on yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry if youu and V depended on yet
+another variable then you could get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another variable then you could get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another variable then you could get the
+derivative with respect to that using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to that using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to that using
+first the chain rule to pass from UV to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the chain rule to pass from UV to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the chain rule to pass from UV to
+that new variable and then you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that new variable and then you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that new variable and then you would
+plug in these formulas for the partials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in these formulas for the partials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in these formulas for the partials
+of f respect to u and v so in fact if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f respect to u and v so in fact if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f respect to u and v so in fact if
+you have several substitutions to do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have several substitutions to do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have several substitutions to do you
+can always arrange to use one chain rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can always arrange to use one chain rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can always arrange to use one chain rule
+at a time you just have to you know do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time you just have to you know do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time you just have to you know do
+them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in
+sequence um so that's why we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence um so that's why we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence um so that's why we don't
+actually learn that but you can just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually learn that but you can just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually learn that but you can just do
+it by repeating the process I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by repeating the process I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by repeating the process I mean
+probably at that stage the easiest to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably at that stage the easiest to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably at that stage the easiest to
+not get confused actually is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not get confused actually is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not get confused actually is to
+manipulate differentials because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate differentials because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate differentials because that's
+probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+easier yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Rel ah so curly F does not exist that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rel ah so curly F does not exist that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rel ah so curly F does not exist that's
+easy okay Curly F makes no sense but by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy okay Curly F makes no sense but by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy okay Curly F makes no sense but by
+itself it doesn't exist alone what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself it doesn't exist alone what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself it doesn't exist alone what
+exists is only curly F curly d f over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists is only curly F curly d f over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists is only curly F curly d f over
+curly some variable and then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curly some variable and then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curly some variable and then that
+accounts only for the rate of change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts only for the rate of change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts only for the rate of change
+with respect to that variable leaving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to that variable leaving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to that variable leaving
+the others fixed while straight DF is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the others fixed while straight DF is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the others fixed while straight DF is
+somehow a total variation of F and so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow a total variation of F and so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow a total variation of F and so it
+accounts for all of the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts for all of the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts for all of the partial
+derivatives and their combined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects
+okay uh any more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh any more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh any more
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+no okay so let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay so let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay so let me just
+finish very quickly by telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish very quickly by telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish very quickly by telling you
+again you know one example where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you know one example where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you know one example where
+concretely you might want to do this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concretely you might want to do this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concretely you might want to do this is
+you have a function that you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a function that you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a function that you want to
+switch between rectangular and polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch between rectangular and polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch between rectangular and polar
+coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you know just to make things a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know just to make things a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know just to make things a little
+bit more concrete so if you had polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coordinates that means that you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates that means that you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates that means that you know in
+the plane instead of using coordinates X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane instead of using coordinates X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane instead of using coordinates X
+and Y you will coordinates you will use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y you will coordinates you will use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y you will coordinates you will use
+coordinates R distance to the origin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates R distance to the origin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates R distance to the origin and
+Theta the angle from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta the angle from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta the angle from the
+xaxis so the change of variables for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xaxis so the change of variables for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xaxis so the change of variables for
+that is xal R cosine Theta and yal R sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theta and so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and so that
+means well if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means well if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means well if you have a
+function f that depends on X and Y then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f that depends on X and Y then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f that depends on X and Y then
+in fact you can plug these and get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact you can plug these and get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact you can plug these and get a
+function of r and Theta and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of r and Theta and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of r and Theta and then you can
+ask yourself well what is partial F over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask yourself well what is partial F over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask yourself well what is partial F over
+partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial
+R and that's going to be well you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and that's going to be well you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and that's going to be well you want
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+take partial F partial X partial X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take partial F partial X partial X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take partial F partial X partial X
+partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial
+R plus partial F partial y partial y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R plus partial F partial y partial y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R plus partial F partial y partial y
+partial R and so that will end up being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial R and so that will end up being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial R and so that will end up being
+actually F subx time cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually F subx time cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually F subx time cosine
+Theta plus F sub y * sin Theta and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta plus F sub y * sin Theta and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta plus F sub y * sin Theta and you
+can do the same thing to find partial F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do the same thing to find partial F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do the same thing to find partial F
+partial Theta so you can express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial Theta so you can express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial Theta so you can express
+derivatives either in terms of X Y or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives either in terms of X Y or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives either in terms of X Y or in
+terms of R and Theta with simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of R and Theta with simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of R and Theta with simple
+relations between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and
+the oh yes and one last thing I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oh yes and one last thing I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oh yes and one last thing I should
+say so on Thursday we'll learn about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say so on Thursday we'll learn about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say so on Thursday we'll learn about
+more tricks we can play with variations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more tricks we can play with variations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more tricks we can play with variations
+of functions and one that's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of functions and one that's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of functions and one that's important
+because you need to know it actually to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you need to know it actually to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you need to know it actually to
+do the P set is the gradient Vector so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the P set is the gradient Vector so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the P set is the gradient Vector so
+the gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Vector it's simply a vector so you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector it's simply a vector so you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector it's simply a vector so you use
+this downward pointing triangle as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this downward pointing triangle as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this downward pointing triangle as the
+notation for the gradient it's simply a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation for the gradient it's simply a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation for the gradient it's simply a
+vector whose components are the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector whose components are the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector whose components are the partial
+derivatives of the function okay so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of the function okay so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of the function okay so it's
+I mean in a way you can think of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean in a way you can think of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean in a way you can think of a
+differential as a way to package partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential as a way to package partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential as a way to package partial
+derivatives to together into some weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives to together into some weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives to together into some weird
+object well the gradient is also a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object well the gradient is also a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object well the gradient is also a way
+to package partials together so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to package partials together so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to package partials together so we'll
+see on Thursday what it's good for but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see on Thursday what it's good for but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see on Thursday what it's good for but
+uh some of the problems on the pet use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some of the problems on the pet use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some of the problems on the pet use
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+so
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/82t7g2itzm4.txt b/82t7g2itzm4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..732c76d63ea134f5d304c61bdaffe53081e364fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/82t7g2itzm4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4237 @@
+PROFESSOR: Today
+we're going to talk
+
+about protein folding and its
+relation to linkage folding.
+
+We're going to look at a
+mechanical model of proteins.
+
+This is an example of a
+protein from lecture one.
+
+There's a ton out
+there in this place
+
+called the protein data
+bank, all freely available.
+
+It's really hard to
+get pictures like this.
+
+But you get some
+idea that there's
+
+a linkage embedded in here.
+
+You see various little
+spheres and edges.
+
+That's, of course, not reality.
+
+Those spheres are
+actually atoms and they're
+
+kind of amorphous blobs.
+
+The edges are chemical bonds.
+
+And those are connections.
+
+We don't know whether they're--
+it's not really matter,
+
+but it's force.
+
+This is a rather messy picture.
+
+This is what a protein
+folds into, some 3D shape.
+
+Most proteins fold
+consistently into one shape.
+
+We don't really know
+how that happens.
+
+We can't watch it happen.
+
+So the big challenge is
+to know how proteins fold.
+
+Given a protein, what
+does it fold into?
+
+That's the protein
+folding problem.
+
+Major unsolved problem
+in biology, biochemistry.
+
+The protein design problem is
+I want to make a particular 3D
+
+shape so that it docks into
+something, binds to a virus,
+
+whatever, what protein should
+I synthesize in order for it
+
+to fold into that shape?
+
+That is potentially an easier
+question algorithmically
+
+and it's the really useful one
+from a drug design standpoint.
+
+Some new virus comes
+along, you design a drug
+
+to attack it and only
+it, you build it.
+
+Usually you would manufacture
+some synthetic DNA,
+
+you feed it into the
+cell, DNA goes to the RNA,
+
+goes to the mRNA,
+goes to the protein.
+
+You all remember
+biology 101, hopefully.
+
+We don't need to
+know much about it.
+
+If you look at what's called
+the backbone of the protein,
+
+a protein's basically a chain
+and attached to the chain
+
+are various amino acids.
+
+Today I'm going to ignore
+the amino acids, which
+
+is a little crazy, and just
+think about the backbone chain.
+
+Backbone chain looks
+something like this.
+
+One of the challenges of
+video recording a class is I
+
+can only use copyright free
+or Creative Commons images.
+
+This one, I couldn't get
+one, so I had to draw it.
+
+There's various
+measurements here
+
+in certain numbers of angstroms.
+
+Those are the chemical bonds.
+
+Various atoms here-- nitrogen,
+carbon, and so on, hydrogen.
+
+But basically, it's a chain
+that zigzags back and forth.
+
+You can also see
+the angles here.
+
+They're not quite all the
+same, but they're very similar.
+
+All the lengths in
+the angles are close.
+
+It zigzags-- this is
+really in three dimensions.
+
+I tried to draw the spheres
+so you could see the three
+
+dimensionality, but
+it's a little tricky.
+
+And then attached on the
+sides are the amino acids.
+
+I'm going to focus
+just on the backbone.
+
+The way this thing is allowed
+to fold-- these lengths,
+
+as far as we know,
+are pretty static.
+
+They probably would
+jiggle a little bit.
+
+But you can think
+of them as edges.
+
+So you can think of
+this as a linkage.
+
+The catch is, also,
+the angles are
+
+fixed because the way this atom
+wants to bind to other things
+
+has very fixed angle patterns.
+
+If you ever played with a
+chemistry construction set,
+
+that's how they work.
+
+They have holes at
+just particular angles.
+
+So if you think of
+like a robotic arm,
+
+normally-- like here, I have
+it two edge robotic arm,
+
+let's say.
+
+Normally, you have two degrees
+of freedom in three dimensions.
+
+You can change the angle and
+you can spin around this edge.
+
+Now, it's saying the angle
+is fixed-- for example,
+
+here it's, say, at 90 degrees.
+
+All I can do is spin.
+
+I'm not allowed to flex
+my muscle in this way.
+
+So that is the model.
+
+All of-- in this case, we have
+a tree-- all of the angles
+
+here are fixed.
+
+But you can still, for example,
+take this entire sub chain
+
+and spin it around this edge.
+
+That'll preserve all the
+angles and all the lengths.
+
+That's all you're allowed to do.
+
+You take an edge,
+you spin it-- spin
+
+one half of the edge
+relative to the other half.
+
+These are called
+fixed angle linkages.
+
+And they have been studied
+quite a lot because
+
+of their connection
+to protein folding.
+
+So embedded in the
+term linkage, we
+
+assume that the edge
+lengths are fixed,
+
+and then we add the constraint
+that the angles are fixed.
+
+And the motivation
+is the backbone
+
+is something like-- the
+backbone of a protein
+
+is something like
+a fixed angle tree.
+
+Of course, it's
+not much of a tree.
+
+Most of it is a chain.
+
+There's just small
+objects hanging off,
+
+and if you add the
+amino acid there
+
+are bigger things hanging
+off, but still constant size.
+
+They'll have some cycles.
+
+They're not trees.
+
+But it's slightly
+more approximately--
+
+I should draw wavier lines.
+
+It's a chain.
+
+Usually an open chain although
+occasionally a closed chain.
+
+So we think a lot about fixed
+angle chain and sometimes about
+
+fixed angle trees.
+
+Now, fixed angle linkages
+are harder to think
+
+about than universal
+joints-- that's
+
+the usual kind of linkage.
+
+So we know 3D linkages
+are kind of tough.
+
+Nonetheless, we found
+lots of really interesting
+
+mathematical problems
+to solve here,
+
+and that is the topic of today.
+
+At some level, we are
+thinking about the mechanics
+
+of protein folding.
+
+We're throwing away energy.
+
+We're throwing
+away the actuators
+
+in real life that
+make proteins fold.
+
+We're just imagining,
+given this mechanical model
+
+of how a protein might
+fold, what's possible.
+
+So in some sense, it's
+broader than reality.
+
+And the hope is you find
+an interesting algorithm
+
+for how to fold
+these protein chains.
+
+And maybe that's the algorithm
+that nature is implementing.
+
+That's the kind of
+general picture.
+
+We're not constrained
+by reality,
+
+and by how nature
+actually folds things.
+
+So I'm going to talk today
+about four main problems here.
+
+The first one's called span.
+
+Second one's called flattening.
+
+Third one is flat
+state connectivity.
+
+And the fourth one is locked,
+our good friend locked chains.
+
+And of course there
+are locked chains
+
+because we're constraining
+linkages even more than before.
+
+So you could take knitting
+needles, it'll still be locked.
+
+So you add extra constraints.
+
+Makes it harder to fold.
+
+But there are actually some
+interesting positive results
+
+we can give of chains that
+are not locked in some sense.
+
+And flat state connectivity is
+about the same kind of thing,
+
+where instead of worrying
+about getting from anywhere
+
+to anywhere, we just
+worry about getting
+
+from one flat state
+to another flat state.
+
+Flat means lying in a plane.
+
+Flattening is about is
+there such a configuration.
+
+And span is about
+given robotic arm--
+
+like a more complicated one,
+like with multiple edges-- how
+
+far apart can the endpoints
+get, and how close
+
+can the endpoints get.
+
+The universal chain
+is not very exciting.
+
+Farthest it can get is when
+it's straight, and the least far
+
+it can get is when it's closed.
+
+You can always do that, I think.
+
+Well, no, I guess you
+can't always close it up.
+
+That's a little nontrivial.
+
+But for fixed
+angle linkages, you
+
+can't straighten out because
+you have to preserve the angles.
+
+So it's kind of what is the
+straightest like configuration,
+
+given that the angles are fixed.
+
+So let's start with span.
+
+So the span of a
+configuration is the distance
+
+between the endpoints.
+
+And in general, you'll find
+the max span and the min span.
+
+This search was
+begun by a guy named
+
+Mike Soss, who was a
+PhD student at McGill.
+
+And he proved that
+if you want to find,
+
+for example, a flat
+state that lives
+
+in two dimensions with the
+minimum or the maximum span,
+
+this is NP-hard.
+
+This is in his PhD thesis.
+
+Question?
+
+AUDIENCE: If you have a
+linkage or [INAUDIBLE]
+
+chain that actually loops
+around, is there a span
+
+because there is no endpoint?
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, here I'm
+assuming open chain--
+
+I should say that--
+which most proteins are.
+
+I've been talking
+about trees and stuff.
+
+Here I mean chain, otherwise
+there aren't two end points
+
+to think about.
+
+Good.
+
+So here are his
+NP-hardness proofs.
+
+[INAUDIBLE] the problems
+are NP-complete.
+
+They're pretty simple.
+
+The problem here we're
+reducing from is partition.
+
+I give you a bunch of integers.
+
+I want to divide them into
+two halves of equal sum.
+
+And the top example is
+minimum flat span problem.
+
+So you make an orthogonal chain
+where the horizontal edges are
+
+long and they're proportional
+to the integers you're given,
+
+the vertical edges
+are really tiny.
+
+And so what you'd like to do--
+all you can do is sort of flip
+
+because you have to
+stay in the plane,
+
+you can flip one of
+the vertical edges,
+
+say, and make any of these
+edges go left or right.
+
+You get that freedom.
+
+So each integer,
+you get to choose.
+
+Do I go right by that amount and
+or do I go left by that amount?
+
+And if the amount you go left
+is equal to the amount you
+
+go right-- in other
+words, is it partitioned
+
+into two equal sums-- then
+those endpoints will be aligned,
+
+and then their distance
+will be very tiny.
+
+Otherwise, it will
+be quite large
+
+because the horizontal
+distances are all big.
+
+So it's kind of a very
+easy NP-hardness proof.
+
+To maximize your
+flat span, instead
+
+of mapping your
+integers on to lengths,
+
+you map them on to
+angles-- return angles.
+
+I won't specify
+that too precisely.
+
+But again, if you make
+your total counterclockwise
+
+turn equal to your
+total clockwise turn,
+
+then the two end edges,
+which are super, super long,
+
+will be parallel.
+
+And to maximize the distance
+between the endpoints,
+
+you want them to be parallel.
+
+If you make them go some
+other angle, they're closer.
+
+Now, both of these proofs
+rely on the requirement
+
+that you want a
+flat configuration
+
+with minimum or maximum span.
+
+Now, there's a claim
+that flat configurations
+
+matter for proteins, so
+it's a natural constraint.
+
+But what about the
+general problem?
+
+What about, I have something
+in three dimensions,
+
+I want to maximize-- I have
+a fixed angle chain in 3D,
+
+maximize or minimize the span?
+
+Both of those problems are open.
+
+Can you solve them
+in polynomial time?
+
+For 3D max span, so the non flat
+version just for maximization,
+
+there's been a lot of work.
+
+And there are two
+papers on the subject.
+
+One of them is by
+Nadia and Joe O'Rourke.
+
+Another one is by
+Borcea and Streinu.
+
+And I just want to
+quickly summarize
+
+that because there's
+a lot of stuff there.
+
+But essentially, they find what
+the structure of those spans
+
+look like.
+
+I have an early figure
+that's in our book
+
+before all this work was done.
+
+The simple chain, this black guy
+at 1, 2 3, 4 bars open chain,
+
+and in that black three
+dimensional state,
+
+it maximizes the span,
+the green span there.
+
+And if you look
+from above, which
+
+is this picture-- of course,
+the end points look much closer
+
+in projection-- and the red
+configuration is the max span
+
+if you restrict to
+flat configurations.
+
+So here, of course,
+3D buys you something.
+
+In general, it always will.
+
+An interesting thing
+is that this max
+
+span-- the green line--
+passes through another vertex.
+
+It seems kind of weird.
+
+And in fact, there's a
+general theorem there
+
+sort of characterizing the
+structure of these chains.
+
+It's still not
+known whether we can
+
+solve this problem
+in polynomial time.
+
+But for orthogonal chains, where
+all the angles are 90 degrees,
+
+we can solve that in
+linear time, I guess.
+
+And here's what it looks like.
+
+Suppose you have some
+orthogonal chain.
+
+Orthogonal chains are nice
+because you can draw them
+
+in the plane as a staircase.
+
+So there's a nice
+canonical configuration.
+
+One way to think about
+how to find the max span
+
+configuration-- I'm just
+going to give a high level
+
+overview here, this won't
+be a complete algorithm--
+
+is you triangulated
+that staircase
+
+in this sort of obvious
+way of connecting
+
+every endpoint to
+the one, two ahead.
+
+And think about this as like a
+body that's hinging around here
+
+because I can spin-- if I spin
+the left part of this chain
+
+around this edge, it's
+like hinging that triangle
+
+around that hinge.
+
+Same thing.
+
+You could think
+of these triangles
+
+as just being hinged together,
+like in rigid origami.
+
+It's the same class of motions.
+
+And now you can--
+what I'm going to do
+
+is compute a shortest path in
+this surface from here to here.
+
+Confusingly, this is called
+a geodesic shortest path
+
+although it's not really
+related to geodesics
+
+from polyhedral surfaces.
+
+But if I compute
+a shortest path,
+
+it's going to go
+like to this vertex
+
+and then probably
+to that vertex.
+
+But I'm constrained to
+stay inside the union
+
+of those triangles.
+
+I want to go from one
+endpoint to another.
+
+Then I claim that--
+OK, these two edges
+
+will stay planar, of course
+they form a triangle-- I claim
+
+these four edges
+will stay planar,
+
+and in the orthogonal
+case they'll stay zigzag.
+
+And then also these two guys
+will stay in their own plane.
+
+And then I claim that actually
+this wiggly line, which
+
+is not straight
+because it bends here
+
+and it bends here, the total
+length of that wiggly line
+
+is the max span.
+
+And you achieve that by folding
+this planar part with respect
+
+to this planar part with
+respect to this planar part
+
+so that the wiggly lines
+become aligned and straight.
+
+And that's very hard to draw.
+
+But it can be done,
+and that's what
+
+you do in the orthogonal
+case and that gives you
+
+the answer in linear
+time with enough work.
+
+For non orthogonal
+though, it's open
+
+whether you can do this
+in polynomial time.
+
+Maybe it's NP-hard, actually.
+
+I don't know.
+
+That's all I want
+to say about span.
+
+Next, we go to flattening.
+
+The first question
+about flattening,
+
+and the main one
+we'll talk about here
+
+until we get to flat
+state connectivity,
+
+is does a fixed angle chain
+have a flat state at all?
+
+Can you even draw it in
+the plane without crossing?
+
+So we're restricted here to
+have no self intersections.
+
+We want flat state,
+no self intersection.
+
+Then there would be a question
+of given some configuration,
+
+can I actually continuously
+get to a flat state?
+
+But the simplest question
+is ignore getting there.
+
+Just, is there a flat state?
+
+And this problem is NP-hard.
+
+Again, Mike Soss and his
+advisor Godfried Toussaint.
+
+It's a little more
+complicated, but it's basically
+
+the same idea as that very
+simple proof, which was just
+
+to map integers to a little
+zigzag staircase here.
+
+So the goal is to
+force x to end up
+
+being-- the two endpoints
+of the green curve--
+
+to be aligned with each other.
+
+That will exist if
+and only if there
+
+is a partition of
+given integers.
+
+And there's all this
+infrastructure that's
+
+sort of-- there's little
+lock here and a key,
+
+and some structure on the left.
+
+Basically forces the
+picture to look like that.
+
+So the first claim is
+that the black stuff
+
+is basically unique.
+
+I think there's one
+global reflection
+
+you can do that doesn't
+affect anything.
+
+But you try any of
+the other flips.
+
+Again, we're restricted
+to flat states here.
+
+So there's only sort of a
+bounded number of things
+
+you can do, a finite number
+of things you can do.
+
+You try all of them,
+they self intersect.
+
+So the black thing
+is basically forced,
+
+and it forces the
+endpoint-- this endpoint
+
+x-- from the black
+side to be aligned
+
+with this very narrow spike.
+
+And because the
+angles are preserved,
+
+that red guy's going
+to be vertical.
+
+It can't go down
+so it must go up.
+
+And so only if this thing is
+aligned in the center, aligned
+
+with x-- in other
+words, this problem
+
+has a partition-- will
+this have a flat state.
+
+So it's not the most
+exciting example.
+
+This is only a weak
+NP-hardness proof.
+
+Lots of interesting
+questions still
+
+open here, like if all the
+links are the same, if they're
+
+all equal, then we don't know.
+
+Or if all the links are
+even polynomially bounded,
+
+this needs really, really long
+lengths verses really, really
+
+tiny links exponentially--
+exponential in ratio.
+
+All these problems are open.
+
+And that's flattening.
+
+So we're going very quickly
+because there isn't-- well,
+
+partly because I'm more
+excited about this--
+
+but there's more work
+in these two parts.
+
+So I'm going to focus on that.
+
+Next topic is flat
+state connectivity.
+
+So the idea is to think
+about the configuration
+
+space of these fixed
+angle chains, let's say.
+
+And we kind of know
+that it's going
+
+to be disconnected because
+there are knitting needles,
+
+there are nasty things.
+
+So there's maybe various
+connective components.
+
+But let's say that we really
+care about flat states.
+
+And the question is, are
+they connected to each other?
+
+So in other words, do
+all the flat states--
+
+mark them with x's--
+do they all appear?
+
+There's only finitely many.
+
+So configurations,
+there's this continuum
+
+that there are these messy
+blobs, semi algebraic sets.
+
+The flat states, those
+are discrete things.
+
+Because we have
+fixed angles, you
+
+can flip or not flip every edge.
+
+So [INAUDIBLE] most
+exponentially many
+
+of them, so finite.
+
+Are they all in one component?
+
+So I can get-- if I pick two
+of my favorite flat states,
+
+there's a path between them?
+
+Or are some of them in
+multiple components?
+
+So in this case, we call
+it flat state disconnected.
+
+And if they're all like this,
+we call it flat state connected.
+
+And we'd just like to
+know which chains, which
+
+fixed angle trees, whatever,
+are flat state connected
+
+versus flat state disconnected.
+
+I would say, the
+big open problem
+
+here is every fixed angle
+chain, open chain flat state
+
+connected?
+
+That is still open.
+
+We have lots of results
+in that direction.
+
+So the top four results
+are about open chains,
+
+but they have an
+extra constraint.
+
+For example, open chains that
+have a monotone configuration,
+
+like the staircase.
+
+Those are flat state connected.
+
+In fact, whenever the
+angles between the edges
+
+are either orthogonal
+or obtuse, then they're
+
+flat state connected.
+
+When the angles are acute,
+we're not really sure.
+
+If all the angles are equal
+and acute, then we can do it.
+
+But if they're different
+and acute, we don't know.
+
+Unless the edges
+are all unit length
+
+and the angles are in this
+funny range, then we can do it.
+
+So there's all these
+special cases we can solve.
+
+The most relevant to proteins
+is actually obtuse chains,
+
+so we've solved sort
+of the main problem
+
+with this second result.
+
+But there's a natural
+theoretical question
+
+here is, are all open
+chains flat state connected
+
+or do we get disconnectivity?
+
+I will show you that-- I'll
+show the orthogonal case
+
+in a little bit.
+
+We can do some stuff if you
+have multiple chains that
+
+are attached to some
+blob like a cell.
+
+Closed chains is a little
+bit-- for disconnected,
+
+we don't have very interesting
+examples, I would say.
+
+This is funny because
+locked examples
+
+are easy to come by but flat
+state disconnected examples are
+
+little trickier because
+flat is so constrained.
+
+So let me just show
+you these examples.
+
+This is what we call a partially
+rigid fixed angle tree.
+
+So not only are
+the angles fixed,
+
+but also the black
+edges are not-- in fact,
+
+only the blue edges here
+are allowed to spin.
+
+Everything else is held rigid.
+
+So these arms are somehow forced
+to be in exactly that geometry.
+
+I can spin it
+around this edge, so
+
+spin it up into 3D, for example.
+
+These are two different flat
+states of the same linkage.
+
+The only difference between
+these two-- I haven't rotated
+
+or anything-- is that I've
+taken each of these arms
+
+and flipped it
+around a blue axis.
+
+If I do all four of them,
+I would get this picture.
+
+But the claim is, you cannot do
+that without self intersection.
+
+The intuition is, when
+there aren't very-- oh,
+
+one other thing that makes
+it slightly more interesting.
+
+It's weird to say, well why
+did you force some of the edges
+
+to be rigid and not others?
+
+One way to force that is
+to use a general graph.
+
+If you add some extra
+edges to sort of brace this
+
+and all these angles are
+fixed, then this linkage
+
+will behave exactly
+like that one.
+
+So that at least is
+somewhat more natural,
+
+although what we really care
+about are chains, maybe trees.
+
+But we don't know
+whether there's
+
+a-- we also don't know
+whether all fixed angle
+
+trees are flat state connected.
+
+These are the worst
+examples we know.
+
+Let me give you an idea
+of why it doesn't work.
+
+This is a little animation
+of just a couple of moves
+
+attempted, and it's just
+going cycle through that.
+
+And these are some static images
+of the same kind of thing.
+
+So the intuition is the
+following-- you have four arms.
+
+You have two sides to the
+plane, there's up and down.
+
+The four arms and two
+sides, at least two of them
+
+are going to have to
+go to the same side.
+
+The best you can do is two
+and two, or three and one.
+
+But in either case,
+you have two sides
+
+go to the-- two arms
+that go on the same side.
+
+Now, it could be,
+like in this image,
+
+that they're opposite arms.
+
+So there's this arm here
+and there's this arm here.
+
+So they're connected
+by a 180 degree angle.
+
+And those guys,
+when they fold up,
+
+actually these edges will
+just hit each other dead on.
+
+So that's kind of obvious
+from a geometric standpoint.
+
+Maybe you call it cheating
+for them to hit dead on.
+
+You can twiddle the edge lengths
+so that they will properly
+
+intersect without
+dead on collision,
+
+without being
+degenerate basically.
+
+The alternative
+is that-- and this
+
+is a little harder
+to see geometrically,
+
+and that's why we drew that
+animation-- is that you have
+
+one arm and you have an adjacent
+arm connected by a 90 degree
+
+angle.
+
+Now here, there's clearly
+some collision going on.
+
+And if you happen to fold
+it up 90 degrees like that
+
+and then fold the other guy,
+obviously you get stuck.
+
+But maybe you fold it a
+little bit and the other guy
+
+goes a little bit
+more and there could
+
+be some dance between those two
+degrees of freedom, those two
+
+arms, that somehow gets
+them both to pass over
+
+to the other side.
+
+It's obviously not possible.
+
+How do you prove it?
+
+Well, you could prove it with
+topology-- knot theory or link
+
+theory.
+
+So it's a very cute proof.
+
+You start with-- so
+here's the full example,
+
+but I've highlighted
+the two arms in red
+
+that are going to move.
+
+And I imagine
+connecting the endpoints
+
+of each arm with these
+little blue ropes
+
+underneath the plane.
+
+They're both going
+on the same side.
+
+Let's say they somehow
+pass through each other
+
+on the top side.
+
+Then I'm free to connect
+stuff on the bottom,
+
+and I shouldn't
+collide with that.
+
+So if somehow,
+both of these guys
+
+flip over-- so arm on
+the left, A3 flips over.
+
+A3 stays where it
+is but now the arm
+
+is on the top, the north side
+instead of the south side.
+
+And the other guy, from B
+to B3, used to go like this
+
+and now it goes like this.
+
+If that happens somehow,
+then these ropes
+
+could remain intact
+during that whole motion.
+
+On the top, you have two closed
+loops that are not interlocked.
+
+On the bottom, you
+have two closed loops
+
+that are interlocked.
+
+So there's no way to
+get from there to there
+
+without colliding somewhere.
+
+The blue stuff didn't
+move, so the red stuff
+
+must have collided.
+
+So even just topologically,
+you are screwed.
+
+That is their only
+negative example.
+
+Lots of interesting
+open questions here.
+
+On the positive
+side, let me show you
+
+for orthogonal chains--
+and the same algorithm
+
+works for obtuse
+chains, all the angles
+
+are obtuse-- how they
+are flat state connected.
+
+So in order to show it's
+flat state connected,
+
+I want to think
+about two flat states
+
+and show that I
+can fold from one
+
+to the other via some
+intermediate 3D stuff.
+
+Let's start with one
+of the flat states.
+
+So it's orthogonal.
+
+So in two dimensions,
+all the edges
+
+will be horizontal or vertical.
+
+In 3D, they can kind of be in
+many, many different angles,
+
+many different
+dihedral triangles.
+
+In 2D, it's pretty simple.
+
+And all I need to do is
+sort of pick up that chain,
+
+and I'm going to try to
+pick it up into a staircase
+
+because there's
+only one staircase.
+
+If I can make it a
+staircase, I make
+
+flat configuration A a
+staircase, flat configuration B
+
+a staircase, and just
+FedEx in the middle.
+
+Once they're both
+staircases, I play one motion
+
+and the other one backwards,
+get from anywhere to anywhere.
+
+So here's all you do you.
+
+You take the first
+edge and you just
+
+rotate it up to the red line A.
+And then you take the next edge
+
+and you take both
+of those edges,
+
+and you just rotate
+them like this,
+
+so you get that little
+2-step staircase.
+
+Now I'd really like
+to pick up this edge,
+
+but I want to
+first get these two
+
+edges in a plane with that edge.
+
+So I rotate this flag over to
+the left, I get those two guys.
+
+And now they're in a plane with
+this, and I just lift that up.
+
+Then I'm going to
+flip, then rotate up.
+
+Flip, rotate, flip, rotate.
+
+Here's some more examples.
+
+So if at this point, I have
+this staircase-- sorry,
+
+I guess originally I have
+from V3 to D up there.
+
+it's not in plane with this guy,
+so I just rotate it like that.
+
+I'm spinning around this edge.
+
+So now I have from
+B3 to #, and then I
+
+rotate it up along
+that green arc.
+
+And I get a bigger
+staircase above the chain
+
+and because everything's
+staying above,
+
+it will never
+penetrate the plane
+
+and will never hit anybody else.
+
+And I'm building a
+staircase by design.
+
+I always rotate this--
+there's actually
+
+two ways I could be in
+plane-- but I always
+
+rotate it so that when
+I pick an edge up,
+
+it'll be in a staircase.
+
+So this is actually really easy.
+
+And slight generalization
+is to obtuse chains,
+
+then instead of making a
+staircase, we make a monotone.
+
+Let me get this right.
+
+Yeah, sum z monotone state.
+
+So it goes monotone and z,
+out of the plane, that's
+
+enough to avoid
+collision, and you
+
+get a canonical configuration.
+
+Also, if you have acute angles
+but all the angles are equal,
+
+then there's a
+natural conical state,
+
+which is just like a
+compressed staircase.
+
+And that will work here, too.
+
+That takes more effort.
+
+That was in a separate paper.
+
+But big open question is,
+chains with arbitrary angles.
+
+We have no idea.
+
+It is very hard to do
+an operation like this.
+
+Wow, we are burning
+through this.
+
+This is fun.
+
+So the next topic is
+about locked chains.
+
+Now as I said, you can
+take a knitting needles
+
+example, which has five edges.
+
+And that will still
+be locked if you
+
+force the angles to be
+fixed because it was locked
+
+without the angles being fixed.
+
+Now, it required a length
+ratio of 3:1, I think.
+
+This edge had to be longer
+than the sum of those three.
+
+So let me put down
+some open problems.
+
+So you may recall in the
+case of universal chains--
+
+universal joints, I should
+say-- the big open question was,
+
+can you lock a
+universal joint 3D chain
+
+with unit edge lengths?
+
+So, equilateral-- every
+edge is the same length.
+
+Is there a locked chain
+like the knitting needles
+
+when all the edge
+lengths are the same.
+
+And one of the motivations
+for that is in proteins,
+
+the edge lengths are all
+within like 50% of each other.
+
+So it's pretty
+natural, of course.
+
+We don't have universal
+joints with proteins.
+
+We have fixed angle joints.
+
+So the big open problem
+for fixed angle joints--
+
+I guess we'll do this in parts--
+is there a locked 3D fixed
+
+angle chain that's equilateral?
+
+I'm going to add
+some conditions here.
+
+So that's the first
+natural question.
+
+Knitting needles
+doesn't suffice.
+
+We need a 3:1 length
+ratio, as far as we know.
+
+Turns out that question's
+not very interesting.
+
+I need to do slightly
+nonlinear editing here.
+
+So you take your
+knitting needles example,
+
+and you just subdivide the edges
+into lots of little tiny bars.
+
+It doesn't have to
+be this extreme.
+
+You could not subdivide
+these edges at all,
+
+and make these
+guys subdivide them
+
+into like three or four parts.
+
+Because the angles
+are fixed, these guys
+
+act as a single [INAUDIBLE].
+
+There's really no difference.
+
+Maybe you make a
+slight curve there
+
+and then they can bend a little
+bit, but really not much.
+
+So if you just say, oh, I
+want it to be unit length.
+
+I don't constrain what the
+angles are but I fix them,
+
+then it's trivial to come
+up with locked examples.
+
+So that's not very interesting.
+
+What if I make it not
+only equilateral--
+
+the lengths are the same--
+if I make it equiangular.
+
+Because, again, in proteins,
+all the angles are similar.
+
+They're around 110, 108,
+something like that.
+
+They're all pretty close,
+I think within 10 to 20%
+
+of each other.
+
+Well, there's also
+a locked example.
+
+And just to show you how
+research was done back
+
+at the turn of the century,
+this is pre-web 2.0, pre-Ajax
+
+and all that fancy stuff.
+
+We used Ascii Art.
+
+Email was the tool of choice.
+
+I know it's hard to imagine
+a time-- 2002, so long ago.
+
+And I tracked this down.
+
+This is the original
+claim it looks--
+
+we call this the
+crossed legs example
+
+because it's like two legs
+crossed around each other.
+
+And this is the first time
+we thought, oh, maybe it
+
+could be done, unit length.
+
+This is Stefan Langerman.
+
+And here, for the
+first time ever--
+
+this is not the first model,
+but this is the first photograph
+
+of any model I'm aware of-- this
+is the crossed legs example.
+
+This is made with a
+construction toy that
+
+used to be sold around here
+but is no longer in production.
+
+So they're pretty hard to get.
+
+It's straws-- nicely colored
+straws-- and the cool part
+
+are these connectors.
+
+So the connectors force
+particular angles.
+
+In this case, every
+angle is 45 degrees.
+
+So this is equiangular
+and equilateral
+
+because all the straws, I'm
+told, are the same length.
+
+That's how they're sold.
+
+And you can do edge spins.
+
+Whoops, that's called cheating.
+
+It's not totally obvious
+that this is locked.
+
+The problem with the model
+is that the edges can bend.
+
+But if you treat it properly
+and only spin around the edges,
+
+then you're stuck.
+
+Now, there is one
+thing you can do.
+
+See if I-- yeah, like this.
+
+So here, I'm almost in a plane.
+
+I've got the purple edge
+right against the pink one.
+
+Easier to see from that angle?
+
+I don't know.
+
+So here, this guy can
+come out and this guy
+
+can barely go on the edge.
+
+So actually, this doesn't
+quite work for equilateral.
+
+It works for one plus epsilon.
+
+That's why I added these
+little nubs at the end.
+
+So if they're all
+exactly equal length
+
+and you allow just
+abrasion of the endpoint,
+
+then this could go
+around like that
+
+and then you'd be unlocked.
+
+But if you just add
+slightly-- either
+
+you change the angles
+to be not quite equal,
+
+so make this a little smaller,
+or you make the lengths
+
+a little bit longer
+at the ends-- then
+
+the claim is it's locked.
+
+We don't actually have
+a formal proof of this.
+
+We're just remembering, hey, we
+should probably write this up.
+
+I was talking to
+Stefan last night.
+
+So someday we'll prove
+that this is locked.
+
+But it certainly looks like it.
+
+So this isn't open yet.
+
+I mean, modulo the
+details of that proof.
+
+Equilateral and
+equiangular seems
+
+easy to lock with
+fixed angle chains.
+
+In fact, even easier, this
+example only has four edges.
+
+So even less than
+the knitting needles.
+
+Fixed angles make for
+complicated motions, I guess.
+
+Make it hard to unlock things.
+
+So I need to add
+one more constraint,
+
+and the constraint is obtuse.
+
+So again, all of
+these properties
+
+are enjoyed by proteins.
+
+Protein backbones have
+all these properties.
+
+Even if you looked
+at fixed angle trees,
+
+is there something like
+this that's locked?
+
+And now, we don't know.
+
+And this seems quite tricky.
+
+I guess the intuition is that
+obtuse-- and usually we think
+
+about orthogonal,
+just cause it's easier
+
+to draw the
+pictures, but reality
+
+is more like 108 degrees--
+the conjecture is
+
+obtuse fixed angle chains behave
+kind of like universal joints.
+
+And with universal
+joints, we don't
+
+know whether
+equilateral is enough.
+
+So it's tricky.
+
+Yeah, question.
+
+AUDIENCE: In the
+previous example,
+
+you showed the ribbon thing--
+
+PROFESSOR: The subdivided.
+
+AUDIENCE: Subdivided into a
+bunch of little interconnecting
+
+pieces.
+
+What if you, instead,
+made your ribbon lengths
+
+basically a bunch of little
+unit obtuse angle connectors,
+
+and then when you hit
+the big terms it's just
+
+obtuse, obtuse, obtuse, obtuse.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, you
+can make this example
+
+be entirely obtuse.
+
+You can make every angle obtuse.
+
+Here, you could
+arc a little bit.
+
+Here, you could arc some
+more, but not too sharp.
+
+And because here,
+we actually know
+
+that this part can
+be made a string.
+
+We don't really care
+what it looks like.
+
+So you can make
+it fairly obtuse.
+
+It's just that these guys
+should not bend much.
+
+They have to be long no
+matter how you fold them.
+
+So if you want equilateral
+and obtuse, that's also easy.
+
+But to make all the
+angles actually be equal,
+
+as far as we know you cannot
+take that knitting needles
+
+subdivided.
+
+Make all the lengths equal,
+and all the angles equal,
+
+and make them obtuse.
+
+That's open.
+
+But any two out of
+the three, it's easy.
+
+Of course, in reality they're
+not quite equilateral.
+
+They're not quite equiangular.
+
+But it's still open for those.
+
+If you have like a small
+range for the lengths
+
+and a small range for
+the angles, this is open.
+
+We pose it this way because
+it's the cleanest geometrically.
+
+But the real question
+you care about
+
+is when these are
+fuzzy constraints.
+
+Obtuse is real, but
+these guys are fuzzier.
+
+So if you think about proteins,
+which fold very well in nature,
+
+there are a couple of
+reasons they might fold well.
+
+We know, as far as
+fixed angle chains go,
+
+it's actually quite easy
+to find locked examples.
+
+And, this is somewhat
+intuitive but bear with me,
+
+because they are locked examples
+in this configuration space,
+
+we believe these configuration
+spaces are really ugly nasty.
+
+So it would be very hard--
+even if you know, oh I only
+
+need to fold something
+in my component--
+
+if these guys are
+highly disconnected
+
+and flat states are
+all over the place,
+
+it's probably even within
+this connected component,
+
+it looks really ugly.
+
+And so it's very hard to find a
+path from one state to another.
+
+Probably pieced based
+complete, although we
+
+don't know that for sure.
+
+But that's the intuition.
+
+Locked equals messy.
+
+When there are no
+locked configurations,
+
+like carpenter's rules, we
+get really nice algorithms.
+
+It's super easy to get from
+state A to state B. Now,
+
+if you're nature or
+you're designing nature,
+
+let's say, or you're building
+your own virtual world, Second
+
+Life, and you want
+to design proteins,
+
+you would like to design
+them in such a way
+
+that they fold easily because
+it happens all the time.
+
+Every thing that is being acted
+on by our body, every living
+
+thing that we know has
+tons of little proteins
+
+that are doing all the work.
+
+They are folded into their
+shape and they do something.
+
+That's proteins plus
+RNA, but mostly proteins.
+
+So to understand life, we
+should understand proteins.
+
+Now, how to proteins
+fold so well when we know
+
+there are all these
+locked configurations?
+
+One possible answer is that
+proteins have extra structure,
+
+namely these three
+things, which somehow
+
+make it very easy to
+algorithmically go
+
+from A to B. Notice I'm not
+assuming anything about how
+
+proteins fold in terms of what
+is the mechanism that drives
+
+them because we don't really
+understand those mechanisms.
+
+There's hydrophobia, which we
+don't really know how it works.
+
+So all these little forces
+that we don't fully understand.
+
+We understand lots of
+parts of the story,
+
+but not the whole story.
+
+And what's convenient about
+these kinds of problems
+
+is you don't need
+to assume anything
+
+about how it actually happens.
+
+All we're assuming is
+the mechanical behavior
+
+of the proteins, and how
+they could possibly fold.
+
+And the idea is if there's
+locked configurations, that's
+
+probably the wrong model
+because then everything's messy.
+
+Now there's also
+evolution coming into play
+
+and maybe some proteins
+are easy to fold,
+
+some proteins are hard to fold.
+
+That's an interesting
+question which
+
+should be experimented with.
+
+But let's hope that
+there's a model.
+
+Things are mutating randomly.
+
+You really like
+everything to fold nicely.
+
+Maybe it's because
+you have all three
+
+of these properties,
+approximately,
+
+in real proteins.
+
+So general idea is that nature
+has some extra constraints that
+
+make protein folding easy.
+
+Just have to figure
+out what they are
+
+and why it makes them easy.
+
+Unfortunately, this is
+still an open problem.
+
+If this had an algorithm, that
+would be a natural candidate
+
+for what nature's doing
+using its mechanical--
+
+or using it's energies
+and forces, and so on.
+
+This would be a rather
+unsatisfactory ending
+
+if this was-- if the
+climax was an open problem.
+
+We have a theorem too.
+
+And this is what I'll
+cover in most detail.
+
+And it's a paper called
+producible protein chains.
+
+Protein chains just means fixed
+angle chains, open chains.
+
+And the idea is well, yeah,
+there are these constraints
+
+or there are these
+extra features.
+
+We don't know how
+to exploit them,
+
+so let's not even
+worry about them.
+
+Suppose they don't even exist.
+
+Maybe I'm going to assume
+obtuse, but none of the others.
+
+There's another
+constraint in how proteins
+
+fold, or really how
+proteins are created.
+
+They're created by a machine,
+a molecular machine made up
+
+of a whole bunch of proteins
+and RNA, called the ribosome.
+
+You may have heard of.
+
+It translates messenger
+RNA into proteins.
+
+So there's some mRNA
+around here, maybe.
+
+Don't know exactly how
+this machine works.
+
+But there are actually very
+accurate three dimensional
+
+reconstructions of the ribosome.
+
+With no copyright
+free images, you're
+
+going to have to-- there's
+a link on the slide that
+
+goes to the cool and 3D
+models of the ribosome,
+
+with a slice away.
+
+So you can see there's
+a tunnel down here,
+
+and the protein get
+sort of created here.
+
+The background
+gets created here.
+
+And it starts going
+through this tunnel.
+
+There's a bend in
+the tunnel around
+
+here, where it's conjectured
+and an amino acid gets attached.
+
+And then it goes out the
+tunnel and the protein
+
+starts spewing out here
+and presumably folding
+
+at the same time.
+
+We don't really know.
+
+So this is how
+proteins are created.
+
+The birds and bees,
+I guess, of proteins.
+
+So what's interesting
+about this is
+
+it's not like a protein
+exists and then folds,
+
+which is how a lot
+of people might
+
+think about it at first glance.
+
+That's the natural way to
+model protein folding--
+
+start with a protein, say,
+and just zigzag configuration.
+
+If it's obtuse, there's a nice
+zigzag monotone configuration.
+
+Then you see what is
+the best configuration
+
+I could fold into, for
+some notion of best.
+
+And that's sort of what
+this configuration space
+
+picture is about.
+
+It's if I already
+have a protein, what
+
+configurations can
+I reach by motions?
+
+And that is interesting.
+
+That's important
+because you're still
+
+going to have to
+reach by a motion.
+
+But, it's actually
+more flexible than that
+
+because the protein could
+just be partially built.
+
+The rest of the protein
+hasn't been built.
+
+And it could start
+folding already.
+
+It might be easier
+to fold when you
+
+don't have the obstacles
+of your existing protein.
+
+So that's both a worry, but
+it's also a convenient structure
+
+because this ribosome
+is a giant obstacle.
+
+Bigger than most proteins.
+
+If your protein's really long,
+maybe it could go over here.
+
+But most the time, it's going to
+stay on one side of this plane
+
+because locally, this thing
+is basically flat, if you look
+
+at the real 3D pictures,
+not the schematic.
+
+Now, this is good news for a
+geometer because there's this
+
+giant obstacle-- think
+of it as a half space--
+
+which the protein cannot
+penetrate while it's being
+
+produced over here.
+
+That's it.
+
+That half space constraint
+is enough to get
+
+really good algorithms
+for folding your chain.
+
+It's weird because we've
+made a problem both harder
+
+because the protein is only
+partially produced at any time
+
+and it can fold,
+which is part of it,
+
+but we've also made
+our life easier
+
+because there's
+this big obstacle.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+makes sense
+
+why there's only obtuse
+angles there, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, right.
+
+Out of this, we're going to get
+that the angles and the protein
+
+are constrained.
+
+And in particular, for
+this angle-- it depends.
+
+I mean, in this picture because
+it's perpendicular here, yeah,
+
+the sharpest angle
+you could make
+
+is 90 degrees, more or less.
+
+That's a good point.
+
+So it's a convenient match
+between the chemistry, which
+
+also forces the angles
+to be obtuse, I guess.
+
+I don't know a ton of chemistry.
+
+But also, the ribosome
+just geometrically forces.
+
+We're going to use a
+property like that.
+
+Our model is going to be a
+little bit more-- both more
+
+general and simpler.
+
+We're going to imagine that
+the ribosome is a cone.
+
+It's part of the
+upper come here.
+
+This is like a mirror image.
+
+And in reality, that
+cone is actually
+
+a plane and everything
+above the plane.
+
+But to be more
+general, we're going
+
+to allow some angle alpha here.
+
+It's also just easier to think
+about when alpha is smaller
+
+than 90, but everything I say
+will work when alpha equals 90
+
+and that is sort of
+the reality case.
+
+So the model is-- so
+the ribosome is a cone.
+
+We call this the half
+angle of the cone.
+
+From the vertical axis to the
+edge of the cone is alpha.
+
+So if you were going from
+one axis to the other,
+
+it would be 2 alpha.
+
+The model is, you start with
+one link of your chain, which
+
+is inside the cone.
+
+It's spews out through the apex.
+
+That's the exit of the tunnel.
+
+Here, we're allowing the tunnel
+to be actually quite free.
+
+Doesn't have to be
+perpendicular to the apex
+
+or the plane of the apex.
+
+So the edge comes
+out, and as soon
+
+as the endpoint of the
+chain reaches here,
+
+then a new link is created.
+
+This is like a very simple model
+for how a chain can come out
+
+of a cone without
+worrying about what's
+
+happening inside the cone.
+
+Imagining everything's
+totally free.
+
+This is like you can
+allow self intersection
+
+in the cone, who knows what.
+
+But once you come
+outside the cone,
+
+you're not allowed
+to self intersect
+
+and you're not allowed
+to intersect the cone.
+
+Once you come out,
+you can't go back in.
+
+So that is a model of
+producing protein chains.
+
+And if you have a
+cone of angle alpha,
+
+we call this an alpha
+producible chain.
+
+For whatever reason, we often
+call it beta producible chain.
+
+Just change the variable.
+
+So if you think of the ribosome
+as a cone with half angle beta,
+
+you can produce it like this.
+
+That is beta producible.
+
+Now this is a pretty
+powerful model
+
+because you only have to
+worry about it link by link.
+
+You don't have to worry
+about the rest of the chain
+
+until it spews
+outside of the cone.
+
+But it's restrictive in that
+you cannot penetrate the cone.
+
+All right.
+
+One thing we can
+talk about is angles.
+
+So I'm going to
+write call a chain
+
+a less than or
+equal to alpha chain
+
+if all the turn angles are
+less than or equal to alpha.
+
+I don't know if I've used
+turn angles in this class.
+
+Probably.
+
+If I have two edges,
+the angle would be this.
+
+The turn angle would be
+this, the supplement.
+
+Yeah.
+
+I guess we used
+turn angles way back
+
+in origami land, Kawasaki's
+theorem and so on.
+
+It's just, if you're
+going straight,
+
+how much do you have to turn
+to get to the next edge.
+
+So we'd like fairly
+obtuse things.
+
+So alpha is going to be small.
+
+There isn't a ton of turn.
+
+But in general, less than or
+equal to alpha chain for some
+
+alpha.
+
+Now there's a relation--
+as Jason was mentioning,
+
+there's a relation between
+alpha and beta in the ribosome
+
+because you always
+exited orthogonally
+
+to the plane that was your cone.
+
+The sharpest angle you could
+get was 90 degree turn angle.
+
+Here, we're a little freer
+because this edge can wiggle
+
+around as long as
+it touches the apex.
+
+So if you're up
+against the cone,
+
+you have to slide out into
+the complimentary cone-- that
+
+was the previous picture--
+and as soon as you get there,
+
+you could create a new
+edge which is like this.
+
+So the sharpest angle you can
+get is actually twice beta.
+
+In general, we're going to
+have alpha over 2 is less than
+
+or equal to beta.
+
+That is-- you can get up
+to beta equals 2 alpha.
+
+Get that right.
+
+And also in the obtuse case,
+this is not too exciting.
+
+But it's true.
+
+There's actually
+some problems here.
+
+When you have that
+full flexibility
+
+and you set alpha to two beta,
+not the other way around.
+
+I'm going to assume here
+that alpha equals beta.
+
+This will be convenient.
+
+And it's the interesting case
+because, in reality, the cone
+
+has a half angle of 90 degrees.
+
+So beta is 90.
+
+And the sharpest angle
+we're going to make
+
+was always obtuse.
+
+So saying that you have a
+less than or equal to 90 chain
+
+is just fine.
+
+But on the mathematical
+side, I think
+
+we saw the case when alpha is
+less than or equal to beta,
+
+but not when alpha over 2 is
+less than or equal to beta.
+
+That's a weaker constraint.
+
+So there is a range
+where it's not so easy.
+
+Now, what do I claim
+about these chains other
+
+than their angles
+are not so sharp?
+
+I claim they're good
+algorithms for folding them.
+
+What could I possibly mean?
+
+There are still
+locked configurations.
+
+Is that true?
+
+Well, I mean presumably--
+this is acute--
+
+but you take the obtuse
+versions of this guy.
+
+Because I didn't constrain
+the edge lengths or anything,
+
+I just said that the
+angles are obtuse.
+
+So I could just sort of round
+these corners, make it obtuse.
+
+You know, add lots of
+dots just at the corners
+
+that would be obtuse.
+
+And a chain like this
+will be producible.
+
+A chain with these angles
+and these edge lengths
+
+can be produced from a cone.
+
+But this configuration of
+this chain cannot be produced,
+
+I claim.
+
+I claim anything
+that can be produced
+
+is in one connected component.
+
+So while I can make a
+linkage that is locked
+
+and that there are bad
+configurations you can't get
+
+out of, the things
+you can actually make,
+
+you can always get out of.
+
+So there's going to be the space
+of producible configurations.
+
+Maybe there's some stuff
+that's unproducible
+
+but still connected to it.
+
+I don't know.
+
+It doesn't matter too much.
+
+I won't worry about this stuff.
+
+There's other bad locked
+configurations that cannot
+
+reach here.
+
+But everything that's producible
+is in one connected component
+
+of the configuration space.
+
+That's property one.
+
+That's kind of nice.
+
+Also, all the flat states
+are going to be in here.
+
+This is actually pretty easy.
+
+I just need to prove that
+flat states are producible,
+
+which we'll worry about later.
+
+So in particular, these guys
+are flat state connected.
+
+All the producible
+protein chains
+
+are flat state connected.
+
+That's interesting
+because we don't even
+
+know that all chains are
+flat state connected.
+
+But here-- I guess we know
+that obtuse chains are
+
+flat state connected, so
+maybe it's not so surprising.
+
+But what's important is not only
+are the flat states connected
+
+to each other and
+the producible states
+
+are connected to each
+other, but producible
+
+is connected to flat states.
+
+Everything is together here.
+
+I might have more properties.
+
+But that's already
+some good news.
+
+And there's algorithms
+to do all of this.
+
+How do we prove it?
+
+Well, as usual we
+use the FedEx method.
+
+And in some sense,
+one of the challenges
+
+is what is the natural canonical
+state for protein chains?
+
+In fact, we're just going to
+assume that our chain is--
+
+in reality, we're
+going to assume
+
+that it's an orthogonal chain--
+an obtuse chain, I should say.
+
+But in general, for any
+less than or equal to alpha
+
+chain, for whatever
+alpha you like-- and it
+
+will be the half angle of the
+cone, so alpha equals beta--
+
+we will define a
+canonical configuration.
+
+I think we called
+it the alpha CCC.
+
+So it's going to be
+kind of like a helix.
+
+I think I have an example,
+an actual computed example.
+
+That's not the best
+picture because you
+
+can't see everything
+that's going on.
+
+But this is an actual
+canonical configuration
+
+of a particular chain.
+
+Let me tell you how
+it works in general.
+
+So in general, we have
+some chain, v1, v2-- sorry,
+
+starting at v0, v1, v2.
+
+I want to define a
+canonical-- and there's
+
+defined lengths between the two.
+
+And there's defined angles
+between every triple
+
+in sequence.
+
+So I'm going to start
+with v0 somewhere.
+
+Doesn't really matter
+by translation.
+
+Say, the origin of space.
+
+And what I'm going to do is draw
+a cone whose apex is that v0.
+
+And the half angle here is
+going to be alpha over two,
+
+not alpha.
+
+This is a smaller cone
+than-- by a factor of two--
+
+than the ribosome.
+
+That's important.
+
+So there's this vertical line.
+
+And to pick v1, I'm just going
+to use the right edge, which
+
+is-- let's say this
+is the x direction.
+
+This is the z direction.
+
+Maximum x-coordinate.
+
+It's going to lie on the
+cone, maximum x-coordinate.
+
+That's v1.
+
+Now, v1-- let me redraw
+this picture a little lower.
+
+So there was v0, v1.
+
+Now I want to draw v2, and
+I want to draw it above.
+
+So what I'll do is
+draw a vertical column
+
+whose half angle here
+is alpha over two.
+
+I want to draw v2
+on the cone here.
+
+Of course, the
+height of the cone
+
+is the length of the
+edge, not the height.
+
+You could think of
+the cone as infinite.
+
+And then I just clip this to
+when it has the right length.
+
+So again, this might be
+a different height cone.
+
+I clip it to whatever
+the length v1, v2 is.
+
+I want it to be
+somewhere on this cone,
+
+but now I'm constrained to
+have the correct angle at v1.
+
+I can't just put it over here,
+because then the angle here
+
+would be 180.
+
+Presumably, I don't want
+to make a 180 degree angle.
+
+So in reality, what
+happens is that there's
+
+a cone which is-- whose
+axis is the edge v0, v1.
+
+So I extend v0 v1 out
+here, which, in this case,
+
+happens to lie here.
+
+And I make a cone like that.
+
+Let me draw it slightly
+more accurately.
+
+In this case, the
+center axis of the cone
+
+would go right here, whatever
+the extension of v0, v1 was.
+
+And to have the right angle at
+v1, v2 must be on that cone.
+
+Conveniently, there are
+two intersection points
+
+between those two cones.
+
+I could choose either
+one of them to be v2.
+
+And I will choose the
+counterclockwise most one,
+
+which is this one.
+
+This is going to be v2.
+
+So I draw that edge.
+
+Now I repeat.
+
+So for v2, I'm going to
+draw a vertical cone whose
+
+half angle-- here, the half
+angle is always alpha over two.
+
+Half angle is alpha over two.
+
+This cone had half angle,
+whatever the angle v0, v1, v2
+
+was.
+
+Was that the half
+angle or angle?
+
+The half angle.
+
+I think this is right.
+
+OK.
+
+And then I take the
+intersection of those two cones,
+
+and that will give
+me where v3 is.
+
+So I do the same thing
+for v2, for v3, and so on.
+
+I have a unique choice
+at every moment.
+
+Yeah, basically.
+
+And the only exception
+was at the beginning
+
+here, when I had
+a vertical line.
+
+These two cones could
+actually be equal,
+
+and then the intersection
+is the entire cone.
+
+And that case, I
+guess I'd choose
+
+the maximum
+x-coordinate one again.
+
+And then I have a
+canonical choice
+
+of everything along the way.
+
+It will always go up.
+
+And it sort of
+spinals around because
+
+of the counter
+clockwise most choice.
+
+And the result is a
+picture like this.
+
+Anything else I
+need to say here?
+
+I claim this canonical
+configuration
+
+lies in an alpha over
+2 half angle cone.
+
+That's true by construction.
+
+The challenge is, does the
+construction really work?
+
+So I start, obviously,
+with one cone,
+
+and I can think of this as
+actually an infinite cone that
+
+goes out to infinity here.
+
+And I claim the
+entire construction
+
+will lie inside that cone.
+
+And it's kind of
+obvious because v1--
+
+I chose v2 to lie in the
+same cone, just translated up
+
+to start at v1 instead
+of starting at v0.
+
+Of course, this cone is
+contained in this bigger one.
+
+And by induction, in fact,
+the entire rest of the chain
+
+will lie in this smaller cone.
+
+Therefore, it lies
+in the big one, also.
+
+OK.
+
+Fine.
+
+So by construction it will
+lie in alpha over two cone.
+
+The worry is that these
+two cones don't intersect.
+
+Here we have an angle.
+
+The half angle of
+the cone is whatever
+
+angle the angle is at v1.
+
+Sorry, this should
+not be the angle.
+
+This should be the turn angle.
+
+That angle is how much
+you turn from v0, v1.
+
+Now, we know that-- we're
+assuming that-- the turn
+
+angles are all, at most, alpha.
+
+The turn angle
+cone could actually
+
+be twice as big as the vertical
+cone that we were always using.
+
+We always use a vertical cone,
+half angle alpha over two.
+
+But it's OK because we
+always keep these edges,
+
+like v0, v1, was on
+the edge of the cone.
+
+And so when we
+extend it, it lies
+
+on the edge of
+this vertical cone.
+
+So its angle-- in the most
+extreme case-- its half angle
+
+is alpha, which
+would look like this.
+
+We'll go all the way over from
+the right side of the cone
+
+to the left side of the cone.
+
+In general, it's not going
+to be right and left,
+
+but it's going to be some
+side and the antipodal point.
+
+And because the double
+angle of the cone is alpha,
+
+it's still OK.
+
+You will intersect
+somewhere on the cone.
+
+This is a subtle detail,
+but it's really crucial
+
+because we start
+with a chain that
+
+has relatively
+large angles, alpha.
+
+And we get it
+into-- we squeeze it
+
+into-- a cone that
+still has double-- twice
+
+its angle is alpha,
+but we kind of
+
+compress it into something
+of half angle alpha over two.
+
+You might think, oh, I'm
+just changing the definition
+
+and calling it half angle.
+
+Therefore, it gets
+to an alpha over two.
+
+But it's a little
+tricky to actually get
+
+it to fit in a vertical
+alpha over two cone.
+
+Once we have this,
+it's really easy
+
+to canonicalize a chain,
+a producible chain.
+
+So let me tell you
+how to do that.
+
+So we're going use
+the FedEx method
+
+of taking some configuration
+and canonicalizing it, and then
+
+uncanonicalizing
+to something else.
+
+We're also going to use a
+new method, which I just
+
+came up with the term.
+
+Is called the
+momento method which
+
+is you play the
+movie in reverse.
+
+So, I guess, also
+the Merlin method.
+
+That's more complicated.
+
+So we have a movie
+here in mind, which
+
+is how was the chain produced?
+
+So what I want to
+show is that if-- I
+
+want to start with a producible
+configuration and chain.
+
+Somehow, it got produced.
+
+So you had your
+cone and the thing
+
+starts spewing out and
+folding, and doing whatever.
+
+That's an animation, in some
+sense, of one edge coming out
+
+and stuff is folding
+at the same time.
+
+Then an edge is created,
+then another edge
+
+comes out, and so on.
+
+What I want to do is play
+that movie backwards.
+
+It's a pretty intuitive idea.
+
+I just want to start feeding
+the edges back into the cone,
+
+and just keep stuffing them in.
+
+Now, what happens
+out here is easy
+
+because we know it doesn't
+penetrate the cone.
+
+That's the assumption.
+
+And we know whatever was
+created here could be uncreated,
+
+as long as you can afford
+to erase edges one by one.
+
+That's the tricky part.
+
+How do I erase an edge?
+
+And usually, I can't.
+
+But I don't have
+to erase any edge.
+
+Like, if I had to
+erase this one,
+
+that would be hard
+because some motion here
+
+might penetrate where that
+edge ought to have been.
+
+And erasing the
+edge will make it--
+
+adding the edge makes
+it harder to fold.
+
+So I can't erase it.
+
+But the edges I have
+to erase are the ones
+
+that have been fully
+inserted into the cone.
+
+So if I can somehow do something
+inside the cone, I would be OK.
+
+All this work, defining a
+canonical configuration,
+
+was about forcing a chain to
+stay inside a cone-- and not
+
+only an alpha cone,
+which is what we're
+
+going to have as the ribosome,
+but an alpha over two cone.
+
+This is smaller than my
+ribosome cone by factor of two.
+
+And I need that.
+
+Why do I need that?
+
+Because this thing, I have no
+control over the outside chain.
+
+So the way that it
+approaches the cone
+
+could be as sharp
+as like this, where
+
+I have the first edge that
+is-- the current edge that
+
+is-- inside the cone.
+
+As far as the
+movie is concerned,
+
+there's only one edge.
+
+There's nothing up here.
+
+I want to put something up
+here, in a cone, naturally.
+
+But I don't get to control
+the first angle because that
+
+is controlled by this motion.
+
+Maybe it really needed
+to go sharp like that
+
+so that it could make a
+sharper angle or whatever.
+
+So you might say, well, of
+course I can put it inside
+
+and alpha cone, which is
+the same as this alpha.
+
+Sorry-- bad picture.
+
+This is alpha.
+
+This would be a problem because
+I have this weird angle coming
+
+in, and now suddenly I have
+to bend back like that.
+
+Maybe the turn angle here
+is not so sharp as alpha.
+
+Maybe it's one degree.
+
+So I really can't force
+the rest of my chain
+
+to lie in this cone.
+
+But I claim I can force
+it to lie in this cone,
+
+with half angle alpha over two.
+
+This is a little more subtle.
+
+Oh, right.
+
+I wanted to mention that
+helices appear in nature.
+
+They appear in
+proteins, but they also
+
+appear in this
+crazy climber plant.
+
+Marty, have you seen
+this in Costa Rica?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+There's some really incredible
+wildlife in Costa Rica.
+
+I've never been there, but
+I've seen lots of pictures
+
+and this is spirals in practice.
+
+Also, proteins tend
+to form these things.
+
+They call them out alpha
+helices because they
+
+spin like an alpha, I guess.
+
+So it's kind of neat that the
+canonical configuration, which
+
+is totally
+geometrically motivated,
+
+also appears in biology.
+
+Not that kind of biology though.
+
+So here is the picture.
+
+I have the big cone.
+
+That is my ribosome,
+and here I'm
+
+going to write beta for
+the-- beta for big, I guess.
+
+And then we know that we
+can canonicalize a chain,
+
+or there at least exists
+a canonical configuration
+
+of the chain, where
+everything lies
+
+inside a cone of half
+angle alpha over two.
+
+Now the problem is that cone, we
+want it to be at a funny angle.
+
+Let me draw a real picture.
+
+Here's a ribosome.
+
+It has a big angle here.
+
+We'll call alpha.
+
+Now, I'm going to do
+the not extreme case,
+
+try to be a little more general.
+
+There's some edge that
+is currently entering,
+
+and we have no control over that
+edge or the rest of the chain.
+
+That's determined
+by the movie which
+
+we're trying to play backwards.
+
+What we have to control, and
+what we're free to control,
+
+is the rest of the
+chain because as far
+
+as the movie is concerned,
+that hasn't been created yet
+
+or it's already been destroyed,
+depending on whether you're
+
+playing forwards or backwards.
+
+We need to say
+what happens to it.
+
+And what I want to happen
+is so that by the time
+
+this edge is inside,
+that edge plus the rest
+
+is in the canonical
+configuration.
+
+If I can achieve
+that, then as edges
+
+come in they become
+canonicalized,
+
+and then everything will be
+canonical and inside the cone
+
+and we're done.
+
+That's our goal.
+
+Canonicalization.
+
+So, what's the deal?
+
+Well, in reality,
+there's some cone-- yeah,
+
+it can penetrate
+like that-- could
+
+penetrate the outside cone.
+
+This is getting messy.
+
+So if I extend this line,
+there's a cone of half angle
+
+here, which is equal to
+whatever the turn angle is
+
+at that vertex, which
+is, again, specified.
+
+We're not free to set
+it to whatever we want.
+
+We know the next edge
+must lie on this cone.
+
+What I do-- now, on the
+other hand, off to the side,
+
+I have in mind a
+vertical cone whose
+
+half angle is alpha over two.
+
+So it's quite small.
+
+And I know-- how do
+we do it-- initially,
+
+the first edge was along
+the maximum x direction,
+
+and then it spirals
+up from there.
+
+OK.
+
+Here's what I'm going to do.
+
+There are sort of
+two situations.
+
+What I'd like to do is put a
+cone here that is vertical.
+
+Something like that.
+
+Just like I have here.
+
+The trouble is, the
+right side of this cone
+
+does not intersect the
+boundary of this cone.
+
+And need it to in order to
+form the right angle here.
+
+It's going to-- it might go
+through the middle of the cone
+
+like it does here.
+
+So then what I do is I take
+this canonical configuration
+
+and I rotate it so that--
+this is hard to draw-- it'll
+
+be something like this.
+
+There's no hope of seeing this.
+
+So it's on the
+surface of this cone.
+
+It's not on the far right edge.
+
+It's going to be some
+intermediate point.
+
+And that's exactly where
+it intersects this cone.
+
+It's just like the previous
+picture, just harder to see.
+
+I'm taking the intersection
+of these two cones.
+
+If I just rotate
+the picture, then it
+
+will lie in the intersection--
+if they intersect.
+
+But they might not intersect.
+
+So let me go here
+and try it again.
+
+So the easy case is when
+I can draw a vertical cone
+
+and it intersects the cone
+that I need to intersect.
+
+The harder case is--
+maybe it's more extreme.
+
+Maybe it's a very
+tight angle here.
+
+So there's a very
+small turn angle.
+
+I have to intersect this cone.
+
+Because the cone
+that I'm working with
+
+is actually smaller--
+it's half of this angle--
+
+it might not
+intersect this cone.
+
+In that case, I'm going
+to rotate the cone
+
+to fall over a little bit.
+
+So instead of being like that,
+it's going to be like this.
+
+OK.
+
+So I want the intersection
+of these two cones, which
+
+I've conveniently
+made this edge here.
+
+So the first edge
+will lie along here,
+
+and then it's going to
+spiral out from there.
+
+So I still have the
+canonical configuration.
+
+I've just tilted it.
+
+Tilting is going to be necessary
+because I have this angle
+
+to match up.
+
+The convenient thing about
+the canonical-- the alpha
+
+CCC, canonical
+configuration-- is
+
+that I have this half
+angle of alpha over two,
+
+so I can afford to tilt it
+by up to alpha over two.
+
+It will still stay
+within the ribosome,
+
+which is of half angle alpha.
+
+And all I need to show here--
+and once you think about it
+
+for a while, it's
+obvious-- that ideally, I
+
+don't tilt it at all.
+
+I've got tons of room.
+
+Huge amount of room here.
+
+But sometimes I'll have to
+tilt it, but by at most alpha
+
+over two.
+
+So I will stay
+inside the ribosome,
+
+because this apex was inside
+the cone and the smaller cone,
+
+even if I tilt it all the
+way to meet this edge,
+
+it will stay inside the cone.
+
+In fact, it'll stay
+inside the big cone.
+
+In fact, this cone that
+I tilt-- the one that
+
+contains the rest of the
+canonical configuration--
+
+will always contain
+the up direction.
+
+That's how to see it.
+
+If it always contains the
+up direction, then at most,
+
+it's that big.
+
+And that will-- because that's
+an angle of alpha because that
+
+was the half angle
+of the big cone.
+
+So that will be a half
+angle of alpha over two.
+
+As long as you contain the
+up direction at all times,
+
+you will not fall
+outside the big cone.
+
+So the rest is just momento.
+
+So you play this
+movie backwards.
+
+As things come in
+here, this cone
+
+is going to wiggle
+back and forth,
+
+depending on how
+this angle changes.
+
+Once the edge gets
+all the way in,
+
+you absorb it into the
+canonical configuration.
+
+Little bit of work there
+but you just sort of twist
+
+the cone around
+until that algorithm
+
+that we described for producing
+canonical configuration
+
+would actually produce
+what's inside the cone.
+
+Then the next edge comes
+in, cone wiggles around
+
+until the edge gets
+all the way in,
+
+then you canonicalize what's
+inside the cone, and repeat.
+
+So if you had a
+way to get it out,
+
+you could put it
+back in and keep
+
+track of all the stuff
+that happens on the inside.
+
+That's what this theorem says.
+
+And then there's just
+slightly more to say.
+
+If you have a flat
+state, we want
+
+to prove these things
+are flat state connected.
+
+So take some flat
+state-- I really
+
+should have only obtuse angles.
+
+I claim this flat
+state can be produced
+
+using a cone of the
+appropriate angle.
+
+If the sharpest turn
+angle here is alpha,
+
+then you need an alpha cone.
+
+And the way to
+think about that is
+
+to think of the cone moving
+instead of as the chain moving.
+
+It's a lot easier.
+
+So you want the chain
+to lie around here.
+
+So you start by moving the
+cone, I guess like this.
+
+So that it just barely
+touches the plane,
+
+and this edge spews out.
+
+Is that the right way
+to think about it?
+
+I don't know.
+
+Should be like this.
+
+So you take the cone.
+
+This is like putting
+frosting on a cake.
+
+So you move your cone like here.
+
+You squirt out some-- this edge.
+
+Then, you do it so
+that when you're here
+
+and the new edge is created,
+it's still in the plane.
+
+And then you just sort
+of move around there.
+
+I'm just going to leave
+it as a sketch like that.
+
+Once you know that
+you can produce
+
+any flat state, of course,
+you can reorient yourself
+
+by relativity so that the chain
+is moving instead of the cone.
+
+So you can produce this
+thing with a ribosome.
+
+Once you know all flat
+states can be produced
+
+and you know all producible
+configurations can
+
+be canonicalized, then you
+know it's flat state connected
+
+and you know all canonical
+things are flattenable and vice
+
+versa, by continuous motions
+without self intersection.
+
+And all of this is algorithmic.
+
+It can tell you how to go
+from one place to another.
+
+And so this is a
+candidate algorithm,
+
+I would say, for how
+nature folds proteins.
+
+Just thinking about
+the mechanics,
+
+not worrying about
+how it's implemented.
+
+Maybe you take
+this model and then
+
+you try to make it
+physical forces,
+
+and you get a way
+to fold proteins.
+
+That, of course,
+remains a mystery.
+
+But next time we will talk about
+some very simple models that
+
+are motivated more closely via
+biology of how proteins might
+
+actually fold, and talk
+about the complexities
+
+that you get there.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/8cRnBhBaSOo.txt b/8cRnBhBaSOo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fae346ff3b589ea395ab6bc62bf897128c0d2d32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/8cRnBhBaSOo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1579 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+what did we have last time we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did we have last time we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did we have last time we had a
+constant Kappa that reflected the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant Kappa that reflected the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant Kappa that reflected the energy
+was a unit free version of the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with greater than zero because we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with greater than zero because we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with greater than zero because we were
+looking at bound state so the energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at bound state so the energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at bound state so the energies
+were negative and we found that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were negative and we found that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were negative and we found that this
+constant is quantized 1 over 2 Kappa was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is quantized 1 over 2 Kappa was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is quantized 1 over 2 Kappa was
+n plus L plus 1 something that we call n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus L plus 1 something that we call n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus L plus 1 something that we call n
+and n was the principal quantum number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and n was the principal quantum number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and n was the principal quantum number
+so this is the principal quantum number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the principal quantum number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the principal quantum number
+n was the degree of a polynomial in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n was the degree of a polynomial in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n was the degree of a polynomial in the
+solution and L was an important quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and L was an important quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and L was an important quantum
+number because gave you the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number because gave you the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number because gave you the amount of
+angular momentum the system had and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum the system had and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum the system had and
+given that we think of it as principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that we think of it as principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that we think of it as principal
+quantum number coming first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number coming first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number coming first
+once you have N and you fix it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have N and you fix it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have N and you fix it because
+the energy just depends on n once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy just depends on n once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy just depends on n once you
+fix n you'll have that L can go from 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix n you'll have that L can go from 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix n you'll have that L can go from 0
+up to n minus 1 and those corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to n minus 1 and those corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to n minus 1 and those corresponds to
+various values of capital n but we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various values of capital n but we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various values of capital n but we don't
+have to focus on it up to n minus 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to focus on it up to n minus 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to focus on it up to n minus 1 and
+at the same time in terms of quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time in terms of quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time in terms of quantum
+numbers M goes from minus L up to L so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers M goes from minus L up to L so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers M goes from minus L up to L so
+the order of thinking is fixed cut a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of thinking is fixed cut a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of thinking is fixed cut a
+little end the principal quantum number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little end the principal quantum number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little end the principal quantum number
+then fix an L that can go from 0 up to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then fix an L that can go from 0 up to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then fix an L that can go from 0 up to n
+minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1
+once you fix a little L you fix the M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you fix a little L you fix the M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you fix a little L you fix the M
+and M can go from minus L to L and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and M can go from minus L to L and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and M can go from minus L to L and those
+are the states of the hydrogen atom the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the states of the hydrogen atom the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the states of the hydrogen atom the
+energies in terms of n are minus Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies in terms of n are minus Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies in terms of n are minus Z
+squared e squared over 2a not 1 over m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared e squared over 2a not 1 over m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared e squared over 2a not 1 over m
+little M Squared and the solutions sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little M Squared and the solutions sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little M Squared and the solutions sorry
+n L M that depend on R theta and Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where of the form of a normalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where of the form of a normalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where of the form of a normalization
+constant and R to the L that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and R to the L that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and R to the L that you can
+isolate that's the behavior for small R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolate that's the behavior for small R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolate that's the behavior for small R
+then a polynomial meal in R over a 0 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a polynomial meal in R over a 0 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a polynomial meal in R over a 0 of
+degree capital n which is n minus L plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree capital n which is n minus L plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree capital n which is n minus L plus
+1 times an exponential decay with radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 times an exponential decay with radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 times an exponential decay with radius
+which goes like Z over R it has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which goes like Z over R it has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which goes like Z over R it has to be
+dimensionless the argument inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless the argument inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless the argument inside
+exponential and it turns out to depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and it turns out to depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and it turns out to depend
+on a zero in fact n a zero and finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a zero in fact n a zero and finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a zero in fact n a zero and finally
+the spherical harmonic so that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spherical harmonic so that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spherical harmonic so that was the
+total solution we didn't investigate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total solution we didn't investigate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total solution we didn't investigate the
+polynomial in detail because takes time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial in detail because takes time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial in detail because takes time
+is not necessary for many things only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not necessary for many things only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not necessary for many things only
+very detailed calculations required this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very detailed calculations required this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very detailed calculations required this
+polynomial and its Laguerre polynomials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial and its Laguerre polynomials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial and its Laguerre polynomials
+and if you need it you know the if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you need it you know the if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you need it you know the if you
+need to construct the quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to construct the quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to construct the quadratic
+polynomial it would be a fight between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial it would be a fight between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial it would be a fight between
+looking up some table of Legare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking up some table of Legare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking up some table of Legare
+polynomials and spending time checking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomials and spending time checking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomials and spending time checking
+that the conventions they use are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the conventions they use are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the conventions they use are the
+same that the ones you choose versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same that the ones you choose versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same that the ones you choose versus
+taking the recursion relation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the recursion relation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the recursion relation and
+building it up yourself up to the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building it up yourself up to the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building it up yourself up to the third
+coefficient so that's where it is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient so that's where it is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient so that's where it is now
+the hydrogen atom there's a classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen atom there's a classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen atom there's a classic
+description a diagram for the hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description a diagram for the hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description a diagram for the hydrogen
+atom and in fact for any central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom and in fact for any central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom and in fact for any central
+potential so if you're looking at bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so if you're looking at bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so if you're looking at bound
+States the way we do bound States and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States the way we do bound States and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States the way we do bound States and
+represent them for central potentials is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent them for central potentials is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent them for central potentials is
+by a diagram in which you put the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a diagram in which you put the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a diagram in which you put the energy
+on the vertical line it's a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the vertical line it's a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the vertical line it's a negative
+energy so you can put 0 in here the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so you can put 0 in here the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so you can put 0 in here the way
+the hydrogen atom works is a better of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen atom works is a better of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen atom works is a better of
+course as usual to use something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course as usual to use something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course as usual to use something
+dimensionless here and the thing we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless here and the thing we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless here and the thing we put
+is minus 1 over N squared the integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus 1 over N squared the integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus 1 over N squared the integer
+the principal quantum number n minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principal quantum number n minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principal quantum number n minus 1
+over N squared because this ratio is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over N squared because this ratio is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over N squared because this ratio is in
+fact equal to the energy divided by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact equal to the energy divided by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact equal to the energy divided by this
+dimensionless quantity Z squared e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless quantity Z squared e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless quantity Z squared e
+squared over 2 a knot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's N squared and the levels go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's N squared and the levels go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's N squared and the levels go
+like one over N squared indeed so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one over N squared indeed so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one over N squared indeed so there
+is minus one here and then goes to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus one here and then goes to minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus one here and then goes to minus
+1/4 for N equals 2 minus 1 9 minus 1 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/4 for N equals 2 minus 1 9 minus 1 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/4 for N equals 2 minus 1 9 minus 1 16
+and they crowd here that's why I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they crowd here that's why I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they crowd here that's why I don't
+do everything in scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do everything in scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do everything in scale
+I cut the scale here otherwise the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I cut the scale here otherwise the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I cut the scale here otherwise the
+diagram is very long and you can put say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram is very long and you can put say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram is very long and you can put say
+the minus 1/4 here the 1/9 would be here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus 1/4 here the 1/9 would be here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus 1/4 here the 1/9 would be here
+minus 1/9 - 1/16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1/9 - 1/16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1/9 - 1/16
+somewhere here those are places where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere here those are places where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere here those are places where
+you have energy levels and up here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have energy levels and up here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have energy levels and up here it
+comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes
+let's look at what we get well for N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at what we get well for N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at what we get well for N
+equals 1 you're in here so what are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 you're in here so what are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 you're in here so what are we
+going to plot in this axis the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to plot in this axis the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to plot in this axis the idea is
+to plot at 1/2 number so of actually to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plot at 1/2 number so of actually to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plot at 1/2 number so of actually to
+say here is L but we don't do it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say here is L but we don't do it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say here is L but we don't do it in
+marking the values of L will put here L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marking the values of L will put here L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marking the values of L will put here L
+equals 0 and lists all the states that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 and lists all the states that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 and lists all the states that
+we get so it's like a histogram or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get so it's like a histogram or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get so it's like a histogram or
+something like that L equal 1 l equals 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that L equal 1 l equals 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that L equal 1 l equals 2
+l equals 3 and then we put dashes here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l equals 3 and then we put dashes here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l equals 3 and then we put dashes here
+and each dash is a state and you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each dash is a state and you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each dash is a state and you look at
+it and you see what's the value of L so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and you see what's the value of L so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and you see what's the value of L so
+this corresponds to the idea that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this corresponds to the idea that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this corresponds to the idea that you
+already know that if you're solving a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know that if you're solving a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know that if you're solving a
+central potential problem you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central potential problem you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central potential problem you have to
+solve a radial equation for different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve a radial equation for different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve a radial equation for different
+values of L each time another l l equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of L each time another l l equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of L each time another l l equals
+0 L equal 1 and equal to you go on with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 L equal 1 and equal to you go on with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 L equal 1 and equal to you go on with
+them so n so when n is equal to 1 l can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so n so when n is equal to 1 l can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so n so when n is equal to 1 l can
+be only 0 so you have one state here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be only 0 so you have one state here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be only 0 so you have one state here
+l is equal to zero and n is equal to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l is equal to zero and n is equal to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l is equal to zero and n is equal to 1
+and capital n is equal to zero so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and capital n is equal to zero so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and capital n is equal to zero so the
+only thing that I cannot read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing that I cannot read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing that I cannot read
+immediately I know that n is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately I know that n is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately I know that n is equal to
+one because I'm here I know that L is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because I'm here I know that L is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because I'm here I know that L is
+equal to zero because I'm here but I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero because I'm here but I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero because I'm here but I put
+the extra information the capital n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extra information the capital n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extra information the capital n
+equal to zero here and that's it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero here and that's it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero here and that's it for
+this level so this is the little n equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this level so this is the little n equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this level so this is the little n equal
+one level then we go to the little N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one level then we go to the little N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one level then we go to the little N
+equals two level and when little n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals two level and when little n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals two level and when little n is
+equal to 2 L can be 0 or it can be 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 2 L can be 0 or it can be 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 2 L can be 0 or it can be 1
+when L is equal to 0 capital n would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when L is equal to 0 capital n would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when L is equal to 0 capital n would
+have to be 1 so that capital n which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be 1 so that capital n which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be 1 so that capital n which is
+1 plus little L which is 0 plus 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus little L which is 0 plus 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus little L which is 0 plus 1 is
+equal to 2 and this is the level n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 2 and this is the level n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 2 and this is the level n
+little n equals to 2 principal quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little n equals to 2 principal quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little n equals to 2 principal quantum
+number equal to 2 so here we have N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number equal to 2 so here we have N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number equal to 2 so here we have N
+equals to 2 since L is 0 capital n is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals to 2 since L is 0 capital n is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals to 2 since L is 0 capital n is 1
+here you have capital n is equal to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we go to the next level little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we go to the next level little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we go to the next level little
+n equals to 3 well little L can now go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals to 3 well little L can now go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals to 3 well little L can now go
+from l equals 0 to l equals 1 and l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from l equals 0 to l equals 1 and l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from l equals 0 to l equals 1 and l
+equals 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since little L plus 1 plus capital n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since little L plus 1 plus capital n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since little L plus 1 plus capital n is
+equal to the principal quantum number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the principal quantum number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the principal quantum number
+here you'll get N equals 2 N equals 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you'll get N equals 2 N equals 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you'll get N equals 2 N equals 1
+and goes down n equals 0 these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and goes down n equals 0 these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and goes down n equals 0 these are the
+states let's do one more little n equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states let's do one more little n equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states let's do one more little n equals
+to 4 and yes there's a stage 4 l equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 4 and yes there's a stage 4 l equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 4 and yes there's a stage 4 l equals
+0 1 4 l equals 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 1 4 l equals 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 1 4 l equals 1
+for L equal to this time we get to L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for L equal to this time we get to L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for L equal to this time we get to L
+equal three each time you get one more L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal three each time you get one more L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal three each time you get one more L
+because L can go up to n minus 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because L can go up to n minus 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because L can go up to n minus 1 and
+what is capital n here is 3 2 1 and 0 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is capital n here is 3 2 1 and 0 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is capital n here is 3 2 1 and 0 so
+this is your diagram this is a very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is your diagram this is a very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is your diagram this is a very nice
+diagram and it has actually some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and it has actually some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and it has actually some sort of
+mystery in this diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mystery in this diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mystery in this diagram
+they let me emphasize first one point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they let me emphasize first one point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they let me emphasize first one point
+that is not mysterious it's this growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not mysterious it's this growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not mysterious it's this growth
+from N equals 0 to n equal 1 to n equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from N equals 0 to n equal 1 to n equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from N equals 0 to n equal 1 to n equal
+to 2 n equal 3 there seems to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2 n equal 3 there seems to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2 n equal 3 there seems to be a
+pattern here here N equals 0 1 2 and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern here here N equals 0 1 2 and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern here here N equals 0 1 2 and it
+will go up so why is that necessary why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go up so why is that necessary why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go up so why is that necessary why
+did that happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that happen
+remember that we were solving a radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that we were solving a radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that we were solving a radial
+equation which was like a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which was like a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which was like a one
+dimensional potential and if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional potential and if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional potential and if you're
+solving a one dimensional potential the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving a one dimensional potential the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving a one dimensional potential the
+node theorem works so there should be no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node theorem works so there should be no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node theorem works so there should be no
+note for the ground state and the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note for the ground state and the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note for the ground state and the fact
+that the wave function vanishes at R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the wave function vanishes at R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the wave function vanishes at R
+equals 0 is not a node because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 is not a node because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 is not a node because that's
+the end of the world at R equals 0 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the world at R equals 0 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the world at R equals 0 but
+then you're solving this radial equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're solving this radial equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're solving this radial equation
+and let's look at this polynomial well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's look at this polynomial well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's look at this polynomial well
+you're not going to get as 0 of the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to get as 0 of the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to get as 0 of the wave
+function because of this factor it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function because of this factor it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function because of this factor it's an
+overall factor and the exponential never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall factor and the exponential never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall factor and the exponential never
+vanishes just at infinity but never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanishes just at infinity but never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanishes just at infinity but never
+doesn't manage at the point so all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't manage at the point so all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't manage at the point so all the
+zeros of the wave function have to arise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros of the wave function have to arise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros of the wave function have to arise
+from this polynomial and there shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this polynomial and there shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this polynomial and there shouldn't
+be any zero falling ground state so good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be any zero falling ground state so good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be any zero falling ground state so good
+n equals 0 means no nodes here no notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals 0 means no nodes here no notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals 0 means no nodes here no notes
+for the this is a different problem this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the this is a different problem this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the this is a different problem this
+is an l equals 1 it's again a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an l equals 1 it's again a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an l equals 1 it's again a new
+potential so you solve the radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so you solve the radio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so you solve the radio
+equation again and yes the ground state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation again and yes the ground state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation again and yes the ground state
+when L is equal to one must have no know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when L is equal to one must have no know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when L is equal to one must have no know
+so you should remember you're solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you should remember you're solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you should remember you're solving
+the radial equation once here for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radial equation once here for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radial equation once here for one
+potential here for another potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential here for another potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential here for another potential
+because the effective potential depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the effective potential depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the effective potential depends
+on L here for another potential there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on L here for another potential there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on L here for another potential there
+for another potential so each time is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for another potential so each time is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for another potential so each time is a
+new one-dimensional problem which must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new one-dimensional problem which must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new one-dimensional problem which must
+have a ground state and a state with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a ground state and a state with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a ground state and a state with one
+node which is possible because a degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node which is possible because a degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node which is possible because a degree
+one polynomial has one zero a degree two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one polynomial has one zero a degree two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one polynomial has one zero a degree two
+polynomial can have two zeros why it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial can have two zeros why it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial can have two zeros why it has
+you know a degree n polynomial may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a degree n polynomial may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a degree n polynomial may have
+and zeros men may have less zeros if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zeros men may have less zeros if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zeros men may have less zeros if the
+zeros are complex but it better be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros are complex but it better be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros are complex but it better be that
+this polynomials don't do that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this polynomials don't do that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this polynomials don't do that because
+they would violate the don't fear
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/9LGLbcjXxqI.txt b/9LGLbcjXxqI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1dfa8413f04db236aef0afc8651d08b4cc8e551e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/9LGLbcjXxqI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4916 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help
+MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+continue to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: But today
+we're going to be
+
+talking about crystalline
+silicon solar cells.
+
+Now, for those of you who do not
+work in crystalline silicon PV,
+
+the reason this
+topic is important
+
+is because crystalline
+silicon comprises about 90%
+
+of all solar cells
+manufactured today.
+
+It's the dominant technology,
+and the technologies
+
+that you're working on
+are going to displace,
+
+or are aiming to displace
+crystalline silicon,
+
+so it's good to know your enemy.
+
+For those who are working
+on crystalline silicon,
+
+this is meant to be
+a background of all
+
+of the different aspects--
+the entire supply
+
+chain of crystalline
+silicon-- so that you
+
+gain insight into the areas
+that you're not currently
+
+focused on.
+
+You're getting a perspective
+of the bigger picture.
+
+Crystalline silicon PV has
+been around since 1954.
+
+The original-- well, in
+its current incarnation.
+
+That was when Bell
+Laboratories announced
+
+the development of the modern
+crystalline silicon PV cell,
+
+and that was 6%
+efficiency in 1954,
+
+published in general
+applied physics,
+
+and the cell architecture,
+it's obviously
+
+evolved over the
+years but it's not
+
+entirely dissimilar
+from what we have today
+
+as a cell architecture
+for our modern PV cells.
+
+So, over the course
+of-- it's almost
+
+been 60 years of development
+of crystalline silicon
+
+photovoltaic technology.
+
+That means both the cell
+itself, the materials
+
+that go into it, and also the
+manufacturing, or the methods
+
+to produce said
+materials and device,
+
+over the course
+of those, almost,
+
+60 years much
+innovation has happened
+
+both in terms of
+manufacturing and technology.
+
+So today, we'll be going
+over kind of a status quo
+
+snapshot of where crystalline
+silicon stands and we brought
+
+in a number of
+show and tell items
+
+so that you can see as we talk.
+
+So just for the
+show and tell, we're
+
+going to be moving from the
+feedstock materials over here
+
+finally into wafers
+and cells on that side.
+
+All right.
+
+So, these lecture
+notes are going
+
+to be valid for both 10 and 11.
+
+We're going to split this up
+over two classes to really
+
+dive into some of the details.
+
+The first question
+is why silicon?
+
+Why did silicon evolve
+as what is currently
+
+the dominant technology,
+which is currently
+
+90 percent of the PV market,
+and I think it boils down
+
+to a couple of reasons.
+
+One is scalability.
+
+If you look at the elemental
+abundance, on the vertical axis
+
+it's abundance, atoms
+of the element per 10
+
+to the 16 atoms of silicon.
+
+The reason that everything
+is normalized to silicon
+
+is because there is,
+well, quite a lot of it
+
+in the earth's crust.
+
+As you can see, it's the
+second most abundant element
+
+on the Earth's crust.
+
+It just so happens that, out of
+all the stardust that is here
+
+on the planet, we have a
+high percentage of silicon
+
+like the moon and like
+many other planets
+
+in our solar system--
+at least the hard ones.
+
+You can see oxygen
+is probably the,
+
+well, oxygen is the only element
+with higher natural abundance
+
+in the earth's crust, the
+upper crust, than silicon
+
+and we go down as
+we go to higher
+
+and higher atomic number.
+
+The probability of formation due
+to subsequent fusion reactions
+
+in stars decreases
+and, hence, it
+
+follows this almost a
+power law distribution
+
+as you can see there.
+
+So it's scalable.
+
+It is present in the Earth
+in high enough capacity
+
+to reach terawatt scales.
+
+It's nontoxic and, as
+Don Sadoway likes to say,
+
+if you want
+batteries dirt-cheap,
+
+you have to make
+them out of dirt.
+
+A similar expression is used
+in the crystalline silicon
+
+community.
+
+I believe the quote
+in 1366 is, "It's not
+
+only good for the planet,
+it is the planet."
+
+A variety of riffs off
+of this particular chart
+
+right here, but from a
+technological point of view,
+
+why did silicon evolve to
+the point where it is today?
+
+It forms a very
+tenacious surface oxide.
+
+So, if you were to expose a
+piece of pure silicon to air,
+
+the surface oxide that forms
+is very, very strong and very
+
+resistant, and very dense.
+
+So, unlike some
+materials that corrode
+
+when exposed to
+atmosphere, silicon
+
+oxidizes maybe the first few 10s
+of angstroms, 100 of angstroms,
+
+and then it peters out so it's
+diffusion-limited oxide growth
+
+mechanism that
+eventually stabilizes
+
+at a very thin but very
+dense and very protective
+
+oxide layer.
+
+So the risk of having a
+silicon wafer degrade inside
+
+of a solar module is very low.
+
+Furthermore, that oxide layer
+from an electrical point
+
+of view it's very passivating.
+
+So as we studied
+on, as we solved
+
+in the exam, those interface
+states or those surface states,
+
+the surface of
+semiconductor, those
+
+can be reduced or
+minimized by the presence
+
+of certain passivating
+layers, and it just so
+
+happens that by the
+benevolence of nature,
+
+the silicon oxide, which is
+shown in these red triangles
+
+right here, has a very
+low surface recombination
+
+velocity, passivates
+a surface very well,
+
+and results in
+high-performing devices.
+
+In this particular case, they're
+plotting emitter saturation
+
+current density in
+femtoamps per centimeter
+
+squared-- this is very, very
+low-- versus sheet resistance.
+
+This is essentially the dopant
+concentration in the emitter,
+
+so they're looking at how the
+passivation quality changes
+
+as a function of dopant
+density and silicon oxide
+
+works pretty well, and it's an
+effective diffusion barrier.
+
+And, probably most
+significantly, those
+
+are maybe one looking
+forward rationale
+
+one technological or
+scientific rationale
+
+and as far as the
+field is concerned,
+
+as far as engineering
+community is concerned,
+
+silicon has a lot of momentum.
+
+It's the most common
+semiconductor material, silicon
+
+and germanium were both
+purified, more or less,
+
+around the same decades but,
+because silicon has a wider
+
+band gap, you have a lower
+thermal carrier concentration,
+
+lower intrinsic
+carrier concentration,
+
+folks were able to make
+transistors and devices
+
+with lower noise out of
+silicon as opposed to germanium
+
+and silicon technology
+really took off
+
+in terms of the PV
+industry benefited a lot
+
+by that cross-pollination.
+
+Many technologies came in
+from the integrated circuits
+
+industry to assist or give
+a boost to the PV industry.
+
+This number is a
+little outdated,
+
+it's now about $100 billion.
+
+Hard to keep up with things
+growing at 68% a year.
+
+Technology acceptance results
+in lower interest rates.
+
+So if you have a
+technology that is
+
+well-accepted by the market
+then you go to a bank and say,
+
+hey, I want to install
+some of those things
+
+and the bank says what
+are those things you
+
+say oh, hundreds of
+thousands of them
+
+have been installed already.
+
+It's OK.
+
+It's a proven technology.
+
+The bank says OK, I'll
+lower your interest rates.
+
+That means you pay
+less money on interest.
+
+Your capital is more cheap.
+
+It works better in your
+favor, and the opposite
+
+is true with an entirely new
+technology that's unproven.
+
+So that's really
+summing up why silicon.
+
+Momentum, forward
+motion if you will,
+
+some inherent intrinsic
+technological advantages,
+
+some of which are
+listed here, and I'll
+
+get to that in a
+second, scalability.
+
+To get back to the
+technological advantages,
+
+I think it's important to
+recognize what they are so
+
+that when you're thinking
+of a new material,
+
+you can cross check and
+say, gee, do I have these
+
+or do I not have these.
+
+If I don't have them, it's
+not the end of the world.
+
+You might have other advantages
+that overcome the ones
+
+that silicon doesn't have.
+
+Let's add some more
+into this list.
+
+Just stream of consciousness.
+
+Silicon has a very
+high refractive index
+
+near the band gap edge.
+
+So, near the band gap
+edge, it's absorbing light
+
+less efficiently.
+
+Right?
+
+It has a larger
+attenuation length
+
+of the light, a smaller optical
+absorption coefficient right
+
+as you approach the band gap.
+
+So silicon absorbs poorly
+in the infrared because it's
+
+an indirect band
+gap semiconductor,
+
+but it also has a
+very large optical,
+
+sorry, a very large
+real component
+
+of the refractive index.
+
+Does anybody remember
+what that refers to?
+
+Real component of
+refractive index.
+
+Lesson number two.
+
+What does that dictate?
+
+AUDIENCE: Reflection.
+
+PROFESSOR: Reflection, exactly.
+
+So, if I were to tailor and
+index of refraction grading
+
+on the front side
+of my device, so I
+
+allow the light to be absorbed
+efficiently, on the backside
+
+I can put a very large
+index of refraction mismatch
+
+so that the light bounces back.
+
+In other words, the
+light trapping silicon
+
+is benefited by
+the fact that you
+
+have this awesome
+reflection capability.
+
+The refractive
+index is around 3.6,
+
+the real component of
+the refractive index,
+
+in the infrared at
+around 1070 nanometers.
+
+Which means that if you
+design your cell right,
+
+you can get an extension
+of the optical path length
+
+by a factor of 50
+over the thickness.
+
+So if your thickness
+of the device is d,
+
+the optical path length
+can be increased up to
+
+about [? 51d. ?]
+That's as a result
+
+of this great reflectance.
+
+Many other materials that are
+being explored as PV materials
+
+have refractive
+indices around two,
+
+which would mean that
+your optical path length
+
+extension is around 16.
+
+So that's one thing
+to keep in mind.
+
+even though it doesn't
+absorb light quite as well,
+
+it traps light fairly well.
+
+Another advantage of
+silicon is that it
+
+forms sp3 hybridized
+orbitals, for chemists, it
+
+forms-- it's
+tetrahedrally coordinated,
+
+in other words bond to
+four other neighbors,
+
+and most 3D transition
+metals don't do that.
+
+They don't bond in
+that configuration.
+
+Some do but many don't
+and, as a result,
+
+the solid's solubility in
+other words, the ability
+
+to incorporate impurities into a
+growing silicon crystal is low.
+
+It rejects the impurities
+from the solid into the melt,
+
+and you're able to purify the
+material very efficiently.
+
+That's not always the
+case with most materials.
+
+Sometimes they incorporate
+impurities very readily,
+
+up to a few atomic percents.
+
+The typical impurity
+concentration of silicon
+
+is in the order of parts per
+million, parts per billion,
+
+parts per trillion.
+
+Still can be enough, as you
+learned during your homework
+
+assignments, still could
+be enough to affect device
+
+performance but is very low.
+
+It would be a lot
+worse if silicon
+
+were able to absorb more
+impurities and so forth.
+
+So, there are a number of
+reasons why the silicon PV
+
+technology has gained the
+foothold that it has so
+
+to bump it out of its
+leadership position,
+
+one really has to be clever
+and the parameter of merit
+
+is performance per unit cost.
+
+Kilowatt hours per
+dollar, if you will.
+
+So, we're going to talk about
+the current manufacturing
+
+methods and materials
+because this will give you
+
+an insight into the
+dollars per kilowatt
+
+hour, the kilowatt
+hours per dollar.
+
+Essentially, the cost
+per unit energy produced.
+
+You can begin to
+seize opportunities
+
+within the crystal silicon world
+to improve the manufacturing
+
+process or you can begin
+to say OK, you know what,
+
+this is way too complicated.
+
+Let me take a completely
+different route.
+
+I'm going to develop a
+new technology instead
+
+that will overcome these
+manufacturing difficulties.
+
+So let's explore them in detail.
+
+First, the market.
+
+This is the evolution of market
+share from 1980 to mid 2000s.
+
+After mid 2000s, the market just
+continues growing at 68% a year
+
+and you really lose
+resolution to this portion
+
+down here so it's to 2006 so
+that we can actually see what's
+
+going on in the earlier days.
+
+In the earlier days,
+1980, let's pick 1985,
+
+the market was split about
+a third-third-third between
+
+thin films, amorphous
+silicon namely,
+
+monocrystalline
+silicon, and a material
+
+called multicrystalline silicon.
+
+Now let's go piece by piece.
+
+What is monocrystalline silicon,
+multicrystalline silicon
+
+and thin films?
+
+Well thin films are
+materials that are usually
+
+between a few hundred
+nanometers up to about three,
+
+maybe five microns thick.
+
+To give you size
+perspective, your hair
+
+is about 50 microns
+in diameter, so we're
+
+talking about 1/50 the
+width of your hair.
+
+That's the active absorber
+layer and of course
+
+the plastics and encapsulates
+and everything else that
+
+go around them make
+it a bit thicker,
+
+but the absorber
+layer is very thin
+
+and so you're not spending
+much on your absorber layer.
+
+It absorbs light
+very efficiently,
+
+has a very large
+absorption coefficient,
+
+and is able to absorb
+photons efficiently.
+
+Crystalline silicon,
+on the other hand,
+
+does not absorb light as well
+as many thin film materials
+
+so we need about an
+order of magnitude
+
+to two orders of magnitude
+thicker substrates,
+
+and the crystalline
+silicon substrates today
+
+in commercial
+manufacturing are typically
+
+between 160 to 190 microns,
+with an average around 170, 180.
+
+So about four times the
+thickness of your hair.
+
+Monocrystalline
+silicon and multi.
+
+Let's talk about the
+difference there.
+
+So, monocrystalline
+silicon, folks
+
+are probably familiar seeing
+pictures, at least something
+
+like this.
+
+Right?
+
+So this right here is an example
+of a Cherkofsky silicon wafer.
+
+Appropriate for
+integrated circuit work.
+
+I'll pass this around so
+folks can get a sense.
+
+So this is an example of
+a monocrystalline silicon
+
+wafer for the integrated
+circuits industry.
+
+Let's analyze it in a
+little bit more detail.
+
+So, the front surface is
+polished, nicely polished.
+
+Polished to, I think,
+somewhere in the order
+
+of a few nanometers
+mean surface roughness.
+
+Using a chemical mechanical
+polishing mechanism.
+
+The thickness is around
+700-- or 675 microns.
+
+Somewhere in that range.
+
+So very, very thick wafer.
+
+The objective is not to break.
+
+Right?
+
+If you're making
+integrated circuit,
+
+this entire wafer that
+I'm holding right here
+
+could be worth a few 10s or
+100s thousands of dollars
+
+by the end of the
+processing sequence,
+
+so if one of these breaks,
+that's an awful lot of revenue
+
+that the company's losing.
+
+So the substrate is
+thick because they
+
+don't want it to break.
+
+Silicon is brittle
+at room temperature.
+
+If you were to manufacture
+solar cell out of this,
+
+you could but it would
+be very expensive.
+
+The chemical
+mechanical polishing
+
+that they use to
+flatten the surface out
+
+costs a lot of money,
+it's very time intensive,
+
+and the thickness of the
+silicon is above and beyond
+
+what is necessary to
+absorb light well.
+
+If anything, increasing
+the thickness
+
+is just increasing your
+emitter saturation current,
+
+since you have a higher
+recombination current being
+
+driven by bulk recombination.
+
+You have more
+recombination centers
+
+because you have a
+greater thickness,
+
+and it's driving a
+larger diffusion current
+
+from the emitter into the base.
+
+So making it this thick
+really doesn't make sense.
+
+So I'll pass this around so
+folks can kind of get a sense.
+
+Make sure this gets
+the entire round.
+
+I'll be recycling those platens.
+
+Please hold, if you're
+going to take it out,
+
+which you're welcome
+to do, please hold it
+
+like a photograph.
+
+What I don't want to have happen
+is folks put their fingerprints
+
+all over it.
+
+The wafers that are
+used in the PV industry
+
+are cut from the
+same ingot like that
+
+one, except that the
+ingots, essentially,
+
+if you were to pack circular
+wafers into a module,
+
+it would look
+something like this.
+
+Here's your module
+and, mind you,
+
+you're spending a lot
+of money on the glass
+
+and the encapsulates
+and the aluminum framing
+
+and so forth, and now your
+solar cells look like that.
+
+There's probably more of them
+that you can put in here,
+
+but what do you
+notice about this?
+
+What is the packing density,
+or packing fraction.
+
+It's very low, right?
+
+You're losing all of
+this material in between.
+
+All that space is just
+going to be blank space.
+
+Some of the earliest PV modules
+actually use circular wafers,
+
+but the more modern
+ones, what they do
+
+is a very complicated
+cost analysis
+
+where they say, OK, if I were to
+chop off the edges of my wafer
+
+and completely remove them,
+I'd be losing a lot of silicon
+
+but I'd be increasing
+the packing fraction.
+
+So in the limit that my
+module materials, the glass,
+
+the encapsulant, the
+framing materials
+
+are infinitely expensive and
+my silicon costs nothing,
+
+I want to do this.
+
+In the limit that my
+module materials are free
+
+and installation is free but
+the silicon is super expensive,
+
+I want to keep
+full round wafers,
+
+and the reality is that
+we're somewhere in between.
+
+And so, instead of making
+one or the other extreme,
+
+typically what you'll
+see is something
+
+like this chopped
+off, like that,
+
+where you have a pseudo-square.
+
+The wafer itself has
+flat edges on the sides
+
+but it also has kind of
+pseudo-rounded corners here,
+
+and Joe did we bring
+any of those in?
+
+The psuedo-squares, the
+monocrystalline psuedo-squares.
+
+These ones.
+
+OK.
+
+All right.
+
+No worries.
+
+I'll show them to
+you next class.
+
+So, the idea is to
+make-- cut it out
+
+of the same ingot
+as that one right
+
+there, but make it thinner, on
+the order of 170 microns thick,
+
+and to chop off part of the
+edge, and how much you chop off
+
+depends on the dynamic pricing
+of silicon versus module
+
+materials and installation
+and whether or not
+
+you can sell the
+module, if there's
+
+a certain threshold
+of performance
+
+that it needs to reach
+because obviously, if you have
+
+a bunch of dead space in here,
+you're losing that to-- you're
+
+not producing power out of that.
+
+So if somebody wants a
+module that's yay efficient,
+
+you might want to increase
+the packing density.
+
+So that's
+monocrystalline silicon.
+
+Multicrystalline silicon.
+
+Let's put it this way for now.
+
+We'll describe how
+multicrystalline silicon is
+
+made, but for now
+I'm going to say
+
+that multicrystalline silicon
+is a crystalline silicon
+
+variety that is comprised
+of many small grains.
+
+So if you look at a
+multicrystalline silicon wafer,
+
+something like,
+let's say, oh this
+
+is a perfect example
+right in here.
+
+If you look at a
+multicrystalline silicon wafer,
+
+you can see that it looks
+nice and-- here maybe, that's
+
+probably an OK view of it.
+
+You can see individual grains.
+
+Right?
+
+If you look closely at it.
+
+And those are grains
+of crystalline material
+
+that are joined by
+grain boundaries.
+
+So the grain orientation
+in one region
+
+might be pointing in
+this direction, the grain
+
+orientation in the
+neighboring region like that,
+
+and they come together
+at a grain boundary
+
+and, when we have
+polycrystalline materials
+
+like this, it's generally
+indicative of some faster
+
+growth that didn't allow
+for a nice homogeneous
+
+single crystal
+material to evolve,
+
+and that's indeed what happens
+during the multicrystalline
+
+silicon ingot growth.
+
+It's occurring under a slightly
+modified growth condition then,
+
+say, that beautiful single
+crystalline piece over there,
+
+and we'll explain how
+they're made in a second.
+
+So those are the technologies
+in general, the base absorber
+
+materials, and then there's
+ribbon silicon which
+
+is a really, really
+small fraction
+
+of the total production in
+decreasing, but at one time,
+
+ribbon silicon was viewed as
+the up and coming technology.
+
+Still today, there are
+about 20 startup companies
+
+around the United States
+working on some aspect of this
+
+and probably about a dozen
+more around the world.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: I had a
+question about the multi.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: So for
+the multi and micro
+
+and poly, is that
+different grain sizes?
+
+PROFESSOR: Sort of.
+
+So, multicrystalline silicon
+is a polycrystalline silicon
+
+material.
+
+The definition of
+multicrystalline silicon
+
+is that the average grain size
+is about a centimeter squared,
+
+or larger, and that's where
+multicrystalline came about.
+
+Polycrystalline silicon,
+in the silicon community,
+
+has a very specific meaning.
+
+It means, usually a
+plasma-enhanced chemical vapor
+
+deposited layer, so
+PCVD-deposited layer
+
+of silicon, that has on the
+order of one to five micron
+
+diameter grains.
+
+So very, very small
+grain material.
+
+About 1/50 the
+width of your hair.
+
+Maybe 1/10 the
+width of your hair
+
+and, to distinguish it from
+that really small grain
+
+material that will
+perform very poorly,
+
+one calls this
+multicrystalline silicon.
+
+AUDIENCE: And is there
+microcrystalline silicon?
+
+PROFESSOR: There is also
+microcrystalline silicon
+
+and microcrystalline
+silicon is actually
+
+at the phase transition between
+amorphous and polycrystalline
+
+silicon.
+
+So as you're going from
+an amorphous material
+
+increasing the temperature,
+let's say, of growth
+
+or increasing other parameters
+during the deposition process,
+
+as you begin to evolve
+from an amorphous material
+
+into a crystalline
+material, you transition
+
+through this
+microcrystalline regime
+
+which is a bit of a hybrid.
+
+It has some regions
+that are amorphous
+
+and other regions
+that are crystalline.
+
+In your assigned readings,
+this book was assigned,
+
+and I believe in the syllabus
+it says read chapter X.
+
+Unfortunately, there
+is no chapter X.
+
+I guess you could
+interpret it as 10,
+
+but the essence was that there
+are two versions of the book.
+
+One is version three,
+which was published
+
+about seven years ago, and
+the newest version just
+
+came out last year.
+
+The newest addition
+is addition three.
+
+So the chapters have rearranged
+slightly, but what I'll do
+
+is I'll highlight crystalline
+silicon solar cells
+
+and modules in here
+so that you can
+
+get a sense of what
+is in the chapter
+
+and you're welcome to
+go back and have a look.
+
+So I'll go ahead and highlight
+this chapter right here
+
+and pass it around.
+
+Feel free to glance
+through the book as well.
+
+It's a great read.
+
+It dives into great
+detail into each
+
+of the different technologies.
+
+OK.
+
+So, let's talk about
+feedstock refining.
+
+We're going to start
+the silicon value
+
+chain from the raw
+materials and work our way
+
+all the way to the
+final module at the end.
+
+So we'll start with the
+feedstocks themselves.
+
+Down here is a rough
+cost breakdown.
+
+Kind of think of
+it as wafer, cell,
+
+module being like
+a third-third-third
+
+of the total module cost
+and then balance the system
+
+components beyond that.
+
+So we'll start
+from our feedstocks
+
+and the raw materials
+in the ground,
+
+we'll wind up with
+systems on the roof,
+
+and we'll walk through
+each of the different steps
+
+of current
+manufacturing process.
+
+So raw materials.
+
+Shown here is quartz and
+coal, for a very good reason.
+
+The way feedstock refining
+occurs at the very first stage
+
+is to take oxidized silicon,
+silicon dioxide, quartz
+
+and to reduce it to
+silicon, say, silicon zero.
+
+Unoxidized silicon, which is
+also called silicon metal.
+
+It's called a metal because
+it is very low resistivity.
+
+It's very low resistivity
+because there's a very high
+
+impurity content still.
+
+The purity of this material
+coming out here is around 99,
+
+99.9% here.
+
+So, it sounds like a
+high purity but, if we're
+
+talking about parts per
+million of impurities,
+
+we have some further refining
+steps to do after this.
+
+So let's walk through this.
+
+We start with the raw
+materials in the upper left.
+
+It says raw material inputs.
+
+Carbon and SiO2.
+
+The SiO2 forms, usually, quartz.
+
+That can be some of high
+purity pegmatite, it could be,
+
+for example, a hydrothermal
+quartz, higher purity
+
+varieties of quartz.
+
+You could even use, maybe, a
+metamorphic quartzite material.
+
+Let me explain.
+
+So, some of the highest
+purity materials
+
+are coming from these veins
+of magma that float up
+
+and then phase separated
+during millennia.
+
+Some of the lowest
+purity quartz is
+
+coming from sand,
+essentially crushed rock that
+
+made its way into, say,
+a beach-like environment
+
+and then rock was
+deposited on top of that,
+
+pressure was increased,
+and this whole mixture
+
+of mica, feldspar,
+and of quartz got
+
+pushed together and
+formed a solid block.
+
+That would be your
+metamorphic quartz materials,
+
+and so you'd have a
+much higher impurity
+
+content in the metamorphic
+quartz than you would
+
+in, say, a high purity pegmatite
+or hydrothermal quartz.
+
+Regardless, depending on the
+feedstock source of the quartz,
+
+and there are people
+who study this.
+
+Believe it or not, there
+are entire departments
+
+dedicated to mining
+quartz and figuring out
+
+where the different veins
+of the highest purity quartz
+
+are, where you get them from.
+
+That's the SiO2 input
+and the C input over here
+
+on the left hand side, Carbon.
+
+So, typically what is
+used in the PV industry
+
+is either a fast-growing
+wood source like eucalyptus
+
+or southern pine, right?
+
+Northern pine tends
+to be slower growing,
+
+but eucalyptus and
+southern pine both
+
+tend to be fairly fast-growing.
+
+You can tell by the
+spacing in the rings,
+
+if you chop the tree down and
+do a cross section, or coal.
+
+So carbon, essentially.
+
+And the two react inside
+of this furnace right here
+
+and this furnace, just to
+give you a sense of scale,
+
+here's a human being.
+
+This is the furnace.
+
+So it's about five stories
+tall, 12 meters in diameter.
+
+It's a big, big, big creature.
+
+This furnace right here
+is what is producing
+
+the reduced silicon
+and what's happening
+
+is these feedstock chunks are
+being thrown in at the top
+
+and there's an arc going
+between the electrodes, usually
+
+some carbon-bearing
+material, and a base contact,
+
+and so that arc creates
+a very high temperature.
+
+Something in the order
+of up to 2000 degrees
+
+Celsius, near the arc,
+and the temperature
+
+decreases as you go
+further and further away,
+
+so up near the top
+here it might be even
+
+below the melting
+temperature of silicon,
+
+somewhere around 1,200 degrees.
+
+So this is an extremely
+inhomogeneous, messy system.
+
+This metallurgical grade silicon
+refining furnace right here,
+
+this arc furnace, also called a
+carbothermic reduction furnace,
+
+a very busy place.
+
+Lots going on.
+
+Extremely inhomogeneous
+if you were
+
+to take a cross section
+also in terms of temperature
+
+and in terms of
+the chemical states
+
+of the different
+constituents species,
+
+but the general
+reaction that happens
+
+is the carbon would
+much rather bond
+
+to the oxygen than silicon,
+and so the carbon steals
+
+the oxygen from the silicon
+reduces the silicon to silicon
+
+metal and CO2 is released.
+
+We'll get to that in a second.
+
+Flag that.
+
+Put an asterisk next to it.
+
+We'll come back to
+that in a second.
+
+Other byproducts
+of this reaction,
+
+so this is the liquid
+silicon metal coming out here
+
+at the bottom.
+
+It's essentially liquid
+molten silicon reduced,
+
+so silicon zero, not a silicon
+oxide, reduced silicon metal,
+
+and then finally it's
+poured into these buckets,
+
+also called ladles and
+solidified, crushed up to size,
+
+and then distributed at the end.
+
+Other byproducts coming
+out of this reaction
+
+include-- this is
+liquid silicon up hear.
+
+It's very high
+temperature and there
+
+are gases and a lot of oxygen
+because of the reduction
+
+process, and so silica, or
+SiO gas, can be produced
+
+and silica gas can begin
+aggravating and forming
+
+very small particles,
+almost like shards,
+
+of silicon oxide
+material, and these
+
+can be on the order
+of one to five microns
+
+and very rough and
+jaggedy around the edges.
+
+Now, who here has studied public
+health and knows anything about
+
+PM1 or PM1.5 denominations.
+
+Do they ring a bell?
+
+What are those Ashley?
+
+AUDIENCE: It's the
+size of particles that
+
+can get stuck in your lungs.
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly!
+
+Right?
+
+So PM1 or PM1.5 would refer
+to the micron diameter,
+
+1 or 1.5 micron diameter
+particle that would get stuck
+
+in the [INAUDIBLE] and
+result, eventually,
+
+in edema or, probably, more of
+water filling up in the lungs
+
+as a result of the body
+trying to expunge these,
+
+and because they're
+jaggedy and pointy,
+
+they get stuck in there and they
+don't come out and eventually
+
+the people can even
+affixate as a result.
+
+So, before in the past, when
+we had these big smokestacks
+
+sitting on the top of these
+metallurgical grade silicon
+
+refineries that would just spew
+the silica dust into the air,
+
+the folks downstream
+would be affected
+
+and this actually did happen, to
+some degree, in, for, example,
+
+Kristiansand in Norway
+and, as a result,
+
+the refineries began
+putting in filters over here
+
+to prevent the silica
+dust from getting thrown
+
+and spewed out
+into the atmosphere
+
+and the filters are a very
+interesting contraption.
+
+A lot of work went into
+designing them just right
+
+to allow the air to go out
+but the particulate matter
+
+to stay behind and once
+every delta t, maybe
+
+in the order of an hour so,
+the airflow direction inverse
+
+and all the dust comes
+crashing down to the bottom
+
+and then gets collected
+inside of here.
+
+It's kind of like pushing air
+through the different direction
+
+through a sock, and all the
+dust comes out to the bottom,
+
+you collect it, and
+it's sold to the--?
+
+AUDIENCE: The footwear
+industry for absorbing--
+
+PROFESSOR: It might be.
+
+I don't know, but I know
+that the majority of it
+
+goes to the cement industry
+and so, depending on the market
+
+rates of silicon, here at the
+bottom metallurgical grade
+
+silicon, versus what the cement
+industry is willing to pay,
+
+you might tune your
+process to optimize
+
+for one industry or another.
+
+So, this is to say that early
+on in refining processes,
+
+you're serving multiple
+industries with one plant
+
+and volatility of
+pricing is affected,
+
+in part, by what those
+other industries are doing.
+
+What the demand there is.
+
+It's something to be aware of.
+
+Let's go back to the CO2 real
+quick that's being emitted.
+
+So that is one of the
+byproducts of the reaction.
+
+In terms of total CO2
+content from the production
+
+of solar cells, the CO2 produced
+during the reduction process
+
+is a small percentage, I think
+something under 5% or 10%
+
+is the number I
+pulled out of my head,
+
+it's a small percentage
+of the total CO2 emitted
+
+during solar cell manufacturing
+because the electricity that
+
+goes into producing the rest
+of the solar cells coming
+
+from fossil fuel based
+sources comprises
+
+the majority of CO2
+emissions during fabrication
+
+of these devices.
+
+The electricity used to
+run these electrodes,
+
+for instance, the
+electricity used
+
+to melt this silicon
+byproduct here,
+
+or to gasify it in the
+subsequent reactions, that
+
+is the majority of the CO2
+coming out of the process.
+
+Any questions so far about this?
+
+They're fun plants to see.
+
+We don't have too many
+of them in the US.
+
+Majority of these carbothermic
+reduction furnaces
+
+are either in China, Norway.
+
+Norway has a lot
+of cheap hydropower
+
+so the hydroplant is usually
+only a few 10s of kilometers
+
+away from the
+refinery and if you
+
+go to, say, [INAUDIBLE]
+in Norway, where they have
+
+a number of these
+plants, you'll see
+
+not only silicon
+being refined there
+
+but also magnesium,
+other elements, aluminum
+
+being smelted in
+the same peninsula--
+
+the same industrial park.
+
+AUDIENCE: When general mining
+of silicon happens or silica,
+
+the Chinese have--
+
+PROFESSOR: The
+reduction process,
+
+this carbothermic
+reduction process here,
+
+the majority of it
+happens at the same places
+
+like Norway or China-- places
+that have cheap electricity.
+
+There's also a
+feedstock refinery.
+
+I don't know if it
+extends all the way back
+
+to the metallurgical
+grade silicon refining,
+
+but there's a feedstock
+refining facility
+
+going up in the
+Middle East right now
+
+in Qatar, as a result of
+the cheap natural gas.
+
+So, wherever you have
+cheap access to energy,
+
+you can set one of these
+plants up and get off
+
+and running and
+your CO2 intensity
+
+will be dictated by the fuel
+source that you're using.
+
+Hydro, in that case,
+it might be low
+
+unless you take
+methane into account
+
+that might be emitted
+in the reservoir,
+
+if you have decaying biomass
+underneath the water,
+
+but if you would
+exclude that and if you
+
+look at the CO2 intensity
+of the fossil fuels that
+
+are being burned,
+it might be better
+
+to do it in, say, Norway, from
+an environmental point of view,
+
+than to, say, manufacture
+this stuff in China.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: How many
+kilowatt hours
+
+are we talking [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Okay, so
+what is the energy
+
+intensity of this process
+right here, in other words.
+
+Well, why don't I
+put a flag on that.
+
+Why don't we put a flag
+on that and come back
+
+with specific numbers for
+this process right here.
+
+I don't want to say something
+and regret it later.
+
+AUDIENCE: Well, we know
+the energy intensity
+
+of the solar panel itself.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: But the energy--
+
+PROFESSOR: But
+specifically what fraction
+
+comes from the MGSi
+refining, I'd rather not
+
+pull something out of my head.
+
+Any other questions?
+
+OK.
+
+So somewhere in the order
+of two million metric tons
+
+of metallurgical grade
+silicon are produced annually.
+
+Probably somewhere in
+the order of 10% of that
+
+is destined for the PV industry.
+
+The remainder gets
+split among a variety
+
+of different industries.
+
+So what I'm talking
+about here when
+
+I say metallurgical silicon, I'm
+referring to this right here.
+
+This stuff coming out.
+
+It has about 99% or 99.9%
+purity and it gets used
+
+in a variety of industries.
+
+So those industries
+are: the PV industry,
+
+and we'll explain how
+the rest of the refining
+
+happens, the integrated circuits
+industry, that's the wafer that
+
+just went around that's
+made its way back up here,
+
+and silicones those are--
+so, a pet peeve of mine
+
+is hearing the word silicon and
+silicone used interchangeably.
+
+Silicon is this element-- is an
+element on the periodic table
+
+and it's the element that
+comprises this wafer right
+
+here.
+
+Silicone, on the other
+hand, is an organelle,
+
+I guess you could say, it's
+not exactly organelle metallic,
+
+silicon isn't a
+metal, but it would
+
+be a molecule that is comprised
+of carbon atoms and silicon--
+
+silicon being in the middle and
+the carbon being on the sides--
+
+and that is used as caulking or
+sealing agent in your showers,
+
+for instance, or in
+plumbing, round windows.
+
+It tends to be very flexible,
+compliant but yet impermeable,
+
+preventing the inflow of gases.
+
+So silicones,
+they're metal alloys
+
+including steel and aluminum.
+
+Why would you silicon there?
+
+What does it have to do
+with steel or aluminum?
+
+Let me ask this.
+
+Has anyone ever played
+with pure aluminum?
+
+Highly refined, ultra
+high purity aluminum.
+
+Say five nines or six nines.
+
+Yes!
+
+What happens to
+ultra-pure aluminum?
+
+AUDIENCE: It's really flexible.
+
+PROFESSOR: It's
+really flexible, you
+
+can dent it with
+your fingernail,
+
+and it wouldn't make
+very great boxes.
+
+Right?
+
+So we need it to be stronger
+and scratch-resistant and so
+
+we have these additives into
+the aluminum, silicon being
+
+one of them, that increases
+the strength of the aluminum,
+
+essentially
+preventing plasticity
+
+or preventing a dislocation
+flow into the material.
+
+So that's more or less how
+silicon-- metallurgical grade
+
+silicon, also called MGSi as
+shown up here at the very top--
+
+that's how MGSi gs is
+distributed worldwide
+
+and that's the
+current production.
+
+Now let me ask another question.
+
+Steel and aluminum, where
+are those used the most?
+
+What industry uses
+steel, aluminum the most?
+
+AUDIENCE: Construction.
+
+PROFESSOR: Constructive
+industry, automotive industry.
+
+How fast are those
+growing annually?
+
+Let's estimate it from GDP.
+
+Annual-- worldwide GDP.
+
+What's the worldwide
+GDP growth look like.
+
+US is around 1%.
+
+China 8%.
+
+Let's pick a number
+somewhere in between.
+
+Four, right?
+
+All right.
+
+So, let's say 4%, 5% worldwide.
+
+Silicone's probably
+on that order.
+
+How about the PV industry.
+
+How fast is it going right now?
+
+Somewhere in the order of,
+it's a volatile year right now,
+
+this one year, but in
+the past, historically,
+
+it's been around
+40% to 60% a year.
+
+So, where do you think
+the price pressure
+
+for metallurgical grade
+silicon is going to come from?
+
+What industry?
+
+It's going to come from PV.
+
+It's a small fraction
+of the pie right now
+
+but it's growing fast.
+
+Something to keep in mind.
+
+So that's why, if you look at
+pricing of metallurgical grade
+
+silicon, yes.
+
+Superimposed upon pricing
+is a function of time.
+
+You have the global
+macroeconomic situation.
+
+Right?
+
+So that's kind of the dampening
+function on top of it all,
+
+but there's just this general
+trend toward rising prices
+
+as you put increasing price
+pressure on metallurgical grade
+
+silicon.
+
+So additional
+refining capacity will
+
+be needed if the current growth
+keeps up in this industry.
+
+So let me talk about going
+from metallurgical grade
+
+silicon about two nines
+to three nines pure.
+
+What I mean two nines
+means 99%, three nines
+
+would be 99.9% pure,
+to silicon that we
+
+can use for solar
+cells, which typically
+
+has to be about six nines pure.
+
+And so this is called
+the Siemens process which
+
+is purification through
+gaseous distillation,
+
+and that's the method
+that is currently used
+
+to make most of our silicon.
+
+So the way this
+process works is we
+
+start with metallurgical
+grade silicon at the top,
+
+represented by a little sack
+of metallurgical grade silicon
+
+chunks.
+
+We produce silane gas out
+of that metallurgical grade
+
+silicon.
+
+We essentially-
+silane gas is SiH4.
+
+So it would essentially
+be this right here.
+
+So you'd have a silicon atom
+here, tetrahedrally coordinated
+
+with-- tetrahedrally meaning
+four bonds with hydrogen atoms
+
+on the side-- and this is
+silane gas-- well, silane--
+
+which, at room
+temperature, is a gas
+
+and that's what happens
+in this step right here.
+
+We're forming-- we're
+gasifying the silicon.
+
+This process is the
+distillation process.
+
+To extract the pure
+silane gas, it's
+
+the distillation
+process that's used
+
+in large towers similar to
+fractional distillation where
+
+we might heat up the
+material and then, depending
+
+on its mass, it settles down to
+a certain height in that tower
+
+and we're able to extract it.
+
+The silane gas
+here has been sold
+
+to the photovoltaics industry.
+
+LCD.
+
+Liquid crystal display.
+
+Right?
+
+Thin film industries as
+well, they use silane.
+
+If you're depositing the
+polycrystalline and silicon
+
+for your LCDs or if you're
+making amorphous silicon
+
+solar cells, they
+use silane as well.
+
+So this little
+truck here might go
+
+to three different
+companies, depending
+
+on who's willing to pay more.
+
+Most of the silane is
+used for polysilicon.
+
+The gas has to be converted
+back into a solid,
+
+and that's where this
+particular process here,
+
+the Siemens process is used.
+
+Again, you have
+a current passing
+
+through some seed
+material and the gas
+
+is being cracked onto that seed.
+
+You form these rods.
+
+The rods are then
+cracked into chunks
+
+and then the chunks are
+loaded into ingot crucibles.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: So the silane gas is
+shipped as a gas in the trucks.
+
+PROFESSOR: Sure.
+
+AUDIENCE: Or on rails?
+
+PROFESSOR: Well it's
+pyrophoric, as you
+
+can guess from just glancing
+at this chemical structure
+
+right here.
+
+It's highly reactive.
+
+Pyrophoric means that it can
+combust at room temperature.
+
+It can catch on fire, meaning
+there are more stable compounds
+
+than this that can form when
+you react this gas with air
+
+and, during the early days
+of silane development,
+
+folks really didn't
+know much about it
+
+and there's some
+early research--
+
+some of the earliest research
+done here at MIT, in fact.
+
+They would fill up an evacuated
+chamber with silane gas
+
+and spark and
+nothing would happen.
+
+Spark a second time,
+nothing would happen.
+
+Spark a third time, boom.
+
+OK.
+
+That's critical limit.
+
+Such and such amount.
+
+You know, they'd keep
+increasing the amount
+
+and finally it would go boom.
+
+Tell you what, lets
+repeat the experiment
+
+since we're good scientists.
+
+They'd repeat it and, at
+low concentrations, click.
+
+Boom.
+
+That's strange.
+
+That was much lower this time.
+
+Let's repeat the
+experiment one more time.
+
+Click.
+
+Boom.
+
+All right.
+
+I don't really
+understand this gas,
+
+but I'm going to say it's
+really dangerous so I'm
+
+going to have little
+warning bells that
+
+will detect the silane
+gas if it's leaking
+
+and tell people to get the
+heck out of the building
+
+if it starts being leaked.
+
+It's also toxic for
+humans, by the way.
+
+Very small dilute
+concentrations can kill you
+
+and so three buildings
+on campus, only three
+
+to my knowledge, are set up
+with the proper safety equipment
+
+to use silane gas
+in the laboratory.
+
+Building 13, which is the
+material science building,
+
+and then-- MTL and related.
+
+So we have this gas right here.
+
+Extremely powerful.
+
+There are variants thereof.
+
+You can replace some
+of the hydrogens
+
+with chlorine, like this and
+now you have trichlorosilane.
+
+It's all one word.
+
+So tricholorsilane, I've just
+replaced three of my silanes--
+
+my hydrogens with
+chlorine and now I
+
+have a different molecule,
+still silicon bearing,
+
+still very reactive,
+but now reactive
+
+at different temperatures
+and I can modify my process
+
+by substituting out some of
+the hydrogens for chlorines.
+
+So we have the silane gas or
+trichlorosilane or the variants
+
+thereof, loaded into some
+transportation vehicle that
+
+is very safe, leak-proof
+and preventing accidents
+
+on the road, to deliver
+it to where it is going
+
+to be consumed, which are
+these so-called polysilicon,
+
+or Siemens reactor
+as shown here.
+
+Excuse me.
+
+What happens, or how the
+process actually flows,
+
+let me go back one step.
+
+We're going to start from up
+at the very top of the process
+
+and move all the way
+down, showing you
+
+what the manufacturing equipment
+looks like at each step.
+
+So, this is the
+distillation process
+
+used to create the
+silane and when
+
+you see one of these factories
+just think of a refinery.
+
+In fact, the people who don't
+like this particular process
+
+who aren't a fan of the
+silane refining process
+
+and opt for other ways of
+purifying their silicon,
+
+liken this to an oil refinery.
+
+The imagery is very stark there.
+
+The polysilicon production,
+this is the Siemens reactor,
+
+it's much smaller in comparison
+to the metallurgical grade
+
+silicon furnace.
+
+Much smaller than the
+carbothermic reduction furnace.
+
+Here, we have a small
+human or human next
+
+to the small contraption.
+
+Here are a series of
+them lined, almost
+
+like little pods and,
+out of this material,
+
+actually inside of
+the furnace, you
+
+have these rods that are
+passing current and heating up
+
+and the silicon is
+cracking onto the rods.
+
+So we wind up with
+six nines, usually
+
+called 6N solar grade silicon
+as a result of this process.
+
+We could also go up to, even,
+nine nines using the Siemens
+
+process.
+
+It could be very,
+very pure depending
+
+on how fast you grow, what the
+purity of your silane gas is.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+What is cracking.
+
+What does that mean?
+
+PROFESSOR: Sure.
+
+So what it means is
+this gas molecule comes
+
+in, sees a solid surface,
+the central atom right here,
+
+the silicon atom, gets
+deposited onto the surface,
+
+becomes an adatom, which
+means it's a surface atom,
+
+it's scuttling around and
+the remaining elements
+
+within this molecule are then
+free to move away as a gas.
+
+AUDIENCE: So you've
+broken those bonds.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+Effectively, you've added
+the core constituent
+
+of this molecule
+onto the surface.
+
+It's joined the collective if
+you will and, in this matter,
+
+the diameter of those
+rods grows with time.
+
+So what I'm going
+to do is pass around
+
+an example of a chunk coming
+from this Siemens rod.
+
+Be very gentle with it please.
+
+On the outside you can
+see a corrugated, rough,
+
+cauliflower-like structure.
+
+That's because you're
+optimizing for deposition speed,
+
+not for beauty of the surface.
+
+You don't really
+care how flat it
+
+is, unless you're trying to
+grow a very specific type
+
+of material called flotsam,
+which we get to the second,
+
+but in general, if you're trying
+to crack it up and break it
+
+into a smaller piece and
+into a chunk like this
+
+and throw it into a
+big ingot furnace,
+
+it doesn't really matter
+what the surface looks like.
+
+On the inside, it's
+pretty dense silicon
+
+and, if look very carefully,
+right in the middle there
+
+you can see the rod.
+
+The initial seeding rod.
+
+It's a slightly different color.
+
+So I'll pass these around
+and please be gentle.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is the seeding
+rod just silicon?
+
+PROFESSOR: It's
+actually doped silicon,
+
+so it's lower
+resistivity so you can
+
+pass more current through it.
+
+This here is chunks, or smaller
+chunks of the polysilicon
+
+so, essentially, just
+crushed polysilicon
+
+and if you're trying to load
+a crucible with big chunks
+
+like this you'll leave
+a lot of empty space
+
+unless you crush some of this up
+and make finer grains out of it
+
+and fill in the gaps.
+
+So I'll pass these
+around right here
+
+so you can have a look at them.
+
+Those are examples of the
+Siemens grade polysilicon.
+
+This is a bigger rod.
+
+Here is the seed coming
+right through the middle.
+
+Here's the surface
+where you can see
+
+it's kind of rough
+and corrugated
+
+and one of the biggest issues
+with this feedstock refining
+
+process is that there
+are very large plants
+
+and long lead times.
+
+This is a plant construction
+going on right now,
+
+you can see.
+
+Typical lead times are
+between 18 and 24 months.
+
+That's a long time between
+when the board says yes, we
+
+will create new silicon
+refining capacity and product
+
+starts to roll off
+the production line
+
+and into customers' hands.
+
+It's a long time and
+what this results in
+
+are drastic oversupply
+and undersupply
+
+conditions in the market.
+
+So the silicon
+feedstock price goes
+
+very high during periods
+of undersupply and very low
+
+in periods of oversupply
+and we're in an oversupply
+
+condition right now.
+
+Five years ago, let
+me quantify this.
+
+Five years ago if you
+went to the spot market--
+
+maybe four years ago-- if
+you went to the spot market,
+
+you could pay $100 to $500
+per kilogram of silicon.
+
+That material that was just
+right there I bet one you
+
+would put it into your bag and
+run away out the door right now
+
+and be able to go to Mexico.
+
+Now the polysilicon
+prices are much,
+
+much lower on the spot market.
+
+Somewhere in the order of
+$30 to $50 per kilogram.
+
+About an order of
+magnitude lower.
+
+AUDIENCE: Isn't lower cost
+silicon better for the PV
+
+industry, though?
+
+PROFESSOR: Is it better
+for the PV industry?
+
+As a customer most definitely,
+it is good for you.
+
+As an installer, it is most
+definitely good for you.
+
+As a polysilicon
+producer who wants
+
+to be a sustained
+industry presence,
+
+it's not good for you.
+
+So this wide oscillation
+between fat cat and scrawny
+
+is not very good
+for any industry.
+
+It's unpredictable and it
+causes some players to drop out.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK.
+
+PROFESSOR: And the investments
+are very large as well.
+
+As you go from the early
+stage portions of the value
+
+chain toward the module, the
+investments generally decrease
+
+and so this is an outlook
+coming from last year--
+
+the numbers are still a little
+bit outdated-- polysilicon
+
+production is buttressing
+up against 200,000
+
+metric tons per year at
+this point in about 3/4
+
+to the PV industry.
+
+The cost of manufacturing
+is between $20 and $25
+
+per kilogram and 2010 prices
+were around $50 to $70.
+
+Now they're on
+$30 to $50 in 2011
+
+and the 2008 prices were around
+$500 per kilogram in the spot
+
+market and it really boils
+down to the inability
+
+to adapt to demand.
+
+If you have a very
+large contraption that
+
+produces the feedstock materials
+and it takes a long time
+
+to build the
+factories, you're just
+
+not going to be able
+to adjust fast enough.
+
+Here's supply and demand,
+demand being the red
+
+and supply being the blue.
+
+You can see how the oversupply--
+the undersupply condition
+
+of the mid 2000s really led
+to our current condition.
+
+So, alternatives to solar grade
+silicon feedstock refining.
+
+What are some people thinking
+in terms of other processes
+
+that they can use?
+
+These are two processes
+right here and, mind you,
+
+when we were in this
+situation with this price
+
+for the silicon,
+everybody and anybody
+
+was coming up with new ideas of
+how to manufacture the silicon.
+
+Now that we're barely selling
+at cost and in an oversupply
+
+condition, many of these
+ideas are having a struggle--
+
+a hard time in the market.
+
+They're struggling right now.
+
+So fluidized bed reactor and
+upgraded metallurgical grade
+
+silicon.
+
+Let's talk about each
+of those in turn.
+
+So what the fluidized
+bed reactor folks
+
+realized was, gee, if
+we're depositing on a rod,
+
+our surface area to volume
+ratio is really large-- sorry,
+
+is really small.
+
+Our surface area to volume
+ratio is going to be very small.
+
+So think of it this way.
+
+If we have a sphere,
+a sphere would
+
+be the quintessential
+example where
+
+we'd have a very large
+surface area to volume ratio.
+
+If we had a plate, we
+would have, as well,
+
+a very large surface
+area to volume ratio
+
+and in the case of the condition
+prior, where you have this rod,
+
+you really can't deposit
+that quickly and so what
+
+these folks decided was,
+what we're going to do
+
+is introduce small silicon
+granules into this vessel,
+
+into this evacuated
+chamber, and-- here's
+
+the evacuated
+chamber right here--
+
+and we're going to flow silane
+gas into the system right here
+
+and the smaller
+particles are going
+
+to go higher up because
+of this flow of gas
+
+coming in the bottom and
+those will grow and eventually
+
+settle down down here where
+we can extract the bottom.
+
+So we'll wind up with these
+beautiful little silicon
+
+granules.
+
+These ones shown right
+here, which I'll pass around
+
+as well, those are coming
+from a fluidized bed reactor,
+
+and they're nice beautiful,
+spherical granules that
+
+are grown a lot faster, I
+mean, a lot more silicon
+
+is deposited per unit time than
+through the Siemens process
+
+as shown there in the back.
+
+As a result, the energy
+intensity is lower,
+
+the cost is lower, there's
+a very tricky process
+
+to nail to get just
+right, because you
+
+have to get the gas
+flows right, you
+
+have to design the chamber
+well, redo some purity contents.
+
+It's a tricky
+process, and so this
+
+is being produced
+right now, I believe,
+
+by only a few companies.
+
+REC has a capability
+of doing it.
+
+MEMC, as well,
+has the capability
+
+of doing this process.
+
+By and large, most
+silicon is coming
+
+from the Siemens process.
+
+Yup.
+
+AUDIENCE: Sorry, both
+of those companies
+
+have the normal
+refining process?
+
+PROFESSOR: They have the
+normal refining process.
+
+AUDIENCE: The [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Yup, and that's why
+they developed this new one.
+
+They had these smaller,
+internal projects
+
+that we're able to develop.
+
+So, yeah.
+
+I was just mentioning
+the energy intensity.
+
+This is the kilowatt
+hours per kilogram,
+
+going back to your question
+about energy intensity.
+
+This is trichlorosilane
+based Siemens process,
+
+silane based Siemens process.
+
+They're more ore less comparable
+in terms of energy intensity.
+
+And the silance based
+fluidized bed reactor process.
+
+According to
+internal REC numbers,
+
+which are little rosy,
+but never the less,
+
+the trend is correct here.
+
+It is lower somewhere
+in the order
+
+of an order of magnitude
+energy intensity,
+
+and cost is lower as well.
+
+So let's move away from
+the silicon refining
+
+by distillation
+process entirely.
+
+Let's leave gaseous
+distillation aside and say,
+
+what if we were to take this
+metallurgical-grade silicon
+
+and, through liquid
+purification routes,
+
+result in high purity silicon.
+
+How would we do that?
+
+Well, if we turn to other
+industries, the ones
+
+that smelter aluminum or
+refine manganese and so forth,
+
+we would see a multitude
+of different options
+
+that we could borrow.
+
+Slag refining, bleaching,
+leaching solidification.
+
+Let me walk through
+them one by one.
+
+Leaching-- that's
+fairly straightforward.
+
+So if we put in some
+acid, for instance,
+
+that dissolves the metals but
+doesn't dissolve the silicon
+
+we could leach the metals
+out of the material,
+
+and so that's the
+essence of leaching.
+
+You might crush
+up your material,
+
+in other ways other ways expose
+the metals, or impurities,
+
+to the acids inside
+of your system.
+
+Slag refining says,
+gee, what if we
+
+were to introduce some
+material that could
+
+absorb the metals into it?
+
+The solubility of
+the metals would
+
+be higher inside
+of the slag agent
+
+than inside of the liquid.
+
+Maybe we throw in calcium
+oxide or yttrium oxide or some,
+
+usually it's a metal oxide
+that has a very high melting
+
+temperature that remains a solid
+or, at least a glassy solid,
+
+and we pour it on
+top of our silicon
+
+and it's able to absorb, say,
+the phosphorus or the boron
+
+that's inside of our silicon so
+that we reduce impurity content
+
+and then we can add the
+phosphorous and boron later
+
+intentionally, but
+to the concentrations
+
+we want not to exuberantly
+high concentrations that
+
+might be found in nature.
+
+Solidification-- during
+this solidification process
+
+you're taking your
+molten silicon
+
+and you're solidifying
+it directionally
+
+from the bottom up and, because
+the solubility of impurities
+
+tends to be larger in the
+liquid than it is in the solid,
+
+it's like dragging a comb
+through the entire material
+
+dragging out the impurities.
+
+Concentrating them in the liquid
+and leaving a more pure silicon
+
+behind.
+
+Obviously, at the
+very, very end you
+
+have this highly
+concentrated region
+
+of impurities which then you
+have to slice off and remove,
+
+so the solicitation
+process doesn't
+
+come without a yield penalty.
+
+You still throw away
+some of your material.
+
+So you can't repeat the
+solidification over and over
+
+and over again, I
+guess you could,
+
+but you'd be losing
+material every step.
+
+So some combination of these
+processes here, and others.
+
+Other trickery.
+
+Low temperature eutectic
+formation with other elements,
+
+for example.
+
+Some combination of this is
+used to refine the silicon
+
+without creating
+a gas out of it.
+
+So wafer fabrication.
+
+We're now going from
+feedstock, we're
+
+leaving feedstocking
+behind, and we're
+
+going to be talking about how
+do you go from the feedstock
+
+materials that are being
+passed around the room
+
+right now into a wafer that
+you can then manufacture
+
+a solar cell device out of?
+
+One of these for instance.
+
+So let's talk about wafer
+fabrication right here.
+
+So again, just to
+situate ourselves,
+
+we've gone from raw materials
+to silicon feedstock
+
+and now we're going to
+feedstocks to wafers.
+
+Any questions right now
+before we dive into that?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Question about supply.
+
+So silicon is very abundant
+but the high purity
+
+silica deposits-- are
+they really abundant too?
+
+PROFESSOR: Great question.
+
+So the question was are the
+high purity silica deposits
+
+as abundant as, say, silicon.
+
+Certainly.
+
+If you bend over and rub your
+fingers against the ground
+
+you're probably going to
+come up with, probably,
+
+millions of trillions of silicon
+atoms in your fingernails.
+
+Those are not very purity.
+
+So the highest security
+quartz deposits are more rare
+
+and they are sought after,
+and so they're are known.
+
+Their locations are known.
+
+There's one specific
+one in Norway,
+
+one specific one
+in North Carolina,
+
+and so forth around the
+world and there-- in a sense,
+
+they go to places.
+
+People have adjusted their
+metallurgical-grade silicon
+
+refineries and their
+subsequent down process
+
+for that particular ore.
+
+Once you run out of it, it's
+not that the world ends,
+
+we just have to adjust for
+the next feedstock source.
+
+So, in principle, there
+are people looking
+
+at a variety of silicon inputs.
+
+Anything from the dirtier,
+compressed, metamorphic quartz
+
+that I mentioned.
+
+Some people looking
+at rice husks,
+
+which are silica rich as well.
+
+Other people
+looking at seashells
+
+which, mostly calcium carbonate,
+but other things as well.
+
+I mean, there was a wide range.
+
+When the price of silicon
+was $500 per kilogram,
+
+you got a multitude of ideas.
+
+When the price comes
+back down, people
+
+tend to be more conservative.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is silicon considered
+a renewable resource?
+
+PROFESSOR: Is silicon
+considered a renewable resource.
+
+It is not a renewable
+resource in the sense
+
+that, once you mine
+it from the ground,
+
+you've mined it from the ground
+and you used in some way.
+
+The reason it's
+considered not an issue
+
+is because there's
+so much of it.
+
+Not all of it, though, is
+in the easy to access form.
+
+Right?
+
+Some of the silicon
+might be bound up
+
+within heavily
+contaminated sources
+
+and that's where the refining
+ingenuity comes into play.
+
+As long as prices remain low,
+there's not too much interest,
+
+say, for example,
+that mine in Peru
+
+that has titanium oxide needles
+throughout their silicon
+
+because why would
+you want heavily
+
+titanium contaminated silicon?
+
+But as the price of
+silicon, it probably will,
+
+rise again then people might
+take another look at that mine
+
+and say gee, how can we
+phase separate the rutile
+
+and anatase from
+the quartz early
+
+on in the process by
+crushing and etching
+
+or something so we can access
+this feedstock material.
+
+We'll see.
+
+It really depends on how the
+market evolves, where people
+
+go looking for their silicon,
+but there's a lot of it
+
+in the earth's crust.
+
+AUDIENCE: You're not
+concerned about silicon?
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+Nope.
+
+What is a bigger bottleneck
+are are the refining steps
+
+in between.
+
+First it was the
+reactors and soon it's
+
+probably going to be the
+metallurgical-grade silicon
+
+reactors as well.
+
+All right.
+
+Wafers.
+
+How do we get to these
+from the raw feedstock
+
+materials that are being passed
+around the room right now?
+
+So single crystalline
+silicon ingot growth.
+
+Let's walk through that first.
+
+How do we get these
+beautiful ingots?
+
+They're about half of all
+silicon market right now.
+
+The biggest growth
+method, by far,
+
+is called Czochralski
+growth and, named
+
+after the Polish physicist
+there Jan Czochralski.
+
+What you do is you have
+a bath of molten silicon.
+
+A crucible, if you will.
+
+This tends to be a
+circular crucible,
+
+rounded at the
+bottom, usually made
+
+of quartz with
+heaters on the outside
+
+to heat up the molten silicon.
+
+To heat up the silicon
+chunks in here.
+
+Once everything
+is molten, looking
+
+like a big bathtub
+of silicon, you
+
+introduce a small
+crystalline silicon seed
+
+into that molten
+silicon and then
+
+you begin pulling while
+rotating that seed.
+
+So the seed is a
+single crystal material
+
+and what ends up happening
+is, as you introduce
+
+the seed into the material
+and begin pulling,
+
+you start pulling
+out this crystal.
+
+Single crystalline crystal.
+
+It's a thing of beauty
+and this seed is actually
+
+very, very narrow in diameter.
+
+It might be about that big
+around so pretty narrow
+
+in diameter and it's
+being able to support
+
+this ingot of a
+few, usually a few,
+
+tens to hundreds of kilograms
+of mass underneath it
+
+and that's because silicon is
+very strong even though it's
+
+brittle.
+
+So if you weren't to apply,
+say, for example, a shear
+
+force on your silicon but
+just to apply an axial load,
+
+you could support a very,
+large weight underneath it.
+
+So the [INAUDIBLE] of silicon
+is grown from the bottom
+
+and eventually you wind
+up with this nice ingot,
+
+as shown right there.
+
+The art that goes into growing
+this properly is amazing.
+
+I'll highlight it with one
+small little example just
+
+to illustrate the bigger
+picture that a lot of effort
+
+goes into making these
+defect-free, quote unquote,
+
+defect-free crystals.
+
+They're called defect-free
+because they contain no grain
+
+boundaries and no dislocations.
+
+They have impurities, they
+have intrinsic point defects,
+
+meaning vacancies or
+interstitial atoms,
+
+but they don't have grain
+boundaries or dislocations
+
+and so they're called
+defect-free silicon.
+
+You introduce that seed
+down into the liquid melt.
+
+Thermal stress happens.
+
+Right?
+
+Because you have the shock
+between the solid silicon seed
+
+encountering the liquid
+for the first time.
+
+So this locations [? form ?].
+
+And you have to pull the
+seed out in such a way,
+
+you slowly rotate and
+make this shoulder.
+
+The shoulder has to be
+as quick as possible
+
+because you don't want
+to waste material.
+
+Everything inside this shoulder
+right here gets thrown away.
+
+So that little piece of material
+right there gets tossed out.
+
+So you want to make the
+shoulders as narrow and as
+
+quick as possible
+so you can utilize
+
+the majority of your ingot
+but, at the same time,
+
+you have to make
+it thick enough so
+
+that the dislocations
+can move all the way
+
+and propagate all the
+way to the outside
+
+and end and terminate
+in the shoulder
+
+before propagating
+into the crystal.
+
+So that's just one
+example of the technology
+
+that goes in the growing these.
+
+Another might be, gee,
+we're PV industry,
+
+we want to make the stuff fast
+whereas, in the IC industry
+
+you can invest up to a few of
+dollars per gram of silicon
+
+and still make a profit
+because you're selling
+
+a computer at 1,000 bucks.
+
+In the PV industry,
+we can invest,
+
+at most, a few tens of
+cents per gram of silicon.
+
+So we have to make
+this stuff fast.
+
+We can't dilly dally.
+
+You might want to crank
+up the growth speed,
+
+then you run into issues
+with defect concentrations,
+
+intrinsic point
+defect concentrations,
+
+during the growth.
+
+I'm illustrating this
+just to highlight
+
+the complexity of the growth
+process of making these ingots,
+
+and the latter example was
+one that the PV industry
+
+is facing today.
+
+It's actually a
+hot research topic.
+
+Yeah.
+
+And then Ashley.
+
+AUDIENCE: The rotation speed
+does that just affect time,
+
+or does it affect other things?
+
+PROFESSOR: So it affects
+a multitude of things.
+
+One of the things
+that it affects
+
+is the flow of, the
+convective flow, of the melt.
+
+So the liquid flow
+inside of the melt
+
+is, in part, determining
+how much oxygen
+
+gets transported
+from this crucible
+
+here into the growing crystal.
+
+If you manage to suppress that
+convective flow in the melt,
+
+you will also suppress
+oxygen transport
+
+since the fusion is
+going to be a lot slower
+
+than turbulent transport
+or [INAUDIBLE] transport
+
+or convective transport.
+
+Yeah.
+
+Question?
+
+AUDIENCE: I just
+have two questions
+
+so one is how fast
+do you rotate it
+
+and the other is what that
+does control-- the diameter
+
+because I've heard
+of 12 inch wafers
+
+versus like 18 inch wafers.
+
+PROFESSOR: Sure.
+
+So one of the things
+that controls diameter
+
+is the balance of
+heat extraction.
+
+So if you cool something down,
+especially molten silicon,
+
+it will freeze, it will grow.
+
+If you heat it up,
+it will shrink.
+
+So that's one of the components
+that controls the diameter.
+
+The pull speed and how
+you grow that shoulder,
+
+essentially how you
+heat up the material
+
+and how fast you pull
+at those initial stages,
+
+also dictates the
+diameter and you
+
+can see in the
+ingots themselves,
+
+they're not perfect.
+
+They have a little
+bit of corregation
+
+and that's the fluctuations of
+the temperature of the melt,
+
+fluctuations of
+the heater output,
+
+fluctuations of pull
+speed, maybe what's pulling
+
+this entire contraption
+is kind of a stepper motor
+
+that has a certain
+granularity to it.
+
+Results in corregated edges.
+
+It's not perfect
+and so there will
+
+be some adjustment made to
+the form factor of the edge
+
+to get this nice round
+wafer at the end of the day.
+
+AUDIENCE: Does the
+seed rod [INAUDIBLE]
+
+all the way to the ingot
+or just near the top?
+
+PROFESSOR: All right.
+
+So the entire ingot
+becomes pattern
+
+or templated by the seed rod.
+
+So this entire ingot has the
+same crystalline orientation
+
+as a seed.
+
+AUDIENCE: And is the seed doped
+differently than the silicon?
+
+PROFESSOR: It might
+be but I'm not aware
+
+that that affects
+the overall process.
+
+It could be that it's one
+of the critical pieces
+
+of the magic sauce that makes
+it work but I'm not aware.
+
+Rotation speed.
+
+It's not rotating like
+this it's a slow rotation
+
+so I would-- let's see.
+
+How many radians per second--
+
+AUDIENCE: Can you see it?
+
+PROFESSOR: You can
+visually see it
+
+if you looked at it long enough.
+
+Yeah.
+
+So one modification,
+one variant,
+
+of the single
+crystalline growth method
+
+is called float-zone growth.
+
+You take a rod of poly, much
+like that right over there
+
+that's inside of here,
+and you pass an RF coil,
+
+radio frequency
+coil, next to the rod
+
+and what that does is,
+essentially, heats up
+
+the silicon, if it's
+doped highly enough.
+
+It will melt the
+silicon locally.
+
+Folks have probably heard
+of fancy high-end stoves
+
+that we can only probably hope
+to afford in 10 or 15 years,
+
+but these stoves that
+are inductive heaters.
+
+Right?
+
+They're not resistive
+heating elements,
+
+they're inductive heating
+elements and the way
+
+that works is you have a radio
+frequency source that then
+
+is absorbed by, in the
+case of the RF heater,
+
+I believe it's a
+specific type of iron
+
+that the inductive
+heating ovens need.
+
+And so this RF coil here
+is emitting energy, which
+
+is absorbed by the
+silicon and melting it,
+
+and you start with the
+polycrystalline rod coming
+
+from the Siemens process
+and in that case,
+
+this rough, corrugated
+material right here won't do.
+
+Right?
+
+This is too rough
+for that RF coil
+
+to pass over and be a
+consistent distance away.
+
+In the case of
+float-zone growth,
+
+you actually have to modify your
+polysilicon production process.
+
+You have to modify
+the Siemens process
+
+so that you get a
+nice smooth rod, which
+
+you can then pass the
+RF coil next to and melt
+
+and you again start with
+a seed at the bottom,
+
+your RF coil starts down here
+and then the RF coil moves
+
+through the material, almost
+like a comb from the bottom
+
+to the top, converting
+the polysilicon
+
+into nice single crystalline
+material and, in the process,
+
+it concentrates impurities
+in this liquid region.
+
+Since the liquids have a
+higher solubility in the liquid
+
+than they do in the solid,
+the impurities are then
+
+aggregated inside of the liquid
+region and, again, like a comb,
+
+they just get swept
+out of the material.
+
+Not all of them, but
+a large percentage
+
+of them, and so you
+can make multiple
+
+passes with this RF coil
+to further concentrate
+
+the impurities and
+the extremities
+
+and remove them
+from the material.
+
+So that's a float-zone method.
+
+Very expensive material,
+very high purity.
+
+One of the reasons
+it has high purity
+
+is because you don't have
+this quartz crucible nearby,
+
+you don't have
+this molten silicon
+
+that's absorbing or
+dissolving the quartz
+
+and transporting the
+oxygen into your crystal.
+
+You have much lower carbon
+and oxygen concentrations
+
+to [INAUDIBLE]
+float-zone material.
+
+So if anybody is doing
+experiments with silicon,
+
+for whatever reason, using
+it as a substrate material,
+
+you want to think carefully
+about what type of silicon you
+
+source and from
+where you source it.
+
+You can find some very
+poor quality silicon
+
+out there in the
+market, especially
+
+if you going into
+the aftersale market,
+
+and we know this from some--
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: --very
+painful experiences.
+
+And so there are
+some better sources
+
+from which to get
+your wafers and we're
+
+happy to talk
+about that offline.
+
+So, again, single
+crystalline silicon.
+
+We're going to
+venture into the world
+
+of multicrystalline silicon
+ever so briefly here.
+
+First, we'll start
+about cast material
+
+and, just to emphasize
+here, we have
+
+regions of crystalline
+material that
+
+have grain boundaries
+separating the adjacent grains
+
+and the reason we go into
+multicrystalline silicon
+
+is really oftentimes, it
+is a lower cost method
+
+of producing a silicon wafer
+although you have the grain
+
+boundaries.
+
+So, again, single crystalline,
+Czochralski and float-zone, you
+
+wind up with round
+wafers, typically
+
+single crystalline variety, and
+multicrystalline silicon wafers
+
+tend to be more square-like
+and more visibly multi-grained,
+
+if you will.
+
+So let's talk about
+those for a minute.
+
+How do you make a
+multicrystalline silicon wafer?
+
+Again, you would start with
+the solar-grade silicon that
+
+could either be coming
+from the Siemens process,
+
+it could be coming from
+the fluidized bed reactor,
+
+it could be coming
+from an upgraded
+
+metallurgical-grade silicon,
+the liquid purification
+
+route but, somehow, some way,
+you get chunks of silicon,
+
+or granules of silicon, that
+have a high enough purity
+
+for you to make
+solar cells out of,
+
+and high enough
+purity is typically
+
+in the order of one part per
+million impurity content.
+
+So you put your solar-grade
+silicon into a crucible
+
+and then you melt the
+silicon inside of it.
+
+Silicon melts at
+1,414 degrees Celsius.
+
+It's a very high temperature.
+
+So 1,414 degrees Celsius is the
+melting temperature of silicon.
+
+And then it's cooled.
+
+Not just randomly, but from
+the bottom up and the reason
+
+it's cooled from the
+bottom up is because,
+
+and here I guess you'll actually
+have to come up and see this
+
+after class, it's rather
+difficult to see from here,
+
+but this is a cross
+section of a small ingot.
+
+This is the outside
+of the ingot where
+
+it was contacting the
+wall, these little pieces
+
+of white stuff that
+are flaking off,
+
+this is the fused quartz silica
+that forms the crucible wall,
+
+and the silicon
+nitride coating that
+
+form the anti-stick
+coating that prevented
+
+the silicon from
+sticking to the crucible,
+
+and so it's kind of
+rough and corrugated
+
+but, if we were to rotate this
+around and look at the inside,
+
+this here is a cross
+section of the actual ingot
+
+from the inside and,
+if you look carefully,
+
+you'll see grains growing
+from the bottom to the top.
+
+You probably can't
+see them from here,
+
+you'll have to come up
+after class and take a look,
+
+but the grains are growing
+from the bottom to the top
+
+and that is called directional
+solidification, or the result
+
+of directional solidification.
+
+Directional
+solidification is when
+
+you solidify from
+the bottom to the top
+
+and, typically, your
+grain boundaries
+
+are going to be
+running perpendicular
+
+to the solid-liquid interface,
+so your grain boundaries
+
+will be running up like this
+as you grow your material
+
+from the bottom to the top.
+
+If you were to do
+uncontrolled solidification
+
+and all walls would
+freeze the same time,
+
+you'd have grains growing
+in from the sides,
+
+you'd have grains growing
+in through the bottom
+
+and then, when you slice
+your wafer out horizontally,
+
+the grain boundaries wouldn't
+be running perpendicular
+
+to the surface.
+
+They might be running parallel
+to the surface, in which case
+
+they could wreck havoc on your
+minority care diffusion length.
+
+Imagine you being
+an electron having
+
+to travel across that grain
+boundary that's between you
+
+and the P-N junction.
+
+Whereas, if the grain boundaries
+are running perpendicular
+
+to the surfaces,
+now they're only
+
+affecting very small areas of
+the entire solar cell wafer.
+
+So when I pick up
+a wafer like this,
+
+this wafer was chopped
+from the ingot this way
+
+or, to put it into
+perspective here,
+
+this wafer was sliced
+out like that from this.
+
+So the grain boundaries
+were running perpendicular
+
+to the surfaces and that way
+they don't impede as much
+
+with electron transport.
+
+So the multicrystalline
+silicon ingot is formed.
+
+The ingot is then chopped
+into these blocks,
+
+usually between 16 and 24, that
+means four bricks to an edge
+
+or five bricks to an edge.
+
+Some folks are exploring
+six by six, so 36 bricks,
+
+and then the bricks are
+rotated on their side
+
+and then sliced into wafers
+and individual wafers come out.
+
+So you can see the wafers
+I've sliced from the bricks
+
+as I showed you right here.
+
+Is this diagram clear to folks?
+
+In general since--
+any confusions?
+
+Any questions?
+
+No.
+
+AUDIENCE: How do
+they cut the wafers?
+
+PROFESSOR: How do
+they cut wafers!
+
+So this is a process called
+wire sawing sign and this is
+
+one of the most
+beautiful technologies
+
+because it was invented
+in the PV industry
+
+and transported back,
+adopted by the IC industry.
+
+So it's one of the few
+examples of technology
+
+that went the other way.
+
+Let me get to that point.
+
+AUDIENCE: How was
+it done before?
+
+PROFESSOR: It was
+done by ID saws,
+
+for instance, inner
+diameter saws,
+
+that would slice off wafers
+like a wafer off of a salami.
+
+AUDIENCE: So not a
+wire but like a disk?
+
+PROFESSOR: Like a disk saw.
+
+Yeah.
+
+Exactly.
+
+Like the inner diameter meaning
+your saw is like a rotating
+
+blade and you're just
+using, you know-- Yeah.
+
+OK.
+
+So directional solidification
+of multicrystalline silicon.
+
+This is a cross section of a
+furnace that is solidifying
+
+an ingot right here.
+
+Here's your ingot.
+
+This is a liquid silicon
+and, essentially, it's
+
+solidifying from the
+bottom to the top
+
+and, hopefully, we'll have
+a tour of one of the world's
+
+largest ingot solidification
+furnace manufacturing
+
+companies in the world.
+
+So, they don't
+manufacture the silicon,
+
+they manufacture the furnace
+that manufactures the silicon.
+
+If that makes sense.
+
+AUDIENCE: Do they also
+make the crucible?
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+That would be Vesuvius.
+
+Yeah.
+
+It would be other companies
+that make the crucibles.
+
+And these are some of
+the furnaces right here.
+
+The keyboard and monitor.
+
+For size comparison, stairs.
+
+So they're about
+two stories tall.
+
+You can go up here to the
+top and look down into them.
+
+It's pretty cool.
+
+Using a little infrared
+lens to block out the heat
+
+so you don't get blinded
+and the furnace itself--
+
+all the action happens
+inside of here.
+
+The top can lift-- typically,
+they're the bottom loaded.
+
+You'll see this little
+seal right here.
+
+So this bottom part
+typically comes down
+
+because you want to trap
+the heat inside of it
+
+so you're not losing all that
+and the bottom is removed,
+
+the forklift comes in, picks
+up this ingot and crucible
+
+which could be a few of
+kilograms in mass-- up
+
+to about 600, maybe even
+a ton-- and removes it
+
+and places in the
+proper location.
+
+It's a pretty dirty environment.
+
+The operator will typically
+take a garden hose
+
+and hose it down
+inside afterward.
+
+It's really an
+antithesis of an IC
+
+fab at this stage right here.
+
+These are graphite
+insulation materials
+
+on the sides of the crucible
+and this yellowish dust
+
+that you see everywhere
+is silica, again.
+
+That nice fine grained dust
+that's bad for you lungs.
+
+The directional
+solidification process
+
+can be, to some degrees,
+used interchangeably
+
+with the so-called
+Bridgeman process.
+
+It's also a name
+for a specific type
+
+of directional solidification.
+
+This is your ingot, this is
+the ingot chopped into bricks,
+
+and then the bricks-- here's an
+ingot coming out of a furnace.
+
+Those are the bricks over here.
+
+This is a really tiny one.
+
+It's like lab scale.
+
+The big ones are about over
+a meter along the long edge.
+
+And then, to saw
+them into wafers,
+
+we use what's
+called wire sawing.
+
+These are several kilometers
+of wires-- of wire.
+
+One continuous wire,
+several kilometers
+
+long, typically of a
+steel-based composite.
+
+Running in these
+bricks right here,
+
+in the presence of a
+glycol-based slurry, typically,
+
+and silicon carbide
+or diamond grit,
+
+and the grit is being
+pressured by the wire
+
+against the silicon.
+
+The grit is very small
+in size-- micron size--
+
+and it's, essentially, chipping
+out small pieces of silicon
+
+as this wire is
+progressing through
+
+and, over a period of
+around 6 to 8 hours,
+
+you saw through the entire
+brick and you use, maybe,
+
+four or eight of them at a time.
+
+So if that wire were
+to snap about halfway
+
+through the process, all
+those bricks are gone.
+
+So it's very important
+that the wire be
+
+very robust and able to
+support the sawing process
+
+and, as I said, it's
+several kilometers long
+
+and moving at a speed of
+a few meters per second.
+
+So this is zinging along
+through your material
+
+in the presence of very
+small grit and slurry,
+
+and so the consumables that are
+used in the wire sawing process
+
+are enormous, and you lose
+about half of your silicon
+
+due to sawdust in this
+process right here.
+
+So this is a prime
+candidate for replacement
+
+of the manufacturing
+process, even though it's
+
+so commonly used today.
+
+What I'm going to do is give
+a quick pause right here
+
+until our next
+class, where we'll
+
+pick up and talk about
+ribbon growth, which
+
+seeks to get around
+all the complexities
+
+of multicrystalline
+silicon ingot growth
+
+while still keeping
+the cost advantage.
+
+So with that, thank you.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/A0owfH3UERI.txt b/A0owfH3UERI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..12c336c3a2a5155a326b8c9437df1a11fd37ef1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/A0owfH3UERI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16899 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all right so get let's get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right so get let's get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right so get let's get
+started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started
+okay good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good
+afternoon finally spring here yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon finally spring here yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon finally spring here yeah so
+which means you want to be out not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means you want to be out not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means you want to be out not
+inside a room first we're going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside a room first we're going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside a room first we're going to go
+over the uh strategy aspect kind of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the uh strategy aspect kind of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the uh strategy aspect kind of this
+will be give us a chance to reflect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be give us a chance to reflect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be give us a chance to reflect of
+uh the whole content we went through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the whole content we went through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the whole content we went through the
+the uh the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the whole
+term by maybe using the idea of setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term by maybe using the idea of setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term by maybe using the idea of setting
+up setting up a strategy to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up setting up a strategy to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up setting up a strategy to try to
+connect the different sessions that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect the different sessions that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect the different sessions that we
+we kind of covered through throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we kind of covered through throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we kind of covered through throughout
+and uh also we're going to spend some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh also we're going to spend some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh also we're going to spend some
+time on the team project final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on the team project final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on the team project final
+deliverable I know there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliverable I know there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliverable I know there's some
+questions you're going to you're meeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions you're going to you're meeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions you're going to you're meeting
+with us if you haven't already meet uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with us if you haven't already meet uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with us if you haven't already meet uh
+already and I want to answer those so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already and I want to answer those so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already and I want to answer those so
+you are prepared to to work on the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are prepared to to work on the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are prepared to to work on the final
+report and uh then on on Wednesday we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report and uh then on on Wednesday we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report and uh then on on Wednesday we're
+going to hear firsthand from memc on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to hear firsthand from memc on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to hear firsthand from memc on how
+they think about sustainability strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they think about sustainability strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they think about sustainability strategy
+the sustainability group um so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sustainability group um so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sustainability group um so the
+director one one of the head people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director one one of the head people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director one one of the head people
+there is going to come here and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is going to come here and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is going to come here and you're
+going to have a chance to validate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a chance to validate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a chance to validate and
+maybe get some of your questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe get some of your questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe get some of your questions
+answered on how a company actually makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answered on how a company actually makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answered on how a company actually makes
+this happen in a little bit larger scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happen in a little bit larger scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happen in a little bit larger scale
+want to go online to EMC has one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go online to EMC has one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go online to EMC has one of the
+better sustainability recording go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better sustainability recording go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better sustainability recording go on
+their website and kind of look around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their website and kind of look around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their website and kind of look around
+what kind of information they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of information they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of information they're
+disclosing so you can kind of look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disclosing so you can kind of look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disclosing so you can kind of look at
+that relative to what your companies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that relative to what your companies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that relative to what your companies are
+because I would say they're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I would say they're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I would say they're sort of
+ahead of the game and also maybe some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of the game and also maybe some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of the game and also maybe some
+questions to think about for Katie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions to think about for Katie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions to think about for Katie
+shindle who will be coming on Wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shindle who will be coming on Wednesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shindle who will be coming on Wednesday
+yeah great so that's a little bit of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah great so that's a little bit of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah great so that's a little bit of of
+the administrative aspect so this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the administrative aspect so this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the administrative aspect so this uh
+paper who had read it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+before before class before we assigned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before before class before we assigned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before before class before we assigned
+it so in the past where do you in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so in the past where do you in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so in the past where do you in which
+context did you read it um it was um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context did you read it um it was um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context did you read it um it was um for
+like a Mackenzie thing I was on a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a Mackenzie thing I was on a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a Mackenzie thing I was on a few
+like a while back okay how about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a while back okay how about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a while back okay how about you
+where did you read it before oh sorry I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did you read it before oh sorry I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did you read it before oh sorry I
+thought this class oh okay no this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought this class oh okay no this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought this class oh okay no this
+actually a very good paper I'm sure if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a very good paper I'm sure if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a very good paper I'm sure if
+you this is actually the one I always go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this is actually the one I always go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this is actually the one I always go
+back to over time because it has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to over time because it has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to over time because it has some
+fundamental insights that I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental insights that I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental insights that I think is
+worth revisiting this is um even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth revisiting this is um even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth revisiting this is um even though
+it's not written for uh supply chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not written for uh supply chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not written for uh supply chain
+necessarily it's not written for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily it's not written for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily it's not written for
+environmental supply chain either is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental supply chain either is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental supply chain either is
+really more on General CSR but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really more on General CSR but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really more on General CSR but I think
+some of the key aspects of this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the key aspects of this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the key aspects of this paper
+are I think critical when you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are I think critical when you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are I think critical when you have to
+make this happen in practice this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this happen in practice this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this happen in practice this is
+very much connected to what we see and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much connected to what we see and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much connected to what we see and
+Alexis and I have been talking to people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alexis and I have been talking to people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alexis and I have been talking to people
+on especially the pitfalls on how people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on especially the pitfalls on how people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on especially the pitfalls on how people
+address environmental aspects in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address environmental aspects in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address environmental aspects in their
+company and Beyond so why don't we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company and Beyond so why don't we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company and Beyond so why don't we start
+by uh who would like to kind of give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uh who would like to kind of give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uh who would like to kind of give me
+a summary of the premise the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a summary of the premise the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a summary of the premise the basic
+premise that Porter puts forward in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+article so Mr he's kind of saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article so Mr he's kind of saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article so Mr he's kind of saying that
+you know just the CSR is not enough and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just the CSR is not enough and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just the CSR is not enough and
+that people are kind of taking this TSR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people are kind of taking this TSR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people are kind of taking this TSR
+as like kind of the end all and trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as like kind of the end all and trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as like kind of the end all and trying
+to put in these indexes Without Really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put in these indexes Without Really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put in these indexes Without Really
+knowing a lot of the true information so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing a lot of the true information so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing a lot of the true information so
+by doing that they're actually kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing that they're actually kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing that they're actually kind of
+going away from their true goal which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going away from their true goal which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going away from their true goal which is
+you know Improvement in these areas so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Improvement in these areas so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Improvement in these areas so
+he's kind of looking at you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's kind of looking at you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's kind of looking at you know what
+are different ways that you know aside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different ways that you know aside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different ways that you know aside
+from this General acceptance CSR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this General acceptance CSR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this General acceptance CSR
+standard that we can use to you know get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard that we can use to you know get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard that we can use to you know get
+companies to focus more on you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies to focus more on you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies to focus more on you know the
+social as social responsibility okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social as social responsibility okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social as social responsibility okay
+there's one you would like to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one you would like to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one you would like to add
+something advocates for moving from like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something advocates for moving from like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something advocates for moving from like
+Corporate social responsibility towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corporate social responsibility towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corporate social responsibility towards
+Corporate social uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corporate social uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corporate social uh
+integration and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration and
+also uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also uh that
+sometimes companies spread their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes companies spread their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes companies spread their
+resources to thin meeting all these kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources to thin meeting all these kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources to thin meeting all these kind
+of like NGO demands or U kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like NGO demands or U kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like NGO demands or U kind of
+external pressures that aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external pressures that aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external pressures that aren't
+necessarily that integral to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily that integral to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily that integral to their
+supply chain and they could perhaps have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain and they could perhaps have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain and they could perhaps have
+more of an impact if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of an impact if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of an impact if they
+focus on one one area in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particular let me see if I can get those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular let me see if I can get those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular let me see if I can get those
+three ideas here one is the um I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three ideas here one is the um I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three ideas here one is the um I guess
+Focus too much on the stakeholders we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Focus too much on the stakeholders we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Focus too much on the stakeholders we'll
+talk a little bit more about that one U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit more about that one U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit more about that one U
+the integrate to the business I guess a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integrate to the business I guess a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integrate to the business I guess a
+little bit of what you were saying as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of what you were saying as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of what you were saying as
+well some of the index straps is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well some of the index straps is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well some of the index straps is one of
+the stakeholders and um this is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stakeholders and um this is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stakeholders and um this is not a
+trivial problem uh and let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial problem uh and let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial problem uh and let me just
+relate back I'm not sure I can tell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate back I'm not sure I can tell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate back I'm not sure I can tell the
+full company name yet but uh soon we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full company name yet but uh soon we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full company name yet but uh soon we
+will so we were talking one of the major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will so we were talking one of the major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will so we were talking one of the major
+major companies and we were asking them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major companies and we were asking them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major companies and we were asking them
+how do you start your green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you start your green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you start your green
+sustainability strategy they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability strategy they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability strategy they actually
+they said we did this we went to all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said we did this we went to all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said we did this we went to all the
+indexes that were out there that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indexes that were out there that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indexes that were out there that were
+ranking companies we looked exactly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranking companies we looked exactly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranking companies we looked exactly and
+why they were not ranking as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they were not ranking as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they were not ranking as
+well and then we started addressing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and then we started addressing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and then we started addressing that
+give us like a guiding post where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us like a guiding post where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us like a guiding post where we
+wanted to achieve want to be number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to achieve want to be number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to achieve want to be number one
+in all those indexes and then we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all those indexes and then we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all those indexes and then we look at
+what what what the feedback they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what what the feedback they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what what the feedback they were
+providing us and we work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing us and we work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing us and we work on
+it and we're doing very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and we're doing very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and we're doing very
+well they're rank much better of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they're rank much better of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they're rank much better of course
+than before but this is specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than before but this is specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than before but this is specifically
+this in this Porter article specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this Porter article specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this Porter article specifically
+advises against that so it advises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advises against that so it advises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advises against that so it advises
+against are in multiple Dimensions one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against are in multiple Dimensions one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against are in multiple Dimensions one
+dimension is you know these indexes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension is you know these indexes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension is you know these indexes are
+convoluted right but there's like a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convoluted right but there's like a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convoluted right but there's like a a
+fundamental I guess problem is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental I guess problem is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental I guess problem is that this
+doesn't go beyond what your company does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't go beyond what your company does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't go beyond what your company does
+is what somebody else cares about know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what somebody else cares about know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what somebody else cares about know
+what your company cares about and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your company cares about and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your company cares about and the
+indexes although are the most visible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indexes although are the most visible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indexes although are the most visible
+part that's not really it's not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part that's not really it's not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part that's not really it's not going to
+be there to stay I think yeah that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be there to stay I think yeah that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be there to stay I think yeah that's
+really the the the the thing is it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the the the the thing is it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the the the the thing is it's not
+that it's bad to use them it's just that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's bad to use them it's just that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's bad to use them it's just that
+if you think that's the ultimate goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think that's the ultimate goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think that's the ultimate goal
+you will never be able to go the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will never be able to go the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will never be able to go the
+momentum beyond the CSR head whomever is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum beyond the CSR head whomever is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum beyond the CSR head whomever is
+are in this project great they're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in this project great they're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in this project great they're going
+to be able to move ahead but once this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to move ahead but once this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to move ahead but once this
+person leaves or the company changes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person leaves or the company changes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person leaves or the company changes uh
+this is going to be gone this could be 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be gone this could be 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be gone this could be 5
+years this could be seven years that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years this could be seven years that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years this could be seven years that's
+unknown but that's I think one of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown but that's I think one of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown but that's I think one of of the
+problems I want to at least tell that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems I want to at least tell that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems I want to at least tell that
+story um focus too much on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story um focus too much on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story um focus too much on the
+stakeholder and um sorry you had a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholder and um sorry you had a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholder and um sorry you had a third
+idea but I forgot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea but I forgot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea but I forgot
+was you forgot to I forgot okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was you forgot to I forgot okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was you forgot to I forgot okay
+good anything else that you think were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good anything else that you think were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good anything else that you think were
+the key messages from from this article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key messages from from this article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key messages from from this article
+there are not those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are not those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are not those
+three I thought it was important to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three I thought it was important to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three I thought it was important to the
+way he broke up four different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way he broke up four different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way he broke up four different types of
+CSR so there was the license to operate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CSR so there was the license to operate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CSR so there was the license to operate
+moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral
+obligation sustainability and reputation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obligation sustainability and reputation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obligation sustainability and reputation
+yeah I I think that's pretty good too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I I think that's pretty good too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I I think that's pretty good too
+and the reason I think it's pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason I think it's pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason I think it's pretty good
+is because most of us the first time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because most of us the first time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because most of us the first time we
+think through this these are the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think through this these are the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think through this these are the four
+things that come to mind of why a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that come to mind of why a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that come to mind of why a
+company do it so one is a moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+argument the other one was the license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument the other one was the license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument the other one was the license
+to operate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to operate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to operate
+argument the other one that is uh maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument the other one that is uh maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument the other one that is uh maybe
+the one that we um even within M MIT we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that we um even within M MIT we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that we um even within M MIT we
+talk a lot more is the sustainability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a lot more is the sustainability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a lot more is the sustainability
+argument and the uh the third one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reputation who can who remembers why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reputation who can who remembers why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reputation who can who remembers why
+those four he claims are incomplete it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those four he claims are incomplete it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those four he claims are incomplete it's
+not that they're wrong is that they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that they're wrong is that they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that they're wrong is that they were
+incomplete to capture the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomplete to capture the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomplete to capture the true
+motivation and meaning to drive and move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation and meaning to drive and move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation and meaning to drive and move
+change in organization towards CSR or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in organization towards CSR or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in organization towards CSR or
+sustainability so let's talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability so let's talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability so let's talk about the
+moral argument what was the main uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral argument what was the main uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral argument what was the main uh
+problem of using a moral view of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of using a moral view of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of using a moral view of the
+world to say this is what we should do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world to say this is what we should do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world to say this is what we should do
+this is the good thing for us to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the good thing for us to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the good thing for us to do this
+is why our business should do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why our business should do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why our business should do
+it it wasn't very easily measurable yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it wasn't very easily measurable yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it wasn't very easily measurable yeah
+number one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one is
+measurement which is always going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement which is always going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement which is always going to be
+a challenge right so measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a challenge right so measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a challenge right so measurement
+so uh what was the problem with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh what was the problem with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh what was the problem with the
+moral what was the problem with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral what was the problem with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral what was the problem with the
+measurement aspect but not isy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement aspect but not isy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement aspect but not isy
+measurable that's one thing but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable that's one thing but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable that's one thing but what
+what does he mean by that I think there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does he mean by that I think there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does he mean by that I think there
+are some things that are kind of like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some things that are kind of like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some things that are kind of like in
+in these these overlaps of gray areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these these overlaps of gray areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these these overlaps of gray areas
+that you do one thing but you kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you do one thing but you kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you do one thing but you kind of
+like you know you kind of destroy value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know you kind of destroy value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know you kind of destroy value
+in another area and how do you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in another area and how do you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in another area and how do you actually
+get that to to mesh yeah so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that to to mesh yeah so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that to to mesh yeah so the the
+measurement is that we all as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement is that we all as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement is that we all as
+individuals we probably have our own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals we probably have our own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals we probably have our own
+moral values and when we decide should I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral values and when we decide should I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral values and when we decide should I
+take that extra piece of coke you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that extra piece of coke you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that extra piece of coke you know I
+I paid for one drink I want to top it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I paid for one drink I want to top it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I paid for one drink I want to top it
+off you put a little bit more than you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off you put a little bit more than you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off you put a little bit more than you
+paid for and you're doing like a moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid for and you're doing like a moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid for and you're doing like a moral
+analysis right and you do it internally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis right and you do it internally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis right and you do it internally
+and it's easy right you say well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's easy right you say well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's easy right you say well you
+know last time I have less so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know last time I have less so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know last time I have less so you know
+maybe on average I'm consuming that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe on average I'm consuming that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe on average I'm consuming that
+right amount of of soda and I'm okay of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right amount of of soda and I'm okay of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right amount of of soda and I'm okay of
+going back to the line and getting soda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to the line and getting soda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to the line and getting soda
+even though I pay for one drink it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though I pay for one drink it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though I pay for one drink it's
+like a moral choice and you do it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a moral choice and you do it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a moral choice and you do it at
+individual level is easy maybe to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual level is easy maybe to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual level is easy maybe to do
+those tradeoff because they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those tradeoff because they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those tradeoff because they're not
+quantifiable but if you go like a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiable but if you go like a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiable but if you go like a big
+company they they use the example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company they they use the example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company they they use the example of
+Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google
+you have two different moral choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two different moral choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two different moral choices
+right is one openness you know you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is one openness you know you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is one openness you know you want
+freedom but on the other hand you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom but on the other hand you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom but on the other hand you also
+want to give access to people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give access to people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give access to people to
+technology so how do you balance those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology so how do you balance those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology so how do you balance those
+two and where you cannot measure things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and where you cannot measure things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and where you cannot measure things
+it all becomes a choice that is I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all becomes a choice that is I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all becomes a choice that is I know
+of leadership or some sort and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of leadership or some sort and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of leadership or some sort and you
+cannot translate that into business over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot translate that into business over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot translate that into business over
+time that's one the other thing is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that's one the other thing is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that's one the other thing is the
+moral compass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral compass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral compass
+changes changes from one place to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes changes from one place to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes changes from one place to the
+other from one context to the other how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other from one context to the other how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other from one context to the other how
+can a company be run that way it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can a company be run that way it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can a company be run that way it's not
+that morality is not part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that morality is not part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that morality is not part of the
+business decisions but rather making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business decisions but rather making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business decisions but rather making
+that the main driving force for CSR is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the main driving force for CSR is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the main driving force for CSR is
+not does not allow you to do trade-offs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not does not allow you to do trade-offs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not does not allow you to do trade-offs
+properly that's kind of what his main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly that's kind of what his main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly that's kind of what his main
+argument was the measurement aspect lack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument was the measurement aspect lack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument was the measurement aspect lack
+of measurement is reality on moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of measurement is reality on moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of measurement is reality on moral
+decisions but you cannot make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions but you cannot make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions but you cannot make the
+trade-offs and businesses are all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-offs and businesses are all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-offs and businesses are all about
+trade-offs that was kind of one of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-offs that was kind of one of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-offs that was kind of one of his
+main let's say cont arguments that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main let's say cont arguments that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main let's say cont arguments that's
+morality licens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morality licens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morality licens to
+operate um he said that they don't take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate um he said that they don't take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate um he said that they don't take
+so since you're trying to look good in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since you're trying to look good in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since you're trying to look good in
+the eyes of the of the community you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eyes of the of the community you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eyes of the of the community you
+operate in um you answer to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate in um you answer to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate in um you answer to their
+requests but you're not taking into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests but you're not taking into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests but you're not taking into
+account uh how you operate and what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account uh how you operate and what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account uh how you operate and what your
+competitive advantages are yeah so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive advantages are yeah so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive advantages are yeah so this
+a dichotomy between your capabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dichotomy between your capabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dichotomy between your capabilities
+and what this community wants right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what this community wants right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what this community wants right so
+this like this does not take into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account
+also this this goes back uh he talks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also this this goes back uh he talks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also this this goes back uh he talks
+there about different context as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there about different context as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there about different context as well
+right the context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the context
+changes um reputation this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes um reputation this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes um reputation this is this is
+the interesting one because actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interesting one because actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interesting one because actually
+Alex and I spent a lot of time on trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alex and I spent a lot of time on trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alex and I spent a lot of time on trying
+to look for this information what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look for this information what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look for this information what was
+the main argument against the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main argument against the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main argument against the
+reputation kind of bad approach for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reputation kind of bad approach for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reputation kind of bad approach for
+justifying CSR someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remembers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembers
+a lot of times it could just be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of times it could just be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of times it could just be very
+quickly just a marketing campaign marke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly just a marketing campaign marke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly just a marketing campaign marke
+instead of like a true you know measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of like a true you know measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of like a true you know measure
+of what they're doing like something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what they're doing like something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what they're doing like something
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+fundamental it's true it's a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental it's true it's a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental it's true it's a bit of
+marketing but it's like not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing but it's like not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing but it's like not
+proven see there's not even a there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proven see there's not even a there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proven see there's not even a there's
+not even a we have not been able to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even a we have not been able to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even a we have not been able to find
+a real evidence that this actually works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real evidence that this actually works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real evidence that this actually works
+right that this branding creates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that this branding creates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that this branding creates
+business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business
+value which is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value which is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value which is very
+surprising but it's surprising because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising but it's surprising because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising but it's surprising because
+in the companies that are willing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the companies that are willing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the companies that are willing to do
+it very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it very
+well it's hard to differentiate how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's hard to differentiate how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's hard to differentiate how much
+is brand how much is business how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is brand how much is business how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is brand how much is business how do you
+make that argument um and and I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that argument um and and I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that argument um and and I think we
+tried several times Alexis to find some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried several times Alexis to find some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried several times Alexis to find some
+good studies that show that being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good studies that show that being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good studies that show that being
+Greener gives you better return over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greener gives you better return over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greener gives you better return over
+investment or business value but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment or business value but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment or business value but
+actually most of the stats are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually most of the stats are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually most of the stats are the
+reverse right they say companies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse right they say companies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse right they say companies are
+doing great they tend to be greener
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing great they tend to be greener
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing great they tend to be greener
+right or more sustainable but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or more sustainable but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or more sustainable but you can
+never have find the other argument so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never have find the other argument so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never have find the other argument so
+doesn't mean that there's no value on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean that there's no value on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean that there's no value on it
+it's just it's hard to to distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just it's hard to to distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just it's hard to to distinguish
+that value from the normal operation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that value from the normal operation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that value from the normal operation of
+the business so even if you try to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the business so even if you try to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the business so even if you try to go
+that path uh you will not ever get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that path uh you will not ever get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that path uh you will not ever get a
+good sense of how good value this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good sense of how good value this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good sense of how good value this will
+give you which goes back to how why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you which goes back to how why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you which goes back to how why
+would you even choose to do it when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you even choose to do it when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you even choose to do it when the
+times get tough and you have to cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times get tough and you have to cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times get tough and you have to cut
+budgets how can you justify doing this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budgets how can you justify doing this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budgets how can you justify doing this I
+mean he always thinks on the on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean he always thinks on the on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean he always thinks on the on how
+businesses should do this later so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses should do this later so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses should do this later so a
+little bit of the of the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of the of the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of the of the value of
+marketing is unclear value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing is unclear value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing is unclear value of
+brand yeah we even wanted to look the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brand yeah we even wanted to look the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brand yeah we even wanted to look the
+opposite way that if you if you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite way that if you if you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite way that if you if you got
+attacked like in the case of nestle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacked like in the case of nestle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacked like in the case of nestle and
+Nesley and tiat situation when there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nesley and tiat situation when there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nesley and tiat situation when there was
+the Green Piece of attacks and we wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Green Piece of attacks and we wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Green Piece of attacks and we wanted
+to see the stock drip dip and it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see the stock drip dip and it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see the stock drip dip and it you
+know maybe went down a few few cents for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe went down a few few cents for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe went down a few few cents for
+one day and it went you know it evened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one day and it went you know it evened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one day and it went you know it evened
+out so unfortunately even the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so unfortunately even the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so unfortunately even the the
+reverse is not true the only example we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse is not true the only example we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse is not true the only example we
+found which actually is the scary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found which actually is the scary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found which actually is the scary
+example the only one was Nike probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the only one was Nike probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the only one was Nike probably
+yeah back in the labor market that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah back in the labor market that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah back in the labor market that's the
+the only example that has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only example that has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only example that has been
+documented that is closer correlated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documented that is closer correlated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documented that is closer correlated
+between the attacks that they had on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the attacks that they had on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the attacks that they had on
+labor and the actual stock value but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor and the actual stock value but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor and the actual stock value but
+there was other factors going on in at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was other factors going on in at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was other factors going on in at
+that time but that was enough to scare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time but that was enough to scare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time but that was enough to scare
+people you know across across the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people you know across across the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people you know across across the world
+which is good I'm not saying this bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is good I'm not saying this bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is good I'm not saying this bad
+thing but he argues there not enough and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but he argues there not enough and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but he argues there not enough and
+then we go to sustainability that what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we go to sustainability that what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we go to sustainability that what's
+the argument he uses for sustainability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the argument he uses for sustainability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the argument he uses for sustainability
+not being a good driving force it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not being a good driving force it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not being a good driving force it's very
+v um there's not a lot of basis for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v um there's not a lot of basis for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v um there's not a lot of basis for it
+and it can also lead to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can also lead to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can also lead to um
+misunderstanding the the long-term cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misunderstanding the the long-term cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misunderstanding the the long-term cost
+for short-term gains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so it's it's bague so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so it's it's bague so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so it's it's bague so the
+definition is great but what is the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is great but what is the long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is great but what is the long
+term I mean what what how long is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term I mean what what how long is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term I mean what what how long is the
+long term how how am I trading off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long term how how am I trading off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long term how how am I trading off the
+long term is this 10 years is this 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long term is this 10 years is this 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long term is this 10 years is this 100
+years is this 50 years but I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years is this 50 years but I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years is this 50 years but I have to
+make decisions now I'm evaluated now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make decisions now I'm evaluated now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make decisions now I'm evaluated now and
+if I always have to make this trade of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I always have to make this trade of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I always have to make this trade of
+longterm and shortterm the natural the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longterm and shortterm the natural the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longterm and shortterm the natural the
+natural path is going to be postpone the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural path is going to be postpone the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural path is going to be postpone the
+long term and you could just postpone it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long term and you could just postpone it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long term and you could just postpone it
+postpone it postpone it and it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postpone it postpone it and it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postpone it postpone it and it's hard to
+make it on a regular basis a decision of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it on a regular basis a decision of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it on a regular basis a decision of
+the short term because it's so vague not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short term because it's so vague not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short term because it's so vague not
+that is the wrong framework but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the wrong framework but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the wrong framework but it's
+just too too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just too too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just too too
+undefined um I think those more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undefined um I think those more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undefined um I think those more or less
+were the four arguments roughly speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the four arguments roughly speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the four arguments roughly speaking
+that were outlining the wrong reasons to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were outlining the wrong reasons to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were outlining the wrong reasons to
+do do sustainability however if you talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do do sustainability however if you talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do do sustainability however if you talk
+to people these are easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to people these are easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to people these are easier to
+explain talk look at any CEO PCH if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain talk look at any CEO PCH if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain talk look at any CEO PCH if they
+they all of them if someone is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all of them if someone is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all of them if someone is on the
+operations they talk a lot about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations they talk a lot about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations they talk a lot about this
+license to operate like Risk you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license to operate like Risk you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license to operate like Risk you know
+aspects a little bit of risk risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects a little bit of risk risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects a little bit of risk risk
+management it's very easy to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management it's very easy to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management it's very easy to understand
+if I don't do the right thing they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I don't do the right thing they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I don't do the right thing they're
+going to kick me out of China or out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to kick me out of China or out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to kick me out of China or out of
+Brazil that's a very very natural way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazil that's a very very natural way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazil that's a very very natural way to
+do it this is um also as people you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it this is um also as people you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it this is um also as people you know
+and that's a good way to get a ring cry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a good way to get a ring cry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a good way to get a ring cry
+for change this of course is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for change this of course is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for change this of course is just the
+overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall
+um I guess it's the overall trend that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess it's the overall trend that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess it's the overall trend that
+you see u in general in in by noos and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see u in general in in by noos and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see u in general in in by noos and
+and media and actually ourselves here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and media and actually ourselves here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and media and actually ourselves here in
+Academia and reputation is is is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Academia and reputation is is is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Academia and reputation is is is another
+risk argument and it's very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk argument and it's very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk argument and it's very well
+understood you can bring it into your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood you can bring it into your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood you can bring it into your
+into your company but all of those four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your company but all of those four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your company but all of those four
+he basically says those should not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he basically says those should not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he basically says those should not be
+the right ones okay so those that's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right ones okay so those that's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right ones okay so those that's kind
+of the the summary of the bad things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the summary of the bad things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the summary of the bad things
+that were happening so he Pro proposes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were happening so he Pro proposes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were happening so he Pro proposes a
+specific framework to try to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific framework to try to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific framework to try to think about
+this so who would like to kind of give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so who would like to kind of give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so who would like to kind of give
+the idea of the framework he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of the framework he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of the framework he
+proposes someone remembers that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposes someone remembers that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposes someone remembers that's the
+this table I think the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is on page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on page
+eight it says how to prioritize social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight it says how to prioritize social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight it says how to prioritize social
+issues and he talks about two types Ty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues and he talks about two types Ty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues and he talks about two types Ty
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+CSR actually it's actually the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CSR actually it's actually the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CSR actually it's actually the other one
+it's page nine probably yeah it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's page nine probably yeah it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's page nine probably yeah it's a
+little bit better page nine he talks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit better page nine he talks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit better page nine he talks
+about these generic social impacts value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these generic social impacts value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these generic social impacts value
+chain social impacts and social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain social impacts and social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain social impacts and social
+dimensions of competitive competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions of competitive competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions of competitive competitive
+context you can always say portra is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context you can always say portra is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context you can always say portra is
+really good with these words yeah social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good with these words yeah social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good with these words yeah social
+dimensions of competitive it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions of competitive it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions of competitive it's pretty
+good so um but those three ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so um but those three ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so um but those three ones
+basically are the way he proposes you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically are the way he proposes you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically are the way he proposes you to
+think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about
+so let me see who Ventures to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me see who Ventures to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me see who Ventures to try to
+make sense of these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone
+guesses Saragosa we have someone in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses Saragosa we have someone in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses Saragosa we have someone in
+Saragosa two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Saragosa two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Saragosa two
+people no one is venturing yeah someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people no one is venturing yeah someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people no one is venturing yeah someone
+Venture go ahead Save the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there he doesn't have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there he doesn't have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there he doesn't have an
+answer no the answer is no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer no the answer is no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer no the answer is no no
+answer okay so they did not say so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer okay so they did not say so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer okay so they did not say so what
+what he basically yeah go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he basically yeah go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he basically yeah go
+ahead but the response ISR is really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead but the response ISR is really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead but the response ISR is really a
+response to the incentive that are say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to the incentive that are say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to the incentive that are say
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+the the competive should be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the competive should be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the competive should be more
+integrated so I the responsive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated so I the responsive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated so I the responsive
+as um the response to incentive to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as um the response to incentive to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as um the response to incentive to get
+more to be more responsible and to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more to be more responsible and to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more to be more responsible and to be
+good citizen and to comply in a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good citizen and to comply in a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good citizen and to comply in a way to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+responsible and then the social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible and then the social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible and then the social
+Dimension is something that is uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension is something that is uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension is something that is uh that
+that goes beyond just uh the response to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes beyond just uh the response to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes beyond just uh the response to
+the incentive of the society and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incentive of the society and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incentive of the society and just
+takes the lead to bring um even F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes the lead to bring um even F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes the lead to bring um even F
+further in the more strategic way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further in the more strategic way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further in the more strategic way the
+coer of responsibility for the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coer of responsibility for the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coer of responsibility for the future
+and I would take an example like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would take an example like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would take an example like for
+example the um net positive of fish is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the um net positive of fish is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the um net positive of fish is
+would be an example of this for me is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be an example of this for me is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be an example of this for me is
+that it means that they have a strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it means that they have a strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it means that they have a strategy
+of not only for example being at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of not only for example being at zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of not only for example being at zero
+carbon fopr or deforestation but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon fopr or deforestation but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon fopr or deforestation but they
+want to go beyond this and send more Tri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go beyond this and send more Tri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go beyond this and send more Tri
+that they virtually consume in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they virtually consume in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they virtually consume in their
+business for homes and so have a net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business for homes and so have a net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business for homes and so have a net
+positive impact in the end so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive impact in the end so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive impact in the end so for
+meated like this okay so then we have on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meated like this okay so then we have on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meated like this okay so then we have on
+one end we have the good C ship I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one end we have the good C ship I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one end we have the good C ship I guess
+but what what does he really mean here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what what does he really mean here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what what does he really mean here
+is it could you say that again maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it could you say that again maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it could you say that again maybe I
+missed what is the decision for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed what is the decision for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed what is the decision for a
+company in the good citizenship world of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company in the good citizenship world of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company in the good citizenship world of
+complying with a society's incentive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complying with a society's incentive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complying with a society's incentive
+it's a little bit of saying do nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit of saying do nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit of saying do nothing
+but do not do nothing IR responsibly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but do not do nothing IR responsibly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but do not do nothing IR responsibly so
+basically do nothing you know just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically do nothing you know just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically do nothing you know just you
+know take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know take a look at
+stuff you know just do the basics you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff you know just do the basics you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff you know just do the basics you
+know just stay there stay there uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know just stay there stay there uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know just stay there stay there uh
+definitely you know have a code of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely you know have a code of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely you know have a code of
+conduct on how to to do labor practices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduct on how to to do labor practices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduct on how to to do labor practices
+but you don't have to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't have to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't have to make this
+something very important in your company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very important in your company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very important in your company
+you just have to make sure people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have to make sure people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have to make sure people
+understand what expectations are have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what expectations are have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what expectations are have
+the minimal compliance in some sense and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimal compliance in some sense and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimal compliance in some sense and
+just you know do the right thing it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know do the right thing it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know do the right thing it's
+like what we do every day comply with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what we do every day comply with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what we do every day comply with
+the with the laws uh maybe you don't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the with the laws uh maybe you don't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the with the laws uh maybe you don't you
+do not you're not looking actively to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not you're not looking actively to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not you're not looking actively to
+see how these laws are changing you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how these laws are changing you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how these laws are changing you just
+you know do them that's a little bit on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know do them that's a little bit on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know do them that's a little bit on
+the left side why is this hard for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left side why is this hard for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left side why is this hard for
+companies to do sorry yes also in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies to do sorry yes also in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies to do sorry yes also in uh
+being like a good citizen means like try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being like a good citizen means like try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being like a good citizen means like try
+to avoid like adverse effects of from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid like adverse effects of from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid like adverse effects of from
+the business so just avoidance avoidance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the business so just avoidance avoidance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the business so just avoidance avoidance
+of effect on the business yeah so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of effect on the business yeah so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of effect on the business yeah so just
+you know make sure you don't end up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know make sure you don't end up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know make sure you don't end up in
+jail which is is this is doesn't do for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jail which is is this is doesn't do for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jail which is is this is doesn't do for
+a good marketing campaign yeah so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good marketing campaign yeah so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good marketing campaign yeah so we're
+going to avoid to be in jail on labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to avoid to be in jail on labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to avoid to be in jail on labor
+issues we're going to avoid to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues we're going to avoid to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues we're going to avoid to be in
+jail on carbon fprint I mean this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jail on carbon fprint I mean this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jail on carbon fprint I mean this is
+that's why companies don't don't talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why companies don't don't talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why companies don't don't talk
+about this that way because you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this that way because you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this that way because you have to
+it's not that sexy so that's on one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that sexy so that's on one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that sexy so that's on one one
+Spectrum so this is a little bit of say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum so this is a little bit of say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum so this is a little bit of say
+no say no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no say no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no say no
+thanks right so no say no I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks right so no say no I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks right so no say no I'm not going
+to try to solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to solve this
+problem I am aware of it I recognize it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I am aware of it I recognize it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I am aware of it I recognize it
+and I'm going to try to do you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to try to do you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to try to do you know what
+the best I can but I'm really not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best I can but I'm really not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best I can but I'm really not going
+to spend resources or time trying to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend resources or time trying to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend resources or time trying to do
+this I think it's a little to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I think it's a little to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I think it's a little to say that
+it's just avoiding and that it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just avoiding and that it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just avoiding and that it's just
+not doing anything not solving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not doing anything not solving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not doing anything not solving the
+problem because if I understood well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because if I understood well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because if I understood well
+what say it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what say it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what say it's also
+abouta the adverse consequences of not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abouta the adverse consequences of not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abouta the adverse consequences of not
+get good citizenship in on the business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get good citizenship in on the business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get good citizenship in on the business
+yeah so the he he talks that in in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the he he talks that in in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the he he talks that in in a
+little bit of the next stage so he says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of the next stage so he says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of the next stage so he says
+there's um generic social impacts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's um generic social impacts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's um generic social impacts and
+then he has this value chain social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he has this value chain social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he has this value chain social
+impact so there will be some of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact so there will be some of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact so there will be some of those
+that'll be closer to your business so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll be closer to your business so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll be closer to your business so
+there's a few of them that maybe not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a few of them that maybe not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a few of them that maybe not as
+distant as others but the ones are a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distant as others but the ones are a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distant as others but the ones are a bit
+closer then definitely I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer then definitely I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer then definitely I want to
+mitigate so in a little bit then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigate so in a little bit then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigate so in a little bit then they
+move to say no thanks to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to say no thanks to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to say no thanks to you know
+mitigate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+risk but you're right in some sense you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk but you're right in some sense you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk but you're right in some sense you
+want to list them down and have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to list them down and have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to list them down and have some
+sort of conscious decision and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of conscious decision and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of conscious decision and I think
+this is anyone that has studied strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is anyone that has studied strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is anyone that has studied strategy
+knows that strategy is not what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows that strategy is not what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows that strategy is not what you
+decide to do is what most of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to do is what most of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to do is what most of the time
+you make sure you are not going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make sure you are not going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make sure you are not going to do
+I'm not going to try to it's hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to try to it's hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to try to it's hard
+sometimes to say I'm going to do this or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes to say I'm going to do this or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes to say I'm going to do this or
+that but someone when you have a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but someone when you have a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but someone when you have a good
+strategy in your head you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy in your head you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy in your head you know this
+issue I know is important but I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue I know is important but I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue I know is important but I'm not
+going to try to tackle it that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to tackle it that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to tackle it that's a
+little bit of what the same FR is's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of what the same FR is's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of what the same FR is's
+trying to put forward here is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to put forward here is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to put forward here is that you
+even though it's hard to say no to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it's hard to say no to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it's hard to say no to one
+of these issues you have to say no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these issues you have to say no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these issues you have to say no
+because you cannot solve them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you cannot solve them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you cannot solve them
+all that's that's the the one end and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that's that's the the one end and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that's that's the the one end and
+then on the other end we have the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then on the other end we have the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then on the other end we have the the
+like the more we call Strategic CSR this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the more we call Strategic CSR this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the more we call Strategic CSR this
+is what he calls responsiveness I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what he calls responsiveness I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what he calls responsiveness I guess
+responsive CSR that is on the on the on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsive CSR that is on the on the on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsive CSR that is on the on the on
+the framework of try to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the framework of try to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the framework of try to say
+no uh to try to mitigate risk and on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no uh to try to mitigate risk and on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no uh to try to mitigate risk and on the
+other hand you have the Strategic CSR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand you have the Strategic CSR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand you have the Strategic CSR
+aspects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it that those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that those are the
+ones that you have to say yes to and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that you have to say yes to and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that you have to say yes to and you
+say yes to in two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say yes to in two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say yes to in two different
+ways one is the I think what you you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways one is the I think what you you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways one is the I think what you you you
+you were saying earlier is is the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were saying earlier is is the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were saying earlier is is the one
+that tries to create new competitiveness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tries to create new competitiveness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tries to create new competitiveness
+Dimensions as a company I think they use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions as a company I think they use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions as a company I think they use
+Whole Foods as one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whole Foods as one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whole Foods as one
+example this is my competitiveness you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this is my competitiveness you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this is my competitiveness you
+my competitive is organic food and I I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my competitive is organic food and I I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my competitive is organic food and I I'm
+engaged with consumers I'm engaged with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged with consumers I'm engaged with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged with consumers I'm engaged with
+the community and I do everything just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community and I do everything just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community and I do everything just
+to position myself as a completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to position myself as a completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to position myself as a completely
+different retailer where people can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different retailer where people can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different retailer where people can find
+certain Goods where people can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain Goods where people can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain Goods where people can actually
+uh not only get their their products but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not only get their their products but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not only get their their products but
+help their community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help their community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help their community
+and they attract a certain kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they attract a certain kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they attract a certain kind of
+market and everything sustainability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and everything sustainability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and everything sustainability
+around Whole Foods is really tied to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around Whole Foods is really tied to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around Whole Foods is really tied to
+their not only not only their values but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their not only not only their values but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their not only not only their values but
+it's how they see themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+competing um most people uh Whole Foods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing um most people uh Whole Foods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing um most people uh Whole Foods
+Pride themselves that whenever there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pride themselves that whenever there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pride themselves that whenever there's a
+Whole Foods in a neighborhood their real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whole Foods in a neighborhood their real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whole Foods in a neighborhood their real
+estate values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estate values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estate values
+increase because this is like a a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase because this is like a a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase because this is like a a a
+source of change and they and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of change and they and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of change and they and they
+compete that way and every Green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compete that way and every Green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compete that way and every Green
+environmental Dimension is tied to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental Dimension is tied to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental Dimension is tied to that
+competitiveness but they also very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitiveness but they also very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitiveness but they also very much
+so charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so charge
+more now most people cannot afford Whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more now most people cannot afford Whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more now most people cannot afford Whole
+Foods so and it's not the only value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foods so and it's not the only value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foods so and it's not the only value
+proposition that a retailer can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition that a retailer can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition that a retailer can have
+there's other that are different scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's other that are different scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's other that are different scale
+and there's other things we will talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's other things we will talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's other things we will talk
+about later but that's the example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about later but that's the example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about later but that's the example of a
+strategic CSR um and there's another he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic CSR um and there's another he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic CSR um and there's another he
+actually talks about another example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually talks about another example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually talks about another example
+there and and we we saw this we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and and we we saw this we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and and we we saw this we're
+talking with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking with
+seens uh and I think you can help me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seens uh and I think you can help me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seens uh and I think you can help me
+here with some of the of the seens uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with some of the of the seens uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with some of the of the seens uh
+Vision so seens uh they do all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vision so seens uh they do all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vision so seens uh they do all kinds of
+electrical equipment uh for big power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical equipment uh for big power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical equipment uh for big power
+plants so for them green energy is their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants so for them green energy is their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants so for them green energy is their
+business of the future so they decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business of the future so they decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business of the future so they decided
+we're going to sell all kinds of hydro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to sell all kinds of hydro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to sell all kinds of hydro
+wind energy and they put lots of effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind energy and they put lots of effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind energy and they put lots of effort
+into trying to sell this to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into trying to sell this to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into trying to sell this to other
+companies but the only way you can sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies but the only way you can sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies but the only way you can sell
+this outside is if you use it inside if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this outside is if you use it inside if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this outside is if you use it inside if
+you don't have good energy practices in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have good energy practices in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have good energy practices in
+your company you cannot sell the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your company you cannot sell the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your company you cannot sell the product
+outside so for them it became quickly uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside so for them it became quickly uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside so for them it became quickly uh
+a transformation of the culture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transformation of the culture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transformation of the culture and
+trying to do a much better job with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do a much better job with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do a much better job with
+their own suppliers and energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own suppliers and energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own suppliers and energy
+management because that's the only way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management because that's the only way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management because that's the only way
+you can justify that future positioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can justify that future positioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can justify that future positioning
+of selling wind energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of selling wind energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of selling wind energy
+and selling the Future Energy solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and selling the Future Energy solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and selling the Future Energy solutions
+for the world you have to sell new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the world you have to sell new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the world you have to sell new
+products and then you have to work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and then you have to work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and then you have to work on
+your supply chain to be as energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your supply chain to be as energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your supply chain to be as energy
+efficient as the products you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient as the products you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient as the products you want to
+sell so they kind of transform their CSR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell so they kind of transform their CSR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell so they kind of transform their CSR
+uh and their supply chain environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and their supply chain environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and their supply chain environmental
+practices focusing on energy reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices focusing on energy reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices focusing on energy reduction
+Energy savings because this was fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy savings because this was fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy savings because this was fully
+aligned to how they wanted to compete G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned to how they wanted to compete G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned to how they wanted to compete G
+is also mentioned here the EO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also mentioned here the EO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also mentioned here the EO
+imagination projects you hear about GE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination projects you hear about GE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination projects you hear about GE
+same thing they see this the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing they see this the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing they see this the future
+people are buying these products so my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are buying these products so my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are buying these products so my
+company also needs to be very good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company also needs to be very good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company also needs to be very good at
+measuring energy use and saving energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring energy use and saving energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring energy use and saving energy
+throughout my manufacturing plants and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout my manufacturing plants and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout my manufacturing plants and
+my suppliers and my supplier suppliers I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my suppliers and my supplier suppliers I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my suppliers and my supplier suppliers I
+need to be consistent because this helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be consistent because this helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be consistent because this helps
+my positioning of of my brand and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my positioning of of my brand and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my positioning of of my brand and also
+these suppliers are going my customers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these suppliers are going my customers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these suppliers are going my customers
+if I sell Energy Solutions you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I sell Energy Solutions you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I sell Energy Solutions you know if
+my supplier needs to improve their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my supplier needs to improve their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my supplier needs to improve their
+energy they'll buy my products so you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy they'll buy my products so you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy they'll buy my products so you a
+little bit of a virtual Circle I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a virtual Circle I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a virtual Circle I guess
+Toyota is the same thing Toyota they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toyota is the same thing Toyota they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toyota is the same thing Toyota they
+mentioned here in the case in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned here in the case in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned here in the case in in the
+article um now there is uh the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article um now there is uh the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article um now there is uh the other
+group they call here is called transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group they call here is called transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group they call here is called transform
+value chain activities to benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value chain activities to benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value chain activities to benefit
+Society while reinforcing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society while reinforcing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society while reinforcing a
+strategy that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy that's a
+mouthful what does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouthful what does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouthful what does it
+mean I think well he giv the example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I think well he giv the example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I think well he giv the example of
+nle and he's just talking about fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nle and he's just talking about fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nle and he's just talking about fully
+integrating whatever your CSR priorities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating whatever your CSR priorities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating whatever your CSR priorities
+are um into how you do business every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are um into how you do business every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are um into how you do business every
+day um and that's what nle does they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day um and that's what nle does they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day um and that's what nle does they
+work with small farmers and so their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with small farmers and so their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with small farmers and so their
+impact is fully integrated into their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact is fully integrated into their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact is fully integrated into their
+company strategy yeah so it's just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company strategy yeah so it's just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company strategy yeah so it's just do
+what you do do it well and do it well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do do it well and do it well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do do it well and do it well
+sustainably so N is a great example uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainably so N is a great example uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainably so N is a great example uh
+UPS who's working with UPS and FedEx in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UPS who's working with UPS and FedEx in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UPS who's working with UPS and FedEx in
+their so UPS is another great example so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their so UPS is another great example so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their so UPS is another great example so
+UPS um they also have what the business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UPS um they also have what the business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UPS um they also have what the business
+of packaging and Logistics is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of packaging and Logistics is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of packaging and Logistics is
+a very thin margin uh business every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very thin margin uh business every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very thin margin uh business every
+every single decision you make uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single decision you make uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single decision you make uh that
+saves especially like the scale of FedEx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saves especially like the scale of FedEx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saves especially like the scale of FedEx
+or UPS or any of these packaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or UPS or any of these packaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or UPS or any of these packaging
+companies uh any gallon of field you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies uh any gallon of field you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies uh any gallon of field you
+save in one route multiply by the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save in one route multiply by the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save in one route multiply by the number
+of routes you run by every day multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of routes you run by every day multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of routes you run by every day multiply
+by the number of routes per year it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the number of routes per year it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the number of routes per year it's
+millions and millions of dollars of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions and millions of dollars of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions and millions of dollars of
+savings and if you do it well your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings and if you do it well your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings and if you do it well your
+business runs better and what they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business runs better and what they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business runs better and what they have
+embraced sustainability to connect it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embraced sustainability to connect it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embraced sustainability to connect it to
+that particular thing we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular thing we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular thing we are going to
+save fuel to the N degree in every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save fuel to the N degree in every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save fuel to the N degree in every
+single operation we do and this connects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single operation we do and this connects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single operation we do and this connects
+with what they do very well that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what they do very well that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what they do very well that is
+logistics and transportation so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistics and transportation so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistics and transportation so that's
+kind of another example of look at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of another example of look at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of another example of look at what
+you do and what you do that matters to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do and what you do that matters to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do and what you do that matters to
+you you're going to do it as sustainably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you're going to do it as sustainably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you're going to do it as sustainably
+or whatever the dimension as as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever the dimension as as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever the dimension as as as
+possible you're going to leverage what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible you're going to leverage what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible you're going to leverage what
+you're good at to try to expand and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're good at to try to expand and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're good at to try to expand and and
+make it sustainable in some way or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it sustainable in some way or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it sustainable in some way or
+another and and that and transform that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another and and that and transform that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another and and that and transform that
+function into a competitive advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function into a competitive advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function into a competitive advantage
+that's kind of the idea he has there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of the idea he has there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of the idea he has there's a
+problem with all of these though we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with all of these though we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with all of these though we'll
+talk about the problems later but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the problems later but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the problems later but that's
+um that's the like the Strategic CSR is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's the like the Strategic CSR is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's the like the Strategic CSR is
+strategic because you see a new market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic because you see a new market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic because you see a new market
+coming or strategic because you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming or strategic because you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming or strategic because you have a
+core competenc in the way you run your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core competenc in the way you run your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core competenc in the way you run your
+business and because of that you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business and because of that you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business and because of that you should
+spend time there and do it better that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend time there and do it better that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend time there and do it better that's
+kind of I think that that's the basics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of I think that that's the basics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of I think that that's the basics
+the way I like to see this his article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way I like to see this his article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way I like to see this his article
+um and if you ever go to a company or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and if you ever go to a company or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and if you ever go to a company or
+this is a good a good one to keep around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a good a good one to keep around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a good a good one to keep around
+you're going to go back and read it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to go back and read it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to go back and read it
+multiple times over your lifetime so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple times over your lifetime so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple times over your lifetime so uh
+uh before you lose your access to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh before you lose your access to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh before you lose your access to the
+MIT libraries have a printed copy or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT libraries have a printed copy or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT libraries have a printed copy or you
+have to pay how much is $6.99 you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pay how much is $6.99 you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pay how much is $6.99 you have
+the budgets in the future so um so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the budgets in the future so um so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the budgets in the future so um so now
+but let's look a little bit more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's look a little bit more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's look a little bit more about
+what um about anything else that I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what um about anything else that I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what um about anything else that I have
+not covered on the basic messages of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not covered on the basic messages of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not covered on the basic messages of
+this of this of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this of this of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this of this of this
+article that someone would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article that someone would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article that someone would like to
+highlight that maybe he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight that maybe he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight that maybe he
+mentions at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentions at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentions at the end
+no right I just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no right I just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no right I just want
+make a comment yeah um because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a comment yeah um because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a comment yeah um because I'm
+taking a marketing class a branding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a marketing class a branding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a marketing class a branding
+class right now and um the main takeaway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class right now and um the main takeaway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class right now and um the main takeaway
+I got from here is and that's synonymous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got from here is and that's synonymous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got from here is and that's synonymous
+with what we're learning in our branding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what we're learning in our branding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what we're learning in our branding
+class is DNA like what we see in all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is DNA like what we see in all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is DNA like what we see in all the
+different case studies we've read is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different case studies we've read is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different case studies we've read is
+that when a company doesn't incorporate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when a company doesn't incorporate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when a company doesn't incorporate
+uh The Branding message and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh The Branding message and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh The Branding message and the
+attributes of the the key attributes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes of the the key attributes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes of the the key attributes of
+the company into their DNA then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the company into their DNA then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the company into their DNA then they
+fall short and they're less competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall short and they're less competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall short and they're less competitive
+against other people who do it well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against other people who do it well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against other people who do it well and
+so that's kind of what I see he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's kind of what I see he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's kind of what I see he's
+actually saying is that if you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually saying is that if you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually saying is that if you're going
+to position yourself and integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to position yourself and integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to position yourself and integrate
+yourself as this environmental conscious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself as this environmental conscious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself as this environmental conscious
+company make sure you're intertwining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company make sure you're intertwining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company make sure you're intertwining
+within the DNA of your company don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the DNA of your company don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the DNA of your company don't
+don't just do it to you know address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't just do it to you know address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't just do it to you know address
+some uh hot issue that's in in the news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh hot issue that's in in the news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh hot issue that's in in the news
+at the at this point in time or that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the at this point in time or that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the at this point in time or that it
+sounds favorable cuz it's the flavor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds favorable cuz it's the flavor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds favorable cuz it's the flavor of
+the month make sure that you integrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the month make sure that you integrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the month make sure that you integrated
+in everything that you do and then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in everything that you do and then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in everything that you do and then that
+will have you know a huge um benefit to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have you know a huge um benefit to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have you know a huge um benefit to
+your company shortterm and long yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your company shortterm and long yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your company shortterm and long yeah so
+this notion of the DNA uh which which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion of the DNA uh which which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion of the DNA uh which which
+when you hear people explaining it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you hear people explaining it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you hear people explaining it is
+kind of uh sounds funny but but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh sounds funny but but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh sounds funny but but it's
+it's really it's really the the Crocs uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really it's really the the Crocs uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really it's really the the Crocs uh
+now what does it mean to make it happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what does it mean to make it happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what does it mean to make it happen
+so this is very strategic level we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is very strategic level we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is very strategic level we're
+going to talk a little bit about okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk a little bit about okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk a little bit about okay
+great now I put into my DNA how do I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great now I put into my DNA how do I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great now I put into my DNA how do I put
+into my DNA but let's let's look at few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into my DNA but let's let's look at few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into my DNA but let's let's look at few
+things that are not here explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are not here explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are not here explicitly
+mentioned at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned at
+least um that I believe are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least um that I believe are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least um that I believe are
+important so um even though he doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so um even though he doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so um even though he doesn't
+talk about this in this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this in this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this in this paper
+specifically he really doesn't talk much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically he really doesn't talk much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically he really doesn't talk much
+about the the life cycle view of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the the life cycle view of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the the life cycle view of
+products and services not that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and services not that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and services not that because
+this is a social CSR in general so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a social CSR in general so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a social CSR in general so I
+think that's been much more developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's been much more developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's been much more developed
+since this was published but this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since this was published but this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since this was published but this idea
+that that uh you really need to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that uh you really need to think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that uh you really need to think of
+the life cycle of a product or a service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the life cycle of a product or a service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the life cycle of a product or a service
+to try to inform this process I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to inform this process I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to inform this process I guess
+this is a specific um I guess uh tool or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a specific um I guess uh tool or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a specific um I guess uh tool or
+at least a view of the world that helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least a view of the world that helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least a view of the world that helps
+inform this process because how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inform this process because how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inform this process because how do you
+inform which areas you can prioritize or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inform which areas you can prioritize or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inform which areas you can prioritize or
+not um is not very well determined here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not um is not very well determined here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not um is not very well determined here
+that's one thing and as a consequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one thing and as a consequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one thing and as a consequence of
+that if you remember from life cycle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you remember from life cycle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you remember from life cycle and
+all the things we we've heard is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the things we we've heard is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the things we we've heard is that
+most of the emissions of any single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the emissions of any single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the emissions of any single
+company actually doesn't matter which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company actually doesn't matter which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company actually doesn't matter which
+company you look at are not within your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company you look at are not within your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company you look at are not within your
+company right they're always in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company right they're always in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company right they're always in your
+suppliers or your customers which uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers or your customers which uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers or your customers which uh
+creates a little bit more importance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates a little bit more importance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates a little bit more importance to
+make those external connections as part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make those external connections as part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make those external connections as part
+of your strategy I think he does mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your strategy I think he does mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your strategy I think he does mention
+it here in some places but I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here in some places but I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here in some places but I think it
+was not as clear because of the scope of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not as clear because of the scope of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not as clear because of the scope of
+this particular um paper that was too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular um paper that was too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular um paper that was too
+CSR generic we talk about environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CSR generic we talk about environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CSR generic we talk about environmental
+even social aspects most of the impacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even social aspects most of the impacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even social aspects most of the impacts
+are outside your company just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are outside your company just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are outside your company just because
+the way the companies are structured you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way the companies are structured you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way the companies are structured you
+have a life cycle view so they you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a life cycle view so they you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a life cycle view so they you have
+to put more emphasis in those external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put more emphasis in those external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put more emphasis in those external
+connections more than maybe he tries to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections more than maybe he tries to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections more than maybe he tries to
+portray in this in this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portray in this in this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portray in this in this particular
+article which is why we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article which is why we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article which is why we talk about
+supply chain let's say as an enabler of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain let's say as an enabler of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain let's say as an enabler of
+this strategy but the priorities at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this strategy but the priorities at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this strategy but the priorities at the
+high level need to be connected to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level need to be connected to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level need to be connected to the
+same principles but this lack of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same principles but this lack of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same principles but this lack of
+emphasis on the life cycle View and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis on the life cycle View and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis on the life cycle View and your
+supply chain I think is the the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain I think is the the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain I think is the the one
+thing that I believe is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I believe is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I believe is a little bit
+lacking but um let's look at page five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lacking but um let's look at page five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lacking but um let's look at page five
+and uh take a look at that diagram of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh take a look at that diagram of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh take a look at that diagram of
+page five I think that that diagram of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page five I think that that diagram of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page five I think that that diagram of
+page five looks awfully familiar or at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page five looks awfully familiar or at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page five looks awfully familiar or at
+least should look awfully familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least should look awfully familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least should look awfully familiar
+except that ours is prettier no actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that ours is prettier no actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that ours is prettier no actually
+he is pretty um so you have all the all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he is pretty um so you have all the all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he is pretty um so you have all the all
+the functions of the firm the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functions of the firm the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functions of the firm the same thing
+we had on on our day one of the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had on on our day one of the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had on on our day one of the class
+and he has like this inbound Logistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he has like this inbound Logistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he has like this inbound Logistics
+on the left side as the function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left side as the function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left side as the function that
+bring things in and he has well some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring things in and he has well some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring things in and he has well some
+ideas that you have to look the looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that you have to look the looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that you have to look the looking
+inside out aspect of it Transportation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside out aspect of it Transportation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside out aspect of it Transportation
+emissions etc etc then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions etc etc then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions etc etc then you have
+operations you have emissions and waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations you have emissions and waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations you have emissions and waste
+these are the kind of the things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the kind of the things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the kind of the things you
+think you should look for inside your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you should look for inside your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you should look for inside your
+company for inspiration of where to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company for inspiration of where to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company for inspiration of where to take
+action you have uh Alba Logistics it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action you have uh Alba Logistics it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action you have uh Alba Logistics it has
+packaging use and Disposal then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packaging use and Disposal then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packaging use and Disposal then you have
+marketing and sales this is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing and sales this is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing and sales this is more
+advertising and information is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising and information is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising and information is more
+about communication and you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about communication and you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about communication and you have the
+after sales services and you have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after sales services and you have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after sales services and you have here
+disposal of obsolute products handling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disposal of obsolute products handling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disposal of obsolute products handling
+of consumables uh some of the dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of consumables uh some of the dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of consumables uh some of the dimensions
+to look look at then you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look look at then you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look look at then you have the
+procurement function that uh in the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procurement function that uh in the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procurement function that uh in the of
+of a company and the strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a company and the strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a company and the strategy
+specifically the way the portter likes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically the way the portter likes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically the way the portter likes
+to think about value chains he sees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about value chains he sees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about value chains he sees
+procurement as um kind of a supporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procurement as um kind of a supporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procurement as um kind of a supporting
+function for all these functions and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for all these functions and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for all these functions and he
+lists on the right side he talks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists on the right side he talks about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists on the right side he talks about
+um uses of particular inputs I have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uses of particular inputs I have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uses of particular inputs I have this
+bullet of utilization of Natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullet of utilization of Natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullet of utilization of Natural
+Resources so all these kind of bullets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Resources so all these kind of bullets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Resources so all these kind of bullets
+here in this diagram are the area you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in this diagram are the area you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in this diagram are the area you
+should look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should look
+for things to include in your strategy I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for things to include in your strategy I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for things to include in your strategy I
+guess and prioritize one way or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess and prioritize one way or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess and prioritize one way or the
+other so you could choose and work more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so you could choose and work more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so you could choose and work more
+on reducing of packaging if that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on reducing of packaging if that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on reducing of packaging if that's what
+you you could do all these are levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you could do all these are levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you could do all these are levels
+that you can somehow engage that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can somehow engage that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can somehow engage that are
+aligned with what you do as a company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned with what you do as a company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned with what you do as a company
+and if you go through this list you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you go through this list you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you go through this list you will
+see very quickly that there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see very quickly that there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see very quickly that there's some
+things that you see all over the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you see all over the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you see all over the place
+happening that makes sense to companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening that makes sense to companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening that makes sense to companies
+so let's start with one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's start with one uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's start with one uh
+waste waste why is waste always going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste waste why is waste always going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste waste why is waste always going to
+work in every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in every single
+company waste is money that you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company waste is money that you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company waste is money that you are
+throwing to the garbage right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing to the garbage right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing to the garbage right so
+whatever you can do to extract value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you can do to extract value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you can do to extract value of
+that waste always going to work so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that waste always going to work so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that waste always going to work so this
+is kind of a natural connection with any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of a natural connection with any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of a natural connection with any
+environmental initiative you find in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental initiative you find in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental initiative you find in the
+planet doesn't matter which one it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet doesn't matter which one it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet doesn't matter which one it is
+even if your company does like zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if your company does like zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if your company does like zero
+interest in the environment waste always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in the environment waste always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in the environment waste always
+connects with the environment always so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects with the environment always so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects with the environment always so
+that's always a natural you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's always a natural you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's always a natural you see that
+highlighted in your reports of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighted in your reports of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighted in your reports of your
+companies you know zero waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies you know zero waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies you know zero waste
+plants I know zero waste to landfill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants I know zero waste to landfill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants I know zero waste to landfill
+waste is always one of those areas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste is always one of those areas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste is always one of those areas and
+that's just because that connects to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just because that connects to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just because that connects to
+operations very directly that also is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations very directly that also is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations very directly that also is
+usually not measured the first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually not measured the first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually not measured the first time
+around the company have not measured and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the company have not measured and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the company have not measured and
+you start measuring and people can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start measuring and people can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start measuring and people can
+relate to the measures because they work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to the measures because they work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to the measures because they work
+with those materials every single day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those materials every single day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those materials every single day
+and you can put targets are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can put targets are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can put targets are very
+aggressive and you can also put a vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressive and you can also put a vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressive and you can also put a vision
+that everyone understands that is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everyone understands that is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everyone understands that is zero
+waste so uh if I if you see of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste so uh if I if you see of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste so uh if I if you see of any
+company that is doing tangentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company that is doing tangentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company that is doing tangentially
+trying to get this started you see some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get this started you see some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get this started you see some
+sort of waste initiative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of waste initiative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of waste initiative
+again why because any plan manager any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again why because any plan manager any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again why because any plan manager any
+Distribution Center manager anyone that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distribution Center manager anyone that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distribution Center manager anyone that
+manages anything that is physical waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manages anything that is physical waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manages anything that is physical waste
+you can also relate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also relate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also relate it
+to that's always a good way where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that's always a good way where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that's always a good way where
+companies to start and the promise is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies to start and the promise is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies to start and the promise is
+not connected to the whole strategy but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not connected to the whole strategy but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not connected to the whole strategy but
+that's always an area you find that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's always an area you find that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's always an area you find that I
+think is is very easy to measure which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is is very easy to measure which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is is very easy to measure which
+gives me to the other one that is next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me to the other one that is next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me to the other one that is next
+to it uh on alound packaging packaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it uh on alound packaging packaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it uh on alound packaging packaging
+is another way of waste it's wayte that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another way of waste it's wayte that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another way of waste it's wayte that
+happens once you ship your products is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens once you ship your products is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens once you ship your products is
+visible to your customers that's an easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible to your customers that's an easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible to your customers that's an easy
+way to start um transportation impacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to start um transportation impacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to start um transportation impacts
+also on the bottom line I'm looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also on the bottom line I'm looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also on the bottom line I'm looking at
+those those are where people see less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those are where people see less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those are where people see less
+miles travel that's less cost less fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles travel that's less cost less fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles travel that's less cost less fuel
+consum consumption that's less fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consum consumption that's less fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consum consumption that's less fuel
+that's also less cost uh better redesign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also less cost uh better redesign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also less cost uh better redesign
+your networks that's less distance Which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your networks that's less distance Which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your networks that's less distance Which
+is less cost and also emission so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less cost and also emission so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less cost and also emission so you
+see that those ones over there are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that those ones over there are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that those ones over there are the
+ones that connect easily with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that connect easily with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that connect easily with your
+business but not necessarily connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business but not necessarily connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business but not necessarily connect
+easily with yourct stry that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily with yourct stry that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily with yourct stry that's what
+companies have that always because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies have that always because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies have that always because
+people grasp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people grasp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people grasp
+them but that doesn't mean according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but that doesn't mean according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but that doesn't mean according to
+the whole framework those are there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole framework those are there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole framework those are there you
+should put emphasis on the fact that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should put emphasis on the fact that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should put emphasis on the fact that you
+can do them doesn't me you can do go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do them doesn't me you can do go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do them doesn't me you can do go
+ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead
+yeah uh here um I I have a question how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh here um I I have a question how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh here um I I have a question how
+to determine the the boundaries of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to determine the the boundaries of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to determine the the boundaries of your
+responsibility as a company because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility as a company because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility as a company because
+especially when you manage a supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when you manage a supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when you manage a supply
+chain there are a lot of uh levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain there are a lot of uh levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain there are a lot of uh levels of
+vendors there are a lot of suppliers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vendors there are a lot of suppliers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vendors there are a lot of suppliers
+that at the end you don't know who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at the end you don't know who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at the end you don't know who
+supplying you and you don't know uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplying you and you don't know uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplying you and you don't know uh if
+they are they are compliant with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are they are compliant with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are they are compliant with those
+uh what is expecting from the company so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what is expecting from the company so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what is expecting from the company so
+how to determine those boundaries of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to determine those boundaries of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to determine those boundaries of of
+the responsibility of the company so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the responsibility of the company so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the responsibility of the company so
+let's let's talk about that someone has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's talk about that someone has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's talk about that someone has
+a thought how do you determine your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thought how do you determine your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thought how do you determine your
+boundaries uh we're doing auto companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries uh we're doing auto companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries uh we're doing auto companies
+and Ford is taking care of this so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Ford is taking care of this so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Ford is taking care of this so they
+draw the boundary at their tier one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the boundary at their tier one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the boundary at their tier one
+suppliers and they say we want all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers and they say we want all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers and they say we want all of
+our tier one suppliers to comply with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our tier one suppliers to comply with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our tier one suppliers to comply with
+the iso
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iso
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iso
+14,1 uh standards for for shipping C or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14,1 uh standards for for shipping C or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14,1 uh standards for for shipping C or
+shipping emissions and then they've sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipping emissions and then they've sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipping emissions and then they've sort
+of thrown not really thrown out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thrown not really thrown out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thrown not really thrown out the
+level two and level three but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level two and level three but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level two and level three but they're
+they're doing studies with the level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing studies with the level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing studies with the level
+three and saying we're seeing if we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and saying we're seeing if we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and saying we're seeing if we can
+figure out what our level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what our level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what our level
+three uh like suppliers are doing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three uh like suppliers are doing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three uh like suppliers are doing but
+it's not really the focus the focus is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not really the focus the focus is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not really the focus the focus is
+the tier one they provide training to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tier one they provide training to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tier one they provide training to
+the tier one on their Environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tier one on their Environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tier one on their Environmental
+Management System so they're actively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Management System so they're actively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Management System so they're actively
+involved in the tier one and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the tier one and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the tier one and sort of
+peripherally involved in in anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peripherally involved in in anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peripherally involved in in anyone
+beyond that so let's speak a bit on Ford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond that so let's speak a bit on Ford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond that so let's speak a bit on Ford
+and the auto companies um So based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the auto companies um So based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the auto companies um So based on
+what you have read on Ford what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have read on Ford what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have read on Ford what do you
+think is their strategic imperative on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is their strategic imperative on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is their strategic imperative on
+sustainability and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability and
+environment well they they hit it as far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment well they they hit it as far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment well they they hit it as far
+as marketing for their vehicles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as marketing for their vehicles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as marketing for their vehicles
+um and then besides that uh like so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then besides that uh like so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then besides that uh like so it
+seems like they're they're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like they're they're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like they're they're getting
+heavily driven by the carbon disclosure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily driven by the carbon disclosure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily driven by the carbon disclosure
+project because pretty much everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project because pretty much everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project because pretty much everything
+that is on their sustainability website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is on their sustainability website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is on their sustainability website
+is almost a copy and paste from what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is almost a copy and paste from what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is almost a copy and paste from what
+they put into the carbon disclosure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put into the carbon disclosure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put into the carbon disclosure
+project so I think they've been getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project so I think they've been getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project so I think they've been getting
+some external pressures recently and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some external pressures recently and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some external pressures recently and as
+far as uh their corporate strategy goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as uh their corporate strategy goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as uh their corporate strategy goes
+with stuff that's not being marketed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with stuff that's not being marketed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with stuff that's not being marketed to
+the customer um there sort of convincing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the customer um there sort of convincing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the customer um there sort of convincing
+investors that they're starting to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors that they're starting to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors that they're starting to do
+the right thing and being a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right thing and being a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right thing and being a good
+corporate Citizen and starting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate Citizen and starting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate Citizen and starting to
+incorporate environmental stuff in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate environmental stuff in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate environmental stuff in their
+strategic CSR but it's hard to determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic CSR but it's hard to determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic CSR but it's hard to determine
+it's kind of it's kind of hard to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of it's kind of hard to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of it's kind of hard to figure
+them out because they they really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them out because they they really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them out because they they really
+only give you the the politicians line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only give you the the politicians line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only give you the the politicians line
+of we're doing this because it's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of we're doing this because it's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of we're doing this because it's good
+and we're looking like all the way down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're looking like all the way down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're looking like all the way down
+to conflict minerals for our sources and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to conflict minerals for our sources and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to conflict minerals for our sources and
+so but from your point of view then do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but from your point of view then do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but from your point of view then do
+they should they spend more time I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should they spend more time I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should they spend more time I'll
+get back to you to the question but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back to you to the question but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back to you to the question but
+should they spend more time looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should they spend more time looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should they spend more time looking
+their suppliers or not I mean I know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their suppliers or not I mean I know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their suppliers or not I mean I know you
+I know you're not a for CEO but I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know you're not a for CEO but I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know you're not a for CEO but I mean
+for a company that's as large as them I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a company that's as large as them I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a company that's as large as them I
+think it would be extremely difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it would be extremely difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it would be extremely difficult
+and very cost intensive for them because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very cost intensive for them because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very cost intensive for them because
+they have tens of thousands of suppliers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have tens of thousands of suppliers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have tens of thousands of suppliers
+and try to trying to track down every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to trying to track down every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to trying to track down every
+single one I think would be insane but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single one I think would be insane but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single one I think would be insane but
+they have a few level ones and they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a few level ones and they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a few level ones and they are
+directly involved with those and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly involved with those and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly involved with those and then
+the the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the amount of
+suppliers exponentially grows when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers exponentially grows when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers exponentially grows when you
+leave tier one like as soon as you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave tier one like as soon as you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave tier one like as soon as you get
+to tier two it goes up by an order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tier two it goes up by an order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tier two it goes up by an order of
+magnitude and then another order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and then another order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and then another order of
+magnitude after that and they think they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude after that and they think they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude after that and they think they
+have 10 tiers of suppliers so to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 10 tiers of suppliers so to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 10 tiers of suppliers so to go to
+track down everyone down to level 10 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track down everyone down to level 10 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track down everyone down to level 10 I
+think is is impossible so so I will I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is is impossible so so I will I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is is impossible so so I will I'm
+going to ask Alexis a question if she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ask Alexis a question if she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ask Alexis a question if she
+remembers I remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembers I remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembers I remember
+what was the life cycle impact of a car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the life cycle impact of a car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the life cycle impact of a car
+in use versus do you remember it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in use versus do you remember it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in use versus do you remember it was
+like 60% or 70% 70% of the emissions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 60% or 70% 70% of the emissions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 60% or 70% 70% of the emissions of
+the life cycle of a car happens during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the life cycle of a car happens during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the life cycle of a car happens during
+use which means the number one issue if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use which means the number one issue if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use which means the number one issue if
+you're a car company should be fuel use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a car company should be fuel use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a car company should be fuel use
+you know design better vehicles that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know design better vehicles that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know design better vehicles that
+should be all your energy the rest is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be all your energy the rest is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be all your energy the rest is
+important right those 30% is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important right those 30% is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important right those 30% is important
+but is not critical to achieving let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is not critical to achieving let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is not critical to achieving let's
+say significant impact over over time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say significant impact over over time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say significant impact over over time so
+this is one way to answer your question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one way to answer your question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one way to answer your question
+and this two ways one is where these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this two ways one is where these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this two ways one is where these
+companies are trying to put most most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies are trying to put most most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies are trying to put most most of
+their effort is on designing products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their effort is on designing products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their effort is on designing products
+are more efficient that that's what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more efficient that that's what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more efficient that that's what they
+should be I'm not saying they're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be I'm not saying they're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be I'm not saying they're doing
+it that's what they should be because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's what they should be because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's what they should be because
+you can achieve both things you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can achieve both things you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can achieve both things you could
+achieve a better sales better markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve a better sales better markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve a better sales better markets
+but also that's what your impacts are I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also that's what your impacts are I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also that's what your impacts are I
+mean if you really care about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if you really care about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if you really care about the
+environment as Ford you should pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment as Ford you should pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment as Ford you should pretty
+much say you know what my number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much say you know what my number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much say you know what my number one
+priority in the world is to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority in the world is to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority in the world is to make the
+most efficient cards which they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most efficient cards which they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most efficient cards which they
+sometimes do and I think they they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes do and I think they they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes do and I think they they have
+this you showed it last time they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you showed it last time they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you showed it last time they have
+all this zero efficiency car energy yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this zero efficiency car energy yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this zero efficiency car energy yeah
+zero um emissions car and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero um emissions car and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero um emissions car and that's what
+they are aiming for and this immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are aiming for and this immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are aiming for and this immediately
+answers how deep you should work in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers how deep you should work in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers how deep you should work in your
+supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply
+chain because if that's not your number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain because if that's not your number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain because if that's not your number
+one place you should definitely do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one place you should definitely do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one place you should definitely do the
+right thing what is the minimum thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right thing what is the minimum thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right thing what is the minimum thing
+you should do you should uh mitigate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should do you should uh mitigate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should do you should uh mitigate
+risk in your supply chain kind of comply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk in your supply chain kind of comply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk in your supply chain kind of comply
+on the things that people asking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the things that people asking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the things that people asking and
+that's why you probably will see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why you probably will see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why you probably will see that
+they will go straight to the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will go straight to the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will go straight to the minimum
+number of questions that the CDP report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of questions that the CDP report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of questions that the CDP report
+asked them to do because you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked them to do because you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked them to do because you want to do
+the right thing I mean sure you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right thing I mean sure you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right thing I mean sure you're going
+to save money it's good for you as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to save money it's good for you as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to save money it's good for you as a
+company it resonates with your brand you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company it resonates with your brand you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company it resonates with your brand you
+cannot sell a brand that is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot sell a brand that is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot sell a brand that is zero
+emissions if you're in your whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions if you're in your whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions if you're in your whole
+Factory have a bunch of waste and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factory have a bunch of waste and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factory have a bunch of waste and also
+all this translate into cost reductions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this translate into cost reductions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this translate into cost reductions
+maybe yeah so all these things kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe yeah so all these things kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe yeah so all these things kind of
+immediately tells you if my focus is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately tells you if my focus is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately tells you if my focus is the
+product that's where the impacts are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product that's where the impacts are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product that's where the impacts are
+Maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe
+what I should focus in my supply chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I should focus in my supply chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I should focus in my supply chain
+the things that have direct impact put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that have direct impact put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that have direct impact put
+my resources there some resources but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my resources there some resources but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my resources there some resources but
+not try to cover all the network of oems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not try to cover all the network of oems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not try to cover all the network of oems
+that Supply my my car um so this is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Supply my my car um so this is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Supply my my car um so this is kind
+of a I'm kind of backtracking on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a I'm kind of backtracking on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a I'm kind of backtracking on the
+question but is the answer is not tied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but is the answer is not tied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but is the answer is not tied
+to how deep you should go is where your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how deep you should go is where your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how deep you should go is where your
+impacts are on whatever is your main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts are on whatever is your main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts are on whatever is your main
+purpose you do if your impacts are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose you do if your impacts are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose you do if your impacts are in
+the use phase then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use phase then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use phase then
+maybe you should not spend that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you should not spend that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you should not spend that much
+time I mean do not ignore your suppliers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I mean do not ignore your suppliers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I mean do not ignore your suppliers
+make them better but it's not where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them better but it's not where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them better but it's not where you
+should try to go all the way down like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should try to go all the way down like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should try to go all the way down like
+in the case of the car you know they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of the car you know they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of the car you know they
+might have design principles that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have design principles that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have design principles that they
+can help make car use less gas or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can help make car use less gas or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can help make car use less gas or you
+know uh less you know be lighter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh less you know be lighter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh less you know be lighter and
+drive farther but in the case of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive farther but in the case of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive farther but in the case of like
+the boots shampoo boots is a a pharmacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boots shampoo boots is a a pharmacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boots shampoo boots is a a pharmacy
+chain in in Europe and they um they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain in in Europe and they um they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain in in Europe and they um they
+found out when they looked the glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found out when they looked the glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found out when they looked the glass
+cycle assessment of their shampoo that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle assessment of their shampoo that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle assessment of their shampoo that
+the largest impact is in the use and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest impact is in the use and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest impact is in the use and so
+they decided they want to do consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they decided they want to do consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they decided they want to do consumer
+campaigns about you know taking shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campaigns about you know taking shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campaigns about you know taking shorter
+showers using less heat and uh obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showers using less heat and uh obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showers using less heat and uh obviously
+changing consumer Behavior around your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing consumer Behavior around your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing consumer Behavior around your
+shower is not a very easy thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shower is not a very easy thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shower is not a very easy thing to
+change so I think they have thus since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so I think they have thus since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so I think they have thus since
+dropped that kind of campaign realizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped that kind of campaign realizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped that kind of campaign realizing
+that they can only affect their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can only affect their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can only affect their own
+internal um operations and S their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal um operations and S their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal um operations and S their
+suppliers as opposed to the downstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers as opposed to the downstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers as opposed to the downstream
+impacts yeah so yeah so there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts yeah so yeah so there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts yeah so yeah so there was a
+couple comments and then I'll going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple comments and then I'll going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple comments and then I'll going to
+say as a point of comparison I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say as a point of comparison I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say as a point of comparison I'm
+researching BMW
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researching BMW
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researching BMW
+and most of the marketing material on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most of the marketing material on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most of the marketing material on
+their own website and others reporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own website and others reporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own website and others reporting
+on BMW it's all about the uh cars but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on BMW it's all about the uh cars but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on BMW it's all about the uh cars but
+they're or the technology that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're or the technology that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're or the technology that they're
+developing to make their cars more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing to make their cars more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing to make their cars more
+efficient a lot of that's driven by just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient a lot of that's driven by just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient a lot of that's driven by just
+German engineering but also a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German engineering but also a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German engineering but also a lot of the
+legislation that is uh taking effect in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legislation that is uh taking effect in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legislation that is uh taking effect in
+Europe but another thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe but another thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe but another thing that's
+interesting is that they have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is that they have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is that they have an
+electric car sharing program that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric car sharing program that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric car sharing program that
+they've started up in Europe and now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've started up in Europe and now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've started up in Europe and now in
+the US and so they're really kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US and so they're really kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US and so they're really kind of
+drilling in on on the use phase which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drilling in on on the use phase which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drilling in on on the use phase which is
+where they have the most impact so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they have the most impact so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they have the most impact so
+they're doing a pretty good job and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing a pretty good job and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing a pretty good job and and
+also I think I do not want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also I think I do not want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also I think I do not want to
+underestimate your Insight that is these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underestimate your Insight that is these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underestimate your Insight that is these
+Supply chains are massive you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply chains are massive you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply chains are massive you know the
+car supply chain is just incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car supply chain is just incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car supply chain is just incredibly
+complex they have no idea really where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex they have no idea really where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex they have no idea really where
+these things are and they have really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are and they have really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are and they have really
+very little resources to try to spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little resources to try to spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little resources to try to spend
+time on going after those that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on going after those that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on going after those that
+information um so they are hoping that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information um so they are hoping that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information um so they are hoping that
+by putting some pressure on tier one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by putting some pressure on tier one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by putting some pressure on tier one
+this will propagate down somehow and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will propagate down somehow and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will propagate down somehow and I
+think they but they are I think the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they but they are I think the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they but they are I think the the
+list of priorities they're doing I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of priorities they're doing I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of priorities they're doing I think
+what is the right thing you know tier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the right thing you know tier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the right thing you know tier
+one is probably how far they should go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is probably how far they should go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is probably how far they should go
+um now let's look at other company who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now let's look at other company who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now let's look at other company who
+else is uh was a first question related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else is uh was a first question related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else is uh was a first question related
+to what you said um so I know in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what you said um so I know in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what you said um so I know in many
+Industries this is not even closed but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industries this is not even closed but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industries this is not even closed but
+what if the like the place where you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if the like the place where you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if the like the place where you can
+have where there's more of an impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have where there's more of an impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have where there's more of an impact
+you're already very close to being as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're already very close to being as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're already very close to being as
+efficient as possible MH um so like may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient as possible MH um so like may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient as possible MH um so like may
+I mean I'm assuming that Motors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I'm assuming that Motors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I'm assuming that Motors are
+super efficient this is not the case but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super efficient this is not the case but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super efficient this is not the case but
+in super efficient putting more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in super efficient putting more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in super efficient putting more
+resources into that type of research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources into that type of research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources into that type of research
+would yield much less results than for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would yield much less results than for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would yield much less results than for
+example trying to work with your supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example trying to work with your supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example trying to work with your supply
+chain so uh how do you even determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain so uh how do you even determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain so uh how do you even determine
+when you're reaching a limit of where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're reaching a limit of where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're reaching a limit of where
+what your levels are well my take on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your levels are well my take on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your levels are well my take on it
+would be most companies have an area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be most companies have an area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be most companies have an area
+that they can address and so they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can address and so they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can address and so they might
+say they might their most controlled you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say they might their most controlled you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say they might their most controlled you
+know what might be like their Logistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what might be like their Logistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what might be like their Logistics
+system or their transportation Network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system or their transportation Network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system or their transportation Network
+and they can say they've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can say they've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can say they've already
+optimize that there's nothing else they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize that there's nothing else they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize that there's nothing else they
+can do but there's usually I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do but there's usually I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do but there's usually I mean
+there's no company that can't go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no company that can't go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no company that can't go to
+their next level hotspot that they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their next level hotspot that they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their next level hotspot that they can
+start start addressing um some companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start start addressing um some companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start start addressing um some companies
+we've talked to have um done what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked to have um done what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked to have um done what they
+call a materiality assessment where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a materiality assessment where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a materiality assessment where they
+look at things that are material to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at things that are material to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at things that are material to
+their business and then they assess the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their business and then they assess the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their business and then they assess the
+impacts on each of those you know given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts on each of those you know given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts on each of those you know given
+their products or their operations or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their products or their operations or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their products or their operations or
+you know the cons their um Employee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the cons their um Employee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the cons their um Employee
+Engagement and they pick all these spots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engagement and they pick all these spots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engagement and they pick all these spots
+and then they can kind of um sorry they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they can kind of um sorry they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they can kind of um sorry they
+can kind of rank uh how they address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kind of rank uh how they address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kind of rank uh how they address
+each of those you know trying to address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those you know trying to address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those you know trying to address
+the hotpots of the products or their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hotpots of the products or their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hotpots of the products or their own
+internal operations and then they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal operations and then they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal operations and then they can
+code down that materiality assessment on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code down that materiality assessment on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code down that materiality assessment on
+how they address those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they address those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they address those
+impacts I don't know if any has anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts I don't know if any has anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts I don't know if any has anyone
+seen a material assessment a materiality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen a material assessment a materiality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen a material assessment a materiality
+assessment as they've gone through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment as they've gone through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment as they've gone through
+nothing out there okay interesting so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing out there okay interesting so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing out there okay interesting so I
+want to hear from another of the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to hear from another of the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to hear from another of the case
+studies you're working on in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies you're working on in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies you're working on in terms of
+how deep you go into your supply chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how deep you go into your supply chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how deep you go into your supply chain
+or have you observed in the companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or have you observed in the companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or have you observed in the companies
+you're working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+Alberto um I'm sming because we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alberto um I'm sming because we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alberto um I'm sming because we're doing
+Chevron and X mobile so your supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chevron and X mobile so your supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chevron and X mobile so your supply
+chain is kind of short yeah and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain is kind of short yeah and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain is kind of short yeah and it's
+pretty obscure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty obscure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty obscure
+so one one area we can look at is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one one area we can look at is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one one area we can look at is um
+shipping uh ocean shipping of crude oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipping uh ocean shipping of crude oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipping uh ocean shipping of crude oil
+from one location to another which of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one location to another which of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one location to another which of
+course uh there's a lot of impact from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh there's a lot of impact from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh there's a lot of impact from
+that but aside from that everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but aside from that everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but aside from that everything else
+is just within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just within the
+plan I'm doing Toyota uh alongside of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan I'm doing Toyota uh alongside of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan I'm doing Toyota uh alongside of B
+the BMW side there uh and they they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the BMW side there uh and they they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the BMW side there uh and they they are
+they have the halo effect of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the halo effect of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the halo effect of their
+previous um 5 billion million cars that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous um 5 billion million cars that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous um 5 billion million cars that
+they sold you have to get hammered with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sold you have to get hammered with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sold you have to get hammered with
+the CDP scores are pretty low uh and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CDP scores are pretty low uh and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CDP scores are pretty low uh and I
+think that actually the having a car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that actually the having a car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that actually the having a car
+that is so successful an image uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is so successful an image uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is so successful an image uh
+reputation that is good in that market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reputation that is good in that market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reputation that is good in that market
+keeps them from doing better uh and as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps them from doing better uh and as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps them from doing better uh and as a
+result they fall behind companies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result they fall behind companies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result they fall behind companies that
+have cars that typically are a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have cars that typically are a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have cars that typically are a lot more
+gas guzzling uh so I think you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas guzzling uh so I think you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas guzzling uh so I think you can have
+an issue where you know uh a reputation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an issue where you know uh a reputation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an issue where you know uh a reputation
+gain somewhere uh actually prevents you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain somewhere uh actually prevents you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain somewhere uh actually prevents you
+from going further in other areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from going further in other areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from going further in other areas
+okay I want to hear from somebody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I want to hear from somebody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I want to hear from somebody else
+which yep we're nle and um I presented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which yep we're nle and um I presented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which yep we're nle and um I presented
+this a little while ago but we Nestle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a little while ago but we Nestle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a little while ago but we Nestle
+has like a couple of um suppliers TI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has like a couple of um suppliers TI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has like a couple of um suppliers TI
+similar I think to do same with the cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar I think to do same with the cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar I think to do same with the cars
+and uh so they require their tier one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so they require their tier one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so they require their tier one
+like their direct suppliers to comply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like their direct suppliers to comply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like their direct suppliers to comply
+with their suppliers code which is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their suppliers code which is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their suppliers code which is in
+and of itself a little vague but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of itself a little vague but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of itself a little vague but then
+the vast majority of their suppliers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vast majority of their suppliers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vast majority of their suppliers
+like for their Commodities they really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for their Commodities they really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for their Commodities they really
+have no control or traceability over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no control or traceability over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no control or traceability over
+where those products are coming from so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where those products are coming from so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where those products are coming from so
+let's talk about that a great example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about that a great example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about that a great example
+and I I'm glad you brought up uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I'm glad you brought up uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I'm glad you brought up uh
+food um and let's talk about food in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food um and let's talk about food in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food um and let's talk about food in
+many ways um so I I just um so I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways um so I I just um so I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways um so I I just um so I just
+full disclosure so Starbucks is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full disclosure so Starbucks is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full disclosure so Starbucks is a
+partner of our Center which a partner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner of our Center which a partner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner of our Center which a partner
+means they give us money for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means they give us money for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means they give us money for
+research um so but uh this is part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research um so but uh this is part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research um so but uh this is part of
+the work we've done before going into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work we've done before going into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work we've done before going into
+research with them but uh I'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research with them but uh I'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research with them but uh I'll talk
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+Starbucks the same with un liver same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Starbucks the same with un liver same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Starbucks the same with un liver same
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+Nestle um and these they have actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nestle um and these they have actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nestle um and these they have actually
+the imperative of trying to go as deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the imperative of trying to go as deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the imperative of trying to go as deep
+as possible in their supply chain as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as possible in their supply chain as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as possible in their supply chain as
+they can I let me explain a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can I let me explain a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can I let me explain a little bit
+why so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why so
+um let's talk about Starbucks right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's talk about Starbucks right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's talk about Starbucks right so
+Starbucks uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Starbucks uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Starbucks uh
+coffee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coffee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coffee
+um this is a supply chain that is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a supply chain that is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a supply chain that is very
+much um goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much um goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much um goes
+to fragmented on the on the sourcing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fragmented on the on the sourcing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fragmented on the on the sourcing
+side lots of small farmers you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side lots of small farmers you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side lots of small farmers you know
+similar like Pam oil similar many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar like Pam oil similar many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar like Pam oil similar many of
+those are like this bananas are not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are like this bananas are not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are like this bananas are not like
+this bananas there a few big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bananas there a few big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bananas there a few big
+manufacturers but you know this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers but you know this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers but you know this one is
+small parcel U manufacturers and um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small parcel U manufacturers and um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small parcel U manufacturers and um and
+the Starbucks a little bit on the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Starbucks a little bit on the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Starbucks a little bit on the way
+they see their business and is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they see their business and is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they see their business and is that we
+are providing our customers with like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are providing our customers with like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are providing our customers with like a
+third home and third place they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third home and third place they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third home and third place they have
+some sort of wording along those lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of wording along those lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of wording along those lines
+and uh coffee for us is an experience an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh coffee for us is an experience an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh coffee for us is an experience an
+experience that we want to transmit to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience that we want to transmit to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience that we want to transmit to
+our customers and that experience cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our customers and that experience cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our customers and that experience cannot
+be complete unless we can tell our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be complete unless we can tell our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be complete unless we can tell our
+customers that our product is is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers that our product is is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers that our product is is the
+best product ever right and the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best product ever right and the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best product ever right and the best
+product ever from their point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product ever from their point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product ever from their point of view
+has multiple Dimensions is of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has multiple Dimensions is of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has multiple Dimensions is of course
+quality right of the product number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality right of the product number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality right of the product number one
+safety you don't want to get ill you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety you don't want to get ill you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety you don't want to get ill you
+have a place that is nice where you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a place that is nice where you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a place that is nice where you can
+enjoy your coffee and have friends and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy your coffee and have friends and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy your coffee and have friends and
+so forth but the the other dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth but the the other dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth but the the other dimension
+they are completely conscious about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are completely conscious about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are completely conscious about is
+we need to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to make sure
+that you are paying premium for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you are paying premium for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you are paying premium for this
+experience and we want to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and we want to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and we want to make sure that
+we make our our suppliers as prosperous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make our our suppliers as prosperous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make our our suppliers as prosperous
+as possible for two reasons one because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as possible for two reasons one because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as possible for two reasons one because
+it's the image we sell but the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the image we sell but the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the image we sell but the other one
+is but if we do not make them prosperous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but if we do not make them prosperous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but if we do not make them prosperous
+we're not going to have the best quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to have the best quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to have the best quality
+coffee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coffee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coffee
+ever if you take corners and you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever if you take corners and you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever if you take corners and you don't
+wash your beans well and if you do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wash your beans well and if you do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wash your beans well and if you do not
+uh uh plant the best coffee in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh plant the best coffee in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh plant the best coffee in the world
+and you move to another Plantation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you move to another Plantation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you move to another Plantation and
+you then you lose the best coffee of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then you lose the best coffee of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then you lose the best coffee of the
+world I mean it's somehow embedded to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world I mean it's somehow embedded to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world I mean it's somehow embedded to
+you um unil liver has a similar view of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um unil liver has a similar view of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um unil liver has a similar view of
+the world is uh we sell fish sticks what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world is uh we sell fish sticks what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world is uh we sell fish sticks what
+that it's no fish no fish no fish sticks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's no fish no fish no fish sticks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's no fish no fish no fish sticks
+right so I sell fish sticks uh for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I sell fish sticks uh for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I sell fish sticks uh for you
+to eat but if there's no fish there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to eat but if there's no fish there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to eat but if there's no fish there's no
+fish sticks so I have to care about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish sticks so I have to care about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish sticks so I have to care about the
+how people catch the fish you know maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how people catch the fish you know maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how people catch the fish you know maybe
+not in the short term but in the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the short term but in the long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the short term but in the long
+term so this immediately makes you be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so this immediately makes you be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so this immediately makes you be
+much more aware on not only the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more aware on not only the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more aware on not only the the the
+the wholesaler that you buy your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wholesaler that you buy your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wholesaler that you buy your
+products from but rather try to go as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products from but rather try to go as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products from but rather try to go as
+deep as possible so in their cases both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep as possible so in their cases both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep as possible so in their cases both
+Starbucks unil liver nestly are trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Starbucks unil liver nestly are trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Starbucks unil liver nestly are trying
+to do the best they can on some of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the best they can on some of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the best they can on some of their
+key Commodities to try to go as deep as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key Commodities to try to go as deep as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key Commodities to try to go as deep as
+possible now Starbucks because their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible now Starbucks because their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible now Starbucks because their
+ethos was a little bit more on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethos was a little bit more on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethos was a little bit more on the
+sustainability aspect on the on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability aspect on the on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability aspect on the on the
+Share value aspect of your supply chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Share value aspect of your supply chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Share value aspect of your supply chain
+from the very beginning they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the very beginning they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the very beginning they actually
+have uh like a you know much better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh like a you know much better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh like a you know much better
+progress on that area so they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress on that area so they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress on that area so they they
+instituted the cafe practices really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instituted the cafe practices really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instituted the cafe practices really
+inth Cafe practices where they have um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inth Cafe practices where they have um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inth Cafe practices where they have um
+actually a supply chain certification uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a supply chain certification uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a supply chain certification uh
+group that goes to the farmers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group that goes to the farmers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group that goes to the farmers and
+actually certifies that the car farmers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually certifies that the car farmers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually certifies that the car farmers
+are you know trying to use less P size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you know trying to use less P size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you know trying to use less P size
+if they're not organic and uh using less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're not organic and uh using less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're not organic and uh using less
+water making sure they're paid uh above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water making sure they're paid uh above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water making sure they're paid uh above
+minimum wage and then Starbucks also has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum wage and then Starbucks also has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum wage and then Starbucks also has
+a lot of different training programs CU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of different training programs CU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of different training programs CU
+one of their greatest uh problems is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of their greatest uh problems is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of their greatest uh problems is
+farming is becoming less of a desirable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farming is becoming less of a desirable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farming is becoming less of a desirable
+occupation around the world that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupation around the world that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupation around the world that's not
+just a coffee problem but a chocolate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a coffee problem but a chocolate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a coffee problem but a chocolate
+problem and a tea problem um and so kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and a tea problem um and so kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and a tea problem um and so kind
+of making ensuring that the farmers have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of making ensuring that the farmers have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of making ensuring that the farmers have
+good quality of life that they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good quality of life that they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good quality of life that they they
+continue to grow coffee and they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to grow coffee and they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to grow coffee and they have a
+sustainable source of the coffee that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable source of the coffee that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable source of the coffee that
+they're sourcing so they have Auditors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sourcing so they have Auditors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sourcing so they have Auditors
+that go around the world and they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go around the world and they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go around the world and they they
+work with Farmers when they have a gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with Farmers when they have a gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with Farmers when they have a gap
+that they're able to you know improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're able to you know improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're able to you know improve
+their practices in that area so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their practices in that area so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their practices in that area so they
+started off the program I forget 2008
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started off the program I forget 2008
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started off the program I forget 2008
+and they said they're going to get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they said they're going to get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they said they're going to get you
+know to 95% by 25 2015 and so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to 95% by 25 2015 and so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to 95% by 25 2015 and so they're
+about 93% of the way that all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 93% of the way that all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 93% of the way that all these
+farmers are certified around the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farmers are certified around the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farmers are certified around the world
+they're third party Auditors so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're third party Auditors so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're third party Auditors so it's not
+Starbucks going out to these farms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Starbucks going out to these farms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Starbucks going out to these farms and
+you know in Costa Rica and certifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in Costa Rica and certifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in Costa Rica and certifying
+them so they do have third party
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so they do have third party
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so they do have third party
+Auditors but then they then report to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Auditors but then they then report to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Auditors but then they then report to
+Starbucks who kind of does the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Starbucks who kind of does the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Starbucks who kind of does the the
+overall view of it so they have have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall view of it so they have have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall view of it so they have have a
+database with all their suppliers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database with all their suppliers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database with all their suppliers that
+are Cafe audited right this database is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Cafe audited right this database is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Cafe audited right this database is
+public actually we can in theory you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public actually we can in theory you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public actually we can in theory you can
+go into the cafe practices website you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into the cafe practices website you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into the cafe practices website you
+can request it you can request it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can request it you can request it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can request it you can request it it's
+of it's not public published but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it's not public published but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it's not public published but it's
+public of if you request it they may say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public of if you request it they may say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public of if you request it they may say
+no but you can ask again and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no but you can ask again and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no but you can ask again and maybe
+eventually they give you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually they give you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually they give you some
+information but it's it's uh so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information but it's it's uh so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information but it's it's uh so they
+have gone deep deep deep inl as deep as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gone deep deep deep inl as deep as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gone deep deep deep inl as deep as
+they can with the resources they have um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can with the resources they have um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can with the resources they have um
+and the resources as Alexis was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the resources as Alexis was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the resources as Alexis was
+outlining is we set up the practices we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlining is we set up the practices we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlining is we set up the practices we
+ask our buyers of coffee that unless you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask our buyers of coffee that unless you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask our buyers of coffee that unless you
+you were willing to pay a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were willing to pay a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were willing to pay a little bit
+more for coffee that is Cafe certified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more for coffee that is Cafe certified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more for coffee that is Cafe certified
+so you have the incentive and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have the incentive and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have the incentive and you're
+going to eventually make this happen we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to eventually make this happen we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to eventually make this happen we
+do not force our suppliers to sell to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not force our suppliers to sell to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not force our suppliers to sell to us
+they can sell to other people so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can sell to other people so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can sell to other people so the
+cafe practices are not only for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cafe practices are not only for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cafe practices are not only for
+Starbucks suppliers same with unil and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Starbucks suppliers same with unil and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Starbucks suppliers same with unil and
+the palm oil I guess you went through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the palm oil I guess you went through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the palm oil I guess you went through
+all the palm oil discussions so I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the palm oil discussions so I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the palm oil discussions so I will
+not repeat it but unil is now trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not repeat it but unil is now trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not repeat it but unil is now trying to
+go directly to palm oil straight no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go directly to palm oil straight no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go directly to palm oil straight no
+commodity pricing let's avoid that let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commodity pricing let's avoid that let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commodity pricing let's avoid that let's
+say that that lack of transparency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that that lack of transparency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that that lack of transparency
+because it's so important to us that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's so important to us that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's so important to us that we
+rather pay a little bit more because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather pay a little bit more because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather pay a little bit more because
+this is uh what we need to care about so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh what we need to care about so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh what we need to care about so
+it's a little bit of how deep in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit of how deep in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit of how deep in this
+case they went really deep because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case they went really deep because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case they went really deep because this
+is food supply chains especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is food supply chains especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is food supply chains especially
+agricultural ones are very critical for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agricultural ones are very critical for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agricultural ones are very critical for
+them as a business so this giv you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as a business so this giv you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as a business so this giv you a
+sense of how deep you go is a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of how deep you go is a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of how deep you go is a function
+of where your impacts are and where your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where your impacts are and where your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where your impacts are and where your
+interests are and your risk are as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests are and your risk are as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests are and your risk are as well
+as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a
+company any anything else on there on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company any anything else on there on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company any anything else on there on
+that question is a very important one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question is a very important one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question is a very important one
+any other of your companies that you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other of your companies that you is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other of your companies that you is
+either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either
+different no all right good so let's let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different no all right good so let's let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different no all right good so let's let
+me then um get you back to a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me then um get you back to a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me then um get you back to a couple of
+slides that we set up at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides that we set up at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides that we set up at the
+beginning and I will try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning and I will try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning and I will try
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+um give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you this is was the first slide that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this is was the first slide that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this is was the first slide that we
+when we started the course we kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we started the course we kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we started the course we kind of
+went through it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through it so
+um each of the pieces real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quick all right so these were uh the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick all right so these were uh the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick all right so these were uh the way
+we structure the course let me kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we structure the course let me kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we structure the course let me kind of
+try to explain why we did it that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to explain why we did it that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to explain why we did it that way
+now that you have a better sense of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that you have a better sense of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that you have a better sense of what
+the strategy the strategy is actually to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strategy the strategy is actually to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strategy the strategy is actually to
+say no to many of these things that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say no to many of these things that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say no to many of these things that we
+have here that's what a company should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here that's what a company should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here that's what a company should
+do um one is to understand that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um one is to understand that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um one is to understand that just
+because of the nature of how businesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the nature of how businesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the nature of how businesses
+have been developed um you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been developed um you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been developed um you have to
+somehow take this life cycle view of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow take this life cycle view of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow take this life cycle view of
+your product which means you have to not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your product which means you have to not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your product which means you have to not
+only think about the things you control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only think about the things you control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only think about the things you control
+and buy from but you have to somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and buy from but you have to somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and buy from but you have to somehow
+make sure you taking keep keeping your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you taking keep keeping your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you taking keep keeping your
+radar how you use and recover your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radar how you use and recover your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radar how you use and recover your
+products let me give you an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products let me give you an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products let me give you an interesting
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+today uh which goes back to how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today uh which goes back to how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today uh which goes back to how
+companies do um their businesses you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies do um their businesses you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies do um their businesses you
+know what in espresso the company that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what in espresso the company that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what in espresso the company that
+does this automated things so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this automated things so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this automated things so we have
+have a friend of mine from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a friend of mine from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a friend of mine from the
+Netherlands that also I have an espresso
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netherlands that also I have an espresso
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netherlands that also I have an espresso
+machine he has an espresso machine as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine he has an espresso machine as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine he has an espresso machine as
+well P coin we're talking about this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well P coin we're talking about this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well P coin we're talking about this out
+so great so you're part of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so great so you're part of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so great so you're part of their
+recycling program espresso has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycling program espresso has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycling program espresso has a
+recycling program yeah yeah they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycling program yeah yeah they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycling program yeah yeah they have
+one it's very important in Europe when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's very important in Europe when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's very important in Europe when
+you get all your packages you get like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get all your packages you get like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get all your packages you get like a
+bag and you put your use bags and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag and you put your use bags and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag and you put your use bags and they
+recycle it for you because these instant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycle it for you because these instant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycle it for you because these instant
+the the the the packages of of coffee uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the packages of of coffee uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the packages of of coffee uh
+that you process in your machine are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you process in your machine are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you process in your machine are
+designed to be high quality but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to be high quality but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to be high quality but they
+cannot be processed in the US for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be processed in the US for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be processed in the US for
+recycling so there are waste and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycling so there are waste and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycling so there are waste and there
+are lots of waste and in Europe either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lots of waste and in Europe either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lots of waste and in Europe either
+so um so basically they have the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so basically they have the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so basically they have the whole
+program for an espresso customers is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program for an espresso customers is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program for an espresso customers is
+highly advertised in Europe on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly advertised in Europe on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly advertised in Europe on the
+closed loop and here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed loop and here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed loop and here in the
+US is there somewhere in the website but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US is there somewhere in the website but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US is there somewhere in the website but
+it's not the core the core thing um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the core the core thing um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the core the core thing um and
+now they have a just to tell you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they have a just to tell you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they have a just to tell you that
+even this view you have to have a market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even this view you have to have a market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even this view you have to have a market
+that cares right so even if you think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cares right so even if you think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cares right so even if you think of
+the best process in the US people maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best process in the US people maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best process in the US people maybe
+don't care about recycling so it's too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care about recycling so it's too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care about recycling so it's too
+expensive we know how hard is to set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive we know how hard is to set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive we know how hard is to set up
+those systems so uh in Europe that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those systems so uh in Europe that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those systems so uh in Europe that's
+much more developed anyway so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more developed anyway so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more developed anyway so the first
+piece is to understand that you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece is to understand that you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece is to understand that you have to
+designing this system is not easy and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing this system is not easy and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing this system is not easy and we
+know that it's not easy and you require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that it's not easy and you require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that it's not easy and you require
+to either partner with a third party and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to either partner with a third party and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to either partner with a third party and
+if you have the scale like we took in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have the scale like we took in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have the scale like we took in
+whpo and the connection with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whpo and the connection with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whpo and the connection with the
+customer you may be able to do this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer you may be able to do this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer you may be able to do this by
+yourself but most of the time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself but most of the time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself but most of the time you
+probably have to do uh leverage a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have to do uh leverage a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have to do uh leverage a
+separate supply chain maybe expensive at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate supply chain maybe expensive at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate supply chain maybe expensive at
+the beginning but over time it will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning but over time it will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning but over time it will get
+better but if you need to own this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better but if you need to own this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better but if you need to own this this
+is going to be a little bit hard so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be a little bit hard so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be a little bit hard so
+that's understanding a little bit of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's understanding a little bit of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's understanding a little bit of the
+challenges of this because this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges of this because this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges of this because this is very
+less studied in general in most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less studied in general in most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less studied in general in most
+companies was one of our goals started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies was one of our goals started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies was one of our goals started
+to using the life cycle view of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to using the life cycle view of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to using the life cycle view of the
+world um then we really went into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world um then we really went into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world um then we really went into
+understanding how to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding how to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding how to make the
+measurements of uh at least in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements of uh at least in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements of uh at least in some
+degree how a measurement is done on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree how a measurement is done on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree how a measurement is done on the
+use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of
+resources um Thea life cycle assessment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources um Thea life cycle assessment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources um Thea life cycle assessment
+why because measurement is the only way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because measurement is the only way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because measurement is the only way
+you can eventually make decisions at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can eventually make decisions at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can eventually make decisions at
+some point doesn't matter how committed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point doesn't matter how committed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point doesn't matter how committed
+you are uh at some point you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are uh at some point you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are uh at some point you have to
+make a trade off should I do this or do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a trade off should I do this or do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a trade off should I do this or do
+that I love the the the talk from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I love the the the talk from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I love the the the talk from
+Seventh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seventh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seventh
+Generation I thought it was great they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generation I thought it was great they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generation I thought it was great they
+you should you use these bags that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should you use these bags that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should you use these bags that are
+worse off for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse off for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse off for the
+environment or should we use our laundry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment or should we use our laundry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment or should we use our laundry
+detergent containers that's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detergent containers that's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detergent containers that's a really
+concrete decision you do every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete decision you do every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete decision you do every single
+day if you have no measurement you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day if you have no measurement you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day if you have no measurement you
+cannot make the decision well they know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot make the decision well they know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot make the decision well they know
+that what they're doing is worth for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what they're doing is worth for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what they're doing is worth for the
+environment on an individual unit basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment on an individual unit basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment on an individual unit basis
+but they also know that if they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they also know that if they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they also know that if they don't
+offer that they will not be in the shelf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer that they will not be in the shelf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer that they will not be in the shelf
+so as a whole it's better to be bad on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as a whole it's better to be bad on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as a whole it's better to be bad on
+one on one product but better as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one on one product but better as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one on one product but better as a
+business and that decision can only be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business and that decision can only be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business and that decision can only be
+made if you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made if you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made if you have the
+information otherwise you will never be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information otherwise you will never be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information otherwise you will never be
+able to make those decisions bad or good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to make those decisions bad or good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to make those decisions bad or good
+or conscious or not that's why life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or conscious or not that's why life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or conscious or not that's why life
+cycle assessment understanding life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle assessment understanding life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle assessment understanding life
+cycle analysis and try to BR bring it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle analysis and try to BR bring it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle analysis and try to BR bring it as
+close as possible to product design is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close as possible to product design is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close as possible to product design is
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+important that's what we included in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that's what we included in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that's what we included in
+this class even though it's a supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class even though it's a supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class even though it's a supply
+chain class and this there's a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain class and this there's a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain class and this there's a whole
+course on life cycle assessment you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course on life cycle assessment you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course on life cycle assessment you need
+to understand that to be able to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand that to be able to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand that to be able to make
+real product decisions and real Supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real product decisions and real Supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real product decisions and real Supply
+decisions you have to somehow get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions you have to somehow get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions you have to somehow get into
+grabbing this information this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grabbing this information this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grabbing this information this is what
+Nike did very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nike did very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nike did very
+well after the whole process and labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well after the whole process and labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well after the whole process and labor
+and they Embrace sustainability they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they Embrace sustainability they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they Embrace sustainability they
+created a Nike Considered index for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a Nike Considered index for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a Nike Considered index for
+their products and they did life cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their products and they did life cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their products and they did life cycle
+analysis of materialss and they try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of materialss and they try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of materialss and they try to
+inform their decisions as best as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inform their decisions as best as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inform their decisions as best as
+possible measurement so people can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible measurement so people can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible measurement so people can make
+the decisions at the moment of making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decisions at the moment of making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decisions at the moment of making
+that that trade-off that was the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that trade-off that was the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that trade-off that was the idea of
+getting a a carbon life cycle thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a a carbon life cycle thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a a carbon life cycle thinking
+into the course um and and and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the course um and and and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the course um and and and the other
+the the rest of the course was was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the rest of the course was was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the rest of the course was was a
+little bit more focused on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more focused on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more focused on the other
+stakeholders that push you one way or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders that push you one way or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders that push you one way or
+the other to make the moral case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+make the reputational case through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the reputational case through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the reputational case through
+attacks or Partnerships right these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks or Partnerships right these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks or Partnerships right these are
+the stakeholders that actually push you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stakeholders that actually push you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stakeholders that actually push you
+a lot towards this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot towards this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot towards this
+thinking these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking these
+stakeholders you need to understand them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders you need to understand them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders you need to understand them
+you need to somehow understand them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to somehow understand them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to somehow understand them and
+engage them but engage them not to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage them but engage them not to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage them but engage them not to uh
+agree with them on those cases but to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with them on those cases but to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with them on those cases but to
+try to use them to inform eventually how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to use them to inform eventually how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to use them to inform eventually how
+to make those products this is why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make those products this is why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make those products this is why you
+need to really understand what policies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to really understand what policies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to really understand what policies
+going we saw the policy talk policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going we saw the policy talk policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going we saw the policy talk policy
+unfortunately is going nowhere so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately is going nowhere so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately is going nowhere so this
+is not going to be a policy discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not going to be a policy discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not going to be a policy discussion
+we know that post is very convoluted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that post is very convoluted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that post is very convoluted
+it's going to be lagging always so as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be lagging always so as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be lagging always so as a
+company if you really want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company if you really want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company if you really want to be
+strategic you need to be more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic you need to be more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic you need to be more about
+either understanding where the interests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either understanding where the interests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either understanding where the interests
+are of of of your customers uh where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are of of of your customers uh where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are of of of your customers uh where you
+can find competitive Advantage where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find competitive Advantage where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find competitive Advantage where you
+can tie that to cost savings something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tie that to cost savings something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tie that to cost savings something
+like that but if you policy is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that but if you policy is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that but if you policy is going to
+move very very slowly you can drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move very very slowly you can drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move very very slowly you can drive
+policy a little bit farther ahead but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy a little bit farther ahead but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy a little bit farther ahead but
+you you saw the process of mercury and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you saw the process of mercury and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you saw the process of mercury and
+that's the easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the easy
+one the CO2 greenhouse gas policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the CO2 greenhouse gas policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the CO2 greenhouse gas policy
+discussion is tall forever and it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion is tall forever and it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion is tall forever and it will
+take many many years that's not a reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take many many years that's not a reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take many many years that's not a reason
+not to do anything about it but you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to do anything about it but you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to do anything about it but you have
+to be very much aware that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very much aware that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very much aware that really
+effective policy making is not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective policy making is not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective policy making is not in the
+foreseeable future unless there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreseeable future unless there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreseeable future unless there's some
+big disaster if something terrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big disaster if something terrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big disaster if something terrible
+happens and lots of people die for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and lots of people die for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and lots of people die for some
+something that can be connected with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that can be connected with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that can be connected with
+climate change trust me next day you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change trust me next day you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change trust me next day you
+have regulation but right now the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have regulation but right now the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have regulation but right now the way
+things are moving you saw the Mercury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are moving you saw the Mercury
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are moving you saw the Mercury
+process how many years was in total 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process how many years was in total 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process how many years was in total 12
+14 yeah from the science consensus to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 yeah from the science consensus to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 yeah from the science consensus to
+getting all the things and you saw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting all the things and you saw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting all the things and you saw that
+all this is just really compromises is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this is just really compromises is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this is just really compromises is
+never going to give you to taking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never going to give you to taking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never going to give you to taking a
+specific action so you have to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific action so you have to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific action so you have to be very
+aware of that and you saw the views of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of that and you saw the views of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of that and you saw the views of
+the NOS which of course they are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the NOS which of course they are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the NOS which of course they are really
+committed usually to the moral argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed usually to the moral argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed usually to the moral argument
+that's their main driving force they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's their main driving force they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's their main driving force they
+believe this is the right thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe this is the right thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe this is the right thing to do
+they are the conscious of humanity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are the conscious of humanity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are the conscious of humanity and
+they want to move companies to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to move companies to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to move companies to do the
+moral thing and companies need to push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral thing and companies need to push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral thing and companies need to push
+all the time I want to do the moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time I want to do the moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time I want to do the moral
+thing but that's not the way that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but that's not the way that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but that's not the way that's not
+where my strengths are the best way is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where my strengths are the best way is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where my strengths are the best way is
+to try to do something in between okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to do something in between okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to do something in between okay
+good so with give us to how to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so with give us to how to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so with give us to how to make this
+happen in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in a
+company so this is um the talk I give to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company so this is um the talk I give to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company so this is um the talk I give to
+Executives when they ask me well so give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Executives when they ask me well so give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Executives when they ask me well so give
+me a process people like like five State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a process people like like five State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a process people like like five State
+process or three checklist or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process or three checklist or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process or three checklist or something
+but ultimately it's something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but ultimately it's something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but ultimately it's something like this
+right is what we were talking earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is what we were talking earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is what we were talking earlier
+here is that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that you have
+to understand the pressures of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand the pressures of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand the pressures of your
+business which we have talked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business which we have talked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business which we have talked to
+adnasium and you have to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adnasium and you have to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adnasium and you have to make this
+decision that is say no to some things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision that is say no to some things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision that is say no to some things
+and don't do them right somehow do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and don't do them right somehow do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and don't do them right somehow do not
+do them and not not do them means do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do them and not not do them means do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do them and not not do them means do the
+minimum do the right thing or do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum do the right thing or do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum do the right thing or do the
+things where you mitigate your risk and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things where you mitigate your risk and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things where you mitigate your risk and
+pick a few that you really want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick a few that you really want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick a few that you really want to do
+well and that's a kind of a and to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and that's a kind of a and to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and that's a kind of a and to do
+that properly you have to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that properly you have to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that properly you have to measure
+somehow H and once and once you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow H and once and once you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow H and once and once you do that
+measurement then you really set goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement then you really set goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement then you really set goals
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+targets which uh this set goals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targets which uh this set goals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targets which uh this set goals and
+targets is the the the one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targets is the the the one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targets is the the the one thing
+unfortunately cannot teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately cannot teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately cannot teach
+you because I don't know how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you because I don't know how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you because I don't know how to do
+it I wish I could tell you what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I wish I could tell you what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I wish I could tell you what's the
+best goal to do 10% reduction of waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best goal to do 10% reduction of waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best goal to do 10% reduction of waste
+per year TW zero Ways by 2020 what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per year TW zero Ways by 2020 what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per year TW zero Ways by 2020 what is
+the best goal so Alexis you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best goal so Alexis you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best goal so Alexis you have a
+better advice to our steam uh students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better advice to our steam uh students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better advice to our steam uh students
+talking it through companies you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking it through companies you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking it through companies you know
+they assess where they're at currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they assess where they're at currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they assess where they're at currently
+what you know quantities if you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know quantities if you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know quantities if you're going
+to look at Waste Management they look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at Waste Management they look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at Waste Management they look at
+uh how they maybe you a lot of companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how they maybe you a lot of companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how they maybe you a lot of companies
+will do a pilot and see how they can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do a pilot and see how they can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do a pilot and see how they can do
+it in within the first year and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in within the first year and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in within the first year and then
+they'll look at what the competitors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll look at what the competitors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll look at what the competitors are
+proposing and you know other people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposing and you know other people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposing and you know other people in
+the industry and if if they're the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the industry and if if they're the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the industry and if if they're the first
+of the type you know the one thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the type you know the one thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the type you know the one thing that
+I've read in a lot of reports is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've read in a lot of reports is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've read in a lot of reports is you
+know we're putting High goals out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're putting High goals out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're putting High goals out here
+uh we may not hit them you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we may not hit them you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we may not hit them you know so
+better go high then it's almost worse if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better go high then it's almost worse if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better go high then it's almost worse if
+you put low goals because then you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put low goals because then you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put low goals because then you'll
+get critique for not shooting high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get critique for not shooting high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get critique for not shooting high
+enough so you're never really going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough so you're never really going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough so you're never really going to
+win but that's uh they go through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win but that's uh they go through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win but that's uh they go through a
+large assessment of what they think they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large assessment of what they think they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large assessment of what they think they
+can do internally and then looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do internally and then looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do internally and then looking at
+competitors and kind of engaging it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitors and kind of engaging it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitors and kind of engaging it that
+way what are your thoughts about um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way what are your thoughts about um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way what are your thoughts about um you
+know levels of today or levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know levels of today or levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know levels of today or levels of
+exactly yeah go ahead yeah I have I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly yeah go ahead yeah I have I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly yeah go ahead yeah I have I have
+some thoughts but do you you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some thoughts but do you you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some thoughts but do you you have some
+thoughts as well uh I'm just wondering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts as well uh I'm just wondering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts as well uh I'm just wondering
+if that's a good way to start yes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's a good way to start yes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's a good way to start yes so
+that's a good way to start so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good way to start so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good way to start so let me
+just position this if you look at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just position this if you look at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just position this if you look at any
+company they have these Vision goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company they have these Vision goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company they have these Vision goals
+right which just put clear to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which just put clear to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which just put clear to the
+company which your priority where are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company which your priority where are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company which your priority where are
+your priorities right you want to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your priorities right you want to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your priorities right you want to have a
+zero emission SC by 2050 right maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero emission SC by 2050 right maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero emission SC by 2050 right maybe
+2049 maybe 2030 whatever the number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2049 maybe 2030 whatever the number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2049 maybe 2030 whatever the number is
+so you definitely need to have this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you definitely need to have this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you definitely need to have this idea
+of that Vision Target that tends to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that Vision Target that tends to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that Vision Target that tends to be
+super aggressive why because that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super aggressive why because that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super aggressive why because that just
+tells you where your priority is that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you where your priority is that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you where your priority is that's
+a way to say this matters to me this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way to say this matters to me this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way to say this matters to me this is
+why I want to do it and that's the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I want to do it and that's the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I want to do it and that's the one
+you see in all the CSR reports that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see in all the CSR reports that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see in all the CSR reports that's
+the number one then the next one they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number one then the next one they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number one then the next one they do
+is what like Alexis said and this goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what like Alexis said and this goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what like Alexis said and this goes
+back to the process of setting goals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the process of setting goals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the process of setting goals and
+Targets in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Targets in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Targets in any
+organization who here has experience in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization who here has experience in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization who here has experience in
+a company doing Financial targets for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a company doing Financial targets for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a company doing Financial targets for
+sales who has done it who has been part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales who has done it who has been part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales who has done it who has been part
+of a process of a sales how how is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a process of a sales how how is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a process of a sales how how is that
+done how does it happen when you like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done how does it happen when you like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done how does it happen when you like a
+company I'm the CEO of a company and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company I'm the CEO of a company and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company I'm the CEO of a company and I
+go to need to go next quarter to or next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to need to go next quarter to or next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to need to go next quarter to or next
+year for my guidance for Wall Street and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year for my guidance for Wall Street and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year for my guidance for Wall Street and
+I need to set up goals and targets how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need to set up goals and targets how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need to set up goals and targets how
+do I do that we would just have like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I do that we would just have like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I do that we would just have like an
+annual operating plan process where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annual operating plan process where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annual operating plan process where
+basically they would bring in all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically they would bring in all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically they would bring in all the
+representatives from all the sales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representatives from all the sales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representatives from all the sales
+divisions and they would come in and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisions and they would come in and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisions and they would come in and say
+here's our major they would come in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's our major they would come in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's our major they would come in one
+by one like all the ads and say here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one like all the ads and say here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one like all the ads and say here are
+the customers that fall under us here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the customers that fall under us here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the customers that fall under us here we
+think here's we forecast the business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think here's we forecast the business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think here's we forecast the business
+that we're going to do based on XYZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to do based on XYZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to do based on XYZ
+reasons so therefore here's our number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons so therefore here's our number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons so therefore here's our number
+and then they roll that all up into one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they roll that all up into one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they roll that all up into one
+and operations pulls up there there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and operations pulls up there there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and operations pulls up there there's
+kind of your number so they get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of your number so they get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of your number so they get a
+meeting and everyone comes with a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting and everyone comes with a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting and everyone comes with a number
+and that that guy went back to his team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that guy went back to his team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that guy went back to his team
+beforehand and said I I have a meeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beforehand and said I I have a meeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beforehand and said I I have a meeting
+tomorrow with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow with
+how much I are we going to sell and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much I are we going to sell and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much I are we going to sell and the
+guy as the other guy how much I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy as the other guy how much I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy as the other guy how much I'm going
+to sell eventually someone that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sell eventually someone that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sell eventually someone that really
+knows what happens says oh yeah I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what happens says oh yeah I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what happens says oh yeah I have
+20 customers I project by 20% growth I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 customers I project by 20% growth I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 customers I project by 20% growth I
+see these opportunities and they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see these opportunities and they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see these opportunities and they they
+roll it up and then they make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll it up and then they make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll it up and then they make some
+guesses right and they just I round it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses right and they just I round it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses right and they just I round it
+up the number that they good the COO say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the number that they good the COO say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the number that they good the COO say
+that's not good enough you have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not good enough you have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not good enough you have to do
+better than this right and the CEO says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than this right and the CEO says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than this right and the CEO says
+10% more and said I don't know yes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% more and said I don't know yes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% more and said I don't know yes you
+do it and then you do it and next year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it and then you do it and next year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it and then you do it and next year
+they do it right and that's and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do it right and that's and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do it right and that's and that's
+the way it happens I'm kind of a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it happens I'm kind of a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it happens I'm kind of a little
+bit uh exaggerating but this is roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit uh exaggerating but this is roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit uh exaggerating but this is roughly
+what happens you know you can make all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens you know you can make all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens you know you can make all
+the nice Frameworks you want you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nice Frameworks you want you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nice Frameworks you want you know
+you have to set Target but this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to set Target but this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to set Target but this is what
+I explains what happens yeah someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I explains what happens yeah someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I explains what happens yeah someone
+cares about this number they force you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cares about this number they force you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cares about this number they force you
+to think about what's the best way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about what's the best way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about what's the best way to do
+it and you go back to your team and try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and you go back to your team and try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and you go back to your team and try
+to find some sort of Middle Ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find some sort of Middle Ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find some sort of Middle Ground
+between what you think is doable what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between what you think is doable what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between what you think is doable what
+you really think you can do and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really think you can do and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really think you can do and your
+manager and the CEO tries to stretch you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager and the CEO tries to stretch you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager and the CEO tries to stretch you
+beyond that that limit so you do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond that that limit so you do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond that that limit so you do not
+just send a number that makes no sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just send a number that makes no sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just send a number that makes no sense
+because everyone is going to put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because everyone is going to put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because everyone is going to put a
+number that I know I'm going to meet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that I know I'm going to meet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that I know I'm going to meet and
+the CEO knows this and because of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CEO knows this and because of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CEO knows this and because of that
+he says I want double of that and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says I want double of that and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says I want double of that and you
+play the game of tension and you miss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play the game of tension and you miss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play the game of tension and you miss
+one year you don't get your bonus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one year you don't get your bonus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one year you don't get your bonus and
+next year you do a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next year you do a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next year you do a better
+job that process is exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job that process is exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job that process is exactly the same
+process you should go for environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you should go for environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you should go for environmental
+targets right it's exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targets right it's exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targets right it's exactly the same
+process I mentioned at the end of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process I mentioned at the end of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process I mentioned at the end of this
+like long run one important thing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like long run one important thing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like long run one important thing your
+bonus is set to this right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonus is set to this right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonus is set to this right so that's
+doesn't mean money but some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean money but some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean money but some sort of
+incentive is set to this process if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive is set to this process if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive is set to this process if
+there's no incentive or penalty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no incentive or penalty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no incentive or penalty
+nothing gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing gets
+done so you can get in the short term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so you can get in the short term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so you can get in the short term
+some things but in other things you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things but in other things you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things but in other things you need
+to provide specific targets so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to provide specific targets so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to provide specific targets so this is
+where again we go back to if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where again we go back to if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where again we go back to if you want to
+do carbon footprint uh emissions you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do carbon footprint uh emissions you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do carbon footprint uh emissions you
+have to tie it to something that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to tie it to something that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to tie it to something that the
+person can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person can
+do for example if you want to reduce 20%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do for example if you want to reduce 20%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do for example if you want to reduce 20%
+of your emissions or go to the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your emissions or go to the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your emissions or go to the same
+level of emissions as 2020 based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of emissions as 2020 based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of emissions as 2020 based on the
+2001 Baseline then you you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2001 Baseline then you you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2001 Baseline then you you have to
+connect those emissions to something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect those emissions to something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect those emissions to something you
+can take action on energy use go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take action on energy use go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take action on energy use go ahead
+don't you run the risk though of kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you run the risk though of kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you run the risk though of kind of
+I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know
+um questioning or calling to question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um questioning or calling to question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um questioning or calling to question
+the Integrity of the process because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Integrity of the process because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Integrity of the process because
+then you could have Engineering in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you could have Engineering in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you could have Engineering in the
+way you're reporting or measuring and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you're reporting or measuring and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you're reporting or measuring and if
+you tie some sort of financial incentive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tie some sort of financial incentive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tie some sort of financial incentive
+to the goals then there's the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the goals then there's the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the goals then there's the potential
+to have a lot of effort to have good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a lot of effort to have good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a lot of effort to have good
+results on paper but maybe not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results on paper but maybe not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results on paper but maybe not
+necessarily to to be driving towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily to to be driving towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily to to be driving towards
+Real Results so let's talk about that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Real Results so let's talk about that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Real Results so let's talk about that's
+a really good uh point so uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really good uh point so uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really good uh point so uh the
+companies that are successful at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that are successful at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that are successful at this
+they somehow the measurement systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they somehow the measurement systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they somehow the measurement systems
+need to be as reliable as possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be as reliable as possible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be as reliable as possible to
+avoid that problem because if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid that problem because if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid that problem because if you don't
+have a good way to measure the progress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a good way to measure the progress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a good way to measure the progress
+then you can fudge the numbers so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can fudge the numbers so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can fudge the numbers so you
+have to connect it back to whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to connect it back to whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to connect it back to whatever
+metric of your business you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric of your business you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric of your business you can get
+actually reliable information on and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually reliable information on and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually reliable information on and I
+think that's why the leading companies I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's why the leading companies I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's why the leading companies I
+think that's what they do more the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's what they do more the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's what they do more the
+better is that sure we want to do carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better is that sure we want to do carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better is that sure we want to do carbon
+footprint and we do with those this big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footprint and we do with those this big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footprint and we do with those this big
+giigi protocol CDP report but somehow as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giigi protocol CDP report but somehow as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giigi protocol CDP report but somehow as
+they go down they tie this to number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go down they tie this to number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go down they tie this to number of
+miles driven on my car number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles driven on my car number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles driven on my car number of
+kilowatt hours of my of my so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilowatt hours of my of my so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilowatt hours of my of my so that
+process of kind of somehow connecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of kind of somehow connecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of kind of somehow connecting
+these goals and measurement systems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these goals and measurement systems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these goals and measurement systems that
+I think is the hard part that companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think is the hard part that companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think is the hard part that companies
+take a long time to develop because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a long time to develop because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a long time to develop because the
+information you need to measure you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you need to measure you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you need to measure you may
+not be capturing so you have to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be capturing so you have to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be capturing so you have to build
+let's say that knowledge internally and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that knowledge internally and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that knowledge internally and
+then eventually try it but I agree if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then eventually try it but I agree if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then eventually try it but I agree if
+you don't have some sort of connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have some sort of connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have some sort of connection
+to the real business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the real business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the real business
+operations you cannot really set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations you cannot really set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations you cannot really set
+credible targets and tied to money and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credible targets and tied to money and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credible targets and tied to money and I
+I I'll give you another example I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'll give you another example I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'll give you another example I know
+you have a question before I move to on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a question before I move to on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a question before I move to on
+the note of measurement like in the pal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the note of measurement like in the pal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the note of measurement like in the pal
+case and also with Chevron to do third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and also with Chevron to do third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and also with Chevron to do third
+party um verifications of things just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party um verifications of things just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party um verifications of things just to
+to verify the before they award
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to verify the before they award
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to verify the before they award
+incentives and form the bonuses or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives and form the bonuses or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives and form the bonuses or
+whatever uh so um so not all not all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever uh so um so not all not all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever uh so um so not all not all the
+uh um so not all the performance gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um so not all the performance gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um so not all the performance gives
+bonuses but they do have an impact on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonuses but they do have an impact on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonuses but they do have an impact on
+your evaluation so let's suppose you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your evaluation so let's suppose you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your evaluation so let's suppose you
+don't have to tie as a bonus something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to tie as a bonus something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to tie as a bonus something
+but you have to meet certain criteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have to meet certain criteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have to meet certain criteria
+and if you don't meet them you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you don't meet them you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you don't meet them you know
+there's a risk that your job is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a risk that your job is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a risk that your job is not
+going to be there for you in two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be there for you in two three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be there for you in two three
+four years no one expects so I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four years no one expects so I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four years no one expects so I mean
+that's was your question was that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's was your question was that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's was your question was that your
+question I'm just saying as a comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I'm just saying as a comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I'm just saying as a comment
+okay yeah one way to ensure that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah one way to ensure that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah one way to ensure that the
+system isn't being exploited and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system isn't being exploited and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system isn't being exploited and the
+companies third party yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies third party yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies third party yeah
+absolutely so third party verification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely so third party verification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely so third party verification
+is one way to try to achieve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one way to try to achieve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one way to try to achieve that
+balance and make sure you have a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance and make sure you have a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance and make sure you have a third
+especially as you go deeper in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially as you go deeper in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially as you go deeper in your
+supply chain but I I do want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain but I I do want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain but I I do want to
+emphasize that to be serious let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize that to be serious let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize that to be serious let's say
+I'm saying that these comp are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying that these comp are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying that these comp are not
+serious but to be able to fully embed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious but to be able to fully embed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious but to be able to fully embed it
+to your business capabilities as a as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your business capabilities as a as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your business capabilities as a as a
+company somehow you need to set goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company somehow you need to set goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company somehow you need to set goals
+and targets that are tied to ways that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and targets that are tied to ways that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and targets that are tied to ways that
+are credible measures you cannot just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are credible measures you cannot just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are credible measures you cannot just be
+do your everyone does their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do your everyone does their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do your everyone does their own
+estimation of CO2 right it needs to be I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation of CO2 right it needs to be I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation of CO2 right it needs to be I
+have a CO2 calculator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a CO2 calculator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a CO2 calculator
+that is somewhere in my system that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is somewhere in my system that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is somewhere in my system that I
+can click a button and know how things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can click a button and know how things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can click a button and know how things
+are going if I cannot do that then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going if I cannot do that then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going if I cannot do that then this
+is just a CSR report that happens at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a CSR report that happens at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a CSR report that happens at the
+end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the
+year let me just differentiate what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year let me just differentiate what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year let me just differentiate what I
+just said so everyone can come after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said so everyone can come after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said so everyone can come after the
+fact and I can do an estimation of CO2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact and I can do an estimation of CO2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact and I can do an estimation of CO2
+hire MIT hire Stamford and I can go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hire MIT hire Stamford and I can go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hire MIT hire Stamford and I can go in
+and spend six months right and do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spend six months right and do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spend six months right and do this
+is how much CO2 you save great but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how much CO2 you save great but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how much CO2 you save great but that
+doesn't mean that the company is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean that the company is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean that the company is doing
+anything right this is if you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything right this is if you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything right this is if you're a
+manager you have to get a reported every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager you have to get a reported every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager you have to get a reported every
+semester every quarter and this is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester every quarter and this is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester every quarter and this is how
+we're doing so you can take action and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing so you can take action and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing so you can take action and
+the only way you can do that is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way you can do that is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way you can do that is to
+connect that measurement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect that measurement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect that measurement of
+environmental performance to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental performance to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental performance to something
+that you are collecting in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you are collecting in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you are collecting in your
+day-to-day operation whatever that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day-to-day operation whatever that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day-to-day operation whatever that is
+energy use again number of tons of miles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy use again number of tons of miles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy use again number of tons of miles
+you sell you sold to waste disposal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sell you sold to waste disposal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sell you sold to waste disposal
+something right and someone has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something right and someone has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something right and someone has to
+figure out how that number connects to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how that number connects to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how that number connects to
+the environmental goal you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environmental goal you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environmental goal you're trying to
+achieve and set that Target to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve and set that Target to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve and set that Target to that
+metric this process is what is difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric this process is what is difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric this process is what is difficult
+and that's why the measurement is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why the measurement is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why the measurement is the
+kind of the tricky part because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the tricky part because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the tricky part because
+companies are not used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies are not used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies are not used to
+measure and if you do not do that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure and if you do not do that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure and if you do not do that the
+only thing you have is a great CSR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing you have is a great CSR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing you have is a great CSR
+reporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting
+machine you are not really changing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine you are not really changing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine you are not really changing your
+business or your supplier businesses you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business or your supplier businesses you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business or your supplier businesses you
+have a great CSR reporting which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a great CSR reporting which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a great CSR reporting which is
+needed it's a precondition unless you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed it's a precondition unless you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed it's a precondition unless you
+know how to do yourself you cannot put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to do yourself you cannot put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to do yourself you cannot put
+it in your metric you have to trust it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in your metric you have to trust it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in your metric you have to trust it
+you have to develop the expertise you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to develop the expertise you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to develop the expertise you
+have to have the right people people you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have the right people people you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have the right people people you
+have the SAP systems to be rolled out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the SAP systems to be rolled out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the SAP systems to be rolled out
+whatever you use yeah someone needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you use yeah someone needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you use yeah someone needs to
+do it if you don't have it you cannot do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it if you don't have it you cannot do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it if you don't have it you cannot do
+it um and those goes back to suppliers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um and those goes back to suppliers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um and those goes back to suppliers
+and we'll talk about suppliers in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk about suppliers in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk about suppliers in a
+second but is there any questions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second but is there any questions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second but is there any questions or
+comments about what I said I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments about what I said I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments about what I said I want to
+make sure this is uh clear a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure this is uh clear a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure this is uh clear a lot of the
+incentive is based on stock price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive is based on stock price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive is based on stock price
+companies don't really give out you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies don't really give out you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies don't really give out you know
+big checks they give out 200 shares or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big checks they give out 200 shares or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big checks they give out 200 shares or
+whatever uh so and there's a conflict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever uh so and there's a conflict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever uh so and there's a conflict
+between getting that share price to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between getting that share price to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between getting that share price to
+increase and doing the right thing yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase and doing the right thing yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase and doing the right thing yeah
+for companies that have Target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for companies that have Target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for companies that have Target
+incentives that are stock bit driven you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives that are stock bit driven you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives that are stock bit driven you
+have any suggestions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any suggestions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any suggestions for
+the setting goals and targets that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the setting goals and targets that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the setting goals and targets that's
+where the only thing I like there is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the only thing I like there is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the only thing I like there is the
+Dow Jones sustainable index even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dow Jones sustainable index even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dow Jones sustainable index even though
+I hate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hate that
+index is a great index because at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index is a great index because at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index is a great index because at least
+people connected to stock prices in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people connected to stock prices in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people connected to stock prices in a
+more direct way even though the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more direct way even though the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more direct way even though the
+connection is because of sales the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection is because of sales the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection is because of sales the
+majority is revenue like 30% of it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority is revenue like 30% of it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority is revenue like 30% of it is
+revenue but they have at least some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue but they have at least some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue but they have at least some
+metrics that are environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metrics that are environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metrics that are environmental
+transparency that people try to connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency that people try to connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency that people try to connect
+with stock prices uh I have to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with stock prices uh I have to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with stock prices uh I have to say that
+public companies have a really hard time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public companies have a really hard time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public companies have a really hard time
+to make this aspiration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make this aspiration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make this aspiration
+goals because they're not connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals because they're not connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals because they're not connected to
+Value directly this long-term short-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Value directly this long-term short-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Value directly this long-term short-term
+tradeoff that prevents them of embedding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoff that prevents them of embedding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoff that prevents them of embedding
+a good sustainability practice is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good sustainability practice is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good sustainability practice is very
+hard um let me give you the other answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard um let me give you the other answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard um let me give you the other answer
+uh who was uh who was talking here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh who was uh who was talking here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh who was uh who was talking here um
+Seven Generations said that although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seven Generations said that although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seven Generations said that although
+they're not publicly traded they said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not publicly traded they said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not publicly traded they said
+our shellholders know they're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our shellholders know they're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our shellholders know they're getting
+lower return over investment than other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower return over investment than other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower return over investment than other
+and and they buyer stock with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and they buyer stock with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and they buyer stock with that
+understanding right unver shareholders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding right unver shareholders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding right unver shareholders
+know that unver is making some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that unver is making some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that unver is making some
+trade-offs for the long term and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-offs for the long term and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-offs for the long term and they're
+buying their stock NOW the promise and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying their stock NOW the promise and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying their stock NOW the promise and
+the belief is that they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the belief is that they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the belief is that they're going to
+recover that value over the long run but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover that value over the long run but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover that value over the long run but
+ultimately speaking I do not think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately speaking I do not think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately speaking I do not think
+there's a good connection you can make I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a good connection you can make I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a good connection you can make I
+mean to totally honest I have not seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean to totally honest I have not seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean to totally honest I have not seen
+it that you can make a real concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that you can make a real concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that you can make a real concrete
+connection between a stock price and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection between a stock price and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection between a stock price and
+sustainability you know in the short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability you know in the short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability you know in the short
+term what I've heard the argument which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term what I've heard the argument which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term what I've heard the argument which
+I think is a real argument is a company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think is a real argument is a company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think is a real argument is a company
+that can develop this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can develop this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can develop this kind of
+system is a company that must have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is a company that must have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is a company that must have a
+really sophisticated management which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sophisticated management which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sophisticated management which
+means this company must be run by smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means this company must be run by smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means this company must be run by smart
+people which means this company must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people which means this company must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people which means this company must be
+making some good money but this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making some good money but this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making some good money but this is a
+very indirect argument it's not a direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very indirect argument it's not a direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very indirect argument it's not a direct
+argument of all you did this you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument of all you did this you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument of all you did this you can get
+money back it's more if you're willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money back it's more if you're willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money back it's more if you're willing
+to pull this off and not crush your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pull this off and not crush your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pull this off and not crush your
+business that means that you are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business that means that you are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business that means that you are really
+well-run management company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-run management company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-run management company
+and we believe that you're are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we believe that you're are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we believe that you're are going to
+be able to achieve other things because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to achieve other things because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to achieve other things because
+besides all your complexity you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides all your complexity you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides all your complexity you have
+been able to embed sustainability in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been able to embed sustainability in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been able to embed sustainability in
+your day-to-day operations is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your day-to-day operations is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your day-to-day operations is that it's
+kind of a poor answer is going to let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a poor answer is going to let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a poor answer is going to let
+you get away with it for so long right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get away with it for so long right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get away with it for so long right
+yeah for so long yes at some point so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah for so long yes at some point so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah for so long yes at some point so
+that's kind of a an argument of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of a an argument of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of a an argument of
+capabilities more than an argument of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities more than an argument of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities more than an argument of
+delivering results it's just you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivering results it's just you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivering results it's just you should
+be able to do this well just to quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to do this well just to quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to do this well just to quickly
+build on this today we actually had uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build on this today we actually had uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build on this today we actually had uh
+the CEO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CEO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CEO
+of remember the name of the company in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of remember the name of the company in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of remember the name of the company in a
+little while they're investing uh not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little while they're investing uh not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little while they're investing uh not in
+sustainability in the green part but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability in the green part but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability in the green part but
+most mostly in investing in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most mostly in investing in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most mostly in investing in their
+employees and paying them higher Costco
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees and paying them higher Costco
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees and paying them higher Costco
+higher wages uh while still offering low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher wages uh while still offering low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher wages uh while still offering low
+prices to customers and he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices to customers and he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices to customers and he was
+mentioning like he was talking about his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioning like he was talking about his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioning like he was talking about his
+experience of having a really hard time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of having a really hard time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of having a really hard time
+at the beginning when they initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning when they initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning when they initially
+went public because people in Wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went public because people in Wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went public because people in Wall
+Street didn't understand um but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street didn't understand um but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street didn't understand um but they
+kept truth to their strategy and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept truth to their strategy and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept truth to their strategy and that
+now their their stock price has gone up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now their their stock price has gone up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now their their stock price has gone up
+significantly and people do buy their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly and people do buy their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly and people do buy their
+stock and trade it and they're it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock and trade it and they're it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock and trade it and they're it's
+actually a very valuable stock but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a very valuable stock but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a very valuable stock but then
+it does take time if your entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does take time if your entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does take time if your entire
+strategies long term you kind of wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies long term you kind of wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies long term you kind of wait
+for Wall Street to understand it too and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Wall Street to understand it too and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Wall Street to understand it too and
+not everyone can do it but if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not everyone can do it but if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not everyone can do it but if you have a
+strategy it it does work it work for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy it it does work it work for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy it it does work it work for
+them I think I think that's that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I think I think that's that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I think I think that's that's the
+um yeah I agree I think that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah I agree I think that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah I agree I think that's that's
+possible just I'm yes it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible just I'm yes it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible just I'm yes it's always
+possible let me actually say two more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible let me actually say two more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible let me actually say two more
+things on on setting goals and targets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on on setting goals and targets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on on setting goals and targets
+um so is I think that I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so is I think that I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so is I think that I'm trying to
+emphasize this point um supplier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize this point um supplier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize this point um supplier
+selection let's talk about when you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection let's talk about when you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection let's talk about when you want
+to go to your tier one suppliers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to your tier one suppliers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to your tier one suppliers and
+make them Greener right and you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them Greener right and you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them Greener right and you want to
+really make them part of your strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really make them part of your strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really make them part of your strategy
+uh if there's no measure in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if there's no measure in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if there's no measure in your
+scorecard to your supplier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scorecard to your supplier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scorecard to your supplier
+selection this is means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection this is means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection this is means
+nothing so when the buyer is sitting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing so when the buyer is sitting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing so when the buyer is sitting in
+the table and he has to make a decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table and he has to make a decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table and he has to make a decision
+on which supplier to select and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on which supplier to select and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on which supplier to select and there's
+no no metric there that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no metric there that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no metric there that says
+sustainability trust me this is goingon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability trust me this is goingon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability trust me this is goingon
+to that person is going to do the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that person is going to do the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that person is going to do the the
+best effort now um the the problem is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best effort now um the the problem is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best effort now um the the problem is if
+you have never done it how do you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have never done it how do you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have never done it how do you start
+right how do you start putting a metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how do you start putting a metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how do you start putting a metric
+there you have to give people educate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you have to give people educate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you have to give people educate
+them first you have to first I recommend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them first you have to first I recommend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them first you have to first I recommend
+you to measure this right it's not part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to measure this right it's not part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to measure this right it's not part
+of our evaluation process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our evaluation process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our evaluation process
+and you do that for two three years you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you do that for two three years you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you do that for two three years you
+first understand your capabilities of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first understand your capabilities of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first understand your capabilities of
+your suppliers you have to get to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your suppliers you have to get to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your suppliers you have to get to know
+them you get their information that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you get their information that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you get their information that's
+why the CDP report actually quite good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the CDP report actually quite good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the CDP report actually quite good
+you have a structured process they start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a structured process they start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a structured process they start
+knowing you know you should measure your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing you know you should measure your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing you know you should measure your
+energy use oh really okay let me start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy use oh really okay let me start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy use oh really okay let me start
+measuring it right and the next year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring it right and the next year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring it right and the next year
+they come back I still do not know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come back I still do not know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come back I still do not know how
+to do it the next year they come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it the next year they come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it the next year they come back
+and eventually they get good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually they get good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually they get good at
+measuring uh you do the same for Waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring uh you do the same for Waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring uh you do the same for Waste
+you do the same for the things you care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the same for the things you care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the same for the things you care
+about you have to somehow teach them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you have to somehow teach them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you have to somehow teach them
+what it takes to measure what you care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it takes to measure what you care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it takes to measure what you care
+about once they have done a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about once they have done a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about once they have done a few
+iterations then you can really start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations then you can really start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations then you can really start
+putting in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting in a
+contract and I think if you see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract and I think if you see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract and I think if you see what
+companies have done uh who I was talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies have done uh who I was talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies have done uh who I was talking
+recently yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently yes
+um this may not be public yet so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this may not be public yet so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this may not be public yet so they
+they have been asking for their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have been asking for their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have been asking for their
+sustainability metric their suppliers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability metric their suppliers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability metric their suppliers
+for five years and next year is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for five years and next year is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for five years and next year is going to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+mandatory it's going to be a requirement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mandatory it's going to be a requirement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mandatory it's going to be a requirement
+for buying products it's a big cpg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for buying products it's a big cpg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for buying products it's a big cpg
+company huge huge and they have done all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company huge huge and they have done all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company huge huge and they have done all
+the traditional you know greenhouse gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traditional you know greenhouse gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traditional you know greenhouse gas
+metrics waste metrics traditional ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metrics waste metrics traditional ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metrics waste metrics traditional ones
+and they have always set information for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have always set information for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have always set information for
+you to look into into that information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to look into into that information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to look into into that information
+starting next year it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting next year it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting next year it's going to be
+mandatory and if you don't have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mandatory and if you don't have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mandatory and if you don't have it
+you're not not our supplier and and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not not our supplier and and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not not our supplier and and in
+five years they going to reduce by 20%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five years they going to reduce by 20%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five years they going to reduce by 20%
+so what I'm pointing out is that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm pointing out is that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm pointing out is that there's
+a first phase where you just ask for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a first phase where you just ask for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a first phase where you just ask for the
+information so people build their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so people build their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so people build their own
+metric systems you cannot expect them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric systems you cannot expect them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric systems you cannot expect them to
+be sustainable if you have never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sustainable if you have never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sustainable if you have never
+measured so by ask asking your suppliers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured so by ask asking your suppliers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured so by ask asking your suppliers
+for the information even though it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the information even though it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the information even though it's not
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+scorecard uh of selection you start this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scorecard uh of selection you start this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scorecard uh of selection you start this
+cycle for them this is what matters to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle for them this is what matters to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle for them this is what matters to
+me when I'm buying from you I want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me when I'm buying from you I want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me when I'm buying from you I want you
+to tell me how much energy you use how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell me how much energy you use how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell me how much energy you use how
+much waste you generate oh it matters to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much waste you generate oh it matters to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much waste you generate oh it matters to
+you so I better start measuring it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so I better start measuring it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so I better start measuring it and
+you somehow start creating this cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you somehow start creating this cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you somehow start creating this cycle
+with your suppliers but only the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your suppliers but only the moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your suppliers but only the moment
+where you change this cycle into I bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you change this cycle into I bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you change this cycle into I bring
+it into your procurement organization as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into your procurement organization as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into your procurement organization as
+a decision-making process like price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a decision-making process like price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a decision-making process like price
+quality safety CO2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality safety CO2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality safety CO2
+reduction only at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction only at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction only at that
+time it really becomes part of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it really becomes part of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it really becomes part of your
+business otherwise it's just good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business otherwise it's just good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business otherwise it's just good
+wishing that's the it's a long process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wishing that's the it's a long process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wishing that's the it's a long process
+so what I just say is a fiveyear cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I just say is a fiveyear cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I just say is a fiveyear cycle
+especially when you talk about large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when you talk about large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when you talk about large
+company with many many suppliers great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company with many many suppliers great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company with many many suppliers great
+example of this NATA in Brazil they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of this NATA in Brazil they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of this NATA in Brazil they have
+specific targets for their suppliers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific targets for their suppliers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific targets for their suppliers of
+CO2 reduction they they have their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 reduction they they have their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 reduction they they have their
+templates this is how you fill it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+templates this is how you fill it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+templates this is how you fill it out
+how much energy you do this is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much energy you do this is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much energy you do this is exactly
+what you expect from them and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you expect from them and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you expect from them and this is
+exactly how much reduction I expect from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how much reduction I expect from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how much reduction I expect from
+you year to year and if you don't get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you year to year and if you don't get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you year to year and if you don't get it
+you're no longer my supplier but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're no longer my supplier but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're no longer my supplier but this
+took some time even though they're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took some time even though they're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took some time even though they're very
+sustainable company as a whole so um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable company as a whole so um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable company as a whole so um and
+uh this is what you do internally and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is what you do internally and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is what you do internally and of
+course always you have to stay in tune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course always you have to stay in tune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course always you have to stay in tune
+with your moral compass your partners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your moral compass your partners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your moral compass your partners
+that tell you where which are the issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tell you where which are the issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tell you where which are the issues
+that you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you think
+which areas of the world you have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which areas of the world you have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which areas of the world you have to be
+worried about that could have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about that could have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about that could have more
+regulation right how can you make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation right how can you make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation right how can you make sure
+your reputation you have to defend all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your reputation you have to defend all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your reputation you have to defend all
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+Dimensions so um this is I think how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions so um this is I think how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions so um this is I think how you
+can develop long-term strategy so on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can develop long-term strategy so on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can develop long-term strategy so on on
+we have to wrap up now but on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to wrap up now but on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to wrap up now but on uh
+Wednesday we're going to hear someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday we're going to hear someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday we're going to hear someone
+from my company hopefully tell them how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my company hopefully tell them how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my company hopefully tell them how
+they did it so keep some of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did it so keep some of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did it so keep some of these things
+in mind to see if we can identify these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind to see if we can identify these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind to see if we can identify these
+patterns going or not I think some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns going or not I think some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns going or not I think some of
+them are there others are not so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are there others are not so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are there others are not so we'll
+we'll see how how good they are on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see how how good they are on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see how how good they are on their
+strategy ask stuff questions and um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy ask stuff questions and um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy ask stuff questions and um I
+wanted to do more guidance but I talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do more guidance but I talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do more guidance but I talk a
+lot um for the team project so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot um for the team project so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot um for the team project so what we
+want in your team project is to not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want in your team project is to not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want in your team project is to not only
+both of you dividing your companies but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of you dividing your companies but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of you dividing your companies but
+actually comparing them discussing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually comparing them discussing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually comparing them discussing what
+makes them better and eventually trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes them better and eventually trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes them better and eventually trying
+to make an assessment is is this company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make an assessment is is this company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make an assessment is is this company
+that has a higher ranking in CDP Des
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a higher ranking in CDP Des
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a higher ranking in CDP Des
+service or not and this is why they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service or not and this is why they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service or not and this is why they
+deserve it based on some of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deserve it based on some of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deserve it based on some of the things
+we talked so far all right okay thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked so far all right okay thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked so far all right okay thank
+you so much much and I I'll see you on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so much much and I I'll see you on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so much much and I I'll see you on
+Wednesday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/AGj73UQN-K0.txt b/AGj73UQN-K0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6edb312294205ed41fb37d05ff9e4ea1e9afb54c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AGj73UQN-K0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8200 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay why don't we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why don't we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why don't we get
+started um so we're going to continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started um so we're going to continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started um so we're going to continue
+talking about three-phase power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about three-phase power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about three-phase power
+conversion systems and I should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion systems and I should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion systems and I should have
+noted that you know what we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noted that you know what we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noted that you know what we're talking
+about is contained in principles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is contained in principles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is contained in principles of
+Power Electronics chapter 9 uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Power Electronics chapter 9 uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Power Electronics chapter 9 uh for
+reading and just as a reminder we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading and just as a reminder we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading and just as a reminder we talked
+last time about all the advantages you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time about all the advantages you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time about all the advantages you
+can get from three-phase systems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get from three-phase systems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get from three-phase systems and
+we'll see that again today uh but just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see that again today uh but just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see that again today uh but just
+just to sort of remind you I might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to sort of remind you I might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to sort of remind you I might have
+three voltage sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+VA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VA
+VB these are all of T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+VC right that I that I bring out three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VC right that I that I bring out three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VC right that I that I bring out three
+phases and I may also have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases and I may also have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases and I may also have a
+neutral okay and if I wrote you know VA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral okay and if I wrote you know VA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral okay and if I wrote you know VA
+of T is equal to v s sin Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T is equal to v s sin Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T is equal to v s sin Omega
+T VB of T is equal to vs Sin of Omega T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T VB of T is equal to vs Sin of Omega T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T VB of T is equal to vs Sin of Omega T
+minus 2 piun over 3 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 piun over 3 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 piun over 3 so
+120° lagging and then VC of T is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+120° lagging and then VC of T is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+120° lagging and then VC of T is equal
+to vs Sin of Omega t plus 2i over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to vs Sin of Omega t plus 2i over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to vs Sin of Omega t plus 2i over
+3 okay so this might be 20 140° lagging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 okay so this might be 20 140° lagging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 okay so this might be 20 140° lagging
+or 120° leading depending upon how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 120° leading depending upon how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 120° leading depending upon how you
+would like to look at it okay we said we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to look at it okay we said we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to look at it okay we said we
+could you know represent any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you know represent any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you know represent any
+such individual signal as a phaser right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such individual signal as a phaser right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such individual signal as a phaser right
+so we might say VX of T is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we might say VX of T is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we might say VX of T is equal to the
+real part of VX hat which is the phaser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part of VX hat which is the phaser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part of VX hat which is the phaser
+e to the J Omega T which represents the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the J Omega T which represents the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the J Omega T which represents the
+uh sinusoidal nature of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sinusoidal nature of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sinusoidal nature of it
+so VX hat contains the magnitude and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so VX hat contains the magnitude and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so VX hat contains the magnitude and
+phase so for example in this example VA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase so for example in this example VA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase so for example in this example VA
+hat would be equal to vs its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat would be equal to vs its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat would be equal to vs its
+magnitude e to minus J Pi / 2 because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude e to minus J Pi / 2 because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude e to minus J Pi / 2 because
+with respect to the real part respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the real part respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the real part respect to
+a cosine it's phase shifted by minus pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cosine it's phase shifted by minus pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cosine it's phase shifted by minus pi
+over two okay and I could make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two okay and I could make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two okay and I could make
+equivalent phase shifted versions for VB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent phase shifted versions for VB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent phase shifted versions for VB
+hat and VC hat and if we draw that on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat and VC hat and if we draw that on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat and VC hat and if we draw that on a
+phaser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phaser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phaser
+diagram okay what I might get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram okay what I might get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram okay what I might get is
+something like this so now I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this so now I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this so now I'm going to
+put it in the phase plane and I'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in the phase plane and I'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in the phase plane and I'll have
+the real axis the imaginary axis right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real axis the imaginary axis right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real axis the imaginary axis right
+so VA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so VA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so VA
+hat uh will look like this right it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sign right a VB hat would be like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign right a VB hat would be like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign right a VB hat would be like this
+20°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shifted and VC hat would look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted and VC hat would look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted and VC hat would look like
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+this okay and we said okay these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay and we said okay these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay and we said okay these are the
+phasers these represent the magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phasers these represent the magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phasers these represent the magnitude
+and phase of the individual signals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and phase of the individual signals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and phase of the individual signals and
+then when I multiply by e to the G Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when I multiply by e to the G Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when I multiply by e to the G Omega
+T I'm essentially rotating it by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T I'm essentially rotating it by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T I'm essentially rotating it by an
+angle Omega T and to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle Omega T and to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle Omega T and to get the
+instantaneous time values these guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous time values these guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous time values these guys are
+rotating and I take the pro onto the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating and I take the pro onto the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating and I take the pro onto the
+real axis so at T equals z sin Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real axis so at T equals z sin Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real axis so at T equals z sin Omega
+T it's not rotated sin Omega T just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T it's not rotated sin Omega T just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T it's not rotated sin Omega T just
+protects to zero if I weighted 90° our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protects to zero if I weighted 90° our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protects to zero if I weighted 90° our
+Omega T is equal to 90° VA hat would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega T is equal to 90° VA hat would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega T is equal to 90° VA hat would
+have rotated up here I'd project it onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have rotated up here I'd project it onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have rotated up here I'd project it onto
+the real axis and I'd get vs okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real axis and I'd get vs okay so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real axis and I'd get vs okay so we
+often think about uh three-phase systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often think about uh three-phase systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often think about uh three-phase systems
+in terms of their phasers and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of their phasers and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of their phasers and the
+benefit is we can sort of add and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit is we can sort of add and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit is we can sort of add and
+subtract phasers when we're combining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract phasers when we're combining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract phasers when we're combining
+signals and we'll see that we do that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals and we'll see that we do that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals and we'll see that we do that a
+lot in order to figure out different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot in order to figure out different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot in order to figure out different
+combinations of things okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of things okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of things okay so this is
+just a little bit of a review of last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little bit of a review of last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little bit of a review of last
+class we also said that in addition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we also said that in addition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we also said that in addition to
+considering uh just the um line to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering uh just the um line to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering uh just the um line to
+neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral
+voltages I might also think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages I might also think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages I might also think about the
+Line to Line voltages right so I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Line to Line voltages right so I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Line to Line voltages right so I might
+think of for example um The Volt Vol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of for example um The Volt Vol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of for example um The Volt Vol
+between here and here is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between here and here is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between here and here is being
+VCB okay if I looked at VCB what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VCB okay if I looked at VCB what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VCB okay if I looked at VCB what would
+VCB look like it would be um VC minus VB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VCB look like it would be um VC minus VB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VCB look like it would be um VC minus VB
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+VC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VC
+uh plus negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh plus negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh plus negative
+VB right so just take the opposite of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VB right so just take the opposite of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VB right so just take the opposite of
+that and I would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+VCB hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VCB hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VCB hat
+and excuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and excuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and excuse
+me and I could likewise get two other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and I could likewise get two other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and I could likewise get two other
+phasers like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phasers like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phasers like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like
+this okay actually let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay actually let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay actually let
+me look at that I think yeah I did get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me look at that I think yeah I did get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me look at that I think yeah I did get
+that wrong VBA goes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way should be careful with my angles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way should be careful with my angles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way should be careful with my angles
+here goes this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so these thing these guys have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these thing these guys have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these thing these guys have a
+30° phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30° phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30° phase
+shift these angles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift these angles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift these angles are
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+30°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um actually this is 30 degrees from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um actually this is 30 degrees from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um actually this is 30 degrees from this
+guy so I should be careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy so I should be careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy so I should be careful
+um so VCB is going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so VCB is going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so VCB is going to be a
+cosine vac hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine vac hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine vac hat
+is going to be face shifted here and VBA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be face shifted here and VBA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be face shifted here and VBA
+hat is going to be face shifted here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat is going to be face shifted here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat is going to be face shifted here so
+what I end up with is sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I end up with is sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I end up with is sort of a
+30° phase shift and the length of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30° phase shift and the length of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30° phase shift and the length of these
+phasers is going to be the sare < TK of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phasers is going to be the sare < TK of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phasers is going to be the sare < TK of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vs okay so if I look at the Line to Line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vs okay so if I look at the Line to Line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vs okay so if I look at the Line to Line
+voltages they are square root of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages they are square root of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages they are square root of three
+larger than the line to neutral voltages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than the line to neutral voltages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than the line to neutral voltages
+and they're phase shifted by 30° and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're phase shifted by 30° and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're phase shifted by 30° and in
+fact we're just do how do we get we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact we're just do how do we get we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact we're just do how do we get we're
+essentially taking differences of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially taking differences of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially taking differences of two
+voltages right but if we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages right but if we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages right but if we use
+Transformers we can add any kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformers we can add any kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformers we can add any kind of
+combinations of VA and V VC and VB and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of VA and V VC and VB and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of VA and V VC and VB and
+VC and we could tra construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VC and we could tra construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VC and we could tra construct
+arbitrarily phase shifted versions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily phase shifted versions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily phase shifted versions of
+these waveforms and that's kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these waveforms and that's kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these waveforms and that's kind of a
+neat trick that gets used a lot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat trick that gets used a lot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat trick that gets used a lot and
+we'll see like one little step of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see like one little step of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see like one little step of how
+you might do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might do that
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+okay so that's just sort of a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's just sort of a quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's just sort of a quick
+summary of okay what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary of okay what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary of okay what do
+um what do these three-phase waveforms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what do these three-phase waveforms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what do these three-phase waveforms
+look like and we're going to see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like and we're going to see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like and we're going to see that
+you know now I have lots of wires lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know now I have lots of wires lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know now I have lots of wires lots
+of voltages it becomes a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of voltages it becomes a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of voltages it becomes a little bit
+complicated to keep track to everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated to keep track to everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated to keep track to everything
+and so what we'll see is people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we'll see is people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we'll see is people have
+come up with sort of means of keeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with sort of means of keeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with sort of means of keeping
+track of what's going on with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of what's going on with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of what's going on with the
+different phase voltages all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different phase voltages all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different phase voltages all right so
+why don't we start talking about Power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we start talking about Power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we start talking about Power
+Electronics using three-phase and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electronics using three-phase and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electronics using three-phase and I
+thought a nice place to start would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought a nice place to start would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought a nice place to start would be
+to to start with simple rectifiers right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to start with simple rectifiers right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to start with simple rectifiers right
+right at the beginning of class we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at the beginning of class we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at the beginning of class we
+talked about AC and we had sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about AC and we had sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about AC and we had sort of
+singlephase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singlephase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singlephase
+rectifiers let's compare and contrast a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifiers let's compare and contrast a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifiers let's compare and contrast a
+three-phase rectifier to a singlephase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-phase rectifier to a singlephase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-phase rectifier to a singlephase
+rectifier okay so we we want something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifier okay so we we want something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifier okay so we we want something
+that's going to convert AC to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to convert AC to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to convert AC to
+DC okay so what might that look like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC okay so what might that look like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC okay so what might that look like um
+perhaps I could construct something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps I could construct something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps I could construct something that
+looked like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked like
+this all right here's the here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all right here's the here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all right here's the here's the
+simplest notion suppose I took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+VA with respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+neutral VB with respect to the neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral VB with respect to the neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral VB with respect to the neutral
+and maybe I won't mark it as ground but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe I won't mark it as ground but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe I won't mark it as ground but
+I'll mark it with an X VC with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll mark it with an X VC with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll mark it with an X VC with respect
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+neutral and VC with respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+neutral okay and why don't I just put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral okay and why don't I just put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral okay and why don't I just put a
+diode from each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay this would sort of be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this would sort of be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this would sort of be the
+equivalent the three-phase equivalent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent the three-phase equivalent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent the three-phase equivalent of
+a half wve rectifier okay and now I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half wve rectifier okay and now I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half wve rectifier okay and now I'll
+connect this up and maybe I connect it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect this up and maybe I connect it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect this up and maybe I connect it
+to a big inductor LD so I get a almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a big inductor LD so I get a almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a big inductor LD so I get a almost
+DC current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC current
+ID okay and we'll connect that back uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID okay and we'll connect that back uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID okay and we'll connect that back uh
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+okay and clearly I have my load resistor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and clearly I have my load resistor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and clearly I have my load resistor
+here RL okay so what would this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here RL okay so what would this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here RL okay so what would this this
+thing do ideally well basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing do ideally well basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing do ideally well basically
+whichever diode's going to be on is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever diode's going to be on is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever diode's going to be on is
+going to be the maximum of va VB and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the maximum of va VB and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the maximum of va VB and
+VC right so if I call this let me call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VC right so if I call this let me call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VC right so if I call this let me call
+this just for nomenclature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just for nomenclature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just for nomenclature
+vd1 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vd1 is simply equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vd1 is simply equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vd1 is simply equal to the
+maximum of va VB and VC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay because this diode's going to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because this diode's going to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because this diode's going to sort
+of or things that's that's the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of or things that's that's the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of or things that's that's the sort of
+the method of suum states with diodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the method of suum states with diodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the method of suum states with diodes
+would tell you that right so what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would tell you that right so what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would tell you that right so what do
+these things what do these waveforms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things what do these waveforms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things what do these waveforms
+look like what would that output vd1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like what would that output vd1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like what would that output vd1
+look like so let me plot these things if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like so let me plot these things if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like so let me plot these things if
+I said VA I said was a sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said VA I said was a sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said VA I said was a sine
+wave okay so the sine wave looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave okay so the sine wave looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave okay so the sine wave looks like
+this and just for reference when I plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and just for reference when I plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and just for reference when I plot
+these things for three-phase stuff it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things for three-phase stuff it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things for three-phase stuff it's
+often convenient to break things up into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often convenient to break things up into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often convenient to break things up into
+pi/ 6 integrals 30 30° intervals just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi/ 6 integrals 30 30° intervals just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi/ 6 integrals 30 30° intervals just
+because it comes easy to plot things so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it comes easy to plot things so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it comes easy to plot things so
+if I took VA it would look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I took VA it would look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I took VA it would look like
+something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and here's the pain of dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and here's the pain of dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and here's the pain of dealing with
+three-phase systems is you got lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-phase systems is you got lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-phase systems is you got lots of
+waveforms to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveforms to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveforms to
+plot so forth okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot so forth okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot so forth okay
+VB would just be VA lagged by 120
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VB would just be VA lagged by 120
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VB would just be VA lagged by 120
+degrees or 4 pi over six 1 2 3 four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees or 4 pi over six 1 2 3 four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees or 4 pi over six 1 2 3 four
+units here so it would be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units here so it would be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units here so it would be doing
+something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so VB would look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this all right and then VC would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all right and then VC would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all right and then VC would be
+again a log another 1 2 3 4 right so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a log another 1 2 3 4 right so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a log another 1 2 3 4 right so it
+would look something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and what this equivalent to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what this equivalent to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what this equivalent to the
+half Ray of rectifier what would it do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half Ray of rectifier what would it do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half Ray of rectifier what would it do
+so if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if this is
+VA this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VA this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VA this is
+VB this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+VC right all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VC right all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VC right all
+this halfwave rectifier would do would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this halfwave rectifier would do would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this halfwave rectifier would do would
+be to pick off a vd1 that's just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to pick off a vd1 that's just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to pick off a vd1 that's just the
+maximum whichever voltage is the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum whichever voltage is the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum whichever voltage is the maximum
+so vd1 would look like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so forth okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth okay so this is
+vd1 okay does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vd1 okay does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vd1 okay does that make sense
+everybody now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody now
+this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind
+of equivalent to a halfwave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equivalent to a halfwave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equivalent to a halfwave
+rectifier is maybe one step of what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifier is maybe one step of what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifier is maybe one step of what you
+could do all right but what would happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do all right but what would happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do all right but what would happen
+if I then said well let me not connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I then said well let me not connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I then said well let me not connect
+it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this
+way but let me just connect it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but let me just connect it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but let me just connect it
+differentially so I'll connect my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentially so I'll connect my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentially so I'll connect my
+inductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor
+here and then I'll go to another set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diodes like this and connect this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+VA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VA
+VB and VC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and now I'm going to make my output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now I'm going to make my output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now I'm going to make my output
+I'll make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll make this
+vd2 and I'll make this voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vd2 and I'll make this voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vd2 and I'll make this voltage
+VD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VD
+okay so if this set of diodes made vd1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if this set of diodes made vd1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if this set of diodes made vd1
+the maximum of va VB and VC what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum of va VB and VC what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum of va VB and VC what would
+this set of diodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do this is making this one will forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this is making this one will forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this is making this one will forward
+bias with whoever's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias with whoever's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias with whoever's
+largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest
+right can anybody see what this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right can anybody see what this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right can anybody see what this is going
+to do which Dow's going to turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do which Dow's going to turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do which Dow's going to turn
+on it's going to be the minimum right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it's going to be the minimum right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it's going to be the minimum right
+whichever voltage is lowest between VA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever voltage is lowest between VA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever voltage is lowest between VA
+bve and VC is going to turn on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bve and VC is going to turn on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bve and VC is going to turn on so
+vd2 is going to equal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vd2 is going to equal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vd2 is going to equal the
+minimum of va VB and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum of va VB and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum of va VB and
+VC okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VC okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VC okay
+so this guy over here would sort of come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this guy over here would sort of come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this guy over here would sort of come
+off and pick off the bottom of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and pick off the bottom of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and pick off the bottom of these
+guys right so it might come off and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys right so it might come off and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys right so it might come off and say
+I'm going to I'm going to select
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to I'm going to select
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to I'm going to select
+this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and
+this and this right so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vd2 okay and sorry I know that's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vd2 okay and sorry I know that's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vd2 okay and sorry I know that's not a
+very visible color okay so I got one set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very visible color okay so I got one set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very visible color okay so I got one set
+of three diodes picking off the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three diodes picking off the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three diodes picking off the maximum
+the other set of diodes picking off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other set of diodes picking off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other set of diodes picking off the
+minimum and the voltage across my filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum and the voltage across my filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum and the voltage across my filter
+inductor LD which is going to give me my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor LD which is going to give me my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor LD which is going to give me my
+approximate you know this is LD here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate you know this is LD here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate you know this is LD here and
+I'm going to get an approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to get an approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to get an approximately
+constant current that I'm going to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant current that I'm going to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant current that I'm going to call
+ID uh is really driven by the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID uh is really driven by the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID uh is really driven by the difference
+between vd1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between vd1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between vd1 and
+vd2 right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vd2 right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vd2 right so
+VD is equal to the max of va
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VD is equal to the max of va
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VD is equal to the max of va
+VB and VC minus the min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minimum of va VB and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum of va VB and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum of va VB and
+VC okay now clearly I'm not using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VC okay now clearly I'm not using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VC okay now clearly I'm not using
+different voltage sources VA b v and VC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different voltage sources VA b v and VC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different voltage sources VA b v and VC
+I'm just connecting you know this back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just connecting you know this back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just connecting you know this back
+over to Here For example does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to Here For example does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to Here For example does that make
+sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to
+everybody so if I did that um it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody so if I did that um it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody so if I did that um it turns
+out that this is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that this is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that this is the same
+thing as the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as the maximum
+of the Line to Line voltages and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Line to Line voltages and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Line to Line voltages and their
+negatives okay um so let's take a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatives okay um so let's take a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatives okay um so let's take a look
+at that and let me just Express that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that and let me just Express that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that and let me just Express that
+slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly
+differently okay just so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently okay just so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently okay just so you can see
+it um I'm going to draw a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um I'm going to draw a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um I'm going to draw a little bit
+differently I'm going to draw this same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently I'm going to draw this same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently I'm going to draw this same
+circuit okay it's got six diodes in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit okay it's got six diodes in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit okay it's got six diodes in it
+okay and let me draw that over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and let me draw that over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and let me draw that over here
+okay just so we can see it so here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just so we can see it so here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just so we can see it so here I
+have it's going to look a little less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it's going to look a little less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it's going to look a little less
+messy now here's my neutral connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy now here's my neutral connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy now here's my neutral connection
+I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+VA and then to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VA and then to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VA and then to two
+diodes one picking the positive one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diodes one picking the positive one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diodes one picking the positive one
+picking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking the
+negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+VB one picking the positive one picking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VB one picking the positive one picking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VB one picking the positive one picking
+the negative and VC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+c one picking this is VC one picking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c one picking this is VC one picking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c one picking this is VC one picking the
+positive and one picking the negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and one picking the negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and one picking the negative
+okay and now I'm going to have my filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now I'm going to have my filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now I'm going to have my filter
+inductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor
+LD my almost DC current ID and then my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LD my almost DC current ID and then my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LD my almost DC current ID and then my
+output voltage okay and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output voltage okay and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output voltage okay and this is the
+voltage that we've been calling V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage that we've been calling V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage that we've been calling V
+subd okay so that's just a different way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subd okay so that's just a different way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subd okay so that's just a different way
+to draw the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw the same
+thing okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay
+um but what we can kind of see is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but what we can kind of see is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but what we can kind of see is this
+voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage
+VD okay is sort of going to be um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VD okay is sort of going to be um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VD okay is sort of going to be um the
+whichever is the maximum of VAB V VC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever is the maximum of VAB V VC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever is the maximum of VAB V VC
+goes here and the minimum of VAB V VB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes here and the minimum of VAB V VB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes here and the minimum of VAB V VB
+and VC is here okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and VC is here okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and VC is here okay so
+um I'm really driving this thing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm really driving this thing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm really driving this thing with
+the Line to Line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Line to Line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Line to Line
+voltages okay other words the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages okay other words the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages okay other words the
+differences between VA BV and VC are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences between VA BV and VC are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences between VA BV and VC are
+what are driving this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are driving this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are driving this
+rectifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifier
+right and so uh we could actually draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so uh we could actually draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so uh we could actually draw
+this as something um slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as something um slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as something um slightly different
+we could rewrite how this is done and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could rewrite how this is done and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could rewrite how this is done and
+and let me let me add a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me let me add a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me let me add a little bit of
+context on this that'll make a sense in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context on this that'll make a sense in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context on this that'll make a sense in
+a second let me give these diodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second let me give these diodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second let me give these diodes
+numbers this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers this is
+D1 D4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+D3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D3
+D6 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D6 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D6 and
+D5 and D2 and I'm picking these numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D5 and D2 and I'm picking these numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D5 and D2 and I'm picking these numbers
+for a very specific reason and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a very specific reason and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a very specific reason and we're
+going to see this in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see this in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see this in a
+minute okay but basically this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute okay but basically this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute okay but basically this is going
+to pick off the maximum of the Line to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick off the maximum of the Line to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick off the maximum of the Line to
+Line voltages and the maximum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Line voltages and the maximum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Line voltages and the maximum of the
+negative of the Line to Line voltages so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of the Line to Line voltages so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of the Line to Line voltages so
+that's that's essentially the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's essentially the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's essentially the same as
+this characteristic here okay so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this characteristic here okay so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this characteristic here okay so let me
+draw what that would look like and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw what that would look like and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw what that would look like and maybe
+this thing will become a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clear so let me now plot the Line to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear so let me now plot the Line to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear so let me now plot the Line to
+Line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Line
+voltages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and again I apologize for the lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again I apologize for the lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again I apologize for the lots of
+sketching here but that's just the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketching here but that's just the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketching here but that's just the way
+it is with three-phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+systems okay let's come back and look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems okay let's come back and look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems okay let's come back and look at
+our Line to Line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Line to Line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Line to Line
+voltages okay here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages okay here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages okay here we
+go um um at tals 0 VCB is at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go um um at tals 0 VCB is at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go um um at tals 0 VCB is at a
+maximum right so VCB is going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum right so VCB is going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum right so VCB is going to look
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so VCB looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+VCB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VCB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VCB
+okay the next line to line voltage phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the next line to line voltage phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the next line to line voltage phase
+that rolls around is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rolls around is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rolls around is
+vac right and he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vac right and he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vac right and he's
+delayed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delayed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delayed by
+um 2 pi over 3 so 1 2 3 4 he's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 2 pi over 3 so 1 2 3 4 he's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 2 pi over 3 so 1 2 3 4 he's going to
+be his maximums here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so he's going to do something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this okay and we said this was going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay and we said this was going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay and we said this was going to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vac
+okay and then the next one to rotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then the next one to rotate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then the next one to rotate
+around is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around is
+VBA so let me put him on VBA is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VBA so let me put him on VBA is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VBA so let me put him on VBA is going to
+be delayed by another four units 1 2 3 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be delayed by another four units 1 2 3 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be delayed by another four units 1 2 3 4
+1 2 3 4 and he's going to be at maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 2 3 4 and he's going to be at maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 2 3 4 and he's going to be at maximum
+from here so he's going to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here so he's going to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here so he's going to do something
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this okay and we said that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+VBA okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VBA okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VBA okay now
+what is this rectifier going to do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this rectifier going to do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this rectifier going to do I
+said it was going to pick off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it was going to pick off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it was going to pick off the
+maximum of the Line to Line voltages and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum of the Line to Line voltages and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum of the Line to Line voltages and
+the maximum of the negatives of the Line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum of the negatives of the Line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum of the negatives of the Line
+to Line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Line
+voltages right so um if you wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages right so um if you wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages right so um if you wanted to
+look at it as things rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it as things rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it as things rotating
+around right we had our Line to Line set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around right we had our Line to Line set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around right we had our Line to Line set
+that looked like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looked like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looked like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+uh here's our Line to Line set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is right this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is right this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is right this is
+VCB this is VBA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hat and this is vac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat and this is vac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat and this is vac
+hat but I also have his negatives right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat but I also have his negatives right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat but I also have his negatives right
+so I have the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have the opposite
+here that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that looks like
+this so this is V hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so this is V hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so this is V hat
+CA this is vat ba
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is V hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+BC right so essentially I could think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BC right so essentially I could think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BC right so essentially I could think of
+this thing rotating in time both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing rotating in time both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing rotating in time both the
+orange and yellow the the Line to Line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange and yellow the the Line to Line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange and yellow the the Line to Line
+and its negatives and the rectifier is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its negatives and the rectifier is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its negatives and the rectifier is
+just going to pick off whichever is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to pick off whichever is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to pick off whichever is
+maximum at any given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum at any given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum at any given
+time all right so if I have for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time all right so if I have for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time all right so if I have for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+um here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here is
+VBA VA B does something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this right if I have a VCB V vbc does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right if I have a VCB V vbc does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right if I have a VCB V vbc does
+something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this okay and if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay and if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay and if I
+have um vac I have VCA does something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um vac I have VCA does something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um vac I have VCA does something
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this okay and what this rectifier is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay and what this rectifier is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay and what this rectifier is
+going to do if I wanted to now come get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do if I wanted to now come get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do if I wanted to now come get
+VD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VD
+um this voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+VD is going to just be the maximum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VD is going to just be the maximum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VD is going to just be the maximum of
+all the line to lines and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the line to lines and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the line to lines and they're
+negative so it's going to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so it's going to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so it's going to do something
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this and here's out 2 pi so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and here's out 2 pi so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and here's out 2 pi so this is
+VD okay does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VD okay does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VD okay does that make sense
+everybody I apologize for the lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody I apologize for the lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody I apologize for the lots of
+drawing but I wanted you to kind of get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing but I wanted you to kind of get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing but I wanted you to kind of get
+convinced that the whole point of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced that the whole point of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced that the whole point of having
+these six diodes is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+VD is the ma is is I've written it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VD is the ma is is I've written it over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VD is the ma is is I've written it over
+here as sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as sort of the
+maximum of VV VC minus the minimum of VV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum of VV VC minus the minimum of VV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum of VV VC minus the minimum of VV
+VB VC but this could also be written as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VB VC but this could also be written as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VB VC but this could also be written as
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+maximum of the line to lines in they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum of the line to lines in they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum of the line to lines in they're
+negative so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+VCB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+VAB uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VAB uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VAB uh
+V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V
+vbc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+VBA and and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VBA and and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VBA and and uh
+VCA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VCA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VCA
+VCA okay that's all the line to lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VCA okay that's all the line to lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VCA okay that's all the line to lines
+and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're
+negatives okay and that's what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatives okay and that's what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatives okay and that's what I'm
+getting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting with
+this right here okay now why am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right here okay now why am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right here okay now why am I
+harping on this a few reasons let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harping on this a few reasons let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harping on this a few reasons let's
+start to think about this as compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to think about this as compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to think about this as compared to
+oh before I do that let me just tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh before I do that let me just tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh before I do that let me just tell you
+a couple of things just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of things just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of things just for
+bookkeeping okay we've named our phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookkeeping okay we've named our phases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookkeeping okay we've named our phases
+a b and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b and
+c uh originally such that uh a rotates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c uh originally such that uh a rotates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c uh originally such that uh a rotates
+then when a after a maximum B maximums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when a after a maximum B maximums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when a after a maximum B maximums
+and C maximums and so forth is we going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C maximums and so forth is we going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C maximums and so forth is we going
+around right so it goes ABC ABC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around right so it goes ABC ABC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around right so it goes ABC ABC
+right when I start to do this and I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when I start to do this and I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when I start to do this and I do
+do the rectifier I get two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the rectifier I get two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the rectifier I get two
+effects right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects right
+the way these Maxima rotates between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way these Maxima rotates between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way these Maxima rotates between the
+positive and negative line the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and negative line the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and negative line the line
+maximums you know C becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximums you know C becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximums you know C becomes
+a then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a then
+B and B stays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and B stays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and B stays
+constant right then B goes to C and A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant right then B goes to C and A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant right then B goes to C and A
+stays constant and then a goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B and C stays constant then C goes to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and C stays constant then C goes to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and C stays constant then C goes to a
+and b stays constant and then B goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b stays constant and then B goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b stays constant and then B goes to
+C and A stays constant so forth right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and A stays constant so forth right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and A stays constant so forth right so
+I'm either changing sort of this letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm either changing sort of this letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm either changing sort of this letter
+or this letter as I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or this letter as I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or this letter as I go
+along okay so that's how we know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along okay so that's how we know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along okay so that's how we know what's
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+maximize and then the other thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize and then the other thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize and then the other thing that's
+happening is these diodes are numbered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is these diodes are numbered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is these diodes are numbered
+so they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they go
+sequentially okay and you say well why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequentially okay and you say well why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequentially okay and you say well why
+do I focus on this it's because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I focus on this it's because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I focus on this it's because if
+you're suddenly like poking scope probes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're suddenly like poking scope probes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're suddenly like poking scope probes
+into one of these circuits you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into one of these circuits you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into one of these circuits you really
+kind of want to know what one's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of want to know what one's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of want to know what one's going to
+conduct next right like how's it going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduct next right like how's it going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduct next right like how's it going
+to run and so you number your diodes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run and so you number your diodes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run and so you number your diodes and
+in different circuits you might number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different circuits you might number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different circuits you might number
+your switches such that they conduct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your switches such that they conduct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your switches such that they conduct
+sequentially so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequentially so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequentially so for
+example uh when VB is at a maximum right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh when VB is at a maximum right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh when VB is at a maximum right
+here okay I have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay I have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay I have uh
+D1 and D6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D1 and D6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D1 and D6
+conducting right what's the next one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting right what's the next one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting right what's the next one
+that's going to conduct it's D1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+D6 um then D6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D6 um then D6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D6 um then D6
+then then it's going to be D1 D2 it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then it's going to be D1 D2 it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then it's going to be D1 D2 it's
+going to be vac is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be vac is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be vac is going to be
+next right so it's going to go 61 1 two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next right so it's going to go 61 1 two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next right so it's going to go 61 1 two
+23 right so then it's going to be vbc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 right so then it's going to be vbc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 right so then it's going to be vbc
+Max and the conduction order is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max and the conduction order is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max and the conduction order is sort of
+1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 61 so forth okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 61 so forth okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 61 so forth okay so
+we sort of sequentially number our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sort of sequentially number our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sort of sequentially number our
+devices so that you get cons itive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices so that you get cons itive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices so that you get cons itive
+segments conducting all right why do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments conducting all right why do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments conducting all right why do I
+focus on that just because it's a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on that just because it's a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on that just because it's a real
+pain in the butt to keep things straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain in the butt to keep things straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain in the butt to keep things straight
+if you don't kind of be smart about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't kind of be smart about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't kind of be smart about how
+you number things and so I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you number things and so I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you number things and so I wanted to
+bring the convention to your attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring the convention to your attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring the convention to your attention
+so let me stop there and just say are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me stop there and just say are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me stop there and just say are
+there any questions so far about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any questions so far about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any questions so far about like
+what this rectifier is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doing okay so now let's come back to why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing okay so now let's come back to why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing okay so now let's come back to why
+I care about three phase to begin with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I care about three phase to begin with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I care about three phase to begin with
+what's what's wonderful about three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's wonderful about three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's wonderful about three
+phase let's just compare this rectifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase let's just compare this rectifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase let's just compare this rectifier
+to the rectifier we considered at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the rectifier we considered at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the rectifier we considered at the
+beginning of the term right this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the term right this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the term right this is the
+this is a three-phase bridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a three-phase bridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a three-phase bridge
+rectifier okay how would that compare to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifier okay how would that compare to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifier okay how would that compare to
+a singlephase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a singlephase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a singlephase
+rectifier what would a singlephase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifier what would a singlephase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifier what would a singlephase
+rectifier look like a singlephase full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifier look like a singlephase full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifier look like a singlephase full
+Bridge would have four devices like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this it would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it would have
+an inductive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inductive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inductive
+filter right and here would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter right and here would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter right and here would be
+VD and here would be you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VD and here would be you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VD and here would be you
+know vac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know vac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know vac
+right so what would VD look like in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what would VD look like in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what would VD look like in this
+right when vac is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+positive you know if vac looked like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive you know if vac looked like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive you know if vac looked like
+this right here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right here's
+vac what would VD look like in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vac what would VD look like in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vac what would VD look like in this
+circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit
+VD would give me the full wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VD would give me the full wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VD would give me the full wave
+rectification of this so VD would look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectification of this so VD would look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectification of this so VD would look
+like this would look like this bump and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this would look like this bump and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this would look like this bump and
+then the negative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the negative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the negative of
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+right well okay what's the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well okay what's the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well okay what's the fundamental
+Ripple frequency if if if for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripple frequency if if if for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripple frequency if if if for example
+vac was 60 Herz what's the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vac was 60 Herz what's the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vac was 60 Herz what's the fundamental
+Ripple frequency in the uh rectified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripple frequency in the uh rectified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripple frequency in the uh rectified
+output 120 Herz right so I got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output 120 Herz right so I got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output 120 Herz right so I got a
+this inductor to filter a full scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inductor to filter a full scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inductor to filter a full scale
+ripple at 120
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+HZ okay well I can do that I can get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HZ okay well I can do that I can get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HZ okay well I can do that I can get a
+big inductor and go do that what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big inductor and go do that what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big inductor and go do that what happens
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+here well if I counted it this is a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well if I counted it this is a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well if I counted it this is a half
+a pulse 1 2 three four five five and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pulse 1 2 three four five five and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pulse 1 2 three four five five and a
+half six pulses per line cycle so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half six pulses per line cycle so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half six pulses per line cycle so that
+means that the fundamental Ripple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the fundamental Ripple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the fundamental Ripple
+frequency of the three-phase bridge is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of the three-phase bridge is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of the three-phase bridge is
+at 360 htz three times as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 360 htz three times as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 360 htz three times as
+high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high
+okay yeah three times as high I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah three times as high I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah three times as high I can
+multiply um and keep in mind how big is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply um and keep in mind how big is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply um and keep in mind how big is
+the amplitude of this this is the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitude of this this is the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitude of this this is the full
+Ripple on the other hand look how big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripple on the other hand look how big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripple on the other hand look how big
+the Ripple is the voltage Ripple that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Ripple is the voltage Ripple that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Ripple is the voltage Ripple that
+has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be
+filtered by the inductor in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtered by the inductor in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtered by the inductor in the
+three-phase bridge right if I if I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-phase bridge right if I if I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-phase bridge right if I if I go
+look at the LD up there it has to only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the LD up there it has to only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the LD up there it has to only
+take three times the frequency me means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take three times the frequency me means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take three times the frequency me means
+it's smaller and the Ripple's far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's smaller and the Ripple's far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's smaller and the Ripple's far
+smaller the Ripple voltage smaller so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller the Ripple voltage smaller so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller the Ripple voltage smaller so
+the inductor that I need for my three-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inductor that I need for my three-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inductor that I need for my three-
+phrase bridge is TC tiny compared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase bridge is TC tiny compared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase bridge is TC tiny compared to the
+inductor that I need for my singlephase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor that I need for my singlephase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor that I need for my singlephase
+bridge so I'll be much happier building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge so I'll be much happier building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge so I'll be much happier building
+a three-phase instead of a singlephase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a three-phase instead of a singlephase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a three-phase instead of a singlephase
+rectifier okay what did it cost me in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifier okay what did it cost me in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifier okay what did it cost me in
+terms of devices now it's risky just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of devices now it's risky just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of devices now it's risky just
+counting components right because not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting components right because not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting components right because not
+all components created equal but roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all components created equal but roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all components created equal but roughly
+speaking to do this Beast I needed four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking to do this Beast I needed four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking to do this Beast I needed four
+diodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diodes
+to do the three-phase BD I only needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the three-phase BD I only needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the three-phase BD I only needed
+six diodes so I SWA six devices for four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six diodes so I SWA six devices for four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six diodes so I SWA six devices for four
+devices admittedly a slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices admittedly a slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices admittedly a slightly different
+scale okay but suddenly I get much much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale okay but suddenly I get much much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale okay but suddenly I get much much
+nicer performance right everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicer performance right everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicer performance right everything
+becomes good in terms of the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes good in terms of the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes good in terms of the output
+filter and that inductor is really big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter and that inductor is really big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter and that inductor is really big
+right it's low frequency right I I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's low frequency right I I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's low frequency right I I would
+usually need a really big single and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually need a really big single and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually need a really big single and
+phase inductor for three-phase system I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase inductor for three-phase system I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase inductor for three-phase system I
+need a very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a very small
+inductor any questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor any questions about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor any questions about that
+yeah what's an application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what's an application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what's an application
+of okay sure do you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of okay sure do you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of okay sure do you guys
+remember I brought in a an alternator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I brought in a an alternator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I brought in a an alternator
+earlier in the term we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier in the term we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier in the term we're talking about
+power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+factor that's actually a three-phase a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor that's actually a three-phase a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor that's actually a three-phase a
+an alternator means an AC generator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an alternator means an AC generator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an alternator means an AC generator
+essentially so that's a three-phase it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially so that's a three-phase it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially so that's a three-phase it
+came out with three phases you run it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out with three phases you run it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out with three phases you run it
+into six diodes and boom suddenly you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into six diodes and boom suddenly you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into six diodes and boom suddenly you
+have DC and by and they control the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have DC and by and they control the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have DC and by and they control the
+amplitude at which they generate by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude at which they generate by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude at which they generate by a
+field control they they use an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field control they they use an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field control they they use an
+electromagnet that they change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnet that they change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnet that they change the
+strength of the electromagnet that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of the electromagnet that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of the electromagnet that
+basically gen controls how big the ac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically gen controls how big the ac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically gen controls how big the ac
+voltage that you're sending it through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage that you're sending it through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage that you're sending it through
+is so one application of a three-phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so one application of a three-phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so one application of a three-phase
+rectifier would just be in your car like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifier would just be in your car like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifier would just be in your car like
+every car has one okay more to the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every car has one okay more to the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every car has one okay more to the point
+though anywhere I'm going to go from AC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though anywhere I'm going to go from AC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though anywhere I'm going to go from AC
+to DC so so if I want to run a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to DC so so if I want to run a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to DC so so if I want to run a
+three-phase drive now it depends I may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-phase drive now it depends I may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-phase drive now it depends I may
+want to invert back into the line in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to invert back into the line in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to invert back into the line in
+some cases but if all I want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases but if all I want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases but if all I want to do is
+take power from AC line and then use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take power from AC line and then use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take power from AC line and then use it
+for something when I'm at high power I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something when I'm at high power I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something when I'm at high power I
+come in with three phase I put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in with three phase I put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in with three phase I put a
+three-phase rectifier in there and I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-phase rectifier in there and I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-phase rectifier in there and I get
+DC out so if I'm at the front end of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC out so if I'm at the front end of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC out so if I'm at the front end of my
+data center that's kind of probably what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data center that's kind of probably what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data center that's kind of probably what
+I have is a big three-phase rectifier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have is a big three-phase rectifier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have is a big three-phase rectifier to
+take that AC and turn into the DC and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that AC and turn into the DC and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that AC and turn into the DC and
+this is probably the simplest version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is probably the simplest version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is probably the simplest version of
+a three-phase rectifier that you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a three-phase rectifier that you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a three-phase rectifier that you'd
+actually use people tend not to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually use people tend not to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually use people tend not to use
+halfwave rectifiers because they inject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfwave rectifiers because they inject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfwave rectifiers because they inject
+DC back and likewise they tend not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC back and likewise they tend not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC back and likewise they tend not to
+use this simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this simple
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+rectifier the half the three diode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifier the half the three diode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifier the half the three diode
+version they tend not to use so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version they tend not to use so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version they tend not to use so this is
+kind of the simplest rectifier you'd use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the simplest rectifier you'd use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the simplest rectifier you'd use
+for three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for three
+phase other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions okay what's another advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay what's another advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay what's another advantage
+of this thing well we talked we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this thing well we talked we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this thing well we talked we actually
+talked about this last class in abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this last class in abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this last class in abstract
+terms um what would be my line current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms um what would be my line current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms um what would be my line current
+in this case right what would be IAC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case right what would be IAC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case right what would be IAC
+right my vac looks like a sine wave well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right my vac looks like a sine wave well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right my vac looks like a sine wave well
+if this ID is constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this ID is constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this ID is constant
+approximately okay because I've done a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately okay because I've done a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately okay because I've done a
+good job filtering IAC when vac is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good job filtering IAC when vac is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good job filtering IAC when vac is
+positive it looks like ID when vac is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive it looks like ID when vac is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive it looks like ID when vac is
+negative it looks like minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative it looks like minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative it looks like minus
+ID IAC would look like a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wave right so I get some kind of power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave right so I get some kind of power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave right so I get some kind of power
+factor out of that if I calculated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor out of that if I calculated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor out of that if I calculated the
+power factor of this thing it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power factor of this thing it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power factor of this thing it would be
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+0.91 right now the square wave the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.91 right now the square wave the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.91 right now the square wave the
+fundamentals in pH of the currents in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentals in pH of the currents in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentals in pH of the currents in
+Phase with the voltage so it's 0 91
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phase with the voltage so it's 0 91
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phase with the voltage so it's 0 91
+basically because the square wave has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically because the square wave has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically because the square wave has
+you know third fifth sth Etc harmonics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know third fifth sth Etc harmonics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know third fifth sth Etc harmonics
+in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it
+right what would the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what would the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what would the line
+currents in this thing look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents in this thing look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents in this thing look
+like well let's just go figure out one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well let's just go figure out one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well let's just go figure out one
+line current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line current
+um why don't I come back and do the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um why don't I come back and do the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um why don't I come back and do the line
+current in let's see what color haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current in let's see what color haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current in let's see what color haven't
+I used let me pick this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I used let me pick this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I used let me pick this
+color what let's look at the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color what let's look at the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color what let's look at the line
+current here for just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current here for just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current here for just
+um let me think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this let's pick the line current for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this let's pick the line current for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this let's pick the line current for
+phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase
+a okay so let's figure out what I of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay so let's figure out what I of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay so let's figure out what I of a
+looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks
+like okay if I come back over here a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay if I come back over here a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay if I come back over here a is
+conducting in this interval and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting in this interval and in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting in this interval and in this
+interval a and AC when a and a AC are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval a and AC when a and a AC are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval a and AC when a and a AC are
+maximum this diode one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum this diode one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum this diode one's
+conducting and when he's conducting he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting and when he's conducting he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting and when he's conducting he's
+carrying a constant current ID so IIA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying a constant current ID so IIA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying a constant current ID so IIA
+would look something like this it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look something like this it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look something like this it would
+conduct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduct
+here would start conducting at 30°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here would start conducting at 30°
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here would start conducting at 30°
+continue conducting until here 150 Dees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue conducting until here 150 Dees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue conducting until here 150 Dees
+then he would go quiet for a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he would go quiet for a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he would go quiet for a little
+while and then when that when he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while and then when that when he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while and then when that when he's
+conducting negative he's going to carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting negative he's going to carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting negative he's going to carry
+negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that waveform pattern look familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that waveform pattern look familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that waveform pattern look familiar
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+anybody right so this is the this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody right so this is the this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody right so this is the this is
+essentially the current pattern I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the current pattern I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the current pattern I'm
+going to conduct conduct for I sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to conduct conduct for I sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to conduct conduct for I sub
+a okay of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay of t
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+right and keep in mind I didn't draw it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and keep in mind I didn't draw it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and keep in mind I didn't draw it
+well let me draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let me draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let me draw
+it let me draw it back on my line line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it let me draw it back on my line line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it let me draw it back on my line line
+to neutral waveforms because this has va
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to neutral waveforms because this has va
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to neutral waveforms because this has va
+va is in red right so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+VA what does IIA look like IIA looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VA what does IIA look like IIA looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VA what does IIA look like IIA looks
+like this it conducts after 30°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it stops conducting at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it stops conducting at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it stops conducting at
+150 and then conducts negatively like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+150 and then conducts negatively like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+150 and then conducts negatively like
+this okay so I can match the red and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so I can match the red and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so I can match the red and
+pink waveforms between the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pink waveforms between the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pink waveforms between the line
+voltage and the line current the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and the line current the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and the line current the current
+in that voltage source does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that voltage source does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that voltage source does that make
+sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to
+everybody so what does that say about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody so what does that say about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody so what does that say about
+his power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his power
+factor okay well we can calculate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor okay well we can calculate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor okay well we can calculate that
+um and let's just do that for some good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and let's just do that for some good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and let's just do that for some good
+exercise here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um first of all what's the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um first of all what's the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um first of all what's the average
+power I would argue the average power in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power I would argue the average power in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power I would argue the average power in
+this thing I could be is essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing I could be is essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing I could be is essentially the
+product of the red and the pink right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the red and the pink right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the red and the pink right
+which I could write as 1 over Pi the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I could write as 1 over Pi the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I could write as 1 over Pi the
+integral from 0 to Pi and I can do it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from 0 to Pi and I can do it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from 0 to Pi and I can do it in
+a half cycle because the other half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half cycle because the other half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half cycle because the other half
+cycle symmetric of vs Sin Omega t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle symmetric of vs Sin Omega t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle symmetric of vs Sin Omega t
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ID but it's only ID between pi/ 6 and 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID but it's only ID between pi/ 6 and 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID but it's only ID between pi/ 6 and 5
+pi over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+6 right that's the average power so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 right that's the average power so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 right that's the average power so this
+is going to give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to give me
+vs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vs
+I uh times the cosine of pi/ 6 minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I uh times the cosine of pi/ 6 minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I uh times the cosine of pi/ 6 minus the
+cosine of 5 pi/ 6 which is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of 5 pi/ 6 which is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of 5 pi/ 6 which is going to be
+theare Ro of 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay oh and this is one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay oh and this is one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay oh and this is one over
+Pi okay so that's the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi okay so that's the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi okay so that's the average
+power what's the uh what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power what's the uh what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power what's the uh what's the
+RMS of phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a right if this has an amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a right if this has an amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a right if this has an amplitude
+vs what would be the RMS of single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vs what would be the RMS of single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vs what would be the RMS of single
+phase yes vs over the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase yes vs over the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase yes vs over the two
+okay what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what's
+irms of phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irms of phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irms of phase
+a okay well it's the square root of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay well it's the square root of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay well it's the square root of the
+average of the square of this thing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of the square of this thing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of the square of this thing so
+if I squared the pink waveform and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I squared the pink waveform and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I squared the pink waveform and and
+this is you know this amplitude here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you know this amplitude here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you know this amplitude here is
+ID right I would take this thing I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID right I would take this thing I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID right I would take this thing I would
+Square it I'd have ID squared and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square it I'd have ID squared and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square it I'd have ID squared and then
+it's at ID squ for 2/3 of the time right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's at ID squ for 2/3 of the time right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's at ID squ for 2/3 of the time right
+4 sixth of the time so this would just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 sixth of the time so this would just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 sixth of the time so this would just
+be equal to ID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to ID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to ID
+of times the squ of two over three if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times the squ of two over three if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times the squ of two over three if
+you just take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just take the
+RMS okay that gives me a power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RMS okay that gives me a power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RMS okay that gives me a power
+factor equal to what it's the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor equal to what it's the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor equal to what it's the average
+power divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power divided by
+vrms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vrms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vrms
+irms and that's going to be uh v s IID <
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irms and that's going to be uh v s IID <
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irms and that's going to be uh v s IID <
+3 over pi divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 over pi divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 over pi divided
+by vs over the < TK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by vs over the < TK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by vs over the < TK
+2 uh divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 uh divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 uh divided by
+ID uh > 2 over theun 3 which is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID uh > 2 over theun 3 which is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID uh > 2 over theun 3 which is just
+equal to 3 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 3 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 3 over
+Pi okay and 3 over Pi just if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi okay and 3 over Pi just if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi okay and 3 over Pi just if you want
+to calculate it is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+96 okay so whereas having a singlephase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+96 okay so whereas having a singlephase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+96 okay so whereas having a singlephase
+bridge and if I did it for the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge and if I did it for the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge and if I did it for the other
+phases the other phases are just time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases the other phases are just time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases the other phases are just time
+shifted so all the phases have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted so all the phases have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted so all the phases have the same
+power factor right so the beauty of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power factor right so the beauty of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power factor right so the beauty of this
+three phase pie compared to a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three phase pie compared to a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three phase pie compared to a single
+phase piece is instead of getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase piece is instead of getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase piece is instead of getting a
+power factor of about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power factor of about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power factor of about
+91 I've got automatically a power factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+91 I've got automatically a power factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+91 I've got automatically a power factor
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+96 okay why is the power factor higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+96 okay why is the power factor higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+96 okay why is the power factor higher
+because look at this waveform you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because look at this waveform you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because look at this waveform you can
+see just by I or by recollection of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see just by I or by recollection of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see just by I or by recollection of our
+harmonic cancellation discussion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic cancellation discussion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic cancellation discussion that
+this thing has no triple n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing has no triple n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing has no triple n
+harmonics we said one of the benefits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics we said one of the benefits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics we said one of the benefits of
+three phases because everything's time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three phases because everything's time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three phases because everything's time
+shifted even if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted even if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted even if your
+currents your even if you in individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents your even if you in individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents your even if you in individual
+you draw an individual current all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you draw an individual current all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you draw an individual current all the
+triple ends have to cancel because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple ends have to cancel because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple ends have to cancel because of
+the three-phase nature and you're seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three-phase nature and you're seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three-phase nature and you're seeing
+it right here in the line current of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right here in the line current of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right here in the line current of the
+rectifier right so whereas the single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifier right so whereas the single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifier right so whereas the single
+phase will have fundamental third fifth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase will have fundamental third fifth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase will have fundamental third fifth
+7th n9th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7th n9th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7th n9th
+Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc
+um this thing gets rid of the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this thing gets rid of the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this thing gets rid of the third
+Sixth and nth and the the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sixth and nth and the the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sixth and nth and the the lowest
+harmonic content of this is the fifth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic content of this is the fifth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic content of this is the fifth
+and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+seventh okay any questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah power factor the power factor the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah power factor the power factor the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah power factor the power factor the
+phases are different is there like ation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases are different is there like ation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases are different is there like ation
+of well everything's I mean if the if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of well everything's I mean if the if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of well everything's I mean if the if
+the phases are balanced then they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phases are balanced then they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phases are balanced then they're all
+the same right and that's the idealized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same right and that's the idealized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same right and that's the idealized
+case when you're talking about power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case when you're talking about power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case when you're talking about power
+factor you really only talk about sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor you really only talk about sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor you really only talk about sort
+of one port of the circuit right so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one port of the circuit right so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one port of the circuit right so I
+suppose if you had an unbalanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose if you had an unbalanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose if you had an unbalanced
+situation it's a more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation it's a more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation it's a more complicated
+situation you could start looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation you could start looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation you could start looking at the
+power factor of the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power factor of the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power factor of the different
+uh phases but being different but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh phases but being different but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh phases but being different but
+generally let's let's just keep it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally let's let's just keep it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally let's let's just keep it
+simple and say everything's balanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and say everything's balanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and say everything's balanced
+which it should be if it's working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it should be if it's working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it should be if it's working
+right other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions Okay so we've seen kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions Okay so we've seen kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions Okay so we've seen kind of
+what you can do with just basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can do with just basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can do with just basically
+throwing two more devices at it suddenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing two more devices at it suddenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing two more devices at it suddenly
+three phas is looking pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three phas is looking pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three phas is looking pretty good
+especially at high power because more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially at high power because more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially at high power because more
+complex I got more devices I got 50%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex I got more devices I got 50%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex I got more devices I got 50%
+more devices on the other hand my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more devices on the other hand my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more devices on the other hand my
+inductor just got a heck of a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor just got a heck of a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor just got a heck of a lot
+smaller and we said you know that's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and we said you know that's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and we said you know that's sort
+of related to the notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of with three-phase power if I were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of with three-phase power if I were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of with three-phase power if I were
+drawing ideal sine waves I'd be drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing ideal sine waves I'd be drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing ideal sine waves I'd be drawing
+continuous power now I'm not drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous power now I'm not drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous power now I'm not drawing
+sine waves I'm drawing this funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine waves I'm drawing this funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine waves I'm drawing this funny
+waveform right but it's just basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform right but it's just basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform right but it's just basically
+much easier to get close to continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much easier to get close to continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much easier to get close to continuous
+power I need much less filtering to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power I need much less filtering to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power I need much less filtering to give
+me kind of constant power at the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me kind of constant power at the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me kind of constant power at the output
+because I have three phases at my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I have three phases at my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I have three phases at my
+disposal whereas in the uh in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disposal whereas in the uh in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disposal whereas in the uh in the case
+of the single phase basically that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the single phase basically that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the single phase basically that
+inductor serting to serving to ride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor serting to serving to ride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor serting to serving to ride
+through the twice line frequency Ripple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the twice line frequency Ripple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the twice line frequency Ripple
+I don't need to do that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't need to do that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't need to do that in the
+three-phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-phase
+system okay I'm sort of running out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay I'm sort of running out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay I'm sort of running out of
+time but I did want to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but I did want to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but I did want to give
+you um one more kind of notion of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um one more kind of notion of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um one more kind of notion of what
+you can do with the three-phase I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do with the three-phase I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do with the three-phase I
+mentioned that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that
+naturally if I compared the line to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally if I compared the line to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally if I compared the line to
+neutral and the Line to Line waveforms I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral and the Line to Line waveforms I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral and the Line to Line waveforms I
+get a 30° pH shift right well um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a 30° pH shift right well um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a 30° pH shift right well um we
+often use that kind of 30° phase shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often use that kind of 30° phase shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often use that kind of 30° phase shift
+to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our
+advantage or I can build a Transformer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage or I can build a Transformer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage or I can build a Transformer
+set that can sort of grab pieces of VA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set that can sort of grab pieces of VA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set that can sort of grab pieces of VA
+and VB and VC and add them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and VB and VC and add them up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and VB and VC and add them up
+symmetrically with a symmetrical set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrically with a symmetrical set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrically with a symmetrical set of
+transforms to generate some new set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms to generate some new set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms to generate some new set of
+waveforms with an arbitrary phase shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveforms with an arbitrary phase shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveforms with an arbitrary phase shift
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+it okay and because I have these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay and because I have these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay and because I have these three
+phases I can get new three phase sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases I can get new three phase sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases I can get new three phase sets
+that also add to zero with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also add to zero with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also add to zero with this
+arbitrary phase shift okay how would we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary phase shift okay how would we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary phase shift okay how would we
+use that well um when people get to high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that well um when people get to high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that well um when people get to high
+Powers right first of all you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Powers right first of all you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Powers right first of all you know you
+can't go out and buy a diode with either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't go out and buy a diode with either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't go out and buy a diode with either
+enough voltage or enough current for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough voltage or enough current for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough voltage or enough current for
+what you want to do right so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want to do right so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want to do right so if you
+think about you know trying to build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about you know trying to build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about you know trying to build a
+tokomak for Fusion or something and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tokomak for Fusion or something and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tokomak for Fusion or something and
+you're you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're going to
+you know you need serious amounts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you need serious amounts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you need serious amounts of
+power you know tens of thousands of amps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power you know tens of thousands of amps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power you know tens of thousands of amps
+right maybe you can't go buy individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right maybe you can't go buy individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right maybe you can't go buy individual
+diodes with tens of thousands of amps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diodes with tens of thousands of amps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diodes with tens of thousands of amps
+now you get some help because now I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you get some help because now I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you get some help because now I have
+six devices to help me get process that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six devices to help me get process that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six devices to help me get process that
+power but maybe I would need more or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power but maybe I would need more or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power but maybe I would need more or
+maybe what I really want is really high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe what I really want is really high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe what I really want is really high
+voltage that I can't do with individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage that I can't do with individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage that I can't do with individual
+diode voltages okay so here's the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diode voltages okay so here's the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diode voltages okay so here's the kind
+of trick you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trick you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trick you can
+play all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+um you can go and say okay and I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can go and say okay and I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can go and say okay and I can do
+this with y y or Delta y but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with y y or Delta y but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with y y or Delta y but let's
+imagine that I come in with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that I come in with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that I come in with my
+waveforms okay and I'll build one set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Transformers that maybe take the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformers that maybe take the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformers that maybe take the line
+toline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toline
+voltages and generate a new set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages and generate a new set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages and generate a new set of
+waveforms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveforms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveforms
+um that are in Phase with that and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that are in Phase with that and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that are in Phase with that and maybe
+another set of Transformers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another set of Transformers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another set of Transformers
+that generate the 30° phase shift how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that generate the 30° phase shift how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that generate the 30° phase shift how
+could I do that well for example suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I do that well for example suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I do that well for example suppose
+I took you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I took you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I took you know
+VA uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VA uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VA uh
+VB and VC uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VB and VC uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VB and VC uh
+VA VB and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+VC okay and I will just go build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VC okay and I will just go build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VC okay and I will just go build a
+Transformer that say says okay let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer that say says okay let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer that say says okay let
+me take the Line to Line voltages which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me take the Line to Line voltages which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me take the Line to Line voltages which
+are square OT of three bigger and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are square OT of three bigger and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are square OT of three bigger and then I
+will go generate a new set a new y set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go generate a new set a new y set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go generate a new set a new y set
+of you know I'll connect the primaries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know I'll connect the primaries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know I'll connect the primaries
+in Delta and the secondary is in y so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Delta and the secondary is in y so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Delta and the secondary is in y so
+I'll make a Delta to Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll make a Delta to Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll make a Delta to Y
+transformation okay so what's that going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation okay so what's that going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation okay so what's that going
+to mean is if I have my fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mean is if I have my fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mean is if I have my fundamental
+um if I have my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I have my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I have my
+fundamental of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental of this
+set when I run it through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set when I run it through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set when I run it through the
+Transformer and I can get the one/ of 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer and I can get the one/ of 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer and I can get the one/ of 3
+scaling I want I run it through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling I want I run it through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling I want I run it through the
+transform I get another set of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform I get another set of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform I get another set of three
+phase voltages that are 30°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase voltages that are 30°
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase voltages that are 30°
+shifted okay so I have now I have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted okay so I have now I have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted okay so I have now I have two
+sets of waveforms that are 30° apart so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets of waveforms that are 30° apart so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets of waveforms that are 30° apart so
+if I had a first diode rectifier up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I had a first diode rectifier up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I had a first diode rectifier up here
+maybe it would just look like that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it would just look like that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it would just look like that one
+right that's this diode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's this diode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's this diode
+rectifier oops this is a Transformer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifier oops this is a Transformer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifier oops this is a Transformer
+I'll run it into a first diode rectifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll run it into a first diode rectifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll run it into a first diode rectifier
+so this is so this is sort of like maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is so this is sort of like maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is so this is sort of like maybe
+this is Delta to Delta and this is Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Delta to Delta and this is Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Delta to Delta and this is Delta
+to y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to y
+um right I'll do a first di
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right I'll do a first di
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right I'll do a first di
+rectifier right and his output voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifier right and his output voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifier right and his output voltage
+looks exactly like this purple waveform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks exactly like this purple waveform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks exactly like this purple waveform
+I guess I should use the correct color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess I should use the correct color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess I should use the correct color
+right this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is
+VD up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VD up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VD up there
+right and now I'll build a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and now I'll build a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and now I'll build a second
+rectifier there's another six devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifier there's another six devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifier there's another six devices
+now I got 12 devices right and and let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I got 12 devices right and and let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I got 12 devices right and and let
+me make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me make
+him I'll call this VD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him I'll call this VD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him I'll call this VD
+Prime okay well if I've shifted the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime okay well if I've shifted the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime okay well if I've shifted the
+phase of the inputs by 30° all I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase of the inputs by 30° all I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase of the inputs by 30° all I'm going
+to do is shift the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is shift the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is shift the
+phase of the rectified output Ripple by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase of the rectified output Ripple by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase of the rectified output Ripple by
+30° right so the second one VD Prime if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30° right so the second one VD Prime if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30° right so the second one VD Prime if
+if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+VD right VD Prime is just going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this and so forth see where I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and so forth see where I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and so forth see where I'm going
+with this and so now I connect these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this and so now I connect these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this and so now I connect these
+guys in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys in
+series and I hook them up to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and I hook them up to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and I hook them up to this
+inductor and then my load resistor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor and then my load resistor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor and then my load resistor and
+this is VD plus VD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is VD plus VD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is VD plus VD
+Prime okay first of all I got Much More
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime okay first of all I got Much More
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime okay first of all I got Much More
+Voltage right which I might want because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Voltage right which I might want because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Voltage right which I might want because
+each of these Vol diodes only blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these Vol diodes only blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these Vol diodes only blocks
+half the total output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the total output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the total output
+voltage secondly the ripples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage secondly the ripples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage secondly the ripples
+cancel right so if I had six pulses per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel right so if I had six pulses per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel right so if I had six pulses per
+line cycle 360 Hertz now I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line cycle 360 Hertz now I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line cycle 360 Hertz now I'm going to
+have the lowest Ripple content's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the lowest Ripple content's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the lowest Ripple content's going
+to be at 12 times the line frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be at 12 times the line frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be at 12 times the line frequency
+this would be called a 12 pulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be called a 12 pulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be called a 12 pulse
+rectifier okay and so first of all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifier okay and so first of all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifier okay and so first of all I
+have higher frequency again 720 Herz is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have higher frequency again 720 Herz is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have higher frequency again 720 Herz is
+fundamental Ripple and by the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental Ripple and by the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental Ripple and by the way the
+amplitude of that Ripple is again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude of that Ripple is again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude of that Ripple is again
+smaller so this inductor again gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller so this inductor again gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller so this inductor again gets
+smaller okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller okay and
+um the the net result of that is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the net result of that is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the net result of that is that we
+get um really small filtering I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get um really small filtering I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get um really small filtering I'm
+trading numbers of devices in complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading numbers of devices in complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading numbers of devices in complexity
+for really good output ripple at higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for really good output ripple at higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for really good output ripple at higher
+powers in this case higher voltages I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers in this case higher voltages I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers in this case higher voltages I
+can play the same game with what's known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can play the same game with what's known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can play the same game with what's known
+as an interface Transformer and get much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an interface Transformer and get much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an interface Transformer and get much
+higher currents if I prefer in set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher currents if I prefer in set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher currents if I prefer in set of
+higher voltages the other thing I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher voltages the other thing I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher voltages the other thing I can do
+and while this makes a great homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and while this makes a great homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and while this makes a great homework
+problem in a out of time if you track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in a out of time if you track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in a out of time if you track
+back and look at the line harmonics for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and look at the line harmonics for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and look at the line harmonics for
+this thing and you do it right instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing and you do it right instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing and you do it right instead
+of having Fifth and seventh as being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having Fifth and seventh as being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having Fifth and seventh as being the
+lowest harmonic you can have 11th and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest harmonic you can have 11th and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest harmonic you can have 11th and
+13th be the lowest harmonic or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13th be the lowest harmonic or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13th be the lowest harmonic or the
+lowest significant harmonic okay so not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest significant harmonic okay so not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest significant harmonic okay so not
+only do I make the Ripple smaller my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only do I make the Ripple smaller my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only do I make the Ripple smaller my
+filter smaller but I make the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter smaller but I make the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter smaller but I make the line
+current waveform more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current waveform more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current waveform more
+sinusoidal and I get a higher power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoidal and I get a higher power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoidal and I get a higher power
+factor again if you don't like that fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor again if you don't like that fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor again if you don't like that fine
+do three of them get an 18 pulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do three of them get an 18 pulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do three of them get an 18 pulse
+rectifier people do that you want a 24
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifier people do that you want a 24
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifier people do that you want a 24
+pulse rectifier it exists and what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse rectifier it exists and what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse rectifier it exists and what they
+do is they just use these phase shifting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is they just use these phase shifting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is they just use these phase shifting
+Transformer sets stack it up in series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer sets stack it up in series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer sets stack it up in series
+or parallel with the right technique and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or parallel with the right technique and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or parallel with the right technique and
+you can get to really high powers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get to really high powers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get to really high powers and
+suddenly even though an individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly even though an individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly even though an individual
+diode's a nonlinear thing and it draws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diode's a nonlinear thing and it draws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diode's a nonlinear thing and it draws
+harmonics you murder all the harmonics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics you murder all the harmonics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics you murder all the harmonics
+and you get something that just acts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get something that just acts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get something that just acts
+beautifully okay and that's the game you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautifully okay and that's the game you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautifully okay and that's the game you
+play at really high Powers uh with low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play at really high Powers uh with low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play at really high Powers uh with low
+lower voltage and lower current devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower voltage and lower current devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower voltage and lower current devices
+than you could otherwise do Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you could otherwise do Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you could otherwise do Okay so
+we've talked about three-phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about three-phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about three-phase
+rectifiers and I tried to use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifiers and I tried to use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifiers and I tried to use this
+lecture both to show you what you do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture both to show you what you do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture both to show you what you do in
+terms of numbering devices and in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of numbering devices and in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of numbering devices and in terms
+of of sort of what are some of the how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of sort of what are some of the how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of sort of what are some of the how
+the some of the advantages play in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the some of the advantages play in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the some of the advantages play in a
+very simple case when you just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple case when you just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple case when you just have
+diodes next time we'll start to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diodes next time we'll start to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diodes next time we'll start to look at
+at sort of more active kinds of power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at sort of more active kinds of power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at sort of more active kinds of power
+electronic circuits in three phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic circuits in three phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic circuits in three phase
+last question is it the Transformer or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last question is it the Transformer or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last question is it the Transformer or
+is it the Delta y connection that causes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it the Delta y connection that causes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it the Delta y connection that causes
+the 30° pH shift well it's it's how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 30° pH shift well it's it's how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 30° pH shift well it's it's how you
+do the Transformers in this case it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the Transformers in this case it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the Transformers in this case it's
+just because I'm doing I'm taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because I'm doing I'm taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because I'm doing I'm taking the
+Line to Line and I'm using that to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Line to Line and I'm using that to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Line to Line and I'm using that to make
+a line to new line to neutral that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a line to new line to neutral that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a line to new line to neutral that's how
+I get my face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get my face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get my face
+shift but I could do I could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift but I could do I could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift but I could do I could do
+something more sophisticated and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more sophisticated and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more sophisticated and get
+different phase shifts if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different phase shifts if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different phase shifts if I
+wanted okay we're out of time have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted okay we're out of time have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted okay we're out of time have a
+great day
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Ahv7Akj2xs4.txt b/Ahv7Akj2xs4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b904e92f753200f7271c23372f1e9e24d5efb3c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Ahv7Akj2xs4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11443 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's get started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get started
+so today hopefully will be a busy day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today hopefully will be a busy day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today hopefully will be a busy day
+with lots of interesting insights into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with lots of interesting insights into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with lots of interesting insights into
+how things work we talked about coupled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how things work we talked about coupled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how things work we talked about coupled
+oscillators last time and we developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillators last time and we developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillators last time and we developed
+formalism in which we can find the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalism in which we can find the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalism in which we can find the most
+general motion of oscillators right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general motion of oscillators right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general motion of oscillators right so
+let me remind let's remind ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me remind let's remind ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me remind let's remind ourselves
+what are the coupled oscillators coupled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the coupled oscillators coupled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the coupled oscillators coupled
+oscillators are many examples of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillators are many examples of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillators are many examples of them
+and they have the more or less the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have the more or less the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have the more or less the
+following features you have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following features you have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following features you have something
+that oscillates for example a pendulum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oscillates for example a pendulum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oscillates for example a pendulum
+you have to have more than one because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to have more than one because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to have more than one because
+four coupled oscillators you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four coupled oscillators you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four coupled oscillators you have to
+have at least two so you know let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have at least two so you know let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have at least two so you know let's say
+you have two oscillators so each of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two oscillators so each of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two oscillators so each of them
+is an is an oscillator which in for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an is an oscillator which in for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an is an oscillator which in for
+example in the limit of small small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in the limit of small small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in the limit of small small
+angles small displacement angles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles small displacement angles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles small displacement angles
+undergoes a pure harmonic motion with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoes a pure harmonic motion with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoes a pure harmonic motion with
+some frequencies and then you couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some frequencies and then you couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some frequencies and then you couple
+them through various means so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them through various means so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them through various means so for
+example two masses connected by a spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example two masses connected by a spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example two masses connected by a spring
+as an example of a coupled oscillator we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an example of a coupled oscillator we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an example of a coupled oscillator we
+could have two masses on a on the track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have two masses on a on the track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have two masses on a on the track
+on our track also connected by several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our track also connected by several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our track also connected by several
+Springs this is also an example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springs this is also an example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springs this is also an example of a
+coupled oscillator each of those masses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled oscillator each of those masses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled oscillator each of those masses
+undergoes harmonic motion and they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoes harmonic motion and they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoes harmonic motion and they are
+connected together such the motion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected together such the motion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected together such the motion of
+one affects motion of the other you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one affects motion of the other you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one affects motion of the other you can
+have slightly more complicated pendula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have slightly more complicated pendula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have slightly more complicated pendula
+for example you can you can hang one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you can you can hang one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you can you can hang one
+pendula from the other each of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendula from the other each of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendula from the other each of them
+again in the limit of small oscillations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in the limit of small oscillations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in the limit of small oscillations
+were undergo harmonic motion and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were undergo harmonic motion and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were undergo harmonic motion and they
+are coupled together because they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are coupled together because they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are coupled together because they are
+kind of supported one on top of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of supported one on top of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of supported one on top of each
+other and you can have we had another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and you can have we had another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and you can have we had another
+example of two forks tuning forks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of two forks tuning forks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of two forks tuning forks
+sitting on some sort of boxes each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting on some sort of boxes each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting on some sort of boxes each of
+them was an oscillator with audible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them was an oscillator with audible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them was an oscillator with audible
+oscillating frequency and by kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating frequency and by kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating frequency and by kind of
+putting them next to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting them next to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting them next to each other
+they coupled through through the sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they coupled through through the sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they coupled through through the sound
+waves transmitted through the air so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves transmitted through the air so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves transmitted through the air so one
+of them felt the oscillations in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them felt the oscillations in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them felt the oscillations in the
+other one this was an example of coupled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one this was an example of coupled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one this was an example of coupled
+oscillations to masses and and the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations to masses and and the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations to masses and and the thing
+you can have you can build oscillators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have you can build oscillators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have you can build oscillators
+out of electronics some capacitor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of electronics some capacitor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of electronics some capacitor and
+inductor together with a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor together with a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor together with a little bit of
+without resistor you have two of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without resistor you have two of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without resistor you have two of those
+they constitute a coupled oscillator if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they constitute a coupled oscillator if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they constitute a coupled oscillator if
+we put a wire between them so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put a wire between them so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put a wire between them so there are
+many many examples and of course these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many examples and of course these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many examples and of course these
+are all examples in which you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all examples in which you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all examples in which you have two
+oscillating bodies but it's it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating bodies but it's it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating bodies but it's it's very
+easy to have three or more oscillating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to have three or more oscillating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to have three or more oscillating
+bodies then basically the features of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies then basically the features of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies then basically the features of
+the system are the same except that math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system are the same except that math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system are the same except that math
+becomes more complicated we have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes more complicated we have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes more complicated we have more
+types of oscillations you can happen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of oscillations you can happen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of oscillations you can happen and
+there is a couple of characteristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a couple of characteristics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a couple of characteristics
+which are the same for all oscillating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are the same for all oscillating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are the same for all oscillating
+systems it's very important to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems it's very important to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems it's very important to remember
+that we are learning on one example but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are learning on one example but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are learning on one example but
+it applies to very many number one any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it applies to very many number one any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it applies to very many number one any
+motion I can maybe summarize it here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion I can maybe summarize it here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion I can maybe summarize it here so
+if you look at the motion of oscillator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can have let's say arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have let's say arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have let's say arbitrary
+oscillation arbitrary excitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+excitation means I you know I kick it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation means I you know I kick it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation means I you know I kick it in
+some sort of arbitrary mode okay this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of arbitrary mode okay this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of arbitrary mode okay this I
+just come in and set up some initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just come in and set up some initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just come in and set up some initial
+conditions such as things are moving and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+motion in this arbitrary surgeon is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion in this arbitrary surgeon is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion in this arbitrary surgeon is
+actually looks pretty chaotic it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually looks pretty chaotic it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually looks pretty chaotic it looks
+pretty pretty variable changing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty pretty variable changing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty pretty variable changing is
+difficult to understand what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to understand what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to understand what's going on
+so and clearly doesn't look harmonic non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and clearly doesn't look harmonic non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and clearly doesn't look harmonic non
+harmonic there is no obvious single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic there is no obvious single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic there is no obvious single
+frequency that is driving the system if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency that is driving the system if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency that is driving the system if
+you look at amplitude of the two objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at amplitude of the two objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at amplitude of the two objects
+here for example to Pandora pendulum one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for example to Pandora pendulum one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for example to Pandora pendulum one
+and two at any given moment of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two at any given moment of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two at any given moment of time
+there's a oscillating there's a correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a oscillating there's a correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a oscillating there's a correct
+the amplitude but what we saw is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitude but what we saw is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitude but what we saw is that
+kind of motion changes looks like things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of motion changes looks like things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of motion changes looks like things
+are flowing from one to the other one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are flowing from one to the other one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are flowing from one to the other one of
+them has a high amplitude after some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them has a high amplitude after some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them has a high amplitude after some
+time it goes down the other one grows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it goes down the other one grows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it goes down the other one grows
+that's so the amplitudes are kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's so the amplitudes are kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's so the amplitudes are kind of
+changing in time so they are variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing in time so they are variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing in time so they are variable
+right a variable and also we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a variable and also we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a variable and also we didn't
+calculate things exactly but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate things exactly but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate things exactly but you know
+from from study of a single oscillator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from study of a single oscillator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from study of a single oscillator
+that if the things are moving has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the things are moving has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the things are moving has a
+certain amplitude there are certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain amplitude there are certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain amplitude there are certain
+energy involved with some potential some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy involved with some potential some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy involved with some potential some
+kinetic and it's proportional to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic and it's proportional to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic and it's proportional to a
+square of amplitude so it's clear the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of amplitude so it's clear the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of amplitude so it's clear the
+energy is moving from one pendulum to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is moving from one pendulum to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is moving from one pendulum to
+the other right this one was oscillating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other right this one was oscillating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other right this one was oscillating
+like crazy so the all energy was sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like crazy so the all energy was sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like crazy so the all energy was sitting
+here after some time this one stopped so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here after some time this one stopped so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here after some time this one stopped so
+it's energy zero and the other one was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's energy zero and the other one was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's energy zero and the other one was
+oscillating like crazy right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating like crazy right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating like crazy right so the
+energy is flowing from one to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is flowing from one to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is flowing from one to another
+it's not sitting in one place but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not sitting in one place but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not sitting in one place but it's
+kind of flowing right this one has lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of flowing right this one has lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of flowing right this one has lots
+of energy right now but now that one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy right now but now that one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy right now but now that one is
+picking up so the energy you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking up so the energy you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking up so the energy you see the
+energy flowing here just and this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy flowing here just and this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy flowing here just and this one
+will eventually stopped well this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will eventually stopped well this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will eventually stopped well this is a
+pretty crappy oscillator but it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty crappy oscillator but it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty crappy oscillator but it will
+eventually stop and this one will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually stop and this one will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually stop and this one will have
+all the energy right so and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the energy right so and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the energy right so and this is
+again characteristic in every system you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again characteristic in every system you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again characteristic in every system you
+can see energy flowing around from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see energy flowing around from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see energy flowing around from one
+to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other
+growing stopping so it's in general in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing stopping so it's in general in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing stopping so it's in general in
+most general case it's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most general case it's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most general case it's it's a
+complicated system energy is migrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+between different masses however every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between different masses however every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between different masses however every
+single of those couple oscillating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single of those couple oscillating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single of those couple oscillating
+system has a magic there is a magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system has a magic there is a magic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system has a magic there is a magic
+involved and namely the existence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved and namely the existence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved and namely the existence of
+normal modes every single coupled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal modes every single coupled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal modes every single coupled
+oscillator system has normal modes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator system has normal modes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator system has normal modes and
+those modes are beautiful those modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those modes are beautiful those modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those modes are beautiful those modes
+are everything is moving in sync so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are everything is moving in sync so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are everything is moving in sync so this
+is normal modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+excite-ation there's a very special way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excite-ation there's a very special way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excite-ation there's a very special way
+special setting of initial conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special setting of initial conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special setting of initial conditions
+that leads to the the kind of results in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leads to the the kind of results in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leads to the the kind of results in
+a pure harmonic motion so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pure harmonic motion so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pure harmonic motion so this is a
+harmonic motion with a certain frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic motion with a certain frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic motion with a certain frequency
+Omega characteristic frequency for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega characteristic frequency for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega characteristic frequency for this
+particular motion the amplitudes remain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular motion the amplitudes remain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular motion the amplitudes remain
+fixed once you've set initial conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed once you've set initial conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed once you've set initial conditions
+you get it moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get it moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get it moving
+everything is moving simple harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is moving simple harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is moving simple harmonic
+motion means it's amplitude constant so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion means it's amplitude constant so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion means it's amplitude constant so
+if I and remember for example for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I and remember for example for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I and remember for example for this
+system it was something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it was something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it was something like this
+you know symmetric or anti-symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know symmetric or anti-symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know symmetric or anti-symmetric
+motion and and if not for the friction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and and if not for the friction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and and if not for the friction
+the amplitudes will remain constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitudes will remain constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitudes will remain constant
+forever if it will be a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever if it will be a perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever if it will be a perfect
+oscillator so amplitude in fact it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator so amplitude in fact it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator so amplitude in fact it's not
+amplitudes themselves but amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes themselves but amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes themselves but amplitude
+ratio the ratio of amplitude between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio the ratio of amplitude between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio the ratio of amplitude between the
+different elements in the system is its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different elements in the system is its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different elements in the system is its
+constant so in a sense that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so in a sense that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so in a sense that every
+harmonic motion has a characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic motion has a characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic motion has a characteristic
+shape and then by since everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape and then by since everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape and then by since everything is
+constant nothing changes means energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant nothing changes means energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant nothing changes means energy is
+is stays in the place it is so it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is stays in the place it is so it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is stays in the place it is so it's so
+energy is once you put energy to mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is once you put energy to mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is once you put energy to mass
+number one number two massamba three the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one number two massamba three the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one number two massamba three the
+energy sits there their energies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy sits there their energies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy sits there their energies are
+constant as the system undergoes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant as the system undergoes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant as the system undergoes
+harmonic motion energy does not migrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic motion energy does not migrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic motion energy does not migrate
+so this is a very nicely and there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a very nicely and there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a very nicely and there is
+another beautiful feature that any or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another beautiful feature that any or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another beautiful feature that any or
+any arbitrary excitation can be made out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any arbitrary excitation can be made out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any arbitrary excitation can be made out
+of some linear sum sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some linear sum sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some linear sum sum of
+normal modes linear so sum or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal modes linear so sum or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal modes linear so sum or
+superposition of normal any arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of normal any arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of normal any arbitrary
+excitation that all its complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation that all its complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation that all its complicated
+motion can be made into sum of normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion can be made into sum of normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion can be made into sum of normal
+modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes
+so since normal modes are easy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since normal modes are easy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since normal modes are easy and
+simple and beautiful the description of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and beautiful the description of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and beautiful the description of
+motion of any capital oscillator the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of any capital oscillator the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of any capital oscillator the
+best way to approach it is to decompose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best way to approach it is to decompose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best way to approach it is to decompose
+it to find all possible normal modes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to find all possible normal modes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to find all possible normal modes and
+then decompose the initial condition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then decompose the initial condition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then decompose the initial condition to
+correspond to this linear sum of normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to this linear sum of normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to this linear sum of normal
+modes once you know the normal modes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes once you know the normal modes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes once you know the normal modes you
+add them up and then you can predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add them up and then you can predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add them up and then you can predict
+exactly the motion and this is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the motion and this is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the motion and this is what we
+what we've done so we we have a we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've done so we we have a we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've done so we we have a we've
+introduced mechanism mathematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced mechanism mathematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced mechanism mathematic
+mechanism in which we put all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism in which we put all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism in which we put all the
+information about forces and masses in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about forces and masses in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about forces and masses in
+the system in some sort of matrix form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system in some sort of matrix form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system in some sort of matrix form
+in our example it was 2 by 2 matrix but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our example it was 2 by 2 matrix but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our example it was 2 by 2 matrix but
+if we have three masses or four masses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have three masses or four masses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have three masses or four masses
+the dimensionality of matrix will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dimensionality of matrix will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dimensionality of matrix will have
+to grow but the equation would remain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grow but the equation would remain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grow but the equation would remain
+the same so this equation of motion we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same so this equation of motion we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same so this equation of motion we
+rework it a little bit we since we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rework it a little bit we since we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rework it a little bit we since we are
+looking for normal modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for normal modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for normal modes
+we know that normal modes occur with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that normal modes occur with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that normal modes occur with
+this one single frequency so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one single frequency so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one single frequency so we
+postulate oscillation with a frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postulate oscillation with a frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postulate oscillation with a frequency
+we plug it in we obtain a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we plug it in we obtain a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we plug it in we obtain a simple
+algebraic equation doesn't have any time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic equation doesn't have any time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic equation doesn't have any time
+dependents doesn't have any exponents is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependents doesn't have any exponents is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependents doesn't have any exponents is
+a simple algebraic equation basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple algebraic equation basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple algebraic equation basically
+linear a set of linear equations which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear a set of linear equations which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear a set of linear equations which
+we can solve and find find the eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can solve and find find the eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can solve and find find the eigen
+value all the all the characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value all the all the characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value all the all the characteristic
+frequency for normal modes and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency for normal modes and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency for normal modes and you can
+show that number of rows frequencies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that number of rows frequencies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that number of rows frequencies in
+general is equal to the number of masses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general is equal to the number of masses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general is equal to the number of masses
+involved in the system and you solve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the system and you solve it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the system and you solve it
+and then you then once you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you then once you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you then once you know the
+characteristic frequencies then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic frequencies then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic frequencies then you can
+find shape you can find the eigenvectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find shape you can find the eigenvectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find shape you can find the eigenvectors
+what is the ratio of amplitudes which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the ratio of amplitudes which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the ratio of amplitudes which
+corresponds to the mode and in case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the mode and in case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the mode and in case of
+our two pendula there are two of such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our two pendula there are two of such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our two pendula there are two of such
+things one is where the both amplitudes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things one is where the both amplitudes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things one is where the both amplitudes
+are equal and this corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equal and this corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equal and this corresponds to
+oscillation in which which two pendula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation in which which two pendula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation in which which two pendula
+are moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are moving
+to each other with spring being not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other with spring being not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other with spring being not
+playing any role so this is one mode and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing any role so this is one mode and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing any role so this is one mode and
+then amplitude is as I said any given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then amplitude is as I said any given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then amplitude is as I said any given
+moment is the same so the ratio is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment is the same so the ratio is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment is the same so the ratio is one
+and then you have a motion in which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have a motion in which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have a motion in which the
+two to pendel are going against each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to pendel are going against each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to pendel are going against each
+other so at any given moment of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so at any given moment of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so at any given moment of time
+they're in their negative position so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in their negative position so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in their negative position so
+the ratios minus one anytime and it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratios minus one anytime and it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratios minus one anytime and it the
+motion of one of them can be obtained by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of one of them can be obtained by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of one of them can be obtained by
+looking at where the first one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at where the first one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at where the first one is
+multiplying by minus one so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying by minus one so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying by minus one so these are
+two modes and any arbitrary any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two modes and any arbitrary any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two modes and any arbitrary any
+complicated nasty excitation with things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated nasty excitation with things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated nasty excitation with things
+moving around is a linear sum of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving around is a linear sum of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving around is a linear sum of the of
+the oscillation so we know that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oscillation so we know that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oscillation so we know that we've
+worked it out we used this example and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked it out we used this example and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked it out we used this example and
+by the way today we'll be using two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way today we'll be using two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way today we'll be using two
+examples one which is the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples one which is the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples one which is the same thing
+with two pendula in the spring and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two pendula in the spring and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two pendula in the spring and the
+other one with two masses or maybe later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one with two masses or maybe later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one with two masses or maybe later
+three masses and the exact values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three masses and the exact values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three masses and the exact values of
+coefficients in matrix K are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients in matrix K are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients in matrix K are different
+in two different cases but in all types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two different cases but in all types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two different cases but in all types
+of all the motion the shape of motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the motion the shape of motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the motion the shape of motion
+the behavior of the system is identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior of the system is identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior of the system is identical
+so the solutions to the two cases are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the solutions to the two cases are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the solutions to the two cases are
+identical the difference is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical the difference is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical the difference is basically
+numerical in how the spring constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical in how the spring constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical in how the spring constants
+and masses come in so we can we can in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and masses come in so we can we can in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and masses come in so we can we can in
+fact treat those two systems completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact treat those two systems completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact treat those two systems completely
+the same so I'll be jumping from one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same so I'll be jumping from one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same so I'll be jumping from one to
+another but we don't have to worry but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another but we don't have to worry but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another but we don't have to worry but
+let's now look at the system and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's now look at the system and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's now look at the system and so what
+we are trying to do today is we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are trying to do today is we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are trying to do today is we are
+trying to apply external force so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to apply external force so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to apply external force so we
+have a driven coupled oscillator and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a driven coupled oscillator and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a driven coupled oscillator and I
+assume that you know everything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that you know everything about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that you know everything about
+driven oscillators so the idea was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven oscillators so the idea was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven oscillators so the idea was that
+you come with an external force in 803
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come with an external force in 803
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come with an external force in 803
+we assume that this external force is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we assume that this external force is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we assume that this external force is
+harmonic force so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic force so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic force so there's a
+characteristic frequency which is given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic frequency which is given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic frequency which is given
+by external source music let's say by me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by external source music let's say by me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by external source music let's say by me
+has nothing to do with normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has nothing to do with normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has nothing to do with normal
+frequencies of the system it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies of the system it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies of the system it's an
+external frequency Omega D which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external frequency Omega D which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external frequency Omega D which I
+apply driven frequency and then I look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply driven frequency and then I look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply driven frequency and then I look
+how the system responds and I look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the system responds and I look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the system responds and I look for
+steady-state oscillations the ones which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady-state oscillations the ones which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady-state oscillations the ones which
+wear everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wear everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wear everything
+hasta lates with the same driven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasta lates with the same driven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasta lates with the same driven
+frequency trying to look for solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency trying to look for solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency trying to look for solutions
+and as you know from a single oscillator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you know from a single oscillator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you know from a single oscillator
+the what we were calculating is what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what we were calculating is what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what we were calculating is what is
+that response of the system what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that response of the system what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that response of the system what is the
+amplitude and the certain frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude and the certain frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude and the certain frequencies
+that you you know you wiggle it and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you you know you wiggle it and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you you know you wiggle it and the
+system doesn't do anything but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system doesn't do anything but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system doesn't do anything but if you
+apply a certain resonant frequency then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply a certain resonant frequency then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply a certain resonant frequency then
+the response is very large the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response is very large the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response is very large the system
+starts moving like crazy etc and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts moving like crazy etc and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts moving like crazy etc and the
+same type of thing will happen here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same type of thing will happen here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same type of thing will happen here
+except that we have multiple frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that we have multiple frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that we have multiple frequencies
+so so there will be a possibility of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so there will be a possibility of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so there will be a possibility of a
+resonance for several frequencies all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance for several frequencies all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance for several frequencies all
+right so let me quickly set this up just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some let's just start working on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some let's just start working on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some let's just start working on the
+example so just a reminder this is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so just a reminder this is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so just a reminder this is our
+system the pendulum length L there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the pendulum length L there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the pendulum length L there are
+two identical masses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there is a spring of constant K there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a spring of constant K there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a spring of constant K there
+and for simplicity we assume that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for simplicity we assume that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for simplicity we assume that we are
+all in Earth Earth's gravitational field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in Earth Earth's gravitational field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in Earth Earth's gravitational field
+so we don't have to worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we don't have to worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we don't have to worry about
+traveling to Jupiter or or the moon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling to Jupiter or or the moon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling to Jupiter or or the moon and
+so except that the difference will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so except that the difference will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so except that the difference will be
+that we apply an external force to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we apply an external force to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we apply an external force to one
+of those masses how it doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those masses how it doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those masses how it doesn't matter
+but there is an external force F F with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is an external force F F with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is an external force F F with
+subscript D which is equal to some has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript D which is equal to some has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript D which is equal to some has
+some amplitude f0 cosine Omega D times T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some amplitude f0 cosine Omega D times T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some amplitude f0 cosine Omega D times T
+in along the x direction and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in along the x direction and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in along the x direction and this is
+applied to mass 1 ok so and there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to mass 1 ok so and there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to mass 1 ok so and there is a
+little bit of a just a warning we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a just a warning we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a just a warning we will
+be assuming that there is no damping in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be assuming that there is no damping in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be assuming that there is no damping in
+the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system
+okay for the single oscillator there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for the single oscillator there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for the single oscillator there was
+always a little bit of dumping so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a little bit of dumping so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a little bit of dumping so
+between you and me remember there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between you and me remember there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between you and me remember there's
+always a little dumping so in case we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a little dumping so in case we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a little dumping so in case we
+need dumping it will come in and will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need dumping it will come in and will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need dumping it will come in and will
+help us but if we try to use dumping in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help us but if we try to use dumping in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help us but if we try to use dumping in
+calculations calculations become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations calculations become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations calculations become
+horrendous so for purpose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrendous so for purpose of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrendous so for purpose of
+calculations we will ignore dumping and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations we will ignore dumping and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations we will ignore dumping and
+get some but if things go bad with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some but if things go bad with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some but if things go bad with the
+results like dividing by zero then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results like dividing by zero then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results like dividing by zero then we
+will bring in dumping say no it's not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will bring in dumping say no it's not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will bring in dumping say no it's not so
+bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad
+dumping helps you we are not dividing by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dumping helps you we are not dividing by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dumping helps you we are not dividing by
+zero okay so so let's write those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so so let's write those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so so let's write those
+equations of motions equations of motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motions equations of motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motions equations of motion
+so we have so the forces and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have so the forces and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have so the forces and
+accelerations on mass one is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerations on mass one is the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerations on mass one is the same as
+before there is a spring there is M G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before there is a spring there is M G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before there is a spring there is M G
+over L that's the pendulum by itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over L that's the pendulum by itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over L that's the pendulum by itself
+depending on position x1 there is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on position x1 there is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on position x1 there is an
+influence of spring which depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence of spring which depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence of spring which depends on
+where where spring number two is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where spring number two is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where spring number two is and
+plus there is this new driven term f0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus there is this new driven term f0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus there is this new driven term f0
+cosine Omega D times T where Omega D is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Omega D times T where Omega D is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Omega D times T where Omega D is
+a fixed arbitrary externally given so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fixed arbitrary externally given so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fixed arbitrary externally given so
+both f0 and Omega D are decided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both f0 and Omega D are decided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both f0 and Omega D are decided by
+somebody outside of the system now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody outside of the system now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody outside of the system now the
+second mass M X 2 dot dot is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second mass M X 2 dot dot is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second mass M X 2 dot dot is actually
+that has field position of x1 through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has field position of x1 through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has field position of x1 through
+the spring and there is this its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spring and there is this its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spring and there is this its own
+pendulum effect plus a string depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum effect plus a string depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum effect plus a string depending
+on position X 2 interestingly there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on position X 2 interestingly there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on position X 2 interestingly there is
+no force here because the force is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no force here because the force is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no force here because the force is
+applied to mass 1 so must owe a priority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to mass 1 so must owe a priority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to mass 1 so must owe a priority
+doesn't know anything about the force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't know anything about the force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't know anything about the force
+but of course it will know through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course it will know through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course it will know through the
+coupling yes questions anybody has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling yes questions anybody has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling yes questions anybody has
+questions so far so it's the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so far so it's the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so far so it's the same as
+before with the addition of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before with the addition of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before with the addition of this
+external force again this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external force again this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external force again this is
+writing or coordinates one by one we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing or coordinates one by one we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing or coordinates one by one we
+meet the switch to matrix form we write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet the switch to matrix form we write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet the switch to matrix form we write
+it MX double dot where X is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it MX double dot where X is the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it MX double dot where X is the same as
+we define before minus K X I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we define before minus K X I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we define before minus K X I think I
+will stop writing this kind of thick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will stop writing this kind of thick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will stop writing this kind of thick
+lines but for now let me F cosine Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines but for now let me F cosine Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines but for now let me F cosine Omega
+times T so this is now matrix equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times T so this is now matrix equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times T so this is now matrix equation
+for the vector XD and let's remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the vector XD and let's remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the vector XD and let's remind
+ourselves what those matrices our matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves what those matrices our matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves what those matrices our matrix
+M is M 0 0 and this is just mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M is M 0 0 and this is just mass of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M is M 0 0 and this is just mass of the
+individual systems we use M minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual systems we use M minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual systems we use M minus 1
+which is 1 over m 1 over m on diagonal 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 1 over m 1 over m on diagonal 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 1 over m 1 over m on diagonal 0
+0 so this carries information but mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so this carries information but mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so this carries information but mass
+is inertia of the system matrix K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is inertia of the system matrix K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is inertia of the system matrix K
+contains information about all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains information about all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains information about all the
+springs in the system and and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+springs in the system and and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+springs in the system and and some
+pendula effects so we have a k plus m g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendula effects so we have a k plus m g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendula effects so we have a k plus m g
+over l minus k minus k k plus mg / l and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over l minus k minus k k plus mg / l and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over l minus k minus k k plus mg / l and
+now there is this new thing which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there is this new thing which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there is this new thing which is
+this vector F factor F is equal to F 0 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vector F factor F is equal to F 0 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vector F factor F is equal to F 0 0
+cosine Omega D times D ok so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Omega D times D ok so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Omega D times D ok so this is the
+in a vector form this external force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a vector form this external force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a vector form this external force
+which is applied only to mass number 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is applied only to mass number 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is applied only to mass number 1
+ok so yeah so these are the elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so yeah so these are the elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so yeah so these are the elements
+which are plug in so now the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are plug in so now the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are plug in so now the question is
+what do you want to do it is alright so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you want to do it is alright so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you want to do it is alright so
+we have the equation of motion and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the equation of motion and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the equation of motion and so
+what do we do with this so there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we do with this so there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we do with this so there are two
+steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps
+that we have to do number one we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to do number one we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to do number one we have to
+remind ourselves what are the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind ourselves what are the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind ourselves what are the normal
+modes of the system in case because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes of the system in case because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes of the system in case because we
+will need the information about normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will need the information about normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will need the information about normal
+modes will come in as in into solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes will come in as in into solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes will come in as in into solutions
+for a driven motion okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a driven motion okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a driven motion okay
+so let's remind ourselves what this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's remind ourselves what this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's remind ourselves what this was
+well this was a solution I just rewrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this was a solution I just rewrite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this was a solution I just rewrite
+it very quickly such as we have it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it very quickly such as we have it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it very quickly such as we have it for
+the record it should fit here let's try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the record it should fit here let's try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the record it should fit here let's try
+so there were two solutions there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there were two solutions there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there were two solutions there was
+Omega 1 squared which was equal G over L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 1 squared which was equal G over L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 1 squared which was equal G over L
+and the corresponding normal mode was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the corresponding normal mode was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the corresponding normal mode was a
+symmetric one this one one okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric one this one one okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric one this one one okay so this
+was one type of solution where the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one type of solution where the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one type of solution where the two
+masses were moving together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses were moving together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses were moving together
+there was a second frequency which which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a second frequency which which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a second frequency which which
+was equal to G over L square of it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was equal to G over L square of it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was equal to G over L square of it was
+equal to plus two K over m and this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to plus two K over m and this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to plus two K over m and this was
+a characteristic normal frequency for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a characteristic normal frequency for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a characteristic normal frequency for
+this second type of oscillation which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this second type of oscillation which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this second type of oscillation which we
+can write at 1 minus 1 okay and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write at 1 minus 1 okay and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write at 1 minus 1 okay and the
+criterion for when we were looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criterion for when we were looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criterion for when we were looking for
+solutions we would find them by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions we would find them by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions we would find them by
+calculating the determinant of this 2 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating the determinant of this 2 by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating the determinant of this 2 by
+2 matrix it was a determinant of M minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 matrix it was a determinant of M minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 matrix it was a determinant of M minus
+1 K minus Omega squared times unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 K minus Omega squared times unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 K minus Omega squared times unit
+matrix was equal to 0 so this was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix was equal to 0 so this was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix was equal to 0 so this was the
+equation that had to be satisfied for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that had to be satisfied for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that had to be satisfied for
+frequencies corresponding to normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies corresponding to normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies corresponding to normal
+modes with 0 external force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes with 0 external force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes with 0 external force
+interestingly if you do the calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly if you do the calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly if you do the calculations
+turns out you can algebraically you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out you can algebraically you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out you can algebraically you can
+write after you know the solution that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write after you know the solution that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write after you know the solution that's
+all you can write in a very compact way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you can write in a very compact way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you can write in a very compact way
+so this determinant can be written in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this determinant can be written in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this determinant can be written in
+the following way Omega squared minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following way Omega squared minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following way Omega squared minus
+Omega 1 squared times Omega squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 1 squared times Omega squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 1 squared times Omega squared
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+Omega 2 squared and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 2 squared and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 2 squared and this is the
+condition was zero and you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition was zero and you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition was zero and you see that
+explicitly that this is a fourth order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly that this is a fourth order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly that this is a fourth order
+in frequency equation for totin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in frequency equation for totin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in frequency equation for totin
+frequency which is 0 for Omega 1 and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency which is 0 for Omega 1 and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency which is 0 for Omega 1 and for
+Omega 2 in a very explicit way so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 2 in a very explicit way so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 2 in a very explicit way so this
+is a nice compact form of writing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a nice compact form of writing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a nice compact form of writing this
+this particular eigenvalue equation ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular eigenvalue equation ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular eigenvalue equation ok
+and again as a reminder the motion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again as a reminder the motion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again as a reminder the motion of
+the system most general motion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system most general motion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system most general motion of the
+system with no external force was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with no external force was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with no external force was a
+superposition of this of this those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of this of this those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of this of this those two
+oscillations which we can write as some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations which we can write as some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations which we can write as some
+sort of amplitude 1 1 cosine Omega 1 T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of amplitude 1 1 cosine Omega 1 T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of amplitude 1 1 cosine Omega 1 T
+plus Phi 1 plus beta 1 minus 1 cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Phi 1 plus beta 1 minus 1 cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Phi 1 plus beta 1 minus 1 cosine
+Omega 2 T plus 2 okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 2 T plus 2 okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 2 T plus 2 okay so this is
+oscillations of two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations of two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations of two different
+frequencies this is the shape of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies this is the shape of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies this is the shape of
+oscillations the relative amplitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations the relative amplitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations the relative amplitude of
+one versus the other and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one versus the other and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one versus the other and then there's
+the overall amplitude alpha and beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall amplitude alpha and beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall amplitude alpha and beta
+which has to be determined so and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has to be determined so and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has to be determined so and then
+they're arbitrary phases so there are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're arbitrary phases so there are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're arbitrary phases so there are in
+fact four four numbers which can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact four four numbers which can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact four four numbers which can be
+determined from four initial conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined from four initial conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined from four initial conditions
+just typically two positions for the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just typically two positions for the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just typically two positions for the two
+masses and two initial velocities for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses and two initial velocities for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses and two initial velocities for
+the masks so everything everything get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the masks so everything everything get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the masks so everything everything get
+matches so this is the so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches so this is the so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches so this is the so-called
+homogeneous equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm a genius solution okay what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a genius solution okay what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a genius solution okay what about
+dry driven so driven solution as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dry driven so driven solution as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dry driven so driven solution as we
+remember from a single oscillator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+results in a motion in which everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in a motion in which everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in a motion in which everybody
+of all the elements in the system are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the elements in the system are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the elements in the system are
+oscillating at the same frequency and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating at the same frequency and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating at the same frequency and
+that's the driven frequency it's a fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the driven frequency it's a fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the driven frequency it's a fact
+I come in I apply you know 100 Hertz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I come in I apply you know 100 Hertz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I come in I apply you know 100 Hertz
+frequency and everybody oscillates at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and everybody oscillates at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and everybody oscillates at
+100 frequency that's the solution for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 frequency that's the solution for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 frequency that's the solution for
+driven oscillating system and we saw it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven oscillating system and we saw it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven oscillating system and we saw it
+for one dimensional oscillator and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one dimensional oscillator and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one dimensional oscillator and we
+will see it here as well there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see it here as well there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see it here as well there's one
+frequency Omega D so we will be now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency Omega D so we will be now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency Omega D so we will be now
+looking for solution which corresponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for solution which corresponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for solution which corresponds
+to oscillation of the system with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to oscillation of the system with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to oscillation of the system with this
+external frequency which our priority is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external frequency which our priority is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external frequency which our priority is
+not the same as one of the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the same as one of the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the same as one of the normal
+frequencies so the complete motion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies so the complete motion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies so the complete motion of
+the system will consist of two two parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system will consist of two two parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system will consist of two two parts
+one is this homogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is this homogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is this homogeneous
+self oscillating motion with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self oscillating motion with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self oscillating motion with two
+characteristic frequencies and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic frequencies and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic frequencies and there
+will be a second type of motion which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a second type of motion which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a second type of motion which is
+a driven one so how do we go about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a driven one so how do we go about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a driven one so how do we go about
+solving that so equations of motions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving that so equations of motions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving that so equations of motions of
+course will be the same the solution the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course will be the same the solution the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course will be the same the solution the
+way that we solve it will will be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that we solve it will will be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that we solve it will will be very
+similar so let's try start working maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar so let's try start working maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar so let's try start working maybe
+we can work on those blackboards here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can work on those blackboards here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can work on those blackboards here so
+what is going on so we know that if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going on so we know that if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going on so we know that if we
+apply external frequency Omega D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply external frequency Omega D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply external frequency Omega D
+everybody in the system all the elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody in the system all the elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody in the system all the elements
+will be will be oscillating with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be will be oscillating with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be will be oscillating with the
+same frequency okay so we cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same frequency okay so we cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same frequency okay so we cannot
+introduce variable Z which will be which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce variable Z which will be which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce variable Z which will be which
+will be defined be e to the I Omega D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be defined be e to the I Omega D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be defined be e to the I Omega D
+this will be the oscillating term and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be the oscillating term and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be the oscillating term and
+this will be the amplitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be the amplitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be the amplitude of
+oscillation which will try to make real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation which will try to make real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation which will try to make real
+for simplicity and then we plug this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for simplicity and then we plug this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for simplicity and then we plug this
+into the equation of motion which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the equation of motion which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the equation of motion which is
+listed up there on the on the screen so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed up there on the on the screen so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed up there on the on the screen so
+equation of motion is Z dot dot plus M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion is Z dot dot plus M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion is Z dot dot plus M
+minus 1 K times Z is equal to now M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 K times Z is equal to now M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 K times Z is equal to now M
+minus one-fourth e to I oh my god-dd you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one-fourth e to I oh my god-dd you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one-fourth e to I oh my god-dd you
+see our force external force is F cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see our force external force is F cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see our force external force is F cosine
+Omega DT with the vector 1 0 but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega DT with the vector 1 0 but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega DT with the vector 1 0 but of
+course in a complex notation this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in a complex notation this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in a complex notation this is
+exponent so this is the challenge what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent so this is the challenge what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent so this is the challenge what
+we would like to have and we assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would like to have and we assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would like to have and we assume that
+all the elements in the system position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the elements in the system position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the elements in the system position
+acceleration oscillate at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration oscillate at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration oscillate at the same
+frequency Omega D if you do that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency Omega D if you do that then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency Omega D if you do that then
+the equations become somewhat simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equations become somewhat simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equations become somewhat simpler
+because the oscillating term drops out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the oscillating term drops out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the oscillating term drops out
+so when you plug this this type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you plug this this type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you plug this this type of
+solution into here what you get is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution into here what you get is minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution into here what you get is minus
+omega d squared that's from second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega d squared that's from second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega d squared that's from second
+second differentiation with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second differentiation with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second differentiation with respect to
+time plus M minus 1 ok multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time plus M minus 1 ok multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time plus M minus 1 ok multiplying
+vector B e to I Omega DT this must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector B e to I Omega DT this must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector B e to I Omega DT this must be
+equal to M minus 1 F e to I Omega T this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to M minus 1 F e to I Omega T this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to M minus 1 F e to I Omega T this
+is vector B this is vector F and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is vector B this is vector F and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is vector B this is vector F and there's
+this oscillating term but both sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this oscillating term but both sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this oscillating term but both sides
+oscillate at the same frequency that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate at the same frequency that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate at the same frequency that we
+assumed so we can simply divide by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed so we can simply divide by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed so we can simply divide by this
+we are left with equation that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are left with equation that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are left with equation that that
+equates what's going on in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equates what's going on in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equates what's going on in the
+oscillating system with the external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating system with the external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating system with the external
+force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force
+so now let's see here of what is known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's see here of what is known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's see here of what is known
+and what is unknown in this in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is unknown in this in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is unknown in this in this
+equation and minus 1 K carries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and minus 1 K carries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and minus 1 K carries
+information about the construction of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the construction of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the construction of a
+built of the system of accelerators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built of the system of accelerators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built of the system of accelerators
+right strength of Springs masses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right strength of Springs masses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right strength of Springs masses
+gravitational field etc so this is facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational field etc so this is facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational field etc so this is facts
+this is given Omega D is the external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is given Omega D is the external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is given Omega D is the external
+driving frequency and it's also given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving frequency and it's also given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving frequency and it's also given
+the number I said this is externally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number I said this is externally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number I said this is externally
+given I just set it at some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given I just set it at some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given I just set it at some some
+computer say 100 Hertz and it's driven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer say 100 Hertz and it's driven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer say 100 Hertz and it's driven
+100 Hertz so we know that we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 Hertz so we know that we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 Hertz so we know that we know
+exactly what this number is external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what this number is external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what this number is external
+force we know what it is we defined it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force we know what it is we defined it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force we know what it is we defined it
+at 0 we know of this magnitude so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 0 we know of this magnitude so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 0 we know of this magnitude so
+everything is known except for vector B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is known except for vector B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is known except for vector B
+and vector B are the amplitudes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and vector B are the amplitudes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and vector B are the amplitudes of
+oscillation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation
+remember everything oscillates at Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember everything oscillates at Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember everything oscillates at Omega
+Omega D of mass 1 and mass - all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega D of mass 1 and mass - all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega D of mass 1 and mass - all right
+so in general if I apply external force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in general if I apply external force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in general if I apply external force
+this guy will oscillate with some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy will oscillate with some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy will oscillate with some some
+amplitude that guy with some a priori
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude that guy with some a priori
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude that guy with some a priori
+different and this will be B 1 this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and this will be B 1 this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and this will be B 1 this will
+be B 2 and we don't know that at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be B 2 and we don't know that at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be B 2 and we don't know that at this
+stage so this equation will allow us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage so this equation will allow us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage so this equation will allow us to
+find it and it is possible because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it and it is possible because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it and it is possible because this
+is actually a very straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a very straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a very straightforward
+equation it contains actually to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation it contains actually to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation it contains actually to be very
+precise I have to this is a number this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise I have to this is a number this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise I have to this is a number this
+is a matrix I have to put a unity matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a matrix I have to put a unity matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a matrix I have to put a unity matrix
+right here so it's so Omega D times unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here so it's so Omega D times unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here so it's so Omega D times unit
+matrix Plus this matrix that carries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix Plus this matrix that carries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix Plus this matrix that carries
+information about the about the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the about the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the about the system
+and so we can write this down again in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we can write this down again in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we can write this down again in
+some sort of more open way for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of more open way for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of more open way for our
+specific case so this will be K over M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific case so this will be K over M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific case so this will be K over M
+plus G over L minus Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus G over L minus Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus G over L minus Omega
+the squared minus k over m minus K over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the squared minus k over m minus K over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the squared minus k over m minus K over
+m k over m plus G over L minus omega d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m k over m plus G over L minus omega d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m k over m plus G over L minus omega d
+squared so this is this matrix here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so this is this matrix here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so this is this matrix here this
+magic is applied to vector B which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic is applied to vector B which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic is applied to vector B which is
+our unknown let's call it b1 and b2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our unknown let's call it b1 and b2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our unknown let's call it b1 and b2
+these are the amplitudes of oscillations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the amplitudes of oscillations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the amplitudes of oscillations
+of individual elements in our system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of individual elements in our system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of individual elements in our system and
+this is equal to M the inverted mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to M the inverted mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to M the inverted mass
+matrix times vector F which without its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix times vector F which without its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix times vector F which without its
+oscillating part which is simply f0 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating part which is simply f0 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating part which is simply f0 over
+m and 0 all right so this is the task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m and 0 all right so this is the task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m and 0 all right so this is the task
+equation and we have to find out those 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and we have to find out those 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and we have to find out those 2
+values depending on these parameters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values depending on these parameters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values depending on these parameters and
+the strength of force etc okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strength of force etc okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strength of force etc okay so this
+is actually not a big deal it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually not a big deal it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually not a big deal it's a
+two-by-two equation two equations with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-by-two equation two equations with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-by-two equation two equations with
+two unknowns we solve it and we are done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two unknowns we solve it and we are done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two unknowns we solve it and we are done
+okay but however we want to learn a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but however we want to learn a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but however we want to learn a
+little bit about slightly more general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about slightly more general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about slightly more general
+ways of calculating things so let's call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of calculating things so let's call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of calculating things so let's call
+this one matrix e with some funny vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one matrix e with some funny vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one matrix e with some funny vector
+double vector side let's call this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double vector side let's call this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double vector side let's call this one
+vector B and let's call this one vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector B and let's call this one vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector B and let's call this one vector
+D because we will use this we'll use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D because we will use this we'll use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D because we will use this we'll use it
+later and what we are trying to do is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later and what we are trying to do is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later and what we are trying to do is we
+are trying to use the so-called Kramer's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are trying to use the so-called Kramer's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are trying to use the so-called Kramer's
+rule to to find those coefficients B 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule to to find those coefficients B 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule to to find those coefficients B 1
+and B 2 and for some historical reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B 2 and for some historical reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B 2 and for some historical reasons
+803 really likes Kramer's rule I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+803 really likes Kramer's rule I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+803 really likes Kramer's rule I like
+you know MATLAB or Mathematica I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know MATLAB or Mathematica I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know MATLAB or Mathematica I just
+plug things in and it kind of crunches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug things in and it kind of crunches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug things in and it kind of crunches
+out and and calculates but it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and and calculates but it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and and calculates but it turns out
+that for two-by-two you can always do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for two-by-two you can always do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for two-by-two you can always do it
+quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly
+even for 3x3 if you just sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even for 3x3 if you just sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even for 3x3 if you just sit
+and you do it you can actually work it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you do it you can actually work it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you do it you can actually work it
+out it's not scary by five by five but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out it's not scary by five by five but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out it's not scary by five by five but
+even four by four I'm sure your MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even four by four I'm sure your MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even four by four I'm sure your MIT
+students you can just do it at the exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students you can just do it at the exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students you can just do it at the exam
+I've never seen 803 exam with four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've never seen 803 exam with four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've never seen 803 exam with four
+masses unless there are general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses unless there are general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses unless there are general
+questions but three yeah all right so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions but three yeah all right so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions but three yeah all right so so
+how do you about finding this b1 and b2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you about finding this b1 and b2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you about finding this b1 and b2
+because again this is a simple two by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again this is a simple two by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again this is a simple two by
+two equation so there so maybe just just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two equation so there so maybe just just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two equation so there so maybe just just
+just to again bring it a livin closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to again bring it a livin closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to again bring it a livin closer to
+what you are used to let me just quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you are used to let me just quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you are used to let me just quickly
+write this down as a set of two by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this down as a set of two by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this down as a set of two by two
+equations so there is a coefficient here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so there is a coefficient here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so there is a coefficient here
+K over M plus G over L minus Omega D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K over M plus G over L minus Omega D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K over M plus G over L minus Omega D
+squared which is this is a number times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared which is this is a number times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared which is this is a number times
+b1 minus K over m times b2 is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b1 minus K over m times b2 is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b1 minus K over m times b2 is equal to
+f0 over m minus K over m d1 plus K over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f0 over m minus K over m d1 plus K over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f0 over m minus K over m d1 plus K over
+M plus G over L minus Omega D squared is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M plus G over L minus Omega D squared is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M plus G over L minus Omega D squared is
+equal to zero times b2 is equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero times b2 is equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero times b2 is equal to zero
+so you see two equations with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see two equations with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see two equations with two
+unknowns a couple of coefficients all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns a couple of coefficients all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns a couple of coefficients all
+fixed you can you know eliminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed you can you know eliminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed you can you know eliminate
+variables you can calculate b2 from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables you can calculate b2 from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables you can calculate b2 from here
+plug in 2 now you can work it out if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in 2 now you can work it out if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in 2 now you can work it out if you
+want to however there is a better way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to however there is a better way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to however there is a better way
+it's Kramer's rule or method I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Kramer's rule or method I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Kramer's rule or method I don't
+know its methods of rule rule right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know its methods of rule rule right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know its methods of rule rule right and
+so the way you do it is the following so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way you do it is the following so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way you do it is the following so
+you look at those those equations you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at those those equations you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at those those equations you
+you calculate all kinds of determinants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you calculate all kinds of determinants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you calculate all kinds of determinants
+and by taking the set of two equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by taking the set of two equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by taking the set of two equations
+and plugging into replacing columns in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and plugging into replacing columns in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and plugging into replacing columns in
+matrix so b1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix so b1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix so b1
+what you do is you take them the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do is you take them the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do is you take them the
+original matrix which is here and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original matrix which is here and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original matrix which is here and you
+replace the first column of the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace the first column of the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace the first column of the matrix
+with vector B so you know with sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with vector B so you know with sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with vector B so you know with sorry
+with a QD take this matrix and you plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a QD take this matrix and you plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a QD take this matrix and you plug
+in this so what you do is so it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this so what you do is so it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this so what you do is so it turns
+out so b1 can be explicitly calculated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so b1 can be explicitly calculated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so b1 can be explicitly calculated
+by taking the terminal of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by taking the terminal of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by taking the terminal of the first
+column replaced at 0 over m 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column replaced at 0 over m 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column replaced at 0 over m 0 and
+keeping the second column which is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping the second column which is minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping the second column which is minus
+K over m m and then K over M plus G over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K over m m and then K over M plus G over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K over m m and then K over M plus G over
+minus Omega G squared so this is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Omega G squared so this is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Omega G squared so this is you
+calculate determinant of this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate determinant of this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate determinant of this thing
+where original matrix with first column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where original matrix with first column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where original matrix with first column
+replace and you divide it by determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace and you divide it by determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace and you divide it by determinant
+of the original matrix left already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the original matrix left already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the original matrix left already
+right so you calculate this determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you calculate this determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you calculate this determinant
+again for the frequency Omega D so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again for the frequency Omega D so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again for the frequency Omega D so this
+can be written very nicely in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be written very nicely in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be written very nicely in a very
+compact way this determinant is easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact way this determinant is easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact way this determinant is easy
+it's just this times that so I have F 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just this times that so I have F 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just this times that so I have F 0
+over m multiplying K over M plus G over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over m multiplying K over M plus G over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over m multiplying K over M plus G over
+L minus Omega D squared remember this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L minus Omega D squared remember this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L minus Omega D squared remember this is
+a given number divided by and here comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given number divided by and here comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given number divided by and here comes
+this nice compact form for determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nice compact form for determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nice compact form for determinant
+which is omega d squared minus Omega 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is omega d squared minus Omega 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is omega d squared minus Omega 1
+squared times Omega d squared minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared times Omega d squared minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared times Omega d squared minus
+Omega squared where Omega 1 and Omega 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega squared where Omega 1 and Omega 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega squared where Omega 1 and Omega 2
+where they're the normal modes mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they're the normal modes mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they're the normal modes mode
+normal mode frequencies yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this one just one this is the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one just one this is the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one just one this is the second
+column she I'm taking so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column she I'm taking so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column she I'm taking so this is the
+first column second column I take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first column second column I take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first column second column I take the
+first column I replace it with driven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first column I replace it with driven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first column I replace it with driven
+equations with a solution I plug it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations with a solution I plug it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations with a solution I plug it here
+so f 0 / M 0 and I keep the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so f 0 / M 0 and I keep the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so f 0 / M 0 and I keep the second
+column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column
+alright that's for first coefficient for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright that's for first coefficient for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright that's for first coefficient for
+second coefficient what you do is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second coefficient what you do is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second coefficient what you do is you
+put driving term here and you kept keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put driving term here and you kept keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put driving term here and you kept keep
+the first column all right so that's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first column all right so that's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first column all right so that's so
+this is actually explicit solution for B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually explicit solution for B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually explicit solution for B
+1 this is magnitude of oscillations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 this is magnitude of oscillations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 this is magnitude of oscillations of
+the first element and you can do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first element and you can do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first element and you can do the
+same thing for B 2 and I'm not trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing for B 2 and I'm not trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing for B 2 and I'm not trying to
+prove anything I'm not trying to derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove anything I'm not trying to derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove anything I'm not trying to derive
+anything I'm just using it and I'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything I'm just using it and I'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything I'm just using it and I'll show
+you a nice slide where this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a nice slide where this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a nice slide where this is
+summarized so B 2 is determinant of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarized so B 2 is determinant of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarized so B 2 is determinant of I
+keep the first column as K over M plus G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the first column as K over M plus G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the first column as K over M plus G
+over L minus omega d squared minus K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over L minus omega d squared minus K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over L minus omega d squared minus K
+over m that's the first column and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over m that's the first column and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over m that's the first column and I'm
+plugging in F 0 over m here and 0 here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugging in F 0 over m here and 0 here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugging in F 0 over m here and 0 here
+so this is M divided by Omega D squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is M divided by Omega D squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is M divided by Omega D squared
+minus Omega 1 squared times oh my god d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Omega 1 squared times oh my god d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Omega 1 squared times oh my god d
+squared minus Omega 2 squared that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared minus Omega 2 squared that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared minus Omega 2 squared that's the
+determinant of the original matrix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of the original matrix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of the original matrix and
+this one is also very simple it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is also very simple it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is also very simple it's this
+times a 0 I have minus that so I simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a 0 I have minus that so I simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a 0 I have minus that so I simply
+have F 0 K over m squared divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have F 0 K over m squared divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have F 0 K over m squared divided by
+Omega D squared minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega D squared minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega D squared minus
+my god one squirt oh my god the squirt -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my god one squirt oh my god the squirt -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my god one squirt oh my god the squirt -
+oh my god - squirt alright so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh my god - squirt alright so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh my god - squirt alright so we have
+those things and also what do you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things and also what do you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things and also what do you see
+anything happening here yeah there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything happening here yeah there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything happening here yeah there are
+some numbers but what do they mean okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some numbers but what do they mean okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some numbers but what do they mean okay
+what does it mean yes we can calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it mean yes we can calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it mean yes we can calculate
+it you can trust me these other I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you can trust me these other I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you can trust me these other I don't
+sure you can trust me but most likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you can trust me but most likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you can trust me but most likely
+these are good results and so we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are good results and so we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are good results and so we know
+the oscillation of first mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oscillation of first mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oscillation of first mass
+oscillation of second mass as they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation of second mass as they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation of second mass as they are
+driven by the external force now one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven by the external force now one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven by the external force now one of
+the interesting things to do is so is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interesting things to do is so is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interesting things to do is so is to
+try to see what's going on one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to see what's going on one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to see what's going on one of them
+when we talked about normal modes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talked about normal modes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talked about normal modes the
+ratio of amplitudes carried information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of amplitudes carried information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of amplitudes carried information
+remember we had those two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we had those two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we had those two different
+modes amplitudes were the same or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes amplitudes were the same or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes amplitudes were the same or the
+opposite sign it's a so let's ask our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite sign it's a so let's ask our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite sign it's a so let's ask our
+self so what is the ratio of B 1 and B 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self so what is the ratio of B 1 and B 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self so what is the ratio of B 1 and B 2
+so let's just divide one by the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just divide one by the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just divide one by the other
+and so let's do b1 / b2 let's see if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let's do b1 / b2 let's see if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let's do b1 / b2 let's see if we
+learn anything from this if you divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn anything from this if you divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn anything from this if you divide
+b1 / b2 this bottom cancels out and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b1 / b2 this bottom cancels out and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b1 / b2 this bottom cancels out and I
+have K over M plus G over L minus omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have K over M plus G over L minus omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have K over M plus G over L minus omega
+d squared over K over m okay and yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d squared over K over m okay and yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d squared over K over m okay and yeah so
+now comes the interesting question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now comes the interesting question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now comes the interesting question
+this Omega D can be anything okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Omega D can be anything okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Omega D can be anything okay so
+let's say Omega D is so you can analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say Omega D is so you can analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say Omega D is so you can analyze
+it a different different ways so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a different different ways so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a different different ways so for
+example when Omega D is you can look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example when Omega D is you can look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example when Omega D is you can look at
+small large it so I can compare it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small large it so I can compare it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small large it so I can compare it but
+one of the interesting places to look is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the interesting places to look is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the interesting places to look is
+what happens when Omega D is very close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when Omega D is very close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when Omega D is very close
+to the - one of the north
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the - one of the north
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the - one of the north
+- the characteristic frequencies because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- the characteristic frequencies because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- the characteristic frequencies because
+remember when we analyze a single driven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when we analyze a single driven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when we analyze a single driven
+oscillator the real cool stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator the real cool stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator the real cool stuff
+was happening when you were near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was happening when you were near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was happening when you were near the
+resonant frequency things you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonant frequency things you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonant frequency things you know the
+bridges broke down cetera so let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridges broke down cetera so let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridges broke down cetera so let's see
+if we can do something similar here now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we can do something similar here now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we can do something similar here now
+we have two choices we have Omega 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have two choices we have Omega 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have two choices we have Omega 1
+Omega 2 so let's see what happens if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 2 so let's see what happens if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 2 so let's see what happens if i
+plug in oh my god 1 oh my god D being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in oh my god 1 oh my god D being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in oh my god 1 oh my god D being
+very very close to Omega 1 equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very close to Omega 1 equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very close to Omega 1 equal to
+Omega 1 Omega 1 is it was Omega 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 1 Omega 1 is it was Omega 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 1 Omega 1 is it was Omega 1
+squared was G over L so if I plug Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared was G over L so if I plug Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared was G over L so if I plug Omega
+1 here I have K over M plus G over L so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 here I have K over M plus G over L so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 here I have K over M plus G over L so
+I K over M plus G over L minus G over L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I K over M plus G over L minus G over L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I K over M plus G over L minus G over L
+divided by K over m which is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by K over m which is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by K over m which is equal to
+what which is those two term cancels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what which is those two term cancels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what which is those two term cancels
+cavern it's plus 1 that's interesting so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavern it's plus 1 that's interesting so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavern it's plus 1 that's interesting so
+if i drive at the frequency which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i drive at the frequency which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i drive at the frequency which
+corresponds to Omega 1 and Omega 1 was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to Omega 1 and Omega 1 was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to Omega 1 and Omega 1 was
+the oscillation we're both masses were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oscillation we're both masses were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oscillation we're both masses were
+going together so the characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going together so the characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going together so the characteristic
+normal mode had the ratio of two masses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal mode had the ratio of two masses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal mode had the ratio of two masses
+equal to 1 and here I'm getting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 and here I'm getting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 and here I'm getting the
+system drives at this type of mode again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system drives at this type of mode again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system drives at this type of mode again
+I have a the driven amplitudes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a the driven amplitudes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a the driven amplitudes
+are the ratios equal to 1 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the ratios equal to 1 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the ratios equal to 1 okay
+so what happens if I Drive it Omega D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens if I Drive it Omega D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens if I Drive it Omega D
+close to oh my god - oh my god 2 squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to oh my god - oh my god 2 squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to oh my god - oh my god 2 squared
+was equal to G over L plus 2 K over m if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was equal to G over L plus 2 K over m if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was equal to G over L plus 2 K over m if
+I plug it in here I get that the ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I plug it in here I get that the ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I plug it in here I get that the ratio
+is minus 1 again the ratio is strikingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus 1 again the ratio is strikingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus 1 again the ratio is strikingly
+similar to the ratio of normal mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the ratio of normal mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the ratio of normal mode
+corresponding to frequency Omega 2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to frequency Omega 2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to frequency Omega 2 so
+it's like I'm inducing those those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like I'm inducing those those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like I'm inducing those those
+oscillations so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what does this all mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does this all mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does this all mean
+there is by the way a little catch here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is by the way a little catch here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is by the way a little catch here
+for all of your mathematicians what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of your mathematicians what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of your mathematicians what
+happens to equations if I said oh my god
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to equations if I said oh my god
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to equations if I said oh my god
+equal to minus 1 to 2 Omega 1 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus 1 to 2 Omega 1 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus 1 to 2 Omega 1 for
+example I just plug it here and nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I just plug it here and nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I just plug it here and nobody
+screamed but there was something fishy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screamed but there was something fishy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screamed but there was something fishy
+about yes exactly so the ratio of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about yes exactly so the ratio of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about yes exactly so the ratio of the
+two was one but both of them were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two was one but both of them were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two was one but both of them were
+infinite right so infinite divided by in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite right so infinite divided by in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite right so infinite divided by in
+physic what well I mean this happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physic what well I mean this happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physic what well I mean this happens
+right so what's going on why can I do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what's going on why can I do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what's going on why can I do it
+one when we should not really scream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one when we should not really scream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one when we should not really scream
+damn yeah exactly this is where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damn yeah exactly this is where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damn yeah exactly this is where the
+damping comes in yeah so the amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping comes in yeah so the amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping comes in yeah so the amplitude
+is enormous but it's not infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is enormous but it's not infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is enormous but it's not infinite
+because there's always a load of dumping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's always a load of dumping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's always a load of dumping
+the system will not go to infinity so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system will not go to infinity so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system will not go to infinity so so
+in real life there's a little bit term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in real life there's a little bit term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in real life there's a little bit term
+here that make sure things don't blow up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that make sure things don't blow up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that make sure things don't blow up
+completely there's a little dumping here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely there's a little dumping here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely there's a little dumping here
+yes no that's not that's not no this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes no that's not that's not no this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes no that's not that's not no this
+doesn't actually matter it's the absence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't actually matter it's the absence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't actually matter it's the absence
+of damping that that makes things look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of damping that that makes things look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of damping that that makes things look
+look non-physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah that's right but you you could we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's right but you you could we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's right but you you could we
+are all that's true but that's true but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all that's true but that's true but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all that's true but that's true but
+but you know you can come up with for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know you can come up with for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know you can come up with for
+example a you know electronic system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a you know electronic system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a you know electronic system
+which is a huge range of enormous range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a huge range of enormous range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a huge range of enormous range
+of possibilities and then or amplitudes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of possibilities and then or amplitudes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of possibilities and then or amplitudes
+you know many many so those so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know many many so those so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know many many so those so the
+damping is is a much more important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping is is a much more important in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping is is a much more important in
+that so in reality there is some damping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so in reality there is some damping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so in reality there is some damping
+here itself all right so why don't we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here itself all right so why don't we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here itself all right so why don't we do
+now the following so let's let's try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the following so let's let's try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the following so let's let's try to
+see how this all works out all right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how this all works out all right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how this all works out all right and
+so first of all subject we can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all subject we can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all subject we can get
+started I will make a sketch for you I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started I will make a sketch for you I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started I will make a sketch for you I
+will calculate this these formulas just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will calculate this these formulas just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will calculate this these formulas just
+a second and display you as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second and display you as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second and display you as a function
+of as a function of frequency so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of as a function of frequency so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of as a function of frequency so we can
+kind of analyze what's going on alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of analyze what's going on alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of analyze what's going on alright
+so this is what those okay so let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what those okay so let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what those okay so let's say
+I don't know which is which but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know which is which but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know which is which but let's
+say B 1 is it's red 1 B 2 is blue ah no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say B 1 is it's red 1 B 2 is blue ah no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say B 1 is it's red 1 B 2 is blue ah no
+vice versa doesn't matter okay these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vice versa doesn't matter okay these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vice versa doesn't matter okay these are
+the numbers which I plug in for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers which I plug in for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers which I plug in for some
+some values for some system so you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some values for some system so you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some values for some system so you see
+that and this is as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and this is as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and this is as a function of
+frequency so first of all you see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency so first of all you see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency so first of all you see a
+characteristic frequency around one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic frequency around one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic frequency around one
+characteristic frequency around 3 on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic frequency around 3 on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic frequency around 3 on my
+plot and in the region in the vicinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot and in the region in the vicinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot and in the region in the vicinity
+of frequency number 1 you see that both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of frequency number 1 you see that both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of frequency number 1 you see that both
+the blue and red the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue and red the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue and red the individual
+amplitudes are basically close together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes are basically close together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes are basically close together
+so the ratio is close to 1 so you can if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the ratio is close to 1 so you can if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the ratio is close to 1 so you can if
+you look at this plot you should believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at this plot you should believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at this plot you should believe
+me that it's plausible that if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that it's plausible that if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that it's plausible that if you are
+very close to frequency basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to frequency basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to frequency basically the
+red and blue will move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red and blue will move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red and blue will move
+gather if you go around the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gather if you go around the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gather if you go around the second
+frequency you see that no red goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency you see that no red goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency you see that no red goes up
+blue goes down or vice-versa on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue goes down or vice-versa on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue goes down or vice-versa on the
+other side right so the ratios minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side right so the ratios minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side right so the ratios minus one
+so this plot actually colors information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this plot actually colors information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this plot actually colors information
+and and in fact what you see also is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and in fact what you see also is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and in fact what you see also is
+that there is some sort of resonant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is some sort of resonant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is some sort of resonant
+behavior so that the views are enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior so that the views are enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior so that the views are enormous
+if you are close to the any of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are close to the any of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are close to the any of those
+characteristic frequencies but they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic frequencies but they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic frequencies but they are
+much smaller if you were further out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much smaller if you were further out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much smaller if you were further out
+there is some motion but not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some motion but not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some motion but not as
+pronounced as as when you are at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounced as as when you are at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounced as as when you are at the
+right driving frequencies all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right driving frequencies all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right driving frequencies all right so
+let's try to see it you know why not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try to see it you know why not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try to see it you know why not
+okay so let me go to another system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me go to another system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me go to another system
+system which consists of two masses has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which consists of two masses has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which consists of two masses has
+same type of behavior slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same type of behavior slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same type of behavior slightly different
+slightly different parameters there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different parameters there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different parameters there is
+no G here but everything looks the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no G here but everything looks the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no G here but everything looks the same
+it's just much easier to to show and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just much easier to to show and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just much easier to to show and I
+can remove most of them things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can remove most of them things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can remove most of them things and
+you'll see there are again two modes one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see there are again two modes one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see there are again two modes one
+which is like this that's number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like this that's number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like this that's number one
+that slow motion they move together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that slow motion they move together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that slow motion they move together and
+the other one which is like this where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one which is like this where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one which is like this where
+the amplitudes of minus one this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitudes of minus one this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitudes of minus one this is the
+frequency number two okay so now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency number two okay so now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency number two okay so now let's
+try to drive it so how do I Drive it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to drive it so how do I Drive it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to drive it so how do I Drive it I
+have some sort of engine here which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some sort of engine here which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some sort of engine here which is
+applying frequency so let's start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some sort of slow motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so you see they are moving a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you see they are moving a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you see they are moving a little
+bit very small minimally just to tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit very small minimally just to tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit very small minimally just to tiny
+motion but they're kind of together more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion but they're kind of together more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion but they're kind of together more
+or less right slowly but together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less right slowly but together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less right slowly but together and
+this is what this is this area here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what this is this area here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what this is this area here and
+what you see that this is this area I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see that this is this area I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see that this is this area I'm
+driving at a very slow frequency I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving at a very slow frequency I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving at a very slow frequency I'm
+somewhere here the two masses kind of go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere here the two masses kind of go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere here the two masses kind of go
+together but very slowly so let me now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together but very slowly so let me now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together but very slowly so let me now
+crank up the frequency and try to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crank up the frequency and try to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crank up the frequency and try to be in
+the region of of oscillation so you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region of of oscillation so you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region of of oscillation so you see
+all I did is I change frequency effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I did is I change frequency effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I did is I change frequency effect
+is enormous I'm somewhere here now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is enormous I'm somewhere here now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is enormous I'm somewhere here now you
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+enormous resonance and very soon I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous resonance and very soon I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous resonance and very soon I will
+hit your limit the system of break okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit your limit the system of break okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit your limit the system of break okay
+so we are summer here I'm driving it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we are summer here I'm driving it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we are summer here I'm driving it
+interestingly this really looks like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly this really looks like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly this really looks like a
+harmonic motion of first time there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic motion of first time there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic motion of first time there is
+no other things okay so now let's swing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no other things okay so now let's swing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no other things okay so now let's swing
+by and get to this area so all I'm doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by and get to this area so all I'm doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by and get to this area so all I'm doing
+is I quickly change frequency to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now what you see is that there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what you see is that there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what you see is that there were
+some random initial conditions so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some random initial conditions so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some random initial conditions so we
+have a homogeneous equation going but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a homogeneous equation going but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a homogeneous equation going but
+the driven is coming and all ideas are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the driven is coming and all ideas are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the driven is coming and all ideas are
+change frequency and suddenly the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change frequency and suddenly the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change frequency and suddenly the system
+knows that it has to go like that isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows that it has to go like that isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows that it has to go like that isn't
+it cool right so this is the this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cool right so this is the this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cool right so this is the this is the
+region here and so all I'm doing is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region here and so all I'm doing is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region here and so all I'm doing is I'm
+bringing the amplitude up because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing the amplitude up because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing the amplitude up because this
+this is close to zero and then I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is close to zero and then I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is close to zero and then I'm
+keeping the ratios close to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping the ratios close to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping the ratios close to the
+characteristic modes so I think to be I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mean to be honest this is you know one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean to be honest this is you know one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean to be honest this is you know one
+of the coolest I mean all I'm doing just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the coolest I mean all I'm doing just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the coolest I mean all I'm doing just
+changing frequency in the system just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing frequency in the system just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing frequency in the system just
+responds and starts going with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds and starts going with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds and starts going with a
+resonance of one particular mode so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance of one particular mode so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance of one particular mode so
+imagine a system with has thousand mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine a system with has thousand mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine a system with has thousand mass
+masses and you come in the thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses and you come in the thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses and you come in the thousand
+frequencies you tune one frequency and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies you tune one frequency and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies you tune one frequency and
+suddenly everything starts oscillating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly everything starts oscillating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly everything starts oscillating
+in one go right and imagine you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one go right and imagine you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one go right and imagine you have
+multiple buildings each with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple buildings each with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple buildings each with different
+frequency and there's an earthquake and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and there's an earthquake and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and there's an earthquake and
+the frequency is of certain type and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency is of certain type and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency is of certain type and one
+building collapses and all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building collapses and all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building collapses and all the other
+ones are happily standing why because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones are happily standing why because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones are happily standing why because
+the earthquake just happened to hit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earthquake just happened to hit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earthquake just happened to hit the
+frequency that correspondent one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency that correspondent one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency that correspondent one of the
+normal frequencies of the of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal frequencies of the of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal frequencies of the of the of the
+particular building and it's it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular building and it's it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular building and it's it's an
+extremely powerful trick it just it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely powerful trick it just it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely powerful trick it just it
+fishes out in normal modes through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishes out in normal modes through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishes out in normal modes through this
+driving thing and we are able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving thing and we are able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving thing and we are able to
+calculate it explicitly so now what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate it explicitly so now what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate it explicitly so now what I
+will do is I will modify the system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do is I will modify the system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do is I will modify the system and
+I will make it into three masts which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will make it into three masts which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will make it into three masts which
+will have somewhat more complicated set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have somewhat more complicated set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have somewhat more complicated set
+of sort of normal modes and then I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sort of normal modes and then I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sort of normal modes and then I will
+show you that I can if I go with three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you that I can if I go with three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you that I can if I go with three
+different frequencies and pull out those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different frequencies and pull out those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different frequencies and pull out those
+even kind of complicated mode so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even kind of complicated mode so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even kind of complicated mode so this
+will be yet so this is a three mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be yet so this is a three mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be yet so this is a three mass
+system now before since we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system now before since we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system now before since we didn't
+calculate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate it
+what I will do is I'll go to the web and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I will do is I'll go to the web and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I will do is I'll go to the web and
+I will pull out a nice example let me go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will pull out a nice example let me go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will pull out a nice example let me go
+to my bookmarks my modes so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my bookmarks my modes so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my bookmarks my modes so this is a
+nice applet from Colorado and you can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice applet from Colorado and you can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice applet from Colorado and you can I
+suppose press Ong will send you links
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose press Ong will send you links
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose press Ong will send you links
+etc you can you know simulate you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc you can you know simulate you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc you can you know simulate you can do
+everything with it right so it has it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything with it right so it has it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything with it right so it has it
+has two masses it has you know different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two masses it has you know different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two masses it has you know different
+amplitudes different normal modes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes different normal modes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes different normal modes and
+you can you know you can seem it nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you know you can seem it nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you know you can seem it nothing
+happens I have to give it some initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens I have to give it some initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens I have to give it some initial
+condition sorry I have to change here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition sorry I have to change here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition sorry I have to change here I
+give it some initial condition so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it some initial condition so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it some initial condition so this
+is basically what you just saw right I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically what you just saw right I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically what you just saw right I'm
+just demonstrating to you that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just demonstrating to you that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just demonstrating to you that this
+applet has you know looks the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applet has you know looks the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applet has you know looks the same as
+our our track right so this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our track right so this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our track right so this is this is
+you can see normal modes it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see normal modes it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see normal modes it's a
+combination of normal modes there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of normal modes there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of normal modes there's one
+which is first frequency second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is first frequency second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is first frequency second
+frequency you know this is this is first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency you know this is this is first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency you know this is this is first
+normal mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal mode
+this is second normal mode you can very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is second normal mode you can very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is second normal mode you can very
+quickly see see what happens right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly see see what happens right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly see see what happens right so
+this is what we just looked at this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we just looked at this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we just looked at this is
+what we calculated more or less and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we calculated more or less and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we calculated more or less and so
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+now I want to show you three masses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to show you three masses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to show you three masses
+where things are somewhat more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where things are somewhat more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where things are somewhat more
+complicated that in general three normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated that in general three normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated that in general three normal
+modes for the three mass elements the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes for the three mass elements the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes for the three mass elements the
+first normal mode is like that all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first normal mode is like that all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first normal mode is like that all the
+three masses move together and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three masses move together and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three masses move together and you know
+slightly different the ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different the ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different the ratio of
+amplitude is slightly different the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude is slightly different the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude is slightly different the
+second mode of operation is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second mode of operation is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second mode of operation is actually
+quite interesting the central mass is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite interesting the central mass is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite interesting the central mass is
+stationary and those two are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary and those two are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary and those two are going
+Fortin back like this okay and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fortin back like this okay and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fortin back like this okay and then I
+have a third frequency where the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a third frequency where the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a third frequency where the middle
+one is going double distance and the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is going double distance and the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is going double distance and the two
+other ones are going up so so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones are going up so so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones are going up so so this is
+the third third normal mode okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third third normal mode okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third third normal mode okay
+so alright so this is the the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so alright so this is the the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so alright so this is the the system
+which we now have standing here let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we now have standing here let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we now have standing here let's
+quickly see if it works in reality okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is the kind of the first you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the kind of the first you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the kind of the first you
+know so this is the first mode right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is the second one all right and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the second one all right and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the second one all right and the
+third one will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sometimes I do five of them and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes I do five of them and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes I do five of them and it's
+really difficult to do okay but so so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really difficult to do okay but so so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really difficult to do okay but so so we
+have computer model we have a real model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have computer model we have a real model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have computer model we have a real model
+let's now do the calculation of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's now do the calculation of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's now do the calculation of of the
+frequencies the ratios so that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies the ratios so that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies the ratios so that we can
+see what what happens I'm coming here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what what happens I'm coming here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what what happens I'm coming here
+I'm changing and master three I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm changing and master three I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm changing and master three I'm
+running my determinant calculating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running my determinant calculating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running my determinant calculating
+thingy okay it's right it's very slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thingy okay it's right it's very slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thingy okay it's right it's very slow
+it's busy busy busy imagine okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's busy busy busy imagine okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's busy busy busy imagine okay
+spectacularly slow where is it I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectacularly slow where is it I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectacularly slow where is it I hope
+it's not here this okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not here this okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not here this okay so this is
+what's coming out so this is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's coming out so this is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's coming out so this is the same
+calculation as we did except for three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation as we did except for three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation as we did except for three
+masses so what do we have here with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses so what do we have here with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses so what do we have here with my
+pointer so we have again three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer so we have again three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer so we have again three
+characteristic frequencies we have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic frequencies we have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic frequencies we have three
+masses and the same type of behavior see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses and the same type of behavior see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses and the same type of behavior see
+if you are far away from resonance if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are far away from resonance if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are far away from resonance if
+you have very low frequency so everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have very low frequency so everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have very low frequency so everybody
+goes together right I haven't shown you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes together right I haven't shown you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes together right I haven't shown you
+this one here which is also interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one here which is also interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one here which is also interesting
+I'll show you in a second and then okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you in a second and then okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you in a second and then okay
+so presumably if you are close to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so presumably if you are close to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so presumably if you are close to the
+first frequency you see all three of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first frequency you see all three of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first frequency you see all three of
+them go together and this is the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them go together and this is the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them go together and this is the first
+first mode so I should see if I set the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first mode so I should see if I set the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first mode so I should see if I set the
+proper frequency the things should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper frequency the things should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper frequency the things should
+respond in mode number one this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond in mode number one this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond in mode number one this is the
+one where two of them go opposite to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one where two of them go opposite to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one where two of them go opposite to
+each other and the red one is stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and the red one is stationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and the red one is stationary
+doesn't move and then you have those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't move and then you have those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't move and then you have those
+things where they're kind of more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things where they're kind of more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things where they're kind of more
+complicated difficult to read off from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated difficult to read off from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated difficult to read off from
+here and you know and I can do it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you know and I can do it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you know and I can do it for
+more masses etcetera but so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more masses etcetera but so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more masses etcetera but so that the
+generally it's calculable can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally it's calculable can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally it's calculable can be
+calculated and can be actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated and can be actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated and can be actually
+demonstrated so let's try it so there it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrated so let's try it so there it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrated so let's try it so there it
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is magic frequency number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is magic frequency number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is magic frequency number one
+number okay I'm setting frequency by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number okay I'm setting frequency by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number okay I'm setting frequency by
+turning a knob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning a knob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning a knob
+that's Omega D I'm a no supervisor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's Omega D I'm a no supervisor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's Omega D I'm a no supervisor of
+this operation it stops because of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this operation it stops because of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this operation it stops because of other
+reasons but it will continue then I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons but it will continue then I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons but it will continue then I go
+to 56
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by the way remember that every this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way remember that every this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way remember that every this is
+particular this oscillation this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular this oscillation this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular this oscillation this is a
+steady state of solution with Omega D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state of solution with Omega D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state of solution with Omega D
+but we also have all those homogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we also have all those homogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we also have all those homogeneous
+solutions which have to die down with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions which have to die down with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions which have to die down with
+damping remember it's a combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping remember it's a combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping remember it's a combination of
+homogeneous plus particular so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous plus particular so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous plus particular so the
+motion is actually a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion is actually a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion is actually a little bit
+distorted because we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorted because we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorted because we have this
+homogeneous stuff hanging around but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous stuff hanging around but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous stuff hanging around but
+hopefully if I can start it with little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully if I can start it with little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully if I can start it with little
+homogeneous stuff it will be better okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous stuff it will be better okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous stuff it will be better okay
+so you see huh to the core almost there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see huh to the core almost there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see huh to the core almost there
+it's almost in assembly then it kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost in assembly then it kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost in assembly then it kind of
+stops see I get two of those going forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops see I get two of those going forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops see I get two of those going forth
+and back more or less than this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and back more or less than this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and back more or less than this one
+going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+it's I could probably tune the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I could probably tune the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I could probably tune the frequency
+a little bit higher lower I could I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit higher lower I could I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit higher lower I could I'm
+not exactly at the right place but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exactly at the right place but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exactly at the right place but I'm
+close and now let's go to the two last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close and now let's go to the two last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close and now let's go to the two last
+one which is 68 according to my helpers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which is 68 according to my helpers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which is 68 according to my helpers
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see this one goes opposite face and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this one goes opposite face and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this one goes opposite face and
+those two more or less together keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two more or less together keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two more or less together keep
+going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+see now those two move a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see now those two move a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see now those two move a little bit
+further back but they are in phase they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further back but they are in phase they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further back but they are in phase they
+move together the ratio is 1 and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move together the ratio is 1 and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move together the ratio is 1 and this
+ranch is ratios - right make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranch is ratios - right make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranch is ratios - right make sense
+that's the beauty you drive it at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the beauty you drive it at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the beauty you drive it at some
+frequency and those normal modes pop out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and those normal modes pop out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and those normal modes pop out
+it's actually very very cool and as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually very very cool and as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually very very cool and as I
+say you encounter those type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you encounter those type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you encounter those type of
+behaviors very quickly very very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors very quickly very very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors very quickly very very very
+often sometimes you drive a car and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often sometimes you drive a car and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often sometimes you drive a car and
+something starts vibrating it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something starts vibrating it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something starts vibrating it's just
+because you know that the car driving on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know that the car driving on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know that the car driving on
+the road creates a frequency provides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the road creates a frequency provides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the road creates a frequency provides
+the driving frequency which corresponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the driving frequency which corresponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the driving frequency which corresponds
+to oscillation frequency or some piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to oscillation frequency or some piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to oscillation frequency or some piece
+of the old car usually it happens in old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the old car usually it happens in old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the old car usually it happens in old
+cars right so so I think that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars right so so I think that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars right so so I think that's the
+that's the that's the message we can and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the that's the message we can and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the that's the message we can and
+we have all the machinery to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have all the machinery to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have all the machinery to be able to
+do it we can set up any matrix K which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it we can set up any matrix K which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it we can set up any matrix K which
+has information about all the forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has information about all the forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has information about all the forces
+acting on anything and we can set my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on anything and we can set my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on anything and we can set my
+matrix m with all the masses you put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix m with all the masses you put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix m with all the masses you put it
+all together we can find normal modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all together we can find normal modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all together we can find normal modes
+and then you can use Cramer's equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can use Cramer's equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can use Cramer's equation
+to take care of the of the arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take care of the of the arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take care of the of the arbitrary
+external forces and what comes out just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external forces and what comes out just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external forces and what comes out just
+as a summary for future reference the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a summary for future reference the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a summary for future reference the
+oscillation of the system is she is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation of the system is she is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation of the system is she is
+conveniently written this is macro X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveniently written this is macro X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveniently written this is macro X is
+in general its homogeneous solution this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general its homogeneous solution this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general its homogeneous solution this
+plus plus that particular solution which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus plus that particular solution which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus plus that particular solution which
+is plus vector B which is very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is plus vector B which is very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is plus vector B which is very important
+vector B depends on the driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector B depends on the driving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector B depends on the driving
+frequency that those amplitudes of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency that those amplitudes of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency that those amplitudes of a
+particular solution during motion are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular solution during motion are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular solution during motion are
+dependent driving frequency cosine Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent driving frequency cosine Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent driving frequency cosine Omega
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in most general situation we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in most general situation we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in most general situation we have
+some homogeneous solution here and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some homogeneous solution here and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some homogeneous solution here and there
+is this driven solution which which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this driven solution which which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this driven solution which which we
+observed in action with proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed in action with proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed in action with proper
+amplitudes okay so in fact what you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes okay so in fact what you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes okay so in fact what you've
+seen is the sum of both because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen is the sum of both because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen is the sum of both because this
+depends on the initial conditions now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the initial conditions now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the initial conditions now in
+reality as with a single oscillator this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality as with a single oscillator this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality as with a single oscillator this
+homogeneous equation there's always a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous equation there's always a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous equation there's always a
+little damping which we ignored and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little damping which we ignored and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little damping which we ignored and the
+damping comes in and it only affects the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping comes in and it only affects the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping comes in and it only affects the
+homogeneous solution so this part will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous solution so this part will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous solution so this part will
+eventually die down whereas a driven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually die down whereas a driven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually die down whereas a driven
+solution it's always there this external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution it's always there this external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution it's always there this external
+force that is driving the system forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force that is driving the system forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force that is driving the system forever
+and ever so this this part this steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ever so this this part this steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ever so this this part this steady
+state of particular solution will remain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of particular solution will remain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of particular solution will remain
+forever okay because there's external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever okay because there's external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever okay because there's external
+source of energy which will always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of energy which will always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of energy which will always
+provide it so this guy's will die down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide it so this guy's will die down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide it so this guy's will die down
+and of course because of damping the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course because of damping the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course because of damping the
+exact value of coefficients B will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact value of coefficients B will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact value of coefficients B will be
+slightly modified because as you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly modified because as you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly modified because as you know
+from from a one oscillator example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from a one oscillator example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from a one oscillator example the
+presence of damping actually slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of damping actually slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of damping actually slightly
+modifies the frequency whereas here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifies the frequency whereas here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifies the frequency whereas here we
+do curcuit for simplicity if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do curcuit for simplicity if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do curcuit for simplicity if we
+introduce damping here those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce damping here those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce damping here those
+calculations are really amazing so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations are really amazing so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations are really amazing so we
+don't want to do it alright any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to do it alright any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to do it alright any
+questions about it yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's always you'll be doing always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's always you'll be doing always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's always you'll be doing always
+that in fact I should have some slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in fact I should have some slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in fact I should have some slides
+from yunji on Cramer's rule let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from yunji on Cramer's rule let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from yunji on Cramer's rule let's see
+okay so this is some reminder of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is some reminder of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is some reminder of this
+time mr. Cramer and yeah so this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time mr. Cramer and yeah so this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time mr. Cramer and yeah so this is an
+example of what this is 2x2 3x3 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of what this is 2x2 3x3 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of what this is 2x2 3x3 okay
+that's what you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well basically so the Kramer's role is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well basically so the Kramer's role is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well basically so the Kramer's role is
+Kramer's role the questions would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kramer's role the questions would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kramer's role the questions would be a
+plug in and what you plug in depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in and what you plug in depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in and what you plug in depends on
+the Omega D so it is true that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Omega D so it is true that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Omega D so it is true that if you
+insist on plugging in Omega D exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insist on plugging in Omega D exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insist on plugging in Omega D exactly
+equal to one of the normal frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one of the normal frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one of the normal frequencies
+then things blow up mathematically right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then things blow up mathematically right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then things blow up mathematically right
+in reality there is this this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reality there is this this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reality there is this this is the
+this is the situation of resonance so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the situation of resonance so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the situation of resonance so as
+I discussed this before in reality there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I discussed this before in reality there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I discussed this before in reality there
+is a little bit of damping so so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit of damping so so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit of damping so so those
+equations have to be modified there will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations have to be modified there will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations have to be modified there will
+be some small additional terms here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some small additional terms here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some small additional terms here that
+will prevent this from being exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will prevent this from being exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will prevent this from being exactly
+equal to zero so this will be a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero so this will be a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero so this will be a very
+large number the amplitude will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large number the amplitude will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large number the amplitude will be
+enormous okay with if I would have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous okay with if I would have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous okay with if I would have a
+little bit more time I'll fiddle with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more time I'll fiddle with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more time I'll fiddle with
+frequency I could actually break the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency I could actually break the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency I could actually break the
+system because those masses were just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system because those masses were just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system because those masses were just
+swinging forth back like crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swinging forth back like crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swinging forth back like crazy
+okay so so you basically go out of out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so you basically go out of out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so you basically go out of out
+of limits of the system so physically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of limits of the system so physically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of limits of the system so physically
+there's always a little bit of damping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always a little bit of damping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always a little bit of damping
+it do not divide by zero on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it do not divide by zero on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it do not divide by zero on the other
+hand it's so close that for simplicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand it's so close that for simplicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand it's so close that for simplicity
+and for most of the to get a feeling of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for most of the to get a feeling of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for most of the to get a feeling of
+what's going on it's okay to ignore it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on it's okay to ignore it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on it's okay to ignore it
+just have to make sure you don't divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to make sure you don't divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to make sure you don't divide
+by zero right but so you can do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by zero right but so you can do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by zero right but so you can do this
+Cranberries role with arbitrary Omega D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cranberries role with arbitrary Omega D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cranberries role with arbitrary Omega D
+make sure you don't divide by zero you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you don't divide by zero you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you don't divide by zero you
+solve it and then you and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it and then you and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it and then you and then you can
+interpret what's going on OK again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret what's going on OK again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret what's going on OK again
+Kramer's or has nothing to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kramer's or has nothing to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kramer's or has nothing to do with
+physics it's just a way to solve those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics it's just a way to solve those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics it's just a way to solve those
+matrix equations as I say you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix equations as I say you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix equations as I say you can do
+anywhere you want to by 2 again 2 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere you want to by 2 again 2 by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere you want to by 2 again 2 by
+elimination of variables 5 by 5 I do by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination of variables 5 by 5 I do by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination of variables 5 by 5 I do by
+running MATLAB program you know anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running MATLAB program you know anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running MATLAB program you know anything
+you want but for some historical reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want but for some historical reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want but for some historical reasons
+803 always the screamer rule right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+803 always the screamer rule right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+803 always the screamer rule right it's
+useful especially for 3x3 all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful especially for 3x3 all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful especially for 3x3 all right so
+okay so I have to start a new chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I have to start a new chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I have to start a new chapter
+I'm much lower than Eng by the way if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm much lower than Eng by the way if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm much lower than Eng by the way if
+you notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that is that there's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is that there's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is that there's a very
+interesting trick you can do which is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting trick you can do which is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting trick you can do which is of
+absolutely fundamental nature in physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely fundamental nature in physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely fundamental nature in physics
+which has to do with symmetry you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has to do with symmetry you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has to do with symmetry you know
+many things are symmetric there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many things are symmetric there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many things are symmetric there's a
+circular symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular symmetry
+the left and right symmetry resemble two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left and right symmetry resemble two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left and right symmetry resemble two
+little smiley faces our mirror image of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little smiley faces our mirror image of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little smiley faces our mirror image of
+each other there is some this this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other there is some this this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other there is some this this thing
+is symmetric along this vertical axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is symmetric along this vertical axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is symmetric along this vertical axis
+this one is symmetric around rotations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is symmetric around rotations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is symmetric around rotations
+by 30 degrees right that house seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 30 degrees right that house seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 30 degrees right that house seems to
+be symmetric along this way this is part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be symmetric along this way this is part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be symmetric along this way this is part
+of the our experiment in Switzerland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the our experiment in Switzerland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the our experiment in Switzerland
+also kind of symmetric on the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also kind of symmetric on the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also kind of symmetric on the picture
+the rotational symmetry there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rotational symmetry there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rotational symmetry there's
+reflection symmetry etc and turns out if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection symmetry etc and turns out if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection symmetry etc and turns out if
+you have a system that is symmetric then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a system that is symmetric then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a system that is symmetric then
+the normal modes are also symmetric and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal modes are also symmetric and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal modes are also symmetric and
+there's a way to dig out normal modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a way to dig out normal modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a way to dig out normal modes
+just by looking at symmetry of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by looking at symmetry of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by looking at symmetry of the
+system and so let me explain exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and so let me explain exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and so let me explain exactly
+what this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this means
+so let's take our system here okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take our system here okay so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take our system here okay so we
+have a one mass the other mass there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a one mass the other mass there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a one mass the other mass there is
+a spring here this one is X 1 this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spring here this one is X 1 this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spring here this one is X 1 this one
+is X 2 if I take a reflection of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is X 2 if I take a reflection of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is X 2 if I take a reflection of a
+system let's say this mass is displaced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system let's say this mass is displaced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system let's say this mass is displaced
+by some distance some X 2 this one says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some distance some X 2 this one says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some distance some X 2 this one says
+some X 1 if I do the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some X 1 if I do the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some X 1 if I do the following
+transportation I replace X 1 with minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation I replace X 1 with minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation I replace X 1 with minus
+X 2 and X 2 with minus X 1 this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X 2 and X 2 with minus X 1 this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X 2 and X 2 with minus X 1 this is
+mirror symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I basically flip this thing around in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I basically flip this thing around in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I basically flip this thing around in
+other words what I do here is I look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words what I do here is I look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words what I do here is I look at
+the system here hello and I go on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system here hello and I go on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system here hello and I go on the
+other system hello right I did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other system hello right I did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other system hello right I did the
+mirror trust where I look at it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror trust where I look at it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror trust where I look at it from
+this side that side now when I look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side that side now when I look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side that side now when I look at
+it I see the one on the left one on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I see the one on the left one on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I see the one on the left one on the
+right I call this 1 X 1 this 1 X 2 it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I call this 1 X 1 this 1 X 2 it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I call this 1 X 1 this 1 X 2 it's
+oscillating you are looking at it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating you are looking at it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating you are looking at it this
+is your X 1 this is your X 2 when I move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your X 1 this is your X 2 when I move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your X 1 this is your X 2 when I move
+this one is it what it's your negative X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is it what it's your negative X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is it what it's your negative X
+1 for me this is positive X 2 this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 for me this is positive X 2 this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 for me this is positive X 2 this one
+is positive X 2 for you it's negative X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive X 2 for you it's negative X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive X 2 for you it's negative X
+1 for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 for me
+do we see a different system doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we see a different system doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we see a different system doesn't
+have different oscillations that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different oscillations that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different oscillations that have
+different frequencies no it's identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different frequencies no it's identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different frequencies no it's identical
+they're completely identical so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're completely identical so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're completely identical so the
+physics of those two pendula doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics of those two pendula doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics of those two pendula doesn't
+depend if he's working on it if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend if he's working on it if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend if he's working on it if I'm
+working on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on it
+that's the whole thing so and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the whole thing so and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the whole thing so and this is
+how you write it mathematically and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you write it mathematically and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you write it mathematically and if
+you have a solution which x1 of T which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a solution which x1 of T which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a solution which x1 of T which
+is consists of some sort of x1 of T H of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is consists of some sort of x1 of T H of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is consists of some sort of x1 of T H of
+T let's say we find it you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T let's say we find it you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T let's say we find it you know it's
+over there we know alphabet us and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there we know alphabet us and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there we know alphabet us and
+everything because of the symmetry I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything because of the symmetry I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything because of the symmetry I
+know that for sure the equation which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that for sure the equation which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that for sure the equation which
+looks like this x1 no it's not x1 its X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this x1 no it's not x1 its X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this x1 no it's not x1 its X
+X of T that's the vector X of T I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X of T that's the vector X of T I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X of T that's the vector X of T I have
+another one with a tilde which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one with a tilde which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one with a tilde which is
+identical functions everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical functions everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical functions everything is
+dependent except that this one is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent except that this one is minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent except that this one is minus
+x2 of T minus x1 of T and I know for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 of T minus x1 of T and I know for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 of T minus x1 of T and I know for
+sure that if this is a correct solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that if this is a correct solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that if this is a correct solution
+this is also correct solution why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also correct solution why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also correct solution why
+because he did X and I did X X tilde but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he did X and I did X X tilde but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he did X and I did X X tilde but
+the system is the same completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system is the same completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system is the same completely
+identical and it's you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical and it's you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical and it's you don't have to
+you know anything about masses lengths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know anything about masses lengths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know anything about masses lengths
+Springs anything like that just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springs anything like that just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springs anything like that just the
+symmetry alright how do you write it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry alright how do you write it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry alright how do you write it in
+matrix form you introduce the symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix form you introduce the symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix form you introduce the symmetry
+matrix S which is 0 minus 1 minus 1 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix S which is 0 minus 1 minus 1 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix S which is 0 minus 1 minus 1 0
+and then X tilde of T is symbolized as X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then X tilde of T is symbolized as X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then X tilde of T is symbolized as X
+and you can check to that simple you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can check to that simple you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can check to that simple you
+just multiply vector by 0 minus 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just multiply vector by 0 minus 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just multiply vector by 0 minus 1 minus
+1 0 and you get the same thing turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 0 and you get the same thing turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 0 and you get the same thing turns out
+so and if this is symmetry if this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and if this is symmetry if this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and if this is symmetry if this is a
+salute if this is a solution that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salute if this is a solution that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salute if this is a solution that also
+this is also solution so you can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also solution so you can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also solution so you can make
+solutions by multiplying by much success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions by multiplying by much success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions by multiplying by much success
+so what does it mean so let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does it mean so let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does it mean so let's look at
+our at our motion equation the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our at our motion equation the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our at our motion equation the original
+motion equation was equation of motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion equation was equation of motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion equation was equation of motion
+was minus 1 K matrix times X of T this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was minus 1 K matrix times X of T this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was minus 1 K matrix times X of T this
+is what we use to find solutions usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we use to find solutions usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we use to find solutions usual
+thing normal modes etc let's multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing normal modes etc let's multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing normal modes etc let's multiply
+both sides by metric guess I can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides by metric guess I can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides by metric guess I can take
+any matrix and multiply by both sides so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any matrix and multiply by both sides so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any matrix and multiply by both sides so
+I get here as X double dot of T and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get here as X double dot of T and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get here as X double dot of T and of
+course as is a fixed matrix so so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course as is a fixed matrix so so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course as is a fixed matrix so so it's
+arise differentiation and this is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise differentiation and this is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise differentiation and this is equal
+to minus s and minus 1 K X of T just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minus s and minus 1 K X of T just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minus s and minus 1 K X of T just
+multiply both sides by us however if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply both sides by us however if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply both sides by us however if if
+M as is equal to s and K s is equal to s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M as is equal to s and K s is equal to s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M as is equal to s and K s is equal to s
+ok in general matrices the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok in general matrices the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok in general matrices the
+multiplication of matrices matters but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication of matrices matters but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication of matrices matters but
+turns out that if the system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that if the system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that if the system is
+symmetric if you multiply mass M by s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric if you multiply mass M by s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric if you multiply mass M by s
+you just replace we just change position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just replace we just change position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just replace we just change position
+of two masses so nothing changes also if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two masses so nothing changes also if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two masses so nothing changes also if
+the if the forces are the same then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if the forces are the same then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if the forces are the same then
+multiplying masses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying masses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying masses
+if you flip things nothing changes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you flip things nothing changes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you flip things nothing changes and
+mathematically it means that the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically it means that the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically it means that the order
+of multiplication is does not matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of multiplication is does not matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of multiplication is does not matter
+means that they are commuting and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that they are commuting and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that they are commuting and of
+course M minus 1 s is equal to s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course M minus 1 s is equal to s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course M minus 1 s is equal to s and
+minus 1 ok if this is the case then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 ok if this is the case then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 ok if this is the case then I
+can plug it into equations and see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can plug it into equations and see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can plug it into equations and see what
+what happens ok so I can take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens ok so I can take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens ok so I can take this
+equation and I can take this s here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and I can take this s here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and I can take this s here and
+I can just move it around I can flip it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can just move it around I can flip it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can just move it around I can flip it
+with M one position right because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with M one position right because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with M one position right because the
+order doesn't matter so I can bring it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order doesn't matter so I can bring it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order doesn't matter so I can bring it
+here and I can flip it with K because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I can flip it with K because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I can flip it with K because
+the order doesn't matter can bring it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order doesn't matter can bring it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order doesn't matter can bring it
+here so after using those those features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so after using those those features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so after using those those features
+I get that as X dot is equal to minus M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get that as X dot is equal to minus M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get that as X dot is equal to minus M
+minus 1 K as X which means that X dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 K as X which means that X dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 K as X which means that X dot
+this is remember this was the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is remember this was the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is remember this was the system
+using this expression I'm just s times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this expression I'm just s times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this expression I'm just s times
+the variable X gives me X tilde X tilde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variable X gives me X tilde X tilde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variable X gives me X tilde X tilde
+dot dot is equal to minus M minus 1 K X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot dot is equal to minus M minus 1 K X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot dot is equal to minus M minus 1 K X
+tilde X tilde which basically proves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilde X tilde which basically proves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilde X tilde which basically proves
+this is a proof that X tilde is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a proof that X tilde is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a proof that X tilde is the
+solution so if system is symmetric it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so if system is symmetric it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so if system is symmetric it
+means that it's it commutes with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that it's it commutes with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that it's it commutes with that
+mass and and K matrices commute and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and and K matrices commute and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and and K matrices commute and you
+can and you can and that this means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can and you can and that this means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can and you can and that this means that
+this false true if I have one solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this false true if I have one solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this false true if I have one solution
+the symmetric solution is also there all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symmetric solution is also there all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symmetric solution is also there all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's say X yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this negative is simply then the hook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this negative is simply then the hook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this negative is simply then the hook
+Hookes law this is this is this minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hookes law this is this is this minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hookes law this is this is this minus
+sign here I multiply both sides by ass I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign here I multiply both sides by ass I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign here I multiply both sides by ass I
+just Rob s and I put it here as X dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just Rob s and I put it here as X dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just Rob s and I put it here as X dot
+dot and as after - I just - commutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot and as after - I just - commutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot and as after - I just - commutes
+with us so I kind of shifted by - but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with us so I kind of shifted by - but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with us so I kind of shifted by - but
+then I waited before I'm I hit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I waited before I'm I hit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I waited before I'm I hit the
+matrices because I wanted to discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices because I wanted to discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices because I wanted to discuss
+okay so so now comes the interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so now comes the interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so now comes the interesting
+question let's say you have a norm let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question let's say you have a norm let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question let's say you have a norm let's
+say X is a normal mode right we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say X is a normal mode right we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say X is a normal mode right we have
+normal modes let's say X is a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal modes let's say X is a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal modes let's say X is a normal
+mode oscillate with a certain frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode oscillate with a certain frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode oscillate with a certain frequency
+so I have X of T let's say is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have X of T let's say is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have X of T let's say is equal to
+let's let's say it's a normal mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's say it's a normal mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's say it's a normal mode
+number one cosine Omega 1t and we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one cosine Omega 1t and we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one cosine Omega 1t and we know
+that X tilde is also a solution so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X tilde is also a solution so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X tilde is also a solution so what
+happens to mode number one when I apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to mode number one when I apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to mode number one when I apply
+matrix s right so X tilde so matrix S is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix s right so X tilde so matrix S is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix s right so X tilde so matrix S is
+a constant number it's just couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant number it's just couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant number it's just couple of
+numbers I do reshuffle things etc so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers I do reshuffle things etc so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers I do reshuffle things etc so if
+I have X which is oscillating frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have X which is oscillating frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have X which is oscillating frequency
+Omega one if I multiply by some numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega one if I multiply by some numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega one if I multiply by some numbers
+and shall we shuffle things around it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shall we shuffle things around it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shall we shuffle things around it
+will also be oscillating number one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also be oscillating number one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also be oscillating number one so
+it will be also a same normal mode so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be also a same normal mode so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be also a same normal mode so if
+I take matrix as I apply it to solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take matrix as I apply it to solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take matrix as I apply it to solution
+to normal mode I will get the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to normal mode I will get the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to normal mode I will get the same
+normal mode with there may be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal mode with there may be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal mode with there may be a
+different coefficient right linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different coefficient right linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different coefficient right linear
+coefficient plus minus may be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient plus minus may be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient plus minus may be some
+factors like that so there so if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors like that so there so if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors like that so there so if this is
+the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution
+it means automatically X tilde is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means automatically X tilde is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means automatically X tilde is
+proportional to a one cosine Omega 1t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to a one cosine Omega 1t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to a one cosine Omega 1t
+and the same is true for Omega two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same is true for Omega two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same is true for Omega two
+so the only way this is possible since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the only way this is possible since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the only way this is possible since
+cosine is the same in both cases right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine is the same in both cases right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine is the same in both cases right
+matrix s to normal so she gives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix s to normal so she gives me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix s to normal so she gives me
+normal solution with some sign so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal solution with some sign so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal solution with some sign so the
+only way this can work the matrix s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only way this can work the matrix s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only way this can work the matrix s
+actually works on vectors on a 1 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually works on vectors on a 1 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually works on vectors on a 1 you
+know this is just a multi affiliate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is just a multi affiliate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is just a multi affiliate
+oscillating factor so we know for sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating factor so we know for sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating factor so we know for sure
+that s 1 s a 1 must be equal must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that s 1 s a 1 must be equal must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that s 1 s a 1 must be equal must be
+proportional to a 1 right similarly s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to a 1 right similarly s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to a 1 right similarly s
+times a 2 is proportional to H 2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a 2 is proportional to H 2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a 2 is proportional to H 2 so
+let's try to see with our own eyes if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try to see with our own eyes if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try to see with our own eyes if
+this works so let's say s is 0 minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this works so let's say s is 0 minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this works so let's say s is 0 minus 1
+minus 1 0 times 1 1 is equal to what 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 0 times 1 1 is equal to what 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 0 times 1 1 is equal to what 0
+minus 1 I get minus 1 here this one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 I get minus 1 here this one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 I get minus 1 here this one I
+get minus 1 here which is equal to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get minus 1 here which is equal to minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get minus 1 here which is equal to minus
+1 times 1 1 which is vector a so vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 times 1 1 which is vector a so vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 times 1 1 which is vector a so vector
+1 1 which is our our first first mode of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 1 which is our our first first mode of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 1 which is our our first first mode of
+oscillation is when you apply the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation is when you apply the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation is when you apply the matrix
+s you get a minus 1 the same thing ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s you get a minus 1 the same thing ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s you get a minus 1 the same thing ok
+and similarly if you do the if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly if you do the if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly if you do the if you do
+the same thing with matrix as so you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing with matrix as so you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing with matrix as so you see
+the simple symmetric matrix consisting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple symmetric matrix consisting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple symmetric matrix consisting
+of zeroes and minus ones has something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zeroes and minus ones has something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zeroes and minus ones has something
+to do with our solutions which is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with our solutions which is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with our solutions which is kind
+of amazing right so if I have 0 minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of amazing right so if I have 0 minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of amazing right so if I have 0 minus 1
+minus 1 0 I multiplied by 1 minus 1 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 0 I multiplied by 1 minus 1 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 0 I multiplied by 1 minus 1 I
+get 1 here I get minus 1 here something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 1 here I get minus 1 here something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 1 here I get minus 1 here something
+is not right something's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not right something's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not right something's
+should be it should be fine okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be it should be fine okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be it should be fine okay that's
+right this is sorry this is one because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is sorry this is one because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is sorry this is one because
+it's minus 1 times minus 1 and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's minus 1 times minus 1 and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's minus 1 times minus 1 and this is
+yeah that's right which is 1 times 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's right which is 1 times 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's right which is 1 times 1
+minus 1 so this is something that I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 so this is something that I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 so this is something that I get
+the same vector x plus 1 so this is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same vector x plus 1 so this is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same vector x plus 1 so this is of
+course I can these are eigenvectors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I can these are eigenvectors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I can these are eigenvectors and
+the eigenvalues so the matrix S has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvalues so the matrix S has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvalues so the matrix S has two
+I can vectors one with eigenvalue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can vectors one with eigenvalue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can vectors one with eigenvalue of
+plus 1 the other one plus 2 so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 the other one plus 2 so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 the other one plus 2 so we have
+an equation si is equal to beta and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equation si is equal to beta and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equation si is equal to beta and a
+and beta is is okay so so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and beta is is okay so so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and beta is is okay so so this is
+something so it turns out and I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so it turns out and I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so it turns out and I don't
+think I have time to prove it but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I have time to prove it but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I have time to prove it but it
+turns out you can prove it you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out you can prove it you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out you can prove it you know in
+other if I'll have another 3 minutes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other if I'll have another 3 minutes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other if I'll have another 3 minutes you
+can prove it that the eigenvalues of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can prove it that the eigenvalues of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can prove it that the eigenvalues of
+matrix as eigenvectors sorry of eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix as eigenvectors sorry of eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix as eigenvectors sorry of eigen
+vectors of matrix s are the same as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors of matrix s are the same as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors of matrix s are the same as I
+can vectors of the full-motion matrix ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can vectors of the full-motion matrix ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can vectors of the full-motion matrix ok
+so then in other words our motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then in other words our motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then in other words our motion
+matrices may n minus 1 K this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices may n minus 1 K this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices may n minus 1 K this is the
+matrix then we have a matrix S and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+normal modes are you have a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal modes are you have a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal modes are you have a normal
+frequency and you have a normal shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and you have a normal shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and you have a normal shape
+your normal vector the ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your normal vector the ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your normal vector the ratio of
+amplitudes and turns out that eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes and turns out that eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes and turns out that eigen
+vectors here so the A's are the same and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors here so the A's are the same and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors here so the A's are the same and
+again I don't have time to to show it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I don't have time to to show it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I don't have time to to show it
+but but you can show that this is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but you can show that this is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but you can show that this is that
+this is the case so if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the case so if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the case so if you have a
+symmetry in the system then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry in the system then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry in the system then you can
+simply find eigen vectors of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply find eigen vectors of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply find eigen vectors of of the
+thing to obtain the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to obtain the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to obtain the normal
+moans so if I look at my to pendula here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moans so if I look at my to pendula here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moans so if I look at my to pendula here
+the symmetry is this way so I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symmetry is this way so I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symmetry is this way so I have to
+have one which is fully symmetric like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one which is fully symmetric like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one which is fully symmetric like
+this and I have another one which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I have another one which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I have another one which is
+untie symmetric plus 1 minus 1 plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+untie symmetric plus 1 minus 1 plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+untie symmetric plus 1 minus 1 plus 1
+minus 1 and so similarly here I have I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 and so similarly here I have I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 and so similarly here I have I
+have let's say if I have two masses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have let's say if I have two masses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have let's say if I have two masses
+there is one motion which is like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is one motion which is like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is one motion which is like this
+and one motion which is like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one motion which is like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one motion which is like that
+because of the mirror symmetry and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the mirror symmetry and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the mirror symmetry and you
+can show that if you have some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can show that if you have some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can show that if you have some other
+symmetries like on the circle etc that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries like on the circle etc that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries like on the circle etc that
+you have a similar type of effect so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a similar type of effect so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a similar type of effect so you
+can build up on the symmetry argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can build up on the symmetry argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can build up on the symmetry argument
+and solving finding finding eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and solving finding finding eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and solving finding finding eigen
+vectors of a matrix 0 minus 1 minus 1 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors of a matrix 0 minus 1 minus 1 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors of a matrix 0 minus 1 minus 1 0
+is infinitely true simpler than finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is infinitely true simpler than finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is infinitely true simpler than finding
+matrix with G's and KS and everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix with G's and KS and everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix with G's and KS and everything
+right all right so thank you very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right so thank you very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right so thank you very much
+and I hope this was educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/B0d9FBokqvY.txt b/B0d9FBokqvY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e7963315d40ce70fe31dd48fa8d50536a9aa7859
--- /dev/null
+++ b/B0d9FBokqvY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1131 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember that in our previous video we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that in our previous video we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that in our previous video we
+created four new variables high sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created four new variables high sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created four new variables high sodium
+high fat high carbs and high protein now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high fat high carbs and high protein now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high fat high carbs and high protein now
+in this video we will try to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video we will try to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video we will try to understand
+our data and the relationships between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our data and the relationships between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our data and the relationships between
+our variables better using the table and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our variables better using the table and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our variables better using the table and
+T apply functions to figure out how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T apply functions to figure out how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T apply functions to figure out how many
+foods have higher sodium level than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foods have higher sodium level than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foods have higher sodium level than
+average we want to look at the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average we want to look at the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average we want to look at the high
+sodium variable and count the foods that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium variable and count the foods that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium variable and count the foods that
+have values 1 we can do this using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have values 1 we can do this using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have values 1 we can do this using the
+table function and give it as an input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table function and give it as an input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table function and give it as an input
+the high sodium vector now pressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high sodium vector now pressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high sodium vector now pressing
+enter we obtain the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter we obtain the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter we obtain the following
+information most of the foods in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information most of the foods in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information most of the foods in our
+dataset and precisely 4800 of them have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dataset and precisely 4800 of them have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dataset and precisely 4800 of them have
+lower sodium than average and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower sodium than average and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower sodium than average and we have
+2090 foods that have higher sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2090 foods that have higher sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2090 foods that have higher sodium
+content than average now let's see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content than average now let's see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content than average now let's see how
+many foods have both high sodium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many foods have both high sodium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many foods have both high sodium and
+high fat well to do this we can also use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high fat well to do this we can also use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high fat well to do this we can also use
+the table function but instead of giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table function but instead of giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table function but instead of giving
+it one input now we can give it two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it one input now we can give it two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it one input now we can give it two
+inputs so let's go back using the up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs so let's go back using the up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs so let's go back using the up
+arrow and now have the first input being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow and now have the first input being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow and now have the first input being
+the high sodium vector and the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high sodium vector and the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high sodium vector and the second
+input being the high fat factor and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input being the high fat factor and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input being the high fat factor and we
+obtain the following table the rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain the following table the rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain the following table the rows
+belong to the first input which has high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong to the first input which has high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong to the first input which has high
+sodium and the columns correspond to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium and the columns correspond to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium and the columns correspond to the
+second input which has high fat so from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second input which has high fat so from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second input which has high fat so from
+the table we see that we have 3529 foods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table we see that we have 3529 foods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table we see that we have 3529 foods
+with low sodium and low fat 1355 foods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with low sodium and low fat 1355 foods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with low sodium and low fat 1355 foods
+with low sodium and high fat 1378 foods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with low sodium and high fat 1378 foods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with low sodium and high fat 1378 foods
+with high sodium but low fat and finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with high sodium but low fat and finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with high sodium but low fat and finally
+712 foods with both high sodium and high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+712 foods with both high sodium and high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+712 foods with both high sodium and high
+fat now what if we want to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fat now what if we want to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fat now what if we want to compute the
+average amount of iren sorted by high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average amount of iren sorted by high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average amount of iren sorted by high
+and low protein well to do this we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and low protein well to do this we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and low protein well to do this we can
+use the T apply function let us have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the T apply function let us have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the T apply function let us have a
+little refresher on how the T apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little refresher on how the T apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little refresher on how the T apply
+function works the T apply function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function works the T apply function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function works the T apply function
+takes three arguments and groups the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes three arguments and groups the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes three arguments and groups the
+first argument according to the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first argument according to the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first argument according to the second
+argument and then applies argument 3 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument and then applies argument 3 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument and then applies argument 3 for
+instance we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance we
+wanted to compute the average amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to compute the average amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to compute the average amount of
+iren sorted by high and low protein in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iren sorted by high and low protein in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iren sorted by high and low protein in
+this case the first argument is wherever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case the first argument is wherever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case the first argument is wherever
+we are trying to analyze which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are trying to analyze which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are trying to analyze which is the
+iron vector and we are sorting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron vector and we are sorting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron vector and we are sorting it
+according to the vector high protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the vector high protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the vector high protein
+which is our second argument and finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is our second argument and finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is our second argument and finally
+we apply the mean function in our on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we apply the mean function in our on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we apply the mean function in our on the
+sort of iron values and we should not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of iron values and we should not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of iron values and we should not
+forget to remove the non available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget to remove the non available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget to remove the non available
+entries so what does T apply do exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries so what does T apply do exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries so what does T apply do exactly
+suppose that we have the following data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that we have the following data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that we have the following data
+frame with the foods 1 through 6 along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame with the foods 1 through 6 along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame with the foods 1 through 6 along
+with information about their iron levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with information about their iron levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with information about their iron levels
+and their values of high proteins that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their values of high proteins that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their values of high proteins that
+we just added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just added
+earlier the first step is grouping the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier the first step is grouping the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier the first step is grouping the
+iron data according to the values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron data according to the values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron data according to the values of
+high protein so first group all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high protein so first group all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high protein so first group all the
+foods that have high protein equal 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foods that have high protein equal 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foods that have high protein equal 1 and
+that would be food number 2 with twelve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be food number 2 with twelve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be food number 2 with twelve
+point eight milligrams of iron food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point eight milligrams of iron food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point eight milligrams of iron food
+number three with one point forty four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number three with one point forty four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number three with one point forty four
+milligrams of iron and food number six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milligrams of iron and food number six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milligrams of iron and food number six
+with two point twenty nine milligrams of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two point twenty nine milligrams of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two point twenty nine milligrams of
+iron then we group the remaining foods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron then we group the remaining foods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron then we group the remaining foods
+that have protein levels below average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have protein levels below average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have protein levels below average
+and this corresponds to food one food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this corresponds to food one food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this corresponds to food one food
+four and food five then we compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and food five then we compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and food five then we compute the
+mean of iron level for each group in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean of iron level for each group in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean of iron level for each group in
+this case the mean of the group with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case the mean of the group with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case the mean of the group with
+high protein levels is five point 51 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high protein levels is five point 51 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high protein levels is five point 51 and
+the mean of the group with low protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean of the group with low protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean of the group with low protein
+levels is one point seventy two and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels is one point seventy two and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels is one point seventy two and this
+is the result of the T apply function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the result of the T apply function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the result of the T apply function
+now let's go back to our and have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's go back to our and have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's go back to our and have a
+hands-on practice on how to use the T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands-on practice on how to use the T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands-on practice on how to use the T
+apply function so let's compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply function so let's compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply function so let's compute the
+average amount of iron sorted by protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average amount of iron sorted by protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average amount of iron sorted by protein
+levels so we're going to type T apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels so we're going to type T apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels so we're going to type T apply
+and then the first argument is the iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the first argument is the iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the first argument is the iron
+factor which we're trying to analyze and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor which we're trying to analyze and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor which we're trying to analyze and
+we are sorting it according to the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are sorting it according to the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are sorting it according to the high
+protein vector so this is our second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein vector so this is our second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein vector so this is our second
+argument and then the mean statistic is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument and then the mean statistic is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument and then the mean statistic is
+used because we're trying to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used because we're trying to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used because we're trying to calculate
+the average level of iron and do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average level of iron and do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average level of iron and do not
+forget to remove the non available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget to remove the non available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget to remove the non available
+entries by typing in a dot our M equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries by typing in a dot our M equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries by typing in a dot our M equals
+true and here's the result foods with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and here's the result foods with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and here's the result foods with
+low protein content have on average two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low protein content have on average two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low protein content have on average two
+point fifty five milligrams of iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point fifty five milligrams of iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point fifty five milligrams of iron
+and foods with high protein content have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and foods with high protein content have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and foods with high protein content have
+on average 3.2 milligrams of iron now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average 3.2 milligrams of iron now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average 3.2 milligrams of iron now
+how about the maximum level of vitamin C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about the maximum level of vitamin C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about the maximum level of vitamin C
+in foods with high and low carbs again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in foods with high and low carbs again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in foods with high and low carbs again
+we're going to use the T apply function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use the T apply function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use the T apply function
+so use the up-arrow to go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so use the up-arrow to go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so use the up-arrow to go back to the
+previous command but now we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous command but now we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous command but now we're trying to
+analyze the vitamin C vector so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze the vitamin C vector so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze the vitamin C vector so this is
+our first argument and we are sorting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our first argument and we are sorting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our first argument and we are sorting it
+according to high and low carbs so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to high and low carbs so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to high and low carbs so the
+second argument is the vector high carbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second argument is the vector high carbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second argument is the vector high carbs
+and instead of the mean we're applying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instead of the mean we're applying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instead of the mean we're applying
+here the max to the stick and we obtain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the max to the stick and we obtain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the max to the stick and we obtain
+the following the maximum vitamin C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following the maximum vitamin C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following the maximum vitamin C
+level which is 2400 milligrams is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level which is 2400 milligrams is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level which is 2400 milligrams is
+actually present in a food that is high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually present in a food that is high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually present in a food that is high
+in carbs well is it true that foods that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in carbs well is it true that foods that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in carbs well is it true that foods that
+are high in carbs have generally high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are high in carbs have generally high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are high in carbs have generally high
+vitamin C content well to see if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitamin C content well to see if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitamin C content well to see if this is
+the case now we're gonna go back to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case now we're gonna go back to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case now we're gonna go back to our
+t apply function and instead of the Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t apply function and instead of the Max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t apply function and instead of the Max
+statistic we're going to use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic we're going to use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic we're going to use this
+summary function we obtain the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary function we obtain the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary function we obtain the following
+two sets of information the first set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sets of information the first set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sets of information the first set
+corresponds to the foods with low carb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the foods with low carb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the foods with low carb
+content and the second set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content and the second set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content and the second set of
+information corresponds to foods with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information corresponds to foods with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information corresponds to foods with
+higher carb content than average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher carb content than average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher carb content than average
+now the statistical information that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the statistical information that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the statistical information that the
+summary function gives us pertains to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary function gives us pertains to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary function gives us pertains to
+the vitamin C levels this means that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vitamin C levels this means that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vitamin C levels this means that we
+have on average six point 36 milligrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have on average six point 36 milligrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have on average six point 36 milligrams
+of vitamin C in foods with low carb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vitamin C in foods with low carb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vitamin C in foods with low carb
+content and on average 16 point 31
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content and on average 16 point 31
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content and on average 16 point 31
+milligrams of vitamin C in foods with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milligrams of vitamin C in foods with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milligrams of vitamin C in foods with
+high carb content so it does seem like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high carb content so it does seem like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high carb content so it does seem like a
+general trend foods with high carb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general trend foods with high carb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general trend foods with high carb
+content are on average richer in vitamin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content are on average richer in vitamin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content are on average richer in vitamin
+c compared to foods with low carb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c compared to foods with low carb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c compared to foods with low carb
+content now we reach the end of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content now we reach the end of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content now we reach the end of our
+first recitation I hope this was a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first recitation I hope this was a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first recitation I hope this was a good
+exercise to familiarize yourself better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise to familiarize yourself better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise to familiarize yourself better
+with our and learn some fun facts about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our and learn some fun facts about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our and learn some fun facts about
+nutrition stay healthy
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/BH4qlkYCLW0.txt b/BH4qlkYCLW0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..aa077f613d7f44acc1cbc252402d1feb2a59e219
--- /dev/null
+++ b/BH4qlkYCLW0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2379 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+today's topic is random variables random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's topic is random variables random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's topic is random variables random
+variables are an absolutely fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are an absolutely fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are an absolutely fundamental
+Concept in probability Theory but before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concept in probability Theory but before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concept in probability Theory but before
+we get into officially defining them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get into officially defining them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get into officially defining them and
+so and let's start off with an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and let's start off with an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and let's start off with an example
+that in fact is a game because that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in fact is a game because that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in fact is a game because that's a
+fun way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun way to
+start so we're going to play the bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start so we're going to play the bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start so we're going to play the bigger
+number game and here's how it works uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number game and here's how it works uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number game and here's how it works uh
+there are two teams and team one has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two teams and team one has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two teams and team one has the
+task of picking two different integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task of picking two different integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task of picking two different integers
+between uh 0 and seven inclusive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh 0 and seven inclusive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh 0 and seven inclusive and
+they write a one integer one piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they write a one integer one piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they write a one integer one piece of
+paper and the other integer on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper and the other integer on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper and the other integer on the other
+piece of paper they turn the two pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of paper they turn the two pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of paper they turn the two pieces
+of paper face down so the numbers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of paper face down so the numbers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of paper face down so the numbers are
+not visible and the other team then sees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not visible and the other team then sees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not visible and the other team then sees
+these two pieces of paper uh whose other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two pieces of paper uh whose other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two pieces of paper uh whose other
+side has numbers different numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side has numbers different numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side has numbers different numbers
+written on them sitting on the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written on them sitting on the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written on them sitting on the table
+what team two then does is picks one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what team two then does is picks one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what team two then does is picks one of
+the pieces of paper and turns it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pieces of paper and turns it over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pieces of paper and turns it over
+and looks at the number on it and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looks at the number on it and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looks at the number on it and then
+based on what that number is they make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on what that number is they make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on what that number is they make a
+decision stick with the number they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision stick with the number they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision stick with the number they have
+or switch to the other unknown number on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or switch to the other unknown number on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or switch to the other unknown number on
+the face down piece of paper and that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the face down piece of paper and that'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the face down piece of paper and that'll
+be their final number and the game is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be their final number and the game is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be their final number and the game is
+the team two wins if they wind up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the team two wins if they wind up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the team two wins if they wind up with
+the larger number so they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the larger number so they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the larger number so they're going to
+look at the number on the paper that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the number on the paper that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the number on the paper that
+they Expose and they're going to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they Expose and they're going to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they Expose and they're going to try to
+decide whether it looks like a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide whether it looks like a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide whether it looks like a big
+number or a little number if it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number or a little number if it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number or a little number if it looks
+like a big number they'll stick with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a big number they'll stick with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a big number they'll stick with it
+if it looks like a little number they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it looks like a little number they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it looks like a little number they'll
+switch to the other one that they hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch to the other one that they hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch to the other one that they hope
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+larger so which team do you think has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger so which team do you think has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger so which team do you think has an
+advantage here um if youve if youve read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage here um if youve if youve read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage here um if youve if youve read
+the notes you know but if you haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notes you know but if you haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notes you know but if you haven't
+been exposed to this before it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been exposed to this before it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been exposed to this before it's not
+really so obvious um and uh what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really so obvious um and uh what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really so obvious um and uh what we
+encourage and what we used to do when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage and what we used to do when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage and what we used to do when we
+ran this in real time in classes that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran this in real time in classes that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran this in real time in classes that we
+would have uh students in teams split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have uh students in teams split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have uh students in teams split
+their team in half one would be team one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their team in half one would be team one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their team in half one would be team one
+and the other would be team two and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other would be team two and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other would be team two and they
+play the game a few times see if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play the game a few times see if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play the game a few times see if they
+could figure out uh who had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could figure out uh who had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could figure out uh who had the
+advantage and if you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage and if you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage and if you have the
+opportunity this might be a good moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity this might be a good moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity this might be a good moment
+to stop this video and try playing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop this video and try playing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop this video and try playing the
+game with some friends if they're around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game with some friends if they're around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game with some friends if they're around
+around otherwise let's just proceed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around otherwise let's just proceed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around otherwise let's just proceed and
+see how it all works so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how it all works so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how it all works so this is the
+strategy that team 2 is going to adopt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy that team 2 is going to adopt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy that team 2 is going to adopt
+um they're going to take this idea about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they're going to take this idea about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they're going to take this idea about
+big and small that I mentioned and uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big and small that I mentioned and uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big and small that I mentioned and uh uh
+and act on it in a methodical way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and act on it in a methodical way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and act on it in a methodical way so
+they're going to pick a paper to expose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to pick a paper to expose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to pick a paper to expose
+giving each paper equal probability so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving each paper equal probability so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving each paper equal probability so
+that guarantees that they have a 50/50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that guarantees that they have a 50/50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that guarantees that they have a 50/50
+chance of picking the big number and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of picking the big number and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of picking the big number and a
+50/50 chance of picking the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50/50 chance of picking the little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50/50 chance of picking the little
+number what ever Ingenuity team one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number what ever Ingenuity team one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number what ever Ingenuity team one
+tried to do on which side of the piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to do on which side of the piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to do on which side of the piece
+of Pap which piece of paper was on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Pap which piece of paper was on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Pap which piece of paper was on the
+left and which was on the right it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and which was on the right it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and which was on the right it
+doesn't really matter if team two simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really matter if team two simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really matter if team two simply
+picks a piece of paper at random there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picks a piece of paper at random there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picks a piece of paper at random there's
+no way that team one can try to fake out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no way that team one can try to fake out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no way that team one can try to fake out
+team two on where they put the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team two on where they put the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team two on where they put the number
+okay um the next step is that team two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um the next step is that team two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um the next step is that team two
+is going to decide whether the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to decide whether the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to decide whether the number
+that they can see the exposed number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can see the exposed number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can see the exposed number is
+small and if so it they switch and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and if so it they switch and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and if so it they switch and
+otherwise they stick so that is they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise they stick so that is they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise they stick so that is they're
+going to Define some threshold Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to Define some threshold Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to Define some threshold Z
+where being less than or equal to Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where being less than or equal to Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where being less than or equal to Z
+means small and being greater than Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means small and being greater than Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means small and being greater than Z
+means large the question is how do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means large the question is how do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means large the question is how do they
+choose Z well a naive thing to do would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose Z well a naive thing to do would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose Z well a naive thing to do would
+be to choose Z to be in the middle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to choose Z to be in the middle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to choose Z to be in the middle of
+the interval from 0 to 7 let's say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval from 0 to 7 let's say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval from 0 to 7 let's say you
+choose Z equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose Z equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose Z equal
+3 um so there would be uh three numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 um so there would be uh three numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 um so there would be uh three numbers
+uh four numbers less than or equal to Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh four numbers less than or equal to Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh four numbers less than or equal to Z
+and four numbers greater than Z but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and four numbers greater than Z but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and four numbers greater than Z but of
+course as soon as team one knew that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course as soon as team one knew that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course as soon as team one knew that
+that was your Z what would they do well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was your Z what would they do well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was your Z what would they do well
+they would make sure that both numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would make sure that both numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would make sure that both numbers
+were on the same side of Z if your Z was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were on the same side of Z if your Z was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were on the same side of Z if your Z was
+three they would always choose their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three they would always choose their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three they would always choose their
+numbers to be say zero and one and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers to be say zero and one and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers to be say zero and one and that
+way uh when you were switching your Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh when you were switching your Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh when you were switching your Z
+would tell you that you had a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would tell you that you had a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would tell you that you had a small
+number you should switch to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number you should switch to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number you should switch to the other
+one and you'd only have a 50/50 chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and you'd only have a 50/50 chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and you'd only have a 50/50 chance
+of winning so if you fixed that value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of winning so if you fixed that value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of winning so if you fixed that value of
+Z team two has a way of ensuring that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z team two has a way of ensuring that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z team two has a way of ensuring that
+you have no no Advantage uh you can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have no no Advantage uh you can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have no no Advantage uh you can only
+win with probability 50/50 and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win with probability 50/50 and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win with probability 50/50 and that's
+true no matter what Z you take if team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true no matter what Z you take if team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true no matter what Z you take if team
+one knew what your Z was they would just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one knew what your Z was they would just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one knew what your Z was they would just
+make sure to pick their two numbers on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure to pick their two numbers on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure to pick their two numbers on
+the same side of your Z and then uh your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same side of your Z and then uh your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same side of your Z and then uh your
+Z wouldn't really tell you anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z wouldn't really tell you anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z wouldn't really tell you anything
+you'd switch or or stick in both cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd switch or or stick in both cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd switch or or stick in both cases
+and you'd only have a 50/50 chance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'd only have a 50/50 chance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'd only have a 50/50 chance of
+picking the right number so what you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking the right number so what you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking the right number so what you do
+and this is where probability comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is where probability comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is where probability comes in
+is you pick Z in a way that can't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you pick Z in a way that can't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you pick Z in a way that can't be
+predicted or made use of by team one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted or made use of by team one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted or made use of by team one you
+pick Z at random to be any number from0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick Z at random to be any number from0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick Z at random to be any number from0
+to seven not including seven including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to seven not including seven including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to seven not including seven including
+zero that is your number is either 0 one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that is your number is either 0 one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that is your number is either 0 one
+two up through six and being less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two up through six and being less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two up through six and being less than
+or equal to Z means small and being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to Z means small and being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to Z means small and being
+greater than Z means large and when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than Z means large and when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than Z means large and when you
+see a small number you'll switch and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a small number you'll switch and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a small number you'll switch and
+when you see a a large number you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you see a a large number you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you see a a large number you'll
+stick but what's going to be large and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick but what's going to be large and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick but what's going to be large and
+what's going to be small is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to be small is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to be small is going to
+vary uh each time you play the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary uh each time you play the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary uh each time you play the game
+depending depending on uh what random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending depending on uh what random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending depending on uh what random
+number Z comes out comes out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number Z comes out comes out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number Z comes out comes out to
+be so let's analyze your probability if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so let's analyze your probability if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so let's analyze your probability if
+you're team two what's the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're team two what's the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're team two what's the probability
+that you're going to win now well um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to win now well um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to win now well um
+let's suppose that team one picks these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose that team one picks these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose that team one picks these
+two numbers we don't know what they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two numbers we don't know what they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two numbers we don't know what they are
+but they have to pick a low number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they have to pick a low number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they have to pick a low number
+that's less than a high number so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's less than a high number so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's less than a high number so these
+two numbers are at least one apart they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two numbers are at least one apart they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two numbers are at least one apart they
+can't have the same number on both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have the same number on both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have the same number on both
+pieces of paper otherwise it's clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of paper otherwise it's clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of paper otherwise it's clear
+that uh uh you uh are not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh uh you uh are not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh uh you uh are not going to be
+able to pick the larger one that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to pick the larger one that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to pick the larger one that would
+be cheating okay so there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be cheating okay so there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be cheating okay so there's two
+different numbers so one of them has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different numbers so one of them has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different numbers so one of them has to
+be less than the other we don't know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be less than the other we don't know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be less than the other we don't know how
+much less might be very a lot less might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less might be very a lot less might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less might be very a lot less might
+be only one less but low is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be only one less but low is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be only one less but low is less than
+high okay now we can consider three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high okay now we can consider three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high okay now we can consider three
+cases of what happens with your strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases of what happens with your strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases of what happens with your strategy
+the most interesting case is the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most interesting case is the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most interesting case is the middle
+case that is when your Z which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that is when your Z which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that is when your Z which was
+chosen at random happens to fall in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen at random happens to fall in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen at random happens to fall in the
+interval between low and high that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval between low and high that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval between low and high that is
+your Z is strictly less than high and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Z is strictly less than high and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Z is strictly less than high and
+greater than or equal to low and then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to low and then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to low and then in
+that casee your Z is really guiding you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that casee your Z is really guiding you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that casee your Z is really guiding you
+correctly on what to do if if you turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly on what to do if if you turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly on what to do if if you turn
+over the low card then it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the low card then it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the low card then it's going to
+look low because it's less than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look low because it's less than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look low because it's less than or equal
+to Z so you'll switch to the high card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Z so you'll switch to the high card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Z so you'll switch to the high card
+and win if uh you turn over the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and win if uh you turn over the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and win if uh you turn over the high
+card it's going to be greater than Z so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card it's going to be greater than Z so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card it's going to be greater than Z so
+it'll look high and you'll know to stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll look high and you'll know to stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll look high and you'll know to stick
+with it so in this case you're G you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it so in this case you're G you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it so in this case you're G you're
+guaranteed to win if you were lucky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed to win if you were lucky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed to win if you were lucky
+enough to guess the right threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to guess the right threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to guess the right threshold
+between low and high you're going to win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between low and high you're going to win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between low and high you're going to win
+and uh so the probability that you when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so the probability that you when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so the probability that you when
+given the middle case occurs is one now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the middle case occurs is one now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the middle case occurs is one now
+what about the middle case how often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the middle case how often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the middle case how often
+does that happen well the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that happen well the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that happen well the difference
+between low and high is at least one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between low and high is at least one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between low and high is at least one so
+there's guaranteed to be one chance in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's guaranteed to be one chance in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's guaranteed to be one chance in
+seven that your Z is going to fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven that your Z is going to fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven that your Z is going to fall
+between them and it it could be more if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them and it it could be more if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them and it it could be more if
+low and high are further apart but as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low and high are further apart but as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low and high are further apart but as
+long as they're at least one apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as they're at least one apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as they're at least one apart
+there's a 17th chance that you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a 17th chance that you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a 17th chance that you're going
+to fall in between them okay now in case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fall in between them okay now in case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fall in between them okay now in case
+h that's the case where Z happens to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h that's the case where Z happens to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h that's the case where Z happens to be
+chosen greater than or equal to the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen greater than or equal to the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen greater than or equal to the high
+number that team one chose in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that team one chose in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that team one chose in other
+words Z is bigger than both numbers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words Z is bigger than both numbers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words Z is bigger than both numbers that
+team one chose and put on the pieces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team one chose and put on the pieces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team one chose and put on the pieces of
+paper well in that case z just isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper well in that case z just isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper well in that case z just isn't
+telling you anything so what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you anything so what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you anything so what's going to
+happen is that both numbers are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is that both numbers are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is that both numbers are going to
+look high to you um uh sorry both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look high to you um uh sorry both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look high to you um uh sorry both
+numbers are going to look low to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are going to look low to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are going to look low to you
+because they're both less than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're both less than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're both less than or equal
+to Z so you'll switch uh and that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Z so you'll switch uh and that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Z so you'll switch uh and that means
+that uh you you win if and only if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh you you win if and only if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh you you win if and only if you
+happen to low uh turn the low card over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to low uh turn the low card over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to low uh turn the low card over
+first well that's was 50/50 so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first well that's was 50/50 so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first well that's was 50/50 so the
+probability that you win given that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you win given that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you win given that um
+uh Z both cards are on the wrong side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Z both cards are on the wrong side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Z both cards are on the wrong side of
+Z on the on the low side of Z you win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z on the on the low side of Z you win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z on the on the low side of Z you win
+with half the time and symmetrically if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with half the time and symmetrically if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with half the time and symmetrically if
+Z is less than the low card that is z is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z is less than the low card that is z is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z is less than the low card that is z is
+less than both cards chosen by team one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than both cards chosen by team one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than both cards chosen by team one
+then they're both going to look high and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they're both going to look high and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they're both going to look high and
+so you'll stick and that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll stick and that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll stick and that means that
+you'll stick you'll win if and only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll stick you'll win if and only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll stick you'll win if and only if
+you happen to have picked the high card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you happen to have picked the high card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you happen to have picked the high card
+there's a 50/50 chance of that so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a 50/50 chance of that so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a 50/50 chance of that so again
+in this case that z uh makes both cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case that z uh makes both cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case that z uh makes both cards
+look High um or Z itself is low uh Team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look High um or Z itself is low uh Team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look High um or Z itself is low uh Team
+to U Win with probability a half well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to U Win with probability a half well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to U Win with probability a half well
+that's great because now we can apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's great because now we can apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's great because now we can apply
+total probability and what total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total probability and what total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total probability and what total
+probability tells us is that team two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability tells us is that team two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability tells us is that team two
+wins um the uh uh is the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wins um the uh uh is the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wins um the uh uh is the probability
+that they win given case m times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they win given case m times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they win given case m times the
+probability of M plus the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of M plus the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of M plus the probability
+that they win given not the middle case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they win given not the middle case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they win given not the middle case
+times the probability of not the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the probability of not the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the probability of not the middle
+case but we figured out what these were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case but we figured out what these were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case but we figured out what these were
+at least inequalities on them because um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least inequalities on them because um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least inequalities on them because um
+there's probability one that you'll win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's probability one that you'll win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's probability one that you'll win
+a seventh of the time and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a seventh of the time and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a seventh of the time and there's
+probability a half that you'll win the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability a half that you'll win the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability a half that you'll win the
+other the rest of the time the other six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other the rest of the time the other six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other the rest of the time the other six
+sth of the time you're going to win 47th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sth of the time you're going to win 47th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sth of the time you're going to win 47th
+of the time the probability that you win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time the probability that you win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time the probability that you win
+play playing your strategy is for7 it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play playing your strategy is for7 it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play playing your strategy is for7 it's
+better than 50/50 you have an advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than 50/50 you have an advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than 50/50 you have an advantage
+and whether that was a priori obvious or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whether that was a priori obvious or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whether that was a priori obvious or
+not I don't know but I think it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not I don't know but I think it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not I don't know but I think it's kind
+of cool okay you win with probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cool okay you win with probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cool okay you win with probability
+47s now um Team two has the advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+47s now um Team two has the advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+47s now um Team two has the advantage
+and it and important thing to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it and important thing to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it and important thing to understand
+is it does not matter what team does no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it does not matter what team does no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it does not matter what team does no
+matter how smart team one is um Team two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter how smart team one is um Team two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter how smart team one is um Team two
+has gotten control of the situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has gotten control of the situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has gotten control of the situation
+because they picked the which piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they picked the which piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they picked the which piece of
+paper they picked at at random 50/50 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper they picked at at random 50/50 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper they picked at at random 50/50 so
+it doesn't matter what strategy team one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter what strategy team one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter what strategy team one
+used on where they placed the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used on where they placed the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used on where they placed the numbers
+and they chose Z randomly so uh it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they chose Z randomly so uh it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they chose Z randomly so uh it again
+it doesn't matter what numbers team one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter what numbers team one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter what numbers team one
+chose team two is still going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose team two is still going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose team two is still going to have
+their uh one sth chance of coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their uh one sth chance of coming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their uh one sth chance of coming out
+ahead which is enough to tip the balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead which is enough to tip the balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead which is enough to tip the balance
+in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their
+favor it's interesting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favor it's interesting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favor it's interesting that
+symmetrically team one also has a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrically team one also has a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrically team one also has a random
+strategy that they can use which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy that they can use which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy that they can use which
+guarantees that no matter what team two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantees that no matter what team two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantees that no matter what team two
+does uh they team two wins with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does uh they team two wins with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does uh they team two wins with
+probability at most 47s so either team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability at most 47s so either team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability at most 47s so either team
+can force the probability that team two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can force the probability that team two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can force the probability that team two
+wins to be uh at most 47th and at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wins to be uh at most 47th and at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wins to be uh at most 47th and at least
+47s so if they both play optimally it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+47s so if they both play optimally it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+47s so if they both play optimally it's
+going to stay at four sevens and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to stay at four sevens and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to stay at four sevens and that's
+again true no matter what team two does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again true no matter what team two does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again true no matter what team two does
+team one can put this upper bound of 47
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team one can put this upper bound of 47
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team one can put this upper bound of 47
+on it so and essentially we can say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it so and essentially we can say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it so and essentially we can say that
+the value of this game the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of this game the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of this game the probability
+that team two wins uh is optimally for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that team two wins uh is optimally for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that team two wins uh is optimally for
+both is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both is
+47 okay now what has this game got to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+47 okay now what has this game got to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+47 okay now what has this game got to do
+with anything uh with our general topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with anything uh with our general topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with anything uh with our general topic
+of random variables well uh we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of random variables well uh we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of random variables well uh we'll be
+formal in a moment but informally a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal in a moment but informally a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal in a moment but informally a
+random variable is simply a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable is simply a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable is simply a number
+that's produced by a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's produced by a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's produced by a random
+process and just to give an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and just to give an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and just to give an example
+before we come up with a formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we come up with a formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we come up with a formal
+definition the threshold variable Z was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition the threshold variable Z was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition the threshold variable Z was
+a thing that took a value from 0 to six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thing that took a value from 0 to six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thing that took a value from 0 to six
+uh inclusive each with probability 17th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh inclusive each with probability 17th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh inclusive each with probability 17th
+so uh it was producing a number by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh it was producing a number by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh it was producing a number by a
+random process that CHS a number at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random process that CHS a number at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random process that CHS a number at
+random with equal probability um if uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random with equal probability um if uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random with equal probability um if uh
+the uh Team two plays uh properly uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh Team two plays uh properly uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh Team two plays uh properly uh uh
+at at uh at random uh picking which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at uh at random uh picking which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at uh at random uh picking which
+piece of paper to expose then the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of paper to expose then the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of paper to expose then the number
+of the exposed card or more precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the exposed card or more precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the exposed card or more precisely
+whether the exposed card is high or low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the exposed card is high or low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the exposed card is high or low
+will also be a random variable um and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also be a random variable um and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also be a random variable um and if
+team one plays optimally the number on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team one plays optimally the number on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team one plays optimally the number on
+the exposed card is going to be uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exposed card is going to be uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exposed card is going to be uh a
+random variable that is team one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable that is team one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable that is team one in
+their optimal strategy that puts an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their optimal strategy that puts an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their optimal strategy that puts an
+upper bound of 4 sevens is in fact going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound of 4 sevens is in fact going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound of 4 sevens is in fact going
+to choose uh the two numbers randomly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose uh the two numbers randomly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose uh the two numbers randomly so
+the exposed card was going to wind up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exposed card was going to wind up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exposed card was going to wind up
+being another random variable a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being another random variable a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being another random variable a number
+produced by the random process and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced by the random process and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced by the random process and
+likewise the number of the larger card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise the number of the larger card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise the number of the larger card
+if Team One play picks its larger and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Team One play picks its larger and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Team One play picks its larger and
+smaller card randomly it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller card randomly it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller card randomly it's going to be
+another example of a number produced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example of a number produced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example of a number produced by
+a random process and likewise the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random process and likewise the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random process and likewise the number
+of the smaller card so that's enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the smaller card so that's enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the smaller card so that's enough
+examples this little game has a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples this little game has a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples this little game has a whole
+bunch of random variables appearing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of random variables appearing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of random variables appearing in
+it and in the next segment we will look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and in the next segment we will look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and in the next segment we will look
+again officially what is the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again officially what is the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again officially what is the definition
+of a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a random
+variable
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/BSqNgPkeWIM.txt b/BSqNgPkeWIM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9d3d0bd80c62541bf084ee3540393b9f5a15d66f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/BSqNgPkeWIM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1907 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi welcome back to recitation in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back to recitation in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back to recitation in class
+professor jarrison and Professor Miller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor jarrison and Professor Miller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor jarrison and Professor Miller
+have taught you a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have taught you a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have taught you a little bit about
+Taylor series and some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taylor series and some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taylor series and some of the
+manipulations you can do with them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations you can do with them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations you can do with them and
+have computed a bunch of examples for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have computed a bunch of examples for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have computed a bunch of examples for
+you so I have three more examples here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so I have three more examples here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so I have three more examples here
+of functions whose tailor series are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of functions whose tailor series are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of functions whose tailor series are
+nice to compute um so the first one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to compute um so the first one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to compute um so the first one is
+the is Kos X that's the the hyperbolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the is Kos X that's the the hyperbolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the is Kos X that's the the hyperbolic
+cosine so just to remind you this is can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine so just to remind you this is can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine so just to remind you this is can
+be written in terms of the exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be written in terms of the exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be written in terms of the exponential
+function is e x + e- x /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is e x + e- x /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is e x + e- x /
+2 the second one is the function 2 * s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 the second one is the function 2 * s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 the second one is the function 2 * s
+of X time cosine of x just your regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X time cosine of x just your regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X time cosine of x just your regular
+s and cosine here and the third one is x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and cosine here and the third one is x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and cosine here and the third one is x
+* the logarithm of the quantity 1 - x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* the logarithm of the quantity 1 - x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* the logarithm of the quantity 1 - x
+cubed so why don't you pause the video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed so why don't you pause the video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed so why don't you pause the video
+take some time to work out the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take some time to work out the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take some time to work out the the
+tailor series for these three functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tailor series for these three functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tailor series for these three functions
+come back and we can work them out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back and we can work them out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back and we can work them out
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here we have three functions whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have three functions whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have three functions whose
+whose tailor series we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose tailor series we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose tailor series we're trying to
+compute let's start with the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute let's start with the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute let's start with the first one
+and go from there so this first one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go from there so this first one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go from there so this first one is
+the hyperbolic cosine it's given by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hyperbolic cosine it's given by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hyperbolic cosine it's given by the
+Formula E X plus e- x/ 2 so there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Formula E X plus e- x/ 2 so there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Formula E X plus e- x/ 2 so there are a
+couple different ways you could go about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple different ways you could go about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple different ways you could go about
+this one this is is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one this is is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one this is is actually the
+hyperbolic cosine is very susceptible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolic cosine is very susceptible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolic cosine is very susceptible to
+the method of just using the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the method of just using the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the method of just using the formula
+that you have um so so if you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have um so so if you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have um so so if you remember
+the derivative of the hyperbolic cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of the hyperbolic cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of the hyperbolic cosine
+is the hyperbolic sign the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the hyperbolic sign the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the hyperbolic sign the derivative of
+the hyperbolic sign is the hyperbolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hyperbolic sign is the hyperbolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hyperbolic sign is the hyperbolic
+cosine again so this has this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine again so this has this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine again so this has this function
+has very easy to understand derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has very easy to understand derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has very easy to understand derivatives
+which you can see you know just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can see you know just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can see you know just by
+looking at its formula it's easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at its formula it's easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at its formula it's easy to
+understand because e because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand because e because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand because e because the
+exponential function has very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential function has very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential function has very simple
+derivatives and e to the minus X also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and e to the minus X also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and e to the minus X also
+has very simple derivatives um so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has very simple derivatives um so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has very simple derivatives um so you
+could do it like that the other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do it like that the other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do it like that the other thing
+you could do is that you already know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do is that you already know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do is that you already know
+the the tailor series for e to the X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the tailor series for e to the X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the tailor series for e to the X and
+I believe you've also seen the tailor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe you've also seen the tailor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe you've also seen the tailor
+series for e to the minus X and even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series for e to the minus X and even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series for e to the minus X and even if
+you haven't you can you can figure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't you can you can figure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't you can you can figure it
+out just by substitution so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out just by substitution so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out just by substitution so if you
+remember so e to the X this is e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember so e to the X this is e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember so e to the X this is e to the
+X is given by the sum from n = 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is given by the sum from n = 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is given by the sum from n = 0 to
+Infinity of X the n/ N factori I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity of X the n/ N factori I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity of X the n/ N factori I'm going
+to pull the 1/2 out in front and E to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pull the 1/2 out in front and E to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pull the 1/2 out in front and E to
+Theus X is given by the same thing if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theus X is given by the same thing if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theus X is given by the same thing if
+you put in minus X for X so it's Nal 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put in minus X for X so it's Nal 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put in minus X for X so it's Nal 0
+to Infinity so that works out to minus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Infinity so that works out to minus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Infinity so that works out to minus1
+to the n x the N Over N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the n x the N Over N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the n x the N Over N
+factorial now when you add these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial now when you add these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial now when you add these two
+series together what you see is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series together what you see is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series together what you see is that
+when n is even over here you have X the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when n is even over here you have X the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when n is even over here you have X the
+N Over N factorial and over here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N Over N factorial and over here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N Over N factorial and over here you
+have X the N Over N factorial so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have X the N Over N factorial so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have X the N Over N factorial so what
+you get is well you get 2 x the N Over N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get is well you get 2 x the N Over N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get is well you get 2 x the N Over N
+factorial and then you multiply by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial and then you multiply by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial and then you multiply by a
+half so you just get X the N Over N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half so you just get X the N Over N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half so you just get X the N Over N
+factorial uh when n is odd here you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial uh when n is odd here you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial uh when n is odd here you have
+X the N Over N factorial and here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X the N Over N factorial and here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X the N Over N factorial and here you
+have minus1 X the N Over N factorial so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have minus1 X the N Over N factorial so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have minus1 X the N Over N factorial so
+you add them and you get zero so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add them and you get zero so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add them and you get zero so what
+happens is that this series looks just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is that this series looks just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is that this series looks just
+like the the series for e to the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the the series for e to the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the the series for e to the X
+except the the the odd terms have died
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except the the the odd terms have died
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except the the the odd terms have died
+off so so we're left with just one plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off so so we're left with just one plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off so so we're left with just one plus
+x^2 over 2 factorial + x 4 over 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 over 2 factorial + x 4 over 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 over 2 factorial + x 4 over 4
+factorial + x to the 6 over 6 factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial + x to the 6 over 6 factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial + x to the 6 over 6 factorial
+and so on and if you wanted to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and if you wanted to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and if you wanted to write
+this in summation notation you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in summation notation you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in summation notation you could
+write it as the sum from Nal 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it as the sum from Nal 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it as the sum from Nal 0 to
+Infinity of X 2N over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity of X 2N over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity of X 2N over
+2N factorial so this is the the tailor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2N factorial so this is the the tailor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2N factorial so this is the the tailor
+series for the hyperbolic cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series for the hyperbolic cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series for the hyperbolic cosine
+function um also if if you wanted say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function um also if if you wanted say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function um also if if you wanted say
+the hyperbolic sign function you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hyperbolic sign function you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hyperbolic sign function you could
+do something very similar or you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something very similar or you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something very similar or you could
+remember that the hyperbolic sign is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that the hyperbolic sign is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that the hyperbolic sign is the
+derivative of the hyperbolic cosine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the hyperbolic cosine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the hyperbolic cosine and
+just take a derivative right from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take a derivative right from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take a derivative right from this
+expression um one other thing that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression um one other thing that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression um one other thing that you
+should notice is that this looks very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should notice is that this looks very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should notice is that this looks very
+similar to the expression of the tailor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the expression of the tailor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the expression of the tailor
+series for cosine of x um so it more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series for cosine of x um so it more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series for cosine of x um so it more of
+our sort of funny coincidences between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our sort of funny coincidences between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our sort of funny coincidences between
+between regular trig functions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between regular trig functions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between regular trig functions and
+hyperbolic trig functions all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolic trig functions all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolic trig functions all right
+that's the first one how about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the first one how about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the first one how about the
+second one so this here we have uh just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one so this here we have uh just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one so this here we have uh just
+some regular trig functions we have 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some regular trig functions we have 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some regular trig functions we have 2
+sinx cosine X let me see where I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinx cosine X let me see where I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinx cosine X let me see where I've got
+some space I can do it right here so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some space I can do it right here so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some space I can do it right here so let
+me box off a little space for myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me box off a little space for myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me box off a little space for myself
+so 2 sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 2 sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 2 sin
+x cosine X there there a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x cosine X there there a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x cosine X there there a couple
+different ways you could proceed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways you could proceed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways you could proceed with
+this with this function um so one is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with this function um so one is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with this function um so one is you
+know the tailor series for sinx and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the tailor series for sinx and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the tailor series for sinx and
+cosine X already so if all you wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine X already so if all you wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine X already so if all you wanted
+was a few terms of this tailor series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a few terms of this tailor series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a few terms of this tailor series
+one natural thing to do would be to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one natural thing to do would be to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one natural thing to do would be to take
+the series for sin x take the series for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series for sin x take the series for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series for sin x take the series for
+cosine X multiply them together like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine X multiply them together like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine X multiply them together like you
+would multiply pols and what you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would multiply pols and what you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would multiply pols and what you would
+get is the is the tailor series for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is the is the tailor series for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is the is the tailor series for this
+um for this expression for for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for this expression for for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for this expression for for this
+function that's one way to proceed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's one way to proceed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's one way to proceed that
+works perfectly well another thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works perfectly well another thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works perfectly well another thing you
+could do is you could try taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do is you could try taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do is you could try taking
+derivatives you're going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives you're going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives you're going to have a
+situation where every time you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where every time you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where every time you take a
+derivative you apply product rule it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative you apply product rule it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative you apply product rule it's
+going to get more and more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get more and more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get more and more complicated
+it still works it's a little complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it still works it's a little complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it still works it's a little complicated
+um to do that way if you wanted more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to do that way if you wanted more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to do that way if you wanted more
+than just a few terms um the other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just a few terms um the other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just a few terms um the other thing
+you could do is you could remember your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do is you could remember your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do is you could remember your
+trig identities um so if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trig identities um so if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trig identities um so if you look at
+this expression this should should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression this should should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression this should should be
+familiar to you because it's just s of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2x so once you realize that this is s of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x so once you realize that this is s of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x so once you realize that this is s of
+2x there's a much much shorter path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x there's a much much shorter path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x there's a much much shorter path
+available to you which is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to you which is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to you which is that you
+already know the tailor series for S of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know the tailor series for S of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know the tailor series for S of
+X so what you can do is you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so what you can do is you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so what you can do is you can just
+plug in 2x into that tailor Series so s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in 2x into that tailor Series so s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in 2x into that tailor Series so s
+of X is is well so okay so s of X is X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X is is well so okay so s of X is X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X is is well so okay so s of X is X
+so in this case that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case that's going to be
+2x then minus so in s of X we have X Cub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x then minus so in s of X we have X Cub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x then minus so in s of X we have X Cub
+over 3 factorial so here we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 3 factorial so here we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 3 factorial so here we're going to
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2x cubed over 3 factorial plus okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x cubed over 3 factorial plus okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x cubed over 3 factorial plus okay so
+then and you know and so on so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and you know and so on so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and you know and so on so here
+we'll have 2X to the 5th over 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have 2X to the 5th over 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have 2X to the 5th over 5
+factorial minus so on if you wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial minus so on if you wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial minus so on if you wanted to
+write this in summation notation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this in summation notation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this in summation notation you
+could write it as the sum from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write it as the sum from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write it as the sum from
+n equals 0 to Infinity well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals 0 to Infinity well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals 0 to Infinity well the
+denominator is got to be 2 n + one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator is got to be 2 n + one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator is got to be 2 n + one
+factorial because we want it to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial because we want it to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial because we want it to go
+through the odds and then we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the odds and then we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the odds and then we've
+got min-1 the n * 2 2 n + 1 * x 2 n + 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got min-1 the n * 2 2 n + 1 * x 2 n + 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got min-1 the n * 2 2 n + 1 * x 2 n + 1
+so this is 2x what we've got here if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is 2x what we've got here if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is 2x what we've got here if you
+didn't have the twos there that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have the twos there that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have the twos there that would
+just be the series for for the regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be the series for for the regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be the series for for the regular
+sign okay so this is the series for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign okay so this is the series for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign okay so this is the series for for
+this function two sin x cosine X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function two sin x cosine X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function two sin x cosine X and
+I'll go over here to do the the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll go over here to do the the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll go over here to do the the third
+one so what is the third one it's X X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so what is the third one it's X X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so what is the third one it's X X
+Ln 1 - x cubed well what can we do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ln 1 - x cubed well what can we do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ln 1 - x cubed well what can we do with
+this series um the X out front is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this series um the X out front is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this series um the X out front is just
+multiplying this this logarithm part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying this this logarithm part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying this this logarithm part
+that's something we can save till the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something we can save till the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something we can save till the
+end if we can figure out what the tailor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end if we can figure out what the tailor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end if we can figure out what the tailor
+series for the Ln of 1 - x cubed part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series for the Ln of 1 - x cubed part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series for the Ln of 1 - x cubed part is
+then we just multiply X into it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we just multiply X into it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we just multiply X into it and
+that'll give us the tailor series for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll give us the tailor series for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll give us the tailor series for
+this whole thing so that X out front is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole thing so that X out front is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole thing so that X out front is
+is pretty simple um so now what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty simple um so now what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty simple um so now what about
+this Ln of 1 minus X Cub stuff well a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Ln of 1 minus X Cub stuff well a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Ln of 1 minus X Cub stuff well a
+thing to remember is does it does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to remember is does it does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to remember is does it does it
+does it remind you of anything we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it remind you of anything we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it remind you of anything we've
+done before well we have a tailor series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done before well we have a tailor series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done before well we have a tailor series
+for a logarithm function right we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a logarithm function right we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a logarithm function right we've
+already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+seen in lecture I believe we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen in lecture I believe we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen in lecture I believe we've seen
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+Ln of one + x is equal to x - x^2 / 2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ln of one + x is equal to x - x^2 / 2 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ln of one + x is equal to x - x^2 / 2 +
+x cubed over 3 - x 4 over 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x cubed over 3 - x 4 over 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x cubed over 3 - x 4 over 4
+and so on alternating signs notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on alternating signs notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on alternating signs notice that
+that the denominators when you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the denominators when you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the denominators when you have a
+logarithm the these are not factorials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm the these are not factorials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm the these are not factorials
+these are just the integer two the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are just the integer two the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are just the integer two the
+integer three the integer four unlike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer three the integer four unlike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer three the integer four unlike
+for exponentials and trig functions um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for exponentials and trig functions um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for exponentials and trig functions um
+so this is this is what log of 1 plus X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this is what log of 1 plus X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this is what log of 1 plus X
+this is the tailor series for log of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the tailor series for log of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the tailor series for log of 1
+plus X well how does that help us well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus X well how does that help us well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus X well how does that help us well
+log of 1 - x cubed we can get from log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of 1 - x cubed we can get from log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of 1 - x cubed we can get from log
+of 1 plus x with with the appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 plus x with with the appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 plus x with with the appropriate
+substitution so in particular we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution so in particular we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution so in particular we just
+have to put minus X cubed in for X here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to put minus X cubed in for X here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to put minus X cubed in for X here
+so what does that give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does that give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does that give
+us it gives us that Ln of 1 minus X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us it gives us that Ln of 1 minus X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us it gives us that Ln of 1 minus X
+cubed is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed is equal to
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+cubed minus so we put minus X cubed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed minus so we put minus X cubed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed minus so we put minus X cubed in
+here we Square it and we just get x to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we Square it and we just get x to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we Square it and we just get x to
+the 6 so X the 6/ 2 then all right so -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 6 so X the 6/ 2 then all right so -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 6 so X the 6/ 2 then all right so -
+x cubed quantity cubed is - x 9 so - x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x cubed quantity cubed is - x 9 so - x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x cubed quantity cubed is - x 9 so - x
+9th over 3 - x 12th over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9th over 3 - x 12th over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9th over 3 - x 12th over
+4 and so on and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+finally X Ln of 1 - x cubed we just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally X Ln of 1 - x cubed we just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally X Ln of 1 - x cubed we just get
+by multiplying this whole expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by multiplying this whole expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by multiplying this whole expression
+through by X so this is equal to - x 4th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through by X so this is equal to - x 4th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through by X so this is equal to - x 4th
+- x 7th over 2 - X whoops not 10 - x the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- x 7th over 2 - X whoops not 10 - x the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- x 7th over 2 - X whoops not 10 - x the
+10th over 3 - x 13 over four and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10th over 3 - x 13 over four and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10th over 3 - x 13 over four and so on
+and I'll leave it as an exercise for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll leave it as an exercise for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll leave it as an exercise for you
+to figure out how to write this in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out how to write this in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out how to write this in in
+summation notation if you want it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation notation if you want it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation notation if you want it so
+just quickly to summarize we had these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just quickly to summarize we had these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just quickly to summarize we had these
+three uh Power series these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three uh Power series these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three uh Power series these three
+functions that we started out with and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that we started out with and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that we started out with and
+we used a bunch of different techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used a bunch of different techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used a bunch of different techniques
+that we've learned in order to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've learned in order to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've learned in order to compute
+their power Series so over here we took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their power Series so over here we took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their power Series so over here we took
+the the function that we'd seen and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the function that we'd seen and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the function that we'd seen and we
+we we knew a formula for it in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we knew a formula for it in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we knew a formula for it in terms of
+other functions that we already knew and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other functions that we already knew and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other functions that we already knew and
+so we plugged in those power series and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we plugged in those power series and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we plugged in those power series and
+used our addition rule for power series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used our addition rule for power series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used our addition rule for power series
+um we could have also done this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we could have also done this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we could have also done this one
+directly from the definition if we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from the definition if we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from the definition if we had
+wanted to for the second one for the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to for the second one for the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to for the second one for the two
+sinx cosine X we recognize that as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinx cosine X we recognize that as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinx cosine X we recognize that as a
+something that's susceptible to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's susceptible to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's susceptible to a
+substitution um although also with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution um although also with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution um although also with a
+little more work we could have done it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more work we could have done it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more work we could have done it
+by a couple of different methods for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a couple of different methods for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a couple of different methods for
+example by multiplying two power series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example by multiplying two power series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example by multiplying two power series
+together and finally for this third one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and finally for this third one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and finally for this third one
+for the x l of 1 - x Cub we first saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the x l of 1 - x Cub we first saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the x l of 1 - x Cub we first saw
+the substitution here that we could make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the substitution here that we could make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the substitution here that we could make
+and then we just did a multiplication by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we just did a multiplication by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we just did a multiplication by
+a polinomial which is a relatively easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a polinomial which is a relatively easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a polinomial which is a relatively easy
+thing to do for power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do for power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do for power
+Series so that's what we did in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Series so that's what we did in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Series so that's what we did in this
+recitation and I'll leave it at that
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/BqZ8TiM-UVs.txt b/BqZ8TiM-UVs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d4818f7469e36cd95f0c45d152b83fa119e53909
--- /dev/null
+++ b/BqZ8TiM-UVs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2019 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to 8701
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to 8701
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to 8701
+so we continue our discussion of nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we continue our discussion of nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we continue our discussion of nuclear
+physics and in this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and in this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and in this lecture
+we talk about the nuclear force now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about the nuclear force now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about the nuclear force now
+in the last lecture we saw that nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last lecture we saw that nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last lecture we saw that nuclei
+bound together and we were able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound together and we were able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound together and we were able to
+calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate
+using an empirical model the binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using an empirical model the binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using an empirical model the binding
+energy of various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of various
+nuclei now the question remains what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei now the question remains what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei now the question remains what is
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+binding those nucleis together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding those nucleis together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding those nucleis together
+if you remember i mean in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember i mean in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember i mean in the first
+weeks and months of this lecture we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks and months of this lecture we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks and months of this lecture we
+looked about and looked and discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked about and looked and discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked about and looked and discussed
+various interactions between elementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various interactions between elementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various interactions between elementary
+particles we saw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles we saw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles we saw the
+electromagnetic interactions the weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic interactions the weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic interactions the weak
+interaction and the strong interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction and the strong interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction and the strong interactions
+there was no discussion of the nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no discussion of the nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no discussion of the nuclear
+interaction or the nuclear force now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction or the nuclear force now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction or the nuclear force now
+what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this
+we have seen that the strong force act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have seen that the strong force act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have seen that the strong force act
+acts between quarks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts between quarks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts between quarks
+in head runs for example we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in head runs for example we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in head runs for example we have
+discussed at length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed at length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed at length
+the pion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the pion which is made up of an up quark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pion which is made up of an up quark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pion which is made up of an up quark
+and a down quark and those are hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a down quark and those are hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a down quark and those are hold
+together or bound together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together or bound together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together or bound together
+via the strong force and we look also at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via the strong force and we look also at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via the strong force and we look also at
+the structure of a proton and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of a proton and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of a proton and the
+structure of a neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of a neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of a neutron
+now the nuclear force is the residual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the nuclear force is the residual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the nuclear force is the residual
+interaction between the quarks localized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between the quarks localized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between the quarks localized
+in different atoms so the interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different atoms so the interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different atoms so the interactions
+between for example this up quark here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between for example this up quark here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between for example this up quark here
+and the down quark here in a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the down quark here in a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the down quark here in a different
+nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei
+you can already understand that it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can already understand that it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can already understand that it will
+be difficult to have a full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be difficult to have a full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be difficult to have a full
+understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding
+of the nuclear force why because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the nuclear force why because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the nuclear force why because
+it is many quarks involved and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is many quarks involved and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is many quarks involved and there's
+many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+protons and nucleons involved in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons and nucleons involved in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons and nucleons involved in this
+process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+so what we find is later that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we find is later that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we find is later that we can
+describe this using a mean field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe this using a mean field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe this using a mean field
+approach a mean field of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach a mean field of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach a mean field of
+forces between the particles involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces between the particles involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces between the particles involved
+so what is the experimental status our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is the experimental status our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is the experimental status our
+understanding of the nuclear force is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the nuclear force is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the nuclear force is
+based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on
+various kinds of experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various kinds of experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various kinds of experimental
+information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+the first comes from nucleon nucleon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first comes from nucleon nucleon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first comes from nucleon nucleon
+proton proton neutron neutron and proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton proton neutron neutron and proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton proton neutron neutron and proton
+neutron scattering experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron scattering experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron scattering experiments
+and some of those experiments have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of those experiments have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of those experiments have the
+benefit of using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit of using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit of using
+spin polarized projectiles for example a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin polarized projectiles for example a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin polarized projectiles for example a
+polarized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized
+electron being used to probe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron being used to probe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron being used to probe the
+structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+of a nucleus nuclear binding energies we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a nucleus nuclear binding energies we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a nucleus nuclear binding energies we
+have seen those again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen those again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen those again
+and the position measurement of masses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the position measurement of masses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the position measurement of masses
+they give us insight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give us insight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give us insight
+especially useful for the lightning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially useful for the lightning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially useful for the lightning of
+the eye and the nuclear structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eye and the nuclear structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eye and the nuclear structure
+information such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information such as
+energies energy levels spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies energy levels spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies energy levels spin
+parities magnetic and quadruple moments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parities magnetic and quadruple moments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parities magnetic and quadruple moments
+again especially of the light nuclei and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again especially of the light nuclei and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again especially of the light nuclei and
+there's many more to be named in more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's many more to be named in more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's many more to be named in more
+detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail
+um but conceptually those are the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but conceptually those are the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but conceptually those are the three
+kind of pieces of information we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of pieces of information we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of pieces of information we have
+the experiment those experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment those experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment those experimental
+results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results
+indicate that the nuclear force depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate that the nuclear force depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate that the nuclear force depends
+on the distance between the interacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the distance between the interacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the distance between the interacting
+nucleons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleons
+this is the radial part how far apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the radial part how far apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the radial part how far apart
+are those neutrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are those neutrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are those neutrons
+and also the spin and angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the spin and angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the spin and angular momentum
+of the interacting nucleus there it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the interacting nucleus there it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the interacting nucleus there it
+seems to be a spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be a spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be a spin
+orbit and also a tensor part when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit and also a tensor part when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit and also a tensor part when it
+comes to the nuclear force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it is also interesting to note and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is also interesting to note and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is also interesting to note and we'll
+talk about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this
+more as it there doesn't seem to be any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more as it there doesn't seem to be any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more as it there doesn't seem to be any
+indication that the nuclear force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indication that the nuclear force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indication that the nuclear force
+depends on the type of nucleon whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the type of nucleon whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the type of nucleon whether
+or not it's a proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not it's a proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not it's a proton
+or a neutron in the interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a neutron in the interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a neutron in the interaction
+so there's charge independence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so looking at the radial part of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so looking at the radial part of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so looking at the radial part of this
+the nuclear force is short range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuclear force is short range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuclear force is short range
+uh which implies it vanishes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which implies it vanishes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which implies it vanishes for
+distances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances
+longer than about two empty meters so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer than about two empty meters so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer than about two empty meters so it
+basically vanishes in this area here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically vanishes in this area here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically vanishes in this area here and
+the nuclear force is strongly repulsive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuclear force is strongly repulsive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuclear force is strongly repulsive
+for distances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for distances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for distances
+shorter than about 0.5 in this area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+femtometers you can understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+femtometers you can understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+femtometers you can understand the
+repulsiveness by the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsiveness by the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsiveness by the fact that
+you cannot really push or press an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot really push or press an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot really push or press an
+existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing
+nucleon are further than its its actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleon are further than its its actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleon are further than its its actual
+radius you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius you cannot
+compress them further this is also kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compress them further this is also kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compress them further this is also kind
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+uh apparent in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh apparent in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh apparent in the in the
+in the uh liquid drop model where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uh liquid drop model where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uh liquid drop model where we
+discussed you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed you know
+a volume term and the volume is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a volume term and the volume is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a volume term and the volume is not
+cannot be compressed further the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be compressed further the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be compressed further the other
+on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand
+you saw that there's short range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw that there's short range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw that there's short range
+distance in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance in fact
+because we find this linearity with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we find this linearity with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we find this linearity with the
+the mass number in the binding energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass number in the binding energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass number in the binding energies
+right so here the arguments the binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here the arguments the binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here the arguments the binding
+energies per nuclear which is roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies per nuclear which is roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies per nuclear which is roughly
+constant indicates that the nucleons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant indicates that the nucleons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant indicates that the nucleons and
+nuclei interact only in the immediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei interact only in the immediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei interact only in the immediate
+neighbors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors
+right otherwise you could have an a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right otherwise you could have an a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right otherwise you could have an a
+square term or an a times a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square term or an a times a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square term or an a times a minus
+one term in there and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one term in there and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one term in there and then the
+measurement of distances between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement of distances between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement of distances between the
+nuclei and which nuclear reactions start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei and which nuclear reactions start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei and which nuclear reactions start
+to occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to occur
+those are in the order of one to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are in the order of one to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are in the order of one to two
+femtometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+femtometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+femtometer
+larger than the corresponding ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than the corresponding ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than the corresponding ready
+radii the nuclear densities which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radii the nuclear densities which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radii the nuclear densities which are
+only slightly smaller than the nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only slightly smaller than the nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only slightly smaller than the nuclear
+densities in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities in
+indicating very dense packing so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicating very dense packing so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicating very dense packing so again
+they're already very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're already very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're already very
+densely packed you cannot push them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+much further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on the spin orbit force here that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the spin orbit force here that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the spin orbit force here that's an
+area where we could go into much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area where we could go into much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area where we could go into much more
+detail but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail but
+for this introductory class we don't we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this introductory class we don't we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this introductory class we don't we
+will not um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not um
+the scattering of spin polarized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scattering of spin polarized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scattering of spin polarized
+nucleons or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleons or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleons or
+other spin nuclei particles allows us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other spin nuclei particles allows us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other spin nuclei particles allows us to
+understand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that
+nuclear force has a component which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear force has a component which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear force has a component which
+depends on the spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the spin
+and the angular momentum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the angular momentum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the angular momentum of the
+interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's a fun fact so the charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a fun fact so the charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a fun fact so the charge
+independent or nuclear forces meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent or nuclear forces meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent or nuclear forces meaning
+that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it
+doesn't really the nuclear force doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really the nuclear force doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really the nuclear force doesn't
+really depends on whether or not there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really depends on whether or not there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really depends on whether or not there's
+protons or neutrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons or neutrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons or neutrons
+and you can you know i could ask you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can you know i could ask you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can you know i could ask you you
+know would you have expected this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know would you have expected this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know would you have expected this
+would you have expected that there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you have expected that there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you have expected that there is a
+dependence on the charge and the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence on the charge and the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence on the charge and the answer
+should have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have been
+no because we just learned that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no because we just learned that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no because we just learned that the
+nuclear force is a remnant of the strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear force is a remnant of the strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear force is a remnant of the strong
+interaction the strong interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction the strong interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction the strong interaction
+doesn't know about electric charges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't know about electric charges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't know about electric charges
+so the answer needs to be yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the answer needs to be yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the answer needs to be yes
+um the charge in the independence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the charge in the independence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the charge in the independence of
+nuclear force implies that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear force implies that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear force implies that the
+electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic
+effects are eliminated in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects are eliminated in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects are eliminated in this
+scattering meaning when you when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering meaning when you when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering meaning when you when you
+measure um aspect of the nuclear force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure um aspect of the nuclear force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure um aspect of the nuclear force
+you have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be
+aware of the fact that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of the fact that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of the fact that there is
+electromagnetic interaction and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic interaction and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic interaction and you have
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+kind of try to get them out and that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of try to get them out and that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of try to get them out and that can
+be cut can be done by for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be cut can be done by for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be cut can be done by for example
+comparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing
+scatterings of protons and protransport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatterings of protons and protransport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatterings of protons and protransport
+and the neutrons neutrons and neutrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the neutrons neutrons and neutrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the neutrons neutrons and neutrons
+we do a comparison carefully and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do a comparison carefully and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do a comparison carefully and
+subtract out the electromagnetic effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract out the electromagnetic effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract out the electromagnetic effects
+and you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see that
+force is indeed independent of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force is indeed independent of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force is indeed independent of the
+charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can make use of this so there's an a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can make use of this so there's an a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can make use of this so there's an a
+lot of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of information
+behind or experimental techniques which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind or experimental techniques which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind or experimental techniques which
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+make use of the fact that nuclear forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make use of the fact that nuclear forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make use of the fact that nuclear forces
+are charged independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are charged independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are charged independent
+but you can for example do a study so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can for example do a study so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can for example do a study so
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+mirror nuclear mirror nucleus those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror nuclear mirror nucleus those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror nuclear mirror nucleus those are
+the ones we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones we
+basically revert the n and the z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically revert the n and the z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically revert the n and the z
+for the same a so they're basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the same a so they're basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the same a so they're basically
+mirrors of themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirrors of themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirrors of themselves
+in terms of mirroring the protons on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of mirroring the protons on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of mirroring the protons on the
+neutrons examples are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons examples are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons examples are
+helium-3 and twistium for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium-3 and twistium for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium-3 and twistium for example
+um and those then allow you to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and those then allow you to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and those then allow you to you know
+study in detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study in detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study in detail
+um those those effects so this heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um those those effects so this heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um those those effects so this heavy
+mirror nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror nuclei
+inherit heavy mirror nuclei the breaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherit heavy mirror nuclei the breaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherit heavy mirror nuclei the breaking
+effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect
+and the effect breaking charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the effect breaking charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the effect breaking charge
+independence of the nuclear force are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence of the nuclear force are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence of the nuclear force are
+strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong
+and the similar does not hold good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the similar does not hold good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the similar does not hold good
+one example where you can study this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example where you can study this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example where you can study this is
+you for example one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for example one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for example one of those
+mirrors is radioactive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirrors is radioactive or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirrors is radioactive or
+an instable nuclei you can study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an instable nuclei you can study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an instable nuclei you can study
+the properties of this instable nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties of this instable nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties of this instable nuclei
+by looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking
+in detail at the mirrored nucleus so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in detail at the mirrored nucleus so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in detail at the mirrored nucleus so
+that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a
+rather common and interesting way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather common and interesting way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather common and interesting way to
+study where you definitely array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study where you definitely array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study where you definitely array
+you cannot just simply you know take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot just simply you know take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot just simply you know take
+them excite them and study their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them excite them and study their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them excite them and study their
+properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties
+simply decay too fast in some cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply decay too fast in some cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply decay too fast in some cases
+here's a table where you see this effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a table where you see this effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a table where you see this effect
+you see the you know comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the you know comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the you know comparison
+comparison between the nuclei this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison between the nuclei this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison between the nuclei this
+mirror nucleis here there's four pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror nucleis here there's four pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror nucleis here there's four pairs
+and you see that the binding energy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see that the binding energy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see that the binding energy the
+net binding energy after removing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net binding energy after removing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net binding energy after removing the
+coulomb term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coulomb term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coulomb term
+um is very much the same between those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is very much the same between those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is very much the same between those
+groups those mirrored groups of nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups those mirrored groups of nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups those mirrored groups of nuclei
+and this table here or this diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this table here or this diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this table here or this diagram
+shows you excitation energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows you excitation energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows you excitation energies
+for two mirrored nuclei and you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two mirrored nuclei and you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two mirrored nuclei and you see that
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+energy levels are pretty much on power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels are pretty much on power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels are pretty much on power
+without going into any detail down power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without going into any detail down power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without going into any detail down power
+between those two mirrored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nucleis
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/C-72lxj3b-g.txt b/C-72lxj3b-g.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6448226038497eca9bdbce06a42ec4e339edb8ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/C-72lxj3b-g.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8208 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so I said we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so I said we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so I said we would
+periodically have some sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodically have some sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodically have some sorts of
+exercises and so the people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises and so the people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises and so the people who are
+taking this course should make a gesture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking this course should make a gesture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking this course should make a gesture
+at this uh and uh um so I have given you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this uh and uh um so I have given you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this uh and uh um so I have given you
+the first page of two papers by David
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first page of two papers by David
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first page of two papers by David
+nesbet which deal with the Herman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nesbet which deal with the Herman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nesbet which deal with the Herman
+Wallace effect and uh the Herman Wallace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wallace effect and uh the Herman Wallace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wallace effect and uh the Herman Wallace
+effect is a re a way for you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is a re a way for you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is a re a way for you to
+determine the relative sign of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the relative sign of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the relative sign of the
+permanent dipole moment and the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent dipole moment and the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent dipole moment and the first
+derivative of the dipole moment with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the dipole moment with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the dipole moment with
+respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to
+R by looking at something in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R by looking at something in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R by looking at something in the
+rotation vibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum
+and in the paper nesbet uses a linked R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the paper nesbet uses a linked R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the paper nesbet uses a linked R
+and P Branch so linked through a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and P Branch so linked through a common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and P Branch so linked through a common
+initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+State and why does he do that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and why does he do that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and why does he do that to
+determine the uh uh the relative sign of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the uh uh the relative sign of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the uh uh the relative sign of
+these two quantities rather than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two quantities rather than just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two quantities rather than just
+comparing the intensities of low J High
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing the intensities of low J High
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing the intensities of low J High
+J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J
+transitions he probably answers all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions he probably answers all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions he probably answers all
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+questions uh in his paper but that's I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions uh in his paper but that's I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions uh in his paper but that's I
+don't want to burden you with too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to burden you with too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to burden you with too much
+work uh this involves some perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh this involves some perturbation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh this involves some perturbation
+Theory and this is what I'd like you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and this is what I'd like you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and this is what I'd like you to
+uh address this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh address this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh address this
+involves some fundamental ideas about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves some fundamental ideas about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves some fundamental ideas about
+what can you measure in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can you measure in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can you measure in a
+spectrum what's easy to measure what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum what's easy to measure what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum what's easy to measure what's
+hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to
+measure and what's easy to measure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure and what's easy to measure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure and what's easy to measure is
+frequencies what's hard to measure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies what's hard to measure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies what's hard to measure is
+relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative
+intensities and uh certain relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities and uh certain relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities and uh certain relative
+intensities are harder to measure than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities are harder to measure than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities are harder to measure than
+others and you might want to address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and you might want to address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and you might want to address
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+questions okay and in keeping with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay and in keeping with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay and in keeping with my
+behavior on the first problem set you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior on the first problem set you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior on the first problem set you
+probably won't receive these graded or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably won't receive these graded or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably won't receive these graded or
+marked up I will probably look at them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marked up I will probably look at them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marked up I will probably look at them
+at the end of the semester so that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the semester so that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the semester so that there
+won't be a lot of feedback but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be a lot of feedback but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be a lot of feedback but
+anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+uh okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay
+so we are looking at the uh the issue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we are looking at the uh the issue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we are looking at the uh the issue of
+what determines the intensity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what determines the intensity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what determines the intensity of
+Transitions and so we had this Central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transitions and so we had this Central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transitions and so we had this Central
+equation that cover governs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that cover governs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that cover governs
+governs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governs
+transitions uh in spectroscopy and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions uh in spectroscopy and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions uh in spectroscopy and so we
+have the oscillating electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the oscillating electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the oscillating electromagnetic
+field squared coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field squared coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field squared coming
+outside and then a sum of transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside and then a sum of transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside and then a sum of transition
+amplitudes summed over uh the space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes summed over uh the space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes summed over uh the space and
+body fixed uh um directions and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body fixed uh um directions and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body fixed uh um directions and we have
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+body if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body if
+F the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F the
+F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F
+and uh this is going to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh this is going to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh this is going to be an
+integration over the internuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration over the internuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration over the internuclear
+distance or the molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance or the molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance or the molecular
+geometry and this Omega i j i m i alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry and this Omega i j i m i alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry and this Omega i j i m i alpha
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+SP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SP
+Omega f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega f
+JF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JF
+MF and that's going to be an integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MF and that's going to be an integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MF and that's going to be an integration
+over Theta and F this whole thing Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Theta and F this whole thing Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Theta and F this whole thing Square
+modulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus
+so this came from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this came from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this came from an
+integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration
+uh over the electronic wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh over the electronic wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh over the electronic wave
+function of the transition operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the transition operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the transition operator
+integrated over R so basically we you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated over R so basically we you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated over R so basically we you
+know what we have is this master formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what we have is this master formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what we have is this master formula
+and we're just integrating Pieces away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're just integrating Pieces away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're just integrating Pieces away
+and or un integrating them when we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and or un integrating them when we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and or un integrating them when we need
+to look at certain quantities so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at certain quantities so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at certain quantities so this is
+just the intensity of the radiation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the intensity of the radiation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the intensity of the radiation the
+electric field squared and uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field squared and uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field squared and uh this is
+all the interesting stuff that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the interesting stuff that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the interesting stuff that we have
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+analyze okay for a pure rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transition the initial and final states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition the initial and final states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition the initial and final states
+are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the
+same uh and so uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same uh and so uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same uh and so uh uh
+the only possible uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only possible uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only possible uh uh
+transition uh the only possible dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition uh the only possible dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition uh the only possible dipole
+moment function that's relevant in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment function that's relevant in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment function that's relevant in a
+diatomic molecule is one that's along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diatomic molecule is one that's along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diatomic molecule is one that's along
+the z-axis it has to be different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the z-axis it has to be different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the z-axis it has to be different from
+zero that will occur when you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that will occur when you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that will occur when you have a
+heteronuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heteronuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heteronuclear
+molecule and uh um since the initial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and uh um since the initial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and uh um since the initial and
+final vibrational state are also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final vibrational state are also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final vibrational state are also the
+same this goes away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same this goes away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same this goes away
+and all we have is that uh uh Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all we have is that uh uh Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all we have is that uh uh Direction
+cosine and U we want only the Z body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine and U we want only the Z body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine and U we want only the Z body
+component of the direction cosine and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the direction cosine and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the direction cosine and we
+can choose any polarization we want it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can choose any polarization we want it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can choose any polarization we want it
+doesn't really matter um okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really matter um okay so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really matter um okay so we
+talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that and uh now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since this isn't the textbook course in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since this isn't the textbook course in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since this isn't the textbook course in
+spectroscopy I'm looking beneath the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy I'm looking beneath the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy I'm looking beneath the
+surface of some of these equations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of some of these equations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of some of these equations and
+uh so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so what we
+have here is a uh diagonal matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here is a uh diagonal matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here is a uh diagonal matrix
+element in vi vi vibrationally diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in vi vi vibrationally diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in vi vi vibrationally diagonal
+matrix element of some function of r and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix element of some function of r and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix element of some function of r and
+so so let's look more closely at this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let's look more closely at this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let's look more closely at this we
+have uh a function of r that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh a function of r that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh a function of r that we can
+expand in a power series and so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand in a power series and so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand in a power series and so we can
+write it as just the value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it as just the value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it as just the value of the
+quantity plus the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+derivative and then the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+derivative forgot about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so
+we've we've been saying well this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've we've been saying well this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've we've been saying well this is the
+whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole
+story for pure rotation transitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story for pure rotation transitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story for pure rotation transitions
+because vibration isn't changing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because vibration isn't changing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because vibration isn't changing this
+for harmonic oscillators has a selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for harmonic oscillators has a selection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for harmonic oscillators has a selection
+rule Delta V of one and so except when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule Delta V of one and so except when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule Delta V of one and so except when
+you have uh a uh uh a molecule which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have uh a uh uh a molecule which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have uh a uh uh a molecule which is
+very not harmonic this first derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very not harmonic this first derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very not harmonic this first derivative
+is not going to contribute to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not going to contribute to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not going to contribute to the
+transition of a pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition of a pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition of a pure
+rotation this guy has selection rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation this guy has selection rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation this guy has selection rules
+Delta V of 0 plus and minus 2 and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta V of 0 plus and minus 2 and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta V of 0 plus and minus 2 and so
+this guy could contribute to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy could contribute to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy could contribute to the
+intensity of a pure rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of a pure rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of a pure rotation
+transition and so uh and Matrix elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition and so uh and Matrix elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition and so uh and Matrix elements
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+this particularly diagonal matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particularly diagonal matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particularly diagonal matrix
+elements of this are proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of this are proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of this are proportional to
+what so you have a matrix element of Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+^2 what can you tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^2 what can you tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^2 what can you tell me
+about this Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this Matrix
+element remember you know all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element remember you know all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element remember you know all about
+harmonic oscillator Matrix elements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator Matrix elements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator Matrix elements of
+the displacement coordinate you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the displacement coordinate you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the displacement coordinate you know we
+talked about perturbation Theory at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about perturbation Theory at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about perturbation Theory at the
+beginning and so you know basically what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning and so you know basically what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning and so you know basically what
+the selection Rule and what the scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the selection Rule and what the scaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the selection Rule and what the scaling
+of these Matrix elements will be and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these Matrix elements will be and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these Matrix elements will be and so
+someone should be able to tell me what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone should be able to tell me what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone should be able to tell me what
+is the V dependence of this numberal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the V dependence of this numberal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the V dependence of this numberal to
+right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and
+so we can say that the intensity of pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can say that the intensity of pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can say that the intensity of pure
+rotation transitions will uh be related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation transitions will uh be related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation transitions will uh be related
+to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's going to be a little bit of V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's going to be a little bit of V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's going to be a little bit of V
+dependence uh through this second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence uh through this second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence uh through this second
+derivative of the dipole moment function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the dipole moment function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the dipole moment function
+so the uh the intensity of pure rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the uh the intensity of pure rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the uh the intensity of pure rotation
+transitions strictly it just related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions strictly it just related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions strictly it just related to
+the uh the value of the the permanent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the value of the the permanent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the value of the the permanent
+dipole moment at equilibrium but you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole moment at equilibrium but you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole moment at equilibrium but you you
+sort of expect that as a molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of expect that as a molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of expect that as a molecule
+vibrates the dipole moment will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrates the dipole moment will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrates the dipole moment will
+change and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and so
+uh you you you expect a little V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you you you expect a little V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you you you expect a little V
+dependence okay but remember when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence okay but remember when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence okay but remember when you're
+looking at a pure rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a pure rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a pure rotation
+transition you're not changing V but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition you're not changing V but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition you're not changing V but you
+could perhaps have a molecule that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could perhaps have a molecule that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could perhaps have a molecule that's
+been created in any vibrational states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been created in any vibrational states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been created in any vibrational states
+by how you uh how you excite you put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by how you uh how you excite you put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by how you uh how you excite you put it
+through a discharge or you photoe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a discharge or you photoe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a discharge or you photoe
+something and so you could have many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and so you could have many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and so you could have many
+vibrational States populated they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational States populated they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational States populated they all
+have rotational transitions at about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have rotational transitions at about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have rotational transitions at about the
+same frequency but not exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same frequency but not exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same frequency but not exactly the same
+frequency and so you have a spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and so you have a spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and so you have a spectrum
+with relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with relative
+intensities do do those intensities tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities do do those intensities tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities do do those intensities tell
+you anything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you anything about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you anything about
+populations well if you were just saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations well if you were just saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations well if you were just saying
+that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+intensities uh are related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities uh are related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities uh are related to the
+permanent dipole moment squared you'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent dipole moment squared you'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent dipole moment squared you'd be
+slightly wrong the populations would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly wrong the populations would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly wrong the populations would not
+be given uh uh they they the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be given uh uh they they the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be given uh uh they they the the
+intensities in the Spectrum will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities in the Spectrum will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities in the Spectrum will have
+some V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some V
+dependence and it's going to be related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence and it's going to be related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence and it's going to be related
+to this electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this electrical
+anharmonicity there's also mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anharmonicity there's also mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anharmonicity there's also mechanical
+anharmonicity that I haven't talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anharmonicity that I haven't talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anharmonicity that I haven't talked
+about so it's a subtle thing but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so it's a subtle thing but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so it's a subtle thing but if
+you're you know one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you know one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you know one of
+the one of the things that uh uh we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one of the things that uh uh we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one of the things that uh uh we're
+doing these days is asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing these days is asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing these days is asking
+about um Energy Efficiency or how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um Energy Efficiency or how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um Energy Efficiency or how does
+an engine work and uh you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an engine work and uh you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an engine work and uh you know what
+happens in an engine is you make a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in an engine is you make a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in an engine is you make a lot
+of uh fragments at high vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh fragments at high vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh fragments at high vibrational
+exitation and you might want to use some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exitation and you might want to use some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exitation and you might want to use some
+kind of spectroscopy to say well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of spectroscopy to say well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of spectroscopy to say well what
+are these populations and how does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these populations and how does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these populations and how does it
+correlate with the way the engine is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlate with the way the engine is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlate with the way the engine is
+running well you know this this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running well you know this this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running well you know this this is a
+contribution that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution that might be
+relevant okay you guys this is a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+set all right so that's that's a subtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set all right so that's that's a subtle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set all right so that's that's a subtle
+thing and it's it's usually not a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and it's it's usually not a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and it's it's usually not a very
+important thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing
+but it's it's important because when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's it's important because when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's it's important because when you
+record a pure rotation spectrum and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record a pure rotation spectrum and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record a pure rotation spectrum and I'll
+be talking about this more the uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be talking about this more the uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be talking about this more the uh you
+have a little piece of spectrum that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a little piece of spectrum that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a little piece of spectrum that
+little piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little piece of
+spectrum uh is not sufficiently wide to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum uh is not sufficiently wide to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum uh is not sufficiently wide to
+look at J equals 0 to 1 1: 2 2: 3 3: 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at J equals 0 to 1 1: 2 2: 3 3: 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at J equals 0 to 1 1: 2 2: 3 3: 4
+You don't get all of those you just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You don't get all of those you just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You don't get all of those you just get
+whatever your electronics bought you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever your electronics bought you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever your electronics bought you you
+might get one to two and you get the J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might get one to two and you get the J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might get one to two and you get the J
+equals 1 two transition for all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 two transition for all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 two transition for all the
+vibrational levels that are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational levels that are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational levels that are in the
+sample and so what you see in a spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample and so what you see in a spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample and so what you see in a spectrum
+is not just one line or a pattern of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not just one line or a pattern of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not just one line or a pattern of
+lines but you see a family of lines that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines but you see a family of lines that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines but you see a family of lines that
+correspond to different vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to different vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to different vibrational
+levels that might be populated so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels that might be populated so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels that might be populated so the
+rot the pure rotation Spectrum has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rot the pure rotation Spectrum has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rot the pure rotation Spectrum has
+vibrational information or vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational information or vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational information or vibrational
+population information and a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population information and a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population information and a little bit
+of other stuff so this is never you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other stuff so this is never you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other stuff so this is never you're
+going to see this in any of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+textbooks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so I think I've said as much as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I think I've said as much as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I think I've said as much as I
+want to say about pure rotation Spectra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say about pure rotation Spectra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say about pure rotation Spectra
+and now I want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I want to talk about
+uh vibration rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spectr okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectr okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectr okay
+so we we're interested in uh trans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we we're interested in uh trans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we we're interested in uh trans
+positions where vibration quantum number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions where vibration quantum number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions where vibration quantum number
+changes and so for diatomic molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes and so for diatomic molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes and so for diatomic molecules
+we're still stuck with uh this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're still stuck with uh this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're still stuck with uh this thing
+only uh and its derivatives only being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only uh and its derivatives only being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only uh and its derivatives only being
+non zero for the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non zero for the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non zero for the Z
+component and so uh we're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component and so uh we're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component and so uh we're interested in
+okay what determines the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what determines the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what determines the relative
+intensities of vibration changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities of vibration changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities of vibration changing
+transitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh we we look at this and we expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh we we look at this and we expand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh we we look at this and we expand
+it this way and now we want to ask well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this way and now we want to ask well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this way and now we want to ask well
+what's going to uh the various terms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to uh the various terms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to uh the various terms in
+this expansion well this has normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expansion well this has normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expansion well this has normally
+just Delta V equals zero Matrix elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just Delta V equals zero Matrix elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just Delta V equals zero Matrix elements
+we've talked about this this has Delta V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about this this has Delta V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about this this has Delta V
+of one Matrix elements we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one Matrix elements we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one Matrix elements we're going to
+talk about that this has Delta V of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that this has Delta V of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that this has Delta V of two
+and zero Matrix elements we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zero Matrix elements we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zero Matrix elements we're going to
+talk about that some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the important thing is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the important thing is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the important thing is going to be
+remember uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember uh in
+this big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this big
+equation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we
+have square of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have square of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have square of
+amplitudes not amplitude squared and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes not amplitude squared and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes not amplitude squared and
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh it's going to you know it's it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's going to you know it's it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's going to you know it's it should
+strike you that it would be difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strike you that it would be difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strike you that it would be difficult to
+determine the sign of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the sign of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the sign of this
+quantity because it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity because it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity because it gets
+squared and often what you want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and often what you want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and often what you want to know
+is the sign of this relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sign of this relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sign of this relative to
+that now uh you really want to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now uh you really want to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now uh you really want to know the
+signs of everything but uh there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs of everything but uh there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs of everything but uh there is no
+experimental way that you can determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental way that you can determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental way that you can determine
+the sign of an electric dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+moment because whenever you do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment because whenever you do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment because whenever you do an
+experiment you're measuring uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment you're measuring uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment you're measuring uh the
+square of the dipole moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of the dipole moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of the dipole moment
+the stock effect is uh I'm sorry you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stock effect is uh I'm sorry you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stock effect is uh I'm sorry you
+just measure the electron density you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just measure the electron density you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just measure the electron density you
+well is that a spectroscopic measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well is that a spectroscopic measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well is that a spectroscopic measurement
+do you consider x-ray to be well but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you consider x-ray to be well but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you consider x-ray to be well but
+uh you could also calculate it you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you could also calculate it you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you could also calculate it you could
+probably calculate it and that's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably calculate it and that's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably calculate it and that's one of
+the that's not even an experiment that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's not even an experiment that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's not even an experiment that's
+not an experiment right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well
+in the computer there there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the computer there there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the computer there there are
+electrons in the computer the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in the computer the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in the computer the problem is
+that x-ray scattering is mostly uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that x-ray scattering is mostly uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that x-ray scattering is mostly uh
+sensitive to the nuclei and the closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to the nuclei and the closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to the nuclei and the closed
+shells of electrons around the nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shells of electrons around the nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shells of electrons around the nuclei
+they're not so sensitive to the veence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not so sensitive to the veence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not so sensitive to the veence
+electrons and so using uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and so using uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and so using uh
+x-rays to determine the Char the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays to determine the Char the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays to determine the Char the
+electron charge distribution in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron charge distribution in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron charge distribution in the
+veence orbitals I'm not sure sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veence orbitals I'm not sure sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veence orbitals I'm not sure sure that
+that works now maybe I'm wrong I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works now maybe I'm wrong I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works now maybe I'm wrong I haven't
+thought about it but my initial response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about it but my initial response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about it but my initial response
+is difficult to measure a charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is difficult to measure a charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is difficult to measure a charge
+distribution it is certainly difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution it is certainly difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution it is certainly difficult
+to measure the wave it's impossible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure the wave it's impossible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure the wave it's impossible to
+measure the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the wave
+function uh a lot of people say oh I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh a lot of people say oh I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh a lot of people say oh I've
+got a scheme I can measure the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a scheme I can measure the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a scheme I can measure the wave
+function but you get the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but you get the wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but you get the wave function
+by measuring stuff and then fitting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by measuring stuff and then fitting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by measuring stuff and then fitting that
+stuff to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff to a
+model can you measure charge density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model can you measure charge density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model can you measure charge density
+well I'm not I don't know I I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'm not I don't know I I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'm not I don't know I I have to
+think about that okay but the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that okay but the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that okay but the important
+thing is that in the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that in the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that in the thing that
+determines transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines transition
+intensities you've got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities you've got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities you've got this
+square and so that's going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and so that's going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and so that's going to make
+certain quantities hard to measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain quantities hard to measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain quantities hard to measure the
+sign of but if you can arrange for there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign of but if you can arrange for there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign of but if you can arrange for there
+to be a cross term between this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a cross term between this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a cross term between this and
+this then you you can determine the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then you you can determine the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then you you can determine the uh
+the sign of the cross term relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sign of the cross term relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sign of the cross term relative to
+the squared term and so the squared term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the squared term and so the squared term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the squared term and so the squared term
+is always positive the cross term can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always positive the cross term can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always positive the cross term can
+have the sign signs of both and so by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the sign signs of both and so by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the sign signs of both and so by
+seeing what we call an interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing what we call an interference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing what we call an interference
+effect you can in fact get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect you can in fact get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect you can in fact get some
+information about the relative signs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the relative signs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the relative signs of
+these things but in order for that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things but in order for that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things but in order for that to
+happen you have to break the pro the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen you have to break the pro the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen you have to break the pro the
+propensity rules and see transitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propensity rules and see transitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propensity rules and see transitions
+that you normally aren't supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you normally aren't supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you normally aren't supposed to
+see that's related to what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that's related to what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that's related to what this
+is okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I can see on page two of my notes I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can see on page two of my notes I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can see on page two of my notes I'm
+supposed to talk about Direction cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to talk about Direction cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to talk about Direction cosine
+Matrix elements and I gave you this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix elements and I gave you this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix elements and I gave you this this
+handout from uh hgan and uh uh I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout from uh hgan and uh uh I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout from uh hgan and uh uh I don't
+have a copy of it but it's a nice table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a copy of it but it's a nice table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a copy of it but it's a nice table
+I'll borrow yours and give it back it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll borrow yours and give it back it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll borrow yours and give it back it's
+a nice table I said last time that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice table I said last time that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice table I said last time that the
+direction cosiness are expressed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction cosiness are expressed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction cosiness are expressed the
+product of three factors the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of three factors the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of three factors the first
+factor is Just J just depending on how J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor is Just J just depending on how J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor is Just J just depending on how J
+changes and uh then you have a factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes and uh then you have a factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes and uh then you have a factor of
+how J and Omega change and how J and M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how J and Omega change and how J and M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how J and Omega change and how J and M
+change and you should look and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and you should look and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and you should look and you can
+see that the J Omega change F uh Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the J Omega change F uh Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the J Omega change F uh Matrix
+element and the JM Matrix elements look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and the JM Matrix elements look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and the JM Matrix elements look
+almost identical anyway the quantity you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost identical anyway the quantity you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost identical anyway the quantity you
+want is the product of all these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want is the product of all these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want is the product of all these three
+things you first ask well what how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you first ask well what how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you first ask well what how does
+J change does it change does J increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J change does it change does J increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J change does it change does J increase
+by one does it not changed or decreas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one does it not changed or decreas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one does it not changed or decreas
+and then you're looking in one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're looking in one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're looking in one of those
+columns and then you you take something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and then you you take something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and then you you take something
+from each row of that column and uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each row of that column and uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each row of that column and uh you
+you've got what you need okay so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got what you need okay so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got what you need okay so those
+are the direction cosine Matrix Al
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the direction cosine Matrix Al
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the direction cosine Matrix Al
+and so these Direction cosine Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so these Direction cosine Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so these Direction cosine Matrix
+elements are functions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are functions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are functions of
+M we don't want that because the M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M we don't want that because the M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M we don't want that because the M
+levels are degenerate generally and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels are degenerate generally and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels are degenerate generally and
+they're just a nuisance and so we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just a nuisance and so we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just a nuisance and so we want
+to go from these quantities to what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+called or rotational line strength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called or rotational line strength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called or rotational line strength
+factors what those are is you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors what those are is you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors what those are is you take the
+uh the square of the direction cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the square of the direction cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the square of the direction cosine
+Matrix elements and you sum over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix elements and you sum over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix elements and you sum over
+M and uh so that removes the M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M and uh so that removes the M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M and uh so that removes the M
+dependence and it gives you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence and it gives you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence and it gives you the
+rotational line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+strength and you would expect also that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength and you would expect also that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength and you would expect also that
+when you do this sum over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do this sum over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do this sum over
+M that you would get something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M that you would get something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M that you would get something that
+depends just on the total degeneracy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends just on the total degeneracy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends just on the total degeneracy you
+would expect that the sum of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect that the sum of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect that the sum of all
+transitions out of a given level so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions out of a given level so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions out of a given level so you
+have say three possible rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have say three possible rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have say three possible rotational
+transitions from one rotational level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions from one rotational level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions from one rotational level
+that the sum of their intensities or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sum of their intensities or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sum of their intensities or
+their sum of their uh line strengths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their sum of their uh line strengths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their sum of their uh line strengths
+Factor will somehow be a uh a uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor will somehow be a uh a uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor will somehow be a uh a uh a
+predictable factor that just depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable factor that just depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable factor that just depends on
+J so what you discover is that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J so what you discover is that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J so what you discover is that if you
+sum all of the possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum all of the possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum all of the possible
+transitions uh out of a common level and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions uh out of a common level and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions uh out of a common level and
+that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh could be downward transitions upward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh could be downward transitions upward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh could be downward transitions upward
+transitions the sum of the rotational uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions the sum of the rotational uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions the sum of the rotational uh
+of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh
+um the rotational line strengths factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the rotational line strengths factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the rotational line strengths factors
+should be just given by the degeneracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be just given by the degeneracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be just given by the degeneracy
+of the final the common state divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the final the common state divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the final the common state divided by
+three times the degeneracy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times the degeneracy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times the degeneracy of the
+electronic state in question so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic state in question so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic state in question so this is
+a very useful these sum rules are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very useful these sum rules are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very useful these sum rules are very
+useful for checking to see if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for checking to see if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for checking to see if you've
+made a mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a mistake
+and it also says well remember when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it also says well remember when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it also says well remember when you
+do statistic mechanics you have a 2J +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do statistic mechanics you have a 2J +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do statistic mechanics you have a 2J +
+one factor for the degeneracy of a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one factor for the degeneracy of a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one factor for the degeneracy of a state
+and that's mirrored by this now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's mirrored by this now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's mirrored by this now this
+three has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+polarization space is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization space is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization space is
+isotropic it's always easiest to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropic it's always easiest to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropic it's always easiest to use the
+table of Direction cosine Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table of Direction cosine Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table of Direction cosine Matrix
+elements for the a z laboratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements for the a z laboratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements for the a z laboratory
+Direction so that's what you generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+use uh but since space is isotropic it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use uh but since space is isotropic it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use uh but since space is isotropic it
+should be possible to do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be possible to do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be possible to do the same
+calculation saying we have X polarized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation saying we have X polarized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation saying we have X polarized
+radiation or why polarized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation or why polarized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation or why polarized
+radiation and when you do that you often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation and when you do that you often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation and when you do that you often
+discover you don't understand how to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover you don't understand how to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover you don't understand how to use
+the exper the the the formulas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exper the the the formulas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exper the the the formulas
+because if you have say x polarized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you have say x polarized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you have say x polarized
+radiation from a particular M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then you're going to have transitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're going to have transitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're going to have transitions
+into both of these guys so that uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into both of these guys so that uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into both of these guys so that uh the
+when you do the calculations you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do the calculations you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do the calculations you have to
+be careful to include the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful to include the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful to include the
+amplitudes all of the amplitudes before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes all of the amplitudes before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes all of the amplitudes before
+you square to get uh probabilities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you square to get uh probabilities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you square to get uh probabilities and
+so you can make mistakes but if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can make mistakes but if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can make mistakes but if you do
+the calculations correctly you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculations correctly you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculations correctly you get the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+number when you say I'm using Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number when you say I'm using Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number when you say I'm using Z
+polarized y polarized or X polarized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized y polarized or X polarized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized y polarized or X polarized
+radiation and that's the factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three so the direction cosine uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so the direction cosine uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so the direction cosine uh the the
+rotational line strength factors they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational line strength factors they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational line strength factors they're
+going to sum to the total degeneracy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sum to the total degeneracy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sum to the total degeneracy of
+the common state and they're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the common state and they're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the common state and they're going to be
+divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three and that three just reflects the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and that three just reflects the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and that three just reflects the
+isotropy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropy of
+space and it is a very very useful thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and it is a very very useful thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and it is a very very useful thing
+to play around with these calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play around with these calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play around with these calculations
+because I guarantee you that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I guarantee you that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I guarantee you that when you
+try to use the direction cosine Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to use the direction cosine Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to use the direction cosine Matrix
+elements for X polarized radiation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements for X polarized radiation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements for X polarized radiation you
+will get the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number and I know because uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and I know because uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and I know because uh in the
+early days of my graduate work I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early days of my graduate work I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early days of my graduate work I was
+interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in
+precisely this kind of coherence you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely this kind of coherence you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely this kind of coherence you
+excite from one level and you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excite from one level and you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excite from one level and you make
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+amplitudes and these two states at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes and these two states at zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes and these two states at zero
+field are degenerate and so their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field are degenerate and so their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field are degenerate and so their
+transition amplitudes have to be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition amplitudes have to be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition amplitudes have to be some
+before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you
+square and there is a kind of coherence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and there is a kind of coherence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and there is a kind of coherence
+that is produced uh that depends on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is produced uh that depends on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is produced uh that depends on how
+you detect the experiment uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you detect the experiment uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you detect the experiment uh if you
+apply a field and lift the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply a field and lift the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply a field and lift the
+degeneracy you spoil that coherence it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degeneracy you spoil that coherence it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degeneracy you spoil that coherence it
+change that's called level crossing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that's called level crossing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that's called level crossing
+spectroscopy and it was a very big thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy and it was a very big thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy and it was a very big thing
+when I was just uh starting my graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was just uh starting my graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was just uh starting my graduate
+career because this was a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career because this was a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career because this was a way of
+measuring magnetic and electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring magnetic and electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring magnetic and electric
+moments uh without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments uh without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments uh without
+uh without high resolution I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh without high resolution I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh without high resolution I mean you
+could use a laser which a low resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use a laser which a low resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use a laser which a low resolution
+laser to populate a j and then you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser to populate a j and then you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser to populate a j and then you you
+could apply a field and would lift the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could apply a field and would lift the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could apply a field and would lift the
+degeneracy and something happens to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degeneracy and something happens to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degeneracy and something happens to the
+polarization of the fluoresence that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization of the fluoresence that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization of the fluoresence that has
+to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with
+this uh breaking of coherence and so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh breaking of coherence and so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh breaking of coherence and so and
+if I had studied that if I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I had studied that if I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I had studied that if I had
+understood that carried that through in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood that carried that through in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood that carried that through in
+my career I would have been prepared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my career I would have been prepared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my career I would have been prepared to
+deal with a lot of really neat stuff in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with a lot of really neat stuff in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with a lot of really neat stuff in
+the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+ultrafest uh community be because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultrafest uh community be because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultrafest uh community be because
+everything they think about has to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything they think about has to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything they think about has to do
+with properly dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with properly dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with properly dealing with
+coherences and I just trated to is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherences and I just trated to is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherences and I just trated to is a
+special case anyway so Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case anyway so Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case anyway so Direction
+cosiness they are tabulated you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosiness they are tabulated you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosiness they are tabulated you have to
+use the tables if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the tables if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the tables if you can
+avoid uh thinking about your experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid uh thinking about your experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid uh thinking about your experiment
+as having X or Y polarized radiation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as having X or Y polarized radiation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as having X or Y polarized radiation you
+should do so because then you can't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do so because then you can't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do so because then you can't make
+mistakes you'll notice in that table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes you'll notice in that table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes you'll notice in that table
+each of the rows have uh some pluses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the rows have uh some pluses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the rows have uh some pluses and
+minuses uh and there's even I in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minuses uh and there's even I in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minuses uh and there's even I in there
+and uh I think yeah you see the the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I think yeah you see the the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I think yeah you see the the uh
+the G Factor there's a plus or minus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the G Factor there's a plus or minus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the G Factor there's a plus or minus I
+gy in and so we have pluses and minuses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gy in and so we have pluses and minuses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gy in and so we have pluses and minuses
+and factors of minus one square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and factors of minus one square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and factors of minus one square root of
+minus one and I guarantee you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one and I guarantee you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one and I guarantee you the
+explanation of what the table means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation of what the table means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation of what the table means is
+not sufficient to avoid screwing that up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sufficient to avoid screwing that up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sufficient to avoid screwing that up
+okay so we have a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have a little bit of
+understanding of the Direction cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the Direction cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the Direction cosine
+Matrix elements and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix elements and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix elements and
+now I want to talk in more detail about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to talk in more detail about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to talk in more detail about
+vibration rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Spectra so for vibration rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectra so for vibration rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectra so for vibration rotation
+Spectra uh we still have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectra uh we still have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectra uh we still have the
+electronic uh State the same and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic uh State the same and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic uh State the same and
+so the pro transition probability is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the pro transition probability is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the pro transition probability is now
+proportional to some uh intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to some uh intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to some uh intensity
+Factor uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor uh and
+then v i m z i i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then v i m z i i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then v i m z i i
+r the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r the
+F integral over R and uh we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F integral over R and uh we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F integral over R and uh we have this
+rotational line strength Factor j i JF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational line strength Factor j i JF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational line strength Factor j i JF
+Omega Omega so this s notation with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega Omega so this s notation with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega Omega so this s notation with
+omega's up here and J's downstairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega's up here and J's downstairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega's up here and J's downstairs
+that's a rotational line strength Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a rotational line strength Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a rotational line strength Factor
+that's you can find those in herzberg's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you can find those in herzberg's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you can find those in herzberg's
+books they are simply the sum over M of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books they are simply the sum over M of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books they are simply the sum over M of
+the appropriate Direction cosine Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the appropriate Direction cosine Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the appropriate Direction cosine Matrix
+elements and uh um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and uh um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and uh um I
+forgot so now we have to worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot so now we have to worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot so now we have to worry about
+this thing which is what controls the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing which is what controls the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing which is what controls the
+intensity of rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of rotational
+transitions a vibration rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions a vibration rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions a vibration rotation
+transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's
+um and I've already I've already written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I've already I've already written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I've already I've already written
+the expansion of this thing up here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expansion of this thing up here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expansion of this thing up here and
+and I've already told you Delta V of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've already told you Delta V of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've already told you Delta V of 1
+Delta V of 2 and Zer Delta V of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but suppose we have a problem that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but suppose we have a problem that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but suppose we have a problem that uh
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vibrational uh wave functions uh Kai V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational uh wave functions uh Kai V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational uh wave functions uh Kai V
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+R are weakly dependent on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+J because you have the uh the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J because you have the uh the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J because you have the uh the usual
+potential energy curve and then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy curve and then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy curve and then you have
+a centrifugal term that goes with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a centrifugal term that goes with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a centrifugal term that goes with one
+over j squar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over j squar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over j squar
+i JJ + 1 over 1/ R 2 and so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i JJ + 1 over 1/ R 2 and so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i JJ + 1 over 1/ R 2 and so that
+distorts the potential and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorts the potential and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorts the potential and the
+vibrational wave functions are a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational wave functions are a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational wave functions are a little
+bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+different so we have several things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so we have several things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so we have several things to
+worry about one is the rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about one is the rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about one is the rotational
+dependence of the vibrational States the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence of the vibrational States the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence of the vibrational States the
+other is uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is our
+dependent and one is that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent and one is that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent and one is that uh
+um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+uh the vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+states are given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states are given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states are given by
+so when we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we are
+using this harmonic oscillator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this harmonic oscillator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this harmonic oscillator
+displacement uh this when we're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement uh this when we're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement uh this when we're using
+harmonic oscillator Matrix elements to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator Matrix elements to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator Matrix elements to
+look at Matrix elements of Rus re or Rus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at Matrix elements of Rus re or Rus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at Matrix elements of Rus re or Rus
+r e^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r e^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r e^
+s we are we're treating the vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s we are we're treating the vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s we are we're treating the vibrational
+levels as if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels as if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels as if they're
+harmonic and they're not and so we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic and they're not and so we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic and they're not and so we need
+to uh add the uh correct C to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh add the uh correct C to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh add the uh correct C to the
+vibrational wave functions uh and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational wave functions uh and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational wave functions uh and so
+let's just put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just put
+in an I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so we have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have
+the zero order you know so we we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero order you know so we we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero order you know so we we say
+we're in the V level well uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in the V level well uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in the V level well uh it's
+predominantly the V level but then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predominantly the V level but then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predominantly the V level but then we
+have second order perturbation Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have second order perturbation Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have second order perturbation Theory
+first order correction of the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order correction of the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order correction of the wave
+function coming from uh the vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function coming from uh the vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function coming from uh the vibrational
+hamiltonian which is just writing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian which is just writing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian which is just writing the
+potential as a power Series in uh R so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential as a power Series in uh R so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential as a power Series in uh R so
+we have uh you know 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have uh you know 1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have uh you know 1/2
+K 12 k q^2 + 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K 12 k q^2 + 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K 12 k q^2 + 1
+6 uh a q Cub +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 uh a q Cub +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 uh a q Cub +
+1 24th B Q fourth we had a problem like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 24th B Q fourth we had a problem like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 24th B Q fourth we had a problem like
+this right so the real potential is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right so the real potential is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right so the real potential is not
+harmonic and this is called mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic and this is called mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic and this is called mechanical
+anharmonicity and so we have SE several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anharmonicity and so we have SE several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anharmonicity and so we have SE several
+things going on we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things going on we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things going on we have the
+transition moment or the dipole moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition moment or the dipole moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition moment or the dipole moment
+being uh uh dependent not just on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being uh uh dependent not just on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being uh uh dependent not just on the
+first derivative with respect but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first derivative with respect but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first derivative with respect but the
+second derivative as well and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative as well and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative as well and we have
+the vibrational wave function also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vibrational wave function also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vibrational wave function also
+mixing in some extra States due to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing in some extra States due to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing in some extra States due to this
+mechanical anharmonicity so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical anharmonicity so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical anharmonicity so we have
+centrifugal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrifugal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrifugal
+Distortion the rotation dependence we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion the rotation dependence we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion the rotation dependence we
+have the electrical an monity and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the electrical an monity and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the electrical an monity and the
+mechanical anharmonicity and this is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical anharmonicity and this is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical anharmonicity and this is you
+know I could spend many lectures talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I could spend many lectures talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I could spend many lectures talking
+about this and it's very boring and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this and it's very boring and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this and it's very boring and very
+complicated there is a wonderful paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated there is a wonderful paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated there is a wonderful paper
+by Kevin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+layman in fact almost every interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layman in fact almost every interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layman in fact almost every interesting
+topic in spectroscopy there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic in spectroscopy there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic in spectroscopy there is a
+wonderful paper by Kevin Layman and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful paper by Kevin Layman and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful paper by Kevin Layman and this
+is this has a title what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+determines the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intensity in High
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity in High
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity in High
+overtone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overtone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overtone
+Spectra so you have you have several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectra so you have you have several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectra so you have you have several
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+factors and Kevin Works through all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors and Kevin Works through all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors and Kevin Works through all of
+them and how they interplay it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and how they interplay it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and how they interplay it's a
+beautiful paper you should read it he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful paper you should read it he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful paper you should read it he
+wrote it uh I think while he was still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote it uh I think while he was still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote it uh I think while he was still a
+junior fellow before he started his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junior fellow before he started his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junior fellow before he started his
+faculty position at Princeton uh and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty position at Princeton uh and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty position at Princeton uh and uh
+anyway you should look at that so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway you should look at that so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway you should look at that so now
+what do I want to say uh here I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I want to say uh here I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I want to say uh here I've got
+all sorts of notes and I um I've given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of notes and I um I've given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of notes and I um I've given
+you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an
+assignment uh and the reason I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment uh and the reason I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment uh and the reason I don't
+want to talk about what's in the notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about what's in the notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about what's in the notes
+is because you're going to do that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because you're going to do that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because you're going to do that all
+right so what you want to do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what you want to do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what you want to do is to
+figure out how do the various nonideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how do the various nonideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how do the various nonideal
+terms contribute to the intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms contribute to the intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms contribute to the intensity
+of different rotational transitions in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different rotational transitions in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different rotational transitions in a
+vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+band okay but the normal thing is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band okay but the normal thing is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band okay but the normal thing is the
+propensity rule is Delta V of plus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propensity rule is Delta V of plus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propensity rule is Delta V of plus or
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+one and so the takeaway lesson is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and so the takeaway lesson is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and so the takeaway lesson is you
+know for vibrational transitions this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for vibrational transitions this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for vibrational transitions this is
+the important term but this term and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important term but this term and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important term but this term and
+this term can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term can
+contribute uh because of both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute uh because of both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute uh because of both
+centrifugal Distortion effects and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrifugal Distortion effects and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrifugal Distortion effects and uh
+mechanical anharmonicity effects so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical anharmonicity effects so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical anharmonicity effects so
+there's all sorts of second order stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all sorts of second order stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all sorts of second order stuff
+and uh it's often useful and those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh it's often useful and those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh it's often useful and those two
+papers that I gave you by David desbat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers that I gave you by David desbat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers that I gave you by David desbat
+are among the most beautiful I have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are among the most beautiful I have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are among the most beautiful I have seen
+in a long time even though it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a long time even though it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a long time even though it's it's
+been a long time since I've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a long time since I've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a long time since I've seen
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+1989 okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1989 okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1989 okay so
+now the next topic what time is it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the next topic what time is it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the next topic what time is it okay
+we're now getting to electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now getting to electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now getting to electronic
+Transitions and this I am an electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transitions and this I am an electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transitions and this I am an electronic
+spectroscopist so this is getting close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopist so this is getting close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopist so this is getting close
+to dangerous things because I I I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dangerous things because I I I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dangerous things because I I I know
+about them and I like them and I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them and I like them and I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them and I like them and I can
+talk about them without looking at my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about them without looking at my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about them without looking at my
+notes and I have no idea where I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and I have no idea where I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and I have no idea where I would
+come out but there's two critical things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out but there's two critical things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out but there's two critical things
+one is What's called the r centroid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+approximation and the other is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation and the other is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation and the other is called
+stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phase and that's related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and that's related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and that's related to
+the Frank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Frank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Frank
+Conan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Conan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Conan
+principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle
+okay so for vibrational transitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for vibrational transitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for vibrational transitions
+I mean for electronic transitions we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean for electronic transitions we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean for electronic transitions we we
+have an electronic state which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an electronic state which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an electronic state which we
+generally use prime and double Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally use prime and double Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally use prime and double Prime
+this is the excited state this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the excited state this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the excited state this is the
+Lower State we have V Prime and vble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lower State we have V Prime and vble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lower State we have V Prime and vble
+prime the potential curves they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime the potential curves they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime the potential curves they're
+different potential curves so you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different potential curves so you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different potential curves so you get a
+set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of
+vibrational uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational uh
+uh uh wave functions I guess I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh wave functions I guess I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh wave functions I guess I should
+call them Kai V Prime and Kai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them Kai V Prime and Kai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them Kai V Prime and Kai
+V Prime so we have a complete set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V Prime so we have a complete set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V Prime so we have a complete set of
+vibrational wave functions for these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational wave functions for these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational wave functions for these two
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+potentials this the members of this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials this the members of this set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials this the members of this set
+are normalized and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are normalized and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are normalized and
+orthogonal me members of this set are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal me members of this set are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal me members of this set are
+normalized and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized and
+orthogonal but there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal but there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal but there is no
+orthogonality between these two sets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality between these two sets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality between these two sets and
+so all of the expectations of simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of the expectations of simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of the expectations of simple
+vibrational selection rules go out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational selection rules go out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational selection rules go out the
+window unless there is uh a strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window unless there is uh a strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window unless there is uh a strong
+resemblance between the V Prime the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resemblance between the V Prime the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resemblance between the V Prime the
+upper potential curve and the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper potential curve and the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper potential curve and the lower
+potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+curve so when you have a a transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so when you have a a transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so when you have a a transition
+involving non-bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving non-bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving non-bonding
+electrons you often get curves that look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons you often get curves that look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons you often get curves that look
+pretty much the same and so you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much the same and so you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much the same and so you start
+seeing strong Delta V of zero per it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing strong Delta V of zero per it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing strong Delta V of zero per it
+rules and stuffff like that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules and stuffff like that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules and stuffff like that okay
+so we're interested in electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're interested in electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're interested in electronic
+Transitions and the electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transitions and the electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transitions and the electronic
+transitions have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions have a
+uh have the the usual form we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have the the usual form we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have the the usual form we have some
+overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall
+intensity and then we have uh a product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity and then we have uh a product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity and then we have uh a product
+of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two
+factors um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can see why I hate given this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see why I hate given this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see why I hate given this
+lecture because I just write the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture because I just write the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture because I just write the same
+thing again and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh I'm using Z I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm using Z I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm using Z I'm going
+SB Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SB Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SB Omega
+J make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+F and then the the vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F and then the the vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F and then the the vibrational
+v m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v m
+B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if of
+R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R
+F this whole thing squared so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F this whole thing squared so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F this whole thing squared so we have
+our usual rotational line strength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our usual rotational line strength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our usual rotational line strength
+Factor we understand it and we have now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor we understand it and we have now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor we understand it and we have now
+a vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vibrational
+Factor where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor where
+uh um these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um these two
+vibrational States come from different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational States come from different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational States come from different
+orthonormal sets and you can't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal sets and you can't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal sets and you can't use
+Simple orog orthogonality arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simple orog orthogonality arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simple orog orthogonality arguments
+here so what we do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so what we do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so what we do is
+we go back to writing our transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go back to writing our transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go back to writing our transition
+moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function and we expand it about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and we expand it about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and we expand it about some
+arbitrarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily
+chosen value of R because now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen value of R because now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen value of R because now we have
+two States they have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two States they have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two States they have different
+equilibrium in nuclear distance we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium in nuclear distance we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium in nuclear distance we
+choose something doesn't matter what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose something doesn't matter what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose something doesn't matter what we
+choose it's best to choose something in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose it's best to choose something in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose it's best to choose something in
+between the two and and then we have DM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two and and then we have DM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two and and then we have DM
+Dr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr
+R Rus R Prime the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stuff so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so this is a
+constant and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and uh
+um so if we have a uh if we put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if we have a uh if we put this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if we have a uh if we put this
+into this expression up here we just end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this expression up here we just end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this expression up here we just end
+up getting a constant times of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up getting a constant times of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up getting a constant times of
+vibrational overlap between the Upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational overlap between the Upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational overlap between the Upper
+State vibrational level and the Lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State vibrational level and the Lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State vibrational level and the Lower
+State vibrational level that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State vibrational level that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State vibrational level that's a
+numerical thing that you calculate if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical thing that you calculate if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical thing that you calculate if
+you know the wave functions but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the wave functions but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the wave functions but there's
+some wonderful physical Insight in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some wonderful physical Insight in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some wonderful physical Insight in it
+that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to
+see okay this is a constant and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see okay this is a constant and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see okay this is a constant and this is
+a constant multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant multiplying
+this uh difference between this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh difference between this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh difference between this function
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+uh of the interner nuclear distance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of the interner nuclear distance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of the interner nuclear distance and
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+so if we calculate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we calculate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we calculate a
+vibrational Matrix element of this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational Matrix element of this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational Matrix element of this thing
+we get this constant outside of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get this constant outside of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get this constant outside of a
+vibrational overlap we get this constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational overlap we get this constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational overlap we get this constant
+times that constant outside of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that constant outside of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that constant outside of a
+vibrational overlap and we have uh uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational overlap and we have uh uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational overlap and we have uh uh a
+vibrational overlap involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational overlap involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational overlap involving
+R okay and as you go up so you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R okay and as you go up so you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R okay and as you go up so you're going
+to have things like V Prime uh r v Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have things like V Prime uh r v Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have things like V Prime uh r v Prime
+and you're going to have V Prime R 2 V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to have V Prime R 2 V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to have V Prime R 2 V
+Prime and this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and this is very
+inconvenient because what we'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconvenient because what we'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconvenient because what we'd like to
+think of is this is going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of is this is going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of is this is going to be a
+function of internuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of internuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of internuclear
+distance but if we have to expand it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance but if we have to expand it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance but if we have to expand it and
+calculate vibrational Matrix elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate vibrational Matrix elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate vibrational Matrix elements
+every Power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every Power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every Power of
+R it's not very useful so what we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R it's not very useful so what we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R it's not very useful so what we would
+like to do is to say don't don't higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do is to say don't don't higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do is to say don't don't higher
+order Powers get smaller not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order Powers get smaller not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order Powers get smaller not
+here remember you're thinking in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here remember you're thinking in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here remember you're thinking in terms
+of harmonic oscillator Matrix On and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of harmonic oscillator Matrix On and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of harmonic oscillator Matrix On and
+Here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here uh
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+um it's it's a simple function of r and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's it's a simple function of r and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's it's a simple function of r and
+you have uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have uh uh
+I mean you you have wave functions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you you have wave functions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you you have wave functions that
+depend on R and they they are they come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on R and they they are they come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on R and they they are they come
+from different potentials and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from different potentials and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from different potentials and there are
+no rules except what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no rules except what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no rules except what I'm going to
+describe so what we'd really like to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe so what we'd really like to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe so what we'd really like to do
+is to be able to write this transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to be able to write this transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to be able to write this transition
+moment function as a function of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment function as a function of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment function as a function of this
+quantity called the r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity called the r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity called the r
+centroid where the r centroid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is just V Prime uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just V Prime uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just V Prime uh
+r v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r v
+Prime over V Prime V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Prime and so we'd like to be able to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and so we'd like to be able to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and so we'd like to be able to say
+that instead of writing it this way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that instead of writing it this way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that instead of writing it this way and
+taking Matrix elements of the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking Matrix elements of the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking Matrix elements of the different
+powers of R we'd like to be able to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers of R we'd like to be able to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers of R we'd like to be able to say
+we have uh d uh n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have uh d uh n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have uh d uh n
+of m d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+r so we would like to be able to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r so we would like to be able to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r so we would like to be able to write
+all of the terms in the expansion as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the terms in the expansion as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the terms in the expansion as the
+derivative the appropriate derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative the appropriate derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative the appropriate derivative of
+the transition moment function times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transition moment function times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transition moment function times
+some power of the same quantity this R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some power of the same quantity this R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some power of the same quantity this R
+centroid so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centroid so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centroid so the
+replacement of M of R by m of R centroid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacement of M of R by m of R centroid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacement of M of R by m of R centroid
+is called the AR centroid approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called the AR centroid approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called the AR centroid approximation
+and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's
+extremely useful and it's almost always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely useful and it's almost always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely useful and it's almost always
+valid and the reason for the validity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid and the reason for the validity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid and the reason for the validity is
+called the stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phase approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and to talk about the stationary phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to talk about the stationary phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to talk about the stationary phase
+approximation we have to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation we have to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation we have to talk about
+Frank conon factors in a semi-classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+framework now if if I were to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework now if if I were to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework now if if I were to ask
+you what is the Frank Conan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what is the Frank Conan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what is the Frank Conan
+principle I mean there's such a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle I mean there's such a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle I mean there's such a thing
+called I mean if you look in Wikipedia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called I mean if you look in Wikipedia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called I mean if you look in Wikipedia
+or in some uh uh book which is intended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in some uh uh book which is intended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in some uh uh book which is intended
+to give you a false sense of knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a false sense of knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a false sense of knowing
+something uh they'll tell you you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh they'll tell you you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh they'll tell you you'll
+find a definition of the Franken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a definition of the Franken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a definition of the Franken
+principle and some of those definitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle and some of those definitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle and some of those definitions
+are quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are quite
+wrong and so would anybody like to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and so would anybody like to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and so would anybody like to tell
+me what you think the Franken principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is electronic transitions happen very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is electronic transitions happen very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is electronic transitions happen very
+fast so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast so
+thatal functions have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over you're just saying I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over you're just saying I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over you're just saying I should
+calculate a Frank conon Factor uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate a Frank conon Factor uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate a Frank conon Factor uh uh
+that's I think more like the Bourne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I think more like the Bourne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I think more like the Bourne
+Oppenheimer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oppenheimer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oppenheimer
+approximation uh and so you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation uh and so you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation uh and so you know what
+you generally have is a picture of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you generally have is a picture of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you generally have is a picture of two
+potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+curves and so the frankon principle that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves and so the frankon principle that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves and so the frankon principle that
+you find in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find in
+these uh illegitimate sources generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh illegitimate sources generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh illegitimate sources generally
+tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you
+something they generally tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something they generally tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something they generally tell
+you that what you want to do is look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that what you want to do is look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that what you want to do is look at
+turning point to turning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point and they don't tell you why except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and they don't tell you why except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and they don't tell you why except
+sometimes they say delt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they say delt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they say delt
+R uh uh is zero for a transition because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R uh uh is zero for a transition because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R uh uh is zero for a transition because
+the electrons are moving fast and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons are moving fast and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons are moving fast and the
+nuclei AR and so that the frankon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei AR and so that the frankon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei AR and so that the frankon and
+principle is usually expressed in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle is usually expressed in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle is usually expressed in this
+reduced sense where you say okay we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced sense where you say okay we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced sense where you say okay we have
+a lot of amplitude at the turning point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of amplitude at the turning point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of amplitude at the turning point
+and since most of the probability is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since most of the probability is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since most of the probability is at
+the turning point and uh uh electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the turning point and uh uh electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the turning point and uh uh electrons
+move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move
+fast uh we're going to have vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast uh we're going to have vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast uh we're going to have vertical
+lines on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines on these
+diagrams and this is correct but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams and this is correct but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams and this is correct but it's
+only half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only half the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only half the
+story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story
+because another thing that can't happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because another thing that can't happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because another thing that can't happen
+if electrons move fast relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if electrons move fast relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if electrons move fast relative to
+nuclei is that the momentum can't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei is that the momentum can't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei is that the momentum can't change
+either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either
+and turning point to Turning Point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turning point to Turning Point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turning point to Turning Point is
+well the momentum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the momentum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the momentum is
+zero so yeah it doesn't change and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so yeah it doesn't change and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so yeah it doesn't change and uh
+and and nobody ever tells you well draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and nobody ever tells you well draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and nobody ever tells you well draw
+a vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vertical
+line uh to someplace away from a turning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line uh to someplace away from a turning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line uh to someplace away from a turning
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the the semiclassical form of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the semiclassical form of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the semiclassical form of the the
+Frank conon principle takes into account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frank conon principle takes into account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frank conon principle takes into account
+both Delta r equal 0 and Delta P equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both Delta r equal 0 and Delta P equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both Delta r equal 0 and Delta P equal
+0 and and why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and and why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and and why is
+that well suppose you have a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well suppose you have a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well suppose you have a wave
+function on a lower State and suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function on a lower State and suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function on a lower State and suppose
+you're going to have a transition to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have a transition to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have a transition to an
+upper state so you ask all right at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper state so you ask all right at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper state so you ask all right at
+this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh
+frequency what can I say about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency what can I say about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency what can I say about this
+transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition
+so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you
+do is you say well I want to conserve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is you say well I want to conserve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is you say well I want to conserve
+both R and P and so vertical lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both R and P and so vertical lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both R and P and so vertical lines
+that's r p is re is really what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's r p is re is really what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's r p is re is really what is this
+what is the vertical distance of that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the vertical distance of that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the vertical distance of that uh
+level above the turning point of above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level above the turning point of above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level above the turning point of above
+the potential and so here I have uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential and so here I have uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential and so here I have uh an
+upper state where this is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper state where this is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper state where this is a little
+smaller than here and so I haven't quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than here and so I haven't quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than here and so I haven't quite
+conserved so there is a geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved so there is a geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved so there is a geometric
+construction that enables you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction that enables you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction that enables you to
+understand this beautifully and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this beautifully and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this beautifully and that is
+okay there is a certain transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there is a certain transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there is a certain transition
+frequency shift the two potential shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency shift the two potential shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency shift the two potential shift
+one of the potentials by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the potentials by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the potentials by that
+frequency and so uh when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and so uh when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and so uh when you do
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um what you discover is that okay let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what you discover is that okay let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what you discover is that okay let me
+just draw the shifted potentials and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just draw the shifted potentials and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just draw the shifted potentials and uh
+and I'm just I've chosen some and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm just I've chosen some and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm just I've chosen some and some
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+U transition frequency what happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U transition frequency what happens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U transition frequency what happens is
+you get an intersection between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get an intersection between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get an intersection between the two
+potentials and suppose we at an energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials and suppose we at an energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials and suppose we at an energy
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+here that means that the momentum at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that means that the momentum at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that means that the momentum at
+this point is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point is the
+same for the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same for the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same for the two
+states this is where the transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states this is where the transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states this is where the transition
+occurs the molecule jumps from one state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs the molecule jumps from one state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs the molecule jumps from one state
+to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other
+at that internuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that internuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that internuclear
+distance above this is this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance above this is this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance above this is this is the
+stationary face point now if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary face point now if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary face point now if you're
+calculating an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating an
+integral uh and so uh zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral uh and so uh zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral uh and so uh zero
+to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+R Kai the r k v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's calculate the overlap integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's calculate the overlap integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's calculate the overlap integral
+starting from zero you and watch how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from zero you and watch how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from zero you and watch how it
+accumulates so this is a function of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulates so this is a function of r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulates so this is a function of r
+and so what you discover is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what you discover is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what you discover is that this
+thing starts out around zero and it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing starts out around zero and it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing starts out around zero and it it
+accumulates and this is the stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulates and this is the stationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulates and this is the stationary
+phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase
+point so the integral acquires its final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so the integral acquires its final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so the integral acquires its final
+value at the special point where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value at the special point where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value at the special point where the
+momenta are the same now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momenta are the same now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momenta are the same now
+sometimes you can have strange looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you can have strange looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you can have strange looking
+potential curves am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential curves am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential curves am
+I oh no I'm I'm I'm out of town but time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I oh no I'm I'm I'm out of town but time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I oh no I'm I'm I'm out of town but time
+but not grossly out of town time uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not grossly out of town time uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not grossly out of town time uh you
+can have potential curves where there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have potential curves where there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have potential curves where there
+are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two
+Crossings so you have uh a big chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crossings so you have uh a big chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crossings so you have uh a big chain
+accumulation of value of the the overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulation of value of the the overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulation of value of the the overlap
+integral at one point and then another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral at one point and then another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral at one point and then another
+one could you go up or could it go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one could you go up or could it go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one could you go up or could it go down
+it's those cases where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's those cases where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's those cases where the
+approximation doesn't work when there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation doesn't work when there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation doesn't work when there's
+two stationary phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two stationary phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two stationary phase
+points so now if you want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points so now if you want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points so now if you want to know
+expectation values of r r 2 R cubed if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation values of r r 2 R cubed if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation values of r r 2 R cubed if
+the integral accumulates at one value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral accumulates at one value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral accumulates at one value of
+R well then the r Center approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R well then the r Center approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R well then the r Center approximation
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+correct because these complicated things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct because these complicated things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct because these complicated things
+are all you know accumulated at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all you know accumulated at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all you know accumulated at a
+particular point in space and it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular point in space and it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular point in space and it doesn't
+matter what power of are you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what power of are you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what power of are you're
+interested in you get this but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in you get this but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in you get this but if
+there's two stationary face points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two stationary face points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two stationary face points
+everything goes out the window now one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything goes out the window now one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything goes out the window now one
+of the wonderful things about stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wonderful things about stationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wonderful things about stationary
+phase is it enables you to go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase is it enables you to go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase is it enables you to go from
+quantum mechanics to classical mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics to classical mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics to classical mechanics
+it enables you to say this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it enables you to say this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it enables you to say this is where
+something happens where in space where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something happens where in space where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something happens where in space where
+in momentum and this is where Insight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in momentum and this is where Insight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in momentum and this is where Insight
+comes from and most people don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from and most people don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from and most people don't know
+how to do this because they learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do this because they learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do this because they learned
+about the Frank Conan principle from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Frank Conan principle from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Frank Conan principle from
+Wikipedia media rather than from knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wikipedia media rather than from knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wikipedia media rather than from knowing
+what is going on here and so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going on here and so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going on here and so you have
+Wiggly functions you'd like to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wiggly functions you'd like to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wiggly functions you'd like to know
+integrals of these Wiggly functions well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals of these Wiggly functions well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals of these Wiggly functions well
+the only thing you care about is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing you care about is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing you care about is where
+are they wiggling at the same frequen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they wiggling at the same frequen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they wiggling at the same frequen
+spatial frequency and what is their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial frequency and what is their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial frequency and what is their
+amplitude at that point you also need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude at that point you also need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude at that point you also need to
+know their phase but so if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know their phase but so if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know their phase but so if you don't
+know the phase you have an upper bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the phase you have an upper bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the phase you have an upper bound
+and so you know everything about how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you know everything about how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you know everything about how to
+estimate many many quantities in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate many many quantities in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate many many quantities in
+spectroscopy using stationary phase it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy using stationary phase it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy using stationary phase it
+is the most useful tool and I think even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the most useful tool and I think even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the most useful tool and I think even
+Kevin lingman would agree with me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kevin lingman would agree with me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kevin lingman would agree with me that
+is the most useful tool that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the most useful tool that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the most useful tool that you could
+ever have for analyzing all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever have for analyzing all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever have for analyzing all of the
+quantities that you encounter in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities that you encounter in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities that you encounter in
+spectroscopy and so you want to practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy and so you want to practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy and so you want to practice
+with that okay I'm sorry that uh uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that okay I'm sorry that uh uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that okay I'm sorry that uh uh I
+departed for my notes but I promised I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departed for my notes but I promised I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departed for my notes but I promised I
+would what's the relationship of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would what's the relationship of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would what's the relationship of this
+formula for the r Central to this H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the r Central to this H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the r Central to this H
+Phim Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phim Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phim Okay so
+uh you can I guess I didn't write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can I guess I didn't write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can I guess I didn't write it
+down that you can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down that you can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down that you can always
+write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as that's the that's the AR centroid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as that's the that's the AR centroid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as that's the that's the AR centroid
+approximation and so these if if any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation and so these if if any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation and so these if if any
+power of R the integral for any power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of R the integral for any power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of R the integral for any power of
+R always accumulates at the same place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R always accumulates at the same place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R always accumulates at the same place
+then this you can show this is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this you can show this is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this you can show this is always
+true so that's the our centroid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so that's the our centroid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so that's the our centroid
+approximation and uh the only time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation and uh the only time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation and uh the only time you
+get into trouble is if uh the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into trouble is if uh the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into trouble is if uh the value of
+the integral accumulates over a wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral accumulates over a wide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral accumulates over a wide
+region of space as opposed to very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of space as opposed to very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of space as opposed to very
+quickly or in two regions of space so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly or in two regions of space so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly or in two regions of space so I
+don't know whether I answered your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know whether I answered your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know whether I answered your
+question but uh this is what I want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but uh this is what I want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but uh this is what I want you
+to take away okay so you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take away okay so you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take away okay so you're going to
+give me in a few in a week or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me in a few in a week or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me in a few in a week or so
+something about the Wallace effect and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the Wallace effect and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the Wallace effect and
+nut's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nut's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nut's
+papers okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers okay
+everybody all right
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/CEd313PPKXQ.txt b/CEd313PPKXQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3b1d27d1f6964ddc961e79b43df94b63772da5d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/CEd313PPKXQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13259 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+good morning welcome back uh today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good morning welcome back uh today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good morning welcome back uh today is
+lecture 12 We are continuing our graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture 12 We are continuing our graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture 12 We are continuing our graph
+Theory unit this time talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory unit this time talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory unit this time talking about
+matchings and stable matchings uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matchings and stable matchings uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matchings and stable matchings uh
+matchings in general are a really useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matchings in general are a really useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matchings in general are a really useful
+Concept in graph Theory they come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concept in graph Theory they come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concept in graph Theory they come up
+frequently when you're trying to match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently when you're trying to match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently when you're trying to match
+um pairs of OB objects you want everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um pairs of OB objects you want everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um pairs of OB objects you want everyone
+to have one partner or possibly zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have one partner or possibly zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have one partner or possibly zero
+Partners if they don't get a match then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Partners if they don't get a match then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Partners if they don't get a match then
+they're sad that's fine um but matchings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sad that's fine um but matchings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sad that's fine um but matchings
+are really useful concept so let's talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really useful concept so let's talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really useful concept so let's talk
+about what they mean what they're good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what they mean what they're good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what they mean what they're good
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+um and a few ideas surrounding these so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and a few ideas surrounding these so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and a few ideas surrounding these so
+first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+definition a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matching in a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which remember has a set of vertices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which remember has a set of vertices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which remember has a set of vertices and
+a set of edges which are pairs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of edges which are pairs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of edges which are pairs of
+vertices um is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subgraph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oops M and what subgraph means is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops M and what subgraph means is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops M and what subgraph means is we're
+just taking a subset of the vertices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just taking a subset of the vertices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just taking a subset of the vertices and
+a subset of the edges uh so long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subset of the edges uh so long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subset of the edges uh so long as
+excuse me uh so long as all the edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me uh so long as all the edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me uh so long as all the edges
+have their vertices in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have their vertices in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have their vertices in the
+subset um let's see in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh every vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh every vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh every vertex
+in sorry yeah every vertex in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sorry yeah every vertex in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sorry yeah every vertex in
+V uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V uh
+has degree 1 in M degree less equal to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has degree 1 in M degree less equal to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has degree 1 in M degree less equal to 1
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+M uh and sorry this is vertex set of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M uh and sorry this is vertex set of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M uh and sorry this is vertex set of our
+subset um said differently a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset um said differently a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset um said differently a different
+definition which is just as good um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition which is just as good um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition which is just as good um a
+matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subset of the edges of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+graph where no two selected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges
+edges share an end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point so we're just choosing some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so we're just choosing some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so we're just choosing some of the
+edges of our graph making sure that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges of our graph making sure that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges of our graph making sure that we
+never touch edges that have an endpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never touch edges that have an endpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never touch edges that have an endpoint
+in common that uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example I can draw this bow tie looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I can draw this bow tie looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I can draw this bow tie looking
+graph this this this this this here here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph this this this this this here here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph this this this this this here here
+here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and
+here and then vertex A B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then vertex A B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then vertex A B
+C D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C D
+E F G H so if this is our graph let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E F G H so if this is our graph let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E F G H so if this is our graph let me
+give you an example of a matching so an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an example of a matching so an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an example of a matching so an
+example of a matching is M the this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a matching is M the this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a matching is M the this is
+going to be just the edges be and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DG uh this is an alternative uh notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DG uh this is an alternative uh notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DG uh this is an alternative uh notation
+for edges by the way instead of writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for edges by the way instead of writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for edges by the way instead of writing
+the set B comma e Clos curly brace uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set B comma e Clos curly brace uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set B comma e Clos curly brace uh I
+can just write be next to each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just write be next to each other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just write be next to each other and
+it's clear we're talking about those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's clear we're talking about those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's clear we're talking about those two
+vertices so we're dealing with the edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices so we're dealing with the edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices so we're dealing with the edge
+be so that's this Edge and the edge DG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so that's this Edge and the edge DG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so that's this Edge and the edge DG
+which is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this
+Edge is this a matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I see I see some headshakes sorry some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see I see some headshakes sorry some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see I see some headshakes sorry some
+head nods yeah this is a matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head nods yeah this is a matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head nods yeah this is a matching
+because none of our selected edges have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because none of our selected edges have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because none of our selected edges have
+end points in common if I had also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end points in common if I had also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end points in common if I had also
+chosen Edge FD if I tried to put FD into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen Edge FD if I tried to put FD into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen Edge FD if I tried to put FD into
+there as well then these two edges would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there as well then these two edges would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there as well then these two edges would
+be in conflict and we would no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in conflict and we would no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in conflict and we would no longer
+have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+matching does that make sense so said um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching does that make sense so said um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching does that make sense so said um
+more similar to our first definition if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more similar to our first definition if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more similar to our first definition if
+we look at just the subgraph that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at just the subgraph that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at just the subgraph that
+includes our chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes our chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes our chosen
+edges all of the vertices in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges all of the vertices in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges all of the vertices in that
+subgraph need to have degree at most one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgraph need to have degree at most one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgraph need to have degree at most one
+so this has degree one and one and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this has degree one and one and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this has degree one and one and one
+and one and zeros for the others um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one and zeros for the others um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one and zeros for the others um if
+we have edges sharing end points we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have edges sharing end points we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have edges sharing end points we'd
+have higher degree which is not allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have higher degree which is not allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have higher degree which is not allowed
+in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matching um um like I said this has lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching um um like I said this has lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching um um like I said this has lots
+of applications anytime we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of applications anytime we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of applications anytime we're trying to
+pair things up uh for example online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair things up uh for example online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair things up uh for example online
+dating services um you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dating services um you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dating services um you're trying to
+recommend um say this user to that user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend um say this user to that user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend um say this user to that user
+and you recommend them to each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you recommend them to each other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you recommend them to each other and
+they go on a date or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go on a date or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go on a date or something like that
+um and maybe you want to try to match up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and maybe you want to try to match up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and maybe you want to try to match up
+a bunch of them at once so you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of them at once so you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of them at once so you can have
+lots of dates happening in parallel so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of dates happening in parallel so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of dates happening in parallel so
+you want a matching that includes lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want a matching that includes lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want a matching that includes lots
+of edges knowing that no one can go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edges knowing that no one can go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edges knowing that no one can go on
+multiple dates at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple dates at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple dates at
+once um sometimes you might have a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once um sometimes you might have a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once um sometimes you might have a bunch
+of tasks in a in a an expensive um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tasks in a in a an expensive um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tasks in a in a an expensive um
+computational project you have lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational project you have lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational project you have lots of
+tasks you need to do and lots of servers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks you need to do and lots of servers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks you need to do and lots of servers
+that can help you out in parallel but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can help you out in parallel but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can help you out in parallel but
+each server can only do one job at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each server can only do one job at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each server can only do one job at a
+time so you want to find a matching that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so you want to find a matching that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so you want to find a matching that
+gets lots of servers working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets lots of servers working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets lots of servers working on
+different tasks at the same time so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different tasks at the same time so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different tasks at the same time so you
+want to find a matching that includes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find a matching that includes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find a matching that includes
+lots of your servers and lots of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of your servers and lots of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of your servers and lots of your
+tasks um and find a matching with lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks um and find a matching with lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks um and find a matching with lots
+of edges so you get lots done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edges so you get lots done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edges so you get lots done in
+parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel
+um so in a lot of these examples we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in a lot of these examples we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in a lot of these examples we're
+trying to maximize the number of edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to maximize the number of edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to maximize the number of edges
+in our matching try to get lots and lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our matching try to get lots and lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our matching try to get lots and lots
+of pairings all at once and there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pairings all at once and there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pairings all at once and there are a
+couple different Notions of big a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple different Notions of big a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple different Notions of big a big
+matching a matching with lots of edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching a matching with lots of edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching a matching with lots of edges
+that we want to Define we want to define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want to Define we want to define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want to Define we want to define
+a maximal matching and a maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a maximal matching and a maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a maximal matching and a maximum
+matching and I'm sorry that those sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching and I'm sorry that those sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching and I'm sorry that those sound
+very similar but let's talk about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar but let's talk about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar but let's talk about what
+they mean uh so we'll say that m is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they mean uh so we'll say that m is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they mean uh so we'll say that m is a
+maxim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxim
+mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matching when it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+find another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find another
+Edge e that's in our set but not yet in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge e that's in our set but not yet in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge e that's in our set but not yet in
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+matching such that M with that new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching such that M with that new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching such that M with that new
+Edge is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matching so Maxim Mo means you can't add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching so Maxim Mo means you can't add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching so Maxim Mo means you can't add
+new edges to the set of edges you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new edges to the set of edges you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new edges to the set of edges you
+already have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have
+so in this case with these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case with these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case with these two
+edges um all of the other edges I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges um all of the other edges I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges um all of the other edges I might
+try to add to these two have an end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to add to these two have an end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to add to these two have an end
+point in common with one or the other so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in common with one or the other so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in common with one or the other so
+I can't pick new edges to put into M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't pick new edges to put into M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't pick new edges to put into M
+while keeping the ones I already have so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while keeping the ones I already have so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while keeping the ones I already have so
+that makes M this matching is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maximal does that make sense this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximal does that make sense this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximal does that make sense this is
+sort of a local notion where all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a local notion where all you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a local notion where all you
+have to do is look at the matching you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do is look at the matching you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do is look at the matching you
+have and ask is there any single other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and ask is there any single other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and ask is there any single other
+Edge that I can put in here as well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge that I can put in here as well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge that I can put in here as well and
+if there isn't then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there isn't then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there isn't then it's
+maximal and if it's not if there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximal and if it's not if there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximal and if it's not if there is
+another Edge you can put in well go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Edge you can put in well go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Edge you can put in well go
+ahead and put it in then search again if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and put it in then search again if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and put it in then search again if
+there's yet another Edge you can put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's yet another Edge you can put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's yet another Edge you can put in
+put it in keep going until there isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in keep going until there isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in keep going until there isn't
+and then you have a maximal matching so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have a maximal matching so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have a maximal matching so
+it's very easy to find a maximal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very easy to find a maximal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very easy to find a maximal
+matching you just keep adding edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching you just keep adding edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching you just keep adding edges
+until you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you
+can't the difference is that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't the difference is that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't the difference is that that
+maximal matching you find might not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximal matching you find might not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximal matching you find might not be
+the biggest matching possible ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest matching possible ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest matching possible ever
+and that's the other notion we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the other notion we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the other notion we
+want a maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a maximum
+matching we'll say that m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching we'll say that m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching we'll say that m
+is a maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matching when there does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching when there does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching when there does not
+exist a bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist a bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist a bigger
+matching a matching M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching a matching M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching a matching M
+Prime with more edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is a global measure of Maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a global measure of Maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a global measure of Maximum
+we'll say of matching is maximum when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll say of matching is maximum when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll say of matching is maximum when
+it's the biggest you can ever do I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the biggest you can ever do I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the biggest you can ever do I don't
+care if you keep these particular edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care if you keep these particular edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care if you keep these particular edges
+just is there any matching at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just is there any matching at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just is there any matching at all
+anywhere that has more edges than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere that has more edges than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere that has more edges than
+this so that's the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so that's the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so that's the difference between
+maximal and maximum maximal is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximal and maximum maximal is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximal and maximum maximal is about
+local search can you make a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local search can you make a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local search can you make a single
+Improvement by adding a single thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement by adding a single thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement by adding a single thing
+here maximum is a global property is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here maximum is a global property is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here maximum is a global property is it
+the biggest possible ever and as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest possible ever and as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest possible ever and as you can
+imagine um finding a maximum matching or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine um finding a maximum matching or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine um finding a maximum matching or
+proving that a matching you have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving that a matching you have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving that a matching you have is
+maximum is a lot harder than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maximal um this matching up here with DG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximal um this matching up here with DG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximal um this matching up here with DG
+and be is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be is that
+maximum why not someone someone shaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum why not someone someone shaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum why not someone someone shaking
+their head can you tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their head can you tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their head can you tell
+me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes all right ad d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes all right ad d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes all right ad d
+um BG you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um BG you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um BG you
+said and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said and
+C all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C all
+right is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is a
+matching and is this a matching let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching and is this a matching let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching and is this a matching let's
+take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a
+look we've got a D here b g here c e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look we've got a D here b g here c e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look we've got a D here b g here c e
+here none of those circled edges um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here none of those circled edges um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here none of those circled edges um that
+kind of look like coffee beans to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of look like coffee beans to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of look like coffee beans to me
+none of those coffee beans share of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of those coffee beans share of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of those coffee beans share of an
+end point so that is a matching and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end point so that is a matching and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end point so that is a matching and
+since this has more edges than M up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since this has more edges than M up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since this has more edges than M up
+there m is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there m is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there m is not
+maximum right cool so matchings can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum right cool so matchings can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum right cool so matchings can be
+maximal locally biggest even if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximal locally biggest even if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximal locally biggest even if they're
+not maximum globally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not maximum globally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not maximum globally
+biggest um is this matching maximum or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest um is this matching maximum or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest um is this matching maximum or
+can we do even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+better oh there was someone raising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better oh there was someone raising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better oh there was someone raising
+their hands in the back but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their hands in the back but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their hands in the back but it's
+brinmore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there was someone else raising their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was someone else raising their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was someone else raising their
+hand but I think they were just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand but I think they were just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand but I think they were just
+adjusting their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusting their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusting their
+glasses all these fake outs plain jokes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses all these fake outs plain jokes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses all these fake outs plain jokes
+on me okay so is this is this a maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on me okay so is this is this a maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on me okay so is this is this a maximum
+matching or can we do better or what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching or can we do better or what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching or can we do better or what it
+oh yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so um let me uh let me say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so um let me uh let me say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so um let me uh let me say
+that so everyone else can hear so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so everyone else can hear so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so everyone else can hear so if we
+had a bigger matching we'd have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a bigger matching we'd have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a bigger matching we'd have to
+include F or H is that what you said all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include F or H is that what you said all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include F or H is that what you said all
+right um and if we try to include F then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and if we try to include F then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and if we try to include F then
+it's going to share an end point with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to share an end point with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to share an end point with a
+d uh which is not great um so yes that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d uh which is not great um so yes that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d uh which is not great um so yes that's
+almost exactly the logic I'm looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost exactly the logic I'm looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost exactly the logic I'm looking for
+um just a slight tweak to that uh when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just a slight tweak to that uh when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just a slight tweak to that uh when
+we're asking if a matching is maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're asking if a matching is maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're asking if a matching is maximum
+we're not really talking about adding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not really talking about adding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not really talking about adding to
+this specific matching that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this specific matching that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this specific matching that's the
+maximal side of things so instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximal side of things so instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximal side of things so instead of
+comparing what we have or instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing what we have or instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing what we have or instead of
+comparing to what we have to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing to what we have to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing to what we have to this
+particular matching um I just want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular matching um I just want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular matching um I just want to be
+able to prove that there is no bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to prove that there is no bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to prove that there is no bigger
+matching at all uh so what would it mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching at all uh so what would it mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching at all uh so what would it mean
+for there to be a bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for there to be a bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for there to be a bigger
+matching a bigger matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+include well at least four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include well at least four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include well at least four
+edges and therefore at least eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vertices but we only have eight vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices but we only have eight vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices but we only have eight vertices
+right 1 2 3 four five yep um so it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right 1 2 3 four five yep um so it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right 1 2 3 four five yep um so it would
+include all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vertices all right and any matching that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices all right and any matching that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices all right and any matching that
+includes all the vertices in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes all the vertices in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes all the vertices in particular
+includes a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+F and we we can't use a and F cuz they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F and we we can't use a and F cuz they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F and we we can't use a and F cuz they
+would both have edges to D there's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would both have edges to D there's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would both have edges to D there's only
+one way to use a there's only one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to use a there's only one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to use a there's only one way to
+use F and they both use vertex D in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use F and they both use vertex D in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use F and they both use vertex D in the
+middle and we can't do that can't use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle and we can't do that can't use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle and we can't do that can't use a
+and F at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and F at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and F at the same
+time and this is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+contradiction so if there's a bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction so if there's a bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction so if there's a bigger
+matching bad stuff happens so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching bad stuff happens so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching bad stuff happens so there
+doesn't exist a bigger matching that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't exist a bigger matching that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't exist a bigger matching that
+doesn't mean this U these three coffee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean this U these three coffee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean this U these three coffee
+beans are the only maximum match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beans are the only maximum match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beans are the only maximum match
+matching um there are a couple more for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching um there are a couple more for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching um there are a couple more for
+example we could replace ad with FD that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we could replace ad with FD that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we could replace ad with FD that
+would be fine that would be a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be fine that would be a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be fine that would be a different
+maximum matching uh so there can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum matching uh so there can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum matching uh so there can be
+multiple maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple maximum
+matchings um that all necessarily have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matchings um that all necessarily have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matchings um that all necessarily have
+to have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the same
+size um different maximal matchings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size um different maximal matchings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size um different maximal matchings
+don't all have to have the same size as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't all have to have the same size as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't all have to have the same size as
+we saw this two-edge matching is Maximo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw this two-edge matching is Maximo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw this two-edge matching is Maximo
+and also this three-edge matching is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also this three-edge matching is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also this three-edge matching is
+Maximo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does that distinction make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that distinction make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that distinction make sense
+wonderful all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right let's see so next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+definition a matching is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+perfect if and only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it
+includes all vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so perfect matching gives everyone a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so perfect matching gives everyone a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so perfect matching gives everyone a
+partner and therefore exactly one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner and therefore exactly one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner and therefore exactly one
+partner does this graph have a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner does this graph have a perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner does this graph have a perfect
+matching no a perfect matching would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching no a perfect matching would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching no a perfect matching would
+need to would need all eight vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to would need all eight vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to would need all eight vertices
+and therefore four edges but we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore four edges but we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore four edges but we already
+saw there are no matchings with four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw there are no matchings with four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw there are no matchings with four
+edges in this graph so not all graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges in this graph so not all graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges in this graph so not all graphs
+are going to have perfect matchings um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to have perfect matchings um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to have perfect matchings um
+but often in your task allocation Pro uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but often in your task allocation Pro uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but often in your task allocation Pro uh
+problems where you're trying to match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems where you're trying to match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems where you're trying to match
+everyone to another resource um ideally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone to another resource um ideally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone to another resource um ideally
+you'll end up with a perfect matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll end up with a perfect matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll end up with a perfect matching
+where everyone gets a partner or every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where everyone gets a partner or every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where everyone gets a partner or every
+task gets a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task gets a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task gets a
+server uh and so perfect matchings are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server uh and so perfect matchings are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server uh and so perfect matchings are
+um are very commonly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+goal now so far we've been talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal now so far we've been talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal now so far we've been talking about
+matchings in general graphs um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matchings in general graphs um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matchings in general graphs um but
+matchings are very common especially in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matchings are very common especially in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matchings are very common especially in
+bipartite graphs so bipartite matchings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so when we're trying to match tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so when we're trying to match tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so when we're trying to match tasks
+to servers we have a bipartite graph all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to servers we have a bipartite graph all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to servers we have a bipartite graph all
+the edges connect a task to a server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges connect a task to a server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges connect a task to a server
+when it's possible for that task to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's possible for that task to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's possible for that task to be
+done on that server and then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done on that server and then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done on that server and then we're
+looking for a matching which tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for a matching which tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for a matching which tells you
+which servers are doing which tasks um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which servers are doing which tasks um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which servers are doing which tasks um
+so a lot of problems that involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lot of problems that involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lot of problems that involve
+matchings are naturally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matchings are naturally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matchings are naturally
+bipartite uh let's see and uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipartite uh let's see and uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipartite uh let's see and uh to
+emphasize um remember from last time by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize um remember from last time by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize um remember from last time by
+partite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partite
+graphs don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs don't
+need the same size on both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sides as we saw with the Harvard vers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides as we saw with the Harvard vers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides as we saw with the Harvard vers
+MIT bipartite graph we had 7,000 on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT bipartite graph we had 7,000 on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT bipartite graph we had 7,000 on one
+side and 4,000 on the other side still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and 4,000 on the other side still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and 4,000 on the other side still a
+perfectly valid bipartite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly valid bipartite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly valid bipartite
+graph however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um let's see let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see perfect matching can't possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see perfect matching can't possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see perfect matching can't possibly
+exist in a bipartite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+graph when the two sides have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sizes right there can never be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes right there can never be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes right there can never be a
+bipartite uh sorry there can never be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipartite uh sorry there can never be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipartite uh sorry there can never be a
+perfect matching between Harvard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect matching between Harvard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect matching between Harvard
+undergrads and MIT undergrads because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergrads and MIT undergrads because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergrads and MIT undergrads because
+there are more Harvard undergrads than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are more Harvard undergrads than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are more Harvard undergrads than
+MIT undergrads every Edge includes one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT undergrads every Edge includes one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT undergrads every Edge includes one
+of each so even if we max out all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each so even if we max out all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each so even if we max out all of the
+MIT students and give them a Harvard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT students and give them a Harvard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT students and give them a Harvard
+buddy there's still going to be 3,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buddy there's still going to be 3,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buddy there's still going to be 3,000
+Harvard students that lose out so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard students that lose out so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard students that lose out so if
+there's a perfect matching in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a perfect matching in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a perfect matching in your
+bipartite graph you have to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipartite graph you have to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipartite graph you have to have the
+same size doesn't mean there will always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same size doesn't mean there will always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same size doesn't mean there will always
+be a perfect matching when the two sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a perfect matching when the two sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a perfect matching when the two sides
+have the same size but it's at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same size but it's at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same size but it's at least
+necessary all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right sometimes uh when you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right sometimes uh when you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right sometimes uh when you're trying to
+make these matchings not only are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make these matchings not only are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make these matchings not only are you
+trying to maximize the number of pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to maximize the number of pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to maximize the number of pairs
+you get or possibly uh get a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get or possibly uh get a perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get or possibly uh get a perfect
+matching and get everyone a pair um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+often edges are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+weighted uh so each Edge comes with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted uh so each Edge comes with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted uh so each Edge comes with a
+number so we have a function W from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so we have a function W from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so we have a function W from the
+set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of
+edges to real numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges to real numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges to real numbers
+and each Edge comes with a number you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each Edge comes with a number you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each Edge comes with a number you
+can imagine in the tasks versus servers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine in the tasks versus servers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine in the tasks versus servers
+graph each Edge represents how long that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph each Edge represents how long that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph each Edge represents how long that
+task would take on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task would take on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task would take on that
+server and maybe certain tasks are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server and maybe certain tasks are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server and maybe certain tasks are going
+to be faster in different servers maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be faster in different servers maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be faster in different servers maybe
+because that server is more powerful or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that server is more powerful or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that server is more powerful or
+maybe because it's closer to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe because it's closer to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe because it's closer to other
+resources it might need and it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources it might need and it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources it might need and it can
+access them more quickly um but often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access them more quickly um but often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access them more quickly um but often
+when we have a weighted Edge like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we have a weighted Edge like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we have a weighted Edge like this
+uh we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matching with minimum total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+weight as an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight as an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight as an example of
+that here's a nice bipartite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+graph uh and maybe this Edge has weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph uh and maybe this Edge has weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph uh and maybe this Edge has weight
+three this has weight one this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three this has weight one this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three this has weight one this has
+weight five and this has weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight five and this has weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight five and this has weight
+two and I can see two different perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and I can see two different perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and I can see two different perfect
+matchings in this graph there's the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matchings in this graph there's the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matchings in this graph there's the one
+that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does
+this and there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and there's the
+one that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this I think that's all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I think that's all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I think that's all of
+them and if we look at the weights well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and if we look at the weights well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and if we look at the weights well
+this has weight three and two so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has weight three and two so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has weight three and two so this
+has total weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has total weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has total weight
+five uh and this has weight one and five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five uh and this has weight one and five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five uh and this has weight one and five
+so this has total weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this has total weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this has total weight
+six so you'd prefer this one to that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six so you'd prefer this one to that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six so you'd prefer this one to that one
+cuz five is smaller than six the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz five is smaller than six the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz five is smaller than six the total
+weight in this perfect matching is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight in this perfect matching is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight in this perfect matching is
+better than the total weight in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than the total weight in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than the total weight in this
+perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect
+matching right so these are just very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching right so these are just very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching right so these are just very
+common kinds of questions that you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common kinds of questions that you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common kinds of questions that you find
+yourself asking when you're modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself asking when you're modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself asking when you're modeling
+something in terms of matchings or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in terms of matchings or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in terms of matchings or
+perfect matchings often there's more to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect matchings often there's more to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect matchings often there's more to
+optimize than just finding a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize than just finding a perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize than just finding a perfect
+matching and I mention all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching and I mention all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching and I mention all of these
+variations on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations on these
+problems um because unlike last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems um because unlike last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems um because unlike last time
+where we saw that graph coloring is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we saw that graph coloring is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we saw that graph coloring is a
+useful abstraction but hard to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful abstraction but hard to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful abstraction but hard to compute
+exactly or hard to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly or hard to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly or hard to compute
+optimally um all of the matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimally um all of the matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimally um all of the matching
+problems I've mentioned we do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems I've mentioned we do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems I've mentioned we do have
+efficient algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient algorithms
+for so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for so we
+have we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we can
+find maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matchings in graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matchings in graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matchings in graphs
+bipartite or otherwise uh yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipartite or otherwise uh yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipartite or otherwise uh yes
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are oh um yeah where did these weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are oh um yeah where did these weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are oh um yeah where did these weights
+come from um these are just arbitrary in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from um these are just arbitrary in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from um these are just arbitrary in
+this example um I just picked them for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example um I just picked them for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example um I just picked them for
+demonstration um in a real world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration um in a real world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration um in a real world
+scenario the weights would represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario the weights would represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario the weights would represent
+like how much work it takes um to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how much work it takes um to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how much work it takes um to do the
+task corresponding to this pairing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task corresponding to this pairing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task corresponding to this pairing or
+how expensive this is or how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how expensive this is or how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how expensive this is or how
+desirable um so usually these weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desirable um so usually these weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desirable um so usually these weights
+are going to come from whatever context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to come from whatever context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to come from whatever context
+you're modeling and trying to optimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're modeling and trying to optimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're modeling and trying to optimize
+for but yeah in this example I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for but yeah in this example I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for but yeah in this example I just
+picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked
+them um but there is an algorithm to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them um but there is an algorithm to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them um but there is an algorithm to
+find maximum matchings in graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find maximum matchings in graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find maximum matchings in graphs
+bipartite or not doesn't matter um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipartite or not doesn't matter um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipartite or not doesn't matter um
+excuse me uh we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+find uh and because we can find maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find uh and because we can find maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find uh and because we can find maximum
+matchings we can find perfect matchings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matchings we can find perfect matchings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matchings we can find perfect matchings
+if they exist if a perfect matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they exist if a perfect matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they exist if a perfect matching
+exists it's certainly maximum because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists it's certainly maximum because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists it's certainly maximum because
+you can't use more than that number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't use more than that number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't use more than that number of
+edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges
+um we can find Min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we can find Min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we can find Min
+weight perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matchings uh in bipartite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+graphs we have algorithms to solve these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs we have algorithms to solve these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs we have algorithms to solve these
+kinds of problems so if you ever find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of problems so if you ever find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of problems so if you ever find
+yourself modeling a question with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself modeling a question with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself modeling a question with
+matching trying to find a matching with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching trying to find a matching with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching trying to find a matching with
+certain properties uh very often there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain properties uh very often there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain properties uh very often there
+will be algorithms to solve it quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be algorithms to solve it quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be algorithms to solve it quickly
+we're not going to cover those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to cover those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to cover those
+algorithms in this class um you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms in this class um you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms in this class um you'll see
+more of them in the follow-up classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of them in the follow-up classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of them in the follow-up classes
+six um 121 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six um 121 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six um 121 and
+122 um but just know that they're out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+122 um but just know that they're out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+122 um but just know that they're out
+there and know that this is a useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and know that this is a useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and know that this is a useful
+tool um both for modeling and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool um both for modeling and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool um both for modeling and for
+computing are there questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing are there questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing are there questions about
+these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things all right no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things all right no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things all right no
+questions uh then let's move on to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions uh then let's move on to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions uh then let's move on to the
+main topic for today which is stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main topic for today which is stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main topic for today which is stable
+match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match
+so this is a uh yeah so the topic is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a uh yeah so the topic is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a uh yeah so the topic is
+stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matchings we are going to be uh in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matchings we are going to be uh in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matchings we are going to be uh in this
+problem we're going to be looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we're going to be looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we're going to be looking for
+certain kinds of perfect matchings in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kinds of perfect matchings in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kinds of perfect matchings in
+bipartite graphs so in this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipartite graphs so in this in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipartite graphs so in this in the
+specific scenario let's imagine we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific scenario let's imagine we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific scenario let's imagine we have
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+applicants and n evaluators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can think of these like n interns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of these like n interns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of these like n interns
+that are looking for managers and M and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are looking for managers and M and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are looking for managers and M and
+N managers where we're going to match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N managers where we're going to match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N managers where we're going to match
+them up one to one each intern gets one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up one to one each intern gets one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up one to one each intern gets one
+manager and vice versa uh and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager and vice versa uh and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager and vice versa uh and we're
+trying to find a way to match them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find a way to match them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find a way to match them
+nicely uh you can think of these as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely uh you can think of these as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely uh you can think of these as the
+applicants are um recently graduated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicants are um recently graduated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicants are um recently graduated
+medical school students looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical school students looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical school students looking for
+residencies um and I mentioned this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residencies um and I mentioned this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residencies um and I mentioned this
+example specifically because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example specifically because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example specifically because the
+algorithm were about about to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm were about about to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm were about about to talk about
+is used in precisely that way um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is used in precisely that way um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is used in precisely that way um in
+practice in the real world in the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice in the real world in the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice in the real world in the United
+States at least um all residency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States at least um all residency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States at least um all residency
+applicants submit their list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicants submit their list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicants submit their list of
+preferences about which hospitals they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences about which hospitals they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences about which hospitals they
+want to do their residencies at um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do their residencies at um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do their residencies at um and
+they do interviews and hospitals submit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do interviews and hospitals submit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do interviews and hospitals submit
+their preferences for which candidates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their preferences for which candidates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their preferences for which candidates
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+prefer uh and they send this all to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer uh and they send this all to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer uh and they send this all to a
+national nonprofit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national nonprofit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national nonprofit
+organization who does a big global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization who does a big global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization who does a big global
+computation to find in some sense the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation to find in some sense the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation to find in some sense the
+best perfect matching it can and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best perfect matching it can and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best perfect matching it can and then it
+notifies everyone on the same day um all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notifies everyone on the same day um all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notifies everyone on the same day um all
+residency applicants are told on Match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residency applicants are told on Match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residency applicants are told on Match
+Day which was actually just a few weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Day which was actually just a few weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Day which was actually just a few weeks
+ago it happens once a year uh they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago it happens once a year uh they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago it happens once a year uh they're
+told where they're doing their residency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told where they're doing their residency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told where they're doing their residency
+and it's a a big party and um many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a a big party and um many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a a big party and um many of
+them are excited about going at their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are excited about going at their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are excited about going at their
+top school many of them don't get their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top school many of them don't get their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top school many of them don't get their
+top school and they're still happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top school and they're still happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top school and they're still happy
+because they still get to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they still get to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they still get to be a
+doctor um but they're going to use EX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor um but they're going to use EX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor um but they're going to use EX
+actly the algorithm I'm about to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actly the algorithm I'm about to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actly the algorithm I'm about to
+describe with some tweaks because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe with some tweaks because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe with some tweaks because the
+real world is more complicated than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world is more complicated than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world is more complicated than the
+simple math we're about to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple math we're about to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple math we're about to describe
+um but um this is a real algorithm with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but um this is a real algorithm with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but um this is a real algorithm with
+real consequences it was uh invented in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real consequences it was uh invented in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real consequences it was uh invented in
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+the Yeah in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Yeah in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Yeah in
+1962 by Gail and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shapley uh that's that's two people um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapley uh that's that's two people um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapley uh that's that's two people um
+I'm going to call it the Gail shapley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to call it the Gail shapley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to call it the Gail shapley
+algorithm uh it was also improved um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm uh it was also improved um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm uh it was also improved um
+many years later by El Roth uh together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years later by El Roth uh together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years later by El Roth uh together
+they have found many real world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have found many real world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have found many real world
+applications and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications and
+improvements um and it won them the 2012
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements um and it won them the 2012
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements um and it won them the 2012
+Nobel prize in economics for uh for alth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel prize in economics for uh for alth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel prize in economics for uh for alth
+and for shapley I don't know where Gail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for shapley I don't know where Gail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for shapley I don't know where Gail
+was in all of this uh I don't think he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in all of this uh I don't think he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in all of this uh I don't think he
+got the the prize as well anyway um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the the prize as well anyway um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the the prize as well anyway um
+really important useful practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important useful practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important useful practical
+algorithm that actually has some fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that actually has some fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that actually has some fairly
+simple mathematical underpinnings enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple mathematical underpinnings enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple mathematical underpinnings enough
+that we can describe it and analyze it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can describe it and analyze it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can describe it and analyze it
+and prove things about it uh in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and prove things about it uh in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and prove things about it uh in the next
+hour we have together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour we have together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour we have together
+so um what is this algorithm what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um what is this algorithm what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um what is this algorithm what is it
+for so as I said before we have n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for so as I said before we have n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for so as I said before we have n
+applicants and N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicants and N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicants and N
+evaluators um and each of them is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluators um and each of them is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluators um and each of them is going
+to give a preference ordering for um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give a preference ordering for um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give a preference ordering for um for
+all n of the opposite parties um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all n of the opposite parties um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all n of the opposite parties um in
+order of their preference so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+applicants and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+evaluators give a full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ranked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+list of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+preferences so as a quick example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trying not to run too fast for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying not to run too fast for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying not to run too fast for the
+cameraman back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameraman back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameraman back
+there so here's an example where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so here's an example where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so here's an example where we're
+we have five applicants and five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have five applicants and five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have five applicants and five
+evaluators I haven't said which is which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluators I haven't said which is which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluators I haven't said which is which
+because the relationship is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the relationship is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the relationship is pretty
+symmetric at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric at this
+point um and so each person on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point um and so each person on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point um and so each person on the left
+gives a full ranked preference order for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives a full ranked preference order for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives a full ranked preference order for
+all of the people on the right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the people on the right so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the people on the right so this
+person a prefers H then J then F then G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person a prefers H then J then F then G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person a prefers H then J then F then G
+then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I
+in this strict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this strict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this strict
+ordering so each of these gives some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering so each of these gives some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering so each of these gives some
+permutation of f through of f through J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation of f through of f through J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation of f through of f through J
+each person over here gives some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each person over here gives some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each person over here gives some
+permutation of a through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation of a through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation of a through
+e uh with no restrictions on the kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e uh with no restrictions on the kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e uh with no restrictions on the kinds
+of rankings that are allowed as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rankings that are allowed as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rankings that are allowed as long as
+they give a full strict ranking of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give a full strict ranking of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give a full strict ranking of all
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+people not other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+restrictions if all the applicants want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions if all the applicants want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions if all the applicants want
+to choose the same evaluator as their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose the same evaluator as their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose the same evaluator as their
+first choice they can they're not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first choice they can they're not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first choice they can they're not all
+going to get it but they can all list it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get it but they can all list it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get it but they can all list it
+for example if everyone really wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if everyone really wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if everyone really wants to
+come to MGH uh for their uh for their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to MGH uh for their uh for their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to MGH uh for their uh for their
+residency let's live in the fiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residency let's live in the fiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residency let's live in the fiction
+where each Hospital only gets one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where each Hospital only gets one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where each Hospital only gets one
+resident uh so we're trying to match One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resident uh so we're trying to match One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resident uh so we're trying to match One
+hospital to one resident and vice versa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital to one resident and vice versa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital to one resident and vice versa
+if everyone lists MGH as their first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if everyone lists MGH as their first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if everyone lists MGH as their first
+choice that's fine they can only one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice that's fine they can only one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice that's fine they can only one's
+going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get
+it um so no other restrictions on which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um so no other restrictions on which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um so no other restrictions on which
+per mutations they give uh and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per mutations they give uh and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per mutations they give uh and we
+want a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matching that leaves everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+happy happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy happy
+enough like I said we can't give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough like I said we can't give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough like I said we can't give
+everyone their Top Choice especially if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone their Top Choice especially if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone their Top Choice especially if
+all their top choices Collide um but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all their top choices Collide um but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all their top choices Collide um but we
+want to make sure everyone's happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure everyone's happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure everyone's happy
+enough and so let's look at an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough and so let's look at an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough and so let's look at an example
+before we describe exactly what we mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we describe exactly what we mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we describe exactly what we mean
+by happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+enough so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough so let's
+imagine back to our favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine back to our favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine back to our favorite
+graph ab and CD so we have applicants AB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph ab and CD so we have applicants AB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph ab and CD so we have applicants AB
+evaluators CD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+a um prefers C over D so I'll list that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a um prefers C over D so I'll list that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a um prefers C over D so I'll list that
+as a one and a two a prefers C and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a one and a two a prefers C and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a one and a two a prefers C and then
+after C they prefer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after C they prefer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after C they prefer
+D um B likewise prefers C over d c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D um B likewise prefers C over d c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D um B likewise prefers C over d c
+prefers A over B and D also prefers A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefers A over B and D also prefers A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefers A over B and D also prefers A
+over B if we write it out more similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over B if we write it out more similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over B if we write it out more similar
+to the example over there this is saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the example over there this is saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the example over there this is saying
+that a uh prefers C over D and B prefers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a uh prefers C over D and B prefers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a uh prefers C over D and B prefers
+C over d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C over d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C over d
+and also C uh let's see prefers A over B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also C uh let's see prefers A over B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also C uh let's see prefers A over B
+and D prefers A over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and D prefers A over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and D prefers A over
+B so we're already in a scenario where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so we're already in a scenario where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so we're already in a scenario where
+not everyone can get their Top Choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not everyone can get their Top Choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not everyone can get their Top Choice
+someone is going to have to take their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone is going to have to take their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone is going to have to take their
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+choice um and let's look at an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice um and let's look at an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice um and let's look at an example
+what if we try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+match a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match a
+d and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d and
+BC so what's going to happen here so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BC so what's going to happen here so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BC so what's going to happen here so a
+with D and B with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with D and B with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with D and B with
+C so b gets C so B is Happy B got their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so b gets C so B is Happy B got their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so b gets C so B is Happy B got their
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+choice a with d d is Happy D got their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice a with d d is Happy D got their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice a with d d is Happy D got their
+first choice right B and D have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first choice right B and D have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first choice right B and D have no
+reason to want to switch but what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to want to switch but what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to want to switch but what about
+a and C A and C are not paired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and C A and C are not paired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and C A and C are not paired
+together but they each prefer each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together but they each prefer each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together but they each prefer each other
+over their assigned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over their assigned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over their assigned
+Partners so if you think of this as like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Partners so if you think of this as like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Partners so if you think of this as like
+a a dating scenario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a dating scenario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a dating scenario
+o um if we try to say that A and D are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o um if we try to say that A and D are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o um if we try to say that A and D are
+paired and B and C are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paired and B and C are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paired and B and C are
+paired uh then what's going to happen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paired uh then what's going to happen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paired uh then what's going to happen is
+that a and C are going to run away with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a and C are going to run away with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a and C are going to run away with
+each other because they each prefer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other because they each prefer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other because they each prefer to
+be with each other than they're assigned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be with each other than they're assigned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be with each other than they're assigned
+partner uh we can we call that a rogue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner uh we can we call that a rogue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner uh we can we call that a rogue
+pair uh so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair uh so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair uh so we're going to
+say um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say um a
+pair so an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair so an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair so an
+applicant and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicant and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicant and an
+evaluator form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluator form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluator form a
+rogue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rogue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rogue
+pair in a matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+M uh when E and A each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M uh when E and A each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M uh when E and A each
+prefer each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+their assigned partner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and by the way for the rest of lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way for the rest of lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way for the rest of lecture
+when I mention matching I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I mention matching I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I mention matching I'm going to
+mean a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean a perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean a perfect
+matching because we're trying to match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching because we're trying to match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching because we're trying to match
+all the applicants to all the evaluators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the applicants to all the evaluators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the applicants to all the evaluators
+and if I forget to say perfect I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I forget to say perfect I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I forget to say perfect I
+apologize I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize I mean
+Perfect all right so a pair forms a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Perfect all right so a pair forms a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Perfect all right so a pair forms a
+rogue pair in some matching if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rogue pair in some matching if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rogue pair in some matching if they
+would each prefer each other than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would each prefer each other than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would each prefer each other than the
+partners they're assigned in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners they're assigned in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners they're assigned in that
+matching and what we're going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching and what we're going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching and what we're going to look
+for so the of the scale shapley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+algorithm we want a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matching with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching with no
+Rogue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pairs so happy enough we want a matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs so happy enough we want a matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs so happy enough we want a matching
+that makes everyone happy enough that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes everyone happy enough that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes everyone happy enough that
+you're never going to get two people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're never going to get two people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're never going to get two people
+running away with each other other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running away with each other other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running away with each other other
+rather than staying with their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than staying with their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than staying with their own
+partners for every pair that you match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners for every pair that you match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners for every pair that you match
+up at least one of them prefers to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up at least one of them prefers to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up at least one of them prefers to be
+with the partner they've been assigned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the partner they've been assigned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the partner they've been assigned
+than anyone else who would prefer to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than anyone else who would prefer to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than anyone else who would prefer to be
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+them such a matching we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stable so perfect matching with no Rogue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable so perfect matching with no Rogue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable so perfect matching with no Rogue
+pairs is what we mean by a stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs is what we mean by a stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs is what we mean by a stable
+matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching
+and that's going to be our goal does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to be our goal does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to be our goal does
+there always exist a stable matching how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there always exist a stable matching how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there always exist a stable matching how
+can we find out when there does exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we find out when there does exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we find out when there does exist
+one can we come up with an algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can we come up with an algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can we come up with an algorithm
+that will always find one if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will always find one if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will always find one if it
+can in this example does there exist a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can in this example does there exist a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can in this example does there exist a
+stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable
+matching well there are only two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching well there are only two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching well there are only two
+matchings in this graph so let's check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matchings in this graph so let's check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matchings in this graph so let's check
+the other one so we saw that AD and BC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one so we saw that AD and BC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one so we saw that AD and BC
+is not stable what about AC with BD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so a with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so a with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so a with
+C well A and C each got their Top Choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C well A and C each got their Top Choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C well A and C each got their Top Choice
+there's no way they would ever go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way they would ever go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way they would ever go
+Rogue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rogue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rogue
+right and then if a and C can never go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then if a and C can never go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then if a and C can never go
+Rogue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rogue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rogue
+then excuse me then no one can go Rogue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then excuse me then no one can go Rogue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then excuse me then no one can go Rogue
+with them so B and D isn't going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them so B and D isn't going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them so B and D isn't going to
+break up so because B and C aren't going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break up so because B and C aren't going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break up so because B and C aren't going
+to run away together C is already happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run away together C is already happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run away together C is already happy
+A and D aren't going to run away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and D aren't going to run away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and D aren't going to run away
+together a is already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together a is already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together a is already
+happy so this matching is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stable because none of the pairings are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable because none of the pairings are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable because none of the pairings are
+rogue sorry because none none of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rogue sorry because none none of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rogue sorry because none none of the
+possible pairs are a rogue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible pairs are a rogue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible pairs are a rogue
+pair does this example make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair does this example make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair does this example make
+sense cool so this particular example um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense cool so this particular example um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense cool so this particular example um
+two people with two people each with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two people with two people each with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two people with two people each with
+this preference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this preference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this preference
+order has a stable matching will there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order has a stable matching will there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order has a stable matching will there
+always be a stable matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well if we if we relax our conditions a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if we if we relax our conditions a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if we if we relax our conditions a
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bit and we decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and we decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and we decide
+let's let's no longer require bipartite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's no longer require bipartite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's no longer require bipartite
+let's just let everyone rank everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just let everyone rank everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just let everyone rank everyone
+and then hope to find a stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then hope to find a stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then hope to find a stable
+matching uh in that non-bipartite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching uh in that non-bipartite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching uh in that non-bipartite
+graph and here's an example of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and here's an example of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and here's an example of that
+so non-bipartite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example let me make sure I'm erasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let me make sure I'm erasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let me make sure I'm erasing
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+enough all right so let's imagine we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough all right so let's imagine we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough all right so let's imagine we
+have four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have four
+people they're going to be a b c and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people they're going to be a b c and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people they're going to be a b c and
+d and everyone's ranking everyone so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d and everyone's ranking everyone so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d and everyone's ranking everyone so
+everyone has three other people to rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone has three other people to rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone has three other people to rank
+uh and in this example a prefers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and in this example a prefers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and in this example a prefers
+B then prefers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B then prefers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B then prefers
+C then prefers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C then prefers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C then prefers
+D B prefers C then prefers a then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D B prefers C then prefers a then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D B prefers C then prefers a then
+prefers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefers
+d c let's see so a prefers b b prefers c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d c let's see so a prefers b b prefers c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d c let's see so a prefers b b prefers c
+c prefers a then B then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c prefers a then B then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c prefers a then B then
+D and I don't even care what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and I don't even care what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and I don't even care what these
+preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences
+are uh so let me write this out in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh so let me write this out in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh so let me write this out in the
+other way so a prefers B then C then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way so a prefers B then C then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way so a prefers B then C then
+D B prefers C then a then d c prefers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D B prefers C then a then d c prefers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D B prefers C then a then d c prefers
+oops a then B then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops a then B then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops a then B then
+D and D I don't care D can have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and D I don't care D can have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and D I don't care D can have any
+preference order this example is already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference order this example is already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference order this example is already
+not going to have a stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to have a stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to have a stable
+matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because this graph is in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this graph is in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this graph is in some sense
+symmetric so of a B and C are all doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric so of a B and C are all doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric so of a B and C are all doing
+the same thing they each prefer the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing they each prefer the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing they each prefer the next
+in order among a b and c then the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order among a b and c then the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order among a b and c then the one
+after that and then D is last B prefers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that and then D is last B prefers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that and then D is last B prefers
+the next in order then the one after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next in order then the one after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next in order then the one after
+that among a b and c then D is last C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that among a b and c then D is last C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that among a b and c then D is last C
+prefers the next in cyclic order then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefers the next in cyclic order then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefers the next in cyclic order then
+the next then D is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next then D is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next then D is
+last so there are only uh three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last so there are only uh three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last so there are only uh three
+different matchings that we can make D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different matchings that we can make D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different matchings that we can make D
+has yeah D has to be matched with one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has yeah D has to be matched with one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has yeah D has to be matched with one of
+these three people and then the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three people and then the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three people and then the other
+two are paired together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two are paired together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two are paired together
+but since these three people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but since these three people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but since these three people are
+symmetric in this way all three of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric in this way all three of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric in this way all three of those
+matchings basically behave the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matchings basically behave the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matchings basically behave the same way
+so without loss of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so without loss of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so without loss of
+generality um we can assume that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generality um we can assume that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generality um we can assume that the
+matching looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching looks
+like let's say a goes with D and B goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like let's say a goes with D and B goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like let's say a goes with D and B goes
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+C the other two matchings are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C the other two matchings are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C the other two matchings are going to
+are going to do something similar is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to do something similar is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to do something similar is
+this matching stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+answer uh if you look at it carefully if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer uh if you look at it carefully if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer uh if you look at it carefully if
+you check all the pairs the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you check all the pairs the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you check all the pairs the
+answer is that AC is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is that AC is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is that AC is
+Rogue according to that matching AC is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rogue according to that matching AC is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rogue according to that matching AC is
+Rogue um and let let's let's check that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rogue um and let let's let's check that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rogue um and let let's let's check that
+what does it mean for AC to be Rogue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it mean for AC to be Rogue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it mean for AC to be Rogue
+well it means a prefers C more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it means a prefers C more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it means a prefers C more than
+their assigned partner so a is supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their assigned partner so a is supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their assigned partner so a is supposed
+to prefer C more than their assigned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prefer C more than their assigned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prefer C more than their assigned
+partner and C is supposed to prefer a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner and C is supposed to prefer a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner and C is supposed to prefer a
+over their assigned partner which is B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over their assigned partner which is B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over their assigned partner which is B
+so are these two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so are these two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so are these two things
+true well does a prefer C over D well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true well does a prefer C over D well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true well does a prefer C over D well
+yeah a prefers everyone to D so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah a prefers everyone to D so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah a prefers everyone to D so that's
+true does c prefer A over B well yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true does c prefer A over B well yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true does c prefer A over B well yeah
+that's the first thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the first thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the first thing we
+said so A and C prefer each other more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said so A and C prefer each other more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said so A and C prefer each other more
+than their assigned partners and are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than their assigned partners and are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than their assigned partners and are
+therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Rogue so m is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rogue so m is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rogue so m is not
+stable so this is an example where if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable so this is an example where if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable so this is an example where if
+you have a bipartite graph uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a bipartite graph uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a bipartite graph uh and
+preferences among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences among
+everyone then there won't always exist a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone then there won't always exist a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone then there won't always exist a
+stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable
+matching which is why it's so amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching which is why it's so amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching which is why it's so amazing
+that the Gil shapley algorithm which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Gil shapley algorithm which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Gil shapley algorithm which is
+looking only at bipartite graphs it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking only at bipartite graphs it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking only at bipartite graphs it
+turns out and we're going to prove it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out and we're going to prove it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out and we're going to prove it
+always returns a stable matching in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always returns a stable matching in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always returns a stable matching in
+particular there always exists a stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular there always exists a stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular there always exists a stable
+matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's talk about the Gail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shapley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapley
+algorithm uh this is again just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm uh this is again just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm uh this is again just for
+bipartite graphs as as we set up over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipartite graphs as as we set up over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipartite graphs as as we set up over
+there um we're going to prove it always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+returns a stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matching and therefore stable matchings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching and therefore stable matchings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching and therefore stable matchings
+always exist in bipartite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always exist in bipartite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always exist in bipartite
+graphs um frequently there will be many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs um frequently there will be many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs um frequently there will be many
+many stable matchings for a given graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many stable matchings for a given graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many stable matchings for a given graph
+and for a given set of preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for a given set of preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for a given set of preferences
+um Gail shapley is only going to show us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Gail shapley is only going to show us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Gail shapley is only going to show us
+one of them it's certainly going to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them it's certainly going to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them it's certainly going to find
+a stable matching but not find all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stable matching but not find all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stable matching but not find all of
+them all right so let me describe this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all right so let me describe this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all right so let me describe this
+algorithm so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+algorithm on each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm on each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm on each
+day we do the following two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+steps first so step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps first so step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps first so step
+one all applicants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+approach their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach their
+favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+evaluator who hasn't yet rejected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them so all the applicants walk up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so all the applicants walk up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so all the applicants walk up and
+say hey I want to I want to go to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say hey I want to I want to go to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say hey I want to I want to go to your
+uh your hospital for my residency and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh your hospital for my residency and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh your hospital for my residency and
+maybe um Mass General gets seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe um Mass General gets seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe um Mass General gets seven
+applicants um that morning at step two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicants um that morning at step two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicants um that morning at step two
+oops not step one again step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops not step one again step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops not step one again step
+two all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+evaluators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluators
+reject all but their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+favorite that approached them that day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite that approached them that day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite that approached them that day
+so seven people all approach MGH MGH is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so seven people all approach MGH MGH is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so seven people all approach MGH MGH is
+going to look at all seven and say out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at all seven and say out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at all seven and say out
+of the seven of you I prefer Dr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the seven of you I prefer Dr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the seven of you I prefer Dr
+Evil um and the other six you can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evil um and the other six you can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evil um and the other six you can you
+can leave forever I never want to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can leave forever I never want to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can leave forever I never want to see
+your face again kind of harsh but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your face again kind of harsh but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your face again kind of harsh but that's
+how the algorithm Works um so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the algorithm Works um so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the algorithm Works um so you're
+going to do step one and step two every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do step one and step two every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do step one and step two every
+day and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and
+stop when there are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop when there are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop when there are no
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rejections if a day ends and no one was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejections if a day ends and no one was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejections if a day ends and no one was
+rejected then that's the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected then that's the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected then that's the end of the
+algorithm now what I haven't said is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm now what I haven't said is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm now what I haven't said is so
+all applicants approach their favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all applicants approach their favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all applicants approach their favorite
+evaluator who hasn't yet rejected them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluator who hasn't yet rejected them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluator who hasn't yet rejected them
+if everyone has rejected them then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if everyone has rejected them then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if everyone has rejected them then
+there's nothing for them to do they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing for them to do they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing for them to do they they
+go home and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go home and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go home and
+cry um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+possible so if they get through their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so if they get through their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so if they get through their
+whole list and everyone has said no and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole list and everyone has said no and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole list and everyone has said no and
+they have no one else they can approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have no one else they can approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have no one else they can approach
+there's nothing else for them to do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing else for them to do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing else for them to do they
+just drop out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just drop out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just drop out
+all right let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes good question so if an evaluator has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes good question so if an evaluator has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes good question so if an evaluator has
+two different favorites that are equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different favorites that are equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different favorites that are equally
+preferable are they allowed to save both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferable are they allowed to save both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferable are they allowed to save both
+of them uh so no because of the way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them uh so no because of the way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them uh so no because of the way we
+set up the problem there are no ties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up the problem there are no ties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up the problem there are no ties
+they give a full strict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give a full strict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give a full strict
+ordering so among any two people they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering so among any two people they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering so among any two people they
+know which one they prefer they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which one they prefer they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which one they prefer they have a
+they have just a full list so you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have just a full list so you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have just a full list so you'll
+never have ties for preferences out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never have ties for preferences out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never have ties for preferences out of
+however many applicants you get that day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however many applicants you get that day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however many applicants you get that day
+there will be one clear favorite and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be one clear favorite and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be one clear favorite and you
+you temporarily hold on to them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you temporarily hold on to them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you temporarily hold on to them and
+everyone else gets the boot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry a good question does this only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry a good question does this only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry a good question does this only
+work for one to one ratios so yes still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for one to one ratios so yes still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for one to one ratios so yes still
+um in this algorithm we're only talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this algorithm we're only talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this algorithm we're only talking
+about n applicants and n evaluators and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about n applicants and n evaluators and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about n applicants and n evaluators and
+each evaluator is going to end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each evaluator is going to end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each evaluator is going to end up with
+one applicant and each applicant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one applicant and each applicant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one applicant and each applicant is
+going to end up with one evaluator uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to end up with one evaluator uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to end up with one evaluator uh so
+we have the same number on each side and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the same number on each side and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the same number on each side and
+we're trying to find a perfect matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to find a perfect matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to find a perfect matching
+that's those are the rules of the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's those are the rules of the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's those are the rules of the game
+does that answer your question cool um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that answer your question cool um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that answer your question cool um
+it can be useful to see this algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be useful to see this algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be useful to see this algorithm
+running it can be yes awesome so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running it can be yes awesome so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running it can be yes awesome so here's
+a a 4x4 example uh these preferences are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a 4x4 example uh these preferences are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a 4x4 example uh these preferences are
+just you know whatever preferences they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know whatever preferences they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know whatever preferences they
+have we have the evaluators on the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we have the evaluators on the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we have the evaluators on the top
+so imagine those are the med schools on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so imagine those are the med schools on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so imagine those are the med schools on
+the top and the doctors on the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top and the doctors on the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top and the doctors on the bottom
+that are doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are doing the
+applications um so on day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications um so on day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications um so on day
+one um each of the applicants is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um each of the applicants is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um each of the applicants is going
+to approach the evaluator that they most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to approach the evaluator that they most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to approach the evaluator that they most
+prefer because there have been no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer because there have been no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer because there have been no
+rejections yet so they all just go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejections yet so they all just go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejections yet so they all just go to
+their Top Choice um evaluator one says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their Top Choice um evaluator one says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their Top Choice um evaluator one says
+okay well a you're my only applicant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well a you're my only applicant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well a you're my only applicant
+today so I I guess I'll hold on to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so I I guess I'll hold on to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so I I guess I'll hold on to you
+for now um uh Hospital 3 says oh no I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now um uh Hospital 3 says oh no I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now um uh Hospital 3 says oh no I
+have three applicants among those I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three applicants among those I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three applicants among those I
+prefer D so I'm going to reject B and C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer D so I'm going to reject B and C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer D so I'm going to reject B and C
+so B and C are now Gone Forever Three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so B and C are now Gone Forever Three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so B and C are now Gone Forever Three
+will never talk to to to B and C again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will never talk to to to B and C again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will never talk to to to B and C again
+and they get sent back down to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they get sent back down to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they get sent back down to the
+bottom and that's day one did that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom and that's day one did that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom and that's day one did that make
+sense awesome now in day two um well A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense awesome now in day two um well A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense awesome now in day two um well A
+and D still haven't been rejected by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and D still haven't been rejected by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and D still haven't been rejected by
+their Top Choice so they're just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their Top Choice so they're just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their Top Choice so they're just going
+to stay there for the next day um but B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stay there for the next day um but B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stay there for the next day um but B
+and C who got rejected have to to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C who got rejected have to to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C who got rejected have to to go
+find someone new so they're going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find someone new so they're going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find someone new so they're going to go
+to the next one down their list and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next one down their list and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next one down their list and it
+so happens that they're applying to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so happens that they're applying to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so happens that they're applying to the
+same place again this time uh and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same place again this time uh and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same place again this time uh and now
+they're in Conflict so Hospital 2 says I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in Conflict so Hospital 2 says I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in Conflict so Hospital 2 says I
+prefer B so C get away from me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer B so C get away from me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer B so C get away from me and
+that's the end of day two did that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the end of day two did that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the end of day two did that make
+sense nice who can tell me what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense nice who can tell me what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense nice who can tell me what's going
+to happen on day three at least the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen on day three at least the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen on day three at least the
+first step of day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step of day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step of day
+three yep up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three yep up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three yep up
+there yeah C looks through their list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yeah C looks through their list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yeah C looks through their list
+and says okay evaluator one is my next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and says okay evaluator one is my next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and says okay evaluator one is my next
+favorite that hasn't rejected me so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite that hasn't rejected me so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite that hasn't rejected me so I'm
+going to go over here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go over here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go over here to
+one all right and now evaluator one says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right and now evaluator one says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right and now evaluator one says
+oh there's a there's a contest between a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh there's a there's a contest between a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh there's a there's a contest between a
+and C looks like I prefer C this time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C looks like I prefer C this time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C looks like I prefer C this time so
+now a goes away so even though a had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a goes away so even though a had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a goes away so even though a had
+been held on for a couple days someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been held on for a couple days someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been held on for a couple days someone
+better came along so a gets gets kicked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better came along so a gets gets kicked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better came along so a gets gets kicked
+out it's a it's a Cutthroat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out it's a it's a Cutthroat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out it's a it's a Cutthroat
+game uh and let's keep going next day a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game uh and let's keep going next day a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game uh and let's keep going next day a
+says okay well my next favorite is three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says okay well my next favorite is three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says okay well my next favorite is three
+next down my list and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next down my list and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next down my list and I want to
+emphasize it's now day four but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize it's now day four but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize it's now day four but we're
+not looking at A's fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not looking at A's fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not looking at A's fourth
+choice we're only looking at A's second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice we're only looking at A's second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice we're only looking at A's second
+choice because a has only been rejected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice because a has only been rejected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice because a has only been rejected
+once so far so we're always going to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once so far so we're always going to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once so far so we're always going to the
+next choice for that person which might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next choice for that person which might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next choice for that person which might
+be at a different place for each person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at a different place for each person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at a different place for each person
+on that day so a goes to a hospital 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that day so a goes to a hospital 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that day so a goes to a hospital 3
+Hospital 3 says nuh-uh and sends a away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hospital 3 says nuh-uh and sends a away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hospital 3 says nuh-uh and sends a away
+again now a goes to hospital 2 hospit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again now a goes to hospital 2 hospit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again now a goes to hospital 2 hospit
+hital 2 says oh yeah okay I like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hital 2 says oh yeah okay I like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hital 2 says oh yeah okay I like that
+one so B can go away and now B has to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so B can go away and now B has to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so B can go away and now B has to go
+fend for themselves somewhere else so B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fend for themselves somewhere else so B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fend for themselves somewhere else so B
+goes to hospital one and says and gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to hospital one and says and gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to hospital one and says and gets
+rejected B goes to hospital 4 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected B goes to hospital 4 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected B goes to hospital 4 and
+finally there's nothing else to do no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally there's nothing else to do no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally there's nothing else to do no
+one is rejected so the algorithm is done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is rejected so the algorithm is done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is rejected so the algorithm is done
+did that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that make
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+wonderful um let's make it make even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful um let's make it make even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful um let's make it make even
+more sense by doing an algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sense by doing an algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sense by doing an algorithm
+ourselves by hand so we've seen it run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves by hand so we've seen it run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves by hand so we've seen it run
+once now let's run it ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+once excuse me so let's do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once excuse me so let's do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once excuse me so let's do this
+algorithm so on day one uh so so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm so on day one uh so so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm so on day one uh so so let's
+see uh let me make sure I'm matching my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+notes yeah so I want these on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes yeah so I want these on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes yeah so I want these on the left
+to be the evaluators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the evaluators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the evaluators
+and these on the right to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these on the right to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these on the right to be the
+applicants so every day F through J are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicants so every day F through J are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicants so every day F through J are
+going to apply to their best remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to apply to their best remaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to apply to their best remaining
+choice and a through e you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice and a through e you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice and a through e you're going to
+make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+decisions so a b c d e what happens on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions so a b c d e what happens on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions so a b c d e what happens on
+day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one F through J are each going to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one F through J are each going to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one F through J are each going to apply
+to their Top Choice okay so F applies to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to their Top Choice okay so F applies to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to their Top Choice okay so F applies to
+c g to a h to d i to a J to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c g to a h to d i to a J to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c g to a h to d i to a J to
+a okay so F goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay so F goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay so F goes to
+c g goes to a h goes to d i goes to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c g goes to a h goes to d i goes to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c g goes to a h goes to d i goes to a
+and j goes to a so these are the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and j goes to a so these are the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and j goes to a so these are the the
+applications on day one and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications on day one and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications on day one and then
+evaluator a says between g i and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluator a says between g i and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluator a says between g i and
+J between g i and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J between g i and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J between g i and
+J I prefer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J I prefer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J I prefer
+J so G G and I are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J so G G and I are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J so G G and I are
+rejected G and I are rejected G and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected G and I are rejected G and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected G and I are rejected G and I
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+rejected sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected sound
+good I see some headshake was that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good I see some headshake was that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good I see some headshake was that a
+question or is it just funny that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question or is it just funny that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question or is it just funny that we're
+that we're being so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're being so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're being so
+aggressive wonderful all right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressive wonderful all right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressive wonderful all right so that's
+what happens on day one what about day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens on day one what about day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens on day one what about day
+two um well JF and H weren't rejected so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two um well JF and H weren't rejected so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two um well JF and H weren't rejected so
+they stay where they are so J a stays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they stay where they are so J a stays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they stay where they are so J a stays
+here F stays here H stays here but G and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here F stays here H stays here but G and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here F stays here H stays here but G and
+I have to go somewhere new so G is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to go somewhere new so G is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to go somewhere new so G is now
+going over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B uh and I is going over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C all right and now C has a choice C can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C all right and now C has a choice C can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C all right and now C has a choice C can
+choose between F and I C can choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose between F and I C can choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose between F and I C can choose
+between F and I oh c is definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between F and I oh c is definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between F and I oh c is definitely
+choosing i f is way down at the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing i f is way down at the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing i f is way down at the bottom
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is
+sad and I believe that's the end of day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sad and I believe that's the end of day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sad and I believe that's the end of day
+two stop me if I make mistake I very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two stop me if I make mistake I very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two stop me if I make mistake I very
+well might make a mistake here um day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well might make a mistake here um day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well might make a mistake here um day
+three well the only one that got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three well the only one that got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three well the only one that got
+rejected was F so they're the only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected was F so they're the only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected was F so they're the only one
+that needs to go somewhere new so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that needs to go somewhere new so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that needs to go somewhere new so we can
+just copy over j g i h and f where is f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just copy over j g i h and f where is f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just copy over j g i h and f where is f
+going F was rejected from C so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going F was rejected from C so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going F was rejected from C so they're
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B let's let's hope F has a better day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B let's let's hope F has a better day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B let's let's hope F has a better day
+today than yesterday um so B is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today than yesterday um so B is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today than yesterday um so B is now
+choosing between G and F and looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing between G and F and looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing between G and F and looks like
+f wins this time so G is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f wins this time so G is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f wins this time so G is
+rejected okay so G was rejected from B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected okay so G was rejected from B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected okay so G was rejected from B
+and Tomorrow Needs to Go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Tomorrow Needs to Go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Tomorrow Needs to Go to
+e so day four G is going down here to e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e so day four G is going down here to e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e so day four G is going down here to e
+h i f and J We're Not rejected so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h i f and J We're Not rejected so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h i f and J We're Not rejected so they
+stay put for the next day and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay put for the next day and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay put for the next day and
+finally there's no cont test so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally there's no cont test so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally there's no cont test so there's
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+rejection and finally we have a matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejection and finally we have a matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejection and finally we have a matching
+a with j b with f c with i d with h and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a with j b with f c with i d with h and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a with j b with f c with i d with h and
+E with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E with
+G did that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G did that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G did that make
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question excellent question if we flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question excellent question if we flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question excellent question if we flip
+the evaluators and the applicants do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evaluators and the applicants do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evaluators and the applicants do we
+get the same matching um so as we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the same matching um so as we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the same matching um so as we said
+earlier the relationship is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier the relationship is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier the relationship is kind of
+symmetric right they're all giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric right they're all giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric right they're all giving
+equivalent data we could have run this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent data we could have run this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent data we could have run this
+in the opposite direction where F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the opposite direction where F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the opposite direction where F
+through J are the evaluators and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through J are the evaluators and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through J are the evaluators and a
+through e are the applicants and I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through e are the applicants and I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through e are the applicants and I have
+claimed so far that we're going to end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claimed so far that we're going to end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claimed so far that we're going to end
+up with a perfect matching um turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a perfect matching um turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a perfect matching um turns out
+usually what you're going to get is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually what you're going to get is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually what you're going to get is a
+different perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different perfect
+matching um and we're going to say very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching um and we're going to say very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching um and we're going to say very
+precisely why that is uh a little later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely why that is uh a little later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely why that is uh a little later
+on uh so really good question but yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh so really good question but yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh so really good question but yeah
+just always keep that in the back of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just always keep that in the back of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just always keep that in the back of
+your mind you could have run the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mind you could have run the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mind you could have run the
+algorithm in the opposite direction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm in the opposite direction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm in the opposite direction and
+you'll probably end up getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll probably end up getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll probably end up getting a
+different stable matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes uh does the order of what matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh does the order of what matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh does the order of what matter
+applicants the order of the applicants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicants the order of the applicants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicants the order of the applicants
+um so the order of the applicants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the order of the applicants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the order of the applicants
+doesn't matter the only thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter the only thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter the only thing that
+matters for the algorithm is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters for the algorithm is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters for the algorithm is the
+individual rankings for each person but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual rankings for each person but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual rankings for each person but
+the fact that like g i and J approached
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that like g i and J approached
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that like g i and J approached
+a in that order on day one didn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in that order on day one didn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in that order on day one didn't matter
+all that matters that these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that matters that these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that matters that these three
+approached and Jay is the best out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approached and Jay is the best out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approached and Jay is the best out of
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+three cool good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three cool good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three cool good
+question all right um so we we got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question all right um so we we got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question all right um so we we got a
+matching out of this example is it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching out of this example is it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching out of this example is it a
+stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable
+matching if my theorem is to be believed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching if my theorem is to be believed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching if my theorem is to be believed
+then or if Gail and shapley's Theorem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then or if Gail and shapley's Theorem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then or if Gail and shapley's Theorem is
+to be believed then yes this should be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be believed then yes this should be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be believed then yes this should be a
+stable matching and in this case if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable matching and in this case if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable matching and in this case if you
+check all the possible Rogue pairs turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check all the possible Rogue pairs turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check all the possible Rogue pairs turns
+out yes this is stable for this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out yes this is stable for this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out yes this is stable for this example
+so that's at least one point in favor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's at least one point in favor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's at least one point in favor of
+this algorithm producing correct results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this algorithm producing correct results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this algorithm producing correct results
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interesting question if we wait if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question if we wait if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question if we wait if we
+give a wait for um who gets which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a wait for um who gets which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a wait for um who gets which
+preference So like um First Choice gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference So like um First Choice gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference So like um First Choice gets
+one point second choice gets two points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point second choice gets two points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point second choice gets two points
+and all the way down does this give an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the way down does this give an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the way down does this give an
+Al does this algorithm give a matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Al does this algorithm give a matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Al does this algorithm give a matching
+with lowest total weight uh that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with lowest total weight uh that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with lowest total weight uh that's a
+really great question um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really great question um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really great question um
+um at least if you're if you're counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at least if you're if you're counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at least if you're if you're counting
+it on one side I'm pretty sure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on one side I'm pretty sure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on one side I'm pretty sure the
+answer is yes if you're counting it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is yes if you're counting it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is yes if you're counting it on
+the other side I'm pretty sure um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side I'm pretty sure um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side I'm pretty sure um it
+gives a matching with the maximum total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives a matching with the maximum total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives a matching with the maximum total
+weight uh which is probably not the side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight uh which is probably not the side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight uh which is probably not the side
+that you want you want lower ranks um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want you want lower ranks um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want you want lower ranks um
+but yeah really great question so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah really great question so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah really great question so there
+are lots of ways you can see this as in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lots of ways you can see this as in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lots of ways you can see this as in
+some sense some optimization problem we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense some optimization problem we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense some optimization problem we
+want to maximize happiness which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to maximize happiness which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to maximize happiness which means
+minimizing um how far along your ranking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing um how far along your ranking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing um how far along your ranking
+list you have to to go before you find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list you have to to go before you find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list you have to to go before you find a
+match uh cool so let's let's try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match uh cool so let's let's try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match uh cool so let's let's try to
+prove why this algorithm does in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove why this algorithm does in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove why this algorithm does in fact
+give us stable matchings and there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us stable matchings and there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us stable matchings and there are a
+couple things to prove here let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple things to prove here let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple things to prove here let's see
+where did I leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so first question we so we've given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so first question we so we've given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so first question we so we've given
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+algorithm um in this class usually when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm um in this class usually when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm um in this class usually when
+we're talking about algorithms we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about algorithms we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about algorithms we're
+talking about State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about State
+machines and so we can think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines and so we can think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines and so we can think of this
+algorithm as a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+machine machine where each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine machine where each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine machine where each
+state is the set of rejections that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is the set of rejections that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is the set of rejections that have
+happened so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so to know where you are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to know where you are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to know where you are in the
+algorithm and where you have to resume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and where you have to resume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and where you have to resume
+to start the next day all you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start the next day all you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start the next day all you need to
+know is which things have been crossed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is which things have been crossed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is which things have been crossed
+off from which people's lists and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off from which people's lists and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off from which people's lists and then
+you know what happens the next day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what happens the next day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what happens the next day
+because each of the applicants just goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because each of the applicants just goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because each of the applicants just goes
+to the next one in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next one in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next one in their
+list right uh and transitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+correspond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond
+to run one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run one
+day of the algorithm this is a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day of the algorithm this is a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day of the algorithm this is a way to
+transl to transform one set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transl to transform one set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transl to transform one set of
+rejections into probably a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejections into probably a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejections into probably a slightly
+bigger set of rejections whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger set of rejections whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger set of rejections whatever
+rejections happen on that day are now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejections happen on that day are now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejections happen on that day are now
+also part of the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also part of the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also part of the new
+state and now we can ask State machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and now we can ask State machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and now we can ask State machine
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+like does the Gail shapley State machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like does the Gail shapley State machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like does the Gail shapley State machine
+terminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or might it run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or might it run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or might it run
+forever who can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me yes it terminates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me yes it terminates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me yes it terminates
+why it says so in the lecture notes o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it says so in the lecture notes o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it says so in the lecture notes o
+appeal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Authority I say it terminates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authority I say it terminates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authority I say it terminates and
+therefore it terminates o um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it terminates o um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it terminates o um
+unfortunately I can't use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately I can't use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately I can't use that
+justification for myself CU if I wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justification for myself CU if I wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justification for myself CU if I wrote
+the lecture notes then I am that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture notes then I am that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture notes then I am that
+Authority so that that's not a valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authority so that that's not a valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authority so that that's not a valid
+proof for me to use so I would ask that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof for me to use so I would ask that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof for me to use so I would ask that
+you not use it either uh yes down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here awesome there are only a limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here awesome there are only a limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here awesome there are only a limited
+number of rejections that can happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of rejections that can happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of rejections that can happen
+exactly so every day that the algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so every day that the algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so every day that the algorithm
+continues at least one rejection happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues at least one rejection happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues at least one rejection happens
+but there are only N squared rejections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are only N squared rejections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are only N squared rejections
+that can happen in total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can happen in total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can happen in total
+right so there are at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there are at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there are at
+most n s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most n s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most n s
+rejections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejections
+possible we use at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible we use at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible we use at least
+one for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transition so we can follow at most n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition so we can follow at most n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition so we can follow at most n
+squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transitions uh before ter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minating yeah we terminate just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minating yeah we terminate just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minating yeah we terminate just because
+we constantly use up a limited resource
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we constantly use up a limited resource
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we constantly use up a limited resource
+and we have to finish at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to finish at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to finish at some point
+before we eat up that resource or in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we eat up that resource or in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we eat up that resource or in the
+worst case when we finish uh going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst case when we finish uh going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst case when we finish uh going
+through all of that resource so worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all of that resource so worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all of that resource so worst
+case everyone gets rejected from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case everyone gets rejected from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case everyone gets rejected from
+everywhere and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere and then we
+stop Yes is n the number of applicants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop Yes is n the number of applicants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop Yes is n the number of applicants
+yes n is the number of applicants and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes n is the number of applicants and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes n is the number of applicants and
+the number of evaluators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of evaluators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of evaluators
+they're the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the same
+yes all right so it terminates yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes all right so it terminates yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes all right so it terminates yes
+awesome next important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome next important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome next important
+question when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question when it
+terminates does everyone have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminates does everyone have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminates does everyone have a
+partner we were saying earlier that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner we were saying earlier that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner we were saying earlier that if
+someone gets rejected from everyone they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone gets rejected from everyone they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone gets rejected from everyone they
+go home crying so does anyone go home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go home crying so does anyone go home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go home crying so does anyone go home
+crying we'd like that answer to be no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crying we'd like that answer to be no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crying we'd like that answer to be no
+we'd like everyone to have a partner at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like everyone to have a partner at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like everyone to have a partner at
+the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and the examples we've seen on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the examples we've seen on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the examples we've seen on the
+board or sorry on the projector and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board or sorry on the projector and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board or sorry on the projector and on
+the board over there um we did end with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board over there um we did end with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board over there um we did end with
+an actual perfect matching um no one got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an actual perfect matching um no one got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an actual perfect matching um no one got
+rejected from everywhere so is that true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected from everywhere so is that true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected from everywhere so is that true
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+general and to talk about this and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general and to talk about this and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general and to talk about this and also
+to understand the algorithm a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand the algorithm a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand the algorithm a little
+better in general um Let me give us some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better in general um Let me give us some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better in general um Let me give us some
+uh invariance of this algorithm this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh invariance of this algorithm this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh invariance of this algorithm this
+algorithm is a state machine so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm is a state machine so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm is a state machine so let's
+use invariance and preserve properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use invariance and preserve properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use invariance and preserve properties
+to talk about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about it
+so um let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+invariant each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+applicant has been rejected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+prefix of their preference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+list so on any particular day if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list so on any particular day if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list so on any particular day if you
+look at one of these blue guys and ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at one of these blue guys and ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at one of these blue guys and ask
+um who they've been rejected from It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um who they've been rejected from It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um who they've been rejected from It's
+Always from the top of their list down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Always from the top of their list down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Always from the top of their list down
+to some point and that's just because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some point and that's just because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some point and that's just because of
+how the algorithm runs every day an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the algorithm runs every day an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the algorithm runs every day an
+applicant goes to the Top Choice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicant goes to the Top Choice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicant goes to the Top Choice that
+has hasn't rejected them yet and either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has hasn't rejected them yet and either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has hasn't rejected them yet and either
+they stay with them for another day or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they stay with them for another day or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they stay with them for another day or
+that evaluator rejects them and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that evaluator rejects them and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that evaluator rejects them and the
+prefix gets one longer but either way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefix gets one longer but either way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefix gets one longer but either way
+it's they're always rejected from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's they're always rejected from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's they're always rejected from a
+prefix uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particular um let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see each applicant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+approaches worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+evaluators over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time since applicants always go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time since applicants always go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time since applicants always go down
+their list from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their list from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their list from the
+top um they're always approaching their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top um they're always approaching their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top um they're always approaching their
+favorite evaluators every time they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite evaluators every time they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite evaluators every time they can
+and if they're ever rejected they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if they're ever rejected they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if they're ever rejected they have
+to go to someone worse and if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to someone worse and if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to someone worse and if they're
+rejected they have to go to someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected they have to go to someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected they have to go to someone
+worse again um so the the evaluators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse again um so the the evaluators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse again um so the the evaluators
+that they're approaching only ever get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're approaching only ever get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're approaching only ever get
+worse over time or stay constant if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse over time or stay constant if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse over time or stay constant if
+they're not rejected that day but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not rejected that day but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not rejected that day but they
+never get better so applicants prospects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never get better so applicants prospects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never get better so applicants prospects
+only ever get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only ever get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only ever get
+worse and the opposite happens for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse and the opposite happens for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse and the opposite happens for the
+evaluators um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluators um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluators um I
+claim uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim uh that
+evaluators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluators
+evaluators uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluators uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluators uh let's
+see each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see each
+evaluator eval I can't spell evaluator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's see
+picks from day to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+day only get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+better and if you think about this from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and if you think about this from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and if you think about this from
+the perspective of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perspective of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perspective of an
+evaluator um well if no one has ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluator um well if no one has ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluator um well if no one has ever
+approached them then there's nothing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approached them then there's nothing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approached them then there's nothing for
+them to do that day but if someone has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to do that day but if someone has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to do that day but if someone has
+approached them and they have um they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approached them and they have um they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approached them and they have um they
+have some number of people in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some number of people in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some number of people in front of
+them they're always going to pick the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they're always going to pick the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they're always going to pick the
+best from whoever's there when the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best from whoever's there when the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best from whoever's there when the next
+day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day
+happens they at least have that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens they at least have that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens they at least have that same
+person again and possibly others and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person again and possibly others and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person again and possibly others and if
+there's someone better then they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's someone better then they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's someone better then they'll
+trade up and take someone better but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade up and take someone better but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade up and take someone better but
+they never trade down the evaluators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they never trade down the evaluators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they never trade down the evaluators
+always ever always only keep who they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always ever always only keep who they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always ever always only keep who they
+had yesterday or trade up to someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had yesterday or trade up to someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had yesterday or trade up to someone
+better for the next day so if valuator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better for the next day so if valuator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better for the next day so if valuator
+prospects only get better and better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prospects only get better and better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prospects only get better and better
+from day to day we can be a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from day to day we can be a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from day to day we can be a little more
+precise about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise about this
+uh let's see so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+invariant so for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant so for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant so for all
+applicants and for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+evaluators um let's see if the evaluator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluators um let's see if the evaluator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluators um let's see if the evaluator
+has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever
+rejected that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+applicant then the evaluator has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicant then the evaluator has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicant then the evaluator has a
+favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite
+has has I'm going to call them a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has has I'm going to call them a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has has I'm going to call them a
+candidate has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+candidate better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a um so if Dr Jackal uh approaches briam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a um so if Dr Jackal uh approaches briam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a um so if Dr Jackal uh approaches briam
+and women's uh and is rejected on day 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and women's uh and is rejected on day 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and women's uh and is rejected on day 12
+then for all future days briam and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for all future days briam and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for all future days briam and
+women's is going to have some candidate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women's is going to have some candidate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women's is going to have some candidate
+that they finish the day with that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they finish the day with that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they finish the day with that's
+better than Dr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than Dr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than Dr
+Jackal uh and that's that's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jackal uh and that's that's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jackal uh and that's that's just a
+precise way of saying this every day uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise way of saying this every day uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise way of saying this every day uh
+they either keep who they had yesterday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they either keep who they had yesterday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they either keep who they had yesterday
+or trade up to someone strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or trade up to someone strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or trade up to someone strictly
+better so when they rejected Dr Jackal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so when they rejected Dr Jackal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so when they rejected Dr Jackal
+that day they started or they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that day they started or they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that day they started or they they
+finished that day with someone better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished that day with someone better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished that day with someone better
+than Dr Jackal because that's why that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than Dr Jackal because that's why that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than Dr Jackal because that's why that's
+the only reason you would reject Dr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only reason you would reject Dr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only reason you would reject Dr
+Jackal um and then from then on they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jackal um and then from then on they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jackal um and then from then on they
+either keep or trade up they only ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either keep or trade up they only ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either keep or trade up they only ever
+get better does this invariant make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get better does this invariant make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get better does this invariant make
+sense awesome so if evaluator has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense awesome so if evaluator has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense awesome so if evaluator has
+rejected applicant then evaluator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected applicant then evaluator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected applicant then evaluator is
+always going to have a candidate better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to have a candidate better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to have a candidate better
+than that applicant from then on so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that applicant from then on so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that applicant from then on so now
+let's answer this question does everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's answer this question does everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's answer this question does everyone
+have a partner at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a partner at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a partner at the
+end uh and let's see what happens if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end uh and let's see what happens if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end uh and let's see what happens if
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+don't so by way of contradiction let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't so by way of contradiction let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't so by way of contradiction let's
+pick one particular applicant say Dr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick one particular applicant say Dr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick one particular applicant say Dr
+Jackal uh so by way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jackal uh so by way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jackal uh so by way of
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+contradiction assume Dr Jackal was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rejected by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everyone was rejected by all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone was rejected by all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone was rejected by all of the
+evaluators all right and let's see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluators all right and let's see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluators all right and let's see what
+goes wrong here well the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+algorithm at the end of the algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm at the end of the algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm at the end of the algorithm
+since all of the evaluators red rejected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since all of the evaluators red rejected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since all of the evaluators red rejected
+Dr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr
+Jackal well what we wrote up here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jackal well what we wrote up here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jackal well what we wrote up here this
+invariant says that all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant says that all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant says that all of the
+evaluators have a candidate that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluators have a candidate that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluators have a candidate that's
+better than Dr Jackal it was true when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than Dr Jackal it was true when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than Dr Jackal it was true when
+they rejected Dr Jackal and it remains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they rejected Dr Jackal and it remains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they rejected Dr Jackal and it remains
+true from then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true from then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true from then
+on um all evaluators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+candidate better than Dr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidate better than Dr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidate better than Dr
+J so we know we finish and when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J so we know we finish and when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J so we know we finish and when we
+finish all of the evaluators end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish all of the evaluators end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish all of the evaluators end up
+paired with someone better than Dr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+J but there aren't enough people for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J but there aren't enough people for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J but there aren't enough people for
+that they're in evaluators and N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're in evaluators and N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're in evaluators and N
+applicants and if Dr Jackal isn't paired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicants and if Dr Jackal isn't paired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicants and if Dr Jackal isn't paired
+with anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with anyone
+then there are only n minus one other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there are only n minus one other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there are only n minus one other
+applicants that can possibly have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicants that can possibly have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicants that can possibly have
+Partners uh so it can't be that all n of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Partners uh so it can't be that all n of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Partners uh so it can't be that all n of
+the evaluators finish with a partner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evaluators finish with a partner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evaluators finish with a partner
+better than Dr J because all n of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than Dr J because all n of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than Dr J because all n of the
+the evaluators can't finish with anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evaluators can't finish with anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evaluators can't finish with anyone
+or they can't all finish with anyone at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they can't all finish with anyone at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they can't all finish with anyone at
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+um but there're only n minus one other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but there're only n minus one other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but there're only n minus one other
+candidate uh other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+applicants so the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicants so the N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicants so the N
+evaluators can't all have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Partners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+better than Dr J and there's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than Dr J and there's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than Dr J and there's our
+contradiction so if we assume Dr J has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction so if we assume Dr J has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction so if we assume Dr J has
+no partner at the end bad things happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no partner at the end bad things happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no partner at the end bad things happen
+we find a contradiction so that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find a contradiction so that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find a contradiction so that doesn't
+happen so Dr Jackal does end up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so Dr Jackal does end up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so Dr Jackal does end up with a
+partner at the end and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner at the end and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner at the end and therefore
+everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone
+does so it returns a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matching it returns a perfect matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching it returns a perfect matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching it returns a perfect matching
+everyone gets some partner but is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone gets some partner but is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone gets some partner but is it
+stable this is the part we really care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable this is the part we really care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable this is the part we really care
+about is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is it
+stable at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable at the end
+this is the part we really truly care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the part we really truly care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the part we really truly care
+about and let's prove that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is so to see why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so to see why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so to see why
+um let's imagine what could possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's imagine what could possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's imagine what could possibly
+result in a rogue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pair who can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair who can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair who can be
+Rogue the algorithm returns some perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rogue the algorithm returns some perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rogue the algorithm returns some perfect
+matching at the end what does it mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching at the end what does it mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching at the end what does it mean
+for some pair of of of entities um to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some pair of of of entities um to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some pair of of of entities um to be
+Rogue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rogue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rogue
+well I claim there are three kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I claim there are three kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I claim there are three kinds of
+applicant um in relation to one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicant um in relation to one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicant um in relation to one of the
+particular evaluators so if we think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular evaluators so if we think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular evaluators so if we think of
+tus as one of the evaluators tus Medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tus as one of the evaluators tus Medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tus as one of the evaluators tus Medical
+Center um then some of the applicants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center um then some of the applicants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center um then some of the applicants
+toughs rejected at some point in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toughs rejected at some point in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toughs rejected at some point in the
+algorithm some of the applicants toughs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm some of the applicants toughs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm some of the applicants toughs
+never spoke to and then one applicant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never spoke to and then one applicant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never spoke to and then one applicant
+toughs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toughs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toughs
+keeps until the end and ends up paired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps until the end and ends up paired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps until the end and ends up paired
+with so let's consider each of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so let's consider each of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so let's consider each of those
+three kinds of pairings and show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three kinds of pairings and show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three kinds of pairings and show that
+toughs can't be Rogue with any of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toughs can't be Rogue with any of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toughs can't be Rogue with any of them
+so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Tufts rejected let's let's pick a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tufts rejected let's let's pick a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tufts rejected let's let's pick a
+generic example tus rejected Dr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic example tus rejected Dr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic example tus rejected Dr
+no uh let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no uh let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no uh let's say
+TS um never spoke to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh drct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh drct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh drct
+who who's that I never spoke to them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who's that I never spoke to them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who's that I never spoke to them and
+finally tus um is paired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with uh the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doctor these are the three kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor these are the three kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor these are the three kinds of
+people that can uh that can exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that can uh that can exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that can uh that can exist
+relative to TS and let's show that none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to TS and let's show that none
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to TS and let's show that none
+of these can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these can be
+Rogue first of all toughs is paired with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rogue first of all toughs is paired with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rogue first of all toughs is paired with
+the good doctor they're in our perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good doctor they're in our perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good doctor they're in our perfect
+matching Rogue pairs are never in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching Rogue pairs are never in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching Rogue pairs are never in our
+perfect matching they're pairs that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect matching they're pairs that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect matching they're pairs that are
+preferred U mutually preferred to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred U mutually preferred to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred U mutually preferred to the
+perfect matching so this is never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect matching so this is never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect matching so this is never
+Rogue by definition of rogue if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rogue by definition of rogue if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rogue by definition of rogue if you're
+in the matching you're not Rogue all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the matching you're not Rogue all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the matching you're not Rogue all
+right so it's these other two cases that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's these other two cases that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's these other two cases that
+we care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+about so first let's look at Dr no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so tus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rejected Dr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected Dr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected Dr
+No at some point in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No at some point in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No at some point in the
+algorithm and because of this invariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and because of this invariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and because of this invariant
+that we found we know that Tufts ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we found we know that Tufts ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we found we know that Tufts ends up
+with someone better than Dr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no um is pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+better than Dr no because the moment uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than Dr no because the moment uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than Dr no because the moment uh
+an evaluator rejects someone they know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an evaluator rejects someone they know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an evaluator rejects someone they know
+they're always going to have someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're always going to have someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're always going to have someone
+better from then on so tus and Dr No
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better from then on so tus and Dr No
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better from then on so tus and Dr No
+can't possibly be Rogue because tus is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't possibly be Rogue because tus is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't possibly be Rogue because tus is
+better with who they end up is U happier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better with who they end up is U happier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better with who they end up is U happier
+with who they end up with than they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with who they end up with than they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with who they end up with than they
+would be with Dr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be with Dr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be with Dr
+no remember Rogue pair requires both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no remember Rogue pair requires both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no remember Rogue pair requires both
+members of the pair to prefer each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members of the pair to prefer each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members of the pair to prefer each other
+rather than their assigned partner so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than their assigned partner so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than their assigned partner so
+since tus is happier with their assigned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since tus is happier with their assigned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since tus is happier with their assigned
+partner than with Dr No TS and Dr No
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner than with Dr No TS and Dr No
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner than with Dr No TS and Dr No
+cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Rogue does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rogue does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rogue does that make
+sense all right so we just use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense all right so we just use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense all right so we just use that
+invariant to say that since tus rejected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant to say that since tus rejected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant to say that since tus rejected
+Dr No their eventual partner is better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr No their eventual partner is better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr No their eventual partner is better
+than Dr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than Dr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than Dr
+No that's all that that is saying what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No that's all that that is saying what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No that's all that that is saying what
+about the other side what about toughs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the other side what about toughs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the other side what about toughs
+with Doctor Who Doctor Who Never spoke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Doctor Who Doctor Who Never spoke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Doctor Who Doctor Who Never spoke
+with toughs during the algorithm all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with toughs during the algorithm all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with toughs during the algorithm all
+right and since drct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and since drct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and since drct
+who uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who uh
+never spoke with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+toughs well remember what the applicants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toughs well remember what the applicants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toughs well remember what the applicants
+are doing they're going down their list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing they're going down their list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing they're going down their list
+from the top and since they stopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the top and since they stopped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the top and since they stopped
+before they got to Tufts wherever they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they got to Tufts wherever they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they got to Tufts wherever they
+stopped they like better than they like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+toughs so doctor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toughs so doctor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toughs so doctor
+who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who
+likes their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+partner better than they like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner better than they like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner better than they like
+toughs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toughs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toughs
+right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and
+therefore toughs with Doctor Who Can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore toughs with Doctor Who Can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore toughs with Doctor Who Can't
+Be Rogue not Rogue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Be Rogue not Rogue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Be Rogue not Rogue
+because this time it's Doctor Who who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this time it's Doctor Who who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this time it's Doctor Who who's
+happier with their assignment than they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happier with their assignment than they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happier with their assignment than they
+would be with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+TS so in this case tus would be happier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TS so in this case tus would be happier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TS so in this case tus would be happier
+or tus is happier with their current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or tus is happier with their current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or tus is happier with their current
+partner in this case Doctor Who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner in this case Doctor Who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner in this case Doctor Who is
+happier with their current partner in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happier with their current partner in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happier with their current partner in
+both of these cases tfts with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these cases tfts with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these cases tfts with this
+person on the right cannot be Rogue so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person on the right cannot be Rogue so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person on the right cannot be Rogue so
+toughs can't be Rogue with anyone so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toughs can't be Rogue with anyone so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toughs can't be Rogue with anyone so
+there are no Rogue pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no rope pairs can exist the matching we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no rope pairs can exist the matching we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no rope pairs can exist the matching we
+get at the end is in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get at the end is in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get at the end is in fact
+stable did that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable did that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable did that make
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+awesome okay let's return to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome okay let's return to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome okay let's return to this
+question of how good is this matching is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of how good is this matching is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of how good is this matching is
+this the one that makes everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the one that makes everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the one that makes everyone
+maximally happy or minimally happy or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximally happy or minimally happy or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximally happy or minimally happy or
+somewhere in the middle does anyone have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in the middle does anyone have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in the middle does anyone have
+excuse me does anyone have an advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me does anyone have an advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me does anyone have an advantage
+if you were participating in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were participating in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were participating in this
+algorithm would you prefer to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm would you prefer to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm would you prefer to be an
+applicant or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicant or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicant or an
+evaluator well can kind of go both ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluator well can kind of go both ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluator well can kind of go both ways
+we already said that applicants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already said that applicants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already said that applicants
+prospects only get worse over time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prospects only get worse over time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prospects only get worse over time and
+evaluators Prospects only get better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluators Prospects only get better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluators Prospects only get better
+over time so maybe it's better to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time so maybe it's better to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time so maybe it's better to be an
+evaluator on the other hand applicants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluator on the other hand applicants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluator on the other hand applicants
+start at the top and they stay as close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at the top and they stay as close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at the top and they stay as close
+to the top as they can until someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the top as they can until someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the top as they can until someone
+grudgingly says okay I guess I'll keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grudgingly says okay I guess I'll keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grudgingly says okay I guess I'll keep
+you um so maybe it's better to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um so maybe it's better to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um so maybe it's better to be an
+applicant because you're always asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicant because you're always asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicant because you're always asking
+the best um the best partner you you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best um the best partner you you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best um the best partner you you can
+possibly have rather than the evaluators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly have rather than the evaluators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly have rather than the evaluators
+who have to wait around for people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have to wait around for people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have to wait around for people to
+come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to
+them so it's it's maybe not clear which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so it's it's maybe not clear which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so it's it's maybe not clear which
+side is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+preferable so let me give some let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferable so let me give some let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferable so let me give some let me
+give a term so we can measure what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a term so we can measure what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a term so we can measure what we
+mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by
+preferable uh first of all let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferable uh first of all let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferable uh first of all let's say
+um excuse me so if e is an evaluator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um excuse me so if e is an evaluator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um excuse me so if e is an evaluator and
+a is an applicant uh let's say that E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is an applicant uh let's say that E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is an applicant uh let's say that E
+and A are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and A are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and A are
+feasible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Partners if and only if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+possible to put E and A together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in a stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matching not necessarily the stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching not necessarily the stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching not necessarily the stable
+matching that the algorithm gives but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching that the algorithm gives but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching that the algorithm gives but if
+there's any stable matching that pairs e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's any stable matching that pairs e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's any stable matching that pairs e
+with a together then we'll say that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a together then we'll say that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a together then we'll say that they
+are feasible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are feasible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are feasible
+Partners all right and now we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Partners all right and now we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Partners all right and now we have the
+following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+theorems the Gail shapley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems the Gail shapley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems the Gail shapley
+algorithm pairs every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+applicant with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicant with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicant with
+their most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their most
+preferred feasible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+partner so each applicant doesn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner so each applicant doesn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner so each applicant doesn't get
+their Top Choice we know they can't each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their Top Choice we know they can't each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their Top Choice we know they can't each
+get their first choice because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get their first choice because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get their first choice because there
+might be conflicts there um but each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be conflicts there um but each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be conflicts there um but each
+applicant turns out gets the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicant turns out gets the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicant turns out gets the best
+possible choice they could ever hope to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible choice they could ever hope to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible choice they could ever hope to
+get among all possible stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get among all possible stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get among all possible stable
+matchings so up here on the board we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matchings so up here on the board we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matchings so up here on the board we see
+that um applicant a is paired with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um applicant a is paired with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um applicant a is paired with
+evaluator 2 and not with one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluator 2 and not with one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluator 2 and not with one or
+three and what this theorem says is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and what this theorem says is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and what this theorem says is that
+a can never be paired with one and can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a can never be paired with one and can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a can never be paired with one and can
+never be paired with three in any stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never be paired with three in any stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never be paired with three in any stable
+matching there is no stable matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching there is no stable matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching there is no stable matching
+that pairs a with one there is no stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pairs a with one there is no stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pairs a with one there is no stable
+matching that pairs a with three a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching that pairs a with three a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching that pairs a with three a
+paired with two is the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paired with two is the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paired with two is the highest
+preference um partner that a has that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference um partner that a has that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference um partner that a has that is
+feasible and Gail shap Gail shapley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible and Gail shap Gail shapley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible and Gail shap Gail shapley
+gives him that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives him that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives him that
+partner so every evaluator gets the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner so every evaluator gets the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner so every evaluator gets the best
+partner they could possibly get in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner they could possibly get in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner they could possibly get in any
+stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable
+matching I personally find this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching I personally find this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching I personally find this
+surprising like often we when we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising like often we when we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising like often we when we have
+some optimization problem but we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some optimization problem but we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some optimization problem but we have
+lots of different metrics that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of different metrics that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of different metrics that we're
+trying to optimize um like candidate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to optimize um like candidate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to optimize um like candidate a
+wants to get their best possible partner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to get their best possible partner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to get their best possible partner
+candidate B wants to get their best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidate B wants to get their best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidate B wants to get their best
+possible partner and to me it it feels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible partner and to me it it feels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible partner and to me it it feels
+intuitive that maybe these desires might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive that maybe these desires might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive that maybe these desires might
+conflict with each other like maybe A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict with each other like maybe A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict with each other like maybe A
+and B both have um evaluator 3 as their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B both have um evaluator 3 as their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B both have um evaluator 3 as their
+optimal partner uh and there are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal partner uh and there are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal partner uh and there are just
+two different stable matchings one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different stable matchings one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different stable matchings one that
+pairs a with three one that pairs B with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs a with three one that pairs B with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs a with three one that pairs B with
+three um so it's kind of weird to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three um so it's kind of weird to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three um so it's kind of weird to me
+that each candidate can be given their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each candidate can be given their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each candidate can be given their
+optimal partner their optimal feasible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal partner their optimal feasible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal partner their optimal feasible
+partner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner
+all at the same time and there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all at the same time and there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all at the same time and there's no
+conflict among them so I find this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict among them so I find this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict among them so I find this a
+little bit counterintuitive for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit counterintuitive for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit counterintuitive for that
+reason beautiful fact but a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+counterintuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive
+and Theorem Gail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Theorem Gail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Theorem Gail
+shapley pairs every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+evaluator with their this time least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluator with their this time least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluator with their this time least
+preferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred
+feasible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+partner so exactly the same idea but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner so exactly the same idea but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner so exactly the same idea but
+this time the evaluators instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time the evaluators instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time the evaluators instead of
+coming out as best as they possibly can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out as best as they possibly can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out as best as they possibly can
+they come out as worst as they possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come out as worst as they possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come out as worst as they possibly
+can because evaluator uh let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can because evaluator uh let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can because evaluator uh let's say
+because evaluator one ended up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because evaluator one ended up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because evaluator one ended up with
+partner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner
+c um there is no stable matching that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c um there is no stable matching that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c um there is no stable matching that
+pairs one with anyone worse than C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs one with anyone worse than C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs one with anyone worse than C
+there's no stable matching that pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no stable matching that pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no stable matching that pairs
+one with B there's no stable matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one with B there's no stable matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one with B there's no stable matching
+that pairs one with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pairs one with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pairs one with
+a um so it's best for all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a um so it's best for all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a um so it's best for all of the
+applicants at the same time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicants at the same time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicants at the same time and
+simultaneously worst uh for all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously worst uh for all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously worst uh for all of the
+evaluators at the same time this single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluators at the same time this single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluators at the same time this single
+matching that Gail shapley returns has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching that Gail shapley returns has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching that Gail shapley returns has
+all of these properties in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these properties in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these properties in
+it um which brings us back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um which brings us back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um which brings us back to the
+question earlier if we were to run this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question earlier if we were to run this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question earlier if we were to run this
+algorithm in reverse by swapping the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm in reverse by swapping the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm in reverse by swapping the
+roles of the evaluators and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roles of the evaluators and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roles of the evaluators and the
+applicants we're going to swap from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicants we're going to swap from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicants we're going to swap from
+we're going to move from the matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to move from the matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to move from the matching
+that is best for this set to to the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is best for this set to to the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is best for this set to to the one
+that's best for the other set and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's best for the other set and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's best for the other set and the
+one that's worst for the first set to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's worst for the first set to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's worst for the first set to
+the one that's best for the other set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that's best for the other set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that's best for the other set
+and that's why usually you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why usually you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why usually you're going to
+get two different matchings out of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get two different matchings out of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get two different matchings out of it
+because if there are multiple matchings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if there are multiple matchings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if there are multiple matchings
+multiple stable matchings at all for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple stable matchings at all for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple stable matchings at all for
+this set of preferences the worst and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set of preferences the worst and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set of preferences the worst and
+the best are going to be different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best are going to be different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best are going to be different from
+each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do these ideas make sense we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do these ideas make sense we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do these ideas make sense we haven't
+proven them yet but are the ideas do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proven them yet but are the ideas do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proven them yet but are the ideas do the
+ideas make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas make
+sense all right uh let me give you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense all right uh let me give you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense all right uh let me give you just
+a a brief hint at how we might go about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a brief hint at how we might go about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a brief hint at how we might go about
+proving this we'll prove it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving this we'll prove it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving this we'll prove it more
+precisely in recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely in recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely in recitation
+tomorrow but the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+idea pause for dramatic effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the basic idea is going to be oh I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic idea is going to be oh I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic idea is going to be oh I'm
+holding chalk I found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding chalk I found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding chalk I found
+it um one more uh key invariant so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um one more uh key invariant so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um one more uh key invariant so
+invariant for our Gail shapley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant for our Gail shapley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant for our Gail shapley
+algorithm uh so if an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+evaluator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluator
+ever rejects an applicant a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+EA are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EA are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EA are not
+feasible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Partners so if e rejects a at any time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Partners so if e rejects a at any time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Partners so if e rejects a at any time
+during the Gil shapley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the Gil shapley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the Gil shapley
+algorithm then there does not exist any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm then there does not exist any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm then there does not exist any
+stable matching at all that puts e with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable matching at all that puts e with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable matching at all that puts e with
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+together uh turns out we can prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together uh turns out we can prove this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together uh turns out we can prove this
+um as an invariant of our state machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as an invariant of our state machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as an invariant of our state machine
+machine uh very briefly let's see if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine uh very briefly let's see if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine uh very briefly let's see if we
+can do that um okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that um okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that um okay
+so uh Al also this is true for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh Al also this is true for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh Al also this is true for all
+evaluators and for all applicants if any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluators and for all applicants if any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluators and for all applicants if any
+evaluator rejects any applicant at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluator rejects any applicant at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluator rejects any applicant at any
+time then they're not feasible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time then they're not feasible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time then they're not feasible
+Partners so the the heart of the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Partners so the the heart of the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Partners so the the heart of the proof
+is let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is let's
+assume um that an evaluator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume um that an evaluator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume um that an evaluator
+e uh rejects an applicant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a today
+so we've newly rejected someone and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've newly rejected someone and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've newly rejected someone and so
+now we're going to show that E and A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to show that E and A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to show that E and A
+can't be feasible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be feasible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be feasible
+Partners uh well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Partners uh well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Partners uh well in
+favor of applicant B in favor sorry in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favor of applicant B in favor sorry in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favor of applicant B in favor sorry in
+favor of a prime so if e rejects this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favor of a prime so if e rejects this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favor of a prime so if e rejects this
+applicant in favor of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicant in favor of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicant in favor of that
+applicant well then we know that e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicant well then we know that e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicant well then we know that e
+prefers the new applicant over the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefers the new applicant over the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefers the new applicant over the old
+applicant because that's the only reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicant because that's the only reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicant because that's the only reason
+e would reject one for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e would reject one for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e would reject one for the
+other uh and then the claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh and then the claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh and then the claim
+here um or the the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um or the the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um or the the main
+observation is that let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see in any uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hypothetical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stable matching not necessarily the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable matching not necessarily the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable matching not necessarily the one
+that comes from Gil shapley but in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes from Gil shapley but in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes from Gil shapley but in any
+possible stable matching you try to set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible stable matching you try to set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible stable matching you try to set
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+where a matches with E and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a matches with E and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a matches with E and then
+necessarily a prime matches with someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily a prime matches with someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily a prime matches with someone
+else um you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+prove that a sorry that e and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that a sorry that e and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that a sorry that e and a
+prime are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rogue so because e rejected a prime in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rogue so because e rejected a prime in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rogue so because e rejected a prime in
+favor of a on some day in the algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favor of a on some day in the algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favor of a on some day in the algorithm
+um you can show that anytime you try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can show that anytime you try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can show that anytime you try to
+pair a with e together in a stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair a with e together in a stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair a with e together in a stable
+matching actually it's not stable cuz e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching actually it's not stable cuz e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching actually it's not stable cuz e
+and a prime are are rogue they each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a prime are are rogue they each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a prime are are rogue they each
+prefer each other uh you'll see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer each other uh you'll see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer each other uh you'll see the
+details of that in recitation tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of that in recitation tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of that in recitation tomorrow
+thank you so much
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/COdQmA9g9S8.txt b/COdQmA9g9S8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..906f594133e3976a4a4083795ac95e1d86618ff8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/COdQmA9g9S8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1896 @@
+Good morning.
+Today we move in the direction
+
+that takes a big turn from the
+direction we have been going in
+
+so far.
+All the devices we have had up
+
+until now, resistors and voltage
+sources, and even your digital
+
+devices like the AND gate or the
+inverter and so on had a very
+
+specific property.
+We didn't dwell on that
+
+property, but that property was
+that these were not what are
+
+called memory devices.
+In other words,
+
+the outputs at any given time
+are a function of the inputs
+
+alone.
+In other words,
+
+if you took your inverter or
+your NAND gate for that matter
+
+and you build a circuit
+comprising 50 NAND gates
+
+connected in structures that we
+have talked about,
+
+you apply an input and boom you
+get an output.
+
+And your output is a function
+of the inputs alone,
+
+right?
+The same thing with your
+
+resistors and voltage sources.
+At any given point in time your
+
+output VO of T was some function
+of the input VI of T.
+
+What we are going to do today
+is discuss a new element which
+
+will introduce a whole new class
+of fun stuff for all of us to
+
+deal with.
+And that is called storage.
+
+In other words,
+the output of a circuit is now
+
+going to depend not just on the
+inputs but it is going to depend
+
+on the background or it is going
+to depend on where the circuit
+
+has been in the past.
+So past is going to matter.
+
+It is a very fundamental
+difference.
+
+And what I would like to do is
+start by giving you folks a
+
+little bit of a surprise.
+I am going to do a little demo
+
+taking two of your inverter
+circuits.
+
+I am going to start by taking a
+couple of inverters.
+
+Remember, I am using this
+structure here as an inverter.
+
+And I am going to couple this
+to another inverter and take an
+
+output C, some VS,
+some load resistance RL,
+
+my B terminal and my A
+terminal.
+
+So I'm going to apply some
+input between ground and my A
+
+terminal.
+And for fun I want to apply a
+
+square wave at the input.
+A square wave between zero and
+
+5 volts.
+And this is how my time goes.
+
+Let's assume that VS is 5
+volts.
+
+So what I am going to do is
+plot for you the behavior of
+
+this inverter.
+I am going to plot for you A,
+
+which would look like this.
+I am going to plot for you B,
+
+which would be the inverted
+wave form.
+
+And then plot C,
+which would be a wave form that
+
+looks like this again.
+Let me do a plot here.
+
+So this is A.
+
+-- and so on.
+Time goes this way.
+
+And let's say this is between
+zero and 5 volts.
+
+And B should be an inverted
+wave form that should look like
+
+this.
+
+If all that we believe of the
+world so far is true then this
+
+is how things should behave,
+so C should look like this.
+
+This is what the world should
+look like and if everything that
+
+you learned about is true and
+correct and all of the good
+
+stuff.
+Let me show you a little demo
+
+and see if I can try to pull the
+rug out from under all that you
+
+have learned so far and show you
+some surprising stuff.
+
+Here are the three wave forms
+that I showed you up here.
+
+This is my A.
+This is my A wave form.
+
+This is the B wave form.
+Notice that B,
+
+as you expect,
+is an inverted form of A.
+
+And this is C.
+We all expect this,
+
+correct?
+But what I am going to do is
+
+let me expand the time scale on
+this so that I can look at these
+
+transitions a little bit more
+carefully.
+
+I am just going to expand the
+time scale.
+
+There you go.
+All I have done is expanded the
+
+time scale and spread that out a
+little bit.
+
+And what you see there is quite
+different from what you expect.
+
+A is a square wave as expected,
+but B is stunningly different.
+
+It is a zero as expected
+because this is a one.
+
+But here I get some really
+strange behavior,
+
+behavior that is like nothing
+on earth.
+
+Like nothing you have seen
+before.
+
+And then, of course,
+it becomes a one eventually,
+
+but there's some really,
+really shady stuff going on
+
+here.
+And so far you are not prepared
+
+to deal with this.
+We have not given you the
+
+facility to deal with his issue.
+What is the problem with this?
+
+We could say who cares?
+What is the problem with this?
+
+Let's look at the result.
+I am looking at this,
+
+I am focusing on this piece
+here.
+
+And notice that instead of
+being a sharp rise it looks like
+
+this.
+It is going up a little bit
+
+more slowly.
+What kind of problem would that
+
+create?
+The problem that it creates is
+
+the following.
+Let me play around with this
+
+graph a little bit more.
+What I am going to do is just
+
+take this output here,
+the C output and line it up
+
+against the A output.
+And so I am going to line up
+
+the C wave form on top of the A
+wave form.
+
+So you can see for yourself if
+something really,
+
+really strange and nasty is
+happening, I am just going to
+
+move up the C wave form and line
+it up.
+
+What is happening out there?
+If you look carefully,
+
+what you observe is that the C
+wave form transitions just ever
+
+so slightly later than the A
+wave form.
+
+Look here.
+And I claim that it is because
+
+of this.
+Because of this,
+
+the C wave form falls just a
+little bit later,
+
+and that little thing we see
+out there is a delay.
+
+So nothing you have learned so
+far prepares you for this.
+
+Suddenly, instead of the output
+exactly following the input,
+
+my output is following the
+input but a little bit later.
+
+And it is this fact of life
+that things happen a little bit
+
+later, is really the reason why
+each of you and all of us needs
+
+to buy new computers every
+couple of years.
+
+This simple basic fact.
+If this fact of life didn't
+
+exist, you would buy one
+computer and be done with it for
+
+life.
+Intel would make gobs of money
+
+one year, and so would Dell and
+Gateway and so on,
+
+and then no more.
+That's it.
+
+This is it.
+But because of this a little
+
+itty-bitty difference here the
+entire semiconductor technology
+
+is charging along trying to do
+something about that.
+
+You buy newer and newer
+computers each year.
+
+It turns out this little
+itty-bitty thing here,
+
+that is called the delay,
+the inverter delay.
+
+And it happens because of a
+specific element that has been
+
+introduced here that we have not
+shown you so far.
+
+And a large part of the
+semiconductor industry and
+
+follow-on courses and design and
+so on focuses on how could I
+
+make my delay smaller,
+how can I get to be faster and
+
+faster and faster?
+This relates to how fast we can
+
+clock your Pentium IV.
+Remember it came all the way to
+
+1.3 gigahertz?
+What's the fasted Pentium money
+
+can buy today?
+What is the fastest P4?
+
+Oh, 3.2 have come out?
+I don't know.
+
+Ken claims 3.2.
+But, yeah, there you go,
+
+3.2 gigahertz.
+It all has to do with this
+
+little itty-bitty thing.
+You saw it for the first time
+
+here.
+When some of you become CTOs at
+
+Intel and so on,
+just remember that it all began
+
+on October 16th with this little
+rinky-dink thing here.
+
+What you are going to learn now
+is some really cool stuff that
+
+has huge implications for life.
+So why does that happen?
+
+Why did this transition happen
+just a little bit later?
+
+The reason is that remember
+when this wave form reaches VT,
+
+the threshold voltage of this
+MOSFET, this guy is going to
+
+switch, right?
+So because of the slower rise
+
+of the voltage,
+the VT is going to be reached a
+
+small amount of time later.
+So I am going to hit VT
+
+slightly later.
+And because of that this guy is
+
+going to transition just a bit
+later because this intermediate
+
+wave form B is slower.
+It hits VT just a little bit
+
+later than if it would have made
+an instantaneous transition.
+
+And therefore my output falls
+just a little bit later and this
+
+gives rise to my delay in the
+inverter.
+
+We can call that d if you would
+like, some delay.
+
+In your course notes,
+this material is covered in
+
+Chapters 9 and 10.
+That was to kind of motivate
+
+why we are going to be doing all
+that you we will be doing.
+
+Don't anybody come within a
+foot of this even by mistake.
+
+I mean it.
+It is pretty deadly stuff.
+
+Today we will talk about the
+capacitor.
+
+And in the next couple of
+lectures I am going to tie it
+
+all together and show you how
+this relates to that.
+
+I will show you exactly how the
+delay happens.
+
+You can compute it based on
+some simple principles that you
+
+will learn about in the next
+couple of lectures.
+
+What I am going to do is first
+of all show you,
+
+I claim that that delay happens
+because of the presence of a
+
+capacitor somewhere in there.
+What I will do now is take you
+
+into a closer look,
+take a closer look at the
+
+MOSFET and show you were the
+capacitor is.
+
+This is the MOSFET that you
+have seen so far,
+
+drain, gate and source.
+This is called an n-channel
+
+MOSFET.
+And what I am going to do is
+
+dissect this and show you what
+is actually happening,
+
+what this looks like on
+silicon.
+
+So here is my slab of silicon.
+It is very thin.
+
+And let's say this is,
+I won't go into details here.
+
+You will learn a lot more about
+this in future device classes
+
+like 301 and so on,
+but suffice it to say I will
+
+just introduce it here to give
+you a sense of where the
+
+capacitor is.
+This is p-type silicon.
+
+And the way you build a MOSFET
+is you create a couple of tubs
+
+in which you dope to be n-type.
+The basic silicon is dope
+
+p-type.
+And this guy here is n-type.
+
+And what you do is a thin oxide
+layer is placed on top of that
+
+and then on top of that a thin
+metal layer.
+
+This is a metal layer.
+This is a thin piece of oxide,
+
+silicon dioxide.
+And this is my P substrate.
+
+Now this is a little metal
+layer that is really a wire on
+
+top of the silicone.
+This metal layer could be some
+
+sort of a wire that meanders
+around on the surface of
+
+silicone.
+And this is a wire that
+
+connects to the gate.
+This is the gate of my MOSFET.
+
+And this guy here is the drain.
+And this guy here is the
+
+source.
+And this is my gate.
+
+So there is a little piece of
+metal here.
+
+This is this piece of metal
+here.
+
+And there is a piece of oxide
+and then my silicone substrate.
+
+Notice that this is my oxide.
+When I apply a positive voltage
+
+to the gate here with respect to
+the substrate,
+
+what happens is that I draw up
+negative charges.
+
+I draw up electrons here into
+this channel region and I have
+
+corresponding plus type out here
+so that I get a view here that
+
+looks like a couple of plates.
+And I end up with an oxide in
+
+the middle.
+There is no connection.
+
+Two plates separated by a small
+distance with plus q and minus q
+
+on the plates.
+And, because of that,
+
+what ends up happening here is
+that this piece behaves like a
+
+capacitor.
+So a capacitor has two plates
+
+with a thin insulating material
+in the middle with some
+
+permittivity epsilon.
+And so I get a little piece of
+
+a capacitor here.
+That is the capacitor that is
+
+forming.
+I did not set out to build that
+
+capacitor, but there is a
+capacitor nonetheless.
+
+So when I apply a positive
+voltage at the gate,
+
+negative electrons are pulled
+up here which forms a channel,
+
+and then a current can then
+flow.
+
+And that is how the MOSFET
+turns on.
+
+So n-type electrons back to
+n-type, and I get electron flow
+
+here and that gives me my
+channel.
+
+This is just kind of devices in
+four minutes or less.
+
+You will do an entire course on
+this, if you like,
+
+if you take 301.
+What we do is to be able to
+
+capture the behavior that we
+just saw, the funny delayed
+
+behavior, we have to augment our
+model.
+
+We have to introduce a new
+element.
+
+So what we do is here is a
+MOSFET, gate,
+
+drain and source.
+And notice here we model this
+
+by putting a little capacitor,
+CGS between our gate and the
+
+source.
+So this becomes a simple model
+
+for our MOSFET device which is
+the good old gate drain source
+
+device from the past with a
+little capacitor CGS having some
+
+value for CGS in maybe ten to
+the minus 14 or thereabouts
+
+farads.
+So that is a little capacitor
+
+that has come about in this
+device that we fabricated here.
+
+It is that capacitor that is at
+between node B and ground
+
+because it is between the gate
+and the source of the second
+
+inverter.
+And it is that capacitor that
+
+is playing the games that we saw
+out there.
+
+So let's look at some of the
+behavior of an ideal linear
+
+capacitor.
+A capacitor,
+
+as I said, has a couple of
+plates.
+
+There are a couple of plates.
+Between the plates is some
+
+dieletric, permittivity epsilon.
+Let's say the area of the
+
+plates is A, and let's say the
+plates are separated by a
+
+distance D.
+I get some charge here,
+
+let's say q.
+So q and minus q on the
+
+capacitor.
+And the capacitance C is given
+
+by epsilon A divided by D.
+Epsilon, as I said,
+
+is the productivity of the
+dielectric.
+
+So if it is free space then it
+would be epsilon zero which is
+
+the permittivity of free space.
+That is the capacitance in
+
+farads.
+And the symbol looks like this.
+
+Capacitor C.
+Voltage v.
+
+Current i.
+So this, much like the
+
+resistor, voltage source and so
+on, this now becomes a primitive
+
+element in your tool chest of
+elements like the voltage source
+
+and so onn.
+Capacitance with the voltage v
+
+across it and a current i.
+And I have assigned the
+
+associated variables here
+according to the associated
+
+variable discipline.
+A question to ask ourselves is
+
+remember we said we are all now
+in a playground from all of
+
+nature, in this playground where
+the lumped matter discipline
+
+holds?
+And also remember that we said
+
+that for the lumped matter
+discipline to hold we have to
+
+make a couple of assumptions.
+One of those assumptions was
+
+that dq/dt, for all their
+elements should be zero for all
+
+time.
+So right now what about the
+
+capacitor?
+It has got some charge q.
+
+So charge must have built up
+somehow.
+
+Does that mean that I lied all
+along, that we are no longer in
+
+this playground,
+that we have been ejected from
+
+the playground because of the
+capacitor, or are we still in
+
+the circuits playground in which
+the lumped matter discipline
+
+holds and all good things happen
+and so on?
+
+It seems like a contradiction,
+doesn't it?
+
+I took you from Maxwell's
+playgrounds to the EECS
+
+playground where I said the
+lumped matter discipline holds.
+
+And one of the foundations of
+the LMD was that dq/dt should be
+
+zero for all time inside the
+elements that we are going to
+
+deal with.
+And right now boom,
+
+it's not four weeks into the
+course and Agarwal introduces an
+
+element and it has q in it.
+It turns out that the capacitor
+
+also adheres to the lumped
+matter discipline.
+
+Remember the discipline says
+that dq/dt is zero for all time
+
+within elements.
+So I am going to be clever.
+
+What I am going to do is I want
+to choose element boundaries in
+
+a very cleaver way.
+Notice that if I have q here on
+
+this plate then I get minus q on
+the other plate.
+
+So if I take the whole element,
+the element as a whole,
+
+if I am careful in terms of how
+I package my boundaries,
+
+if I put both my plates inside
+my element boundary then I still
+
+do get the net charge being
+zero.
+
+So dq/dt is indeed zero for all
+time provided I make sure that
+
+my element has both the plates.
+Therefore, if you come across
+
+somebody else that gives you an
+element that says I have an
+
+idea.
+Let's create a new branch of
+
+electrical engineering in which
+we model the capacitor not as
+
+one element for two plates,
+but let's build a capacitor by
+
+combining two new elements,
+two garbage elements called G1
+
+and G2.
+G1 is like the top plate.
+
+G2 is the bottom plate.
+I put them together and I get a
+
+capacitor.
+But notice if I just pick one
+
+plate then the element G1 will
+not adhere to the LMD.
+
+It adheres to the LMD because I
+choose my element boundaries in
+
+a way that both plates come
+within it.
+
+So it is very fundamental and
+key.
+
+And you can read a lot more
+about it in the course notes.
+
+I purposely dwelt on that
+simple point because I think it
+
+is foundational and important.
+And you really need to
+
+understand that the capacitor
+does satisfy LMD.
+
+We are still in the good old
+playground.
+
+A few simple facts here.
+These are in the notes.
+
+And you have also seen this
+before, I am sure.
+
+I can relate the charge to the
+capacitance and the voltage as q
+
+is equal to Cv.
+And q is in coulombs,
+
+this is in farads and this is
+in volts.
+
+So there is some charge q
+stored on the capacitor and it
+
+is in coulombs and q is equal to
+Cv.
+
+So I can differentiate this
+with respect to time to get the
+
+current, and that becomes
+i=dq/dt.
+
+So the current at any given
+time is dq/dt.
+
+And so I substitute for q in
+terms of Cv here.
+
+That is what I get.
+So the current i=d(Cv)/dt.
+
+A 6.002 assumption,
+capacitance in general can be
+
+time-varying.
+I can get time-varying
+
+capacitors.
+In fact, there are some sensors
+
+which are capacitive.
+And, as I talk,
+
+my sound waves can change the
+pressure on the top plate of the
+
+capacitor.
+And move the top plate of the
+
+capacitor, thereby changing the
+capacitance by moving the plate.
+
+Remember d here,
+as the plate moves closer I get
+
+a higher capacitance.
+So we won't be dealing,
+
+unless explicitly said so,
+with time-varying capacitances.
+
+So what we can do is 6.002
+allows us to write Cdv/dt.
+
+So my current source capacitor
+is Cdv/dt.
+
+I can also write down the
+energy, capacitors store energy.
+
+E=1/2Cv^2.
+I am sure you have seen all
+
+this before in physics and so
+on.
+
+That is the amount of energy
+stored in the capacitor if it is
+
+holding a charge q.
+Let me do a little
+
+demonstration for you.
+They don't make glasses like
+
+they used to.
+Our friend Lorenzo has charged
+
+up this capacitor.
+It is a huge capacitor.
+
+It is a 250 volt capacitor so
+it is nasty.
+
+He has charged it up and has
+kept it there.
+
+And to show you that it does
+contain stored charges it has
+
+been sitting there holding
+charge.
+
+Maybe the first row should go
+backwards, just step back for a
+
+second.
+I think you guys would be safe
+
+but I just don't want to take
+any chances.
+
+This is holding a bunch of
+charge.
+
+It is kind of sitting there.
+If I short the terminals it
+
+should try to say oh,
+I've got a path,
+
+let me get my charge out.
+All right.
+
+Let's do it.
+This is always a scary moment
+
+for me.
+And I say a little prayer
+
+before I do this.
+
+Good?
+OK.
+
+Gee, you guys would love to see
+me getting fried,
+
+huh?
+All right.
+
+Let's see.
+
+So it did contain charge.
+
+So there is a reason why
+Lorenzo puts one hand inside his
+
+pocket when he shorts it,
+because there is a natural
+
+tendency to hold the wire with
+both hands, and la,
+
+la, la, la, la and put it
+across the capacitor.
+
+By doing this you are
+guaranteed that you will just be
+
+touching it with one hand.
+Hopefully you folks will
+
+remember for life that a
+capacitor can sit around and
+
+hold its charge for a while.
+All right.
+
+That is enough of fun and
+games.
+
+Let's get on with our business
+of building circuits.
+
+What I am going to do is,
+as I promised you,
+
+I am going to close the loop on
+that example by halfway through
+
+the next lecture.
+I'm going take you on a bit of
+
+a journey involving capacitors
+and resistors and involving some
+
+analysis, and then we will close
+it all up for you at about the
+
+middle of next lecture.
+What I would like to do next is
+
+here is a new element.
+And let's do some fun stuff
+
+with elements.
+Well, you know about voltage
+
+sources, you know about
+resistors, let's put them
+
+together and see how they
+behave.
+
+Let's have a capacitor here,
+C, vc(t) and some current i.
+
+What I am going to do,
+in general, whenever I have
+
+something new or something
+strange, let's say like a
+
+capacitor or some other device.
+It is interesting to model the
+
+rest of the circuit behind it if
+it contains only resistors and
+
+voltages and linear elements as
+a Thevenin equivalent.
+
+So let me do that.
+This is R and this is vi.
+
+This stuff in the back is my
+standard pattern,
+
+voltage source in series with a
+resistor, and I connect that
+
+across my capacitor.
+But remember,
+
+although you saw those funny
+wave forms and so on,
+
+the capacitor is a linear
+device.
+
+Because you can see from here
+that the current relates to
+
+dv/dt.
+That is a linear operation.
+
+You don't see V squareds and
+Vis and things like that in
+
+there.
+It's is a linear device.
+
+Let's go back to our trusty old
+method, the node method.
+
+If you just blindly apply the
+node method and simply grunge
+
+through a bunch of math,
+you should be able to get to
+
+the answer, that is for some
+voltage v or some form of
+
+voltage vi, I should be able to
+figure out what vc looks like.
+
+So let's do that.
+This is the node that is of
+
+interest here with the unknown
+node voltage vc.
+
+So let me apply the node
+method.
+
+(vc-vi)/R is the current going
+this way.
+
+That plus the current through
+the capacitor should equal zero.
+
+And what is the current through
+the capacitor?
+
+The node method tells me that,
+get the current in terms of the
+
+element values.
+We know that the current is
+
+given by CdvC/dt.=O.
+Just shuffling things around a
+
+little bit, I can write RC
+dvc/dt+vc=vi.
+
+We are writing the node
+equation and then getting the
+
+equation that characterizes this
+little circuit.
+
+Notice here that this has units
+of volts.
+
+And since I have time here,
+this also must have units of
+
+time.
+
+Let's go about solving this
+little circuit and understanding
+
+how it behaves.
+The specific example that we
+
+will look at looks like this.
+Let's say the capacitor voltage
+
+at time T=0 is V0.
+This is given.
+
+So at time T=0,
+I am telling you that the
+
+capacitor contains a charge.
+And because of that there is a
+
+voltage V0 across it.
+That capacitor had a voltage of
+
+250 volts across it and most of
+the devices we deal with in
+
+laptops and so on today,
+like the Pentium IV,
+
+voltages are on the order of
+1.5 volts, very small voltages.
+
+So that is the value in the
+capacitor, the voltage.
+
+That is called a state.
+This is called the state,
+
+capacitor state.
+It is the state of the
+
+capacitor.
+And I also give you that
+
+vi(t)=VI.
+So my voltage is VI.
+
+And somehow,
+I am not telling you how,
+
+but some how it arranged to
+have the capacitor voltage be V0
+
+at time T=0.
+Now I want to look to the
+
+solution to this for t greater
+than or equal to zero.
+
+And in that time my voltage vi
+is at some capital VI,
+
+some DC voltage VI.
+So I am going to solve the
+
+differential equation RC
+dvc/dt+vc=vi given these two
+
+values.
+Input is DC voltage VI and VC0
+
+is V0, the initial charge in the
+capacitor.
+
+So from now until almost to the
+end of the lecture,
+
+it is just going to be math by
+solving this very simple first
+
+order differential equation.
+And the key here will be that
+
+throughout 6.002 we will be
+following one method to solve
+
+these.
+There are many methods to
+
+solving differential equations,
+and we will follow one method.
+
+That method is called the
+method of homogenous and
+
+particular solutions.
+In 1802, I believe,
+
+you would have learned maybe
+this, and certainly other
+
+methods.
+You can use any method to solve
+
+it.
+We will just stick to one
+
+method.
+And this is also used in the
+
+course notes.
+In this method what we do is
+
+take the solution VC by finding
+two other components.
+
+One is called the homogenous
+solution.
+
+And summing that up with the
+particular solution.
+
+And that is the total solution.
+So total solution is the sum of
+
+the homogenous and the
+particular solutions.
+
+And the method has three steps.
+As I said before,
+
+we will be using this method
+again and again with every
+
+differential equation that we
+encounter in this course.
+
+And you won't encounter a while
+lot.
+
+The first step we find the
+particular solution.
+
+The second step,
+find the homogenous solution.
+
+The total solution is the sum
+of the two.
+
+And then find ---
+
+There will be some unknown
+constants depending on the
+
+equation that you have.
+And in the end we simply find
+
+the unknown constants by
+applying the initial conditions
+
+that we have.
+Boom, boom, boom.
+
+Particular.
+Homogenous.
+
+Find constants.
+Three things.
+
+So let's go about solving this
+equation and apply those three
+
+conditions.
+Again, remember,
+
+what I am doing now for the
+next 10 minutes or 15 minutes is
+
+using math that you know about
+to simply solve this first order
+
+of differential equations.
+There is nothing really new
+
+that I am going to talk about
+here.
+
+One is to find the particular
+solution vCP,
+
+which will then be added into
+the vCH to get me the solution.
+
+So the way you find the vCP is
+you find any solution that
+
+satisfies this equation.
+This is the equation.
+
+You find any solution that
+satisfies it.
+
+And find the simplest possible
+solution that money can buy.
+
+Find it.
+That's the particular solution.
+
+Any solution is fine.
+In this case,
+
+a really simple one would be
+vCP equals VI.
+
+Let's see if a constant works.
+One thing you will realize in
+
+differential equations is that
+they are actually much simpler
+
+than they seem.
+And the reason is that almost
+
+every time you have to assume
+you know the answer,
+
+and then you are checking to
+see what you assumed was
+
+correct.
+Assume the answer is this like
+
+you are really smart,
+and then check it out and say
+
+oh, yeah, that must have been
+the answer.
+
+So here we assume that I think
+VI is going to work so let's try
+
+it out.
+Substituting in here.
+
+RC dvc/dt is 0.
+vi is a constant.
+
+So I get vi equals vi,
+so therefore this is a
+
+particular solution.
+Done.
+
+I substitute vi here.
+So dvi/dt=0.
+
+This vanishes and vi=VI.
+Bingo.
+
+Therefore, VI is a solution to
+this equation.
+
+So I am done with my vCP.
+
+And in general what you have to
+do is use trial and error.
+
+By trial and error try out a
+bunch of solutions until you get
+
+lucky.
+In general, again,
+
+in all of 6.002 for many of the
+excitations a simple constant
+
+usually suffices.
+Our second step is to find the
+
+homogenous solution.
+And we can also do that very
+
+quickly.
+And to do that we have to find
+
+a general solution to the
+homogenous equation.
+
+The homogenous equation is the
+same differential equation but
+
+with the drive set to zero.
+
+We want to follow a set pattern
+to solve the differential
+
+equations here,
+and the set pattern is find
+
+vCP, vCH, find constants.
+And to find vCH we are also
+
+going to follow a set pattern to
+find the homogenous solution.
+
+So we set the drive to zero,
+so vi is set to be zero.
+
+And I need to find a general
+solution to this.
+
+As I promised earlier,
+diff equations are really,
+
+really simple because the way
+we are going to solve them is we
+
+are going to assume we know the
+answer and then go check it.
+
+So let's try Ae^st.
+Let's try and see if this can
+
+solve this particular equation
+for some values of A and S.
+
+I am telling you that the
+solution is going to be of this
+
+form.
+Assume it.
+
+And then simply go ahead and
+find me A and S,
+
+and do that by substituting it
+back into the equation and find
+
+out the corresponding As and Ss.
+So let's go ahead and do that.
+
+I get RC.
+I substitute this back up so I
+
+get dAe^(st)/dt+Ae^st=0.
+And let me plug that in and see
+
+what comes.
+I get RCAse^st+Ae^st=0.
+
+I want to discard the trivial
+solution of A being 0.
+
+That is a trivial solution so I
+will discard that.
+
+And what I will do is cancel
+out the As from here,
+
+assuming A is not zero,
+and cancel e^st here.
+
+And what is left is RCs+1=0.
+What this is saying is that if
+
+I can find an S such that this
+is true then Aest is a general
+
+solution to my homogenous
+equation.
+
+This is easy enough.
+And so S=-1/RC.
+
+If I choose my S to be -1/RC
+then the simple math that I have
+
+gone through shows me that this
+must be the solution to the
+
+homogenous equation.
+Or in other words
+
+vCH=Ae^(-t/RC).
+All this is saying is that
+
+Ae^(-t/RC) is a solution to my
+homogenous equation.
+
+A is an unknown constant.
+A is some constant.
+
+I don't know what that is yet.
+Notice RC has popped up again.
+
+And the cool thing about RC is
+that, this is time,
+
+this also has units of time.
+We commonly represent RC as
+
+some time constant tau,
+as units of time.
+
+Associated with that circuit is
+the time constant tau,
+
+which is simply RC.
+I commonly write this as
+
+Ae^(-t/tau).
+
+I am very the end here.
+I have the particular solution
+
+here.
+I have got the homogenous
+
+solution there.
+I need to tell you about
+
+something else.
+The way I found the homogenous
+
+solution was in four steps.
+I assumed a solution of the
+
+form Ae^st.
+I created this equation here in
+
+S.
+This is called the
+
+characteristic equation for that
+circuit.
+
+We will see this time and time
+again for RC and other forms of
+
+circuits.
+Assume a solution of this form.
+
+Construct the characteristic
+equation.
+
+Find the roots of the
+characteristic equation.
+
+In this case it is an equation
+in S.
+
+So this is the root.
+And then form the solution
+
+based on that root.
+Four steps.
+
+Ae^st, characteristic equation,
+root and then write down the
+
+general homogenous solution.
+Four steps there.
+
+And finally I want to write
+down the total solution.
+
+And the total solution is
+simply vCP+vCH.
+
+And vCP was VI and vCH was
+Ae^(-t/tau).
+
+tau was simply RC.
+That is my solution.
+
+Now, remember the last step.
+The last step was form the
+
+total solution and find out the
+remaining constants.
+
+Find out the remaining
+constants by using my initial
+
+conditions.
+At t=0, I know that vC=V0.
+
+I know that.
+And so therefore I can
+
+substitute t=0 to find the
+constant.
+
+So I know that VO=VI+A.
+t=0, this thing becomes 1,
+
+and so I get this equation from
+which I get A=V0-Vi.
+
+In other words,
+my solution vC is simply
+
+VI+(VO-VI) e^(-t/tau).
+So the last 15 minutes have
+
+just been math.
+No electrical engineering here,
+
+but electrical engineering
+stopped at the point where you
+
+wrote this differential equation
+down, went through a bunch of
+
+math and came up with a
+solution.
+
+Purely mathematically.
+So here I simply used math to
+
+get you the solution.
+And, as I have been promising
+
+you throughout this course,
+in the next lecture I will give
+
+you an intuitive EE method of
+doing it.
+
+Real electrical engineers,
+real EECS folks don't do it
+
+this way.
+Real EECS folks do it
+
+intuitively.
+And I will show you how to do
+
+it in four easy seconds in the
+next lecture.
+
+But you need to understand the
+foundations of how this comes
+
+about, and so this is the
+answer.
+
+You can also get the current iC
+is simply Cdvc/dt.
+
+I won't do that for you,
+but you can simply
+
+differentiate it and get the
+current.
+
+So I can plot for you vC,
+time t, vC.
+
+The intuitive way of looking at
+this is I have VI which is the
+
+final value of the voltage.
+When t is infinity this part
+
+goes to zero so the vC is simply
+VI.
+
+And then there is a component
+V0-VI which decays according to
+
+this starting out at an initial
+value of V0.
+
+Notice when t is zero vC is V0,
+you can see that in the
+
+equation, and so it starts out
+at V0 and ends up at VI.
+
+I start here,
+I end up here.
+
+And this portion V0-VI decays
+out over time like this.
+
+And this decay is governed by
+the RC time constant or tau.
+
+I am going to show you very
+quickly a couple of examples of
+
+wave forms, one that goes like
+this and one that looks like
+
+this.
+This is when I start with some
+
+value V0 and I don't apply any
+input, it should decay down to
+
+zero, t, t, vC,
+vC.
+
+If I apply zero for VI then
+this should simply decay down to
+
+nothing over time.
+And if I apply some VI but
+
+there is no state in the
+capacitor then that same
+
+equation is going to look like
+this.
+
+You can go and confirm for
+yourselves that when I apply
+
+some input but the capacitor has
+zero state, I start at zero,
+
+I finish up at VI and my wave
+form looks like this.
+
+There you go.
+That's the first one.
+
+The second one where I have 5
+volts on the capacitor and no
+
+input.
+Assume that at time equals zero
+
+I take away an input,
+short the input voltage to
+
+ground for example,
+apply zero volts.
+
+You will see the decay from 5
+volts to 0 volts.
+
+And in the first case I start
+with zero volts in my capacitor,
+
+I apply input of 5 volts,
+and notice that at t=0 the
+
+capacitor rises up to that
+level.
+
+So notice that these circuits
+with capacitor and resistors are
+
+typified by wave forms that are
+exponential rises and
+
+exponential decays.
+We will see more of that next
+
+time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Cqj4KVnD0OU.txt b/Cqj4KVnD0OU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bdd2014ed5303a1223dc8faff42b1c7e3d3684a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Cqj4KVnD0OU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8571 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu Okay so we've started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu Okay so we've started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu Okay so we've started
+talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking
+about some many of the key Concepts in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some many of the key Concepts in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some many of the key Concepts in
+studies of behavior studies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of behavior studies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of behavior studies of
+learning and I'm basing this on Conrad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and I'm basing this on Conrad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and I'm basing this on Conrad
+Lawrence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lawrence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lawrence and
+uh we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to this is where we ended we were about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this is where we ended we were about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this is where we ended we were about
+to talk about avoidance responses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about avoidance responses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about avoidance responses
+acquired through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquired through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquired through
+trauma we had just talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trauma we had just talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trauma we had just talked about
+condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition
+reflexes remember that he sees the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexes remember that he sees the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexes remember that he sees the
+condition reflex as the way it has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition reflex as the way it has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition reflex as the way it has been
+studied in experimental situations is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied in experimental situations is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied in experimental situations is a
+kind of stimulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of stimulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of stimulus
+selection and that's always the way it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection and that's always the way it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection and that's always the way it's
+interpreted and there are many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreted and there are many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreted and there are many many
+experiments that perfectly Fit U the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that perfectly Fit U the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that perfectly Fit U the
+Lawrence definition even though Pavlov's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lawrence definition even though Pavlov's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lawrence definition even though Pavlov's
+original experiment that's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original experiment that's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original experiment that's so
+popularly uh described uh as a example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popularly uh described uh as a example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popularly uh described uh as a example
+of classical condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of classical condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of classical condition
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+U so we'll bring that up again a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U so we'll bring that up again a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U so we'll bring that up again a little
+later because you'll see them what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later because you'll see them what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later because you'll see them what
+Lawrence calls it but first let's finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lawrence calls it but first let's finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lawrence calls it but first let's finish
+talking about learning through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about learning through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about learning through
+Association without feedback without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Association without feedback without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Association without feedback without
+feedback reporting the success of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback reporting the success of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback reporting the success of the
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement
+so we'll talk about avoidance responses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll talk about avoidance responses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll talk about avoidance responses
+acquired through trauma it's it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquired through trauma it's it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquired through trauma it's it's very
+interesting kind of learning because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting kind of learning because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting kind of learning because
+it's generally it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's generally it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's generally it's pretty
+irreversible it's another type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversible it's another type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversible it's another type of
+stimulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus
+selection can occur after just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection can occur after just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection can occur after just one
+experience and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and then
+be considerably permanent he talks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be considerably permanent he talks about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be considerably permanent he talks about
+how trainers of dogs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how trainers of dogs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how trainers of dogs and
+horses uh just like psychoanalysts they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horses uh just like psychoanalysts they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horses uh just like psychoanalysts they
+they know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know
+how once an animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how once an animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how once an animal
+learns to avoid something some stimulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learns to avoid something some stimulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learns to avoid something some stimulus
+in his environment becomes associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his environment becomes associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his environment becomes associated
+with avoidance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with avoidance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with avoidance
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+that's frightened the animal a lot or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's frightened the animal a lot or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's frightened the animal a lot or
+frighten the person becomes associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frighten the person becomes associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frighten the person becomes associated
+with certain stimuli it's very difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with certain stimuli it's very difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with certain stimuli it's very difficult
+to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that in the laboratory usually it's done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the laboratory usually it's done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the laboratory usually it's done
+by pairing sound with electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by pairing sound with electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by pairing sound with electric
+shock sometimes it's not sound it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock sometimes it's not sound it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock sometimes it's not sound it's
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+stimulus and then later with later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus and then later with later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus and then later with later
+presentations of the sound you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations of the sound you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations of the sound you will
+get autonomic responses increased heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get autonomic responses increased heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get autonomic responses increased heart
+rate and blood pressure and uh at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and blood pressure and uh at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and blood pressure and uh at least
+some forms of it are just one PR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some forms of it are just one PR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some forms of it are just one PR
+learning one experience the most common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning one experience the most common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning one experience the most common
+type in the laboratory as many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type in the laboratory as many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type in the laboratory as many of you
+know is we call a step down response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is we call a step down response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is we call a step down response
+because a little road on a raised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a little road on a raised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a little road on a raised
+platform will tend to step down from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform will tend to step down from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform will tend to step down from the
+platform U unless he his vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform U unless he his vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform U unless he his vision
+indicates that he's very high up uh then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates that he's very high up uh then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates that he's very high up uh then
+he's be much less likely to step down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's be much less likely to step down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's be much less likely to step down
+but if he can step down uh fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if he can step down uh fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if he can step down uh fairly
+comfortably he will do it but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortably he will do it but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortably he will do it but if you
+having when he steps down the grid he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having when he steps down the grid he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having when he steps down the grid he
+steps down an electrified grid you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps down an electrified grid you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps down an electrified grid you know
+then just in that one trial you bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just in that one trial you bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just in that one trial you bring
+him back later and he'll just stay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him back later and he'll just stay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him back later and he'll just stay and
+stay and stay on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay and stay on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay and stay on the
+platform so that's an example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform so that's an example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform so that's an example of a
+avoidance responses acquired through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoidance responses acquired through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoidance responses acquired through
+trauma and I just PL out here that most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trauma and I just PL out here that most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trauma and I just PL out here that most
+psychologists includ this isn't anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologists includ this isn't anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologists includ this isn't anything
+I've added and read on these slides is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've added and read on these slides is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've added and read on these slides is
+not in the thing posted online but I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the thing posted online but I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the thing posted online but I'll
+change that to the annotated version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that to the annotated version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that to the annotated version
+later on but most psychologists include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on but most psychologists include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on but most psychologists include
+this kind of learning in the classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of learning in the classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of learning in the classical
+conditioning category but it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning category but it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning category but it's got
+enough differences as Lawrence points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough differences as Lawrence points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough differences as Lawrence points
+out to separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it in other words animals appear to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in other words animals appear to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in other words animals appear to have
+evolved differences that's why this type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved differences that's why this type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved differences that's why this type
+is so irreversible compared with other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so irreversible compared with other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so irreversible compared with other
+types of stimulus selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of stimulus selection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of stimulus selection
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+learning okay and then imprinting which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning okay and then imprinting which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning okay and then imprinting which
+we have talked about before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have talked about before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have talked about before
+uh I said here on this is on the posted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I said here on this is on the posted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I said here on this is on the posted
+slid both both of the previous two U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slid both both of the previous two U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slid both both of the previous two U
+that is both avoidance response required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is both avoidance response required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is both avoidance response required
+through praa and condition reflexes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through praa and condition reflexes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through praa and condition reflexes are
+irreversible I don't it's certainly true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversible I don't it's certainly true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversible I don't it's certainly true
+of the avoidance respones the words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the avoidance respones the words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the avoidance respones the words
+through trauma relatively speaking it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through trauma relatively speaking it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through trauma relatively speaking it's
+irreversible I'm not other types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversible I'm not other types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversible I'm not other types of
+class conditioning are less perhaps less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+irreversible but we know that imprinting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversible but we know that imprinting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversible but we know that imprinting
+will cause a fixation of specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will cause a fixation of specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will cause a fixation of specific
+responses um they're very specific we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses um they're very specific we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses um they're very specific we
+we've learn that birds don't become like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've learn that birds don't become like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've learn that birds don't become like
+imprinted on humans there's no such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imprinted on humans there's no such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imprinted on humans there's no such
+thing they become imprinted for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing they become imprinted for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing they become imprinted for
+particular situations particular kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular situations particular kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular situations particular kind of
+responses like that his Jack does uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses like that his Jack does uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses like that his Jack does uh
+they can because of early imprinting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can because of early imprinting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can because of early imprinting
+they can become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can become
+fixated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixated
+on companions for sex or they can become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on companions for sex or they can become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on companions for sex or they can become
+separately imprinted on companions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately imprinted on companions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately imprinted on companions for
+flocking and F flying and separately for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flocking and F flying and separately for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flocking and F flying and separately for
+Parental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parental
+care and uh these things are quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care and uh these things are quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care and uh these things are quite
+separable and all of that became clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separable and all of that became clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separable and all of that became clear
+in his studies of Jack do and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his studies of Jack do and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his studies of Jack do and it's
+also clear in Gees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also clear in Gees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also clear in Gees
+uh geese that are raised with humans can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh geese that are raised with humans can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh geese that are raised with humans can
+become imprinted for uh what he calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become imprinted for uh what he calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become imprinted for uh what he calls
+filial and social responses okay and yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filial and social responses okay and yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filial and social responses okay and yet
+in their sexual behavior they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their sexual behavior they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their sexual behavior they're not
+affected they will have normal they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected they will have normal they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected they will have normal they will
+have sexual behavior normally with other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sexual behavior normally with other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sexual behavior normally with other
+members of their species and so so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members of their species and so so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members of their species and so so there
+are real species differences in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are real species differences in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are real species differences in
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+uh you can separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can separate
+imprinting from conditioning with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imprinting from conditioning with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imprinting from conditioning with
+reward uh by simply pitting them against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward uh by simply pitting them against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward uh by simply pitting them against
+each other for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other for
+example uh you can have animals that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are imprinted on say humans as sexual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are imprinted on say humans as sexual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are imprinted on say humans as sexual
+partners and we' we can we've had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners and we' we can we've had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners and we' we can we've had
+examples of that especially in the Jack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of that especially in the Jack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of that especially in the Jack
+Doos U but it's been done with a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Doos U but it's been done with a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Doos U but it's been done with a number
+of other species and in his book he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other species and in his book he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other species and in his book he
+describes specific species where a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes specific species where a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes specific species where a a
+species was imprinted for mating on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species was imprinted for mating on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species was imprinted for mating on
+another species a similar species but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another species a similar species but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another species a similar species but
+different well if you deprive the animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different well if you deprive the animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different well if you deprive the animal
+for a long period of time you never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long period of time you never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long period of time you never
+expose him anymore to that species he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expose him anymore to that species he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expose him anymore to that species he's
+imprinted on so he eventually will will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imprinted on so he eventually will will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imprinted on so he eventually will will
+because his action specific what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because his action specific what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because his action specific what happens
+you deprive an animal for very very long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you deprive an animal for very very long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you deprive an animal for very very long
+time the action specific potential that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the action specific potential that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the action specific potential that
+is the internal drive becomes so high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the internal drive becomes so high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the internal drive becomes so high
+thresholds are lowered he's likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thresholds are lowered he's likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thresholds are lowered he's likely to
+start mating with its own species okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start mating with its own species okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start mating with its own species okay
+so you let him do that for a well taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you let him do that for a well taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you let him do that for a well taking
+care of young everything and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of young everything and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of young everything and
+now you bring back the other species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you bring back the other species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you bring back the other species
+that he's was imprinted on what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he's was imprinted on what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he's was imprinted on what happens
+either immediately or gradually he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either immediately or gradually he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either immediately or gradually he
+switches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches
+over he switches back with all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over he switches back with all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over he switches back with all the
+reward and everything associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward and everything associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward and everything associated with
+with h mating with his own species he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with h mating with his own species he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with h mating with his own species he
+still will switch back to the imprinted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still will switch back to the imprinted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still will switch back to the imprinted
+species which shows the independence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species which shows the independence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species which shows the independence of
+these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two
+processes then he gives the example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes then he gives the example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes then he gives the example of
+innate releasing mechanisms and malard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innate releasing mechanisms and malard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innate releasing mechanisms and malard
+males and females the males can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+males and females the males can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+males and females the males can be
+sexually imprinted other species but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexually imprinted other species but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexually imprinted other species but not
+the females the females the reason is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the females the females the reason is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the females the females the reason is
+they're so dominated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're so dominated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're so dominated by
+innate releasing mechanisms that respond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innate releasing mechanisms that respond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innate releasing mechanisms that respond
+to the malard Drakes colors in his his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the malard Drakes colors in his his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the malard Drakes colors in his his
+mating colors nupal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mating colors nupal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mating colors nupal
+colors so it's a very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors so it's a very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors so it's a very different
+situation for male and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation for male and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation for male and
+female just like it is there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female just like it is there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female just like it is there are
+differences from one species to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences from one species to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences from one species to the
+other there can be differences between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other there can be differences between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other there can be differences between
+the two Sexes okay so and then finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two Sexes okay so and then finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two Sexes okay so and then finally
+what he calls conditioned inhibition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he calls conditioned inhibition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he calls conditioned inhibition
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we train domestic animals and circus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we train domestic animals and circus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we train domestic animals and circus
+animals we even train tigers and bears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals we even train tigers and bears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals we even train tigers and bears
+in for circus performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for circus performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for circus performance
+uh and they learn they are taught to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and they learn they are taught to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and they learn they are taught to
+inhibit natural responses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibit natural responses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibit natural responses
+okay obviously you're they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay obviously you're they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay obviously you're they're going to
+be in a circus you don't want them to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in a circus you don't want them to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in a circus you don't want them to be
+showing break catching responses and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing break catching responses and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing break catching responses and so
+forth to a little child running in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth to a little child running in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth to a little child running in front
+of the audience so you can suppress you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the audience so you can suppress you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the audience so you can suppress you
+can you can condition them so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can condition them so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can condition them so they're
+inhibiting their normal responses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibiting their normal responses the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibiting their normal responses the
+problem is if the action specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is if the action specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is if the action specific
+potentials build up and build up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials build up and build up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials build up and build up and
+build up because of long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up because of long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up because of long
+suppression you can sometimes have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppression you can sometimes have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppression you can sometimes have very
+dangerous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous
+consequences and his examples are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences and his examples are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences and his examples are uh
+pack animals like wolf uh a dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pack animals like wolf uh a dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pack animals like wolf uh a dominant
+pack member can totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pack member can totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pack member can totally
+suppress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppress
+uh resistance by other members of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh resistance by other members of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh resistance by other members of the
+pack and so you'll have passive members
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pack and so you'll have passive members
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pack and so you'll have passive members
+of the pack but if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pack but if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pack but if they're
+really if he's at the bottom of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really if he's at the bottom of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really if he's at the bottom of the
+totem pole he's really repressed okay he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totem pole he's really repressed okay he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totem pole he's really repressed okay he
+can suddenly his his desire to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can suddenly his his desire to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can suddenly his his desire to
+uh to respond more normally and oppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to respond more normally and oppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to respond more normally and oppose
+that leader can suddenly break out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leader can suddenly break out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leader can suddenly break out and
+basically all hell breaks loose and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically all hell breaks loose and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically all hell breaks loose and the
+animal becomes very danger the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal becomes very danger the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal becomes very danger the normal
+inhibitions can suddenly fail and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitions can suddenly fail and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitions can suddenly fail and he
+there's specific examples Lawrence goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's specific examples Lawrence goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's specific examples Lawrence goes
+through uh hooko van lavic studied this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through uh hooko van lavic studied this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through uh hooko van lavic studied this
+in African hunting dogs and he he showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in African hunting dogs and he he showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in African hunting dogs and he he showed
+examples of it there are another group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of it there are another group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of it there are another group
+living animal where there's a dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living animal where there's a dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living animal where there's a dominant
+animal and the Animals low down in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal and the Animals low down in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal and the Animals low down in the
+social hierarchy can occasionally do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social hierarchy can occasionally do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social hierarchy can occasionally do
+this if their normal behavior suppressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if their normal behavior suppressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if their normal behavior suppressed
+for too long we mentioned it already in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for too long we mentioned it already in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for too long we mentioned it already in
+wolves but it happens in humans too in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wolves but it happens in humans too in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wolves but it happens in humans too in a
+situation that has has certainly has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation that has has certainly has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation that has has certainly has
+legal uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal uh
+consequences namely spousal murder so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences namely spousal murder so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences namely spousal murder so
+for it usually happens when a woman is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it usually happens when a woman is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it usually happens when a woman is
+so totally controlled by a spouse okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so totally controlled by a spouse okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so totally controlled by a spouse okay
+that her normal normal reactions are to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that her normal normal reactions are to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that her normal normal reactions are to
+totally suppressed her normal drives she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally suppressed her normal drives she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally suppressed her normal drives she
+cannot express you know and if this goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot express you know and if this goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot express you know and if this goes
+on and on and on you know especially if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and on and on you know especially if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and on and on you know especially if
+he's cruy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's cruy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's cruy
+treated she eventually her inhibitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated she eventually her inhibitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated she eventually her inhibitions
+can suddenly fail and she just kills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can suddenly fail and she just kills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can suddenly fail and she just kills
+them and when that comes to the court
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and when that comes to the court
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and when that comes to the court
+women are off in that situ situation are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women are off in that situ situation are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women are off in that situ situation are
+often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often
+acquitted so this does have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquitted so this does have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquitted so this does have some
+recognition in our legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition in our legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition in our legal
+system this uh it's consequences of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system this uh it's consequences of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system this uh it's consequences of
+basically conditioned inhibition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically conditioned inhibition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically conditioned inhibition
+although in the legal sense it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although in the legal sense it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although in the legal sense it's not
+called that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called that
+okay so now learning affected by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now learning affected by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now learning affected by the
+consequences of behavior this is these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences of behavior this is these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences of behavior this is these
+are the common kinds these are the kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the common kinds these are the kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the common kinds these are the kinds
+condition thetive Behavior will deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition thetive Behavior will deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition thetive Behavior will deal
+with first condition aversion condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with first condition aversion condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with first condition aversion condition
+action uh condition aversion we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action uh condition aversion we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action uh condition aversion we've
+talked about condition taste aversion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about condition taste aversion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about condition taste aversion is
+the usual uh phenomenon we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual uh phenomenon we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual uh phenomenon we talk about
+then condition action condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then condition action condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then condition action condition
+repetitive Behavior directed at quesence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetitive Behavior directed at quesence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetitive Behavior directed at quesence
+when there's some some very strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there's some some very strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there's some some very strong
+annoyer like hunger or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoyer like hunger or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoyer like hunger or
+thirst or anything that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirst or anything that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirst or anything that's
+extremely bothersome or difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely bothersome or difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely bothersome or difficult
+uncomfortable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortable
+and finally operant conditioning which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally operant conditioning which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally operant conditioning which
+is not stimulus conditioning at all but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not stimulus conditioning at all but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not stimulus conditioning at all but
+response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+selection which Lawrence claims is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection which Lawrence claims is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection which Lawrence claims is much
+less common than people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less common than people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less common than people
+um tend to be taught that learn about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um tend to be taught that learn about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um tend to be taught that learn about
+what they call it instrumental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they call it instrumental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they call it instrumental
+conditioning it's usually operant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning it's usually operant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning it's usually operant
+conditioning involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning involves
+responsively this is just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsively this is just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsively this is just an
+introduction to that Lawrence we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to that Lawrence we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to that Lawrence we've been
+talking mainly about Type S with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking mainly about Type S with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking mainly about Type S with
+stimulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus
+selection uh types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection uh types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection uh types of
+learning uh is as much exploratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning uh is as much exploratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning uh is as much exploratory
+behavior is that way and it's the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior is that way and it's the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior is that way and it's the most
+common type R conditioning response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common type R conditioning response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common type R conditioning response
+selection is a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection is a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection is a little more
+rare um it includes Operate conditioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rare um it includes Operate conditioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rare um it includes Operate conditioning
+like with a confined animal that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like with a confined animal that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like with a confined animal that's
+trying every response he can in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying every response he can in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying every response he can in order to
+escape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escape
+um it involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it involves
+reinforcement some kind of reward he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement some kind of reward he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement some kind of reward he
+likes the word encouraging rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reinforcement and then he talks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement and then he talks about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement and then he talks about
+applies this to the study of fix action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies this to the study of fix action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies this to the study of fix action
+patterns where you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns where you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns where you have
+an starts with the drive the action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an starts with the drive the action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an starts with the drive the action
+specific potential which leads to ative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific potential which leads to ative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific potential which leads to ative
+behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior
+which basically he's looking for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which basically he's looking for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which basically he's looking for the
+stimulus it can release the response of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus it can release the response of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus it can release the response of
+that response side of the specific of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that response side of the specific of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that response side of the specific of of
+the fixed action pattern so then his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fixed action pattern so then his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fixed action pattern so then his
+innate releasing mechanism is activated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innate releasing mechanism is activated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innate releasing mechanism is activated
+which causes the consummatory behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which causes the consummatory behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which causes the consummatory behavior
+the consummatory response and then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consummatory response and then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consummatory response and then that
+the feedback from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the feedback from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the feedback from that
+behavior um it the feedback affects the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior um it the feedback affects the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior um it the feedback affects the
+action specific potential at lowers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action specific potential at lowers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action specific potential at lowers
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh it usually stops the consummatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it usually stops the consummatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it usually stops the consummatory
+behavior reduces the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior reduces the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior reduces the
+drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive
+uh and so it reduces the peda Behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so it reduces the peda Behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so it reduces the peda Behavior
+Uh and it can actually shape the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and it can actually shape the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and it can actually shape the the
+original releasing mechanism because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original releasing mechanism because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original releasing mechanism because
+there's learning in these innate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's learning in these innate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's learning in these innate
+behavior sequences is mostly on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior sequences is mostly on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior sequences is mostly on the
+stimulus site the animal like an animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that has built-in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has built-in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has built-in
+responses very we talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses very we talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses very we talked about the
+smiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smiling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smiling
+response it's a fixed action pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response it's a fixed action pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response it's a fixed action pattern
+they well smile spontaneously sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they well smile spontaneously sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they well smile spontaneously sometimes
+but they normally respond in almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they normally respond in almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they normally respond in almost
+reflex fashion to specific configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflex fashion to specific configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflex fashion to specific configuration
+and yet over time it acquires other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet over time it acquires other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet over time it acquires other
+characteristics and his smiling becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics and his smiling becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics and his smiling becomes
+more limited more restricted to certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more limited more restricted to certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more limited more restricted to certain
+situations okay and he has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations okay and he has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations okay and he has this
+interesting statement about why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting statement about why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting statement about why
+behaviorists have over simplified the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviorists have over simplified the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviorists have over simplified the
+problem of learning an instinct Instinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of learning an instinct Instinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of learning an instinct Instinct
+and he's talking about American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's talking about American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's talking about American
+comparative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative
+psychology he says they hope to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology he says they hope to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology he says they hope to be able
+to abstract generally valid laws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to abstract generally valid laws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to abstract generally valid laws
+prevailing in all learning processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevailing in all learning processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevailing in all learning processes
+it's not all behavior and there have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not all behavior and there have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not all behavior and there have
+been many books written like this almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been many books written like this almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been many books written like this almost
+all over here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over here in
+America
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America
+uh in this way they hope to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in this way they hope to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in this way they hope to find a
+shortcut to an understanding of animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortcut to an understanding of animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortcut to an understanding of animal
+and human behavior without going to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and human behavior without going to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and human behavior without going to the
+trouble of analyzing the immensely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble of analyzing the immensely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble of analyzing the immensely
+complicated physiological Machinery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated physiological Machinery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated physiological Machinery
+whose function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose function is
+behavior and I couldn't agree with him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and I couldn't agree with him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and I couldn't agree with him
+more okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so these are the different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so these are the different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so these are the different kinds of
+learning affected by the consequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning affected by the consequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning affected by the consequence of
+the behavior the major categories start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior the major categories start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior the major categories start
+with a conditional ped to behavior and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a conditional ped to behavior and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a conditional ped to behavior and
+he says that that and condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says that that and condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says that that and condition
+repetitive Behavior directed at quesence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetitive Behavior directed at quesence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetitive Behavior directed at quesence
+are the most common types and I also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the most common types and I also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the most common types and I also
+point out that usually operant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out that usually operant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out that usually operant
+conditioning is lump together with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning is lump together with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning is lump together with
+condition the PED to behavior even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition the PED to behavior even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition the PED to behavior even
+though they really are quite separable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though they really are quite separable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though they really are quite separable
+as laurren points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as laurren points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as laurren points
+out and as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and as you
+know sometimes like the Russians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sometimes like the Russians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sometimes like the Russians
+interpreted all behavior in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreted all behavior in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreted all behavior in terms of
+conditional reflexes for many many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional reflexes for many many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional reflexes for many many many
+years people like I don't know people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years people like I don't know people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years people like I don't know people
+are natural lumpers maybe but Lawrence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are natural lumpers maybe but Lawrence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are natural lumpers maybe but Lawrence
+is more of a splitter here he likes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more of a splitter here he likes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more of a splitter here he likes to
+divide it up because and I think this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide it up because and I think this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide it up because and I think this is
+much more relevant to any brain studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more relevant to any brain studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more relevant to any brain studies
+because you can't separate separate them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can't separate separate them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can't separate separate them
+you won't be looking for different brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't be looking for different brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't be looking for different brain
+mechanisms and in fact there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms and in fact there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms and in fact there are many
+distinct brain mechanisms going on which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct brain mechanisms going on which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct brain mechanisms going on which
+we'll talk about at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about at the end
+here so these are examples of condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so these are examples of condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so these are examples of condition
+appetitive Behavior F Frid car FR had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appetitive Behavior F Frid car FR had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appetitive Behavior F Frid car FR had
+kept a pet fit and uh he always whistled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept a pet fit and uh he always whistled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept a pet fit and uh he always whistled
+for it before he fed it so the fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it before he fed it so the fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it before he fed it so the fish
+began to he learned to begin searching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to he learned to begin searching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to he learned to begin searching
+for food as soon as he heard that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for food as soon as he heard that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for food as soon as he heard that
+whistle okay with honey be honeybees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whistle okay with honey be honeybees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whistle okay with honey be honeybees
+studied by F fris uh the insect searches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied by F fris uh the insect searches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied by F fris uh the insect searches
+for the stimulus situation which Pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the stimulus situation which Pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the stimulus situation which Pro
+rewarding in the past for example it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewarding in the past for example it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewarding in the past for example it'll
+you can teach it to fly to specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can teach it to fly to specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can teach it to fly to specifically
+colored patches it's the Ty of learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colored patches it's the Ty of learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colored patches it's the Ty of learning
+that kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of uh
+he's rewarded if he goes to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's rewarded if he goes to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's rewarded if he goes to those
+colors now the study of pavo's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors now the study of pavo's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors now the study of pavo's
+dogs there's an interesting story about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogs there's an interesting story about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogs there's an interesting story about
+that from Howard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Liddell that let me rather than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Liddell that let me rather than just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Liddell that let me rather than just
+read I'm going to actually read what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read I'm going to actually read what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read I'm going to actually read what he
+said about that because it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said about that because it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said about that because it's pretty
+interesting he's quoting liil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um in most of pavo's exper experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in most of pavo's exper experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in most of pavo's exper experiments
+active appetitive behavior is made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active appetitive behavior is made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active appetitive behavior is made
+Invisible by shackling the dog to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Invisible by shackling the dog to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Invisible by shackling the dog to a
+framework the experimental apparatus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework the experimental apparatus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework the experimental apparatus
+okay so that salivation is just about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that salivation is just about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that salivation is just about
+the only response which is precluded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only response which is precluded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only response which is precluded
+it's not precluded he can't do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not precluded he can't do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not precluded he can't do anything
+else he's locked in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else he's locked in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else he's locked in the
+apparatus and then Howard Liddell told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus and then Howard Liddell told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus and then Howard Liddell told
+him how he once conditioned the dog to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him how he once conditioned the dog to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him how he once conditioned the dog to
+salivate using the conventional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salivate using the conventional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salivate using the conventional
+pavlovian meth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pavlovian meth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pavlovian meth
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+whenever whenever a constantly ticking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever whenever a constantly ticking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever whenever a constantly ticking
+metronome was made to accelerate its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metronome was made to accelerate its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metronome was made to accelerate its
+beat okay so he trained it and he got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat okay so he trained it and he got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat okay so he trained it and he got
+the Salvation in the typical pavian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Salvation in the typical pavian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Salvation in the typical pavian
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+um then he untied the dog and as soon as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then he untied the dog and as soon as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then he untied the dog and as soon as
+the dog was released from the apparatus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dog was released from the apparatus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dog was released from the apparatus
+it ran up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ran up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ran up to the
+metronome at once whined wagged its tail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metronome at once whined wagged its tail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metronome at once whined wagged its tail
+violently and pushed against the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violently and pushed against the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violently and pushed against the
+metronome with its nose salivating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metronome with its nose salivating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metronome with its nose salivating
+intently all the well even though the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intently all the well even though the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intently all the well even though the
+metronome had not changed its Rhythm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metronome had not changed its Rhythm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metronome had not changed its Rhythm
+what had really been conditioned is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what had really been conditioned is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what had really been conditioned is that
+the dog was in the dog wasn't a reflex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dog was in the dog wasn't a reflex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dog was in the dog wasn't a reflex
+there's no conditional conditioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no conditional conditioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no conditional conditioned
+reflex here it rather it was a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflex here it rather it was a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflex here it rather it was a complex
+and specific system of appetitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and specific system of appetitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and specific system of appetitive
+behavior by which a dog begs for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior by which a dog begs for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior by which a dog begs for
+food that's what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conditioned it's an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioned it's an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioned it's an interesting
+contrast because it's what what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast because it's what what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast because it's what what we call
+classical conditioning now in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical conditioning now in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical conditioning now in the
+laboratory like condition ey blink you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory like condition ey blink you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory like condition ey blink you
+know in response to specific stimuli is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in response to specific stimuli is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in response to specific stimuli is
+really very different from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really very different from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really very different from this
+okay anyway this is condition repetitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay anyway this is condition repetitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay anyway this is condition repetitive
+Behavior Uh he talks then about nest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior Uh he talks then about nest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior Uh he talks then about nest
+building in Social Weaver birds or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building in Social Weaver birds or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building in Social Weaver birds or
+corvine Birds okay like crows and ravens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corvine Birds okay like crows and ravens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corvine Birds okay like crows and ravens
+um the Weavers have an innate preference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the Weavers have an innate preference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the Weavers have an innate preference
+for a particular kind of grass so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a particular kind of grass so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a particular kind of grass so if
+they get that grass you know that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get that grass you know that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get that grass you know that's what
+they bring to the nest but the cor Vines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they bring to the nest but the cor Vines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they bring to the nest but the cor Vines
+like the Jack dos and the Ravens they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the Jack dos and the Ravens they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the Jack dos and the Ravens they
+use whatever Nest material gives good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use whatever Nest material gives good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use whatever Nest material gives good
+feedback during nest building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback during nest building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback during nest building
+actions so they get Twigs of the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions so they get Twigs of the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions so they get Twigs of the right
+shape and size little Twigs he says it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape and size little Twigs he says it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape and size little Twigs he says it
+causes an orgastic climax when they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes an orgastic climax when they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes an orgastic climax when they're
+stuck in the nest because it gives them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck in the nest because it gives them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck in the nest because it gives them
+the right feedback it gives them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right feedback it gives them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right feedback it gives them
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+real uh Joy you know and they it rewards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real uh Joy you know and they it rewards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real uh Joy you know and they it rewards
+them in fact they can get super normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in fact they can get super normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in fact they can get super normal
+feedback like if they use soft metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback like if they use soft metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback like if they use soft metal
+wire because it gives such strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire because it gives such strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire because it gives such strong
+feedback it works so well on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback it works so well on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback it works so well on that
+particular response they become addicted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular response they become addicted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular response they become addicted
+to it um just like what happens in human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it um just like what happens in human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it um just like what happens in human
+addictions even though the wire doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addictions even though the wire doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addictions even though the wire doesn't
+make a very good Nest you know but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a very good Nest you know but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a very good Nest you know but it
+gives the right feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the right feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the right feedback
+okay now in their when they evolved of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now in their when they evolved of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now in their when they evolved of
+course there wasn't wire mesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there wasn't wire mesh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there wasn't wire mesh
+around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+okay so there wasn't anything like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there wasn't anything like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there wasn't anything like that
+that could give that supernormal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could give that supernormal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could give that supernormal
+feedback and result in maladaptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback and result in maladaptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback and result in maladaptive
+behavior um but because of humans now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior um but because of humans now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior um but because of humans now
+they can do they they can acquire this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can do they they can acquire this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can do they they can acquire this
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+abnormal addiction to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormal addiction to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormal addiction to the
+wire all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire all right so
+that's condition ative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's condition ative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's condition ative
+Behavior now a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior now a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior now a little bit about
+conditioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioned
+aversion the second kind of learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aversion the second kind of learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aversion the second kind of learning
+affected by the consequences of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected by the consequences of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected by the consequences of
+behavior uh this is John Garcia's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior uh this is John Garcia's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior uh this is John Garcia's
+discovery that we've talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery that we've talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery that we've talked about the
+poison bait effect I just want to point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poison bait effect I just want to point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poison bait effect I just want to point
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+that the sickness the response here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sickness the response here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sickness the response here the
+nausea the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+illness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that becomes associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that becomes associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that becomes associated with the
+stimulus not the most recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus not the most recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus not the most recently
+encountered stimulus it's it's it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered stimulus it's it's it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered stimulus it's it's it's got
+to be it it it Associates the most novel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be it it it Associates the most novel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be it it it Associates the most novel
+previous stimulus now I'd like to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous stimulus now I'd like to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous stimulus now I'd like to know
+um could are there other cases of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um could are there other cases of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um could are there other cases of
+conditioned aversion other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioned aversion other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioned aversion other than
+ingestion related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingestion related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingestion related
+behaviors uh it's likely that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors uh it's likely that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors uh it's likely that there are
+but this is the one that's been most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is the one that's been most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is the one that's been most
+studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied
+he act Lawrence believes that condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he act Lawrence believes that condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he act Lawrence believes that condition
+aversion is more common in many animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aversion is more common in many animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aversion is more common in many animals
+in nature than is something like operant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in nature than is something like operant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in nature than is something like operant
+conditioning which we will talk about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning which we will talk about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning which we will talk about in
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minute and I just remind you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute and I just remind you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute and I just remind you that
+Garcia's discovery of this was initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Garcia's discovery of this was initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Garcia's discovery of this was initially
+suppressed by the editors of American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressed by the editors of American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressed by the editors of American
+Behavior magazines it didn't fit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior magazines it didn't fit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior magazines it didn't fit the
+beliefs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs
+about conditioning and learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know they're not supposed to become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they're not supposed to become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they're not supposed to become
+conditions of something that occurred a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions of something that occurred a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions of something that occurred a
+lot earlier but only the most recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot earlier but only the most recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot earlier but only the most recent
+stimuli okay but actually they become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimuli okay but actually they become a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimuli okay but actually they become a
+condition to the the more novel stimulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition to the the more novel stimulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition to the the more novel stimulus
+even though it might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it might have
+occurred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred
+U much earlier okay and then conditioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U much earlier okay and then conditioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U much earlier okay and then conditioned
+action okay this is usually an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action okay this is usually an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action okay this is usually an
+artificial kind of motor learning like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial kind of motor learning like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial kind of motor learning like
+you shape actions by circus animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shape actions by circus animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shape actions by circus animals
+you I said initially elicit a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I said initially elicit a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I said initially elicit a fixed
+action pattern in response to a command
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action pattern in response to a command
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action pattern in response to a command
+you're actually eliciting the fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're actually eliciting the fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're actually eliciting the fixed
+motor part fixed motor pattern in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor part fixed motor pattern in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor part fixed motor pattern in
+response to a command so you can the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to a command so you can the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to a command so you can the
+horse's caprial that is the the leap and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horse's caprial that is the the leap and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horse's caprial that is the the leap and
+kicking that a horse does to try to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicking that a horse does to try to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicking that a horse does to try to get
+rid of a predator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of a predator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of a predator
+um that's attacking it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's attacking it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's attacking it
+uh they will learn to perform that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they will learn to perform that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they will learn to perform that just
+to get sugar so that's a conditioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get sugar so that's a conditioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get sugar so that's a conditioned
+action okay um Gish conditioned a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action okay um Gish conditioned a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action okay um Gish conditioned a
+parakeet to defecate in order to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parakeet to defecate in order to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parakeet to defecate in order to be
+released from his cage the reward was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released from his cage the reward was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released from his cage the reward was
+getting released from his cage so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting released from his cage so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting released from his cage so that
+was a certainly a condition action and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a certainly a condition action and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a certainly a condition action and
+kind of artificial kind of learning but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of artificial kind of learning but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of artificial kind of learning but
+then he points out that a lot of actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he points out that a lot of actions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he points out that a lot of actions
+you just can't do that with you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just can't do that with you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just can't do that with you can't
+condition them like that like tendon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition them like that like tendon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition them like that like tendon
+reflexes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexes
+um sexual action patterns in most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sexual action patterns in most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sexual action patterns in most
+animals you can't condition like that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals you can't condition like that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals you can't condition like that uh
+Bill shaking in malards and I did a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bill shaking in malards and I did a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bill shaking in malards and I did a lot
+of work on hamsters and I tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work on hamsters and I tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work on hamsters and I tried to
+condition their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition their
+orienting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orienting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orienting
+uh I would have an for example say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I would have an for example say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I would have an for example say
+normally you present the stimulus here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally you present the stimulus here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally you present the stimulus here
+you know he turns that's an innate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know he turns that's an innate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know he turns that's an innate
+response it's and we know the pathway in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response it's and we know the pathway in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response it's and we know the pathway in
+the brain from retina to the midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain from retina to the midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain from retina to the midbrain
+tectum for your ccul that controls it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tectum for your ccul that controls it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tectum for your ccul that controls it
+and then the we know the output pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the we know the output pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the we know the output pathway
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+well okay but what if you never rewarded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay but what if you never rewarded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay but what if you never rewarded
+them when they turn you rewarded them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them when they turn you rewarded them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them when they turn you rewarded them
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and stimulate their whiskers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and stimulate their whiskers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and stimulate their whiskers
+afterwards so you present it visually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards so you present it visually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards so you present it visually
+over here and then you immediately touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and then you immediately touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and then you immediately touch
+the whiskers and they turn get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whiskers and they turn get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whiskers and they turn get the
+reward what happens well you seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward what happens well you seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward what happens well you seem to
+condition the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition the
+action he does learn but if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action he does learn but if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action he does learn but if you look at
+behavior in detail you'll see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior in detail you'll see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior in detail you'll see that
+actually there's a little hesitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there's a little hesitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there's a little hesitation
+he'll usually start to turn in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'll usually start to turn in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'll usually start to turn in the
+correct direction and then he'll inhibit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct direction and then he'll inhibit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct direction and then he'll inhibit
+that okay he learns to inhibit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay he learns to inhibit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay he learns to inhibit the
+behavior and then turn to get the reward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and then turn to get the reward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and then turn to get the reward
+and if he's really learned that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if he's really learned that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if he's really learned that and
+there's any disturbance like a novel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's any disturbance like a novel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's any disturbance like a novel
+stimulus something that changes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus something that changes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus something that changes the
+environment a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bit the normal behavior comes right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit the normal behavior comes right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit the normal behavior comes right
+back you can't really suppress you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back you can't really suppress you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back you can't really suppress you can't
+condition it in the sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition it in the sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition it in the sense of
+the the earlier examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the earlier examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the earlier examples
+here the innate responses will dominate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the innate responses will dominate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the innate responses will dominate
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the other situation was when I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the other situation was when I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the other situation was when I was
+able to get the optic trck to literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get the optic trck to literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get the optic trck to literally
+go to the wrong side of the brain by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the wrong side of the brain by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the wrong side of the brain by an
+early brain lesion so again you present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early brain lesion so again you present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early brain lesion so again you present
+the stimulus they always turn in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stimulus they always turn in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stimulus they always turn in the
+wrong direction but they never get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong direction but they never get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong direction but they never get
+rewarded for that unless you do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewarded for that unless you do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewarded for that unless you do it
+artificially so it happens I found that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificially so it happens I found that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificially so it happens I found that
+in that area of the visual field that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that area of the visual field that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that area of the visual field that's
+affected they never never do learn in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected they never never do learn in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected they never never do learn in
+spite of them always being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rewarded a never being because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewarded a never being because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewarded a never being because they're
+never rewarded they they never learn to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never rewarded they they never learn to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never rewarded they they never learn to
+turn on the right direction even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn on the right direction even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn on the right direction even though
+it would be adaptive to do so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be adaptive to do so okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be adaptive to do so okay
+because the connection won't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the connection won't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the connection won't change
+just just because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just because of
+learning it's that's what's underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning it's that's what's underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning it's that's what's underlying
+the innate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the innate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the innate
+behavior okay and even if he learns to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior okay and even if he learns to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior okay and even if he learns to
+totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally
+suppress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppress
+uh that you you will bring out it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that you you will bring out it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that you you will bring out it's very
+easy to train him you know one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to train him you know one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to train him you know one
+reward in on where you're getting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward in on where you're getting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward in on where you're getting the
+wrong direction turning and it all comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong direction turning and it all comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong direction turning and it all comes
+right back okay so condition impeditive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right back okay so condition impeditive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right back okay so condition impeditive
+Behavior directed at qu now this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior directed at qu now this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior directed at qu now this is very
+common uh we're talking here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common uh we're talking here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common uh we're talking here
+about annoy tension reduction C the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about annoy tension reduction C the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about annoy tension reduction C the
+tension or the annoyer is hunger or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension or the annoyer is hunger or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension or the annoyer is hunger or
+thirst or stress the state of stress or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirst or stress the state of stress or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirst or stress the state of stress or
+conflict uh you you classify habitat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict uh you you classify habitat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict uh you you classify habitat
+selection this way because when an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection this way because when an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection this way because when an
+animal is searching for a habitat you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal is searching for a habitat you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal is searching for a habitat you
+know it's another drive that's not being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's another drive that's not being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's another drive that's not being
+satisfied he's uncomfortable the drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied he's uncomfortable the drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied he's uncomfortable the drive
+is high and it can only be satisfied if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is high and it can only be satisfied if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is high and it can only be satisfied if
+he finds a satisfactory habitat and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he finds a satisfactory habitat and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he finds a satisfactory habitat and that
+reduces the tension and causes his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces the tension and causes his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces the tension and causes his
+reward so that's condition aeda to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward so that's condition aeda to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward so that's condition aeda to
+behavior directed quiescent so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior directed quiescent so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior directed quiescent so it
+usually involves a search for a stimulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually involves a search for a stimulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually involves a search for a stimulus
+situation that leads to a reward it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation that leads to a reward it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation that leads to a reward it's
+another kind of stimulus selection the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another kind of stimulus selection the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another kind of stimulus selection the
+reward is the reduction in the tension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward is the reduction in the tension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward is the reduction in the tension
+the stress the anxiety the annoyance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stress the anxiety the annoyance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stress the anxiety the annoyance
+whatever it is okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is okay
+so most of the kind of learning studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so most of the kind of learning studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so most of the kind of learning studied
+in studied in rats where they're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in studied in rats where they're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in studied in rats where they're looking
+at what we call instrumental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what we call instrumental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what we call instrumental
+conditioning is actually stimulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning is actually stimulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning is actually stimulus
+selection okay so we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection okay so we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection okay so we'll talk about
+response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+selection uh now operant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection uh now operant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection uh now operant
+conditioning very different from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning very different from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning very different from this
+okay uh even though a lot of scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh even though a lot of scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh even though a lot of scientists
+group these these two two condition the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group these these two two condition the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group these these two two condition the
+PED to behavior directed equence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PED to behavior directed equence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PED to behavior directed equence and
+Operate conditioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Operate conditioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Operate conditioning
+together so this is a kind of response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so this is a kind of response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so this is a kind of response
+selection very highly studied like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection very highly studied like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection very highly studied like in
+scaran conditioning like you put a cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaran conditioning like you put a cat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaran conditioning like you put a cat
+in a puzzle box and he will try every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a puzzle box and he will try every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a puzzle box and he will try every
+response that he he's able he will try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response that he he's able he will try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response that he he's able he will try
+everything in order to and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in order to and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in order to and
+eventually um if possible he'll discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually um if possible he'll discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually um if possible he'll discover
+some response that helps him get out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some response that helps him get out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some response that helps him get out of
+the puzzle box you put a male
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the puzzle box you put a male
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the puzzle box you put a male
+dog uh eager to mate and there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog uh eager to mate and there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog uh eager to mate and there's the
+female dog the is confined but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female dog the is confined but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female dog the is confined but
+there is some way to get to her he will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some way to get to her he will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some way to get to her he will
+try every response in order to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try every response in order to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try every response in order to get to
+her but that's response selection he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her but that's response selection he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her but that's response selection he's
+trying to find a response that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find a response that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find a response that
+works he points out that in nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works he points out that in nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works he points out that in nature
+Operate conditioning is rarer than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Operate conditioning is rarer than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Operate conditioning is rarer than
+generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally
+assumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed
+it occurs in situations of repetitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it occurs in situations of repetitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it occurs in situations of repetitive
+Behavior directed acence or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior directed acence or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior directed acence or in
+exploratory Behavior okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploratory Behavior okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploratory Behavior okay
+so now we come to real motor learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we come to real motor learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we come to real motor learning
+the motor responses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motor responses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motor responses
+themselves can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves can
+change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+okay we know that skilled movements can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we know that skilled movements can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we know that skilled movements can
+be shaped you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be shaped you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be shaped you know
+uh we try this in in sports all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we try this in in sports all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we try this in in sports all the time
+in nature you'll see animals acquire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in nature you'll see animals acquire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in nature you'll see animals acquire
+path habits when they acquire a path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path habits when they acquire a path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path habits when they acquire a path
+habit they they can follow that path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habit they they can follow that path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habit they they can follow that path
+with much greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with much greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with much greater
+speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed
+uh that includes things like recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that includes things like recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that includes things like recitation
+from memory you can learn to Rattle off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from memory you can learn to Rattle off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from memory you can learn to Rattle off
+a poem even if you forget even what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a poem even if you forget even what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a poem even if you forget even what the
+poem's about you can learn the the all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poem's about you can learn the the all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poem's about you can learn the the all
+the words and everything and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the words and everything and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the words and everything and there are
+examples in animal behavior for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples in animal behavior for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples in animal behavior for example
+uh a little B kept as a pet by I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a little B kept as a pet by I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a little B kept as a pet by I think
+it was Lawrence uh always followed ran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was Lawrence uh always followed ran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was Lawrence uh always followed ran
+in a certain pattern to get back to his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a certain pattern to get back to his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a certain pattern to get back to his
+myth okay and they animals learn this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myth okay and they animals learn this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myth okay and they animals learn this
+all the time when they're in their local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time when they're in their local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time when they're in their local
+environment they learn actions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment they learn actions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment they learn actions that
+bring them rapidly back to the nest and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring them rapidly back to the nest and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring them rapidly back to the nest and
+if they there's one action that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they there's one action that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they there's one action that they're
+commonly done like it might involve uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly done like it might involve uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly done like it might involve uh
+leaping onto an obstacle on their way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaping onto an obstacle on their way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaping onto an obstacle on their way to
+the nest well suddenly you just take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nest well suddenly you just take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nest well suddenly you just take the
+obstacle away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacle away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacle away
+this is how you show it's a fixed Mo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how you show it's a fixed Mo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how you show it's a fixed Mo
+it's it's a learned motor pattern he has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a learned motor pattern he has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a learned motor pattern he has
+shaped his motor Behavior because he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped his motor Behavior because he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped his motor Behavior because he
+still goes through the whole thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still goes through the whole thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still goes through the whole thing and
+suddenly that object's not there to land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly that object's not there to land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly that object's not there to land
+on and what happens he leaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and what happens he leaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and what happens he leaps
+anyway and gets a big surprise because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway and gets a big surprise because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway and gets a big surprise because
+he falls further and lands on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he falls further and lands on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he falls further and lands on the
+ground these kinds of learn habits can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground these kinds of learn habits can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground these kinds of learn habits can
+be pretty resistant to change they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pretty resistant to change they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pretty resistant to change they have
+a lot of similarities to fix motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of similarities to fix motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of similarities to fix motor
+pattern in fact they acquire their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern in fact they acquire their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern in fact they acquire their own
+appative behavior many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appative behavior many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appative behavior many
+cases uh people that learn particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases uh people that learn particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases uh people that learn particular
+patterns of movement in sports can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns of movement in sports can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns of movement in sports can
+become very motivated to do those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and we know that different parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we know that different parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we know that different parts of
+the brain are involved in changing motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain are involved in changing motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain are involved in changing motor
+patterns okay especially Cella
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns okay especially Cella
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns okay especially Cella
+mechanism Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just more about shaping of motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just more about shaping of motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just more about shaping of motor
+patterns there's a lot of species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns there's a lot of species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns there's a lot of species
+differences here let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences here let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences here let's just
+remind ourselves of species differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind ourselves of species differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind ourselves of species differences
+in Locomotion because it gives an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Locomotion because it gives an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Locomotion because it gives an
+example of what what you can train and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of what what you can train and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of what what you can train and
+what you cannot train an animal to do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you cannot train an animal to do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you cannot train an animal to do so
+horses are very adapt to running on flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horses are very adapt to running on flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horses are very adapt to running on flat
+ground they can't adjust well to uneven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground they can't adjust well to uneven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground they can't adjust well to uneven
+Terrain no matter how much you try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Terrain no matter how much you try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Terrain no matter how much you try to
+train them they're very limited in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train them they're very limited in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train them they're very limited in the
+available respon the responses available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available respon the responses available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available respon the responses available
+to them the types of movements they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them the types of movements they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them the types of movements they can
+make donkeys are more surefooted because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make donkeys are more surefooted because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make donkeys are more surefooted because
+they've got more responses available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got more responses available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got more responses available
+goats the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goats the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goats the
+shammy they're adapted to hills and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shammy they're adapted to hills and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shammy they're adapted to hills and
+mountains they're very surefooted so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountains they're very surefooted so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountains they're very surefooted so
+what is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is that
+sure-footedness smaller units of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure-footedness smaller units of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure-footedness smaller units of
+action and with more with more with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action and with more with more with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action and with more with more with
+smaller units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh you they can adjust Direction adjust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you they can adjust Direction adjust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you they can adjust Direction adjust
+fo foot placement more readily in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fo foot placement more readily in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fo foot placement more readily in these
+rapid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid
+actions and that in other words just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions and that in other words just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions and that in other words just the
+higher control has more possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher control has more possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher control has more possibilities
+there's more movement patterns to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more movement patterns to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more movement patterns to
+control and that leads to a discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and that leads to a discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and that leads to a discussion
+of what we mean by voluntary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we mean by voluntary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we mean by voluntary
+action he points out that our Boreal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action he points out that our Boreal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action he points out that our Boreal
+creatures uh they need a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creatures uh they need a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creatures uh they need a lot more
+action patterns to negotiate trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action patterns to negotiate trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action patterns to negotiate trees
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh so it's lot easier to shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so it's lot easier to shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so it's lot easier to shape
+movements in primates and squirrels and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements in primates and squirrels and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements in primates and squirrels and
+prees and so forth that live in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C we talk about will or volition when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C we talk about will or volition when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C we talk about will or volition when it
+really amounts to higher level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really amounts to higher level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really amounts to higher level
+initiation of fixed motor patterns or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiation of fixed motor patterns or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiation of fixed motor patterns or
+learn sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn sequence
+skilled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skilled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skilled
+movements and we've already talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements and we've already talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements and we've already talked about
+species differences on how small the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species differences on how small the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species differences on how small the
+elements of movements are uh and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of movements are uh and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of movements are uh and the
+example he gives about voluntary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example he gives about voluntary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example he gives about voluntary
+movement and insight concerns his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement and insight concerns his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement and insight concerns his
+studies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of
+uh of geese he says that their spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of geese he says that their spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of geese he says that their spatial
+Insight can exceed their motor abilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Insight can exceed their motor abilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Insight can exceed their motor abilities
+because they don't have so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they don't have so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they don't have so many
+different motor patterns available to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different motor patterns available to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different motor patterns available to
+them so you can teach them to CL time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so you can teach them to CL time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so you can teach them to CL time
+stairs fairly well but when you try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stairs fairly well but when you try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stairs fairly well but when you try to
+teach them how to descend a Stairway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach them how to descend a Stairway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach them how to descend a Stairway
+they can't adjust the length of they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't adjust the length of they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't adjust the length of they
+can't even learn to adjust the length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't even learn to adjust the length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't even learn to adjust the length of
+their stride well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their stride well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their stride well
+enough uh and they they will stumble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough uh and they they will stumble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough uh and they they will stumble
+they have a lot of trouble going down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a lot of trouble going down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a lot of trouble going down
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stairs so species differ a lot in how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stairs so species differ a lot in how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stairs so species differ a lot in how
+much they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much they can
+control when they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control when they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control when they want
+to voluntary control we call it it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to voluntary control we call it it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to voluntary control we call it it's the
+influence of motivational systems on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence of motivational systems on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence of motivational systems on
+higher level control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher level control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher level control
+systems and then he comes to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and then he comes to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and then he comes to a
+discussion of exploratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Behavior exploratory Behavior or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+curiosity and this is pretty interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curiosity and this is pretty interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curiosity and this is pretty interesting
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when you study exploratory behavior of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you study exploratory behavior of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you study exploratory behavior of
+course it's very influenced by novelty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it's very influenced by novelty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it's very influenced by novelty
+many animals are in fact highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many animals are in fact highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many animals are in fact highly
+motivated to explore novel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated to explore novel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated to explore novel
+situations and they will direct multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations and they will direct multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations and they will direct multiple
+different patterns of Behavior Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different patterns of Behavior Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different patterns of Behavior Uh
+sometimes unrelated if you even a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes unrelated if you even a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes unrelated if you even a little
+hamster you put them in a novel room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamster you put them in a novel room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamster you put them in a novel room
+with different objects that they've not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different objects that they've not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different objects that they've not
+they're not accustomed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not accustomed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not accustomed to
+seeing it's amazing as long their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing it's amazing as long their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing it's amazing as long their
+initial response if it's very novel will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial response if it's very novel will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial response if it's very novel will
+be uh right their tension levels go way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh right their tension levels go way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh right their tension levels go way
+up but in fact if you're you've got them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up but in fact if you're you've got them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up but in fact if you're you've got them
+in a situation that they're used to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a situation that they're used to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a situation that they're used to you
+test them in an apparatus they're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test them in an apparatus they're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test them in an apparatus they're very
+familiar with they will explore and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with they will explore and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with they will explore and you
+will see them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see them
+uh trying all different kinds of motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh trying all different kinds of motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh trying all different kinds of motor
+patterns you'll see rapid switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns you'll see rapid switching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns you'll see rapid switching
+between different Behavior patterns or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between different Behavior patterns or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between different Behavior patterns or
+motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+patterns um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns um
+and when when there's a strong action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when when there's a strong action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when when there's a strong action
+specific potential behind that's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific potential behind that's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific potential behind that's in
+causing those motor patterns you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing those motor patterns you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing those motor patterns you don't
+see that switching from one to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that switching from one to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that switching from one to the other
+so in exploratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in exploratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in exploratory
+Behavior there's a difference in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior there's a difference in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior there's a difference in the in
+the way the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way the structure
+of of what's behind the movement and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of what's behind the movement and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of what's behind the movement and
+explor behavior is not as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explor behavior is not as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explor behavior is not as well
+understood as fixed action patterns okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood as fixed action patterns okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood as fixed action patterns okay
+because now the motor part can become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now the motor part can become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now the motor part can become
+uncoupled with the normal act the act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncoupled with the normal act the act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncoupled with the normal act the act
+the the motivation here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the motivation here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the motivation here is
+curiosity okay very similar to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curiosity okay very similar to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curiosity okay very similar to play
+Behavior he says it occurs in a field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior he says it occurs in a field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior he says it occurs in a field
+devoid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devoid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devoid of
+tension and yet the motivation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension and yet the motivation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension and yet the motivation to
+explore can be so strong an animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore can be so strong an animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore can be so strong an animal
+sometimes prefer that rather than eating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes prefer that rather than eating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes prefer that rather than eating
+even if he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if he's
+hungry and and it does have a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry and and it does have a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry and and it does have a function
+very important functions when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important functions when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important functions when the
+environment changes it helps the animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment changes it helps the animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment changes it helps the animal
+it's adaptive for the animal to explore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's adaptive for the animal to explore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's adaptive for the animal to explore
+it um he needs to learn the spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um he needs to learn the spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um he needs to learn the spatial
+layout of the environment around him uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layout of the environment around him uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layout of the environment around him uh
+in relation to visual landmarks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in relation to visual landmarks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in relation to visual landmarks and
+other sensory cues because if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other sensory cues because if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other sensory cues because if they
+change you know then he's in trouble if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change you know then he's in trouble if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change you know then he's in trouble if
+he gets mixed up trying to get home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he gets mixed up trying to get home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he gets mixed up trying to get home
+trying to escape okay it makes his life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to escape okay it makes his life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to escape okay it makes his life
+a lot more efficient if he stays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more efficient if he stays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more efficient if he stays
+familiar with the novel situation there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with the novel situation there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with the novel situation there
+were experiments on this using hamsters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were experiments on this using hamsters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were experiments on this using hamsters
+uh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because
+they're so curious actually my first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're so curious actually my first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're so curious actually my first
+Publications called curiosity in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Publications called curiosity in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Publications called curiosity in the
+hamster I was using um exploratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamster I was using um exploratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamster I was using um exploratory
+Behavior to reward them for doing other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior to reward them for doing other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior to reward them for doing other
+things reward them for pressing a bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things reward them for pressing a bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things reward them for pressing a bar
+reward them for going through doors it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward them for going through doors it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward them for going through doors it
+was so novel at the time people still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so novel at the time people still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so novel at the time people still
+believed you know that this wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believed you know that this wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believed you know that this wasn't
+supposed to be possible but I was I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be possible but I was I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be possible but I was I had
+to play around at home with a Ted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play around at home with a Ted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play around at home with a Ted
+hamster and I found out I could teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamster and I found out I could teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamster and I found out I could teach
+them to press a bar made out of a knife
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to press a bar made out of a knife
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to press a bar made out of a knife
+uh taped to a baby rattle and I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh taped to a baby rattle and I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh taped to a baby rattle and I could
+teach them to do this and my professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach them to do this and my professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach them to do this and my professor
+was so intrigued by that he got me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so intrigued by that he got me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so intrigued by that he got me to
+write a paper about it and that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a paper about it and that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a paper about it and that was
+because of the theories that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the theories that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the theories that were
+dominating American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+psychology at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology at that
+time but Katherine Blanc in Europe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but Katherine Blanc in Europe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but Katherine Blanc in Europe I
+think it was in France but I can't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it was in France but I can't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it was in France but I can't I
+don't remember for sure anymore but she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't remember for sure anymore but she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't remember for sure anymore but she
+studied this experimentally and she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied this experimentally and she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied this experimentally and she
+found out that you know they they do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found out that you know they they do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found out that you know they they do in
+this in their exploratory Behavior they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in their exploratory Behavior they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in their exploratory Behavior they
+are acquiring knowledge that they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are acquiring knowledge that they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are acquiring knowledge that they can
+use in other situations okay they become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use in other situations okay they become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use in other situations okay they become
+more efficient in finding their way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more efficient in finding their way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more efficient in finding their way in
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+situation and then Lawrence points out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and then Lawrence points out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and then Lawrence points out
+that exploratory behavior is especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exploratory behavior is especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exploratory behavior is especially
+highly developed in unspecialized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly developed in unspecialized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly developed in unspecialized
+species he says there species speci that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species he says there species speci that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species he says there species speci that
+have a their specialization is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a their specialization is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a their specialization is being
+versatile like humans like rats like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versatile like humans like rats like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versatile like humans like rats like
+Ravens these are animals that aren't so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ravens these are animals that aren't so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ravens these are animals that aren't so
+limited to one type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited to one type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited to one type of
+environment we should add crows to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment we should add crows to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment we should add crows to that
+you know mice are certainly uh more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know mice are certainly uh more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know mice are certainly uh more
+General than um most vs for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General than um most vs for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General than um most vs for example
+because they can adapt to more different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they can adapt to more different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they can adapt to more different
+situations and all of this type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations and all of this type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations and all of this type of
+animal shows a lot of exploratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Behavior yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah most of the species we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah most of the species we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah most of the species we've been
+talking about are pretty specialized you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about are pretty specialized you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about are pretty specialized you
+know every every species has some well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know every every species has some well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know every every species has some well
+will show I think all of the mammals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will show I think all of the mammals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will show I think all of the mammals
+show some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show some
+curiosity but the amount that they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curiosity but the amount that they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curiosity but the amount that they will
+show you know will vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh if you take what is characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you take what is characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you take what is characteristic
+about Ravens rats and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+humans the first thing you think of is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans the first thing you think of is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans the first thing you think of is
+that they've adapted to so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they've adapted to so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they've adapted to so many
+different environments especially if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different environments especially if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different environments especially if you
+group The corvids together the Ravens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group The corvids together the Ravens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group The corvids together the Ravens
+and the crows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the crows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the crows
+um we know that rats can be found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we know that rats can be found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we know that rats can be found
+everywhere uh the same as Pro for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere uh the same as Pro for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere uh the same as Pro for
+different corvids they are though they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different corvids they are though they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different corvids they are though they
+have specific adaptations of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have specific adaptations of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have specific adaptations of course
+that makes the Jack dog common in parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes the Jack dog common in parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes the Jack dog common in parts
+of Europe and the crow much more common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Europe and the crow much more common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Europe and the crow much more common
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+here humans of course are the the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here humans of course are the the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here humans of course are the the most
+versatile the least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versatile the least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versatile the least
+specialized that doesn't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized that doesn't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized that doesn't mean
+we we do depend a lot on learning but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we do depend a lot on learning but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we do depend a lot on learning but
+what is different about for example back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is different about for example back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is different about for example back
+here when we're talking about shaping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when we're talking about shaping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when we're talking about shaping
+of uh motor learning here it depends a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh motor learning here it depends a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh motor learning here it depends a
+lot on how many fixed action patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot on how many fixed action patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot on how many fixed action patterns
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+have the more fixed action patterns that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the more fixed action patterns that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the more fixed action patterns that
+make up your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make up your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make up your
+movements the more versatile you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements the more versatile you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements the more versatile you are
+which is one reason humans are for so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one reason humans are for so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one reason humans are for so
+versatile so we actually have more fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versatile so we actually have more fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versatile so we actually have more fixed
+action patterns than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action patterns than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action patterns than
+animals uh at least on the motor side we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals uh at least on the motor side we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals uh at least on the motor side we
+have any more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+choices okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's easy to think of many spe some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's easy to think of many spe some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's easy to think of many spe some
+of the most specialized animals are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most specialized animals are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most specialized animals are the
+ones that are specialized for feeding on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that are specialized for feeding on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that are specialized for feeding on
+very particular things like the koala
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very particular things like the koala
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very particular things like the koala
+you know they they only can eat certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they they only can eat certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they they only can eat certain
+things and they they don't survive well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and they they don't survive well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and they they don't survive well
+in other situations why aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other situations why aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other situations why aren't
+hamsters why haven't they spread all all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamsters why haven't they spread all all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamsters why haven't they spread all all
+over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the
+US they're just not adapted adaptable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US they're just not adapted adaptable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US they're just not adapted adaptable
+like the rad or even the mouse okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the rad or even the mouse okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the rad or even the mouse okay so
+they're only found they're native to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're only found they're native to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're only found they're native to
+Syria and the northern part of of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Syria and the northern part of of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Syria and the northern part of of uh
+what is now Israel and if you even move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is now Israel and if you even move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is now Israel and if you even move
+towards turkey in that direction the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards turkey in that direction the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards turkey in that direction the
+species changes it's no longer a Syrian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species changes it's no longer a Syrian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species changes it's no longer a Syrian
+hamster becomes a different hamster that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamster becomes a different hamster that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamster becomes a different hamster that
+has adapted specifically to the higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has adapted specifically to the higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has adapted specifically to the higher
+elevations if you go north
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevations if you go north
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevations if you go north
+um Northeast you'll you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Northeast you'll you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Northeast you'll you see
+the no sorry if you go further you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the no sorry if you go further you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the no sorry if you go further you go
+say into Romania again another species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say into Romania again another species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say into Romania again another species
+appears you go the other way you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears you go the other way you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears you go the other way you know
+you start to get the Chinese hamster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start to get the Chinese hamster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start to get the Chinese hamster
+okay or Siberian hamster if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay or Siberian hamster if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay or Siberian hamster if you go
+further they're all different they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further they're all different they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further they're all different they've
+adapted differently but the rra you keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapted differently but the rra you keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapted differently but the rra you keep
+finding the WRA in all these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the WRA in all these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the WRA in all these different
+situations okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations okay
+so any species that's very limited to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so any species that's very limited to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so any species that's very limited to
+one habitat you wouldn't call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one habitat you wouldn't call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one habitat you wouldn't call a
+generalized species okay and that's most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized species okay and that's most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized species okay and that's most
+of the ones that we've been talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ones that we've been talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ones that we've been talking
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+there okay what about play Behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay what about play Behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay what about play Behavior
+similar it's a similar to Explorer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar it's a similar to Explorer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar it's a similar to Explorer to
+behavior the very primitive play are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior the very primitive play are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior the very primitive play are
+simply you could call them in vacua
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply you could call them in vacua
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply you could call them in vacua
+reactions motivated by action specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions motivated by action specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions motivated by action specific
+potentials or drives that are high uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials or drives that are high uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials or drives that are high uh
+but there is a difference you don't call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is a difference you don't call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is a difference you don't call
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+play uh if they execute the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play uh if they execute the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play uh if they execute the entire
+sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+from uh a high action specific potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh a high action specific potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh a high action specific potential
+a high drive level to the motor pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high drive level to the motor pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high drive level to the motor pattern
+like running and chasing and playful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like running and chasing and playful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like running and chasing and playful
+fighting or pre catching they the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fighting or pre catching they the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fighting or pre catching they the
+animals will enjoy the motor patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals will enjoy the motor patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals will enjoy the motor patterns
+and they will do this even before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they will do this even before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they will do this even before
+they're using them to catch prey to feed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're using them to catch prey to feed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're using them to catch prey to feed
+and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth
+okay so it's very common in young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's very common in young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's very common in young
+animal and he points out that play can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal and he points out that play can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal and he points out that play can
+shift to the real thing in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift to the real thing in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift to the real thing in some
+situations like there's a lot of danger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations like there's a lot of danger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations like there's a lot of danger
+in playing with an adult tom cat or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in playing with an adult tom cat or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in playing with an adult tom cat or a
+badger uh you might have tamed it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+badger uh you might have tamed it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+badger uh you might have tamed it and
+you think it's your pet but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh it can switch suddenly to the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it can switch suddenly to the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it can switch suddenly to the real
+thing when their motivation becomes High
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing when their motivation becomes High
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing when their motivation becomes High
+so if you play with an adult Tom Cat you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you play with an adult Tom Cat you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you play with an adult Tom Cat you
+have to be pretty careful because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be pretty careful because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be pretty careful because of
+that you don't want to trigger and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't want to trigger and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't want to trigger and
+that's certainly true people get caught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's certainly true people get caught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's certainly true people get caught
+off guard all the time when they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off guard all the time when they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off guard all the time when they they
+raise a tiger or other big cat in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise a tiger or other big cat in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise a tiger or other big cat in their
+home or even a chimp or a monkey because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home or even a chimp or a monkey because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home or even a chimp or a monkey because
+even though they seem to be playing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though they seem to be playing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though they seem to be playing it
+can switch suddenly to the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can switch suddenly to the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can switch suddenly to the real
+thing and they can kill you or your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and they can kill you or your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and they can kill you or your
+child or whatever you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child or whatever you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child or whatever you know
+so it's dangerous to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that he points out that on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he points out that on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he points out that on the
+motivational side a cat that has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivational side a cat that has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivational side a cat that has no
+opportunity to catch and kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to catch and kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to catch and kill
+prey can compensate by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prey can compensate by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prey can compensate by
+playing uh it doesn't mean that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing uh it doesn't mean that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing uh it doesn't mean that it's
+always totally safe but they appear to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always totally safe but they appear to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always totally safe but they appear to
+do that so how do you tell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that so how do you tell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that so how do you tell the
+difference well one way is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference well one way is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference well one way is
+physiologically okay because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiologically okay because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiologically okay because
+in play the autonomic nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in play the autonomic nervous system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in play the autonomic nervous system
+isn't involved in the same way so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't involved in the same way so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't involved in the same way so if you
+measure autonomic responses you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure autonomic responses you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure autonomic responses you will
+find big differences between the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find big differences between the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find big differences between the way the
+heart the Brea heart rate the breathing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart the Brea heart rate the breathing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart the Brea heart rate the breathing
+blood pressure changes and so forth they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood pressure changes and so forth they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood pressure changes and so forth they
+responding in the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding in the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding in the two
+situations now what are the functions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations now what are the functions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations now what are the functions of
+play and iel iisf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play and iel iisf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play and iel iisf
+felt the last half of his career study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt the last half of his career study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt the last half of his career study
+humans and wrote the book human ethology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans and wrote the book human ethology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans and wrote the book human ethology
+he studied development of PL play in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he studied development of PL play in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he studied development of PL play in
+cats uh in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cats uh in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cats uh in other
+carnivores he found evidence of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carnivores he found evidence of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carnivores he found evidence of their
+learning of coordination learning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning of coordination learning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning of coordination learning of
+stimulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus
+selection um so they could change so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection um so they could change so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection um so they could change so
+they would respond to more relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stimuli and also they would invent in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimuli and also they would invent in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimuli and also they would invent in
+their play they would invent movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their play they would invent movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their play they would invent movement
+patterns simply by linking different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns simply by linking different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns simply by linking different
+elements the different inherit elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements the different inherit elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements the different inherit elements
+of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their
+behavior and they will do that even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and they will do that even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and they will do that even
+though it's not doesn't lead to any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's not doesn't lead to any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's not doesn't lead to any
+reward the reward is simply doing it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward the reward is simply doing it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward the reward is simply doing it in
+the play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the play
+okay and he has evidence for all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and he has evidence for all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and he has evidence for all these
+advantages of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+play and then this is interesting he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play and then this is interesting he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play and then this is interesting he
+says human research is exploratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says human research is exploratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says human research is exploratory
+Behavior plus play mostly exploratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior plus play mostly exploratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior plus play mostly exploratory
+behavior and Human Art is mostly play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and Human Art is mostly play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and Human Art is mostly play
+he's not putting it down at all he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's not putting it down at all he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's not putting it down at all he's
+he's just pointed out the value of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's just pointed out the value of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's just pointed out the value of these
+things in animals and now he says well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in animals and now he says well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in animals and now he says well
+if we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we talk about
+humans this is how he sees human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans this is how he sees human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans this is how he sees human
+research and art okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research and art okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research and art okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh just about all these types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just about all these types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just about all these types of
+learning remember there are species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning remember there are species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning remember there are species
+differences but we don't know fully all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences but we don't know fully all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences but we don't know fully all
+aspects of it uh and what I will talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of it uh and what I will talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of it uh and what I will talk
+about next time is I'll talk a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about next time is I'll talk a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about next time is I'll talk a little
+bit about brain localization we can at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about brain localization we can at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about brain localization we can at
+least make educated guesses in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least make educated guesses in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least make educated guesses in some
+cases real experiments have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases real experiments have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases real experiments have been
+done and uh whether there are any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and uh whether there are any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and uh whether there are any
+general rules the rules seem to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general rules the rules seem to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general rules the rules seem to be a
+little different for all these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little different for all these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little different for all these different
+part types of learning that Lawrence has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part types of learning that Lawrence has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part types of learning that Lawrence has
+described okay so next time we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described okay so next time we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described okay so next time we'll be
+talking here more about brain Pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking here more about brain Pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking here more about brain Pathways
+then I'll give a neurosciences made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'll give a neurosciences made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'll give a neurosciences made
+studies for example of hipocampal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies for example of hipocampal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies for example of hipocampal
+function and the function of other parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and the function of other parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and the function of other parts
+of the brain have given us you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the brain have given us you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the brain have given us you know a
+different different way to categorize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different different way to categorize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different different way to categorize
+types of learning we'll talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of learning we'll talk about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of learning we'll talk about that
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+time
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Cw2Lz5I3wk0.txt b/Cw2Lz5I3wk0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d3bf7217e69b9da57c984e8615939c6f519e33b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Cw2Lz5I3wk0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1475 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the central limit theorem is absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central limit theorem is absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central limit theorem is absolutely
+remarkable it is a very deep result and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable it is a very deep result and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable it is a very deep result and
+highly non-trivial and non-intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly non-trivial and non-intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly non-trivial and non-intuitive
+there's no apparent reason why this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no apparent reason why this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no apparent reason why this
+random variable here a standardized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable here a standardized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable here a standardized
+version of the sum of random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the sum of random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the sum of random variables
+should have an approximately normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have an approximately normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have an approximately normal
+distribution furthermore it is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution furthermore it is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution furthermore it is very
+useful and one key reason is that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful and one key reason is that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful and one key reason is that it is
+universal it doesn't matter what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal it doesn't matter what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal it doesn't matter what the
+distribution of the X's is no matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the X's is no matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the X's is no matter
+what the distribution is still in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the distribution is still in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the distribution is still in the
+limit this standardized version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit this standardized version of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit this standardized version of the
+sum is going to behave like a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum is going to behave like a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum is going to behave like a normal
+random variable and if we wish to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable and if we wish to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable and if we wish to apply
+it to particular examples or models the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to particular examples or models the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to particular examples or models the
+only thing that we need to know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing that we need to know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing that we need to know about
+the distribution of the X's are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution of the X's are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution of the X's are the
+corresponding means and variances as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding means and variances as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding means and variances as
+we're going to see in multiple examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to see in multiple examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to see in multiple examples
+when we apply it it turns out to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we apply it it turns out to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we apply it it turns out to be very
+accurate and it is also a very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate and it is also a very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate and it is also a very nice
+computational shortcut even if we knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational shortcut even if we knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational shortcut even if we knew
+in detail the distribution of the XS in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in detail the distribution of the XS in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in detail the distribution of the XS in
+order to calculate the distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to calculate the distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to calculate the distribution of
+SN we would have to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SN we would have to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SN we would have to take the
+distribution of the axis and convolve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the axis and convolve it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the axis and convolve it
+with itself and times something that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with itself and times something that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with itself and times something that can
+be computationally tedious who are as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be computationally tedious who are as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be computationally tedious who are as
+the computations that are involved when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computations that are involved when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computations that are involved when
+we use the central limit theorem are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use the central limit theorem are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use the central limit theorem are
+very very simple as the example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very simple as the example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very simple as the example that
+will be coming up will show to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be coming up will show to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be coming up will show to us
+finally at the philosophical level the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally at the philosophical level the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally at the philosophical level the
+central limit theorem justifies why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central limit theorem justifies why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central limit theorem justifies why
+models involving normal random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models involving normal random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models involving normal random variables
+are very natural whenever you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very natural whenever you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very natural whenever you have a
+phenomenon or an object that's affected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon or an object that's affected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon or an object that's affected
+by multiple noise sources and if these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by multiple noise sources and if these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by multiple noise sources and if these
+noise sources are independent then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise sources are independent then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise sources are independent then the
+overall effect of those noise sources is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall effect of those noise sources is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall effect of those noise sources is
+going to be well modeled by a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be well modeled by a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be well modeled by a normal
+random variable even if the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable even if the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable even if the distribution
+of each one of these noise sources is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each one of these noise sources is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each one of these noise sources is
+very different from being normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different from being normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different from being normal
+and this is a reason why in many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a reason why in many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a reason why in many many
+applications in many different fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications in many different fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications in many different fields
+normal random variables provide very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal random variables provide very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal random variables provide very
+useful and accurate models since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful and accurate models since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful and accurate models since the
+central limit theorem is so useful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central limit theorem is so useful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central limit theorem is so useful and
+important it is worth making sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important it is worth making sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important it is worth making sure that
+we understand exactly what it sells and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we understand exactly what it sells and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we understand exactly what it sells and
+to make a few comments on its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a few comments on its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a few comments on its
+mathematical content what it says is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical content what it says is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical content what it says is the
+following we take the sum of independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following we take the sum of independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following we take the sum of independent
+identically distributed random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically distributed random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically distributed random variables
+we form this standardized version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we form this standardized version of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we form this standardized version of the
+sum where we subtract the mean and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum where we subtract the mean and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum where we subtract the mean and
+divide by the standard deviation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by the standard deviation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by the standard deviation of the
+sum and then what it tells us is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum and then what it tells us is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum and then what it tells us is that
+the CDF of this random variable Zn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CDF of this random variable Zn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CDF of this random variable Zn
+converges to the normal CDF so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to the normal CDF so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to the normal CDF so what we
+have is a statement about CDF it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is a statement about CDF it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is a statement about CDF it does
+not yet tell us anything specific about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yet tell us anything specific about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yet tell us anything specific about
+PDFs or pmfs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDFs or pmfs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDFs or pmfs
+so for example if SN and the axes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example if SN and the axes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example if SN and the axes are
+all continuous random variable so Zn is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all continuous random variable so Zn is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all continuous random variable so Zn is
+also continuous you might wonder whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also continuous you might wonder whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also continuous you might wonder whether
+the PDF of Zn converges to a normal PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PDF of Zn converges to a normal PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PDF of Zn converges to a normal PDF
+it turns out that there are results of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that there are results of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that there are results of
+this kind that assert convergence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind that assert convergence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind that assert convergence of the
+PDF or even PMF of this random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF or even PMF of this random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF or even PMF of this random variable
+to a normal PDF in some sense but these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a normal PDF in some sense but these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a normal PDF in some sense but these
+results generally need a few more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results generally need a few more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results generally need a few more
+mathematical assumptions for the results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical assumptions for the results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical assumptions for the results
+to be valid nevertheless when we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be valid nevertheless when we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be valid nevertheless when we saw
+pictures of various examples we will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of various examples we will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of various examples we will do
+this by showing pictures of PDFs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by showing pictures of PDFs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by showing pictures of PDFs and
+pmfs because these are easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pmfs because these are easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pmfs because these are easier to
+visualize now since the result is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize now since the result is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize now since the result is so
+general and so important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general and so important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general and so important
+it might be worth understanding to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be worth understanding to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be worth understanding to what
+extent it can be generalized to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent it can be generalized to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent it can be generalized to other
+contexts our main two assumptions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contexts our main two assumptions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contexts our main two assumptions are
+that the random variables are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the random variables are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the random variables are
+independent and identically distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and identically distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and identically distributed
+can we remove those assumptions there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we remove those assumptions there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we remove those assumptions there
+are versions of the central limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are versions of the central limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are versions of the central limit
+theorem that apply to the case where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem that apply to the case where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem that apply to the case where the
+x i's are not identically distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i's are not identically distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i's are not identically distributed
+one just needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one just needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one just needs
+make certain assumptions on the means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make certain assumptions on the means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make certain assumptions on the means
+and the variances of the excise some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the variances of the excise some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the variances of the excise some
+conditions will be needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions will be needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions will be needed
+also the assumption of Independence does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the assumption of Independence does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the assumption of Independence does
+not need to be literally true there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not need to be literally true there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not need to be literally true there are
+versions of the central limit theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of the central limit theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of the central limit theorem
+that are valid when we have just weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are valid when we have just weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are valid when we have just weak
+dependence that is nearby X's may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence that is nearby X's may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence that is nearby X's may be
+dependent but if you compare x5 with X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent but if you compare x5 with X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent but if you compare x5 with X
+of 1 million then these two random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 million then these two random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 million then these two random
+variables are essentially independent in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are essentially independent in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are essentially independent in
+those cases we can still apply a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those cases we can still apply a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those cases we can still apply a
+suitable version of the central limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suitable version of the central limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suitable version of the central limit
+theorem and finally you may be curious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem and finally you may be curious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem and finally you may be curious
+how this result is proved one way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this result is proved one way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this result is proved one way of
+proving it which is the way it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving it which is the way it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving it which is the way it was
+originally established a long time ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally established a long time ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally established a long time ago
+for the special case of Bernoulli random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the special case of Bernoulli random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the special case of Bernoulli random
+variables X in which case s is binomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables X in which case s is binomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables X in which case s is binomial
+the way it was established was by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it was established was by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it was established was by
+carrying out algebraic manipulations on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying out algebraic manipulations on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying out algebraic manipulations on
+the binomial formulas but this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the binomial formulas but this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the binomial formulas but this was a
+derivation that would not generalize for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation that would not generalize for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation that would not generalize for
+the general case the proof is obtained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general case the proof is obtained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general case the proof is obtained
+using so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using so-called
+transform methods which is a topic that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform methods which is a topic that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform methods which is a topic that
+we are not covering but it goes as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are not covering but it goes as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are not covering but it goes as
+follows we consider this function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows we consider this function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows we consider this function of the
+random variable Z n where s is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable Z n where s is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable Z n where s is some
+parameter and we show that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter and we show that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter and we show that this
+expectation converges to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation converges to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation converges to the
+corresponding expectation if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding expectation if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding expectation if you have
+the standard normal Z in the place of Zn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard normal Z in the place of Zn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard normal Z in the place of Zn
+and that this is true for all s or at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that this is true for all s or at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that this is true for all s or at
+least for all s in some rich enough set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least for all s in some rich enough set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least for all s in some rich enough set
+and then one appeals to some deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then one appeals to some deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then one appeals to some deep
+mathematical results that tell you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical results that tell you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical results that tell you that
+if this kind of expectation converges to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this kind of expectation converges to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this kind of expectation converges to
+that expectation then the CDF of Zn must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that expectation then the CDF of Zn must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that expectation then the CDF of Zn must
+also converge to the CDF of Z but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also converge to the CDF of Z but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also converge to the CDF of Z but this
+is a proof that involves various steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a proof that involves various steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a proof that involves various steps
+and appeals to some deep results from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and appeals to some deep results from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and appeals to some deep results from
+other fields of mathematics and finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other fields of mathematics and finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other fields of mathematics and finally
+there is the practical side what exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is the practical side what exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is the practical side what exactly
+does it say and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it say and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it say and
+do we use it since the CDF of Zn can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we use it since the CDF of Zn can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we use it since the CDF of Zn can be
+approximated by the CDF of a standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximated by the CDF of a standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximated by the CDF of a standard
+normal this means that in practice we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal this means that in practice we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal this means that in practice we
+can treat the random variable ZN just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can treat the random variable ZN just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can treat the random variable ZN just as
+if it were a standard normal but now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it were a standard normal but now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it were a standard normal but now we
+notice that SN is obtained as a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that SN is obtained as a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that SN is obtained as a linear
+function of ZN namely the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of ZN namely the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of ZN namely the definition of
+ZN gives us this formula so SN is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZN gives us this formula so SN is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZN gives us this formula so SN is a
+linear function of ZN if we pretend that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear function of ZN if we pretend that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear function of ZN if we pretend that
+ZN is normal and since linear functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZN is normal and since linear functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZN is normal and since linear functions
+of normal random variables are normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of normal random variables are normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of normal random variables are normal
+this means that we will also pretend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that we will also pretend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that we will also pretend
+that SN is normal so in practice the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that SN is normal so in practice the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that SN is normal so in practice the way
+to carry out calculations is often to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to carry out calculations is often to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to carry out calculations is often to
+just pretend that SN is normal with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pretend that SN is normal with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pretend that SN is normal with the
+appropriate mean and variance these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate mean and variance these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate mean and variance these are
+the correct means and variance of SN and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct means and variance of SN and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct means and variance of SN and
+that's the only information that we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the only information that we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the only information that we need
+in order to apply it if we know mu and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to apply it if we know mu and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to apply it if we know mu and
+Sigma squared and using the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma squared and using the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma squared and using the normal
+approximation then we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation then we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation then we have an
+approximate distribution for SN and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate distribution for SN and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate distribution for SN and we
+can go ahead now in practice can we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go ahead now in practice can we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go ahead now in practice can we use
+the central limit theorem when n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central limit theorem when n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central limit theorem when n is
+moderate for example if n is 30 can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderate for example if n is 30 can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderate for example if n is 30 can you
+apply the central limit theorem this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the central limit theorem this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the central limit theorem this is
+a relation that's true in the limit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relation that's true in the limit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relation that's true in the limit of
+very large n how large should n be it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large n how large should n be it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large n how large should n be it
+turns out that the central limit theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that the central limit theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that the central limit theorem
+gives us very good approximations even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us very good approximations even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us very good approximations even
+when n has moderately small values now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when n has moderately small values now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when n has moderately small values now
+this approximation sometimes will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this approximation sometimes will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this approximation sometimes will be
+better and sometimes worse it helps if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and sometimes worse it helps if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and sometimes worse it helps if
+the distribution of the X's that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution of the X's that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution of the X's that you're
+starting with has some common features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with has some common features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with has some common features
+with the normal distribution if the X's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the normal distribution if the X's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the normal distribution if the X's
+are already normal then s will be normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are already normal then s will be normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are already normal then s will be normal
+and there's no approximation involved if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's no approximation involved if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's no approximation involved if
+the X's are close to normal then for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X's are close to normal then for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X's are close to normal then for
+fairly small values of n S will be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly small values of n S will be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly small values of n S will be very
+well modeled by a normal random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well modeled by a normal random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well modeled by a normal random variable
+now what does it mean that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what does it mean that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what does it mean that the
+distribution of the X's looks a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the X's looks a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the X's looks a little
+bit like the normal one it helps if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit like the normal one it helps if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit like the normal one it helps if the
+distribution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is
+symmetric around its mean and it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric around its mean and it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric around its mean and it also
+helps if it is unimodal in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps if it is unimodal in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps if it is unimodal in the sense
+that it has a single peak rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it has a single peak rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it has a single peak rather than
+multiple peaks
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/DxXB8Q5AWvw.txt b/DxXB8Q5AWvw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2b3aec02007065480805ac7ccd2719a35195f95f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/DxXB8Q5AWvw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11515 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+let's get started um today we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get started um today we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get started um today we're going
+to continue our discussion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to continue our discussion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to continue our discussion of
+international trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international trade
+i want to finish up discussing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to finish up discussing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to finish up discussing
+comparative advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative advantage
+and then we'll talk about the welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll talk about the welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll talk about the welfare
+implications of the economic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications of the economic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications of the economic of
+international trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international trade
+and then how that drives our thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then how that drives our thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then how that drives our thinking
+about trade policy one of the hottest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about trade policy one of the hottest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about trade policy one of the hottest
+topics in economics discussions today so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics in economics discussions today so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics in economics discussions today so
+let's finish our discussion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's finish our discussion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's finish our discussion of
+comparative advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative advantage
+that we started last time um remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we started last time um remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we started last time um remember
+the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key
+lesson from the ppf type analysis we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesson from the ppf type analysis we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesson from the ppf type analysis we did
+last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time
+is that if there's comparative advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if there's comparative advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if there's comparative advantage
+it can yield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can yield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can yield
+gains to trade through specialization so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gains to trade through specialization so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gains to trade through specialization so
+that's sort of the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of the key
+lesson is that comparative advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesson is that comparative advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesson is that comparative advantage
+yields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yields
+gains from trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gains from trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gains from trade
+through the mechanism of specialization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so basically careful advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so basically careful advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so basically careful advantage
+because it becomes a comparative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it becomes a comparative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it becomes a comparative
+advantage you can specialize and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage you can specialize and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage you can specialize and that
+means you can essentially get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you can essentially get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you can essentially get
+an outward bending ppf you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an outward bending ppf you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an outward bending ppf you can
+essentially get economies of scope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially get economies of scope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially get economies of scope
+by specializing in sort of combining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by specializing in sort of combining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by specializing in sort of combining
+your activities now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your activities now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your activities now
+you're not literally getting economies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not literally getting economies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not literally getting economies
+of scope because each person's doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scope because each person's doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scope because each person's doing
+their own thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own thing
+but it acts as if the economy is a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it acts as if the economy is a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it acts as if the economy is a whole
+is yielding economies of scope because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yielding economies of scope because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yielding economies of scope because
+basically by specializing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically by specializing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically by specializing
+you're allowing the economy as a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're allowing the economy as a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're allowing the economy as a whole
+to benefit from people doing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to benefit from people doing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to benefit from people doing what
+they're best at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're best at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're best at
+so that's the basic intuition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the basic intuition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the basic intuition of the
+sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+economics of why international trade can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics of why international trade can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics of why international trade can
+yield gains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield gains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield gains
+okay now that raised the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now that raised the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now that raised the natural
+question of well where does comparative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of well where does comparative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of well where does comparative
+advantage come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage come from
+why do some places have why do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do some places have why do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do some places have why do some
+countries have comparative advantage we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries have comparative advantage we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries have comparative advantage we
+know what comes from me versus lebron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what comes from me versus lebron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what comes from me versus lebron
+james
+
+ align:start position:0%
+james
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+james
+he's got better genes and he's worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's got better genes and he's worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's got better genes and he's worked
+harder than i have but basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder than i have but basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder than i have but basically
+when it comes to countries how does um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes to countries how does um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes to countries how does um
+where does comparative advantage come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does comparative advantage come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does comparative advantage come
+from and basically comes from roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and basically comes from roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and basically comes from roughly
+speaking two sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking two sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking two sources
+the first source of comparative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first source of comparative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first source of comparative
+advantage is factor endowments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some countries just through the nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some countries just through the nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some countries just through the nature
+of geography and geological history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of geography and geological history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of geography and geological history
+are endowed with with things that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are endowed with with things that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are endowed with with things that people
+want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+and therefore gives a power of advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore gives a power of advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore gives a power of advantage
+in trading those things so if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in trading those things so if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in trading those things so if you think
+about canada
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about canada
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about canada
+um canada is endowed with enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um canada is endowed with enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um canada is endowed with enormous
+amounts of forested land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of forested land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of forested land
+and they've become a major exporter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they've become a major exporter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they've become a major exporter of
+uh lumber and paper products over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lumber and paper products over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lumber and paper products over time
+that's their comparative advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's their comparative advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's their comparative advantage
+because they happen to have all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they happen to have all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they happen to have all this
+forested land around um so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forested land around um so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forested land around um so for example
+that's why most clothing today comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why most clothing today comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why most clothing today comes
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+china and less developed countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+china and less developed countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+china and less developed countries
+because their compa their factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because their compa their factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because their compa their factor
+endowment is cheap labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowment is cheap labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowment is cheap labor
+okay it's not that they have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's not that they have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's not that they have more
+natural textile threads or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural textile threads or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural textile threads or whatever
+it's just they they have they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just they they have they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just they they have they have a
+cheap labor which is the cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap labor which is the cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap labor which is the cheap
+the primary factor which goes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primary factor which goes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primary factor which goes into
+producing textiles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing textiles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing textiles
+so one source of tech of comparative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one source of tech of comparative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one source of tech of comparative
+advantage is factor endowments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage is factor endowments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage is factor endowments
+now once again some country could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now once again some country could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now once again some country could have
+more of everything canada could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of everything canada could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of everything canada could have
+cheap labor and lumber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap labor and lumber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap labor and lumber
+but the key point is in the simple sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the key point is in the simple sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the key point is in the simple sort
+of two by two world we're thinking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two by two world we're thinking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two by two world we're thinking of
+it's all about relative comparative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all about relative comparative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all about relative comparative
+advantage so it's the one that had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage so it's the one that had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage so it's the one that had the
+most of relevant to other countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of relevant to other countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of relevant to other countries
+okay and the second source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the second source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the second source of
+comparative advantage the second reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative advantage the second reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative advantage the second reason
+why some countries have higher advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why some countries have higher advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why some countries have higher advantage
+is technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you look at japan and cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at japan and cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at japan and cars
+there's no japan has no comparative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no japan has no comparative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no japan has no comparative
+advantage of producing cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of producing cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of producing cars
+it's not like they have more of the raw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like they have more of the raw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like they have more of the raw
+products that make steel than say the us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products that make steel than say the us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products that make steel than say the us
+does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does
+the difference is that japan was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference is that japan was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference is that japan was a
+leader in developing technology of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leader in developing technology of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leader in developing technology of the
+modern automobile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern automobile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern automobile
+and that technological boost gave the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that technological boost gave the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that technological boost gave the
+comparative advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative advantage
+so factor endowments are kind of natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so factor endowments are kind of natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so factor endowments are kind of natural
+technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology
+is a sort of created source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sort of created source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sort of created source of
+comparative advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative advantage
+that essentially by developing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that essentially by developing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that essentially by developing the
+technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology
+you give yourself really sort of a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give yourself really sort of a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give yourself really sort of a first
+mover advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mover advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mover advantage
+and are able to then um have leadership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and are able to then um have leadership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and are able to then um have leadership
+have the relative competitive advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the relative competitive advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the relative competitive advantage
+in producing that good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in producing that good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in producing that good
+that's why in some sense it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why in some sense it becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why in some sense it becomes
+technology policy really becomes trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology policy really becomes trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology policy really becomes trade
+policy and we'll talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy and we'll talk about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy and we'll talk about that
+uh at the end of the lecture we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at the end of the lecture we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at the end of the lecture we talk
+about trade policy in the u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about trade policy in the u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about trade policy in the u.s
+okay so that's really all i just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's really all i just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's really all i just want to
+finish up my comparative advantage the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish up my comparative advantage the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish up my comparative advantage the
+main things the intuition we developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main things the intuition we developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main things the intuition we developed
+last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time
+but just want to highlight also what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just want to highlight also what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just want to highlight also what it
+means what comparative edge means and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means what comparative edge means and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means what comparative edge means and
+where it comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it comes from
+what i really want to focus on today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i really want to focus on today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i really want to focus on today is
+the welfare implications of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the welfare implications of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the welfare implications of
+international trade and why economists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international trade and why economists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international trade and why economists
+are such big fans of international trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are such big fans of international trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are such big fans of international trade
+so the welfare welfare in trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the welfare welfare in trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the welfare welfare in trade
+and why do economists in simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why do economists in simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why do economists in simple
+diagrammatic form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrammatic form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrammatic form
+so uh such strong proponents of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh such strong proponents of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh such strong proponents of
+free international trade okay so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free international trade okay so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free international trade okay so to
+consider that let's go back to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider that let's go back to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider that let's go back to our
+example of roses and look at figure 191
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of roses and look at figure 191
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of roses and look at figure 191
+okay we have here a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have here a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have here a simple
+representation of the domestic market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the domestic market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the domestic market
+for roses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for roses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for roses
+okay you've got a supply curve and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you've got a supply curve and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you've got a supply curve and a
+demand curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand curve
+and you yield your consumer and producer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you yield your consumer and producer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you yield your consumer and producer
+surplus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus
+okay so let's say this is for the u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's say this is for the u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's say this is for the u.s
+you've got u.s supply of roses u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got u.s supply of roses u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got u.s supply of roses u.s
+demand for roses consumer producer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for roses consumer producer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for roses consumer producer
+surplus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus
+now let's ask what happens once we allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's ask what happens once we allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's ask what happens once we allow
+international trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international trade
+once we allow for the importation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we allow for the importation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we allow for the importation or
+exportation of roses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exportation of roses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exportation of roses
+let's go to the next figure which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go to the next figure which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go to the next figure which is
+pretty complicated so let's walk through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty complicated so let's walk through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty complicated so let's walk through
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+okay now we're looking at the rose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we're looking at the rose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we're looking at the rose
+market with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market with
+imports okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imports okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imports okay now
+the presence of imports in imports don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the presence of imports in imports don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the presence of imports in imports don't
+act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act
+doesn't actually change the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't actually change the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't actually change the nature of
+demand and supply so the domestic or u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand and supply so the domestic or u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand and supply so the domestic or u.s
+demand and supply curves are not shifted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand and supply curves are not shifted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand and supply curves are not shifted
+what imports do is effectively increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what imports do is effectively increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what imports do is effectively increase
+the supply curve of roses available to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supply curve of roses available to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supply curve of roses available to
+u.s consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s consumers
+by adding roses from other countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by adding roses from other countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by adding roses from other countries
+okay so what we do is to make this work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what we do is to make this work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what we do is to make this work
+what we basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we basically the
+the trick we use in these models is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trick we use in these models is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trick we use in these models is we
+essentially assume that in international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially assume that in international
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially assume that in international
+markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets
+there's a perfectly elastic supply of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a perfectly elastic supply of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a perfectly elastic supply of
+the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good
+so what we say is international trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we say is international trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we say is international trade
+creates a perfectly elastic supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates a perfectly elastic supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates a perfectly elastic supply
+of rows at the price p sub w that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rows at the price p sub w that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rows at the price p sub w that is the
+price used to be p sub a for autarky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price used to be p sub a for autarky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price used to be p sub a for autarky
+that's the price where domestic supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the price where domestic supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the price where domestic supply
+domestic demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic demand
+we're going to assume that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to assume that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to assume that what
+international trade does is lower the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international trade does is lower the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international trade does is lower the
+price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price
+to p sub w and make supply perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to p sub w and make supply perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to p sub w and make supply perfectly
+elastic that is the u.s can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic that is the u.s can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic that is the u.s can get
+as many roads as it wants at a price p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as many roads as it wants at a price p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as many roads as it wants at a price p
+sub w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub w
+now for a small country this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for a small country this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for a small country this sort of
+makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense
+right for a small country essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for a small country essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for a small country essentially
+they're like a small producer in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like a small producer in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like a small producer in a
+perfectly competitive market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly competitive market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly competitive market
+for the us it might not make so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the us it might not make so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the us it might not make so much
+sense the u.s is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense the u.s is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense the u.s is sort of
+kind of big enough that it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of big enough that it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of big enough that it's hard to
+imagine that we're sort of price takers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that we're sort of price takers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that we're sort of price takers
+with respect to anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to anything
+we're the u.s we don't take any prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're the u.s we don't take any prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're the u.s we don't take any prices
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+but for in principle the basic intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for in principle the basic intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for in principle the basic intuition
+we get from this model works so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get from this model works so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get from this model works so we're
+just going to sort of treat us as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to sort of treat us as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to sort of treat us as a
+small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+small country for these purposes so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small country for these purposes so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small country for these purposes so and
+for something like rose is probably not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something like rose is probably not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something like rose is probably not
+bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad
+to think of the us as a price taker in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think of the us as a price taker in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think of the us as a price taker in
+the rose market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rose market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rose market
+okay so it's a bit of a cheat to say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's a bit of a cheat to say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's a bit of a cheat to say the
+us faces perfectly elastic supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us faces perfectly elastic supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us faces perfectly elastic supply
+in the world market but it's not a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world market but it's not a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world market but it's not a bad
+sheet and it doesn't and it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet and it doesn't and it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet and it doesn't and it doesn't
+hurt the important intuitions will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurt the important intuitions will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurt the important intuitions will
+derive so we're going to assume the us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive so we're going to assume the us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive so we're going to assume the us
+faces a perfectly elastic world supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces a perfectly elastic world supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces a perfectly elastic world supply
+at price p sub w now what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at price p sub w now what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at price p sub w now what we
+what does this do what this does is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this do what this does is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this do what this does is
+suddenly at that lower price p sub w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly at that lower price p sub w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly at that lower price p sub w
+consumers now want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers now want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers now want
+c sub t they want a lot more roses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c sub t they want a lot more roses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c sub t they want a lot more roses
+because the price has fallen demands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the price has fallen demands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the price has fallen demands
+downward sloping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward sloping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward sloping
+but domestic producers want to produce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but domestic producers want to produce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but domestic producers want to produce a
+lot fewer roses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot fewer roses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot fewer roses
+since marginal cost is upward sloping if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since marginal cost is upward sloping if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since marginal cost is upward sloping if
+you're going to force the price down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to force the price down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to force the price down to
+p sub w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p sub w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p sub w
+they don't want to produce as many roses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't want to produce as many roses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't want to produce as many roses
+they only want to produce q sub t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they only want to produce q sub t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they only want to produce q sub t
+how to resolve this you resolve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to resolve this you resolve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to resolve this you resolve this
+through imports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through imports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through imports
+that the difference between q sub t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the difference between q sub t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the difference between q sub t
+and c sub t is imports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and c sub t is imports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and c sub t is imports
+so the total amount of roses consumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the total amount of roses consumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the total amount of roses consumed
+does rise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does rise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does rise
+from q sub a to c sub t the total amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from q sub a to c sub t the total amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from q sub a to c sub t the total amount
+of roses consumed does rise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of roses consumed does rise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of roses consumed does rise
+but the amount produced domestically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the amount produced domestically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the amount produced domestically
+falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls
+so both things are happening both u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so both things are happening both u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so both things are happening both u.s
+consumers are consuming more roses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers are consuming more roses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers are consuming more roses
+and u.s producers are producing fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and u.s producers are producing fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and u.s producers are producing fewer
+roses and the gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roses and the gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roses and the gap
+is made up by imports okay kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is made up by imports okay kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is made up by imports okay kind of a
+complicated diagram are there questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated diagram are there questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated diagram are there questions
+about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this
+because i'm going to build on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i'm going to build on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i'm going to build on this
+diagram going forward any question about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram going forward any question about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram going forward any question about
+how this works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this works
+okay now let's ask what are the welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's ask what are the welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's ask what are the welfare
+implications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications
+let's go to figure 19-3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go to figure 19-3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go to figure 19-3
+what are the welfare implications of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the welfare implications of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the welfare implications of
+international trade well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international trade well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international trade well
+the welfare implications are for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the welfare implications are for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the welfare implications are for
+consumers their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers their
+surplus used to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus used to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus used to be
+um their surplus used to be w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um their surplus used to be w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um their surplus used to be w
+they used to get q sub a roses at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they used to get q sub a roses at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they used to get q sub a roses at a
+price p sub a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price p sub a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price p sub a
+so their surplus used to be the area w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so their surplus used to be the area w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so their surplus used to be the area w
+what is the surplus of domestic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the surplus of domestic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the surplus of domestic
+consumers let me an important point for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers let me an important point for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers let me an important point for
+welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare
+we're going to look at domestic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at domestic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at domestic
+welfare only we'll come back later to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare only we'll come back later to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare only we'll come back later to
+caring about the rest of the world but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caring about the rest of the world but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caring about the rest of the world but
+for now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now we
+only care about the u.s so when i talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only care about the u.s so when i talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only care about the u.s so when i talk
+about welfare unless i say otherwise i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about welfare unless i say otherwise i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about welfare unless i say otherwise i'm
+thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about
+u.s welfare only u.s consumers u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s welfare only u.s consumers u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s welfare only u.s consumers u.s
+producers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers
+very important to keep in mind because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important to keep in mind because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important to keep in mind because
+otherwise this can get confusing so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise this can get confusing so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise this can get confusing so for
+now domestic welfare only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now domestic welfare only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now domestic welfare only
+so for u.s consumers what has happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for u.s consumers what has happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for u.s consumers what has happened
+they used to get a surplus of w what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they used to get a surplus of w what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they used to get a surplus of w what's
+their surplus now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their surplus now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their surplus now
+yeah yes z by the way is the entire sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yes z by the way is the entire sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yes z by the way is the entire sort
+of light purple area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light purple area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light purple area
+it's confusing because there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's confusing because there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's confusing because there's this
+dotted line down the middle z is either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotted line down the middle z is either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotted line down the middle z is either
+side of the dotted line the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the dotted line the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the dotted line the entire
+triangle is z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle is z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle is z
+so consumers now get w plus x plus c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so consumers now get w plus x plus c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so consumers now get w plus x plus c
+why because they're consuming c sub t at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because they're consuming c sub t at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because they're consuming c sub t at
+a price p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a price p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a price p
+sub w okay don't let the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub w okay don't let the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub w okay don't let the other
+complication of the graph confuse you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complication of the graph confuse you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complication of the graph confuse you
+remember consumer surplus is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember consumer surplus is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember consumer surplus is just the
+area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area
+below the demand curve above the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the demand curve above the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the demand curve above the price
+at the equilibrium quantity the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the equilibrium quantity the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the equilibrium quantity the new
+equilibrium quantity consumed is c sub t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium quantity consumed is c sub t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium quantity consumed is c sub t
+the new price is p sub w so they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new price is p sub w so they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new price is p sub w so they get
+that giant triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that giant triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that giant triangle
+producers used to have a surplus of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers used to have a surplus of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers used to have a surplus of
+x plus z x plus y i'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x plus z x plus y i'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x plus z x plus y i'm sorry
+producers used to sell q sub a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers used to sell q sub a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers used to sell q sub a
+at a price p sub a so the area above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a price p sub a so the area above the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a price p sub a so the area above the
+supply curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply curve
+below the price was x plus y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the price was x plus y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the price was x plus y
+now x has been transferred to consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now x has been transferred to consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now x has been transferred to consumers
+so producer surplus has fallen to why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so producer surplus has fallen to why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so producer surplus has fallen to why
+so what's happened well it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's happened well it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's happened well it's the
+opposite of the kind of deadweight loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite of the kind of deadweight loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite of the kind of deadweight loss
+diagrams we saw before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams we saw before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams we saw before
+when we did things like compose attacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we did things like compose attacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we did things like compose attacks
+we transferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we transferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we transferred
+from one group to another creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one group to another creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one group to another creating
+deadweight loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadweight loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadweight loss
+international trade is the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international trade is the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international trade is the opposite
+effect we've transferred from one group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect we've transferred from one group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect we've transferred from one group
+to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another
+and created social gain for the u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and created social gain for the u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and created social gain for the u.s
+u.s consumers have gained they've in on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s consumers have gained they've in on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s consumers have gained they've in on
+net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net
+us society is better off by the area z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us society is better off by the area z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us society is better off by the area z
+and this in the terms of this course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this in the terms of this course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this in the terms of this course is
+why economists like international trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why economists like international trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why economists like international trade
+that expands the opportunity set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that expands the opportunity set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that expands the opportunity set
+by allowing consumers to get these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by allowing consumers to get these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by allowing consumers to get these
+cheaper goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper goods
+you raise consumer surplus more than you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you raise consumer surplus more than you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you raise consumer surplus more than you
+lower producer surplus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower producer surplus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower producer surplus
+and that's why we like international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why we like international
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why we like international
+trade it's a net win for society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade it's a net win for society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade it's a net win for society
+now different parties might feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now different parties might feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now different parties might feel
+differently about it we'll come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently about it we'll come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently about it we'll come back to
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+but let's just focus right now on total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's just focus right now on total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's just focus right now on total
+social surplus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social surplus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social surplus
+and for total social surplus we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for total social surplus we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for total social surplus we're
+defined as producer plus consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as producer plus consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as producer plus consumers
+we are better off okay and that's why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are better off okay and that's why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are better off okay and that's why we
+like international trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like international trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like international trade
+okay question about that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the new surplus is just y it used to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new surplus is just y it used to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new surplus is just y it used to be
+y plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y plus
+x so producers are losing x consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x so producers are losing x consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x so producers are losing x consumers
+gain that x but consumers also get z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain that x but consumers also get z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain that x but consumers also get z
+so sort of the flip side of deadweight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sort of the flip side of deadweight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sort of the flip side of deadweight
+loss we talked about before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss we talked about before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss we talked about before
+you're transferring from producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're transferring from producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're transferring from producing
+consumers but you're also creating new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers but you're also creating new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers but you're also creating new
+gains for consumers along the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gains for consumers along the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gains for consumers along the way
+okay okay so now that's imports what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so now that's imports what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so now that's imports what
+about exports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about exports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about exports
+let's flip and think about computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's flip and think about computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's flip and think about computers
+let's go to figure 19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go to figure 19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go to figure 19
+4 and talk about computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for computers once again we start at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for computers once again we start at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for computers once again we start at
+point a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point a
+we start with computers under autarky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start with computers under autarky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start with computers under autarky
+without trading the price is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without trading the price is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without trading the price is where
+domain equals supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain equals supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain equals supply
+at p sub a and the quantity is q sub a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at p sub a and the quantity is q sub a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at p sub a and the quantity is q sub a
+and that's the initial equilibrium for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the initial equilibrium for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the initial equilibrium for
+computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers
+now we open up to trade well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we open up to trade well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we open up to trade well what
+happens now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens now
+is now the rest of the world wants u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now the rest of the world wants u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now the rest of the world wants u.s
+computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers
+so the u.s can sell at a higher price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the u.s can sell at a higher price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the u.s can sell at a higher price
+before the u.s could only sell to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the u.s could only sell to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the u.s could only sell to
+domestic consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic consumers
+but now they can their demand for their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now they can their demand for their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now they can their demand for their
+goods worldwide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods worldwide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods worldwide
+we don't show world demand here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't show world demand here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't show world demand here but
+world demand is way above u.s demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world demand is way above u.s demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world demand is way above u.s demand
+okay if you flip back to 1903
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you flip back to 1903
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you flip back to 1903
+the reason that that piece of w line is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason that that piece of w line is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason that that piece of w line is
+below the piece of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the piece of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the piece of a
+is that world supply or 1902 is easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that world supply or 1902 is easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that world supply or 1902 is easier
+world supply is below is above u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world supply is below is above u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world supply is below is above u.s
+supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply
+since supply is higher the price falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since supply is higher the price falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since supply is higher the price falls
+now in 1904
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in 1904
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in 1904
+world demand is higher than u.s demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world demand is higher than u.s demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world demand is higher than u.s demand
+so the price rises so we end up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the price rises so we end up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the price rises so we end up with a
+piece of w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of w
+at the higher level what does this mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the higher level what does this mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the higher level what does this mean
+with a higher p sub w domestic consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a higher p sub w domestic consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a higher p sub w domestic consumers
+want fewer computers they used to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want fewer computers they used to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want fewer computers they used to be
+able to buy computers a piece of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to buy computers a piece of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to buy computers a piece of a
+now they have to pay p sub w because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they have to pay p sub w because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they have to pay p sub w because
+they're competing with consumers around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're competing with consumers around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're competing with consumers around
+the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world
+okay so i have to pay more so they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i have to pay more so they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i have to pay more so they want
+fewer computers their demand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer computers their demand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer computers their demand for
+computers falls from qa to ct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers falls from qa to ct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers falls from qa to ct
+what about domestic producers well now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about domestic producers well now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about domestic producers well now
+they're getting a higher price so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're getting a higher price so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're getting a higher price so they
+want to make more computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make more computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make more computers
+so their production fault rise from qa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so their production fault rise from qa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so their production fault rise from qa
+to qt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to qt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to qt
+so you now have consumers consuming much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you now have consumers consuming much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you now have consumers consuming much
+less than producers are making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than producers are making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than producers are making
+so the producers send the rest abroad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the producers send the rest abroad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the producers send the rest abroad
+and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's
+exports okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exports okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exports okay
+so we have the flip side before we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have the flip side before we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have the flip side before we had
+under in figure 19 2 if you flip back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under in figure 19 2 if you flip back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under in figure 19 2 if you flip back
+and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth
+in figure 19 2 we had consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in figure 19 2 we had consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in figure 19 2 we had consumers
+wanting more than producers domestically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanting more than producers domestically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanting more than producers domestically
+willing to make so you had imports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to make so you had imports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to make so you had imports
+now we have consumer domestic consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have consumer domestic consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have consumer domestic consumers
+wanting less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanting less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanting less
+than domestic producers are willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than domestic producers are willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than domestic producers are willing to
+make so you have exports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make so you have exports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make so you have exports
+what are the welfare implications go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the welfare implications go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the welfare implications go to
+19 5.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 5.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 5.
+now what you get is consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what you get is consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what you get is consumers
+are worse off they used to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are worse off they used to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are worse off they used to have a
+consumer surplus of w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer surplus of w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer surplus of w
+plus x where x is the entire dotted area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus x where x is the entire dotted area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus x where x is the entire dotted area
+now that consumer surplus has fallen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that consumer surplus has fallen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that consumer surplus has fallen to
+just w remember we're doing domestic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just w remember we're doing domestic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just w remember we're doing domestic
+consumers only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers only
+there's some people in columbia got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some people in columbia got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some people in columbia got
+computers they're happy we're ignoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers they're happy we're ignoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers they're happy we're ignoring
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+we're just doing u.s consumers okay they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just doing u.s consumers okay they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just doing u.s consumers okay they
+used to get w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to get w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to get w
+plus x now they only get w below the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus x now they only get w below the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus x now they only get w below the
+demand curve above the new price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand curve above the new price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand curve above the new price
+but producers who used to get y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but producers who used to get y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but producers who used to get y
+now get y plus x plus z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now get y plus x plus z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now get y plus x plus z
+so you've transferred x from domestic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've transferred x from domestic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've transferred x from domestic
+consumers domestic producers but you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers domestic producers but you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers domestic producers but you've
+also given domestic producers extra bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also given domestic producers extra bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also given domestic producers extra bit
+z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z
+so once again surplus has gone up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once again surplus has gone up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once again surplus has gone up
+this is the crazy thing about trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the crazy thing about trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the crazy thing about trade
+imports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imports
+raise welfare and exports raise welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise welfare and exports raise welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise welfare and exports raise welfare
+either way whether the goods are coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either way whether the goods are coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either way whether the goods are coming
+in or the goods are going out society's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in or the goods are going out society's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in or the goods are going out society's
+a whole is better off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole is better off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole is better off
+why because of comparative advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because of comparative advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because of comparative advantage
+because we're better off as a world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're better off as a world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're better off as a world
+where we can share our goods across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we can share our goods across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we can share our goods across
+nations because we can then rely on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nations because we can then rely on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nations because we can then rely on the
+more efficient producers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more efficient producers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more efficient producers
+lowering the prices for roses in place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowering the prices for roses in place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowering the prices for roses in place
+like the us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the us
+and raise the lowering the prices for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and raise the lowering the prices for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and raise the lowering the prices for
+goods us consumes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods us consumes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods us consumes
+and raising the price for goods us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and raising the price for goods us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and raising the price for goods us
+produces and same with every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces and same with every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces and same with every
+other country it's literally a win-win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other country it's literally a win-win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other country it's literally a win-win
+every country by the game to specialize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every country by the game to specialize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every country by the game to specialize
+gets to see lower prices and the goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets to see lower prices and the goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets to see lower prices and the goods
+they weren't good at making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they weren't good at making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they weren't good at making
+okay and higher prices the goods they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and higher prices the goods they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and higher prices the goods they
+are good at making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are good at making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are good at making
+so there's transfers across producers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's transfers across producers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's transfers across producers
+and consumers but overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and consumers but overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and consumers but overall
+uh welfare goes up okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh welfare goes up okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh welfare goes up okay
+so basically this is the bottom line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically this is the bottom line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically this is the bottom line
+this so these two graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so these two graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so these two graphs
+are kind of why economists unambiguously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kind of why economists unambiguously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kind of why economists unambiguously
+traditionally traditionally constantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionally traditionally constantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionally traditionally constantly
+basically like free trade to get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically like free trade to get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically like free trade to get into
+subtleties like caring about producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtleties like caring about producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtleties like caring about producing
+first consumers separately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first consumers separately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first consumers separately
+basically the logic of last time which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the logic of last time which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the logic of last time which
+is a comparative advantage allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a comparative advantage allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a comparative advantage allows
+specialization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialization
+means that by trading we can allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that by trading we can allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that by trading we can allow
+countries to specialize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries to specialize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries to specialize
+and thereby getting higher prices of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thereby getting higher prices of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thereby getting higher prices of
+things they send abroad and lower price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things they send abroad and lower price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things they send abroad and lower price
+of the things they bring in from abroad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things they bring in from abroad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things they bring in from abroad
+okay questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay questions about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay questions about that
+okay and we can see from this why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we can see from this why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we can see from this why the
+notion of sort of a trade deficit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of sort of a trade deficit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of sort of a trade deficit
+something we should care about is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we should care about is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we should care about is sort
+of ridiculous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ridiculous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ridiculous
+because basically it's all just about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because basically it's all just about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because basically it's all just about
+your endowments okay at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your endowments okay at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your endowments okay at the end of the
+day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day
+you want to sell stuff that you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to sell stuff that you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to sell stuff that you're in
+doubt you have a competitive advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubt you have a competitive advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubt you have a competitive advantage
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+and import stuff you don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and import stuff you don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and import stuff you don't have a
+comparative advantage in if the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative advantage in if the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative advantage in if the rest of
+the world has more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world has more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world has more
+advantage than you then you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage than you then you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage than you then you want to
+import more than you export doesn't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+import more than you export doesn't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+import more than you export doesn't mean
+you're worse off it just means your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're worse off it just means your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're worse off it just means your
+consumers are benefiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers are benefiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers are benefiting
+from the fact the rest of the world is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the fact the rest of the world is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the fact the rest of the world is
+good at making stuff like sweaters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at making stuff like sweaters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at making stuff like sweaters
+so that segues us naturally to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that segues us naturally to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that segues us naturally to our
+important policy discussion and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important policy discussion and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important policy discussion and sort of
+the main focus one of the main focus of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main focus one of the main focus of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main focus one of the main focus of
+public policy today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public policy today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public policy today
+which is trade policy how do we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is trade policy how do we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is trade policy how do we take
+this framework and apply it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this framework and apply it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this framework and apply it
+to thinking about government policy over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to thinking about government policy over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to thinking about government policy over
+international trade and that's what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international trade and that's what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international trade and that's what i
+spend the rest of today talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend the rest of today talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend the rest of today talking about
+so let me just before i go there any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just before i go there any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just before i go there any
+questions about the economics here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about the economics here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about the economics here
+before we start talking about policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trade let's start once again with trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade let's start once again with trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade let's start once again with trade
+policy with sort of the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy with sort of the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy with sort of the standard
+economics view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics view
+okay which is that you'll often hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay which is that you'll often hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay which is that you'll often hear
+people say well imports are a job killer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people say well imports are a job killer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people say well imports are a job killer
+and in some sense they're right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in some sense they're right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in some sense they're right that's
+what figure 19 3 is showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what figure 19 3 is showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what figure 19 3 is showing
+producers are the ones with the jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers are the ones with the jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers are the ones with the jobs
+producer surplus is falling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer surplus is falling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer surplus is falling
+so there's less profitability in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's less profitability in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's less profitability in the
+corporate sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate sector
+so there may be less jobs there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there may be less jobs there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there may be less jobs there
+okay now many people say we should react
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now many people say we should react
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now many people say we should react
+to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that
+by imposing restrictions on imports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by imposing restrictions on imports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by imposing restrictions on imports
+they say look exports are great but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say look exports are great but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say look exports are great but what
+about imports they're killing jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about imports they're killing jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about imports they're killing jobs
+why don't we restrict those and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we restrict those and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we restrict those and there's
+two fundamental forms of restrictions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two fundamental forms of restrictions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two fundamental forms of restrictions on
+imports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imports
+there's quotas which is literally a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's quotas which is literally a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's quotas which is literally a
+limit on how much of a certain good you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit on how much of a certain good you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit on how much of a certain good you
+can import
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can import
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can import
+those aren't used so much anymore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those aren't used so much anymore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those aren't used so much anymore the
+more typical form of international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more typical form of international
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more typical form of international
+of import deterrence is tariffs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay it's tariffs okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's tariffs okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's tariffs okay
+and basically what these are are taxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically what these are are taxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically what these are are taxes
+that are levied only on imports a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are levied only on imports a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are levied only on imports a
+tariff is just a name for a tax that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tariff is just a name for a tax that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tariff is just a name for a tax that
+only applies to imports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only applies to imports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only applies to imports
+okay that's what a tariff is it's a it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's what a tariff is it's a it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's what a tariff is it's a it's
+a certain kind of tax only applies to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain kind of tax only applies to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain kind of tax only applies to
+imports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imports
+okay so we could for example levy a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we could for example levy a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we could for example levy a
+tariff on roses coming in from colombia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tariff on roses coming in from colombia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tariff on roses coming in from colombia
+if we levy that tariff making roses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we levy that tariff making roses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we levy that tariff making roses
+expensive enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive enough
+then folks might go by back to buying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then folks might go by back to buying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then folks might go by back to buying
+them from the u.s producers and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them from the u.s producers and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them from the u.s producers and we can
+reopen those greenhouses the jobs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reopen those greenhouses the jobs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reopen those greenhouses the jobs that
+come with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come with them
+that is true what that misses the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is true what that misses the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is true what that misses the fact
+that u.s consumers then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that u.s consumers then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that u.s consumers then
+suffer from paying higher prices for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffer from paying higher prices for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffer from paying higher prices for
+roses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roses
+and on net we're worse off as a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on net we're worse off as a result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on net we're worse off as a result
+to see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see that
+let's go to figure 19 6.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so basically
+what figure 19 6 does is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what figure 19 6 does is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what figure 19 6 does is
+we now start from the position of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now start from the position of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now start from the position of being
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+international trading so before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international trading so before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international trading so before the
+other figures we started from autarky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other figures we started from autarky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other figures we started from autarky
+and added trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and added trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and added trade
+now i want to start from position with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i want to start from position with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i want to start from position with
+trade and add a tariff so initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade and add a tariff so initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade and add a tariff so initial
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+is at p sub w with consumers consuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at p sub w with consumers consuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at p sub w with consumers consuming
+c1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c1
+producers producing q1 an initial level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers producing q1 an initial level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers producing q1 an initial level
+of imports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of imports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of imports
+denoted by imports before tariff okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denoted by imports before tariff okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denoted by imports before tariff okay
+that's where we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where we start
+what the tariff does is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the tariff does is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the tariff does is essentially
+raise the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise the price
+back up now i can't raise the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up now i can't raise the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up now i can't raise the price
+above the domestic price because if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the domestic price because if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the domestic price because if the
+tariffs big enough you just go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tariffs big enough you just go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tariffs big enough you just go back to
+buying what you want for domestic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying what you want for domestic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying what you want for domestic
+producers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers
+but it raised it back towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it raised it back towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it raised it back towards the
+domestic price so let's say for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic price so let's say for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic price so let's say for example
+the tariff is high enough that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tariff is high enough that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tariff is high enough that the
+international that the world price the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international that the world price the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international that the world price the
+price paid in the u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price paid in the u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price paid in the u.s
+rises from pw to pt the gap being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rises from pw to pt the gap being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rises from pw to pt the gap being the
+amount of the tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of the tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of the tax
+so with untaxed trade the us would pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with untaxed trade the us would pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with untaxed trade the us would pay
+pw for roses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pw for roses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pw for roses
+now when we tax trade that price goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when we tax trade that price goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when we tax trade that price goes up
+to p sub t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to p sub t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to p sub t
+okay so now let's ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let's ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let's ask
+what does that do to the market well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that do to the market well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that do to the market well
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+pretty straightforward you just say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty straightforward you just say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty straightforward you just say well
+what is demanded supply at that new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is demanded supply at that new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is demanded supply at that new
+price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price
+what that new price there's lower demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that new price there's lower demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that new price there's lower demand
+for roses so rose demand falls from c1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for roses so rose demand falls from c1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for roses so rose demand falls from c1
+to c2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to c2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to c2
+there's more domestic production of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more domestic production of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more domestic production of
+roses so domestic production rise from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roses so domestic production rise from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roses so domestic production rise from
+q1 to q2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1 to q2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1 to q2
+and the imports after the tower shrink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the imports after the tower shrink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the imports after the tower shrink
+massively the tariff had its desired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massively the tariff had its desired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massively the tariff had its desired
+effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect
+it shrunk imports but what does this do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shrunk imports but what does this do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shrunk imports but what does this do
+to welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to welfare
+let's go to figure 19.7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we don't now we can just compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we don't now we can just compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we don't now we can just compare
+this area between the two horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this area between the two horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this area between the two horizontal
+lines we used to be at the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines we used to be at the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines we used to be at the bottom
+horizontal line now with the higher one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal line now with the higher one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal line now with the higher one
+a the area a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the area a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the area a
+is the new producer surplus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+producers used to get the area that low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers used to get the area that low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers used to get the area that low
+triangle below area a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle below area a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle below area a
+we used to call it y now they've added a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used to call it y now they've added a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used to call it y now they've added a
+producers have now added a new producer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers have now added a new producer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers have now added a new producer
+surplus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus a
+but consumers have lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but consumers have lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but consumers have lost
+a b c and d that entire area is lost for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b c and d that entire area is lost for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b c and d that entire area is lost for
+consumers yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers yeah
+comparison to when there was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison to when there was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison to when there was uh
+yeah that's what i said comparison where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's what i said comparison where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's what i said comparison where
+there was when there was free trade no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was when there was free trade no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was when there was free trade no
+tariffs so it's a comparison to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tariffs so it's a comparison to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tariffs so it's a comparison to
+the second situation in figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second situation in figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second situation in figure
+19 uh 19 19-3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 uh 19 19-3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 uh 19 19-3
+so 19-3 this is confusing i'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 19-3 this is confusing i'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 19-3 this is confusing i'm sorry
+about that but it's too hard to put on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that but it's too hard to put on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that but it's too hard to put on
+one graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one graph
+19-3 is what happens when we move from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19-3 is what happens when we move from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19-3 is what happens when we move from
+no trade to free trade 19-7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no trade to free trade 19-7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no trade to free trade 19-7
+6-7 are moving from free trade to free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-7 are moving from free trade to free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-7 are moving from free trade to free
+trade with the tariff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade with the tariff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade with the tariff
+okay by the way if the tariff was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay by the way if the tariff was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay by the way if the tariff was
+brought us exactly back to the no trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought us exactly back to the no trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought us exactly back to the no trade
+situation just be the flip of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation just be the flip of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation just be the flip of the
+previous diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous diagrams
+which makes it a little more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which makes it a little more interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which makes it a little more interesting
+by making the tariffs somewhat lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by making the tariffs somewhat lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by making the tariffs somewhat lower
+than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that
+so what's happened to consumer surplus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's happened to consumer surplus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's happened to consumer surplus
+well look at this way remember consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well look at this way remember consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well look at this way remember consumer
+surplus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus
+it's the area below the demand curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the area below the demand curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the area below the demand curve
+above the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the price
+so it used to be a huge triangle now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it used to be a huge triangle now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it used to be a huge triangle now
+what's happened is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happened is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happened is
+fall fallen by the entire trapezoid a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall fallen by the entire trapezoid a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall fallen by the entire trapezoid a b
+c d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c d
+can folks see that look at the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can folks see that look at the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can folks see that look at the new
+consumer don't ignore the fact it's four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer don't ignore the fact it's four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer don't ignore the fact it's four
+different areas just think of it as one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different areas just think of it as one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different areas just think of it as one
+trapezoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoid
+the new consumer surplus the area under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new consumer surplus the area under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new consumer surplus the area under
+the main curve above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main curve above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main curve above
+pt the old consumer surplus area under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pt the old consumer surplus area under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pt the old consumer surplus area under
+the demand curve above pw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand curve above pw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand curve above pw
+that's followed by the trapezoid abcd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's followed by the trapezoid abcd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's followed by the trapezoid abcd
+now why do we split that into four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why do we split that into four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why do we split that into four
+pieces well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces well
+first of all because a is gained by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all because a is gained by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all because a is gained by
+producers so we want to call that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers so we want to call that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers so we want to call that out
+that's not a net loss in welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a net loss in welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a net loss in welfare
+there's also the area c the green area c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also the area c the green area c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also the area c the green area c
+c is also a gain what is c that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c is also a gain what is c that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c is also a gain what is c that's the
+government revenue from the tariffs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government revenue from the tariffs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government revenue from the tariffs
+okay the government's gained something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the government's gained something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the government's gained something
+from that we get tax revenue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that we get tax revenue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that we get tax revenue
+okay we could give that back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we could give that back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we could give that back to
+consumers if we want so that's not lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers if we want so that's not lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers if we want so that's not lost
+surplus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus
+the tax revenues exactly the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tax revenues exactly the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tax revenues exactly the amount of
+new imports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new imports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new imports
+times the tariff so it's complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the tariff so it's complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the tariff so it's complicated
+it's not now we have this third player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not now we have this third player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not now we have this third player
+which is a government used to be just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a government used to be just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a government used to be just
+either producer consumer or or society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either producer consumer or or society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either producer consumer or or society
+now we have the third player which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have the third player which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have the third player which is
+the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government
+so the deadweight loss from the tariff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the deadweight loss from the tariff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the deadweight loss from the tariff
+is b plus d what we've lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is b plus d what we've lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is b plus d what we've lost
+is b plus d so let me go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is b plus d so let me go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is b plus d so let me go through the
+math again consumers lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math again consumers lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math again consumers lost
+a plus b plus c plus d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus b plus c plus d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus b plus c plus d
+producers gained a and the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers gained a and the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers gained a and the government
+gains c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gains c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gains c
+so the net loss from the tariff is b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the net loss from the tariff is b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the net loss from the tariff is b
+plus d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus d
+okay that's sort of hard but people see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's sort of hard but people see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's sort of hard but people see
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+and that's why economists don't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why economists don't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why economists don't like
+tariffs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tariffs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tariffs
+because the amount producers gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the amount producers gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the amount producers gain
+plus the amount the government raises is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the amount the government raises is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the amount the government raises is
+much less than what consumers lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less than what consumers lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less than what consumers lose
+yeah we've created some jobs growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we've created some jobs growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we've created some jobs growing
+roses yeah we've gotten a little tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roses yeah we've gotten a little tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roses yeah we've gotten a little tax
+revenue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue
+but we've really screwed producers who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we've really screwed producers who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we've really screwed producers who
+have to pay much higher prices for their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pay much higher prices for their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pay much higher prices for their
+roses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roses
+and if you add that up it's worse why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you add that up it's worse why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you add that up it's worse why is
+it worse because you're taking less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it worse because you're taking less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it worse because you're taking less
+advantage of specialization comparative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of specialization comparative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of specialization comparative
+advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage
+by forcing us away from the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by forcing us away from the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by forcing us away from the most
+efficient point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient point
+the most efficient points we can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most efficient points we can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most efficient points we can take
+everyone can specialize you force that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone can specialize you force that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone can specialize you force that
+away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away
+you've put the u.s which shouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've put the u.s which shouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've put the u.s which shouldn't be
+growing roses back in the business of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing roses back in the business of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing roses back in the business of
+growing roses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing roses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing roses
+and colombia which should be growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and colombia which should be growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and colombia which should be growing
+roses gets out of that business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roses gets out of that business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roses gets out of that business
+yeah um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um
+are they like on like us i guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they like on like us i guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they like on like us i guess
+like receive goods or are they like on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah so
+that's a great question i am not expert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great question i am not expert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great question i am not expert
+on the actual logistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the actual logistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the actual logistics
+but roughly speaking when it comes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but roughly speaking when it comes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but roughly speaking when it comes into
+the us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the us
+into customs so any good shift in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into customs so any good shift in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into customs so any good shift in the
+u.s for sale into customs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s for sale into customs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s for sale into customs
+at that point there is a tax levied on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point there is a tax levied on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point there is a tax levied on
+it now i don't know logistically who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now i don't know logistically who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now i don't know logistically who
+gets the bill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets the bill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets the bill
+does the exporting company get the bill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the exporting company get the bill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the exporting company get the bill
+or the importing company get the bill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the importing company get the bill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the importing company get the bill
+um when we talk about taxes i'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when we talk about taxes i'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when we talk about taxes i'll show
+you it doesn't matter who gets the bill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it doesn't matter who gets the bill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it doesn't matter who gets the bill
+it's the same either way okay so hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same either way okay so hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same either way okay so hold
+that thought but that's basically what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thought but that's basically what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thought but that's basically what
+happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+question okay so with that in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay so with that in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay so with that in mind
+okay so that is the fundamental reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that is the fundamental reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that is the fundamental reason
+in graphical terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in graphical terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in graphical terms
+why economists don't like tariffs but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why economists don't like tariffs but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why economists don't like tariffs but
+that's not the only reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the only reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the only reason
+in fact there's two other reasons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact there's two other reasons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact there's two other reasons that
+aren't even in this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't even in this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't even in this graph
+why tariffs and restrictions on trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why tariffs and restrictions on trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why tariffs and restrictions on trade
+policy more generally are bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy more generally are bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy more generally are bad
+the other reason is that they cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other reason is that they cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other reason is that they cause
+trade wars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade wars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade wars
+okay so let's say that um let's say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's say that um let's say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's say that um let's say we
+impose this tire for colombian roses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose this tire for colombian roses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose this tire for colombian roses
+well columbia will be like screw you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well columbia will be like screw you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well columbia will be like screw you if
+you're going to tax our roses we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to tax our roses we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to tax our roses we're
+taxing your computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxing your computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxing your computers
+well what would happen if there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what would happen if there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what would happen if there was a
+tariff that columbia placed on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tariff that columbia placed on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tariff that columbia placed on our
+computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers
+well i don't have that figure but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i don't have that figure but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i don't have that figure but you
+should be able to show yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to show yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to show yourself
+that that is exactly the opposite effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is exactly the opposite effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is exactly the opposite effect
+it raises u.s consumer surplus because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it raises u.s consumer surplus because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it raises u.s consumer surplus because
+now computers are cheaper in the us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now computers are cheaper in the us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now computers are cheaper in the us
+because we can't sell them in colombia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can't sell them in colombia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can't sell them in colombia
+but it lowers our welfare and now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it lowers our welfare and now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it lowers our welfare and now we
+don't get the government revenues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get the government revenues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get the government revenues
+colombia does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colombia does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colombia does
+so we lose almost all the trapezoid in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we lose almost all the trapezoid in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we lose almost all the trapezoid in
+that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case
+if you flip this around we would get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you flip this around we would get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you flip this around we would get a
+small rise in consumer surplus but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small rise in consumer surplus but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small rise in consumer surplus but a
+huge loss of producer surplus and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge loss of producer surplus and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge loss of producer surplus and we
+wouldn't even get the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't even get the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't even get the government
+interviews to make it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviews to make it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviews to make it up
+so that's really bad for us and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's really bad for us and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's really bad for us and of
+course it's a natural response why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it's a natural response why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it's a natural response why
+wouldn't colombia do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't colombia do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't colombia do it
+okay so this this first problem is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this this first problem is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this this first problem is this
+understates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understates
+yes we might create some jobs and roses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes we might create some jobs and roses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes we might create some jobs and roses
+but we're going to destroy jobs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to destroy jobs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to destroy jobs and
+computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers
+because we're not going to sell as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're not going to sell as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're not going to sell as many
+computers as we used to so it's not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers as we used to so it's not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers as we used to so it's not even
+job creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job creating
+okay this once you take in the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this once you take in the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this once you take in the fact that
+other countries retaliate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other countries retaliate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other countries retaliate
+in fact we make consumers worse off and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact we make consumers worse off and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact we make consumers worse off and
+producers worse off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers worse off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers worse off
+because make the price for roses much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because make the price for roses much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because make the price for roses much
+higher and we lose jobs in the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher and we lose jobs in the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher and we lose jobs in the computer
+sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so basically one way to do is to come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically one way to do is to come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically one way to do is to come to
+trade deals where you essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade deals where you essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade deals where you essentially
+essentially cartelize countries so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially cartelize countries so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially cartelize countries so this
+is much if you can think of this in very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much if you can think of this in very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much if you can think of this in very
+parallel ways to a non-cooperative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel ways to a non-cooperative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel ways to a non-cooperative
+oligopoly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligopoly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligopoly
+if you can cooperate what do you do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can cooperate what do you do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can cooperate what do you do you
+just get to free trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get to free trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get to free trade
+and that will talk about trade deals in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will talk about trade deals in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will talk about trade deals in
+a few minutes that's essentially what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few minutes that's essentially what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few minutes that's essentially what
+those are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so let me get to that okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let me get to that okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let me get to that okay so
+basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+um what we've done and let me ask the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what we've done and let me ask the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what we've done and let me ask the
+first question basically what we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first question basically what we've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first question basically what we've done
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+because of the arguments i've made here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the arguments i've made here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the arguments i've made here
+over time we've created essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time we've created essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time we've created essentially
+cooperative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperative
+oligopolies around the world pro the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligopolies around the world pro the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligopolies around the world pro the one
+you've heard a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've heard a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've heard a lot
+is uh uh okay so i'm sorry trade wars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh uh okay so i'm sorry trade wars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh uh okay so i'm sorry trade wars
+this is the first let me second reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the first let me second reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the first let me second reason
+the second reason is that actually as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second reason is that actually as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second reason is that actually as
+decent human beings we might care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decent human beings we might care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decent human beings we might care about
+people in other countries too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in other countries too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in other countries too
+okay and the fact is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the fact is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the fact is that
+there's when you these both import
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's when you these both import
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's when you these both import
+restrictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions
+and trade wars hurt other countries just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trade wars hurt other countries just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trade wars hurt other countries just
+like they hurt us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they hurt us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they hurt us
+so we worse off but other countries are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we worse off but other countries are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we worse off but other countries are
+worse off even without the trade war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse off even without the trade war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse off even without the trade war
+we've met ourselves off and we've heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've met ourselves off and we've heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've met ourselves off and we've heard
+colombia because they can't sell our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colombia because they can't sell our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colombia because they can't sell our
+roads to the roses to the u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roads to the roses to the u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roads to the roses to the u.s
+the other reason we don't like so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other reason we don't like so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other reason we don't like so the
+other reason besides this figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other reason besides this figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other reason besides this figure
+is that basically if we if we place any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that basically if we if we place any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that basically if we if we place any
+weight at all on the utility of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight at all on the utility of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight at all on the utility of people
+outside the u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the u.s
+which we should okay it's bad as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we should okay it's bad as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we should okay it's bad as well
+now i'm not saying you have to wait a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm not saying you have to wait a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm not saying you have to wait a
+colombian colombian's welfare the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colombian colombian's welfare the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colombian colombian's welfare the same
+as u.s welfare but as long as it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as u.s welfare but as long as it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as u.s welfare but as long as it's
+non-zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-zero
+then that's the second reason to oppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that's the second reason to oppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that's the second reason to oppose
+it and that's why there's been a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and that's why there's been a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and that's why there's been a huge
+growth in agreements the most famous of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth in agreements the most famous of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth in agreements the most famous of
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+we we've heard of is nafta the north
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we've heard of is nafta the north
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we've heard of is nafta the north
+american free trade agreement signed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+american free trade agreement signed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+american free trade agreement signed in
+the early 1990s under president clinton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early 1990s under president clinton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early 1990s under president clinton
+which essentially set up a cooperative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which essentially set up a cooperative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which essentially set up a cooperative
+oligopoly between the u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligopoly between the u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligopoly between the u.s
+mexico and canada such said let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mexico and canada such said let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mexico and canada such said let's just
+get rid of these trade barriers so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of these trade barriers so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of these trade barriers so we
+can have freer trade within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have freer trade within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have freer trade within
+within our regimes okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within our regimes okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within our regimes okay
+and basically um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically um but
+this was uh this was actually you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was uh this was actually you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was uh this was actually you know
+quite popular time economists liked it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite popular time economists liked it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite popular time economists liked it
+but it's become very unpopular over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's become very unpopular over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's become very unpopular over time
+was opposed by president trump and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was opposed by president trump and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was opposed by president trump and in
+fact he originally ripped up nafta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact he originally ripped up nafta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact he originally ripped up nafta
+although he replaced with something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although he replaced with something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although he replaced with something
+that's pretty much the same uh just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty much the same uh just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty much the same uh just
+renamed it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renamed it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renamed it as
+usmca uh so why are people you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usmca uh so why are people you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usmca uh so why are people you know
+why are people so opposed to free trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are people so opposed to free trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are people so opposed to free trade
+it's a great question why are trump's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a great question why are trump's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a great question why are trump's
+advisors why in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advisors why in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advisors why in fact
+are the majority the majority of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the majority the majority of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the majority the majority of
+americans have having asked the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+americans have having asked the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+americans have having asked the question
+don't like free trade you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like free trade you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like free trade you know it
+depends i ask the question but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends i ask the question but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends i ask the question but it's
+certainly not universally popular like i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly not universally popular like i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly not universally popular like i
+said it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it should be
+so what's going on okay well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's going on okay well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's going on okay well
+there's really a couple things going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's really a couple things going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's really a couple things going on
+the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first
+is that we can't we don't i wouldn't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we can't we don't i wouldn't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we can't we don't i wouldn't say
+can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't
+we don't compensate the losers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is the most important part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we don't compensate the losers what do i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't compensate the losers what do i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't compensate the losers what do i
+mean by that let's go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by that let's go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by that let's go back
+to figure 19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure 19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure 19
+uh three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh three
+what's happened we've put an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happened we've put an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happened we've put an
+international trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international trade
+producers have lost x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers have lost x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers have lost x
+consumers have gained have gained x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers have gained have gained x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers have gained have gained x and
+z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z
+so it's a simple economic policy if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a simple economic policy if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a simple economic policy if we
+did international trade and then just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did international trade and then just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did international trade and then just
+took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took
+x and gave it back to producers no won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and gave it back to producers no won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and gave it back to producers no won't
+be sadder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sadder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sadder
+if we give there is a little more than x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we give there is a little more than x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we give there is a little more than x
+what if we did international trading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if we did international trading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if we did international trading
+game producers x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game producers x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game producers x
+plus 20 of 20 of z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 20 of 20 of z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 20 of 20 of z
+then everybody wins that's the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then everybody wins that's the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then everybody wins that's the kind of
+target the problem is we don't do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target the problem is we don't do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target the problem is we don't do that
+all we do is let consumers have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we do is let consumers have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we do is let consumers have these
+super cheap sweaters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super cheap sweaters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super cheap sweaters
+so i get to go by this incredibly cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i get to go by this incredibly cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i get to go by this incredibly cheap
+sweater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweater
+and people in north carolina's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people in north carolina's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people in north carolina's
+livelihoods are destroyed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+livelihoods are destroyed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+livelihoods are destroyed
+okay we don't compensate the losers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we don't compensate the losers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we don't compensate the losers and
+the winners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the winners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the winners
+don't notice they're paying five dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't notice they're paying five dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't notice they're paying five dollars
+or ten dollars less for a sweater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or ten dollars less for a sweater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or ten dollars less for a sweater
+but the looters losers notice they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the looters losers notice they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the looters losers notice they don't
+have a job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a job
+so the problem is yes there's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the problem is yes there's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the problem is yes there's more
+winning but first of all it's winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning but first of all it's winning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning but first of all it's winning
+among many more people by a small amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among many more people by a small amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among many more people by a small amount
+whereas losing is by fewer people by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas losing is by fewer people by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas losing is by fewer people by a
+large amount and that always gets more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large amount and that always gets more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large amount and that always gets more
+political attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political attention
+and we don't have mechanisms in place so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't have mechanisms in place so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't have mechanisms in place so
+don't put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't put in
+not we i started i can't but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not we i started i can't but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not we i started i can't but it's not
+can't we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't we could
+we could easily address this there'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could easily address this there'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could easily address this there'd be
+simple policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple policy
+what if we simply said there'll be a tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if we simply said there'll be a tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if we simply said there'll be a tax
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+there'll be a tax on all consumers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be a tax on all consumers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be a tax on all consumers of
+international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international
+on just a tax on consumers not of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on just a tax on consumers not of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on just a tax on consumers not of
+international goods that would be like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international goods that would be like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international goods that would be like a
+tariff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tariff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tariff
+but just a general tax on consumers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just a general tax on consumers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just a general tax on consumers of
+consumer goods that tend to come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer goods that tend to come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer goods that tend to come in
+international trade so it says you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international trade so it says you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international trade so it says you know
+tax on close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax on close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax on close
+and we'll take all that money and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll take all that money and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll take all that money and we'll
+redistribute it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistribute it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistribute it
+to people who lost their jobs in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to people who lost their jobs in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to people who lost their jobs in the
+textile sector help retrain them for new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textile sector help retrain them for new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textile sector help retrain them for new
+jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs
+or help pay their bills while they find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or help pay their bills while they find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or help pay their bills while they find
+a new job then we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new job then we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new job then we could
+literally deliver some of x and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally deliver some of x and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally deliver some of x and even
+maybe some of z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe some of z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe some of z
+to the producers but we don't do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the producers but we don't do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the producers but we don't do that
+and that's the main reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the main reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the main reason
+to answer your question why this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to answer your question why this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to answer your question why this
+opposition of free trade is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposition of free trade is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposition of free trade is because
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+see the uh see the cost they don't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the uh see the cost they don't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the uh see the cost they don't see
+the benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benefits
+and well-off people like me who don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and well-off people like me who don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and well-off people like me who don't
+need who could happily afford to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need who could happily afford to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need who could happily afford to pay
+twice as much for a sweater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice as much for a sweater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice as much for a sweater
+we just get these benefits we don't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just get these benefits we don't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just get these benefits we don't even
+pay attention to whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay attention to whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay attention to whereas
+you know typically lower income workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know typically lower income workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know typically lower income workers
+because they compete in low-income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they compete in low-income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they compete in low-income
+countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries
+lose their jobs and and uh and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose their jobs and and uh and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose their jobs and and uh and they
+notice it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice it
+okay so that's one big reason the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's one big reason the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's one big reason the other
+big reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big reason
+is that there can be socially damaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there can be socially damaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there can be socially damaging
+routes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+routes to comparative advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there can be socially deaths like social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can be socially deaths like social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can be socially deaths like social
+imagery amounts to california
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagery amounts to california
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagery amounts to california
+socially damaging routes to comparative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socially damaging routes to comparative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socially damaging routes to comparative
+advantage that is there can be ways that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage that is there can be ways that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage that is there can be ways that
+countries get to comparative advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries get to comparative advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries get to comparative advantage
+that are not so happy so why does china
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not so happy so why does china
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not so happy so why does china
+have low labor costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have low labor costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have low labor costs
+partly because they got a billion and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly because they got a billion and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly because they got a billion and a
+half people to work but partly because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half people to work but partly because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half people to work but partly because
+workers are massively exploited there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers are massively exploited there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers are massively exploited there
+work conditions are terrible and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work conditions are terrible and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work conditions are terrible and it's a
+horrible life being a worker in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible life being a worker in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible life being a worker in a
+chinese factory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chinese factory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chinese factory
+moreover there's terrible environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moreover there's terrible environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moreover there's terrible environmental
+conditions imposed by chinese production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions imposed by chinese production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions imposed by chinese production
+in the u.s we have restrictions that try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the u.s we have restrictions that try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the u.s we have restrictions that try
+to minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minimize
+in some ways the environmental damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways the environmental damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways the environmental damage
+done by our production they don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by our production they don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by our production they don't have
+those in china
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those in china
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those in china
+or india india is home to you know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or india india is home to you know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or india india is home to you know like
+three of the top five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of the top five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of the top five
+polluted cities in the world okay they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polluted cities in the world okay they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polluted cities in the world okay they
+don't have those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have those
+so by creating their comparative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by creating their comparative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by creating their comparative
+advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage
+they may be doing damage that we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may be doing damage that we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may be doing damage that we don't
+like just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like just
+just like we care about the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like we care about the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like we care about the fact that
+consumers that we care about other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers that we care about other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers that we care about other
+countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries
+welfare we might also care about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare we might also care about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare we might also care about the
+fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that
+that this free this free trade is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this free this free trade is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this free this free trade is
+hurting other countries welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurting other countries welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurting other countries welfare
+so a great example i've got a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a great example i've got a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a great example i've got a great
+example a very relevant example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a very relevant example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a very relevant example
+was a resource about lead poisoning in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a resource about lead poisoning in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a resource about lead poisoning in
+china um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+china um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+china um
+there was this battery factory you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was this battery factory you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was this battery factory you know
+batteries are big business now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries are big business now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries are big business now
+um that made lead acid batteries for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that made lead acid batteries for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that made lead acid batteries for
+motorcycles and electric parks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motorcycles and electric parks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motorcycles and electric parks
+electric bikes and basically they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric bikes and basically they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric bikes and basically they
+operate under flagrant violation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate under flagrant violation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate under flagrant violation of
+law environmental law that would just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law environmental law that would just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law environmental law that would just
+dump the mercury and stuff they're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dump the mercury and stuff they're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dump the mercury and stuff they're using
+like in the rivers and lakes all around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the rivers and lakes all around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the rivers and lakes all around
+flagrant everybody knew it uh and 233
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flagrant everybody knew it uh and 233
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flagrant everybody knew it uh and 233
+adults and nine nine children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adults and nine nine children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adults and nine nine children
+were found at lead in their bloods up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were found at lead in their bloods up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were found at lead in their bloods up to
+seven times the safe amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven times the safe amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven times the safe amount
+and they're basically going to be you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're basically going to be you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're basically going to be you
+know lives will be destroyed by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know lives will be destroyed by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know lives will be destroyed by this
+okay and this is a big issue in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is a big issue in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is a big issue in the
+negotiation of nafta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiation of nafta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiation of nafta
+and a big reason a lot of people on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a big reason a lot of people on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a big reason a lot of people on the
+left don't like international trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left don't like international trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left don't like international trade
+is because they fear for the welfare of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because they fear for the welfare of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because they fear for the welfare of
+people are being affected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are being affected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are being affected
+so in nafta when it was negotiated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in nafta when it was negotiated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in nafta when it was negotiated in
+the early 90s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early 90s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early 90s
+there were some protections for workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were some protections for workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were some protections for workers
+there are some protections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some protections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some protections
+basically the idea was mexico if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the idea was mexico if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the idea was mexico if you
+want to sign this you got to put in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to sign this you got to put in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to sign this you got to put in some
+protections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protections
+to sort of raise the standard of living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of raise the standard of living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of raise the standard of living
+your worker and improve your environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your worker and improve your environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your worker and improve your environment
+so once again um there are ways to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once again um there are ways to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once again um there are ways to deal
+with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this
+by put by saying look free trade where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by put by saying look free trade where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by put by saying look free trade where
+we impose some restrictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we impose some restrictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we impose some restrictions
+is still better than no free trade so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still better than no free trade so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still better than no free trade so he
+might go in and say look once again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might go in and say look once again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might go in and say look once again
+it's all about how you spend z okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all about how you spend z okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all about how you spend z okay you
+got a bunch of money to spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a bunch of money to spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a bunch of money to spend
+how you going to spend it some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you going to spend it some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you going to spend it some of the
+way you can spend it is by compensating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you can spend it is by compensating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you can spend it is by compensating
+the producers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the producers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the producers
+another way you can spend is by saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way you can spend is by saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way you can spend is by saying
+look we'll be willing to make it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look we'll be willing to make it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look we'll be willing to make it all
+smaller have the world price be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller have the world price be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller have the world price be a little
+bit higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit higher
+but make sure you have decent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but make sure you have decent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but make sure you have decent
+environmental conditions and decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental conditions and decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental conditions and decision
+wages for your workers as long as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wages for your workers as long as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wages for your workers as long as we
+don't impose too high restrictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't impose too high restrictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't impose too high restrictions
+we can still all gain okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can still all gain okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can still all gain okay so that's
+another reason people don't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another reason people don't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another reason people don't like
+international trade on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international trade on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international trade on the other hand
+we taught we taught the story of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we taught we taught the story of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we taught we taught the story of the
+child workers in vietnam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child workers in vietnam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child workers in vietnam
+and how free trade and rice were it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how free trade and rice were it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how free trade and rice were it was
+better for them because their parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better for them because their parents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better for them because their parents
+got richer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got richer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got richer
+and had them work less and put them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and had them work less and put them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and had them work less and put them in
+school so it's not clear which way this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school so it's not clear which way this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school so it's not clear which way this
+goes but that's certainly another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes but that's certainly another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes but that's certainly another
+concern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern
+okay and then finally there's the issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then finally there's the issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then finally there's the issue
+which is i think paramount in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is i think paramount in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is i think paramount in this
+administration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administration
+which is trade policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is trade policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is trade policy
+trade policy as a tool of foreign policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trade policy tool foreign policy look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade policy tool foreign policy look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade policy tool foreign policy look
+consider where we are with china today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider where we are with china today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider where we are with china today
+okay there's a host of reasons to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's a host of reasons to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's a host of reasons to be
+angry with china now some are irrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angry with china now some are irrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angry with china now some are irrational
+the trump's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trump's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trump's
+administration obsession with trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administration obsession with trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administration obsession with trade
+deficits i've explained repeatedly is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficits i've explained repeatedly is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficits i've explained repeatedly is
+irrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrational
+okay it's the pikachu fallacy okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's the pikachu fallacy okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's the pikachu fallacy okay but
+some of it's rational okay china
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of it's rational okay china
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of it's rational okay china
+we operate under something called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we operate under something called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we operate under something called the
+world trading organization once again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world trading organization once again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world trading organization once again
+coming the other questions another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming the other questions another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming the other questions another
+chance to try to kind of cartelize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to try to kind of cartelize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to try to kind of cartelize the
+country and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country and
+set a catalyze the world and set a fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set a catalyze the world and set a fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set a catalyze the world and set a fair
+a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set
+of fair trading rules the world trading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fair trading rules the world trading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fair trading rules the world trading
+organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization
+china repeatedly violates the rules set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+china repeatedly violates the rules set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+china repeatedly violates the rules set
+up by the world trading organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up by the world trading organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up by the world trading organization
+for example under those rules china
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example under those rules china
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example under those rules china
+should allow free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should allow free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should allow free
+much freer sales of u.s goods in china
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much freer sales of u.s goods in china
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much freer sales of u.s goods in china
+but they sort of implicitly restrict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they sort of implicitly restrict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they sort of implicitly restrict
+them not not on paper but in practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them not not on paper but in practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them not not on paper but in practice
+they set up lots of practices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they set up lots of practices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they set up lots of practices
+which makes it harder to set up sell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which makes it harder to set up sell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which makes it harder to set up sell us
+goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods
+they also do a lot of significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also do a lot of significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also do a lot of significant
+industrial espionage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial espionage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial espionage and
+espionage and stealing our industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+espionage and stealing our industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+espionage and stealing our industrial
+secrets so i want to do that for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secrets so i want to do that for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secrets so i want to do that for example
+is china has a rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is china has a rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is china has a rule
+that you cannot have a solely owned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you cannot have a solely owned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you cannot have a solely owned
+subsidiary in china
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidiary in china
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidiary in china
+if you want a subsidiary in china has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want a subsidiary in china has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want a subsidiary in china has to
+be jointly owned with a chinese company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be jointly owned with a chinese company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be jointly owned with a chinese company
+which then will promptly take the ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which then will promptly take the ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which then will promptly take the ideas
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+pass them on and kick you out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass them on and kick you out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass them on and kick you out of the
+country okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country okay so
+chinese engages some nasty practices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chinese engages some nasty practices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chinese engages some nasty practices
+which are bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are bad
+for the uh which are certainly bad that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the uh which are certainly bad that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the uh which are certainly bad that
+may be good for china they're certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be good for china they're certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be good for china they're certainly
+bad for u.s self-interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad for u.s self-interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad for u.s self-interest
+and that's true that is unambiguously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's true that is unambiguously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's true that is unambiguously
+true the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true the question is
+what's the right response and the trump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the right response and the trump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the right response and the trump
+administration argues the right response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administration argues the right response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administration argues the right response
+is tariffs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is tariffs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is tariffs
+the right response is to punish china
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right response is to punish china
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right response is to punish china
+through tariffs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through tariffs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through tariffs
+for their bad behavior an economist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for their bad behavior an economist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for their bad behavior an economist
+virtual economists say that's the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual economists say that's the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual economists say that's the wrong
+response there is literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response there is literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response there is literally
+less than one percent of economists who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one percent of economists who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one percent of economists who
+believe who who agree with this policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe who who agree with this policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe who who agree with this policy
+just a few of them happen work in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a few of them happen work in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a few of them happen work in the
+trump administration but basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trump administration but basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trump administration but basically the
+end of the day basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the day basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the day basically
+virtual economists agree it's a bad idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual economists agree it's a bad idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual economists agree it's a bad idea
+and that's for three reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's for three reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's for three reasons
+the first reason is our standard reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first reason is our standard reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first reason is our standard reason
+that we think trade is good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we think trade is good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we think trade is good
+we think we're hurting ourselves by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think we're hurting ourselves by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think we're hurting ourselves by
+imposing tariffs on chinese goods all we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposing tariffs on chinese goods all we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposing tariffs on chinese goods all we
+do is hurting ourselves or making people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is hurting ourselves or making people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is hurting ourselves or making people
+pay more for stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay more for stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay more for stuff
+why do we want to do that moreover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we want to do that moreover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we want to do that moreover
+we're causing a trade war china is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're causing a trade war china is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're causing a trade war china is now
+imposing tariffs on our goods which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposing tariffs on our goods which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposing tariffs on our goods which
+hurts our producers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurts our producers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurts our producers
+so our farmers for example um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our farmers for example um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our farmers for example um
+are going to suffer because they'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to suffer because they'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to suffer because they'll be
+harder to sell our farm goods in china
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to sell our farm goods in china
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to sell our farm goods in china
+because the new tariffs they've imposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the new tariffs they've imposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the new tariffs they've imposed
+so the standard arguments we have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the standard arguments we have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the standard arguments we have here
+still hold we like free trade because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still hold we like free trade because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still hold we like free trade because it
+expands opportunities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expands opportunities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expands opportunities
+and if we try to limit it other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we try to limit it other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we try to limit it other
+countries will respond in a way which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries will respond in a way which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries will respond in a way which
+further restrict opportunities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further restrict opportunities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further restrict opportunities
+so that's the standard reason economists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the standard reason economists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the standard reason economists
+are mad about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are mad about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are mad about this
+okay the second reason is it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the second reason is it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the second reason is it's sort of
+hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to
+do this it's hard to use trade policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this it's hard to use trade policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this it's hard to use trade policy
+tool of foreign policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool of foreign policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool of foreign policy
+because it's not even clear what's made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not even clear what's made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not even clear what's made
+in china and what's made in america
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in china and what's made in america
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in china and what's made in america
+anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore
+so if we build the car in america but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we build the car in america but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we build the car in america but
+the parts are made in china
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parts are made in china
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parts are made in china
+is an american car a chinese car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an american car a chinese car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an american car a chinese car
+oftentimes those things which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oftentimes those things which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oftentimes those things which are
+shipped to china back to america then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipped to china back to america then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipped to china back to america then
+back to china or vice versa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to china or vice versa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to china or vice versa
+so it's not even clear what's a chinese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not even clear what's a chinese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not even clear what's a chinese
+import or export and what's u.s imported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+import or export and what's u.s imported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+import or export and what's u.s imported
+export these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+export these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+export these are
+these are blurry lines now now once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are blurry lines now now once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are blurry lines now now once
+again that's all because the efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that's all because the efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that's all because the efficiency
+of production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of production
+basically what we've done over time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what we've done over time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what we've done over time is
+we sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sort of
+micro we sort of uh disaggregated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro we sort of uh disaggregated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro we sort of uh disaggregated
+production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+to more and more efficient components it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to more and more efficient components it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to more and more efficient components it
+used to be one guy made the whole car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be one guy made the whole car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be one guy made the whole car
+now we recognize there's certain parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we recognize there's certain parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we recognize there's certain parts
+that are made more efficiently in china
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are made more efficiently in china
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are made more efficiently in china
+certain parts made more efficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain parts made more efficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain parts made more efficiently
+in cambodia more efficiently in the us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cambodia more efficiently in the us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cambodia more efficiently in the us
+more efficiently in germany and we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more efficiently in germany and we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more efficiently in germany and we put
+them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together
+what that does that makes international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that does that makes international
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that does that makes international
+trade super messy to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade super messy to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade super messy to understand
+but it makes the world better off it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it makes the world better off it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it makes the world better off it's
+just further increasing comparative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just further increasing comparative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just further increasing comparative
+advantage of specialization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of specialization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of specialization
+but it makes it harder to decide what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it makes it harder to decide what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it makes it harder to decide what's
+a chinese good one to us good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chinese good one to us good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chinese good one to us good
+so that's the second problem and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the second problem and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the second problem and the
+third and probably the single most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third and probably the single most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third and probably the single most
+important criticism economists make is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important criticism economists make is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important criticism economists make is
+this is a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a really
+silly thing to do by yourself the us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silly thing to do by yourself the us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silly thing to do by yourself the us
+is big but we still represent a minority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is big but we still represent a minority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is big but we still represent a minority
+of chinese exports okay where is it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chinese exports okay where is it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chinese exports okay where is it a
+large share but still a minority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large share but still a minority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large share but still a minority
+as long as china can still sell to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as china can still sell to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as china can still sell to other
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+okay and they're making plenty of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and they're making plenty of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and they're making plenty of money
+off their practices against us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off their practices against us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off their practices against us
+they might not stop now they're they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might not stop now they're they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might not stop now they're they
+prefer to sell to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer to sell to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer to sell to us
+but if you think on the one hand they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you think on the one hand they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you think on the one hand they're
+making a ton of money ripping us off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a ton of money ripping us off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a ton of money ripping us off
+on the other hand they'll still get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand they'll still get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand they'll still get to
+sell 70 80
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell 70 80
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell 70 80
+as much the rest of the world once they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much the rest of the world once they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much the rest of the world once they
+adjust things then maybe they'll be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust things then maybe they'll be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust things then maybe they'll be like
+fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine
+we're happy to let you do that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're happy to let you do that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're happy to let you do that you're
+just cutting off your nose to spite your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just cutting off your nose to spite your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just cutting off your nose to spite your
+face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face
+but if we get the whole world to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we get the whole world to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we get the whole world to
+coordinate and say you violated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate and say you violated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate and say you violated the
+norms of the world trading organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norms of the world trading organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norms of the world trading organization
+we're now all going to set up trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now all going to set up trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now all going to set up trade
+restrictions on china then they feel the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions on china then they feel the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions on china then they feel the
+pain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain
+so the other reason economists oppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the other reason economists oppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the other reason economists oppose
+this is moving unilaterally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is moving unilaterally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is moving unilaterally
+on trade just doesn't make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on trade just doesn't make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on trade just doesn't make sense
+okay if you want to try to get to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you want to try to get to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you want to try to get to deal
+with these problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these problems
+you need to through coordinated response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to through coordinated response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to through coordinated response
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now let me be very clear this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me be very clear this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me be very clear this is a very
+very hard issue okay economists try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard issue okay economists try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard issue okay economists try to
+make it very simple with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it very simple with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it very simple with our
+surplus diagrams and stuff like that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus diagrams and stuff like that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus diagrams and stuff like that but
+it's a super hard issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a super hard issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a super hard issue
+okay nonetheless it's an issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay nonetheless it's an issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay nonetheless it's an issue
+where your bias in thinking about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where your bias in thinking about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where your bias in thinking about it
+should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be
+towards the basic bias of economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the basic bias of economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the basic bias of economics
+which is if we can expand opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is if we can expand opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is if we can expand opportunity
+sets that's a good thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets that's a good thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets that's a good thing
+and the real challenge is twofold how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the real challenge is twofold how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the real challenge is twofold how do
+we expand opportunity sets in a fair way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expand opportunity sets in a fair way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expand opportunity sets in a fair way
+and two how do we deal with compensating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two how do we deal with compensating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two how do we deal with compensating
+the losers as opportunity sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the losers as opportunity sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the losers as opportunity sets
+advance and this is something we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance and this is something we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance and this is something we'll
+spend a lot of time on after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a lot of time on after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a lot of time on after
+thanksgiving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanksgiving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanksgiving
+it's how we redistribute in society from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's how we redistribute in society from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's how we redistribute in society from
+one group to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one group to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one group to another
+okay now let me get some questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let me get some questions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let me get some questions on
+this is sort of a topic yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sometimes the u.s will suggest that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the u.s will suggest that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the u.s will suggest that like
+sanctions are imposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sanctions are imposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sanctions are imposed
+against that country and i was wondering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against that country and i was wondering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against that country and i was wondering
+if you know anything about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know anything about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know anything about how
+that tends to work in terms of welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tends to work in terms of welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tends to work in terms of welfare
+like does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like does
+like do the sanctions tend to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like do the sanctions tend to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like do the sanctions tend to make the
+country behave better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country behave better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country behave better
+and then like like ultimately the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then like like ultimately the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then like like ultimately the world
+is better off or are those also like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is better off or are those also like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is better off or are those also like a
+bad idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad idea
+that's a really interesting question i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a really interesting question i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a really interesting question i
+so let's think about sanctions in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's think about sanctions in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's think about sanctions in this
+framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework
+so sanctions let's say one sanction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sanctions let's say one sanction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sanctions let's say one sanction
+would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+you know it depends in the form of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it depends in the form of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it depends in the form of the
+sanctions depends et cetera so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sanctions depends et cetera so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sanctions depends et cetera so
+one section would be literally you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one section would be literally you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one section would be literally you have
+to pay a bunch of money well then that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay a bunch of money well then that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay a bunch of money well then that's
+just like a tax on the country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like a tax on the country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like a tax on the country
+we just think about that think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just think about that think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just think about that think of the
+country individual they're worse off you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country individual they're worse off you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country individual they're worse off you
+and get some money in some sense it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get some money in some sense it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get some money in some sense it
+depends on whether the sanction works or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on whether the sanction works or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on whether the sanction works or
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+so that's sort of the easy case is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's sort of the easy case is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's sort of the easy case is just
+simply the trade-off of do you encourage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply the trade-off of do you encourage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply the trade-off of do you encourage
+the behavior you want to encourage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior you want to encourage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior you want to encourage
+versus what pain do you impose on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus what pain do you impose on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus what pain do you impose on the
+country and how do you trade those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country and how do you trade those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country and how do you trade those two
+things off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things off
+if they're a really bad acting country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're a really bad acting country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're a really bad acting country
+you might not carry your imposing pain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might not carry your imposing pain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might not carry your imposing pain
+on them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on them
+as long as there's some chance you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as there's some chance you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as there's some chance you get
+the change of behavior you want you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change of behavior you want you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change of behavior you want you're
+happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy
+but what if the sanctions limiting trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what if the sanctions limiting trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what if the sanctions limiting trade
+well then you're hurting other countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then you're hurting other countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then you're hurting other countries
+too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too
+then it becomes a bit trickier so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it becomes a bit trickier so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it becomes a bit trickier so then
+once again the trade-off is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again the trade-off is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again the trade-off is
+three-piece i hurt the country i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-piece i hurt the country i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-piece i hurt the country i want to
+hurt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurt
+but i heard countries i don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i heard countries i don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i heard countries i don't want to
+hurt but i also may get a change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurt but i also may get a change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurt but i also may get a change of
+behavior i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior i want
+so you have to wait you have to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to wait you have to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to wait you have to add
+those three pieces and put them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three pieces and put them together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three pieces and put them together
+how do they put them together that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do they put them together that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do they put them together that's
+exactly what we'll talk about after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what we'll talk about after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what we'll talk about after
+thanksgiving you put them together by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanksgiving you put them together by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanksgiving you put them together by
+thinking about a waiting function which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about a waiting function which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about a waiting function which
+we call social welfare function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call social welfare function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call social welfare function
+which awaits the well-being of all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which awaits the well-being of all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which awaits the well-being of all these
+different parties and puts them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parties and puts them together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parties and puts them together
+okay a very related issue we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a very related issue we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a very related issue we haven't
+talked to yeah i'm sorry go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know i i don't i think there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i i don't i think there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i i don't i think there's
+almost no one who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost no one who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost no one who
+makes any money by by underst by trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes any money by by underst by trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes any money by by underst by trying
+to understand what's in the mind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand what's in the mind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand what's in the mind of the
+current administration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current administration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current administration
+so i i have no idea um i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i i have no idea um i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i i have no idea um i think
+china is engaging in bad practices but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+china is engaging in bad practices but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+china is engaging in bad practices but i
+also think it's good politics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also think it's good politics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also think it's good politics
+and it's hard to know what what what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's hard to know what what what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's hard to know what what what's
+the mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mix
+but let's actually relate continue the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's actually relate continue the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's actually relate continue the
+current administration's race and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current administration's race and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current administration's race and other
+issues related to all this which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues related to all this which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues related to all this which you
+haven't talked about which is what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't talked about which is what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't talked about which is what about
+immigration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another you know i'm gonna stop before i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another you know i'm gonna stop before i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another you know i'm gonna stop before i
+get to abortion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to abortion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to abortion
+okay let what about what about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let what about what about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let what about what about what
+about immigration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about immigration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about immigration
+okay well immigration actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well immigration actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well immigration actually the
+framework is very much the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework is very much the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework is very much the same
+if if there are people who can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if there are people who can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if there are people who can
+contribute to our society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute to our society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute to our society
+by coming here then we are better off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by coming here then we are better off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by coming here then we are better off
+by letting them in by the same logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by letting them in by the same logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by letting them in by the same logic
+of specialization comparative advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of specialization comparative advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of specialization comparative advantage
+if there are people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there are people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there are people
+for example let's say u.s folks don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example let's say u.s folks don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example let's say u.s folks don't
+want to pick our crops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to pick our crops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to pick our crops
+and we don't want to clean toilets but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't want to clean toilets but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't want to clean toilets but
+picking crops and cleaning toilets at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking crops and cleaning toilets at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking crops and cleaning toilets at a
+low wage is a terrific opportunity for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low wage is a terrific opportunity for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low wage is a terrific opportunity for
+someone from another country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone from another country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone from another country
+then we could be better off by letting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we could be better off by letting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we could be better off by letting
+them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in
+okay or let's say as this turned out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay or let's say as this turned out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay or let's say as this turned out to
+be the true historically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the true historically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the true historically
+the kind of person wants to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of person wants to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of person wants to take the
+risk to immigrate to america
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk to immigrate to america
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk to immigrate to america
+is the kind of person who often becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the kind of person who often becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the kind of person who often becomes
+an entrepreneur and thinks up new ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an entrepreneur and thinks up new ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an entrepreneur and thinks up new ideas
+much of the entrepreneurial ideas in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of the entrepreneurial ideas in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of the entrepreneurial ideas in
+america have come from our nation's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+america have come from our nation's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+america have come from our nation's
+history of immigrants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of immigrants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of immigrants
+because who picks up and leaves it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because who picks up and leaves it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because who picks up and leaves it's
+kind of a risky thing to do right to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a risky thing to do right to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a risky thing to do right to
+pick up leave your home and leave and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up leave your home and leave and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up leave your home and leave and
+come to this unknown place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to this unknown place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to this unknown place
+and those sort of risk-loving people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those sort of risk-loving people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those sort of risk-loving people are
+often the kind of people who sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often the kind of people who sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often the kind of people who sort of
+think up new ideas and want to start new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think up new ideas and want to start new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think up new ideas and want to start new
+businesses so for that reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses so for that reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses so for that reason
+immigration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigration
+has traditionally been enormous benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has traditionally been enormous benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has traditionally been enormous benefit
+to u.s economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to u.s economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to u.s economy
+and i think today the general consensus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think today the general consensus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think today the general consensus
+this is more controversial than free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is more controversial than free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is more controversial than free
+trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade
+but i think the general consensus among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think the general consensus among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think the general consensus among
+economists is that immigration on net is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists is that immigration on net is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists is that immigration on net is
+good for the country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for the country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for the country
+but there's traditional consequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's traditional consequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's traditional consequences
+it's good for rich people because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's good for rich people because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's good for rich people because they
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+low paid people to pick their fruits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low paid people to pick their fruits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low paid people to pick their fruits and
+do their lawn work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do their lawn work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do their lawn work
+but it's bad for people who used to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's bad for people who used to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's bad for people who used to pick
+the fruits and do the lawn work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fruits and do the lawn work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fruits and do the lawn work
+so once again if we can figure out where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once again if we can figure out where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once again if we can figure out where
+to compensate the losers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compensate the losers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compensate the losers
+immigration is probably on that good now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigration is probably on that good now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigration is probably on that good now
+it's more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more complicated
+when we import a car it doesn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we import a car it doesn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we import a car it doesn't get
+welfare or commit crimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare or commit crimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare or commit crimes
+immigrants might get a welfare commit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigrants might get a welfare commit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigrants might get a welfare commit
+crime so it's more complicated than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crime so it's more complicated than just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crime so it's more complicated than just
+free trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free trade
+so what you have to do in that case is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you have to do in that case is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you have to do in that case is
+you have to look at the evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to look at the evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to look at the evidence
+okay and the evidence is that immigrants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the evidence is that immigrants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the evidence is that immigrants
+commit crime at a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commit crime at a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commit crime at a much
+lower rate than comparable u.s citizens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower rate than comparable u.s citizens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower rate than comparable u.s citizens
+and collect welfare at a much lower rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and collect welfare at a much lower rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and collect welfare at a much lower rate
+than comparable u.s citizens so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than comparable u.s citizens so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than comparable u.s citizens so you
+can't compare an immigrant to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't compare an immigrant to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't compare an immigrant to me
+an immigrant is more likely to commit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an immigrant is more likely to commit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an immigrant is more likely to commit
+crime or collect welfare than i am but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crime or collect welfare than i am but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crime or collect welfare than i am but
+anger is also less educated than i am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anger is also less educated than i am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anger is also less educated than i am
+that i'm not the comparable person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i'm not the comparable person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i'm not the comparable person
+compare an immigrant to the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare an immigrant to the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare an immigrant to the person
+they're sort of replacing the labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sort of replacing the labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sort of replacing the labor
+market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market
+a low-skilled us citizen okay immigrants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a low-skilled us citizen okay immigrants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a low-skilled us citizen okay immigrants
+are less likely to collect welfare and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are less likely to collect welfare and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are less likely to collect welfare and
+less likely to commit crimes than are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less likely to commit crimes than are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less likely to commit crimes than are
+those people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those people
+so as a result those arguments don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as a result those arguments don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as a result those arguments don't
+really bode well for restricted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bode well for restricted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bode well for restricted
+immigration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigration
+on the other hand i think there's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand i think there's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand i think there's very
+few people who say we should have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few people who say we should have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few people who say we should have a
+totally porous and open border
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally porous and open border
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally porous and open border
+okay because of illegal movement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because of illegal movement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because of illegal movement of
+goods and because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods and because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods and because
+there are we don't we don't want people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are we don't we don't want people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are we don't we don't want people
+people are objectively criminal in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are objectively criminal in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are objectively criminal in other
+countries they're also risk-loving we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries they're also risk-loving we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries they're also risk-loving we
+honestly want them here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honestly want them here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honestly want them here
+so i think this is a hard issue unlike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think this is a hard issue unlike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think this is a hard issue unlike
+international trade where i think conus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international trade where i think conus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international trade where i think conus
+would say just more is good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say just more is good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say just more is good
+i think that immigration there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that immigration there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that immigration there are some
+difficult trade-offs because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult trade-offs because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult trade-offs because
+people come with a set of baggage that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people come with a set of baggage that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people come with a set of baggage that
+goods don't come with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods don't come with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods don't come with
+but i think economists would generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think economists would generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think economists would generally
+say a lot of the same arguments apply we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a lot of the same arguments apply we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a lot of the same arguments apply we
+just need to we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need to we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need to we
+might need a more comprehensive policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might need a more comprehensive policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might need a more comprehensive policy
+than we have when it comes to trading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+goods
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/EGvqg0vUBmU.txt b/EGvqg0vUBmU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0d031fb806133222c1a54f4af0e3cf9086e3ec4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/EGvqg0vUBmU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1403 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+that is uh Friday in one classroom of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is uh Friday in one classroom of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is uh Friday in one classroom of
+building 26 11:00 a.m. so I was quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building 26 11:00 a.m. so I was quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building 26 11:00 a.m. so I was quite
+nervous first day is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous first day is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous first day is a little bit
+nervous for me I was nervous I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous for me I was nervous I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous for me I was nervous I'm not
+going to deny it facing your students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to deny it facing your students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to deny it facing your students
+for the first time can be a little scary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first time can be a little scary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first time can be a little scary
+but it's also an opportunity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's also an opportunity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's also an opportunity to
+establish that your class will be user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish that your class will be user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish that your class will be user
+friendly I think the first day of class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendly I think the first day of class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendly I think the first day of class
+really sets the tone for the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sets the tone for the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sets the tone for the rest of the
+semester how can you set the right tone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester how can you set the right tone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester how can you set the right tone
+as they make their way to your classroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they make their way to your classroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they make their way to your classroom
+on the first day what qualities are your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the first day what qualities are your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the first day what qualities are your
+students hoping for being knowledgeable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students hoping for being knowledgeable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students hoping for being knowledgeable
+and understanding the concept and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and understanding the concept and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and understanding the concept and you
+need to feel that you can approach them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to feel that you can approach them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to feel that you can approach them
+have just like an air of confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just like an air of confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just like an air of confidence
+being easy to understand and and being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being easy to understand and and being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being easy to understand and and being
+enthusiastic and being there having the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthusiastic and being there having the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthusiastic and being there having the
+present having a lesson plan ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present having a lesson plan ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present having a lesson plan ready
+they're well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're well
+organized that may sound like a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized that may sound like a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized that may sound like a lot
+let's start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start with
+approachability that is important that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approachability that is important that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approachability that is important that
+you feel accepted and welcomed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you feel accepted and welcomed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you feel accepted and welcomed in the
+environment being approachable can be as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment being approachable can be as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment being approachable can be as
+simple as facing the class and smiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple as facing the class and smiling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple as facing the class and smiling
+even if you feel like hiding behind your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you feel like hiding behind your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you feel like hiding behind your
+papers and making eye contact making eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers and making eye contact making eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers and making eye contact making eye
+contact just is a personal connection to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact just is a personal connection to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact just is a personal connection to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+to the person you you're talking to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the person you you're talking to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the person you you're talking to the
+audience in general so students feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience in general so students feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience in general so students feel
+like the explanation you're making is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the explanation you're making is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the explanation you're making is
+for them but it is an important form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them but it is an important form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them but it is an important form of
+communication for them to do that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication for them to do that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication for them to do that it
+definitely holds the students attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely holds the students attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely holds the students attention
+in terms of like International te in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of like International te in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of like International te in
+general it may be some misund
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general it may be some misund
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general it may be some misund
+understanding here and there but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding here and there but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding here and there but I think
+it's important to make the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to make the students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to make the students
+comfortable asking for like this for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable asking for like this for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable asking for like this for the
+te to repeat like any word or any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+te to repeat like any word or any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+te to repeat like any word or any
+sentence I think I think at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence I think I think at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence I think I think at the
+beginning of the semester should maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the semester should maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the semester should maybe
+say that it's okay for the students to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that it's okay for the students to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that it's okay for the students to
+ask for clarifications on if something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask for clarifications on if something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask for clarifications on if something
+isn't clear I think that's generally a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't clear I think that's generally a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't clear I think that's generally a
+good um thing for all T to say just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good um thing for all T to say just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good um thing for all T to say just to
+welcome any question show that they you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome any question show that they you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome any question show that they you
+are open and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are open and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are open and
+you care about the success of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you care about the success of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you care about the success of the
+students that you are trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students that you are trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students that you are trying to
+teach enthusiasm is another way to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach enthusiasm is another way to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach enthusiasm is another way to show
+your students your class will be friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your students your class will be friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your students your class will be friend
+L being enthusiastic and showing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L being enthusiastic and showing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L being enthusiastic and showing that
+you're actually passionate about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're actually passionate about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're actually passionate about the
+material you're teaching that also gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material you're teaching that also gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material you're teaching that also gives
+a little you know other a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little you know other a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little you know other a more
+comfortable atmosphere during recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable atmosphere during recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable atmosphere during recitation
+I think T who are like excited about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think T who are like excited about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think T who are like excited about
+what they what they're teaching or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they what they're teaching or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they what they're teaching or if
+like what they're teaching is like very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what they're teaching is like very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what they're teaching is like very
+specific to their research you can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific to their research you can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific to their research you can tell
+that they want to teach it and they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they want to teach it and they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they want to teach it and they want
+you to learn it because they're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to learn it because they're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to learn it because they're very
+excited about it and the student is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about it and the student is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about it and the student is
+probably going to be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably going to be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably going to be more
+engaged and before it any other quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged and before it any other quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged and before it any other quality
+students say they want knowledge but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students say they want knowledge but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students say they want knowledge but
+they're also confident you'll have it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also confident you'll have it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also confident you'll have it I
+think I personally trust that um like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I personally trust that um like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I personally trust that um like
+MIT has selected fine Tas to teaches a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT has selected fine Tas to teaches a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT has selected fine Tas to teaches a
+material so on the first day rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so on the first day rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so on the first day rather than
+trying to impress the students stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to impress the students stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to impress the students stick
+with a simple explanation of why you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a simple explanation of why you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a simple explanation of why you are
+a good fit to teach the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good fit to teach the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good fit to teach the
+class I'm a thirdy year gred student in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class I'm a thirdy year gred student in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class I'm a thirdy year gred student in
+the department of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the department of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the department of
+eecs I'm working with Professor alham
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eecs I'm working with Professor alham
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eecs I'm working with Professor alham
+who is also the lecturer of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is also the lecturer of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is also the lecturer of this
+class students also want ta to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class students also want ta to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class students also want ta to show
+self-confidence when I think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-confidence when I think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-confidence when I think of
+confidence in the TA I think of someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence in the TA I think of someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence in the TA I think of someone
+who is very they come off as like okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is very they come off as like okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is very they come off as like okay
+like I know this material better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I know this material better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I know this material better than
+you and I'm going to teach it to you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and I'm going to teach it to you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and I'm going to teach it to you so
+often I think Tas who speak not super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often I think Tas who speak not super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often I think Tas who speak not super
+fast and just like pretty articulate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast and just like pretty articulate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast and just like pretty articulate and
+slower so that their point gets across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower so that their point gets across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower so that their point gets across
+usually um I feel more assured that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually um I feel more assured that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually um I feel more assured that
+they're pretty better pretty good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're pretty better pretty good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're pretty better pretty good at
+explaining things the speed you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining things the speed you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining things the speed you have
+when you're talking to conversation just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're talking to conversation just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're talking to conversation just
+like divide that by two and just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like divide that by two and just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like divide that by two and just because
+you're nervous in front of people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're nervous in front of people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're nervous in front of people that
+speed will like increase either way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed will like increase either way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed will like increase either way so
+speaking a little bit more slowly helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking a little bit more slowly helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking a little bit more slowly helps
+a lot because you can also have the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot because you can also have the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot because you can also have the time
+to think about what you're saying and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about what you're saying and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about what you're saying and
+the audience in the students you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the audience in the students you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the audience in the students you're
+speaking to will have a better time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking to will have a better time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking to will have a better time
+understanding especially if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding especially if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding especially if
+pronunciation or if you have um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronunciation or if you have um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronunciation or if you have um a
+certain accent so speed makes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain accent so speed makes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain accent so speed makes a
+difference in how students see you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in how students see you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in how students see you what
+about volume uh in a big classroom I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about volume uh in a big classroom I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about volume uh in a big classroom I
+definitely have to remind myself that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely have to remind myself that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely have to remind myself that I
+have to raise my voice a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to raise my voice a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to raise my voice a little bit
+louder speaking too quietly can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+louder speaking too quietly can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+louder speaking too quietly can also
+give the impression of nervousness this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the impression of nervousness this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the impression of nervousness this
+week's lecture focuses on uh sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week's lecture focuses on uh sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week's lecture focuses on uh sampling
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+conversion a stronger voice projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion a stronger voice projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion a stronger voice projects
+confidence and commands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence and commands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence and commands
+attention this week's lecture focuses on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention this week's lecture focuses on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention this week's lecture focuses on
+sampling R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling R
+conversion getting to the classroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion getting to the classroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion getting to the classroom
+early can also help you to feel more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early can also help you to feel more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early can also help you to feel more
+confident because you can get to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident because you can get to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident because you can get to know
+the students before you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students before you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students before you start
+teaching and planning ahead not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching and planning ahead not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching and planning ahead not only
+makes you feel more confident it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes you feel more confident it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes you feel more confident it also
+makes students confident in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes students confident in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes students confident in
+you so I think one ta that I had when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so I think one ta that I had when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so I think one ta that I had when I
+think of a userfriendly class I think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a userfriendly class I think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a userfriendly class I think of
+his class um because he every day he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his class um because he every day he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his class um because he every day he had
+his um recitation planned to the minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his um recitation planned to the minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his um recitation planned to the minute
+which is pretty ridiculous but um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is pretty ridiculous but um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is pretty ridiculous but um it
+actually was very logical in a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually was very logical in a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually was very logical in a way that
+helped the students learn he would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped the students learn he would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped the students learn he would
+pretty much write the agenda on the on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much write the agenda on the on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much write the agenda on the on
+the Blackboard um like from minute Zer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Blackboard um like from minute Zer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Blackboard um like from minute Zer
+to minute 5 like we're going to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minute 5 like we're going to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minute 5 like we're going to take a
+quiz and for a minute five to minute 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz and for a minute five to minute 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz and for a minute five to minute 10
+we're going to talk about the quiz if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about the quiz if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about the quiz if
+they're if they seem like they're well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're if they seem like they're well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're if they seem like they're well
+organized like they have their papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized like they have their papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized like they have their papers
+and like a nice little folder I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like a nice little folder I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like a nice little folder I
+definitely look at that and having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely look at that and having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely look at that and having a
+having a real lesson plan and showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a real lesson plan and showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a real lesson plan and showing
+that there's going to be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's going to be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's going to be like
+productivity in the recitations is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity in the recitations is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity in the recitations is
+important having something repaired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important having something repaired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important having something repaired
+shows that they were like thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows that they were like thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows that they were like thinking about
+us when we weren't in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us when we weren't in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us when we weren't in
+class finally International teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class finally International teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class finally International teaching
+assistants also stress preparation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistants also stress preparation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistants also stress preparation and
+planning in their advice for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning in their advice for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning in their advice for a
+successful first day uh as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful first day uh as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful first day uh as an
+international teaching assistant we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international teaching assistant we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international teaching assistant we we
+have some disadvantages probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some disadvantages probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some disadvantages probably
+compared to native speakers but if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to native speakers but if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to native speakers but if we
+are if we are uh prepared if we show our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are if we are uh prepared if we show our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are if we are uh prepared if we show our
+enthusiasm towards the subst I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthusiasm towards the subst I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthusiasm towards the subst I think the
+the students will feel them as well just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students will feel them as well just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students will feel them as well just
+be prepared that's that's what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be prepared that's that's what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be prepared that's that's what this
+speaks spores about you you're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaks spores about you you're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaks spores about you you're very
+prepared I went through all the notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared I went through all the notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared I went through all the notes
+all the books that are related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the books that are related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the books that are related to the
+course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+and I tried to prepare some good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I tried to prepare some good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I tried to prepare some good
+examples I think for for that class I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples I think for for that class I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples I think for for that class I
+did a over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a over
+preparation that if I discuss everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation that if I discuss everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation that if I discuss everything
+on my notebook it would take two hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my notebook it would take two hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my notebook it would take two hours
+instead of one hour so I think never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of one hour so I think never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of one hour so I think never
+running out of materials uh seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running out of materials uh seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running out of materials uh seems
+uh another source of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh another source of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh another source of my
+confidence I should be confident enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence I should be confident enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence I should be confident enough
+just of by the sake of being the TA not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just of by the sake of being the TA not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just of by the sake of being the TA not
+you shouldn't be nervous because you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shouldn't be nervous because you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shouldn't be nervous because you do
+know more about the topic than they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know more about the topic than they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know more about the topic than they do
+um it was challenging but in a good way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it was challenging but in a good way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it was challenging but in a good way
+and yeah everything prepare um do your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+best for
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/EK1pgrHeqpQ.txt b/EK1pgrHeqpQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8b5fedf7e111972b6502849e65dcaa2a8558a8bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/EK1pgrHeqpQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9851 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you should have the calendar in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should have the calendar in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should have the calendar in front of
+you so we're at lecture seven today this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so we're at lecture seven today this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so we're at lecture seven today this
+is kind of a big moment because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of a big moment because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of a big moment because we're
+fully embracing General equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully embracing General equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully embracing General equilibrium
+although you've seen versions of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although you've seen versions of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although you've seen versions of it
+before the other thing would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the other thing would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the other thing would be the
+reading list for today there is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading list for today there is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading list for today there is not a
+lot of new material on the reading list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of new material on the reading list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of new material on the reading list
+not a lot of starred materials we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a lot of starred materials we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a lot of starred materials we're
+going to do Pareto optimality and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do Pareto optimality and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do Pareto optimality and the
+assigned starred reading is some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned starred reading is some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned starred reading is some of the
+sections in Crepes which is available on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections in Crepes which is available on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections in Crepes which is available on
+the canvas website so not much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the canvas website so not much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the canvas website so not much
+additional stuff to read we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional stuff to read we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional stuff to read we're going to
+do risk sharing at the end of it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do risk sharing at the end of it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do risk sharing at the end of it and
+then look get in more into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then look get in more into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then look get in more into the
+applications lectures eight and nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications lectures eight and nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications lectures eight and nine
+uh in terms of the study guide so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in terms of the study guide so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in terms of the study guide so again
+let me uh ask you a few questions we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me uh ask you a few questions we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me uh ask you a few questions we did
+Dynamic optimization last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic optimization last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic optimization last time
+and the first question is really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first question is really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first question is really the
+motivation but you know not everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation but you know not everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation but you know not everything
+the motivation and the economic problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motivation and the economic problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motivation and the economic problems
+we're trying to solve are as important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to solve are as important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to solve are as important
+to the class as the tools and techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the class as the tools and techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the class as the tools and techniques
+that we're learning so let me ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're learning so let me ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're learning so let me ask you
+what are the observations on storage on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the observations on storage on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the observations on storage on
+carryover of last year's crop to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carryover of last year's crop to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carryover of last year's crop to this
+year's Harvest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year's Harvest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year's Harvest
+that motivated that lecture that we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that motivated that lecture that we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that motivated that lecture that we did
+last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time
+long Peng can you answer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+one thing can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing can you
+take a stab at this question what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a stab at this question what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a stab at this question what are
+the observations on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observations on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observations on
+storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage
+carryover of last year's crop to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carryover of last year's crop to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carryover of last year's crop to this
+year's crop that motivated uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year's crop that motivated uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year's crop that motivated uh the
+lecture from last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture from last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture from last time
+uh I believe the I believe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I believe the I believe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I believe the I believe the
+observation was that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation was that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation was that um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+it was it wasn't very it wasn't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was it wasn't very it wasn't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was it wasn't very it wasn't it
+wasn't necessarily that common for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't necessarily that common for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't necessarily that common for
+um for for so I think it was like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for for so I think it was like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for for so I think it was like the
+crops that were carried over generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crops that were carried over generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crops that were carried over generally
+there's sort of there's two ways to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of there's two ways to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of there's two ways to use
+both both one is like like carried over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both both one is like like carried over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both both one is like like carried over
+for to be planted for next year and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for to be planted for next year and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for to be planted for next year and then
+carry over for like consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+that's true those were the two ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true those were the two ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true those were the two ways to
+quote store the Harvest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote store the Harvest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote store the Harvest
+uh was did they carry it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was did they carry it over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was did they carry it over
+for consumption very frequently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for consumption very frequently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for consumption very frequently
+uh I don't think so especially because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I don't think so especially because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I don't think so especially because
+like the spoilage rate was relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the spoilage rate was relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the spoilage rate was relatively
+High
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High
+okay yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah
+so it was quite rare carryover was quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it was quite rare carryover was quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it was quite rare carryover was quite
+rare and the purpose of the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rare and the purpose of the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rare and the purpose of the model
+and its parameters was to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its parameters was to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its parameters was to explain
+why that would be the case right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the title of the lecture was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the title of the lecture was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the title of the lecture was
+storage seat and starvation so how often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage seat and starvation so how often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage seat and starvation so how often
+do you remember how often were they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you remember how often were they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you remember how often were they
+starving to death it was once every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starving to death it was once every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starving to death it was once every
+decade or 12 years yes that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decade or 12 years yes that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decade or 12 years yes that's right
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+good all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good all right
+um all right so that was the motivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right so that was the motivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right so that was the motivation
+for that lecture and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question
+although I don't EX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I don't EX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I don't EX
+won't be able to write it down for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be able to write it down for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be able to write it down for me
+but maybe you can say it in words what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe you can say it in words what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe you can say it in words what
+was the notation we used for the return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the notation we used for the return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the notation we used for the return
+to seed and in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to seed and in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to seed and in particular
+in what way was it linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what way was it linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what way was it linear
+at least up to a limit and uh in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least up to a limit and uh in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least up to a limit and uh in which
+way did it depend on uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way did it depend on uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way did it depend on uncertainty
+and let me see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Armando can you take a stab at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are you there Amanda Armando yes sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you there Amanda Armando yes sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you there Amanda Armando yes sorry
+but my microphone was muted uh yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but my microphone was muted uh yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but my microphone was muted uh yeah so
+there was um I believe it was uh there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was um I believe it was uh there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was um I believe it was uh there
+was three uh multipliers but it was um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was three uh multipliers but it was um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was three uh multipliers but it was um
+they each had a random chance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they each had a random chance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they each had a random chance of
+occurring and like it was like a poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring and like it was like a poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring and like it was like a poor
+harvest medium Harvest and good harvest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harvest medium Harvest and good harvest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harvest medium Harvest and good harvest
+and um it was just linear the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um it was just linear the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um it was just linear the the
+harvest and not harvested is linear with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harvest and not harvested is linear with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harvest and not harvested is linear with
+how much they planted with either like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much they planted with either like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much they planted with either like a
+one two or four multiplier I believe was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two or four multiplier I believe was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two or four multiplier I believe was
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right
+yeah it was Epsilon times Alpha times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it was Epsilon times Alpha times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it was Epsilon times Alpha times
+K where K was the amount of land planted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K where K was the amount of land planted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K where K was the amount of land planted
+Alpha was the linear constant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha was the linear constant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha was the linear constant and
+Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon
+capture those shocks you just mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture those shocks you just mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture those shocks you just mentioned
+low medium and high so that's a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low medium and high so that's a perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low medium and high so that's a perfect
+answer thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's blending the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's blending the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's blending the point
+of why I'm asking is just to remind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of why I'm asking is just to remind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of why I'm asking is just to remind you
+that oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oh
+because it's linear it's con it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's linear it's con it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's linear it's con it's
+constant returns to scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant returns to scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant returns to scale
+and yet it also Incorporated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet it also Incorporated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet it also Incorporated the
+uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty
+so we're going to come back to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to come back to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to come back to that
+technology when we look at applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology when we look at applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology when we look at applications
+of operation in a couple of lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of operation in a couple of lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of operation in a couple of lectures
+all right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and
+this next one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this next one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this next one
+write down a flow equation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down a flow equation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down a flow equation for
+consumption in terms of debug notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption in terms of debug notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption in terms of debug notation
+but I can't expect you to write it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I can't expect you to write it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I can't expect you to write it down
+so could someone describe in words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so could someone describe in words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so could someone describe in words
+what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the
+constraint is onto the problem in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint is onto the problem in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint is onto the problem in terms
+of this flow equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'll take a volunteer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+output of the last year input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of the last year input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of the last year input
+plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+output of the inventory and minus the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of the inventory and minus the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of the inventory and minus the uh
+how much you want to leave for last for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much you want to leave for last for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much you want to leave for last for
+next year as a seed and how much you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next year as a seed and how much you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next year as a seed and how much you
+leave for next year as inventory that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave for next year as inventory that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave for next year as inventory that
+was consumption that's perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was consumption that's perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was consumption that's perfect
+and the consumption should be larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the consumption should be larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the consumption should be larger
+than zero right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero right
+and uh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh yeah
+for each period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each period
+that's another constraint yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another constraint yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another constraint yeah
+this flow equation you just described so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this flow equation you just described so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this flow equation you just described so
+well is exactly what I was looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well is exactly what I was looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well is exactly what I was looking for
+um so we to elaborate we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we to elaborate we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we to elaborate we talked about
+resources available today and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources available today and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources available today and that's the
+stuff coming from current Harvest Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff coming from current Harvest Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff coming from current Harvest Plus
+depreciated storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depreciated storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depreciated storage
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+also how much would it be available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also how much would it be available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also how much would it be available
+tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow
+well that is co-determined with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that is co-determined with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that is co-determined with
+consumption because you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption because you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption because you have
+available resources but you can use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available resources but you can use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available resources but you can use it
+for consumption or you can save it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for consumption or you can save it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for consumption or you can save it and
+there were two different ways to save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were two different ways to save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were two different ways to save
+so your answer was very good and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your answer was very good and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your answer was very good and I'm
+just repeating in slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just repeating in slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just repeating in slightly different
+words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I guess last one this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess last one this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess last one this uh
+principle of dynamic programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of dynamic programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of dynamic programming
+this is a bit more technical but again I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a bit more technical but again I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a bit more technical but again I
+don't want to hide anything from you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to hide anything from you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to hide anything from you
+especially when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when we
+subsequently jump back and forth between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequently jump back and forth between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequently jump back and forth between
+finite Horizon and infinite Horizon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite Horizon and infinite Horizon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite Horizon and infinite Horizon
+problems does anyone remember how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems does anyone remember how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems does anyone remember how we
+converted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted
+into a two-period problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a two-period problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a two-period problems
+um so we picked like the last date and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we picked like the last date and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we picked like the last date and
+solved the maximization problem using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved the maximization problem using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved the maximization problem using
+that last day and then iterated to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that last day and then iterated to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that last day and then iterated to the
+next last date until we got back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next last date until we got back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next last date until we got back to the
+first date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first date
+excellent that's perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+and then the next part the infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the next part the infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the next part the infinite
+Horizon part is like we just keep going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon part is like we just keep going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon part is like we just keep going
+like that we just keep iterating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that we just keep iterating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that we just keep iterating
+so that the final terminal data is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the final terminal data is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the final terminal data is so
+far away that uh effectively they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far away that uh effectively they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far away that uh effectively they're
+acting the way they would in an infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting the way they would in an infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting the way they would in an infinite
+Horizon problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that's uh
+probably enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably enough
+time spent on those review questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me
+then turn to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then turn to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then turn to
+the lecture today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture today
+lecture seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so a brief outline of what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a brief outline of what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a brief outline of what we're going
+to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+uh we're going to Define this concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're going to Define this concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're going to Define this concept of
+various Concepts Pareto optimality then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various Concepts Pareto optimality then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various Concepts Pareto optimality then
+Pareto Frontier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pareto Frontier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pareto Frontier
+then I'm going to show you a programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to show you a programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to show you a programming
+problem a math problem so to speak that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem a math problem so to speak that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem a math problem so to speak that
+allows us to determine as its solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to determine as its solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to determine as its solution
+all possible Pareto optimal allocations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible Pareto optimal allocations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible Pareto optimal allocations
+and then we're going to go and apply it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to go and apply it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to go and apply it
+in the case of uncertainty and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of uncertainty and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of uncertainty and all the
+solution the optimal allocation of risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution the optimal allocation of risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution the optimal allocation of risk
+so although this slide says utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so although this slide says utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so although this slide says utility
+possibilities set and that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities set and that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities set and that's going to be
+the bottom line of the slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom line of the slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom line of the slide
+this is also a hugely important slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also a hugely important slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also a hugely important slide
+for the whole course because it it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the whole course because it it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the whole course because it it's the
+first time I think that we've introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time I think that we've introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time I think that we've introduced
+in notation all the ingredients we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in notation all the ingredients we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in notation all the ingredients we've
+been covering so far and in the notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been covering so far and in the notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been covering so far and in the notation
+describing an economy I went back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing an economy I went back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing an economy I went back and
+looked at lecture one it does say an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at lecture one it does say an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at lecture one it does say an
+economy is preferences endowments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy is preferences endowments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy is preferences endowments and
+Technology we call it a pet economy as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology we call it a pet economy as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology we call it a pet economy as a
+way to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to remember
+but here it is in notation so an economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here it is in notation so an economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here it is in notation so an economy
+script Epsilon or economy is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script Epsilon or economy is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script Epsilon or economy is the
+consumption set in preferences of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption set in preferences of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption set in preferences of each
+of a finite number of Agents the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a finite number of Agents the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a finite number of Agents the
+production set of each of the finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production set of each of the finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production set of each of the finite
+number of firms and some aggregated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of firms and some aggregated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of firms and some aggregated
+social endowment so it's a very succinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social endowment so it's a very succinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social endowment so it's a very succinct
+list preferences endowments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list preferences endowments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list preferences endowments and
+Technology then an allocation for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology then an allocation for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology then an allocation for the
+whole economy now is an allocation X for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole economy now is an allocation X for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole economy now is an allocation X for
+each of the capital I consumers an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the capital I consumers an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the capital I consumers an
+allocation and the production set for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation and the production set for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation and the production set for
+each of the capital J producers if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the capital J producers if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the capital J producers if we're
+in finite dimensional euclidean space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in finite dimensional euclidean space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in finite dimensional euclidean space
+and there are L capital L Goods then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are L capital L Goods then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are L capital L Goods then we
+have L times I plus J dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have L times I plus J dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have L times I plus J dimensional
+vectors here belied by this relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors here belied by this relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors here belied by this relatively
+brief notation in other words we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brief notation in other words we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brief notation in other words we're
+going to have to specify a consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to specify a consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to specify a consumption
+Vector x i in the consumption set for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector x i in the consumption set for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector x i in the consumption set for
+each consumer I a production plan YJ in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each consumer I a production plan YJ in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each consumer I a production plan YJ in
+the production sets Capital YJ for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the production sets Capital YJ for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the production sets Capital YJ for each
+firm J up to Capital J and we say an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm J up to Capital J and we say an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm J up to Capital J and we say an
+allocation is feasible if and only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation is feasible if and only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation is feasible if and only if
+the consumptions are feasible given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consumptions are feasible given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consumptions are feasible given
+resources available which would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources available which would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources available which would be
+coming from the endowment and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the endowment and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the endowment and from
+production so a couple of comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production so a couple of comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production so a couple of comments
+sometimes people will write consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes people will write consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes people will write consumption
+less than or equal to as if you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to as if you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to as if you could
+throw something away that's fine it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw something away that's fine it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw something away that's fine it's
+just more useful today to talk about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just more useful today to talk about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just more useful today to talk about it
+as an equality the second thing is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an equality the second thing is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an equality the second thing is this
+has buried behind it and it's easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has buried behind it and it's easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has buried behind it and it's easy to
+write all of the business we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write all of the business we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write all of the business we've been
+working with with respect to negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with with respect to negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with with respect to negative
+and positive elements so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and positive elements so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and positive elements so for example
+some of these yjs are negative I refer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these yjs are negative I refer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these yjs are negative I refer
+to it as production as if it were all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it as production as if it were all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it as production as if it were all
+positive like grain or something but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive like grain or something but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive like grain or something but if
+an input is negative over here then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an input is negative over here then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an input is negative over here then
+there has to be some offsetting element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there has to be some offsetting element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there has to be some offsetting element
+namely consumers Supply it or they or it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely consumers Supply it or they or it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely consumers Supply it or they or it
+could be more evident coming from their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be more evident coming from their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be more evident coming from their
+endowment okay so so this is where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowment okay so so this is where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowment okay so so this is where the
+accounting quote of all the positive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting quote of all the positive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting quote of all the positive and
+negative stuff is kind of buried but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative stuff is kind of buried but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative stuff is kind of buried but it
+it is easier to remember this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is easier to remember this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is easier to remember this way
+because it looks like you just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it looks like you just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it looks like you just have
+resources available from endowments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources available from endowments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources available from endowments and
+production meeting up with resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production meeting up with resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production meeting up with resources
+used in consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in consumption
+okay now given the same economy we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now given the same economy we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now given the same economy we can
+Define the set of all possible utilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define the set of all possible utilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define the set of all possible utilities
+utility possibilities that which is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility possibilities that which is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility possibilities that which is this
+script U and which is a specification of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script U and which is a specification of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script U and which is a specification of
+utility for each and every household so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility for each and every household so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility for each and every household so
+this has the dimension capital I which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has the dimension capital I which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has the dimension capital I which
+is the number of households and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number of households and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number of households and it's a
+vector of that dimension and we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector of that dimension and we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector of that dimension and we're going
+to say that a vector U Bar is in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that a vector U Bar is in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that a vector U Bar is in this
+set and if two things are true first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and if two things are true first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and if two things are true first of
+all it has to be there has to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it has to be there has to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it has to be there has to be a
+feasible allocation generating it we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible allocation generating it we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible allocation generating it we're
+generating something with at least as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating something with at least as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating something with at least as
+much utility so a vector over here say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much utility so a vector over here say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much utility so a vector over here say
+the ice component of this Vector has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ice component of this Vector has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ice component of this Vector has to
+be able to be generated by part of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to be generated by part of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to be generated by part of a
+feasible allocation which is specifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible allocation which is specifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible allocation which is specifying
+x i for household I which when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i for household I which when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i for household I which when
+substituted in the utility function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituted in the utility function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituted in the utility function
+generates a utility level at least as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates a utility level at least as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates a utility level at least as
+great as the target namely u-bar sub I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great as the target namely u-bar sub I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great as the target namely u-bar sub I
+again it would be a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it would be a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it would be a little more
+intuitive just to put equality here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive just to put equality here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive just to put equality here but
+what this allows us to say is if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this allows us to say is if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this allows us to say is if you can
+generate a utility Point through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a utility Point through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a utility Point through a
+feasible allocation then all the utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible allocation then all the utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible allocation then all the utility
+points which are Southwest of it are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points which are Southwest of it are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points which are Southwest of it are
+also feasible so it's as if you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also feasible so it's as if you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also feasible so it's as if you could
+throw things away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw things away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw things away
+so in words this utility possibility set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in words this utility possibility set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in words this utility possibility set
+is the set of all utility profiles for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the set of all utility profiles for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the set of all utility profiles for
+households in the economy that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households in the economy that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households in the economy that can be
+attained by feasible allocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attained by feasible allocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attained by feasible allocation
+feasible allocation with greater than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible allocation with greater than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible allocation with greater than or
+equal small typo so you can generate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal small typo so you can generate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal small typo so you can generate the
+in other words if you can generate U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words if you can generate U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words if you can generate U
+and V is less than U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and V is less than U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and V is less than U
+you can have V in the production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have V in the production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have V in the production
+possibility set as well because whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility set as well because whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility set as well because whatever
+that generated you or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that generated you or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that generated you or something
+generating utility greater than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating utility greater than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating utility greater than or equal
+to U will generate utility greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to U will generate utility greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to U will generate utility greater than
+or equal to V all right so given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to V all right so given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to V all right so given a
+utility possibility set script U we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility possibility set script U we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility possibility set script U we
+Define the Pareto Frontier P of U as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define the Pareto Frontier P of U as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define the Pareto Frontier P of U as the
+boundary okay so it's just the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary okay so it's just the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary okay so it's just the set of
+utility Vector subset of utility vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility Vector subset of utility vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility Vector subset of utility vectors
+such that there is nothing Northeast If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that there is nothing Northeast If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that there is nothing Northeast If
+U is in the utility possibility set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U is in the utility possibility set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U is in the utility possibility set
+there's no U Prime in there which would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no U Prime in there which would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no U Prime in there which would
+generate at least as much utility for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate at least as much utility for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate at least as much utility for
+all households I and strictly greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all households I and strictly greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all households I and strictly greater
+utility for some households J so if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility for some households J so if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility for some households J so if the
+right hand side were true then you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side were true then you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side were true then you could
+quote Pareto dominate the vector U and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote Pareto dominate the vector U and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote Pareto dominate the vector U and
+that would eliminate it from being in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would eliminate it from being in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would eliminate it from being in
+what we want to call the the Pareto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to call the the Pareto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to call the the Pareto
+Frontier so here's an example and then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frontier so here's an example and then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frontier so here's an example and then a
+picture let's simplify our economy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture let's simplify our economy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture let's simplify our economy and
+get rid of production although we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of production although we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of production although we will
+still have endowments so this is a pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have endowments so this is a pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have endowments so this is a pure
+exchange economy there are only two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange economy there are only two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange economy there are only two
+goods and there are two consumers so L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods and there are two consumers so L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods and there are two consumers so L
+and I are equal to two and we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I are equal to two and we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I are equal to two and we're going
+to say for Simplicity of notation first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say for Simplicity of notation first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say for Simplicity of notation first
+good is denoted X the second good is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good is denoted X the second good is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good is denoted X the second good is
+denoted C so the first household has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denoted C so the first household has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denoted C so the first household has a
+utility function over x and z which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility function over x and z which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility function over x and z which is
+just linearly additive in the two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just linearly additive in the two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just linearly additive in the two and
+the second household is very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second household is very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second household is very similar
+except it is multiplied by two but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except it is multiplied by two but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except it is multiplied by two but it's
+still linear additive and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still linear additive and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still linear additive and so on
+now each has equal endowment of both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now each has equal endowment of both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now each has equal endowment of both
+goods and the endowment of household one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods and the endowment of household one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods and the endowment of household one
+is equal to the endowment of household
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the endowment of household
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the endowment of household
+two so one half one half everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so one half one half everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so one half one half everywhere
+means there's one unit of good one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means there's one unit of good one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means there's one unit of good one in
+total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total
+although it's split initially equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although it's split initially equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although it's split initially equally
+across the two households and one unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the two households and one unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the two households and one unit
+of good two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of good two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of good two
+available also split equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available also split equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available also split equally
+so a feasible allocation over these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a feasible allocation over these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a feasible allocation over these two
+goods x and z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods x and z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods x and z
+has to sum up properly so if we take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to sum up properly so if we take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to sum up properly so if we take the
+first good and add up what per household
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first good and add up what per household
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first good and add up what per household
+one is getting what household two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is getting what household two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is getting what household two is
+getting it's got to equal the endowment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting it's got to equal the endowment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting it's got to equal the endowment
+which is one likewise for the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one likewise for the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one likewise for the second
+good Z they have what the first guy gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good Z they have what the first guy gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good Z they have what the first guy gets
+and the second guy gets in allocations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second guy gets in allocations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second guy gets in allocations
+not utility has to add up to one with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not utility has to add up to one with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not utility has to add up to one with
+some of the endowments okay so it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the endowments okay so it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the endowments okay so it can be
+shown and I will show you the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown and I will show you the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown and I will show you the picture
+that the utility possibility set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the utility possibility set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the utility possibility set
+consists of all points U2 which are less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of all points U2 which are less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of all points U2 which are less
+than four minus two U1 and the frontier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than four minus two U1 and the frontier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than four minus two U1 and the frontier
+is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the
+um the outer portion of that uh without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the outer portion of that uh without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the outer portion of that uh without
+doing all the algebra right now you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing all the algebra right now you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing all the algebra right now you can
+just imagine for example what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just imagine for example what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just imagine for example what would
+happen if we gave the entire social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen if we gave the entire social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen if we gave the entire social
+endowment to agent two agent two would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowment to agent two agent two would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowment to agent two agent two would
+then get one here one here and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then get one here one here and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then get one here one here and you get
+two plus two equal four and you see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two plus two equal four and you see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two plus two equal four and you see this
+four down here which is the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four down here which is the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four down here which is the maximum
+utility ability that agent two could get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility ability that agent two could get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility ability that agent two could get
+and the fact that it's minus means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fact that it's minus means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fact that it's minus means
+moving away from there we're giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving away from there we're giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving away from there we're giving
+agent one some of the social endowment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent one some of the social endowment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent one some of the social endowment
+and taking away from household two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and taking away from household two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and taking away from household two and
+since two's utility levels twice that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since two's utility levels twice that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since two's utility levels twice that of
+household one then every unit that house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household one then every unit that house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household one then every unit that house
+of utility that two gives up counts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of utility that two gives up counts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of utility that two gives up counts
+twice for household one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice for household one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice for household one
+okay so again that's just to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so again that's just to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so again that's just to be
+motivational without actually going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivational without actually going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivational without actually going
+through all the algebra here's what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all the algebra here's what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all the algebra here's what the
+utility possibilities Frontier looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility possibilities Frontier looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility possibilities Frontier looks
+like it's linear again with four over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's linear again with four over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's linear again with four over
+here as the maximal point this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as the maximal point this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as the maximal point this is a
+slope of minus two it's negative because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of minus two it's negative because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of minus two it's negative because
+you're giving up the social endowment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're giving up the social endowment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're giving up the social endowment
+away from two toward one as you move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from two toward one as you move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from two toward one as you move
+along this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along this line
+what's not drawn in here very carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's not drawn in here very carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's not drawn in here very carefully
+are the boundaries you know of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the boundaries you know of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the boundaries you know of
+consumption and so on which you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption and so on which you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption and so on which you know if
+X1 and X2 Z1 Z2 cannot go negative then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 and X2 Z1 Z2 cannot go negative then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 and X2 Z1 Z2 cannot go negative then
+then we shouldn't be drawing in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we shouldn't be drawing in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we shouldn't be drawing in this
+thing that extends beyond the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that extends beyond the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that extends beyond the first
+orthon Pareto optimality this is the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthon Pareto optimality this is the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthon Pareto optimality this is the big
+one an out but it's almost obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one an out but it's almost obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one an out but it's almost obvious
+already an allocation X and Y for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already an allocation X and Y for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already an allocation X and Y for
+consumption and production is Pareto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption and production is Pareto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption and production is Pareto
+optimal if it's feasible and there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal if it's feasible and there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal if it's feasible and there's no
+other feasible allocation X Prime y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other feasible allocation X Prime y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other feasible allocation X Prime y
+Prime such that X the prime is at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime such that X the prime is at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime such that X the prime is at least
+as good from every agent I's point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as good from every agent I's point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as good from every agent I's point of
+view and there's at least one I prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view and there's at least one I prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view and there's at least one I prime
+household agent that really likes Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household agent that really likes Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household agent that really likes Prime
+better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+and we call these allocations the Pareto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we call these allocations the Pareto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we call these allocations the Pareto
+set the set of Pareto optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the set of Pareto optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the set of Pareto optimal
+allocations well at one level it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocations well at one level it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocations well at one level it's kind
+of intuitive that those should be called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of intuitive that those should be called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of intuitive that those should be called
+optimal because you can't make anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal because you can't make anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal because you can't make anyone
+better off without making someone worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better off without making someone worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better off without making someone worse
+off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off
+if you could make everyone better off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you could make everyone better off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you could make everyone better off
+then it wouldn't be Pareto optimal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it wouldn't be Pareto optimal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it wouldn't be Pareto optimal to
+begin with a little more telling this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin with a little more telling this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin with a little more telling this
+definition doesn't give a darn about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition doesn't give a darn about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition doesn't give a darn about the
+distribution of income so there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of income so there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of income so there's no
+normative statement here about equality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normative statement here about equality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normative statement here about equality
+in the income distribution or anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the income distribution or anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the income distribution or anything
+like that so that's a little bit jarring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so that's a little bit jarring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so that's a little bit jarring
+we could give all the allocation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could give all the allocation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could give all the allocation to
+household 2 and none to household one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household 2 and none to household one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household 2 and none to household one
+and that would still be Pareto optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would still be Pareto optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would still be Pareto optimal
+we can look at the distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look at the distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look at the distribution of
+income and we surely will often in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income and we surely will often in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income and we surely will often in the
+subsequent lectures and in some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequent lectures and in some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequent lectures and in some of the
+pictures about to follow that means if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures about to follow that means if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures about to follow that means if
+you want to talk about the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to talk about the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to talk about the distribution
+of income and put some normative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of income and put some normative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of income and put some normative
+criteria for that you're going to need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria for that you're going to need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria for that you're going to need
+more than this definition of Pareto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than this definition of Pareto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than this definition of Pareto
+optimality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimality
+okay so let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's do
+a two-person economy this is putting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two-person economy this is putting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two-person economy this is putting it
+literally putting the pieces together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally putting the pieces together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally putting the pieces together
+we did for households utility functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did for households utility functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did for households utility functions
+and preference orderings and this puts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and preference orderings and this puts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and preference orderings and this puts
+consumer one with two goods changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer one with two goods changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer one with two goods changing the
+names to A and B now nice smooth regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names to A and B now nice smooth regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names to A and B now nice smooth regular
+decreasing marginal rates of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing marginal rates of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing marginal rates of
+substitution oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution oh
+and household one's endowment is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and household one's endowment is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and household one's endowment is here
+Mark E which means a certain amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mark E which means a certain amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mark E which means a certain amount of
+good b and a certain amount of good a so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good b and a certain amount of good a so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good b and a certain amount of good a so
+there are two households but we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two households but we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two households but we're gonna
+make this guy stand on his head so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this guy stand on his head so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this guy stand on his head so the
+zero point for household B is here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero point for household B is here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero point for household B is here and
+more of good B moves down with more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of good B moves down with more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of good B moves down with more of
+good a moves leftward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good a moves leftward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good a moves leftward
+so these are regular nice smooth concave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are regular nice smooth concave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are regular nice smooth concave
+quasi-concave in different scarves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quasi-concave in different scarves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quasi-concave in different scarves
+preference sets with more preferred less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference sets with more preferred less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference sets with more preferred less
+and here's the endowment of agent two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the endowment of agent two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the endowment of agent two
+boom boom certain amount of good to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom boom certain amount of good to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom boom certain amount of good to a
+certain uh b a certain amount of good a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain uh b a certain amount of good a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain uh b a certain amount of good a
+you're with me so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're with me so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're with me so far
+I think this came from craps but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this came from craps but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this came from craps but it's
+you know the Stan the Edgeworth box is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the Stan the Edgeworth box is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the Stan the Edgeworth box is
+like a big part of Economics now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a big part of Economics now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a big part of Economics now I'm
+gonna take this point e and start moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna take this point e and start moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna take this point e and start moving
+this whole figure for Consumer two uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole figure for Consumer two uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole figure for Consumer two uh to
+the point that these two e's correspond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point that these two e's correspond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point that these two e's correspond
+and are identically lying on top of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and are identically lying on top of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and are identically lying on top of one
+another so that's like moving this edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another so that's like moving this edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another so that's like moving this edge
+of what's about to become the box over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's about to become the box over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's about to become the box over
+in this direction and here although e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this direction and here although e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this direction and here although e
+should have been ideally put on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have been ideally put on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have been ideally put on this
+picture this would be the Edgeworth box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture this would be the Edgeworth box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture this would be the Edgeworth box
+so now we've got household one down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we've got household one down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we've got household one down here
+consumer two here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer two here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer two here
+and the indifference curves of both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the indifference curves of both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the indifference curves of both the
+endowment saying here is denoting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowment saying here is denoting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowment saying here is denoting the
+good a assigned initially as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good a assigned initially as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good a assigned initially as an
+endowment to Consumer one but the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowment to Consumer one but the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowment to Consumer one but the other
+direction here is could be being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction here is could be being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction here is could be being
+assigned to household two so things add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned to household two so things add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned to household two so things add
+up the total adds up except you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the total adds up except you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the total adds up except you're
+moving the amounts are are signifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving the amounts are are signifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving the amounts are are signifying
+different directions for the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different directions for the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different directions for the two
+consumers because consumer two is upside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers because consumer two is upside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers because consumer two is upside
+down so are there questions about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so are there questions about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so are there questions about the
+construction of the box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction of the box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction of the box
+all right so without putting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so without putting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so without putting the
+endowment in there this would be red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowment in there this would be red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowment in there this would be red
+indifference curves for household agent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curves for household agent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curves for household agent
+one bluish indifference curves for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one bluish indifference curves for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one bluish indifference curves for
+Consumer two I call them consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consumer two I call them consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consumer two I call them consumers
+households and agents on not being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households and agents on not being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households and agents on not being
+consistent they're all called consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent they're all called consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent they're all called consumers
+in this diagram and you can see these in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this diagram and you can see these in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this diagram and you can see these in
+difference curves cross and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference curves cross and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference curves cross and I want to
+claim going back to the definition that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim going back to the definition that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim going back to the definition that
+this cannot be Pareto optimal why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cannot be Pareto optimal why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cannot be Pareto optimal why
+because there are plenty of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are plenty of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are plenty of other
+feasible allocations that make at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible allocations that make at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible allocations that make at least
+one household better off and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one household better off and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one household better off and the other
+no worse off in fact there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no worse off in fact there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no worse off in fact there are many
+allocations that make them both better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocations that make them both better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocations that make them both better
+off this whole region here lies above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off this whole region here lies above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off this whole region here lies above
+the red indifference curve for household
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red indifference curve for household
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red indifference curve for household
+consumer one and above the indifference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer one and above the indifference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer one and above the indifference
+curve the blue indifference curve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve the blue indifference curve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve the blue indifference curve for
+Consumer two here is a different picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consumer two here is a different picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consumer two here is a different picture
+where the two Baseline and difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the two Baseline and difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the two Baseline and difference
+curves are tangent and in contrast this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves are tangent and in contrast this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves are tangent and in contrast this
+is Pareto optimal because I challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Pareto optimal because I challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Pareto optimal because I challenge
+you to find an allocation that makes one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to find an allocation that makes one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to find an allocation that makes one
+better off without making the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better off without making the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better off without making the other one
+worse off if you're going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse off if you're going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse off if you're going to make
+consumer one better off you have to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer one better off you have to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer one better off you have to keep
+track of these red and difference curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of these red and difference curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of these red and difference curves
+so we would be on or above the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we would be on or above the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we would be on or above the red
+indifference curve depending on whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curve depending on whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curve depending on whether
+we're making him no worse off or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're making him no worse off or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're making him no worse off or
+strictly better off and any of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly better off and any of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly better off and any of those
+points other than the starting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points other than the starting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points other than the starting point
+actually makes consumer 2 worse off so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually makes consumer 2 worse off so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually makes consumer 2 worse off so
+now we can talk this is called still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can talk this is called still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can talk this is called still
+called Edgeworth box although it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Edgeworth box although it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Edgeworth box although it's
+starting to look more like a rectangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to look more like a rectangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to look more like a rectangle
+that's because there's more of good one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because there's more of good one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because there's more of good one
+than there is of good two it's wider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than there is of good two it's wider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than there is of good two it's wider
+than it is high and what's being traced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it is high and what's being traced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it is high and what's being traced
+out here you know like this is from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here you know like this is from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here you know like this is from the
+previous slide but there are many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous slide but there are many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous slide but there are many other
+allocations which are also Pareto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocations which are also Pareto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocations which are also Pareto
+optimal where those indifference curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal where those indifference curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal where those indifference curves
+are tangent so this dotted orange yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are tangent so this dotted orange yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are tangent so this dotted orange yellow
+brick road so to speak dotted line is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brick road so to speak dotted line is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brick road so to speak dotted line is a
+set of all Pareto optimal allocations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of all Pareto optimal allocations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of all Pareto optimal allocations in
+the whole economy on the one hand it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole economy on the one hand it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole economy on the one hand it's a
+lot less a lot fewer allocations than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot less a lot fewer allocations than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot less a lot fewer allocations than
+any other feasible allocation any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other feasible allocation any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other feasible allocation any
+allocation in this box is feasible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation in this box is feasible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation in this box is feasible
+because resource allocations add up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because resource allocations add up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because resource allocations add up to
+the total endowment seeing anyone worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total endowment seeing anyone worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total endowment seeing anyone worse
+off and again you can see you know these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and again you can see you know these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and again you can see you know these
+extreme distributions where if we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme distributions where if we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme distributions where if we could
+go that far to zero zero consumer one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go that far to zero zero consumer one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go that far to zero zero consumer one
+over here is in a terrible situation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here is in a terrible situation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here is in a terrible situation and
+consumer two just got everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer two just got everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer two just got everything
+and that's feasible as is this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's feasible as is this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's feasible as is this point
+feasible also optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible also optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible also optimal
+I have a question yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a question yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a question yes
+um does this nigh have some special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um does this nigh have some special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um does this nigh have some special
+properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah it's where in in this sense with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's where in in this sense with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's where in in this sense with
+these all smooth and difference curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these all smooth and difference curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these all smooth and difference curve
+the marginal rates of substitution that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginal rates of substitution that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginal rates of substitution that
+we learned about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learned about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learned about
+are equal across the two households
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+you know the reason this isn't optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the reason this isn't optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the reason this isn't optimal
+is because the marginal rates of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because the marginal rates of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because the marginal rates of
+substitution are not equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution are not equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution are not equal
+so the amount that consumer 2 requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the amount that consumer 2 requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the amount that consumer 2 requires
+to maintain indifference giving up good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maintain indifference giving up good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maintain indifference giving up good
+a and getting good B is greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and getting good B is greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and getting good B is greater than
+what consumer one requires to maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what consumer one requires to maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what consumer one requires to maintain
+indifference in terms of giving up good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference in terms of giving up good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference in terms of giving up good
+a and getting good B so you know there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and getting good B so you know there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and getting good B so you know there's
+plenty of quote gains to trade both can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty of quote gains to trade both can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty of quote gains to trade both can
+be made better off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be made better off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be made better off
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+you know I mean one thing we could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I mean one thing we could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I mean one thing we could have
+done is put the endowment Point here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done is put the endowment Point here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done is put the endowment Point here and
+then looked at the set of all maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then looked at the set of all maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then looked at the set of all maybe
+imagine this is the endowment point then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine this is the endowment point then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine this is the endowment point then
+we could look at the set of allocations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could look at the set of allocations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could look at the set of allocations
+the chaprato optimal and that yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chaprato optimal and that yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chaprato optimal and that yellow
+brick road would run you know like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brick road would run you know like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brick road would run you know like that
+and so these allocation in the lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so these allocation in the lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so these allocation in the lens
+shaped region are a subset of the Pareto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped region are a subset of the Pareto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped region are a subset of the Pareto
+optimal allocations which make one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal allocations which make one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal allocations which make one or
+both agents strictly better off than at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both agents strictly better off than at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both agents strictly better off than at
+the endowment so that's a more refined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the endowment so that's a more refined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the endowment so that's a more refined
+notion of optimality called The Core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of optimality called The Core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of optimality called The Core
+which I didn't create a slide to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I didn't create a slide to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I didn't create a slide to show
+you but but that's sort of beginning to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but but that's sort of beginning to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but but that's sort of beginning to
+take into account that you can't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take into account that you can't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take into account that you can't make
+someone worse off than their endowment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone worse off than their endowment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone worse off than their endowment
+whereas Pareto optimality as I keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas Pareto optimality as I keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas Pareto optimality as I keep
+saying does not do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying does not do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying does not do that
+it's much more General okay Pareto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much more General okay Pareto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much more General okay Pareto
+optimality in the utility possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimality in the utility possibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimality in the utility possibility
+set let's define if it's kind of obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set let's define if it's kind of obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set let's define if it's kind of obvious
+already an allocation of consumption in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already an allocation of consumption in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already an allocation of consumption in
+production is Pareto optimal actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production is Pareto optimal actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production is Pareto optimal actually
+it's a theorem we Define Pareto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a theorem we Define Pareto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a theorem we Define Pareto
+optimality already and we Define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimality already and we Define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimality already and we Define the
+Pareto set already so this puts them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pareto set already so this puts them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pareto set already so this puts them
+together in a rather obvious way namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in a rather obvious way namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in a rather obvious way namely
+an allocation XY is greater optimal if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an allocation XY is greater optimal if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an allocation XY is greater optimal if
+and only if the utilities that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if the utilities that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if the utilities that are
+generated under X are on the frontier of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated under X are on the frontier of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated under X are on the frontier of
+the Pareto set which we denoted P script
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Pareto set which we denoted P script
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Pareto set which we denoted P script
+U so you can go both ways here it's if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U so you can go both ways here it's if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U so you can go both ways here it's if
+and only if the direction from creato
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if the direction from creato
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if the direction from creato
+optimal to being on the frontier is left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal to being on the frontier is left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal to being on the frontier is left
+as an exercise it's pretty much as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an exercise it's pretty much as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an exercise it's pretty much as
+trivial as the one we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial as the one we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial as the one we're going to do
+but we'll do one of them anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll do one of them anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll do one of them anyway
+so let's go in the opposite direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go in the opposite direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go in the opposite direction
+that is we start with an allocation on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is we start with an allocation on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is we start with an allocation on
+the Pareto Frontier then we want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Pareto Frontier then we want to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Pareto Frontier then we want to show
+that it's a Pareto Optimum so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a Pareto Optimum so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a Pareto Optimum so this is
+really almost just a test of remembering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really almost just a test of remembering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really almost just a test of remembering
+the definitions suppose that it were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definitions suppose that it were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definitions suppose that it were not
+Pareto optimal then we'll do a proof by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pareto optimal then we'll do a proof by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pareto optimal then we'll do a proof by
+contradiction so if it's not Pareto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction so if it's not Pareto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction so if it's not Pareto
+optimal then there has to Exist by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal then there has to Exist by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal then there has to Exist by the
+definition some other feasible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition some other feasible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition some other feasible
+allocation denoted with the tilde such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation denoted with the tilde such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation denoted with the tilde such
+that utility is at least as high under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that utility is at least as high under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that utility is at least as high under
+the tilde allocation as it was under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tilde allocation as it was under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tilde allocation as it was under the
+original and strictly greater in utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original and strictly greater in utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original and strictly greater in utility
+for some household J but then these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some household J but then these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some household J but then these
+vectors of allocations Pareto dominate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors of allocations Pareto dominate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors of allocations Pareto dominate
+the original one and hence we the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original one and hence we the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original one and hence we the
+original one could not have been in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original one could not have been in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original one could not have been in the
+Pareto Frontier that's one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pareto Frontier that's one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pareto Frontier that's one way to
+remember that is that if it's on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that is that if it's on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that is that if it's on the
+Pareto Frontier there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pareto Frontier there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pareto Frontier there's nothing
+Northeast of it we just constructed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northeast of it we just constructed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northeast of it we just constructed
+something Northeast of it that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something Northeast of it that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something Northeast of it that's the
+contradiction so this direction is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction so this direction is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction so this direction is now
+proved and separately you after class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved and separately you after class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved and separately you after class
+you can take a stab at the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take a stab at the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take a stab at the other
+direction okay so the moral of the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay so the moral of the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay so the moral of the story
+here is we can go back and forth between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is we can go back and forth between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is we can go back and forth between
+the Pareto Frontier and Pareto optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Pareto Frontier and Pareto optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Pareto Frontier and Pareto optimal
+allocations and even I have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocations and even I have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocations and even I have to be
+careful not to intermingle them because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful not to intermingle them because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful not to intermingle them because
+I know in principle they're the same and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know in principle they're the same and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know in principle they're the same and
+here's the proof that they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the proof that they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the proof that they are
+next step we Define a welfare function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next step we Define a welfare function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next step we Define a welfare function
+for the entire economy and we make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the entire economy and we make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the entire economy and we make it
+linear so this big welfare comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear so this big welfare comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear so this big welfare comes from
+the utility Vector across the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utility Vector across the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utility Vector across the individual
+agents and this welfare function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents and this welfare function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents and this welfare function is
+linear when it's just a weighted average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear when it's just a weighted average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear when it's just a weighted average
+of the underlying utility components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the underlying utility components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the underlying utility components
+with weights Lambda I the weights good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with weights Lambda I the weights good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with weights Lambda I the weights good
+in principle be zero somebody doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle be zero somebody doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle be zero somebody doesn't
+count at all otherwise the weights are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count at all otherwise the weights are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count at all otherwise the weights are
+positive and uh when I say we take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and uh when I say we take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and uh when I say we take a
+weighted average each of the weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted average each of the weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted average each of the weights
+might as well sum up to one because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might as well sum up to one because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might as well sum up to one because if
+they didn't we could add up whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't we could add up whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't we could add up whatever
+they do total two and divide through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do total two and divide through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do total two and divide through the
+same objective function and if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same objective function and if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same objective function and if you're
+going to maximize one welfare function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to maximize one welfare function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to maximize one welfare function
+you maximize the scalar multiple of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you maximize the scalar multiple of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you maximize the scalar multiple of it
+so the idea of this welfare function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea of this welfare function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea of this welfare function is
+a way I don't like but then I'll tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way I don't like but then I'll tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way I don't like but then I'll tell
+you what I do like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what I do like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what I do like
+it's a way of aggregating utilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a way of aggregating utilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a way of aggregating utilities
+across individuals in society as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across individuals in society as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across individuals in society as if
+there were some social planner who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were some social planner who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were some social planner who
+determines who counts more than others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines who counts more than others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines who counts more than others
+in particular under the linear welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular under the linear welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular under the linear welfare
+function the Lambda weights are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the Lambda weights are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the Lambda weights are the
+weights on the individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights on the individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights on the individuals
+now what I do like about this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what I do like about this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what I do like about this is this
+math problem as it were which if there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math problem as it were which if there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math problem as it were which if there
+were a social planner we would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a social planner we would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a social planner we would be
+maximizing the weighted sum of utilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing the weighted sum of utilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing the weighted sum of utilities
+subject to allocations being in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to allocations being in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to allocations being in the
+utility possibility set so it it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility possibility set so it it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility possibility set so it it looks
+like we've ignored feasibility and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we've ignored feasibility and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we've ignored feasibility and
+everything but no the feasibility of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything but no the feasibility of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything but no the feasibility of an
+allocation is loaded into the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation is loaded into the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation is loaded into the definition
+of the utility possibility set script U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the utility possibility set script U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the utility possibility set script U
+and were constrained to pick utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and were constrained to pick utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and were constrained to pick utility
+vectors which are in that set and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors which are in that set and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors which are in that set and we're
+going to pick them in such a way as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pick them in such a way as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pick them in such a way as to
+maximize this Lambda weighted sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize this Lambda weighted sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize this Lambda weighted sum of
+utilities and we can call that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities and we can call that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities and we can call that the
+planner's problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planner's problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planner's problem
+so the big result is going to be let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the big result is going to be let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the big result is going to be let me
+say it in words that with certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it in words that with certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it in words that with certain
+relatively weak assumptions any Pareto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively weak assumptions any Pareto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively weak assumptions any Pareto
+optimal allocation that we pick will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal allocation that we pick will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal allocation that we pick will be
+a solution to the planning problem for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution to the planning problem for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution to the planning problem for
+some weights Lambda and any solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some weights Lambda and any solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some weights Lambda and any solution to
+the planning problem for a given weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the planning problem for a given weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the planning problem for a given weights
+Lambda will be Pareto optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda will be Pareto optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda will be Pareto optimal
+so the conceptualization thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the conceptualization thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the conceptualization thing here
+before we get lost in the notation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we get lost in the notation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we get lost in the notation is
+that we can now go back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can now go back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can now go back and forth
+between the Notions of Pareto optimality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the Notions of Pareto optimality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the Notions of Pareto optimality
+and the idea of maximizing the social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea of maximizing the social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea of maximizing the social
+welfare function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare function
+although the weights can vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although the weights can vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although the weights can vary
+okay so let's look at the math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's look at the math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's look at the math
+suppose we had a solution to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we had a solution to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we had a solution to the
+planner's problem seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planner's problem seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planner's problem seven
+and just to make it easier suppose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just to make it easier suppose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just to make it easier suppose the
+Lambda weights are all strictly positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda weights are all strictly positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda weights are all strictly positive
+then the first claim is that solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the first claim is that solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the first claim is that solution to
+7 must be in the Pareto set and if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 must be in the Pareto set and if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 must be in the Pareto set and if it's
+on the Pareto Frontier sorry then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the Pareto Frontier sorry then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the Pareto Frontier sorry then it
+must be Pareto optimal going the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be Pareto optimal going the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be Pareto optimal going the other
+way if the utility possibility set is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way if the utility possibility set is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way if the utility possibility set is
+convexed and closed then picking any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convexed and closed then picking any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convexed and closed then picking any
+utility on the Pareto Frontier and hence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility on the Pareto Frontier and hence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility on the Pareto Frontier and hence
+Pareto optimal we can find particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pareto optimal we can find particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pareto optimal we can find particular
+Lambda weights that makes that utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda weights that makes that utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda weights that makes that utility
+Vector a solution to the planner's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector a solution to the planner's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector a solution to the planner's
+problem all right so let's do the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem all right so let's do the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem all right so let's do the two
+parts a bit for the first part suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts a bit for the first part suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts a bit for the first part suppose
+we're given some U star that solves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're given some U star that solves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're given some U star that solves the
+planning problem at positive weights but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning problem at positive weights but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning problem at positive weights but
+Claim by contradiction that it's not on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Claim by contradiction that it's not on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Claim by contradiction that it's not on
+the Pareto Frontier Love Is On The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Pareto Frontier Love Is On The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Pareto Frontier Love Is On The
+Prater Frontier we can dominate there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prater Frontier we can dominate there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prater Frontier we can dominate there's
+a u prime vector which is no worse for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a u prime vector which is no worse for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a u prime vector which is no worse for
+all I and strictly better for J but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I and strictly better for J but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I and strictly better for J but
+since the Lambda weights are strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the Lambda weights are strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the Lambda weights are strictly
+positive we've now found a new Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive we've now found a new Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive we've now found a new Vector
+the prime vector such that the weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prime vector such that the weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prime vector such that the weighted
+average of the Prime utilities is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of the Prime utilities is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of the Prime utilities is
+strictly greater than the weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly greater than the weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly greater than the weighted
+average of the starting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of the starting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of the starting point
+hence in more cryptic notation the dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence in more cryptic notation the dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence in more cryptic notation the dot
+product Lambda U is strictly greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product Lambda U is strictly greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product Lambda U is strictly greater
+than Lambda U star but we started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than Lambda U star but we started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than Lambda U star but we started with
+the claim that we've got a solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the claim that we've got a solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the claim that we've got a solution to
+seven and we just found a feasible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven and we just found a feasible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven and we just found a feasible
+solution to 7 which gives a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to 7 which gives a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to 7 which gives a higher
+welfare number so that's a contradiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare number so that's a contradiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare number so that's a contradiction
+with me so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me so far
+okay so suppose that the utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so suppose that the utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so suppose that the utility
+possibility set is convexed and closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility set is convexed and closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility set is convexed and closed
+and take some solution U star which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take some solution U star which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take some solution U star which is
+on the Pareto Frontier and hence Pareto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the Pareto Frontier and hence Pareto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the Pareto Frontier and hence Pareto
+optimal take a vector U star which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal take a vector U star which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal take a vector U star which is
+Prato optimal it's going to be on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prato optimal it's going to be on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prato optimal it's going to be on the
+boundary and because it's on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary and because it's on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary and because it's on the
+boundary of the utility possibility set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary of the utility possibility set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary of the utility possibility set
+in turn is convex we can apply something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in turn is convex we can apply something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in turn is convex we can apply something
+called and I'll show you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called and I'll show you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called and I'll show you this
+momentarily the supporting hyperplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentarily the supporting hyperplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentarily the supporting hyperplane
+theorem which is going to give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem which is going to give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem which is going to give us
+guarantee the existence of a Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee the existence of a Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee the existence of a Lambda
+Vector such that at that Lambda Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector such that at that Lambda Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector such that at that Lambda Lambda
+dot U star is strictly greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot U star is strictly greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot U star is strictly greater than
+Lambda U for any other u in the utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda U for any other u in the utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda U for any other u in the utility
+possibility set in other words Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility set in other words Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility set in other words Lambda
+star Atlanta the particular land the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star Atlanta the particular land the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star Atlanta the particular land the
+Lambda star U is the highest possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda star U is the highest possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda star U is the highest possible
+cannot be dominated by in some senses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be dominated by in some senses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be dominated by in some senses
+weekly the highest possible Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekly the highest possible Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekly the highest possible Lambda
+weighted utility that you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted utility that you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted utility that you can get
+running over all possible other feasible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running over all possible other feasible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running over all possible other feasible
+Utilities in the utility possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Utilities in the utility possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Utilities in the utility possibilities
+set that means that U star is a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set that means that U star is a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set that means that U star is a solution
+to the planning Problem by definition so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the planning Problem by definition so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the planning Problem by definition so
+that completes the proof of going both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that completes the proof of going both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that completes the proof of going both
+ways but it kind of begs the issue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways but it kind of begs the issue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways but it kind of begs the issue of
+what the heck is this supporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the heck is this supporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the heck is this supporting
+hyperplane theorem so let me show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperplane theorem so let me show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperplane theorem so let me show you
+some pictures and this is a along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pictures and this is a along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pictures and this is a along the
+way an extremely useful tool it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way an extremely useful tool it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way an extremely useful tool it's just
+the first time that we've needed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time that we've needed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time that we've needed it
+okay so here's the utility possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's the utility possibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's the utility possibility
+set here's the U star that we picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set here's the U star that we picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set here's the U star that we picked
+it's on the Pareto Frontier so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on the Pareto Frontier so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on the Pareto Frontier so it's
+Pareto optimal and that theorem is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pareto optimal and that theorem is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pareto optimal and that theorem is true
+so I should be able to find some Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I should be able to find some Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I should be able to find some Lambda
+weight such that when I maximize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight such that when I maximize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight such that when I maximize the
+Lambda weighted sum of utilities I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda weighted sum of utilities I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda weighted sum of utilities I would
+be at a maximum at U star which visually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at a maximum at U star which visually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at a maximum at U star which visually
+you can see is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see is true
+there are other points that are Pareto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other points that are Pareto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other points that are Pareto
+optimal but they would not be maximal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal but they would not be maximal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal but they would not be maximal
+under the lambdas which are implicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the lambdas which are implicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the lambdas which are implicitly
+the slope of this red line these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope of this red line these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope of this red line these are
+Level curves we could call them ISO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Level curves we could call them ISO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Level curves we could call them ISO
+welfare curves these are Level curves of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare curves these are Level curves of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare curves these are Level curves of
+the social planner at particular Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the social planner at particular Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the social planner at particular Lambda
+weights Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights Lambda
+and it's kind of tradition to denote the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's kind of tradition to denote the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's kind of tradition to denote the
+slope by a line which is a right angled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope by a line which is a right angled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope by a line which is a right angled
+to the to the line in question so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the to the line in question so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the to the line in question so this
+Lambda going up this way is just a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda going up this way is just a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda going up this way is just a way
+to to say that the slope at this of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to say that the slope at this of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to say that the slope at this of the
+both of both the Pareto Frontier and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of both the Pareto Frontier and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of both the Pareto Frontier and the
+iso welfare curve are the same and equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iso welfare curve are the same and equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iso welfare curve are the same and equal
+to Lambda 1 over Lambda 2. all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Lambda 1 over Lambda 2. all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Lambda 1 over Lambda 2. all right so
+that's a picture of why it's true that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a picture of why it's true that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a picture of why it's true that
+when you pick a point on the Pareto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you pick a point on the Pareto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you pick a point on the Pareto
+Frontier you can find lambdas which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frontier you can find lambdas which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frontier you can find lambdas which
+makes it a solution to the programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it a solution to the programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it a solution to the programming
+problem what is this hyperplane so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem what is this hyperplane so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem what is this hyperplane so we'll
+do everything in R2 here's a line in R2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do everything in R2 here's a line in R2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do everything in R2 here's a line in R2
+and you know in higher Dimensions this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know in higher Dimensions this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know in higher Dimensions this
+is called a hyperplane fancy language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called a hyperplane fancy language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called a hyperplane fancy language
+you could probably draw it as a plane in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could probably draw it as a plane in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could probably draw it as a plane in
+R3 it gets harder to draw unless you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R3 it gets harder to draw unless you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R3 it gets harder to draw unless you're
+better than I am and rfar R4 and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than I am and rfar R4 and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than I am and rfar R4 and so on
+so but we'll stick to R2 so here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but we'll stick to R2 so here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but we'll stick to R2 so here's a
+line it's called a hyperplane and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line it's called a hyperplane and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line it's called a hyperplane and we can
+obviously talk about the half space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously talk about the half space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously talk about the half space
+above the hyper the line and the half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the hyper the line and the half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the hyper the line and the half
+space below the line so above the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space below the line so above the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space below the line so above the line
+means if we specify The Intercept C and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means if we specify The Intercept C and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means if we specify The Intercept C and
+the slope P then these sets above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope P then these sets above the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope P then these sets above the
+line the half space above is instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line the half space above is instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line the half space above is instead of
+all values Z which give no lower value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all values Z which give no lower value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all values Z which give no lower value
+than C at slopes p and vice versa for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than C at slopes p and vice versa for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than C at slopes p and vice versa for
+the lower half base here's another line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower half base here's another line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower half base here's another line
+it separates these two sets we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it separates these two sets we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it separates these two sets we could
+call one of these set a and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call one of these set a and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call one of these set a and the other
+one's set B note that they are both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's set B note that they are both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's set B note that they are both
+convex sets pick a set pick the pink one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex sets pick a set pick the pink one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex sets pick a set pick the pink one
+pick any two points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick any two points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick any two points
+then weighted average of those points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then weighted average of those points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then weighted average of those points
+are in turn in the set this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in turn in the set this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in turn in the set this is a
+separating line in the sense that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating line in the sense that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating line in the sense that the
+half space above this line contains the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half space above this line contains the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half space above this line contains the
+pink convex that is contained in that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pink convex that is contained in that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pink convex that is contained in that is
+within the half space above and the blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the half space above and the blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the half space above and the blue
+convex set is part of the half space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex set is part of the half space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex set is part of the half space
+below and that's what all this stuff up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below and that's what all this stuff up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below and that's what all this stuff up
+here says and the culmination of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here says and the culmination of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here says and the culmination of this is
+called the supporting hyperplane so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the supporting hyperplane so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the supporting hyperplane so
+again we won't run from hyper planes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we won't run from hyper planes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we won't run from hyper planes to
+separating hyperplane theorem having to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating hyperplane theorem having to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating hyperplane theorem having to
+do with convex sets to supporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with convex sets to supporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with convex sets to supporting
+hyperplane theorem so this pick this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperplane theorem so this pick this set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperplane theorem so this pick this set
+B and let's require that it be a convex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and let's require that it be a convex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and let's require that it be a convex
+set pick this point x in the set and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set pick this point x in the set and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set pick this point x in the set and on
+the boundary then the claim is we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary then the claim is we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary then the claim is we can
+find a hyperplane in particular a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a hyperplane in particular a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a hyperplane in particular a
+supporting hyperplane which is tan just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting hyperplane which is tan just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting hyperplane which is tan just
+touches the set the at X and is tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touches the set the at X and is tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touches the set the at X and is tangent
+to the boundary at X are you with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the boundary at X are you with me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the boundary at X are you with me
+so the slopes of this hyperplane are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the slopes of this hyperplane are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the slopes of this hyperplane are
+determined by P and we don't need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by P and we don't need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by P and we don't need a
+constant C anymore this is said to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant C anymore this is said to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant C anymore this is said to be a
+supporting hyperplane in the sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting hyperplane in the sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting hyperplane in the sense that
+if you picked any other X in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you picked any other X in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you picked any other X in the
+interior other than the one on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior other than the one on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior other than the one on the
+boundary any other Y in this case in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary any other Y in this case in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary any other Y in this case in
+terms of the notation it will have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the notation it will have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the notation it will have a
+return Which is less than P dot y will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return Which is less than P dot y will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return Which is less than P dot y will
+be less than P dot X so this is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be less than P dot X so this is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be less than P dot X so this is what we
+were using a moment ago this separating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were using a moment ago this separating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were using a moment ago this separating
+hyperplane theorem because I kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperplane theorem because I kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperplane theorem because I kind of
+asserted we could draw this picture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asserted we could draw this picture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asserted we could draw this picture and
+it seems really natural that we ought to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems really natural that we ought to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems really natural that we ought to
+be able to it is using the convexity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to it is using the convexity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to it is using the convexity of
+the utility possibility set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utility possibility set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utility possibility set
+and picking a point like X was three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and picking a point like X was three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and picking a point like X was three
+slides away and then drawing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides away and then drawing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides away and then drawing this
+hyperplane which is tangent and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperplane which is tangent and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperplane which is tangent and the
+separating hyperplane theorem says we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating hyperplane theorem says we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating hyperplane theorem says we
+can always do that under these weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can always do that under these weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can always do that under these weak
+assumptions like convexity that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions like convexity that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions like convexity that also
+means we can pick another one right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means we can pick another one right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means we can pick another one right if
+we picked another point on the frontier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we picked another point on the frontier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we picked another point on the frontier
+we can find a separating hyperplane but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can find a separating hyperplane but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can find a separating hyperplane but
+it clearly in this diagram at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it clearly in this diagram at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it clearly in this diagram at least
+going to have a different slope so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a different slope so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a different slope so we
+can support it we're just going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can support it we're just going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can support it we're just going to have
+to change the lambdas and that's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change the lambdas and that's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change the lambdas and that's what's
+going on here this was the initial point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here this was the initial point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here this was the initial point
+we could have picked another point if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could have picked another point if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could have picked another point if we
+did that we'd have to find new slopes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that we'd have to find new slopes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that we'd have to find new slopes
+for the supporting hyperplane so that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the supporting hyperplane so that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the supporting hyperplane so that it
+would kind of pivot and allow it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would kind of pivot and allow it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would kind of pivot and allow it to be
+tangent at this new predetermined points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent at this new predetermined points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent at this new predetermined points
+so again not to get lost this is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again not to get lost this is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again not to get lost this is how
+we're going back and forth between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going back and forth between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going back and forth between
+Pareto optimal allocations which are on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pareto optimal allocations which are on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pareto optimal allocations which are on
+the Pareto Frontier and finding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Pareto Frontier and finding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Pareto Frontier and finding the
+Lambda such that at those lambdas we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda such that at those lambdas we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda such that at those lambdas we
+would be maximizing a linear welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be maximizing a linear welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be maximizing a linear welfare
+function and you know any Pareto optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and you know any Pareto optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and you know any Pareto optimal
+point on which is on the boundary has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point on which is on the boundary has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point on which is on the boundary has to
+have that property and likewise the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that property and likewise the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that property and likewise the
+first part which was anything that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first part which was anything that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first part which was anything that is
+maximal under the welfare function must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximal under the welfare function must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximal under the welfare function must
+also be Pareto optimal and the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be Pareto optimal and the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be Pareto optimal and the proof
+there that we did was by contradiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that we did was by contradiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that we did was by contradiction
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+in notation we can parameterize Pareto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in notation we can parameterize Pareto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in notation we can parameterize Pareto
+optimal allocations by choosing Pareto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal allocations by choosing Pareto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal allocations by choosing Pareto
+weights and this Lambda and Delta sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights and this Lambda and Delta sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights and this Lambda and Delta sort
+of means they're in the Simplex which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of means they're in the Simplex which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of means they're in the Simplex which
+again without loss of generality the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again without loss of generality the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again without loss of generality the
+landas are non-negative and they add up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landas are non-negative and they add up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landas are non-negative and they add up
+to one we use Simplex earlier for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one we use Simplex earlier for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one we use Simplex earlier for
+lottery here's the second time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lottery here's the second time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lottery here's the second time that
+we're using it okay so if we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using it okay so if we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using it okay so if we want to
+maximize a particular Lambda weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize a particular Lambda weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize a particular Lambda weighted
+sum of utilities Lambda I weighting u i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of utilities Lambda I weighting u i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of utilities Lambda I weighting u i
+we can do that and find the maximum to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do that and find the maximum to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do that and find the maximum to
+it and call the solution X star and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and call the solution X star and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and call the solution X star and Y
+star but here we're going to earmark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star but here we're going to earmark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star but here we're going to earmark
+them by Lambda because it was a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them by Lambda because it was a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them by Lambda because it was a solution
+at particular lambdas this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at particular lambdas this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at particular lambdas this is just a
+repeat of consumption and production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat of consumption and production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat of consumption and production
+sets and feasibility so any solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets and feasibility so any solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets and feasibility so any solution
+that maximizes we earmark by Lambda this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maximizes we earmark by Lambda this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maximizes we earmark by Lambda this
+is a particular Pareto Optimum and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a particular Pareto Optimum and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a particular Pareto Optimum and also
+given any Pareto optimal allocation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given any Pareto optimal allocation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given any Pareto optimal allocation we
+can find the Lambda which makes it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find the Lambda which makes it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find the Lambda which makes it the
+solution so this is just restating in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so this is just restating in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so this is just restating in
+words what we already determined so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words what we already determined so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words what we already determined so the
+task of finding Pareto optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task of finding Pareto optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task of finding Pareto optimal
+allocations in the Edgeworth box is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocations in the Edgeworth box is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocations in the Edgeworth box is
+simply solving this math problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply solving this math problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply solving this math problem
+so let's apply it suppose we had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's apply it suppose we had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's apply it suppose we had this
+state space with uncertainty and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state space with uncertainty and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state space with uncertainty and this
+sort of debru tree uh about the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of debru tree uh about the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of debru tree uh about the set of
+possible outcomes at date one day two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible outcomes at date one day two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible outcomes at date one day two
+and day three we and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and day three we and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and day three we and we're going to
+index consumption by the history of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index consumption by the history of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index consumption by the history of all
+shocks leading up to that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocks leading up to that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocks leading up to that particular
+date and this was expected utility and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date and this was expected utility and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date and this was expected utility and
+this is a review slide we went over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a review slide we went over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a review slide we went over this
+last time or at least earlier not last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time or at least earlier not last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time or at least earlier not last
+time but the time before that okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but the time before that okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but the time before that okay so
+let's determine an optimal allocation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's determine an optimal allocation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's determine an optimal allocation of
+risk in this economy that has States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk in this economy that has States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk in this economy that has States
+determined at random so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined at random so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined at random so we're going to
+want to let me say it in words we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to let me say it in words we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to let me say it in words we're
+going to maximize a Lambda weighted sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to maximize a Lambda weighted sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to maximize a Lambda weighted sum
+of utilities subject to Resource
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of utilities subject to Resource
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of utilities subject to Resource
+constraints note we're not going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints note we're not going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints note we're not going to do
+this in the space of utilities we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the space of utilities we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the space of utilities we're
+going to do it in the space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do it in the space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do it in the space of
+underlying allocations but it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying allocations but it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying allocations but it's the same
+thing instead of going from allocations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing instead of going from allocations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing instead of going from allocations
+to utilities and from utilities to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to utilities and from utilities to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to utilities and from utilities to
+maximizing a Lambda weighted sum will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing a Lambda weighted sum will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing a Lambda weighted sum will
+just kind of directly search over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of directly search over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of directly search over the
+under underlying allocations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under underlying allocations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under underlying allocations
+that small typeset you may be squinting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that small typeset you may be squinting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that small typeset you may be squinting
+to try to see this here was a repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to see this here was a repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to see this here was a repeat
+from the previous Slide the utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the previous Slide the utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the previous Slide the utility
+function with a little more notation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function with a little more notation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function with a little more notation so
+this is expected utility as we studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is expected utility as we studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is expected utility as we studied
+in the second lecture on preferences and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the second lecture on preferences and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the second lecture on preferences and
+utility discounted by Beta as we kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility discounted by Beta as we kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility discounted by Beta as we kind of
+did in the storage problem and waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did in the storage problem and waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did in the storage problem and waiting
+outcomes by probabilities the summation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes by probabilities the summation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes by probabilities the summation
+here is over all dates in all states as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is over all dates in all states as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is over all dates in all states as
+in this tree and then we take those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this tree and then we take those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this tree and then we take those
+expected utility outcomes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected utility outcomes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected utility outcomes and
+pre-multiply by the Lambda weights as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-multiply by the Lambda weights as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-multiply by the Lambda weights as
+we've now been trained to do and because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've now been trained to do and because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've now been trained to do and because
+we're not in utility space and we're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not in utility space and we're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not in utility space and we're in
+base of underlying allocations we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base of underlying allocations we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base of underlying allocations we have
+to make sure that consumptions add up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that consumptions add up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that consumptions add up to
+the total here's again a bit of a switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total here's again a bit of a switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total here's again a bit of a switch
+of notation these y's are now these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of notation these y's are now these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of notation these y's are now these
+right hand size are not in are using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand size are not in are using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand size are not in are using the
+Y for endowment not for production but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y for endowment not for production but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y for endowment not for production but
+it's not that misleading so we have sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that misleading so we have sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that misleading so we have sort
+of an exogenously given set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an exogenously given set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an exogenously given set of
+endowments depending on the data in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowments depending on the data in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowments depending on the data in the
+state and they add and then consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and they add and then consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and they add and then consumption
+has to add up to that or certainly could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to add up to that or certainly could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to add up to that or certainly could
+not be greater than that because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be greater than that because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be greater than that because it
+would not be feasible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not be feasible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not be feasible
+so we'll call this the Pareto problem or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll call this the Pareto problem or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll call this the Pareto problem or
+the planner's problem for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the planner's problem for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the planner's problem for your
+particular weights Lambda what does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular weights Lambda what does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular weights Lambda what does the
+solution look like first of all let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution look like first of all let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution look like first of all let me
+tell you intuitively what's going on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you intuitively what's going on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you intuitively what's going on and
+then we can generalize it we wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can generalize it we wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can generalize it we wanted to
+maximize the Lambda weighted sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize the Lambda weighted sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize the Lambda weighted sum of
+expected utilities all I've done here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected utilities all I've done here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected utilities all I've done here is
+pull out in front of those expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull out in front of those expressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull out in front of those expressions
+the thing that is common across all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that is common across all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that is common across all the
+agents I namely the beta and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents I namely the beta and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents I namely the beta and the
+probabilities otherwise it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities otherwise it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities otherwise it's the same
+expression but maximizing one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression but maximizing one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression but maximizing one is
+equivalent to maximizing the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to maximizing the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to maximizing the other
+because this is just some scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is just some scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is just some scalar
+constant we also know that consumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant we also know that consumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant we also know that consumptions
+are going to add up to the total social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to add up to the total social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to add up to the total social
+endowment which is the sum of individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowment which is the sum of individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowment which is the sum of individual
+incomes which was I think I forgot to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomes which was I think I forgot to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomes which was I think I forgot to
+mention at the bottom of the slide this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention at the bottom of the slide this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention at the bottom of the slide this
+is the aggregate social endowment it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the aggregate social endowment it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the aggregate social endowment it's
+just the sum of the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the sum of the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the sum of the individual
+endowments so there's lots of dates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowments so there's lots of dates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowments so there's lots of dates and
+lots of States but for every date and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of States but for every date and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of States but for every date and
+state there's a particular social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state there's a particular social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state there's a particular social
+endowment so we can simplify this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowment so we can simplify this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowment so we can simplify this so
+that it looks like a static problem we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it looks like a static problem we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it looks like a static problem we
+can maximize each component one at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can maximize each component one at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can maximize each component one at a
+time and just respect the resource
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and just respect the resource
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and just respect the resource
+constraint in the objective function a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint in the objective function a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint in the objective function a
+component one at a time is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component one at a time is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component one at a time is just the
+Lambda weighted sum of utilities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda weighted sum of utilities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda weighted sum of utilities and
+this would be the resource constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be the resource constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be the resource constraint
+that consumptions have to add up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that consumptions have to add up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that consumptions have to add up
+appropriately so amazingly we've sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately so amazingly we've sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately so amazingly we've sort of
+been able to abstract away from dates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been able to abstract away from dates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been able to abstract away from dates
+and states and determine an optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and states and determine an optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and states and determine an optimal
+about to determine an optimal risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to determine an optimal risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to determine an optimal risk
+sharing rule as long as we keep track of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing rule as long as we keep track of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing rule as long as we keep track of
+the aggregate social endowment questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aggregate social endowment questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aggregate social endowment questions
+all right so another tool we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so another tool we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so another tool we can use
+that you already know is the lagrangian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you already know is the lagrangian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you already know is the lagrangian
+so we'll maximize this Lambda weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll maximize this Lambda weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll maximize this Lambda weighted
+sum of expected utilities and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of expected utilities and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of expected utilities and we'll
+throw in the constraint sets with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw in the constraint sets with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw in the constraint sets with
+LaGrange multipliers you know where Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LaGrange multipliers you know where Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LaGrange multipliers you know where Y is
+greater than and is going to end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than and is going to end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than and is going to end up
+being equal to the sum of consumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being equal to the sum of consumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being equal to the sum of consumptions
+so these thetas are the quote LaGrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these thetas are the quote LaGrange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these thetas are the quote LaGrange
+multipliers and you can think of them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipliers and you can think of them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipliers and you can think of them as
+Shadow prices like the margin utility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shadow prices like the margin utility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shadow prices like the margin utility of
+income but there are lots of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income but there are lots of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income but there are lots of them
+because we have a Theta for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have a Theta for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have a Theta for every
+possible date and all possible histories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible date and all possible histories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible date and all possible histories
+of States leading up to that date so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of States leading up to that date so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of States leading up to that date so
+there's a large number anyway Max away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a large number anyway Max away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a large number anyway Max away
+you get a for a particular date and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a for a particular date and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a for a particular date and a
+particular set of States St we'd have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular set of States St we'd have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular set of States St we'd have
+the derivative of the utility function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of the utility function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of the utility function
+with respect to its argument preceded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to its argument preceded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to its argument preceded by
+Beta And Lambda so we get this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beta And Lambda so we get this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beta And Lambda so we get this thing
+Theta to the T because it's at a t on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta to the T because it's at a t on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta to the T because it's at a t on
+the left hand side and on the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side and on the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side and on the right hand
+side we get where else does it enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side we get where else does it enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side we get where else does it enter
+here so we pick up the LaGrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we pick up the LaGrange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we pick up the LaGrange
+multiplier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier
+and then this is just a repeat of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this is just a repeat of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this is just a repeat of the
+constraints you could write it out more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints you could write it out more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints you could write it out more
+formally you know with Theta times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally you know with Theta times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally you know with Theta times the
+sum being zero and so on but the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum being zero and so on but the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum being zero and so on but the problem
+is implicitly assuming that more is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is implicitly assuming that more is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is implicitly assuming that more is
+preferred to let resources are scarce so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred to let resources are scarce so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred to let resources are scarce so
+you won't you're not going to throw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't you're not going to throw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't you're not going to throw
+anything away these first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything away these first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything away these first order
+conditions look like Lambda times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions look like Lambda times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions look like Lambda times the
+marginal utility of consumption for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal utility of consumption for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal utility of consumption for
+household one is equal to Lambda I times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household one is equal to Lambda I times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household one is equal to Lambda I times
+the marketing utility of consumption for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marketing utility of consumption for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marketing utility of consumption for
+all other households I and this is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all other households I and this is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all other households I and this is true
+overall for every eye and for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall for every eye and for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall for every eye and for all
+possible this characterizes solution for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible this characterizes solution for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible this characterizes solution for
+all possible dates and states where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible dates and states where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible dates and states where the
+aggregate social endowment is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate social endowment is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate social endowment is a
+parameter so there are how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter so there are how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter so there are how many
+households capital I so we have I minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households capital I so we have I minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households capital I so we have I minus
+1 equations here we pick up one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 equations here we pick up one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 equations here we pick up one more
+equation here we can solve this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation here we can solve this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation here we can solve this thing
+and denote the consumption of household
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and denote the consumption of household
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and denote the consumption of household
+I to be some function G of the aggregate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I to be some function G of the aggregate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I to be some function G of the aggregate
+social endowment this is a Pareto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social endowment this is a Pareto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social endowment this is a Pareto
+optimal allocation it's certainly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal allocation it's certainly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal allocation it's certainly a
+subset of the settable feasible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of the settable feasible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of the settable feasible
+allocations and it has to do with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocations and it has to do with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocations and it has to do with these
+weighted margin and utilities being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted margin and utilities being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted margin and utilities being
+equated at particular Lambda weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equated at particular Lambda weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equated at particular Lambda weights
+because utility functions are concave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because utility functions are concave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because utility functions are concave
+strictly concave if they were strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly concave if they were strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly concave if they were strictly
+concave then this G is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concave then this G is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concave then this G is going to be
+positive with a positive derivative so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive with a positive derivative so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive with a positive derivative so
+there's a monotonicity argument here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a monotonicity argument here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a monotonicity argument here
+that is if the aggregate social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is if the aggregate social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is if the aggregate social
+endowment is going up then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowment is going up then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowment is going up then the
+consumptions of all the agents are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumptions of all the agents are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumptions of all the agents are going
+up how fast they go up as a social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up how fast they go up as a social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up how fast they go up as a social
+endowment goes up is a function of the G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowment goes up is a function of the G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowment goes up is a function of the G
+and the g has an I on it that I reflects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the g has an I on it that I reflects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the g has an I on it that I reflects
+potential heterogeneity in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential heterogeneity in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential heterogeneity in the
+underlying utility functions we did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying utility functions we did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying utility functions we did not
+require that everyone has the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require that everyone has the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require that everyone has the same
+utility levels or even the same utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility levels or even the same utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility levels or even the same utility
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+and I'll show you some solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll show you some solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll show you some solutions
+momentarily so we'll eventually get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentarily so we'll eventually get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentarily so we'll eventually get to
+an application risk and insurance in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an application risk and insurance in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an application risk and insurance in
+Village India and then one with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Village India and then one with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Village India and then one with
+production we will red arrive this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production we will red arrive this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production we will red arrive this
+equation and use it but the restrictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and use it but the restrictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and use it but the restrictions
+on the data come from equations like 17.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the data come from equations like 17.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the data come from equations like 17.
+remember economic science is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember economic science is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember economic science is about
+making predictions so we have the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making predictions so we have the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making predictions so we have the whole
+economy feasibility is one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy feasibility is one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy feasibility is one way to
+restrict the prediction optimality is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrict the prediction optimality is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrict the prediction optimality is a
+further restriction on the prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further restriction on the prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further restriction on the prediction
+it's a Criterion function a metric we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a Criterion function a metric we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a Criterion function a metric we're
+going to use we've now we're now in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use we've now we're now in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use we've now we're now in the
+position to make predictions about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position to make predictions about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position to make predictions about what
+allocations ought to look like at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocations ought to look like at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocations ought to look like at least
+in this risk sharing setting and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this risk sharing setting and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this risk sharing setting and they
+have to satisfy equation seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to satisfy equation seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to satisfy equation seven
+so there are lots of things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are lots of things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are lots of things that are
+inconsistent with equation seven and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistent with equation seven and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistent with equation seven and we
+that creates a test we can go to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that creates a test we can go to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that creates a test we can go to an
+actual application and start testing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual application and start testing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual application and start testing so
+let me just give you two examples if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just give you two examples if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just give you two examples if we
+started with constant absolute risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with constant absolute risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with constant absolute risk
+aversion and that concept was introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aversion and that concept was introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aversion and that concept was introduced
+when we talked about Choice under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talked about Choice under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talked about Choice under
+uncertainty under the consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty under the consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty under the consumer
+preferences it's sort of negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences it's sort of negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences it's sort of negative
+exponential which makes the marketing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential which makes the marketing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential which makes the marketing
+utility positive this gamma J which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility positive this gamma J which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility positive this gamma J which is a
+waiting term is close to Absolute risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting term is close to Absolute risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting term is close to Absolute risk
+aversion actually one over gamma J is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aversion actually one over gamma J is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aversion actually one over gamma J is
+risk aversion the higher is gamma J here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk aversion the higher is gamma J here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk aversion the higher is gamma J here
+lower this thing is so gamma J itself is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower this thing is so gamma J itself is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower this thing is so gamma J itself is
+the inverse of risk aversion it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse of risk aversion it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse of risk aversion it's like
+Risk tolerance and I'll spare you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Risk tolerance and I'll spare you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Risk tolerance and I'll spare you the
+algebra but if you maximized a Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra but if you maximized a Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra but if you maximized a Lambda
+weighted sum of utilities subject to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted sum of utilities subject to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted sum of utilities subject to the
+aggregate social endowment being e you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate social endowment being e you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate social endowment being e you
+would get this solution so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get this solution so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get this solution so this is
+saying consumption of household one is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying consumption of household one is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying consumption of household one is a
+linear function of the the endowment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear function of the the endowment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear function of the the endowment
+this is the intercept and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the intercept and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the intercept and this is the
+slope The Intercept has to do with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope The Intercept has to do with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope The Intercept has to do with those
+Lambda weights so very naturally in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda weights so very naturally in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda weights so very naturally in this
+case the higher is Lambda 1 then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the higher is Lambda 1 then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the higher is Lambda 1 then the
+higher is the log of this ratio and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher is the log of this ratio and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher is the log of this ratio and the
+higher will be the level of consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher will be the level of consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher will be the level of consumption
+of household one and the only thing left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of household one and the only thing left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of household one and the only thing left
+is how those consumptions will change as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how those consumptions will change as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how those consumptions will change as
+we change the aggregate social endowment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we change the aggregate social endowment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we change the aggregate social endowment
+determined over time or randomly or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined over time or randomly or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined over time or randomly or
+whatever and it's saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and it's saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and it's saying that
+consumption of household one will go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption of household one will go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption of household one will go up
+with e at a faster rate than for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with e at a faster rate than for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with e at a faster rate than for
+household two the higher is Gamma 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household two the higher is Gamma 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household two the higher is Gamma 1
+relative to Gamma 2. Gamma 1 as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to Gamma 2. Gamma 1 as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to Gamma 2. Gamma 1 as I said
+is like Risk tolerance it's the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like Risk tolerance it's the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like Risk tolerance it's the inverse
+of risk aversion so now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of risk aversion so now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of risk aversion so now we're
+introducing some Randomness in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing some Randomness in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing some Randomness in the
+economy's GDP and the issue is who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy's GDP and the issue is who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy's GDP and the issue is who's
+going to bear that risk who's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to bear that risk who's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to bear that risk who's going to
+suffer in recessions who's going to Bear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffer in recessions who's going to Bear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffer in recessions who's going to Bear
+you know the bonus of being in a boom we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the bonus of being in a boom we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the bonus of being in a boom we
+have risk aversion so the guy that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have risk aversion so the guy that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have risk aversion so the guy that's
+most risk-averse with the one over gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most risk-averse with the one over gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most risk-averse with the one over gamma
+would be the one where this is close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the one where this is close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the one where this is close to
+zero meaning that his concern his or her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero meaning that his concern his or her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero meaning that his concern his or her
+consumption is pretty stable against the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption is pretty stable against the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption is pretty stable against the
+aggregate social endowment and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate social endowment and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate social endowment and the other
+guy sparing all the risk but that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy sparing all the risk but that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy sparing all the risk but that's a
+Pareto optimal allocation the riskiest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pareto optimal allocation the riskiest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pareto optimal allocation the riskiest
+person should bear the brunt of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person should bear the brunt of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person should bear the brunt of the
+aggregate fluctuations here's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate fluctuations here's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate fluctuations here's another
+example this is constant relative risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this is constant relative risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this is constant relative risk
+aversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aversion
+a version of which you saw before we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a version of which you saw before we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a version of which you saw before we're
+going to raise consumption to the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to raise consumption to the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to raise consumption to the power
+d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d
+this is actually consumption over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually consumption over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually consumption over and
+above subsistence as here so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above subsistence as here so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above subsistence as here so the
+consumption set has a positive lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption set has a positive lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption set has a positive lower
+bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound
+and the distance this is the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the distance this is the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the distance this is the distance
+from that subsistence consumption raised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that subsistence consumption raised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that subsistence consumption raised
+to the power D and when you solve these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the power D and when you solve these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the power D and when you solve these
+equations they're linear and again you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations they're linear and again you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations they're linear and again you
+get an intercept and a slope however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an intercept and a slope however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an intercept and a slope however
+it's a bit different from before because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bit different from before because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bit different from before because
+the intercept contains not only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intercept contains not only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intercept contains not only the
+Lambda weights but it contains the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda weights but it contains the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda weights but it contains the a
+thing which is related to the D related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which is related to the D related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which is related to the D related
+to the power in the utility function it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the power in the utility function it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the power in the utility function it
+looks like higher Lambda is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like higher Lambda is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like higher Lambda is going to
+lower consumption but then you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower consumption but then you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower consumption but then you got to
+remember Lambda is a number between 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember Lambda is a number between 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember Lambda is a number between 0
+and 1 we're taking it to a power so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1 we're taking it to a power so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1 we're taking it to a power so you
+can make it smaller instead of bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make it smaller instead of bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make it smaller instead of bigger
+Etc so when you do it right and think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc so when you do it right and think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc so when you do it right and think
+about it it does mean that higher Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it it does mean that higher Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it it does mean that higher Lambda
+1 is associated with higher levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 is associated with higher levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 is associated with higher levels of
+consumption but it's weighted by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption but it's weighted by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption but it's weighted by the
+risks effectively by risk aversion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks effectively by risk aversion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks effectively by risk aversion and
+by the subsistence level of consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the subsistence level of consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the subsistence level of consumption
+and now if we vary the aggregate social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now if we vary the aggregate social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now if we vary the aggregate social
+endowment the allocations will change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowment the allocations will change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowment the allocations will change
+but they're not going to go up one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're not going to go up one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're not going to go up one to
+one the way they did before that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the way they did before that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the way they did before that's going
+to be determined by both the Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be determined by both the Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be determined by both the Lambda
+weights as well as risk aversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights as well as risk aversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights as well as risk aversion
+both those pictures constant absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both those pictures constant absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both those pictures constant absolute
+risk aversion and constant relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk aversion and constant relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk aversion and constant relative
+original version look like this with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original version look like this with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original version look like this with
+different slopes and different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different slopes and different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different slopes and different
+intercepts and then this is I'm not and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercepts and then this is I'm not and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercepts and then this is I'm not and
+I probably should have written out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I probably should have written out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I probably should have written out the
+underlying utility functions but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying utility functions but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying utility functions but you can
+think of this as one person having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this as one person having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this as one person having
+constant relative risk version the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant relative risk version the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant relative risk version the other
+one having constant absolute risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one having constant absolute risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one having constant absolute risk
+aversion and then you get non-linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aversion and then you get non-linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aversion and then you get non-linear
+schedules but they are both monotone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedules but they are both monotone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedules but they are both monotone
+increasing as predicted but now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing as predicted but now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing as predicted but now the
+slopes vary and the levels are clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slopes vary and the levels are clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slopes vary and the levels are clearly
+different depending on the aggregate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different depending on the aggregate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different depending on the aggregate
+social endowment e but we can still put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social endowment e but we can still put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social endowment e but we can still put
+restrictions on the data so those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions on the data so those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions on the data so those are
+three pictures and we're going to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three pictures and we're going to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three pictures and we're going to come
+back to these pictures when we do one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to these pictures when we do one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to these pictures when we do one of
+the applications which is dividing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the applications which is dividing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the applications which is dividing a
+bland in medieval England we've referred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bland in medieval England we've referred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bland in medieval England we've referred
+to this several times we're actually now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this several times we're actually now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this several times we're actually now
+empowered with the tools to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empowered with the tools to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empowered with the tools to be able to
+analyze that application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze that application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze that application
+all right are there questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right are there questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right are there questions
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so again next Thursday we're gonna not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again next Thursday we're gonna not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again next Thursday we're gonna not
+have another new lecture we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another new lecture we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another new lecture we're gonna
+have a review session over the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a review session over the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a review session over the first
+seven of them including this one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven of them including this one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven of them including this one so
+review the material take advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review the material take advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review the material take advantage of
+the opportunity feel free to ask me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opportunity feel free to ask me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opportunity feel free to ask me
+questions and I I will try to provide a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and I I will try to provide a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and I I will try to provide a
+summary of what we've done so far in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary of what we've done so far in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary of what we've done so far in the
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+okay thank you very much
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Ey25vULQ6YM.txt b/Ey25vULQ6YM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b928f05ed07138ceb68c95648212c79957cfaaa4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Ey25vULQ6YM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2666 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: And this is a
+question based on where we
+
+left off on Wednesday -- we were
+talking about Coulomb's
+
+force law to describe the
+interaction between two
+
+particles, and good job, most
+of you got this correct.
+
+So, what we're looking at here
+is the force when we have two
+
+charged particles, one positive,
+one negative --
+
+here, the nucleus
+and an electron.
+
+So, I know this is a simple
+example and I can see everyone
+
+pretty much got it right, and
+probably those that didn't
+
+actually made some sort of
+clicker error is my guess.
+
+But I wanted to use this to
+point out that in this class
+
+in general, any time you see
+an equation to explain a
+
+certain phenomenon, such as here
+looking at force, it's a
+
+good idea to check yourself by
+first plugging it into the
+
+actual equation, so you can
+plug in infinity and this
+
+equation here, and what you
+would see is, of course, the
+
+force, if you just solve the
+math problem goes to zero.
+
+But you can also look at it
+qualitatively, so, if you
+
+think about the force between
+the electron and the proton,
+
+you could just qualitatively
+think about what's happening.
+
+If they're close together
+there's a certain force --
+
+they're attracted because they
+have opposite charges, but as
+
+that gets further and further
+away, that force is going to
+
+get smaller and smaller, and
+eventually the force is going
+
+to approach zero.
+
+So, it's a good kind of mental
+check as we go through this
+
+course to remember every time
+there's an equation, usually
+
+there's a very good reason for
+that equation, and you can go
+
+ahead and just use your
+qualitative knowledge, you
+
+don't have to just always stick
+with the math to check
+
+and justify your answers.
+
+So, we can get started with
+today's lecture notes.
+
+And, as I mentioned, we left
+off and as we started back
+
+here to describe the atom and
+how the atom holds together
+
+the nucleus and the electron
+using classical mechanics.
+
+And today we'll finish that
+discussion, and, of course,
+
+point out actually the failure
+of classical mechanics to
+
+appropriately describe what's
+going on in an atom.
+
+So, then we'll get to turn to
+a new kind of mechanics or
+
+quantum mechanics, which will
+in fact be able to describe
+
+what's happening on this very,
+very small size scale -- so on
+
+the atomic size scale on the
+order of nanometers or
+
+angstroms, very small
+particles.
+
+And the reason that quantum
+mechanics is going to work
+
+where classical mechanics
+fails is that classical
+
+mechanics did not take into
+account the fact that matter
+
+has both wave-like and
+particle-like properties, and
+
+light has both wave-like and
+particle-like properties.
+
+So, we'll take a little bit of a
+step back after we introduce
+
+quantum mechanics, and talk
+about light as a wave, and the
+
+characteristic of waves, and
+then light as a particle.
+
+And one example of this is in
+the photoelectric effect.
+
+So, we just talked about the
+force law to describe the
+
+interaction between a proton
+and an electron.
+
+You told me that when the
+distance went to infinity, the
+
+force went to zero.
+
+What happens instead when the
+distance goes to zero?
+
+What happens to the force?
+
+Yeah.
+
+So, the force actually goes to
+infinity, and specifically it
+
+goes to negative infinity.
+
+Infinity is the force when we're
+thinking about it and
+
+our brains, negative infinity
+is when we actually plug it
+
+into the equation here, and the
+reason is the convention
+
+that the negative sign is just
+telling us the direction that
+
+the force is coming together
+instead of pushing apart.
+
+So, we can use Coulomb's force
+law to think about the force
+
+between these two particles --
+and it does that, it tells us
+
+the force is a function
+of that distance.
+
+But what it does not tell us,
+which if we're trying to
+
+describe an atom we really want
+to know, is what happens
+
+to the distance as
+time passes?
+
+So, r is a function of time.
+
+But luckily for us, there's a
+classical equation of motion
+
+that will, in fact, describe how
+the electron and nucleus
+
+change position or change
+their radius as
+
+a function of time.
+
+So, that's -- does anyone know
+which classical law of motion
+
+that would be?
+
+Yup, so it's going to be
+Newton's second law, force
+
+equals mass times acceleration
+-- those of you that are quick
+
+page-turners, have a little
+one-up on answering that.
+
+And that tells us force as a
+function of acceleration, we
+
+want to know it though as a
+function of radius, so we can
+
+just take the first derivative
+and get ourselves to velocity.
+
+So, force is equal to
+mass times dv /dt.
+
+But, of course, we want to go
+all the way to distance, so we
+
+take the second derivative and
+we have this equation for
+
+force here.
+
+And what we can do in order
+to bring the two equations
+
+together, is to plug in the
+Coulomb force law right here.
+
+So, now we have our Coulomb
+force law all plugged in here,
+
+and we have this differential
+equation that we could solve,
+
+if we wanted to figure out
+what the force was at
+
+different times t, or at
+different positions of r.
+
+So, all you will have the
+opportunity to solve
+
+differential equations in
+your math courses here.
+
+We won't do it in this
+chemistry course.
+
+In later chemistry courses,
+you'll also get to solve
+
+differential equations.
+
+But instead in this chemistry
+course, I will just tell you
+
+the solutions to differential
+equations.
+
+And what we can do is we can
+start with some initial value
+
+of r, and here I write r being
+ten angstroms. That's a good
+
+approximation when we're talking
+about atoms, because
+
+that's about the size
+of and atom.
+
+So, let's say we start off
+at the distance being ten
+
+angstroms. We can plug that
+into this differential
+
+equation that we'll have and
+solve it, and what we find out
+
+is that r actually goes to zero
+at a time that's equal to
+
+10 to the negative 10 seconds.
+
+So, let's think qualitatively
+for a second about what that
+
+means or what the real
+meaning of that is.
+
+What that is telling us is that
+according to Newtonian
+
+mechanics and Coulomb's force
+law, is that the electron
+
+should actually plummet into
+the nucleus in 0.1
+
+nanoseconds.
+
+So, we have a little bit
+of a problem here.
+
+And the problem that we have
+is that what we're figuring
+
+out mathematically is not
+exactly matching up with what
+
+we're observing experimentally.
+
+And, in fact, it's often kind of
+difficult to experimentally
+
+test your mathematical
+predictions -- a lot of people
+
+spend many, many years testing
+one single mathematical
+
+prediction.
+
+But, I think all of us right
+now can probably test this
+
+prediction right here, and we're
+observing that, in fact,
+
+all of us and all the atoms we
+can see are not immediately
+
+collapsing in less than
+a nanosecond.
+
+So, just, if you can take what
+I'm saying for a moment right
+
+now that in fact this should
+collapse in this very small
+
+time frame, we have to see that
+there's a problem with
+
+one of these two things, either
+the Coulomb force law
+
+or Newtonian mechanics.
+
+So, what do you guys think is
+probably the issue here?
+
+So, it's Newtonian mechanics,
+and the reason for this is
+
+because Newtonian mechanics does
+not work on this very,
+
+very small size scale.
+
+As we said, Newtonian mechanics
+does work in most
+
+cases, it does work when we're
+discussing things that we can
+
+see, it does work even
+on things that are
+
+too small to measure.
+
+But once we got to the atomic
+size scale, what happens is we
+
+need to be taking into account
+the fact that matter has these
+
+wave-like properties, and we'll
+learn more about that
+
+later, but essentially classical
+mechanics does not
+
+take that into account at all.
+
+So, we need a new kind of
+mechanics, which is quantum
+
+mechanics, which will accurately
+explain the
+
+behavior of molecules
+on this small scale.
+
+So, as I mentioned, the real
+key to quantum mechanics is
+
+that it's treating matter not
+just like it's a particle,
+
+which is what we were just
+doing, but also like it's a
+
+wave, and it treats light
+that way, too.
+
+The second important point to
+quantum mechanics is that it
+
+actually considers the fact that
+light consists of these
+
+discrete packets or
+particle-like pieces of
+
+energy, which are
+called photons.
+
+And if you think about what's
+actually happening here, this
+
+second point that light
+consists of photons is
+
+actually the same thing as
+saying that light shows
+
+particle-like properties, but
+that's such an important point
+
+that I put it separately, and
+we'll cover that separately as
+
+we go along.
+
+So, we now have this new way
+of thinking about how a
+
+nucleus and an electron can
+hang together, and this is
+
+quantum mechanics, and we can
+use this to come up with a new
+
+way to describe our atom and the
+behavior of atoms. But the
+
+problem is before we do this,
+it makes sense to take a
+
+little bit of a step back and
+actually make sure we're all
+
+on the same page and
+understanding why quantum
+
+mechanics is so important and
+how it works, and specifically
+
+understanding what we mean when
+we say that light is both
+
+a particle and a wave, and that
+matter is both a particle
+
+and a wave. So, we'll move on to
+this discussion of light as
+
+a wave, and we really won't
+pick up into going back to
+
+applying quantum mechanics to
+the atom until Friday, but in
+
+the meantime, we'll really get
+to understand the wave
+
+particle duality of light
+and of matter.
+
+So, we'll start with thinking
+about some properties of waves
+
+that are going to be applicable
+to all waves that
+
+we're talking about, including
+light waves.
+
+The easiest kind of waves for us
+to picture are ocean waves
+
+or water waves, because we can,
+in fact, see them, but
+
+they have similar properties
+to all waves.
+
+And those properties include
+that you have this periodic
+
+variation of some property.
+
+So, when we're talking about
+water waves, the property
+
+we're discussing is just
+the water level.
+
+So, for example, we have this
+average level, and then it can
+
+go high where we have the peak,
+or it can go very low.
+
+We can also discuss sound waves,
+so again it's just the
+
+periodic variation of some
+property -- in this case we're
+
+talking about density, so we
+have high density areas and
+
+low density areas.
+
+So, regardless of the type of
+wave that we're talking about,
+
+there's some common definitions
+that we want to
+
+make sure that we're all
+able to use, and
+
+the first is amplitude.
+
+And when we're talking about
+the amplitude of the wave,
+
+we're talking about
+the deviation from
+
+that average level.
+
+So, if we define the average
+level as zero, you can have
+
+either a positive amplitude
+or a negative amplitude.
+
+So, sometimes people get
+confused when they're solving
+
+problems and call the amplitude
+this distance all
+
+the way from the max to the
+min, but it's only half of
+
+that because we're only going
+back to the average level.
+
+So, what we really want to
+talk about here is light
+
+waves, and light waves have the
+same properties as these
+
+other kind of waves in that
+they're the periodic variation
+
+of some property.
+
+So, when we're discussing
+light waves, what we're
+
+talking about is actually
+light or electromagnetic
+
+radiation, is what we'll
+be calling it
+
+throughout the course.
+
+And that's the periodic
+variation
+
+of an electric field.
+
+So, instead of having the
+periodic variation of water,
+
+or the periodic variation of
+air density, here we're
+
+talking about an
+electric field.
+
+We know what an electric field
+is, it's just a space through
+
+which a Coulomb force
+operates.
+
+And the important thing to
+think about when you're
+
+talking about the fact that it's
+a periodic variation, is
+
+if you put a charged particle
+somewhere into an electric
+
+field, it will, of course, go in
+a certain direction toward
+
+the charge it's attracted to.
+
+But you need to think about the
+difference, if you have a
+
+particle here on your wave, it
+will go in one direction.
+
+But remember, waves don't just
+have magnitude, they also do
+
+have direction.
+
+So, if instead you put your
+particle somewhere down here
+
+on the electric field, or on the
+wave, the electric field
+
+will now be in the other
+direction, so your particle
+
+will be pushed the other way.
+
+And from physics you know that,
+of course, if we have a
+
+propagating electric field, we
+also have a perpendicular
+
+magnetic field that's going
+back and forth.
+
+But in terms of worrying about
+using the concepts of a wave
+
+to solve chemistry problems in
+this course, we can actually
+
+put aside the fact, and only
+focus on the electric field
+
+part of things, because that's
+what's going to be interacting
+
+with our charged particles,
+such as our electrons.
+
+So, other properties of waves
+that you probably are all
+
+familiar with but I just want
+to review is the idea of a
+
+wavelength.
+
+If we're talking about the
+wavelength of a wave, we're
+
+just talking about the distance
+that there is between
+
+successive maxima, or of course,
+we can also be talking
+
+about the distance between
+successive minima.
+
+Basically, we can take any point
+on the wave, and it's
+
+the distance to that same point
+later on in the wave.
+
+So, that's what we call
+one wavelength.
+
+We also commonly discuss the
+frequency of a wave, and the
+
+frequency is just the number of
+cycles that that wave goes
+
+through per unit time.
+
+So, by a cycle we'd basically
+mean how many times we cycle
+
+through a complete wavelength.
+
+So, if something cycles through
+five wavelengths in a
+
+single second, we would just say
+that the frequency of that
+
+wave is five per second.
+
+We can also mathematically
+describe what's going on here
+
+other than just graphing it.
+
+So, if we want to look at the
+mathematical equation of a
+
+wave, we want to describe --
+again as I mention, what we're
+
+describing is the electric
+field, we're not worrying
+
+about the magnetic field here,
+as a function of x and t
+
+that's equal to a cosine [
+2 pi x over wavelength,
+
+minus 2 pi nu t ].
+
+And note this is the
+Greek letter nu.
+
+This is not a v. Where we have
+E, which is equal to the
+
+electric field, what is x?
+
+STUDENT: Position.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yup, the position of
+the wave. And what about t?
+
+Yeah, so we're talking about
+both position and time.
+
+So what we can do if we're
+talking about a wave is think
+
+of it both in terms of position
+time, but if we're
+
+trying to visualize this -- for
+example if we're actually
+
+to graph this out, the easiest
+thing to do is keep one of
+
+these two variables constant,
+either the x or the t, and
+
+then just consider the
+other variable.
+
+So, for example, if we're to
+hold the time constant, this
+
+makes it a lot simpler of an
+equation, because what we can
+
+end up doing is actually
+crossing out
+
+this whole term here.
+
+So what we're left with is just
+that the electric field
+
+as a function of distance is a
+times cosine of the argument
+
+there, which is now just
+2 pi x over wavelength.
+
+So, what we want to be able to
+do, either when we're looking
+
+at the graph or looking at the
+equation up there, is to think
+
+about different properties of
+the wave. For example, to
+
+think about at what point do we
+have the wave where it's at
+
+its maximum amplitude?
+
+So, if we think about that, we
+need to have a point where
+
+we're making this argument of
+the cosine such that the
+
+cosine is going to all be equal
+to one, so all we're
+
+left with is that a term.
+
+So, we can do that basically
+any time that we have an
+
+integer variable that is either
+zero or an integer
+
+variable of the wavelength.
+
+So, for example, negative
+wavelength or positive
+
+wavelength are two times the
+wavelength, because that lets
+
+us cross out the term with the
+wavelength here, and we're
+
+left with some integer
+multiple of just pi.
+
+So, that's sort of the
+mathematically how we get to
+
+a, but we can also just look
+at the graph here, because
+
+every time we go one wavelength,
+we can see that
+
+we're back in a maximum.
+
+So, I mentioned we should be
+able to figure out where the
+
+maximum amplitude is.
+
+You should also just looking at
+an equation, immediately be
+
+able to figure out what that
+maximum amplitude is in terms
+
+of the height of it just by
+looking at that a-term, here
+
+we should also be able to know
+the intensity of any light
+
+wave, because intensity is just
+the amplitude squared.
+
+So, we should immediately be
+able to know how bright or how
+
+intense a light is just looking
+at the wave equation,
+
+or just by looking at a graph.
+
+We can also do a similar
+thing, and I'll keep my
+
+distance from the board, but
+we can instead be holding x
+
+constant, for example, putting
+x to be equal to zero, and
+
+then all we're doing is
+considering the electric field
+
+as a function of t.
+
+So, in this case we're crossing
+out the first term
+
+there, and we're left with
+amplitude times the cosine of
+
+2 pi nu times t.
+
+And, of course, we can do the
+same thing again, we can think
+
+about when the amplitude is
+going to be at its maximum,
+
+and it's going to be any time
+cosine of this term now is
+
+equal to one.
+
+So that will be at, for example,
+negative 1 over nu,
+
+or 0, or 1 over nu.
+
+And again, we can just look at
+our graph to figure that out,
+
+that's exactly where
+we're at a maximum.
+
+So, 1 over nu is another term
+we use and we call it the
+
+period of a wave, and the period
+is just the inverse of
+
+the frequency.
+
+And if we think about frequency,
+that's number of
+
+cycles per unit time.
+
+So, for example, number of
+cycles per second, whereas the
+
+period is how much time it takes
+for one cycle to occur.
+
+And when we talk about units of
+frequency, in almost every
+
+case, you'll be talking about
+number of cycles per second.
+
+So, you can just write
+inverse second, the
+
+cycle part is assumed.
+
+But you'll also frequently see
+it called Hertz, so, Hz here.
+
+So, if you're talking about five
+cycles per second, you
+
+can write five per second, or
+you can write five Hertz.
+
+The one thing you want to keep
+in mind though is that Hertz
+
+does not actually mean
+inverse seconds, it
+
+means cycles per second.
+
+So, if you're talking about a
+car going so many meters per
+
+second, you can't say it's going
+meter Hertz, you have to
+
+say meters per second.
+
+So, this really just means
+for frequency,
+
+it's a frequency label.
+
+Alright.
+
+So, since we have these terms
+defined, we know the frequency
+
+and the wavelength, it turns
+out we can also think about
+
+the speed of the wave, and
+specifically of a light wave,
+
+and speed and is just equal to
+the distance that's traveled
+
+divided by the time
+the elapsed.
+
+And because we've defined these
+terms, we have ways to
+
+describe these things.
+
+So, we can describe the distance
+that's traveled, it's
+
+just a wavelength here.
+
+And we can think about how
+long it takes for a wave,
+
+because waves are, we know not
+just changing in position, but
+
+the whole wave is moving forward
+with time, we can
+
+think about how long it takes
+for wave to go one wavelength.
+
+So, one distance that's
+equal to lambda.
+
+So, how much time would that
+take, does anyone know?
+
+So, would it take, for example,
+the same amount of
+
+time as the frequency?
+
+The period, that's right.
+
+So, it's going to take one
+period to move that long.
+
+And another way we can say
+period is just 1 over nu or 1
+
+over the frequency So, now
+we know both the distance
+
+traveled and the time
+the elapsed.
+
+So, we can just plug it in.
+
+Speed is equal to the distance
+traveled, which is lambda over
+
+the time elapsed, which is 1
+over nu. so, we can re-write
+
+that as speed is equal to lambda
+times nu, and it turns
+
+out typically this is reported
+in meters per second or
+
+nanometers per second.
+
+So, now we have an equation
+where we know the relationship
+
+between speed and wavelength
+and frequency, and it turns
+
+out that we could take any wave,
+and as long as we know
+
+the frequency and the
+wavelength, we'll be able to
+
+figure out the speed.
+
+But, of course, there's
+something very special about
+
+electromagnetic waves,
+electromagnetic
+
+radiation and the speed.
+
+And it's not really surprising
+for me to tell you that
+
+electromagnetic radiation has
+a constant speed, and that
+
+speed is what we call the speed
+of light, and typically
+
+we abbreviate that as c, and
+that's from the Latin term
+
+celeritas, which means
+speed in Latin.
+
+That's one of four or five Latin
+words I remember from
+
+four years of high school Latin,
+but it comes in handy
+
+to remember speed of light.
+
+And some of you may have
+memorized what the speed of
+
+light is in high school -- it's
+about 3 times 10 to the 8
+
+meters per second.
+
+This is another example of
+a constant that you will
+
+accidentally memorize in this
+course as you use it over and
+
+over again.
+
+But again, that we will supply
+for you on the exam just in
+
+case you forget it
+at that moment.
+
+And this is a very fast speed,
+of course, it's about 700
+
+million miles per hour.
+
+So, one way to put that in
+perspective is to think about
+
+how long it takes for a
+light beam to get from
+
+earth to the moon.
+
+Does anyone have any guesses?
+
+Eight seconds, that
+sounds good.
+
+Anyone else?
+
+These are all really good
+guesses, so it actually takes
+
+1.2 seconds for light
+to travel from the
+
+earth to the moon.
+
+So, we're talking pretty
+fast, so that's nice to
+
+appreciate in itself.
+
+But other than that point, we
+can also think about the fact
+
+that frequency and wavelength
+are related in a way that now
+
+since we know the speed of
+light, if we know one we can
+
+tell the other.
+
+So, you can go ahead and switch
+us to our clicker
+
+question here.
+
+So, we should be able to look
+at different types of waves
+
+and be able to figure out
+something about both their
+
+frequency and their wavelength,
+and know the
+
+relationship between the two.
+
+So, it's up on this screen
+here now, so we'll work
+
+on the other one.
+
+If you can identify which of
+these statements is correct
+
+based on what you know about
+the relationship between
+
+frequency and wavelength
+and also just
+
+looking at the waves.
+
+Alright.
+
+So, let's give ten more
+seconds on that.
+
+So, ten seconds on that.
+
+Alright.
+
+So, good job.
+
+So, most people could recognize
+that light wave a
+
+has the shorter wavelength.
+
+We can see that just by looking
+at the graph itself --
+
+we can see, certainly, this is
+shorter from maxima to maxima.
+
+This we can't even see
+the next maxima,
+
+so it's much longer.
+
+And then, we also know that
+means that it has the higher
+
+frequency, because our
+relationship between
+
+wavelength and frequency
+are inversely related.
+
+And also, we know the
+speed of light.
+
+So, if we think about if it's a
+shorter wavelength, we'll be
+
+able to get a lot more
+wavelengths in, in a given
+
+time, than we would for
+a longer wavelength.
+
+So, we can switch back to the
+notes and think about what
+
+this means, and what this means
+when we're talking about
+
+all the different kinds of light
+waves we have, and I've
+
+shown a bunch here, is that if
+we have the wavelength, we
+
+also know the frequency
+of these wavelengths.
+
+So, for example, radio waves,
+which have very long
+
+wavelengths have very
+low frequencies.
+
+Whereas where we go to waves
+that have very short
+
+wavelengths, such a x-rays or
+cosmic rays, they, in turn,
+
+have very high frequencies.
+
+So, it's important to get a
+little bit of a sense of what
+
+all these different kinds
+of lights do.
+
+You're absolutely not
+responsible to memorize what
+
+the wavelengths of the different
+types of lights are,
+
+but you do want to be
+able to know the
+
+general order of them.
+
+So, if someone tells you they're
+using UV light versus
+
+x-ray light, you know that the
+x-ray light is, in fact, at a
+
+higher frequency.
+
+So that's the important
+take-away
+
+message from this slide.
+
+If we think about these
+different types of lights,
+
+microwave light, if it's
+absorbed by a molecule, is a
+
+sufficient amount of frequency
+and energy to get those
+
+molecules to rotate.
+
+That, of course, generates
+heat, so that's how your
+
+microwaves work.
+
+If we talk about infrared light,
+which is at a higher
+
+frequency here and a shorter
+wavelength, infrared light
+
+when it's absorbed by molecules
+actually is enough
+
+to cause molecules
+now to vibrate.
+
+If we move up to the more
+high-frequency and divisible
+
+light and all the way into UV
+light, if you shine UV light
+
+at certain molecules, it's going
+to have enough energy to
+
+actually pop those electrons
+in that molecule up to a
+
+higher energy level, which will
+make more sense once we
+
+talk about energy levels in
+atoms, but that's what UV
+
+light can do.
+
+And actually, that's responsible
+for fluorescence
+
+and phosphorescence that
+you see where typically
+
+UV light comes in.
+
+So, if you use a black lamp or
+something and you excite
+
+something up to a higher energy
+level and then it
+
+relaxes back down to its lower
+energy state, it's going to
+
+emit a new wavelength of light,
+which is going to be
+
+visible to you.
+
+X-rays are at even a higher
+frequency, and those are
+
+sufficient to actually be
+absorbed by a molecule and pop
+
+an electron all the way
+out of that molecule.
+
+You can see how that would be
+damaging to the integrity of
+
+that molecule, that's why x-rays
+are so damaging -- you
+
+don't want to have electrons
+disappearing for no good
+
+reason from your molecules that
+can cause the kind of
+
+mutations we don't want to
+be seeing in ourselves.
+
+And then also as we go
+higher, we have gamma
+
+rays and cosmic rays.
+
+Within the visible range of what
+we can see, you also want
+
+to know this relative order
+that's pretty easy -- most of
+
+us have memorized that
+in kindergarten, so
+
+that should be fine.
+
+Just remembering that violet is
+the end that actually has
+
+the shortest wavelength, which
+means that it also has, of
+
+course, the highest frequency.
+
+So, just an interesting fact
+about this set of light, which
+
+we're most familiar with, if we
+think about our vision, it
+
+turns out that our vision's
+actually logarithmic and it's
+
+centered around this
+green frequency.
+
+So, if instead of a red laser
+pointer here, I had a green
+
+one, you'd actually, to our
+eyes, it would seem like the
+
+green one was brighter, even if
+the intensity was the same,
+
+and that's just because our
+eyes are centered and
+
+logarithmic around this
+green frequency set.
+
+So, using the relationship
+between frequency and
+
+wavelength, we can actually
+understand a lot about what's
+
+going on, and pretty soon
+we'll also draw the
+
+relationship very soon to
+energy, so it will be even
+
+more informative then.
+
+But I just want to point out one
+of the many, many groups
+
+at MIT that works with different
+fluorescing types of
+
+molecules, and this is Professor
+Bawendi's laboratory
+
+at MIT, and he works
+with quantum dots.
+
+And quantum dots are these just
+very tiny, tiny crystals
+
+of semiconductor material.
+
+They're on the order of one to
+ten nanometers, and these can
+
+be shined on with UV light --
+they have a lot of different
+
+interesting properties, but one
+I'll mention is that if
+
+you excite them with UV light,
+they will have some of the
+
+electrons move to a higher
+energy state, and when they
+
+drop back down, they actually
+emit light with a wavelength
+
+that corresponds with the size
+of the actual quantum dot.
+
+So, from what we know so far,
+we should be able to look at
+
+any of these quantum dots,
+which are depicted as a
+
+cartoon here, but here we have
+an actual picture of the
+
+quantum dots suspended in some
+sort of solution and shone on
+
+with UV light, and you can see
+that you can achieve this
+
+whole beautiful range of colors
+just by modulating the
+
+size of the different dots.
+
+And we should be able to know if
+we're looking at a red dot
+
+-- is a red dot, it's going to
+have a longer wavelength, so
+
+is this a higher or
+lower frequency?
+
+Yeah, and similarly, if someone
+tells us that their
+
+dot is blue-shifted, that should
+automatically in our
+
+heads tell us, oh it shifted
+to a higher frequency.
+
+And these dots are really
+interesting in that you can,
+
+I'm sure by looking at this
+picture, already imagine just
+
+a whole slew of different
+biological or sensing
+
+applications that you
+could think of.
+
+For example, if you were trying
+to study different
+
+protein interactions, you could
+think about labeling
+
+them with different colored
+dots, or there's also a bunch
+
+of different fluorescent
+techniques that you could
+
+apply using these dots, or you
+could think of in-vivo
+
+sensing, how useful these could
+be if you could think of
+
+a way to get them into your body
+without being too toxic,
+
+for example.
+
+These are all things that the
+Bawendi group is working on.
+
+What they are real experts in is
+synthesizing many different
+
+kinds of these dots, and they
+have a synthetic scheme that's
+
+used by research groups
+around the world.
+
+The Bawendi group also
+collaborates with people, both
+
+at different schools
+and at MIT.
+
+One example, on some of their
+biochemistry applications is
+
+with another Professor at MIT,
+Alice Ting and her lab.
+
+So really what I want to point
+out here is as we get more
+
+into describing quantum
+mechanics, these quantum dots
+
+are one really good example
+where a lot of the properties
+
+of quantum mechanics
+apply directly.
+
+So, if you're interested, I put
+the Bawendi lab research
+
+website onto your notes.
+
+And also, Professor Bawendi
+recently did an interview with
+
+"The Tech." Did anyone see that
+interview in the paper?
+
+So, three or four -- a few of
+you read the paper last week.
+
+So, you can either pick up an
+old issue or I put the link on
+
+the website, too.
+
+And that's not just about his
+research, it's also about some
+
+of his memories as a student
+and advice to all of you.
+
+So, it's interesting to read and
+get to know some of these
+
+Professors at MIT a
+little bit better.
+
+So, one property that was
+important we talked about with
+
+waves is the relationship
+between frequency and
+
+wavelength.
+
+Another very important property
+of waves that's true
+
+of all waves, is that you can
+have superposition or
+
+interference between
+two waves.
+
+So, if we're looking at waves
+and they're in-phase, and when
+
+I talk about in-phase, what I
+mean is that they're lined up,
+
+so that the maxima are in the
+same position and the minima
+
+are in the same position, what
+we can have a something called
+
+constructive interference.
+
+And all we mean by constructive
+interference is
+
+that literally those two waves
+add together, such as the
+
+maxima are now twice as high,
+and the minima are
+
+now twice as low.
+
+So, you can also imagine a
+situation where instead of
+
+being perfectly lined up, now we
+have the minima being lined
+
+up with the maxima here.
+
+So, if we switch over to a
+clicker question maybe on this
+
+screen -- okay, can it be
+done up there to switch?
+
+So, we're still settling
+in with the renovations
+
+here in this room.
+
+So, why don't you all go ahead
+and tell me what happens if
+
+you combine these two waves,
+which are now out of phase?
+
+So, let's -- okay, so, why
+don't you all think about
+
+would happen -- we'll start
+with the thought exercise.
+
+You can switch back to my
+lecture notes then if this
+
+isn't going.
+
+Alright.
+
+So, hopefully what everyone came
+up with is the straight
+
+line, is that what
+you answered?
+
+STUDENT: Yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, very good.
+
+And I didn't make you try
+to draw the added, the
+
+superimposed positive
+construction in your notes,
+
+but I think everyone can handle
+
+drawing a straight line.
+
+So, you can go ahead and draw
+what happens when we have
+
+destructive interference.
+
+And destructive interference, of
+course, is the extreme, but
+
+you can picture also a case
+where you have waves that are
+
+not quite lined up, but they're
+also not completely
+
+out of phase.
+
+So in that case, you're either
+going to have the wave get a
+
+little bigger, but not
+twice as big or
+
+a little bit smaller.
+
+So, I think the easiest way to
+think about interference is
+
+not actually with light, but
+sometimes it's easiest to
+
+think about with sound,
+especially when you're dealing
+
+with times where you have
+destructive interference.
+
+Has anyone here ever been in a
+concert hall where they feel
+
+like they're kind of in a dead
+spot, or you don't quite hear
+
+as well, and if you move down
+just two seats all of a sudden
+
+it's just blasting at you --
+hopefully not in this room.
+
+But have people experienced
+that before?
+
+Yeah, I definitely experienced
+it, too.
+
+And really, all you're
+experiencing there is
+
+destructive interference
+in a very bad way.
+
+Halls, they try to design halls
+such that that doesn't
+
+happen, and I show an example of
+a concert hall here -- this
+
+is Symphony Hall in Boston,
+and I can pretty much
+
+guarantee you if you do go to
+this Symphony Hall, you will
+
+not experience a bad seat
+or a dead seat.
+
+This is described as actually
+one of the top two or three
+
+acoustic concert halls
+in the whole world.
+
+So, it's very well designed such
+that they've minimized
+
+any of these destructive
+interference dead sounds.
+
+So, it's nice, on a student
+budget you can go and get the
+
+worst seat in the house and you
+can hear just as well as
+
+they can hear up front, even
+if you can't actually see
+
+what's going on.
+
+So, another example of
+destructive interference is
+
+just with the Bose headphones.
+
+I've never actually tried these
+on, but you see people
+
+with them, and what happens here
+is it's supposed to be
+
+those noise cancellation
+headphones.
+
+All they do is they take in
+the ambient noise that's
+
+around it, and there's actually
+battery in the
+
+headphones, that then produces
+waves that are going to
+
+destructively interfere with
+that ambient noise.
+
+And that's how it actually gets
+to be so quiet when you
+
+have on, supposedly, these quite
+expensive headphones.
+
+So, that's light as a wave, and
+the reason -- well, that
+
+was sound as a wave, but light
+as a wave is the same idea.
+
+And it was really established
+by the early 1900s that, in
+
+fact, light behaved as a wave.
+And the reason that it was so
+
+certain that light was a wave
+was because we could observe
+
+these things -- we could see,
+for example, that light
+
+defracted, and we could see that
+light constructively or
+
+destructively could interfere
+with other light waves, and
+
+this was all confirmed
+and visualized.
+
+But also, around the time that
+Thomson was discovering the
+
+electron, there were some other
+observations that were
+
+going on, and the most
+disturbing to kind of the
+
+understanding of the universe
+was the fact that there were
+
+some observations about light
+that didn't make sense with
+
+this idea that light
+is a particle.
+
+And the photoelectric effect
+is maybe the most clear
+
+example of this.
+
+So, the photoelectric effect is
+the effect that if you have
+
+some metal, and you can pick
+essentially any metal you
+
+want, and you shine light of a
+certain frequency onto that
+
+metal, you can actually pop off
+an electron, and you can
+
+go ahead and measure what the
+kinetic energy of that
+
+electron that comes off is,
+because we can measure the
+
+velocity and we know that
+kinetic energy equals 1/2 m b
+
+squared, and thanks to
+Thomson we also know
+
+the mass of an electron.
+
+So, this is an interesting
+observation, and in itself not
+
+too disturbing, yet but the
+important thing to point out
+
+is that there's this threshold
+frequency that is of the
+
+metal, and each metal has a
+different threshold frequency,
+
+such as if you shine light on
+the metal where the frequency
+
+of the light is less than the
+threshold frequency, nothing
+
+will happen -- no electron will
+pop off of that metal.
+
+However, if you shine a light
+with a frequency that's
+
+greater than the threshold
+frequency, you will be able to
+
+pop off an electron.
+
+So, people were making this
+observation, but this wasn't
+
+making any sense at all because
+there was nothing in
+
+classical physics that
+described any sort of
+
+relationship between the
+frequency of light and the
+
+energy, much less the energy of
+an electron that would get
+
+popped off of a metal that would
+basically come off only
+
+when we're hitting this
+threshold frequency.
+
+So, what they could do was
+actually graph what was
+
+happening here, so we can also
+graph what was happening, and
+
+what they found was that if we
+were at any point below the
+
+threshold frequency and we were
+counting the numbers of
+
+electrons that were popping off
+of our metal, we weren't
+
+seeing anything at all.
+
+But if you go up the threshold
+frequency, suddenly you see
+
+that there's some number of
+electrons that comes off, and
+
+amazingly, the number of
+electrons actually had no
+
+relationship at all to the
+frequency of the light.
+
+And this didn't make a lot of
+sense to people at the time
+
+because they thought that the
+frequency should be related to
+
+the number of electrons that
+are coming off, because you
+
+have more frequency coming in,
+you'd expect more electrons
+
+that are coming off
+-- this wasn't
+
+what people were seeing.
+
+So, what they decided to do
+is just study absolutely
+
+everything they could about the
+photoelectric effect and
+
+hope, at some point, someone
+would piece something together
+
+that could explain what's going
+on or shed some light on
+
+this effect.
+
+So, one thing they did, because
+it was so easy to
+
+measure kinetic energy of
+electrons, is plot the
+
+frequency of the light against
+the kinetic energy of the
+
+electron that's coming
+off here.
+
+And in your notes and on these
+slides here, just for your
+
+reference, I'm just pointing
+out what's going to be
+
+predicted from classical
+physics.
+
+You're not responsible for
+that and we won't really
+
+discuss it, but it just gives
+you the contrast of the
+
+surprise that comes up when
+people make these
+
+observations.
+
+And the first observation was
+that the frequency of the
+
+light had a linear relationship
+to the kinetic
+
+energy of the electrons
+that are ejected here.
+
+This made no sense at all to
+people, and again they saw
+
+this effect where if you were
+below that threshold
+
+frequency, you saw
+nothing at all.
+
+So, that was frequency
+with kinetic energy.
+
+The next thing that they wanted
+to look at was the
+
+actual intensity of the light
+and see what the relationship
+
+of intensity to kinetic
+energy is.
+
+So, what we would expect is that
+there is a relationship
+
+between intensity in kinetic
+energy, because it was
+
+understood that however intense
+the light was, if you
+
+had a more intense light,
+it was a higher
+
+energy light beam.
+
+So that should mean that the
+energy that's transferred to
+
+the electron should be greater,
+but that's not what
+
+you saw at all, and what you
+saw is that if you kept the
+
+frequency constant, there was
+absolutely no change in the
+
+kinetic energy of the electrons,
+no matter how high
+
+up you had the intensity
+of the light go.
+
+You could keep increasing the
+intensity and nothing was
+
+going to happen.
+
+So, we could also plot the
+number of electrons that are
+
+ejected as a relationship to the
+intensity, so that was yet
+
+another experiment
+they could do.
+
+And this is what they had
+expected that there would be
+
+no relationship, but instead
+here they saw that there was a
+
+linear relationship not to the
+intensity and the kinetic
+
+energy of the electrons, but
+to the intensity and the
+
+number of electrons.
+
+So, none of these observations
+made sense to any scientists
+
+at the time, and really all of
+these observations were made
+
+and somewhat put aside for
+several years before someone
+
+that could kind of process
+everything that was going on
+
+at once came along, and that
+person was Einstein,
+
+conveniently enough -- if anyone
+could put it together,
+
+we would hope that he
+could, and he did.
+
+And what he did in a way that
+made sense when all of us look
+
+at it, is he plotted all of
+these different metals on the
+
+same graph and made
+some observations.
+
+So, for example, here we're
+showing rubidium and potassium
+
+and sodium plotted where we're
+plotting the frequency --
+
+that's the frequency of that
+light that's coming into the
+
+metal versus the kinetic energy
+of the electron that's
+
+ejected from the surface
+of the metal.
+
+And what he found here, which is
+what you can see and we can
+
+all see pretty clearly, is the
+slope of all of these lines is
+
+the same regardless of what
+the type of metal is.
+
+So, he fit all these to the
+equation of the line, and what
+
+he noticed was the slope was
+specifically this number,
+
+6.626 times 10 to the negative
+34, joules times seconds.
+
+And he also found that the y
+intercept for each one of
+
+these metals was equal to
+basically this number here,
+
+which was the slope times the
+minimum frequency required of
+
+each specific metal, so that's
+of the threshold frequency.
+
+And he actually knew that this
+number had popped up before,
+
+and a lot of you are familiar
+with this number also, and
+
+this is Planck's constant.
+
+Planck had observed this number
+as a fitting constant
+
+years earlier when he looked at
+some phenomena, and you can
+
+read about in your book, such
+as black body radiation.
+
+And what he found was he needed
+this constant to fit
+
+his data to what was observed.
+
+And this is the same thing that
+Einstein was observing,
+
+that he needed this fitting
+constant, that this constant
+
+was just falling right out of,
+for example, this slope and
+
+also the y intercept.
+
+So he decided to go ahead and
+define exactly what it is,
+
+this line, in terms of these new
+constants, this constant
+
+he's calling h, which is
+Planck's constant.
+
+So, on the y axis we have
+kinetic energy, so we
+
+can plug that in.
+
+If we talk about what the x
+axis is, that's just the
+
+frequency of the light
+that's coming in.
+
+We know what m is,
+m is equal to h.
+
+And then we can plug in what b
+is, the y intercept, because
+
+that's just the negative
+of h times
+
+that threshold frequency.
+
+So we have this new equation
+here when we're considering
+
+this photoelectric effect,
+which is that the kinetic
+
+energy is equal to h nu minus
+h nu threshold of the metal.
+
+And what Einstein concluded
+and observed is that well,
+
+kinetic energy, of course,
+that's an energy term, and h
+
+times nu, well that has to be
+energy also, because energy
+
+has to be equal to energy --
+there's no other way about it.
+
+And this worked out with units
+as well because we're talking
+
+about joules for kinetic energy,
+and when we're talking
+
+about h times nu, we're talking
+about joules times
+
+second times inverse seconds.
+
+So, the very important
+conclusion that Einstein made
+
+here is that energy is equal to
+h times nu, or that h times
+
+nu is an actual energy term.
+
+And this kind of went along
+with two observations.
+
+The first is that energy
+of a photon is
+
+proportional to its frequency.
+
+So this was never recognized
+before that if we know the
+
+frequency of a photon or a wave
+of light, we can know the
+
+energy of that light.
+
+So, since we know that there's
+relationship also between
+
+frequency and wavelength, we can
+do the same thing -- if we
+
+know the wavelength, we can know
+the energy of the light.
+
+And I use the term photon here,
+and that's because he
+
+also concluded that light must
+be made up of these energy
+
+packets, and each packet has
+that h, that Planck's
+
+constant's worth of energy in
+it, so that's why you have to
+
+multiply Planck's constant
+times the frequency.
+
+Any frequency can't have an
+energy, you have to -- you
+
+don't have a continuum of
+frequencies that are of a
+
+certain energy, it's actually
+punctuated into these packets
+
+that are called photons.
+
+And, as you know, Einstein made
+many, many, many very
+
+important contributions to
+science and relativity, but he
+
+called this his one single most
+important contribution to
+
+science, the relationship
+between energy and frequency
+
+and the idea of photons.
+
+So this means we now have a new
+way of thinking about the
+
+photoelectric effect, and that
+is the idea that h times nu is
+
+actually an energy.
+
+So, it's the energy of an
+incident photon if we're
+
+talking about nu where we're
+talking about the energy of
+
+the photon going in, so we can
+abbreviate that as e sub i,
+
+energy of the incident photon.
+
+We can talk about also h times
+nu nought, which is that
+
+threshold frequency.
+
+So this is a term we're going
+to see a lot, especially in
+
+your problem sets, it's called
+the work function, and the
+
+work function is the same
+thing as the threshold
+
+frequency of a metal, except,
+of course, that it's
+
+multiplied by Planck's
+constant.
+
+So, it's the minimum energy that
+a certain metal requires
+
+in order to pop a photon out of
+it -- in order to eject an
+
+electron from the surface
+of that metal.
+
+So this is our new kind of
+schematic way that we can
+
+think about looking at the
+photoelectric effect, so if
+
+this is the total amount of
+energy that we put into the
+
+system, where here we have the
+energy of a free electron.
+
+We have this much energy going
+in, the metal itself requires
+
+this much energy, the
+work function, in
+
+order to eject an electron.
+
+So that much energy is
+going to be used up
+
+just ejecting it.
+
+And what we have left over is
+this amount of energy here,
+
+which is going to be
+the kinetic energy
+
+of the ejected electron.
+
+So, therefore, we can rewrite
+our equation in two ways.
+
+One is just talking about it in
+terms only of energy where
+
+our kinetic energy here is going
+to be equal to the total
+
+energy going in -- the energy
+initial minus this energy of
+
+the work function here.
+
+We can also talk about it in
+terms of if we want to solve,
+
+if we, for example, we want to
+find out what that initial
+
+energy was, we can just
+rearrange our equation, or we
+
+can look at this here where the
+initial energy is equal to
+
+kinetic energy plus
+the work function.
+
+So before we go we'll try to
+see if we can do a clicker
+
+question for you on this,
+and we can, very good.
+
+So, everyone take those clickers
+back out and tell me,
+
+if a beam of light with a
+certain energy, and we're
+
+going to say four electron volts
+strikes a gold surface,
+
+and here we're saying that the
+gold surface has a work
+
+function of 5.1 electron volts,
+what is the maximum
+
+kinetic energy of the electron
+that is ejected?
+
+So why don't you go ahead and
+take ten seconds on that.
+
+And if you don't know, that's
+okay, just type in an answer
+
+and give it your best shot.
+
+And let's see what we
+come up with here.
+
+Alright.
+
+So, it looks like some of you
+were tricked, but many of you
+
+were not, so no electrons
+will be ejected.
+
+The reason for that is because
+this is the minimum amount of
+
+energy -- hold off a sec on
+the packing up, so in case
+
+someone doesn't understand --
+this is the minimum amount of
+
+energy that's required from the
+energy going in in order
+
+to eject an electron.
+
+So if the incident energy is
+less than the energy that's
+
+required, absolutely nothing
+will happen.
+
+That's the same thing we
+were talking about
+
+with threshold frequency.
+
+All right, now you
+can pack up and
+
+we'll see you on Wednesday.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/GA5UVgowUKc.txt b/GA5UVgowUKc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..71a4538bc59f4df700005121302fdcf13070a2fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/GA5UVgowUKc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+I I would say that the thing that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I would say that the thing that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I would say that the thing that really
+helped me the most in junior lab develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped me the most in junior lab develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped me the most in junior lab develop
+as you know learning how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you know learning how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you know learning how to do
+experimental physics is the lack of of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental physics is the lack of of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental physics is the lack of of a
+super precise Direction in the um lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super precise Direction in the um lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super precise Direction in the um lab
+guid so the lab guides are vague they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guid so the lab guides are vague they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guid so the lab guides are vague they
+they are very helpful but they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are very helpful but they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are very helpful but they don't
+tell you you know your sources of er are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you you know your sources of er are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you you know your sources of er are
+this this and this you really have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this and this you really have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this and this you really have to
+think about it you have to fill in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it you have to fill in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it you have to fill in the
+gaps and essentially almost come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaps and essentially almost come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaps and essentially almost come up with
+your own experiment to to determine how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own experiment to to determine how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own experiment to to determine how
+you're going to go about the analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to go about the analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to go about the analysis
+how about you're going to go about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about you're going to go about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about you're going to go about the
+error propagation things like that so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error propagation things like that so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error propagation things like that so I
+think leaving that room for students to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think leaving that room for students to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think leaving that room for students to
+to figure things out on their own well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure things out on their own well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure things out on their own well
+well providing feedback and advice is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well providing feedback and advice is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well providing feedback and advice is
+very helpful
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/GDJFLfmyb20.txt b/GDJFLfmyb20.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dc31f81e5ea5cf76a76c49d093476ebad7113ad0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/GDJFLfmyb20.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1667 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+let X be a random variable and let G be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let X be a random variable and let G be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let X be a random variable and let G be
+a function we know that if G is linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function we know that if G is linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function we know that if G is linear
+then the expected value of the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the expected value of the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the expected value of the function
+is the same as that linear function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as that linear function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as that linear function of
+the expected value on the other hand we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value on the other hand we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value on the other hand we
+know that when G is nonlinear in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that when G is nonlinear in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that when G is nonlinear in general
+these two quantities will not be related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two quantities will not be related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two quantities will not be related
+but there is a special case in which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is a special case in which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is a special case in which we
+can establish some relation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can establish some relation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can establish some relation between
+these two quantities in the form of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two quantities in the form of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two quantities in the form of an
+inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality
+this is Jensen's inequality which were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Jensen's inequality which were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Jensen's inequality which were
+going to develop Jensen's inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to develop Jensen's inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to develop Jensen's inequality
+applies to the special case where G is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies to the special case where G is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies to the special case where G is a
+convex function I'm going to define more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex function I'm going to define more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex function I'm going to define more
+precisely what it means to be convex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely what it means to be convex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely what it means to be convex
+shortly but in terms of a picture it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortly but in terms of a picture it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortly but in terms of a picture it's a
+function that has a shape of this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that has a shape of this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that has a shape of this kind
+so it tends to curve upwards so let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it tends to curve upwards so let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it tends to curve upwards so let us
+look at a simple example suppose that X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a simple example suppose that X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a simple example suppose that X
+is a random variable that can take two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a random variable that can take two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a random variable that can take two
+values with equal probability so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values with equal probability so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values with equal probability so these
+two values have both probability 1/2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two values have both probability 1/2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two values have both probability 1/2 and
+this is our function G of X since they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our function G of X since they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our function G of X since they
+take the two values with equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the two values with equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the two values with equal
+probability the expected value is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability the expected value is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability the expected value is going
+to be in the middle so this here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in the middle so this here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in the middle so this here is the
+expected value of x and in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of x and in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of x and in particular
+this value here is going to be G of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this value here is going to be G of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this value here is going to be G of the
+expected value of X now the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of X now the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of X now the random
+variable G of X will take this value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable G of X will take this value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable G of X will take this value
+with probability 1/2 and it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability 1/2 and it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability 1/2 and it's going to
+take that value with probability 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that value with probability 1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that value with probability 1/2
+what is the average of G of X the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the average of G of X the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the average of G of X the
+expected value of G of X is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of G of X is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of G of X is going to be
+1/2 of this value plus 1/2 of this value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 of this value plus 1/2 of this value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 of this value plus 1/2 of this value
+which you can find as follows if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can find as follows if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can find as follows if you
+draw a straight line it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a straight line it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a straight line it's going to be
+this much so this quantity here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this much so this quantity here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this much so this quantity here is the
+expected value of G of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of G of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of G of X
+and we see that in this example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we see that in this example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we see that in this example the
+expected value of G of X is above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of G of X is above the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of G of X is above the
+value of G evaluated at the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of G evaluated at the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of G evaluated at the expected
+value of X so this is what Jensen's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of X so this is what Jensen's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of X so this is what Jensen's
+inequality says but for a more general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality says but for a more general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality says but for a more general
+distribution for the random variable X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let us now step back and define more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us now step back and define more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us now step back and define more
+precisely what it means for a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely what it means for a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely what it means for a function
+to be convex the most general definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be convex the most general definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be convex the most general definition
+is the following if I take any two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following if I take any two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following if I take any two
+points x and y and I take some number P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points x and y and I take some number P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points x and y and I take some number P
+between 0 & 1 so in that case the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 0 & 1 so in that case the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 0 & 1 so in that case the number
+PX plus 1 minus py is a weighted average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PX plus 1 minus py is a weighted average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PX plus 1 minus py is a weighted average
+of x and y so it's somewhere in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x and y so it's somewhere in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x and y so it's somewhere in the
+middle and if I look at the value of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle and if I look at the value of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle and if I look at the value of my
+function at that particular point so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function at that particular point so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function at that particular point so
+this value here corresponds to this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this value here corresponds to this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this value here corresponds to this this
+is less than or equal to the weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to the weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to the weighted
+average of the values of G of X and G of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of the values of G of X and G of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of the values of G of X and G of
+Y so this is G of X this is G of Y this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y so this is G of X this is G of Y this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y so this is G of X this is G of Y this
+value here is the weighted average of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value here is the weighted average of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value here is the weighted average of
+the two values so this quantity here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two values so this quantity here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two values so this quantity here is
+P times G of X which is this value plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P times G of X which is this value plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P times G of X which is this value plus
+1 minus P G of Y convexity means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus P G of Y convexity means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus P G of Y convexity means that
+this value is below that value or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this value is below that value or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this value is below that value or in
+other words whenever I take two points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words whenever I take two points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words whenever I take two points
+on this curve and join them by a segment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this curve and join them by a segment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this curve and join them by a segment
+then the function lies underneath that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the function lies underneath that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the function lies underneath that
+segment this is one possible definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment this is one possible definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment this is one possible definition
+now in terms of a picture we see that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in terms of a picture we see that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in terms of a picture we see that a
+convex function tends to curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex function tends to curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex function tends to curve
+words this means that the derivative or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words this means that the derivative or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words this means that the derivative or
+the slope of the function keeps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope of the function keeps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope of the function keeps
+increasing an increasing slope means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing an increasing slope means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing an increasing slope means
+that the second derivative of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the second derivative of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the second derivative of that
+function is non-negative and that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is non-negative and that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is non-negative and that could
+be an alternative definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an alternative definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an alternative definition of
+convexity it turns out that if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convexity it turns out that if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convexity it turns out that if you have
+a function that's twice differentiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function that's twice differentiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function that's twice differentiable
+these two definitions are equivalent on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two definitions are equivalent on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two definitions are equivalent on
+the other hand the first definition is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand the first definition is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand the first definition is a
+little more general because it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more general because it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more general because it also
+applies to functions that are not smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies to functions that are not smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies to functions that are not smooth
+so for example the function absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example the function absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example the function absolute
+value of x is a convex one but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of x is a convex one but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of x is a convex one but it's not
+differentiable at 0 finally there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable at 0 finally there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable at 0 finally there's
+another way of defining convexity and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of defining convexity and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of defining convexity and it
+is the following property again for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following property again for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following property again for
+differentiable functions what it says is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable functions what it says is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable functions what it says is
+the following if I fix a certain point C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's say to use the same diagram let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say to use the same diagram let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say to use the same diagram let's
+say that this is C this value here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that this is C this value here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that this is C this value here is
+going to be G of C I look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be G of C I look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be G of C I look at the
+derivative of that function and take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of that function and take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of that function and take
+this quantity which is the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity which is the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity which is the derivative
+times how far I am going this quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times how far I am going this quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times how far I am going this quantity
+here is the first order Taylor series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the first order Taylor series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the first order Taylor series
+approximation of my function so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of my function so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of my function so it
+corresponds to this black line what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to this black line what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to this black line what this
+condition says is that the function lies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition says is that the function lies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition says is that the function lies
+on top of that tangent line to my a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of that tangent line to my a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of that tangent line to my a
+function it is not difficult to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it is not difficult to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it is not difficult to show
+that this condition non negative second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this condition non negative second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this condition non negative second
+derivatives implies this condition what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives implies this condition what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives implies this condition what
+you do is that you write down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do is that you write down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do is that you write down a
+second-order Taylor approximation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second-order Taylor approximation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second-order Taylor approximation of
+your function G and then because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your function G and then because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your function G and then because the
+second-order term is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second-order term is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second-order term is going to be
+non-negative because of that condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative because of that condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative because of that condition
+you're going to get an inequality in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get an inequality in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get an inequality in
+this form but in any case this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form but in any case this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form but in any case this
+inequality is pretty intuitive and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality is pretty intuitive and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality is pretty intuitive and we
+could take this one just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take this one just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take this one just
+as our definition of convexity that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as our definition of convexity that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as our definition of convexity that is a
+function is convex if it has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is convex if it has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is convex if it has the
+property that whenever I draw a tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that whenever I draw a tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that whenever I draw a tangent
+to my curve the function lies on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my curve the function lies on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my curve the function lies on top of
+this linear function okay so now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this linear function okay so now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this linear function okay so now let's
+move back to probability suppose that G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move back to probability suppose that G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move back to probability suppose that G
+is convex this is true for every X so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is convex this is true for every X so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is convex this is true for every X so in
+particular if I have my random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular if I have my random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular if I have my random variable
+capital X no matter what my random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital X no matter what my random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital X no matter what my random
+variable is we're going to get this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is we're going to get this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is we're going to get this kind
+of inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no matter what and here what I left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what and here what I left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what and here what I left
+blank is C now C is a number this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blank is C now C is a number this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blank is C now C is a number this is
+true for any number so in particular is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for any number so in particular is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for any number so in particular is
+true if I uses my number the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true if I uses my number the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true if I uses my number the expected
+value of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have this inequality that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have this inequality that's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have this inequality that's true
+now in terms of random variables no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in terms of random variables no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in terms of random variables no
+matter what capital X happens to be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what capital X happens to be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what capital X happens to be this
+will be valid and now let us take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be valid and now let us take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be valid and now let us take
+expectations of both sides what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations of both sides what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations of both sides what we
+obtain is that the expected value of G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain is that the expected value of G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain is that the expected value of G
+of X is larger than now this is a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X is larger than now this is a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X is larger than now this is a number
+so the expected value of that number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the expected value of that number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the expected value of that number is
+the number itself plus the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number itself plus the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number itself plus the expected
+value of this term this quantity is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of this term this quantity is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of this term this quantity is a
+number the expected value of X minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number the expected value of X minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number the expected value of X minus the
+expected value of X is equal to 0 and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of X is equal to 0 and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of X is equal to 0 and we
+have established this particular fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have established this particular fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have established this particular fact
+which is true for any convex function so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is true for any convex function so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is true for any convex function so
+this is Jensen's inequality let us apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Jensen's inequality let us apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Jensen's inequality let us apply
+it to some examples let's consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to some examples let's consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to some examples let's consider the
+function G which is the quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function G which is the quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function G which is the quadratic
+function clearly this is a convex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function clearly this is a convex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function clearly this is a convex
+function it has this kind of shape and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it has this kind of shape and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it has this kind of shape and
+the second derivative of this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second derivative of this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second derivative of this function
+is positive that's another way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive that's another way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive that's another way of
+verifying it Jensen's inequality is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifying it Jensen's inequality is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifying it Jensen's inequality is
+going to tell us something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell us something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell us something about the
+expected value of x squared now for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of x squared now for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of x squared now for this
+expectation we already know that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation we already know that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation we already know that this is
+equal to the variance of X plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the variance of X plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the variance of X plus the
+square of the expected value and since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of the expected value and since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of the expected value and since
+the variance is always non-negative we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance is always non-negative we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance is always non-negative we
+obtain this inequality this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain this inequality this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain this inequality this is
+consistent with Jensen's inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with Jensen's inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with Jensen's inequality
+Jensen's inequality tells us that G of G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jensen's inequality tells us that G of G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jensen's inequality tells us that G of G
+of X with G the quadratic function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X with G the quadratic function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X with G the quadratic function is
+larger than or equal to the square that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than or equal to the square that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than or equal to the square that
+is G of the expected value so for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is G of the expected value so for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is G of the expected value so for the
+case of the square function Jensen's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of the square function Jensen's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of the square function Jensen's
+inequality did not tell us anything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality did not tell us anything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality did not tell us anything that
+we didn't know but it's nice to confirm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't know but it's nice to confirm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't know but it's nice to confirm
+that it is consistent but we could use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is consistent but we could use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is consistent but we could use
+Jensen's inequality in another setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jensen's inequality in another setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jensen's inequality in another setting
+where the answer might not be as obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the answer might not be as obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the answer might not be as obvious
+for example take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example take
+the function X to the fourth this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function X to the fourth this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function X to the fourth this is
+also a convex function and Jensen's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a convex function and Jensen's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a convex function and Jensen's
+inequality is going to tell us that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality is going to tell us that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality is going to tell us that the
+fourth power of the expected value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth power of the expected value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth power of the expected value is
+less than or equal to the expected value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to the expected value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to the expected value
+of x to the fourth another case of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x to the fourth another case of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x to the fourth another case of a
+convex function is the negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex function is the negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex function is the negative
+logarithm remember that the logarithmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm remember that the logarithmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm remember that the logarithmic
+function has a shape of this kind which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function has a shape of this kind which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function has a shape of this kind which
+curves the opposite way so it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves the opposite way so it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves the opposite way so it's called
+the concave function but if you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concave function but if you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concave function but if you take the
+negative of this function then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of this function then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of this function then you're
+going to get something that is convex so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get something that is convex so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get something that is convex so
+by applying Jensen's inequality to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by applying Jensen's inequality to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by applying Jensen's inequality to this
+setting what we obtain is that G which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting what we obtain is that G which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting what we obtain is that G which
+is minus log of the expected value of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus log of the expected value of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus log of the expected value of x
+is less than or equal to the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to the expected
+value of minus log X and then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of minus log X and then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of minus log X and then we can
+remove the minus signs from both sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove the minus signs from both sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove the minus signs from both sides
+and that is going to reverse the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is going to reverse the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is going to reverse the
+inequality and we will obtain that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality and we will obtain that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality and we will obtain that the
+logarithm of the expected value of x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm of the expected value of x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm of the expected value of x is
+larger than or equal to the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than or equal to the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than or equal to the expected
+value of log X so in this case for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of log X so in this case for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of log X so in this case for the
+logarithmic function the Equality goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithmic function the Equality goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithmic function the Equality goes
+in the opposite direction the reason is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the opposite direction the reason is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the opposite direction the reason is
+that the logarithmic function is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the logarithmic function is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the logarithmic function is a
+concave function not a convex one and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concave function not a convex one and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concave function not a convex one and by
+arguing similar to this example a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing similar to this example a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing similar to this example a
+concave function is the negative of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concave function is the negative of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concave function is the negative of a
+convex function and for concave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex function and for concave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex function and for concave
+functions Jensen's inequality still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions Jensen's inequality still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions Jensen's inequality still
+holds but the inequality goes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds but the inequality goes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds but the inequality goes the
+opposite way Jensen's inequality turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite way Jensen's inequality turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite way Jensen's inequality turns
+out to be quite useful in many cases we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be quite useful in many cases we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be quite useful in many cases we
+want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say
+thing about the expected value of G of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about the expected value of G of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about the expected value of G of X
+and Jensen's inequality allows us to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Jensen's inequality allows us to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Jensen's inequality allows us to do
+that
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Goo1EUY-Y8M.txt b/Goo1EUY-Y8M.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d43b0844bb0022fb74089c06cf40230ac1027b95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Goo1EUY-Y8M.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1123 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this video we'll do some basic data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video we'll do some basic data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video we'll do some basic data
+analysis using our who data to access a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis using our who data to access a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis using our who data to access a
+variable in a data frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable in a data frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable in a data frame
+you always have to link it to the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you always have to link it to the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you always have to link it to the data
+frame it belongs to with the dollar sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame it belongs to with the dollar sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame it belongs to with the dollar sign
+to see this let's first try typing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see this let's first try typing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see this let's first try typing
+under-15 and hitting Enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under-15 and hitting Enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under-15 and hitting Enter
+our responds with an error that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our responds with an error that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our responds with an error that's
+because our won't recognize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because our won't recognize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because our won't recognize this
+variable name since it doesn't know to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable name since it doesn't know to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable name since it doesn't know to
+look in the data frame who now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look in the data frame who now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look in the data frame who now
+type who dollar sign under 15 and hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type who dollar sign under 15 and hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type who dollar sign under 15 and hit
+enter this outputs the under-15 vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter this outputs the under-15 vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter this outputs the under-15 vector
+of the data frame who we can compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the data frame who we can compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the data frame who we can compute
+some statistics about this variable such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some statistics about this variable such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some statistics about this variable such
+as the mean using the mean function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the mean using the mean function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the mean using the mean function and
+then in parentheses typing who dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in parentheses typing who dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in parentheses typing who dollar
+sign under 15 close the parentheses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign under 15 close the parentheses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign under 15 close the parentheses and
+hit enter this tells us that the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit enter this tells us that the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit enter this tells us that the average
+percentage of the population under 15 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of the population under 15 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of the population under 15 is
+twenty eight point seven we can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty eight point seven we can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty eight point seven we can also
+compute the standard deviation using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the standard deviation using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the standard deviation using the
+SD function so type SD and then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SD function so type SD and then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SD function so type SD and then in
+parentheses who dollar sign under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses who dollar sign under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses who dollar sign under
+fifteen close the parentheses and hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifteen close the parentheses and hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifteen close the parentheses and hit
+enter this tells us that the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter this tells us that the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter this tells us that the standard
+deviation of the percentage of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation of the percentage of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation of the percentage of the
+population under fifteen is ten point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population under fifteen is ten point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population under fifteen is ten point
+five we can also get the statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five we can also get the statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five we can also get the statistical
+summary of just one variable using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary of just one variable using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary of just one variable using the
+summary function like we did before for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary function like we did before for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary function like we did before for
+the whole data frame to do this we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole data frame to do this we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole data frame to do this we can
+type summary and then in parentheses who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type summary and then in parentheses who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type summary and then in parentheses who
+dollar sign under fifteen close the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar sign under fifteen close the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar sign under fifteen close the
+parentheses and hit enter this gives the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses and hit enter this gives the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses and hit enter this gives the
+minimum value the first quartile the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum value the first quartile the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum value the first quartile the
+median value the mean the third quartile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+median value the mean the third quartile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+median value the mean the third quartile
+and the maximum value of the variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the maximum value of the variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the maximum value of the variable
+under fifteen the first quartile is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under fifteen the first quartile is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under fifteen the first quartile is the
+value for which 25% of the data is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value for which 25% of the data is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value for which 25% of the data is less
+than that value and the third quartile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that value and the third quartile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that value and the third quartile
+is the value for where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the value for where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the value for where
+75% of the data is less than that value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+75% of the data is less than that value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+75% of the data is less than that value
+this output tells us that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this output tells us that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this output tells us that there's a
+country with only 13% of the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country with only 13% of the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country with only 13% of the population
+under 15 let's see which country it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under 15 let's see which country it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under 15 let's see which country it is
+using the which dot min function so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the which dot min function so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the which dot min function so we
+can type which dot min and then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can type which dot min and then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can type which dot min and then in
+parentheses our variable who dollar sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses our variable who dollar sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses our variable who dollar sign
+under 15 close the parentheses and hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under 15 close the parentheses and hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under 15 close the parentheses and hit
+enter this returns the number 86 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter this returns the number 86 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter this returns the number 86 which
+is the row number of the observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the row number of the observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the row number of the observation
+with the minimum value of under 15 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the minimum value of under 15 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the minimum value of under 15 to
+see which country is in row 86 we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see which country is in row 86 we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see which country is in row 86 we can
+type who dollar sign country for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type who dollar sign country for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type who dollar sign country for the
+country name and then in square brackets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country name and then in square brackets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country name and then in square brackets
+86 and hit enter so Japan is the country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+86 and hit enter so Japan is the country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+86 and hit enter so Japan is the country
+with the minimum percentage of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the minimum percentage of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the minimum percentage of the
+population under 15 now let's see which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population under 15 now let's see which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population under 15 now let's see which
+country has the maximum percentage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country has the maximum percentage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country has the maximum percentage of
+the population under 15 we can do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population under 15 we can do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population under 15 we can do this
+with the witch dot max function so type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the witch dot max function so type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the witch dot max function so type
+which dot max and then in parentheses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which dot max and then in parentheses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which dot max and then in parentheses
+who dollar sign under 15 close the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who dollar sign under 15 close the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who dollar sign under 15 close the
+parentheses and hit enter this tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses and hit enter this tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses and hit enter this tells us
+that the 124th observation has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the 124th observation has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the 124th observation has the
+maximum value of the variable under 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum value of the variable under 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum value of the variable under 15
+we can look up the country of the 124th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look up the country of the 124th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look up the country of the 124th
+observation by typing who dollar sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation by typing who dollar sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation by typing who dollar sign
+country and then in square brackets 124
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country and then in square brackets 124
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country and then in square brackets 124
+close the square brackets and hit enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close the square brackets and hit enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close the square brackets and hit enter
+so Niger is the country with the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Niger is the country with the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Niger is the country with the maximum
+percentage of the population under 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of the population under 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of the population under 15
+let's now create a scatter plot of gni
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's now create a scatter plot of gni
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's now create a scatter plot of gni
+versus fertility rate you can do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus fertility rate you can do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus fertility rate you can do this
+using the plot function so type plot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the plot function so type plot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the plot function so type plot and
+then in parentheses who dollar sign gni
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in parentheses who dollar sign gni
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in parentheses who dollar sign gni
+the variable we want on our x-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variable we want on our x-axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variable we want on our x-axis
+comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma
+and then who dollar sign fertility rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then who dollar sign fertility rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then who dollar sign fertility rates
+the variable we want on our y-axis close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variable we want on our y-axis close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variable we want on our y-axis close
+the parentheses and hit enter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parentheses and hit enter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parentheses and hit enter the
+scatterplot should appear income or G&I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatterplot should appear income or G&I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatterplot should appear income or G&I
+is on the x-axis and fertility rate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the x-axis and fertility rate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the x-axis and fertility rate is
+on the y-axis each point in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the y-axis each point in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the y-axis each point in the
+scatterplot is a country we can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatterplot is a country we can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatterplot is a country we can see that
+most countries here either have a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most countries here either have a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most countries here either have a low
+gni or a high G&I but a low fertility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gni or a high G&I but a low fertility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gni or a high G&I but a low fertility
+rate however there are a few countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate however there are a few countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate however there are a few countries
+for which both the G and I and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which both the G and I and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which both the G and I and the
+fertility rate are high let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertility rate are high let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertility rate are high let's
+investigate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigate
+we'll use the subset function to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use the subset function to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use the subset function to
+identify the countries with a GN I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the countries with a GN I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the countries with a GN I
+greater than 10,000 and a fertility rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than 10,000 and a fertility rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than 10,000 and a fertility rate
+greater than 2.5 so go back to your are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than 2.5 so go back to your are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than 2.5 so go back to your are
+console and then type outliers this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+console and then type outliers this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+console and then type outliers this is
+what we'll call our subset equals subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll call our subset equals subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll call our subset equals subset
+and then in parentheses who comma G and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in parentheses who comma G and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in parentheses who comma G and
+I greater than 10,000 and fertility rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+greater than 2.5 close the parentheses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than 2.5 close the parentheses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than 2.5 close the parentheses
+and hit enter when we use subset before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hit enter when we use subset before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hit enter when we use subset before
+we only had one condition to define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only had one condition to define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only had one condition to define
+which observations to keep in the subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which observations to keep in the subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which observations to keep in the subset
+here we have two conditions separated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have two conditions separated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have two conditions separated by
+the + symbol this means that both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the + symbol this means that both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the + symbol this means that both
+conditions must be true for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions must be true for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions must be true for all
+observations in the subset we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations in the subset we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations in the subset we can see
+how many rows of data are in our subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many rows of data are in our subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many rows of data are in our subset
+by using the n row function so type n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by using the n row function so type n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by using the n row function so type n
+row for number of rows and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row for number of rows and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row for number of rows and in
+parentheses the name of our subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses the name of our subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses the name of our subset
+outliers this tells us that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outliers this tells us that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outliers this tells us that there are
+seven countries for which the GN is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven countries for which the GN is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven countries for which the GN is
+greater than 10,000 and the fertility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than 10,000 and the fertility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than 10,000 and the fertility
+rate is greater than 2.5 now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is greater than 2.5 now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is greater than 2.5 now let's
+output just the country names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output just the country names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output just the country names
+nyeeeeehhh and fertility rate of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nyeeeeehhh and fertility rate of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nyeeeeehhh and fertility rate of these
+seven countries to investigate further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven countries to investigate further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven countries to investigate further
+there's an easy way of doing this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an easy way of doing this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an easy way of doing this and
+will use this technique several times in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will use this technique several times in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will use this technique several times in
+this class when we just want to extract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class when we just want to extract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class when we just want to extract
+a few variables from a data set so type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few variables from a data set so type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few variables from a data set so type
+the name of our data set outliers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name of our data set outliers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name of our data set outliers and
+then in square brackets we'll make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in square brackets we'll make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in square brackets we'll make a
+vector of the names of the variables we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector of the names of the variables we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector of the names of the variables we
+want to output so see and then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to output so see and then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to output so see and then in
+parentheses country in quotes for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses country in quotes for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses country in quotes for the
+country name comma gni in quotes comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country name comma gni in quotes comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country name comma gni in quotes comma
+and then fertility rates in quotes close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then fertility rates in quotes close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then fertility rates in quotes close
+the parentheses close the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parentheses close the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parentheses close the square
+brackets and hit enter this shows us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets and hit enter this shows us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets and hit enter this shows us the
+values of these three variables for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of these three variables for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of these three variables for the
+seven observations of outliers we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven observations of outliers we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven observations of outliers we can
+see that one of the seven countries is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that one of the seven countries is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that one of the seven countries is
+Equatorial Guinea a country that is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equatorial Guinea a country that is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equatorial Guinea a country that is very
+rich per capita due to oil production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich per capita due to oil production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich per capita due to oil production
+but the wealth is distributed very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the wealth is distributed very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the wealth is distributed very
+unevenly in the next video we'll see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unevenly in the next video we'll see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unevenly in the next video we'll see how
+to create different types of plots in R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create different types of plots in R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create different types of plots in R
+and then build some summary tables
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/H1k6JN63JTo.txt b/H1k6JN63JTo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6e685b437f256f0d0e00dc85ad4c4cdb8591393c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/H1k6JN63JTo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12347 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided by MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+license additional information about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+license and MIT open courseware in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+general is available at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu and we have a uh a stellar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu and we have a uh a stellar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu and we have a uh a stellar
+cast tonight starting with Steven Moga
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cast tonight starting with Steven Moga
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cast tonight starting with Steven Moga
+who's a doctoral student here in City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's a doctoral student here in City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's a doctoral student here in City
+design and development at MIT followed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and development at MIT followed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and development at MIT followed
+by Will Stacy a young photographer from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Will Stacy a young photographer from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Will Stacy a young photographer from
+New York work and wrapping up will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York work and wrapping up will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York work and wrapping up will be
+our um beloved chairman Larry Vale who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our um beloved chairman Larry Vale who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our um beloved chairman Larry Vale who
+will be reflecting on uh both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be reflecting on uh both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be reflecting on uh both the
+presentations that will and Steve give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations that will and Steve give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations that will and Steve give
+as well as to make some observations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as to make some observations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as to make some observations of
+his own about photography and um City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his own about photography and um City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his own about photography and um City
+Planning and rebuilding New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Planning and rebuilding New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Planning and rebuilding New
+Orleans I'll introduce each of uh both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orleans I'll introduce each of uh both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orleans I'll introduce each of uh both
+uh Steve and will um just before their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Steve and will um just before their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Steve and will um just before their
+presentation Steve is going to go first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation Steve is going to go first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation Steve is going to go first
+um Steve has uh in talking to both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Steve has uh in talking to both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Steve has uh in talking to both of
+them uh I came to realize that in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh I came to realize that in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh I came to realize that in a way
+each of them in his own way has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of them in his own way has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of them in his own way has been
+preparing to photograph New Orleans at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparing to photograph New Orleans at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparing to photograph New Orleans at
+this particular point in time for quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular point in time for quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular point in time for quite
+a while now and they didn't know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while now and they didn't know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while now and they didn't know it
+until they arrived in New Orleans after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until they arrived in New Orleans after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until they arrived in New Orleans after
+after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the
+hurcan um Steve came to us this year as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurcan um Steve came to us this year as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurcan um Steve came to us this year as
+a firste doctoral student student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a firste doctoral student student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a firste doctoral student student
+following of an undergraduate degree in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following of an undergraduate degree in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following of an undergraduate degree in
+political science from Carlton College
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political science from Carlton College
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political science from Carlton College
+in Minnesota and a master's degree in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Minnesota and a master's degree in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Minnesota and a master's degree in
+City Planning from UCLA but also after 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City Planning from UCLA but also after 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City Planning from UCLA but also after 5
+years experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years experience
+working in lowincome African-American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in lowincome African-American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in lowincome African-American
+communities on affordable housing issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities on affordable housing issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities on affordable housing issues
+and then another 5 years working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then another 5 years working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then another 5 years working on
+issues of historic preservation and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues of historic preservation and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues of historic preservation and I
+think that this background will come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that this background will come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that this background will come
+clear to you as as he presents his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear to you as as he presents his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear to you as as he presents his
+photographs Steve thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+an so as an mentioned I'm going to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an so as an mentioned I'm going to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an so as an mentioned I'm going to show
+photos from two recent visits to New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photos from two recent visits to New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photos from two recent visits to New
+Orleans in January and March of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orleans in January and March of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orleans in January and March of this
+year I'm a first year PhD student in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year I'm a first year PhD student in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year I'm a first year PhD student in the
+CDD group and my interest is in planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDD group and my interest is in planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDD group and my interest is in planning
+history and prior to MIT I had some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history and prior to MIT I had some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history and prior to MIT I had some
+experience with photography but usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with photography but usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with photography but usually
+on the other end of the camera I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other end of the camera I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other end of the camera I guess
+you could say um working with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say um working with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say um working with a
+nonprofit project called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonprofit project called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonprofit project called the
+neighborhoods project of Los Angeles so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods project of Los Angeles so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods project of Los Angeles so
+for me taking photos and thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me taking photos and thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me taking photos and thinking about
+um places neighborhoods urban planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um places neighborhoods urban planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um places neighborhoods urban planning
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+connected I've been a student of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected I've been a student of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected I've been a student of the
+City of New Orleans and its history for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City of New Orleans and its history for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City of New Orleans and its history for
+13 years and recently New Orleans has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 years and recently New Orleans has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 years and recently New Orleans has
+come to the national attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to the national attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to the national attention
+but few people outside of the city have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but few people outside of the city have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but few people outside of the city have
+much non-tourist experience with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much non-tourist experience with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much non-tourist experience with it
+there's many misconceptions about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's many misconceptions about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's many misconceptions about this
+place and there's a debate about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and there's a debate about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and there's a debate about
+rebuilding in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebuilding in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebuilding in this
+context rather than establish public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context rather than establish public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context rather than establish public
+safety first then coordinate return of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety first then coordinate return of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety first then coordinate return of
+residents instead in the public debates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents instead in the public debates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents instead in the public debates
+neighborhoods have been given a test a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods have been given a test a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods have been given a test a
+test to prove their future viability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test to prove their future viability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test to prove their future viability
+based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on
+population yet these decisions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population yet these decisions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population yet these decisions are
+highly constrained and neighborhood I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly constrained and neighborhood I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly constrained and neighborhood I
+conditions veryy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tremendously New Orleans is a city of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously New Orleans is a city of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously New Orleans is a city of
+neighborhoods like the French Quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods like the French Quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods like the French Quarter
+the lower 9th fet T Lake View Uptown and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower 9th fet T Lake View Uptown and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower 9th fet T Lake View Uptown and
+today I'm going to talk about two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I'm going to talk about two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I'm going to talk about two
+neighborhoods that I visited on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods that I visited on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods that I visited on these
+trips so New Orleans recently Broadmore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trips so New Orleans recently Broadmore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trips so New Orleans recently Broadmore
+which is here here's the River
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is here here's the River
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is here here's the River
+Mississippi River the lake is at the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mississippi River the lake is at the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mississippi River the lake is at the top
+North is at the top the French Quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North is at the top the French Quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North is at the top the French Quarter
+is here the central business district is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here the central business district is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here the central business district is
+here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is
+Broadmore and holy cross which is part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Broadmore and holy cross which is part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Broadmore and holy cross which is part
+of the Lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Ninth in thinking about photographing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ninth in thinking about photographing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ninth in thinking about photographing
+New Orleans I asked myself the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New Orleans I asked myself the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New Orleans I asked myself the question
+what is New Orleans look like what did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is New Orleans look like what did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is New Orleans look like what did
+it look like before and after the flood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it look like before and after the flood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it look like before and after the flood
+and what are our impressions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what are our impressions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what are our impressions of the
+place and what happened there one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and what happened there one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and what happened there one of the
+challenges in photographing New Orleans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges in photographing New Orleans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges in photographing New Orleans
+is that it was physically dilapidated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it was physically dilapidated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it was physically dilapidated
+and decayed Before the Flood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+New Orleans has an unfamiliar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New Orleans has an unfamiliar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New Orleans has an unfamiliar
+architecture to most Americans and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture to most Americans and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture to most Americans and it
+was common to see peeling paint or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was common to see peeling paint or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was common to see peeling paint or
+scruffy Landscaping sagging porches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scruffy Landscaping sagging porches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scruffy Landscaping sagging porches
+around the neighborhoods of New Orleans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the neighborhoods of New Orleans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the neighborhoods of New Orleans
+often on previous visits I would see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often on previous visits I would see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often on previous visits I would see
+vacant Lots abandoned houses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+potholes new orans was a city with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potholes new orans was a city with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potholes new orans was a city with
+significant social and economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant social and economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant social and economic
+problems but it had unusual resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems but it had unusual resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems but it had unusual resources
+too a strong sense of civic pride a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too a strong sense of civic pride a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too a strong sense of civic pride a long
+tradition of mixed race families and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition of mixed race families and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition of mixed race families and a
+well-deserved reputation as a cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-deserved reputation as a cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-deserved reputation as a cultural
+meeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting
+ground a place of family ties and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground a place of family ties and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground a place of family ties and
+rootedness and of particular interest to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rootedness and of particular interest to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rootedness and of particular interest to
+me a historic built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+environment today when you visit New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment today when you visit New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment today when you visit New
+Orleans the thing that you see is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orleans the thing that you see is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orleans the thing that you see is the
+absence of people in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of people in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of people in the
+streets some of the other symbols that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streets some of the other symbols that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streets some of the other symbols that
+you might see are blue tarps on roofs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might see are blue tarps on roofs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might see are blue tarps on roofs
+from wind damage from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from wind damage from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from wind damage from the
+hurricane but you're unlikely to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurricane but you're unlikely to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurricane but you're unlikely to see the
+interior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior
+destruction in most areas if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destruction in most areas if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destruction in most areas if you don't
+go inside the homes you may only see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go inside the homes you may only see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go inside the homes you may only see
+piles of debris at the street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+side and everywhere you go you see signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and everywhere you go you see signs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and everywhere you go you see signs
+signs of civic pride homemade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs of civic pride homemade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs of civic pride homemade
+signs political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs political
+signs signs for demolishing homes people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs signs for demolishing homes people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs signs for demolishing homes people
+who will gut the interior house for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who will gut the interior house for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who will gut the interior house for
+you people looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work so I'm going to talk about two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so I'm going to talk about two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so I'm going to talk about two
+neighborhoods today the first one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods today the first one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods today the first one is
+holy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holy
+cross and Holy Cross is a neighborhood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross and Holy Cross is a neighborhood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross and Holy Cross is a neighborhood
+in the Lower Ninth Ward neighborhood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Lower Ninth Ward neighborhood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Lower Ninth Ward neighborhood
+which is probably at least familiar in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is probably at least familiar in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is probably at least familiar in
+name to most Americans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name to most Americans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name to most Americans
+now the Lower Ninth word is down river
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the Lower Ninth word is down river
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the Lower Ninth word is down river
+from the French quarter and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the French quarter and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the French quarter and it's
+separated from the rest of the city from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated from the rest of the city from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated from the rest of the city from
+the indust by the industrial Canal this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the indust by the industrial Canal this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the indust by the industrial Canal this
+is a photo of the industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Canal I was hesitent to go to the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canal I was hesitent to go to the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canal I was hesitent to go to the lower
+n9th the first time in January because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n9th the first time in January because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n9th the first time in January because I
+was unsure of what I would see but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was unsure of what I would see but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was unsure of what I would see but I
+knew it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew it would be
+difficult and when I got there it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult and when I got there it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult and when I got there it was a
+kind of visual overload trying to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of visual overload trying to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of visual overload trying to take
+everything in at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+once the flooding in the Lower Ninth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once the flooding in the Lower Ninth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once the flooding in the Lower Ninth
+Ward was caused by a catastrophic break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ward was caused by a catastrophic break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ward was caused by a catastrophic break
+in the industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the industrial
+now and a wall of water washed over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and a wall of water washed over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and a wall of water washed over the
+neighborhood lifting houses off of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foundations when I visited in January
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundations when I visited in January
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundations when I visited in January
+there were scenes of Devastation like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were scenes of Devastation like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were scenes of Devastation like
+this one all around on every side and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one all around on every side and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one all around on every side and it
+was the scale that impressed me more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the scale that impressed me more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the scale that impressed me more
+than anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+else I returned in March and I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else I returned in March and I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else I returned in March and I had
+different ideas in mind but again I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ideas in mind but again I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ideas in mind but again I was
+unsure of what I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsure of what I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsure of what I would
+see one of the things I had had in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see one of the things I had had in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see one of the things I had had in mind
+is that March is shotgun House in New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that March is shotgun House in New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that March is shotgun House in New
+Orleans a long tradition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orleans a long tradition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orleans a long tradition of the
+preservation resource
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preservation resource
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preservation resource
+center and I heard that a tour was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center and I heard that a tour was going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center and I heard that a tour was going
+to be offered in the Holy Cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be offered in the Holy Cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be offered in the Holy Cross
+neighborhood part of the lower 99th Ward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood part of the lower 99th Ward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood part of the lower 99th Ward
+so I decided to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go Holy Cross is part of the Lower Ninth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go Holy Cross is part of the Lower Ninth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go Holy Cross is part of the Lower Ninth
+but it's on the rivers side and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's on the rivers side and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's on the rivers side and it's
+part of the story of what's happening in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the story of what's happening in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the story of what's happening in
+the lower 9th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower 9th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower 9th
+Ward before I visited there I had heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ward before I visited there I had heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ward before I visited there I had heard
+that houses were wiped out in Hurricane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that houses were wiped out in Hurricane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that houses were wiped out in Hurricane
+Betsy that the area should not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Betsy that the area should not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Betsy that the area should not be
+rebuilt and I knew that a political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebuilt and I knew that a political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebuilt and I knew that a political
+conflict was underway about Demolition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict was underway about Demolition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict was underway about Demolition
+and clearing of the houses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and clearing of the houses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and clearing of the houses
+there I had witnessed the scenes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I had witnessed the scenes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I had witnessed the scenes of
+utter Devastation in other parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utter Devastation in other parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utter Devastation in other parts of the
+lower 9th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower 9th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower 9th
+Ward and then I learned that Holy Cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ward and then I learned that Holy Cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ward and then I learned that Holy Cross
+was a historic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+district I wondered how could a place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+district I wondered how could a place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+district I wondered how could a place
+destroyed by flooding in 1965 be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed by flooding in 1965 be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed by flooding in 1965 be in
+historic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historic
+district and why did people tend to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+district and why did people tend to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+district and why did people tend to talk
+about poor black historic neighborhoods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about poor black historic neighborhoods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about poor black historic neighborhoods
+one way and middle class and white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way and middle class and white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way and middle class and white
+wealthy historic neighborhoods using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealthy historic neighborhoods using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealthy historic neighborhoods using
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+language How could a place with houses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language How could a place with houses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language How could a place with houses
+older than the industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older than the industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older than the industrial
+Canal be slated for complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+demolition instead of look and leave a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demolition instead of look and leave a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demolition instead of look and leave a
+slogan used by the military to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slogan used by the military to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slogan used by the military to keep
+people out this tour was called look and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people out this tour was called look and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people out this tour was called look and
+believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is Gina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Gina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Gina
+Jones I talked to Gina and Holy Cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jones I talked to Gina and Holy Cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jones I talked to Gina and Holy Cross
+City Services have not been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City Services have not been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City Services have not been
+reestablished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reestablished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reestablished
+there the city has stated that the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the city has stated that the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the city has stated that the area
+is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not
+safe and many of the people who live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe and many of the people who live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe and many of the people who live
+there or who did live there only return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there or who did live there only return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there or who did live there only return
+infrequently Gina doesn't live in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrequently Gina doesn't live in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrequently Gina doesn't live in this
+house it's her friends who live there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house it's her friends who live there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house it's her friends who live there
+and she agreed to talk to visitors who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she agreed to talk to visitors who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she agreed to talk to visitors who
+wanted to learn more about Holy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to learn more about Holy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to learn more about Holy
+Cross while I was talking to her another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cross while I was talking to her another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cross while I was talking to her another
+couple talked to her and said that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple talked to her and said that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple talked to her and said that they
+lived in uptown and they wanted to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lived in uptown and they wanted to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lived in uptown and they wanted to know
+how much water did these houses get here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much water did these houses get here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much water did these houses get here
+all around the city you hear people ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all around the city you hear people ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all around the city you hear people ask
+how much water did you get how long did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much water did you get how long did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much water did you get how long did
+it sit how much damage was there 3 to 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sit how much damage was there 3 to 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sit how much damage was there 3 to 5
+ft but it receded Gina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ft but it receded Gina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ft but it receded Gina
+explained what's the elevation they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained what's the elevation they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained what's the elevation they
+wanted to know we're on High Ground here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to know we're on High Ground here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to know we're on High Ground here
+she said it's near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she said it's near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she said it's near the
+river it was the break in the industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river it was the break in the industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river it was the break in the industrial
+Canal that brought the water oh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canal that brought the water oh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canal that brought the water oh they
+said we're only 5 ft above sea level in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uptown in this contested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uptown in this contested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uptown in this contested
+environment Rehabilitation work is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+underway what I wonder determines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underway what I wonder determines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underway what I wonder determines
+whether people think a place is safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether people think a place is safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether people think a place is safe
+from flooding or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not this is Kevin mercadel he works for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not this is Kevin mercadel he works for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not this is Kevin mercadel he works for
+the National
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the National
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the National
+Trust he previously worked in afford a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trust he previously worked in afford a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trust he previously worked in afford a
+housing in Harlem and in the South
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing in Harlem and in the South
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing in Harlem and in the South
+Bronx I talked to Kevin about this house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bronx I talked to Kevin about this house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bronx I talked to Kevin about this house
+and about the project that he's involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and about the project that he's involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and about the project that he's involved
+in he's coordinating this effort called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in he's coordinating this effort called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in he's coordinating this effort called
+home again in the Holy Cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home again in the Holy Cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home again in the Holy Cross
+neighborhood here was the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood here was the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood here was the kind of
+preservationist that I wanted to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preservationist that I wanted to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preservationist that I wanted to talk
+to afterward I wondered what assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to afterward I wondered what assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to afterward I wondered what assumptions
+are being made about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+neighborhoods in this same way I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods in this same way I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods in this same way I wanted
+to go to Broadmore a different place on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to Broadmore a different place on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to Broadmore a different place on
+the other side of town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side of town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side of town
+Broadmore is known as the bottom of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Broadmore is known as the bottom of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Broadmore is known as the bottom of the
+bowl some of you may have heard this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bowl some of you may have heard this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bowl some of you may have heard this
+expression that New Orleans is shaped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression that New Orleans is shaped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression that New Orleans is shaped
+like a bowl with water on all sides so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a bowl with water on all sides so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a bowl with water on all sides so
+if New Orleans is a bowl Broadmore is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if New Orleans is a bowl Broadmore is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if New Orleans is a bowl Broadmore is
+the bottom of it the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom of it the low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom of it the low
+Point Broadmore is the place that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point Broadmore is the place that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point Broadmore is the place that the
+bring New Orleans back commission as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring New Orleans back commission as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring New Orleans back commission as
+discussed as being one that should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed as being one that should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed as being one that should be
+converted to Green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted to Green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted to Green
+Space what I wondered was happening in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Space what I wondered was happening in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Space what I wondered was happening in
+this place a mid city neighborhood on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this place a mid city neighborhood on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this place a mid city neighborhood on
+the other side of town of mixed race and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side of town of mixed race and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side of town of mixed race and
+mixed income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what I found was a place that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I found was a place that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I found was a place that has a
+strong sense of community a cohesive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong sense of community a cohesive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong sense of community a cohesive
+built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built
+environment a mix of historic housing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment a mix of historic housing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment a mix of historic housing
+Styles Spanish colonial revival and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Styles Spanish colonial revival and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Styles Spanish colonial revival and
+other styles of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other styles of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other styles of the
+1920s and a strong neighborhood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+organization Broadmore residents decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization Broadmore residents decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization Broadmore residents decided
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+fight they did not want to lose their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight they did not want to lose their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight they did not want to lose their
+homes they do not want to lose their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homes they do not want to lose their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homes they do not want to lose their
+neighborhood and they don't want to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood and they don't want to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood and they don't want to see
+it marked off the map so they got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it marked off the map so they got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it marked off the map so they got
+visible and clearly walking around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible and clearly walking around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible and clearly walking around the
+neighborhood I noticed that part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood I noticed that part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood I noticed that part of
+their strategy is to make their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their strategy is to make their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their strategy is to make their
+neighborhood visible to anyone who comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood visible to anyone who comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood visible to anyone who comes
+near everywhere I went I saw signs like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near everywhere I went I saw signs like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near everywhere I went I saw signs like
+this one in the neutral ground in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one in the neutral ground in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one in the neutral ground in front
+Lawns at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intersections the day before I left on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersections the day before I left on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersections the day before I left on
+this most recent trip in March the times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this most recent trip in March the times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this most recent trip in March the times
+picky which is the local newspaper ran a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picky which is the local newspaper ran a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picky which is the local newspaper ran a
+front page story with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front page story with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front page story with a
+map showing flood claims over the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map showing flood claims over the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map showing flood claims over the past
+years and Broadmore has had a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and Broadmore has had a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and Broadmore has had a lot of
+them but the map had a caveat it had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but the map had a caveat it had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but the map had a caveat it had a
+footnote it said only homes that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footnote it said only homes that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footnote it said only homes that are
+insured are shown on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insured are shown on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insured are shown on this
+map and as some of you know in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map and as some of you know in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map and as some of you know in many
+areas people are not insured and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas people are not insured and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas people are not insured and so the
+map did not account for this the map did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map did not account for this the map did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map did not account for this the map did
+also not account for infrastructure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also not account for infrastructure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also not account for infrastructure
+requirements and improvements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements and improvements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements and improvements
+and the author
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the author
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the author
+explained that there was a big spike in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained that there was a big spike in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained that there was a big spike in
+flood claims in Broadmore in the 90s but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flood claims in Broadmore in the 90s but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flood claims in Broadmore in the 90s but
+then a declin in recent years after a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a declin in recent years after a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a declin in recent years after a
+infrastructure Improvement and I began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure Improvement and I began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure Improvement and I began
+to realize that often looking at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to realize that often looking at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to realize that often looking at these
+places there are problems in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places there are problems in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places there are problems in
+interpreting data the data do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreting data the data do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreting data the data do not
+clearly suggest one course of action or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly suggest one course of action or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly suggest one course of action or
+another and one of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another and one of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another and one of the things that
+became clear about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became clear about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became clear about
+Broadmore was was that everywhere there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Broadmore was was that everywhere there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Broadmore was was that everywhere there
+is risk everyone in New Orleans lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is risk everyone in New Orleans lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is risk everyone in New Orleans lives
+with risk pumps are everywhere the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with risk pumps are everywhere the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with risk pumps are everywhere the city
+is interconnected and water flows to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is interconnected and water flows to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is interconnected and water flows to the
+lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point and I also wondered and reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and I also wondered and reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and I also wondered and reading
+this article it raised the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this article it raised the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this article it raised the question
+should flood maps assume that levies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should flood maps assume that levies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should flood maps assume that levies
+might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might
+break and should an 80-year-old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break and should an 80-year-old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break and should an 80-year-old
+neighborhood like Broadmore be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+abandoned in my photography I asked a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abandoned in my photography I asked a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abandoned in my photography I asked a
+series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of
+questions what is happening in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions what is happening in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions what is happening in this
+place what is the rhetoric about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place what is the rhetoric about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place what is the rhetoric about the
+condition and the future possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and the future possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and the future possibilities
+and what is happening on the ground for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is happening on the ground for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is happening on the ground for
+me this is an interactive Pursuit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me this is an interactive Pursuit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me this is an interactive Pursuit and
+often when I take photographs I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often when I take photographs I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often when I take photographs I don't
+have specific images in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have specific images in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have specific images in
+mind like a photojournalist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+might For Me Photography is a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might For Me Photography is a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might For Me Photography is a kind of
+fieldwork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fieldwork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fieldwork
+and it's personal and I thought about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's personal and I thought about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's personal and I thought about
+what I was trying to do with the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I was trying to do with the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I was trying to do with the camera
+before giving this talk and I decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before giving this talk and I decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before giving this talk and I decided
+there are at least three things that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are at least three things that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are at least three things that I
+do when I think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do when I think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do when I think about
+photography one is that taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography one is that taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography one is that taking
+photographs is a way to go places it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs is a way to go places it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs is a way to go places it's a
+mode of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode of
+Engagement that's slower it's directed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engagement that's slower it's directed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engagement that's slower it's directed
+and it's on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foot second I use the camera to look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foot second I use the camera to look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foot second I use the camera to look for
+indicators signs and Sy symbols and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicators signs and Sy symbols and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicators signs and Sy symbols and I
+use it as a way to read the built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it as a way to read the built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it as a way to read the built
+environment and third I'm using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and third I'm using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and third I'm using the
+camera to ask questions why does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera to ask questions why does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera to ask questions why does
+something look a certain way what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something look a certain way what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something look a certain way what's
+happening in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+place even in its current state the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place even in its current state the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place even in its current state the
+uniqueness of New Orleans impresses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniqueness of New Orleans impresses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniqueness of New Orleans impresses
+strongly New Orleans is a city of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly New Orleans is a city of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly New Orleans is a city of
+distinct neighborhoods with a close-knit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct neighborhoods with a close-knit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct neighborhoods with a close-knit
+historic built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historic built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historic built
+fabric there's a highly uncertain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabric there's a highly uncertain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabric there's a highly uncertain
+political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political
+environment and we know that stories of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and we know that stories of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and we know that stories of
+the place shape what we think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place shape what we think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place shape what we think is
+possible and what the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and what the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and what the future
+possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are but New Orleans still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are but New Orleans still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are but New Orleans still
+Waits many efforts like the one I saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Waits many efforts like the one I saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Waits many efforts like the one I saw
+underway in holy in Holy Cross and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underway in holy in Holy Cross and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underway in holy in Holy Cross and in
+Broadmore are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Broadmore are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Broadmore are
+ongoing but having visited there in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ongoing but having visited there in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ongoing but having visited there in
+January and March you can't escape the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+January and March you can't escape the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+January and March you can't escape the
+feeling that disaster persists all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling that disaster persists all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling that disaster persists all
+around it's with you all the time in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it's with you all the time in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it's with you all the time in the
+marks of the emergency Cruise the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marks of the emergency Cruise the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marks of the emergency Cruise the
+Reckoning after the disaster ex's on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reckoning after the disaster ex's on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reckoning after the disaster ex's on the
+houses surveying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses surveying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses surveying the
+city and at a time when nothing else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city and at a time when nothing else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city and at a time when nothing else
+Works communicating by spray paint thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Works communicating by spray paint thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Works communicating by spray paint thank
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+going to take questions after all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take questions after all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take questions after all
+presentations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I neglected to say when I introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I neglected to say when I introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I neglected to say when I introduced
+Steve MGA that he has a website of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steve MGA that he has a website of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steve MGA that he has a website of which
+the images that he showed plus many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the images that he showed plus many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the images that he showed plus many many
+many others are up online and that's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many others are up online and that's at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many others are up online and that's at
+Moga
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moga
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moga
+photo.com which you see up there on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo.com which you see up there on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo.com which you see up there on the
+Whiteboard will Stacy our next speaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whiteboard will Stacy our next speaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whiteboard will Stacy our next speaker
+also has uh a website and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also has uh a website and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also has uh a website and you can see
+the images he'll be showing and many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the images he'll be showing and many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the images he'll be showing and many
+many more on that website will stacy. so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many more on that website will stacy. so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many more on that website will stacy. so
+you may not all be able to see it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may not all be able to see it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may not all be able to see it from
+where you're sitting but if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're sitting but if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're sitting but if you want to
+come up later I just wrote the web uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up later I just wrote the web uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up later I just wrote the web uh
+sites up on the Whiteboard will Stacy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites up on the Whiteboard will Stacy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites up on the Whiteboard will Stacy is
+a young photographer who's living in New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a young photographer who's living in New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a young photographer who's living in New
+York um he grew up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York um he grew up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York um he grew up in
+Philadelphia he uh has only graduated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philadelphia he uh has only graduated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philadelphia he uh has only graduated
+from NYU in photography uh in the Tish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from NYU in photography uh in the Tish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from NYU in photography uh in the Tish
+School a few years ago and yet his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School a few years ago and yet his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School a few years ago and yet his
+images have already been published he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images have already been published he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images have already been published he's
+becoming better and better known as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming better and better known as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming better and better known as a
+young photographer um he said to me when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young photographer um he said to me when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young photographer um he said to me when
+I invited him to be uh part of this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I invited him to be uh part of this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I invited him to be uh part of this uh
+this lecture um actually the two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture um actually the two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture um actually the two of
+these uh these photographers were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh these photographers were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh these photographers were the
+inspiration for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiration for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiration for this
+particular uh for this particular topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh for this particular topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh for this particular topic
+tonight as well as uh Larry veil's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight as well as uh Larry veil's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight as well as uh Larry veil's
+interest and mit's interest in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest and mit's interest in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest and mit's interest in general
+in the rebuilding of of New Orleans uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the rebuilding of of New Orleans uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the rebuilding of of New Orleans uh
+but will said to me you know it's as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but will said to me you know it's as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but will said to me you know it's as if
+I've been doing batting practice when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been doing batting practice when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been doing batting practice when I
+arrived in New Orleans it's as if I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrived in New Orleans it's as if I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrived in New Orleans it's as if I'd
+been doing batting practice for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing batting practice for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing batting practice for this
+assignment will um as uh to to put his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment will um as uh to to put his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment will um as uh to to put his
+put himself through through college
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put himself through through college
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put himself through through college
+worked as a union laborer on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked as a union laborer on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked as a union laborer on
+construction and demolition jobs uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction and demolition jobs uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction and demolition jobs uh in
+summers in college and then he went back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summers in college and then he went back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summers in college and then he went back
+and photographed on these construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and photographed on these construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and photographed on these construction
+sites with an access that having been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites with an access that having been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites with an access that having been a
+union labor laborer himself gave him he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union labor laborer himself gave him he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union labor laborer himself gave him he
+then for his thesis uh in uh at Tish did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for his thesis uh in uh at Tish did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for his thesis uh in uh at Tish did
+uh a study of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a study of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a study of
+murals in low income neighborhoods in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murals in low income neighborhoods in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murals in low income neighborhoods in
+Philadelphia minority neighborhoods uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philadelphia minority neighborhoods uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philadelphia minority neighborhoods uh
+working with the Philadelphia mural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with the Philadelphia mural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with the Philadelphia mural
+project a nonprofit organization and his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project a nonprofit organization and his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project a nonprofit organization and his
+photographs uh uh not only are wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs uh uh not only are wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs uh uh not only are wonderful
+photographs are being used by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs are being used by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs are being used by that
+organization today uh and then embarking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization today uh and then embarking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization today uh and then embarking
+uh after graduation on travels he went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh after graduation on travels he went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh after graduation on travels he went
+and began a series of photographs of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and began a series of photographs of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and began a series of photographs of of
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+de-industrialization uh in towns uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de-industrialization uh in towns uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de-industrialization uh in towns uh
+around the country and also before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the country and also before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the country and also before
+Katrina had started photographing after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Katrina had started photographing after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Katrina had started photographing after
+hurricanes along the Gulf Coast so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurricanes along the Gulf Coast so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurricanes along the Gulf Coast so
+welcome to MIT will I hope this won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to MIT will I hope this won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to MIT will I hope this won't be
+your last time and W well thank you um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your last time and W well thank you um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your last time and W well thank you um I
+want to give you guys a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give you guys a quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give you guys a quick
+introduction to my work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to my work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to my work
+um and uh like an said um my past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh like an said um my past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh like an said um my past
+projects have helped me prepare for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects have helped me prepare for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects have helped me prepare for the
+work that I did in New Orleans after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that I did in New Orleans after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that I did in New Orleans after
+Hurricane Katrina we can't hear you oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hurricane Katrina we can't hear you oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hurricane Katrina we can't hear you oh
+okay you can lift the microphone just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can lift the microphone just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can lift the microphone just
+higher on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shirt is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shirt is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shirt is this
+better this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better this
+better um in 2-year long project on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better um in 2-year long project on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better um in 2-year long project on on
+construction I recorded my experiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction I recorded my experiences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction I recorded my experiences
+as a union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+laborer um and working with the mural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laborer um and working with the mural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laborer um and working with the mural
+arts program in Philadelphia um I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arts program in Philadelphia um I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arts program in Philadelphia um I was
+able to understand how photography can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to understand how photography can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to understand how photography can
+be used to not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used to not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used to not only
+document the efforts and achievements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document the efforts and achievements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document the efforts and achievements of
+a group but also provide a gateway to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a group but also provide a gateway to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a group but also provide a gateway to
+Envision the future uh which which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Envision the future uh which which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Envision the future uh which which is
+something that would be very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that would be very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that would be very important
+in the work that I'm doing in New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the work that I'm doing in New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the work that I'm doing in New
+Orleans um in 2004 uh series of four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orleans um in 2004 uh series of four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orleans um in 2004 uh series of four
+hurricanes tour through Alabama and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurricanes tour through Alabama and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurricanes tour through Alabama and
+Florida um and this is what began uh my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Florida um and this is what began uh my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Florida um and this is what began uh my
+project after the cry um in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project after the cry um in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project after the cry um in which
+I am exploring the impact hurricanes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am exploring the impact hurricanes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am exploring the impact hurricanes
+have on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have on
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+communities um and then this is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities um and then this is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities um and then this is one of
+the images from my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the images from my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the images from my
+project called The Ruins investigating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project called The Ruins investigating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project called The Ruins investigating
+the deindustrialization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+America I arrived in New Orleans 6 weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America I arrived in New Orleans 6 weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America I arrived in New Orleans 6 weeks
+after the storm um and immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the storm um and immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the storm um and immediately
+realized that all of my previous work I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized that all of my previous work I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized that all of my previous work I
+was continuing here um I found myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was continuing here um I found myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was continuing here um I found myself
+exploring and and continuing on many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploring and and continuing on many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploring and and continuing on many
+familiar ideas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+themes the destruction was absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themes the destruction was absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themes the destruction was absolutely
+unbelievable um and when I was there in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbelievable um and when I was there in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbelievable um and when I was there in
+October it was it was really a ghost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+October it was it was really a ghost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+October it was it was really a ghost
+town um the only traces of life um were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town um the only traces of life um were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town um the only traces of life um were
+the things left behind um and and amidst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things left behind um and and amidst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things left behind um and and amidst
+this absence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this absence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this absence
+um I began to explore the evidence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I began to explore the evidence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I began to explore the evidence of
+people's life before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+storm as I wandered through this city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storm as I wandered through this city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storm as I wandered through this city
+photographing people's neighborhoods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographing people's neighborhoods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographing people's neighborhoods
+homes businesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homes businesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homes businesses
+schools um and their personal belongings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools um and their personal belongings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools um and their personal belongings
+I felt accompanied by their presence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I felt accompanied by their presence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I felt accompanied by their presence
+their spirit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their spirit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their spirit
+um and this this spirit this presence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this this spirit this presence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this this spirit this presence
+was something that was very important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was something that was very important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was something that was very important to
+me in this project and ultimately is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me in this project and ultimately is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me in this project and ultimately is
+what I felt guided me to my subjects um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I felt guided me to my subjects um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I felt guided me to my subjects um
+and led me to what I photographed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um one of the few people that I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of the few people that I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of the few people that I did
+encounter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter
+um was Esther Blackman um and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um was Esther Blackman um and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um was Esther Blackman um and the
+following photographs were taken on Mrs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following photographs were taken on Mrs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following photographs were taken on Mrs
+Blackman's first visit um to her home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackman's first visit um to her home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackman's first visit um to her home
+after the storm um she was there to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the storm um she was there to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the storm um she was there to
+recover what she could and and to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover what she could and and to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover what she could and and to really
+just just take this take it all in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um she had to stop at times to cry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um she had to stop at times to cry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um she had to stop at times to cry and
+for the most part she seemed really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the most part she seemed really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the most part she seemed really
+shaken tired and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+withdrawn um as she stared off into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withdrawn um as she stared off into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withdrawn um as she stared off into
+thought pondering the future um I saw in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought pondering the future um I saw in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought pondering the future um I saw in
+her eyes that that she knew there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her eyes that that she knew there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her eyes that that she knew there was
+more to come um and that the battle had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more to come um and that the battle had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more to come um and that the battle had
+only just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only just
+begun and this is a photograph of her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+daughter um she's a strong woman and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter um she's a strong woman and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter um she's a strong woman and uh
+I I think she's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think she's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think she's going to
+be prepared for the long road ahead in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be prepared for the long road ahead in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be prepared for the long road ahead in
+in dealing with the recovery and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in dealing with the recovery and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in dealing with the recovery and
+rebuilding her life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when I returned to home to New York um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I returned to home to New York um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I returned to home to New York um
+and began working with the series these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and began working with the series these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and began working with the series these
+series of images um I began contacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of images um I began contacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of images um I began contacting
+Katrina survivors and and collecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Katrina survivors and and collecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Katrina survivors and and collecting
+their stories um and these these stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their stories um and these these stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their stories um and these these stories
+that people were sharing with me were so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people were sharing with me were so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people were sharing with me were so
+powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful
+um that I ultimately ultimately was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that I ultimately ultimately was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that I ultimately ultimately was
+moved to shift my focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved to shift my focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved to shift my focus
+um and start investigating these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and start investigating these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and start investigating these these
+people and their stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and their stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and their stories
+um and as I continue my work I plan to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and as I continue my work I plan to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and as I continue my work I plan to
+create a narrative by combining my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a narrative by combining my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a narrative by combining my
+images and their writing um the stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images and their writing um the stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images and their writing um the stories
+memories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories
+Reflections that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reflections that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reflections that I've
+collected describe these unbelievable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected describe these unbelievable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected describe these unbelievable
+stories of Escape survival um their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories of Escape survival um their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories of Escape survival um their
+Reflections on how life is changed after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reflections on how life is changed after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reflections on how life is changed after
+the storm and where they're they're what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the storm and where they're they're what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the storm and where they're they're what
+they're doing now and how they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing now and how they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing now and how they're
+rebuilding their lives um and and I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebuilding their lives um and and I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebuilding their lives um and and I see
+these voices these stories um as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these voices these stories um as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these voices these stories um as they
+stand next to my images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand next to my images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand next to my images
+as a way to to carry my viewer guide my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way to to carry my viewer guide my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way to to carry my viewer guide my
+viewer through this place through my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewer through this place through my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewer through this place through my
+photographs just as these people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs just as these people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs just as these people's
+presence guided me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence guided me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence guided me
+um as I explored this place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and I want to share a story with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I want to share a story with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I want to share a story with you
+um that Renee Lewis has uh shared with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me we have yet to get a femur trailer we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me we have yet to get a femur trailer we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me we have yet to get a femur trailer we
+have been evicted from the hotel that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been evicted from the hotel that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been evicted from the hotel that we
+were in in Florida the contractor that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in in Florida the contractor that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in in Florida the contractor that
+we hired to fix my mother's house has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we hired to fix my mother's house has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we hired to fix my mother's house has
+stolen the few items that we're able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stolen the few items that we're able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stolen the few items that we're able to
+salvage which has totally crushed her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salvage which has totally crushed her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salvage which has totally crushed her
+we're fighting daily battles with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're fighting daily battles with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're fighting daily battles with our
+insurance company mortgage company FEMA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance company mortgage company FEMA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance company mortgage company FEMA
+Etc which has me in a complete mental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc which has me in a complete mental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc which has me in a complete mental
+wreck we have not yet received any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wreck we have not yet received any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wreck we have not yet received any
+insurance money to fix our property is 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance money to fix our property is 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance money to fix our property is 7
+months after the storm for God's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months after the storm for God's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months after the storm for God's
+sakes nothing seems to be getting better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sakes nothing seems to be getting better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sakes nothing seems to be getting better
+in fact it seems to to be getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it seems to to be getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it seems to to be getting
+increasingly worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stress is killing us all we lost my dad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress is killing us all we lost my dad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress is killing us all we lost my dad
+right after the hurricane he had a heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right after the hurricane he had a heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right after the hurricane he had a heart
+attack and dropped dead he never had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack and dropped dead he never had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack and dropped dead he never had
+heart problems in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart problems in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart problems in his
+life we had to have a mock funeral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life we had to have a mock funeral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life we had to have a mock funeral
+because there was nowhere to bury him he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there was nowhere to bury him he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there was nowhere to bury him he
+was cremated stress is killing us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all while I know that there are a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all while I know that there are a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all while I know that there are a lot of
+people with different stories everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with different stories everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with different stories everyone
+is going through their own personal hell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going through their own personal hell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going through their own personal hell
+I don't think that anyone who has not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think that anyone who has not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think that anyone who has not
+actually been here seen it smelled it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually been here seen it smelled it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually been here seen it smelled it or
+lived it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+understand photographing what remains of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand photographing what remains of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand photographing what remains of
+the past has allowed me to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past has allowed me to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past has allowed me to understand
+the present um and as the storm has left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the present um and as the storm has left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the present um and as the storm has left
+its Mark changed lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its Mark changed lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its Mark changed lives
+um I'm interested in what changes will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm interested in what changes will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm interested in what changes will
+take place in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take place in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take place in the
+future um as I continue to work in New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future um as I continue to work in New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future um as I continue to work in New
+Orleans I want to document these moments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orleans I want to document these moments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orleans I want to document these moments
+of change um I am in the midst of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of change um I am in the midst of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of change um I am in the midst of
+planning to work with a community group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning to work with a community group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning to work with a community group
+um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+document its efforts in shaping the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document its efforts in shaping the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document its efforts in shaping the
+future of New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future of New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future of New
+Orleans um its planning its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orleans um its planning its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orleans um its planning its
+rebuilding and working with that group I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebuilding and working with that group I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebuilding and working with that group I
+want to explore the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to explore the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to explore the individual
+stories um that exist within a larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories um that exist within a larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories um that exist within a larger
+context of a group effort um these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of a group effort um these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of a group effort um these these
+individuals efforts must be seen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals efforts must be seen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals efforts must be seen and
+heard um and I'm not just interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard um and I'm not just interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard um and I'm not just interested in
+my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+photographs as a document um I see them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs as a document um I see them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs as a document um I see them
+as a contribution to to the rebuilding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a contribution to to the rebuilding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a contribution to to the rebuilding
+of New Orleans as as a tool for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of New Orleans as as a tool for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of New Orleans as as a tool for
+envisioning the future of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envisioning the future of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envisioning the future of the
+city uh by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city uh by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city uh by
+recording the visible tangible marks of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording the visible tangible marks of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording the visible tangible marks of
+change such as as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change such as as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change such as as the
+progression of of the efforts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progression of of the efforts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progression of of the efforts that
+individuals are making the the marks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals are making the the marks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals are making the the marks
+that that can be seen from from man's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that can be seen from from man's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that can be seen from from man's
+doings um and and working in areas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doings um and and working in areas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doings um and and working in areas and
+rebuilding them um I will be documenting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebuilding them um I will be documenting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebuilding them um I will be documenting
+this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but
+on at the same time time they will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on at the same time time they will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on at the same time time they will be
+revealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revealing
+um The Invisible the the things that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um The Invisible the the things that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um The Invisible the the things that you
+that you can't see such as the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't see such as the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't see such as the the
+energy the dedication and spirit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the dedication and spirit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the dedication and spirit and
+beauty of of these efforts and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauty of of these efforts and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauty of of these efforts and these
+people that exist in the everyday and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that exist in the everyday and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that exist in the everyday and
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ordinary um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary um
+this I don't know if you can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I don't know if you can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I don't know if you can you can
+hear it in my voice but I'm more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear it in my voice but I'm more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear it in my voice but I'm more
+passionate in consuming by this project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passionate in consuming by this project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passionate in consuming by this project
+than than any other work I've done to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than than any other work I've done to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than than any other work I've done to
+date um I I know I must return and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date um I I know I must return and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date um I I know I must return and I
+don't know how long I'm going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how long I'm going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how long I'm going to be
+working on this project um but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on this project um but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on this project um but it's
+these stories and experiences must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these stories and experiences must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these stories and experiences must be
+heard and it's I'm connected to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard and it's I'm connected to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard and it's I'm connected to this
+work and this project in in so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways
+um I'm convinced that that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm convinced that that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm convinced that that there's a
+contribution to be made through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution to be made through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution to be made through
+Photography in the rebuilding and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photography in the rebuilding and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photography in the rebuilding and
+planning of the future of the city um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning of the future of the city um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning of the future of the city um
+and I'm looking for ways to do so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm looking for ways to do so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm looking for ways to do so I'm
+determined to seek a dialogue and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined to seek a dialogue and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined to seek a dialogue and
+helping to rebuild New Orleans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I just wanted to close with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I just wanted to close with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I just wanted to close with these
+series of images as we think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+future can you guys read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+you ideas and Leadership will shape our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ideas and Leadership will shape our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ideas and Leadership will shape our
+future we will prosper decline based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future we will prosper decline based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future we will prosper decline based on
+who we choose to lead and then a uh list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who we choose to lead and then a uh list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who we choose to lead and then a uh list
+of politicians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as these moments of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as these moments of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as these moments of of
+transition um really must be be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition um really must be be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition um really must be be
+preserved and understood as they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserved and understood as they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserved and understood as they are
+Gateway into the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh want me get your thing I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh want me get your thing I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh want me get your thing I hope
+that uh these these two young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh these these two young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh these these two young
+photographers have so on track that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographers have so on track that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographers have so on track that
+we're going to have plenty of time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have plenty of time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have plenty of time for
+questions and I hope that they're having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and I hope that they're having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and I hope that they're having
+chosen these few images have just wet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen these few images have just wet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen these few images have just wet
+your appetite to go to their websites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your appetite to go to their websites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your appetite to go to their websites
+and see more I don't know you all felt I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see more I don't know you all felt I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see more I don't know you all felt I
+I felt like I wanted to see more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I felt like I wanted to see more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I felt like I wanted to see more and
+more and more um as they uh as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more um as they uh as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more um as they uh as they
+showed them so Larry Bale will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed them so Larry Bale will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed them so Larry Bale will be
+speaking next and he has a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking next and he has a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking next and he has a few
+photographs to show himself so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs to show himself so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs to show himself so we're
+just they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+getting well I had the is this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting well I had the is this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting well I had the is this thing
+working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working
+okay no did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay any any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any any
+better I don't know if it's doing yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better I don't know if it's doing yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better I don't know if it's doing yeah
+that's sounds better um anyway I I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sounds better um anyway I I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sounds better um anyway I I had
+the the pleasure to spend an afternoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the pleasure to spend an afternoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the pleasure to spend an afternoon
+with Steve Moga photographing uh at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Steve Moga photographing uh at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Steve Moga photographing uh at the
+end of March uh in the New Orleans East
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of March uh in the New Orleans East
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of March uh in the New Orleans East
+neighborhood and I think as you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood and I think as you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood and I think as you can see
+here how important it is literally and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here how important it is literally and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here how important it is literally and
+figuratively to have people like Steve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuratively to have people like Steve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuratively to have people like Steve
+and will uh go see what's on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and will uh go see what's on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and will uh go see what's on the other
+side of the tracks um and to uh show us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the tracks um and to uh show us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the tracks um and to uh show us
+in the I think great tradition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the I think great tradition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the I think great tradition of
+Photography going back at least to Jacob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photography going back at least to Jacob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photography going back at least to Jacob
+Reese uh something about how other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reese uh something about how other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reese uh something about how other
+people are living at a time of great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are living at a time of great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are living at a time of great
+distress um this is actually looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distress um this is actually looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distress um this is actually looking at
+a pumping station outfall uh in New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pumping station outfall uh in New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pumping station outfall uh in New
+Orleans East that was there but one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orleans East that was there but one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orleans East that was there but one of
+the things that that Anne asked me to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that that Anne asked me to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that that Anne asked me to do
+in a simple email was step back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a simple email was step back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a simple email was step back and
+reflect on the potential of potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect on the potential of potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect on the potential of potential
+role of Photography in rebuilding New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role of Photography in rebuilding New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role of Photography in rebuilding New
+Orleans and more generally in planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orleans and more generally in planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orleans and more generally in planning
+uh um uh and so what I wanted to try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um uh and so what I wanted to try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um uh and so what I wanted to try and
+do is uh assess a little bit about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is uh assess a little bit about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is uh assess a little bit about the
+the feeling that I have from the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the feeling that I have from the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the feeling that I have from the work
+that the others have shown tonight but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the others have shown tonight but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the others have shown tonight but
+to also try and convey through some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to also try and convey through some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to also try and convey through some of
+the the images that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the images that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the images that um
+uh that I took uh a few days ago some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that I took uh a few days ago some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that I took uh a few days ago some of
+the principles that I think May
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principles that I think May
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principles that I think May
+underline not only uh what their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underline not only uh what their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underline not only uh what their
+photograph show but but what I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph show but but what I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph show but but what I was
+trying to do as well um but more if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do as well um but more if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do as well um but more if I'm
+to take that charge of being a bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take that charge of being a bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take that charge of being a bit more
+reflective it came into full focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflective it came into full focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflective it came into full focus on
+Friday morning when I was on a panel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday morning when I was on a panel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday morning when I was on a panel
+with Governor Blanco in New York and she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Governor Blanco in New York and she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Governor Blanco in New York and she
+said in introducing her remarks um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said in introducing her remarks um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said in introducing her remarks um uh
+the following she described New Orleans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following she described New Orleans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following she described New Orleans
+as the first American city to be erased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the first American city to be erased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the first American city to be erased
+and forced to redesign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forced to redesign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forced to redesign
+itself and I think first of all she got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and I think first of all she got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and I think first of all she got
+the verb wrong uh it was not erased as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verb wrong uh it was not erased as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verb wrong uh it was not erased as
+you have clearly seen tonight and second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have clearly seen tonight and second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have clearly seen tonight and second
+she had the protagonist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she had the protagonist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she had the protagonist
+wrong cities are not capable of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong cities are not capable of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong cities are not capable of
+designing or redesigning themselves it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing or redesigning themselves it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing or redesigning themselves it's
+about people it's about communities it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about people it's about communities it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about people it's about communities it's
+about interpretation it's about the role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about interpretation it's about the role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about interpretation it's about the role
+of designers and and Community groups uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of designers and and Community groups uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of designers and and Community groups uh
+and the role of artists and others uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the role of artists and others uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the role of artists and others uh
+who are going to shape that kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are going to shape that kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are going to shape that kind of uh
+material and I I can't tell you how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and I I can't tell you how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and I I can't tell you how many
+times I heard people refer to this city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times I heard people refer to this city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times I heard people refer to this city
+as a blank slate someone else on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a blank slate someone else on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a blank slate someone else on the
+same panel uh that was with me who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same panel uh that was with me who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same panel uh that was with me who
+should know better uh who's visited the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should know better uh who's visited the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should know better uh who's visited the
+place uh is describing these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place uh is describing these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place uh is describing these kinds of
+places um so the first thing that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places um so the first thing that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places um so the first thing that's very
+clear to me is that the role of photog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear to me is that the role of photog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear to me is that the role of photog
+tography in New Orleans and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tography in New Orleans and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tography in New Orleans and more
+generally in planning has to be to Bear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally in planning has to be to Bear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally in planning has to be to Bear
+witness and to remind people that most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witness and to remind people that most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witness and to remind people that most
+neighborhoods have not been erased by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods have not been erased by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods have not been erased by
+the storm um they've been merely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the storm um they've been merely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the storm um they've been merely
+rendered more vulnerable to subsequent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rendered more vulnerable to subsequent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rendered more vulnerable to subsequent
+Human Action um the legacy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Human Action um the legacy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Human Action um the legacy of the
+modernist tabula is still with us in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modernist tabula is still with us in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modernist tabula is still with us in
+this kind of uh thinking the arrogance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of uh thinking the arrogance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of uh thinking the arrogance
+of mid-century planning and design these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mid-century planning and design these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mid-century planning and design these
+kinds of things are very very clear but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things are very very clear but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things are very very clear but
+what photography is doing is both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what photography is doing is both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what photography is doing is both
+interpreting and documenting cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreting and documenting cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreting and documenting cultural
+landscapes it's forcing planners and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscapes it's forcing planners and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscapes it's forcing planners and
+other citizens to come to grips with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other citizens to come to grips with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other citizens to come to grips with the
+deepest human dimensions of inhabited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deepest human dimensions of inhabited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deepest human dimensions of inhabited
+places uh even if they're destroyed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places uh even if they're destroyed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places uh even if they're destroyed and
+abandoned they're inhabited in very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abandoned they're inhabited in very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abandoned they're inhabited in very
+fundamental ways uh their rights and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental ways uh their rights and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental ways uh their rights and
+responsibilities that we can see still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibilities that we can see still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibilities that we can see still
+visible in the piles of recombinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible in the piles of recombinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible in the piles of recombinant
+debris that we've seen tonight um their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debris that we've seen tonight um their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debris that we've seen tonight um their
+property lines their family ties their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property lines their family ties their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property lines their family ties their
+local businesses their remnants of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local businesses their remnants of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local businesses their remnants of human
+lives that have been upended but may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives that have been upended but may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives that have been upended but may
+nonetheless end up reconstituted and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonetheless end up reconstituted and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonetheless end up reconstituted and
+this is the kind of message that I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the kind of message that I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the kind of message that I think
+we have to be able to uh to look at uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to be able to uh to look at uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to be able to uh to look at uh
+as we as we see some of these things uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we as we see some of these things uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we as we see some of these things uh
+so one of the challenges that I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the challenges that I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the challenges that I think
+came across in the work that we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came across in the work that we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came across in the work that we've seen
+tonight was was how does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight was was how does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight was was how does the
+photographer manage to convey the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographer manage to convey the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographer manage to convey the
+intimacy of these scenes without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intimacy of these scenes without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intimacy of these scenes without
+violating privacy uh and for me uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violating privacy uh and for me uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violating privacy uh and for me uh the
+relief I had uh when I first looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relief I had uh when I first looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relief I had uh when I first looked at
+Will's website uh was the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Will's website uh was the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Will's website uh was the kind of
+pairing of the dialogue with people uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairing of the dialogue with people uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairing of the dialogue with people uh
+with the images um I still find that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the images um I still find that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the images um I still find that the
+image of Mrs Blackman's first visit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of Mrs Blackman's first visit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of Mrs Blackman's first visit
+where she's hanging on her defoliated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where she's hanging on her defoliated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where she's hanging on her defoliated
+tree uh to be a way of legitimizing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree uh to be a way of legitimizing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree uh to be a way of legitimizing the
+role of photography by the conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role of photography by the conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role of photography by the conversation
+that is happening sometimes that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is happening sometimes that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is happening sometimes that's a
+conversation that is literally uh words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation that is literally uh words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation that is literally uh words
+exchanged between person and person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanged between person and person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanged between person and person
+human and human sometimes it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human and human sometimes it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human and human sometimes it's a it's a
+more metaphoric dialogue that the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more metaphoric dialogue that the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more metaphoric dialogue that the camera
+is asking the viewer uh to do um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is asking the viewer uh to do um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is asking the viewer uh to do um but
+it's a kind of Storytelling that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a kind of Storytelling that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a kind of Storytelling that that
+provides a right of entry into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides a right of entry into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides a right of entry into a
+disrupted world uh that I think gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrupted world uh that I think gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrupted world uh that I think gives
+the moral credibility uh to this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moral credibility uh to this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moral credibility uh to this kind of
+work uh and makes it seem less intrusive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh and makes it seem less intrusive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh and makes it seem less intrusive
+than it might um the thing that I find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it might um the thing that I find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it might um the thing that I find
+uh so remarkable about the photographs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so remarkable about the photographs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so remarkable about the photographs
+uh that we've seen from Steve and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that we've seen from Steve and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that we've seen from Steve and from
+will uh and from others it in this area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will uh and from others it in this area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will uh and from others it in this area
+is the way the extent to which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the way the extent to which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the way the extent to which the
+utterly conventional in cities is made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utterly conventional in cities is made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utterly conventional in cities is made
+extraordinary by the forc deviation from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary by the forc deviation from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary by the forc deviation from
+normaly uh there's this rearrangement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normaly uh there's this rearrangement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normaly uh there's this rearrangement of
+the everyday that we see as we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the everyday that we see as we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the everyday that we see as we look
+through New Orleans and places it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through New Orleans and places it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through New Orleans and places it's
+familiarity but there are key pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiarity but there are key pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiarity but there are key pieces
+missing uh there that we share as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing uh there that we share as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing uh there that we share as
+viewers uh a sense of the the vocabulary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewers uh a sense of the the vocabulary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewers uh a sense of the the vocabulary
+of the complete thing uh so that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the complete thing uh so that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the complete thing uh so that we can
+see the absences we can know the extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the absences we can know the extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the absences we can know the extent
+of the missing Gap that's there we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the missing Gap that's there we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the missing Gap that's there we know
+what's been made crooked uh whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's been made crooked uh whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's been made crooked uh whether it's
+the oneway sign that that we saw in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oneway sign that that we saw in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oneway sign that that we saw in one
+of Steve's photos or or something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Steve's photos or or something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Steve's photos or or something else
+um these are photos about control and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these are photos about control and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these are photos about control and
+loss of control um there are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss of control um there are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss of control um there are these
+partial inversions of convention that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial inversions of convention that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial inversions of convention that
+just permeate the the kind of process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just permeate the the kind of process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just permeate the the kind of process of
+Photography post disaster especially in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photography post disaster especially in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photography post disaster especially in
+New Orleans uh there are violations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New Orleans uh there are violations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New Orleans uh there are violations of
+boundaries all over the place it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries all over the place it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries all over the place it's
+indoor and outdoor how are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indoor and outdoor how are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indoor and outdoor how are those
+transformed from what we conventionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed from what we conventionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed from what we conventionally
+think of you know what does it mean when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of you know what does it mean when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of you know what does it mean when
+the house doesn't have a window when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the house doesn't have a window when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the house doesn't have a window when the
+door is open uh public and private uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door is open uh public and private uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door is open uh public and private uh
+it's transformed past and present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's transformed past and present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's transformed past and present
+horizontal and vertical things that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal and vertical things that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal and vertical things that we
+take for granted as pedestrians uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take for granted as pedestrians uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take for granted as pedestrians uh
+strength and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength and
+weakness permanent ephemeral abandonment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakness permanent ephemeral abandonment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakness permanent ephemeral abandonment
+and return Despair and Faith so I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and return Despair and Faith so I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and return Despair and Faith so I was
+trying to make some sense of this I um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make some sense of this I um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make some sense of this I um I
+wanted to look at three kinds of ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to look at three kinds of ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to look at three kinds of ways
+that I think photography may may speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think photography may may speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think photography may may speak
+to us um uh the first is literally uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to us um uh the first is literally uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to us um uh the first is literally uh
+there is a process of denotation there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a process of denotation there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a process of denotation there's
+a sense that uh sometimes the words in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense that uh sometimes the words in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense that uh sometimes the words in
+the image neighbors let me gut your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image neighbors let me gut your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image neighbors let me gut your
+house Katrina sucks Walkers were here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house Katrina sucks Walkers were here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house Katrina sucks Walkers were here
+91405 um these kinds of things that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+91405 um these kinds of things that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+91405 um these kinds of things that that
+that are there in this case in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are there in this case in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are there in this case in the in
+New Orleans East um or here in plaman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New Orleans East um or here in plaman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New Orleans East um or here in plaman
+Parish uh where I spent an afternoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parish uh where I spent an afternoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parish uh where I spent an afternoon
+with Lee Graham um it says God
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Lee Graham um it says God
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Lee Graham um it says God
+will will give back more uh on the slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will will give back more uh on the slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will will give back more uh on the slide
+uh these kinds of messages that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these kinds of messages that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these kinds of messages that people
+are making out there for others to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are making out there for others to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are making out there for others to come
+by Katrina was big but God Is Bigger uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Katrina was big but God Is Bigger uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Katrina was big but God Is Bigger uh
+here we're in Mississippi uh where most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're in Mississippi uh where most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're in Mississippi uh where most
+of my images that will follow are from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my images that will follow are from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my images that will follow are from
+uh this is the the town where of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is the the town where of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is the the town where of
+Waveland uh if ever there was a place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Waveland uh if ever there was a place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Waveland uh if ever there was a place
+more aptly named for the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more aptly named for the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more aptly named for the uh
+juxtaposition of of sea and land that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juxtaposition of of sea and land that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juxtaposition of of sea and land that
+occurred when the center of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred when the center of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred when the center of the
+hurricane passed through 7 months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurricane passed through 7 months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurricane passed through 7 months
+exactly before this this Photograph was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly before this this Photograph was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly before this this Photograph was
+taken uh it would be Waveland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken uh it would be Waveland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken uh it would be Waveland
+Mississippi um or Bay St Louis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mississippi um or Bay St Louis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mississippi um or Bay St Louis
+Mississippi uh where the sign ironically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mississippi uh where the sign ironically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mississippi uh where the sign ironically
+says do not remove steeple um who who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says do not remove steeple um who who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says do not remove steeple um who who
+are they talking to to presumably it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they talking to to presumably it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they talking to to presumably it's
+it's simply those who would uh clean up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's simply those who would uh clean up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's simply those who would uh clean up
+the debris and not recognize uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the debris and not recognize uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the debris and not recognize uh what
+this is um but it's a piece of a missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is um but it's a piece of a missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is um but it's a piece of a missing
+juxtaposed puzzle uh that is just simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juxtaposed puzzle uh that is just simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juxtaposed puzzle uh that is just simply
+uh in the wrong place some people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the wrong place some people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the wrong place some people in
+Mississippi seem to have managed a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mississippi seem to have managed a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mississippi seem to have managed a bit
+of humor uh by time uh uh here we are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of humor uh by time uh uh here we are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of humor uh by time uh uh here we are a
+block away from from the the Gulf of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block away from from the the Gulf of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block away from from the the Gulf of
+Mexico in a neighborhood that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mexico in a neighborhood that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mexico in a neighborhood that was
+completely wiped to the the floor slab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely wiped to the the floor slab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely wiped to the the floor slab
+by the force of the storm surge uh in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the force of the storm surge uh in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the force of the storm surge uh in a
+place that had existed for many decades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place that had existed for many decades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place that had existed for many decades
+without ever having a a direct hit from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without ever having a a direct hit from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without ever having a a direct hit from
+a hurricane um and uh uh another one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hurricane um and uh uh another one uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hurricane um and uh uh another one uh
+Huda thunk just another manic Monday and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huda thunk just another manic Monday and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huda thunk just another manic Monday and
+then the name of the family uh that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the name of the family uh that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the name of the family uh that was
+there uh these messages that are out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh these messages that are out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh these messages that are out
+there the literal way that's there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the literal way that's there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the literal way that's there but
+photography is doing something uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography is doing something uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography is doing something uh I
+think even more powerful and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think even more powerful and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think even more powerful and more
+intrinsic with the Aesthetics of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic with the Aesthetics of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic with the Aesthetics of the
+metaphor and it's something that we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphor and it's something that we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphor and it's something that we saw
+I think in a lot of the work of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think in a lot of the work of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think in a lot of the work of the
+first two and that's taking taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two and that's taking taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two and that's taking taking
+things that are normally uh properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are normally uh properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are normally uh properties
+of the photograph and emphasizing them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the photograph and emphasizing them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the photograph and emphasizing them
+uh in in one case uh what what might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in one case uh what what might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in one case uh what what might be
+called exemplification Drawing attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called exemplification Drawing attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called exemplification Drawing attention
+to certain things more than others so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to certain things more than others so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to certain things more than others so
+the symmetry of places uh like the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symmetry of places uh like the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symmetry of places uh like the like
+the sand covered path uh leading up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sand covered path uh leading up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sand covered path uh leading up to
+this this church that now exists as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this church that now exists as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this church that now exists as a
+tempor AR building that is of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempor AR building that is of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempor AR building that is of course the
+first and really only thing to come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and really only thing to come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and really only thing to come back
+uh here in Waveland Mississippi or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here in Waveland Mississippi or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here in Waveland Mississippi or the
+power of the symmetry of the entryway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of the symmetry of the entryway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of the symmetry of the entryway
+that seems to have survived completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems to have survived completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems to have survived completely
+intact even though the house behind it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intact even though the house behind it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intact even though the house behind it
+is nowhere to be seen um this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nowhere to be seen um this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nowhere to be seen um this kind of
+thing where we read in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing where we read in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing where we read in the
+conventions uh of Aesthetics uh to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions uh of Aesthetics uh to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions uh of Aesthetics uh to see
+everything there except the missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything there except the missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything there except the missing
+Central piece Beyond The Fountain which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central piece Beyond The Fountain which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central piece Beyond The Fountain which
+must have been some large house and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have been some large house and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have been some large house and not
+an electrical truck or a trailer or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electrical truck or a trailer or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electrical truck or a trailer or a
+student car uh in the back these kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student car uh in the back these kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student car uh in the back these kinds
+of of patterns of of symmetry that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of patterns of of symmetry that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of patterns of of symmetry that were
+there or things that we associate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there or things that we associate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there or things that we associate with
+the pattern of houses that belong on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pattern of houses that belong on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pattern of houses that belong on
+Lots centered on their Lots there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lots centered on their Lots there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lots centered on their Lots there's a
+convention there of of of houses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention there of of of houses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention there of of of houses and
+when something is just a kilter uh like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when something is just a kilter uh like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when something is just a kilter uh like
+this one where the middle house uh here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one where the middle house uh here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one where the middle house uh here
+in New Orleans East um is simply not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in New Orleans East um is simply not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in New Orleans East um is simply not
+where it's supposed to be uh it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's supposed to be uh it becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's supposed to be uh it becomes
+a way of of understanding the disruption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way of of understanding the disruption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way of of understanding the disruption
+or if we looked at that same church in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if we looked at that same church in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if we looked at that same church in
+Bay St Louis uh Mississippi um here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bay St Louis uh Mississippi um here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bay St Louis uh Mississippi um here it's
+emphasizing the fact that the piece is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasizing the fact that the piece is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasizing the fact that the piece is
+horizontal instead of vertical on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal instead of vertical on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal instead of vertical on the
+church uh this thing that looks even too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+church uh this thing that looks even too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+church uh this thing that looks even too
+large to ever fit on the top uh of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large to ever fit on the top uh of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large to ever fit on the top uh of that
+uh that building uh may have been that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that building uh may have been that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that building uh may have been that
+was part of the problem um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was part of the problem um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was part of the problem um
+uh um or uh this kind of unintentionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um or uh this kind of unintentionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um or uh this kind of unintentionally
+ironic sign of open house uh or the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ironic sign of open house uh or the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ironic sign of open house uh or the the
+the fact that it becomes impossible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that it becomes impossible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that it becomes impossible for
+me to look at aelas Blooming again in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to look at aelas Blooming again in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to look at aelas Blooming again in
+quite the same way uh when I see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite the same way uh when I see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite the same way uh when I see the
+foundation plantings and a piece of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation plantings and a piece of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation plantings and a piece of the
+foundation and no house uh that's there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation and no house uh that's there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation and no house uh that's there
+that that somehow the plantings uh were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that somehow the plantings uh were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that somehow the plantings uh were
+were more uh able to with withstand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were more uh able to with withstand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were more uh able to with withstand the
+power of the storm surge uh than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of the storm surge uh than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of the storm surge uh than the
+entire house that would have been behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire house that would have been behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire house that would have been behind
+it um you know what was this open house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um you know what was this open house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um you know what was this open house
+that was planned for seven months and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was planned for seven months and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was planned for seven months and
+one day before uh who knows um or images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one day before uh who knows um or images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one day before uh who knows um or images
+um like this uh where you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like this uh where you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like this uh where you have the
+recombinant remnants of a barers shop in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombinant remnants of a barers shop in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombinant remnants of a barers shop in
+New Orleans East inside versus outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New Orleans East inside versus outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New Orleans East inside versus outside
+uh signage that doesn't quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh signage that doesn't quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh signage that doesn't quite
+communicate uh the kinds of things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate uh the kinds of things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate uh the kinds of things that
+uh that are drawing attention to uh a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that are drawing attention to uh a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that are drawing attention to uh a a
+symmetrical building um but no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrical building um but no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrical building um but no longer
+really part of the uh the place because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really part of the uh the place because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really part of the uh the place because
+the chairs and everything else are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chairs and everything else are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chairs and everything else are
+simply piled uh when Steve and I visited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply piled uh when Steve and I visited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply piled uh when Steve and I visited
+this this area a little strip mall in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this area a little strip mall in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this area a little strip mall in
+New Orleans East it was as if no one had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New Orleans East it was as if no one had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New Orleans East it was as if no one had
+touched a thing in seven months uh it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touched a thing in seven months uh it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touched a thing in seven months uh it it
+it really was quite remarkable all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really was quite remarkable all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really was quite remarkable all of
+the re combinant debris of each business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the re combinant debris of each business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the re combinant debris of each business
+just laid out there in Ju position uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just laid out there in Ju position uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just laid out there in Ju position uh in
+the sand in the sun in the dirt uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sand in the sun in the dirt uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sand in the sun in the dirt uh
+waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting
+um delicious takeouts uh all that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um delicious takeouts uh all that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um delicious takeouts uh all that they
+had to take out from this place uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to take out from this place uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to take out from this place uh
+looked less Delicious By the time um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked less Delicious By the time um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked less Delicious By the time um
+here uh in a in a place near the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh in a in a place near the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh in a in a place near the central
+business district of New Orleans um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business district of New Orleans um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business district of New Orleans um and
+then in addition to these kinds of uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in addition to these kinds of uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in addition to these kinds of uh of
+blown symmetries and and aesthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blown symmetries and and aesthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blown symmetries and and aesthetic
+conventions that are upended by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions that are upended by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions that are upended by
+photographs of disaster and in addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs of disaster and in addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs of disaster and in addition
+to the the other mode of um denotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the the other mode of um denotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the the other mode of um denotation
+and literal kinds of images there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and literal kinds of images there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and literal kinds of images there's a
+third way that I think these photographs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third way that I think these photographs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third way that I think these photographs
+speak to us and it really has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak to us and it really has to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak to us and it really has to do with
+kinds of metaphors that we bring to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of metaphors that we bring to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of metaphors that we bring to it
+um another image uh here again from um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um another image uh here again from um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um another image uh here again from um
+from New Orleans East uh where one sees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from New Orleans East uh where one sees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from New Orleans East uh where one sees
+these kinds of messages uh of rearranged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of messages uh of rearranged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of messages uh of rearranged
+faith and patriotism uh not sure whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faith and patriotism uh not sure whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faith and patriotism uh not sure whether
+Protection One uh as the sign says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Protection One uh as the sign says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Protection One uh as the sign says
+refers to the flag or or the Madonna or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refers to the flag or or the Madonna or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refers to the flag or or the Madonna or
+who whoever I'm not too good on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who whoever I'm not too good on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who whoever I'm not too good on my
+Catholic imagery but the the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Catholic imagery but the the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Catholic imagery but the the the the
+message uh of of of people trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message uh of of of people trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message uh of of of people trying to
+assert themselves after the hurricane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assert themselves after the hurricane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assert themselves after the hurricane
+commenting on uh the the nature of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commenting on uh the the nature of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commenting on uh the the nature of their
+their house uh even as the water line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their house uh even as the water line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their house uh even as the water line
+Still Remains uh between the cross and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Still Remains uh between the cross and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Still Remains uh between the cross and
+the flag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flag
+um those sorts of things or the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um those sorts of things or the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um those sorts of things or the other
+view outward from that church uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view outward from that church uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view outward from that church uh in
+Waveland that that's there on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Waveland that that's there on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Waveland that that's there on the
+temporary thing where you're left with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporary thing where you're left with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporary thing where you're left with
+just the last little bits of brick um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the last little bits of brick um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the last little bits of brick um
+and the figures staring out at the uh at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the figures staring out at the uh at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the figures staring out at the uh at
+the ocean uh that didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ocean uh that didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ocean uh that didn't
+stop and then there are chairs that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop and then there are chairs that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop and then there are chairs that are
+lined up not like the ones we just saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lined up not like the ones we just saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lined up not like the ones we just saw
+in in Will's photograph uh that still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in Will's photograph uh that still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in Will's photograph uh that still
+had their debris there from the meeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had their debris there from the meeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had their debris there from the meeting
+that PR seated the hurricane there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that PR seated the hurricane there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that PR seated the hurricane there are
+the chairs that are lined up around a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chairs that are lined up around a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chairs that are lined up around a
+table from people that have come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table from people that have come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table from people that have come back to
+their floor slab uh that are trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their floor slab uh that are trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their floor slab uh that are trying to
+engage with the new post Katrina life uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage with the new post Katrina life uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage with the new post Katrina life uh
+a block away from from the Gulf of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a block away from from the Gulf of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a block away from from the Gulf of
+Mexico that had engulfed uh their home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mexico that had engulfed uh their home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mexico that had engulfed uh their home
+uh but not completely stopped uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but not completely stopped uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but not completely stopped uh
+everything else that they cared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else that they cared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else that they cared
+about the flag on the slab um is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the flag on the slab um is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the flag on the slab um is a
+metaphor uh for the kind of faith and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphor uh for the kind of faith and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphor uh for the kind of faith and
+patriotism uh that is there in the kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patriotism uh that is there in the kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patriotism uh that is there in the kinds
+of parts of smalltown Mississippi that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of parts of smalltown Mississippi that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of parts of smalltown Mississippi that
+that I was going to uh on that day and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was going to uh on that day and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was going to uh on that day and
+then lastly um an image that um I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then lastly um an image that um I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then lastly um an image that um I think
+again uh stood out to me in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again uh stood out to me in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again uh stood out to me in particular
+this is a a house in in New Orleans East
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a a house in in New Orleans East
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a a house in in New Orleans East
+uh where a high school diploma uh has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where a high school diploma uh has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where a high school diploma uh has
+been stuffed inside the grading of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been stuffed inside the grading of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been stuffed inside the grading of an
+abandoned home and what it says to me is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abandoned home and what it says to me is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abandoned home and what it says to me is
+first of all someone knows the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all someone knows the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all someone knows the person
+who lived in this place someone is back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who lived in this place someone is back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who lived in this place someone is back
+wondering about them trying to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering about them trying to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering about them trying to be
+helpful trying to be involved uh uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful trying to be involved uh uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful trying to be involved uh uh in
+the way that they can um and what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that they can um and what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that they can um and what it
+seems to me implied in in photographing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to me implied in in photographing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to me implied in in photographing
+this uh is that there is an invitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh is that there is an invitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh is that there is an invitation
+to dialogue there's an invitation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dialogue there's an invitation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dialogue there's an invitation to
+tell the story uh and imagine the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the story uh and imagine the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the story uh and imagine the story
+that might be there even if you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be there even if you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be there even if you can't
+find Mrs Blackman and you can't find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find Mrs Blackman and you can't find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find Mrs Blackman and you can't find the
+people that are there in that place uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that are there in that place uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that are there in that place uh
+that you'd want to to work with and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'd want to to work with and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'd want to to work with and so
+that to me is the value of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to me is the value of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to me is the value of of
+Photography uh in these kinds of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photography uh in these kinds of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photography uh in these kinds of of
+settings uh they're correctives to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings uh they're correctives to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings uh they're correctives to to
+false uh generalizations that demean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false uh generalizations that demean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false uh generalizations that demean the
+nature of an inhabited place and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of an inhabited place and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of an inhabited place and they
+are invitations to dialogue to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are invitations to dialogue to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are invitations to dialogue to ask
+better questions uh and to see what can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better questions uh and to see what can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better questions uh and to see what can
+be done to help other people provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done to help other people provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done to help other people provide
+better answers thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better answers thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better answers thank
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+you our speakers come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you our speakers come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you our speakers come up
+behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hello the um I guess the question for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello the um I guess the question for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello the um I guess the question for
+anyone that I was looking of SE in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone that I was looking of SE in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone that I was looking of SE in
+particular um the um you focus on pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular um the um you focus on pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular um the um you focus on pretty
+devastated areas and I wonder if there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devastated areas and I wonder if there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devastated areas and I wonder if there
+were in the areas that you hear about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in the areas that you hear about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in the areas that you hear about
+there so inhabited the French Quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so inhabited the French Quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so inhabited the French Quarter
+where tourists are coming back and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where tourists are coming back and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where tourists are coming back and so
+forth were there visual disjunctures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth were there visual disjunctures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth were there visual disjunctures
+that you saw in places like that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you saw in places like that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you saw in places like that that
+you could have photograph that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have photograph that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have photograph that would
+have shown you that something was a lie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have shown you that something was a lie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have shown you that something was a lie
+or did visually just kind of look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or did visually just kind of look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or did visually just kind of look
+deceptively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deceptively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deceptively
+normal um am I on or should I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal um am I on or should I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal um am I on or should I
+talk all right that's better I like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk all right that's better I like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk all right that's better I like that
+anyway it's my high school debate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway it's my high school debate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway it's my high school debate
+training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+skills all right let's try again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we don't want the web to miss out on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want the web to miss out on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want the web to miss out on
+this exciting response how's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no how's that yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no okay um it was it really hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay um it was it really hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay um it was it really hard to
+choose what images to show tonight you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose what images to show tonight you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose what images to show tonight you
+know I knew I had about 20 minutes so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I knew I had about 20 minutes so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I knew I had about 20 minutes so I
+picked um specific things to show so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked um specific things to show so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked um specific things to show so um
+that's part of the answer to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's part of the answer to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's part of the answer to your
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+uh sort of like Larry was saying there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of like Larry was saying there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of like Larry was saying there's
+this inversion some things are normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inversion some things are normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inversion some things are normal
+and some things are not so even in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some things are not so even in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some things are not so even in the
+quarter in uptown you'll see blue tarps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter in uptown you'll see blue tarps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter in uptown you'll see blue tarps
+on roofs you'll see the effects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on roofs you'll see the effects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on roofs you'll see the effects of
+300,000 people missing you know you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300,000 people missing you know you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300,000 people missing you know you take
+300,000 people away from a city and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300,000 people away from a city and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300,000 people away from a city and
+there's you know problems in labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you know problems in labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you know problems in labor
+Supply there's problems getting people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply there's problems getting people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply there's problems getting people
+to you know just have the basic Services
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know just have the basic Services
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know just have the basic Services
+of the city working so the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the city working so the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the city working so the kinds of
+pictures I took in the quarter were uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures I took in the quarter were uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures I took in the quarter were uh
+limited restaurant hours uh Help Wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited restaurant hours uh Help Wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited restaurant hours uh Help Wanted
+signs um you see more men with guns than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs um you see more men with guns than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs um you see more men with guns than
+you would have before I think less so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have before I think less so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have before I think less so
+than six months ago but you still see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than six months ago but you still see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than six months ago but you still see a
+lot of Private Security Services I saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of Private Security Services I saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of Private Security Services I saw
+guys with State Farm shirts on you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys with State Farm shirts on you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys with State Farm shirts on you know
+stuff that you wouldn't or you notice it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that you wouldn't or you notice it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that you wouldn't or you notice it
+different it changes your perception so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different it changes your perception so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different it changes your perception so
+even in the areas that we hear about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in the areas that we hear about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in the areas that we hear about is
+sort of returning to normal um nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of returning to normal um nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of returning to normal um nothing
+is normal Everything's changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I I think we're there at at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I think we're there at at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I think we're there at at different
+times when I was there it was incredi it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times when I was there it was incredi it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times when I was there it was incredi it
+was an incredibly surreal experience in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an incredibly surreal experience in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an incredibly surreal experience in
+the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense
+that most areas were completely deserted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that most areas were completely deserted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that most areas were completely deserted
+the when I was there the lower 9th Ward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the when I was there the lower 9th Ward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the when I was there the lower 9th Ward
+was uh guarded by um I guess the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh guarded by um I guess the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh guarded by um I guess the
+National Guard had come in and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National Guard had come in and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National Guard had come in and and
+wasn't allowing people in in um but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't allowing people in in um but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't allowing people in in um but that
+was really it here and there you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really it here and there you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really it here and there you would
+you would come across someone who had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would come across someone who had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would come across someone who had
+was returning to their home um and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was returning to their home um and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was returning to their home um and even
+the places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the places
+that didn't look so devastated were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that didn't look so devastated were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that didn't look so devastated were
+still abandoned when I was there um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still abandoned when I was there um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still abandoned when I was there um I
+assumed that they turned over time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed that they turned over time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed that they turned over time I
+haven't been back since October
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+I comment maybe um I was well I had some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I comment maybe um I was well I had some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I comment maybe um I was well I had some
+random thoughts a couple comments um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random thoughts a couple comments um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random thoughts a couple comments um
+only the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other and I did huge ofing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it one of the interesting things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it one of the interesting things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it one of the interesting things about
+that experience which totally destroyed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that experience which totally destroyed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that experience which totally destroyed
+a city about 60,000 people 20 minut um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a city about 60,000 people 20 minut um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a city about 60,000 people 20 minut um
+was what happened afterwards and um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was what happened afterwards and um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was what happened afterwards and um I
+just wonder what the difference is but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wonder what the difference is but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wonder what the difference is but
+actually what they did was they began C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what they did was they began C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what they did was they began C
+way to debr and then they went around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to debr and then they went around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to debr and then they went around
+and celebrated each blood surviving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and celebrated each blood surviving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and celebrated each blood surviving
+building in the city this thousands even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building in the city this thousands even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building in the city this thousands even
+though the City was destroyed there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the City was destroyed there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the City was destroyed there were
+still thousand buildings or and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still thousand buildings or and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still thousand buildings or and if you
+go there today they have this incredible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go there today they have this incredible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go there today they have this incredible
+plash from 1889 this building surviv the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plash from 1889 this building surviv the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plash from 1889 this building surviv the
+FL imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FL imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FL imagine
+disaster know worse than this cuz the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaster know worse than this cuz the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaster know worse than this cuz the
+water is 35 40t High and um I having not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water is 35 40t High and um I having not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water is 35 40t High and um I having not
+into world I'm sort of puzzled by the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into world I'm sort of puzzled by the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into world I'm sort of puzzled by the uh
+Melancholy of it all is it just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Melancholy of it all is it just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Melancholy of it all is it just the
+scale or have we you think we've lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale or have we you think we've lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale or have we you think we've lost
+something about the ability to go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the ability to go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the ability to go back
+and rebuild about the desire to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rebuild about the desire to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rebuild about the desire to do this
+just seems to be an incredible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just seems to be an incredible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just seems to be an incredible
+phot all we about this whole thing is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phot all we about this whole thing is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phot all we about this whole thing is it
+worth it uh uh or or or or or not and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth it uh uh or or or or or not and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth it uh uh or or or or or not and um
+another comment that I have is it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another comment that I have is it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another comment that I have is it seems
+almost photographs are beautiful really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost photographs are beautiful really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost photographs are beautiful really
+so don't take wrong it seems almost too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so don't take wrong it seems almost too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so don't take wrong it seems almost too
+easy to be photographing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to be photographing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to be photographing the
+destruction because I think everywhere I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destruction because I think everywhere I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destruction because I think everywhere I
+put my camera I'm going to get a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put my camera I'm going to get a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put my camera I'm going to get a good
+photograph right or I'm going to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph right or I'm going to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph right or I'm going to get a
+pathetic photogra not not as beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathetic photogra not not as beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathetic photogra not not as beautiful
+as the one should have um is there a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the one should have um is there a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the one should have um is there a way
+of recording and some of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of recording and some of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of recording and some of your
+photographs did I people L to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs did I people L to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs did I people L to the
+survival the rebirth the celebration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survival the rebirth the celebration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survival the rebirth the celebration of
+you know kind of Return of of of Life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know kind of Return of of of Life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know kind of Return of of of Life
+way of some of your photographs but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of some of your photographs but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of some of your photographs but I
+thought you might might want to it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought you might might want to it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought you might might want to it seems
+more difficult to get through or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more difficult to get through or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more difficult to get through or
+get so just a little disconnected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get so just a little disconnected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get so just a little disconnected
+thoughts I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wondering the well I was there and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering the well I was there and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering the well I was there and I
+oober so I mean obviously there was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oober so I mean obviously there was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oober so I mean obviously there was it
+it was very desolate but it's as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was very desolate but it's as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was very desolate but it's as I
+return it's it's this time these moments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return it's it's this time these moments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return it's it's this time these moments
+of the in between this these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the in between this these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the in between this these
+transitional moments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitional moments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitional moments
+as the the end of of of the past the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the the end of of of the past the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the the end of of of the past the
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+old city it spe kind of Fades out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old city it spe kind of Fades out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old city it spe kind of Fades out and
+the birth of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the birth of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the birth of the
+new begins it's it's it's the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new begins it's it's it's the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new begins it's it's it's the the
+handoff it's the mo these this moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handoff it's the mo these this moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handoff it's the mo these this moment
+and and where we are right now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and where we are right now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and where we are right now is
+incredibly important to me um and and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly important to me um and and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly important to me um and and my
+work and things that that I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and things that that I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and things that that I want to
+investigate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigate
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the and ultimately it's what I have as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and ultimately it's what I have as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and ultimately it's what I have as
+an long ongoing project what I feel I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an long ongoing project what I feel I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an long ongoing project what I feel I
+have now is kind of chapter one after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have now is kind of chapter one after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have now is kind of chapter one after
+the storm um and it's where I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the storm um and it's where I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the storm um and it's where I'm going
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+where where the city goes how what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where the city goes how what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where the city goes how what what
+happens um is will be told um and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens um is will be told um and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens um is will be told um and it's
+you know we'll say but it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we'll say but it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we'll say but it's it's
+something that is adits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+change um I yeah I have a lot a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change um I yeah I have a lot a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change um I yeah I have a lot a lot of
+things um I would say about that I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things um I would say about that I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things um I would say about that I think
+there is an aspect to which it is easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an aspect to which it is easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an aspect to which it is easy
+but I think that there's also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think that there's also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think that there's also the
+Dilemma that Larry described in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dilemma that Larry described in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dilemma that Larry described in terms of
+uh what's inside is now outside and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's inside is now outside and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's inside is now outside and
+what's outside is now inside and so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's outside is now inside and so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's outside is now inside and so um
+there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of
+um stuff around to photograph but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um stuff around to photograph but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um stuff around to photograph but
+there's a constant question in your in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a constant question in your in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a constant question in your in
+my mind is this the right thing to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my mind is this the right thing to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my mind is this the right thing to be
+photographing what story does this tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographing what story does this tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographing what story does this tell
+what why am I doing this you know are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what why am I doing this you know are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what why am I doing this you know are
+these scenes of Devastation a call to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these scenes of Devastation a call to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these scenes of Devastation a call to
+action like I would like them to be or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action like I would like them to be or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action like I would like them to be or
+called it in action as you suggested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it in action as you suggested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it in action as you suggested
+that would be the opposite meaning you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be the opposite meaning you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be the opposite meaning you
+know and this is the problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and this is the problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and this is the problem with
+imagery I think and with um captioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagery I think and with um captioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagery I think and with um captioning
+talking about photographs um trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about photographs um trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about photographs um trying to
+put something on the web uh the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put something on the web uh the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put something on the web uh the way
+photojournalists tell their story you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photojournalists tell their story you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photojournalists tell their story you
+know in the newspaper so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in the newspaper so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in the newspaper so
+um there's lots of efforts to tell a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's lots of efforts to tell a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's lots of efforts to tell a
+story there you know if you look in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story there you know if you look in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story there you know if you look in the
+pages of the times pikun or if you read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages of the times pikun or if you read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages of the times pikun or if you read
+any major national paper they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any major national paper they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any major national paper they're
+reporting on things that are happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting on things that are happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting on things that are happening
+in New Orleans all the time and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in New Orleans all the time and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in New Orleans all the time and there
+are efforts to shape the impressions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are efforts to shape the impressions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are efforts to shape the impressions of
+Americans about what should be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans about what should be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans about what should be done
+there um it's impossible to tell all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um it's impossible to tell all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um it's impossible to tell all
+those stories in you know one short um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those stories in you know one short um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those stories in you know one short um
+presentation or even in one newspaper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation or even in one newspaper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation or even in one newspaper
+article um but I think I I feel at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article um but I think I I feel at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article um but I think I I feel at least
+a responsibility to my own sense of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a responsibility to my own sense of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a responsibility to my own sense of what
+I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've
+observed and to me it's shocking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed and to me it's shocking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed and to me it's shocking and
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+shameful that our country has not done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shameful that our country has not done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shameful that our country has not done
+more for a great American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more for a great American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more for a great American
+city and um that's the message if I you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city and um that's the message if I you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city and um that's the message if I you
+know had a message to deliver that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know had a message to deliver that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know had a message to deliver that's the
+message that I would that I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say wanted to comment also with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say wanted to comment also with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say wanted to comment also with your
+thoughts um because I think that I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts um because I think that I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts um because I think that I think
+all the destructive is easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the destructive is easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the destructive is easy to
+photograph I think one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph I think one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph I think one of the
+interesting things about being there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things about being there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things about being there
+regularly is that you cease to see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularly is that you cease to see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularly is that you cease to see it
+you know after a while like I'm there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know after a while like I'm there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know after a while like I'm there a
+lot and you get very used I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot and you get very used I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot and you get very used I mean you
+every time if you go into the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time if you go into the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time if you go into the lower
+nines you say oh it looks like this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nines you say oh it looks like this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nines you say oh it looks like this but
+if you drive down Clayborn Avenue and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you drive down Clayborn Avenue and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you drive down Clayborn Avenue and
+the same places are still closed up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same places are still closed up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same places are still closed up and
+burned out from Storm you sort of sto to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burned out from Storm you sort of sto to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burned out from Storm you sort of sto to
+notice you stop noticing them because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice you stop noticing them because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice you stop noticing them because
+you're going back and forth by them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going back and forth by them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going back and forth by them
+every day um I think the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day um I think the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day um I think the idea
+The Melancholy comes from this there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Melancholy comes from this there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Melancholy comes from this there's
+this total fear down there of complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this total fear down there of complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this total fear down there of complete
+disinvestment and abandonment and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disinvestment and abandonment and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disinvestment and abandonment and it's
+so really it feels really isolated down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so really it feels really isolated down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so really it feels really isolated down
+there in terms of once you get down on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in terms of once you get down on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in terms of once you get down on
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ground this is not a wealthy City this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground this is not a wealthy City this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground this is not a wealthy City this
+is not a wealthy state who's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a wealthy state who's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a wealthy state who's going to
+help us we're doing our best to save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help us we're doing our best to save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help us we're doing our best to save
+ourselves but we need assistance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves but we need assistance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves but we need assistance and
+there's a real risk that we're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a real risk that we're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a real risk that we're not going
+to get it um and the third thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get it um and the third thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get it um and the third thing about
+the survival I think Larry and I saw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the survival I think Larry and I saw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the survival I think Larry and I saw a
+whole bunch of houses that had um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of houses that had um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of houses that had um
+were a complete wreck in Black Parish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a complete wreck in Black Parish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a complete wreck in Black Parish
+but all the families had been back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all the families had been back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all the families had been back and
+so they were saying um don't just don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they were saying um don't just don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they were saying um don't just don't
+bulldoze I'm keeping and so there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulldoze I'm keeping and so there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulldoze I'm keeping and so there was
+like this real sort of sense of Life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this real sort of sense of Life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this real sort of sense of Life
+attached to these houses even though you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to these houses even though you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to these houses even though you
+couldn't see the people attached to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't see the people attached to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't see the people attached to them
+all of the houses had these messages and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the houses had these messages and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the houses had these messages and
+it was almost like they were sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was almost like they were sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was almost like they were sort of
+communicating with you so it just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicating with you so it just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicating with you so it just you
+felt sort of like like was going on even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt sort of like like was going on even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt sort of like like was going on even
+though you weren't quite sure what were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you weren't quite sure what were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you weren't quite sure what were
+going to happen to the actual structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I have a half Bak thought so forgive me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a half Bak thought so forgive me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a half Bak thought so forgive me
+it seems a little disconnected but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems a little disconnected but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems a little disconnected but it
+begins with two images that I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins with two images that I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins with two images that I think that
+will show and the images were um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will show and the images were um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will show and the images were um the
+bent open doors that you show at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bent open doors that you show at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bent open doors that you show at the end
+looking out into a bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking out into a bright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking out into a bright
+undistinguishable area and there was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undistinguishable area and there was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undistinguishable area and there was one
+that was in a in a room that looked as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was in a in a room that looked as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was in a in a room that looked as
+though it was filled with sand and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it was filled with sand and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it was filled with sand and the
+water had rushed back out the window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water had rushed back out the window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water had rushed back out the window
+taking some of the sand back out with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking some of the sand back out with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking some of the sand back out with it
+is that am I right that was one of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that am I right that was one of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that am I right that was one of your
+surpris um and and it struck me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surpris um and and it struck me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surpris um and and it struck me that
+those two slides of struck me um to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two slides of struck me um to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two slides of struck me um to be
+of a type of photo that we haven't seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a type of photo that we haven't seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a type of photo that we haven't seen
+and that started me categorizing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that started me categorizing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that started me categorizing the
+photos that we've seen both in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photos that we've seen both in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photos that we've seen both in the
+newspaper and what we saw this evening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspaper and what we saw this evening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspaper and what we saw this evening
+and and and let me give a try of that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and let me give a try of that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and let me give a try of that we
+saw photographs and TV images of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw photographs and TV images of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw photographs and TV images of the
+storm coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storm coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storm coming in
+and in your photos we see a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in your photos we see a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in your photos we see a little bit
+of evidence of that but of course we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of evidence of that but of course we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of evidence of that but of course we
+don't see what that was like really to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see what that was like really to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see what that was like really to
+see trucks up on end in cars we can sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see trucks up on end in cars we can sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see trucks up on end in cars we can sort
+of imagine that um then we saw images of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of imagine that um then we saw images of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of imagine that um then we saw images of
+uh flood waters filling streets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh flood waters filling streets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh flood waters filling streets
+evacuations happening people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evacuations happening people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evacuations happening people
+congregating on bridges that was another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congregating on bridges that was another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congregating on bridges that was another
+type of image that we saw what we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of image that we saw what we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of image that we saw what we didn't
+see in the media but what we saw tonight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in the media but what we saw tonight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in the media but what we saw tonight
+were pictures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were pictures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were pictures of
+uh what happened when the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what happened when the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what happened when the water
+receded which was another type of action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receded which was another type of action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receded which was another type of action
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+environment and then I would take one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and then I would take one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and then I would take one of
+Larry's pictures you you had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Larry's pictures you you had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Larry's pictures you you had the
+barbershop picture right and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barbershop picture right and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barbershop picture right and the
+barbershop picture is very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barbershop picture is very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barbershop picture is very interesting
+because that's that is an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's that is an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's that is an example of
+what happened when people came back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened when people came back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened when people came back and
+remove things from the buildings which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove things from the buildings which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove things from the buildings which
+is sort of the next step after the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of the next step after the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of the next step after the water
+had removed things from the buildings so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had removed things from the buildings so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had removed things from the buildings so
+there's another type of image which and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another type of image which and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another type of image which and
+and the the steeple is a little bit like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the steeple is a little bit like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the steeple is a little bit like
+that for me right I I can't imagine if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for me right I I can't imagine if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for me right I I can't imagine if
+the steeple fell in that place there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steeple fell in that place there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steeple fell in that place there was
+the hands of someone who moved it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hands of someone who moved it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hands of someone who moved it to
+that position for some reason Tak it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that position for some reason Tak it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that position for some reason Tak it on
+the street right um um and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the street right um um and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the street right um um and then there's
+another category which is another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another category which is another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another category which is another way
+which is the wave of things moving back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the wave of things moving back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the wave of things moving back
+sort of exemplified for me by the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of exemplified for me by the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of exemplified for me by the table
+that was set up with the chairs around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was set up with the chairs around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was set up with the chairs around
+it on the on the flat set slab but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on the on the flat set slab but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on the on the flat set slab but but
+you all showed um um uh images that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all showed um um uh images that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all showed um um uh images that
+might fall in that category as well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might fall in that category as well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might fall in that category as well and
+and it's struck me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's struck me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's struck me that
+that bringing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bringing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bringing
+those um types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those um types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those um types of
+damage other types of damage removal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage other types of damage removal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage other types of damage removal
+types of damage and those types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of damage and those types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of damage and those types of
+responses to the the public is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses to the the public is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses to the the public is really
+the role that the three of you one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the role that the three of you one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the role that the three of you one
+others have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others have to
+play because the image that most of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play because the image that most of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play because the image that most of us
+have seen are in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two it's not a question it's just it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two it's not a question it's just it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two it's not a question it's just it's
+just a response to what I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a response to what I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a response to what I think
+phography is document
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phography is document
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phography is document
+process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+process I don't think Point saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process I don't think Point saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process I don't think Point saying that
+but I haven't thought about it carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I haven't thought about it carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I haven't thought about it carefully
+enough to to to name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to to to name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to to to name
+it but there's another part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but there's another part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but there's another part of the
+story that struck me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story that struck me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story that struck me
+when I was down we were down there on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was down we were down there on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was down we were down there on
+the same day didn't know we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same day didn't know we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same day didn't know we were
+actually in the nth Bo on the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in the nth Bo on the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in the nth Bo on the same
+day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day
+but I was with the Army before and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I was with the Army before and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I was with the Army before and they
+were telling us about things that happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were telling us about things that happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were telling us about things that happen
+and the thing that is visible now but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the thing that is visible now but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the thing that is visible now but
+I'm wondering for a year or two from he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm wondering for a year or two from he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm wondering for a year or two from he
+saw all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw all those
+beautiful the streets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful the streets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful the streets
+supposedly very few of those may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposedly very few of those may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposedly very few of those may be
+surviving because they came along to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surviving because they came along to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surviving because they came along to
+scoop up the debris and those liol have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scoop up the debris and those liol have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scoop up the debris and those liol have
+very very shallow roots and so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very shallow roots and so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very shallow roots and so they
+probably have damaged a lot of the Tre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have damaged a lot of the Tre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have damaged a lot of the Tre
+and some we saw some these huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some we saw some these huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some we saw some these huge
+Tre of storm so this is a case of after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tre of storm so this is a case of after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tre of storm so this is a case of after
+damage by cleaning enough are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage by cleaning enough are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage by cleaning enough are
+Dam and then the thing with one of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dam and then the thing with one of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dam and then the thing with one of our
+don't Earth is here but they looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't Earth is here but they looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't Earth is here but they looking at
+the toxic substance there in which of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the toxic substance there in which of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the toxic substance there in which of
+these neighborhoods if you go back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these neighborhoods if you go back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these neighborhoods if you go back in
+two years are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two years are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two years are
+St to suffer from some of the toxic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St to suffer from some of the toxic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St to suffer from some of the toxic
+materials that are around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials that are around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials that are around
+and one person I met one of the many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one person I met one of the many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one person I met one of the many
+people I met said that she doesn't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people I met said that she doesn't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people I met said that she doesn't want
+another the dog out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another the dog out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another the dog out of the
+backyard because she's afid the dog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like so there are these hidden things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so there are these hidden things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so there are these hidden things
+that it's very difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's very difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's very difficult
+to photography day but maybe over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to photography day but maybe over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to photography day but maybe over
+time well I think the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time well I think the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time well I think the important
+thing both of you talked about you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing both of you talked about you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing both of you talked about you're
+photographing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographing
+processes you're not photographing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes you're not photographing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes you're not photographing a
+condition only at one moment in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition only at one moment in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition only at one moment in time
+they both they both have said that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they both they both have said that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they both they both have said that they
+feel this commitment to go back over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel this commitment to go back over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel this commitment to go back over
+time to get to get connected somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to get to get connected somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to get to get connected somehow
+with people who are engaged together in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with people who are engaged together in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with people who are engaged together in
+the rebuilding and and as will said is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rebuilding and and as will said is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rebuilding and and as will said is
+chapter one uh as Steve said he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter one uh as Steve said he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter one uh as Steve said he's
+already been back uh once will is making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already been back uh once will is making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already been back uh once will is making
+plans to go back again and to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans to go back again and to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans to go back again and to get
+engaged with with people in communities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged with with people in communities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged with with people in communities
+who are working and it seems to me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are working and it seems to me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are working and it seems to me that
+that's what goes non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what goes non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what goes non
+photojournalism which may be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photojournalism which may be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photojournalism which may be the
+photographer may be going in and has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographer may be going in and has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographer may be going in and has an
+assignment and a shooting script and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment and a shooting script and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment and a shooting script and
+goes in and takes that photograph then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes in and takes that photograph then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes in and takes that photograph then
+runs through the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs through the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs through the story
+where there's there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's there's an
+investigation you want com I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigation you want com I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigation you want com I think it's
+also we both talk that it's this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also we both talk that it's this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also we both talk that it's this is
+something that is taken over us it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is taken over us it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is taken over us it's
+something that we are attached to and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we are attached to and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we are attached to and is
+and is in our heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is in our heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is in our heart
+um and ultimately has is is in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and ultimately has is is in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and ultimately has is is in our
+everything um and um this is this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything um and um this is this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything um and um this is this is a
+huge long story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge long story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge long story
+that you know I don't think America
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know I don't think America
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know I don't think America
+really understands for the most part as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really understands for the most part as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really understands for the most part as
+a result of the media what's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a result of the media what's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a result of the media what's really
+happening the the stories that I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening the the stories that I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening the the stories that I've been
+collecting um and talking to to people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting um and talking to to people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting um and talking to to people
+of what their daily lives are right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what their daily lives are right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what their daily lives are right now
+America really kind of has has no clue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America really kind of has has no clue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America really kind of has has no clue
+of of what the hardships and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of what the hardships and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of what the hardships and what
+conditions exist uh when I was there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions exist uh when I was there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions exist uh when I was there you
+know you talk about the the damage that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you talk about the the damage that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you talk about the the damage that
+you know in the ground whatnot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in the ground whatnot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in the ground whatnot
+I in a neighborhood in St Bernard par
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I in a neighborhood in St Bernard par
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I in a neighborhood in St Bernard par
+Parish which is near Murphy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parish which is near Murphy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parish which is near Murphy
+Oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oil
+um I spoke to a woman who said the oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I spoke to a woman who said the oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I spoke to a woman who said the oil
+was up to the windows and the water was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was up to the windows and the water was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was up to the windows and the water was
+up to the roofs um and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to the roofs um and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to the roofs um and it
+they don't you know they don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't you know they don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't you know they don't know if
+anyone in that neighborhood will return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone in that neighborhood will return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone in that neighborhood will return
+uh because of the oil damages in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because of the oil damages in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because of the oil damages in the
+areas in the ground um but it's this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas in the ground um but it's this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas in the ground um but it's this is
+something that isn't you know just kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that isn't you know just kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that isn't you know just kind
+of we did and and are moving on to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of we did and and are moving on to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of we did and and are moving on to the
+next something that we've begun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next something that we've begun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next something that we've begun
+and are in the M of continuing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I uh have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I uh have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I uh have a
+question more about how this affecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question more about how this affecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question more about how this affecting
+you personally photographer looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you personally photographer looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you personally photographer looking at
+such incredible images you know a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such incredible images you know a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such incredible images you know a lot of
+them to me are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to me are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to me are really
+searing um just looking at I was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searing um just looking at I was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searing um just looking at I was just
+wondering how it sort of affect affects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering how it sort of affect affects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering how it sort of affect affects
+you in your day-to-day life carrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in your day-to-day life carrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in your day-to-day life carrying
+this material in your head well when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this material in your head well when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this material in your head well when I
+got back uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got back uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got back uh
+when I got back from from new hores and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I got back from from new hores and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I got back from from new hores and
+uh I was I was kind of messed up for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I was I was kind of messed up for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I was I was kind of messed up for a
+month um I was completely withdrawn I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month um I was completely withdrawn I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month um I was completely withdrawn I
+was it really took me a while to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it really took me a while to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it really took me a while to get
+back and readjusted to normal life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and readjusted to normal life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and readjusted to normal life
+buildings that were intact people on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings that were intact people on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings that were intact people on the
+you know New York is obviously a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know New York is obviously a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know New York is obviously a lot
+different than an abandoned New Orleans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than an abandoned New Orleans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than an abandoned New Orleans
+um and even just reconnecting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and even just reconnecting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and even just reconnecting with
+people was really difficult for me um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people was really difficult for me um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people was really difficult for me um it
+was something that left me emotionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was something that left me emotionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was something that left me emotionally
+and physically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and physically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and physically
+exhausted um I really needed a month of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhausted um I really needed a month of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhausted um I really needed a month of
+just just to recover from it as I worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just to recover from it as I worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just to recover from it as I worked
+with you know and as soon as I got back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you know and as soon as I got back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you know and as soon as I got back
+I was working with these images so I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was working with these images so I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was working with these images so I was
+reliving those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliving those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliving those
+experiences what I saw what the stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences what I saw what the stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences what I saw what the stories
+I heard um I mean it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I heard um I mean it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I heard um I mean it's it's
+I gave a lecture a little while ago and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I gave a lecture a little while ago and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I gave a lecture a little while ago and
+I read a different story um you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I read a different story um you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I read a different story um you know I
+had to hold back tears like in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to hold back tears like in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to hold back tears like in the
+middle of this lecture um and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of this lecture um and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of this lecture um and it's
+that profound personal connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that profound personal connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that profound personal connection
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um you know it's I I have no control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know it's I I have no control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know it's I I have no control
+over anymore it's something that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over anymore it's something that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over anymore it's something that I'm
+that I'm doing and obsessed with um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm doing and obsessed with um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm doing and obsessed with um and
+and why and exploring what what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why and exploring what what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why and exploring what what what
+will become of the future right no I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become of the future right no I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become of the future right no I
+find it interesting myself how sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it interesting myself how sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it interesting myself how sometimes
+putting a camera between you and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting a camera between you and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting a camera between you and what
+you look like sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look like sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look like sort of
+abstracts sometimes be personaliz as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstracts sometimes be personaliz as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstracts sometimes be personaliz as the
+experience start to conflict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience start to conflict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience start to conflict
+because in a sense intellectually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in a sense intellectually you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in a sense intellectually you
+know what you're really looking at and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what you're really looking at and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what you're really looking at and
+the trauma that other people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trauma that other people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trauma that other people have
+suffered as a result of that it but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffered as a result of that it but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffered as a result of that it but it
+also brings me brings you closer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also brings me brings you closer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also brings me brings you closer the
+camera is is for me brings me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera is is for me brings me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera is is for me brings me
+closer um it's it's how I connect with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer um it's it's how I connect with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer um it's it's how I connect with
+my subject it's how I feel it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my subject it's how I feel it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my subject it's how I feel it's
+it's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know
+it's every day that you know you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's every day that you know you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's every day that you know you can
+kind of become numb to things but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of become numb to things but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of become numb to things but it's
+the camera that is for me an act of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera that is for me an act of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera that is for me an act of
+passion and love and it's it's the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passion and love and it's it's the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passion and love and it's it's the the
+the seeing the exploring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seeing the exploring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seeing the exploring
+the that really connects to my subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that really connects to my subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that really connects to my subject
+um for me you know everyone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for me you know everyone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for me you know everyone's
+different how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you I went to Mississippi on the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I went to Mississippi on the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I went to Mississippi on the last
+day of my trip and I missed my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day of my trip and I missed my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day of my trip and I missed my
+plane let me leave it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that uh well there's a lot of I guess a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh well there's a lot of I guess a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh well there's a lot of I guess a
+lot of different feelings about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of different feelings about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of different feelings about it
+um first is that I really love the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um first is that I really love the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um first is that I really love the city
+I've been I was there four times before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been I was there four times before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been I was there four times before
+uh the flood the hurricane the flood so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the flood the hurricane the flood so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the flood the hurricane the flood so
+um for me being in that place even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for me being in that place even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for me being in that place even
+seeing what's happened to it there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing what's happened to it there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing what's happened to it there are
+still parts of what makes it such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still parts of what makes it such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still parts of what makes it such a
+great American city such a unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great American city such a unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great American city such a unique
+American city so having access to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American city so having access to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American city so having access to that
+in a way is like a um antidote right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way is like a um antidote right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way is like a um antidote right you
+know because um it it also is traumatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know because um it it also is traumatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know because um it it also is traumatic
+um and I you know like well I struggled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I you know like well I struggled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I you know like well I struggled
+with it too you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it too you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it too you know
+um and my friend who lives there um is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and my friend who lives there um is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and my friend who lives there um is a
+good check for me because you know new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good check for me because you know new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good check for me because you know new
+orlans have um and we saw it in some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orlans have um and we saw it in some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orlans have um and we saw it in some of
+the signs and some of the uh comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signs and some of the uh comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signs and some of the uh comments
+that people made the places um they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people made the places um they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people made the places um they have
+a sense of humor you know um they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense of humor you know um they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense of humor you know um they have
+sense of the way they think people live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of the way they think people live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of the way they think people live
+they have a lot of pride in their city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a lot of pride in their city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a lot of pride in their city
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so at the same time they have to live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at the same time they have to live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at the same time they have to live
+with it you know and I get to come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it you know and I get to come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it you know and I get to come back
+here so um every time I talk to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so um every time I talk to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so um every time I talk to my
+friend or to her friends or her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend or to her friends or her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend or to her friends or her
+neighbors or other people that we meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors or other people that we meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors or other people that we meet
+something else sort of gives me A New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else sort of gives me A New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else sort of gives me A New
+Perspective you know so I'm highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Perspective you know so I'm highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Perspective you know so I'm highly
+conscious of being being a visitor to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious of being being a visitor to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious of being being a visitor to
+this environment you know or trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this environment you know or trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this environment you know or trying to
+interpret it or being an outsider not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret it or being an outsider not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret it or being an outsider not
+being a New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a New
+Orlean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orlean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orlean
+and um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um for
+me the challenge then and Larry stated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the challenge then and Larry stated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the challenge then and Larry stated
+it as a sort of moral challenge you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a sort of moral challenge you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a sort of moral challenge you know
+and taking what kinds of images you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and taking what kinds of images you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and taking what kinds of images you take
+and I do think it is a moral challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I do think it is a moral challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I do think it is a moral challenge
+is what to do with these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what to do with these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what to do with these kinds of
+photographs you know they um they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs you know they um they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs you know they um they have a
+lot of personal meaning for me uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of personal meaning for me uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of personal meaning for me uh but
+how they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they're
+displayed or how to talk about them was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displayed or how to talk about them was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displayed or how to talk about them was
+a challenge so this is you know a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a challenge so this is you know a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a challenge so this is you know a first
+attempt um so maybe a year from now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt um so maybe a year from now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt um so maybe a year from now you
+know we'll have an update on what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we'll have an update on what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we'll have an update on what's
+happening in New Orleans or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in New Orleans or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in New Orleans or something
+like that but um it's incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that but um it's incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that but um it's incredibly
+challenging personally challenging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging personally challenging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging personally challenging
+subject matter you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject matter you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject matter you're
+right I can't imagine another question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I can't imagine another question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I can't imagine another question
+after those answers so thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after those answers so thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after those answers so thank you
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/HG43z9xopU8.txt b/HG43z9xopU8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d2dd6d740411f1c2c39967f7d953ec2ad30ee82d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/HG43z9xopU8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10672 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+for lecture four uh but during the break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for lecture four uh but during the break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for lecture four uh but during the break
+of course um two things I to catch up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course um two things I to catch up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course um two things I to catch up on
+uh one the Overflow room reminded me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one the Overflow room reminded me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one the Overflow room reminded me
+that I should repeat anything you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I should repeat anything you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I should repeat anything you say
+because otherwise it doesn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because otherwise it doesn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because otherwise it doesn't get
+transmitted or recorded so all or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted or recorded so all or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted or recorded so all or the
+speaking now to the Overflow room you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking now to the Overflow room you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking now to the Overflow room you
+just have to ask the question louder uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to ask the question louder uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to ask the question louder uh
+from for Mei remember just remind me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from for Mei remember just remind me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from for Mei remember just remind me
+real loud that I should repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real loud that I should repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real loud that I should repeat
+everything and the other thing that came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and the other thing that came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and the other thing that came
+up was that I hadn't drawn should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up was that I hadn't drawn should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up was that I hadn't drawn should have
+drawn the basic uh picture of uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn the basic uh picture of uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn the basic uh picture of uh that
+shows that the battery B is in this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows that the battery B is in this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows that the battery B is in this is
+this is our edge here that the battery B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our edge here that the battery B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our edge here that the battery B
+is in series with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in series with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in series with the
+uh resistor and the current source is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh resistor and the current source is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh resistor and the current source is in
+parallel so it's the this is It's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel so it's the this is It's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel so it's the this is It's the
+battery so the three parts of our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery so the three parts of our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery so the three parts of our our
+equation e equal B minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation e equal B minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation e equal B minus
+Au was Au comes from the voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Au was Au comes from the voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Au was Au comes from the voltage
+differences all that way B gives us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences all that way B gives us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences all that way B gives us the
+voltage difference across the battery so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage difference across the battery so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage difference across the battery so
+e is the voltage drop across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e is the voltage drop across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e is the voltage drop across the
+resistor and that's where ohms law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor and that's where ohms law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor and that's where ohms law
+operates so that's a figure I'm glad to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operates so that's a figure I'm glad to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operates so that's a figure I'm glad to
+add in okay so I'm coming back now to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add in okay so I'm coming back now to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add in okay so I'm coming back now to
+the third major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third major
+application which is we have a system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application which is we have a system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application which is we have a system of
+equations so here here's the setup we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so here here's the setup we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so here here's the setup we
+have a system of equations Au U equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B but no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B but no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B but no
+solution so this is typically M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so this is typically M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so this is typically M
+equations n parameters and unknowns and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations n parameters and unknowns and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations n parameters and unknowns and
+unknown parameters to describe the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown parameters to describe the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown parameters to describe the model
+and M is bigger than n and very often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and M is bigger than n and very often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and M is bigger than n and very often
+much bigger than n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much bigger than n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much bigger than n
+so the a problem to think about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the a problem to think about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the a problem to think about is
+fitting a straight line I mean that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting a straight line I mean that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting a straight line I mean that's
+the most basic uh example this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most basic uh example this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most basic uh example this is going
+to lead us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lead us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lead us
+to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these
+squares and uh this the most basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares and uh this the most basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares and uh this the most basic
+example of these squares is that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of these squares is that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of these squares is that we have
+uh some points that are close to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some points that are close to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some points that are close to a
+straight line but not really on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line but not really on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line but not really on
+it and we're looking for the best line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and we're looking for the best line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and we're looking for the best line
+so we're looking for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're looking for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're looking for this
+line something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that which has two parameters so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that which has two parameters so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that which has two parameters so our
+line is like C plus DT if if if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is like C plus DT if if if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is like C plus DT if if if if
+suppose we're tracking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we're tracking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we're tracking a
+satellite and poers off so it should fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite and poers off so it should fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite and poers off so it should fly
+in a straight line with constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a straight line with constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a straight line with constant
+velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity
+but our measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but our measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but our measurements
+B so our these are our measurements like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so our these are our measurements like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so our these are our measurements like
+B1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1
+B2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2
+B3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B3
+B4 and they're slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B4 and they're slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B4 and they're slightly
+off so there's noise here there there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off so there's noise here there there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off so there's noise here there there's
+error in the measurement say error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+E maybe I'll put a minus call it minus E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E maybe I'll put a minus call it minus E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E maybe I'll put a minus call it minus E
+so that so that e will then be B minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that so that e will then be B minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that so that e will then be B minus
+Au and I'll get back to the sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Au and I'll get back to the sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Au and I'll get back to the sign
+convention that that I had here so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention that that I had here so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention that that I had here so this
+this is measurement error this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+error from the fact that our equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error from the fact that our equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error from the fact that our equations
+are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not
+perfect if if we had perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect if if we had perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect if if we had perfect
+measurements then even though we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements then even though we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements then even though we had
+however many measurements we would still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however many measurements we would still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however many measurements we would still
+be we could still find a solution but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be we could still find a solution but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be we could still find a solution but in
+general are there's error here and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general are there's error here and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general are there's error here and there
+won't be a solution so the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be a solution so the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be a solution so the question is
+what to do and uh in the first chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to do and uh in the first chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to do and uh in the first chapter
+of linear algebra if you get a system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linear algebra if you get a system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linear algebra if you get a system of
+equations Au equal B you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations Au equal B you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations Au equal B you do
+elimination and you discover there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination and you discover there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination and you discover there is no
+solution while you give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution while you give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution while you give
+up but um I think we all understand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up but um I think we all understand that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up but um I think we all understand that
+this is too important a problem to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is too important a problem to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is too important a problem to give
+up on so we need to get the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on so we need to get the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on so we need to get the best
+solution so we're looking for looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so we're looking for looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so we're looking for looking
+for the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the best
+solution so our framework will still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so our framework will still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so our framework will still
+start with a solution U so here let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a solution U so here let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a solution U so here let me
+draw our framework again just to see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw our framework again just to see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw our framework again just to see it
+solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+U uh an error B minus Au
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U uh an error B minus Au
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U uh an error B minus Au
+U and then now we have I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and then now we have I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and then now we have I don't know
+quite what takes the place right now of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite what takes the place right now of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite what takes the place right now of
+this Matrix C so here and and then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Matrix C so here and and then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Matrix C so here and and then what
+would we expect here we'd expect a trans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would we expect here we'd expect a trans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would we expect here we'd expect a trans
+we we expect a transpose W is zero well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we expect a transpose W is zero well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we expect a transpose W is zero well
+well I expect I mean I'm getting in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I expect I mean I'm getting in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I expect I mean I'm getting in the
+habit of seeing a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habit of seeing a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habit of seeing a transpose
+there but of course we have to see why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but of course we have to see why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but of course we have to see why
+so this so we're these are our equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this so we're these are our equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this so we're these are our equations
+these are going to be our equations for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are going to be our equations for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are going to be our equations for
+so our problem so what's our problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our problem so what's our problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our problem so what's our problem
+our problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our problem
+is find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is find the
+best the best and I'll put it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best the best and I'll put it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best the best and I'll put it in
+quotes the best you the nearest we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotes the best you the nearest we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotes the best you the nearest we can
+come to solving this system and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to solving this system and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to solving this system and I'll
+call it you hat you hat will be the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it you hat you hat will be the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it you hat you hat will be the best
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+okay okay so really in a way now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so really in a way now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so really in a way now
+our unknown is now have a hat has a hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our unknown is now have a hat has a hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our unknown is now have a hat has a hat
+on it this is the error it produces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it this is the error it produces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it this is the error it produces
+there's a step to a w that we can for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a step to a w that we can for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a step to a w that we can for
+the moment take the identity Matrix can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment take the identity Matrix can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment take the identity Matrix can
+I put the identity Matrix in there for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put the identity Matrix in there for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put the identity Matrix in there for
+the moment and then there should be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment and then there should be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment and then there should be a
+step here but all that has to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step here but all that has to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step here but all that has to come
+naturally out of the problem so focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally out of the problem so focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally out of the problem so focus on
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem what's best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I so I'd like to understand the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I so I'd like to understand the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I so I'd like to understand the problem
+from the point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the point of view
+of minimizing the error so the error is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minimizing the error so the error is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minimizing the error so the error is
+so so the idea is minimize so one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the idea is minimize so one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the idea is minimize so one way to
+say best is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say best is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say best is
+minimize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+error eal B minus Au in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error eal B minus Au in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error eal B minus Au in other words
+minimize what we miss by in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize what we miss by in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize what we miss by in the
+equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations
+we we we can't solve the equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we we can't solve the equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we we can't solve the equations
+exactly we have errors our best line has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly we have errors our best line has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly we have errors our best line has
+an error E4 and a little error E3 I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an error E4 and a little error E3 I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an error E4 and a little error E3 I I
+drew them too close to being a line for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew them too close to being a line for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew them too close to being a line for
+you to see the errors there if I if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to see the errors there if I if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to see the errors there if I if I
+draw another example I'll make it far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw another example I'll make it far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw another example I'll make it far
+from a straight line so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a straight line so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a straight line so you can see
+there are four errors E1 E2 E3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are four errors E1 E2 E3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are four errors E1 E2 E3
+E4 yeah let me draw again can I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E4 yeah let me draw again can I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E4 yeah let me draw again can I just
+draw again now so you see this is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw again now so you see this is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw again now so you see this is how
+the problem typically looks they almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem typically looks they almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem typically looks they almost
+look in a straight line but now let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look in a straight line but now let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look in a straight line but now let me
+draw it's enough to have maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw it's enough to have maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw it's enough to have maybe
+three um points because that's enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three um points because that's enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three um points because that's enough
+that'll give us so if I put in three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll give us so if I put in three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll give us so if I put in three
+points say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points say
+there there and there now I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there and there now I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there and there now I really
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+S I want to find the best straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S I want to find the best straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S I want to find the best straight
+line and can you tell me which way it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and can you tell me which way it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and can you tell me which way it
+goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes
+um it looks like maybe through here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it looks like maybe through here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it looks like maybe through here
+somehow you think somehow that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow you think somehow that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow you think somehow that that
+maybe is our best straight line and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe is our best straight line and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe is our best straight line and then
+the errors are E1 that's error one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the errors are E1 that's error one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the errors are E1 that's error one in
+equation one this is error two in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation one this is error two in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation one this is error two in
+equation two error three in equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation two error three in equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation two error three in equation
+three and what I want to do is minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and what I want to do is minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and what I want to do is minimize
+the error and what do I mean by that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the error and what do I mean by that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the error and what do I mean by that I
+mean I'll minimize the total error so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I'll minimize the total error so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I'll minimize the total error so
+let me put down what I'll actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me put down what I'll actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me put down what I'll actually
+minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize
+E12 plus e22 plus E3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E12 plus e22 plus E3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E12 plus e22 plus E3
+2 okay so that's that's a decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 okay so that's that's a decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 okay so that's that's a decision
+there what the objective function would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there what the objective function would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there what the objective function would
+be we could have made a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be we could have made a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be we could have made a different
+choice and so this is this will lead us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice and so this is this will lead us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice and so this is this will lead us
+to ordinary least squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ordinary meaning that unweighted or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary meaning that unweighted or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary meaning that unweighted or
+ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary
+unweighted these squares and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unweighted these squares and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unweighted these squares and then
+we'll come back to cases where we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to cases where we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to cases where we would
+want to wait the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to wait the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to wait the
+errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors
+um uh unequally but here we have equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh unequally but here we have equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh unequally but here we have equal
+weights on and I made all the weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights on and I made all the weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights on and I made all the weights
+one so this is really the length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so this is really the length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so this is really the length of the
+vector squared it's I could also write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector squared it's I could also write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector squared it's I could also write
+it as B minus a u squared can it may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as B minus a u squared can it may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as B minus a u squared can it may be
+helpful if I just write it in all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful if I just write it in all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful if I just write it in all the
+different notations that we might write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different notations that we might write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different notations that we might write
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+quantity uh the or even even let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity uh the or even even let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity uh the or even even let me just
+keep going B minus a u transpose B minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going B minus a u transpose B minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going B minus a u transpose B minus
+Au everybody recognizes that when I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Au everybody recognizes that when I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Au everybody recognizes that when I take
+take uh the row Vector times the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take uh the row Vector times the column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take uh the row Vector times the column
+Vector that'll produce just exactly E12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector that'll produce just exactly E12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector that'll produce just exactly E12
+E2 s and E3 squ right the row times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E2 s and E3 squ right the row times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E2 s and E3 squ right the row times the
+column will give E12 E2 s and E3 squ and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column will give E12 E2 s and E3 squ and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column will give E12 E2 s and E3 squ and
+now if I write this out a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if I write this out a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if I write this out a little more
+I'm seeing U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm seeing U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm seeing U
+transpose a transpose Au U and uh B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a transpose Au U and uh B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a transpose Au U and uh B
+transpose Au U and uh U transpose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose Au U and uh U transpose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose Au U and uh U transpose a
+transpose B and then a constant term B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose B and then a constant term B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose B and then a constant term B
+transpose B that doesn't worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose B that doesn't worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose B that doesn't worry
+us I uh gosh I never wrote the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us I uh gosh I never wrote the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us I uh gosh I never wrote the same
+quantity so many ways um but this final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity so many ways um but this final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity so many ways um but this final
+way we see a transpose a appearing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we see a transpose a appearing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we see a transpose a appearing so
+we're we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+okay okay so how do we minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how do I find the U hat that makes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I find the U hat that makes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I find the U hat that makes this
+error as small as possible and again uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error as small as possible and again uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error as small as possible and again uh
+just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to
+repeat we had we had a we made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat we had we had a we made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat we had we had a we made a
+decision to to make to to to decide on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision to to make to to to decide on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision to to make to to to decide on
+that quantity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that quantity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that quantity to
+minimize the advantages of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the advantages of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the advantages of that
+decision are quite important the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision are quite important the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision are quite important the
+quantity we've picked here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity we've picked here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity we've picked here is a
+pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure
+quadratic second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic second
+degree U transpose U appears second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree U transpose U appears second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree U transpose U appears second
+degree and first degree and constant but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree and first degree and constant but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree and first degree and constant but
+no cubic terms no other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no cubic terms no other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no cubic terms no other
+stuff and when we minimize a quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and when we minimize a quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and when we minimize a quadratic
+what kind of equations do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of equations do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of equations do we
+get linear that's the that's why that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get linear that's the that's why that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get linear that's the that's why that's
+one good reason why this is such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one good reason why this is such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one good reason why this is such a
+important choice that when we minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important choice that when we minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important choice that when we minimize
+this thing we'll end up with linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing we'll end up with linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing we'll end up with linear
+equations because derivatives of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations because derivatives of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations because derivatives of
+quadratics are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratics are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratics are
+linear we could introduce some waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear we could introduce some waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear we could introduce some waiting
+eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually
+with let me delete the UN weighted will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with let me delete the UN weighted will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with let me delete the UN weighted will
+will minimize some e transpose there'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will minimize some e transpose there'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will minimize some e transpose there'll
+be a waiting Matrix in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there so that it won't just be sum of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so that it won't just be sum of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so that it won't just be sum of s
+but it will still be quadratic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it will still be quadratic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it will still be quadratic and
+minimizing will still be linear so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing will still be linear so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing will still be linear so
+weight at least squares is still going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight at least squares is still going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight at least squares is still going
+to give us linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give us linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give us linear
+equations and they're equations we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and they're equations we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and they're equations we've
+we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen
+before so this is now the new example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so this is now the new example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so this is now the new example
+we're making the decision here uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're making the decision here uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're making the decision here uh to
+minimize a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize a
+quadratic and now we just have to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic and now we just have to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic and now we just have to do it
+and we certainly expect that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we certainly expect that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we certainly expect that we
+can uh figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh figure out
+how to minimize a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to minimize a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to minimize a
+quadratic okay in fact we've got various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic okay in fact we've got various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic okay in fact we've got various
+ways to do it we could do it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to do it we could do it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to do it we could do it by
+calculus so by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus so by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus so by
+calculus or by linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra
+well you know which is my favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know which is my favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know which is my favorite
+probably um but I'll give calculus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably um but I'll give calculus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably um but I'll give calculus a
+chance here um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance here um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance here um uh
+um so what does it mean by calculus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what does it mean by calculus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what does it mean by calculus I
+mean setting derivatives to zero the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean setting derivatives to zero the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean setting derivatives to zero the
+derivative this is my this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative this is my this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative this is my this is
+my if I Circle it that's the completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my if I Circle it that's the completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my if I Circle it that's the completely
+written out form for the for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written out form for the for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written out form for the for the
+objective function say the total squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective function say the total squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective function say the total squared
+error maybe I call it capital E so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error maybe I call it capital E so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error maybe I call it capital E so this
+is capital e is a function of U and U is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is capital e is a function of U and U is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is capital e is a function of U and U is
+n different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n different
+components so we have a function of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components so we have a function of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components so we have a function of n
+variables a quadratic function of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables a quadratic function of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables a quadratic function of n
+variables and how do you minimize in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and how do you minimize in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and how do you minimize in
+calculus you set partial derivatives to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus you set partial derivatives to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus you set partial derivatives to
+zero right so calculus would take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right so calculus would take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right so calculus would take the
+derivatives of this quadratic set them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of this quadratic set them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of this quadratic set them
+to zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero and
+um have linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um have linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um have linear
+equations okay the only thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations okay the only thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations okay the only thing
+stopping us or slowing us down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping us or slowing us down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping us or slowing us down
+is that it's a function of n variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's a function of n variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's a function of n variables
+and we've written it in Vector notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've written it in Vector notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've written it in Vector notation
+so so how do I so I want to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so how do I so I want to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so how do I so I want to take the
+derivative respect to U1 to zero the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative respect to U1 to zero the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative respect to U1 to zero the
+derivative respect to U2 to zero so I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative respect to U2 to zero so I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative respect to U2 to zero so I've
+got n equations the partial derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got n equations the partial derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got n equations the partial derivatives
+with respect to the gradient you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the gradient you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the gradient you could
+say of e the gradient is just the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say of e the gradient is just the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say of e the gradient is just the set of
+all the first derivatives and those have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the first derivatives and those have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the first derivatives and those have
+to be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be zero
+um I'm G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm G
+to okay I'm going to go to linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to okay I'm going to go to linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to okay I'm going to go to linear
+algebra uh and then uh um because if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra uh and then uh um because if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra uh and then uh um because if I
+write the equations down then you won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the equations down then you won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the equations down then you won't
+listen to the linear algebra appro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to the linear algebra appro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to the linear algebra appro
+description of the problem and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of the problem and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of the problem and I think
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+important um of course it'll Arise at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important um of course it'll Arise at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important um of course it'll Arise at
+the same equations but I I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same equations but I I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same equations but I I just want to
+see my problem geometrically I shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see my problem geometrically I shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see my problem geometrically I shouldn't
+even say linear algebra I should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even say linear algebra I should say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even say linear algebra I should say
+geometry what is this asking me to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry what is this asking me to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry what is this asking me to do
+geometrically what what's the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically what what's the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically what what's the picture
+behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind
+it well you could say there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well you could say there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well you could say there's one
+picture it's trying I'm trying to fit a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture it's trying I'm trying to fit a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture it's trying I'm trying to fit a
+a straight line through these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+points in this particular case with n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in this particular case with n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in this particular case with n
+equal to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to two
+unknowns and m equal three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns and m equal three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns and m equal three
+points that's one way to say that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that's one way to say that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that's one way to say that's the
+picture but that's not the picture I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture but that's not the picture I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture but that's not the picture I'm
+want you to think of I want to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to think of I want to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to think of I want to look at
+this I want a picture that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I want a picture that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I want a picture that
+really takes the big the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+view so I'm trying to solve Au U equal B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view so I'm trying to solve Au U equal B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view so I'm trying to solve Au U equal B
+and the these this is a vector in M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the these this is a vector in M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the these this is a vector in M
+dimensional space so let's draw M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space so let's draw M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space so let's draw M
+dimensional space and well start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space and well start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space and well start with
+the origin and draw a b okay there's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin and draw a b okay there's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin and draw a b okay there's our
+Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector
+B so that's the right hand side that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so that's the right hand side that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so that's the right hand side that's
+the vector of measurements some ER are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector of measurements some ER are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector of measurements some ER are
+built in there or or unfortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built in there or or unfortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built in there or or unfortunately
+included uh but now what about now how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included uh but now what about now how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included uh but now what about now how
+do I draw a times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I draw a times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I draw a times
+U it's a Subspace it's a Subspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U it's a Subspace it's a Subspace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U it's a Subspace it's a Subspace
+because I I'm allowing any U so so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I I'm allowing any U so so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I I'm allowing any U so so there
+So eventually of course I'm going to pin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So eventually of course I'm going to pin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So eventually of course I'm going to pin
+down a particular U hat that I that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a particular U hat that I that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a particular U hat that I that's
+the winner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the winner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the winner
+but what is a *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what is a *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what is a *
+U it's it's every time I'm multiply a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U it's it's every time I'm multiply a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U it's it's every time I'm multiply a
+matrix by a vector it's I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix by a vector it's I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix by a vector it's I'm I'm
+combining The Columns of the Matrix this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining The Columns of the Matrix this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining The Columns of the Matrix this
+is a combination of The Columns of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a combination of The Columns of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a combination of The Columns of the
+matrix it's a vector in the column space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix it's a vector in the column space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix it's a vector in the column space
+of the Matrix this is what's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Matrix this is what's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Matrix this is what's in the
+column space this is what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column space this is what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column space this is what the
+combinations of the columns give all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of the columns give all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of the columns give all the
+Au so so I have a sort of space let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Au so so I have a sort of space let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Au so so I have a sort of space let me
+kind of draw it this way this is all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of draw it this way this is all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of draw it this way this is all the
+Au all vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Au all vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Au all vectors
+Au and the name for this space because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Au and the name for this space because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Au and the name for this space because
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+this is a combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a combination of
+columns keep hammering away on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns keep hammering away on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns keep hammering away on that
+description it's called the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description it's called the column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description it's called the column
+space and and we'll do an example in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and and we'll do an example in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and and we'll do an example in a
+minute so but but uh stay with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute so but but uh stay with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute so but but uh stay with
+me okay now when would these equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me okay now when would these equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me okay now when would these equations
+have a solution because that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a solution because that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a solution because that could
+happen Au equal B even if we had 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen Au equal B even if we had 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen Au equal B even if we had 50
+equations and only two unknowns C and D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and only two unknowns C and D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and only two unknowns C and D
+there might be a solution I mean there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be a solution I mean there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be a solution I mean there's
+some chance of it what which which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some chance of it what which which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some chance of it what which which
+bees allow us to get an exact solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bees allow us to get an exact solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bees allow us to get an exact solution
+to this linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this linear
+system if they're in the column space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system if they're in the column space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system if they're in the column space
+the B's in the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the B's in the column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the B's in the column
+space are the vectors that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space are the vectors that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space are the vectors that are
+combinations of the columns that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of the columns that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of the columns that are
+perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect
+Aus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aus
+and uh so for example in the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so for example in the column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so for example in the column
+space of course lies column one whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of course lies column one whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of course lies column one whatever
+that might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might have
+been column one of my Matrix and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been column one of my Matrix and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been column one of my Matrix and also
+column two of my Matrix or up to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column two of my Matrix or up to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column two of my Matrix or up to n
+columns however many there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns however many there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns however many there
+are so The Columns of the Matrix are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so The Columns of the Matrix are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so The Columns of the Matrix are in
+the column space the combination what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the column space the combination what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the column space the combination what is
+the space then it's all combinations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space then it's all combinations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space then it's all combinations of
+these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys
+yeah and the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and the vector
+B could happened to be in the space but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B could happened to be in the space but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B could happened to be in the space but
+the chances are against it because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chances are against it because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chances are against it because this
+is only an n-dimensional Subspace and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only an n-dimensional Subspace and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only an n-dimensional Subspace and
+the big space where B is that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big space where B is that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big space where B is that I'm
+drawing here is RM so this is this is M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing here is RM so this is this is M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing here is RM so this is this is M
+dimensional space that that this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space that that this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space that that this picture
+is lying in and this is an N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lying in and this is an N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lying in and this is an N
+dimensional column space because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional column space because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional column space because we're
+only n columns and the combinations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only n columns and the combinations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only n columns and the combinations of
+those will only give us an N dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those will only give us an N dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those will only give us an N dimensional
+Subspace do see I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace do see I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace do see I
+I why do I like this picture and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I why do I like this picture and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I why do I like this picture and then
+I'll do it do an example so I'll follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do it do an example so I'll follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do it do an example so I'll follow
+through on this example yeah let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through on this example yeah let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through on this example yeah let me
+follow through on this example right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow through on this example right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow through on this example right
+right now so so we have actual values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now so so we have actual values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now so so we have actual values
+B1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1
+B2 and B3 those are our actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2 and B3 those are our actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2 and B3 those are our actual
+measurements well let's even give them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements well let's even give them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements well let's even give them
+numbers let's let's let's let's suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers let's let's let's let's suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers let's let's let's let's suppose
+that's the 0.1 one that looks like about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the 0.1 one that looks like about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the 0.1 one that looks like about
+one one and there's a point that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one and there's a point that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one and there's a point that looks
+like about the next measurement the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like about the next measurement the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like about the next measurement the next
+point is let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is let's say
+21 and the next well let's should I make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 and the next well let's should I make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 and the next well let's should I make
+that 31 maybe say does that your eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 31 maybe say does that your eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 31 maybe say does that your eyes
+say well maybe it's three steps over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well maybe it's three steps over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well maybe it's three steps over and
+this guy is four what shall that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy is four what shall that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy is four what shall that point
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+four three 4 three okay so I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four three 4 three okay so I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four three 4 three okay so I've got
+three points 1 1 31 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three points 1 1 31 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three points 1 1 31 and
+43 do they lie on the line probably not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+43 do they lie on the line probably not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+43 do they lie on the line probably not
+but I I I don't rule out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I I I don't rule out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I I I don't rule out that
+possibility but it doesn't look likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility but it doesn't look likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility but it doesn't look likely
+okay now so what are my three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now so what are my three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now so what are my three
+equations that I won't be able to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that I won't be able to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that I won't be able to solve
+the three equations will be put a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three equations will be put a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three equations will be put a line
+through those three points so my three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through those three points so my three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through those three points so my three
+equations will be that this line should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations will be that this line should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations will be that this line should
+go through all three points and probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through all three points and probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through all three points and probably
+I won't be be able to do it okay so can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I won't be be able to do it okay so can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I won't be be able to do it okay so can
+I write those three equations down to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I write those three equations down to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I write those three equations down to go
+through that first point this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+txis so T is one and the height is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+txis so T is one and the height is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+txis so T is one and the height is one
+so the first equation would be C + 1 * d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first equation would be C + 1 * d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first equation would be C + 1 * d
+= 1 that would be my first equation let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= 1 that would be my first equation let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= 1 that would be my first equation let
+me write all three equations then you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me write all three equations then you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me write all three equations then you'll
+see the pattern second equation would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the pattern second equation would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the pattern second equation would be
+when T is three I would also like to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when T is three I would also like to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when T is three I would also like to get
+the height one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height one
+for sure there's no straight line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sure there's no straight line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sure there's no straight line
+through these things right because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through these things right because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through these things right because I'm
+sorry I shouldn't even have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I shouldn't even have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I shouldn't even have been
+doubtful the these guys are at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubtful the these guys are at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubtful the these guys are at the
+that's horizontal and that certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's horizontal and that certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's horizontal and that certainly
+doesn't Okay so the second equation was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't Okay so the second equation was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't Okay so the second equation was
+I at T equals 3 I also want to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I at T equals 3 I also want to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I at T equals 3 I also want to get the
+height one so C + 3D T is three now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height one so C + 3D T is three now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height one so C + 3D T is three now I
+also want the height one but then at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also want the height one but then at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also want the height one but then at the
+same time when T is four I want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time when T is four I want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time when T is four I want to get
+the height to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height to be
+three okay that's my a u equal B this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three okay that's my a u equal B this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three okay that's my a u equal B this is
+my a let's let's pull it out here a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my a let's let's pull it out here a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my a let's let's pull it out here a is
+the Matrix is 111
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+134 and U is the two unknown CD and B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+134 and U is the two unknown CD and B is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+134 and U is the two unknown CD and B is
+the right side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+113 okay that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem that's my problem those are my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that's my problem those are my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that's my problem those are my
+three equations I could have started I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three equations I could have started I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three equations I could have started I
+could have written those down at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have written those down at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have written those down at the
+very beginning but they represent trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very beginning but they represent trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very beginning but they represent trying
+to fit a straight line failing but doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fit a straight line failing but doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fit a straight line failing but doing
+the best possible so what's the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best possible so what's the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best possible so what's the best
+possible the best possible is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible the best possible is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible the best possible is going to
+make these so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make these so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make these so
+the there's going to be an error there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the there's going to be an error there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the there's going to be an error there's
+an E1 here and an E2 here and an E3 here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an E1 here and an E2 here and an E3 here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an E1 here and an E2 here and an E3 here
+that I'm going to have to live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to have to live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to have to live
+with so I'm looking for the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so I'm looking for the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so I'm looking for the best
+possible solution when there isn't one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible solution when there isn't one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible solution when there isn't one
+Okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay
+now what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's
+happening in this figure B is the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in this figure B is the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in this figure B is the vector
+what's B it's this right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's B it's this right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's B it's this right hand side
+113 and what what's this column space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+113 and what what's this column space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+113 and what what's this column space
+column one is a is is 11 one do you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column one is a is is 11 one do you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column one is a is is 11 one do you see
+it and column two is what's column two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+134 so I'm I'm I'm not like taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+134 so I'm I'm I'm not like taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+134 so I'm I'm I'm not like taking
+this fresh look at my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fresh look at my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fresh look at my
+problem I I'm given measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I I'm given measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I I'm given measurements
+113 and I'm only allowing myself two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+113 and I'm only allowing myself two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+113 and I'm only allowing myself two
+parameters C and D so I'm only allowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters C and D so I'm only allowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters C and D so I'm only allowing
+myself to combine 111 the First Column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself to combine 111 the First Column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself to combine 111 the First Column
+with 1 134 the second column you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 1 134 the second column you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 1 134 the second column you can see
+how I'm producing combinations of 111
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I'm producing combinations of 111
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I'm producing combinations of 111
+and 134 and I'm not going to reach B 113
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 134 and I'm not going to reach B 113
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 134 and I'm not going to reach B 113
+I'm not going to hit it exactly so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to hit it exactly so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to hit it exactly so so
+what's the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the best
+choice what what's the in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice what what's the in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice what what's the in that
+picture what should I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture what should I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture what should I
+do I all the all my candidates are down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I all the all my candidates are down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I all the all my candidates are down
+in this column space this plane and yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this column space this plane and yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this column space this plane and yet
+the one thing I would really like to hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one thing I would really like to hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one thing I would really like to hit
+is not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not in the
+plane project project that's the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane project project that's the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane project project that's the key
+word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word
+project the best I can do is to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project the best I can do is to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project the best I can do is to take the
+closest point so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest point so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest point so let me
+move column one along over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move column one along over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move column one along over here
+because what's the winner the winner is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what's the winner the winner is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what's the winner the winner is
+drop a projection onto the plane say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop a projection onto the plane say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop a projection onto the plane say
+maybe it hits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it hits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it hits
+there let's say we call that P for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+projection and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection and what's
+the so this is this is an a this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so this is this is an a this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so this is this is an a this is my
+best Au Au hat that is in the plane that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best Au Au hat that is in the plane that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best Au Au hat that is in the plane that
+is a combination of the Columns of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a combination of the Columns of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a combination of the Columns of a
+it's the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the best
+combination and what I'm missing by is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination and what I'm missing by is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination and what I'm missing by is
+e that's that's what I couldn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e that's that's what I couldn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e that's that's what I couldn't get
+right I the part that's out of the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I the part that's out of the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I the part that's out of the plane
+the out of plane part is the error I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the out of plane part is the error I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the out of plane part is the error I
+have to live with the inplane part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to live with the inplane part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to live with the inplane part is
+the part I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part I can
+model so B is just e plus P so p is au
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so B is just e plus P so p is au
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so B is just e plus P so p is au
+or Au hat because it's the particular U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Au hat because it's the particular U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Au hat because it's the particular U
+that gives me that particular point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives me that particular point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives me that particular point in
+the plane okay I I like to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane okay I I like to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane okay I I like to keep
+that picture together with this one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that picture together with this one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that picture together with this one can
+you tell me where the P so p is a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell me where the P so p is a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell me where the P so p is a vector
+P1 P2 P3 the numbers I don't know yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 P2 P3 the numbers I don't know yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 P2 P3 the numbers I don't know yet
+but where would it Go in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but where would it Go in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but where would it Go in this
+picture where would so here's my picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture where would so here's my picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture where would so here's my picture
+I'm seeing all the good stuff I'm seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm seeing all the good stuff I'm seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm seeing all the good stuff I'm seeing
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+points that include the the A and the B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that include the the A and the B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that include the the A and the B
+here and then I'm I'm making errors that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then I'm I'm making errors that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then I'm I'm making errors that
+I'm going to live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to live
+with where would the vector P be well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with where would the vector P be well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with where would the vector P be well so
+what is p p is a right hand is a is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is p p is a right hand is a is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is p p is a right hand is a is a
+right hand side of my equation that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side of my equation that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side of my equation that I
+can solve in other words I'm this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can solve in other words I'm this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can solve in other words I'm this is my
+equation that I would like to solve but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that I would like to solve but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that I would like to solve but
+can't the equation I can solve has I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't the equation I can solve has I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't the equation I can solve has I
+changed the right hand side to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the right hand side to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the right hand side to the
+nearest right hand side I can find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest right hand side I can find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest right hand side I can find that
+I cancel and then I call you hat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I cancel and then I call you hat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I cancel and then I call you hat the
+solution to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to that
+equation okay so let me ask again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay so let me ask again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay so let me ask again the
+question where would the P's come in to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question where would the P's come in to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question where would the P's come in to
+this so I see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so I see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so I see the
+E and I see the B's so the B's are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E and I see the B's so the B's are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E and I see the B's so the B's are the
+height the B's are the heights of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height the B's are the heights of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height the B's are the heights of the
+points the E's are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points the E's are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points the E's are the
+errors so where are the P's on the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors so where are the P's on the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors so where are the P's on the line
+on the line exactly the P's are on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the line exactly the P's are on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the line exactly the P's are on the
+line that's height is P1 P2 right on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line that's height is P1 P2 right on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line that's height is P1 P2 right on the
+line those Heights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line those Heights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line those Heights
+P3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P3 and
+and I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I say
+sure if my measurements had been P1 P2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure if my measurements had been P1 P2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure if my measurements had been P1 P2
+P3 I would have been golden that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P3 I would have been golden that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P3 I would have been golden that's the
+case when I could have solved the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case when I could have solved the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case when I could have solved the
+equation they would have been on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation they would have been on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation they would have been on a
+straight line that would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line that would have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line that would have been
+perfect but I'm having to project down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect but I'm having to project down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect but I'm having to project down
+to get to that perfect situation I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to that perfect situation I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to that perfect situation I'm
+having to start with an imperfect noisy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to start with an imperfect noisy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to start with an imperfect noisy
+error situation and project down and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error situation and project down and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error situation and project down and the
+distance of that projection is the error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance of that projection is the error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance of that projection is the error
+E that I have to live with okay I still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E that I have to live with okay I still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E that I have to live with okay I still
+need to find an equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to find an equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to find an equation
+though I I'm happy you allowed me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though I I'm happy you allowed me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though I I'm happy you allowed me to
+draw this picture and see the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw this picture and see the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw this picture and see the problem
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way but in the end uh so in this in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but in the end uh so in this in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but in the end uh so in this in this
+particular problem uh my a has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular problem uh my a has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular problem uh my a has two
+columns and N is two because a straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and N is two because a straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and N is two because a straight
+line has two degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line has two degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line has two degrees of
+freedom but of course I could uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom but of course I could uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom but of course I could uh this
+picture is going to work in in in higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture is going to work in in in higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture is going to work in in in higher
+Dimensions I might have more parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions I might have more parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions I might have more parameters
+than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just
+two I might be fitting a plane or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two I might be fitting a plane or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two I might be fitting a plane or or
+some something in several dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some something in several dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some something in several dimensional
+space here so I might the m and n n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space here so I might the m and n n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space here so I might the m and n n
+doesn't have to be too I don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be too I don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be too I don't have to
+only fit straight lines but that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only fit straight lines but that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only fit straight lines but that's the
+the example to start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example to start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example to start with
+okay okay now I've got to get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay now I've got to get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay now I've got to get to the
+equation well I could save time and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation well I could save time and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation well I could save time and just
+write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it
+down uh well or minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this e yeah okay if I stay with this if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this e yeah okay if I stay with this if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this e yeah okay if I stay with this if
+I stay with this idea that's the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I stay with this idea that's the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I stay with this idea that's the best
+way yeah that why don't we do it a think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way yeah that why don't we do it a think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way yeah that why don't we do it a think
+way here uh so what's the rule e has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way here uh so what's the rule e has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way here uh so what's the rule e has to
+be perpendicular to all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be perpendicular to all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be perpendicular to all the
+columns brilliant that is exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns brilliant that is exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns brilliant that is exactly the
+key the vector e has to be perpendicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key the vector e has to be perpendicular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key the vector e has to be perpendicular
+to every column because these columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to every column because these columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to every column because these columns
+are all in the plane right so can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all in the plane right so can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all in the plane right so can you
+write down let me write down then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down let me write down then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down let me write down then the
+equations of the First Column column one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of the First Column column one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of the First Column column one
+oh how am I going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh how am I going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh how am I going
+to well how how shall I there's column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to well how how shall I there's column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to well how how shall I there's column
+one so column one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so column one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so column one
+is perpendicular to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+e is that okay I don't never wrote it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e is that okay I don't never wrote it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e is that okay I don't never wrote it
+that way before but and also column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way before but and also column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way before but and also column
+two the 134 column is perpendicular to e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two the 134 column is perpendicular to e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two the 134 column is perpendicular to e
+do everybody knows why why do I do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do everybody knows why why do I do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do everybody knows why why do I do this
+sort of waving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of waving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of waving
+motion because inner product being zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion because inner product being zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion because inner product being zero
+is perpendicular I mean that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is perpendicular I mean that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is perpendicular I mean that's a
+wonderful fact we we really ought to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful fact we we really ought to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful fact we we really ought to
+back back up and see that but instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back back up and see that but instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back back up and see that but instead
+we'll only write it down uh that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll only write it down uh that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll only write it down uh that that
+that it's just amazing that to test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's just amazing that to test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's just amazing that to test
+whether that Vector is perpendicular to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that Vector is perpendicular to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that Vector is perpendicular to
+that vector or that vector or that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vector or that vector or that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vector or that vector or that
+vector or the whole plane is by inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector or the whole plane is by inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector or the whole plane is by inner
+product the inner product of that vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product the inner product of that vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product the inner product of that vector
+and these guys is zero okay now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these guys is zero okay now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these guys is zero okay now what
+have we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we
+got so it's perpendicular column one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got so it's perpendicular column one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got so it's perpendicular column one
+gave that zero perpendicular column two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave that zero perpendicular column two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave that zero perpendicular column two
+gave that zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave that zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave that zero
+that's two equations that's exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's two equations that's exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's two equations that's exactly what
+we wanted because we have two unknowns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted because we have two unknowns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted because we have two unknowns
+and what have we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what have we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what have we
+got we've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got we've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got we've got a
+transpose we've got the error is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose we've got the error is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose we've got the error is in the
+null space of a transpose beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space of a transpose beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space of a transpose beautiful
+that's that's and I'm I'm really mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's and I'm I'm really mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's and I'm I'm really mixing
+e and w here because the identity is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e and w here because the identity is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e and w here because the identity is I'm
+taking unweighted I'm doing ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking unweighted I'm doing ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking unweighted I'm doing ordinary
+these squares so right now there's no C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these squares so right now there's no C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these squares so right now there's no C
+appearing so this is the same as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearing so this is the same as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearing so this is the same as a
+transpose E equals z for the present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose E equals z for the present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose E equals z for the present
+okay everybody saw that that that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay everybody saw that that that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay everybody saw that that that's a
+transpose so that that's our equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose so that that's our equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose so that that's our equation
+can I can I so linear algebra led me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I can I so linear algebra led me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I can I so linear algebra led me
+directly to a transpose E equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to a transpose E equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to a transpose E equals zero
+okay I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm
+happy with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy with
+that oh but let me plug in E and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oh but let me plug in E and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oh but let me plug in E and see
+what it really says then yeah it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it really says then yeah it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it really says then yeah it's the
+most important equation statistics right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important equation statistics right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important equation statistics right
+a transpose e is zero that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transpose e is zero that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transpose e is zero that's a
+transpose B minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose B minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose B minus
+Au is zero that's that's our equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Au is zero that's that's our equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Au is zero that's that's our equation
+and now if I just oh you hat for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now if I just oh you hat for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now if I just oh you hat for the
+winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning
+guy the winning the winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy the winning the winning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy the winning the winning
+uh projection P so this is yeah okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh projection P so this is yeah okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh projection P so this is yeah okay so
+um now shall I open that out a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now shall I open that out a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now shall I open that out a little
+and make that a transpose a you hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make that a transpose a you hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make that a transpose a you hat
+equals a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals a transpose
+b key that's the that equation gets five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b key that's the that equation gets five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b key that's the that equation gets five
+stars if there was room uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars if there was room uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars if there was room uh that's
+the that's the normal equation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's the normal equation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's the normal equation in
+statistics we're doing regression linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics we're doing regression linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics we're doing regression linear
+regression everything is linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression everything is linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression everything is linear
+here it's the fundamental way that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's the fundamental way that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's the fundamental way that you
+it's the first thing you would do if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the first thing you would do if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the first thing you would do if you
+had a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a bunch of
+measurements and you wanted to fit a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements and you wanted to fit a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements and you wanted to fit a
+straight line you wanted you decided on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line you wanted you decided on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line you wanted you decided on
+a on a set of paramet so you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a on a set of paramet so you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a on a set of paramet so you have a
+bunch of measurements bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of measurements bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of measurements bunch of
+parameters and we want to choose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and we want to choose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and we want to choose the
+best parameters you had and that's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best parameters you had and that's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best parameters you had and that's this
+is the first equation you would arrive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the first equation you would arrive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the first equation you would arrive
+at and it would be exactly our our model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at and it would be exactly our our model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at and it would be exactly our our model
+here with the identity because right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with the identity because right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with the identity because right now
+we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't
+uh thought of anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh thought of anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh thought of anything
+different okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different okay
+okay so that that's key these normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that that's key these normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that that's key these normal
+equations all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe so just a moment or two on those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe so just a moment or two on those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe so just a moment or two on those
+normal equations do they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal equations do they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal equations do they have a
+solution well what's the what's the so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution well what's the what's the so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution well what's the what's the so
+we're back in our we understand this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're back in our we understand this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're back in our we understand this
+linear ality problem is that Matrix a C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear ality problem is that Matrix a C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear ality problem is that Matrix a C
+A transpose a our friend is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A transpose a our friend is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A transpose a our friend is it
+invertible is there a solution is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible is there a solution is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible is there a solution is there
+a unique solution does this give us an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answer a The Columns of a have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer a The Columns of a have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer a The Columns of a have to be
+independent right right and if we set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent right right and if we set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent right right and if we set up
+our problem suitably they are and are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our problem suitably they are and are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our problem suitably they are and are
+these for this problem did I get it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these for this problem did I get it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these for this problem did I get it okay
+those columns are certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those columns are certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those columns are certainly
+independent when would I screw up well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent when would I screw up well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent when would I screw up well
+if I had a if I gave a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I had a if I gave a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I had a if I gave a third
+column in that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column in that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column in that same
+plane so that I now have allow myself a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane so that I now have allow myself a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane so that I now have allow myself a
+third a c and a d and an e but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third a c and a d and an e but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third a c and a d and an e but
+foolish because the projection didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foolish because the projection didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foolish because the projection didn't
+change nothing changed it's just just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change nothing changed it's just just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change nothing changed it's just just uh
+I've now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've now
+uh haded a third column that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh haded a third column that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh haded a third column that was
+dependent on the others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on the others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on the others
+and the U hat would not be well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the U hat would not be well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the U hat would not be well
+determined because many combinations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined because many combinations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined because many combinations of
+those three columns could give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three columns could give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three columns could give the
+projection you with me on this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection you with me on this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection you with me on this we
+wouldn't do it of course unless we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't do it of course unless we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't do it of course unless we
+weren't watching or something it happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't watching or something it happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't watching or something it happen
+but if we set up the the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we set up the the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we set up the the problem
+correctly we would expect independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly we would expect independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly we would expect independent
+columns and uh this Matrix would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and uh this Matrix would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and uh this Matrix would be
+symmetric positive definite invertible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric positive definite invertible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric positive definite invertible
+everything perfect and and we would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything perfect and and we would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything perfect and and we would get
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+answer and we ought also to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and we ought also to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and we ought also to figure out
+what would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be
+the what would the what would this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what would the what would this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what would the what would this
+capital E come out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital E come out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital E come out to
+be we ought also to figure out when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be we ought also to figure out when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be we ought also to figure out when we
+do you remember we really began with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you remember we really began with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you remember we really began with the
+minimization of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimization of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimization of this
+quantity and now the best the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity and now the best the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity and now the best the minimum
+value was when you when when I took this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value was when you when when I took this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value was when you when when I took this
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+U this winning U and we should figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U this winning U and we should figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U this winning U and we should figure
+out okay then the winning e the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay then the winning e the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay then the winning e the bottom
+of the the bottom of the bowl so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the bottom of the bowl so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the bottom of the bowl so to
+speak for this function e is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak for this function e is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak for this function e is it
+zero no we can't we we can't get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero no we can't we we can't get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero no we can't we we can't get the
+total error down to zero we can't get e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total error down to zero we can't get e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total error down to zero we can't get e
+transpose e down to zero we could figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose e down to zero we could figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose e down to zero we could figure
+out actually so if we had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out actually so if we had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out actually so if we had this
+uh can I can could I leave that as a as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can I can could I leave that as a as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can I can could I leave that as a as
+a u I'll put it in the notes but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a u I'll put it in the notes but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a u I'll put it in the notes but but
+those will take a few days so maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those will take a few days so maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those will take a few days so maybe I
+just say it now in words if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say it now in words if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say it now in words if you've
+written down this problem carry it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written down this problem carry it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written down this problem carry it
+through to figure out what all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through to figure out what all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through to figure out what all these
+things are figure out what you had is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are figure out what you had is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are figure out what you had is
+figure out what the P which is a hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what the P which is a hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what the P which is a hat
+is and figure out what e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and figure out what e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and figure out what e
+is okay you you could you could do all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay you you could you could do all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay you you could you could do all
+those uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh
+numerically as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically as well as
+symbolically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so that that is really leas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so that that is really leas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so that that is really leas
+squares and it's so uh uh far-reaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares and it's so uh uh far-reaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares and it's so uh uh far-reaching
+and uh omnipresent it's we meet all all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh omnipresent it's we meet all all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh omnipresent it's we meet all all
+all always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all always
+okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh
+but so now I'm ready in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so now I'm ready in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so now I'm ready in these
+minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes
+to start with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with a
+butt when would we not be happy with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butt when would we not be happy with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butt when would we not be happy with
+this this is like you you couldn't ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is like you you couldn't ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is like you you couldn't ask
+for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a
+better uh numerical problem you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better uh numerical problem you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better uh numerical problem you're
+getting linear equations with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting linear equations with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting linear equations with a
+symmetric positive definite Matrix easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric positive definite Matrix easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric positive definite Matrix easy
+to write down and in fact with only two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write down and in fact with only two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write down and in fact with only two
+unknowns we could write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns we could write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns we could write
+everything but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+um I guess so now I have to say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess so now I have to say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess so now I have to say okay
+when when would we wanted to to VAR from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when would we wanted to to VAR from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when would we wanted to to VAR from
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+okay let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's
+see uh let me so one common criticism of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh let me so one common criticism of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh let me so one common criticism of
+these squares is that it gives too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these squares is that it gives too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these squares is that it gives too much
+importance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance
+to uh an outlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh an outlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh an outlier
+so I'm I'm an outlier would be a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm I'm an outlier would be a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm I'm an outlier would be a point
+so suppose we had all these points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose we had all these points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose we had all these points
+pretty close to a line and then a fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close to a line and then a fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close to a line and then a fourth
+point was up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point was up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point was up
+there then the best line would change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there then the best line would change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there then the best line would change of
+course here we found or in the homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course here we found or in the homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course here we found or in the homework
+find the best line through these closest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the best line through these closest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the best line through these closest
+to these three points the best line okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these three points the best line okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these three points the best line okay
+now I have to think okay Inc comes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have to think okay Inc comes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have to think okay Inc comes a
+fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth
+measurement and composits up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there okay if I want to use least so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay if I want to use least so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay if I want to use least so I
+know I have so many comments to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I have so many comments to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I have so many comments to make
+suppose I want to stay with Le ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I want to stay with Le ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I want to stay with Le ordinary
+Le
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Le
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Le
+squares then then what would I like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares then then what would I like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares then then what would I like to
+have a grasp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a grasp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a grasp
+of I would like to if with ordinary Le
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I would like to if with ordinary Le
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I would like to if with ordinary Le
+squares with that fourth point I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares with that fourth point I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares with that fourth point I would
+now have a new uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now have a new uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now have a new uh
+say one and that was it let's see maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say one and that was it let's see maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say one and that was it let's see maybe
+that was along about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was along about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was along about uh
+five and but the height and the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and but the height and the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and but the height and the thing
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+100 that was a real outlier well no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 that was a real outlier well no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 that was a real outlier well no
+problem I could I could I would have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I could I could I would have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I could I could I would have a
+new Matrix a now with four rows and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new Matrix a now with four rows and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new Matrix a now with four rows and a
+new B with four components my system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new B with four components my system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new B with four components my system
+would be the same I'd find the best U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the same I'd find the best U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the same I'd find the best U
+the best straight line so two two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best straight line so two two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best straight line so two two
+comments about about that best straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments about about that best straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments about about that best straight
+line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one is if I want to find it I would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is if I want to find it I would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is if I want to find it I would like
+to find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find it
+recursively I if I've if I've made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively I if I've if I've made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively I if I've if I've made a
+bunch of measurements and then in comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of measurements and then in comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of measurements and then in comes
+one more measurement I certainly don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more measurement I certainly don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more measurement I certainly don't
+want to redo a whole lot of calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to redo a whole lot of calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to redo a whole lot of calculations
+I would like to know what's the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like to know what's the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like to know what's the minimum
+update how could I update U hat how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update how could I update U hat how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update how could I update U hat how
+could I update cndd to take account of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I update cndd to take account of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I update cndd to take account of
+this one new measurement so so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one new measurement so so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one new measurement so so that's
+going to be a key Ty topic uh recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a key Ty topic uh recursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a key Ty topic uh recursive
+lease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lease
+squares recursive meaning sort of Step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares recursive meaning sort of Step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares recursive meaning sort of Step
+update lease squares if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update lease squares if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update lease squares if you
+like that's too much to tackle today but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that's too much to tackle today but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that's too much to tackle today but
+uh it's highly important and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's highly important and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's highly important and then we
+could even mention the calman filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could even mention the calman filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could even mention the calman filter
+which is going to come in the calman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to come in the calman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to come in the calman
+filter is updating and yet and at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter is updating and yet and at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter is updating and yet and at the
+same time the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time the problem is
+changing the old problem isn't quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the old problem isn't quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the old problem isn't quite
+stable and I I I but it we get to Common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable and I I I but it we get to Common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable and I I I but it we get to Common
+filter so there are those important very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter so there are those important very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter so there are those important very
+important algorithmic questions of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important algorithmic questions of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important algorithmic questions of how
+do you how do you incorporate new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you how do you incorporate new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you how do you incorporate new
+measurements without recomputing a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements without recomputing a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements without recomputing a whole
+lot of numbers that you already did okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of numbers that you already did okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of numbers that you already did okay
+so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's
+then then I was going to make that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then I was going to make that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then I was going to make that would
+be staying with Le squares and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be staying with Le squares and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be staying with Le squares and and
+updating it now I was going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updating it now I was going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updating it now I was going to
+raise this criticism of these squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise this criticism of these squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise this criticism of these squares
+which may very well have met that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which may very well have met that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which may very well have met that that
+having this fourth point so far off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having this fourth point so far off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having this fourth point so far off
+changes the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the line
+radically that that the the by squaring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radically that that the the by squaring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radically that that the the by squaring
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+error we're giving tremendous uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error we're giving tremendous uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error we're giving tremendous uh
+importance to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance to this
+outlier and a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlier and a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlier and a lot
+of uh applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh applications
+that that would not give us the the CD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that would not give us the the CD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that would not give us the the CD
+the best the best u in these squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best the best u in these squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best the best u in these squares
+would not be the best u in our real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not be the best u in our real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not be the best u in our real
+lives in our real problem so for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives in our real problem so for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives in our real problem so for that
+reason these squares might not always be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason these squares might not always be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason these squares might not always be
+the winner can I just write down a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the winner can I just write down a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the winner can I just write down a a
+function that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's
+more robust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more robust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more robust
+to outliers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to outliers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to outliers
+than ordinary leas squares so uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than ordinary leas squares so uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than ordinary leas squares so uh a
+function that's more robust to outliers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's more robust to outliers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's more robust to outliers
+might be and then you can say what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be and then you can say what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be and then you can say what's
+good and bad about it what might be just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and bad about it what might be just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and bad about it what might be just
+instead of squaring just take the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of squaring just take the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of squaring just take the first
+Power it's the square that now of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Power it's the square that now of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Power it's the square that now of course
+this isn't true anymore so there would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't true anymore so there would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't true anymore so there would
+be a different e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a different e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a different e to
+minimize and it will because we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize and it will because we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize and it will because we're just
+taking the first Power it would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the first Power it would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the first Power it would not
+overemphasize this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overemphasize this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overemphasize this uh
+outlier so what's why don't we just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlier so what's why don't we just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlier so what's why don't we just do
+this all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time gives us a unique right it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time gives us a unique right it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time gives us a unique right it's not
+quadratic anymore it's not quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic anymore it's not quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic anymore it's not quadratic
+anymore we could minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore we could minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore we could minimize
+it so I want to minimize this this sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so I want to minimize this this sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so I want to minimize this this sum
+and I could get some equations but those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I could get some equations but those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I could get some equations but those
+equations would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations would not
+be linear if I'm minimizing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be linear if I'm minimizing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be linear if I'm minimizing that
+something that's not a quadratic in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's not a quadratic in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's not a quadratic in fact
+something that it's got Corners in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that it's got Corners in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that it's got Corners in it
+absolute values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute values
+wow uh the equations will not be linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow uh the equations will not be linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow uh the equations will not be linear
+equations or they'll be piece-wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations or they'll be piece-wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations or they'll be piece-wise
+linear but the corners are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear but the corners are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear but the corners are going to
+change a sign somewhere so if I had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change a sign somewhere so if I had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change a sign somewhere so if I had to
+minimize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize this
+quantity then you know the projection I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity then you know the projection I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity then you know the projection I
+was measuring everything this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was measuring everything this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was measuring everything this
+perpendicular project everybody's eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular project everybody's eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular project everybody's eye
+immediately agreed that yeah that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately agreed that yeah that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately agreed that yeah that's the
+closest point that's the closest point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest point that's the closest point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest point that's the closest point
+provided we're talking ukian distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided we're talking ukian distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided we're talking ukian distance
+sum of squares for this that's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of squares for this that's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of squares for this that's not the
+projection anymore it's the the nearest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection anymore it's the the nearest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection anymore it's the the nearest
+the P that makes this small is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the P that makes this small is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the P that makes this small is not
+anymore that same one that our eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore that same one that our eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore that same one that our eye
+thinks of and our actually we get into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks of and our actually we get into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks of and our actually we get into a
+problem of linear programming which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of linear programming which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of linear programming which is
+so linear programming is prepared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so linear programming is prepared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so linear programming is prepared to
+deal with piece-wise linear equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with piece-wise linear equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with piece-wise linear equations
+and uh you can deal with that we that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you can deal with that we that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you can deal with that we that
+that's perfectly possible but that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's perfectly possible but that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's perfectly possible but that's uh
+actually we will touch linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we will touch linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we will touch linear
+programming and we could come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming and we could come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming and we could come back to
+this possibility this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this possibility this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this possibility this
+application um toward the end of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application um toward the end of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application um toward the end of these
+this series of lectures but for now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this series of lectures but for now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this series of lectures but for now uh
+we better stay with quadratic pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we better stay with quadratic pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we better stay with quadratic pure
+quadratics and therefore linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratics and therefore linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratics and therefore linear
+equations yeah so I guess I'm sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations yeah so I guess I'm sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations yeah so I guess I'm sort of
+saying that our equations up to now our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that our equations up to now our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that our equations up to now our
+linear equations have behind them has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear equations have behind them has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear equations have behind them has
+been a quadratic minimization problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a quadratic minimization problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a quadratic minimization problem
+and and here it is up front for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and here it is up front for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and here it is up front for these
+squares okay now the other comment to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares okay now the other comment to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares okay now the other comment to
+make we got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make we got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make we got this
+outlier it may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlier it may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlier it may have
+been way off based because that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been way off based because that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been way off based because that was
+measured by a different meter different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured by a different meter different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured by a different meter different
+uh different uh hardware and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh different uh hardware and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh different uh hardware and not
+reliable and maybe we knew that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable and maybe we knew that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable and maybe we knew that
+beforehand so that would be another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beforehand so that would be another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beforehand so that would be another way
+of putting in information that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of putting in information that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of putting in information that we have
+that that maybe the first three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equations are fine but then this fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations are fine but then this fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations are fine but then this fourth
+equation which was D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which was D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which was D
+plus C + 5D equal 100 maybe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus C + 5D equal 100 maybe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus C + 5D equal 100 maybe that
+equation was much less reliable because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation was much less reliable because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation was much less reliable because
+the meter the measuring instrument was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meter the measuring instrument was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meter the measuring instrument was
+much less reliable than these so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less reliable than these so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less reliable than these so what
+would I do then so that that's this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I do then so that that's this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I do then so that that's this is
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+statistics and and uh the yeah the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics and and uh the yeah the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics and and uh the yeah the
+statistics of the error is now coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics of the error is now coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics of the error is now coming in
+up to now we've assumed that all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to now we've assumed that all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to now we've assumed that all the
+errors were identically distributed but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors were identically distributed but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors were identically distributed but
+now let's make recognize the possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's make recognize the possibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's make recognize the possibility
+that the error from this fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the error from this fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the error from this fourth
+measurement might be might have much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement might be might have much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement might be might have much
+larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger
+variance well I I'll always assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance well I I'll always assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance well I I'll always assume that
+the error has zero mean that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the error has zero mean that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the error has zero mean that our
+instrument is at least centered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument is at least centered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument is at least centered
+correctly but but it might be an old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly but but it might be an old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly but but it might be an old
+instrument it might whatever for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument it might whatever for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument it might whatever for
+whatever good reason this equation might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever good reason this equation might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever good reason this equation might
+be less reliable so how can we account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be less reliable so how can we account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be less reliable so how can we account
+for that that that's my question how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that that that's my question how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that that that's my question how how
+can I change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I change the
+equations I'll still minimize oh no so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations I'll still minimize oh no so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations I'll still minimize oh no so
+now there's an E4 squar right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's an E4 squar right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's an E4 squar right because
+that's the error in equation four but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the error in equation four but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the error in equation four but
+what will I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will I
+do what should I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what should I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what should I
+do well you know what's coming waited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do well you know what's coming waited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do well you know what's coming waited
+wait it I'll weight it somehow do I weit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait it I'll weight it somehow do I weit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait it I'll weight it somehow do I weit
+it more heavily or less heavily L less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it more heavily or less heavily L less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it more heavily or less heavily L less
+right less heavily I should wait it less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right less heavily I should wait it less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right less heavily I should wait it less
+heavily so then when I go to minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily so then when I go to minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily so then when I go to minimize
+this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing
+if I put a W for the moment for weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I put a W for the moment for weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I put a W for the moment for weight
+or something I I don't want to put that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something I I don't want to put that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something I I don't want to put that
+weight it's going to go in there if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight it's going to go in there if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight it's going to go in there if I
+weight it less heavily then when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight it less heavily then when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight it less heavily then when I
+minimize it doesn't count so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize it doesn't count so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize it doesn't count so
+much and we'll see exactly how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much and we'll see exactly how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much and we'll see exactly how that
+enters I guess the weight will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enters I guess the weight will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enters I guess the weight will be
+probably C4 squ up to now the weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably C4 squ up to now the weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably C4 squ up to now the weights
+were one C1 and C2 and C3 were all ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were one C1 and C2 and C3 were all ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were one C1 and C2 and C3 were all ones
+and that's why C was the identity Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why C was the identity Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why C was the identity Matrix
+now C is going to change C is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now C is going to change C is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now C is going to change C is going to
+change as soon as I introduce that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change as soon as I introduce that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change as soon as I introduce that
+weight c is now going to be one one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight c is now going to be one one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight c is now going to be one one one
+and this small weight because I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this small weight because I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this small weight because I'm not
+weighting it so heavily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighting it so heavily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighting it so heavily
+C4 okay so that's and now I can do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C4 okay so that's and now I can do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C4 okay so that's and now I can do the
+linear algebra repeat the linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra repeat the linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra repeat the linear algebra
+with this waiting Matrix coming in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this waiting Matrix coming in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this waiting Matrix coming in and
+what happens if I just repeat the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if I just repeat the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if I just repeat the linear
+algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it let let me just say because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it let let me just say because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it let let me just say because
+you'll a c The Matrix C enters here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll a c The Matrix C enters here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll a c The Matrix C enters here
+there's a this this this C there's a c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a this this this C there's a c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a this this this C there's a c
+in our problem there's a matrix that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our problem there's a matrix that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our problem there's a matrix that
+tells me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me the
+weights and it enters here and it enters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights and it enters here and it enters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights and it enters here and it enters
+here and there's now I'm really ready to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and there's now I'm really ready to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and there's now I'm really ready to
+put five stars by that equation because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put five stars by that equation because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put five stars by that equation because
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+now these squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these squares
+with weights with correct with with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with weights with correct with with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with weights with correct with with with
+a weighting Matrix allowed and you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a weighting Matrix allowed and you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a weighting Matrix allowed and you see
+that it's the same equation that we met
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's the same equation that we met
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's the same equation that we met
+in an hour ago in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an hour ago in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an hour ago in uh
+networks it's the same equation with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks it's the same equation with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks it's the same equation with
+without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the
+F so it's this is now the the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F so it's this is now the the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F so it's this is now the the key
+equation with with with a c but we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation with with with a c but we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation with with with a c but we have
+to decide on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decide on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decide on the
+C okay so that's the remaining thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C okay so that's the remaining thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C okay so that's the remaining thing
+what's what should we choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what should we choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what should we choose
+for C what should this weight be we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for C what should this weight be we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for C what should this weight be we know
+it should be smaller because the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be smaller because the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be smaller because the the the
+error is tend to be bigger it's a less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error is tend to be bigger it's a less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error is tend to be bigger it's a less
+this equation is less reliable in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation is less reliable in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation is less reliable in other
+words this equation is getting a weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words this equation is getting a weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words this equation is getting a weight
+of one and this equation is getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one and this equation is getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one and this equation is getting a
+weight of C4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight of C4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight of C4
+small because E4 tends to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small because E4 tends to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small because E4 tends to be
+big because the measurement was poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big because the measurement was poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big because the measurement was poor
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now notice I I want to emphasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now notice I I want to emphasize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now notice I I want to emphasize
+that we have to decide on C4 without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to decide on C4 without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to decide on C4 without
+knowing that particular sample the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that particular sample the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that particular sample the
+particular measurement of the particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular measurement of the particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular measurement of the particular
+satellite that's wor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite that's wor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite that's wor
+tracking it's the the C4 is small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking it's the the C4 is small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking it's the the C4 is small
+because the instrument is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the instrument is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the instrument is
+poor we have to know this the statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor we have to know this the statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor we have to know this the statistics
+of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these
+errors in advance and that tells us what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors in advance and that tells us what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors in advance and that tells us what
+we should wait C4 by not the particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should wait C4 by not the particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should wait C4 by not the particular
+samples 1 1 3 and 100 I mean those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples 1 1 3 and 100 I mean those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples 1 1 3 and 100 I mean those are
+the numbers in the experiment but we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers in the experiment but we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers in the experiment but we had
+to choose C4 before that and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose C4 before that and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose C4 before that and and and
+what are we allowed to know about C4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we allowed to know about C4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we allowed to know about C4
+we're allowed to know that it's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're allowed to know that it's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're allowed to know that it's that
+it's that it's coming from a poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that it's coming from a poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that it's coming from a poor
+instrument that the errors from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument that the errors from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument that the errors from that
+instrument have a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variance so I'm now using that word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance so I'm now using that word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance so I'm now using that word
+variance the errors from in this fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance the errors from in this fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance the errors from in this fourth
+equation which we expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which we expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which we expect
+errors and the variance if we took many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors and the variance if we took many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors and the variance if we took many
+many samples the variance in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many samples the variance in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many samples the variance in those
+errors would be larger and then what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors would be larger and then what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors would be larger and then what's
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+right C4 the right C4 is one over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right C4 the right C4 is one over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right C4 the right C4 is one over the
+variance you see that that goes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance you see that that goes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance you see that that goes the
+right direction anyway the good C4 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right direction anyway the good C4 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right direction anyway the good C4 is
+one over Sigma 4^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over Sigma 4^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over Sigma 4^
+squared that's the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's the good um let's see am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the good um let's see am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the good um let's see am I
+getting no is is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting no is is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting no is is just
+C4 see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C4 see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C4 see
+C yes should be just Sigma 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C yes should be just Sigma 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C yes should be just Sigma 4
+right do I want it You' already squ the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right do I want it You' already squ the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right do I want it You' already squ the
+error squ I've got the error squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error squ I've got the error squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error squ I've got the error squared
+right right that's right thanks yes yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right that's right thanks yes yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right that's right thanks yes yes
+yes I've got the errors squared right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I've got the errors squared right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I've got the errors squared right
+can you see the difference there this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you see the difference there this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you see the difference there this
+was an e let me complete that e so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm gon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gon
+to Sigma a Vari Sigma is a variance Sig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Sigma a Vari Sigma is a variance Sig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Sigma a Vari Sigma is a variance Sig
+s Sigma squ is a variance God Sigma squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s Sigma squ is a variance God Sigma squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s Sigma squ is a variance God Sigma squ
+is a variance yes yes Sigma squar is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a variance yes yes Sigma squar is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a variance yes yes Sigma squar is a
+variance right um so actually I wrote on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance right um so actually I wrote on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance right um so actually I wrote on
+the board here and I'll just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board here and I'll just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board here and I'll just because
+because this board is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this board is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this board is a little
+cleaner point to it and then come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaner point to it and then come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaner point to it and then come back
+to here so we have a matrix that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here so we have a matrix that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here so we have a matrix that gives
+us all the variances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us all the variances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us all the variances
+and it's the inverse of that Matrix that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the inverse of that Matrix that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the inverse of that Matrix that
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+want okay so now can I talk for a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want okay so now can I talk for a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want okay so now can I talk for a minute
+and it won't be long enough to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it won't be long enough to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it won't be long enough to do
+justice to variances but and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice to variances but and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice to variances but and
+co-variances but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-variances but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-variances but it's a
+start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so what's our so we're we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so what's our so we're we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so what's our so we're we're
+speaking about now about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking about now about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking about now about
+variances and co-variance so that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances and co-variance so that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances and co-variance so that it's
+going to be really the co covariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Matrix and that Matrix is usually called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and that Matrix is usually called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and that Matrix is usually called
+Sigma in the in the literature that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma in the in the literature that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma in the in the literature that I
+read okay so that and then our choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read okay so that and then our choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read okay so that and then our choice
+for then the best C so we we I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for then the best C so we we I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for then the best C so we we I've got
+bunch of things to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of things to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of things to do
+here I have to say what is what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I have to say what is what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I have to say what is what are
+covariances what is this covariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariances what is this covariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariances what is this covariance
+Matrix and then I would really need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and then I would really need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and then I would really need to
+say why the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say why the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say why the the the
+smart choice is take C to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart choice is take C to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart choice is take C to be the
+inverse you can see of course that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse you can see of course that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse you can see of course that it's
+in the right direction that when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the right direction that when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the right direction that when the
+variance is large we want to wait to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance is large we want to wait to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance is large we want to wait to be
+small and if the variance was small that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and if the variance was small that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and if the variance was small that
+would mean the measurement was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would mean the measurement was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would mean the measurement was very
+reliable we would want to weight it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable we would want to weight it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable we would want to weight it
+heavily so this is the best this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily so this is the best this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily so this is the best this is
+called the best by smart I really mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the best by smart I really mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the best by smart I really mean
+the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+linear unbiased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+estimate estimate B Lue it's sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate estimate B Lue it's sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate estimate B Lue it's sometimes
+written in the somebody noticed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in the somebody noticed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in the somebody noticed that
+made a word word and and in the textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a word word and and in the textbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a word word and and in the textbook
+can maybe I could refer to the to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can maybe I could refer to the to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can maybe I could refer to the to I
+should have said where this material is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have said where this material is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have said where this material is
+in the applied math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the applied math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the applied math
+book so in the applied math book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book so in the applied math book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book so in the applied math book
+uh way back in section 14 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh way back in section 14 is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh way back in section 14 is the
+ordinary Le squares this is the ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary Le squares this is the ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary Le squares this is the ordinary
+Le squares is section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Le squares is section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Le squares is section
+1.4 and then weighted these squares and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.4 and then weighted these squares and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.4 and then weighted these squares and
+the reason for this weight we'll find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason for this weight we'll find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason for this weight we'll find
+later on in section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on in section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on in section
+2.6 so so section 1.4 for what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.6 so so section 1.4 for what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.6 so so section 1.4 for what we've
+done till now section 2.6 for what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done till now section 2.6 for what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done till now section 2.6 for what we're
+now doing why should we choose this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now doing why should we choose this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now doing why should we choose this as
+the but but isn't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the but but isn't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the but but isn't it
+beautiful I mean that that that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful I mean that that that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful I mean that that that the
+appropriate waiting Matrix in our in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate waiting Matrix in our in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate waiting Matrix in our in our
+framework is exactly the inverse of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework is exactly the inverse of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework is exactly the inverse of this
+covariance Matrix so now I just have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance Matrix so now I just have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance Matrix so now I just have to
+say what's the covariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what's the covariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what's the covariance
+Matrix Sigma so now I'm talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix Sigma so now I'm talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix Sigma so now I'm talking about
+Sigma so Sigma is Sigma is a matrix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma so Sigma is Sigma is a matrix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma so Sigma is Sigma is a matrix and
+what's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in
+it up here is Sigma 1^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up here is Sigma 1^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up here is Sigma 1^
+squar which was one our model on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar which was one our model on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar which was one our model on the
+diagonal are the variances of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal are the variances of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal are the variances of the of the
+uh Sigma 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Sigma 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Sigma 4
+squared okay so what's what's variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared okay so what's what's variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared okay so what's what's variance
+maybe can can we now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe can can we now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe can can we now we have
+to remember the facts of the main facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember the facts of the main facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember the facts of the main facts
+of Statistics right hooks law OHS law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Statistics right hooks law OHS law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Statistics right hooks law OHS law
+all those guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those guys are
+gone uh now it's it's a statistical uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone uh now it's it's a statistical uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone uh now it's it's a statistical uh
+the the the constitutive laws from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the constitutive laws from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the constitutive laws from
+statistics now and this will be a sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics now and this will be a sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics now and this will be a sigma
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+two and a sigma 21 which will equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and a sigma 21 which will equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and a sigma 21 which will equal
+Sigma one2 The Matrix will be symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma one2 The Matrix will be symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma one2 The Matrix will be symmetric
+it'll it'll be it'll agree with Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll it'll be it'll agree with Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll it'll be it'll agree with Sigma
+transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose
+fortunately so and and very often well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately so and and very often well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately so and and very often well
+it's just since you know some of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just since you know some of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just since you know some of this
+let me say a little bit in words when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me say a little bit in words when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me say a little bit in words when
+would Sigma one two be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would Sigma one two be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would Sigma one two be zero
+because that's certainly we've we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's certainly we've we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's certainly we've we've
+been very happy to see diagonal matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been very happy to see diagonal matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been very happy to see diagonal matrices
+when when would our Matrix be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when would our Matrix be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when would our Matrix be
+diagonal when they're uncorrelated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal when they're uncorrelated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal when they're uncorrelated
+uncorrelated and we're just using these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated and we're just using these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated and we're just using these
+words without the writing down the math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words without the writing down the math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words without the writing down the math
+here but but Sigma these off diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but but Sigma these off diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but but Sigma these off diagonal
+Sigma I JS tell us correlations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma I JS tell us correlations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma I JS tell us correlations of
+measurement I with measurement J so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement I with measurement J so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement I with measurement J so that
+if somehow the two meters were hooked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if somehow the two meters were hooked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if somehow the two meters were hooked
+together in some way or we use the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in some way or we use the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in some way or we use the same
+meter in in arriving at uh several of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter in in arriving at uh several of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter in in arriving at uh several of
+these things then then then the errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things then then then the errors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things then then then the errors
+if the errors were correlated we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the errors were correlated we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the errors were correlated we would
+have to reflect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to reflect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to reflect that
+fact okay now what is Sigma 1 squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact okay now what is Sigma 1 squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact okay now what is Sigma 1 squared
+can you just remind me of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you just remind me of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you just remind me of
+that Sigma 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Sigma 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Sigma 1
+squared is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is an
+expected the average if we do many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected the average if we do many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected the average if we do many many
+samples so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples so
+again if we do many many samples it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if we do many many samples it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if we do many many samples it's
+the average square of the error in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average square of the error in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average square of the error in
+equation one so so Sigma 1^ squar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation one so so Sigma 1^ squar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation one so so Sigma 1^ squar
+is okay room has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay room has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay room has to be
+made but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made but this
+is okay Sigma 1^ squar is what it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay Sigma 1^ squar is what it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay Sigma 1^ squar is what it's the
+expected value of the first error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of the first error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of the first error
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+we've assumed here I've subtracted off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've assumed here I've subtracted off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've assumed here I've subtracted off
+the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean
+value but you didn't see it because I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value but you didn't see it because I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value but you didn't see it because I've
+assumed throughout that the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed throughout that the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed throughout that the expected
+value the mean error the expected value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value the mean error the expected value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value the mean error the expected value
+of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each
+error is zero right so zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error is zero right so zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error is zero right so zero
+mean you some of you see this every day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you some of you see this every day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you some of you see this every day
+more more than I okay zero mean we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more more than I okay zero mean we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more more than I okay zero mean we're
+assuming so that I've subtracted off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming so that I've subtracted off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming so that I've subtracted off the
+mean but that was Zero then this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean but that was Zero then this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean but that was Zero then this is the
+average value the expected value of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average value the expected value of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average value the expected value of of
+the first error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first error
+squared and of course Sigma 2 will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and of course Sigma 2 will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and of course Sigma 2 will be
+the expected value of the second error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value of the second error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value of the second error
+squared and what is Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and what is Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and what is Sigma
+one2 what is Sigma one two then it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one2 what is Sigma one two then it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one2 what is Sigma one two then it's the
+expected value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of
+E1 * E2 E1 * E2 and if they're totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uncorrelated then if I knew E1 E2 could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated then if I knew E1 E2 could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated then if I knew E1 E2 could
+just as well have a plus sign as a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as well have a plus sign as a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as well have a plus sign as a minus
+sign so when I average overall samples I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign so when I average overall samples I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign so when I average overall samples I
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+zero so this is zero if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so this is zero if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so this is zero if they're
+uncorrelated because there's no if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated because there's no if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated because there's no if I
+know E1 I don't know anything about E2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know E1 I don't know anything about E2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know E1 I don't know anything about E2
+but if they're positively correlated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if they're positively correlated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if they're positively correlated
+then when I know the first error I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when I know the first error I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when I know the first error I know
+I have an idea I know the second error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have an idea I know the second error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have an idea I know the second error
+tends to be in the same direction and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to be in the same direction and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to be in the same direction and I
+get a positive number if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a positive number if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a positive number if they're
+negatively correlated I get a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively correlated I get a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively correlated I get a negative
+number now I have to ask you about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number now I have to ask you about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number now I have to ask you about this
+Matrix oh I have to I recognize I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix oh I have to I recognize I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix oh I have to I recognize I have
+to put this in Matrix notation what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put this in Matrix notation what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put this in Matrix notation what is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+whole covariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole covariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole covariance
+Matrix we got it entry by entry here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix we got it entry by entry here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix we got it entry by entry here we
+got the diagonal or the variances the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the diagonal or the variances the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the diagonal or the variances the
+off diagonal of the covariances now put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off diagonal of the covariances now put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off diagonal of the covariances now put
+the whole thing together in a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing together in a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing together in a matrix
+equals a matrix form it's the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals a matrix form it's the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals a matrix form it's the expected
+value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of what what goes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what what goes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what what goes in
+here e transpose right e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transpose got to deal with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose got to deal with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose got to deal with that
+shorthand I think CU because in the and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorthand I think CU because in the and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorthand I think CU because in the and
+it's if it's it's straightforward so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's if it's it's straightforward so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's if it's it's straightforward so
+what is e e is that column Vector of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is e e is that column Vector of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is e e is that column Vector of
+Errors e transposes a row Vector of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Errors e transposes a row Vector of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Errors e transposes a row Vector of
+Errors what happens when I multiply a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Errors what happens when I multiply a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Errors what happens when I multiply a
+column times a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column times a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column times a
+row what do I get then if I multiply a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row what do I get then if I multiply a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row what do I get then if I multiply a
+column by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column by a
+row I get a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so I take the column E1 E2 E3 E4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I take the column E1 E2 E3 E4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I take the column E1 E2 E3 E4
+times the row E1 E2 E3 E4 and you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the row E1 E2 E3 E4 and you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the row E1 E2 E3 E4 and you see
+that the net result is a 4x4 Matrix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the net result is a 4x4 Matrix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the net result is a 4x4 Matrix and
+what's the one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the one one
+entry E1 squ right and what's the one2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry E1 squ right and what's the one2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry E1 squ right and what's the one2
+entry in this product of that I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry in this product of that I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry in this product of that I mean
+it's a perfectly legitimate operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a perfectly legitimate operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a perfectly legitimate operation
+it's 4 by 1 multiplying 1 by 4 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 4 by 1 multiplying 1 by 4 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 4 by 1 multiplying 1 by 4 and
+producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing
+4x4 and what does it produce in that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x4 and what does it produce in that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x4 and what does it produce in that one
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+position it produces E1 * E2 doesn't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position it produces E1 * E2 doesn't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position it produces E1 * E2 doesn't it
+and now we take the expected value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we take the expected value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we take the expected value of
+this and and I can come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and and I can come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and and I can come back
+to what that means the average over all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what that means the average over all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what that means the average over all
+samples so it's the expected value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples so it's the expected value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples so it's the expected value of
+this that produces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sigma and then I've circled Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma and then I've circled Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma and then I've circled Sigma
+inverse here because Sigma inverse I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse here because Sigma inverse I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse here because Sigma inverse I see
+that there's the inverse because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's the inverse because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's the inverse because that's
+the right choice for C okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right choice for C okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right choice for C okay
+so I'm I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm I guess
+I'm making these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm making these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm making these
+definitions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions and
+uh looking to see what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh looking to see what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh looking to see what they
+mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I
+haven't identified the precise reason I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't identified the precise reason I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't identified the precise reason I
+mean we can see that roughly large Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean we can see that roughly large Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean we can see that roughly large Sigma
+should mean small C so we we like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should mean small C so we we like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should mean small C so we we like to
+have that inverse there but the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that inverse there but the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that inverse there but the fact
+that it's just exactly the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's just exactly the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's just exactly the inverse
+Matrix is fantastic okay and I was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix is fantastic okay and I was going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix is fantastic okay and I was going
+to say one more thing about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say one more thing about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say one more thing about that
+Matrix or even about this Matrix here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix or even about this Matrix here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix or even about this Matrix here
+this e transpose Matrix tell tell me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this e transpose Matrix tell tell me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this e transpose Matrix tell tell me the
+properties of that Matrix I I never let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of that Matrix I I never let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of that Matrix I I never let
+the lecture end without saying okay what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture end without saying okay what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture end without saying okay what
+are the properties of these matrices if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the properties of these matrices if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the properties of these matrices if
+I if I take a matrix like uh e transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I if I take a matrix like uh e transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I if I take a matrix like uh e transpose
+yeah just tell me some interesting stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just tell me some interesting stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just tell me some interesting stuff
+so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we
+had let me take an e to be say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had let me take an e to be say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had let me take an e to be say
+421 transpose it 421 do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+421 transpose it 421 do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+421 transpose it 421 do the
+multiplication what do I get for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication what do I get for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication what do I get for that
+it'll be 3x3 16 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be 3x3 16 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be 3x3 16 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+842 421
+
+ align:start position:0%
+842 421
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+842 421
+right okay what kind of a matrix I got e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay what kind of a matrix I got e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay what kind of a matrix I got e
+transposed there symmetric for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposed there symmetric for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposed there symmetric for
+sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure
+positive okay is it positive definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive okay is it positive definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive okay is it positive definite
+that's the key question is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the key question is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the key question is a
+combination each row is a combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination each row is a combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination each row is a combination of
+other rows so what's the rank of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other rows so what's the rank of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other rows so what's the rank of that
+Matrix only one what's its column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix only one what's its column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix only one what's its column
+space if I took the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space if I took the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space if I took the
+combinations of The Columns of of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of The Columns of of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of The Columns of of those
+three columns what when in three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three columns what when in three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three columns what when in three
+dimensions what would I have if I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions what would I have if I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions what would I have if I take
+any combination of those three columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any combination of those three columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any combination of those three columns
+can could I be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere
+or on a line the column space is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or on a line the column space is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or on a line the column space is only
+onedimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onedimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onedimensional
+the because one is the rank because one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the because one is the rank because one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the because one is the rank because one
+is the number of independent columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number of independent columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number of independent columns
+because one is the number of independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because one is the number of independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because one is the number of independent
+columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns
+there you see okay so right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you see okay so right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you see okay so right so that's
+this is a rank one Matrix is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a rank one Matrix is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a rank one Matrix is it
+invertible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+right as you said each row is a multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right as you said each row is a multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right as you said each row is a multiple
+of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other
+rows those rows are very dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows those rows are very dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows those rows are very dependent
+there're only one there's only rank one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there're only one there's only rank one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there're only one there's only rank one
+here so it's not invertible so it can it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so it's not invertible so it can it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so it's not invertible so it can it
+be positive definite not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quite right exactly good all right let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite right exactly good all right let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite right exactly good all right let
+me just finish this thought but and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just finish this thought but and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just finish this thought but and and
+I have to repeat to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to repeat to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to repeat to the other
+uh the people uh the question was if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the people uh the question was if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the people uh the question was if
+could this be could this be our Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could this be could this be our Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could this be could this be our Matrix
+Sigma I hope not as you say if that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma I hope not as you say if that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma I hope not as you say if that's
+Sigma we're in trouble because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma we're in trouble because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma we're in trouble because that's
+not invertible so what all right first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not invertible so what all right first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not invertible so what all right first
+of all let's take this Matrix and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all let's take this Matrix and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all let's take this Matrix and then
+and then uh okay so that Matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh okay so that Matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh okay so that Matrix is
+symmetric and and it's not positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric and and it's not positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric and and it's not positive
+definite right because it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite right because it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite right because it's not
+invertible but what is it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible but what is it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible but what is it it's
+semi it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi it's
+trying you could say but by itself it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying you could say but by itself it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying you could say but by itself it's
+not enough one column times one row has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not enough one column times one row has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not enough one column times one row has
+to be only rank one and only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be only rank one and only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be only rank one and only
+semi-definite okay now where does Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-definite okay now where does Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-definite okay now where does Sigma
+come in where does the posit because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in where does the posit because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in where does the posit because it
+better be positive definite or we're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better be positive definite or we're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better be positive definite or we're in
+serious trouble the thing is this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious trouble the thing is this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious trouble the thing is this this
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+e this was a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e this was a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e this was a particular
+sample but then when we average over all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample but then when we average over all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample but then when we average over all
+all samples the other samples aren't in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all samples the other samples aren't in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all samples the other samples aren't in
+the same 421 Direction other samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same 421 Direction other samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same 421 Direction other samples
+other e will be other vectors so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other e will be other vectors so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other e will be other vectors so we have
+a so our our our Sigma is is a is a sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so our our our Sigma is is a is a sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so our our our Sigma is is a is a sum
+of oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oh
+gosh I'll use the letter suum then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gosh I'll use the letter suum then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gosh I'll use the letter suum then uh
+it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a
+sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum
+of all the e all the possible e e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the e all the possible e e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the e all the possible e e
+transpose multiplied by their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose multiplied by their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose multiplied by their
+probabilities right that's what I meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities right that's what I meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities right that's what I meant
+by expected value I take all the e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by expected value I take all the e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by expected value I take all the e
+transpose and multiply by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and multiply by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and multiply by the
+probability P of that then sum over all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability P of that then sum over all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability P of that then sum over all
+the all the errors that could happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all the errors that could happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all the errors that could happen
+times the probabilities of those errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the probabilities of those errors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the probabilities of those errors
+and so since I've got lots of ease I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so since I've got lots of ease I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so since I've got lots of ease I'm
+not all hooked on to this single line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all hooked on to this single line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all hooked on to this single line
+and the thing does come out positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the thing does come out positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the thing does come out positive
+definite okay so that that's so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite okay so that that's so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite okay so that that's so we
+really did some fast stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really did some fast stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really did some fast stuff
+there we defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we defined
+Sigma we got it in a matrix form we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma we got it in a matrix form we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma we got it in a matrix form we saw
+what a single single piece of it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a single single piece of it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a single single piece of it looks
+like e transpose but then when we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like e transpose but then when we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like e transpose but then when we take
+this expected value step this averaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expected value step this averaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expected value step this averaging
+step we're averaging a whole lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step we're averaging a whole lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step we're averaging a whole lot of
+different matrices that look like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different matrices that look like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different matrices that look like this
+the weights add to one the P's these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weights add to one the P's these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weights add to one the P's these
+these these probabilities add to one but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these probabilities add to one but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these probabilities add to one but
+we're mixing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're mixing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're mixing up
+different e transposes and the result is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different e transposes and the result is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different e transposes and the result is
+we come out positive definite so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we come out positive definite so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we come out positive definite so this is
+a symmetric positive definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a symmetric positive definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a symmetric positive definite
+Matrix and it's goes right into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and it's goes right into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and it's goes right into the
+framework it could be diagonal if these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework it could be diagonal if these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework it could be diagonal if these
+are uncorrelated errors or it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uncorrelated errors or it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uncorrelated errors or it could be
+none it could have off diagonal entries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none it could have off diagonal entries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none it could have off diagonal entries
+in which case the calculations won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case the calculations won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case the calculations won't be
+quite as nice as in the diagonal case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite as nice as in the diagonal case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite as nice as in the diagonal case
+but but it's the right Matrix to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but it's the right Matrix to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but it's the right Matrix to use
+there okay was there a final question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay was there a final question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay was there a final question
+before we call it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we call it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we call it a
+day no good uh maybe a question in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day no good uh maybe a question in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day no good uh maybe a question in the
+other room but too quiet so uh we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other room but too quiet so uh we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other room but too quiet so uh we're
+we're through for today and I'll see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're through for today and I'll see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're through for today and I'll see you
+next Thursday thanks
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/HdV_r6aIcew.txt b/HdV_r6aIcew.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..55f62dc2ae3d276a0924f8e62339940bb021fee5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/HdV_r6aIcew.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1195 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to
+lecture one of getting up to speed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture one of getting up to speed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture one of getting up to speed in
+biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology
+this lecture is called molecules of life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture is called molecules of life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture is called molecules of life
+and today we're going to cover two big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and today we're going to cover two big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and today we're going to cover two big
+topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics
+the first topic are the bonds build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first topic are the bonds build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first topic are the bonds build
+molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules
+and the second are the macromolecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second are the macromolecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second are the macromolecules
+themselves so let's take a moment here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next time we'll talk a lot about cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time we'll talk a lot about cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time we'll talk a lot about cells
+but today we're just going to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but today we're just going to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but today we're just going to make the
+statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement
+that the building blocks of life are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the building blocks of life are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the building blocks of life are
+cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells
+so life is made of cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so life is made of cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so life is made of cells
+we can think about them as building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can think about them as building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can think about them as building
+blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks
+they're little building blocks in humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're little building blocks in humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're little building blocks in humans
+a cell has about a 10 micrometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cell has about a 10 micrometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cell has about a 10 micrometer
+diameter they are filled with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter they are filled with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter they are filled with
+molecules or they're made of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules or they're made of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules or they're made of
+and i'll tell you about the molecules as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll tell you about the molecules as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll tell you about the molecules as
+we go along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go along
+and they are a bag of chemical reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are a bag of chemical reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are a bag of chemical reactions
+so that's our background that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's our background that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's our background that's the
+framework that we're going to start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework that we're going to start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework that we're going to start with
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+let's go to our first big topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go to our first big topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go to our first big topic
+of the day bonds build molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the day bonds build molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the day bonds build molecules
+and let me give you a little disclaimer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me give you a little disclaimer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me give you a little disclaimer
+about this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this lecture
+and the other parts of getting up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other parts of getting up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other parts of getting up to
+speed in biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed in biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed in biology
+i want you to have heard of something i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want you to have heard of something i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want you to have heard of something i
+want you to be able to go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to be able to go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to be able to go into
+a good introductory biology course at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good introductory biology course at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good introductory biology course at
+mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit
+or elsewhere and i want you to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or elsewhere and i want you to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or elsewhere and i want you to have
+heard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of
+what i'm going to say you're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm going to say you're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm going to say you're not going
+to know all of it you're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know all of it you're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know all of it you're not going to
+know it in depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it in depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it in depth
+but you should be somewhat familiar so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you should be somewhat familiar so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you should be somewhat familiar so
+that you can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can go
+and then do well in your introductory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then do well in your introductory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then do well in your introductory
+biology course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology course
+so bonds build molecules and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so bonds build molecules and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so bonds build molecules and
+a bond holds molecules together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bond holds molecules together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bond holds molecules together
+so a bond holds molecules together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a bond holds molecules together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a bond holds molecules together
+because bonding is due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because bonding is due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because bonding is due to
+attraction between atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction between atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction between atoms
+bonding is due to attraction between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding is due to attraction between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding is due to attraction between
+atoms we'll talk about the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms we'll talk about the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms we'll talk about the kinds of
+bonds in a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds in a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds in a moment
+in life there are certain key elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in life there are certain key elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in life there are certain key elements
+that come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come up
+over and over again and there are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again and there are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again and there are really
+six of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six of them
+the big one is carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big one is carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big one is carbon
+then oxygen nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then oxygen nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then oxygen nitrogen
+phosphorus and sulfur and i guess that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus and sulfur and i guess that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus and sulfur and i guess that's
+five and not six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and not six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and not six
+so there are some others we can add but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are some others we can add but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are some others we can add but
+those are really the five big ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are really the five big ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are really the five big ones
+you're going to need the concept here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to need the concept here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to need the concept here
+of valency valency refers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of valency valency refers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of valency valency refers to
+how many bonds an atom can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many bonds an atom can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many bonds an atom can make
+so valency equals the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so valency equals the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so valency equals the number
+of bonds an atom can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bonds an atom can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bonds an atom can make
+it is a really key concept in biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a really key concept in biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a really key concept in biology
+and then finally when we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally when we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally when we think about
+bonds building molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds building molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds building molecules
+we need to be able to somehow represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to be able to somehow represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to be able to somehow represent
+molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules
+in an easy to deal with whey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an easy to deal with whey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an easy to deal with whey
+and this is where we are going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is where we are going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is where we are going to start
+we're going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start
+with representing molecules so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with representing molecules so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with representing molecules so
+let's look at representing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at representing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at representing
+molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules
+i'm showing you here five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm showing you here five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm showing you here five
+different schematics of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different schematics of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different schematics of the same
+molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+the molecule is butanol it's called one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule is butanol it's called one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule is butanol it's called one
+butanol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butanol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butanol
+particular form of butanol which is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular form of butanol which is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular form of butanol which is an
+alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol
+the chemical formula is written on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical formula is written on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical formula is written on the
+top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top
+four carbons nine hydrogens an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four carbons nine hydrogens an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four carbons nine hydrogens an
+oxygen and another hydrogen which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen and another hydrogen which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen and another hydrogen which is
+kind of written separately because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of written separately because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of written separately because
+the o h is a unit it's a hydroxyl group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the o h is a unit it's a hydroxyl group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the o h is a unit it's a hydroxyl group
+and you may remember this from some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you may remember this from some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you may remember this from some
+chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry
+which you have taken before you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you have taken before you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you have taken before you can
+write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write
+out the structure of butanol as i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the structure of butanol as i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the structure of butanol as i've
+shown it there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown it there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown it there
+with the carbons in the line every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the carbons in the line every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the carbons in the line every
+carbon written out every hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon written out every hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon written out every hydrogen
+written out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written out
+and that's called the full structure all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's called the full structure all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's called the full structure all
+the atoms and the bonds are shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atoms and the bonds are shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atoms and the bonds are shown
+but that is difficult it's a nuisance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that is difficult it's a nuisance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that is difficult it's a nuisance to
+write out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write out
+every structure of every molecule and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every structure of every molecule and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every structure of every molecule and so
+there's a shorthand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a shorthand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a shorthand
+that we use and this is the bond line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we use and this is the bond line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we use and this is the bond line
+structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+shown where you can see that instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown where you can see that instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown where you can see that instead of
+the carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carbons
+there is a broken line there is a zigzag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a broken line there is a zigzag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a broken line there is a zigzag
+line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+and the carbons are at the corners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the carbons are at the corners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the carbons are at the corners
+or at the ends of every line so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at the ends of every line so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at the ends of every line so if you
+look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+at the lines you can see that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the lines you can see that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the lines you can see that there
+would be a carbon right at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a carbon right at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a carbon right at the end
+and then the next place the next place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the next place the next place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the next place the next place
+the next place and that would count up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next place and that would count up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next place and that would count up
+to four carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to four carbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to four carbons
+we can show that to cement this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can show that to cement this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can show that to cement this
+by putting a blue dot for each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by putting a blue dot for each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by putting a blue dot for each of the
+carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons
+and then we can put red dots for each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can put red dots for each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can put red dots for each of
+the hydrogens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogens
+and you can figure out from this where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can figure out from this where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can figure out from this where
+the hydrogen atoms lie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen atoms lie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen atoms lie
+because of this concept of valency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this concept of valency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this concept of valency
+carbon has a valency of four every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon has a valency of four every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon has a valency of four every
+carbon atom can make four bonds this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon atom can make four bonds this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon atom can make four bonds this is
+the reason that it is a pivotal atom in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason that it is a pivotal atom in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason that it is a pivotal atom in
+life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life
+because it can make lots of bonds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it can make lots of bonds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it can make lots of bonds and
+you can get long chains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get long chains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get long chains
+of carbons added together and so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of carbons added together and so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of carbons added together and so you can
+see that the hydrogens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the hydrogens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the hydrogens
+are surrounding the carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are surrounding the carbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are surrounding the carbons
+and so you've got an explanation there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you've got an explanation there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you've got an explanation there
+of the bond line structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the bond line structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the bond line structure
+as you go down this slide let's take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you go down this slide let's take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you go down this slide let's take a
+pause now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pause now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pause now
+and you can go and practice representing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can go and practice representing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can go and practice representing
+molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules
+and figuring out that you know how to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and figuring out that you know how to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and figuring out that you know how to go
+from the chemical formula to the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the chemical formula to the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the chemical formula to the full
+structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+to the bond line bond angle formula
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/HpACiptk990.txt b/HpACiptk990.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..33c0014dbea62a68a7a62487a7141b4ab454d68c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/HpACiptk990.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2011 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+my name is Rick art I'm the studio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my name is Rick art I'm the studio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my name is Rick art I'm the studio
+manager for the MIT game lab I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager for the MIT game lab I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager for the MIT game lab I've been
+with the lab since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the lab since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the lab since
+2007 2006 so since we um we formed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2007 2006 so since we um we formed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2007 2006 so since we um we formed a
+long long time ago um before I worked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long long time ago um before I worked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long long time ago um before I worked at
+the lab um most of my background has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab um most of my background has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab um most of my background has
+been doing um information technology for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing um information technology for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing um information technology for
+academic um institutes so colleges and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic um institutes so colleges and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic um institutes so colleges and
+and universities um I always had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and universities um I always had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and universities um I always had an
+interest in games um um I actually had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in games um um I actually had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in games um um I actually had a
+cultural studies degree in um in college
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural studies degree in um in college
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural studies degree in um in college
+my for my undergrad so coming to the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my for my undergrad so coming to the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my for my undergrad so coming to the lab
+working at the lab for that first year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working at the lab for that first year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working at the lab for that first year
+um as a system administrator really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as a system administrator really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as a system administrator really
+opened my eyes to all the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opened my eyes to all the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opened my eyes to all the different
+things games can do and the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things games can do and the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things games can do and the different
+potentials games have but also made me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials games have but also made me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials games have but also made me
+realize I can actually start making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize I can actually start making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize I can actually start making
+these kinds of things on my own too um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of things on my own too um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of things on my own too um
+so since I've started working at the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since I've started working at the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since I've started working at the lab
+um I've taken on more duties related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I've taken on more duties related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I've taken on more duties related to
+project management um things that I I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project management um things that I I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project management um things that I I'd
+already done a lot in in it um managing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already done a lot in in it um managing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already done a lot in in it um managing
+people managing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people managing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people managing
+projects um I teach this creating video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects um I teach this creating video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects um I teach this creating video
+games course um and for the most part in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games course um and for the most part in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games course um and for the most part in
+the course I'm interested in teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course I'm interested in teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course I'm interested in teaching
+the project management techniques but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the project management techniques but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the project management techniques but
+also the the soft skills and the social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the the soft skills and the social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the the soft skills and the social
+skills I'm an introvert um I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills I'm an introvert um I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills I'm an introvert um I have a
+really hard time having conversations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard time having conversations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard time having conversations
+with people and I've had to in my in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with people and I've had to in my in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with people and I've had to in my in my
+years my um in my profession figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years my um in my profession figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years my um in my profession figure out
+ways to get to not let that be um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to get to not let that be um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to get to not let that be um a
+restri and actually use that to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restri and actually use that to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restri and actually use that to my
+advantage when I'm talking with teams um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage when I'm talking with teams um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage when I'm talking with teams um
+and I find it really successful actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I find it really successful actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I find it really successful actually
+in game development I don't know if it'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in game development I don't know if it'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in game development I don't know if it'd
+be successful elsewhere um but there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be successful elsewhere um but there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be successful elsewhere um but there's a
+lot of other like-minded people like me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of other like-minded people like me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of other like-minded people like me
+in game development so it's it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in game development so it's it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in game development so it's it's it's
+good to have um for me to be able to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to have um for me to be able to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to have um for me to be able to to
+use those skills in that in that setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use those skills in that in that setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use those skills in that in that setting
+um the other Advantage I have at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the other Advantage I have at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the other Advantage I have at the
+game lab is I get to do research um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game lab is I get to do research um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game lab is I get to do research um I
+get to help with research on on various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to help with research on on various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to help with research on on various
+different types of projects so my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of projects so my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of projects so my
+personal um research interests tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal um research interests tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal um research interests tend to
+be towards um closer to what the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be towards um closer to what the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be towards um closer to what the this
+class is talking about this meaningful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is talking about this meaningful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is talking about this meaningful
+decision- making um I've done some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision- making um I've done some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision- making um I've done some some
+research in using board games to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research in using board games to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research in using board games to to
+teach decision- making um in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach decision- making um in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach decision- making um in particular
+um like economic Concepts like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like economic Concepts like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like economic Concepts like
+opportunity cost um I'm interested in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity cost um I'm interested in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity cost um I'm interested in in
+Social experiences in games um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Social experiences in games um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Social experiences in games um and
+Cooperative gameplay um past games I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cooperative gameplay um past games I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cooperative gameplay um past games I've
+worked on have been about all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on have been about all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on have been about all sorts of
+different things though anything from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things though anything from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things though anything from
+tools to help game developers um make um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools to help game developers um make um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools to help game developers um make um
+3D characters animate faster Bally do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D characters animate faster Bally do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D characters animate faster Bally do to
+to speed up the workflow process to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to speed up the workflow process to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to speed up the workflow process to
+games about depression and games about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games about depression and games about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games about depression and games about
+other serious topics um I really like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other serious topics um I really like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other serious topics um I really like
+working with researchers I like working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with researchers I like working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with researchers I like working
+with clients and I like making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+games what am I playing now so I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games what am I playing now so I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games what am I playing now so I am
+playing this game called gridland made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing this game called gridland made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing this game called gridland made
+by the same developer who made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the same developer who made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the same developer who made a
+previous game called called a dark room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous game called called a dark room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous game called called a dark room
+it's kind of difficult to describe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of difficult to describe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of difficult to describe it's
+basically match three game where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically match three game where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically match three game where you're
+like the jeweled you're matching gems um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the jeweled you're matching gems um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the jeweled you're matching gems um
+but there's there's a small supply chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's there's a small supply chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's there's a small supply chain
+mechanic going on in the background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic going on in the background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic going on in the background
+where as I as I um have the gems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where as I as I um have the gems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where as I as I um have the gems
+combined I can upgrade my weapons and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined I can upgrade my weapons and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined I can upgrade my weapons and I
+can upgrade my armor and then when Night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can upgrade my armor and then when Night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can upgrade my armor and then when Night
+Comes so I'm matching gems in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Comes so I'm matching gems in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Comes so I'm matching gems in the
+daytime to upgrade things and when Night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daytime to upgrade things and when Night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daytime to upgrade things and when Night
+comes I'm matching gems to summon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes I'm matching gems to summon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes I'm matching gems to summon
+enemies and to kill enemies so this GD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enemies and to kill enemies so this GD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enemies and to kill enemies so this GD
+game has a night a daytime and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game has a night a daytime and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game has a night a daytime and a
+nighttime um view of the game and what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nighttime um view of the game and what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nighttime um view of the game and what I
+find really interesting about it is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find really interesting about it is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find really interesting about it is that
+all my decisions I make in the day are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all my decisions I make in the day are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all my decisions I make in the day are
+going to have some kind of influence in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have some kind of influence in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have some kind of influence in
+my nighttime decisions um so as I make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my nighttime decisions um so as I make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my nighttime decisions um so as I make
+my daytime experience easier I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my daytime experience easier I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my daytime experience easier I'm
+actually making my nighttime experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually making my nighttime experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually making my nighttime experience
+harder so it's just a really interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder so it's just a really interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder so it's just a really interesting
+little um challenge that the designer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little um challenge that the designer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little um challenge that the designer
+put for me to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solve so outside of the class um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve so outside of the class um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve so outside of the class um the
+kinds of games I'm making are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of games I'm making are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of games I'm making are
+non-digital prototypes so um card games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-digital prototypes so um card games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-digital prototypes so um card games
+in particular um that are experimenting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular um that are experimenting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular um that are experimenting
+with things like the a Tech Tree in a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with things like the a Tech Tree in a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with things like the a Tech Tree in a um
+a Forex Style game so if you've played a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Forex Style game so if you've played a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Forex Style game so if you've played a
+game like Civilization or Starcraft even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game like Civilization or Starcraft even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game like Civilization or Starcraft even
+they'll have these Tech expansion trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll have these Tech expansion trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll have these Tech expansion trees
+so I'm playing around with designing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm playing around with designing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm playing around with designing a
+game that's largely just the tech tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game that's largely just the tech tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game that's largely just the tech tree
+I'm doing that with a co-worker here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing that with a co-worker here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing that with a co-worker here
+Drew um I've also got a game I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Drew um I've also got a game I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Drew um I've also got a game I've been
+working on off and on for the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on off and on for the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on off and on for the past
+couple years about managing cities about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple years about managing cities about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple years about managing cities about
+three players trying to manage a city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three players trying to manage a city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three players trying to manage a city
+their Council people um trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their Council people um trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their Council people um trying to
+convince the mayor about what decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince the mayor about what decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince the mayor about what decisions
+they should the mayor should make for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should the mayor should make for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should the mayor should make for
+the city but unfortunately the mayor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city but unfortunately the mayor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city but unfortunately the mayor is
+just the role of a six-sided die so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the role of a six-sided die so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the role of a six-sided die so you
+can try to con convince um him or her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can try to con convince um him or her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can try to con convince um him or her
+what you want but it really doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want but it really doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want but it really doesn't
+matter because mayor's got its own uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter because mayor's got its own uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter because mayor's got its own uh
+agenda so then trying to solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agenda so then trying to solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agenda so then trying to solve the
+problems with the city while also trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with the city while also trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with the city while also trying
+to solve your own personal um trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve your own personal um trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve your own personal um trying to
+basically get um political gain while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically get um political gain while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically get um political gain while
+Sol in the the city's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problems there's a lot of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems there's a lot of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems there's a lot of different
+Co-op experiences out there from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Co-op experiences out there from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Co-op experiences out there from
+anything from over the table like Co-op
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything from over the table like Co-op
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything from over the table like Co-op
+Cooperative board games to couch style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cooperative board games to couch style
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cooperative board games to couch style
+co-op in front of the TV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-op in front of the TV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-op in front of the TV
+um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I
+think trying to think my favorite Co-op
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think trying to think my favorite Co-op
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think trying to think my favorite Co-op
+experience is definitely not pandemic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience is definitely not pandemic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience is definitely not pandemic
+which I think we're talking about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I think we're talking about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I think we're talking about in
+class today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class today
+um I have a hard yeah I have a hard time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I have a hard yeah I have a hard time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I have a hard yeah I have a hard time
+deciding what my favorite Co-op
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding what my favorite Co-op
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding what my favorite Co-op
+experience is because so often one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience is because so often one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience is because so often one of
+the challenges with co-op games is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the challenges with co-op games is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the challenges with co-op games is
+somebody takes control and somebody says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody takes control and somebody says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody takes control and somebody says
+what the whole uh everybody on the team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the whole uh everybody on the team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the whole uh everybody on the team
+is going to do and unfortunately I'm one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to do and unfortunately I'm one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to do and unfortunately I'm one
+of those people if I know the game I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those people if I know the game I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those people if I know the game I'll
+start being bossy and I'll take over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start being bossy and I'll take over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start being bossy and I'll take over and
+what I'd love to see um more co-op games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'd love to see um more co-op games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'd love to see um more co-op games
+do is put in mechanics that prevent me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is put in mechanics that prevent me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is put in mechanics that prevent me
+from being a jerk um or enable other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from being a jerk um or enable other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from being a jerk um or enable other
+people to override my jerkiness somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the thing I I look forward to most in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the thing I I look forward to most in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the thing I I look forward to most in
+this class every year is the play test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class every year is the play test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class every year is the play test
+sessions especially when it's the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions especially when it's the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions especially when it's the first
+time the team has brought the game into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the team has brought the game into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the team has brought the game into
+the class and they're putting it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class and they're putting it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class and they're putting it in
+front of new users um which we only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of new users um which we only have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of new users um which we only have
+a couple a couple opportunities for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple a couple opportunities for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple a couple opportunities for each
+project for that to happen in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project for that to happen in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project for that to happen in class
+after that everyone in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that everyone in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that everyone in the in the
+classroom seen the game before so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom seen the game before so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom seen the game before so
+they're not giving the same kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not giving the same kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not giving the same kind of
+feedback um and what I really like about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback um and what I really like about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback um and what I really like about
+it is when the games come in and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is when the games come in and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is when the games come in and they
+just they just don't work they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just they just don't work they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just they just don't work they're
+they're broken horribly um not when it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're broken horribly um not when it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're broken horribly um not when it's
+the technical problems not when it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technical problems not when it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technical problems not when it's the
+code crashing or it's a broken build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code crashing or it's a broken build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code crashing or it's a broken build
+that's actually really sad and I hate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually really sad and I hate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually really sad and I hate to
+see that but when it's a design issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that but when it's a design issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that but when it's a design issue
+when they thought it was going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they thought it was going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they thought it was going to do
+this one thing and they see the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one thing and they see the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one thing and they see the game
+doing this other thing or they see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this other thing or they see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this other thing or they see the
+players doing this other thing it's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players doing this other thing it's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players doing this other thing it's that
+it's at that point that the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's at that point that the students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's at that point that the students
+understand that okay people are do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that okay people are do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that okay people are do
+people things humans are human right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people things humans are human right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people things humans are human right
+they you can't always predict everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they you can't always predict everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they you can't always predict everything
+that they're going to do um but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're going to do um but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're going to do um but also
+that the systems that they created are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the systems that they created are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the systems that they created are
+actually incredibly complex so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually incredibly complex so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually incredibly complex so the
+things that they need to do to fix those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that they need to do to fix those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that they need to do to fix those
+systems are going to be reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems are going to be reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems are going to be reducing
+mechanics um removing things from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics um removing things from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics um removing things from the
+game making it a little bit more simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game making it a little bit more simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game making it a little bit more simple
+so they can predict a little bit better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they can predict a little bit better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they can predict a little bit better
+about what's going on but then on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what's going on but then on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what's going on but then on the
+flip side of that though there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip side of that though there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip side of that though there's
+sometimes when you see something um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes when you see something um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes when you see something um
+happen in a game and you just get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in a game and you just get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in a game and you just get this
+emergent game play that it's just it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergent game play that it's just it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergent game play that it's just it's
+better than what they were going for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than what they were going for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than what they were going for
+they didn't they didn't realize they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't they didn't realize they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't they didn't realize they
+wanted it when they see it in action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted it when they see it in action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted it when they see it in action
+they're like oh this is actually really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like oh this is actually really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like oh this is actually really
+great um what can we do when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great um what can we do when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great um what can we do when we're
+finishing this game to really capitalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finishing this game to really capitalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finishing this game to really capitalize
+on on this mechanic or this system that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on this mechanic or this system that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on this mechanic or this system that
+we just didn't even realize was there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I really like systems um I the outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really like systems um I the outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really like systems um I the outside
+of the class um the thing I think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the class um the thing I think this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the class um the thing I think this
+might be the thing that I actually I I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be the thing that I actually I I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be the thing that I actually I I I
+always had in some capacity but I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always had in some capacity but I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always had in some capacity but I really
+coming to MIT working at MIT it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to MIT working at MIT it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to MIT working at MIT it's it's
+much more of a part of my life is seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more of a part of my life is seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more of a part of my life is seeing
+the systems that surround us um and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the systems that surround us um and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the systems that surround us um and the
+systems of History I've always had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems of History I've always had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems of History I've always had
+interest in history um and a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in history um and a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in history um and a little bit
+of interest in anthropology but reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interest in anthropology but reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interest in anthropology but reading
+um Charles man's books about 1490 149 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Charles man's books about 1490 149 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Charles man's books about 1490 149 in
+1493 um what happened during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1493 um what happened during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1493 um what happened during the
+Colombian Exchange when all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colombian Exchange when all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colombian Exchange when all of these
+different ideas and products and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ideas and products and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ideas and products and
+agricultural things swapped places from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agricultural things swapped places from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agricultural things swapped places from
+east to west from China to the Americas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+east to west from China to the Americas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+east to west from China to the Americas
+to Europe um there's just some really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Europe um there's just some really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Europe um there's just some really
+interesting systems and a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting systems and a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting systems and a lot of the
+problems that we're facing today are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that we're facing today are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that we're facing today are the
+direct result of that of that um in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct result of that of that um in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct result of that of that um in that
+that big expansion of ideas and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that big expansion of ideas and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that big expansion of ideas and and
+trading of ideas um so I've always been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading of ideas um so I've always been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading of ideas um so I've always been
+interested in those kind of things um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in those kind of things um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in those kind of things um
+and I'm watching The Wire and I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm watching The Wire and I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm watching The Wire and I really
+like the wire and just seeing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the wire and just seeing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the wire and just seeing the
+systems that are involved in City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that are involved in City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that are involved in City
+Planning in police work in education in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Planning in police work in education in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Planning in police work in education in
+all these Civic the the Civic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these Civic the the Civic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these Civic the the Civic
+institutions that we just take for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions that we just take for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions that we just take for
+granted every day um yes the wire is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granted every day um yes the wire is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granted every day um yes the wire is a
+very critical and very pessimistic view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very critical and very pessimistic view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very critical and very pessimistic view
+of it but it is uh a great expression of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it but it is uh a great expression of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it but it is uh a great expression of
+just how all of these problems are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just how all of these problems are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just how all of these problems are
+connected and some of the problems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected and some of the problems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected and some of the problems that
+we're facing right now now it's just we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're facing right now now it's just we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're facing right now now it's just we
+can't see the connections um and I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't see the connections um and I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't see the connections um and I hope
+that at least with with games um with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at least with with games um with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at least with with games um with
+playing games with making games people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing games with making games people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing games with making games people
+can better understand how those how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can better understand how those how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can better understand how those how
+those systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those systems
+work for for the future of games games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for for the future of games games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for for the future of games games
+as expressions of systems um games as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as expressions of systems um games as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as expressions of systems um games as
+ways of exploring the world around us um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of exploring the world around us um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of exploring the world around us um
+we've always you know thousands of years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've always you know thousands of years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've always you know thousands of years
+ago we used games as ways to Comm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago we used games as ways to Comm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago we used games as ways to Comm
+unicate with each other to have rituals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unicate with each other to have rituals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unicate with each other to have rituals
+with each other to to better connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other to to better connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other to to better connect
+with each other and I think we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other and I think we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other and I think we can do
+that with just games in general not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with just games in general not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with just games in general not just
+video games but all sorts of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video games but all sorts of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video games but all sorts of different
+kinds of games um so seeing those kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of games um so seeing those kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of games um so seeing those kind
+of seeing that come back um to both what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of seeing that come back um to both what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of seeing that come back um to both what
+people are talking about when they talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are talking about when they talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are talking about when they talk
+about games in Mainstream other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about games in Mainstream other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about games in Mainstream other than
+just this thing that's done for fun it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this thing that's done for fun it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this thing that's done for fun it's
+actually this thing that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this thing that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this thing that's very
+important to to human daily life and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to to human daily life and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to to human daily life and
+we've been doing it for years it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been doing it for years it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been doing it for years it's just
+it looks different now but it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks different now but it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks different now but it's still
+based on a lot of the same things
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/I2PD_f5a9fA.txt b/I2PD_f5a9fA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..35370d6b3b952c58ec4fa9d865688bdd974af00c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/I2PD_f5a9fA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8981 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good
+afternoon so um we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon so um we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon so um we now
+have magnetic components like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have magnetic components like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have magnetic components like
+Transformers at our disposal and once we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformers at our disposal and once we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformers at our disposal and once we
+have Transformers there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Transformers there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Transformers there's a lot of
+interesting things we can do in power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things we can do in power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things we can do in power
+converter design that we couldn't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter design that we couldn't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter design that we couldn't just
+do with inductors or capacitors and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with inductors or capacitors and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with inductors or capacitors and the
+material I'm going to talk about today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material I'm going to talk about today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material I'm going to talk about today
+which are nominally called isolated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are nominally called isolated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are nominally called isolated
+converters is the uh topic of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters is the uh topic of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters is the uh topic of uh
+principles of Power Electronics chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles of Power Electronics chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles of Power Electronics chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the notion here is that you know H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the notion here is that you know H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the notion here is that you know H
+how do we design isolated power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we design isolated power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we design isolated power
+converters when I say isolated power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters when I say isolated power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters when I say isolated power
+converters what do I mean well there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters what do I mean well there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters what do I mean well there's
+kind of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of three
+motivations for an isolated kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivations for an isolated kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivations for an isolated kind of
+topology or the kindy topologies we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology or the kindy topologies we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology or the kindy topologies we're
+going to talk about today the first is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about today the first is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about today the first is
+galvanic isolation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay if I'm going to build something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if I'm going to build something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if I'm going to build something you
+know that's going to plug into the wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's going to plug into the wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's going to plug into the wall
+and power my laptop I would really like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and power my laptop I would really like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and power my laptop I would really like
+it that if lightning strikes outside I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that if lightning strikes outside I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that if lightning strikes outside I
+don't get electrocuted right so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get electrocuted right so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get electrocuted right so what you
+would really like is some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would really like is some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would really like is some kind of
+saturating isolation barrier between you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturating isolation barrier between you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturating isolation barrier between you
+and the actual stuff that's connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the actual stuff that's connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the actual stuff that's connected to
+the wall and so if you take any laptop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wall and so if you take any laptop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wall and so if you take any laptop
+adapter or computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapter or computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapter or computer
+adapter the transformer in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapter the transformer in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapter the transformer in that
+uh basically has thousands of volts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh basically has thousands of volts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh basically has thousands of volts of
+isolation to protect against something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation to protect against something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation to protect against something
+like a lightning strike and in fact it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a lightning strike and in fact it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a lightning strike and in fact it
+has at least three layers of isolation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has at least three layers of isolation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has at least three layers of isolation
+built into it uh such that if any one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built into it uh such that if any one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built into it uh such that if any one of
+them fails you have enough okay so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them fails you have enough okay so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them fails you have enough okay so um
+that's one important reason why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one important reason why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one important reason why you
+might want physical galvanic isolation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want physical galvanic isolation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want physical galvanic isolation
+for safety reasons okay the um second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for safety reasons okay the um second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for safety reasons okay the um second
+reason that we often use Transformers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that we often use Transformers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that we often use Transformers
+and whether or not you have galvanic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whether or not you have galvanic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whether or not you have galvanic
+isolation is for large conversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ratios right so if I want to step down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios right so if I want to step down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios right so if I want to step down
+or up 20 to one something like that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or up 20 to one something like that yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or up 20 to one something like that yeah
+I can do that with a straight up Buck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can do that with a straight up Buck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can do that with a straight up Buck
+converter or something like that but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter or something like that but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter or something like that but it
+turns out we can do a lot better if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out we can do a lot better if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out we can do a lot better if we
+have some voltage and current scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some voltage and current scaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some voltage and current scaling
+which we can do with a Transformer Okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can do with a Transformer Okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can do with a Transformer Okay
+the third reason that's very common is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third reason that's very common is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third reason that's very common is
+that uh we can do multiple outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you know a typical power supply for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know a typical power supply for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know a typical power supply for
+your computer or something maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your computer or something maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your computer or something maybe you
+want you know + 12 plus 5 minus 5 so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you know + 12 plus 5 minus 5 so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you know + 12 plus 5 minus 5 so you
+can supply a whole bunch of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can supply a whole bunch of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can supply a whole bunch of different
+stuff at once and yeah you could build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff at once and yeah you could build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff at once and yeah you could build
+separate power converters to do that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate power converters to do that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate power converters to do that but
+wouldn't it be nice to build one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't it be nice to build one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't it be nice to build one
+converter that does it all in a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter that does it all in a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter that does it all in a more
+compact form factor and having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact form factor and having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact form factor and having
+Transformers at our disposal lets us do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformers at our disposal lets us do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformers at our disposal lets us do
+that and lastly which I don't put up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and lastly which I don't put up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and lastly which I don't put up
+here it turns out it just transformers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it turns out it just transformers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it turns out it just transformers
+just open up the r range of topologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just open up the r range of topologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just open up the r range of topologies
+and structures you can put into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and structures you can put into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and structures you can put into a
+converter and there thereby help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter and there thereby help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter and there thereby help you
+design some interesting things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design some interesting things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design some interesting things
+okay so let's take a look at an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's take a look at an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's take a look at an example
+or we'll take a look at two examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we'll take a look at two examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we'll take a look at two examples
+today of the kind of things you do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today of the kind of things you do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today of the kind of things you do with
+a transformer in a converter okay so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transformer in a converter okay so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transformer in a converter okay so if
+we thought about it um you know a basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we thought about it um you know a basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we thought about it um you know a basic
+converter that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter that
+we've analyzed before if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've analyzed before if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've analyzed before if I have
+VN right I may have my switch here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VN right I may have my switch here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VN right I may have my switch here
+okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+then I'll call this V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out right and our main energy storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out right and our main energy storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out right and our main energy storage
+element in this converter for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in this converter for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in this converter for
+transferring energy is this inductor L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferring energy is this inductor L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferring energy is this inductor L
+right and we said if I analyze this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and we said if I analyze this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and we said if I analyze this
+converter the voltage across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter the voltage across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter the voltage across the
+inductor l p ofel has to have a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor l p ofel has to have a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor l p ofel has to have a zero
+average balance and what we get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average balance and what we get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average balance and what we get from
+that is that V out over VN is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that V out over VN is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that V out over VN is equal to
+minus D over 1 minus D okay so we can it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus D over 1 minus D okay so we can it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus D over 1 minus D okay so we can it
+has a negative gain the output voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a negative gain the output voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a negative gain the output voltage
+is negative if the input is positive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is negative if the input is positive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is negative if the input is positive and
+I can make the output voltage smaller or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can make the output voltage smaller or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can make the output voltage smaller or
+larger in magnitude than the input how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger in magnitude than the input how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger in magnitude than the input how
+based on how I select my duty ratio okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on how I select my duty ratio okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on how I select my duty ratio okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+okay I have this sort of AC waveform at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I have this sort of AC waveform at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I have this sort of AC waveform at
+VL in the middle of my circuit right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VL in the middle of my circuit right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VL in the middle of my circuit right I
+could throw a Transformer in there okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could throw a Transformer in there okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could throw a Transformer in there okay
+so what happens if we do that suppose I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens if we do that suppose I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens if we do that suppose I
+come in and I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in and I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in and I just
+say all right let me throw a transformer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say all right let me throw a transformer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say all right let me throw a transformer
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there right so here I'll put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right so here I'll put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right so here I'll put
+in here's vabel again it would help help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here's vabel again it would help help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here's vabel again it would help help
+if I had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+switch okay so I'll just throw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch okay so I'll just throw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch okay so I'll just throw a
+transformer in the middle of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformer in the middle of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformer in the middle of this
+circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+N1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1 to
+N2 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N2 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N2 okay
+and all I've done is put a transformer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in and I'll make this V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and I'll make this V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and I'll make this V
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+okay all right so if I do this here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so if I do this here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so if I do this here I
+have VL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have VL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have VL
+again okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again okay
+and so what is this thing done to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what is this thing done to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what is this thing done to my
+conversion ratio well if I think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion ratio well if I think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion ratio well if I think about
+it in the first part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the first part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the first part of the
+cycle if I look at the average voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle if I look at the average voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle if I look at the average voltage
+across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across
+VL right I get that's equal to D *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+VN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VN
+plus 1us d time N1 over N2 * V out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is equal to zero and if I rearrange this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to zero and if I rearrange this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to zero and if I rearrange this
+what I get is V out over V in is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I get is V out over V in is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I get is V out over V in is equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+minus D over 1us D * N2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus D over 1us D * N2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus D over 1us D * N2 over
+N1 okay so it's the same conversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1 okay so it's the same conversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1 okay so it's the same conversion
+ratio that I got up here but because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio that I got up here but because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio that I got up here but because I
+put a transform in the middle I get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a transform in the middle I get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a transform in the middle I get this
+scaling by the Transformer turns ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling by the Transformer turns ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling by the Transformer turns ratio
+okay and what that'll let me do is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what that'll let me do is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what that'll let me do is sort
+of get a certain voltage conversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of get a certain voltage conversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of get a certain voltage conversion
+ratio it gives me an extra way I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio it gives me an extra way I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio it gives me an extra way I can
+scale the output voltage compared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale the output voltage compared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale the output voltage compared to the
+input voltage a fixed scaling it's set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input voltage a fixed scaling it's set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input voltage a fixed scaling it's set
+by the turns ratio but nonetheless it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the turns ratio but nonetheless it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the turns ratio but nonetheless it
+lets me pick my duty ratios the way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lets me pick my duty ratios the way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lets me pick my duty ratios the way I
+want okay any questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rescaling what else can we do here well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rescaling what else can we do here well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rescaling what else can we do here well
+very conveniently now in this case in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very conveniently now in this case in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very conveniently now in this case in
+addition to giving a scaling it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to giving a scaling it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to giving a scaling it says
+that now notice that this voltage is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now notice that this voltage is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now notice that this voltage is not
+referen at all to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referen at all to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referen at all to this
+voltage right so ideally speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage right so ideally speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage right so ideally speaking
+there's no way for current to flow say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way for current to flow say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way for current to flow say
+from here to here or from here directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to here or from here directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to here or from here directly
+to here so I've got some I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here so I've got some I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here so I've got some I have the
+potential to get galvanic isolation but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential to get galvanic isolation but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential to get galvanic isolation but
+it also means that you know this node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also means that you know this node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also means that you know this node
+and this node are no longer reference to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this node are no longer reference to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this node are no longer reference to
+one another and I can sort of put my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one another and I can sort of put my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one another and I can sort of put my
+ground wherever I choose in this circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground wherever I choose in this circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground wherever I choose in this circuit
+now so one thing I might choose to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so one thing I might choose to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so one thing I might choose to do is
+if I look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I look at this
+circuit the gate drive for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit the gate drive for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit the gate drive for this
+circuit you know is referenced like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit you know is referenced like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit you know is referenced like this
+right I have to generate a voltage with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I have to generate a voltage with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I have to generate a voltage with
+respect to this node to drive this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to this node to drive this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to this node to drive this
+switch and that's kind of a pain because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch and that's kind of a pain because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch and that's kind of a pain because
+this node is flapping up and down with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this node is flapping up and down with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this node is flapping up and down with
+respect to the this the negative of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the this the negative of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the this the negative of my
+input right so that's kind of An
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input right so that's kind of An
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input right so that's kind of An
+Inconvenient place to have to drive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Inconvenient place to have to drive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Inconvenient place to have to drive the
+switch and I got to usually put in a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch and I got to usually put in a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch and I got to usually put in a a
+level shifting gate driver a flying gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level shifting gate driver a flying gate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level shifting gate driver a flying gate
+driver to do that that adds cost and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver to do that that adds cost and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver to do that that adds cost and
+complexity wouldn't it be nice if I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity wouldn't it be nice if I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity wouldn't it be nice if I put
+the switch elsewhere well look I have VN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the switch elsewhere well look I have VN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the switch elsewhere well look I have VN
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+structure and the switch in series I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and the switch in series I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and the switch in series I
+could just rearrange that so perhaps I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just rearrange that so perhaps I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just rearrange that so perhaps I
+could just simply do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just simply do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just simply do
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+VN okay I'll come along here and let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VN okay I'll come along here and let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VN okay I'll come along here and let me
+just put my Transformer and my inductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and I'll put the switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here right so now this switch if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right so now this switch if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right so now this switch if this is
+an N Channel his input is referenced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an N Channel his input is referenced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an N Channel his input is referenced
+right here and my Gate Drive is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here and my Gate Drive is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here and my Gate Drive is very
+convenient to implement all right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient to implement all right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient to implement all right that's
+one nice thing I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one nice thing I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one nice thing I can
+do what's another thing I could do here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what's another thing I could do here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what's another thing I could do here
+um there's nothing that says which way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's nothing that says which way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's nothing that says which way
+this output has to be referenced right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this output has to be referenced right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this output has to be referenced right
+because in the original circuit I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the original circuit I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the original circuit I was
+sort of forced to this inversion between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of forced to this inversion between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of forced to this inversion between
+output and input by the you know by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output and input by the you know by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output and input by the you know by the
+orientation of the inductor well here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation of the inductor well here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation of the inductor well here I
+could just flip this Transformer around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just flip this Transformer around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just flip this Transformer around
+if I wanted and in fact I could play the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I wanted and in fact I could play the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I wanted and in fact I could play the
+same trick I could put the diode here or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same trick I could put the diode here or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same trick I could put the diode here or
+I can move it over here so let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can move it over here so let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can move it over here so let me just
+flip this guy upside down so I'll do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip this guy upside down so I'll do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip this guy upside down so I'll do it
+like this here's one dot now I'll turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this here's one dot now I'll turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this here's one dot now I'll turn
+this uh upside down and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh upside down and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh upside down and do
+this okay I'm going to move the diode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay I'm going to move the diode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay I'm going to move the diode
+through and I'm going to draw it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and I'm going to draw it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and I'm going to draw it like
+this and I'm going to define a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I'm going to define a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I'm going to define a new
+output voltage like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this okay so what does that do for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so what does that do for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so what does that do for
+me well okay in the first part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me well okay in the first part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me well okay in the first part of the
+cycle I put VN across the input so I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle I put VN across the input so I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle I put VN across the input so I get
+dvn is across the inductor and when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dvn is across the inductor and when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dvn is across the inductor and when the
+diode's on now I'm applying minus V out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diode's on now I'm applying minus V out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diode's on now I'm applying minus V out
+by N1 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by N1 /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by N1 /
+N2 right so I get DN + 1us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N2 right so I get DN + 1us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N2 right so I get DN + 1us
+D minus V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D minus V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D minus V
+out um time N1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out um time N1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out um time N1 over
+N2 equals z and this just gives me V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N2 equals z and this just gives me V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N2 equals z and this just gives me V
+out over VN is equal to is equal to D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out over VN is equal to is equal to D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out over VN is equal to is equal to D
+over 1us D * N2 over N1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 1us D * N2 over N1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 1us D * N2 over N1
+okay so I've done gotten the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I've done gotten the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I've done gotten the same thing
+as I did before but because I was able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I did before but because I was able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I did before but because I was able
+to sort of flip the way I did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of flip the way I did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of flip the way I did the
+Transformer I got rid of this negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer I got rid of this negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer I got rid of this negative
+sign right so if I want a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign right so if I want a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign right so if I want a positive
+output from this converter now I can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output from this converter now I can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output from this converter now I can get
+a positive output relative to the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive output relative to the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive output relative to the input
+if I still want a negative output no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I still want a negative output no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I still want a negative output no
+problem I nobody ever said I had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I nobody ever said I had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I nobody ever said I had to
+Define V out this way I could Define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define V out this way I could Define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define V out this way I could Define a
+new V out inverted from that and time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new V out inverted from that and time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new V out inverted from that and time I
+output reference here I can reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output reference here I can reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output reference here I can reference
+the output and the input of this circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output and the input of this circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output and the input of this circuit
+to different potentials and reference it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to different potentials and reference it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to different potentials and reference it
+any way I want because it's an isolated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any way I want because it's an isolated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any way I want because it's an isolated
+converter and I'm good okay so I can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter and I'm good okay so I can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter and I'm good okay so I can get
+positive outputs I can get Negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive outputs I can get Negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive outputs I can get Negative
+outputs any way I want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs any way I want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs any way I want to do
+it any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that yeah what is the I guess stct is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah what is the I guess stct is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah what is the I guess stct is
+the ganic isolation like how does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ganic isolation like how does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ganic isolation like how does that
+protect against like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect against like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect against like
+uh okay so what would happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so what would happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so what would happen
+imagine that lightning strikes your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that lightning strikes your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that lightning strikes your
+circuit you know here right this ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit you know here right this ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit you know here right this ground
+just this node goes crazy because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this node goes crazy because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this node goes crazy because
+whatever this was tied to you know had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever this was tied to you know had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever this was tied to you know had
+some huge voltage across it I'm applying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some huge voltage across it I'm applying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some huge voltage across it I'm applying
+that voltage suppose this is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that voltage suppose this is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that voltage suppose this is you know
+the ground you're connected to that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground you're connected to that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground you're connected to that's
+applying a voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying a voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying a voltage
+here ideally for an ideal Transformer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here ideally for an ideal Transformer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here ideally for an ideal Transformer
+that's just an open circuit no current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just an open circuit no current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just an open circuit no current
+can flow this way right what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can flow this way right what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can flow this way right what would
+happen reality maybe if there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen reality maybe if there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen reality maybe if there was a
+differential voltage this Transformer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential voltage this Transformer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential voltage this Transformer
+would saturate but whatever happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would saturate but whatever happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would saturate but whatever happens to
+the extent that this acts like an ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extent that this acts like an ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extent that this acts like an ideal
+Transformer you're not going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer you're not going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer you're not going to get
+current flow from here through here back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current flow from here through here back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current flow from here through here back
+to ground and through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ground and through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ground and through
+you okay in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay in
+reality you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality you
+know this isn't perfect the this ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this isn't perfect the this ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this isn't perfect the this ability
+the ability of the Transformer to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability of the Transformer to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability of the Transformer to take
+voltage this way depends upon how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage this way depends upon how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage this way depends upon how much
+insul ation you have between the primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insul ation you have between the primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insul ation you have between the primary
+and secondary and that's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and secondary and that's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and secondary and that's what's
+regulated so it's a few thousand volts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated so it's a few thousand volts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated so it's a few thousand volts
+typically for a laptop adapter and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically for a laptop adapter and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically for a laptop adapter and like
+I said even if you have a fault on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said even if you have a fault on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said even if you have a fault on one
+of those layers of insulation the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those layers of insulation the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those layers of insulation the other
+one should be big enough to block a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one should be big enough to block a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one should be big enough to block a few
+thousand volts does that answer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand volts does that answer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand volts does that answer the
+question okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay
+so the nice thing about the Transformers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the nice thing about the Transformers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the nice thing about the Transformers
+is it lets us reference the output any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it lets us reference the output any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it lets us reference the output any
+way we want to the input in addition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we want to the input in addition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we want to the input in addition to
+galvanic isolation I can change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galvanic isolation I can change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galvanic isolation I can change the
+polarity all very nice but wait there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarity all very nice but wait there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarity all very nice but wait there's
+more what else can we do well let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more what else can we do well let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more what else can we do well let's look
+at this thing one thing I always have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this thing one thing I always have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this thing one thing I always have to
+pay attention to with a Transformer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay attention to with a Transformer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay attention to with a Transformer is
+the fact that it has some parasitic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that it has some parasitic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that it has some parasitic
+magnetizing inductance right I ignored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetizing inductance right I ignored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetizing inductance right I ignored
+the magnetizing inductance in this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetizing inductance in this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetizing inductance in this thing
+I treated it like an ideal Transformer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I treated it like an ideal Transformer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I treated it like an ideal Transformer
+where would the magnetizing inductance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where would the magnetizing inductance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where would the magnetizing inductance
+be if I referenced it to the primary it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be if I referenced it to the primary it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be if I referenced it to the primary it
+would be right where this inductor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be right where this inductor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be right where this inductor is
+right well what says that I can't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well what says that I can't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well what says that I can't just
+then take this whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then take this whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then take this whole thing
+okay and build the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and build the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and build the
+Transformer just like this here's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer just like this here's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer just like this here's my
+Transformer and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer and then
+this L becomes L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this L becomes L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this L becomes L
+mu1 and this becomes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu1 and this becomes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu1 and this becomes I
+mu1 and I use my magnetizing inductance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu1 and I use my magnetizing inductance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu1 and I use my magnetizing inductance
+of my Transformer as my energy storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my Transformer as my energy storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my Transformer as my energy storage
+element okay done this way this is often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element okay done this way this is often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element okay done this way this is often
+called a flyback converter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I believe the where the term comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe the where the term comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe the where the term comes from
+is back in ye olden days when you used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is back in ye olden days when you used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is back in ye olden days when you used
+to have a cathode ray tube and you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a cathode ray tube and you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a cathode ray tube and you'd
+have some really high voltage like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some really high voltage like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some really high voltage like
+causing the cursor to kind of Swing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing the cursor to kind of Swing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing the cursor to kind of Swing or
+fly this was the kind of converter that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly this was the kind of converter that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly this was the kind of converter that
+was often in that because it got used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was often in that because it got used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was often in that because it got used to
+generate the high voltages so it got end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the high voltages so it got end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the high voltages so it got end
+up being called a flyback converter as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up being called a flyback converter as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up being called a flyback converter as
+far as I understand it um but this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as I understand it um but this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as I understand it um but this is a
+flyback inverter is essentially just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flyback inverter is essentially just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flyback inverter is essentially just an
+isolated boost converter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated boost converter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated boost converter
+okay um how would I design the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um how would I design the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um how would I design the
+transformer for this kind of thing well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformer for this kind of thing well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformer for this kind of thing well
+what we would want to do is now like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we would want to do is now like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we would want to do is now like an
+ideal Transformer I don't want any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal Transformer I don't want any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal Transformer I don't want any
+energy storage in it right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy storage in it right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy storage in it right the
+magnetizing a parasitic I usually want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetizing a parasitic I usually want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetizing a parasitic I usually want
+it to be infinite if I can make it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be infinite if I can make it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be infinite if I can make it that
+way but now keep in mind that in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but now keep in mind that in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but now keep in mind that in this
+converter this yellow guy here is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter this yellow guy here is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter this yellow guy here is our
+energy storage element right so if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy storage element right so if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy storage element right so if I'm
+going to store energy in it I usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to store energy in it I usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to store energy in it I usually
+would like to gap of my magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to gap of my magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to gap of my magnetic
+structure so that it can efficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so that it can efficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so that it can efficiently
+store that energy in a small space right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store that energy in a small space right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store that energy in a small space right
+because we put the energy storage in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we put the energy storage in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we put the energy storage in the
+Gap so the way we might build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap so the way we might build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap so the way we might build a
+transformer for this application this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformer for this application this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformer for this application this is
+an ideal Transformer this is an energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ideal Transformer this is an energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ideal Transformer this is an energy
+storage Transformer so what I might do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage Transformer so what I might do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage Transformer so what I might do
+is I might come up here and say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I might come up here and say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I might come up here and say okay
+I'll build some core but I'll put a gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll build some core but I'll put a gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll build some core but I'll put a gap
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+it okay and I'll put sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of N1 turns here here and here's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of N1 turns here here and here's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of N1 turns here here and here's you
+know sort of V1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sort of V1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sort of V1 and
+i1 and then I'll put N2 turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and I'll have my dock goes this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I'll have my dock goes this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I'll have my dock goes this way
+the way I've oriented the windings I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way I've oriented the windings I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way I've oriented the windings I'll
+have V2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have V2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have V2 and
+I2 and N2 okay and the notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I2 and N2 okay and the notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I2 and N2 okay and the notion
+is where is the energy stored in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where is the energy stored in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where is the energy stored in this
+well physically there's some current and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well physically there's some current and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well physically there's some current and
+winding one and some current and winding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winding one and some current and winding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winding one and some current and winding
+two and between the two of those they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and between the two of those they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and between the two of those they're
+storing some they're they're having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing some they're they're having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing some they're they're having
+induction between the two coils and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction between the two coils and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction between the two coils and
+there's some energy stored in the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some energy stored in the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some energy stored in the field
+in the H field which will mostly appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the H field which will mostly appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the H field which will mostly appear
+in the Gap right so maybe there's a tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Gap right so maybe there's a tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Gap right so maybe there's a tiny
+bit in the core and if this is H that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit in the core and if this is H that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit in the core and if this is H that
+I'm drawing but most of my energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm drawing but most of my energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm drawing but most of my energy is
+stored here okay how is that reflected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored here okay how is that reflected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored here okay how is that reflected
+in this circuit diagram it's reflected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this circuit diagram it's reflected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this circuit diagram it's reflected
+in the magnetizing current right 1 half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the magnetizing current right 1 half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the magnetizing current right 1 half
+l mu1 i mu1 SAR reflects the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l mu1 i mu1 SAR reflects the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l mu1 i mu1 SAR reflects the energy
+stored in the core and in this Gap okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored in the core and in this Gap okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored in the core and in this Gap okay
+mostly in the Gap make sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly in the Gap make sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly in the Gap make sense to
+everybody so the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody so the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody so the idea
+is if I didn't have a a second winding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if I didn't have a a second winding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if I didn't have a a second winding
+and I had current in here the current in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I had current in here the current in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I had current in here the current in
+Winding one would be precisely related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Winding one would be precisely related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Winding one would be precisely related
+to the energy store in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the energy store in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the energy store in the
+Gap right if I had no current winding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap right if I had no current winding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap right if I had no current winding
+one and I had energy started Gap I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and I had energy started Gap I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and I had energy started Gap I'd
+have current in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have current in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have current in this
+winding that would carry current and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winding that would carry current and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winding that would carry current and
+that 12 Li s look that from this side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 12 Li s look that from this side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 12 Li s look that from this side
+would re represent that energy right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would re represent that energy right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would re represent that energy right so
+basically I can think of this as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I can think of this as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I can think of this as an
+inductor from either side but it's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor from either side but it's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor from either side but it's sort
+of like an inductor with an extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like an inductor with an extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like an inductor with an extra
+winding and I can carry current in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winding and I can carry current in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winding and I can carry current in this
+winding to match that energy storage or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winding to match that energy storage or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winding to match that energy storage or
+I can carry current in this winding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can carry current in this winding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can carry current in this winding to
+match that energy storage and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match that energy storage and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match that energy storage and of course
+the amount of current I need depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of current I need depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of current I need depends on
+the number of turns okay so I can kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of turns okay so I can kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of turns okay so I can kind
+of rescale the amount of current I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rescale the amount of current I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rescale the amount of current I have
+does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make
+sense so what are we going to do in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so what are we going to do in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so what are we going to do in the
+first part of the cycle in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first part of the cycle in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first part of the cycle in this
+converter right I turn on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter right I turn on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter right I turn on this
+switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch
+okay this magnetizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this magnetizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this magnetizing
+current basically circulates this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current basically circulates this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current basically circulates this way
+and I'm applying V in across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm applying V in across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm applying V in across the
+magnetizing inductance and the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetizing inductance and the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetizing inductance and the current
+IM mu1 is linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IM mu1 is linearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IM mu1 is linearly
+increasing right so if I plotted I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing right so if I plotted I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing right so if I plotted I
+mu1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu1
+right I mu1 would linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mu1 would linearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mu1 would linearly
+increase in the first part of the cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in the first part of the cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in the first part of the cycle
+because I'm applying VM right and IM mu2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm applying VM right and IM mu2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm applying VM right and IM mu2
+I'm sorry I2 on the secondary side well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry I2 on the secondary side well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry I2 on the secondary side well
+the diode's open so there's no current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diode's open so there's no current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diode's open so there's no current
+in the secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the secondary
+winding okay when I turn the switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winding okay when I turn the switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winding okay when I turn the switch
+off okay if I thought about it if I look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off okay if I thought about it if I look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off okay if I thought about it if I look
+at this circuit model what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this circuit model what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this circuit model what's happening
+is the magnetizing current circulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the magnetizing current circulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the magnetizing current circulating
+out of this Dot and into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of this Dot and into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of this Dot and into this
+dot okay so there's current in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot okay so there's current in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot okay so there's current in the
+secondary now which is supporting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary now which is supporting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary now which is supporting this
+magnetizing energy storage okay because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetizing energy storage okay because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetizing energy storage okay because
+of the polarity the voltage gets applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the polarity the voltage gets applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the polarity the voltage gets applied
+and the current in the magnetizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the current in the magnetizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the current in the magnetizing
+inductance Ram down so this is what I mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance Ram down so this is what I mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance Ram down so this is what I mu
+looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks
+like right and I'll draw this as I mu1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like right and I'll draw this as I mu1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like right and I'll draw this as I mu1
+and I'm pretending it's a one:1 turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm pretending it's a one:1 turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm pretending it's a one:1 turns
+ratio for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio for the
+moment okay actually IM mu1 is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment okay actually IM mu1 is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment okay actually IM mu1 is always
+going to look like this the magnetizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look like this the magnetizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look like this the magnetizing
+current if my winding one and winding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current if my winding one and winding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current if my winding one and winding
+two had the same turns what I would see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two had the same turns what I would see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two had the same turns what I would see
+is sort of in the first part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of in the first part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of in the first part of the
+cycle this would be i1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and in the second part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and in the second part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and in the second part of the
+cycle I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle I would
+have I2 would carry the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I2 would carry the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I2 would carry the
+current this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current this would be
+I2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I2
+here okay so I've got a continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so I've got a continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so I've got a continuous
+magnetizing current has continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetizing current has continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetizing current has continuous
+energy storage but I can carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy storage but I can carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy storage but I can carry
+that in the first part of the cycle I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the first part of the cycle I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the first part of the cycle I
+put energy into the Transformer by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put energy into the Transformer by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put energy into the Transformer by the
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+uh via the first winding in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh via the first winding in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh via the first winding in the second
+part of the cycle I pull it out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the cycle I pull it out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the cycle I pull it out of the
+Transformer via the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer via the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer via the second
+winding okay so it's the same kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winding okay so it's the same kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winding okay so it's the same kind of
+operation I'm just using two separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation I'm just using two separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation I'm just using two separate
+windings instead of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windings instead of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windings instead of one
+winding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions let's see this in action we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions let's see this in action we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions let's see this in action we
+actually have a a uh flyback converter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a a uh flyback converter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a a uh flyback converter
+for you to see so M's kindly put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+together and what we're showing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and what we're showing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and what we're showing you
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+precisely the two currents in the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely the two currents in the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely the two currents in the two
+Transformer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer
+windings okay now what you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windings okay now what you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windings okay now what you're going to
+see is if you see the primary winding is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is if you see the primary winding is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is if you see the primary winding is
+channel one that's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel one that's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel one that's in
+yellow okay and you can see the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow okay and you can see the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow okay and you can see the current
+and primary one the current in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and primary one the current in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and primary one the current in the
+primary is ramping up that's because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary is ramping up that's because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary is ramping up that's because I'm
+storing energy in the magnetizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing energy in the magnetizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing energy in the magnetizing
+inductance and that's a 2 amps per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance and that's a 2 amps per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance and that's a 2 amps per
+division okay in the second part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division okay in the second part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division okay in the second part of the
+cycle we're showing you the purple wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle we're showing you the purple wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle we're showing you the purple wave
+for form is the current and winding two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for form is the current and winding two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for form is the current and winding two
+and you can see it's ramping down but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see it's ramping down but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see it's ramping down but
+you notice that's one amp per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you notice that's one amp per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you notice that's one amp per
+division right so I'm storing the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division right so I'm storing the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division right so I'm storing the same
+and the energy in the core the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the energy in the core the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the energy in the core the energy
+stored in the Gap actually is continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored in the Gap actually is continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored in the Gap actually is continuous
+and it's ramping up and ramping down but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's ramping up and ramping down but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's ramping up and ramping down but
+it's reflected based on different input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's reflected based on different input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's reflected based on different input
+and output currents and that's because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and output currents and that's because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and output currents and that's because I
+can use a turns ratio in this case a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use a turns ratio in this case a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use a turns ratio in this case a two
+to one turns ratio to help me do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one turns ratio to help me do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one turns ratio to help me do that
+okay so we actually can get this nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we actually can get this nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we actually can get this nice
+scaling and sort of think of this trans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling and sort of think of this trans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling and sort of think of this trans
+energy storage Transformer as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy storage Transformer as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy storage Transformer as an
+inductor plus an ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor plus an ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor plus an ideal
+Transformer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer
+questions yeah what's the what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yeah what's the what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yeah what's the what's the
+blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue
+curve the blue curve I don't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve the blue curve I don't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve the blue curve I don't actually
+know what the blue curve is Vol that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the blue curve is Vol that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the blue curve is Vol that's
+the primary voltage ah okay so one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primary voltage ah okay so one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primary voltage ah okay so one thing
+you would take away from this and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would take away from this and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would take away from this and it's a
+little bit hard to see and I I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit hard to see and I I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit hard to see and I I think
+there's um some offset going on in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's um some offset going on in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's um some offset going on in here
+is that that you know you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that you know you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that you know you have a
+positive and negative right so the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and negative right so the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and negative right so the you
+have a purely ac voltage across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a purely ac voltage across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a purely ac voltage across the
+Transformer which is hard to see because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer which is hard to see because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer which is hard to see because
+it looks like there's a little offset in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like there's a little offset in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like there's a little offset in
+that but but it's supposed to reflect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but but it's supposed to reflect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but but it's supposed to reflect
+that you know you have a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know you have a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know you have a positive
+voltage in the part of the cycle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage in the part of the cycle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage in the part of the cycle and
+negative voltage in the other part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative voltage in the other part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative voltage in the other part of
+the cycle so when blue is high the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cycle so when blue is high the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cycle so when blue is high the the
+magnetizing currents riding when blue is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetizing currents riding when blue is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetizing currents riding when blue is
+low the magnetizing currents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low the magnetizing currents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low the magnetizing currents
+fall okay thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall okay thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall okay thank
+you okay so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay so um
+um that is how we would build a flyback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that is how we would build a flyback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that is how we would build a flyback
+Transformer it's not like an ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer it's not like an ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer it's not like an ideal
+Transformer it's an energy storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer it's an energy storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer it's an energy storage
+Transformer so it's more like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer so it's more like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer so it's more like an
+inductor design okay um so you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor design okay um so you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor design okay um so you want to
+design it with a gap to make it small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design it with a gap to make it small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design it with a gap to make it small
+it's it's a lot of the same design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a lot of the same design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a lot of the same design
+considerations as for an inductor but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations as for an inductor but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations as for an inductor but
+you're going to have a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have a second
+winding Okay and like we said because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winding Okay and like we said because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winding Okay and like we said because we
+have this nice isolation I can reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this nice isolation I can reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this nice isolation I can reference
+the secondary either for positive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the secondary either for positive or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the secondary either for positive or
+negative output voltages I choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative output voltages I choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative output voltages I choose
+um we get our nice ground reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we get our nice ground reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we get our nice ground reference
+active switch the other thing I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active switch the other thing I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active switch the other thing I didn't
+mention is that why would we want this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention is that why would we want this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention is that why would we want this
+turns ratio because it can help us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns ratio because it can help us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns ratio because it can help us
+really design the converter better okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really design the converter better okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really design the converter better okay
+let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+suppose I had a 1 kilowatt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I had a 1 kilowatt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I had a 1 kilowatt
+design right and what I want is for VN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design right and what I want is for VN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design right and what I want is for VN
+to be 100 volts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 100 volts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 100 volts
+at 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 10
+amps and V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amps and V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amps and V
+out to be 10 Vols at 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be 10 Vols at 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be 10 Vols at 100
+amps so it's sort of a 10 to one step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amps so it's sort of a 10 to one step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amps so it's sort of a 10 to one step
+down okay if I tried to do that with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down okay if I tried to do that with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down okay if I tried to do that with my
+original converter my my and forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original converter my my and forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original converter my my and forget
+about whether this is plus or minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether this is plus or minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether this is plus or minus
+suppose you know it that that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you know it that that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you know it that that doesn't
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+matter um what would it look like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter um what would it look like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter um what would it look like what
+would the stress on the switch look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would the stress on the switch look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would the stress on the switch look like
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+uh for a for a buck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+boost what I'd end up with is V switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boost what I'd end up with is V switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boost what I'd end up with is V switch
+and V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and V
+diode uh being 110
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diode uh being 110
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diode uh being 110
+volts and I switch and I diode would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts and I switch and I diode would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts and I switch and I diode would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amps right so that's sort of more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amps right so that's sort of more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amps right so that's sort of more than
+10 KVA of switch rating there and diode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 KVA of switch rating there and diode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 KVA of switch rating there and diode
+rating okay on the the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rating okay on the the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rating okay on the the other hand
+suppose I designed a flyback and I used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I designed a flyback and I used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I designed a flyback and I used
+a 10:1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 10:1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 10:1
+Transformer okay so I I'm going to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer okay so I I'm going to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer okay so I I'm going to sort
+of get my scaling instead of just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of get my scaling instead of just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of get my scaling instead of just by
+using some extreme Duty ratio I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using some extreme Duty ratio I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using some extreme Duty ratio I'm going
+to get my scaling by putting it into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get my scaling by putting it into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get my scaling by putting it into the
+turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns
+ratio okay what does the turns ratio do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio okay what does the turns ratio do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio okay what does the turns ratio do
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+rescales like the high current seen at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rescales like the high current seen at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rescales like the high current seen at
+the secondary to the low current at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the secondary to the low current at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the secondary to the low current at the
+primary and the high voltage at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary and the high voltage at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary and the high voltage at the
+primary seen at a low voltage at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary seen at a low voltage at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary seen at a low voltage at the
+secondary and what I would get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary and what I would get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary and what I would get is
+instead of like the direct sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of like the direct sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of like the direct sum of the
+input and output voltages what I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and output voltages what I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and output voltages what I would
+get is V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is V
+switch would be equal to 100 volts plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch would be equal to 100 volts plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch would be equal to 100 volts plus
+the scaled 10x scaled version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scaled 10x scaled version of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scaled 10x scaled version of the
+output voltage so it' be 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output voltage so it' be 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output voltage so it' be 200
+volts and um this would be at 20 amps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts and um this would be at 20 amps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts and um this would be at 20 amps
+same thing it would be the 10 amps at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing it would be the 10 amps at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing it would be the 10 amps at
+the input plus the scaled 100 amps down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input plus the scaled 100 amps down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input plus the scaled 100 amps down
+by 10 at the output put would give me 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 10 at the output put would give me 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 10 at the output put would give me 20
+amps and V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amps and V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amps and V
+diode would be um 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diode would be um 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diode would be um 20
+volts at 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts at 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts at 200
+amps okay so so what what it's let me do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amps okay so so what what it's let me do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amps okay so so what what it's let me do
+is instead of needing a switch that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is instead of needing a switch that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is instead of needing a switch that has
+sort of both high voltage and high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of both high voltage and high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of both high voltage and high
+current I get a high voltage low current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current I get a high voltage low current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current I get a high voltage low current
+switch and a low voltage High current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch and a low voltage High current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch and a low voltage High current
+diode right and I might be a more easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diode right and I might be a more easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diode right and I might be a more easily
+able to buy those components or at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to buy those components or at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to buy those components or at any
+rate I can choose my turns ratio to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate I can choose my turns ratio to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate I can choose my turns ratio to
+rescale voltages and currents to be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rescale voltages and currents to be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rescale voltages and currents to be more
+favorable if I just thought about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorable if I just thought about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorable if I just thought about in
+terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of
+KVA right this is sort of 4 KVA instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KVA right this is sort of 4 KVA instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KVA right this is sort of 4 KVA instead
+of you know 12 KVA or something right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know 12 KVA or something right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know 12 KVA or something right so
+it's much less VA but it also means I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much less VA but it also means I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much less VA but it also means I
+can go pick a high voltage low current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go pick a high voltage low current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go pick a high voltage low current
+switch and a high a low voltage High
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch and a high a low voltage High
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch and a high a low voltage High
+current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current
+diode which and and this would be easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diode which and and this would be easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diode which and and this would be easier
+to source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to source
+okay any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so this kind of trick that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this kind of trick that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this kind of trick that we
+basically started with my indirect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically started with my indirect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically started with my indirect
+converter throw a transformer in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter throw a transformer in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter throw a transformer in the
+middle and we can get something that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle and we can get something that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle and we can get something that can
+perform better is sort of the heart of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform better is sort of the heart of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform better is sort of the heart of
+the idea of isolated power conversion we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of isolated power conversion we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of isolated power conversion we
+can do this with all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this with all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this with all kinds of
+converters okay and synthesize new ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters okay and synthesize new ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters okay and synthesize new ones
+that that don't have a counterpart in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that don't have a counterpart in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that don't have a counterpart in
+the in the non-isolation ated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the non-isolation ated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the non-isolation ated
+regime um let's take a look at another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime um let's take a look at another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime um let's take a look at another
+example okay let's think about a buck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example okay let's think about a buck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example okay let's think about a buck
+converter and play the same game with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter and play the same game with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter and play the same game with a
+buck converter and that plays out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buck converter and that plays out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buck converter and that plays out a
+little bit differently but we'll see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit differently but we'll see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit differently but we'll see it
+has some of the same advantages and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some of the same advantages and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some of the same advantages and some
+different design tradeoffs okay so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different design tradeoffs okay so okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different design tradeoffs okay so okay
+let's think about in a buck converter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about in a buck converter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about in a buck converter
+what do I have I have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I have I have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I have I have an
+inductor and this inductor is my energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor and this inductor is my energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor and this inductor is my energy
+storage inductor right and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage inductor right and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage inductor right and here
+V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out and what I'm really doing is I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and what I'm really doing is I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and what I'm really doing is I've
+got some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+voltage VX that I'm synthesizing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage VX that I'm synthesizing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage VX that I'm synthesizing here
+that's a pulse voltage between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a pulse voltage between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a pulse voltage between
+um you know zero and some other voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know zero and some other voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know zero and some other voltage
+to that I filter and then get my output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that I filter and then get my output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that I filter and then get my output
+right well why don't I play the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well why don't I play the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well why don't I play the same
+game I'm going to throw a transform in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game I'm going to throw a transform in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game I'm going to throw a transform in
+the middle of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of this
+thing okay it turns out I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay it turns out I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay it turns out I'm going to
+need another diode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need another diode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need another diode
+here um because I cannot apply a nonzero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um because I cannot apply a nonzero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um because I cannot apply a nonzero
+average to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average to this
+Transformer okay so I need this diode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer okay so I need this diode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer okay so I need this diode
+it's a new diode and let me just I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a new diode and let me just I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a new diode and let me just I can
+play the same game and put my switch as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play the same game and put my switch as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play the same game and put my switch as
+a ground reference here and so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+VN right so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VN right so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VN right so what
+happens let me call this N1 to n I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens let me call this N1 to n I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens let me call this N1 to n I'm
+sorry N1 to N2 right so what does VX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry N1 to N2 right so what does VX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry N1 to N2 right so what does VX
+look like when the switch is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like when the switch is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like when the switch is
+on right I'm going to plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on right I'm going to plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on right I'm going to plot
+VX when the switch is on I'm applying VN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VX when the switch is on I'm applying VN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VX when the switch is on I'm applying VN
+at the primary so let me call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the primary so let me call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the primary so let me call
+this the voltage across the Transformer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the voltage across the Transformer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the voltage across the Transformer
+okay I get N2 over N1 * V Transformer or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I get N2 over N1 * V Transformer or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I get N2 over N1 * V Transformer or
+I'll call this vt1 V Transformer one N2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call this vt1 V Transformer one N2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call this vt1 V Transformer one N2
+over N1 * VN this guy is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over N1 * VN this guy is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over N1 * VN this guy is going to be
+turned on this guy is going to be turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned on this guy is going to be turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned on this guy is going to be turned
+off so I'm going to get this voltage as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off so I'm going to get this voltage as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off so I'm going to get this voltage as
+being N2 over N1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being N2 over N1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being N2 over N1
+BN and then when I turn this this switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BN and then when I turn this this switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BN and then when I turn this this switch
+off this di is going to turn off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off this di is going to turn off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off this di is going to turn off the
+load is going to carry through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load is going to carry through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load is going to carry through this
+diode and VX is going to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diode and VX is going to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diode and VX is going to go to
+zero this is going to be DT and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this is going to be DT and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this is going to be DT and that's
+going to last until T and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to last until T and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to last until T and this is the
+voltage VX right well what's the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage VX right well what's the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage VX right well what's the output
+of VX this inductor has to have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of VX this inductor has to have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of VX this inductor has to have an
+average voltage of zero so what I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average voltage of zero so what I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average voltage of zero so what I get
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+V2 has to equal D * N2 over N1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 has to equal D * N2 over N1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 has to equal D * N2 over N1
+BN right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BN right so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BN right so this
+is V2 I'm sorry V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is V2 I'm sorry V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is V2 I'm sorry V
+out is equal to um N2 over N1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dvn okay so it sort of works just like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dvn okay so it sort of works just like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dvn okay so it sort of works just like a
+buck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buck
+converter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter
+um and all I've gotten or what I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and all I've gotten or what I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and all I've gotten or what I've
+gotten out of put this Transformer in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten out of put this Transformer in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten out of put this Transformer in
+here is this scaling instead of applying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is this scaling instead of applying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is this scaling instead of applying
+the input voltage directly here through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input voltage directly here through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input voltage directly here through
+a switch I'm applying a scaled version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a switch I'm applying a scaled version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a switch I'm applying a scaled version
+of the input voltage and I get this nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the input voltage and I get this nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the input voltage and I get this nice
+rescaling and I Al get the electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rescaling and I Al get the electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rescaling and I Al get the electrical
+isolation this port is no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation this port is no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation this port is no longer
+reference to this node okay so it's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference to this node okay so it's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference to this node okay so it's some
+of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the same
+advantages all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+um that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's
+great but um notice that I again have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great but um notice that I again have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great but um notice that I again have a
+Transformer here and so I better think a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer here and so I better think a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer here and so I better think a
+little bit carefully about the what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit carefully about the what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit carefully about the what the
+magnetizing inductance does right so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetizing inductance does right so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetizing inductance does right so let
+me come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me come back
+here and say okay uh let me put in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and say okay uh let me put in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and say okay uh let me put in my
+magnetizing inductor so here is L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mu1 and here's I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mu1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu1
+okay in the first part of the cycle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in the first part of the cycle so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in the first part of the cycle so
+this is my real transformer model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my real transformer model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my real transformer model
+now okay now this keep in mind this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay now this keep in mind this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay now this keep in mind this
+induct L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induct L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induct L
+mu1 is not my energy storage element the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu1 is not my energy storage element the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu1 is not my energy storage element the
+way it was in this converter right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it was in this converter right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it was in this converter right here
+I was using this as an energy storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was using this as an energy storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was using this as an energy storage
+element where is my energy storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element where is my energy storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element where is my energy storage
+element in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in this
+converter for energy conversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter for energy conversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter for energy conversion
+purposes yeah it's this inductor right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes yeah it's this inductor right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes yeah it's this inductor right
+this guy here basically I'm applying a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy here basically I'm applying a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy here basically I'm applying a
+positive volt seconds across the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive volt seconds across the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive volt seconds across the first
+cycle storing energy here in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle storing energy here in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle storing energy here in the second
+part of the cycle I'm taking it out so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the cycle I'm taking it out so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the cycle I'm taking it out so
+this is the energy storage I'm using for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the energy storage I'm using for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the energy storage I'm using for
+power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+conversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion
+this magnetizing inductance is purely a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this magnetizing inductance is purely a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this magnetizing inductance is purely a
+function of the fact that I don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the fact that I don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the fact that I don't have
+an ideal Transformer it has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ideal Transformer it has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ideal Transformer it has some
+magnetization to it okay so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetization to it okay so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetization to it okay so it's a
+parasitic of the Transformer but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parasitic of the Transformer but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parasitic of the Transformer but I
+better think about what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better think about what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better think about what it
+does and here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does and here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does and here's the
+catch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch
+um suppose I apply I turn on this switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um suppose I apply I turn on this switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um suppose I apply I turn on this switch
+in the first part of the cycle I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first part of the cycle I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first part of the cycle I'm
+applying a positive voltage vt1 here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying a positive voltage vt1 here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying a positive voltage vt1 here
+or which is you know appearing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or which is you know appearing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or which is you know appearing here
+vt1 that means this magnetizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vt1 that means this magnetizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vt1 that means this magnetizing
+inductance ramping up the current in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance ramping up the current in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance ramping up the current in the
+magnetizing inductance is ramping up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetizing inductance is ramping up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetizing inductance is ramping up
+right well what happens in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well what happens in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well what happens in the second
+part of the CLE when I turn this switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the CLE when I turn this switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the CLE when I turn this switch
+off in the flyback inverter it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off in the flyback inverter it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off in the flyback inverter it's
+circulated out of this Dot and into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulated out of this Dot and into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulated out of this Dot and into this
+dot or I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot or I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot or I'm
+sorry uh here it can't do that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry uh here it can't do that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry uh here it can't do that right
+because if the current flows here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if the current flows here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if the current flows here
+there's no way for it to flow into here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way for it to flow into here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way for it to flow into here
+because this diode's here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this diode's here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this diode's here
+right so suddenly I better provide some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so suddenly I better provide some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so suddenly I better provide some
+place for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place for this
+magnetizing current to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetizing current to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetizing current to
+flow okay and another thing I better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow okay and another thing I better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow okay and another thing I better
+think about is in order for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about is in order for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about is in order for this
+Transformer to work the average volt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer to work the average volt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer to work the average volt
+seconds I apply across the Transformer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds I apply across the Transformer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds I apply across the Transformer
+better be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better be
+zero okay otherwise it won't operate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay otherwise it won't operate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay otherwise it won't operate in
+periodic steady state I have to respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic steady state I have to respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic steady state I have to respect
+this inductor in terms of its uh need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inductor in terms of its uh need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inductor in terms of its uh need to
+have zero average voltage to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have zero average voltage to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have zero average voltage to get to
+periodic steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic steady
+state okay so what would this look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state okay so what would this look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state okay so what would this look like
+well let me actually I'm going to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let me actually I'm going to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let me actually I'm going to change
+the color here let me call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this V
+mu1 okay that's the voltage so what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu1 okay that's the voltage so what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu1 okay that's the voltage so what does
+that look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like and then let's think about what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and then let's think about what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and then let's think about what the
+magnetizing current looks like in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetizing current looks like in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetizing current looks like in the
+first part of the cycle I turn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first part of the cycle I turn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first part of the cycle I turn the
+switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch
+on and I'm applying VN as V mu1 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and I'm applying VN as V mu1 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and I'm applying VN as V mu1 so
+here's V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mu1 and I'm applying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu1 and I'm applying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu1 and I'm applying
+VN okay so what has to happen in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VN okay so what has to happen in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VN okay so what has to happen in the
+second part of the cycle I better do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part of the cycle I better do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part of the cycle I better do
+something so that over the course of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so that over the course of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so that over the course of the
+cycle the average voltage across this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle the average voltage across this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle the average voltage across this
+magnetizing inductance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetizing inductance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetizing inductance is
+zero right well I've provided no means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right well I've provided no means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right well I've provided no means
+for that to happen in this circuit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that to happen in this circuit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that to happen in this circuit and
+probably if I built it this way unhappy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably if I built it this way unhappy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably if I built it this way unhappy
+things would happen Okay so what can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things would happen Okay so what can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things would happen Okay so what can I
+do I got to provide some other place for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I got to provide some other place for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I got to provide some other place for
+that magnetizing current to flow and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that magnetizing current to flow and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that magnetizing current to flow and in
+the process I need to apply a reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process I need to apply a reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process I need to apply a reverse
+voltage on V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage on V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage on V
+mu1 okay now there's a lot of ways I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu1 okay now there's a lot of ways I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu1 okay now there's a lot of ways I
+could do that one very popular way is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do that one very popular way is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do that one very popular way is to
+do something like this is to provide a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something like this is to provide a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something like this is to provide a
+voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage
+here and maybe put say the equivalent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and maybe put say the equivalent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and maybe put say the equivalent of
+a z diode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a z diode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a z diode
+here and then I will put a reverse diode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then I will put a reverse diode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then I will put a reverse diode
+here and so what this does is this lets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so what this does is this lets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so what this does is this lets
+current this magnetizing current flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current this magnetizing current flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current this magnetizing current flow
+into this Orange Path against some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this Orange Path against some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this Orange Path against some
+voltage V xener voltage VZ and back up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage V xener voltage VZ and back up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage V xener voltage VZ and back up
+here okay so this Orange Path is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so this Orange Path is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so this Orange Path is another
+path through current to flow through REM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path through current to flow through REM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path through current to flow through REM
+as a remember remember it's right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a remember remember it's right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a remember remember it's right I
+might think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+path that I just added as being equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path that I just added as being equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path that I just added as being equal to
+this a xener voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a xener voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a xener voltage
+VZ okay so you could think of it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VZ okay so you could think of it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VZ okay so you could think of it this
+way um where the xener breaks down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way um where the xener breaks down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way um where the xener breaks down and
+creates a voltage VC when it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates a voltage VC when it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates a voltage VC when it's got
+current flowing into it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current flowing into it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current flowing into it this
+way does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way does that make sense
+everybody so what would happen here if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody so what would happen here if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody so what would happen here if I
+did this when the switch turns off IM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this when the switch turns off IM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this when the switch turns off IM
+mu1 is going to flow this this way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu1 is going to flow this this way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu1 is going to flow this this way and
+the voltage across the primary is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage across the primary is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage across the primary is going
+to go to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+VZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VZ
+okay and what would happen to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what would happen to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what would happen to the
+current in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current in
+that magnetizing inductance so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that magnetizing inductance so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that magnetizing inductance so let me
+plot I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot I
+mu1 okay when I turned on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu1 okay when I turned on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu1 okay when I turned on the
+switch okay it's going to ramp up let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch okay it's going to ramp up let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch okay it's going to ramp up let's
+assume it ramp up from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume it ramp up from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume it ramp up from
+zero like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero like
+this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and
+then I turn off the switch this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I turn off the switch this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I turn off the switch this
+current the magnetizing current Cycles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current the magnetizing current Cycles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current the magnetizing current Cycles
+into this and it ramps down because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this and it ramps down because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this and it ramps down because I
+have a negative voltage and eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a negative voltage and eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a negative voltage and eventually
+what I would like is for this to hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I would like is for this to hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I would like is for this to hit
+zero at some time okay so if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero at some time okay so if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero at some time okay so if this is
+DT and T is over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT and T is over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT and T is over here
+somewhere okay when would this happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere okay when would this happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere okay when would this happen
+this would reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would reach
+zero basically when the average volt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero basically when the average volt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero basically when the average volt
+seconds this area equal this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds this area equal this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds this area equal this
+area okay my net volt seconds on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area okay my net volt seconds on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area okay my net volt seconds on my
+inductor would be zero and then it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor would be zero and then it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor would be zero and then it would
+just stay zero the current would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just stay zero the current would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just stay zero the current would have
+gone to zero in the magnetizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone to zero in the magnetizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone to zero in the magnetizing
+inductance and that's fine and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance and that's fine and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance and that's fine and so the
+Transformers is just kind of open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformers is just kind of open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformers is just kind of open
+circuited at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuited at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuited at that
+point any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point any questions about
+that why do you choose to use xener Di
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that why do you choose to use xener Di
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that why do you choose to use xener Di
+and not like one Di
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not like one Di
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not like one Di
+uh what xener di instead of what why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what xener di instead of what why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what xener di instead of what why
+would you not use like one free di
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you not use like one free di
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you not use like one free di
+instead of the xener diodes ah because a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the xener diodes ah because a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the xener diodes ah because a
+think about a freewheeling diode right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about a freewheeling diode right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about a freewheeling diode right
+has a forward drop that's like 7 and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a forward drop that's like 7 and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a forward drop that's like 7 and a
+reverse drop like you don't want to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse drop like you don't want to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse drop like you don't want to try
+to put a current through the diode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put a current through the diode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put a current through the diode
+backwards right the xener is designed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards right the xener is designed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards right the xener is designed to
+sort of hold a constant voltage when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of hold a constant voltage when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of hold a constant voltage when
+it's breaking down in reverse and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's breaking down in reverse and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's breaking down in reverse and I
+might not use a xener I might use some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not use a xener I might use some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not use a xener I might use some
+other element that can absorb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other element that can absorb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other element that can absorb
+energy in the reverse Direction so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in the reverse Direction so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in the reverse Direction so I
+could have uh I could have replaced it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have uh I could have replaced it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have uh I could have replaced it
+with a uh for example a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a uh for example a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a uh for example a
+capacitor and then bled the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor and then bled the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor and then bled the
+capacitor to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor to
+VN for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VN for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VN for
+example okay so there's a lot of there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example okay so there's a lot of there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example okay so there's a lot of there's
+a lot of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of different
+circuits or maybe I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have I should maybe should have drawn it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I should maybe should have drawn it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I should maybe should have drawn it
+differently but essentially there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently but essentially there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently but essentially there's a
+lot of circuits I've just got to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of circuits I've just got to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of circuits I've just got to give
+this current a path to flow into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this current a path to flow into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this current a path to flow into a
+voltage source that's going to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage source that's going to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage source that's going to apply
+enough negative voltage to drive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough negative voltage to drive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough negative voltage to drive the
+magnetizing current to zero a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetizing current to zero a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetizing current to zero a lot of
+ways I can do that the xener was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways I can do that the xener was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways I can do that the xener was just
+sort of my model for the easiest one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of my model for the easiest one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of my model for the easiest one to
+show you that explain things other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you that explain things other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you that explain things other
+questions yeah so in this case is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yeah so in this case is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yeah so in this case is the
+Xeno di just acting like a sink like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Xeno di just acting like a sink like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Xeno di just acting like a sink like a
+resistor it's just acting like a yeah a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor it's just acting like a yeah a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor it's just acting like a yeah a
+like a resistor except that it's a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a resistor except that it's a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a resistor except that it's a fixed
+voltage it clamps it and the reason I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage it clamps it and the reason I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage it clamps it and the reason I
+was drawing you could you could you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was drawing you could you could you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was drawing you could you could you know
+replace that with a capacitor and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace that with a capacitor and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace that with a capacitor and then
+bleed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bleed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bleed that
+capacitor back down to some average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor back down to some average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor back down to some average
+value like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value like
+VN right so you could have connected it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VN right so you could have connected it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VN right so you could have connected it
+like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+too okay uh you would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too okay uh you would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too okay uh you would have
+needed sorry you would have needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed sorry you would have needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed sorry you would have needed
+a you would have still needed a diode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you would have still needed a diode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you would have still needed a diode
+there okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I've got to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I've got to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I've got to be
+careful to let this ramp down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful to let this ramp down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful to let this ramp down to
+zero what happens if I don't if I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero what happens if I don't if I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero what happens if I don't if I don't
+suppose I don't apply suppose I choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I don't apply suppose I choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I don't apply suppose I choose
+to low as the inner voltage right what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to low as the inner voltage right what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to low as the inner voltage right what
+would happen is in the first cycle the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen is in the first cycle the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen is in the first cycle the
+magnetizing would ramp up and it come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetizing would ramp up and it come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetizing would ramp up and it come
+partly of the way down then it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly of the way down then it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly of the way down then it would
+ramp up and come partly the way down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramp up and come partly the way down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramp up and come partly the way down and
+it would start a walk away on me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would start a walk away on me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would start a walk away on me and
+keep in mind the magnetizing current is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind the magnetizing current is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind the magnetizing current is
+proportional to the flux in the core and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the flux in the core and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the flux in the core and
+eventually that flux would exceed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually that flux would exceed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually that flux would exceed the
+saturation flux density of the core and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturation flux density of the core and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturation flux density of the core and
+then the core would saturate and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the core would saturate and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the core would saturate and then
+your converter would blow up bad things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your converter would blow up bad things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your converter would blow up bad things
+would happen right so this whatever this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen right so this whatever this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen right so this whatever this
+is clamped is going to settle to it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is clamped is going to settle to it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is clamped is going to settle to it's
+got to settle to a big enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to settle to a big enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to settle to a big enough
+voltage that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage that
+um that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that it
+can sort of Drive the magnetizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sort of Drive the magnetizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sort of Drive the magnetizing
+current back to zero each cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current back to zero each cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current back to zero each cycle
+okay so what does that say well what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what does that say well what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what does that say well what is
+this peak magnetizing current right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this peak magnetizing current right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this peak magnetizing current right
+um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I
+mu1 Peak ought to be equal to what well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu1 Peak ought to be equal to what well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu1 Peak ought to be equal to what well
+it's a v is equal to LD DT so um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a v is equal to LD DT so um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a v is equal to LD DT so um this
+would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+V1 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 or
+VN DT over L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VN DT over L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VN DT over L
+mu1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu1
+is the peak current I hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the peak current I hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the peak current I hit
+here does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here does that make
+sense and um Lambda 1 is equal to l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and um Lambda 1 is equal to l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and um Lambda 1 is equal to l
+mu1 i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu1 i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu1 i
+mu1 is equal to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu1 is equal to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu1 is equal to uh
+N1 B in the core times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1 B in the core times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1 B in the core times the
+cross-sectional core area right lambda's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sectional core area right lambda's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sectional core area right lambda's
+Li and it's also nbac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Li and it's also nbac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Li and it's also nbac
+C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C
+okay so we can kind of count calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we can kind of count calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we can kind of count calculate
+the the core flux BC as being equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the core flux BC as being equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the core flux BC as being equal to
+uh or the peak core flux as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or the peak core flux as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or the peak core flux as being
+l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l
+mu1 i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu1 i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu1 i
+mu1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu1 over
+N1 AC right and we've got to keep this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1 AC right and we've got to keep this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1 AC right and we've got to keep this
+peak core flux below the saturation flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak core flux below the saturation flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak core flux below the saturation flux
+density of the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of the core
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+this is I actually I should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is I actually I should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is I actually I should have
+substituted I could re I could rewrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituted I could re I could rewrite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituted I could re I could rewrite
+this as VN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as VN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as VN
+DT over N1 AC is another way to write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT over N1 AC is another way to write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT over N1 AC is another way to write it
+okay so what what do I need well what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what what do I need well what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what what do I need well what I
+need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need
+is uh what's the minimum xenor voltage I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh what's the minimum xenor voltage I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh what's the minimum xenor voltage I
+need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do
+this um what I need is these Z * 1us D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um what I need is these Z * 1us D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um what I need is these Z * 1us D
+has to be greater than um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be greater than um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be greater than um
+VN time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VN time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VN time
+d right in order for that volt seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d right in order for that volt seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d right in order for that volt seconds
+to go to zero because otherwise I won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to zero because otherwise I won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to zero because otherwise I won't
+get enough negative Vol seconds offset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get enough negative Vol seconds offset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get enough negative Vol seconds offset
+the positive volt seconds and that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive volt seconds and that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive volt seconds and that means
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+VZ has to be greater than or equal to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VZ has to be greater than or equal to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VZ has to be greater than or equal to uh
+VN time D over 1us d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VN time D over 1us d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VN time D over 1us d
+that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense
+everybody so what does that say about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody so what does that say about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody so what does that say about
+what happens to the switch in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to the switch in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to the switch in this
+circuit well if I look at the circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit well if I look at the circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit well if I look at the circuit
+right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+switch obviously when the when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch obviously when the when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch obviously when the when the
+switch is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch is
+on if I think about this as being V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on if I think about this as being V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on if I think about this as being V
+switch right when the switch is on he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch right when the switch is on he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch right when the switch is on he
+has zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has zero
+volts when the switch is off and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts when the switch is off and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts when the switch is off and the
+xener is conducting he has VN plus VZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xener is conducting he has VN plus VZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xener is conducting he has VN plus VZ
+across him right so the peak switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across him right so the peak switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across him right so the peak switch
+voltage I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage I'm going to
+get is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is going to be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going to be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going to be equal to
+VN plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VN plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VN plus
+VZ which is equal to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VZ which is equal to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VZ which is equal to uh
+VN plus let's suppose I use the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VN plus let's suppose I use the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VN plus let's suppose I use the minimum
+value VN * D over 1 minus d I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value VN * D over 1 minus d I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value VN * D over 1 minus d I could
+rewrite this as VN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this as VN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this as VN
+times uh 1 minus D over 1 minus D if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times uh 1 minus D over 1 minus D if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times uh 1 minus D over 1 minus D if I
+wanted that's the same thing and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted that's the same thing and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted that's the same thing and this
+gives me equal to VN over 1 minus D all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me equal to VN over 1 minus D all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me equal to VN over 1 minus D all
+right so if I pick a big enough zener
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I pick a big enough zener
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I pick a big enough zener
+voltage based on this requirement to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage based on this requirement to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage based on this requirement to get
+to the zero volt seconds balance on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the zero volt seconds balance on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the zero volt seconds balance on my
+Transformer um I get this voltage so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer um I get this voltage so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer um I get this voltage so if
+I was at D is equal to 0.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was at D is equal to 0.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was at D is equal to 0.5
+that would give me V switch is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would give me V switch is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would give me V switch is equal to
+2vn if I went up to a 75% Duty ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2vn if I went up to a 75% Duty ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2vn if I went up to a 75% Duty ratio
+that would give me V switch is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would give me V switch is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would give me V switch is equal to
+4vn right that's getting kind of ugly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4vn right that's getting kind of ugly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4vn right that's getting kind of ugly
+right my my switch voltage is bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right my my switch voltage is bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right my my switch voltage is bigger
+than my input voltage considerably what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than my input voltage considerably what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than my input voltage considerably what
+what would it be if I just built a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would it be if I just built a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would it be if I just built a
+regular Buck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+converter and you recall that off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter and you recall that off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter and you recall that off
+hand it's actually would be just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand it's actually would be just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand it's actually would be just
+VN right because in normal Buck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VN right because in normal Buck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VN right because in normal Buck
+converter right the switch is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter right the switch is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter right the switch is just
+blocking the input voltage and the diode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocking the input voltage and the diode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocking the input voltage and the diode
+circulating in the second part so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulating in the second part so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulating in the second part so it's
+got the input voltage across it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the input voltage across it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the input voltage across it here
+even the 50% Duty rati I have twice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the 50% Duty rati I have twice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the 50% Duty rati I have twice the
+input voltage it gets worse it keeps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input voltage it gets worse it keeps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input voltage it gets worse it keeps
+getting worse at higher Duty ratios okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting worse at higher Duty ratios okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting worse at higher Duty ratios okay
+so I'm going to pay a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to pay a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to pay a
+price in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the isolated Buck converter and I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the isolated Buck converter and I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the isolated Buck converter and I should
+have mentioned by the way an isolated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have mentioned by the way an isolated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have mentioned by the way an isolated
+this converter is called a forward con
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inverter and that equals isolated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+buck and I have no idea why it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buck and I have no idea why it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buck and I have no idea why it's called
+a forward converter but that's what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a forward converter but that's what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a forward converter but that's what it's
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+um the forward converter has much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the forward converter has much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the forward converter has much
+greater stress so when I put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater stress so when I put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater stress so when I put the
+transformer in the middle of it to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformer in the middle of it to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformer in the middle of it to give
+me galvanic isolation suddenly I've paid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me galvanic isolation suddenly I've paid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me galvanic isolation suddenly I've paid
+a penalty in my device voltage stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a penalty in my device voltage stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a penalty in my device voltage stress
+right and I paid that penalty because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I paid that penalty because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I paid that penalty because I
+need to reset the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to reset the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to reset the
+Transformer and that's sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer and that's sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer and that's sort of a
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+tradeoff compared to this design where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoff compared to this design where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoff compared to this design where
+coincidentally or not the magnetizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincidentally or not the magnetizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincidentally or not the magnetizing
+inductance turned out to be just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance turned out to be just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance turned out to be just the
+energy storage element I wanted here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy storage element I wanted here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy storage element I wanted here the
+Transformer sort of is not doing me any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer sort of is not doing me any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer sort of is not doing me any
+favors it's just there because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favors it's just there because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favors it's just there because that's
+what I need to get the isolation and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I need to get the isolation and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I need to get the isolation and I
+got to pay for that yeah Jack you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to pay for that yeah Jack you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to pay for that yeah Jack you use
+the over the Ah that's a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the over the Ah that's a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the over the Ah that's a very good
+question that comes back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that comes back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that comes back to
+um and we'll talk more about this that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we'll talk more about this that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we'll talk more about this that
+comes back to how big it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes back to how big it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes back to how big it
+is okay so we're going to come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay so we're going to come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay so we're going to come back to
+this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but
+remember a buck converter is a direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember a buck converter is a direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember a buck converter is a direct
+converter and has very low stress on its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter and has very low stress on its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter and has very low stress on its
+switches and low energy storage and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches and low energy storage and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches and low energy storage and its
+components the flyback converter is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components the flyback converter is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components the flyback converter is
+based on an indirect topology which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on an indirect topology which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on an indirect topology which has
+lots of energy storage so it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of energy storage so it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of energy storage so it turns out
+that depending upon the design regime a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depending upon the design regime a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depending upon the design regime a
+forward converter can actually be a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward converter can actually be a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward converter can actually be a lot
+smaller because the magneti keep in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller because the magneti keep in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller because the magneti keep in mind
+this Transformer doesn't really need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Transformer doesn't really need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Transformer doesn't really need to
+store any energy the only real energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store any energy the only real energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store any energy the only real energy
+storage element which is sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage element which is sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage element which is sort of the
+size limiting element ought to be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size limiting element ought to be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size limiting element ought to be that
+inductor and that inductor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor and that inductor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor and that inductor is
+smaller than this flyback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than this flyback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than this flyback
+Transformer so you'd pick it for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer so you'd pick it for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer so you'd pick it for the
+same reason you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same reason you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same reason you might
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+uh a a uh Buck converter instead of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a a uh Buck converter instead of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a a uh Buck converter instead of a
+buck boost converter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buck boost converter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buck boost converter
+okay we'll come back to design tradeoffs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we'll come back to design tradeoffs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we'll come back to design tradeoffs
+moving forward like when might you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving forward like when might you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving forward like when might you
+choose what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose what
+topology great question any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions okay let me let me just come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay let me let me just come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay let me let me just come
+back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to
+um this means of resetting the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this means of resetting the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this means of resetting the core
+right so we've reset the core we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we've reset the core we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we've reset the core we have
+increased voltage stress on our switches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased voltage stress on our switches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased voltage stress on our switches
+the other thing we have is increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing we have is increased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing we have is increased
+disspation right because what am I doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disspation right because what am I doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disspation right because what am I doing
+here every cycle I'm storing a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here every cycle I'm storing a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here every cycle I'm storing a little
+bit of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of energy
+in that magnetizing inductance right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that magnetizing inductance right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that magnetizing inductance right
+magnetizing current ramp put energy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetizing current ramp put energy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetizing current ramp put energy in
+the magnetizing inductance what do I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetizing inductance what do I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetizing inductance what do I do
+with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy I dump it into a xener diode I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy I dump it into a xener diode I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy I dump it into a xener diode I
+throw it away right so I I hate throwing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw it away right so I I hate throwing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw it away right so I I hate throwing
+away energy but this circuit that orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away energy but this circuit that orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away energy but this circuit that orange
+circuit is throwing away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit is throwing away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit is throwing away
+energy right well how much energy do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dissipate and the re and by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipate and the re and by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipate and the re and by the way
+process of driving the magnetizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of driving the magnetizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of driving the magnetizing
+current back to zero is called resetting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current back to zero is called resetting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current back to zero is called resetting
+the core okay how much energy do I lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core okay how much energy do I lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core okay how much energy do I lose
+in resetting the core back to zero um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in resetting the core back to zero um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in resetting the core back to zero um
+back to zero flux density well that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to zero flux density well that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to zero flux density well that
+would be 12 L mu 1 * I mu1 quanti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be 12 L mu 1 * I mu1 quanti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be 12 L mu 1 * I mu1 quanti
+squared okay so that would be 12 L mu1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared okay so that would be 12 L mu1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared okay so that would be 12 L mu1
+what's I mu1 I wrote it up there that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's I mu1 I wrote it up there that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's I mu1 I wrote it up there that's
+going to be VN d T over L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mu1 squared this works out to be um 12 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu1 squared this works out to be um 12 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu1 squared this works out to be um 12 1
+over 2 L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 L
+mu1 uh times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu1 uh times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu1 uh times
+vn^ 2 d^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vn^ 2 d^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vn^ 2 d^2
+t^2 and then if I wanted to say what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t^2 and then if I wanted to say what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t^2 and then if I wanted to say what's
+the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power
+dissipation I have to multiply that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipation I have to multiply that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipation I have to multiply that by
+the frequency of 1/t and what I get is 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency of 1/t and what I get is 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency of 1/t and what I get is 2
+L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L
+mu1 * vn^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu1 * vn^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu1 * vn^
+2 d^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 d^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 d^2
+t Okay so if my T is really small or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t Okay so if my T is really small or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t Okay so if my T is really small or I
+have a high frequency I I dissipate very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a high frequency I I dissipate very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a high frequency I I dissipate very
+little energy in resetting the core for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little energy in resetting the core for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little energy in resetting the core for
+a given size if my magnetizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given size if my magnetizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given size if my magnetizing
+inductance is big I don't store much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance is big I don't store much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance is big I don't store much
+energy in the core and that I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in the core and that I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in the core and that I don't
+dissipate much so in this design I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipate much so in this design I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipate much so in this design I would
+like my magnetizing inductance to be as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like my magnetizing inductance to be as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like my magnetizing inductance to be as
+big as I can I want this to be as close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big as I can I want this to be as close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big as I can I want this to be as close
+to an ideal Transformer as possible in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an ideal Transformer as possible in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an ideal Transformer as possible in
+order to reduce the amount of energy I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to reduce the amount of energy I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to reduce the amount of energy I
+store in the core and throw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store in the core and throw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store in the core and throw
+away any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so just one or two final points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so just one or two final points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so just one or two final points
+here um of course I don't like throwing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um of course I don't like throwing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um of course I don't like throwing
+away energy like that and there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away energy like that and there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away energy like that and there's a lot
+of other ways that you can um not throw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other ways that you can um not throw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other ways that you can um not throw
+that energy away I've put energy in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that energy away I've put energy in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that energy away I've put energy in the
+magnetizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetizing
+inductance Maybe I can take it back out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance Maybe I can take it back out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance Maybe I can take it back out
+and there's lots of ways I can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's lots of ways I can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's lots of ways I can do that
+one way I might do that and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way I might do that and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way I might do that and there's
+others in the notes is the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others in the notes is the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others in the notes is the following
+maybe I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I do
+this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I
+will um in the first part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will um in the first part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will um in the first part of the
+cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh apply a positive voltage through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh apply a positive voltage through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh apply a positive voltage through a
+pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of
+switches and the second part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches and the second part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches and the second part of the
+cycle I'll turn the switch I'll turn on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle I'll turn the switch I'll turn on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle I'll turn the switch I'll turn on
+this you know this is Q of T and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know this is Q of T and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know this is Q of T and this is
+Q of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q of
+T so I apply a positive V in across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so I apply a positive V in across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so I apply a positive V in across the
+Transformer just the way I did up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer just the way I did up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer just the way I did up there
+in the second part of the cycle the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the second part of the cycle the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the second part of the cycle the
+switches turn off and the diodes turn on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches turn off and the diodes turn on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches turn off and the diodes turn on
+and I return the magnetizing inductance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I return the magnetizing inductance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I return the magnetizing inductance
+energy to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to the
+input this can work up to a duty ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input this can work up to a duty ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input this can work up to a duty ratio
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+50% or I could create another winding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% or I could create another winding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% or I could create another winding
+and instead of throwing the energy into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instead of throwing the energy into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instead of throwing the energy into
+a xener diode I could throw it back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a xener diode I could throw it back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a xener diode I could throw it back to
+the input that's another way I could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input that's another way I could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input that's another way I could do
+it okay so there's lots of ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so there's lots of ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so there's lots of ways to
+recover that energy and the trade-offs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover that energy and the trade-offs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover that energy and the trade-offs
+of how you do that separates different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how you do that separates different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how you do that separates different
+versions of the forward converter from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of the forward converter from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of the forward converter from
+one another so I don't want you to walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one another so I don't want you to walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one another so I don't want you to walk
+away with the notion that says I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away with the notion that says I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away with the notion that says I have to
+throw away the energy stored in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw away the energy stored in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw away the energy stored in the
+Transformer I don't I can recover it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer I don't I can recover it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer I don't I can recover it but
+it adds complexity and adds some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it adds complexity and adds some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it adds complexity and adds some
+tradeoffs okay any final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions okay we will pick up isolated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay we will pick up isolated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay we will pick up isolated
+converters again next class have a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters again next class have a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters again next class have a great
+day
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/IDo4uPyqQbQ.txt b/IDo4uPyqQbQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b95afe780eac83d5ef63c927f45fbb761af448eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/IDo4uPyqQbQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1389 @@
+GILBERT STRANG: OK, today is
+about differential equations.
+
+That's where calculus
+really is applied.
+
+And these will be equations
+that describe growth.
+
+And the first you've
+already seen.
+
+It's the most important and the
+simplest. The growth rate
+
+dy dt is proportional
+to y itself.
+
+Let's call c that constant
+that comes in there.
+
+And all these problems will
+start from some known point y
+
+at time 0 and evolve, grow,
+to k, whatever they do.
+
+And this one we know
+the solution to.
+
+We know that that will be an
+exponential growth with a
+
+factor c, a growth rate c.
+
+Actually, we should know that
+the solution has an e to the
+
+ct because when we take the
+derivative of this, it will
+
+bring down that factor
+c that we want.
+
+And at t equals 0
+this is correct.
+
+We get started correctly because
+at t equals 0 we have
+
+y of 0 is correctly given by
+the known starting point.
+
+Because when t is 0, that's 1.
+
+So that's the one we know.
+
+The most fundamental.
+
+Now, the next step.
+
+Still linear.
+
+That allows a source term.
+
+This might be money in the bank
+growing with an interest
+
+rate c per year.
+
+And the source term would be
+additional money that you're
+
+constantly putting in.
+
+Every time step in
+goes that saving.
+
+Or if s were negative, of
+course, it could be spending.
+
+For us, that's a linear
+differential equation with a
+
+constant right-hand
+side there.
+
+And we have to be able
+to solve it.
+
+And we can.
+
+In fact, I can fit it into
+the one we already now.
+
+Watch this.
+
+Let me take that to be
+c times y plus s/c.
+
+Remember, s and c
+are constants.
+
+And let me write that right-hand
+side, dy dt.
+
+I can put this constant in there
+too and still have the
+
+same derivative.
+
+So dy dt is exactly the same
+as the derivative of y plus
+
+s/c because that s/c is
+constant; its derivative is 0.
+
+So that dy dt is the
+same as before.
+
+But now look.
+
+We have this expression here
+that's just like this one,
+
+only it's y plus s/c that's
+growing at this growth rate c,
+
+starting from--
+
+the start would be
+y at 0 plus s/c.
+
+You see, this quantity in
+parentheses, I'm grabbing that
+
+as the thing that grows
+perfect exponentially.
+
+So I conclude that at a later
+time its value is its initial
+
+value times the growth.
+
+That is a rather quick
+solution to this
+
+differential equation.
+
+You might want me to put s/c
+on the right-hand side and
+
+have y of t by itself, and that
+would be a formula for
+
+the correct y of t that solves
+this equation that
+
+starts at y of 0.
+
+And of course, this one starts
+at y of 0 plus s/c and that's
+
+why we see y of 0 plus
+s/c right there.
+
+Do you see that that equation,
+well, it wasn't really
+
+systematic.
+
+And in a differential equations
+course you would
+
+learn how to reach that
+answer without
+
+sort of noticing that--
+
+actually, I should
+do that too.
+
+This is such a useful,
+important equation.
+
+It's linear, but it's got some
+right-hand side there.
+
+I should give you a system,
+say something about linear
+
+equations before I go on.
+
+The most interesting equation
+will be not linear, but let me
+
+say a word about linear
+equations of which that's a
+
+perfect example with
+a right-hand side.
+
+So linear equations.
+
+Linear equations.
+
+The solutions to linear
+equations, y of t, is--
+
+to all linear equations.
+
+Actually, this is a linear
+differential equation.
+
+When I'm teaching linear algebra
+I'm talking about
+
+matrix equations.
+
+The rule, it's the linear part
+that is important for these
+
+few thoughts.
+
+The solution to linear
+equations--
+
+can I underline linear--
+
+always has the form of some
+particular solution.
+
+Some function that does solve
+the equation plus another
+
+solution with a right side 0.
+
+You will see what I
+mean by those two
+
+parts for this example.
+
+Can I copy again this example
+dy dt is cy plus s.
+
+So I'm looking for a solution
+to that equation.
+
+First, let me look for a
+particular solution.
+
+That means just any function
+that solves the equation.
+
+Well, the simplest function I
+could think of would be a
+
+constant function.
+
+And if my solution was a
+constant, then its derivative
+
+would be 0.
+
+So that would be 0.
+
+And then c times that constant
+plus s would be 0.
+
+I want the equation
+to be solved.
+
+I claim that a particular
+solution is the constant y--
+
+so when I set that momentarily
+to 0, I'll discover I'll move
+
+the s over as minus s.
+
+I'll divide by the c and
+I'll have a minus s/c.
+
+That's a particular solution.
+
+Let's just plug it in.
+
+If I put in y.
+
+That's a constant, so it's
+derivative is 0.
+
+And c times that gives me
+minus s plus s is the 0.
+
+OK.
+
+That's a particular solution.
+
+And then what I mean
+by right side 0.
+
+What do I mean by that?
+
+I'm not going to wipe out all
+this, I'm going to wipe out--
+
+for this right side 0 part,
+I'm going to wipe out the
+
+source term.
+
+I mean, I keep the y's, but
+throw away the source in the
+
+right side 0.
+
+Maybe a book might often write
+the homogeneous equation.
+
+And the homogeneous equation
+is where we started,
+
+dy dt equals cy.
+
+What's the solution to that?
+
+The solution to dy dt is cy.
+
+This is this solution,
+e to the ct.
+
+Any a, any a times e to the ct
+will solve my simple equation.
+
+Once I've knocked out this
+s, then if y solves it, a
+
+times y solves it.
+
+I could multiply the
+equation by a.
+
+So a is arbitrary, any number.
+
+But of course, I'm going to
+find out what it is by
+
+starting at the right place.
+
+By starting at y of 0,
+I'll find out what--
+
+by setting t equals 0.
+
+So put t equals 0.
+
+To find a, put t equals 0.
+
+Because we know where
+we started.
+
+So we started at a known y of
+0 equals minus s/c plus A.
+
+Setting t equals
+0 makes that 1.
+
+You see we found
+out what A is.
+
+A is y of 0 plus s/c.
+
+And that's the thing that
+grows, that multiplies
+
+the e to the ct.
+
+And of course, it
+did it up here.
+
+Up here what multiplied the e to
+the ct was this y of 0 plus
+
+s/c, which is exactly our A.
+
+As I said, my main point in this
+lecture is to bring in a
+
+nonlinear equation.
+
+That's quite interesting
+and important.
+
+And it comes in population
+growth, ecology, it appears a
+
+lot of places and I'll write
+it down immediately.
+
+But just the starting point
+is always linear.
+
+And here we've got the basic
+linear equation and now the
+
+basic linear equation
+with a source term.
+
+Ready for the population
+equation.
+
+Population growth.
+
+Population P of t.
+
+OK, what's a reasonable
+differential equation that
+
+describes the growth
+of population?
+
+All right, so I'm interested
+in, what is a model?
+
+So this is actually where
+mathematics is applied.
+
+And many people will
+have models.
+
+And people who have a census
+can check those models and
+
+see, well, what are
+the constants?
+
+Does a good choice of constant
+make this model realistic over
+
+the last hundred years?
+
+Lots to do.
+
+Fantastic projects
+in this area.
+
+If you're looking for a project,
+google "population
+
+growth." See what they say.
+
+Several sites will say--
+
+Wikipedia, I did it
+this morning.
+
+I looked at Wikipedia.
+
+I'll tell you some things
+later about Wikipedia.
+
+And also, the Census Bureau has
+a site and they all know
+
+the population now
+pretty closely.
+
+Everybody would like
+to know what it's
+
+going to be in 50 years.
+
+And to get 50 years out,
+you have to have some
+
+mathematical model.
+
+And I'm going to pick this
+differential equation.
+
+There's going to be a growth.
+
+That c would be sort
+of birth rate.
+
+Well, I guess birth rate
+minus death rate.
+
+So that would be the
+growth rate.
+
+And if we only had that term
+the population would grow
+
+exponentially forever.
+
+There's going to be another
+term because that's not
+
+realistic for the population
+just to keep growing.
+
+As the earth fills up, there's
+some maybe competition term.
+
+Some slowdown term.
+
+So it's going to have
+a minus sign.
+
+And maybe s for a slow
+down factor.
+
+And I'm going to
+take P squared.
+
+That reflects sort of population
+interacting with
+
+population.
+
+There are many problems. This
+is also a model for problems
+
+in chemistry and biology,
+mass action it would
+
+be called in chemistry.
+
+Where I would have two different
+materials, two
+
+different substances, two
+different chemicals.
+
+And the interaction between the
+two would be proportional
+
+to the amount of one and also
+proportional to the
+
+amount of the other.
+
+So it'll be proportional
+to the product.
+
+One concentration
+times the other.
+
+Well, there I would have to have
+two equations for the two
+
+concentrations.
+
+Here I'm taking a more basic
+problem where I just have one
+
+unknown, the population P,
+and one equation for it.
+
+And it's P times P. It's the
+number of people meeting other
+
+people and crowding.
+
+So s is a very small number.
+
+Very small, like one over
+a billion or something.
+
+Now, I want you to solve
+that equation.
+
+Or I want us to solve it.
+
+And we don't right now
+have great tools
+
+for nonlinear equations.
+
+We have more calculus to learn,
+but this one will give
+
+in if we do it right.
+
+And let me show you what the
+solution looks like because
+
+you don't want to miss that.
+
+We'll get into the formula.
+
+We'll make it as nice
+as possible, but
+
+the graph is great.
+
+So the population.
+
+Well, notice, what would happen
+if the population
+
+starts out at 0?
+
+Nobody's around.
+
+Then the derivative is 0.
+
+It never leaves 0.
+
+So this 0 would be a solution.
+
+P equals 0 constant solution.
+
+Not interesting.
+
+There's another case, important
+case, when the
+
+derivative is 0.
+
+Suppose the derivative is 0.
+
+That means we're going to look
+for a particular very special
+
+solution that doesn't move.
+
+So if that derivative is 0,
+then cP equals sP squared.
+
+Can I do this in the corner?
+
+If cP equals sP squared.
+
+And if I cancel a P, I get
+P is equal to c/s.
+
+So there's some solution.
+
+Can I call it that c/s?
+
+Well, everybody would like to
+know exactly what those
+
+numbers are.
+
+It's maybe about 10
+billion people.
+
+So what I'm saying is
+if I got up to--
+
+not me.
+
+If the world got up to 10
+billion, then at that point,
+
+the growth and the competition
+would knock each other out,
+
+would cancel each other.
+
+There wouldn't be any
+further change.
+
+So that's a kind of point
+that we won't go past.
+
+But now, let me draw the real
+solution because the real
+
+solution starts with--
+
+who knows?
+
+Two people, Adam and Eve.
+
+100 people, whatever.
+
+Whenever we start counting.
+
+This is time.
+
+You know, that's the time
+that we're starting.
+
+We could start today.
+
+This is time starting at some
+point where we know something.
+
+Well, we have pretty good
+numbers back for
+
+some hundreds of years.
+
+So probably it wouldn't
+be today we'd start.
+
+But wherever we start, we
+follow that equation.
+
+Let me just draw the graph.
+
+It grows.
+
+It grows and then at a certain
+point, and it turns out to be
+
+the halfway point, c over 2s.
+
+It's beautiful calculus.
+
+It turns out that that's
+a point of inflection.
+
+It's not only growing, it's
+growing faster and faster up
+
+to this time.
+
+I don't know when that is, but
+that's a very critical moment
+
+in the history of the world.
+
+I think we may be a little
+passed it actually.
+
+And after that point,
+the whole thing
+
+is just like symmetric.
+
+It's an s-shaped.
+
+It goes up and now slows down
+and gets closer and closer to
+
+this c/s steady state.
+
+I would call c/s
+a steady state.
+
+If it gets there it stays
+there steadily.
+
+It won't quite get there.
+
+This would be the s curve.
+
+And if I went back in time, it
+would be going back, back,
+
+back to nearly 0.
+
+Probably to 2.
+
+And up here, but not
+quite there.
+
+That's the population curve that
+comes from this model.
+
+I can't say that's the
+population curve that's going
+
+to happen in the next thousand
+years because the model is a
+
+good start.
+
+But of course, you could add in
+more terms for epidemics,
+
+for wars, for migration.
+
+All sorts of things
+affect the model.
+
+OK, now the math.
+
+The math says solve
+the equation.
+
+OK, how am I going to do that?
+
+Well, there are different
+ways, but here's
+
+a rather neat way.
+
+It turns out that if I try y.
+
+Let me introduce y as 1/P, then
+the equation for y is
+
+going to come out terrific.
+
+This is a trick that works
+for this equation.
+
+Nonlinear equations, it's
+OK to have a few tricks.
+
+All right, so this is
+y of t is 1/P of t.
+
+So of course the graph of y
+will be different and the
+
+equation for y will
+be different.
+
+Let me say what that equation
+looks like.
+
+OK, so I want to know,
+what's dy dt?
+
+I know how to take
+the derivative.
+
+We get to use calculus.
+
+This is P to the minus 1.
+
+So the derivative of P to
+the minus 1 is minus 1.
+
+P to the minus 2 times dP dt.
+
+That's the chain rule.
+
+P to the minus 1, the derivative
+is minus 1, p to
+
+the minus 2, and the derivative
+of P itself.
+
+And now I know dP dt.
+
+Now I'm going to use
+my equation.
+
+So that's cP minus sP squared
+with a minus.
+
+Oh, I can't lose that minus.
+
+Put it there.
+
+Keep your eye on that minus.
+
+Divided by P squared.
+
+So now I'll use the minus.
+
+That looks like an s to me.
+
+Minus minus is plus s.
+
+And what do I have here?
+
+Minus cP over P squared.
+
+I think I have minus c/P.
+And you say OK, true.
+
+But what good is that?
+
+But look, that 1/P is our y.
+
+So now I have s minus cy.
+
+The equation for y, the dy dt
+equation turns out to be
+
+linear with a source term
+s just as in the
+
+start of the lecture.
+
+And the growth rate term has
+a minus c, which we expect.
+
+Because our y is now 1 over.
+
+When this growth is going up
+exponentially, 1 over it is
+
+going down exponentially.
+
+And it turns out that same c.
+
+In other words, we can
+solve this equation.
+
+In fact, we have solved this
+equation just for--
+
+shall I write down the answer?
+
+So the answer for y.
+
+You remember the answer
+for y is--
+
+I'm going to look over here.
+
+Up there.
+
+This is our equation, the only
+difference is c is coming in
+
+with a minus sign.
+
+So I'm just going to write
+that same solution,
+
+just copy that here.
+
+y of t.
+
+Now c is coming in with
+a minus sign, is
+
+y of 0 minus s/c.
+
+c has that minus sign.
+
+e to the minus ct.
+
+OK, good.
+
+That's the solution for y.
+
+So we solved the equation.
+
+You could say, well, you solved
+the equation for y.
+
+But now P is just 1/y.
+
+Or y is 1/P. So I just go back
+now and change from y back to
+
+P. 1 over P of t is--
+
+here I have 1 over P of 0.
+
+Is it OK if I leave the
+solution in that form?
+
+I can solve for P of t and get
+it all-- you get P of t equals
+
+and a whole lot of stuff
+on the right side.
+
+I move this over.
+
+I have to flip it upside down.
+
+It doesn't look as nice.
+
+Well, I guess I could.
+
+I could move that over
+and then just put
+
+to the minus 1 power.
+
+That would do it.
+
+And that is the solution.
+
+Maybe I should do that.
+
+P of t is--
+
+I'm going to move this over.
+
+So this same parenthesis times
+e to the ct plus s/c.
+
+I moved that over.
+
+And then I say I have
+to flip it.
+
+So it's 1 over that.
+
+1 over all that stuff, where
+this is just this
+
+stuff copied again.
+
+So we get an expression but
+to me, that top one
+
+looks pretty nice.
+
+And graphing it is no problem.
+
+And that's what the
+graph looks like.
+
+It's that famous s curve.
+
+What we've solved here was the
+population equation and it's
+
+often called the logistic
+equation.
+
+I mention that word because you
+could see it there as the
+
+heading for this particular
+model.
+
+So let me let you leave open
+everything we've done today.
+
+But maybe I can say the most
+interesting aspect is the
+
+model itself.
+
+To what extent is it accurate?
+
+We could try it.
+
+We could estimate c and s,
+those numbers, to fit the
+
+model of what we know over
+one time period.
+
+And then we could see,
+does it extend over
+
+another time period?
+
+I was going to say
+about Wikipedia.
+
+And generally, Wikipedia
+is not too bad.
+
+They made one goof, which
+I thought was awful.
+
+The question was, what's
+the growth rate?
+
+Actually, Wikipedia
+doesn't discuss
+
+this particular equation.
+
+It tells you a lot of other
+things about population.
+
+Of course, they talk about the
+growth rate and at one point
+
+they say at one time,
+it was 1.8%.
+
+I say 1.8% is not
+a growth rate.
+
+Growth rate, c, don't have--
+
+they're not percentages.
+
+Their units are 1 over time.
+
+And maybe I could make that
+point, emphasize that point.
+
+When I see ct together, that
+tells me that has the
+
+dimension of time, of course.
+
+So c must have the dimensions
+of 1 over time.
+
+The growth rate is
+1.8% per year.
+
+And I will admit that three
+lines later on Wikipedia, when
+
+they're referring to an earlier
+growth rate earlier in
+
+the last century, they
+do say 2.2% per year.
+
+They get it right.
+
+The units are 1 over time.
+
+The solution is telling us
+that and the equation is
+
+telling us that.
+
+This has the dimensions of
+population, number of people.
+
+So does this.
+
+I'm dividing by a time.
+
+So c must be the source of
+that division by a time.
+
+The units of c must
+be 1 over time.
+
+You might like to figure out the
+units of s because in an
+
+equation, everything has to have
+the same units, the same
+
+dimension to make any
+sense at all.
+
+So with that little comment,
+let me emphasize
+
+the interest in just--
+
+if you have a project to do,
+this could be a quite
+
+remarkable one.
+
+Now just I'll write down,
+but not solve--
+
+since I have a little space
+and mathematicians tend to
+
+fill space--
+
+I'll write down one
+more equation.
+
+Actually, it will be two
+equations because it's a
+
+predator and a prey.
+
+A hunter and a hunted.
+
+And in ecology, or modeling,
+whatever.
+
+Foxes and rabbits, maybe.
+
+We might have these equations,
+the predator
+
+and the prey equation.
+
+And what would that look like?
+
+So we have two unknowns.
+
+The predator.
+
+Can I call that u?
+
+So I have a du dt.
+
+What's the growth of the
+predators, the number or the
+
+population?
+
+These are both populations, but
+of two different species.
+
+And the prey will be
+v. So u is the
+
+population of the predator.
+
+If the predator has nothing
+to eat, the populations of
+
+predator is going to drop.
+
+But the more prey
+that's around--
+
+so here we'll have a u times
+v going positive.
+
+So we'll have something like a
+minus cu as a term that if
+
+there's nothing to eat, if
+that's all there is, if the
+
+prey is all gone, the predator
+will die out.
+
+But when there is a predator,
+there will be a source term
+
+proportional to u and v. The
+more predators there are,
+
+they're all eating away.
+
+And the more prey there is
+the more they're eating.
+
+And now what about dv dt?
+
+OK, v is a totally different
+position.
+
+I guess it's getting eaten.
+
+So this term, well, I'm
+not sure what all the
+
+constants are here.
+
+The prey, this is now the prey,
+the little rabbits.
+
+They're just eating grass.
+
+Plenty of grass around.
+
+So they're reproducing.
+
+So they have some positive
+growth rate, capital C.
+
+Multiple per year.
+
+But then they will have a
+negative term as we saw in
+
+population coming from the
+competition with a predator.
+
+So this would be a model, a
+predator-prey model that also
+
+shows up in many applications
+of mathematics.
+
+So there you see two linear
+differential equations.
+
+The simple one dy
+dt we'll see y.
+
+We totally know how
+to solve that.
+
+Now with a source term s,
+we're OK, and we got the
+
+solution there and we found
+it a second way.
+
+Then thirdly was the main
+interest, the population
+
+equation, the logistic equation
+with a P squared,
+
+which we were able to solve
+and graph the solution.
+
+That s curve is just
+fantastic.
+
+If you want a challenge,
+check that this--
+
+so what do I mean at that
+inflection point?
+
+What's happening there?
+
+I claim that at this value of P,
+the curve stops bending up,
+
+starts bending down,
+which means second
+
+derivative of P is 0.
+
+You could check that.
+
+Take the equation, take its
+derivative to get the second
+
+derivative.
+
+Then that'll involve
+dP dts over here.
+
+But then you know dP dt,
+so plug that in.
+
+And then finally, you'll
+get down to P's.
+
+And I think you'll find that the
+thing cancels itself out.
+
+The second derivative, the
+bending in the s curve, is 0
+
+at c over 2s.
+
+So that's the moment
+of fastest growth.
+
+And maybe that happened
+relatively recently.
+
+And we're slowing down, but
+we've got a long way to go.
+
+So roughly, I think the
+population now is
+
+just under 7 billion.
+
+And oh boy, if we just left--
+
+if it was 7 billion at that
+point, it would be 14 billion
+
+at the end.
+
+I think we're a better further
+along now at 7 billion.
+
+7 billion's somewhere
+about here.
+
+So maybe the end with this model
+is more like 10 or 11
+
+billion as the population of the
+earth at t equal infinity.
+
+OK, that's a mathematical
+model.
+
+Thank you.
+
+ANNOUNCER: This has been
+a production of MIT
+
+OpenCourseWare and
+Gilbert Strang.
+
+Funding for this video was
+provided by the Lord
+
+Foundation.
+
+To help OCW continue to provide
+free and open access
+
+to MIT courses, please
+make a donation at
+
+ocw.mit.edu/donate.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/IZZ4y5GfdOU.txt b/IZZ4y5GfdOU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..859db883ff72a58a3627f7486d35d36a4df4f27b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/IZZ4y5GfdOU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17195 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay
+um what we're going to do is we're start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what we're going to do is we're start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what we're going to do is we're start
+our story in what at the time would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our story in what at the time would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our story in what at the time would have
+been called the Northwest United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been called the Northwest United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been called the Northwest United States
+we're in the first part of the 1800s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in the first part of the 1800s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in the first part of the 1800s and
+we're really talking about kind of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're really talking about kind of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're really talking about kind of this
+portion of it here although later on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of it here although later on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of it here although later on in
+our story we'll actually cover this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our story we'll actually cover this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our story we'll actually cover this
+whole region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole region
+here um this was a sparcely pro uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um this was a sparcely pro uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um this was a sparcely pro uh
+populated impoverished area there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populated impoverished area there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populated impoverished area there were
+basically no roads or towns uh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically no roads or towns uh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically no roads or towns uh there's
+lots of swamps mountains rivers very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of swamps mountains rivers very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of swamps mountains rivers very
+Land Transportation is very difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Land Transportation is very difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Land Transportation is very difficult
+the area was more or less under constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area was more or less under constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area was more or less under constant
+Warfare from 1800 till about 1880 uh I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warfare from 1800 till about 1880 uh I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warfare from 1800 till about 1880 uh I'm
+talking about large scale uh armed uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about large scale uh armed uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about large scale uh armed uh
+armies in what would be called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+armies in what would be called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+armies in what would be called the
+Indian Wars um but also smaller scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indian Wars um but also smaller scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indian Wars um but also smaller scale
+raids of dozens or half a dozen people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raids of dozens or half a dozen people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raids of dozens or half a dozen people
+and individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and individual
+murders um it was among the poorest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murders um it was among the poorest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murders um it was among the poorest
+areas on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas on
+Earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth
+um who lived there anybody know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um who lived there anybody know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um who lived there anybody know
+so early 1800s 1810 1820 in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so early 1800s 1810 1820 in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so early 1800s 1810 1820 in the
+Northwest United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northwest United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northwest United
+States no one anybody no people live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States no one anybody no people live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States no one anybody no people live
+there people looking for gold um gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there people looking for gold um gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there people looking for gold um gold
+miners were a little bit later but sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miners were a little bit later but sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miners were a little bit later but sure
+they they would come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they would come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they would come
+along there were some Native Americans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along there were some Native Americans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along there were some Native Americans
+many of them had been pushed from other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them had been pushed from other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them had been pushed from other
+places right the East Coast uh Native
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places right the East Coast uh Native
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places right the East Coast uh Native
+Americans had been pushed in there uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans had been pushed in there uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans had been pushed in there uh
+there were some Native Americans that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were some Native Americans that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were some Native Americans that
+lived there who were being uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lived there who were being uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lived there who were being uh uh
+resisting that they were also natives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resisting that they were also natives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resisting that they were also natives
+being pushed in from the south uh by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being pushed in from the south uh by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being pushed in from the south uh by the
+people in Mexico so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in Mexico so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in Mexico so we
+got being pushed in how about a Cadian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got being pushed in how about a Cadian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got being pushed in how about a Cadian
+Driftwood anybody here so the Canadian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Driftwood anybody here so the Canadian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Driftwood anybody here so the Canadian
+Rebels who are French speaking are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rebels who are French speaking are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rebels who are French speaking are being
+pushed here by the English Whiskey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed here by the English Whiskey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed here by the English Whiskey
+Rebellion right the rebellious people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rebellion right the rebellious people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rebellion right the rebellious people in
+the United States are being pushed out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States are being pushed out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States are being pushed out
+here Escape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Escape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Escape
+slaves uh debtors there was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slaves uh debtors there was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slaves uh debtors there was an
+expression at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression at the time
+gtt if uh you didn't want to pay your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gtt if uh you didn't want to pay your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gtt if uh you didn't want to pay your
+debts you wrote gtt on your door it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debts you wrote gtt on your door it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debts you wrote gtt on your door it
+meant Gone to Texas and you headed over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant Gone to Texas and you headed over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant Gone to Texas and you headed over
+here so we got this area right full of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we got this area right full of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we got this area right full of
+losers of uh uh violence uh very little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losers of uh uh violence uh very little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losers of uh uh violence uh very little
+in the way of um economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+resources few years ago somebody did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources few years ago somebody did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources few years ago somebody did a
+list of the hundred wealthiest Americans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of the hundred wealthiest Americans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of the hundred wealthiest Americans
+of all time and they compared it they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all time and they compared it they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all time and they compared it they
+took the Tred to estimate the wealth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took the Tred to estimate the wealth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took the Tred to estimate the wealth of
+these people and they comp compared it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people and they comp compared it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people and they comp compared it
+to the total size of the economy at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the total size of the economy at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the total size of the economy at the
+time 19 of the 100 wealthiest Americans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time 19 of the 100 wealthiest Americans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time 19 of the 100 wealthiest Americans
+of all time were in that Northwest area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all time were in that Northwest area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all time were in that Northwest area
+in 1850 and they made their money from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1850 and they made their money from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1850 and they made their money from
+about 1850 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1850 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1850 to
+1880 so what happened how did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1880 so what happened how did this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1880 so what happened how did this
+poor economic Place With No prospects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor economic Place With No prospects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor economic Place With No prospects
+for anything the last place in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for anything the last place in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for anything the last place in the world
+you would expect anybody to get rich how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would expect anybody to get rich how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would expect anybody to get rich how
+did it generate such tremendous fortunes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it generate such tremendous fortunes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it generate such tremendous fortunes
+and it isn't just money I mean you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it isn't just money I mean you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it isn't just money I mean you just
+say okay well some of them struck gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay well some of them struck gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay well some of them struck gold
+or oil or something like that but listen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or oil or something like that but listen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or oil or something like that but listen
+to the names it wasn't just robber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the names it wasn't just robber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the names it wasn't just robber
+barons like uh Rockefeller melan and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barons like uh Rockefeller melan and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barons like uh Rockefeller melan and
+Carnegie it was great inventors like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carnegie it was great inventors like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carnegie it was great inventors like
+McCormick Westinghouse and Pullman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McCormick Westinghouse and Pullman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McCormick Westinghouse and Pullman
+innovators in other fields such as Swift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovators in other fields such as Swift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovators in other fields such as Swift
+Pulitzer Hurst armor Marshall field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pulitzer Hurst armor Marshall field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pulitzer Hurst armor Marshall field
+these people are household names today I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people are household names today I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people are household names today I
+challenge anybody in this room to name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge anybody in this room to name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge anybody in this room to name
+any other business innovator anywhere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other business innovator anywhere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other business innovator anywhere in
+the world in the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1900s okay so we got 19 of them in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1900s okay so we got 19 of them in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1900s okay so we got 19 of them in this
+little area and we know them today right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little area and we know them today right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little area and we know them today right
+none anywhere else there were some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none anywhere else there were some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none anywhere else there were some
+Innovations in other places but here was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovations in other places but here was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovations in other places but here was
+clearly the place where Modern business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly the place where Modern business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly the place where Modern business
+was being formed so what was it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was being formed so what was it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was being formed so what was it that
+they had was it something in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had was it something in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had was it something in the
+water something in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water something in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water something in the
+air what did this region have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air what did this region have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air what did this region have that
+nothing else nobody else had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no there is a very sparcely populated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no there is a very sparcely populated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no there is a very sparcely populated
+labor was extremely expensive and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor was extremely expensive and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor was extremely expensive and and
+and your laborers had to spend most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your laborers had to spend most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your laborers had to spend most of
+their time eeking out subsistence living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their time eeking out subsistence living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their time eeking out subsistence living
+right you couldn't you know there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you couldn't you know there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you couldn't you know there's no
+it would be very expensive to bring in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be very expensive to bring in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be very expensive to bring in
+food or supplies for them now labor was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food or supplies for them now labor was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food or supplies for them now labor was
+extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely
+expensive well I'll tell you one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive well I'll tell you one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive well I'll tell you one thing
+they had was they had a game called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had was they had a game called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had was they had a game called
+poker all right you're laughing I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker all right you're laughing I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker all right you're laughing I hope
+you won't be laughing at the end of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't be laughing at the end of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't be laughing at the end of this
+when we let's go back the first written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we let's go back the first written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we let's go back the first written
+records we have from outside this region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records we have from outside this region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records we have from outside this region
+about Poker come to us from about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Poker come to us from about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Poker come to us from about the
+late 1820s and the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 1820s and the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 1820s and the early
+1830s it's a lot more interesting what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1830s it's a lot more interesting what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1830s it's a lot more interesting what
+they don't say than what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't say than what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't say than what they
+say one thing they don't say is people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say one thing they don't say is people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say one thing they don't say is people
+in this region played this game called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this region played this game called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this region played this game called
+poker and here's how it works none of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker and here's how it works none of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker and here's how it works none of
+them explain the game at all that's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them explain the game at all that's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them explain the game at all that's kind
+of strange right somebody comes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of strange right somebody comes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of strange right somebody comes and
+tells you hey there's this game people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you hey there's this game people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you hey there's this game people
+are playing here but they don't tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are playing here but they don't tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are playing here but they don't tell you
+the rules they didn't even describe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rules they didn't even describe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rules they didn't even describe it
+as a game the one thing they were very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a game the one thing they were very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a game the one thing they were very
+clear about is it involved transferring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear about is it involved transferring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear about is it involved transferring
+large amounts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large amounts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large amounts of
+money they also nobody said oh it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money they also nobody said oh it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money they also nobody said oh it's a
+variant of this game or that game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant of this game or that game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant of this game or that game
+somebody plays somewhere else nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody plays somewhere else nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody plays somewhere else nobody
+said um this is some game that you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said um this is some game that you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said um this is some game that you might
+be interested in everybody already knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interested in everybody already knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interested in everybody already knew
+I mean it was you can read these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it was you can read these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it was you can read these things
+it was common knowledge that people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was common knowledge that people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was common knowledge that people in
+this area played a game called poker it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this area played a game called poker it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this area played a game called poker it
+was a very serious game played for very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a very serious game played for very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a very serious game played for very
+large amounts of money it was played
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large amounts of money it was played
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large amounts of money it was played
+nowhere else nobody met mention any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere else nobody met mention any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere else nobody met mention any
+antecedence nobody said it was brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antecedence nobody said it was brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antecedence nobody said it was brought
+in by the French or by the Indians or by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in by the French or by the Indians or by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in by the French or by the Indians or by
+the Persians or by uh uh any other group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Persians or by uh uh any other group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Persians or by uh uh any other group
+it was just there it was there in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+area couple other interesting things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area couple other interesting things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area couple other interesting things
+about this game first of all what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this game first of all what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this game first of all what we
+know that far more popular than poker at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that far more popular than poker at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that far more popular than poker at
+any period in time and certainly in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any period in time and certainly in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any period in time and certainly in this
+period as well were standard gambling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period as well were standard gambling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period as well were standard gambling
+games that are played variants of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games that are played variants of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games that are played variants of which
+are played all over the world by um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are played all over the world by um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are played all over the world by um
+people of all classes dice games Pharaoh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people of all classes dice games Pharaoh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people of all classes dice games Pharaoh
+was very popular at the time wheel-based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very popular at the time wheel-based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very popular at the time wheel-based
+chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance
+games we also know though the other kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games we also know though the other kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games we also know though the other kind
+of game people were familiar with is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of game people were familiar with is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of game people were familiar with is
+played by Aristocrats things like Wist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played by Aristocrats things like Wist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played by Aristocrats things like Wist
+or chess that don't necessarily involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or chess that don't necessarily involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or chess that don't necessarily involve
+gambling although they can um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gambling although they can um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gambling although they can um and
+involve a lot of skill poker was neither
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve a lot of skill poker was neither
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve a lot of skill poker was neither
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+above okay so let's start asking what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above okay so let's start asking what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above okay so let's start asking what is
+there about poker that was different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there about poker that was different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there about poker that was different
+from any game that came before it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from any game that came before it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from any game that came before it this
+might give us some clue as to why this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might give us some clue as to why this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might give us some clue as to why this
+was different what was going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was different what was going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was different what was going on
+here Ace beats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Ace beats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Ace beats
+King okay that doesn't seem like much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+King okay that doesn't seem like much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+King okay that doesn't seem like much
+today that was pretty revolutionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today that was pretty revolutionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today that was pretty revolutionary
+right you go to get executed in most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you go to get executed in most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you go to get executed in most
+countries of the world in those days for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries of the world in those days for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries of the world in those days for
+saying that and and and and and Ace was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that and and and and and Ace was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that and and and and and Ace was
+by the way in early poker Ace was always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way in early poker Ace was always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way in early poker Ace was always
+high there was no such thing as a low I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high there was no such thing as a low I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high there was no such thing as a low I
+so that tells you something okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that tells you something okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that tells you something okay the
+people who made this game they weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who made this game they weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who made this game they weren't
+monarchist right they were they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monarchist right they were they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monarchist right they were they were
+thinking a different way here's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking a different way here's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking a different way here's another
+thing though the hand ranking ings are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing though the hand ranking ings are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing though the hand ranking ings are
+in order of uh Rarity the rarer the hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order of uh Rarity the rarer the hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order of uh Rarity the rarer the hand
+the higher it ranks and in early poker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the higher it ranks and in early poker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the higher it ranks and in early poker
+we didn't have Straits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't have Straits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't have Straits and
+flushes um so it's even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flushes um so it's even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flushes um so it's even more
+straightforward but here's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward but here's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward but here's something
+kind of interesting here's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of interesting here's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of interesting here's something
+that changed in the game so in the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that changed in the game so in the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that changed in the game so in the early
+poker up until about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker up until about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker up until about the
+1830s um this principle that the rarer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1830s um this principle that the rarer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1830s um this principle that the rarer
+the hand the more valuable it was was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hand the more valuable it was was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hand the more valuable it was was
+actually employed much more consistently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually employed much more consistently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually employed much more consistently
+so today when you compare two hands that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today when you compare two hands that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today when you compare two hands that
+are of the same type so two people each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are of the same type so two people each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are of the same type so two people each
+have two pair two people each have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two pair two people each have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two pair two people each have a
+pair two people each have you know uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair two people each have you know uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair two people each have you know uh a
+nothing hand you decide the winner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing hand you decide the winner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing hand you decide the winner
+starting from the highest cards on down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from the highest cards on down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from the highest cards on down
+right so if I have two pair and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I have two pair and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I have two pair and you have
+two pair we first look at who has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pair we first look at who has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pair we first look at who has the
+higher highest pair then we look at who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher highest pair then we look at who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher highest pair then we look at who
+has the high or lowest pair if that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the high or lowest pair if that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the high or lowest pair if that's a
+tie but in early poker it was a reversed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tie but in early poker it was a reversed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tie but in early poker it was a reversed
+and you can see if you rank it the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see if you rank it the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see if you rank it the way
+we do today we've inverted our principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do today we've inverted our principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do today we've inverted our principle
+now the more common the hand like a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the more common the hand like a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the more common the hand like a high
+hand are 500,000 out of the 1.3 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand are 500,000 out of the 1.3 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand are 500,000 out of the 1.3 million
+these are hands with no straight no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are hands with no straight no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are hands with no straight no
+flush no pair no no match uh the ASI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flush no pair no no match uh the ASI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flush no pair no no match uh the ASI
+hands are the most common but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands are the most common but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands are the most common but they
+ranked the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranked the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranked the
+highest in poker up till about like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest in poker up till about like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest in poker up till about like I
+say the 1830s we ranked it by the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the 1830s we ranked it by the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the 1830s we ranked it by the lowest
+card in the hand so you first compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card in the hand so you first compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card in the hand so you first compared
+your lowest card then your second lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your lowest card then your second lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your lowest card then your second lowest
+and there you see we are true to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there you see we are true to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there you see we are true to the
+principle that the rare the hand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle that the rare the hand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle that the rare the hand the
+higher it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher it
+ranks can anybody see the Strategic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranks can anybody see the Strategic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranks can anybody see the Strategic
+difference this makes why is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference this makes why is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference this makes why is this
+important is it just I mean is it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is it just I mean is it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is it just I mean is it just
+completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely
+arbitrary what difference does it make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary what difference does it make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary what difference does it make
+let's say we did things this way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say we did things this way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say we did things this way in
+poker what difference would it make to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker what difference would it make to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker what difference would it make to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+play what it means is aces are much less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play what it means is aces are much less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play what it means is aces are much less
+valuable it's a lot like anybody here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable it's a lot like anybody here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable it's a lot like anybody here
+ever played lowball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever played lowball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever played lowball
+poker lowball poker your best cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker lowball poker your best cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker lowball poker your best cards
+don't help you the question is what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't help you the question is what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't help you the question is what's
+your worst card you know you talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your worst card you know you talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your worst card you know you talk about
+a low ball hand you talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a low ball hand you talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a low ball hand you talk about the
+highest card in the hand that makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest card in the hand that makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest card in the hand that makes it
+you can have four great cards and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have four great cards and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have four great cards and a
+fifth card can completely ruin it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth card can completely ruin it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth card can completely ruin it you
+can have king queen Jack and then a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have king queen Jack and then a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have king queen Jack and then a two
+and you've got a two low hand and youve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've got a two low hand and youve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've got a two low hand and youve
+got everybody you lose everybody else in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got everybody you lose everybody else in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got everybody you lose everybody else in
+modern poker if you have an A if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern poker if you have an A if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern poker if you have an A if we
+let's say we both have hands and neither
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say we both have hands and neither
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say we both have hands and neither
+one of us has any matches or straight or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of us has any matches or straight or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of us has any matches or straight or
+flush if I have an ace I have an 83%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flush if I have an ace I have an 83%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flush if I have an ace I have an 83%
+chance that I beat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that I beat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that I beat
+you but if we rank them by low card an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but if we rank them by low card an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but if we rank them by low card an
+ace only gives you a 56% chance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ace only gives you a 56% chance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ace only gives you a 56% chance of
+winning and Ace is much less valuable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning and Ace is much less valuable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning and Ace is much less valuable
+because you know really the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know really the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know really the difference
+between Ace king queen and Jack is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Ace king queen and Jack is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Ace king queen and Jack is very
+little because it's your lowest card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little because it's your lowest card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little because it's your lowest card
+that's going to determine how strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to determine how strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to determine how strong
+your hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand
+is now the biggest point I want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now the biggest point I want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now the biggest point I want to make
+about this isn't the subtleties of a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this isn't the subtleties of a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this isn't the subtleties of a you
+know strategy when you rank C hands this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know strategy when you rank C hands this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know strategy when you rank C hands this
+way this is a game that was designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this is a game that was designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this is a game that was designed
+this is a game that somebody thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a game that somebody thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a game that somebody thought
+about articulated a rational principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about articulated a rational principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about articulated a rational principle
+and did from what was at the time some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and did from what was at the time some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and did from what was at the time some
+pretty clever mathematics to uh figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clever mathematics to uh figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clever mathematics to uh figure
+out the ranking this is not a game that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the ranking this is not a game that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the ranking this is not a game that
+evolved by long tradition this is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved by long tradition this is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved by long tradition this is not a
+game where some somebody in a Court sat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game where some somebody in a Court sat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game where some somebody in a Court sat
+down and wrote the rules this is a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and wrote the rules this is a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and wrote the rules this is a game
+that somebody designed and they designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somebody designed and they designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somebody designed and they designed
+it for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for a
+reason but actually the card play in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason but actually the card play in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason but actually the card play in
+poker is pretty trivy simple and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker is pretty trivy simple and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker is pretty trivy simple and
+especially straight poker was called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially straight poker was called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially straight poker was called
+straight poker at the time the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight poker at the time the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight poker at the time the way the
+game was played was you were dealt a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game was played was you were dealt a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game was played was you were dealt a
+card you had a betting round you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card you had a betting round you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card you had a betting round you were
+dealt a second card you had a betting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealt a second card you had a betting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealt a second card you had a betting
+round you were dealt a third card you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round you were dealt a third card you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round you were dealt a third card you
+had a betting round and then that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a betting round and then that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a betting round and then that was
+the last round the last two cards at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last round the last two cards at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last round the last two cards at the
+time they were called the turn and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time they were called the turn and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time they were called the turn and the
+river just like can hold them today uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river just like can hold them today uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river just like can hold them today uh
+were dealt together and there was no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were dealt together and there was no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were dealt together and there was no
+betting after the final card I'll tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betting after the final card I'll tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betting after the final card I'll tell
+you why that's important in a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you why that's important in a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you why that's important in a bit
+another thing about the way the beding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing about the way the beding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing about the way the beding
+was done is there was no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was done is there was no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was done is there was no
+antee there is no blind in the sense we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antee there is no blind in the sense we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antee there is no blind in the sense we
+know it today the way the betting worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it today the way the betting worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it today the way the betting worked
+and again this shows some very careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again this shows some very careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again this shows some very careful
+design on somebody's part the dealer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design on somebody's part the dealer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design on somebody's part the dealer
+dealt the cards the person to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealt the cards the person to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealt the cards the person to the
+dealers uh left was known as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealers uh left was known as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealers uh left was known as the
+age the age posted a stake and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age the age posted a stake and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age the age posted a stake and they
+could post any before they saw their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could post any before they saw their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could post any before they saw their
+card their first card they could post a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card their first card they could post a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card their first card they could post a
+stake any any amount they wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stake any any amount they wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stake any any amount they wanted
+including zero they didn't have to post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including zero they didn't have to post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including zero they didn't have to post
+anything but the rules were a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything but the rules were a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything but the rules were a little
+different on the first and this is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different on the first and this is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different on the first and this is only
+on the first round at all the subsequent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the first round at all the subsequent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the first round at all the subsequent
+round the betting is exactly the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round the betting is exactly the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round the betting is exactly the same as
+modern poker but on the first round you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern poker but on the first round you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern poker but on the first round you
+were not allowed to call the AG's bet so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not allowed to call the AG's bet so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not allowed to call the AG's bet so
+let's say the age bets a dollar you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say the age bets a dollar you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say the age bets a dollar you
+cannot call that you can fold or you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot call that you can fold or you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot call that you can fold or you can
+raise and the minimum raises the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise and the minimum raises the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise and the minimum raises the amount
+so the minimum bet would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the minimum bet would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the minimum bet would be
+$2 so this gives a lot more advantage to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$2 so this gives a lot more advantage to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$2 so this gives a lot more advantage to
+the age uh compared to somebody who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the age uh compared to somebody who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the age uh compared to somebody who
+posts a blind today um a blind that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posts a blind today um a blind that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posts a blind today um a blind that can
+be called in way you can see the analogy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be called in way you can see the analogy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be called in way you can see the analogy
+between what the age does and what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between what the age does and what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between what the age does and what the
+small blind does in poker that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small blind does in poker that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small blind does in poker that uh
+somebody has to double the bat in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody has to double the bat in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody has to double the bat in order
+to play although in modern poker with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play although in modern poker with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play although in modern poker with a
+small blind and a big blind someone is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small blind and a big blind someone is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small blind and a big blind someone is
+forced to come in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced to come in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced to come in and
+double the poker players at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double the poker players at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double the poker players at the time
+were very insistent they said poker is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were very insistent they said poker is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were very insistent they said poker is
+not gambling and the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gambling and the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gambling and the difference between
+poker and gambling is no one ever makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker and gambling is no one ever makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker and gambling is no one ever makes
+no one is ever forced to make a bet you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one is ever forced to make a bet you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one is ever forced to make a bet you
+look at your cards you voluntarily make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at your cards you voluntarily make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at your cards you voluntarily make
+a bet that you think has they wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bet that you think has they wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bet that you think has they wouldn't
+use the word at the time but what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the word at the time but what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the word at the time but what we
+would say now is that you think has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say now is that you think has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say now is that you think has
+positive expected value the first the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive expected value the first the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive expected value the first the
+blind bet was empirically known to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind bet was empirically known to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind bet was empirically known to be a
+winning it was an advantage to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning it was an advantage to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning it was an advantage to be able
+to post it now mathematically you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to post it now mathematically you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to post it now mathematically you can
+show that can't be true but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that can't be true but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that can't be true but
+psychologically and empirically it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologically and empirically it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologically and empirically it was
+true that posting the blind with other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that posting the blind with other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that posting the blind with other
+people being forced to either double or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people being forced to either double or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people being forced to either double or
+fold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold
+um uh was was empirically an advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh was was empirically an advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh was was empirically an advantage
+anyone else betting they could bet if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone else betting they could bet if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone else betting they could bet if
+they thought they would win they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they thought they would win they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they thought they would win they didn't
+have to bet if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+didn't um so let's talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't um so let's talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't um so let's talk about the
+betting and poker there are a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betting and poker there are a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betting and poker there are a couple of
+things about it that are different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about it that are different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about it that are different from
+any other game that comes before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other game that comes before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other game that comes before the
+first one is that at the end of every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one is that at the end of every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one is that at the end of every
+betting round everyone remaining in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betting round everyone remaining in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betting round everyone remaining in the
+hand has bet exactly the same amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand has bet exactly the same amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand has bet exactly the same amount of
+money the hand is marked to market after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money the hand is marked to market after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money the hand is marked to market after
+after every round so ultimately you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after every round so ultimately you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after every round so ultimately you're
+betting on who has the best hand at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betting on who has the best hand at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betting on who has the best hand at
+Showdown or who has the best surviving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Showdown or who has the best surviving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Showdown or who has the best surviving
+hand at showdown of people who haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand at showdown of people who haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand at showdown of people who haven't
+folded but in between the way at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folded but in between the way at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folded but in between the way at the end
+of every round the game cannot continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of every round the game cannot continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of every round the game cannot continue
+until everyone remaining in the hand has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until everyone remaining in the hand has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until everyone remaining in the hand has
+bet the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount
+um this didn't last all that long so by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this didn't last all that long so by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this didn't last all that long so by
+the 1840s 1850s we're seeing there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1840s 1850s we're seeing there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1840s 1850s we're seeing there's a
+lot of uh fight against these very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of uh fight against these very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of uh fight against these very
+strict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict
+rules uh people started an um adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules uh people started an um adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules uh people started an um adding
+anes uh people started adding Straits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anes uh people started adding Straits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anes uh people started adding Straits
+and flushes people started adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and flushes people started adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and flushes people started adding
+betting after the final round uh uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betting after the final round uh uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betting after the final round uh uh of
+cards uh people started adding all kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards uh people started adding all kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards uh people started adding all kinds
+of more complicated games uh draw poker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of more complicated games uh draw poker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of more complicated games uh draw poker
+uh stud poker with some cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh stud poker with some cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh stud poker with some cards
+revealed um they started adding new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revealed um they started adding new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revealed um they started adding new
+kinds of hands so the game starts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of hands so the game starts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of hands so the game starts to
+change a little bit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change a little bit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change a little bit and
+uh RF Foster who was probably the one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh RF Foster who was probably the one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh RF Foster who was probably the one of
+the first people to really write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first people to really write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first people to really write a
+comprehensive history of Poker and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehensive history of Poker and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehensive history of Poker and this
+is 100 years later really um explained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 100 years later really um explained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 100 years later really um explained
+what happened so there is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened so there is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened so there is this
+conservative old game scientific based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative old game scientific based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative old game scientific based
+on very rigid principles that eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on very rigid principles that eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on very rigid principles that eventually
+evolved into the modern game the modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved into the modern game the modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved into the modern game the modern
+game a lot more fun to play the modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game a lot more fun to play the modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game a lot more fun to play the modern
+game allows gambling clearly um um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game allows gambling clearly um um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game allows gambling clearly um um the
+modern game is really for a somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern game is really for a somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern game is really for a somewhat
+different purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different purpose
+but so far we've talked about the cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so far we've talked about the cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so far we've talked about the cards
+and we've talked about the batting we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've talked about the batting we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've talked about the batting we
+actually haven't talked about the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually haven't talked about the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually haven't talked about the most
+revolutionary thing in poker that again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutionary thing in poker that again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutionary thing in poker that again
+is like no other game that came before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it um most gambling games throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um most gambling games throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um most gambling games throughout
+history and remember gambling goes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history and remember gambling goes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history and remember gambling goes back
+to human prehistory virtually every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to human prehistory virtually every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to human prehistory virtually every
+culture has forms of gambling um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture has forms of gambling um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture has forms of gambling um but
+gambling is almost always done for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gambling is almost always done for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gambling is almost always done for
+either Goods or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either Goods or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either Goods or
+cash when credit was used credit was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash when credit was used credit was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash when credit was used credit was
+provided by a a uh trusted Central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided by a a uh trusted Central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided by a a uh trusted Central
+counterparty so somebody who organized a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparty so somebody who organized a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparty so somebody who organized a
+game might organize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+credit poker was never played for cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit poker was never played for cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit poker was never played for cash
+never played for goods poker was played
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never played for goods poker was played
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never played for goods poker was played
+for what were called at the time poker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what were called at the time poker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what were called at the time poker
+checks and this is a distinction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks and this is a distinction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks and this is a distinction that
+goes all the way up till about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes all the way up till about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes all the way up till about the
+1980s um um before it finally got erased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1980s um um before it finally got erased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1980s um um before it finally got erased
+even in in in uh as late as the 1980s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in in in uh as late as the 1980s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in in in uh as late as the 1980s
+when I was playing poker uh there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was playing poker uh there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was playing poker uh there was a
+distinction and people understood it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction and people understood it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction and people understood it
+there were two similar things that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were two similar things that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were two similar things that were
+often confused there were checks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often confused there were checks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often confused there were checks and
+there were chips and they looked kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were chips and they looked kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were chips and they looked kind of
+similar a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar a
+check had intrinsic value checks were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check had intrinsic value checks were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check had intrinsic value checks were
+used for cash because you know checks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for cash because you know checks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for cash because you know checks
+were used for cash in Las Vegas nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were used for cash in Las Vegas nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were used for cash in Las Vegas nobody
+ever used cash you just you know use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever used cash you just you know use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever used cash you just you know use
+casino chips for all your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casino chips for all your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casino chips for all your
+transactions um um but they were also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions um um but they were also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions um um but they were also
+used for all different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for all different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for all different kinds of
+games um chips are just markers chips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games um chips are just markers chips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games um chips are just markers chips
+are things you buy at the table and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things you buy at the table and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things you buy at the table and
+you're supposed to cash them in when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're supposed to cash them in when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're supposed to cash them in when you
+leave the table you're not even supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the table you're not even supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the table you're not even supposed
+to take them from you know the roulette
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take them from you know the roulette
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take them from you know the roulette
+table over to the crabs table or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table over to the crabs table or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table over to the crabs table or
+something like that so chips are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that so chips are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that so chips are just
+markers they have no intrinsic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markers they have no intrinsic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markers they have no intrinsic
+value um there's a complicated story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value um there's a complicated story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value um there's a complicated story
+which I'd be happy to talk to people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'd be happy to talk to people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'd be happy to talk to people
+about sometime the IRS came down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sometime the IRS came down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sometime the IRS came down and
+some casinos when they pushed organized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some casinos when they pushed organized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some casinos when they pushed organized
+crime out um they got rid of checks so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crime out um they got rid of checks so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crime out um they got rid of checks so
+right now there's no such thing as at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now there's no such thing as at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now there's no such thing as at
+least a legal uh chip with a real uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least a legal uh chip with a real uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least a legal uh chip with a real uh
+intrinsic value they're just markers if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic value they're just markers if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic value they're just markers if
+you show up to a casino with a $5,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you show up to a casino with a $5,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you show up to a casino with a $5,000
+chip and you want to cash it in they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip and you want to cash it in they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip and you want to cash it in they're
+gonna ask you where you got it prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna ask you where you got it prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna ask you where you got it prove
+that you bought it at a casino or want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you bought it at a casino or want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you bought it at a casino or want
+it at a casino if you can't it won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at a casino if you can't it won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at a casino if you can't it won't
+give you any money for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you any money for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you any money for
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+um but let's go back to the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but let's go back to the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but let's go back to the early
+1800s the way poker was played was with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1800s the way poker was played was with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1800s the way poker was played was with
+poker checks poker checks were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker checks poker checks were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker checks poker checks were
+markers uh often they were made out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markers uh often they were made out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markers uh often they were made out of
+clay people would make little discs out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clay people would make little discs out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clay people would make little discs out
+of clay and they would put a thumb print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of clay and they would put a thumb print
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of clay and they would put a thumb print
+in it they would put some identifiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it they would put some identifiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it they would put some identifiable
+marker the key thing is that they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marker the key thing is that they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marker the key thing is that they were
+identifiable to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifiable to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifiable to an
+individual you were playing poker with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual you were playing poker with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual you were playing poker with
+money you created yourself and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money you created yourself and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money you created yourself and if you
+lost other people would have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost other people would have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost other people would have these
+markers and these markers would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markers and these markers would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markers and these markers would be
+claims on you if you won you had other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims on you if you won you had other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims on you if you won you had other
+people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's
+markers at the end of the game people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markers at the end of the game people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markers at the end of the game people
+did something called ring clearing which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did something called ring clearing which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did something called ring clearing which
+means it's so okay you played a game for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it's so okay you played a game for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it's so okay you played a game for
+a while you got a bunch of checks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while you got a bunch of checks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while you got a bunch of checks in
+front of you you're going to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of you you're going to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of you you're going to take the
+checks you have from other people you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks you have from other people you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks you have from other people you're
+going to trade them for your own checks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to trade them for your own checks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to trade them for your own checks
+back um you're going to end up with if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back um you're going to end up with if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back um you're going to end up with if
+you were a winner you're going to end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were a winner you're going to end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were a winner you're going to end up
+with a bunch of other people's checks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a bunch of other people's checks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a bunch of other people's checks
+and suddenly a bunch of people owe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suddenly a bunch of people owe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suddenly a bunch of people owe you
+money or if you were a loser other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money or if you were a loser other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money or if you were a loser other
+people are net going to end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are net going to end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are net going to end up with
+yours but it's a Winner's responsibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yours but it's a Winner's responsibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yours but it's a Winner's responsibility
+to collect from the losers there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to collect from the losers there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to collect from the losers there's no
+Central counterparty there's no trusting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central counterparty there's no trusting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central counterparty there's no trusting
+uh you play if you don't like a guy's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you play if you don't like a guy's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you play if you don't like a guy's
+checks you know too bad you got some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks you know too bad you got some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks you know too bad you got some
+things that aren't maybe you can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that aren't maybe you can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that aren't maybe you can find
+somebody else to trade you something for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else to trade you something for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else to trade you something for
+them now what you've done is you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them now what you've done is you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them now what you've done is you've
+created a form of money it's this credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a form of money it's this credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a form of money it's this credit
+creation that is a really essential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation that is a really essential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation that is a really essential
+element of early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of early
+poker and let's talk about another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker and let's talk about another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker and let's talk about another
+financial institution from this period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial institution from this period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial institution from this period
+the soft money Bank otherwise called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the soft money Bank otherwise called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the soft money Bank otherwise called a
+wildcat Bank people created Banks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wildcat Bank people created Banks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wildcat Bank people created Banks and
+the way they created Banks is somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way they created Banks is somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way they created Banks is somebody
+said I have a bank and uh I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I have a bank and uh I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I have a bank and uh I'm going to
+make loans and I'll either print up some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make loans and I'll either print up some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make loans and I'll either print up some
+Bank notes some of which were extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bank notes some of which were extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bank notes some of which were extremely
+crude uh people even used markers Twigs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crude uh people even used markers Twigs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crude uh people even used markers Twigs
+you know old tally sticks things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know old tally sticks things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know old tally sticks things like
+that they used anything they could find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they used anything they could find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they used anything they could find
+uh in in as Bank notes or they just kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in as Bank notes or they just kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in as Bank notes or they just kept
+an accounting system you know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an accounting system you know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an accounting system you know if you
+want to spend the money you somebody has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to spend the money you somebody has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to spend the money you somebody has
+to deposit it into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deposit it into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deposit it into the
+bank um if it worked this generated a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank um if it worked this generated a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank um if it worked this generated a
+lot of economic activity everything was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of economic activity everything was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of economic activity everything was
+successful the loans paid off deposits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful the loans paid off deposits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful the loans paid off deposits
+were honored everything was fine if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were honored everything was fine if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were honored everything was fine if it
+didn't work everything was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't work everything was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't work everything was
+worthless um if you add one feature to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthless um if you add one feature to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthless um if you add one feature to
+this it comes what most people think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it comes what most people think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it comes what most people think of
+as a bank the one feature we're missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a bank the one feature we're missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a bank the one feature we're missing
+from this bank is what actual money gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this bank is what actual money gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this bank is what actual money gold
+right now this is kind of an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now this is kind of an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now this is kind of an interesting
+dichotomy and economics to me a classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dichotomy and economics to me a classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dichotomy and economics to me a classic
+bank is a soft money Bank Capital to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank is a soft money Bank Capital to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank is a soft money Bank Capital to me
+is an additional feature that gives it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an additional feature that gives it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an additional feature that gives it
+some credibility right it means two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some credibility right it means two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some credibility right it means two
+things it means the person creating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it means the person creating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it means the person creating the
+bank is going to have some skin in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank is going to have some skin in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank is going to have some skin in the
+game is going to take a loss if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is going to take a loss if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is going to take a loss if the
+whole Bank collapses if nobody ever pays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole Bank collapses if nobody ever pays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole Bank collapses if nobody ever pays
+back their loans so that chose as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back their loans so that chose as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back their loans so that chose as a
+signal to show they have some confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal to show they have some confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal to show they have some confidence
+also the cash they put in the capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the cash they put in the capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the cash they put in the capital
+they put in in theory is going to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put in in theory is going to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put in in theory is going to help
+people if uh if if if the bank fails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people if uh if if if the bank fails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people if uh if if if the bank fails
+it'll pay off some portion of the losses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll pay off some portion of the losses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll pay off some portion of the losses
+in practice it never does in practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice it never does in practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice it never does in practice
+the people who run the banks always get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who run the banks always get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who run the banks always get
+their Capital out before um anybody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their Capital out before um anybody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their Capital out before um anybody else
+but a lot of the legislation in Banks a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a lot of the legislation in Banks a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a lot of the legislation in Banks a
+lot of the way people think about Banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the way people think about Banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the way people think about Banks
+is is the opposite they think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is the opposite they think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is the opposite they think about it
+as a classic bank is something that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a classic bank is something that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a classic bank is something that has
+100% capital and that fractional Reserve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% capital and that fractional Reserve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% capital and that fractional Reserve
+is some kind of like you know uh little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some kind of like you know uh little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some kind of like you know uh little
+extra thing you do to a bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra thing you do to a bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra thing you do to a bank
+um but we see if you look again human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but we see if you look again human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but we see if you look again human
+prehistory culture you see almost all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prehistory culture you see almost all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prehistory culture you see almost all
+cultures have some form of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultures have some form of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultures have some form of this
+self-edit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-edit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-edit
+creation all kinds of things suus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation all kinds of things suus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation all kinds of things suus
+tontines uh wienis all over the world we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tontines uh wienis all over the world we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tontines uh wienis all over the world we
+have these kinds of things and they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these kinds of things and they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these kinds of things and they were
+useful in the American West well poker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful in the American West well poker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful in the American West well poker
+was one of them poker was a way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one of them poker was a way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one of them poker was a way you
+could create a form of money your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could create a form of money your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could create a form of money your own
+money You' play a game you won you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money You' play a game you won you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money You' play a game you won you
+picked up a lot of credit from other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked up a lot of credit from other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked up a lot of credit from other
+people and you could use that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and you could use that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and you could use that to
+generate some economic activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate some economic activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate some economic activity
+if you lost other people had to employ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you lost other people had to employ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you lost other people had to employ
+you right they had to get their money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you right they had to get their money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you right they had to get their money
+back somehow you didn't have any money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back somehow you didn't have any money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back somehow you didn't have any money
+they had to find things for you to do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had to find things for you to do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had to find things for you to do to
+work in their businesses and this is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in their businesses and this is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in their businesses and this is how
+a lot of business was created in the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of business was created in the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of business was created in the old
+west now we're going to move a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+west now we're going to move a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+west now we're going to move a little
+forward to around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward to around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward to around the
+1840s anyone know what this is it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1840s anyone know what this is it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1840s anyone know what this is it is the
+Chicago Board of Trade this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chicago Board of Trade this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chicago Board of Trade this is actually
+around 1900 so it wouldn't be quite so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 1900 so it wouldn't be quite so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 1900 so it wouldn't be quite so
+fancy back in 1840
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy back in 1840
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy back in 1840
+um Futures exchanges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Futures exchanges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Futures exchanges
+again appeared in exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again appeared in exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again appeared in exactly the same
+geographic area as the game of poker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geographic area as the game of poker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geographic area as the game of poker
+about 20 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 20 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 20 years
+later nobody invented it suddenly these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later nobody invented it suddenly these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later nobody invented it suddenly these
+things started popping up all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things started popping up all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things started popping up all over the
+place a financial institution no one had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place a financial institution no one had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place a financial institution no one had
+ever seen before completely unlike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever seen before completely unlike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever seen before completely unlike
+anything in the past none of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in the past none of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in the past none of them
+outside the region youbi us inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the region youbi us inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the region youbi us inside the
+region and nobody said they invented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and nobody said they invented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and nobody said they invented
+there was something in the culture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was something in the culture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was something in the culture and
+the way people thought the way people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way people thought the way people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way people thought the way people
+did business that made this a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did business that made this a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did business that made this a very
+natural thing to do even though it had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural thing to do even though it had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural thing to do even though it had
+never been done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never been done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never been done
+before and the analogies with poker are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and the analogies with poker are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and the analogies with poker are
+pretty obvious right Mark to Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty obvious right Mark to Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty obvious right Mark to Market
+every day you you know you're betting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day you you know you're betting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day you you know you're betting on
+the price of wheat in three months but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price of wheat in three months but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price of wheat in three months but
+every day you settle up so that you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day you settle up so that you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day you settle up so that you got
+the same amount of money at stake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same amount of money at stake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same amount of money at stake
+clearing again the initial exchanges in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearing again the initial exchanges in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearing again the initial exchanges in
+the early days they used ring clearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early days they used ring clearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early days they used ring clearing
+exactly the same as poker later on they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same as poker later on they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same as poker later on they
+went to a full clearing house that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to a full clearing house that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to a full clearing house that was a
+little more sophisticated uh um and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more sophisticated uh um and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more sophisticated uh um and and
+allowed people to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed people to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed people to do
+it but what's the purpose of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but what's the purpose of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but what's the purpose of these
+exchanges what does these Futures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges what does these Futures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges what does these Futures
+exchange do for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange do for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange do for
+people to lock in a price like who who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to lock in a price like who who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to lock in a price like who who
+would want to lock in a price farmer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want to lock in a price farmer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want to lock in a price farmer
+okay well let's think about this I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well let's think about this I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well let's think about this I'm a
+farmer 1840 I'm about a two-e journey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farmer 1840 I'm about a two-e journey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farmer 1840 I'm about a two-e journey
+from Chicago over bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Chicago over bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Chicago over bad
+roads normally I do what Farmers have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roads normally I do what Farmers have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roads normally I do what Farmers have
+done since the beginning of private uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done since the beginning of private uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done since the beginning of private uh
+um private agriculture they would sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um private agriculture they would sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um private agriculture they would sell
+to a crop buyer I would go to the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a crop buyer I would go to the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a crop buyer I would go to the place
+where I buy my supplies and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I buy my supplies and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I buy my supplies and there's a
+crop buyer who has an agent there or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crop buyer who has an agent there or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crop buyer who has an agent there or
+that agent also comes by my farm you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that agent also comes by my farm you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that agent also comes by my farm you
+know every month or so kind of to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know every month or so kind of to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know every month or so kind of to check
+out the how the crops are going because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the how the crops are going because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the how the crops are going because
+he wants to keep tabs on the crops and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wants to keep tabs on the crops and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wants to keep tabs on the crops and
+also I can lock in a price with him he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also I can lock in a price with him he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also I can lock in a price with him he
+will buy exactly my crop he will buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will buy exactly my crop he will buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will buy exactly my crop he will buy
+whatever quantity I happen to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever quantity I happen to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever quantity I happen to produce
+he'll just he'll agree on a price now or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'll just he'll agree on a price now or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'll just he'll agree on a price now or
+he'll set the price later whatever I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'll set the price later whatever I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'll set the price later whatever I
+want I deliver it I can deliver it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want I deliver it I can deliver it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want I deliver it I can deliver it to
+him or for a slightly lower price he'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him or for a slightly lower price he'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him or for a slightly lower price he'll
+come and pick it up at my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come and pick it up at my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come and pick it up at my
+farm now let's compare that with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farm now let's compare that with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farm now let's compare that with this
+Futures exchange this brand new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Futures exchange this brand new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Futures exchange this brand new
+innovation that's going to make my life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation that's going to make my life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation that's going to make my life
+better I can take a two-e journey into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better I can take a two-e journey into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better I can take a two-e journey into
+Chicago I can promise to deliver a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chicago I can promise to deliver a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chicago I can promise to deliver a set
+quantity of a set grade of wheat that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity of a set grade of wheat that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity of a set grade of wheat that I
+don't produce that I can't be sure I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't produce that I can't be sure I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't produce that I can't be sure I
+will have on time uh I don't know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have on time uh I don't know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have on time uh I don't know the
+quantity I'm going to produce but I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity I'm going to produce but I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity I'm going to produce but I have
+to specify that I have to put down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to specify that I have to put down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to specify that I have to put down
+initial margin I don't have any cash all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial margin I don't have any cash all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial margin I don't have any cash all
+my cash is tied up in my crop farmers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my cash is tied up in my crop farmers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my cash is tied up in my crop farmers
+only have cash after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have cash after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have cash after
+harvest um and I have to stay in Chicago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harvest um and I have to stay in Chicago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harvest um and I have to stay in Chicago
+every day to make marketto Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day to make marketto Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day to make marketto Market
+payments since who's grown my wheat okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments since who's grown my wheat okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments since who's grown my wheat okay
+so this makes absolutely no sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this makes absolutely no sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this makes absolutely no sense
+anytime you read a textbook and it talks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime you read a textbook and it talks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime you read a textbook and it talks
+about Farmers using Futures exchanges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Farmers using Futures exchanges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Farmers using Futures exchanges
+you know they haven't spent half a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they haven't spent half a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they haven't spent half a
+second thinking about this there were no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second thinking about this there were no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second thinking about this there were no
+Farmers involved in setting up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Farmers involved in setting up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Farmers involved in setting up the
+Futures exchanges in fact farmers were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Futures exchanges in fact farmers were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Futures exchanges in fact farmers were
+suspicious and have often had tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspicious and have often had tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspicious and have often had tried to
+have them shut down when farmers do use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them shut down when farmers do use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them shut down when farmers do use
+Futures exchanges they almost always buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Futures exchanges they almost always buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Futures exchanges they almost always buy
+the product they don't sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product they don't sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product they don't sell
+it so let's talk about what people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so let's talk about what people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so let's talk about what people
+really use these things for here's here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really use these things for here's here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really use these things for here's here
+is the canonical trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the canonical trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the canonical trade
+that you can think about if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can think about if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can think about if you want to
+understand Futures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand Futures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand Futures
+markets I'm a processor all the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets I'm a processor all the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets I'm a processor all the people
+who set these things up and by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who set these things up and by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who set these things up and by the way
+all the people who set these things up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the people who set these things up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the people who set these things up
+were poker players I'm not kidding I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were poker players I'm not kidding I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were poker players I'm not kidding I
+mean you look it up you just find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you look it up you just find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you look it up you just find the
+name you find all these people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name you find all these people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name you find all these people were
+poker players um I grind wheat okay I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker players um I grind wheat okay I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker players um I grind wheat okay I'm
+not going to use this for hedging I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to use this for hedging I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to use this for hedging I
+can't use it for hedging right I buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't use it for hedging right I buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't use it for hedging right I buy
+wheat that's true so but is my exposure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheat that's true so but is my exposure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheat that's true so but is my exposure
+to wheat going up in price or going down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wheat going up in price or going down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wheat going up in price or going down
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+price going up okay well let me tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price going up okay well let me tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price going up okay well let me tell you
+two stories Story number one there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two stories Story number one there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two stories Story number one there's a
+sudden increase in demand for wheat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden increase in demand for wheat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden increase in demand for wheat
+there's a big war in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a big war in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a big war in
+Europe uh other crops fail in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe uh other crops fail in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe uh other crops fail in other
+regions price of wheat goes way up what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions price of wheat goes way up what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions price of wheat goes way up what
+happens my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+business I'm making lots of money right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business I'm making lots of money right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business I'm making lots of money right
+they got to grind lots of wheat they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got to grind lots of wheat they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got to grind lots of wheat they're
+bringing all the wheat in from all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing all the wheat in from all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing all the wheat in from all the
+hland everybody grinds it shortage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hland everybody grinds it shortage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hland everybody grinds it shortage of
+grinding capacity I can raise my prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grinding capacity I can raise my prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grinding capacity I can raise my prices
+I'm rich so that way I'm long wheat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm rich so that way I'm long wheat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm rich so that way I'm long wheat
+right price of wheat goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right price of wheat goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right price of wheat goes up
+my business goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my business goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my business goes
+up let's say sorry you're assuming that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up let's say sorry you're assuming that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up let's say sorry you're assuming that
+the price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price of
+ground very correlated the price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground very correlated the price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground very correlated the price of
+wheat yes I'm saying so so the price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheat yes I'm saying so so the price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheat yes I'm saying so so the price of
+ground wheat is what went up and because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground wheat is what went up and because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground wheat is what went up and because
+the price of ground wheat went up my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price of ground wheat went up my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price of ground wheat went up my
+business is more valuable and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business is more valuable and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business is more valuable and you're
+exactly you hit the point exactly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly you hit the point exactly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly you hit the point exactly and
+that's the stuff I'm selling now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the stuff I'm selling now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the stuff I'm selling now let's
+do a different story there's a crop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a different story there's a crop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a different story there's a crop
+failure in the area price of wheat goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure in the area price of wheat goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure in the area price of wheat goes
+way up right wheat is scarce who wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way up right wheat is scarce who wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way up right wheat is scarce who wants
+my grinding facilities nobody there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my grinding facilities nobody there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my grinding facilities nobody there's an
+exess of grinding facilities I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exess of grinding facilities I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exess of grinding facilities I can't
+charge a PTY okay so I have no natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge a PTY okay so I have no natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge a PTY okay so I have no natural
+weed exposure I can't hedge my weed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weed exposure I can't hedge my weed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weed exposure I can't hedge my weed
+exposure in this Futures Market also for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure in this Futures Market also for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure in this Futures Market also for
+the same reasons I mentioned in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same reasons I mentioned in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same reasons I mentioned in the
+farmer it's not a convenient place to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farmer it's not a convenient place to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farmer it's not a convenient place to do
+it right it's a type and grade of wheat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right it's a type and grade of wheat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right it's a type and grade of wheat
+I don't want and a place I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want and a place I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want and a place I don't
+want um also the price of wheat has very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want um also the price of wheat has very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want um also the price of wheat has very
+little to do with my business what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little to do with my business what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little to do with my business what I
+care about is is my Machinery operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about is is my Machinery operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about is is my Machinery operating
+um um properly what's the price of fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um properly what's the price of fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um properly what's the price of fuel
+what's the price of Labor what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the price of Labor what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the price of Labor what are the
+regulations on the stuff what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations on the stuff what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations on the stuff what's the
+quality of the stuff I'm getting I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of the stuff I'm getting I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of the stuff I'm getting I can
+lock in prices with suppliers and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lock in prices with suppliers and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lock in prices with suppliers and you
+know either buyers of the flower or uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know either buyers of the flower or uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know either buyers of the flower or uh
+or sellers of wheed anytime I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sellers of wheed anytime I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sellers of wheed anytime I want
+that's not the point of the Futures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the point of the Futures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the point of the Futures
+Market what you want to think about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market what you want to think about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market what you want to think about is
+I'm I'm I'm grinding the weat I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm I'm grinding the weat I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm I'm grinding the weat I'm going
+to go to a silo a grain silo grain silo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to a silo a grain silo grain silo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to a silo a grain silo grain silo
+is a guy he buys wheat from all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a guy he buys wheat from all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a guy he buys wheat from all over the
+place and he sells it to people like me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and he sells it to people like me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and he sells it to people like me
+I'm going to say okay I want these wheat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to say okay I want these wheat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to say okay I want these wheat
+deliveries over the next three months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliveries over the next three months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliveries over the next three months
+you know so much and so on these various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so much and so on these various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so much and so on these various
+times I want it delivered to my grinding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times I want it delivered to my grinding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times I want it delivered to my grinding
+facility I want exactly this type and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility I want exactly this type and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility I want exactly this type and
+and and and kind of wheat um and he'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and kind of wheat um and he'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and kind of wheat um and he'll
+agree and we'll settle a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree and we'll settle a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree and we'll settle a
+deal now I'm going to go to the Futures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal now I'm going to go to the Futures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal now I'm going to go to the Futures
+exchange I've just bought a quarter's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange I've just bought a quarter's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange I've just bought a quarter's
+worth of wheat from the wheat Silo I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth of wheat from the wheat Silo I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth of wheat from the wheat Silo I'm
+going to go to the Futures exchange I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go to the Futures exchange I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go to the Futures exchange I'm
+going to sell a quarter's worth of wheat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sell a quarter's worth of wheat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sell a quarter's worth of wheat
+forward what have I done well now I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward what have I done well now I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward what have I done well now I have
+no price risk right now if the price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no price risk right now if the price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no price risk right now if the price of
+wheat goes up down I don't care because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheat goes up down I don't care because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheat goes up down I don't care because
+I've bought wheat today and I've sold it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've bought wheat today and I've sold it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've bought wheat today and I've sold it
+three months from now I have borrowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three months from now I have borrowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three months from now I have borrowed
+wheat now what could I do instead I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheat now what could I do instead I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheat now what could I do instead I
+could borrow money I could borrow money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could borrow money I could borrow money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could borrow money I could borrow money
+and buy the wheat but then I take two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and buy the wheat but then I take two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and buy the wheat but then I take two
+price risks I take the price risk of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price risks I take the price risk of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price risks I take the price risk of the
+money and remember this is an area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and remember this is an area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and remember this is an area
+there's very little money around these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's very little money around these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's very little money around these
+Futures exchanges were invented in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Futures exchanges were invented in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Futures exchanges were invented in a
+place where there was very little gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where there was very little gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where there was very little gold
+and silver there wasn't a good banking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and silver there wasn't a good banking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and silver there wasn't a good banking
+system Bank notes weren't very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system Bank notes weren't very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system Bank notes weren't very
+trustworthy so taking the risk of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trustworthy so taking the risk of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trustworthy so taking the risk of money
+was a big risk and also price of week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a big risk and also price of week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a big risk and also price of week
+going up up and down simplest thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up up and down simplest thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up up and down simplest thing is
+just to borrow wheat which is what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to borrow wheat which is what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to borrow wheat which is what I
+want to do and like any business loan I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do and like any business loan I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do and like any business loan I
+never intend to repay this right if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never intend to repay this right if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never intend to repay this right if I'm
+doing a business loan say to buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a business loan say to buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a business loan say to buy
+Machinery I make the loan and when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery I make the loan and when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery I make the loan and when the
+loan comes due I borrow again because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loan comes due I borrow again because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loan comes due I borrow again because
+you know I just I just to run the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I just I just to run the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I just I just to run the
+business the only time I pay back my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business the only time I pay back my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business the only time I pay back my
+business loans is when I shut down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business loans is when I shut down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business loans is when I shut down the
+business and liquidate everything and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business and liquidate everything and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business and liquidate everything and
+pay off the creditors same thing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay off the creditors same thing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay off the creditors same thing with
+this I'm going to roll these Futures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'm going to roll these Futures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'm going to roll these Futures
+contracts Forward Forever I'm never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts Forward Forever I'm never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts Forward Forever I'm never
+going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take
+delivery but what I've done is I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery but what I've done is I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery but what I've done is I've
+perpetually borrowed weed I've Taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetually borrowed weed I've Taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetually borrowed weed I've Taken
+part of my business input and I borrowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of my business input and I borrowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of my business input and I borrowed
+it instead of buying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it instead of buying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it instead of buying
+it but here's one so so one thing is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but here's one so so one thing is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but here's one so so one thing is the
+Futures exchanges create a tremendous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Futures exchanges create a tremendous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Futures exchanges create a tremendous
+amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of
+credit but they do something else too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit but they do something else too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit but they do something else too
+that's kind of interesting anybody here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of interesting anybody here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of interesting anybody here
+know how to take flour and turn it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to take flour and turn it back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to take flour and turn it back
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wheat anybody here know how to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheat anybody here know how to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheat anybody here know how to take
+August wheat and move it back in time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+August wheat and move it back in time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+August wheat and move it back in time to
+may all right I have something very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may all right I have something very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may all right I have something very
+surprising to tell you for 175 years the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising to tell you for 175 years the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising to tell you for 175 years the
+Chicago Board of Trade here has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chicago Board of Trade here has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chicago Board of Trade here has been
+quoting prices on both of those Services
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quoting prices on both of those Services
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quoting prices on both of those Services
+a Futures exchange quotes prices on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Futures exchange quotes prices on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Futures exchange quotes prices on
+Services nobody's ever thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Services nobody's ever thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Services nobody's ever thought
+of it opens tremendous scope for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it opens tremendous scope for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it opens tremendous scope for
+Innovation let's say I want to build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation let's say I want to build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation let's say I want to build a
+bridge and when I build this bridge it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge and when I build this bridge it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge and when I build this bridge it's
+going to make you know divert wheat that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make you know divert wheat that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make you know divert wheat that
+was going to St Louis is going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to St Louis is going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to St Louis is going to get
+diverted to Chicago because now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverted to Chicago because now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverted to Chicago because now it's
+going to be cheaper to move it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be cheaper to move it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be cheaper to move it into
+Chicago I can hedge that I can sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chicago I can hedge that I can sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chicago I can hedge that I can sell
+those transportation services in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those transportation services in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those transportation services in the
+future Market by buying Chicago wheat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future Market by buying Chicago wheat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future Market by buying Chicago wheat
+and selling St Louis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and selling St Louis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and selling St Louis
+wheat um um I can do calendar spreads I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheat um um I can do calendar spreads I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheat um um I can do calendar spreads I
+can do grade spreads cleaning spreads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do grade spreads cleaning spreads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do grade spreads cleaning spreads
+all of these things are a way of buying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these things are a way of buying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these things are a way of buying
+and selling all the services involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and selling all the services involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and selling all the services involved in
+a uh in a agricultural um processing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh in a agricultural um processing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh in a agricultural um processing uh
+business and this turns out to be a far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business and this turns out to be a far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business and this turns out to be a far
+more efficient way to organize things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more efficient way to organize things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more efficient way to organize things
+it's got its internally generated credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got its internally generated credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got its internally generated credit
+got far better information flows and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got far better information flows and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got far better information flows and
+this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what
+touches off a tremendous uh explosion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touches off a tremendous uh explosion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touches off a tremendous uh explosion of
+business activity and business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business activity and business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business activity and business
+Innovation that goes throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation that goes throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation that goes throughout the
+world now uh one of the things that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world now uh one of the things that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world now uh one of the things that's
+kind of strange about Futures markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of strange about Futures markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of strange about Futures markets
+they were only used for agricultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were only used for agricultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were only used for agricultural
+Commodities now granted that was a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commodities now granted that was a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commodities now granted that was a much
+bigger part of the economy than it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger part of the economy than it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger part of the economy than it is
+today but in the global economy this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but in the global economy this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but in the global economy this was
+not a big deal there were much much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a big deal there were much much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a big deal there were much much more
+valuable Commodities that never went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable Commodities that never went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable Commodities that never went to
+Futures exchanges and there were things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Futures exchanges and there were things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Futures exchanges and there were things
+Commodities weren't even the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commodities weren't even the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commodities weren't even the most
+valuable things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable things
+uh when things really took off is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when things really took off is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when things really took off is in the
+1970s when people took the same idea and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970s when people took the same idea and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970s when people took the same idea and
+moved it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved it to
+financial but my story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial but my story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial but my story
+is um about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um about
+poker one of the things people sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker one of the things people sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker one of the things people sometimes
+say is that Futures evolved from to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is that Futures evolved from to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is that Futures evolved from to
+arrive contracts now to arrive contracts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive contracts now to arrive contracts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive contracts now to arrive contracts
+have been around as long longer than we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been around as long longer than we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been around as long longer than we
+have written records the ancient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have written records the ancient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have written records the ancient
+Mesopotamia in the early days we see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mesopotamia in the early days we see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mesopotamia in the early days we see the
+earliest writings we can still read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest writings we can still read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest writings we can still read
+today we find that these two arve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we find that these two arve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we find that these two arve
+contracts were common a two arve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts were common a two arve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts were common a two arve
+contract says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract says
+essentially um I will sell you 10,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially um I will sell you 10,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially um I will sell you 10,000
+bushels of wheat at 50 cents a Bushell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bushels of wheat at 50 cents a Bushell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bushels of wheat at 50 cents a Bushell
+as soon as wheat comes to the Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as wheat comes to the Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as wheat comes to the Market
+Wheat comes to the city market okay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wheat comes to the city market okay it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wheat comes to the city market okay it's
+a price guarantee it's not a delivery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a price guarantee it's not a delivery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a price guarantee it's not a delivery
+guarantee I don't tell you when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee I don't tell you when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee I don't tell you when you're
+going to get it I don't even guarantee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get it I don't even guarantee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get it I don't even guarantee
+you will get I'm just saying when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will get I'm just saying when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will get I'm just saying when it
+comes this is what I will sell it to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes this is what I will sell it to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes this is what I will sell it to you
+at the largest to arrive Market in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the largest to arrive Market in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the largest to arrive Market in the
+United States within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States within
+Buffalo okay everybody remember all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buffalo okay everybody remember all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buffalo okay everybody remember all
+those stories about the fortunes won and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those stories about the fortunes won and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those stories about the fortunes won and
+lost on the Buffalo stock exch uh um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost on the Buffalo stock exch uh um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost on the Buffalo stock exch uh um to
+arrive exchange the fist fights the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive exchange the fist fights the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive exchange the fist fights the
+corners the people who made their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners the people who made their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners the people who made their
+fortunes here went on to do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunes here went on to do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunes here went on to do anything
+else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else
+exactly commission two ared contracts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly commission two ared contracts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly commission two ared contracts
+are run by quiet commission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are run by quiet commission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are run by quiet commission
+clerks Futures exchanges are populated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clerks Futures exchanges are populated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clerks Futures exchanges are populated
+by tough brawling innovators who and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by tough brawling innovators who and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by tough brawling innovators who and
+make fortunes or lose fortunes and go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make fortunes or lose fortunes and go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make fortunes or lose fortunes and go on
+to do dramatic business activity there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do dramatic business activity there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do dramatic business activity there's
+no connection between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no connection between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no connection between the
+two now anybody tell me which ones of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two now anybody tell me which ones of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two now anybody tell me which ones of
+these are poker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are poker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are poker
+games sorry Omaha Texas yep Chicago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games sorry Omaha Texas yep Chicago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games sorry Omaha Texas yep Chicago
+Chicago yes this one you guys might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chicago yes this one you guys might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chicago yes this one you guys might not
+have heard of so much but there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have heard of so much but there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have heard of so much but there is a
+Cincinnati it hasn't played Much Anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cincinnati it hasn't played Much Anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cincinnati it hasn't played Much Anymore
+um there is no poker game called buffalo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there is no poker game called buffalo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there is no poker game called buffalo
+there is no poker game named after any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no poker game named after any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no poker game named after any
+place except places where where if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place except places where where if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place except places where where if you
+lose all your money in the game Drown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose all your money in the game Drown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose all your money in the game Drown
+Your Sorrows by jumping in a river you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Your Sorrows by jumping in a river you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Your Sorrows by jumping in a river you
+float down to New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Orleans even today poker is very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orleans even today poker is very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orleans even today poker is very very
+strongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly
+regionally uh it's a regional attitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regionally uh it's a regional attitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regionally uh it's a regional attitude
+it's an extraordinarily explosive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an extraordinarily explosive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an extraordinarily explosive
+Innovative economic attitude and it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovative economic attitude and it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovative economic attitude and it has
+never really seeped out except the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never really seeped out except the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never really seeped out except the place
+it was born now that may no longer be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was born now that may no longer be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was born now that may no longer be
+true with internet poker um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true with internet poker um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true with internet poker um
+the question is is the soul of Poker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is is the soul of Poker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is is the soul of Poker
+alive internet poker has this economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alive internet poker has this economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alive internet poker has this economic
+Innovation and freedom and self-edit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation and freedom and self-edit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation and freedom and self-edit
+creation is this something that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation is this something that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation is this something that's going
+to spread to the whole world or has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spread to the whole world or has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spread to the whole world or has
+somehow poker been neutralized and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow poker been neutralized and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow poker been neutralized and when
+it comes to a computer and becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes to a computer and becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes to a computer and becomes
+virtual it's no longer got that Soul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual it's no longer got that Soul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual it's no longer got that Soul
+it's something we're going to find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something we're going to find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something we're going to find out
+in the next few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next few
+years now we're going to jump forward to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years now we're going to jump forward to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years now we're going to jump forward to
+me okay I was born in the 1950s I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me okay I was born in the 1950s I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me okay I was born in the 1950s I was
+raised in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised in
+Seattle um and one thing you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seattle um and one thing you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seattle um and one thing you to
+understand is two people can be raised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand is two people can be raised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand is two people can be raised
+in exactly the same time exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in exactly the same time exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in exactly the same time exactly the
+same environment and have totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same environment and have totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same environment and have totally
+different ideas of what it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ideas of what it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ideas of what it was
+like I think most people would say if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I think most people would say if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I think most people would say if
+looking at my if a movie was made of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at my if a movie was made of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at my if a movie was made of my
+childhood they would say hey that was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+childhood they would say hey that was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+childhood they would say hey that was an
+idyllic childhood right you had your dad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idyllic childhood right you had your dad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idyllic childhood right you had your dad
+was a professor you didn't have so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a professor you didn't have so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a professor you didn't have so much
+money that you had affluenza and were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money that you had affluenza and were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money that you had affluenza and were
+you know wrecking cars or things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know wrecking cars or things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know wrecking cars or things that
+but you were never you know never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you were never you know never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you were never you know never
+embarrassed that you didn't have clothes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embarrassed that you didn't have clothes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embarrassed that you didn't have clothes
+for school you never hungry anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for school you never hungry anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for school you never hungry anything
+like that uh you were treated well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that uh you were treated well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that uh you were treated well it
+was a Suburban neighborhood it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a Suburban neighborhood it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a Suburban neighborhood it was a
+pretty place you had lots of stimulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty place you had lots of stimulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty place you had lots of stimulation
+all that stuff was good but I hated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that stuff was good but I hated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that stuff was good but I hated
+it um I was oppressed by lots of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um I was oppressed by lots of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um I was oppressed by lots of things
+uh I believed I sincerely believed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I believed I sincerely believed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I believed I sincerely believed that
+the world was going to end in nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world was going to end in nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world was going to end in nuclear
+war before I was in college it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war before I was in college it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war before I was in college it just
+seemed like clearly was likely to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed like clearly was likely to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed like clearly was likely to happen
+I was interested in math and science but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was interested in math and science but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was interested in math and science but
+all the math and science was defense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the math and science was defense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the math and science was defense
+related the only you know only big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related the only you know only big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related the only you know only big
+government projects to kill people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government projects to kill people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government projects to kill people were
+the only way you could get um uh funding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way you could get um uh funding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way you could get um uh funding
+for things more than half the the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for things more than half the the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for things more than half the the world
+was in the grip of brutal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in the grip of brutal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in the grip of brutal
+totalitarian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totalitarian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totalitarian
+dictatorships and no country had ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictatorships and no country had ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictatorships and no country had ever
+emerged from communism to freedom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerged from communism to freedom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerged from communism to freedom and
+prosperity seemed like the entire world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prosperity seemed like the entire world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prosperity seemed like the entire world
+even the Free World even the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the Free World even the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the Free World even the relative
+democracies were run by paranoids and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democracies were run by paranoids and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democracies were run by paranoids and
+total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total
+incompetence the economy was terrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incompetence the economy was terrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incompetence the economy was terrible
+Seattle was a few years ahead of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seattle was a few years ahead of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seattle was a few years ahead of the
+rest of the country and we had sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the country and we had sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the country and we had sort of
+slipped into that 70s malies uh back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slipped into that 70s malies uh back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slipped into that 70s malies uh back in
+the 60s uh friend of the family who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 60s uh friend of the family who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 60s uh friend of the family who was
+an aerospace engineer he was the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an aerospace engineer he was the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an aerospace engineer he was the world
+expert in fact he went to MIT he was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert in fact he went to MIT he was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert in fact he went to MIT he was the
+world expert in materials for supersonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world expert in materials for supersonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world expert in materials for supersonic
+Wing design he was fired because nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wing design he was fired because nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wing design he was fired because nobody
+wanted to build supersonic planes and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to build supersonic planes and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to build supersonic planes and he
+was driving a cab um another thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was driving a cab um another thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was driving a cab um another thing about
+this is this is again Seattle was kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is again Seattle was kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is again Seattle was kind
+of a forward-looking in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a forward-looking in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a forward-looking in terms of
+economics we were getting the economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics we were getting the economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics we were getting the economic
+malays before the rest of the country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malays before the rest of the country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malays before the rest of the country
+and another way we were kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another way we were kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another way we were kind of
+throwback it was more like the 50s um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwback it was more like the 50s um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwback it was more like the 50s um in
+other parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other parts of the
+country and it was this really weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country and it was this really weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country and it was this really weird
+social dynamic okay I don't want to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social dynamic okay I don't want to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social dynamic okay I don't want to tell
+you the neighborhood I grew up in was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the neighborhood I grew up in was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the neighborhood I grew up in was
+any worse or or weirder than any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any worse or or weirder than any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any worse or or weirder than any other
+neighborhood but there's a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood but there's a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood but there's a certain
+percentage of Alcoholics of child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of Alcoholics of child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of Alcoholics of child
+molesters of you know wife beaters of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molesters of you know wife beaters of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molesters of you know wife beaters of uh
+drug addicts all this stuff and in the '
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug addicts all this stuff and in the '
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug addicts all this stuff and in the '
+50s and kind of in Seattle by the time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50s and kind of in Seattle by the time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50s and kind of in Seattle by the time I
+was growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was growing
+up nobody cared about nobody would ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up nobody cared about nobody would ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up nobody cared about nobody would ever
+talk about any that stuff right if a man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about any that stuff right if a man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about any that stuff right if a man
+cut his grass and brought home a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut his grass and brought home a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut his grass and brought home a
+paycheck he was a good guy he could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paycheck he was a good guy he could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paycheck he was a good guy he could do
+anything else and nobody would talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else and nobody would talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else and nobody would talk
+about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it
+um but if you didn't and we would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but if you didn't and we would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but if you didn't and we would have
+this something would happen like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this something would happen like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this something would happen like a
+neighbor uh the guy would lose his job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor uh the guy would lose his job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor uh the guy would lose his job
+they would quietly move away and nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would quietly move away and nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would quietly move away and nobody
+would ever talk about them it was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would ever talk about them it was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would ever talk about them it was just
+weird and you got the message okay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird and you got the message okay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird and you got the message okay that
+the economy was very insecure if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economy was very insecure if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economy was very insecure if you
+could earn money everything was fine you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could earn money everything was fine you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could earn money everything was fine you
+didn't have to worry about anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have to worry about anything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have to worry about anything else
+but if you couldn't earn money it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you couldn't earn money it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you couldn't earn money it was
+unspeakably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unspeakably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unspeakably
+bad well I was a shy kid I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad well I was a shy kid I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad well I was a shy kid I was
+introverted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introverted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introverted
+awkward um but I liked looking in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awkward um but I liked looking in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awkward um but I liked looking in the
+back of the newspaper and the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of the newspaper and the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of the newspaper and the numbers
+the patterns and the numbers really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patterns and the numbers really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patterns and the numbers really
+fascinated me and I worked out ways and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinated me and I worked out ways and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinated me and I worked out ways and
+I would you bet money on horses I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would you bet money on horses I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would you bet money on horses I would
+bet money on other sports um and I found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet money on other sports um and I found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet money on other sports um and I found
+out I could win doing this I also found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out I could win doing this I also found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out I could win doing this I also found
+out and this was true throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and this was true throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and this was true throughout the
+American West of the time uh I couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American West of the time uh I couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American West of the time uh I couldn't
+really find a good picture of this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really find a good picture of this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really find a good picture of this this
+is just something I found on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just something I found on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just something I found on the
+internet that's roughly equivalent um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet that's roughly equivalent um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet that's roughly equivalent um
+taverns in the back room of the taverns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taverns in the back room of the taverns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taverns in the back room of the taverns
+or the basement of the taverns there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the basement of the taverns there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the basement of the taverns there
+were these poker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were these poker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were these poker
+games and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games and uh
+I'd go in and I'd play and I'd win and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd go in and I'd play and I'd win and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd go in and I'd play and I'd win and
+more important than that I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more important than that I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more important than that I would
+win I could walk in I could collect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win I could walk in I could collect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win I could walk in I could collect the
+money I could walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money I could walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money I could walk
+out um and this was enormously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out um and this was enormously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out um and this was enormously
+liberating to me because it said to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberating to me because it said to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberating to me because it said to me
+okay you don't have to get a job you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you don't have to get a job you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you don't have to get a job you
+don't have to go to college anywhere you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to go to college anywhere you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to go to college anywhere you
+go in the world you can find a poker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in the world you can find a poker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in the world you can find a poker
+game you can win money and when you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game you can win money and when you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game you can win money and when you're a
+good player and people know it if even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good player and people know it if even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good player and people know it if even
+if you run out of money people lend you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you run out of money people lend you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you run out of money people lend you
+money people will stake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money people will stake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money people will stake
+you you also start getting into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you also start getting into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you also start getting into this
+network and this was something I had not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and this was something I had not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and this was something I had not
+expected at all I had gone there I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected at all I had gone there I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected at all I had gone there I
+thought okay I'm going to win some money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought okay I'm going to win some money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought okay I'm going to win some money
+and then I'm going to prove that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to prove that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to prove that I can
+you know get this monkey off my back I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know get this monkey off my back I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know get this monkey off my back I
+don't have to worry about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to worry about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to worry about this
+anymore um these people you know people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore um these people you know people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore um these people you know people
+I was playing with didn't look some one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was playing with didn't look some one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was playing with didn't look some one
+or two of them might have looked like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two of them might have looked like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two of them might have looked like
+this but there were policemen there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but there were policemen there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but there were policemen there were
+Sailors there were clerks you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sailors there were clerks you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sailors there were clerks you know
+people and and they end up owing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and and they end up owing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and and they end up owing you
+money right if you're a good player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money right if you're a good player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money right if you're a good player
+these people end up owing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people end up owing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people end up owing you
+money and I later kind of figured I sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and I later kind of figured I sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and I later kind of figured I sort
+of had a half idea of what was going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of had a half idea of what was going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of had a half idea of what was going on
+at the time but I've later kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time but I've later kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time but I've later kind of
+figured out a little better and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out a little better and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out a little better and and
+later in life as I played more places I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in life as I played more places I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in life as I played more places I
+I figured out the system um a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I figured out the system um a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I figured out the system um a little
+better I had a purpose for these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better I had a purpose for these people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better I had a purpose for these people
+I I had two purposes one is because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I had two purposes one is because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I had two purposes one is because I
+was a good player I protected their game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a good player I protected their game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a good player I protected their game
+right if somebody showed up let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if somebody showed up let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if somebody showed up let's say
+somebody showed up a really good player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody showed up a really good player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody showed up a really good player
+wanted to take all their money show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to take all their money show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to take all their money show up
+and well they had somebody there who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and well they had somebody there who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and well they had somebody there who was
+good and by the way being good poker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and by the way being good poker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and by the way being good poker
+player in those days didn't just mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player in those days didn't just mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player in those days didn't just mean
+good card player in fact it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good card player in fact it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good card player in fact it would be
+trivially you know I'm sure anybody here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivially you know I'm sure anybody here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivially you know I'm sure anybody here
+would have no trouble cleaning up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have no trouble cleaning up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have no trouble cleaning up in
+terms of pure card play uh in this game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of pure card play uh in this game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of pure card play uh in this game
+but you had to be able to spot cheating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you had to be able to spot cheating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you had to be able to spot cheating
+you had to be able to figure out you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had to be able to figure out you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had to be able to figure out you
+know who might uh uh risk of arrest you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know who might uh uh risk of arrest you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know who might uh uh risk of arrest you
+had to figure out who might get violent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to figure out who might get violent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to figure out who might get violent
+I mean there's a lot of social skills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean there's a lot of social skills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean there's a lot of social skills
+involved in this so by being the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in this so by being the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in this so by being the good
+player you kind of protected the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player you kind of protected the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player you kind of protected the game
+but you also connected them with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you also connected them with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you also connected them with a
+bigger um Network so remember a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger um Network so remember a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger um Network so remember a lot of
+this is about credit creation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is about credit creation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is about credit creation
+tremendous amount of economic activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous amount of economic activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous amount of economic activity
+goes on here right um there's doctors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes on here right um there's doctors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes on here right um there's doctors
+lawyers uh police uh mechanics whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyers uh police uh mechanics whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyers uh police uh mechanics whatever
+people exchanging Services underground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people exchanging Services underground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people exchanging Services underground
+economy um um people who couldn't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy um um people who couldn't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy um um people who couldn't make
+it in the normal economy like let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the normal economy like let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the normal economy like let's say
+you're a lawyer and you're a really bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a lawyer and you're a really bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a lawyer and you're a really bad
+lawyer um and you can't get any business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyer um and you can't get any business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyer um and you can't get any business
+you hang out a shingle nobody's gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hang out a shingle nobody's gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hang out a shingle nobody's gonna
+hire your resume isn't very good there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hire your resume isn't very good there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hire your resume isn't very good there's
+too many lawyers around but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many lawyers around but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many lawyers around but you know
+somebody you owe somebody money to poker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody you owe somebody money to poker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody you owe somebody money to poker
+game and they want you to write a letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and they want you to write a letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and they want you to write a letter
+and you know do something for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know do something for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know do something for them
+whatever you can do a little legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you can do a little legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you can do a little legal
+business uh on this stuff and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business uh on this stuff and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business uh on this stuff and by
+connecting to the broader Network um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting to the broader Network um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting to the broader Network um in
+the city you connect these people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city you connect these people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city you connect these people in
+some of these people had really dropped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these people had really dropped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these people had really dropped
+out of normal life or you know they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of normal life or you know they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of normal life or you know they they
+weren't getting paychecks they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't getting paychecks they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't getting paychecks they were
+subsisting entirely in their ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsisting entirely in their ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsisting entirely in their ground
+economy and this was a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy and this was a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy and this was a very important
+organizational tool other people like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational tool other people like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational tool other people like to
+keep one foot in that world you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep one foot in that world you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep one foot in that world you know
+maybe a little side income maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a little side income maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a little side income maybe a
+little fallback a lot of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little fallback a lot of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little fallback a lot of you know
+you know we weren't doing like big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we weren't doing like big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we weren't doing like big
+organized crime but you know there'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized crime but you know there'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized crime but you know there'd be
+a sailor in the game who could bring in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sailor in the game who could bring in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sailor in the game who could bring in
+Cuban cigars you know and there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cuban cigars you know and there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cuban cigars you know and there was a
+guy who was maybe a bathroom attendant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy who was maybe a bathroom attendant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy who was maybe a bathroom attendant
+at a fancy restaurant who could sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a fancy restaurant who could sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a fancy restaurant who could sell
+them and you know this kind of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and you know this kind of stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and you know this kind of stuff
+could get organized um in a game like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get organized um in a game like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get organized um in a game like
+this the poker was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the poker was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the poker was very
+important because you actually spent a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because you actually spent a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because you actually spent a
+lot of time with these people you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of time with these people you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of time with these people you
+learned a lot about them you couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned a lot about them you couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned a lot about them you couldn't
+fake it um in a way you know an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fake it um in a way you know an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fake it um in a way you know an
+undercover cop could show up and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undercover cop could show up and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undercover cop could show up and you
+know for two days or act something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for two days or act something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for two days or act something like
+this but they aren't going to be playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but they aren't going to be playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but they aren't going to be playing
+poker every day for years so I'm kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker every day for years so I'm kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker every day for years so I'm kind of
+moving up in the Seattle poker uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving up in the Seattle poker uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving up in the Seattle poker uh um
+Network and I come to Boston I went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network and I come to Boston I went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network and I come to Boston I went to
+Harvard and again remember I'm shy I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard and again remember I'm shy I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard and again remember I'm shy I'm
+awkward I'm uh you know from the West um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awkward I'm uh you know from the West um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awkward I'm uh you know from the West um
+a little overwhelmed by all this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little overwhelmed by all this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little overwhelmed by all this stuff
+but I walked in with a network it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I walked in with a network it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I walked in with a network it
+shocked me when I got here that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocked me when I got here that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocked me when I got here that this
+network was seamlessly translated across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network was seamlessly translated across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network was seamlessly translated across
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+country that I knew police I knew uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country that I knew police I knew uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country that I knew police I knew uh um
+um you poker people of all different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you poker people of all different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you poker people of all different
+ranks and stations of life um I uh got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranks and stations of life um I uh got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranks and stations of life um I uh got
+into some very good poker games at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into some very good poker games at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into some very good poker games at
+Harvard itself you know people talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard itself you know people talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard itself you know people talk
+about going to college to make contacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about going to college to make contacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about going to college to make contacts
+let me tell you about that I had three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me tell you about that I had three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me tell you about that I had three
+roommates I love my roommates these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roommates I love my roommates these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roommates I love my roommates these are
+great guys I'm not saying anything bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great guys I'm not saying anything bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great guys I'm not saying anything bad
+about them but in terms of like useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them but in terms of like useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them but in terms of like useful
+contacts for me in life well one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contacts for me in life well one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contacts for me in life well one of them
+is a corporate lawyer one of them is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a corporate lawyer one of them is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a corporate lawyer one of them is a
+TV producer one of them is a law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TV producer one of them is a law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TV producer one of them is a law
+professor I mean all great things that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor I mean all great things that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor I mean all great things that's
+nice never really a lot of use to me in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice never really a lot of use to me in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice never really a lot of use to me in
+terms of like advancing my business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of like advancing my business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of like advancing my business
+interests or whatever and not exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests or whatever and not exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests or whatever and not exactly
+hard things to break into right you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard things to break into right you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard things to break into right you want
+to know a corporate lawyer well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know a corporate lawyer well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know a corporate lawyer well it's
+pretty easy to know a corporate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy to know a corporate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy to know a corporate
+lawyer Um poker games at Harvard uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyer Um poker games at Harvard uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyer Um poker games at Harvard uh I
+played with uh George W bush who went on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played with uh George W bush who went on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played with uh George W bush who went on
+to be president I played with Bill Gates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be president I played with Bill Gates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be president I played with Bill Gates
+uh Steve Balmer Scott turo I mean people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Steve Balmer Scott turo I mean people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Steve Balmer Scott turo I mean people
+who are celebrities politicians rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are celebrities politicians rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are celebrities politicians rich
+people those are the poker connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people those are the poker connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people those are the poker connections
+and a poker connection is very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a poker connection is very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a poker connection is very different
+you're not playing poker with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not playing poker with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not playing poker with your
+friends a poker connection is there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends a poker connection is there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends a poker connection is there's a
+business relationship in there that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business relationship in there that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business relationship in there that can
+be extremely useful my whole life my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be extremely useful my whole life my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be extremely useful my whole life my
+whole career has been informed uh by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole career has been informed uh by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole career has been informed uh by
+poker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker
+networks now I'm GNA kind of zip through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks now I'm GNA kind of zip through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks now I'm GNA kind of zip through
+a few things um I'm playing in Boston a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few things um I'm playing in Boston a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few things um I'm playing in Boston a
+guy shows up he was actually managed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy shows up he was actually managed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy shows up he was actually managed a
+card room near Stanford University he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card room near Stanford University he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card room near Stanford University he
+was again it's this network thing so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was again it's this network thing so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was again it's this network thing so I'm
+playing now in a pretty senior game in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing now in a pretty senior game in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing now in a pretty senior game in
+Boston some of the best card players in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston some of the best card players in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston some of the best card players in
+Boston are here uh pretty high stakes um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston are here uh pretty high stakes um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston are here uh pretty high stakes um
+and they invite kind of visiting pros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they invite kind of visiting pros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they invite kind of visiting pros
+from other parts of the country to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from other parts of the country to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from other parts of the country to keep
+the network you know uh connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network you know uh connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network you know uh connected
+throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the
+country and this guy said to me he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country and this guy said to me he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country and this guy said to me he said
+uh um well I was good I played well that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um well I was good I played well that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um well I was good I played well that
+night but it wasn't just that he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night but it wasn't just that he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night but it wasn't just that he said
+you know you're a kind of strange guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're a kind of strange guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're a kind of strange guy
+you got the sort of mathematical poker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got the sort of mathematical poker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got the sort of mathematical poker
+sense you got you know you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense you got you know you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense you got you know you think about
+it in theoretical terms whatever there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in theoretical terms whatever there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in theoretical terms whatever there
+are a lot of guys like you out in Gard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of guys like you out in Gard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of guys like you out in Gard
+in California he said that's where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in California he said that's where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in California he said that's where the
+best poker in the world is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best poker in the world is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best poker in the world is being
+played um he said I can you I'm a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played um he said I can you I'm a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played um he said I can you I'm a good
+player I'm a national Pro I you know go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player I'm a national Pro I you know go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player I'm a national Pro I you know go
+around from City to City sitting in on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around from City to City sitting in on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around from City to City sitting in on
+games with the best players in the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games with the best players in the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games with the best players in the city
+and I win in those games but I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I win in those games but I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I win in those games but I can't
+turn a profit in Gardina you should go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn a profit in Gardina you should go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn a profit in Gardina you should go
+to Gardina and see if you can you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Gardina and see if you can you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Gardina and see if you can you know
+match yourself up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match yourself up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match yourself up with the
+best um so I go there I don't know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best um so I go there I don't know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best um so I go there I don't know how
+many people have heard of Gardina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people have heard of Gardina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people have heard of Gardina
+California yeah uh if you if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California yeah uh if you if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California yeah uh if you if you're
+interested there's a movie called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested there's a movie called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested there's a movie called
+California split that's got some good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California split that's got some good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California split that's got some good
+scen it's a stupid poker movie for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scen it's a stupid poker movie for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scen it's a stupid poker movie for the
+most part but it has some actual scen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most part but it has some actual scen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most part but it has some actual scen
+shot in Gardina at that time that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot in Gardina at that time that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot in Gardina at that time that was
+the best poker in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best poker in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best poker in the
+world and it was the network Theory I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and it was the network Theory I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and it was the network Theory I
+was talking about on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was talking about on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was talking about on
+steroids because of a few things first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steroids because of a few things first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steroids because of a few things first
+of all this is in the late 70s uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all this is in the late 70s uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all this is in the late 70s uh
+marginal tax rates have gotten really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal tax rates have gotten really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal tax rates have gotten really
+high regulation has gotten crazy the tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high regulation has gotten crazy the tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high regulation has gotten crazy the tax
+codes incredibly complicated and corrupt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes incredibly complicated and corrupt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes incredibly complicated and corrupt
+community property big thing a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community property big thing a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community property big thing a lot of
+these guys were wiped out in a divorce I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys were wiped out in a divorce I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys were wiped out in a divorce I
+mean that was something that just didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that was something that just didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that was something that just didn't
+happen years earlier a lot of them had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen years earlier a lot of them had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen years earlier a lot of them had
+tax leads so you have this whole group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax leads so you have this whole group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax leads so you have this whole group
+of people they tend to be they were much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people they tend to be they were much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people they tend to be they were much
+better educated than the guys that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better educated than the guys that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better educated than the guys that was
+playing with in Chic in Seattle or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing with in Chic in Seattle or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing with in Chic in Seattle or even
+really the guys in Boston they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the guys in Boston they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the guys in Boston they were
+smart not only were they broke they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart not only were they broke they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart not only were they broke they were
+kind of financially toxic they couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of financially toxic they couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of financially toxic they couldn't
+any money they put in a bank was getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any money they put in a bank was getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any money they put in a bank was getting
+whisked away by somebody if they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whisked away by somebody if they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whisked away by somebody if they were
+walking down the street you know with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking down the street you know with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking down the street you know with a
+dollar in their pocket somebody could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar in their pocket somebody could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar in their pocket somebody could
+grab it poker chip not so much right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab it poker chip not so much right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab it poker chip not so much right
+poker debt right they lent some money in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker debt right they lent some money in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker debt right they lent some money in
+somebody in the poker room you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody in the poker room you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody in the poker room you know
+nobody could collect that tremendous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody could collect that tremendous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody could collect that tremendous
+amount of very active uh underground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of very active uh underground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of very active uh underground
+economy going on I go there first day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy going on I go there first day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy going on I go there first day
+I'm there guy comes up to me he manages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm there guy comes up to me he manages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm there guy comes up to me he manages
+a motel he used to own it went bankrupt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a motel he used to own it went bankrupt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a motel he used to own it went bankrupt
+now the bank pays him to manage it he uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the bank pays him to manage it he uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the bank pays him to manage it he uh
+has he's he if you're a poker player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has he's he if you're a poker player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has he's he if you're a poker player
+he'll give you a room to stay in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'll give you a room to stay in you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'll give you a room to stay in you
+don't have to pay you slip him you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to pay you slip him you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to pay you slip him you know
+a little bit of money much less than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of money much less than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of money much less than the
+rent would be it's kind of furnished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rent would be it's kind of furnished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rent would be it's kind of furnished
+with broken down stuff other tenants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with broken down stuff other tenants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with broken down stuff other tenants
+have left but poker players don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have left but poker players don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have left but poker players don't care
+right poker players are there they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right poker players are there they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right poker players are there they go
+they sleep on the broken couch and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sleep on the broken couch and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sleep on the broken couch and then
+they leave you know maybe take a shower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they leave you know maybe take a shower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they leave you know maybe take a shower
+if you know it's like it's first of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know it's like it's first of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know it's like it's first of the
+month or something um and and you'd stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month or something um and and you'd stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month or something um and and you'd stay
+there for three or four months and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for three or four months and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for three or four months and
+eventually you know the owners would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually you know the owners would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually you know the owners would
+kick you out and he'd just say oh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kick you out and he'd just say oh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kick you out and he'd just say oh well
+you know the guy never paid me rent um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the guy never paid me rent um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the guy never paid me rent um
+and he would cover all this for you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he would cover all this for you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he would cover all this for you and
+do it and then you just move to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it and then you just move to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it and then you just move to the next
+Motel down the line and he moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Motel down the line and he moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Motel down the line and he moved
+somebody else in uh you want to get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else in uh you want to get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else in uh you want to get your
+car fixed you wanted to get a lawsuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car fixed you wanted to get a lawsuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car fixed you wanted to get a lawsuit
+filed you wanted to get you know your uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filed you wanted to get you know your uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filed you wanted to get you know your uh
+uh uh operation done whatever there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh operation done whatever there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh operation done whatever there were
+people in the room uh to do it all for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the room uh to do it all for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the room uh to do it all for
+under the table you could borrow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the table you could borrow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the table you could borrow the
+money and um all of the people who kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and um all of the people who kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and um all of the people who kind
+of invented the modern poker if you talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of invented the modern poker if you talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of invented the modern poker if you talk
+about you know the David sklansky Mason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know the David sklansky Mason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know the David sklansky Mason
+malmouth Mike Carrow I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malmouth Mike Carrow I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malmouth Mike Carrow I don't know if
+these names mean anything to you but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these names mean anything to you but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these names mean anything to you but
+these were the first people who actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were the first people who actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were the first people who actually
+sat down and wrote poker Theory books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat down and wrote poker Theory books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat down and wrote poker Theory books
+this was the only place where people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the only place where people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the only place where people
+were really thinking about it Las Vegas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were really thinking about it Las Vegas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were really thinking about it Las Vegas
+they hated poker casinos hate poker uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they hated poker casinos hate poker uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they hated poker casinos hate poker uh
+the reason casinos hated poker is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason casinos hated poker is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason casinos hated poker is
+somebody in the building was losing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody in the building was losing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody in the building was losing
+money and the casino wasn't getting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and the casino wasn't getting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and the casino wasn't getting it
+um and they would stick it they either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they would stick it they either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they would stick it they either
+wouldn't have poker they'd stick it next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have poker they'd stick it next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have poker they'd stick it next
+to the loudest slot machines under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the loudest slot machines under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the loudest slot machines under the
+stairs they'd open and close the room at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stairs they'd open and close the room at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stairs they'd open and close the room at
+random intervals the one thing they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random intervals the one thing they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random intervals the one thing they did
+was a World Series of Poker it was pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a World Series of Poker it was pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a World Series of Poker it was pure
+Casino publicity stunt it had nothing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Casino publicity stunt it had nothing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Casino publicity stunt it had nothing to
+do with poker in those days um only in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with poker in those days um only in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with poker in those days um only in
+like the late 90s early 2000s with lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the late 90s early 2000s with lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the late 90s early 2000s with lots
+of people being brought in by internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people being brought in by internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people being brought in by internet
+uh with the poker boom with television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with the poker boom with television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with the poker boom with television
+to casinos really come to terms with and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to casinos really come to terms with and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to casinos really come to terms with and
+start liking poker but Gardino was pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start liking poker but Gardino was pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start liking poker but Gardino was pure
+poker and that's where the uh good stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker and that's where the uh good stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker and that's where the uh good stuff
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+done now I'm not I'm making all my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done now I'm not I'm making all my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done now I'm not I'm making all my
+living by poker but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living by poker but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living by poker but
+um you know I'm not I I have a broader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know I'm not I I have a broader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know I'm not I I have a broader
+interest I'm thinking uh I was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest I'm thinking uh I was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest I'm thinking uh I was really
+when I came to Boston for four years um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I came to Boston for four years um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I came to Boston for four years um
+I was shocked at how shoddy I felt that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was shocked at how shoddy I felt that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was shocked at how shoddy I felt that
+most quantitative analysis was I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most quantitative analysis was I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most quantitative analysis was I thought
+people are doing this work they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are doing this work they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are doing this work they're
+teaching the stuff they're advising the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching the stuff they're advising the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching the stuff they're advising the
+government they're running the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government they're running the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government they're running the
+government writing these papers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government writing these papers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government writing these papers that
+they have terrible data they have really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have terrible data they have really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have terrible data they have really
+stupid analysis and and the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid analysis and and the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid analysis and and the biggest
+thing the way I kind of encapsulated all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the way I kind of encapsulated all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the way I kind of encapsulated all
+of this is none of them would bet a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is none of them would bet a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is none of them would bet a
+nickel on their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nickel on their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nickel on their own
+results every single one of them if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results every single one of them if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results every single one of them if they
+were buying a car they would spend a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were buying a car they would spend a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were buying a car they would spend a lot
+more serious Common Sense analysis to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more serious Common Sense analysis to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more serious Common Sense analysis to
+get the right car that they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the right car that they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the right car that they do
+recommending a plan for the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommending a plan for the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommending a plan for the government
+to take over you know the steel industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take over you know the steel industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take over you know the steel industry
+or something like that um and a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that um and a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that um and a lot of
+other people kind of felt the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people kind of felt the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people kind of felt the same way
+and we had both some philosophical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we had both some philosophical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we had both some philosophical and
+some kind of empirical ideas that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of empirical ideas that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of empirical ideas that you
+know we were we were sold on the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we were we were sold on the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we were we were sold on the idea of
+quantitative analysis we were confident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative analysis we were confident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative analysis we were confident
+in our ability to make bets and win one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our ability to make bets and win one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our ability to make bets and win one
+of the things about hanging around with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things about hanging around with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things about hanging around with
+gamblers there's a lot of bad stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamblers there's a lot of bad stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamblers there's a lot of bad stuff
+gamblers are really nasty people um um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamblers are really nasty people um um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamblers are really nasty people um um a
+lot of really bad stuff um one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of really bad stuff um one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of really bad stuff um one of the
+flip sides of that is you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip sides of that is you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip sides of that is you don't have to
+be nice which is kind of takes a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be nice which is kind of takes a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be nice which is kind of takes a lot of
+pressure off um but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they do take things seriously right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do take things seriously right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do take things seriously right
+anything you say somebody can say put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you say somebody can say put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you say somebody can say put
+some money on it if you won't you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some money on it if you won't you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some money on it if you won't you're
+just you know an idiot loser chattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know an idiot loser chattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know an idiot loser chattering
+you'd start really thinking about things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd start really thinking about things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd start really thinking about things
+if you actually have to bet money on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you actually have to bet money on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you actually have to bet money on
+anything any opinion you get you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything any opinion you get you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything any opinion you get you know a
+lot of you get a lot of silly chattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of you get a lot of silly chattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of you get a lot of silly chattering
+conversation never happens if uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation never happens if uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation never happens if uh if
+people have to bet on everything they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have to bet on everything they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have to bet on everything they
+say anyway though um the the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say anyway though um the the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say anyway though um the the natural
+thing to do is say Okay I want to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do is say Okay I want to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do is say Okay I want to go to
+a place I want to prove that my methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a place I want to prove that my methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a place I want to prove that my methods
+work and the way I'm going to prove my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and the way I'm going to prove my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and the way I'm going to prove my
+methods work is I'm going to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods work is I'm going to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods work is I'm going to go to
+places where people gamble and I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where people gamble and I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where people gamble and I'm going
+to prove that I can win now all of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove that I can win now all of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove that I can win now all of us
+had read Ed thorp's beat the dealer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had read Ed thorp's beat the dealer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had read Ed thorp's beat the dealer
+people here know Ed Thorp okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people here know Ed Thorp okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people here know Ed Thorp okay you
+should you should read his books I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you should read his books I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you should read his books I
+should meet him he's still alive um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should meet him he's still alive um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should meet him he's still alive um um
+he's uh he was the mathematics professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's uh he was the mathematics professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's uh he was the mathematics professor
+he invented Blackjack card counting he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he invented Blackjack card counting he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he invented Blackjack card counting he
+managed to beat virtually every other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed to beat virtually every other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed to beat virtually every other
+Cino game uh and he's also either um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cino game uh and he's also either um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cino game uh and he's also either um uh
+invented or perfected almost all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented or perfected almost all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented or perfected almost all the
+quantitative hedge fund strategies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative hedge fund strategies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative hedge fund strategies that
+people use today he's one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use today he's one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use today he's one of the most
+successful hedge fund managers um uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful hedge fund managers um uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful hedge fund managers um uh for
+many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+years so one thing we did is we wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years so one thing we did is we wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years so one thing we did is we wanted
+to go and beat casino games and the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go and beat casino games and the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go and beat casino games and the one
+I like to talk about I'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like to talk about I'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like to talk about I'm just going to
+mention this very briefly but rette to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention this very briefly but rette to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention this very briefly but rette to
+me was the you know one that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me was the you know one that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me was the you know one that really
+changed the way I think about a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the way I think about a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the way I think about a lot of
+stuff it's a very very important lesson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff it's a very very important lesson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff it's a very very important lesson
+for people who have kind of academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people who have kind of academic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people who have kind of academic
+statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics
+backgrounds how do you beat roulette
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds how do you beat roulette
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds how do you beat roulette
+okay well this was Ed thorp's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well this was Ed thorp's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well this was Ed thorp's you know
+Ed Thorp was thinking about this and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ed Thorp was thinking about this and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ed Thorp was thinking about this and and
+and he was hearing this debate and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he was hearing this debate and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he was hearing this debate and and
+some people said uh you should find a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people said uh you should find a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people said uh you should find a b
+you should just record the patterns in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should just record the patterns in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should just record the patterns in
+the wheels and see if you can notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wheels and see if you can notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wheels and see if you can notice
+patterns like the wheels a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns like the wheels a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns like the wheels a little
+weighted one number comes up little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted one number comes up little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted one number comes up little
+board the others but other people said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board the others but other people said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board the others but other people said
+no that's impossible you know the wheels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that's impossible you know the wheels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that's impossible you know the wheels
+are too good and Ed had a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are too good and Ed had a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are too good and Ed had a really
+remarkable Insight that not enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable Insight that not enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable Insight that not enough
+people know about he said you can win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people know about he said you can win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people know about he said you can win
+money either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money either
+way if the wheel's broken and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way if the wheel's broken and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way if the wheel's broken and you know
+13 comes up you know a little more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 comes up you know a little more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 comes up you know a little more than
+it should you can on 13 that's easy but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should you can on 13 that's easy but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should you can on 13 that's easy but
+if the wheel is so perfect that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the wheel is so perfect that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the wheel is so perfect that every
+number comes up equally often it must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number comes up equally often it must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number comes up equally often it must be
+machined to such Perfection then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machined to such Perfection then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machined to such Perfection then you can
+use a little physics we had some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a little physics we had some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a little physics we had some uh
+mechanics up on the board when I came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics up on the board when I came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics up on the board when I came
+here you know you know use uh Newtonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you know you know use uh Newtonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you know you know use uh Newtonian
+physics and you can figure out where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and you can figure out where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and you can figure out where the
+ball is going to end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball is going to end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball is going to end
+up so he did a lot of work he did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so he did a lot of work he did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so he did a lot of work he did it
+with Claude Shannon again we're back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Claude Shannon again we're back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Claude Shannon again we're back to
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+MIT the father of information Theory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT the father of information Theory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT the father of information Theory and
+they sat down and they worked on rette
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sat down and they worked on rette
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sat down and they worked on rette
+and if you study this problem for a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you study this problem for a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you study this problem for a bit
+you pretty quickly find out here's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pretty quickly find out here's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pretty quickly find out here's how
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+work uh the way rouette works they spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh the way rouette works they spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh the way rouette works they spin
+a wheel in One Direction they spin a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wheel in One Direction they spin a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wheel in One Direction they spin a
+ball around the outside of a bowl the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball around the outside of a bowl the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball around the outside of a bowl the
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+way okay everything is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way okay everything is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way okay everything is very
+Newtonian um until the ball goes away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newtonian um until the ball goes away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newtonian um until the ball goes away
+from the edge it is very easy with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the edge it is very easy with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the edge it is very easy with a
+little bit of electronic AIDS which at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of electronic AIDS which at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of electronic AIDS which at
+the time were legal and are now illegal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time were legal and are now illegal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time were legal and are now illegal
+but uh um with electronic it's very easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh um with electronic it's very easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh um with electronic it's very easy
+to tell what number will be under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell what number will be under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell what number will be under the
+ball when the ball leaves the edge now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball when the ball leaves the edge now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball when the ball leaves the edge now
+there's a lot of bouncing and banging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of bouncing and banging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of bouncing and banging
+around between that when the ball comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around between that when the ball comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around between that when the ball comes
+to rest and that's pretty chaotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rest and that's pretty chaotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rest and that's pretty chaotic
+essentially impossible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially impossible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially impossible to
+predict so you have this perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict so you have this perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict so you have this perfectly
+predictable section and then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable section and then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable section and then you have
+this chaotic section but here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chaotic section but here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chaotic section but here's the
+Insight the predictable section you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Insight the predictable section you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Insight the predictable section you can
+calculate you can know okay you say when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate you can know okay you say when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate you can know okay you say when
+the ball goes under the edge number 17
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ball goes under the edge number 17
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ball goes under the edge number 17
+will be directly underneath it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be directly underneath it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be directly underneath it the
+chaotic part cannot be uniform on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaotic part cannot be uniform on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaotic part cannot be uniform on the
+wheel you say if 17 is under it when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel you say if 17 is under it when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel you say if 17 is under it when the
+ball comes down here is the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball comes down here is the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball comes down here is the distribution
+of places the ball is going to end up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of places the ball is going to end up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of places the ball is going to end up on
+the wheel and it's nowhere near random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wheel and it's nowhere near random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wheel and it's nowhere near random
+nowhere near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere near
+uniform so you can make good bats now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform so you can make good bats now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform so you can make good bats now if
+you actually want to do this you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually want to do this you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually want to do this you have to
+get several L you have to kind of keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get several L you have to kind of keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get several L you have to kind of keep
+refining this um notion but I I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refining this um notion but I I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refining this um notion but I I just
+want to focus on the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to focus on the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to focus on the big
+picture A lot of statistical Theory the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture A lot of statistical Theory the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture A lot of statistical Theory the
+basic theory of Statistics was based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic theory of Statistics was based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic theory of Statistics was based on
+Di
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Di
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Di
+that's what Nim Talib calls the ludic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what Nim Talib calls the ludic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what Nim Talib calls the ludic
+fallacy people trying to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fallacy people trying to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fallacy people trying to create
+Randomness the real world is nowhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness the real world is nowhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness the real world is nowhere
+near So Random even when people try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near So Random even when people try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near So Random even when people try to
+create Randomness even in a casino they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create Randomness even in a casino they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create Randomness even in a casino they
+can't do it and the reason they can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do it and the reason they can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do it and the reason they can't do
+it is if you build things really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is if you build things really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is if you build things really really
+precisely they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely they're
+predictable if you build things kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable if you build things kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable if you build things kind of
+loose and sloppy they have non-uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loose and sloppy they have non-uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loose and sloppy they have non-uniform
+patterns what you can't do is build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns what you can't do is build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns what you can't do is build a
+device that's both it exceeds human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device that's both it exceeds human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device that's both it exceeds human
+capabilities and when we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities and when we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities and when we're talking
+about the Practical Randomness you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Practical Randomness you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Practical Randomness you see
+in the world in the stock market in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world in the stock market in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world in the stock market in uh
+um you know other human politics and War
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know other human politics and War
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know other human politics and War
+anything you want to talk about people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you want to talk about people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you want to talk about people
+are way too sloppy in modeling things as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are way too sloppy in modeling things as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are way too sloppy in modeling things as
+random whenever somebody says this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random whenever somebody says this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random whenever somebody says this thing
+is random you say I'm going to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is random you say I'm going to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is random you say I'm going to take a
+hard look and I am going to find little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard look and I am going to find little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard look and I am going to find little
+pockets of predictability that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pockets of predictability that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pockets of predictability that I can
+calculate and in between those pockets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate and in between those pockets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate and in between those pockets
+predictability I'm going to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictability I'm going to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictability I'm going to find
+patterns that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns that are
+non-uniform and what I'm going to end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-uniform and what I'm going to end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-uniform and what I'm going to end up
+with is I'm going to end up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is I'm going to end up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is I'm going to end up with a
+system where people are saying you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system where people are saying you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system where people are saying you know
+you're obsessing about data and data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're obsessing about data and data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're obsessing about data and data
+quality for things that don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality for things that don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality for things that don't really
+matter very much nobody else thinks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter very much nobody else thinks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter very much nobody else thinks
+these things are important why are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are important why are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are important why are you
+spending all your time cleaning data for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending all your time cleaning data for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending all your time cleaning data for
+something that's far removed from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's far removed from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's far removed from the
+essential economics of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential economics of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential economics of this
+problem and they're also going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and they're also going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and they're also going to say
+and here are the really important things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here are the really important things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here are the really important things
+and you're just waving your hands you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're just waving your hands you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're just waving your hands you're
+not paying any you're making criminally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not paying any you're making criminally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not paying any you're making criminally
+Reckless or or or crude assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reckless or or or crude assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reckless or or or crude assumptions
+about those things but what they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those things but what they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those things but what they don't
+understand is that's exactly how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand is that's exactly how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand is that's exactly how you
+beat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat
+it that is what you do when you figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that is what you do when you figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that is what you do when you figure
+the stuff out you really come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff out you really come up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff out you really come up with a
+same that will uh um understand and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same that will uh um understand and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same that will uh um understand and make
+a profit it will look like that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a profit it will look like that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a profit it will look like that to
+Outsiders that you're focused on stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Outsiders that you're focused on stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Outsiders that you're focused on stuff
+that doesn't matter and you're ignoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't matter and you're ignoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't matter and you're ignoring
+the stuff that does matter put it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff that does matter put it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff that does matter put it in
+another way the stuff you think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way the stuff you think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way the stuff you think that
+matters doesn't and the stuff you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters doesn't and the stuff you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters doesn't and the stuff you don't
+think that matters does and when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that matters does and when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that matters does and when you do
+enough work on this kind of stuff that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough work on this kind of stuff that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough work on this kind of stuff that's
+how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you
+win now the thing about the people uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win now the thing about the people uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win now the thing about the people uh
+who did uh Blackjack card counting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who did uh Blackjack card counting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who did uh Blackjack card counting and
+rouette and back rat and craps and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rouette and back rat and craps and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rouette and back rat and craps and
+worked on all those other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on all those other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on all those other
+games what happens when uh people find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games what happens when uh people find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games what happens when uh people find
+out that's what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doing yeah it depends on the time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing yeah it depends on the time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing yeah it depends on the time and
+the place whether you're you know buried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place whether you're you know buried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place whether you're you know buried
+in the desert or just warned off or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the desert or just warned off or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the desert or just warned off or
+whatever but basically you have to fool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever but basically you have to fool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever but basically you have to fool
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+casino you're taking money from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casino you're taking money from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casino you're taking money from the
+casino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casino
+the people who stuck with this hate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who stuck with this hate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who stuck with this hate
+casinos a lot more than they like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casinos a lot more than they like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casinos a lot more than they like
+money they tend to be antisocial people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money they tend to be antisocial people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money they tend to be antisocial people
+you don't need any social skills right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need any social skills right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need any social skills right
+all you need is I mean if you've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you need is I mean if you've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you need is I mean if you've seen
+some of the movies the MN black check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the movies the MN black check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the movies the MN black check
+team bring down the house whatever uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team bring down the house whatever uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team bring down the house whatever uh
+you see some wildly over the top play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see some wildly over the top play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see some wildly over the top play
+acting to get things that isn't what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting to get things that isn't what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting to get things that isn't what
+most of these guys were most of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of these guys were most of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of these guys were most of these
+guys were quiet they went in they the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys were quiet they went in they the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys were quiet they went in they the
+casino gets the game the casino takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casino gets the game the casino takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casino gets the game the casino takes
+care of stuff uh you just go and play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of stuff uh you just go and play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of stuff uh you just go and play
+but you have to stay under the radar you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have to stay under the radar you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have to stay under the radar you
+can't let the casino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't let the casino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't let the casino
+notice now people also looked at another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice now people also looked at another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice now people also looked at another
+field sports betting now sports betting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field sports betting now sports betting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field sports betting now sports betting
+is this is frequent of stuff this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is frequent of stuff this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is frequent of stuff this is
+basy and stuff it is a lot easier to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basy and stuff it is a lot easier to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basy and stuff it is a lot easier to uh
+predict um how people are going to bet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict um how people are going to bet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict um how people are going to bet
+than how a game is going to come out if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than how a game is going to come out if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than how a game is going to come out if
+you wanted to predict an NBA game from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to predict an NBA game from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to predict an NBA game from
+first principles and figure out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first principles and figure out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first principles and figure out what the
+proper point spread was you got a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper point spread was you got a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper point spread was you got a big
+job ahead of you it can be done and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job ahead of you it can be done and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job ahead of you it can be done and
+people have done it and made some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have done it and made some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have done it and made some
+successful results but that's a big job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful results but that's a big job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful results but that's a big job
+here's an easy observation that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an easy observation that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an easy observation that was
+enough in the 1970s this was enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough in the 1970s this was enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough in the 1970s this was enough to
+make money Los Angeles Lakers are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make money Los Angeles Lakers are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make money Los Angeles Lakers are a
+glamorous team they were at the time Los
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glamorous team they were at the time Los
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glamorous team they were at the time Los
+Angeles is a big betting City when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Angeles is a big betting City when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Angeles is a big betting City when the
+Lakers play at home there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lakers play at home there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lakers play at home there's a lot of
+money coming in I'm betting on him the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money coming in I'm betting on him the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money coming in I'm betting on him the
+point spread is going to be too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point spread is going to be too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point spread is going to be too
+favorable bet against the Lakers at home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorable bet against the Lakers at home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorable bet against the Lakers at home
+right don't need a genius don't need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right don't need a genius don't need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right don't need a genius don't need a
+math PhD don't need a computer you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math PhD don't need a computer you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math PhD don't need a computer you can
+just figure this out and patterns like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just figure this out and patterns like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just figure this out and patterns like
+this are very easy to catch but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this are very easy to catch but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this are very easy to catch but they're
+based on understanding people so the Mal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on understanding people so the Mal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on understanding people so the Mal
+contents the introverts the autistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents the introverts the autistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents the introverts the autistic
+people they all went here the people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people they all went here the people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people they all went here the people who
+like people when into is sports betting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like people when into is sports betting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like people when into is sports betting
+now what happens if you're sports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what happens if you're sports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what happens if you're sports
+betting and you're successful what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betting and you're successful what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betting and you're successful what
+happens well actually at least certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens well actually at least certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens well actually at least certainly
+in those days they hire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those days they hire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those days they hire
+you right they want they great hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you right they want they great hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you right they want they great hey
+you're winning we want to take advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're winning we want to take advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're winning we want to take advantage
+of that we'll pay you a salary you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that we'll pay you a salary you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that we'll pay you a salary you you
+know you bet for us and the way they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you bet for us and the way they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you bet for us and the way they
+would pay you by the way is they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would pay you by the way is they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would pay you by the way is they would
+let you make bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let you make bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let you make bigger
+bets um uh um and so uh so you become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bets um uh um and so uh so you become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bets um uh um and so uh so you become
+part of the organization and pretty soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the organization and pretty soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the organization and pretty soon
+you're running your own uh uh bookmaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're running your own uh uh bookmaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're running your own uh uh bookmaking
+operation and so on so these are social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation and so on so these are social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation and so on so these are social
+people these are basian people these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people these are basian people these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people these are basian people these
+people are betting on frequencies these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are betting on frequencies these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are betting on frequencies these
+people are betting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are betting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are betting on
+people both of them are learning skills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people both of them are learning skills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people both of them are learning skills
+and techniques that nobody taught in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and techniques that nobody taught in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and techniques that nobody taught in the
+classroom that were totally Generations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom that were totally Generations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom that were totally Generations
+ahead of uh what statisticians were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of uh what statisticians were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of uh what statisticians were
+doing and academics what people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and academics what people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and academics what people were
+doing in ecometrics anything like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in ecometrics anything like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in ecometrics anything like that
+these people were because these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people were because these people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people were because these people
+had to it only worked if you're right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to it only worked if you're right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to it only worked if you're right
+you're betting every day smartest people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're betting every day smartest people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're betting every day smartest people
+in the world are spending every waking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world are spending every waking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world are spending every waking
+moment trying to find a way to beat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment trying to find a way to beat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment trying to find a way to beat
+it I did some of both of these I also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I did some of both of these I also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I did some of both of these I also
+did some poker um I was mostly a poker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did some poker um I was mostly a poker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did some poker um I was mostly a poker
+player poker is kind of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player poker is kind of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player poker is kind of in
+between okay you got some uh cardplay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between okay you got some uh cardplay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between okay you got some uh cardplay
+kind of thing uh Shuffle reading um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing uh Shuffle reading um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing uh Shuffle reading um uh
+things like that but you also got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that but you also got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that but you also got to
+know something about people not as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know something about people not as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know something about people not as much
+as a guy doing a sports betting you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a guy doing a sports betting you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a guy doing a sports betting you
+don't have to predict actions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to predict actions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to predict actions of
+thousands of people um but you do got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of people um but you do got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of people um but you do got to
+be able to look around the people at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to look around the people at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to look around the people at the
+table and figure some stuff out you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and figure some stuff out you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and figure some stuff out you got
+to be able to get invited to games you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to get invited to games you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to get invited to games you
+got to be able to collect from losers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to be able to collect from losers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to be able to collect from losers
+you got to be able to avoid arrest or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to be able to avoid arrest or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to be able to avoid arrest or or
+or or getting cheated or beaten up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or getting cheated or beaten up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or getting cheated or beaten up and
+stuff like that so we were kind of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that so we were kind of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that so we were kind of in
+between um some a lot of people I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between um some a lot of people I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between um some a lot of people I know
+from those days this this is the 70s 80s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from those days this this is the 70s 80s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from those days this this is the 70s 80s
+early 80s a lot of people stayed at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 80s a lot of people stayed at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 80s a lot of people stayed at it
+but a lot of us having honed our skills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a lot of us having honed our skills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a lot of us having honed our skills
+and figured out okay now we now we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and figured out okay now we now we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and figured out okay now we now we think
+we know something right you know um now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know something right you know um now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know something right you know um now
+playing poker since I'm 14 I've been uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing poker since I'm 14 I've been uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing poker since I'm 14 I've been uh
+you know had moderate success in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know had moderate success in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know had moderate success in uh
+beating casino games and sports betting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beating casino games and sports betting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beating casino games and sports betting
+I've had some really strong success of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've had some really strong success of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've had some really strong success of
+Poker I have some confidence right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poker I have some confidence right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poker I have some confidence right I
+don't just think I know something I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't just think I know something I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't just think I know something I know
+something and the reason I believe it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and the reason I believe it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and the reason I believe it is
+I went to the places where you test that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I went to the places where you test that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I went to the places where you test that
+stuff and uh and walked away with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and uh and walked away with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and uh and walked away with
+people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's
+money um so a lot of us went into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money um so a lot of us went into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money um so a lot of us went into
+Finance so this is really now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance so this is really now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance so this is really now we're
+talking about the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the early
+80s the uh people who like casino games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80s the uh people who like casino games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80s the uh people who like casino games
+they like secretive little hedge funds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they like secretive little hedge funds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they like secretive little hedge funds
+uh they want to invest their own money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they want to invest their own money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they want to invest their own money
+or only a few wealthy investors uh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or only a few wealthy investors uh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or only a few wealthy investors uh they
+wanted they as soon as they could they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted they as soon as they could they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted they as soon as they could they
+wanted to pay off their investors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to pay off their investors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to pay off their investors and
+just by themselves um and uh and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by themselves um and uh and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by themselves um and uh and you
+know some some really brilliant stuff T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some some really brilliant stuff T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some some really brilliant stuff T
+fairly narrow Focus tend to like pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly narrow Focus tend to like pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly narrow Focus tend to like pick
+some narrow Niche kind of thing and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some narrow Niche kind of thing and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some narrow Niche kind of thing and and
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+it uh basian these people were matal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh basian these people were matal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh basian these people were matal
+these people went into big Bank stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people went into big Bank stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people went into big Bank stuff
+they knew people they do businesses they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they knew people they do businesses they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they knew people they do businesses they
+were uh uh you know uh Bank executive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were uh uh you know uh Bank executive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were uh uh you know uh Bank executive
+types and by the way in these days I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types and by the way in these days I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types and by the way in these days I'm
+talking about you didn't you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about you didn't you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about you didn't you know you
+left math off your resume if you wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left math off your resume if you wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left math off your resume if you wanted
+to apply for a Wall Street job um I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to apply for a Wall Street job um I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to apply for a Wall Street job um I'm
+not kidding you you people thought if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not kidding you you people thought if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not kidding you you people thought if
+you knew math it'd be like you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you knew math it'd be like you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you knew math it'd be like you know you
+want to go to the NFL you know the NFL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go to the NFL you know the NFL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go to the NFL you know the NFL
+they don't want you if you got a PhD in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't want you if you got a PhD in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't want you if you got a PhD in
+math that's like they don't want smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math that's like they don't want smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math that's like they don't want smart
+people uh Wall Street did not want uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh Wall Street did not want uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh Wall Street did not want uh
+people who knew math some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who knew math some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who knew math some of them
+understood that smart people would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood that smart people would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood that smart people would be
+dangerous others just thought that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous others just thought that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous others just thought that
+anybody in math had to be um Ivory Tower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody in math had to be um Ivory Tower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody in math had to be um Ivory Tower
+and couldn't possibly uh know anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and couldn't possibly uh know anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and couldn't possibly uh know anything
+but still once you got there these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still once you got there these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still once you got there these
+skills were incredibly useful right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills were incredibly useful right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills were incredibly useful right if
+you'd been five six years uh betting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd been five six years uh betting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd been five six years uh betting
+Sports successfully you knew a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sports successfully you knew a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sports successfully you knew a lot of
+stuff about markets and and businesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff about markets and and businesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff about markets and and businesses
+and how to run things and people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how to run things and people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how to run things and people that
+some of these other people would never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these other people would never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these other people would never
+learn um their whole life uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn um their whole life uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn um their whole life uh these
+people didn't have to get a job but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people didn't have to get a job but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people didn't have to get a job but
+their problem was could they find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their problem was could they find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their problem was could they find
+somebody to trade with could they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody to trade with could they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody to trade with could they get
+people to broker for them to trade with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to broker for them to trade with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to broker for them to trade with
+them and so on so they had a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and so on so they had a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and so on so they had a lot of
+problem with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with that
+um me poker players people like me we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um me poker players people like me we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um me poker players people like me we
+could get jobs we didn't want high level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get jobs we didn't want high level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get jobs we didn't want high level
+executive jobs so we wanted to be kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executive jobs so we wanted to be kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executive jobs so we wanted to be kind
+of you know run some little Department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know run some little Department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know run some little Department
+that kind of under the radar screen we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of under the radar screen we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of under the radar screen we'd
+run a Quant trading team we do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run a Quant trading team we do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run a Quant trading team we do some
+pairs trading we do some Quant stuff we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs trading we do some Quant stuff we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs trading we do some Quant stuff we
+do Structured Products we did a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do Structured Products we did a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do Structured Products we did a lot of
+that kind of stuff um we were used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of stuff um we were used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of stuff um we were used to
+networking we're good at that uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networking we're good at that uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networking we're good at that uh but
+under the screen we weren't good at like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the screen we weren't good at like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the screen we weren't good at like
+you know showing up in a suit and tie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know showing up in a suit and tie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know showing up in a suit and tie
+and being nice to bosses and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and being nice to bosses and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and being nice to bosses and things like
+that we weren't good at raising money um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we weren't good at raising money um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we weren't good at raising money um
+which is why we kind of had to go um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why we kind of had to go um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why we kind of had to go um you
+know kind of hook up with a big firm we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know kind of hook up with a big firm we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know kind of hook up with a big firm we
+liked the fact that the firm would give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liked the fact that the firm would give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liked the fact that the firm would give
+us trading Capital The Firm would give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us trading Capital The Firm would give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us trading Capital The Firm would give
+us uh setup relationships so we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us uh setup relationships so we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us uh setup relationships so we didn't
+have any problem like opening up trading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any problem like opening up trading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any problem like opening up trading
+lines and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and things like
+that um um but we basically got to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um um but we basically got to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um um but we basically got to keep
+what we made or we got to keep a portion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we made or we got to keep a portion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we made or we got to keep a portion
+of what we made um which is the way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we made um which is the way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we made um which is the way we
+we we like to do it this is what really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we like to do it this is what really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we like to do it this is what really
+revolutionized Wall Street the thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutionized Wall Street the thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutionized Wall Street the thing I
+tell people is having lived through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell people is having lived through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell people is having lived through this
+from the early 80s to now it's people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the early 80s to now it's people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the early 80s to now it's people
+don't understand how much finan has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't understand how much finan has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't understand how much finan has
+changed an awful lot of finances written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed an awful lot of finances written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed an awful lot of finances written
+as if there's some continuous history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if there's some continuous history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if there's some continuous history
+some minor Technical Innovations you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some minor Technical Innovations you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some minor Technical Innovations you
+know electronic trading is just a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know electronic trading is just a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know electronic trading is just a little
+bit faster way of people yelling at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit faster way of people yelling at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit faster way of people yelling at each
+other in a pit well it's not true the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other in a pit well it's not true the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other in a pit well it's not true the
+entire fundamental technological basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire fundamental technological basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire fundamental technological basis
+of Finance has changed has completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Finance has changed has completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Finance has changed has completely
+been redone um I use the uh analogy of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been redone um I use the uh analogy of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been redone um I use the uh analogy of a
+digital camera versus a chemical camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital camera versus a chemical camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital camera versus a chemical camera
+you know they kind of look the same or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they kind of look the same or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they kind of look the same or
+they used to now they're in your phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they used to now they're in your phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they used to now they're in your phone
+but a few years ago you know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a few years ago you know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a few years ago you know if you
+digital camera looks kind of the same it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital camera looks kind of the same it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital camera looks kind of the same it
+runs on battery it's got a flash it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs on battery it's got a flash it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs on battery it's got a flash it's
+got a lens it's got a shutter button uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a lens it's got a shutter button uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a lens it's got a shutter button uh
+people use it for the same thing they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use it for the same thing they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use it for the same thing they
+take pictures of their friends or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take pictures of their friends or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take pictures of their friends or
+Vacations or parties things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vacations or parties things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vacations or parties things like that
+but the technology inside is entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the technology inside is entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the technology inside is entirely
+totally different if you want to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally different if you want to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally different if you want to make a
+camera you know it's you hire completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera you know it's you hire completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera you know it's you hire completely
+different people use completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different people use completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different people use completely
+different processes the theory is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different processes the theory is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different processes the theory is
+completely different well a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different well a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different well a difference
+in finance and the people of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in finance and the people of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in finance and the people of my
+generation the quants of my generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation the quants of my generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation the quants of my generation
+are the ones that built that and most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the ones that built that and most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the ones that built that and most of
+it it has a lot more of its genetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it has a lot more of its genetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it has a lot more of its genetics
+come from sports betting and beating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from sports betting and beating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from sports betting and beating
+casino games and poker than it does from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casino games and poker than it does from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casino games and poker than it does from
+economic theory of the 1970s and 1980s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic theory of the 1970s and 1980s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic theory of the 1970s and 1980s
+era
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era
+vintage um for those of you who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vintage um for those of you who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vintage um for those of you who are
+interested in this stuff um I put a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in this stuff um I put a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in this stuff um I put a few
+books here I did these in alphabetical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books here I did these in alphabetical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books here I did these in alphabetical
+order of title I do have a couple of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of title I do have a couple of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of title I do have a couple of my
+own books here but uh you know beat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own books here but uh you know beat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own books here but uh you know beat the
+market by Ed Thor uh you just read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market by Ed Thor uh you just read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market by Ed Thor uh you just read
+anything you can by Ed Thorp a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you can by Ed Thorp a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you can by Ed Thorp a lot of
+it's available um free online uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's available um free online uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's available um free online uh you
+just got a um um that that's a guy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just got a um um that that's a guy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just got a um um that that's a guy you
+want to under who understands stuff um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to under who understands stuff um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to under who understands stuff um
+James uh mcmanis friend of mine uh wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James uh mcmanis friend of mine uh wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James uh mcmanis friend of mine uh wrote
+Cowboys full uh some of you may remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cowboys full uh some of you may remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cowboys full uh some of you may remember
+James he made the final table of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James he made the final table of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James he made the final table of the
+main event of the World Series of Poker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main event of the World Series of Poker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main event of the World Series of Poker
+and wrote a best-selling book about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wrote a best-selling book about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wrote a best-selling book about it
+which is a lot of fun too positively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a lot of fun too positively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a lot of fun too positively
+Fifth Street um but this is a history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fifth Street um but this is a history of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fifth Street um but this is a history of
+Poker if that's your if that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poker if that's your if that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poker if that's your if that's what
+you're interested in it's really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in it's really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in it's really the
+only good history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only good history of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only good history of
+Poker um this is a really interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poker um this is a really interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poker um this is a really interesting
+book the economic function of Futures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book the economic function of Futures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book the economic function of Futures
+markets um for about 100 years people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets um for about 100 years people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets um for about 100 years people
+wrote nothing but nonsense about Futures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote nothing but nonsense about Futures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote nothing but nonsense about Futures
+markets and then this guy came along PhD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets and then this guy came along PhD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets and then this guy came along PhD
+um came along and wrote a thin book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um came along and wrote a thin book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um came along and wrote a thin book
+around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+1990 that absolutely explained it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1990 that absolutely explained it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1990 that absolutely explained it and
+it's funny because after reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's funny because after reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's funny because after reading
+nonsense I mean just transparent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsense I mean just transparent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsense I mean just transparent
+nonsense about Futures markets all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsense about Futures markets all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsense about Futures markets all the
+time this guy wrote a book and the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this guy wrote a book and the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this guy wrote a book and the thing
+about this book is it's logical it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this book is it's logical it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this book is it's logical it makes
+sense he's got a story it makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense he's got a story it makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense he's got a story it makes sense
+he's got empirical evidence for it he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's got empirical evidence for it he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's got empirical evidence for it he
+just he nailed it he explained what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just he nailed it he explained what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just he nailed it he explained what
+Futures markets are and and nobody ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Futures markets are and and nobody ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Futures markets are and and nobody ever
+paid any attention I mean nobody ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid any attention I mean nobody ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid any attention I mean nobody ever
+cites it nobody ever reads it whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cites it nobody ever reads it whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cites it nobody ever reads it whatever
+but if you want to know Futures markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you want to know Futures markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you want to know Futures markets
+this is the guy who explains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the guy who explains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the guy who explains
+it um Fisher black um by the way this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um Fisher black um by the way this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um Fisher black um by the way this is
+the hardback which has a blue cover if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hardback which has a blue cover if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hardback which has a blue cover if
+you buy the paperback with a black cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you buy the paperback with a black cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you buy the paperback with a black cover
+uh it has a forward by me so uh I go for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it has a forward by me so uh I go for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it has a forward by me so uh I go for
+the paperback um but um this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paperback um but um this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paperback um but um this is really
+interesting this is if you're interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting this is if you're interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting this is if you're interested
+in kind of the time when I was at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in kind of the time when I was at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in kind of the time when I was at
+Harvard and hanging around MIT and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard and hanging around MIT and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard and hanging around MIT and
+talking to people who were arguing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to people who were arguing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to people who were arguing about
+this kind of stuff Fisher black was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of stuff Fisher black was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of stuff Fisher black was a
+very important part of that um um I knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important part of that um um I knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important part of that um um I knew
+pretty well in those days um and uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well in those days um and uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well in those days um and uh um
+there's a lot of really interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of really interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of really interesting
+stuff about how kind of logic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff about how kind of logic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff about how kind of logic and
+rationality in mathematics actually came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationality in mathematics actually came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationality in mathematics actually came
+into Finance um it wasn't you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Finance um it wasn't you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Finance um it wasn't you know it
+didn't come in naturally it was some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't come in naturally it was some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't come in naturally it was some
+eccentric thinkers like Fisher black was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eccentric thinkers like Fisher black was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eccentric thinkers like Fisher black was
+nothing if not Ecentric um who did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing if not Ecentric um who did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing if not Ecentric um who did it
+and this book kind of uh explains it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this book kind of uh explains it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this book kind of uh explains it by
+me Perry Marling Perry Marling is a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me Perry Marling Perry Marling is a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me Perry Marling Perry Marling is a nice
+guy who wrote who actually wrote another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy who wrote who actually wrote another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy who wrote who actually wrote another
+good book the new Lombard Street that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good book the new Lombard Street that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good book the new Lombard Street that's
+very interesting about modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting about modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting about modern
+Finance um this is a book by Daniel nner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance um this is a book by Daniel nner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance um this is a book by Daniel nner
+who I do not know um this kind of covers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who I do not know um this kind of covers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who I do not know um this kind of covers
+the prehistory this tells you what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prehistory this tells you what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prehistory this tells you what the
+world was like in the Northwest United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world was like in the Northwest United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world was like in the Northwest United
+States before poker came in um it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States before poker came in um it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States before poker came in um it goes
+up to I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to I think
+1791 um or so so it's uh so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1791 um or so so it's uh so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1791 um or so so it's uh so it's a
+prehistory but it's really fascinating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prehistory but it's really fascinating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prehistory but it's really fascinating
+economics there was a fascinating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics there was a fascinating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics there was a fascinating
+economy in this part of the world the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy in this part of the world the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy in this part of the world the
+the pre-modern economy but it had within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pre-modern economy but it had within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pre-modern economy but it had within
+it more of the uh design of the modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it more of the uh design of the modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it more of the uh design of the modern
+economy than if you'd gone to London or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy than if you'd gone to London or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy than if you'd gone to London or
+New York at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York at the same
+time uh this is a book another guy I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh this is a book another guy I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh this is a book another guy I
+don't know actually talked to him a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know actually talked to him a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know actually talked to him a few
+times about this book but uh when he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times about this book but uh when he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times about this book but uh when he was
+writing it but this is more money than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing it but this is more money than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing it but this is more money than
+God it's a excellent story kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God it's a excellent story kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God it's a excellent story kind of the
+early hedge funds A lot of these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early hedge funds A lot of these people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early hedge funds A lot of these people
+who were coming from these sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were coming from these sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were coming from these sorts of
+backgrounds bringing some mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds bringing some mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds bringing some mathematics
+into Finance um um doesn't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Finance um um doesn't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Finance um um doesn't have a
+tremendous Insight he he doesn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous Insight he he doesn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous Insight he he doesn't get
+into like the strategies or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into like the strategies or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into like the strategies or the
+intellectual ideas behind the things but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual ideas behind the things but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual ideas behind the things but
+I'll tell you the stories of the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll tell you the stories of the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll tell you the stories of the people
+and and what happened um and stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and what happened um and stuff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and what happened um and stuff like
+that uh two books that I I sort of did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh two books that I I sort of did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh two books that I I sort of did
+the I was you know coming up with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I was you know coming up with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I was you know coming up with this
+and I just pulled up some books but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just pulled up some books but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just pulled up some books but
+there are two that I left off that I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two that I left off that I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two that I left off that I was
+thinking on the train right up I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking on the train right up I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking on the train right up I should
+have put on here one of them is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have put on here one of them is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have put on here one of them is called
+poker Faces by a guy named David
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker Faces by a guy named David
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker Faces by a guy named David
+hayo uh that he's another guy I knew I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hayo uh that he's another guy I knew I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hayo uh that he's another guy I knew I
+knew him in Gardina he was uh player in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew him in Gardina he was uh player in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew him in Gardina he was uh player in
+Gardina he was also working on his PhD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gardina he was also working on his PhD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gardina he was also working on his PhD
+in sociology actually actually he called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sociology actually actually he called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sociology actually actually he called
+himself an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself an
+autoethnographer so he was a uh uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoethnographer so he was a uh uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoethnographer so he was a uh uh an
+ethnographer and a uh who studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethnographer and a uh who studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethnographer and a uh who studied
+himself um and he wrote anyway he wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself um and he wrote anyway he wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself um and he wrote anyway he wrote
+he wrote a book on Gardina and the poker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wrote a book on Gardina and the poker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wrote a book on Gardina and the poker
+economy and and what it was like I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy and and what it was like I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy and and what it was like I'm
+actually in the book um but it really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in the book um but it really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in the book um but it really is
+a great book and it really tells it kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great book and it really tells it kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great book and it really tells it kind
+of what the poker economy was like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what the poker economy was like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what the poker economy was like in
+the 70s I think that was the last gasp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 70s I think that was the last gasp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 70s I think that was the last gasp
+that takes us back I mean they really it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes us back I mean they really it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes us back I mean they really it
+was a lot weaker than it was in the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a lot weaker than it was in the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a lot weaker than it was in the you
+know 1840s Chicago so it wasn't as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 1840s Chicago so it wasn't as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 1840s Chicago so it wasn't as
+important to the economy but it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to the economy but it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to the economy but it was
+still there you could really see a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still there you could really see a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still there you could really see a lot
+of the uh uh relations how things worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh uh relations how things worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh uh relations how things worked
+really were there I think that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really were there I think that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really were there I think that's kind of
+gone now you really don't find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone now you really don't find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone now you really don't find that
+today another one is by a guy friend of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today another one is by a guy friend of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today another one is by a guy friend of
+mine Professor Phil tlock at Wharton is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine Professor Phil tlock at Wharton is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine Professor Phil tlock at Wharton is
+he wrote a book called expert political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wrote a book called expert political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wrote a book called expert political
+judgment um and that tells you a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgment um and that tells you a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgment um and that tells you a lot
+about kind of what the things that drove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about kind of what the things that drove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about kind of what the things that drove
+me away from uh you know basically how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me away from uh you know basically how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me away from uh you know basically how
+bad experts are predicting stuff and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad experts are predicting stuff and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad experts are predicting stuff and
+what really drives you to if you're good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what really drives you to if you're good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what really drives you to if you're good
+at the stuff if you're quantitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the stuff if you're quantitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the stuff if you're quantitative
+person if you like to make bets if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person if you like to make bets if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person if you like to make bets if you
+like to back your judgment you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to back your judgment you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to back your judgment you know you
+just got to stay away from experts you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just got to stay away from experts you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just got to stay away from experts you
+got to go someplace where you find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to go someplace where you find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to go someplace where you find out
+and Cold Hard Cash whether you're making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Cold Hard Cash whether you're making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Cold Hard Cash whether you're making
+good or bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good or bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good or bad
+predictions uh Poker Face of Wall Street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions uh Poker Face of Wall Street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions uh Poker Face of Wall Street
+this is by me this is uh covers a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is by me this is uh covers a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is by me this is uh covers a lot of
+stuff I'm talking about the connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff I'm talking about the connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff I'm talking about the connection
+between poker and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between poker and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between poker and
+finance and red-blooded risk also by me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance and red-blooded risk also by me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance and red-blooded risk also by me
+um this tells a lot more about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this tells a lot more about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this tells a lot more about how
+people brought ideas from sports betting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people brought ideas from sports betting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people brought ideas from sports betting
+and uh poker and um um uh casino games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh poker and um um uh casino games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh poker and um um uh casino games
+and how that entered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how that entered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how that entered
+into um mainstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into um mainstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into um mainstream
+Finance okay um that's what I've got any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance okay um that's what I've got any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance okay um that's what I've got any
+questions comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah um I can really I can't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um I can really I can't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um I can really I can't really
+answer that in the sense I mean to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that in the sense I mean to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that in the sense I mean to
+really answer that you'd have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really answer that you'd have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really answer that you'd have to have
+like tracked their winnings and losing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like tracked their winnings and losing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like tracked their winnings and losing
+for long periods of time Bill ran a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for long periods of time Bill ran a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for long periods of time Bill ran a game
+in Courier house um I didn't like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Courier house um I didn't like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Courier house um I didn't like the
+game it was um a very tense game uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game it was um a very tense game uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game it was um a very tense game uh you
+always kind of got the Feeling people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always kind of got the Feeling people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always kind of got the Feeling people
+lost more than they wanted to um and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost more than they wanted to um and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost more than they wanted to um and and
+it wasn't a lot of fun to play um he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't a lot of fun to play um he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't a lot of fun to play um he was
+certainly a a respectable player at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly a a respectable player at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly a a respectable player at at
+the time um also you also have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time um also you also have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time um also you also have to
+understand I'm coming from a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand I'm coming from a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand I'm coming from a slightly
+different perspective I'm really at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different perspective I'm really at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different perspective I'm really at this
+point one of the best players in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point one of the best players in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point one of the best players in the
+country I don't you know we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country I don't you know we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country I don't you know we didn't
+really have rankings back was kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have rankings back was kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have rankings back was kind of
+hard to tell but I would say there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to tell but I would say there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to tell but I would say there were
+maybe 100 people in the country that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 100 people in the country that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 100 people in the country that I
+was felt more or less equal to and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was felt more or less equal to and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was felt more or less equal to and I
+wasn't afraid of anybody I mean I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't afraid of anybody I mean I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't afraid of anybody I mean I would
+sit down the table with anybody and play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit down the table with anybody and play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit down the table with anybody and play
+them kind of even so none of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them kind of even so none of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them kind of even so none of these
+people were that level none of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were that level none of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were that level none of these
+people were kind of serious professional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were kind of serious professional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were kind of serious professional
+players but you know somebody can be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players but you know somebody can be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players but you know somebody can be a
+very competent careful um player uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very competent careful um player uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very competent careful um player uh
+George Bush was a lot of fun to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George Bush was a lot of fun to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George Bush was a lot of fun to play
+with um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um
+um ran a great game um I don't think he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um ran a great game um I don't think he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um ran a great game um I don't think he
+was too interested in the money um I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was too interested in the money um I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was too interested in the money um I'm
+not sure he didn't seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure he didn't seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure he didn't seem to
+be um probably more interested in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be um probably more interested in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be um probably more interested in the
+connections by the way that by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections by the way that by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections by the way that by the way
+that's true of a lot of people a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true of a lot of people a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true of a lot of people a lot of
+people you know I'm talking about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people you know I'm talking about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people you know I'm talking about this
+networking and kind of this abstract see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networking and kind of this abstract see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networking and kind of this abstract see
+I'm I'm an introvert so for me it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm an introvert so for me it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm an introvert so for me it's kind
+of this amazing thing that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this amazing thing that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this amazing thing that you can
+create these networks I'm thinking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create these networks I'm thinking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create these networks I'm thinking of
+them very mathematical and how a diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them very mathematical and how a diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them very mathematical and how a diagram
+for a lot of people are just wired that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a lot of people are just wired that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a lot of people are just wired that
+way they understand on some you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they understand on some you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they understand on some you know
+they don't sit down and Network diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't sit down and Network diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't sit down and Network diagrams
+you say hey I'm going to play in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say hey I'm going to play in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say hey I'm going to play in this
+game I'm gonna make some friends I'm G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game I'm gonna make some friends I'm G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game I'm gonna make some friends I'm G
+to chat with my friends I'm gonna buy a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to chat with my friends I'm gonna buy a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to chat with my friends I'm gonna buy a
+baseball team I'm G to be president you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseball team I'm G to be president you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseball team I'm G to be president you
+know whatever and it it works for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whatever and it it works for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whatever and it it works for them
+um and that stuff never works for me I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that stuff never works for me I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that stuff never works for me I
+have to think about I have to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about I have to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about I have to you know
+do this on an intellectual level so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this on an intellectual level so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this on an intellectual level so that
+was more fun I would say of the people I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was more fun I would say of the people I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was more fun I would say of the people I
+played at at Harvard at that time um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played at at Harvard at that time um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played at at Harvard at that time um the
+two that were probably the best kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that were probably the best kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that were probably the best kind of
+in my recollection was Scott turo the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my recollection was Scott turo the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my recollection was Scott turo the
+author who was uh really you know could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+author who was uh really you know could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+author who was uh really you know could
+have been a pro level player um probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been a pro level player um probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been a pro level player um probably
+didn't play enough to do it but um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't play enough to do it but um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't play enough to do it but um um
+had the instincts had the people skills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the instincts had the people skills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the instincts had the people skills
+and so on and a guy named Lloyd Tran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and a guy named Lloyd Tran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and a guy named Lloyd Tran
+who's a mathematician at Oxford now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's a mathematician at Oxford now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's a mathematician at Oxford now and
+uh and just was a really good actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and just was a really good actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and just was a really good actually
+taught me a lot of theory you know we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught me a lot of theory you know we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught me a lot of theory you know we we
+we talked about that stuff a lot um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about that stuff a lot um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about that stuff a lot um but
+um but all of us one one thing I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but all of us one one thing I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but all of us one one thing I will
+say in terms of that the people at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in terms of that the people at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in terms of that the people at
+Gardina the people art Gardina really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gardina the people art Gardina really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gardina the people art Gardina really
+were A Cut Above That a pretty good club
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were A Cut Above That a pretty good club
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were A Cut Above That a pretty good club
+player D Gardina somebody who just kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player D Gardina somebody who just kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player D Gardina somebody who just kind
+of was you know playing at the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of was you know playing at the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of was you know playing at the top
+stakes and breaking even some like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakes and breaking even some like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakes and breaking even some like that
+was so much better than the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so much better than the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so much better than the you know
+leather ass Texas Road gamblers who were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leather ass Texas Road gamblers who were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leather ass Texas Road gamblers who were
+you know playing off in the World Series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know playing off in the World Series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know playing off in the World Series
+of Poker and things like that I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Poker and things like that I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Poker and things like that I mean you
+went to Las Vegas these people just were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to Las Vegas these people just were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to Las Vegas these people just were
+not very good at poker now they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very good at poker now they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very good at poker now they were
+very good at making money at poker which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good at making money at poker which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good at making money at poker which
+is a little bit different but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit different but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit different but if you
+just sat down if you just listen to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sat down if you just listen to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sat down if you just listen to the
+analysis they gave of why they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis they gave of why they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis they gave of why they did
+things when they did it was just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things when they did it was just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things when they did it was just you
+know you know they're just uh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know they're just uh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know they're just uh they
+believed in luck they uh would make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believed in luck they uh would make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believed in luck they uh would make
+these arguments that just made no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these arguments that just made no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these arguments that just made no
+strategic sense at all um they weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic sense at all um they weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic sense at all um they weren't
+even thinking in terms of what you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even thinking in terms of what you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even thinking in terms of what you think
+of Poker forms now that had very little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Poker forms now that had very little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Poker forms now that had very little
+to do with making a living at poker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with making a living at poker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with making a living at poker
+right if you were um one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you were um one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you were um one of those
+stories I like to tell is there's a uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories I like to tell is there's a uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories I like to tell is there's a uh a
+story and it's I read it in a book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story and it's I read it in a book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story and it's I read it in a book
+actually I didn't I didn't know this at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I didn't I didn't know this at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I didn't I didn't know this at
+the time but three WSOP winners and I it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time but three WSOP winners and I it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time but three WSOP winners and I it
+might have been Dolly Brunson sailor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have been Dolly Brunson sailor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have been Dolly Brunson sailor
+Robert sailor Roberts was a good player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robert sailor Roberts was a good player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robert sailor Roberts was a good player
+um he was probably the only one in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he was probably the only one in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he was probably the only one in that
+crowd that was really top and one other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowd that was really top and one other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowd that was really top and one other
+they used to drive around Texas and play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they used to drive around Texas and play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they used to drive around Texas and play
+in just Local Tavern game they think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in just Local Tavern game they think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in just Local Tavern game they think
+okay well three WSOP winners playing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well three WSOP winners playing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well three WSOP winners playing in
+these you know Texas games and stuff you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these you know Texas games and stuff you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these you know Texas games and stuff you
+know just local people they they should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know just local people they they should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know just local people they they should
+clean up right they should make tons of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean up right they should make tons of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean up right they should make tons of
+money uh sailor told me they broke even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money uh sailor told me they broke even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money uh sailor told me they broke even
+you know they just weren't really making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they just weren't really making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they just weren't really making
+money playing par what they were doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money playing par what they were doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money playing par what they were doing
+was they were bag men for betting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was they were bag men for betting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was they were bag men for betting on
+high school football so they were going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school football so they were going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school football so they were going
+to these towns they were playing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these towns they were playing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these towns they were playing some
+poker and then they were collecting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker and then they were collecting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker and then they were collecting the
+bets and moving around and getting paid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bets and moving around and getting paid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bets and moving around and getting paid
+for that but the poker was a break even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that but the poker was a break even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that but the poker was a break even
+operation for him so a lot of people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation for him so a lot of people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation for him so a lot of people who
+have sort of great reputations of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sort of great reputations of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sort of great reputations of the
+poker plays lots of colorful stories um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker plays lots of colorful stories um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker plays lots of colorful stories um
+in just to you set them down at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in just to you set them down at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in just to you set them down at a
+computer you set them down at a you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer you set them down at a you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer you set them down at a you know
+tournament or something that would just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournament or something that would just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournament or something that would just
+be toast in in in five minutes um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be toast in in in five minutes um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be toast in in in five minutes um but
+but the people us you know the people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the people us you know the people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the people us you know the people in
+Gardina who were much better in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gardina who were much better in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gardina who were much better in terms of
+theoretical poker play and playing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical poker play and playing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical poker play and playing the
+game we would have been toast in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game we would have been toast in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game we would have been toast in that
+Tavern in Texas right we would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tavern in Texas right we would have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tavern in Texas right we would have been
+beaten over the head with a pool que and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beaten over the head with a pool que and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beaten over the head with a pool que and
+left out with a cows or something uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left out with a cows or something uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left out with a cows or something uh um
+and not just I don't just mean we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not just I don't just mean we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not just I don't just mean we
+weren't tough we weren't tough we aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't tough we weren't tough we aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't tough we weren't tough we aren't
+tough um we weren't we have social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough um we weren't we have social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough um we weren't we have social
+skills we we had just enough social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills we we had just enough social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills we we had just enough social
+skills some of us most of them didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills some of us most of them didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills some of us most of them didn't
+even have this I I was like considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even have this I I was like considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even have this I I was like considered
+like pretty social because I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like pretty social because I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like pretty social because I could
+actually get a game together of normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get a game together of normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get a game together of normal
+people and collect money and so on most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and collect money and so on most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and collect money and so on most
+of these people couldn't right uh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these people couldn't right uh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these people couldn't right uh they
+couldn't play with normal people um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't play with normal people um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't play with normal people um and
+uh and none of us had the kind of skills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and none of us had the kind of skills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and none of us had the kind of skills
+that those people did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those people did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those people did
+other questions yeah um do you think if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions yeah um do you think if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions yeah um do you think if
+you're a good poker player are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a good poker player are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a good poker player are you
+better off making a big name for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better off making a big name for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better off making a big name for
+yourself or staying under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself or staying under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself or staying under the
+radar that's hard for me to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radar that's hard for me to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radar that's hard for me to answer
+because I come from a strong tradition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I come from a strong tradition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I come from a strong tradition
+of being under the radar it was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being under the radar it was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being under the radar it was very
+hard for me to come out when I wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard for me to come out when I wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard for me to come out when I wrote
+this book this was kind of my first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this book this was kind of my first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this book this was kind of my first
+public acknowledgement I mean people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public acknowledgement I mean people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public acknowledgement I mean people who
+knew me knew I played including on Wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew me knew I played including on Wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew me knew I played including on Wall
+Street you know I mean a lot of famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street you know I mean a lot of famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street you know I mean a lot of famous
+people on Wall Street you know play and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on Wall Street you know play and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on Wall Street you know play and
+I play with them or whatever but to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I play with them or whatever but to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I play with them or whatever but to sort
+of come out in print and and when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of come out in print and and when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of come out in print and and when I
+talked to people I said you know I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked to people I said you know I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked to people I said you know I'm
+going to tell the story about you in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell the story about you in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell the story about you in the
+book and you know people who you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and you know people who you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and you know people who you would
+think would have no problem being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think would have no problem being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think would have no problem being
+identified as a poker player just would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified as a poker player just would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified as a poker player just would
+not uh let me do it but that said you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh let me do it but that said you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh let me do it but that said you
+know there's a whole career out there I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's a whole career out there I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's a whole career out there I
+don't know if it's still true but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if it's still true but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if it's still true but there
+are people who made fortunes by being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are people who made fortunes by being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are people who made fortunes by being
+famous poker players and uh the thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous poker players and uh the thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous poker players and uh the thing I
+always kind of wanted to do I never I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always kind of wanted to do I never I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always kind of wanted to do I never I've
+never liked tournaments I don't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never liked tournaments I don't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never liked tournaments I don't like
+casinos I I play them sometimes but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casinos I I play them sometimes but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casinos I I play them sometimes but I
+like playing when I want to play I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like playing when I want to play I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like playing when I want to play I don't
+like being told when to play and uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like being told when to play and uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like being told when to play and uh some
+of these casinos the experience is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these casinos the experience is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these casinos the experience is just
+so physically unpleasant you know of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so physically unpleasant you know of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so physically unpleasant you know of
+playing at 2: in the morning and getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing at 2: in the morning and getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing at 2: in the morning and getting
+bad chairs or whatever but uh um I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad chairs or whatever but uh um I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad chairs or whatever but uh um I was
+sort of tempted by high stakes poker and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of tempted by high stakes poker and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of tempted by high stakes poker and
+I always thought that would be kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I always thought that would be kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I always thought that would be kind of
+fun you know to go in there and play for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun you know to go in there and play for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun you know to go in there and play for
+cash and be on television do that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash and be on television do that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash and be on television do that and
+and that was the one that I kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was the one that I kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was the one that I kind of
+thought of but um you also have to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of but um you also have to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of but um you also have to think
+a little bit like I say my uh uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit like I say my uh uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit like I say my uh uh you
+know people at aqr have no problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know people at aqr have no problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know people at aqr have no problem with
+me you know writing the books and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me you know writing the books and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me you know writing the books and and
+giving talk like and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving talk like and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving talk like and so on
+I don't know about me being as on poker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know about me being as on poker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know about me being as on poker
+after dark that probably would be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after dark that probably would be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after dark that probably would be uh
+that probably be a step too much so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that probably be a step too much so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that probably be a step too much so I
+think it's kind of a choice you make who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's kind of a choice you make who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's kind of a choice you make who
+you are and I think if you decide who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are and I think if you decide who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are and I think if you decide who
+you are and you're true to it you can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are and you're true to it you can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are and you're true to it you can be
+successful what you don't want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful what you don't want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful what you don't want to do is
+put on a front if you put on a front for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on a front if you put on a front for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on a front if you put on a front for
+something like that it can come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that it can come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that it can come back to
+haunt you so if you are a celebrity I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haunt you so if you are a celebrity I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haunt you so if you are a celebrity I'm
+just not a celebrity I never could be I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not a celebrity I never could be I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not a celebrity I never could be I
+never be happy being one nobody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never be happy being one nobody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never be happy being one nobody's
+offered to make me one but uh um and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offered to make me one but uh um and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offered to make me one but uh um and it
+wouldn't be right for me but if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be right for me but if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be right for me but if you are
+cut from that cloth you know you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut from that cloth you know you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut from that cloth you know you should
+do it be true to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it be true to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it be true to
+yourself yeah how do you the view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of and and so perception of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and and so perception of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and and so perception of
+what um it's gone through it kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what um it's gone through it kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what um it's gone through it kind of
+goes through okay so first it was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through okay so first it was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through okay so first it was just
+laughable um and and oh and let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laughable um and and oh and let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laughable um and and oh and let me
+explain how Wall Street works by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain how Wall Street works by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain how Wall Street works by the way
+Wall Street is sales Finance is sales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wall Street is sales Finance is sales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wall Street is sales Finance is sales
+all the money and finance all always has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the money and finance all always has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the money and finance all always has
+always will be in sales a few quants can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always will be in sales a few quants can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always will be in sales a few quants can
+make a couple of bucks on the edges you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a couple of bucks on the edges you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a couple of bucks on the edges you
+know a few billion even but but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a few billion even but but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a few billion even but but it's
+just not a lot in the whole scheme of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not a lot in the whole scheme of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not a lot in the whole scheme of
+things if you can bring money in if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things if you can bring money in if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things if you can bring money in if you
+can gather assets it's always been been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can gather assets it's always been been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can gather assets it's always been been
+rewarded so when the early quants came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewarded so when the early quants came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewarded so when the early quants came
+the the attitude is you know let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the attitude is you know let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the attitude is you know let's say
+you're um uh like L Associates people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're um uh like L Associates people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're um uh like L Associates people
+know that um O'Brien um Rubenstein and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that um O'Brien um Rubenstein and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that um O'Brien um Rubenstein and
+uh and blank Nam people who did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and blank Nam people who did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and blank Nam people who did
+portfolio Insurance in the 80s whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio Insurance in the 80s whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio Insurance in the 80s whatever
+anyway so these Finance professors show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so these Finance professors show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so these Finance professors show
+up these quants show up what Wall Street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up these quants show up what Wall Street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up these quants show up what Wall Street
+is saying hey great you know we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is saying hey great you know we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is saying hey great you know we don't
+care you could be astrologers you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care you could be astrologers you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care you could be astrologers you could
+uh uh be chartists whatever if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh be chartists whatever if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh be chartists whatever if you're
+Gathering assets and you're giving it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gathering assets and you're giving it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gathering assets and you're giving it to
+us and paying us commissions to trade it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us and paying us commissions to trade it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us and paying us commissions to trade it
+back and forth if you're giving you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth if you're giving you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth if you're giving you know
+people reason the trade we're we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people reason the trade we're we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people reason the trade we're we're
+happy to service you and we'll pretend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to service you and we'll pretend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to service you and we'll pretend
+we like you and we'll pretend we respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we like you and we'll pretend we respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we like you and we'll pretend we respect
+you whatever we don't care and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you whatever we don't care and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you whatever we don't care and they
+really don't and so that was kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really don't and so that was kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really don't and so that was kind of the
+attitude toward mathematicians that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitude toward mathematicians that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitude toward mathematicians that if
+you have a way to generate trades and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a way to generate trades and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a way to generate trades and to
+talk people in trading great because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk people in trading great because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk people in trading great because
+we're just taking a commission right all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just taking a commission right all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just taking a commission right all
+we care about is that people are coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we care about is that people are coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we care about is that people are coming
+in and doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and doing this
+um then they started figuring out but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then they started figuring out but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then they started figuring out but
+you know hey wait a minute these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know hey wait a minute these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know hey wait a minute these guys
+aren't like everybody else these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't like everybody else these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't like everybody else these guys
+actually are making money you know some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are making money you know some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are making money you know some
+of this stuff really does make money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this stuff really does make money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this stuff really does make money
+that very very difficult for Wall Street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very very difficult for Wall Street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very very difficult for Wall Street
+to come to terms with there's a New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come to terms with there's a New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come to terms with there's a New York
+Times magazine article about Leman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times magazine article about Leman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times magazine article about Leman
+Brothers with luk Luckman and Peter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brothers with luk Luckman and Peter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brothers with luk Luckman and Peter
+Peterson The Clash of those cult you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peterson The Clash of those cult you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peterson The Clash of those cult you
+know the shirt sleeves cig guard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the shirt sleeves cig guard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the shirt sleeves cig guard
+shopping Trader culture totally you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shopping Trader culture totally you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shopping Trader culture totally you know
+at odds with the white Che Investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at odds with the white Che Investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at odds with the white Che Investment
+Banking culture uh when these two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Banking culture uh when these two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Banking culture uh when these two things
+crash so then people were kind of afraid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crash so then people were kind of afraid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crash so then people were kind of afraid
+of mathematicians but also somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mathematicians but also somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mathematicians but also somewhat
+dismissive of them so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dismissive of them so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dismissive of them so uh
+um that then I think it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that then I think it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that then I think it's kind
+of mellowed out a little bit but I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mellowed out a little bit but I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mellowed out a little bit but I will
+still say I you know aqr is a Quant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still say I you know aqr is a Quant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still say I you know aqr is a Quant
+hedge fund when we go and uh do our you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hedge fund when we go and uh do our you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hedge fund when we go and uh do our you
+know our credit things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know our credit things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know our credit things
+the credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the credit
+counterparties they all the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparties they all the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparties they all the the
+assumption is nobody can understand your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption is nobody can understand your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption is nobody can understand your
+blackbox trading now it's just not true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackbox trading now it's just not true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackbox trading now it's just not true
+I mean we are very transparent we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean we are very transparent we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean we are very transparent we can
+sit it down and certainly any you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit it down and certainly any you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit it down and certainly any you could
+figure it out in five minutes but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure it out in five minutes but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure it out in five minutes but but
+other people we maybe take an hour but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people we maybe take an hour but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people we maybe take an hour but
+we can lay it down here's what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can lay it down here's what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can lay it down here's what we do
+right you know here are the eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know here are the eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know here are the eight
+signals and we measure these things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals and we measure these things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals and we measure these things and
+if we add them up and we find the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we add them up and we find the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we add them up and we find the best
+and we buy this and we short that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we buy this and we short that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we buy this and we short that um
+it's not it's a lot simpler than you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not it's a lot simpler than you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not it's a lot simpler than you
+know somebody who's saying I'm doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know somebody who's saying I'm doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know somebody who's saying I'm doing
+this quantitative analysis or technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantitative analysis or technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantitative analysis or technical
+analysis or fundamental stuff and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis or fundamental stuff and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis or fundamental stuff and I'm
+thinking about all these 87 factors we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about all these 87 factors we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about all these 87 factors we
+tell you exactly uh what we do and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you exactly uh what we do and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you exactly uh what we do and they
+always assigned the most Junior credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always assigned the most Junior credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always assigned the most Junior credit
+person to us because I figured nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person to us because I figured nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person to us because I figured nobody
+can understand it anyway so why waste uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can understand it anyway so why waste uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can understand it anyway so why waste uh
+somebody who knows what's going on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who knows what's going on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who knows what's going on that
+kind of prejudice you still find a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of prejudice you still find a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of prejudice you still find a lot
+that somehow what we do is crazy it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somehow what we do is crazy it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somehow what we do is crazy it's a
+little weird it's it's nobody can really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little weird it's it's nobody can really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little weird it's it's nobody can really
+understand it it seems to kind of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it it seems to kind of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it it seems to kind of work
+so we'll continue to business we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll continue to business we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll continue to business we'll
+recommend you we'll put our clients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend you we'll put our clients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend you we'll put our clients
+money in you but not with the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in you but not with the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in you but not with the same
+confidence we have with a guy who's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence we have with a guy who's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence we have with a guy who's you
+know saying I went to the company and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know saying I went to the company and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know saying I went to the company and I
+you know pounded the tires and I talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know pounded the tires and I talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know pounded the tires and I talked
+to the CEO and I shook him and said you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the CEO and I shook him and said you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the CEO and I shook him and said you
+know tell me what's really going on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know tell me what's really going on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know tell me what's really going on here
+and I understand this stuff um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I understand this stuff um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I understand this stuff um the
+biggest problem is you know your Quan's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest problem is you know your Quan's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest problem is you know your Quan's
+not confident it's still the case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not confident it's still the case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not confident it's still the case that
+people measure your uh sincer people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people measure your uh sincer people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people measure your uh sincer people
+measure your credibility how much they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure your credibility how much they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure your credibility how much they
+believe you by how confident you are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe you by how confident you are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe you by how confident you are so
+if I come in I say well you know I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I come in I say well you know I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I come in I say well you know I got
+this model it seems to work pretty well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model it seems to work pretty well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model it seems to work pretty well
+I think I got a 60% chance that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I got a 60% chance that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I got a 60% chance that this
+trade will make money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade will make money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade will make money
+you know they just think you're a they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they just think you're a they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they just think you're a they
+don't know where you're coming from what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know where you're coming from what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know where you're coming from what
+planet a guy comes in I'm sure this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet a guy comes in I'm sure this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet a guy comes in I'm sure this is
+going to work it's got got all these 87
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work it's got got all these 87
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work it's got got all these 87
+reasons whatever now they don't believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons whatever now they don't believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons whatever now they don't believe
+him they think it's 51% you know just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him they think it's 51% you know just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him they think it's 51% you know just
+like but but they expect him to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like but but they expect him to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like but but they expect him to be
+confident and they they understand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident and they they understand that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident and they they understand that
+so I think that's the biggest problem if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think that's the biggest problem if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think that's the biggest problem if
+you want to be a Quant and you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be a Quant and you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be a Quant and you really
+want to be honest about your confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be honest about your confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be honest about your confidence
+for things it is shocking to people how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for things it is shocking to people how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for things it is shocking to people how
+little you know it is shocking to people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little you know it is shocking to people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little you know it is shocking to people
+that with all this work you know 51%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with all this work you know 51%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with all this work you know 51%
+still pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still pretty good
+um and uh and that I think is a barrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh and that I think is a barrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh and that I think is a barrier
+we're going to have real trouble ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have real trouble ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have real trouble ever
+surmounting you know a quan can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surmounting you know a quan can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surmounting you know a quan can
+understand hey 51% enough bets you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand hey 51% enough bets you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand hey 51% enough bets you know
+you can be a casino rake it in the money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be a casino rake it in the money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be a casino rake it in the money
+at rette you know that's great um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at rette you know that's great um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at rette you know that's great um
+nonquant have trouble with that concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonquant have trouble with that concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonquant have trouble with that concept
+which is why they're playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rette without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rette without the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rette without the
+glasses um okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses um okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses um okay
+we yeah well thank you very much for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we yeah well thank you very much for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we yeah well thank you very much for
+your attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your attention
+[Applause]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/J5LwNGm0tbw.txt b/J5LwNGm0tbw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8a7f7d3e6a29bfd4f42fe2f0110d390c08c17aad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/J5LwNGm0tbw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,363 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+wax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+curing set the temperature of a hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curing set the temperature of a hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curing set the temperature of a hot
+plate to 120°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate to 120°
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate to 120°
+cus place your filter paper with printed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cus place your filter paper with printed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cus place your filter paper with printed
+wax patterns on the top of the H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plate you will start seeing wax Wick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate you will start seeing wax Wick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate you will start seeing wax Wick
+into the paper through capillary action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the paper through capillary action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the paper through capillary action
+and it creates a hydrophobic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+barrier 5 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier 5 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier 5 minutes
+later product wax melted faster due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later product wax melted faster due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later product wax melted faster due to
+the non-uniform temperatures of the hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plate droplet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+test wax cannot create a hydrophobe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test wax cannot create a hydrophobe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test wax cannot create a hydrophobe
+barrier without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier without
+curing cured wax patterns prevent food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curing cured wax patterns prevent food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curing cured wax patterns prevent food
+coloring from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+leaking to design your paper microf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaking to design your paper microf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaking to design your paper microf
+fluidic device you need to choose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluidic device you need to choose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluidic device you need to choose the
+right width of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+channels narrow channels make liquids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels narrow channels make liquids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels narrow channels make liquids
+hard to Flow White channels take a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to Flow White channels take a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to Flow White channels take a lot
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+liquids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mixer one of application of paper microf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixer one of application of paper microf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixer one of application of paper microf
+florex is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mixing here we are mixing blue and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing here we are mixing blue and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing here we are mixing blue and
+yellow for coloring using slow capillary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow for coloring using slow capillary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow for coloring using slow capillary
+action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+20 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+later chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sensors turmeric Solution on filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors turmeric Solution on filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors turmeric Solution on filter
+paper for base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+indicator it turns from yellow to Red in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator it turns from yellow to Red in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator it turns from yellow to Red in
+the presence of a strong base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the presence of a strong base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the presence of a strong base
+NE hydrant Solution on filter paper for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NE hydrant Solution on filter paper for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NE hydrant Solution on filter paper for
+M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+indicator in the presence of am color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator in the presence of am color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator in the presence of am color
+changes from Pink Tu a dark purple andp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes from Pink Tu a dark purple andp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes from Pink Tu a dark purple andp
+heating on a hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plate Benedict Solution on filter paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate Benedict Solution on filter paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate Benedict Solution on filter paper
+for reducing sugar indicat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the presence of a reducing sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the presence of a reducing sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the presence of a reducing sugar
+color turns from Blue to Brown upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color turns from Blue to Brown upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color turns from Blue to Brown upon
+heating on a hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating on a hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating on a hot
+plate here are final results using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate here are final results using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate here are final results using
+turmeric dehydrant Benedict solution
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/JIAOaRFwDic.txt b/JIAOaRFwDic.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b62f4ded7433960dd79ac48637bfd3b1f6f06638
--- /dev/null
+++ b/JIAOaRFwDic.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4456 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: So we now have,
+hopefully, I don't know.
+
+I've been going to some of the
+groups and we seem to be there
+
+for at least one of the
+groups I surveyed
+
+by the end of yesterday.
+
+We have a question.
+
+We know what we'd like to
+evaluate, and we have some
+
+kind of a design.
+
+So we know how we are going
+to get a sample.
+
+We know how we are going
+to randomize.
+
+And that's a good start.
+
+So what we are going to do today
+is getting to know that
+
+we have a way of randomizing.
+
+We're going to get into the
+details of how we are actually
+
+going to go about collecting the
+data for the evaluation.
+
+So it's not going to be so much
+about the program, it's
+
+going to be about thinking
+how we really
+
+want to do the survey.
+
+Thinking about what is the
+sample size we need, how many
+
+data points we need, and what
+data should we go about
+
+collecting, and how much is it
+going to cost, and what are
+
+the trade-offs we are facing
+when we are trying to address
+
+those questions.
+
+So we could be spending
+from one week to one
+
+year on these questions.
+
+In particular, on the survey
+design aspect.
+
+These are complicated
+questions.
+
+Not many people who are much
+more qualified, certainly,
+
+than me on this issue
+of how to ask the
+
+right question correctly.
+
+So we are not going to
+get into any of that.
+
+It's going to remain at a
+somewhat abstract level of
+
+business one.
+
+It's going to be both abstract
+and quite particular in a way.
+
+At the abstract level is how
+do we even think about the
+
+type of data we want
+to collect?
+
+And at the concrete level it's
+we're going to do it for one
+
+particular example, which is
+this Panchayat example which
+
+happens to be one that
+I know pretty well.
+
+AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Not making
+much progress, huh?
+
+So what are the questions we
+need to know the answer to
+
+before getting ready to
+start our evaluation?
+
+One is what data should
+we collect?
+
+It's kind of a big question.
+
+What should go in the
+questionnaire?
+
+Anybody among you who's
+been involved in doing
+
+questionnaires knows
+that you cannot
+
+ask a million questions.
+
+And so how do we choose
+what to put in?
+
+And then, what systems we should
+put in place to ensure
+
+that the quality of
+the data is good?
+
+And what sample size
+we need to plan.
+
+So not going to do sample
+size this morning.
+
+It has its own little lecture
+and a firm set of exercises.
+
+So that's going to go
+this afternoon.
+
+We are going to be doing
+a lot of that and
+
+a bit of that today.
+
+So let's start with the
+Panchayat example.
+
+So let's talk a bit
+about the setting.
+
+So the setting is a reservation
+for women in the
+
+Panchayat region in India.
+
+So what's the Panchayat and
+what's the reservation policy?
+
+So the rule of the
+game, I don't
+
+ask rhetorical questions.
+
+So when I ask a question,
+someone needs to answer
+
+otherwise we're stuck.
+
+AUDIENCE: It was a program
+designed to decentralize the
+
+allocation of public resources
+in villages
+
+to the lower level.
+
+And at the same time, you wanted
+to ensure that meant
+
+minorities and scheduled
+tribes in India got
+
+represented somehow, and the
+preferences and opinions at
+
+this Panchayat level.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's right.
+
+So the policy is Panchayat
+stands to
+
+consider five people.
+
+And maybe in some historical
+India there was this council
+
+of five people who make
+decisions for the villages.
+
+Or maybe not, but anyway,
+that's where
+
+the name comes from.
+
+And the idea, and that's not
+only India, it's something
+
+that you see in a lot of
+developed and developing
+
+countries today, is that
+decisions regarding local
+
+public goods such as drinking
+water infrastructure, the
+
+local wards, the buildings--
+
+at least the buildings so, for
+example, schools, health
+
+facilities and such things--
+
+would better represent people's
+need if people had a
+
+say in what they wanted.
+
+So it's very difficult to know
+if our bureaucrats sitting in
+
+Delhi that such and such village
+in the middle of Bihar
+
+needs a road as opposed
+to a water well.
+
+And so you can get this
+vast misallocation of
+
+money in this way.
+
+So the idea with the Panchayat
+is that now even though the
+
+revenue collection is still
+pretty much not coming from
+
+the villages where there is
+not much taxation ability,
+
+this one defending decision
+should be taken increasingly
+
+at this local level to ensure
+that better adequation, a
+
+better fit between what you
+build and what people want.
+
+The problem with that, of
+course, is that when you have
+
+local decision making it's
+who is going to be
+
+controlling the power.
+
+So India, like many other
+countries, perhaps even more
+
+than other countries, has this
+history of these conditions
+
+again some particular group.
+
+So, for example, the scheduled
+caste who are the former
+
+untouchable?
+
+The scheduled tribe who don't
+even have a caste?
+
+And so the worries that there
+are enough people, strong
+
+people, in these groups, that at
+the national level they can
+
+organize to make sure that there
+are policies that help
+
+these particular groups.
+
+Same thing for women.
+
+There definitely are very
+strong women in India.
+
+But in any local villages, you
+might not have a minority of
+
+scheduled casual tribal women
+who are able to take
+
+responsibility to ensure that
+their group is represented.
+
+So they might never be
+represented, you might have
+
+some tyranny of the majority.
+
+So that's why the system also
+introduced this reservation
+
+concept, which is to ensure
+some representation.
+
+So how does a reservation
+work?
+
+How did they put it in place?
+
+AUDIENCE: They reserved a
+certain number of seats for
+
+women in each council.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So there is one reservation at
+the level of the council.
+
+So we can say these are
+various councils.
+
+Each council has about, say,
+10-12 representatives which
+
+represent a population
+of 10,000 to 12,000.
+
+And so the first reservation
+is within each council.
+
+How many seats for women?
+
+AUDIENCE: One third.
+
+PROFESSOR: One third.
+
+So each council gets one
+third for women.
+
+And what about SC and
+ST What do they get?
+
+STUDENT: In proportion
+to their population?
+
+PROFESSOR: In proportion
+to their population.
+
+Not in that particular
+village, but
+
+in the whole district.
+
+So, for example, in Birbhum,
+there is about, I think, 30%
+
+of scheduled caste.
+
+So every village needs to have
+30% of scheduled caste, even
+
+if they have much less.
+
+Except that if they have less
+than five, they're exempted.
+
+If you have no scheduled tribe
+in the village, you can not
+
+have a scheduled tribe
+representative.
+
+So that's the first thing.
+
+So are we going to be able to
+evaluate the impact of having
+
+this policy which has, within
+each council, has one third of
+
+the seats to a woman.
+
+AUDIENCE: No, because
+there's no control.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+That's going to be
+very difficult
+
+because there is no control.
+
+So certainly we won't be able to
+look at the impact of this
+
+policy on what the council
+does as a whole.
+
+You might ask whether the
+particular village where she
+
+comes from, or segment of the
+village where she comes from,
+
+gets different good, possibly.
+
+But certainly you're not going
+to be able to compare the GPs
+
+since they are different.
+
+So what is the second layer of
+the policy that's going to be
+
+more helpful?
+
+AUDIENCE: The Pradhan?
+
+PROFESSOR: At the level
+of the Pradhan.
+
+And how does that work?
+
+AUDIENCE: It's like
+a rotation?
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So how does it work for any
+particular election?
+
+AUDIENCE: It's like it gets
+sorted or something?
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So what the deal exactly,
+is that they rank them.
+
+So these GPs have a serial
+number, which is some number
+
+that they had forever
+and ever.
+
+So they rank them by their
+serial number and by
+
+geographic unit.
+
+So they first rank them by
+block, and within each block
+
+they rank them by their
+serial number.
+
+And then the constituent
+three lists.
+
+One list of what they call
+general, one list of SC, and
+
+one list of ST. So the general
+list means it's not reserved
+
+for an SC Pradhan.
+
+Those SC lists means it's there
+for a SC Pradhan, and ST
+
+means it's there for
+a ST Pradhan.
+
+And the way I did this selection
+is that they have to
+
+stay with a random number which
+they use to say, so if
+
+you need to reserve it's
+like a very long table.
+
+Because it tells you if you need
+to reserve five GPs, you
+
+pick number 1, 15, 17,
+and 21 for SC.
+
+So they do this list this way.
+
+And then this gives them three
+lists, which are ordered by
+
+serial number.
+
+And in each list, they count
+1-2-3, 1-2-3, 1-2-3, in the
+
+first election.
+
+All the GP number one
+in all the lists got
+
+reserved for women.
+
+In the second election,
+again this goes
+
+through the same process.
+
+And all the GP number two are
+reserved, and the third
+
+election, all the GP number
+three were reserved.
+
+So in principle there is a
+rotation, though it is not
+
+necessarily one for one in the
+sense that if a GP happens to
+
+be number one on this list in
+the election in 2003, and
+
+number two in this list
+in 2008, they get
+
+reserved twice in a row.
+
+Possibly if they become number
+three in this list, they would
+
+do that three times in a row.
+
+That could happen, too.
+
+But twice in a row is pretty
+frequent, actually.
+
+So this is more hopeful because
+now we have some GPs
+
+that are reserved for women.
+
+That says those three are
+reserved for women.
+
+And some who are not
+in the same year.
+
+So now we can compare them.
+
+Compare the decisions that are
+made in those places, compare
+
+anything we would like to
+compare, and we have a chance
+
+to actually identify
+the effects.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Can you compare if in
+the non-reserve you elect a
+
+woman, does that become part
+of the control group, or?
+
+PROFESSOR: So what's your
+thinking on that?
+
+So two things could
+happen, right?
+
+It could happen that in the
+places that are reserved for
+
+women, they elect a man
+anyway in defiance?
+
+So you don't have that
+problem, actually.
+
+They elected a woman.
+
+And the other thing that could
+happen is what you're talking
+
+about, is that some of those
+places might decide to elect a
+
+woman anyway.
+
+In fact, about 7% of them do.
+
+So what do you think we
+do with those guys?
+
+AUDIENCE: They're part
+of the control.
+
+PROFESSOR: We keep them
+in the control, right?
+
+Because we're going to spend
+more time on that tomorrow,
+
+but if we did put them in the
+treatment, then we don't have
+
+a random selection anymore
+because now in the treatment
+
+we have the people who
+are forced to have a
+
+woman that's on them.
+
+Plus the places that choose
+that's not random.
+
+So we'll be keeping them here,
+and this is going to mean that
+
+it's going to look a little
+bit like an encouragement
+
+design like you saw yesterday.
+
+Which is, in the places that are
+reserved for women, 100%
+
+of them have women.
+
+In the places that were
+not reserved,
+
+7% have women anyway.
+
+So the difference is
+not quite 100%.
+
+So tomorrow we'll deal with,
+see, so here we are going to
+
+focus on the impact of being
+reserved, and we're not going
+
+to be concerned so much about
+the impact of having a woman.
+
+So we are still going to always
+compare treatment
+
+versus control.
+
+Tomorrow you can see how, in
+fact, we can do something
+
+about thinking about how we go
+from the impact of being
+
+reserved, to the impact of
+being a woman if we are
+
+willing to make a couple
+more assumptions.
+
+So that's a better setting.
+
+We can now compare those places
+and even though the
+
+Indian government didn't do this
+beautiful experiment with
+
+the view of an evaluation
+in mind.
+
+And they might have.
+
+And then they might contact
+you and say, hey, we
+
+have this set up.
+
+How should we go about
+evaluating it?
+
+And so that's the name
+of the game.
+
+So I think we went through
+this maybe?
+
+We can spend a little more
+time on the goals.
+
+So what do we expect from
+the Panchayati raj?
+
+What will give us a first sense
+of what data we should
+
+think about collecting to know
+what's the goal of the
+
+institution.
+
+This big untraditional amendment
+took place in 1993.
+
+What was in the mind of the
+policy makers at that time?
+
+AUDIENCE: That there would be
+more accountability to the
+
+interest in priorities of
+interested countries?
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+AUDIENCE: Greater women's
+empowerment?
+
+PROFESSOR: So I don't know if
+it's a goal of the Panchayati
+
+raj amendment per se, but we
+could think it was something
+
+people had in mind in the
+reservation policies.
+
+AUDIENCE: That program selection
+would be more
+
+aligned with the local
+preferences?
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+Program selection might reflect
+local preferences.
+
+We should keep that in mind.
+
+AUDIENCE: To increase
+the quality and
+
+quantity of public goods?
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+We can see that there is more
+as a result of their
+
+accountability, there might be
+better and more public goods.
+
+AUDIENCE: More participation
+in public life?
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+We might also think that we
+might value the participation
+
+for its own good.
+
+I would think it's a good thing
+if people are involved
+
+in local democracy.
+
+AUDIENCE: They vote more?
+
+PROFESSOR: They vote more,
+participate in meetings,
+
+things like that.
+
+So that's kind of the sum of the
+objective of the Panchayat
+
+raj, generally.
+
+And within that there was
+this reservation.
+
+And the reservation policy is,
+was, still is in a sense,
+
+quite controversial.
+
+It is still controversial in the
+sense that the next step
+
+they are asking themselves now,
+and in fact I think has
+
+always been somewhat lurking in
+the background, is should
+
+there be reservations
+at other levels.
+
+For example, for
+foreign peace.
+
+Like, should there be
+reservations in the parliament
+
+modeled on the one
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE] model, but
+
+akin to what we have
+on the Panchayat.
+
+And that debate is
+lively in India,
+
+but it's also elsewhere.
+
+Many countries have reservation
+policies.
+
+Last I counted, hundreds of
+some kind of some form of
+
+mandated representation
+for women.
+
+So it is not a very prominent
+policy, and some countries are
+
+very opposed to that.
+
+For example, the US.
+
+So what are the potential
+pros and cons of
+
+a reservation policy?
+
+Since our evaluation is meant
+in a sense to inform this
+
+debate, we should think about
+what are the questions that
+
+are in people's minds?
+
+AUDIENCE: It's not democratic.
+
+It's not majority rule.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So that's a disadvantage.
+
+So it's not democratic, I'll
+just put it that way.
+
+We are constraining
+people's choices.
+
+They might not like it.
+
+So that reduces their utility.
+
+AUDIENCE: But there is this
+structural inequality, so you
+
+need to empower your
+women [INAUDIBLE]
+
+do it, [INAUDIBLE]
+
+this reservation
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE].
+
+But at some point in history,
+you need to do it to push
+
+women farther.
+
+PROFESSOR: So I see more than
+one thing in that comment.
+
+One is that in the short run
+we need to ensure woman's
+
+representation.
+
+That's the short run.
+
+And I think what I also hear
+in your comment is that--
+
+AUDIENCE: So many noises
+in the room.
+
+It's not working as it should.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So one of the reasons why you
+might want to ensure woman's
+
+participation is
+just because--
+
+just like that.
+
+Not even because you think it
+will affect, again, like
+
+democracy here is an
+end in itself.
+
+You might think, well, democracy
+is not real because
+
+women are not participating.
+
+I'm interested in having women
+participating, period.
+
+Even if it doesn't change
+anything to the outcome,
+
+that's what makes
+democracy real.
+
+So that could be one outcome.
+
+So we are interested in that
+as an end in itself.
+
+And I think one thing that I
+overhear in your comment that
+
+might not be there in reality,
+is also that maybe that will
+
+help jump-start the process
+where that would not be needed
+
+in the long run.
+
+So it would ensure a woman's
+representation in the long
+
+run, and maybe change
+voter's view.
+
+View is such that in the long
+run, the effect would persist.
+
+In which case you might go to a
+bigger and better democracy
+
+where everybody's actually
+involved.
+
+In fact, it might be good
+for men as well to avail
+
+themselves of the possibility
+of half the population's
+
+talents which now, for some
+reason, becomes shut.
+
+So that's a first set of things
+which concerns the
+
+participation itself.
+
+AUDIENCE: So one of the
+advantages of ensuring women's
+
+representation is that they
+might then allocate more money
+
+to goods or services that
+benefit women's [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: So that is certainly
+
+something you hear a lot.
+
+So we allocate more money to
+goods and services which,
+
+sorry, can you repeat the end?
+
+AUDIENCE: Which benefit women
+in [UNINTELLIGIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Which
+benefit women.
+
+Which might be good if--
+
+you were saying that woman
+were not represented
+
+adequately before, and all--
+
+yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: And then there might
+also, I mean, there's been
+
+some literature saying that
+there's been a spillover
+
+effect for children and
+families, but if [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: That's also something
+you hear a lot which
+
+is, so this is an argument in
+favor of redistribution.
+
+To half the population there
+is a group that doesn't get
+
+very much in the
+normal system.
+
+They need to get some part
+of the rent as well.
+
+And then that's sort of one
+step further which is an
+
+efficiency argument.
+
+You say, as you do that,
+you will also get a
+
+different type of goods.
+
+STUDENT: Increases a woman's
+empowerment.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So as you do that you might
+also increase a woman's
+
+empowerment.
+
+I think it's a double
+positive, but I'll
+
+leave it like that.
+
+Empowerment.
+
+Which may be good again as a
+redistribution or because we
+
+think that women in the house
+will do things differently.
+
+AUDIENCE: Maybe the same thing
+as empowerment, but maybe more
+
+measurable is that it claims
+to reverse the trend of
+
+increasing gender gap
+in the population?
+
+PROFESSOR: So one of the
+possible outcomes would be
+
+gender gap.
+
+You mean among children
+or among adults?
+
+AUDIENCE: Eventually it will
+be among the adults, but it
+
+can be noticed [INAUDIBLE]
+
+indicators would be like
+reduction in girl infanticide.
+
+PROFESSOR: So do we think there
+is a direct rule between
+
+what women policy makers can do,
+in terms of what type of
+
+public goods they can provide?
+
+Or do you think it's going to be
+all indirect to doing stuff
+
+that benefits women, which
+increases the power of women,
+
+which means that they make
+decisions that are better for
+
+girls in the household?
+
+AUDIENCE: And perception,
+it will quickly
+
+change in our society.
+
+PROFESSOR: So there is an issue
+of perception as well.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+that when you see [INAUDIBLE]
+
+it would be more
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE] to follow.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So you might think that might
+be something that people are
+
+also talked about is just,
+again, not just the aspect of
+
+what she might be doing.
+
+Just having the woman as the
+figurehead changes the image
+
+in a somewhat more
+permanent way.
+
+You don't just think well, she's
+there because of the
+
+reservation.
+
+You see a woman in a position of
+power and that might change
+
+your view of what's possible.
+
+AUDIENCE: As a disadvantage, you
+also have the potential of
+
+the women who have poor job and
+so the perception actually
+
+becomes negative, if it's
+perceived that the woman might
+
+be unqualified.
+
+PROFESSOR: So the first woman
+might be unqualified, and that
+
+would worsen perception.
+
+And then the other thing that
+your comment could be read as
+
+is maybe they're not
+particularly unqualified, but
+
+they are perceived as
+being unqualified.
+
+Because they are perceived as
+being there because of the
+
+reservation policy.
+
+And, in fact, it's makes it
+even more difficult for
+
+competent women to assert
+themselves.
+
+That's something that has been
+said a lot about affirmative
+
+action in the US.
+
+For blacks, for example, now
+every time you see a black
+
+person succeeding you're
+thinking, why?
+
+It's because they got some
+unfair advantage somewhere,
+
+and so that makes
+things worse.
+
+AUDIENCE: Backlash.
+
+PROFESSOR: So we can write
+it as backlash.
+
+That's a very good point.
+
+So that's a question that
+we can also ask.
+
+What's the perception of women,
+and women in power
+
+before and after?
+
+AUDIENCE: We also create
+this backlash.
+
+It's my perception of it, too,
+but it's a different issue.
+
+It's not necessarily clear
+that women will, in fact,
+
+represent women better.
+
+It is possible that women will
+feel the need to compensate
+
+and therefore go out of their
+way to identify with men's
+
+issues, and go out of their way
+to not be perceived as a
+
+feminine candidate.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So I'm looking for a term for
+that but I don't find one.
+
+Women may overcompensate
+and not
+
+represent women's interests.
+
+AUDIENCE: As an advantage having
+women on the councils
+
+that you bring more information
+that may benefit
+
+women but also may just benefit
+the entire society.
+
+Because you weren't getting this
+channel of information
+
+either directly from their
+communities, or from their
+
+constituents who don't feel
+comfortable with women
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+You may be more information.
+
+For example, because women speak
+up more, and so they
+
+give their opinion on stuff and
+there is stuff they might
+
+just know better about, even
+if they don't particularly
+
+care more about.
+
+Everybody may have the same
+preferences so that might not
+
+be a conflict.
+
+If you never hear from the women
+that the water well is
+
+blocked, then you may never
+think of fixing it even though
+
+that's something that would
+benefit everybody ultimately.
+
+AUDIENCE: An advantage would be
+building capacity in women
+
+for leadership for the
+higher levels.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So we are now talking about
+spillover over time.
+
+That you have one woman one
+time, and people understand
+
+that they are good and then
+they can continue on.
+
+But it can also be, of course,
+different levels while you're
+
+building up a cadre
+of powerful women.
+
+AUDIENCE: I would think that you
+could maybe get an income
+
+of that, right away, on women.
+
+We vote next year to put
+in a water well.
+
+That means that there's a lot
+more time to do my trading
+
+business, [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+business, so that right away I
+
+might make more money.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So one of the ways we can put it
+into women empowerment, I'm
+
+going to add "to," so it
+could be to income.
+
+It could be to time that you
+generate, because now you
+
+spend less time collecting
+water.
+
+Or it could be to the role
+models as already discussed.
+
+But just the fact that I have
+the public good that is
+
+convenient for me,
+that I need.
+
+And presumably if women's power
+increased, they're going
+
+to do some kind of public good
+that's good for them which
+
+might be these types of things
+that will free times for them.
+
+AUDIENCE: Kind of a counterpoint
+to the last
+
+disadvantage.
+
+It's also possible that because
+a woman doesn't have
+
+to compete against a man, they
+don't have to pander to men,
+
+and in a sense, overcompensate
+to men's preferences as much.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So in a reservation--
+
+we have too many advantages.
+
+AUDIENCE: You add to
+disadvantage also which is
+
+that, I think, this may be more
+indirect in the sense
+
+that when you're electing
+someone on the premise that
+
+they'll able to deliver public
+goods to a specific
+
+constituency, you risk perhaps
+instituting a culture of
+
+paternalistic government that is
+elected just to deliver the
+
+pork to a specific
+constituency.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+And that is something that
+has been discussed a lot.
+
+For example, with the scheduled
+caste is that you
+
+could have this shifting.
+
+So you go it's your turn, it's
+our turn, it's your turn, it's
+
+our turn, and then people are
+not really watching the
+
+scheduled caste guy because they
+understand this is the
+
+scheduled caste guy's
+time to take their
+
+turn, and vice versa.
+
+It might also go the other
+way in the sense that the
+
+scheduled caste people
+who were previously
+
+disenfranchised might now feel,
+well, we might as well
+
+get this guy to deliver really
+well while he is
+
+in power for us.
+
+Same thing for women.
+
+But the effect on
+accountability
+
+is it's a good point.
+
+Because since the whole
+Panchayat is about
+
+accountability to the people,
+the effect of reservation
+
+system on accountability,
+at best, ambiguous.
+
+So we can say this is related
+to this first point which is
+
+it's not democratic anymore.
+
+So any tampering with the
+democracy you might have story
+
+going either way.
+
+But that's a disadvantage
+showing, effect on
+
+accountability.
+
+You're now accountable
+to nobody.
+
+First, you are a lame duck.
+
+There is a very poor chance that
+you get reelected again,
+
+so that's your point here.
+
+Which in a sense makes you free
+to pander to your guys
+
+which is maybe what we wanted in
+this case, but on the other
+
+hand, makes you maybe less
+likely to deliver.
+
+Sorry, there was a--
+
+AUDIENCE: Another potential
+disadvantage which is kind of
+
+still under whether or
+not women are in fact
+
+representing, is that if there's
+a culture of women not
+
+speaking up or not advocating,
+then you might end up with no
+
+representation at all.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So there is a question
+of who is in charge.
+
+So it might be that when it's an
+election you elect someone,
+
+they're in charge.
+
+Here it's like maybe no woman
+really wants to run, so you
+
+pick up any figurehead.
+
+It might go back to
+elite control.
+
+If nobody who's democratically
+elected is in a position to
+
+exercise the power, whoever
+is a natural leader
+
+will take it back.
+
+It might be her husband, it
+might be anybody else.
+
+It's a very pretty reasonably
+recent effort that local
+
+democracy at that level.
+
+And it might be crazy to go
+back to elite control.
+
+So who is in charge?
+
+And is there a risk
+of elite control?
+
+Which is of course not why we
+did this in the first place.
+
+AUDIENCE: I guess it builds
+upon the last point maybe
+
+overall less efficiency in elite
+administration functions
+
+because there may be resentment
+against the women,
+
+so less cooperation
+against them.
+
+So maybe there's more stalemate
+
+policies being passed.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+So that's a risk of stalemate.
+
+So unless you have a burning
+point, then we stop here
+
+because I have no space
+anymore on the board.
+
+So that's it, that's budget
+constraint for thoughts.
+
+So there is kind of a lot of
+ideas and so somehow we are
+
+going to want them organized
+in order to go
+
+and collect our data.
+
+So one thing we could think
+of doing is that, oh let's
+
+postpone the big
+
+deorganization of the thoughts.
+
+We can see that it can go all
+over the place, so let's go
+
+and collect a bunch of outcomes
+and see how it goes.
+
+So given all of what we have
+discussed here, what are the
+
+possible things that might be
+affected by this policy?
+
+I'd like to have a board.
+
+I can just write.
+
+Given all the discussion we had,
+what are the things that
+
+we think might be affected
+by having
+
+this reservation policy?
+
+A lot of these things already
+came in, but we can make a
+
+little list for ourselves.
+
+AUDIENCE: Choice of which
+public goods--
+
+PROFESSOR: So one is definitely
+the public goods.
+
+So the disadvantage
+I'm going to--
+
+so outcomes--
+
+oh, wow.
+
+I don't usually use boards,
+so I'm going to--
+
+ta da.
+
+That has to be MIT.
+
+So we have a whole
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE], so one is
+
+clearly public good,
+and potentially we
+
+have lots of them.
+
+What are the public goods that
+we can see in villages?
+
+AUDIENCE: Water.
+
+PROFESSOR: Water.
+
+AUDIENCE: Roads.
+
+PROFESSOR: Roads.
+
+AUDIENCE: Schools.
+
+PROFESSOR: Schools.
+
+AUDIENCE: Hospitals.
+
+AUDIENCE: Health centers.
+
+PROFESSOR: Small health
+centers, yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Young centers.
+
+PROFESSOR: Young centers.
+
+AUDIENCE: Large buildings.
+
+PROFESSOR: Large buildings,
+irrigation, biogas.
+
+AUDIENCE: Electricity.
+
+PROFESSOR: Sorry?
+
+AUDIENCE: Electricity.
+
+PROFESSOR: Electricity,
+potentially.
+
+Sanitation.
+
+So like a long list of public
+goods could go either a way,
+
+so that's a long list.
+
+Where else?
+
+AUDIENCE: Perceptions
+about women.
+
+PROFESSOR: Perception
+of women.
+
+So if you want we'll talk a bit
+more about how we measure
+
+perception about women.
+
+AUDIENCE: Participation.
+
+PROFESSOR: Political
+participation.
+
+So attendance at meetings,
+voting.
+
+And of course we have
+men and women.
+
+That might be different.
+
+AUDIENCE: Better governance?
+
+PROFESSOR: So that's kind
+of the same thing.
+
+So better governance.
+
+In practice that's going to be
+whether there is graft, maybe
+
+budget utilization.
+
+So some measure of corruption.
+
+Bribes.
+
+You didn't say it actually
+in the advantages or
+
+disadvantages.
+
+The women are less corrupt,
+more corrupt.
+
+I guess it came up in
+the accountability.
+
+What else?
+
+AUDIENCE: Household income.
+
+PROFESSOR: Household income.
+
+And while we are in
+the household?
+
+AUDIENCE: Health education.
+
+PROFESSOR: Health education.
+
+Any gender differences in these
+things, both for the
+
+household and for the kids.
+
+We were talking about gender
+
+discrimination within the household.
+
+So again it's like a long
+list of household stuff
+
+potentially.
+
+Was a woman participating
+in savings,
+
+groups, blah, blah, blah?
+
+There is both perception of
+women politicians, and we also
+
+discussed about perception
+of women in general.
+
+What else could we need?
+
+AUDIENCE: Maybe greater
+employability of women?
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So that's going to be maybe an
+income and then employment.
+
+That's part of the long
+list of stuff we might
+
+collect in a household.
+
+AUDIENCE: Social cohesion.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So that's maybe political
+
+participation and social cohesion.
+
+Don't know how you measure
+that, but we can
+
+think about it later.
+
+AUDIENCE: Sustainability.
+
+Or sort of decentralization
+of power.
+
+The majority that's been in the
+government, it's like a
+
+vicious cycle.
+
+They'll do everything to keep
+the minorities out of the
+
+governance, so if you had jump
+started this process by
+
+introducing 30% of women--
+
+PROFESSOR: Right,
+right, right.
+
+So it's perception of women
+politicians is in a woman's
+
+future electoral success.
+
+Is it the case that once a place
+is reserved for a woman,
+
+obviously you are the woman.
+
+How about the next time when
+it's not reserved anymore, do
+
+you have more woman
+candidates?
+
+Do you have a woman elected?
+
+Women's future electoral
+successes.
+
+That's one of the first things
+we had discussed.
+
+More?
+
+I think it's a pretty
+long list already.
+
+And so now that we have this
+long list, the issue
+
+is what do we do?
+
+Suppose you had no
+money problem.
+
+Suppose budget was
+not a problem.
+
+Would you just take
+this long list?
+
+So one possible thing is to say,
+well, we'll think about
+
+this thing later.
+
+That makes a long list
+of outcomes, and
+
+go and collect data.
+
+So we're going to do a household
+survey and a
+
+community survey, and then an
+audit of what's there in the
+
+villages, and we are going to
+collect a bunch of data.
+
+And then this data will
+come back, and we'll
+
+start to look at it.
+
+So what are the pluses and
+minuses of that approach?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+statistical significance.
+
+If you collect so much data,
+eventually you'll randomly
+
+stumble upon a result, and maybe
+that's the result that
+
+you end up reporting.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So in particular, since we have
+seen at least some of the
+
+groups starting to discuss
+power, so you've seen
+
+hypothesis testing.
+
+So if I ran a hundred regression
+and looked for
+
+significant results and then
+independently looked for
+
+results in each of them, how
+many of them would count
+
+significant at the 5% level?
+
+AUDIENCE: Five.
+
+PROFESSOR: Five.
+
+So if I run 20, I
+would get two.
+
+So by example, suppose I collect
+20 public goods, which
+
+is not such a large number.
+
+And we find that water wells
+go up in places which have
+
+more women, and irrigation goes
+down, and anything else
+
+doesn't change.
+
+What can I conclude if I have
+just gone on to this big
+
+fishing expedition?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, you don't know
+
+whether it was just random.
+
+You can definitely
+make up a story.
+
+What is a story you could easily
+make up on the basis of
+
+those results?
+
+AUDIENCE: That women invest in
+wells because collecting water
+
+used to be a woman's job, and
+men invest in irrigation
+
+because farming is a
+man's occupation.
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly.
+
+So you could say, well, women
+are not going to benefit from
+
+irrigation anyway, they're going
+to benefit from drinking
+
+water a lot.
+
+So this is quite consistent with
+what we were saying about
+
+women leaders investing in the
+goods women want, and so
+
+that's great.
+
+The only problem is, if we've
+done that ex-post, someone
+
+else could say, well, or an
+alternative interpretation is
+
+you've run 20 regression, you've
+found two significant,
+
+and you're making up
+a story ex-post
+
+to explain the results.
+
+It's not that it's morally
+wrong to do that, but if
+
+you're not sure it is always
+going to be some suspicion.
+
+And then it's a little bit sad
+to have spent so much money
+
+collecting so much data and
+not to be very sure how to
+
+interpret the results.
+
+So maybe that's not the
+right approach.
+
+Maybe we need to do something
+slightly different, and that
+
+is we need to try and put a
+little bit more thought into
+
+why we are collecting each piece
+of data and where it's
+
+going to fit in our global
+explanation of the results.
+
+So if you take this specific
+example, instead of doing what
+
+we just suppose we did, which
+is making this long list of
+
+results and hope for the best.
+
+Instead, if we had said we are
+going to go after this one
+
+question, potentially we can
+have we can have more than one
+
+big question.
+
+But we are at least going to
+go after this one question
+
+which is, what is it the case
+that the women leader do what
+
+women want?
+
+And we had given ourselves the
+means to first find out what
+
+women want for real, and not
+making it up from the results.
+
+The key is to try to not be in
+a position where you're going
+
+to have to reverse engineer
+your explanation
+
+of the result ex-post.
+
+If you want me to be completely
+honest, it's very
+
+difficult not to do that.
+
+Because once you see the results
+you always want to
+
+explain them to yourself,
+and explain to others.
+
+So I'm not about to tell you
+that from a position of where
+
+I sit and say well, don't you do
+that or you will be damned
+
+and go to hell.
+
+But the truth is that we do it,
+but the truth is the less
+
+we have to do it the better.
+
+And you have to do it less if
+you've been thinking ex-ante
+
+about what it is that you want
+to test, and what are the
+
+steps that align themselves
+in order to get to
+
+where you want to be.
+
+And this result might have been
+totally fine if we had a
+
+good way to say this is what
+woman are really interested
+
+in, and we had collected
+data on that.
+
+And then where our test will not
+be good by good, is it the
+
+case that women do
+different things.
+
+But we ask the questions
+that generally do
+
+women go in that direction.
+
+And what is the case?
+
+Yes, we're missing a moral
+explaining to us why it is.
+
+How do we go from this
+hypothesis we have that women
+
+are going to do what women want,
+to how is it going to
+
+translate into the
+public goods.
+
+So the hypothesis to test must
+be defined before the
+
+beginning of the experiment or
+we don't know how to assist
+
+their validity.
+
+And what we missed when we did
+this big list of outcomes, or
+
+what we would have missed if we
+just did this big list of
+
+outcomes, and then go out and
+collect the data and then
+
+think about how to interpret
+them, is these steps.
+
+Which is go from a discussion
+which is very likely at an
+
+implicit level at the
+back of our minds.
+
+In fact, now it's very much in
+the front of our minds since
+
+we just had it.
+
+But usually when you do an
+evaluation, it's everybody
+
+sort of had that in mind, but
+it might remain implicit and
+
+it's much better to
+make it explicit.
+
+First because you're more likely
+to collect the data
+
+that you actually will need.
+
+For example, here we might have
+missed collecting women's
+
+preferences.
+
+It's not in the list.
+
+It's not in the list of
+data that's here.
+
+Why?
+
+Because it's not an outcome.
+
+So if were just thinking
+about, oh, what are the
+
+effects, and we forget to
+collect women's preferences.
+
+But then we have no good way to
+interpret the preferences
+
+in the context of that model
+if it was the model.
+
+So if we don't do this thinking
+implicitly, we might
+
+be missing a key step.
+
+In particular, in what we call
+the intermediate variable that
+
+might be needed not as a measure
+of the impact of the
+
+program, but as what is going
+to help us interpret the
+
+impact of this program.
+
+So you need to try and define
+the hypotheses before the
+
+beginning of the experiment.
+
+And this is actually an exercise
+that's very useful in
+
+my experience working with
+implementation partners.
+
+It's very useful
+for both sides.
+
+Because from the side of the
+evaluation team, strive to
+
+understand what is the program
+you're evaluating.
+
+How it connects to what you know
+about, say, developments,
+
+poverty, et cetera.
+
+From the side of the partner,
+many of you have more
+
+experience than me on that.
+
+At least the half that are
+actually into implementation.
+
+It's like why are
+we doing this?
+
+Sometimes the answer is not as
+forthcoming as you might hope.
+
+AUDIENCE: The other thing that
+was noticeable to me when we
+
+were doing this is that there
+are different levels maybe of
+
+importance, or that
+a lot of them are
+
+subsets of other things.
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly.
+
+So one of the things that you
+might do in this process is to
+
+prioritize what is sort of the
+big news, sort of the million
+
+dollar question?
+
+What are subsidiary?
+
+What are things that are
+going to enlighten
+
+whatever impacts you find?
+
+So you might also, we are going
+to do that in a minute,
+
+is to think depending on how
+much money you have--
+
+is it that good?
+
+So sorry.
+
+We are trying to do something.
+
+Given how much money you have,
+you might be thinking of some
+
+small things, or some
+things that might--
+
+for example, some of the things,
+like say, one of the
+
+outcomes we are thinking is
+relative mortality of girls.
+
+You might think realistically
+two years after the women's
+
+empowerment is less
+likely to happen.
+
+So if you had an infinite amount
+of money, you might
+
+still collect it as a subsidiary
+outcome, but you
+
+wouldn't want it in a long list
+up there with whether or
+
+not they invest in
+water wells.
+
+There's no way to do this
+prioritization unless you are
+
+in good cause the exercise of
+thinking to your causal model,
+
+linking whatever intervention
+you have to the results.
+
+AUDIENCE: In this discussion I
+believe you also raised the
+
+possibly of doing like a factor
+analysis to create an
+
+index of different factors so
+that we could reduce the
+
+number of variables.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So that's a very good idea.
+
+But on the other hand, you have
+to think about how to--
+
+your instinct is the right one,
+which is to say how are
+
+we going to combine
+this stuff?
+
+So if you take, for example,
+the 20 public goods.
+
+If you're like, but these women
+are more efficient,
+
+they're going to build
+more goods.
+
+Then you might want to do that,
+or you might want to sum
+
+them or to average them somehow,
+which is what making
+
+an index is.
+
+To see whether in general
+all go positive.
+
+But if your model is along this
+line which is women are
+
+doing what women want, then you
+might not get more goods.
+
+You may get some of some, and
+less of others, so you might
+
+need something else than an
+index to deal with this mess.
+
+But you're exactly right with
+the idea that what we want is
+
+a way to not have many, many,
+many hypothesis, but fewer.
+
+So, for example, it can be one,
+which is a woman does
+
+what women want.
+
+That would be the first
+one, and then what
+
+comes out of that.
+
+If that's your hypothesis, the
+index you create would be
+
+something different than
+what you would get
+
+from a factor analysis.
+
+If, on the other hand, it's an
+education intervention, and
+
+you have a math result, and an
+English result, and science
+
+result, and [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+results, and geographic
+
+results, then you know that
+they should all up.
+
+Or at least that's your
+hypothesis they should all go
+
+up, then you can do something
+like that to average the
+
+effect across the outcomes.
+
+AUDIENCE: I understand why you
+don't want to throw in 20
+
+different outcomes.
+
+But in terms of how you
+prioritize the outcomes along
+
+with their causal model, there
+are some fields where it's
+
+going to be fairly clear.
+
+You know, in the health field,
+they would say, OK, well, our
+
+objective is to reduce
+malaria, so we
+
+didn't reduce malaria.
+
+But if something that has more
+intermediate steps along the
+
+way, such as a--
+
+PROFESSOR: What was
+that about?
+
+AUDIENCE: --such as like a
+conflict mitigation program,
+
+where you're saying, OK, we are
+going to get children into
+
+clubs because we believe that
+this is going to create more
+
+solidarity among ethnic groups,
+and that this is going
+
+to lead to conflict reduction.
+
+When you have, like, six or
+seven different steps along
+
+this causal model, how and at
+what point do you prioritize,
+
+this is the impact that we're
+looking for, versus these are
+
+the steps that we have take
+to get to this impact?
+
+PROFESSOR: So that's a great
+question, and you can answer
+
+it at two levels in a way.
+
+One is, where and when you're
+going to see an impact first.
+
+For example, in this case, you
+might think that ultimately
+
+what we care is not the
+number of water wells.
+
+Ultimately what we care is the
+growth of the Indian economy
+
+through these complicated
+channels.
+
+But this is not what we are
+trying to do, because we think
+
+it's going to take a
+bit more time to
+
+arrive to this question.
+
+Or ultimately what we care about
+is girl's mortality.
+
+And we're thinking that through
+this complicated path
+
+we're going to get there
+eventually, but this is not
+
+the yardstick by which you
+measure the success of the
+
+program because it's in too long
+time, and after too many
+
+other things have
+diluted this.
+
+But at least you want to know
+that you're going in the right
+
+direction, so you might decide
+to stop by the water wells for
+
+the beginning.
+
+Likewise in your program, you
+might say you're going to
+
+produce into groups
+to work together.
+
+You might say, well our first
+measure of success with this
+
+program is whether or not the
+use opinion of the other guys
+
+has changed in a way that
+we can reliably measure.
+
+And then you're going to ask
+yourself the question of the
+
+measurement, and then you can
+take it at various steps.
+
+And one is, am I still going
+to find an effect after all
+
+the things that have happened?
+
+So is it fair to my program?
+
+And the other is what
+can I measure?
+
+Some things are easier and
+harder to measure, and they
+
+might be at different
+levels in the chain.
+
+It might be that what is
+happening first is easier to
+
+measure, sometimes it's what's
+happening a little later
+
+that's easier to measure.
+
+For example, perceptions might
+be very hard to measure.
+
+But whether or not people are
+willing to work together to
+
+build something might be very
+easy to measure, so you might
+
+go for that.
+
+AUDIENCE: And at the same time,
+you do want to make sure
+
+that you're doing something
+further enough along the chain
+
+that there isn't actually
+impact, and not just an output
+
+measure, or--
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly.
+
+So this is where this
+
+conversation's going to be helpful.
+
+What is our program hoping
+to do, and how.
+
+And sometimes you realize in
+that conversation is that what
+
+is your program hoping to do
+so squishy that maybe we
+
+should do something else.
+
+But not the case of your
+program that you just
+
+described which sounded actually
+quite specific in
+
+what it was hoping to achieve.
+
+So here's our example.
+
+So we have to define
+the hypothesis.
+
+So, for example, we can take
+here, we could take several.
+
+One possibility is to take this
+one which is public goods
+
+favored by women are more likely
+to be chosen by women.
+
+So to test that, we need to know
+what women want, and then
+
+we need to collect the
+data on public goods.
+
+And then the one thing we are
+going to do is, we are
+
+creating this index of wanted
+by women more than by men,
+
+which is the way we
+would aggregate.
+
+And then the key test would be
+are the public goods moving
+
+towards what women want?
+
+And so the one little snag is
+how are we going to measure
+
+women's preferences?
+
+What is it that women want?
+
+So what do you guys think?
+
+What would be possibilities to
+measure a woman's preferences?
+
+AUDIENCE: Household surveys?
+
+PROFESSOR: So we could ask them,
+in household surveys.
+
+That would be one way.
+
+What they care about.
+
+Any other ideas?
+
+AUDIENCE: If there were
+communities where women were
+
+well represented, what were
+the choices of those
+
+communities, historically?
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, it's slightly
+circular because--
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+that have a majority of women
+on the local council have
+
+higher percentage of wells.
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, yeah.
+
+That's a little bit circular,
+because that means that what
+
+we can do that only, A, if we
+believe that, in fact, it is
+
+true that women better do what
+women want, which is what we
+
+are trying to test.
+
+And B, if we think there was no
+selection in which village
+
+elected a woman, and we don't
+believe that which is the
+
+whole reason why we
+are going through
+
+this tortuous exercise.
+
+So that might--
+
+AUDIENCE: I know in the exercise
+it talked about the
+
+transcripts from some of the
+meetings, so you could look to
+
+see if there were patterns for
+what issues were raised.
+
+Whether or not the council voted
+on them, it was what
+
+they brought to the table.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So you could do that.
+
+In fact, this is what
+we did in this case.
+
+Cheaper than household survey,
+is to say, in general, what do
+
+women ask about in
+those meetings?
+
+Preferably, not in places where
+the woman is the head,
+
+because that might have changed
+the dynamic, but in
+
+places which are not reserved.
+
+What are women talking about?
+
+What are men talking about?
+
+And the advantage of a household
+survey is that it's
+
+a little bit costly to go and
+talk about something.
+
+In a meeting, you speak up and
+other people look at you.
+
+If you have to go to the leader
+and have a written
+
+complaint it takes some time,
+and people wouldn't do that
+
+unless they cared about it.
+
+So maybe that's one
+way to proceed.
+
+But household surveys is also
+a good way to proceed.
+
+AUDIENCE: But if you're
+measuring whether women
+
+represent women, like you've
+assumed at that point, but if
+
+you're looking at the discussion
+within the council,
+
+you've assumed at that
+point that the
+
+woman that was selected--
+
+PROFESSOR: Alright.
+
+AUDIENCE: --for women.
+
+PROFESSOR: Alright.
+
+So I was thinking of not the
+small council, but the big
+
+council when they have
+this big meeting.
+
+What she was referring to
+is the transcript of the
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE] meetings.
+
+Or even when women have gone to
+the office of the Pradhan
+
+and asked them.
+
+So that's different ways,
+but the key is, we
+
+need to have that.
+
+Because then we can
+see it doesn't
+
+go into that direction.
+
+And now we don't have 20 public
+goods, we have one
+
+hypothesis.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is it necessarily
+critical that what women are
+
+speaking about when they go
+visit to large meetings that's
+
+what they want, and what the men
+are speaking about, that's
+
+what they want?
+
+What if a man is speaking
+on behalf
+
+of his wife's interests?
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So it is not entirely clear.
+
+And so this measure of women's
+and men's preference might not
+
+be the best you can think of.
+
+The key is to have a good one.
+
+I think you're right, which is
+it could be that women never
+
+speak for example, or never
+complain about anything, and
+
+they would still have
+preferences so what would have
+
+to figure something
+out to get them.
+
+To the extent that both genders
+speak, then you might
+
+think that they speaking about
+what they care about as long
+
+as the house is not a fully
+harmonious unit.
+
+Or you might think that it's
+not, and then for example,
+
+women tend to talk about water
+just because they know better
+
+about water as someone
+suggested earlier.
+
+And it doesn't represent needs,
+it just represents
+
+relative advantages.
+
+So that is something that this
+particular wealth measuring
+
+preferences might not be
+the best one, but the
+
+key is to have one.
+
+More than one would
+be even better.
+
+So in this case, that's the only
+when we had so it was a
+
+bit of a gamble.
+
+But the key thing is that
+we want to do that.
+
+Then there are other things
+we might be interested in.
+
+So once we have that, do women
+invest more in public goods,
+
+then we can ask the next
+question which is do investing
+
+more once we find this that
+kind of can be our study
+
+number one.
+
+Which is yes, we are showing
+that women invest more in the
+
+public goods that
+women prefer.
+
+Then there was this other
+question that also came about,
+
+a completely different question,
+which is, does
+
+having a woman as a policy maker
+change the perception of
+
+women as policy makers.
+
+And that we can think of a
+separate hypothesis altogether
+
+that can be tested separately.
+
+And it could be that women as
+leaders do different things
+
+and do what women want, but
+that there is no lingering
+
+effect of having a woman because
+that doesn't affect
+
+people's preferences or because
+there is a backlash.
+
+So we can think of these
+two as different bins.
+
+We can even do one
+study and not the
+
+other, of both of them.
+
+But they are kind of separate
+tracks to which to go.
+
+So if we take a minute on
+people's perception, do women
+
+affect the perception of voters
+of women leaders?
+
+How would you go about
+thinking about this?
+
+How would you go about trying to
+measure people's political
+
+preferences?
+
+AUDIENCE: Asking questions about
+the role of women in the
+
+household, or women
+in the community.
+
+PROFESSOR: So you can
+ask questions.
+
+So what is an issue
+is this asking
+
+questions in this context?
+
+Do you like women leaders?
+
+What do you think of--
+
+AUDIENCE: People might feel like
+there's a right answer.
+
+PROFESSOR: People may feel
+there is a right answer.
+
+And what's the right answer, do
+you think, in this context?
+
+AUDIENCE: I see that you can
+tell the story right away that
+
+it's important to believe in
+equality between genders.
+
+Or that if you're a male, in
+front of your other male
+
+friends you want to appear
+like a tough guy.
+
+AUDIENCE: Or who's asking
+the questions.
+
+PROFESSOR: Or who is asking
+the questions.
+
+Or you might think that it's
+the right time to send a
+
+message to say those people
+from the capital who are
+
+imposing this woman on us,
+better tell them that really
+
+we don't like it.
+
+So it could really go either
+way, we don't know.
+
+And in a sense that is something
+that is interesting
+
+as well, is to ask which way is
+what people are willing to
+
+reveal to you?
+
+In which direction is it best?
+
+So then we would need some
+measure of "to" preferences.
+
+To willingness to consider
+women as policymakers.
+
+AUDIENCE: Their voting
+preferences in the next cycle?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+So it seems that the litmus
+test here would be voting.
+
+Which is after one cycle of
+reservation, or two cycles of
+
+reservation, are women more
+likely to be elected.
+
+And that seems to be that it
+would be like the place easier
+
+to start or at least to end,
+which is does it make a
+
+difference?
+
+And along the way, if you find
+that you can think, well,
+
+maybe this is because
+of various things.
+
+Maybe this is women started
+to develop their networks.
+
+Maybe women figured out that
+they could do this.
+
+So if we wanted to know that
+it's really true, the change
+
+in the perception of women as
+policy makers, you would try
+
+and get a measure
+of perception.
+
+Again, more to eliminate the end
+line result, and to try to
+
+get the measure of pure,
+just one sort of--
+
+AUDIENCE: Could you also--
+
+so there are women elected
+to these councils.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Could you also though
+measure the women's
+
+ascendancy to other kinds of
+more management posts, like at
+
+school level, or at community
+groups or something like that,
+
+as stepping stones on
+the way to that?
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+That goes into this margin
+on women's participation.
+
+So you're thinking
+[STUDENT NAME]
+
+earlier was thinking up, like
+do we see more women--
+
+AUDIENCE: At higher levels.
+
+PROFESSOR: --going
+at higher level.
+
+Or you could say do we see
+more women in position of
+
+power within the village.
+
+AUDIENCE: Sink or swim.
+
+PROFESSOR: School headmasters,
+things like that.
+
+School council, other
+things like that.
+
+Going back to the perception
+question, do you have an idea
+
+of how we could go about
+measuring people's perception
+
+of women as policymakers?
+
+AUDIENCE: We could have an index
+of the satisfaction they
+
+have with investments that women
+have made, and try to
+
+relate it to how much they like
+or dislike the woman who
+
+decided about this investment?
+
+PROFESSOR: So we could try
+satisfaction of the goods.
+
+Thinking that in particular if
+we had an objective quality of
+
+the goods, we could say that if
+their satisfaction of the
+
+goods is lower even though the
+goods are the same, it
+
+indicates that they
+like women less.
+
+But that requires having a
+very good measure of the
+
+quality of the goods.
+
+Otherwise, someone could always
+say they are worse in
+
+some dimension that you
+didn't observe.
+
+AUDIENCE: We could do some kind
+of hypothetical question
+
+that involves psychology,
+or you're trying to--
+
+PROFESSOR: So yeah, great.
+
+Continue in this direction.
+
+AUDIENCE: Where you're
+interviewing people or doing
+
+surveys, and you asked them to
+imagine a scenario where you
+
+have two different candidates,
+and you give them the
+
+backgrounds and one's a man and
+one is a woman, and ask
+
+them who they would pick.
+
+I mean, that would be a poorly
+disguised question--
+
+PROFESSOR: If you have the two
+candidates and you ask them to
+
+compare, you might get
+into the same issue.
+
+But just go one step further
+with this same idea.
+
+You're almost there.
+
+Or at least that's one
+way of doing it.
+
+AUDIENCE: You could present two
+hypothetical CVs to people
+
+and say, would like to
+vote for this person.
+
+But on one of the hypothetical
+CVs, make it up as a woman,
+
+and the other make it up as a
+man, but they have all the
+
+same qualifications.
+
+And just see if there's a sense
+that people would vote
+
+more for one versus the other.
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly.
+
+You are [? interpreting ?]
+
+values to different people.
+
+Nothing forces you to present
+the same questionnaire to
+
+every person.
+
+You could randomize within your
+questionnaire what you're
+
+going to show them.
+
+So you're going to show them,
+for example, exactly the same
+
+CV and ask them, are you going
+to vote for this person?
+
+Or you could present a scenario
+saying, so this and
+
+this happened, and there was a
+choice to be made, and they
+
+decided to do this and
+what do you think?
+
+Was it a good decision?
+
+And in one case it's like Mr. So
+and So decided to do this,
+
+and in one case Mrs. So and
+So decided to do this.
+
+If you ask both, you're
+exactly right,
+
+it was poorly disguised.
+
+But if you ask only one, people
+
+will answer the question.
+
+And they don't have enough
+information to really judge
+
+the person fully.
+
+Especially if you give them a
+small scenario and then ask
+
+them, will you vote for them?
+
+So then we would bring in,
+presumably, whatever else
+
+their other views
+on the person.
+
+So then you will have compare
+across surveys whether people
+
+tend to rank more highly the
+survey that has Mr. So and So,
+
+versus the survey that
+has Mrs. So and So.
+
+The way we did it in the follow
+up study to the one
+
+that is in the case is we
+actually taped speeches.
+
+So we had speeches that someone
+had given, and we had
+
+a bunch of women record
+the same speech.
+
+And we then played a tape and
+said, so what do you think?
+
+So the advantage is, we don't
+even have to insist on that
+
+it's Mr. So and So, it's
+just would you
+
+listen to this speech.
+
+And the voice immediately tells
+you and then you can
+
+compare people's answers.
+
+And so now it becomes you have
+to compare people's answers to
+
+this question in the villages
+that were reserved and the
+
+villages that were not reserved,
+and see whether any
+
+gap changes.
+
+An interesting fact is that then
+you can correlate that to
+
+what they actual tell you and
+see whether, for example, it
+
+might be that the real gap
+doesn't change, but what they
+
+tell you narrows, or it
+could be the opposite.
+
+If they're trying to signal
+their dislike of the policy or
+
+something like that.
+
+And at the end of the day, all
+of this leads to sort of I'll
+
+find a hypothesis of did
+this work, in a sense.
+
+Which would be what are
+the vote shares
+
+for women in politics?
+
+Or if you were less ambitious,
+something like what are the
+
+share of women who are
+represented in positions of
+
+power within the village as
+you suggested earlier.
+
+So that's something for day
+two because we were on
+
+measurement of outcomes.
+
+I just wanted to give you one
+example so we don't lack of
+
+various ways we can
+collect outcomes.
+
+That's one way.
+
+Going back to the example of
+do women leaders better
+
+represent the preferences
+of women.
+
+So what we try and do with an
+evaluation is to try to find
+
+out whether the program's just,
+whether the program is
+
+effective, but also why it's
+really more helpful?
+
+Both because well, we have a
+richer understanding, and
+
+because it will enrich our
+understanding of the program
+
+and also make it easier to draw
+more general lessons.
+
+Because for example, this
+program you evaluate in West
+
+Bengal and someone
+can say, well we
+
+need to work in Rajasthan.
+
+So one way is to go and
+do it in Rajasthan.
+
+But then you can say,
+well, but it worked
+
+in Rajasthan, too.
+
+We need to work in South India
+and it cannot replicate
+
+everywhere, everywhere.
+
+So eventually you want to have
+the ability to say something.
+
+It's not necessarily we'll go
+with some hypothesis, but to
+
+say something that what is your
+take at the end of the
+
+day of the reasons why this
+program will have such and
+
+such effect.
+
+So if you say, well what I think
+is what's happening is
+
+when women are elected, when
+there is a reservation for
+
+women they are doing stuff
+that women prefer.
+
+Then you can say, well, in West
+Bengal what they want is
+
+water so that's what
+they'll do.
+
+In, say, Tamil Nadu our water's
+not so important--
+
+well, it is very important to
+me-- so in any place where
+
+it's not so much of an issue,
+I guess that wouldn't be
+
+India, then they'll do that.
+
+So as long as you tell me what
+women care about, I can tell
+
+you that it's going to
+go in this direction.
+
+It has the advantage that it
+makes the replication more
+
+interesting because if you're
+doing North Bengal and then
+
+you say, well now some goods
+go up, some goods go down.
+
+And then say you replicate in
+Rajasthan a new level of tests
+
+that you are willing to
+subject yourself to.
+
+If some goods go up, some goods
+go down, it's like well,
+
+maybe you don't even need to
+do the evaluation because
+
+probably you'll find it.
+
+Whereas after the West Bengal
+study you say, whatever I find
+
+from this however imperfect way
+to collect preferences is
+
+what women prefer, this is the
+same direction it's going to
+
+move in Rajasthan.
+
+So, in fact, in here
+in this case it's
+
+exactly what happened.
+
+Because we first did West
+Bengal, and we find that women
+
+preferred water, according to
+the measure of preferences,
+
+and goods went to water.
+
+And men prefer schools, which
+was surprising to us and
+
+others, but that's the
+way it is, and the
+
+goods went to schools.
+
+So now for Rajasthan, we say,
+well we are going to do the
+
+same thing.
+
+Find out what women want, what
+men want in the same way.
+
+It's going to go in
+this direction.
+
+And we find that there in
+Rajasthan, also women prefer
+
+water, but men love roads.
+
+So we should have less roads.
+
+More water, less roads.
+
+While in West Bengal, women also
+likes the road, for the
+
+reason that they work on them.
+
+They are the people who do the
+roads, so it's employment
+
+activities for them.
+
+So it's interesting because we
+have different predictions.
+
+Our prediction is that the road
+will go up in West Bengal
+
+where you have women
+reservation, and they will go
+
+down in Rajasthan.
+
+We know why, because it's
+related to the thing.
+
+And in fact we can make this
+leap of faith beforehand.
+
+And so that makes it much more
+powerful once you replicate,
+
+rather than I'll replicate
+as I can.
+
+To say I will replicate with
+a good sense of what I'm
+
+expecting to find.
+
+Which brings me to the same
+thing which is our saying it's
+
+a very difficult ex-post not to
+use the data to learn more
+
+than what the hypothesis was at
+the beginning because, you
+
+know, it's sad.
+
+So you could think about it in a
+more constructive way, which
+
+is you could think well, this is
+what was my hypothesis was
+
+in the beginning, this
+is what I find.
+
+In addition, I have also these
+interesting, tantalizing
+
+tidbits of results.
+
+I'm putting it in front if you
+admitting that it was not my
+
+hypothesis to start with, but I
+am contesting that it should
+
+be the hypothesis of
+the next study.
+
+I'll give you one very
+good example of that.
+
+There was one project by David
+McKenzie from the World Bank,
+
+and Suresh de Mel, who works
+in Sri Lanka, and Chris
+
+Woodruff in UCSD, and they were
+interested in the return
+
+to capitol for very small
+entrepreneurs.
+
+So what they did is they gave
+people in Sri Lanka a grant.
+
+Small entrepreneurs, people who
+had about $200 of working
+
+capital, that's just
+what we call a
+
+helicopter drop of money.
+
+So you get $100 grant
+or $200 grant.
+
+And they did that and they found
+that at first you get
+
+the average and they found
+great returns to capital.
+
+Very high returns to capital.
+
+So very beneficial to give
+people of the other
+
+5% percent a month.
+
+So very high return
+to capital.
+
+Great.
+
+And then they decided to do it
+separately at women and men.
+
+And oh, surprise, they found no
+return whatsoever for the
+
+women, and huge return
+for the men.
+
+So you can say, sorry, it was
+not in your original design.
+
+It was not stratified by gender,
+so we have really no
+
+intents that you are--
+so we have to
+
+throw this result away.
+
+Of course, we don't want to
+throw this result away because
+
+that's so surprising and
+striking that we kind of want
+
+to think about it.
+
+So what's the idea?
+
+You write this up being very
+explicit that we found this
+
+ex-post, but it seems
+like really robust.
+
+We are going to go and do a new
+experiment, so we could
+
+redo it in Sri Lanka or do
+it in somewhere else.
+
+And in this case, our hypothesis
+is the age zero is
+
+the return to capital are the
+same for men and women, that's
+
+what you are trying to reject.
+
+So these scores are good
+to think about.
+
+These evaluations are part of
+a process, we are not alone.
+
+A lot of people are working
+on this, there will be
+
+replication either by
+you or by others.
+
+And being explicit up front
+about what was your first
+
+hypothesis and your
+current model.
+
+And was is it that you
+found out as well?
+
+Our goal is to not get mixed up,
+and at the same time not
+
+to lose the information
+that is going to be
+
+useful in the future.
+
+So we stop at 12:00 whenever
+we started, or what are the
+
+social norms in this?
+
+AUDIENCE: As long as you want.
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh.
+
+I have a phone call at
+12:30, otherwise--
+
+AUDIENCE: It's 12:15.
+
+PROFESSOR: I'd probably be
+finished before that.
+
+I don't have time to finish
+what's on the slides anyway.
+
+So I just wanted to give you
+a sense of what might be a
+
+causal model in this case.
+
+The whole perception and goal is
+not there, it's the public
+
+goods thing.
+
+And it's a way of disciplining
+all of the outcomes, as well
+
+as the various things
+we spoke about.
+
+So you start from reservation,
+so one thing that reservations
+
+definitely do is that
+they will lead
+
+to more women Pradhan.
+
+And then the question is whether
+or not having more
+
+women Pradhan will change the
+public good, and in what way?
+
+And there are really two
+channels to change the
+
+preferences, which we
+have discussed.
+
+One is the women as the Pradhan
+do what women want.
+
+And you've not really discussed
+that, but that comes
+
+with its own set of assumptions
+which is on the
+
+one hand the Pradhan are not
+representing the majority.
+
+As always, the majority
+hasn't changed.
+
+We shouldn't see a difference
+because even if you are
+
+saying, well, you don't have to
+be accountable to the men.
+
+That's not true, because they
+still do it for you.
+
+Ex-ante.
+
+Several woman compete, and the
+issue is what platform are you
+
+going to run on?
+
+Well you should be running on
+the platform that is going to
+
+get you elected.
+
+And whether or not you're a man
+or a woman, you're elected
+
+by the same group of people.
+
+So in a totally stand out
+model where democracy is
+
+perfect, who is in charge
+doesn't matter.
+
+Because who is in charge is
+representing the desire of the
+
+majority, what we call
+the median voter.
+
+So if you had perfect democracy,
+that channel would
+
+be killed, and we wouldn't
+see an impact.
+
+On the other hand, if all the
+decisions were made by a group
+
+of elite villagers, that again
+wouldn't matter because who is
+
+in charge doesn't matter.
+
+So the identity of the Pradhan
+is going to make a difference
+
+only in some
+
+middle-of-the-road kind of [? ward ?]
+
+where the politician has some
+control over what is going on.
+
+It is not completely controlled
+by a bureaucracy or
+
+by elite, and is not completely
+
+accountable to the people.
+
+But who is he?
+
+He cannot fully commit, for
+example, to a platform.
+
+That doesn't seem unrealistic.
+
+People make electoral promises
+and sometimes
+
+they go against them.
+
+Almost never, but sometimes.
+
+But that's something.
+
+So if we do learn that the
+public good prefers to change,
+
+we have learned something
+broader than just impact to
+
+this program.
+
+We have learned something about
+politics in India, which
+
+is OK, there is some
+democracy.
+
+Some people are contesting
+that.
+
+Some people say the Panchayat
+is just a face.
+
+There is no democracy really.
+
+So if you find a difference by
+the identity of the Pradhan,
+
+it shows you by the by that
+there is some reality in the
+
+democratic system, but it's
+not perfect democracy.
+
+So if we've learned something,
+it can be broader than a new
+
+program as well.
+
+And that is a lesson you
+can take elsewhere.
+
+Another channel by which a woman
+having reservation can
+
+influence the representation
+of women is to more
+
+representation.
+
+For example, we were talking
+about more political
+
+participation of women if
+the woman is the head.
+
+So one thing that could be
+true is that they're more
+
+likely to show up in meetings,
+that they're more
+
+likely to speak up.
+
+For example, because the women
+have said that the Pradhan has
+
+to be at the village meeting,
+so she better put it at the
+
+time where she can go.
+
+So not in the middle of
+the night in a field.
+
+And so as long as she can
+go, a woman can also go.
+
+So to either of these channels,
+you'd have the fact
+
+that the public good will
+reflect better women's
+
+preferences.
+
+We have to add another
+assumption, is that women have
+
+different preferences.
+
+And if that's the case, then
+the public good will be
+
+different in a specific way,
+which is towards those
+
+different preferences.
+
+And then you might have
+different outcomes.
+
+More income for the women,
+better health and education
+
+outcome, if it comes out that
+it's what women care about.
+
+And you'll be able to follow
+exactly the trace that, you
+
+know, if you find like in
+West Bengal more water.
+
+Maybe you're going to be
+interested in diarrhea.
+
+If you find less schools, you're
+going to be interested
+
+in education to see whether
+education goes down, and
+
+things like that.
+
+So now we have the
+complete channel.
+
+And we can now think about all
+of our variables that we had
+
+collected, and we're going to
+slot them into, well, what are
+
+they going to do for us?
+
+So all the public
+goods go here.
+
+We need to collect women's
+preferences
+
+somewhere, it will go here.
+
+We want to know as a woman are
+empowered, so we are going to
+
+be collecting all of these.
+
+Whether people come to the
+meeting, whether they speak
+
+up, how they are answered
+to once they speak up.
+
+This is all going to go here.
+
+So now, if we have an infinite
+amount of money we're still
+
+going to collect a large amount
+of data, but we know in
+
+advance what it is we are
+going to do with them.
+
+We can write it down, put it
+in an envelope, send it to
+
+your grandmother, and this is
+the thing that really gives a
+
+lot of credibility to what
+you're going to do.
+
+Another version of sending it
+to your grandmother that we
+
+are going to try and implement
+here at J-PAL is to allow you
+
+to put it on a website, to
+upload it somewhere where
+
+nobody can see it but you,
+but it's secure,
+
+and the data is mapped.
+
+So this is whatever it was your
+analysis plan at the time
+
+of the beginning
+of your study.
+
+So you are tying your hand
+behind your back.
+
+AUDIENCE: Excuse me, but
+why would you do that?
+
+PROFESSOR: Because
+we want to--
+
+or maybe someone can answer
+that question.
+
+Why do we do that?
+
+AUDIENCE: I guess it's just so
+people aren't relying on your
+
+personal integrity.
+
+You're saying this was
+our hypothesis.
+
+We didn't ex-post change
+our hypothesis.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So the reason why you want to
+say what was your hypothesis
+
+in advance, is because then
+you can attest it.
+
+Whereas if you take something
+you can always reverse
+
+engineer it.
+
+And again, I have no big issue
+with that, with reverse
+
+engineering.
+
+Personally, I think it's useful,
+but it needs to be
+
+very clear what was there before
+and what was reverse
+
+engineered after, otherwise
+we have no notion
+
+of statistical tests.
+
+AUDIENCE: I'm just pushing out
+a little bit further, too.
+
+What if you just had a question
+where you just don't
+
+know, right?
+
+You're like, wow, we really
+think there might be an effect
+
+of this on that, or we're not
+sure whether the effect would
+
+be upward or downward.
+
+Do you still have to just pick
+one for the sake of having a
+
+hypothesis that you're
+testing?
+
+PROFESSOR: I think you wouldn't
+want to embark in an
+
+evaluation without at least
+having a sense of why it would
+
+go up and why it
+would go down.
+
+So take this specific example.
+
+To start with, you shouldn't
+really know whether the water
+
+wells are going to go up and
+down, because it's going to
+
+depend on what women want.
+
+So I'm not making a stance.
+
+It would be silly to write
+to my grandmother.
+
+I'm betting that the women
+water wells will go up.
+
+Because they could go
+up or down depending
+
+on what women want.
+
+Of course, you may have a very
+strong prior that it's what
+
+women want, but the statement
+would be of the form, if it is
+
+the case that women have a
+strong preference for water,
+
+water should go up.
+
+So if you have some uncertainty,
+it's probably
+
+because there is an if somewhere
+that you're not
+
+thinking about that you're
+expliciting now.
+
+I think if thinking sufficiently
+hard about
+
+something, you can know
+in what condition you
+
+would go up and down.
+
+There are a lot of programs
+which could go up and down,
+
+that's why we evaluate them.
+
+I mean, sometimes you think that
+they should really go up,
+
+but it could also be zero.
+
+And it's good to know, if this
+and this happened then this
+
+effect would be expected.
+
+If this and this doesn't happen,
+then I wouldn't see
+
+this effect, so you
+could write that.
+
+And in fact, I think these
+types of statements, in a
+
+sense, are almost
+more informative
+
+than this will happen.
+
+So let me stop here.
+
+What's in the rest of
+the slides is kind
+
+of little bit random--
+
+not randomized, but not random
+in the sense of randomized,
+
+but random in the sense of every
+which way I pass out the
+
+advice on how to collect data
+and how to enter data and
+
+things like that.
+
+For those of you who are going
+to IPA training after this,
+
+you're going to be sick of it
+by the end of the three days
+
+so that's not needed.
+
+For the other ones, it's in the
+slides and it's really--
+
+that's the problem of it
+being too short anyway.
+
+So it is pretty self-explanatory
+and
+
+relatively common sense and not
+sufficient anyway, but a
+
+starting point.
+
+Thank you very much.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Jwr_C_ty3EI.txt b/Jwr_C_ty3EI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4b4b1443d1b2a2e9766cadaa542e7d3654966f64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Jwr_C_ty3EI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7851 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good all right so uh let's get started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good all right so uh let's get started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good all right so uh let's get started
+today's lecture two 3020
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture two 3020
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture two 3020
+and we're going to talk about the scope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to talk about the scope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to talk about the scope
+of thermodynamics and one last note um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thermodynamics and one last note um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thermodynamics and one last note um
+I'm in another location so getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm in another location so getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm in another location so getting
+getting used to the configuration here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting used to the configuration here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting used to the configuration here
+with the camera uh my half my face is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the camera uh my half my face is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the camera uh my half my face is
+hidden behind the camera half the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden behind the camera half the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden behind the camera half the time
+I'm sorry for that I think that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry for that I think that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry for that I think that by
+Monday I'm going to have this all worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday I'm going to have this all worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday I'm going to have this all worked
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+but at least you can see me so there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at least you can see me so there we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at least you can see me so there we
+go all right so what is thermodynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go all right so what is thermodynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go all right so what is thermodynamics
+treat and what does it not that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat and what does it not that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat and what does it not that's the
+topic of the day the scope of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic of the day the scope of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic of the day the scope of
+thermodynamics so first we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics so first we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics so first we're going to
+talk about states of matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is a state of matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a state of matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a state of matter
+there's different ways to Define it of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's different ways to Define it of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's different ways to Define it of
+course but we're going to something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course but we're going to something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course but we're going to something that
+has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+has well-defined responses to let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has well-defined responses to let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has well-defined responses to let's say
+squeezing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Heating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+and adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and adding
+different stuff and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different stuff and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different stuff and um
+we're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using
+colloquial language here but there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colloquial language here but there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colloquial language here but there was a
+way that Mata responds to stimuli like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that Mata responds to stimuli like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that Mata responds to stimuli like
+these is characterized by response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these is characterized by response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these is characterized by response
+functions and we're going to write these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and we're going to write these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and we're going to write these
+down so these are the types of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so these are the types of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so these are the types of things
+that we're going to do throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to do throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to do throughout the
+term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+another thing that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that um
+we often do to states of matter is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we often do to states of matter is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we often do to states of matter is we
+apply fields we don't treat that in o2o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply fields we don't treat that in o2o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply fields we don't treat that in o2o
+we don't get there but the types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't get there but the types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't get there but the types of
+fields we might apply are strain Fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields we might apply are strain Fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields we might apply are strain Fields
+gravitational fields magnetic fields or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational fields magnetic fields or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational fields magnetic fields or
+electric fields we might just get to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric fields we might just get to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric fields we might just get to a
+little bit of electrochemistry in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of electrochemistry in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of electrochemistry in the
+class we'll see if we get there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we'll see if we get there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we'll see if we get there but
+otherwise we're not really going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise we're not really going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise we're not really going to
+spend time talking about applying Fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend time talking about applying Fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend time talking about applying Fields
+so we have this stuff and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have this stuff and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have this stuff and we're
+characterizing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizing it
+and um and we characterize it by how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and we characterize it by how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and we characterize it by how it
+responds okay so that's that's one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds okay so that's that's one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds okay so that's that's one thing
+that thermodynamics treats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thermodynamics also treats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics also treats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics also treats
+Transformations between states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations between states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations between states
+trans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is pretty generic we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is pretty generic we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is pretty generic we have some
+State a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State a
+and it transforms to some State B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it transforms to some State B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it transforms to some State B
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+Transformations so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations so we have
+starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and final States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have certainty over what those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have certainty over what those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have certainty over what those
+states are how they behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states are how they behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states are how they behave
+phase diagrams are really useful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase diagrams are really useful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase diagrams are really useful for
+that all right you say here's the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right you say here's the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right you say here's the state
+that you expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you expect
+let's change the temperature of pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's change the temperature of pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's change the temperature of pressure
+Here's the final state that you expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's the final state that you expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's the final state that you expect
+so you know we can use phase diagrams to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know we can use phase diagrams to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know we can use phase diagrams to
+make these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make these
+predictions with certainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that's
+annoying about Thermo when you first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying about Thermo when you first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying about Thermo when you first
+learned it is that the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+meaning Thermo tells you how things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning Thermo tells you how things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning Thermo tells you how things
+start out and how they end up but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out and how they end up but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out and how they end up but a
+process of transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of transformation
+is very much a black box in thermo and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very much a black box in thermo and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very much a black box in thermo and
+we don't really treat it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't really treat it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't really treat it
+there's a class for that it's kinetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a class for that it's kinetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a class for that it's kinetics
+you take it in the fall right so it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take it in the fall right so it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take it in the fall right so it'll
+be specific kinetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not
+described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's no time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in Therma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at least in equilibrium thermal when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in equilibrium thermal when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in equilibrium thermal when you
+first see it like in o2o so we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first see it like in o2o so we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first see it like in o2o so we will
+never do this to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+never going to do that we're never going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never going to do that we're never going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never going to do that we're never going
+to take any time derivatives we're never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take any time derivatives we're never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take any time derivatives we're never
+going to calculate rates we only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to calculate rates we only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to calculate rates we only
+calculate what you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate what you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate what you get
+at the end of a process if you wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of a process if you wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of a process if you wait
+sufficiently long what is sufficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently long what is sufficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently long what is sufficient
+don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is one way to think about it Thermo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one way to think about it Thermo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one way to think about it Thermo
+describes the why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and only hence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only hence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only hence
+at the how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I find this interesting way to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I find this interesting way to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I find this interesting way to remember
+what Therma does and what it doesn't so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Therma does and what it doesn't so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Therma does and what it doesn't so
+for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance
+when we ruptured the hot pack or we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we ruptured the hot pack or we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we ruptured the hot pack or we
+ruptured the cold pack we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruptured the cold pack we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruptured the cold pack we could
+understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+those spontaneous reactions we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those spontaneous reactions we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those spontaneous reactions we
+understood why one of them was driven by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood why one of them was driven by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood why one of them was driven by
+entropy the other was driven by energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy the other was driven by energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy the other was driven by energy
+that was the why but the how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the why but the how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the why but the how
+we didn't talk about it in fact somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't talk about it in fact somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't talk about it in fact somebody
+thankfully asked me a question how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thankfully asked me a question how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thankfully asked me a question how that
+worked what was actually going on inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked what was actually going on inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked what was actually going on inside
+the bag it had to do with two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bag it had to do with two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bag it had to do with two different
+bags and the surface preparation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bags and the surface preparation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bags and the surface preparation and
+super saturation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super saturation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super saturation
+Therma doesn't really treat the how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Therma doesn't really treat the how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Therma doesn't really treat the how it
+just gives you some ideas so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gives you some ideas so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gives you some ideas so it's a
+starting point for understanding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point for understanding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point for understanding the
+house but it does tell you the why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right what about the uses of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right what about the uses of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right what about the uses of
+thermodynamics you're here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you're here because thermal is useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're here because thermal is useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're here because thermal is useful
+it's really useful whether you become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really useful whether you become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really useful whether you become
+scientists or engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists or engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists or engineers
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+it's really useful and that's why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really useful and that's why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really useful and that's why we
+make you take it right so how's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you take it right so how's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you take it right so how's it
+useful how do we use it right we use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful how do we use it right we use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful how do we use it right we use it
+to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and control matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we use it to transfer knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+an example being phase diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example being phase diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example being phase diagrams
+which are great summaries of knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so let me give you an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's have it a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's have it a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's have it a uh
+temperature axis here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature axis here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature axis here this is
+temperature in degrees C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we're going to study water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to study water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to study water
+at one atmosphere of pressure so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one atmosphere of pressure so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one atmosphere of pressure so it's
+one dimensional system here temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dimensional system here temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dimensional system here temperature
+and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and here it is boiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right okay so what is the freezing point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so what is the freezing point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so what is the freezing point
+of water somebody you know this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of water somebody you know this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of water somebody you know this right
+what's the freezing point of water empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the freezing point of water empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the freezing point of water empty
+the zero degrees Celsius zero right I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero degrees Celsius zero right I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero degrees Celsius zero right I'm
+freezing right now in this basement in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freezing right now in this basement in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freezing right now in this basement in
+in the woods in Vermont so I'm freezing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the woods in Vermont so I'm freezing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the woods in Vermont so I'm freezing
+what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about
+um what about if we're here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what about if we're here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what about if we're here in the
+summer right okay it wouldn't be boiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer right okay it wouldn't be boiling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer right okay it wouldn't be boiling
+but what's the uh what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's the uh what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's the uh what is the
+boiling point of water in degrees C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling point of water in degrees C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling point of water in degrees C
+100 someone put the chat well I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 someone put the chat well I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 someone put the chat well I don't
+really monitor the chat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really monitor the chat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really monitor the chat
+um not because I'm anti-chat it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not because I'm anti-chat it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not because I'm anti-chat it's just
+one too many screen cluttering up my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one too many screen cluttering up my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one too many screen cluttering up my
+thing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so
+um next time please use the mic but yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um next time please use the mic but yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um next time please use the mic but yeah
+it's a hundred thanks so okay here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a hundred thanks so okay here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a hundred thanks so okay here's a
+question how did you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question how did you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question how did you know that
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+um anyone who just did a Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyone who just did a Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyone who just did a Quantum
+chemical calculation uh from first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical calculation uh from first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical calculation uh from first
+principles I want you to raise your hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right no nobody did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right no nobody did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right no nobody did that
+in fact if you did you'd probably be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact if you did you'd probably be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact if you did you'd probably be
+writing a paper right now because um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing a paper right now because um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing a paper right now because um
+that's still a very very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's still a very very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's still a very very hard
+calculation in fact I've never seen it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation in fact I've never seen it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation in fact I've never seen it
+an accurate prediction of the freezing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an accurate prediction of the freezing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an accurate prediction of the freezing
+point of a liquid from first principles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of a liquid from first principles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of a liquid from first principles
+using Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using Theory
+so how did you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these are material properties of water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are material properties of water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are material properties of water
+these are the material properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the material properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the material properties of
+water you know that because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water you know that because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water you know that because you know
+that you know that because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know that because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know that because they're
+they're data that's out there you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're data that's out there you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're data that's out there you have
+access to materials have properties and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to materials have properties and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to materials have properties and
+some of these are so commonplace that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these are so commonplace that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these are so commonplace that
+you know them without having ever taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know them without having ever taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know them without having ever taken
+a class right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a class right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a class right
+so these are observations these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are observations these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are observations these are
+observations these are two of the huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations these are two of the huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations these are two of the huge
+number of observations on materials that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of observations on materials that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of observations on materials that
+mankind has taken right over over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mankind has taken right over over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mankind has taken right over over
+millennia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millennia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millennia
+Thermo gives you a framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thermo gives you a framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thermo gives you a framework
+for ingesting those observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for ingesting those observations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for ingesting those observations
+and using them to make predictions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and using them to make predictions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and using them to make predictions about
+states that you have never seen before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that you have never seen before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that you have never seen before
+so this is a way to think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a way to think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a way to think about it
+empirical observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so it's a bunch of observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's a bunch of observations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's a bunch of observations
+observation one observation two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation one observation two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation one observation two
+observation three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation three
+right all these little pieces of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all these little pieces of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all these little pieces of data
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they get fed into something called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get fed into something called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get fed into something called the
+laws of thermodynamics right this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the conceptual framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conceptual framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conceptual framework
+and then from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then from
+these observations and the laws of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these observations and the laws of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these observations and the laws of
+thermodynamics you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+deduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduce
+predictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or what I like to call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what I like to call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what I like to call it
+decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because when we're scientists we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when we're scientists we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when we're scientists we talk
+about hypotheses and predictions but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about hypotheses and predictions but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about hypotheses and predictions but
+when we're Engineers we have to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're Engineers we have to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're Engineers we have to make a
+decision right what temperature will you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision right what temperature will you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision right what temperature will you
+run this furnace how high can uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run this furnace how high can uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run this furnace how high can uh this
+autoclave run without ruining my product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoclave run without ruining my product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoclave run without ruining my product
+right what's the maximum temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what's the maximum temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what's the maximum temperature
+that this product can see during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this product can see during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this product can see during
+shipping right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipping right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipping right
+and you don't have time to run a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you don't have time to run a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you don't have time to run a million
+experiments so you need a deductive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments so you need a deductive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments so you need a deductive
+framework to make decisions and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework to make decisions and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework to make decisions and that's
+what Thermo gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Thermo gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Thermo gives you
+how do we store observations we store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we store observations we store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we store observations we store
+them in databases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so as you'll see starting on the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as you'll see starting on the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as you'll see starting on the first
+preset Thermo concerns itself very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preset Thermo concerns itself very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preset Thermo concerns itself very much
+with the maintenance of databases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the maintenance of databases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the maintenance of databases
+that without materials data these laws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that without materials data these laws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that without materials data these laws
+of Therma are just text on a page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Therma are just text on a page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Therma are just text on a page
+they're utterly useless you need this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're utterly useless you need this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're utterly useless you need this
+the data fed into the deductive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data fed into the deductive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data fed into the deductive
+framework to make decisions so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework to make decisions so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework to make decisions so the
+databases have huge economic value when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases have huge economic value when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases have huge economic value when
+you download the student version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you download the student version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you download the student version of
+thermo calc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermo calc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermo calc
+they're giving you a very minimal set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're giving you a very minimal set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're giving you a very minimal set of
+databases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first of all you'd have to pay a fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all you'd have to pay a fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all you'd have to pay a fair
+amount to get a larger set but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount to get a larger set but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount to get a larger set but if you
+want to get the real stuff these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get the real stuff these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get the real stuff these are
+trade secrets so companies like Alcoa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade secrets so companies like Alcoa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade secrets so companies like Alcoa
+um you know they guard their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know they guard their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know they guard their
+thermodynamic databases the way a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamic databases the way a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamic databases the way a
+company like Intel guards its um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company like Intel guards its um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company like Intel guards its um
+it's uh it's lithography masks right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh it's lithography masks right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh it's lithography masks right
+it's like the key to the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like the key to the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like the key to the entire
+operation so the economic value of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation so the economic value of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation so the economic value of data
+is huge in thermo and in Material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is huge in thermo and in Material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is huge in thermo and in Material
+Science more generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Science more generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Science more generally
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fortunately we don't need to sit down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately we don't need to sit down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately we don't need to sit down
+with our pen and paper and figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our pen and paper and figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our pen and paper and figure out
+what the law of thermodynamics predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the law of thermodynamics predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the law of thermodynamics predict
+every time we have software for that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time we have software for that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time we have software for that so
+databases fed into software allows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases fed into software allows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases fed into software allows you
+to make predictions and and helps you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make predictions and and helps you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make predictions and and helps you
+make decisions in a reasonable time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make decisions in a reasonable time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make decisions in a reasonable time
+frame that's how you'll you'll use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame that's how you'll you'll use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame that's how you'll you'll use
+Thermo in the real world this is how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thermo in the real world this is how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thermo in the real world this is how you
+do a swim around the real world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right next topic systems in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right next topic systems in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right next topic systems in
+thermodynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+systems are characterized by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+boundaries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's an example here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's an example here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's an example here is
+a balloon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's a boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in
+and this is out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is out
+all right so let's say we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's say we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's say we want to
+calculate some properties of the gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate some properties of the gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate some properties of the gas
+inside of this balloon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of this balloon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of this balloon
+what should we take as the boundary of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should we take as the boundary of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should we take as the boundary of
+our system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's kind of painfully obvious right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of painfully obvious right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of painfully obvious right you
+take you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take you take the
+you take the plastic right you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the plastic right you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the plastic right you need to
+take the actual balloon the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the actual balloon the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the actual balloon the actual
+balloon that you you choose that is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balloon that you you choose that is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balloon that you you choose that is your
+boundary that makes sense it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary that makes sense it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary that makes sense it's kind of
+obvious but it's good to start from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious but it's good to start from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious but it's good to start from an
+obvious example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious example
+why do you choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you choose
+the physical balloon as the boundary of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical balloon as the boundary of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical balloon as the boundary of
+your system to analyze the gas inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your system to analyze the gas inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your system to analyze the gas inside
+why not just choose an arbitrary volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not just choose an arbitrary volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not just choose an arbitrary volume
+why not say no I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not say no I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not say no I'm going to
+choose as my system the lower half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose as my system the lower half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose as my system the lower half of
+the balloon and this is an imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the balloon and this is an imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the balloon and this is an imaginary
+line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+or Surface separating the two parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Surface separating the two parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Surface separating the two parts of
+the balloon why not choose this lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the balloon why not choose this lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the balloon why not choose this lower
+volume to analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume to analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume to analyze
+because there's nothing separating it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's nothing separating it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's nothing separating it
+from the upper volume of gas there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the upper volume of gas there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the upper volume of gas there's
+nothing separating it and so as a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing separating it and so as a result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing separating it and so as a result
+particles can move between the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles can move between the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles can move between the lower
+volume and the upper volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and the upper volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and the upper volume
+so if I choose the whole balloon I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I choose the whole balloon I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I choose the whole balloon I get
+to use conservation of particle number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use conservation of particle number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use conservation of particle number
+that's convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's convenient
+right if I now treat these as two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I now treat these as two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I now treat these as two
+subsystems system a and system B now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsystems system a and system B now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsystems system a and system B now I
+need to keep track of how they exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to keep track of how they exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to keep track of how they exchange
+particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles
+it's more work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more work
+we got the same answer if you do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got the same answer if you do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got the same answer if you do it
+right but it's more work so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but it's more work so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but it's more work so this is
+again a painfully obvious example but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a painfully obvious example but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a painfully obvious example but
+starting as soon as this preset we hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting as soon as this preset we hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting as soon as this preset we hope
+to make it give you some slightly less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it give you some slightly less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it give you some slightly less
+obvious examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious examples
+which is how you choose boundaries you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is how you choose boundaries you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is how you choose boundaries you
+drive you choose boundaries boundaries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive you choose boundaries boundaries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive you choose boundaries boundaries
+chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen
+out of convenience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right you choose a boundary when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you choose a boundary when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you choose a boundary when you
+analyze a system to make your life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze a system to make your life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze a system to make your life
+easier it depends on what questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier it depends on what questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier it depends on what questions
+you're asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're asking
+so I believe in problem one and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I believe in problem one and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I believe in problem one and the
+piece that we ask you to run through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece that we ask you to run through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece that we ask you to run through
+some of these mental exercises for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these mental exercises for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these mental exercises for
+different examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different examples
+right okay boundaries chosen out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay boundaries chosen out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay boundaries chosen out of
+convenience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience
+so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's
+Let's do an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+adding sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to a glass of water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a glass of water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a glass of water
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and stirring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see
+let's draw a beaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+there's water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and um
+you have sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's sugar and the sugar gets added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm going to have a stir bar I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to have a stir bar I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to have a stir bar I have to
+stir so I have a stir bar a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stir so I have a stir bar a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stir so I have a stir bar a little
+swizzle stick or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+stirring that around so it's moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's talk about the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first I'm going to write down a list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first I'm going to write down a list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first I'm going to write down a list of
+all the things in this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the things in this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the things in this picture
+so the things are water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the things are water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the things are water
+sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glass
+the atmosphere I didn't really draw it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atmosphere I didn't really draw it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atmosphere I didn't really draw it
+but it's there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's there
+and the stir stick and the stir bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the stir stick and the stir bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the stir stick and the stir bar
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+I want to get the answer like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to get the answer like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to get the answer like um
+how sweet will the water become right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how sweet will the water become right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how sweet will the water become right
+that's the answer I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the answer I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the answer I need
+what system shall they analyze what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what system shall they analyze what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what system shall they analyze what
+should be in the system and what should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be in the system and what should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be in the system and what should
+not be in the system so would somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be in the system so would somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be in the system so would somebody
+say should the water be in the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say should the water be in the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say should the water be in the system
+yes because it's one of the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes because it's one of the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes because it's one of the main
+components of the mixture yeah okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the mixture yeah okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the mixture yeah okay so
+we're going to choose the water and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to choose the water and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to choose the water and the
+sugar I will say also is one of the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar I will say also is one of the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar I will say also is one of the main
+components of the mixture so okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the mixture so okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the mixture so okay that's
+good what about the glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good what about the glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good what about the glass
+should that be part of the system no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should that be part of the system no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should that be part of the system no
+probably not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not
+unless we expect some kind of maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless we expect some kind of maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless we expect some kind of maybe
+reaction with the glass but it's sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction with the glass but it's sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction with the glass but it's sugar
+water it's not going to etch the glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water it's not going to etch the glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water it's not going to etch the glass
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+If This Were hydrogen fluoride solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If This Were hydrogen fluoride solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If This Were hydrogen fluoride solution
+it would add some glass we'd have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would add some glass we'd have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would add some glass we'd have to
+include the glass but we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the glass but we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the glass but we're not going to
+include the glass the atmosphere do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the glass the atmosphere do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the glass the atmosphere do we
+have to include that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no because it's not changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no because it's not changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no because it's not changing
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+um if this is just something you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if this is just something you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if this is just something you're
+doing in your kitchen probably not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in your kitchen probably not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in your kitchen probably not
+if you're running a factory making sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're running a factory making sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're running a factory making sugar
+water like a simple syrup or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water like a simple syrup or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water like a simple syrup or something
+you probably want to include the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably want to include the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably want to include the
+atmosphere because you want really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere because you want really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere because you want really good
+process control and the humidity in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process control and the humidity in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process control and the humidity in the
+atmosphere might make a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere might make a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere might make a difference
+that's an example or if you're a monk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an example or if you're a monk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an example or if you're a monk
+right uh Brewing uh uh a farmhouse ale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh Brewing uh uh a farmhouse ale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh Brewing uh uh a farmhouse ale
+and we know that the stuff in the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know that the stuff in the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know that the stuff in the air
+from the surrounding Farms makes it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the surrounding Farms makes it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the surrounding Farms makes it into
+the beer and helps you know change so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beer and helps you know change so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beer and helps you know change so
+they're examples where you do want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're examples where you do want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're examples where you do want to
+include the atmosphere in the system but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the atmosphere in the system but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the atmosphere in the system but
+you're not and the stir bar not right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not and the stir bar not right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not and the stir bar not right
+the stir bar has a function but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stir bar has a function but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stir bar has a function but it's not
+going to be a part of the thermodynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a part of the thermodynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a part of the thermodynamic
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+what about the boundaries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+these are the types of boundaries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and before we go through these this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and before we go through these this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and before we go through these this is
+as good a time as any to remind you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as good a time as any to remind you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as good a time as any to remind you that
+the uh the associated reading is every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the associated reading is every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the associated reading is every
+bit as part of as much a part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit as part of as much a part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit as part of as much a part of the
+course as the lecture so if you keep up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course as the lecture so if you keep up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course as the lecture so if you keep up
+with the reading and do the associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the reading and do the associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the reading and do the associated
+reading before lecture you'll get a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading before lecture you'll get a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading before lecture you'll get a lot
+more out of the entire experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more out of the entire experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more out of the entire experience
+so thank you for keeping up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so thank you for keeping up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so thank you for keeping up with the
+reading all right boundaries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading all right boundaries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading all right boundaries
+um open or closed somebody please uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um open or closed somebody please uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um open or closed somebody please uh
+tell me this open or closed system which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me this open or closed system which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me this open or closed system which
+would you choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you choose
+um and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and why
+and and what what does that mean open or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and what what does that mean open or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and what what does that mean open or
+closed somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed somebody
+I would say it was closed because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would say it was closed because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would say it was closed because
+nothing is leaving the system like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing is leaving the system like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing is leaving the system like
+there's no evaporation happening or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no evaporation happening or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no evaporation happening or
+particles leaving good okay that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles leaving good okay that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles leaving good okay that's what
+I would choose too closed means no loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would choose too closed means no loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would choose too closed means no loss
+of particles or no gain of particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of particles or no gain of particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of particles or no gain of particles
+right particle number Remains the Same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right particle number Remains the Same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right particle number Remains the Same
+so the example given there was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the example given there was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the example given there was that
+um if you included evaporation loss of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you included evaporation loss of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you included evaporation loss of
+water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+uh it would be an open system right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it would be an open system right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it would be an open system right
+um you'd have to include the atmosphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you'd have to include the atmosphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you'd have to include the atmosphere
+in your system and uh you're you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your system and uh you're you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your system and uh you're you know if
+you're if you're growing if you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're if you're growing if you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're if you're growing if you're doing
+a crystal growth experiment but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a crystal growth experiment but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a crystal growth experiment but you
+slowly let the the water evaporate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly let the the water evaporate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly let the the water evaporate
+um the super native then then it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the super native then then it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the super native then then it's an
+open system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open system
+right but we're doing this quickly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but we're doing this quickly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but we're doing this quickly and
+we're not going to wait for water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to wait for water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to wait for water
+evaporate so close thank you all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaporate so close thank you all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaporate so close thank you all right
+rigid or not rigid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um maybe not rigid since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe not rigid since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe not rigid since the
+the top is like you know not like a Hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top is like you know not like a Hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top is like you know not like a Hard
+Solid Surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solid Surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solid Surface
+okay good so the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good so the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good so the top
+not rigid that's what I would choose to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not rigid that's what I would choose to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not rigid that's what I would choose to
+let's talk a little bit more about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk a little bit more about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk a little bit more about what
+that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means
+it means that the volume can change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that the volume can change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that the volume can change the
+volume is free to change right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume is free to change right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume is free to change right that's
+what was said there the top is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was said there the top is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was said there the top is not a
+hard surface so we assume that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard surface so we assume that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard surface so we assume that the the
+walls of the glass are rigid they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls of the glass are rigid they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls of the glass are rigid they're not
+going to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to change
+but the top surface is a what's called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the top surface is a what's called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the top surface is a what's called a
+free surface it can exchange volume with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free surface it can exchange volume with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free surface it can exchange volume with
+the atmosphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atmosphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atmosphere
+and the ability to exchange volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ability to exchange volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ability to exchange volume
+that's the mechanism by which two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the mechanism by which two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the mechanism by which two
+systems arrive at the same pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems arrive at the same pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems arrive at the same pressure
+so this notion of pressure regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this notion of pressure regulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this notion of pressure regulation
+temperature regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature regulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature regulation
+becomes very important in thermo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes very important in thermo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes very important in thermo
+non-rigid systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-rigid systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-rigid systems
+are pressure regulated because they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pressure regulated because they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pressure regulated because they can
+exchange volume of the atmosphere if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange volume of the atmosphere if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange volume of the atmosphere if
+there's a fluctuation in atmospheric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a fluctuation in atmospheric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a fluctuation in atmospheric
+pressure that same temperature the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure that same temperature the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure that same temperature the same
+pressure fluctuation will be felt by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure fluctuation will be felt by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure fluctuation will be felt by the
+water bath for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as opposed to a rigid system a rigid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to a rigid system a rigid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to a rigid system a rigid
+system can build pressure right you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system can build pressure right you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system can build pressure right you can
+have a bomb or a high pressure vessel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bomb or a high pressure vessel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bomb or a high pressure vessel
+that's a different pressure from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a different pressure from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a different pressure from the
+outside why because it's fixed volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside why because it's fixed volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside why because it's fixed volume
+rigid all right good and finally um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid all right good and finally um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid all right good and finally um
+adiabatic or diathermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so the non-rigid meant that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the non-rigid meant that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the non-rigid meant that you're
+going to be at atmospheric pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be at atmospheric pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be at atmospheric pressure
+throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+in my view uh the the zoom video camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my view uh the the zoom video camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my view uh the the zoom video camera
+webcam review is blocking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+webcam review is blocking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+webcam review is blocking
+this text right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this text right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this text right here
+is it blocking this text in anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it blocking this text in anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it blocking this text in anyone
+else's View
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else's View
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else's View
+no okay good thanks all right so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay good thanks all right so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay good thanks all right so what
+about adiabatic or diathermal is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about adiabatic or diathermal is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about adiabatic or diathermal is this
+adiabatic or is it diathermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adiabatic or is it diathermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adiabatic or is it diathermal
+the boundaries the adiabatic or die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundaries the adiabatic or die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundaries the adiabatic or die
+though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so adiabatic means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so adiabatic means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so adiabatic means
+a process or a boundary that does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a process or a boundary that does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a process or a boundary that does not
+allow Heating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow Heating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow Heating
+so a thermally insulating boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a diaphragm was the opposite diathermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a diaphragm was the opposite diathermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a diaphragm was the opposite diathermal
+is is a process or a boundary that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is a process or a boundary that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is a process or a boundary that
+allows heating allows heat to flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows heating allows heat to flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows heating allows heat to flow
+allows heat exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows heat exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows heat exchange
+so it'd be diathermal it'd be diathermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it'd be diathermal it'd be diathermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it'd be diathermal it'd be diathermal
+right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+in the same way that the the the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same way that the the the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same way that the the the free
+surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface
+allows the atmosphere to regulate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows the atmosphere to regulate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows the atmosphere to regulate the
+pressure in the water keeping it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure in the water keeping it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure in the water keeping it at
+atmospheric pressure throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmospheric pressure throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmospheric pressure throughout
+the diathermal boundaries and glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diathermal boundaries and glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diathermal boundaries and glass
+might be a little slow slow thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a little slow slow thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a little slow slow thermal
+transport but definitely you have a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport but definitely you have a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport but definitely you have a very
+fast thermal transport there at the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast thermal transport there at the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast thermal transport there at the free
+surface this is going to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface this is going to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface this is going to keep
+I'm going to keep uh temperature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to keep uh temperature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to keep uh temperature of the
+room that's just the temperature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room that's just the temperature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room that's just the temperature of the
+room throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the diathermal boundary regulates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the diathermal boundary regulates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the diathermal boundary regulates the
+temperature the non-rigid boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature the non-rigid boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature the non-rigid boundary
+regulates the pressure okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm I'm taking my time here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm taking my time here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm taking my time here and
+intentionally introducing a bunch of new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionally introducing a bunch of new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionally introducing a bunch of new
+terms or if they're not new terms um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms or if they're not new terms um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms or if they're not new terms um the
+meaning of all these terms is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of all these terms is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of all these terms is very
+specific in thermal so the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific in thermal so the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific in thermal so the idea of
+Regulation the idea of choosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Regulation the idea of choosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Regulation the idea of choosing
+boundaries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you'll do some examples like this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll do some examples like this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll do some examples like this in
+uh in the preset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right let's talk about types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's talk about types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's talk about types of
+systems classifying systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+classifications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so this is just getting some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this is just getting some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this is just getting some
+Essentials out of the way here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Essentials out of the way here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Essentials out of the way here
+unary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so an example of a component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so an example of a component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so an example of a component
+would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so here's an example a unary system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's an example a unary system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's an example a unary system
+has one component one molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has one component one molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has one component one molecular
+component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component
+a multi-component system has more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multi-component system has more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multi-component system has more than
+one so for example the binary system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so for example the binary system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so for example the binary system of
+water and sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I've got hydrogen oxygen and carbon here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got hydrogen oxygen and carbon here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got hydrogen oxygen and carbon here
+how come it's not three combined anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because at no point are we discussing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because at no point are we discussing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because at no point are we discussing
+like the separation of those components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the separation of those components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the separation of those components
+um that's right at no point are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's right at no point are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's right at no point are we
+breaking bonds when reforming molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking bonds when reforming molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking bonds when reforming molecules
+this is remaining water throughout this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is remaining water throughout this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is remaining water throughout this
+is remaining sucrose throughout right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is remaining sucrose throughout right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is remaining sucrose throughout right
+this is not a digestive system right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a digestive system right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a digestive system right you
+break down the sugar this is not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break down the sugar this is not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break down the sugar this is not an
+electrochemical water splitting system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemical water splitting system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemical water splitting system
+where you might be using uh some source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you might be using uh some source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you might be using uh some source
+of energy to electrochemically generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy to electrochemically generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy to electrochemically generate
+hydrogen gas from water right so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen gas from water right so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen gas from water right so so
+that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good
+um so your choice of unitary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so your choice of unitary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so your choice of unitary
+multi-component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-component
+there can be more than one answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can be more than one answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can be more than one answer
+and the same molecular components can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same molecular components can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same molecular components can be
+analyzed as urinary or a multi-component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzed as urinary or a multi-component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzed as urinary or a multi-component
+system depending on the situation right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system depending on the situation right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system depending on the situation right
+so again you make these decisions out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again you make these decisions out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again you make these decisions out of
+convenience because you understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience because you understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience because you understand the
+process that your engineering that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that your engineering that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that your engineering that
+you're designing right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're designing right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're designing right okay
+so that's unary versus multi-component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this kind of gets sometimes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this kind of gets sometimes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this kind of gets sometimes it
+should get a little bit a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get a little bit a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get a little bit a little bit
+easier to get tripped up there all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to get tripped up there all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to get tripped up there all right
+two different types of classification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different types of classification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different types of classification
+homogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first heterogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so homogeneous means one phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sodium acetate so the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+the sodium acetate solution right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sodium acetate solution right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sodium acetate solution right that
+was the the supersaturated sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the the supersaturated sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the the supersaturated sodium
+acetate solution uh was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetate solution uh was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetate solution uh was uh
+a starting point for the instant hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a starting point for the instant hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a starting point for the instant hot
+pack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pack
+okay sodium acetate solution what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay sodium acetate solution what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay sodium acetate solution what about
+heterogeneous more than one phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right solution
+Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus
+solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid
+sodium acetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+requires I think a little bit less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires I think a little bit less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires I think a little bit less
+description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description
+what about closed versus open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right at least we've already discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at least we've already discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at least we've already discussed
+no Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no Mass
+Exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+surroundings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whereas this can exchange maps with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas this can exchange maps with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas this can exchange maps with
+surroundings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so those are some basic and important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are some basic and important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are some basic and important
+classifications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay next category we're going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay next category we're going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay next category we're going through
+the sort of necessary stuff here to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of necessary stuff here to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of necessary stuff here to get
+started on real thermal problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started on real thermal problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started on real thermal problems
+State functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+four if you like variables we'll use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four if you like variables we'll use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four if you like variables we'll use
+these interchangeably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+State functions and state variables so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State functions and state variables so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State functions and state variables so
+these characterize a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+they are independent of History
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a really subtle point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a really subtle point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a really subtle point
+this will trip you up it trips me up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will trip you up it trips me up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will trip you up it trips me up
+seems obvious right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems obvious right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems obvious right
+the fact that you could characterize a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that you could characterize a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that you could characterize a
+system with variables which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with variables which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with variables which are
+independent of the history of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of the history of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of the history of that
+system is very non-obvious that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is very non-obvious that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is very non-obvious that was a
+major intellectual accomplishment it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major intellectual accomplishment it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major intellectual accomplishment it
+shouldn't sit easily with you that takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't sit easily with you that takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't sit easily with you that takes
+some getting used to you shouldn't trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some getting used to you shouldn't trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some getting used to you shouldn't trust
+me on this yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay common state functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found
+in o2o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in o2o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in o2o
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+um would somebody like to volunteer a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um would somebody like to volunteer a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um would somebody like to volunteer a
+shape function a common state function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape function a common state function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape function a common state function
+you might find in thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might find in thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might find in thermal
+temperature yeah temp so that's a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature yeah temp so that's a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature yeah temp so that's a state
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+we'll use T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use T
+no volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we'll use V pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is p any others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is p any others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is p any others
+enthalpy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy
+either way okay that's a state function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what about one that's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about one that's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about one that's um
+uh not so specific to femoral are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not so specific to femoral are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not so specific to femoral are there
+others that are more colloquial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others that are more colloquial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others that are more colloquial
+concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration
+concentration I'll say composition yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration I'll say composition yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration I'll say composition yeah
+composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+we'll use Atomic percent very often in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use Atomic percent very often in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use Atomic percent very often in
+this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class
+yeah what about mole number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right total system size like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right total system size like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right total system size like that
+and then there's enthalpy and then there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's enthalpy and then there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's enthalpy and then there
+are others which are um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are others which are um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are others which are um
+more specific to thermodynamics there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more specific to thermodynamics there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more specific to thermodynamics there's
+entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy
+there's Gibbs free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and there's Helm host free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if we were course two if we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we were course two if we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we were course two if we were
+mechanical engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical engineers
+we would be spending a lot more time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would be spending a lot more time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would be spending a lot more time
+on how much free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and enthalpy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and enthalpy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and enthalpy
+if we were physicists we'd be spending a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we were physicists we'd be spending a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we were physicists we'd be spending a
+lot more time on helmhole's free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more time on helmhole's free energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more time on helmhole's free energy
+and energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which we're going to use you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're going to use you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're going to use you for
+internal energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal energy
+but as material scientists we spend most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as material scientists we spend most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as material scientists we spend most
+of our time on Gibbs free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our time on Gibbs free energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our time on Gibbs free energy
+and enthalpy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and enthalpy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and enthalpy
+for reasons that we'll we'll discuss at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for reasons that we'll we'll discuss at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for reasons that we'll we'll discuss at
+length in a couple of lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length in a couple of lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length in a couple of lectures
+okay but there are more there are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but there are more there are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but there are more there are more
+like magnetization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like magnetization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like magnetization
+right that's when we don't that electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's when we don't that electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's when we don't that electric
+polarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization
+there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we have state functions we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have state functions we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have state functions we have
+state variables we also have equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state variables we also have equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state variables we also have equations
+of State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so equation of State in general is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so equation of State in general is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so equation of State in general is some
+State function X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State function X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State function X
+equals a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals a function
+of other state functions y1 Y2 Y3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in this in this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this in this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this in this uh
+formulas and that's a state function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas and that's a state function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas and that's a state function and
+these are State variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but I'm going to use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm going to use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm going to use this
+interchangeably say function State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeably say function State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeably say function State
+variables all right so you all know one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables all right so you all know one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables all right so you all know one
+state function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state function
+what's the state function whenever we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the state function whenever we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the state function whenever we
+didn't know it's even on the t-shirts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when I do this lecture in person I wear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I do this lecture in person I wear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I do this lecture in person I wear
+my my MIT T-shirt with the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my MIT T-shirt with the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my MIT T-shirt with the state
+function on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+would be pivnirt yeah right b v equals n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be pivnirt yeah right b v equals n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be pivnirt yeah right b v equals n
+r t right okay so that's a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r t right okay so that's a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r t right okay so that's a state
+function that's a state function for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's a state function for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's a state function for an
+ideal gas this is true always for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal gas this is true always for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal gas this is true always for an
+ideal gas at equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal gas at equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal gas at equilibrium
+that's pretty cool and you can do a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty cool and you can do a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty cool and you can do a lot
+with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that
+but before we do a lot with that I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but before we do a lot with that I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but before we do a lot with that I want
+to warn you this is the exception rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to warn you this is the exception rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to warn you this is the exception rather
+than the rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the rule
+for almost every system every material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for almost every system every material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for almost every system every material
+which you'll use in your careers we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you'll use in your careers we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you'll use in your careers we do
+not have a state function like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have a state function like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have a state function like this
+maybe we have some that are empirically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we have some that are empirically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we have some that are empirically
+determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined
+you might find some magnetic systems for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might find some magnetic systems for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might find some magnetic systems for
+which state functions have been exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which state functions have been exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which state functions have been exactly
+derived from fundamental principles like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived from fundamental principles like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived from fundamental principles like
+this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one
+but this is the exception rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is the exception rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is the exception rather than
+the rule usually you can't write down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rule usually you can't write down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rule usually you can't write down a
+closed form like this usually you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed form like this usually you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed form like this usually you have
+to deal with a much more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with a much more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with a much more complicated
+data resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data resources
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+something on units here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on units here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on units here
+try to sneak this in R equals PV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to sneak this in R equals PV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to sneak this in R equals PV
+over NT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over NT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over NT
+what are the units of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pressure is pascals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure is pascals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure is pascals
+volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume
+is meters cubed I think these really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is meters cubed I think these really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is meters cubed I think these really
+look like pascals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like pascals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like pascals
+mole is unitless just a number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole is unitless just a number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole is unitless just a number and
+temperature is Kelvin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in fundamental SI units of Pascal is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fundamental SI units of Pascal is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fundamental SI units of Pascal is a
+Newton per meter squared force over area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton per meter squared force over area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton per meter squared force over area
+right that's pressure we have a meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's pressure we have a meter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's pressure we have a meter
+cubed and we have a Kelvin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed and we have a Kelvin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed and we have a Kelvin
+so then you get Newton meter like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you get Newton meter like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you get Newton meter like
+and what's a force displaced over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's a force displaced over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's a force displaced over a
+meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter
+Newton meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chill
+Calvin so R equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Calvin so R equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Calvin so R equals
+8.314 joules for color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8.314 joules for color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8.314 joules for color
+it's a handy thing to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're going to be sticklers for units in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be sticklers for units in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be sticklers for units in
+this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mistake all right more things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake all right more things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake all right more things
+thermodynamic properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so at the very beginning I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so at the very beginning I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so at the very beginning I
+told you that states of matter had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you that states of matter had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you that states of matter had
+certain responses when you squeeze them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain responses when you squeeze them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain responses when you squeeze them
+or you added stuff or you heated them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you added stuff or you heated them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you added stuff or you heated them
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and these are going to be described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by thermodynamic response functions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by thermodynamic response functions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by thermodynamic response functions so
+that response function term sounds kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that response function term sounds kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that response function term sounds kind
+of fancy don't let it scare you it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fancy don't let it scare you it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fancy don't let it scare you it
+describes how a system responds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes how a system responds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes how a system responds to
+something so someone screams you cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so someone screams you cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so someone screams you cover
+your ears that's your response function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ears that's your response function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ears that's your response function
+so some common response functions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some common response functions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some common response functions that
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+use in thermo are compressibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+isothermal compressibility right at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isothermal compressibility right at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isothermal compressibility right at
+fixed temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and of course this is the same as D log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course this is the same as D log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course this is the same as D log
+VDP so you see this a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the only real prerequisite for Thermo is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only real prerequisite for Thermo is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only real prerequisite for Thermo is
+multivariable calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariable calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariable calculus
+and I think the first time I learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think the first time I learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think the first time I learned
+Thermo and probably the second time even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thermo and probably the second time even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thermo and probably the second time even
+and I didn't appreciate just how much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I didn't appreciate just how much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I didn't appreciate just how much of
+our lives on multivariable calculus so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our lives on multivariable calculus so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our lives on multivariable calculus so
+just know that now and so that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just know that now and so that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just know that now and so that you're
+not surprised later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right thermal expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right thermal expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right thermal expansion
+it's another common one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Alpha equals again we're going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha equals again we're going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha equals again we're going to make
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+volume independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+and we're going to do that as fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to do that as fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to do that as fixed
+pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and there are others but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and there are others but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and there are others but this is
+these are you know um the the most the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are you know um the the most the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are you know um the the most the
+easiest ones to write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest ones to write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest ones to write down
+and giving you an idea of the sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and giving you an idea of the sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and giving you an idea of the sorts of
+properties that we're going to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that we're going to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that we're going to calculate
+in thermo so let's consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ideal gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+compressive compression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at fixed temp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+volume initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume initial
+a pressure initial going to volume final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pressure initial going to volume final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pressure initial going to volume final
+pressure final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure final
+all right so compressibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so compressibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so compressibility
+equals minus 1 over V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals minus 1 over V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals minus 1 over V
+d v d p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d v d p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d v d p
+at fixed temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at fixed temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at fixed temperature
+and for an ideal gas this is very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for an ideal gas this is very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for an ideal gas this is very very
+simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+this is minus 1 over v d d p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is minus 1 over v d d p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is minus 1 over v d d p
+at fixed temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at fixed temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at fixed temperature
+nrt over p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equals
+nrt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nrt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nrt
+over v p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over v p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over v p
+1 over p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+1 over p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over p
+this is really simple for an ideal gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really simple for an ideal gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really simple for an ideal gas
+and only for an ideal gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only for an ideal gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only for an ideal gas
+so the final volume after compression is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the final volume after compression is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the final volume after compression is
+going to be the initial Volume Plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the initial Volume Plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the initial Volume Plus the
+change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's like
+second fundamental theorem of calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second fundamental theorem of calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second fundamental theorem of calculus
+so we're going to plug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's the integrand it's minus V beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and continue to plug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and continue to plug in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and continue to plug in
+this is volume initial minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know
+DP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DP
+and nrt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nrt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nrt
+repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat
+1 over p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equals V initial minus nrt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals V initial minus nrt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals V initial minus nrt
+P initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P initial
+plus n r t p final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which of course just equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of course just equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of course just equals
+via file so this calculation is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via file so this calculation is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via file so this calculation is really
+trivial for the ideal guys you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial for the ideal guys you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial for the ideal guys you get
+exactly what you think you would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what you think you would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what you think you would get
+the reason why I took the time to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why I took the time to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why I took the time to do it
+is to show you the sort of manipulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to show you the sort of manipulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to show you the sort of manipulations
+that you'll need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+later on for non-ideal guesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on for non-ideal guesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on for non-ideal guesses
+so thinking about this you got to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so thinking about this you got to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so thinking about this you got to put
+your multivariable Calculus hat on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+course for an ideal gas we get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course for an ideal gas we get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course for an ideal gas we get this
+one over X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these these relationships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these relationships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these relationships
+P initial V initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+P final V final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P final V final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P final V final
+and this curve is an isotherm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we'll come back to these when we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll come back to these when we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll come back to these when we do
+heat engines and a Carnot cycle at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat engines and a Carnot cycle at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat engines and a Carnot cycle at
+lecture four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one last uh two less points here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one last uh two less points here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one last uh two less points here
+intensive versus extensive properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right intensive properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can be defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+any point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+within a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+would somebody like to volunteer an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would somebody like to volunteer an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would somebody like to volunteer an
+example of an intensive property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah temp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right when they take your body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right when they take your body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right when they take your body
+temperature they assume that that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature they assume that that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature they assume that that you
+have one body temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one body temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one body temperature
+and they can take it there's different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can take it there's different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can take it there's different
+places right they can stick the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places right they can stick the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places right they can stick the
+thermometer but you should get the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermometer but you should get the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermometer but you should get the same
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right you can locally define density and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can locally define density and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can locally define density and
+you can measure it locally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can measure it locally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can measure it locally
+composition for a uniform system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition for a uniform system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition for a uniform system
+composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and there are more okay extensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+extensive properties depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on the extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on the extent of a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the extent of a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the extent of a system
+and they scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they scale
+with system size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so some examples here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so some examples here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so some examples here
+would be energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume
+Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass
+entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so forth right the doctor can can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth right the doctor can can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth right the doctor can can
+take your temperature at several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take your temperature at several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take your temperature at several
+different places but the way you your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different places but the way you your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different places but the way you your
+whole body has to be on the scale right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole body has to be on the scale right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole body has to be on the scale right
+they can't weigh you just by weighing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't weigh you just by weighing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't weigh you just by weighing
+your arm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your arm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your arm
+simple thing so extensive you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple thing so extensive you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple thing so extensive you need to
+know the extent intensive it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the extent intensive it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the extent intensive it can be
+defined and measured in any point inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined and measured in any point inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined and measured in any point inside
+or within a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or within a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or within a system
+easy way to remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+all right we're going to end today with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we're going to end today with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we're going to end today with
+definition of the phases of phase of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the phases of phase of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the phases of phase of
+matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so I'm going to define a phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so I'm going to define a phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so I'm going to define a phase
+the following way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phase is a region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+within which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive
+properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all intensive properties are uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all intensive properties are uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all intensive properties are uniform
+that's a phase of matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a phase of matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a phase of matter
+okay so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for example
+solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid
+sucrose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sucrose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sucrose
+right some things we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right some things we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right some things we've seen
+here water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right simple syrup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+grass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and some examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on length scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's an important caveat right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an important caveat right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an important caveat right
+if I zoom down to Atomic length scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I zoom down to Atomic length scales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I zoom down to Atomic length scales
+right I made some classes in uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I made some classes in uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I made some classes in uniform
+right you've got different metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you've got different metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you've got different metal
+elements depending on where I'm looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements depending on where I'm looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements depending on where I'm looking
+so this has to be on length scale of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this has to be on length scale of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this has to be on length scale of
+large in the molecular things goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large in the molecular things goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large in the molecular things goes
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and phase boundaries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and phase boundaries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and phase boundaries
+which of course are really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of course are really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of course are really important
+Topic in thermo and Material Science are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Topic in thermo and Material Science are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Topic in thermo and Material Science are
+classified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+simulatory to system boundaries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so when we have a two-phase system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so when we have a two-phase system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so when we have a two-phase system
+for example sugar and water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have some sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's uh
+it's in water we have a sugar water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in water we have a sugar water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in water we have a sugar water
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and we're going to
+think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about
+this boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this boundary
+right in the same way that we classify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the same way that we classify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the same way that we classify
+system boundaries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system boundaries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system boundaries
+and so that's an open boundary because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's an open boundary because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's an open boundary because
+sugar molecules can go across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar molecules can go across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar molecules can go across the
+boundary into the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary into the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary into the water
+and similarly sugar molecules can come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly sugar molecules can come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly sugar molecules can come
+out of solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of solution
+and go back into the solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go back into the solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go back into the solid
+all right this is a boundary that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right this is a boundary that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right this is a boundary that
+exchanges volume it exchanges heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges volume it exchanges heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges volume it exchanges heat
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+and it exchanges Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it exchanges Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it exchanges Mass
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good so that's that's all I had prepared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so that's that's all I had prepared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so that's that's all I had prepared
+for today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for today
+it is 10 54. almost perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is 10 54. almost perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is 10 54. almost perfect
+thanks for joining as usual I'll hang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks for joining as usual I'll hang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks for joining as usual I'll hang
+out for until at least 11 if folks want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for until at least 11 if folks want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for until at least 11 if folks want
+to talk or ask any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk or ask any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk or ask any questions
+otherwise I'll see you Monday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/K1pZ90xp2Gw.txt b/K1pZ90xp2Gw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..71b4084faa95205daa3cbef5e06d704f4df7fae0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/K1pZ90xp2Gw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12283 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+opencourseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware at
+ocw.mit.edu all right folks so last week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right folks so last week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right folks so last week
+we uh looked at the we first saw our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh looked at the we first saw our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh looked at the we first saw our
+first magic formula which you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first magic formula which you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first magic formula which you've
+probably forgotten because it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably forgotten because it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably forgotten because it was a
+wonderful weekend so I'll remind you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful weekend so I'll remind you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful weekend so I'll remind you and
+um then from there we will uh resolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then from there we will uh resolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then from there we will uh resolve
+the spider problem and then uh we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spider problem and then uh we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spider problem and then uh we're
+going to solve uh we're going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to solve uh we're going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to solve uh we're going to look at
+uh uh something called the super magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh something called the super magic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh something called the super magic
+formula these are not official names I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula these are not official names I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula these are not official names I
+made them up or it's please please never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made them up or it's please please never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made them up or it's please please never
+ever say these in public okay but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever say these in public okay but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever say these in public okay but uh
+it's a useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a useful
+formula okay um so last week we looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula okay um so last week we looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula okay um so last week we looked
+at as I said first of all we looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at as I said first of all we looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at as I said first of all we looked at
+uh um angular velocity for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um angular velocity for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um angular velocity for the first
+time for the first time and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for the first time and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for the first time and in
+fact um everything before I mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact um everything before I mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact um everything before I mention
+angle of velocity you know the stuff I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of velocity you know the stuff I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of velocity you know the stuff I
+did before I even mention angle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did before I even mention angle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did before I even mention angle of
+velocity for the first time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity for the first time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity for the first time the
+Machinery I provided you is powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery I provided you is powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery I provided you is powerful
+enough to solve pretty much any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to solve pretty much any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to solve pretty much any
+kinematics problem because it's based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics problem because it's based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics problem because it's based
+purely on Geometry angular velocity is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely on Geometry angular velocity is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely on Geometry angular velocity is a
+kind of a madeup concept that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a madeup concept that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a madeup concept that just
+simplifies the math and it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifies the math and it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifies the math and it's kind of
+intuitive stuff is rotating Theta Dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive stuff is rotating Theta Dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive stuff is rotating Theta Dot
+multiplied by you know the Le lever arm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by you know the Le lever arm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by you know the Le lever arm
+right gives you a velocity but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right gives you a velocity but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right gives you a velocity but you can
+see how it kind of slaughtered into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how it kind of slaughtered into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how it kind of slaughtered into
+place so we introduced the angle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place so we introduced the angle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place so we introduced the angle of
+velocity like this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity like this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity like this we
+said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said
+um we said the angle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of in fact I'll fill that in later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in fact I'll fill that in later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in fact I'll fill that in later on
+a b and I wrote it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b and I wrote it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b and I wrote it as
+this so help me write this what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so help me write this what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so help me write this what is the
+English statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English statement
+here it is the angular of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is the angular of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is the angular of
+velocity frame B with respect to frame a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity frame B with respect to frame a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity frame B with respect to frame a
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we saw that for the first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we saw that for the first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we saw that for the first time
+now a little bit on the low of angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a little bit on the low of angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a little bit on the low of angular
+velocity that you've seen in previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity that you've seen in previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity that you've seen in previous
+classes but we we Plunge in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes but we we Plunge in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes but we we Plunge in
+anymore um the first thing is can of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore um the first thing is can of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore um the first thing is can of
+Point have an angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity
+now can a point have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now can a point have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now can a point have a
+velocity yes can a frame have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity yes can a frame have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity yes can a frame have a
+velocity kind of no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity kind of no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity kind of no
+because if a frame's rotating some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if a frame's rotating some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if a frame's rotating some point
+different points will have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different points will have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different points will have different
+velocities so yeah a frame can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities so yeah a frame can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities so yeah a frame can have a
+velocity but doesn't really mean much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity but doesn't really mean much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity but doesn't really mean much
+and you tell me which point in the frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you tell me which point in the frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you tell me which point in the frame
+you're referring to right look this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're referring to right look this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're referring to right look this
+thing is a frame what's the velocity at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is a frame what's the velocity at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is a frame what's the velocity at
+any given point in time of the frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any given point in time of the frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any given point in time of the frame
+well no you I need to tell you which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well no you I need to tell you which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well no you I need to tell you which
+point I'm referring to right so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I'm referring to right so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I'm referring to right so if I
+look at the corner of this guy this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the corner of this guy this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the corner of this guy this
+corner yeah you can tell me the velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner yeah you can tell me the velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner yeah you can tell me the velocity
+at any point in time right but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any point in time right but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any point in time right but the
+velocity of the frame doesn't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of the frame doesn't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of the frame doesn't mean
+anything unless I give you a reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything unless I give you a reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything unless I give you a reference
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+so points have velocities frames have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so points have velocities frames have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so points have velocities frames have
+angular velocities good points of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular velocities good points of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular velocities good points of
+accelerations frames have angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerations frames have angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerations frames have angular
+accelerations okay so just to talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerations okay so just to talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerations okay so just to talk a
+little bit more about angular velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more about angular velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more about angular velocity
+why is angular of velocity a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um say it again I'm sorry it's a cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um say it again I'm sorry it's a cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um say it again I'm sorry it's a cross
+product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+uh I guess well I guess you could look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I guess well I guess you could look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I guess well I guess you could look
+at it that way but I want something even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it that way but I want something even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it that way but I want something even
+more kind of in you know just very basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more kind of in you know just very basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more kind of in you know just very basic
+hand wavy more basic yeah magit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand wavy more basic yeah magit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand wavy more basic yeah magit
+Direction okay and why does it have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction okay and why does it have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction okay and why does it have
+magnitude and Direction back there oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and Direction back there oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and Direction back there oh
+that's I was to say but why you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I was to say but why you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I was to say but why you know how
+is rotation and an you know obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is rotation and an you know obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is rotation and an you know obviously
+rotation is how can you add rotations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation is how can you add rotations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation is how can you add rotations
+what's up with that you know it You'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's up with that you know it You'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's up with that you know it You'
+seen this in Cloud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this in Cloud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this in Cloud
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+huh and that's right and why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that say
+again okay that's right but let me ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again okay that's right but let me ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again okay that's right but let me ask
+you something if I said look I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you something if I said look I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you something if I said look I'm
+standing at this right I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing at this right I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing at this right I'm going to
+rotate about my vertical axis and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate about my vertical axis and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate about my vertical axis and then
+do this my hands up here right but if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this my hands up here right but if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this my hands up here right but if I
+rotate my hand first and oh that did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate my hand first and oh that did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate my hand first and oh that did the
+same thing but you know what I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing but you know what I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing but you know what I mean
+angles don't add up right if I change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles don't add up right if I change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles don't add up right if I change
+the order in which I add angles they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order in which I add angles they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order in which I add angles they
+don't add up right so if I said 45° up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't add up right so if I said 45° up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't add up right so if I said 45° up
+and I'm going to trade 45° my arms up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to trade 45° my arms up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to trade 45° my arms up
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+right why is the why is the angle adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right why is the why is the angle adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right why is the why is the angle adding
+up here a has something changed over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here a has something changed over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here a has something changed over the
+weekend if I turn 45° anyway you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekend if I turn 45° anyway you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekend if I turn 45° anyway you know
+the point if you add up angles they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point if you add up angles they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point if you add up angles they
+shouldn't add up something happened this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't add up something happened this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't add up something happened this
+weekend and all my angles are adding up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep well
+look should vectors add up right angles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look should vectors add up right angles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look should vectors add up right angles
+don't add up right so yeah clockwise and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't add up right so yeah clockwise and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't add up right so yeah clockwise and
+counterclockwise means yeah there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterclockwise means yeah there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterclockwise means yeah there's a
+plus minus two angles right but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus minus two angles right but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus minus two angles right but you know
+where I'm going with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm going with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm going with
+this yeah I'll just tell you the low the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yeah I'll just tell you the low the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yeah I'll just tell you the low the
+simple thing is angles don't add up but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple thing is angles don't add up but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple thing is angles don't add up but
+infinite decimal angles do add up you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite decimal angles do add up you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite decimal angles do add up you
+remember this you did this in physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this you did this in physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this you did this in physics
+I'm assuming you did this in physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm assuming you did this in physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm assuming you did this in physics
+okay so if I rotate about one axis a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if I rotate about one axis a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if I rotate about one axis a
+certain amount 30° and then rotate about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain amount 30° and then rotate about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain amount 30° and then rotate about
+another axis 30° right if I reverse the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another axis 30° right if I reverse the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another axis 30° right if I reverse the
+sequence they don't add up but if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence they don't add up but if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence they don't add up but if I
+rotate about one axis like a tenth of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate about one axis like a tenth of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate about one axis like a tenth of a
+degree and then rotate about another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree and then rotate about another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree and then rotate about another
+axis a tenth of a degree and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis a tenth of a degree and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis a tenth of a degree and then I
+reverse the sequence actually come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse the sequence actually come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse the sequence actually come
+pretty close all right so it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close all right so it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close all right so it turns out
+that infini dismal angles do add up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that infini dismal angles do add up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that infini dismal angles do add up so
+while in general rotation about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while in general rotation about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while in general rotation about
+different angles right it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different angles right it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different angles right it doesn't
+different axes doesn't add up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different axes doesn't add up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different axes doesn't add up
+infini dismal rotations do and because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infini dismal rotations do and because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infini dismal rotations do and because
+angle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of
+velocity is D Theta by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity is D Theta by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity is D Theta by
+DT right and it's a vector if because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT right and it's a vector if because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT right and it's a vector if because it
+is about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about some
+direction and there's a d Theta here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and there's a d Theta here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and there's a d Theta here it
+turns out that angle of velocity is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that angle of velocity is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that angle of velocity is in
+fact a vector in the sense that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact a vector in the sense that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact a vector in the sense that there is
+an axis the angle is above that axis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an axis the angle is above that axis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an axis the angle is above that axis and
+if you you know have another angle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you you know have another angle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you you know have another angle of
+velocity you add them up they do add up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity you add them up they do add up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity you add them up they do add up
+so the map does work out you understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the map does work out you understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the map does work out you understand
+am I making sense or not making sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I making sense or not making sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I making sense or not making sense
+any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone
+yeah angles don't add up what I mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah angles don't add up what I mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah angles don't add up what I mean by
+angles don't add up is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles don't add up is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles don't add up is
+that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I
+said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said
+um rotate a rigid body right take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um rotate a rigid body right take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um rotate a rigid body right take this
+rigid body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid body
+body and we we have two rotations one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body and we we have two rotations one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body and we we have two rotations one is
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+this direction right I was I was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction right I was I was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction right I was I was a
+little quick because I assumed you seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little quick because I assumed you seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little quick because I assumed you seen
+it before but I'm noticing that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it before but I'm noticing that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it before but I'm noticing that you
+haven't seen this before perhaps they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen this before perhaps they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen this before perhaps they
+don't talk to you about this in physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't talk to you about this in physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't talk to you about this in physics
+anymore so maybe let me take a step back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore so maybe let me take a step back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore so maybe let me take a step back
+and describe it in more detail let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and describe it in more detail let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and describe it in more detail let's
+take this rigid body right this is a z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this rigid body right this is a z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this rigid body right this is a z
+Direction let's call that X Y and Z so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction let's call that X Y and Z so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction let's call that X Y and Z so
+let's say I'm going to rotate it about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I'm going to rotate it about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I'm going to rotate it about
+Z 90°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z 90°
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z 90°
+and then I'm going to rotate it about x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to rotate it about x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to rotate it about x
+x is this right so it ends up like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is this right so it ends up like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is this right so it ends up like this
+so remember this it was facing you right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember this it was facing you right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember this it was facing you right
+I started like this z x so it's facing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I started like this z x so it's facing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I started like this z x so it's facing
+you now instead I if I said rotated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now instead I if I said rotated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now instead I if I said rotated
+about X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about X
+first and then rotated about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then rotated about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then rotated about
+Z you understand so if I just took Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z you understand so if I just took Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z you understand so if I just took Theta
+as a Theta with this vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a Theta with this vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a Theta with this vector
+and I said apply these two rotations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I said apply these two rotations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I said apply these two rotations
+well depending on the sequence in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well depending on the sequence in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well depending on the sequence in which
+you added the rotation vectors up you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you added the rotation vectors up you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you added the rotation vectors up you
+end up with a different position right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with a different position right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with a different position right
+but vectors don't have the problem when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but vectors don't have the problem when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but vectors don't have the problem when
+you add two vectors it doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add two vectors it doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add two vectors it doesn't matter
+what sequence you add them in right if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sequence you add them in right if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sequence you add them in right if I
+have two vectors whether I do this or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two vectors whether I do this or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two vectors whether I do this or
+whether I write this first and do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether I write this first and do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether I write this first and do this
+the net Vector is the same you get it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the net Vector is the same you get it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the net Vector is the same you get it so
+if I'm going to treat angles like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm going to treat angles like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm going to treat angles like
+vectors they should add up correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors they should add up correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors they should add up correct
+regardless of sequence they must give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of sequence they must give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of sequence they must give
+the same result but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same result but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same result but they
+don't but it turns out that here if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't but it turns out that here if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't but it turns out that here if I
+take a very tiny rotation not 90° but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a very tiny rotation not 90° but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a very tiny rotation not 90° but
+like.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like.
+1° and then.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1° and then.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1° and then.
+1° then the sequences do actually add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1° then the sequences do actually add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1° then the sequences do actually add
+up okay and this is the sort of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay and this is the sort of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay and this is the sort of thing
+you need to kind of walk around with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to kind of walk around with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to kind of walk around with a
+book you know and people will think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book you know and people will think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book you know and people will think
+you're nuts but you know do that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're nuts but you know do that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're nuts but you know do that and
+you'll see that the angles kind do add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that the angles kind do add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that the angles kind do add
+up you get it so that's why when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up you get it so that's why when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up you get it so that's why when you
+take small angles they do add up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take small angles they do add up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take small angles they do add up and
+angle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of
+velocity is a measure of the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity is a measure of the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity is a measure of the rate of
+change of angle so it's a d Theta it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of angle so it's a d Theta it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of angle so it's a d Theta it's a
+very tiny angle get it in a moment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very tiny angle get it in a moment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very tiny angle get it in a moment of
+time right in a very tiny moment of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right in a very tiny moment of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right in a very tiny moment of time
+so angular of velocity does add up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so angular of velocity does add up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so angular of velocity does add up so
+you can treat it as a vector in the math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can treat it as a vector in the math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can treat it as a vector in the math
+works out in the answer to Sam's comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works out in the answer to Sam's comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works out in the answer to Sam's comment
+okay so what that means is and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what that means is and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what that means is and this is
+what I wanted to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I wanted to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I wanted to tell you
+if I have one frame a another frame B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have one frame a another frame B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have one frame a another frame B
+and another frame C so let's say this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another frame C so let's say this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another frame C so let's say this is
+frame a right and um I'm frame B I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame a right and um I'm frame B I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame a right and um I'm frame B I'm
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+rotate okay and as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate okay and as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate okay and as I
+rotate uh this this thing which is frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate uh this this thing which is frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate uh this this thing which is frame
+C which is moving in my on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C which is moving in my on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C which is moving in my on
+me right then a Omega B is my my angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me right then a Omega B is my my angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me right then a Omega B is my my angle
+of velocity right what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+direction this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction this way
+that's the fra that's frame a I'm frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the fra that's frame a I'm frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the fra that's frame a I'm frame
+B I'm rotating what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B I'm rotating what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B I'm rotating what's the
+direction upwards right straight up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction upwards right straight up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction upwards right straight up so
+that's a Omega B is Theta dot this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a Omega B is Theta dot this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a Omega B is Theta dot this way
+and the vector upwards but now let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the vector upwards but now let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the vector upwards but now let's say
+that I'm moving this what's the frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm moving this what's the frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm moving this what's the frame
+what's the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the vector
+here this way right depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this way right depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this way right depending on the
+direction this way or backwards right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction this way or backwards right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction this way or backwards right so
+here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the
+deal a Omega C is equal to a Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal a Omega C is equal to a Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal a Omega C is equal to a Omega
+b + B Omega C and this is what I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b + B Omega C and this is what I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b + B Omega C and this is what I wanted
+to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell
+you and the beauty of this is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and the beauty of this is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and the beauty of this is that if
+you can identify between two frames and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can identify between two frames and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can identify between two frames and
+angular of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular of
+velocity right then and between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity right then and between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity right then and between two
+other frames and you can create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other frames and you can create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other frames and you can create a
+sequence of frames you can calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of frames you can calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of frames you can calculate the
+angle of velocity of the final frame so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of velocity of the final frame so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of velocity of the final frame so
+if you look like look at a like a a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look like look at a like a a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look like look at a like a a um
+like a really complex system a gimbal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a really complex system a gimbal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a really complex system a gimbal
+assembly for example right you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly for example right you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly for example right you can
+always find little joints right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always find little joints right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always find little joints right
+mechanical engineering is full of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical engineering is full of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical engineering is full of these
+you know one Dee Freedom joints we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one Dee Freedom joints we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one Dee Freedom joints we call
+them hinges for example right we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them hinges for example right we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them hinges for example right we call
+them you know axes and you can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you know axes and you can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you know axes and you can always
+add up the angle of velocities and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add up the angle of velocities and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add up the angle of velocities and the
+net angle of velocity is the angle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net angle of velocity is the angle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net angle of velocity is the angle of
+velocity of the final frame with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of the final frame with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of the final frame with respect
+to the first frame and that's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the first frame and that's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the first frame and that's a very
+beautiful thing which means that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful thing which means that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful thing which means that with
+this we can take really complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we can take really complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we can take really complex
+situations and break them down to Pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations and break them down to Pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations and break them down to Pairs
+and analyze the Hearth them add them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and analyze the Hearth them add them up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and analyze the Hearth them add them up
+and you can get the behavior of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can get the behavior of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can get the behavior of the
+final you know in terms of that initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final you know in terms of that initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final you know in terms of that initial
+frame get it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame get it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame get it and
+W so we introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W so we introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W so we introduced
+the the velocity and then the next thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the velocity and then the next thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the velocity and then the next thing
+we did last last in the last class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did last last in the last class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did last last in the last class
+was I revealed to you this magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formula I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula I
+said if you have a vector let's call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said if you have a vector let's call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said if you have a vector let's call it
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you want to take its derivative with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to take its derivative with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to take its derivative with
+respect to the frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the frame
+a now if you the way we did it was we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a now if you the way we did it was we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a now if you the way we did it was we
+would rewrite in in terms of the basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would rewrite in in terms of the basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would rewrite in in terms of the basis
+vectors of frame a right in terms of A1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors of frame a right in terms of A1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors of frame a right in terms of A1
+A2 a lot of math lot of derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 a lot of math lot of derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 a lot of math lot of derivatives
+that's how we did it uh but and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we did it uh but and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we did it uh but and actually
+it was Andrew asked he said isn't there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was Andrew asked he said isn't there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was Andrew asked he said isn't there
+a nice way to kind of simplify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice way to kind of simplify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice way to kind of simplify the
+derivatives here it is if it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives here it is if it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives here it is if it turns out
+it's more convenient to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more convenient to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more convenient to take the
+derivative of that Vector in b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then you can do this but you need this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can do this but you need this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can do this but you need this
+correction term which is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful
+done okay so this was the magic formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done okay so this was the magic formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done okay so this was the magic formula
+that I introduced in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+class how would we go about proving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class how would we go about proving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class how would we go about proving
+this anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah do the math how would we do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah do the math how would we do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah do the math how would we do the
+math how would we prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math how would we prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math how would we prove
+this here's what we'll do let's prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here's what we'll do let's prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here's what we'll do let's prove
+it let's consider a frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a by the way you notice I will always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a by the way you notice I will always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a by the way you notice I will always
+show frames with this little circle a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show frames with this little circle a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show frames with this little circle a
+saying that it's a frame and with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that it's a frame and with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that it's a frame and with a
+little wiggly line pointing to it I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little wiggly line pointing to it I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little wiggly line pointing to it I will
+always do that if I don't stop me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always do that if I don't stop me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always do that if I don't stop me and
+make sure I do it okay let's say there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure I do it okay let's say there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure I do it okay let's say there's
+a frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B so frame a for example could be the TR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so frame a for example could be the TR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so frame a for example could be the TR
+the projector frame B could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projector frame B could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projector frame B could be a
+transparency sliding on the projector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency sliding on the projector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency sliding on the projector
+got it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it
+now you can always assume if I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can always assume if I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can always assume if I have a
+capital A that little A1 and little A2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital A that little A1 and little A2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital A that little A1 and little A2
+are the basis vectors okay or the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the basis vectors okay or the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the basis vectors okay or the unit
+vectors you can always assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors you can always assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors you can always assume that
+little B1 little B2 are the basis Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little B1 little B2 are the basis Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little B1 little B2 are the basis Vector
+vectors in b I'm going to stop writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors in b I'm going to stop writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors in b I'm going to stop writing
+it because it just clutters up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because it just clutters up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because it just clutters up the
+diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram
+now let's assume I have a vector let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's assume I have a vector let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's assume I have a vector let's
+call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n and that's that it's given to us for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and that's that it's given to us for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and that's that it's given to us for
+some reason naturally for example maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reason naturally for example maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reason naturally for example maybe
+it's fixed in frame B maybe it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fixed in frame B maybe it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fixed in frame B maybe it's a
+spider walking you know away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spider walking you know away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spider walking you know away from the
+center of frame B which is the frisbe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of frame B which is the frisbe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of frame B which is the frisbe
+whatever let's assume that you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever let's assume that you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever let's assume that you have a
+vector written in terms of frame B's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector written in terms of frame B's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector written in terms of frame B's
+unit basis vectors let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit basis vectors let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit basis vectors let's let's
+assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume
+n is equal to sum U1 which is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is equal to sum U1 which is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is equal to sum U1 which is not a
+constant time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time
+B1 + U2 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B2 now what I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2 now what I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2 now what I'm trying to
+prove is this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how would I go about doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it someone wake up everyone's asleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it someone wake up everyone's asleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it someone wake up everyone's asleep
+wake up wake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up yeah let's Express exactly we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up yeah let's Express exactly we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up yeah let's Express exactly we're
+going to express B so here's what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to express B so here's what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to express B so here's what we're
+looking for we're looking for a d by DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for we're looking for a d by DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for we're looking for a d by DT
+of N and look n is expressed in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of N and look n is expressed in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of N and look n is expressed in terms of
+B1 and B2 that's really not nice we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 and B2 that's really not nice we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 and B2 that's really not nice we need
+expressed in terms of A1 and A2 to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in terms of A1 and A2 to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in terms of A1 and A2 to do it
+old way the long way right so the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old way the long way right so the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old way the long way right so the way
+you would do it is convert it to an A1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would do it is convert it to an A1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would do it is convert it to an A1
+and A2 representation can you please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and A2 representation can you please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and A2 representation can you please
+look at your notes and tell me what B1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at your notes and tell me what B1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at your notes and tell me what B1
+is in terms of A1 and A2 quick look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in terms of A1 and A2 quick look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in terms of A1 and A2 quick look at
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+notes say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes say it
+again is it plus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is it plus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is it plus or
+minus so B1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus so B1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus so B1
+is cosine Theta A1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is that right everyone in agreement okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that right everyone in agreement okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that right everyone in agreement okay
+good excellent plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good excellent plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good excellent plus
+U2 sin it's actually minus sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U2 sin it's actually minus sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U2 sin it's actually minus sin
+Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta
+A1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1
+plus cosine Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus cosine Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus cosine Theta
+A2 all vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+yes um I'm going to finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes um I'm going to finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes um I'm going to finish
+that down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+so will you please expand it for me what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so will you please expand it for me what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so will you please expand it for me what
+does that come out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be this is the left hand side of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be this is the left hand side of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be this is the left hand side of that
+formula right and we'll do the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula right and we'll do the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula right and we'll do the right
+hand side separately and show that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side separately and show that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side separately and show that the
+two are the same I'm trying to prove it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two are the same I'm trying to prove it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two are the same I'm trying to prove it
+to you right so I'm not you know I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you right so I'm not you know I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you right so I'm not you know I'm
+doing just very boring stuff but we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing just very boring stuff but we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing just very boring stuff but we need
+to do it just establish it what is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it just establish it what is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it just establish it what is uh
+expanded for me what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded for me what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded for me what
+is uh d by a d by DT of U1 cosine Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh d by a d by DT of U1 cosine Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh d by a d by DT of U1 cosine Theta
+it is U1 do cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is U1 do cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is U1 do cosine
+Theta right minus U Theta do sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta
+okay and on the right hand side it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and on the right hand side it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and on the right hand side it is
+the next term that's this term I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next term that's this term I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next term that's this term I just
+wrote this term comes out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote this term comes out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote this term comes out to
+be U do sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theta plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what theta. cosine Theta I'm bunching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what theta. cosine Theta I'm bunching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what theta. cosine Theta I'm bunching
+the terms separately just to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terms separately just to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terms separately just to get the
+a1's all lined up all right so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a1's all lined up all right so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a1's all lined up all right so this is
+A1 and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 and this is
+A2 all right okay and then let's do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 all right okay and then let's do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 all right okay and then let's do this
+term minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term minus
+what U2 do sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what U2 do sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what U2 do sin
+Theta minus U2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and
+Below what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get mhm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theta one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here this should be a Theta dot right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this should be a Theta dot right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this should be a Theta dot right
+yeah okay so these are the terms um any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so these are the terms um any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so these are the terms um any
+simplification does anyone anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification does anyone anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification does anyone anything
+cancel out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here I should shouldn't I so is this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I should shouldn't I so is this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I should shouldn't I so is this one
+or two one what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two one what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two one what is this
+this one one 2 okay is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one one 2 okay is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one one 2 okay is this
+correct okay and does it simplify U1 do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct okay and does it simplify U1 do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct okay and does it simplify U1 do
+cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theta U2 do sin Theta no it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta U2 do sin Theta no it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta U2 do sin Theta no it doesn't
+simplify right and so this is the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify right and so this is the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify right and so this is the this
+is the left hand side you want U1 dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the left hand side you want U1 dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the left hand side you want U1 dot
+okay now is there some scope for a to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now is there some scope for a to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now is there some scope for a to
+rewrite this in terms of B1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B2 is there some scope to write this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2 is there some scope to write this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2 is there some scope to write this in
+terms of B1 and B2 is U what is U1 do A1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of B1 and B2 is U what is U1 do A1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of B1 and B2 is U what is U1 do A1
+what is A1 cosine theta plus A2 sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is A1 cosine theta plus A2 sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is A1 cosine theta plus A2 sin
+Theta huh B1 uhuh so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta huh B1 uhuh so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta huh B1 uhuh so this is
+U1 do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U1 do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U1 do
+B1 what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+else this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else this is
+B2 plus U1 Theta do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B2 plus U2 do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B2 minus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus huh okay so that's the left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus huh okay so that's the left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus huh okay so that's the left hand
+side up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side up
+there okay any questions about this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay any questions about this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay any questions about this you
+you can even ask me Sanjay why are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can even ask me Sanjay why are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can even ask me Sanjay why are you
+doing this go ahead you can ask me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this go ahead you can ask me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this go ahead you can ask me
+that thank you I'm doing this because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thank you I'm doing this because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thank you I'm doing this because I
+want to show you that that magic formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show you that that magic formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show you that that magic formula
+is simply a compaction of a lot of math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply a compaction of a lot of math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply a compaction of a lot of math
+that's it okay so I'm going to write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it okay so I'm going to write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it okay so I'm going to write it
+out Brute Force take derivatives using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out Brute Force take derivatives using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out Brute Force take derivatives using
+geometry that you understand and show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry that you understand and show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry that you understand and show
+you that you get that formula and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that you get that formula and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that you get that formula and it
+really works so that when you use it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really works so that when you use it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really works so that when you use it you
+don't feel uncertain that's it okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't feel uncertain that's it okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't feel uncertain that's it okay so
+this is the left hand side up there now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the left hand side up there now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the left hand side up there now
+let's compute the right hand side up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's compute the right hand side up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's compute the right hand side up
+there what would the so the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there what would the so the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there what would the so the right hand
+side would be to take U1 B1 plus U2 B2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side would be to take U1 B1 plus U2 B2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side would be to take U1 B1 plus U2 B2
+and take the derivative with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take the derivative with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take the derivative with respect to
+to frame B right yes maybe right so tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to frame B right yes maybe right so tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to frame B right yes maybe right so tell
+me what it comes out to be what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me what it comes out to be what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me what it comes out to be what's the
+first term on the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+mhm B2 let's see if these terms show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mhm B2 let's see if these terms show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mhm B2 let's see if these terms show up
+there do they aha yes this shows up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there do they aha yes this shows up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there do they aha yes this shows up this
+shows up up so this matches this matches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows up up so this matches this matches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows up up so this matches this matches
+right so now let's take a Omega B what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now let's take a Omega B what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now let's take a Omega B what
+is a Omega B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a Omega B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a Omega B
+folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quick Theta dot it's a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick Theta dot it's a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick Theta dot it's a vector
+B3 isn't it the. A3 why is it the.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B3 they're the same what if they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B3 they're the same what if they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B3 they're the same what if they're not
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+same hm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same hm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same hm
+well here's the deal by the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here's the deal by the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here's the deal by the definition
+of angle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of angle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of angle of
+velocity if you can define an angle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity if you can define an angle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity if you can define an angle of
+velocity between two frames there's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity between two frames there's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity between two frames there's got
+to be one axis that's aligned get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be one axis that's aligned get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be one axis that's aligned get
+it okay so that right hand side term and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so that right hand side term and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so that right hand side term and
+we're going to use B3 instead of A3 just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use B3 instead of A3 just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use B3 instead of A3 just
+because our Math's going to be simplifi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because our Math's going to be simplifi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because our Math's going to be simplifi
+simplified right so the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified right so the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified right so the right hand side
+is going to be Theta do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be Theta do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be Theta do
+B3 cross product with u 1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B3 cross product with u 1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B3 cross product with u 1 +
+B1 U1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 U1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 U1
+sorry B1 + U2 B2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry B1 + U2 B2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry B1 + U2 B2
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+right and if you do the math does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if you do the math does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if you do the math does it
+come out to be these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out to be these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out to be these two
+terms yes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no yes so if you do the math there I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no yes so if you do the math there I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no yes so if you do the math there I'm
+not doing it because I want you guys to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not doing it because I want you guys to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not doing it because I want you guys to
+stay awake in class I don't want to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay awake in class I don't want to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay awake in class I don't want to just
+blindly copy down the notes here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blindly copy down the notes here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blindly copy down the notes here
+right so it all works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it all works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it all works
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+okay I will never ask you to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I will never ask you to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I will never ask you to prove
+something like this in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this in an
+exam right this is almost like a solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam right this is almost like a solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam right this is almost like a solved
+example I want you to understand that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I want you to understand that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I want you to understand that it
+all works out that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all works out that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all works out that's
+it and if you're confused that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and if you're confused that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and if you're confused that is
+fantastic because that's a symptom of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic because that's a symptom of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic because that's a symptom of
+something else and I'd like to surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else and I'd like to surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else and I'd like to surface
+it and help you figure it out any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and help you figure it out any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and help you figure it out any
+confusion about this anything yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion about this anything yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion about this anything yes
+claudo right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claudo right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claudo right
+claudo what's your name oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry go over how you got that last term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry go over how you got that last term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry go over how you got that last term
+in there again say it again just go over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there again say it again just go over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there again say it again just go over
+how you got that last term this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you got that last term this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you got that last term this
+term so I took so look what's the magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so I took so look what's the magic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so I took so look what's the magic
+formula it is the left hand side is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula it is the left hand side is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula it is the left hand side is this
+is equal to b d by DT of n right in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to b d by DT of n right in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to b d by DT of n right in the
+B frame plus this correction term right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B frame plus this correction term right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B frame plus this correction term right
+so the first term here was BD by DT of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first term here was BD by DT of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first term here was BD by DT of n
+the second term is simply that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second term is simply that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second term is simply that this
+guy make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+John you convinced no no no are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John you convinced no no no are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John you convinced no no no are you
+convinced uh convinced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+okay anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay anybody
+else you've totally got to get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else you've totally got to get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else you've totally got to get this
+Andrew yeah you had a rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Des okay let's do that so let's imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Des okay let's do that so let's imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Des okay let's do that so let's imagine
+I'm spinning a basketball on my finger I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm spinning a basketball on my finger I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm spinning a basketball on my finger I
+could never do that but let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could never do that but let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could never do that but let's just
+imagine I'm doing it right I'm standing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine I'm doing it right I'm standing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine I'm doing it right I'm standing
+at this and spinning a basketball on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this and spinning a basketball on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this and spinning a basketball on my
+finger the room the world the Earth is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finger the room the world the Earth is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finger the room the world the Earth is a
+frame the basketball is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame the basketball is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame the basketball is another
+frame the kind of the U you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame the kind of the U you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame the kind of the U you know you
+guys need to be like uh Neo in Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys need to be like uh Neo in Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys need to be like uh Neo in Matrix
+have you seen that movie right it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you seen that movie right it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you seen that movie right it's very
+very important if you understand Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important if you understand Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important if you understand Matrix
+algebra you need to see Matrix all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra you need to see Matrix all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra you need to see Matrix all right
+so go see Matrix and you know how Neil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so go see Matrix and you know how Neil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so go see Matrix and you know how Neil
+kind of you know he when he's totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of you know he when he's totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of you know he when he's totally
+you know after Lawrence fishburns you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know after Lawrence fishburns you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know after Lawrence fishburns you
+know kind of trained him Etc he goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know kind of trained him Etc he goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know kind of trained him Etc he goes
+down and he can see he stops seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and he can see he stops seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and he can see he stops seeing
+buildings and he sees these characters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings and he sees these characters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings and he sees these characters
+you know flowing instead of the building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know flowing instead of the building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know flowing instead of the building
+right he sees right through all the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right he sees right through all the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right he sees right through all the the
+video game right so similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video game right so similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video game right so similarly
+so what others see is a is a basketball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what others see is a is a basketball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what others see is a is a basketball
+spinning what you see once you're done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning what you see once you're done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning what you see once you're done
+with the scores is you will see an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the scores is you will see an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the scores is you will see an
+embedded V embedded basis frame you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded V embedded basis frame you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded V embedded basis frame you know
+with its AR you know pointy arrows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with its AR you know pointy arrows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with its AR you know pointy arrows
+sticking out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking out of the
+basketball get it and you would see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basketball get it and you would see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basketball get it and you would see it
+spinning do you see it spinning you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning do you see it spinning you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning do you see it spinning you see
+it right but one of the axes which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right but one of the axes which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right but one of the axes which is
+the one one pointing up ain't sping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one one pointing up ain't sping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one one pointing up ain't sping
+right it remains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it remains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it remains
+vertical got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical got
+it and you can kind of do this Freeze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and you can kind of do this Freeze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and you can kind of do this Freeze
+Frame where you frame you freeze it then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frame where you frame you freeze it then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frame where you frame you freeze it then
+a second you freeze it again you measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second you freeze it again you measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second you freeze it again you measure
+the angle and that's Delta Theta over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle and that's Delta Theta over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle and that's Delta Theta over
+Delta time so you get angular of speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta time so you get angular of speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta time so you get angular of speed
+and this this the vertical axis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this this the vertical axis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this this the vertical axis is
+frozen get it so you get that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frozen get it so you get that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frozen get it so you get that the
+angular velocity of the basketball is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular velocity of the basketball is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular velocity of the basketball is
+upwards is my hand waving can are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwards is my hand waving can are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwards is my hand waving can are you
+following me here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following me here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following me here
+can you see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you see it
+right anyone not see it I'll it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right anyone not see it I'll it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right anyone not see it I'll it's
+basically all I'm saying is that here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically all I'm saying is that here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically all I'm saying is that here's
+me this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+finger right here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basketball okay my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hand here's the basketball it's spinning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand here's the basketball it's spinning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand here's the basketball it's spinning
+what you guys should see is these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you guys should see is these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you guys should see is these
+embedded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded
+vectors basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors basis
+vectors sticking out so you'll only see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors sticking out so you'll only see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors sticking out so you'll only see
+kind of the surface you know sticking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the surface you know sticking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the surface you know sticking
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+right and then you see these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then you see these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then you see these two
+rotating like that right but that guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating like that right but that guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating like that right but that guy
+stationary and so in your mind there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary and so in your mind there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary and so in your mind there's
+an angle of velocity that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an angle of velocity that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an angle of velocity that that
+basketball has with respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basketball has with respect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basketball has with respect to the
+ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground
+got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got
+it now if I was spinning it this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now if I was spinning it this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now if I was spinning it this way
+which I couldn't because of gravity but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I couldn't because of gravity but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I couldn't because of gravity but
+let's say that you know it was at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that you know it was at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that you know it was at a
+different angle you can always introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different angle you can always introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different angle you can always introduce
+a frame on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a frame on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a frame on the
+earth such that you know everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth such that you know everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth such that you know everything
+lines up right you just want to pick a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines up right you just want to pick a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines up right you just want to pick a
+frame and be done with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and be done with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and be done with it
+okay any more questions about this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any more questions about this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any more questions about this very
+important hey let me ask you another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important hey let me ask you another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important hey let me ask you another
+question when I say frame is rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question when I say frame is rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question when I say frame is rotating
+with this is this is a tough one so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this is this is a tough one so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this is this is a tough one so let
+us say there is a frame rotating with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us say there is a frame rotating with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us say there is a frame rotating with
+respect to another frame is it rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to another frame is it rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to another frame is it rotating
+about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point or let me put it differently is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point or let me put it differently is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point or let me put it differently is
+there such a thing as angle of velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there such a thing as angle of velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there such a thing as angle of velocity
+about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point no who said that that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point no who said that that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point no who said that that's right
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+right but if you think in your mind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but if you think in your mind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but if you think in your mind you
+can't understand why an angle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't understand why an angle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't understand why an angle of
+velocity isn't about a point look I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity isn't about a point look I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity isn't about a point look I'm
+rotating is there an angle velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating is there an angle velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating is there an angle velocity
+about a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a point
+if you think there's an angle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think there's an angle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think there's an angle of
+velocity about a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity about a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity about a point
+right then I can understand that but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then I can understand that but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then I can understand that but I
+want to talk about it how many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about it how many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about it how many of you
+kind of feel there should be a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of feel there should be a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of feel there should be a point
+about which there's an angle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about which there's an angle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about which there's an angle of
+velocity right come on say it I know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity right come on say it I know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity right come on say it I know I
+felt that way you can admit it good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt that way you can admit it good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt that way you can admit it good
+right I felt that way when a frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I felt that way when a frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I felt that way when a frame
+rotates on another frame for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotates on another frame for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotates on another frame for an
+instant with respect to that other frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant with respect to that other frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant with respect to that other frame
+there might be a point that does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be a point that does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be a point that does not
+move get it that is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move get it that is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move get it that is called the
+instantaneous Center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous Center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous Center of
+rotation but that but the angle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation but that but the angle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation but that but the angle of
+velocity is in about that point it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity is in about that point it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity is in about that point it's the
+angle of velocity of the frame because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of velocity of the frame because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of velocity of the frame because
+the instantaneous Center might move and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instantaneous Center might move and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instantaneous Center might move and
+you know with respect to another frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know with respect to another frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know with respect to another frame
+that's translating it might be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's translating it might be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's translating it might be some
+other point right get it so look if I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other point right get it so look if I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other point right get it so look if I do
+this if I'm spinning it you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if I'm spinning it you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if I'm spinning it you know the
+center is staying stationary so that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center is staying stationary so that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center is staying stationary so that is
+the instantaneous Center of rotation but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instantaneous Center of rotation but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instantaneous Center of rotation but
+this Frame there's no kind of special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Frame there's no kind of special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Frame there's no kind of special
+point because with respect to someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point because with respect to someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point because with respect to someone
+who's flying overhead with a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's flying overhead with a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's flying overhead with a constant
+velocity the instantaneous cental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity the instantaneous cental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity the instantaneous cental
+rotation is going to be some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation is going to be some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation is going to be some other
+point the frame has an angular of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the frame has an angular of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the frame has an angular of
+velocity it's not an angular velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity it's not an angular velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity it's not an angular velocity
+about a point get it so you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a point get it so you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a point get it so you need to
+dispel that if you if you have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispel that if you if you have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispel that if you if you have that
+confusion try and think about it there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion try and think about it there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion try and think about it there
+is no such thing as an angular velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no such thing as an angular velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no such thing as an angular velocity
+about a point it is an angular velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a point it is an angular velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a point it is an angular velocity
+of the frame period end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the frame period end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the frame period end of
+story just so happens that with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story just so happens that with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story just so happens that with respect
+to some other frame there might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some other frame there might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some other frame there might be a
+point which is instantaneously not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point which is instantaneously not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point which is instantaneously not in
+motion and that's the instantaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and that's the instantaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and that's the instantaneous
+Central rotation but that's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central rotation but that's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central rotation but that's just a
+special thing just a the ey picks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special thing just a the ey picks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special thing just a the ey picks that
+up but that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up but that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up but that's not
+fundamental okay so that's angle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental okay so that's angle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental okay so that's angle of
+velocity so here's what I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity so here's what I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity so here's what I'm going to do
+now I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to
+solve uh our old problem Spidey spider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve uh our old problem Spidey spider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve uh our old problem Spidey spider
+the spider on the Frisbee using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spider on the Frisbee using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spider on the Frisbee using
+um your claudo right yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um your claudo right yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um your claudo right yeah
+okay using um frames uh using angle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay using um frames uh using angle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay using um frames uh using angle of
+velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the problem was we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ground we have the spider I'm sorry the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Frisbee we put a frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here we call this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we call this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we call this point
+o we call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o we call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o we call this
+P the spider is some distance away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P the spider is some distance away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P the spider is some distance away from
+the center we call that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center we call that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center we call that point
+Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q
+now and I want to make another editorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and I want to make another editorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and I want to make another editorial
+comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here we call this length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we call this length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we call this length
+L we said this distance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L we said this distance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L we said this distance is
+U and this distance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and this distance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and this distance is
+V the editorial comment I want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V the editorial comment I want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V the editorial comment I want to make
+was and this is very informal I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and this is very informal I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and this is very informal I'll
+formalize this later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalize this later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalize this later
+on how many degrees assume 2D right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how many degrees assume 2D right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how many degrees assume 2D right
+assume this it's like a hockey puck it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume this it's like a hockey puck it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume this it's like a hockey puck it's
+sliding around the ground how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sliding around the ground how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sliding around the ground how many
+degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of
+freedom does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom does
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+um does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um does the
+U frisbee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have two dimensions in two Dimensions I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two dimensions in two Dimensions I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two dimensions in two Dimensions I
+have a Frisbee and it's you know I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a Frisbee and it's you know I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a Frisbee and it's you know I'm
+I'm throwing it in a flat on a flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm throwing it in a flat on a flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm throwing it in a flat on a flat
+plane right how many degrees of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane right how many degrees of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane right how many degrees of freedom
+does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it
+have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three
+okay how many degrees of freedom does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how many degrees of freedom does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how many degrees of freedom does
+the insect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in the same
+plane in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane in the same
+plane what was that can it depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane what was that can it depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane what was that can it depend on
+which frame you're looking at well I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which frame you're looking at well I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which frame you're looking at well I'm
+just asking you how many degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just asking you how many degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just asking you how many degrees of
+fedom does an insect have on a plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+treat is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat is a
+point okay it's a treat like a DOT it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point okay it's a treat like a DOT it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point okay it's a treat like a DOT it's
+only two right but yet we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two right but yet we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two right but yet we
+characterize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize this
+situation with three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parameters okay and the parameters are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters okay and the parameters are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters okay and the parameters are
+the positions of the center of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positions of the center of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positions of the center of the
+frisbe right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frisbe right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frisbe right
+and the distance of the spider and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the distance of the spider and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the distance of the spider and the
+angle of the spider from the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of the spider from the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of the spider from the center of
+the Frisbee right and assuming the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Frisbee right and assuming the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Frisbee right and assuming the
+Frisbee the spider is only moving in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frisbee the spider is only moving in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frisbee the spider is only moving in a
+straight line with respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line with respect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line with respect to the
+Frisbee away then we just need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frisbee away then we just need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frisbee away then we just need a
+distance right so what we're doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance right so what we're doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance right so what we're doing is
+we're saying those are the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're saying those are the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're saying those are the three
+parameters that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that
+change in our geometry and with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in our geometry and with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in our geometry and with those
+three parameters we're going to capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three parameters we're going to capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three parameters we're going to capture
+the blocation of the spider but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blocation of the spider but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blocation of the spider but we're
+using three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using three
+parameters but in the end the SP spider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters but in the end the SP spider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters but in the end the SP spider
+is only going to have two degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only going to have two degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only going to have two degrees of
+freedom right but that's okay because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom right but that's okay because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom right but that's okay because
+when you get the velocity of the spider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get the velocity of the spider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get the velocity of the spider
+it'll have only two components when get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll have only two components when get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll have only two components when get
+the acceleration only have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acceleration only have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acceleration only have two
+components so it'll work itself out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components so it'll work itself out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components so it'll work itself out what
+are the three param the three parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the three param the three parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the three param the three parameters
+are u v and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are u v and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are u v and
+L the way we're doing our geometry we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L the way we're doing our geometry we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L the way we're doing our geometry we're
+saying the the spider look this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the the spider look this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the the spider look this is just
+in formal okay I'll formalize this ston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in formal okay I'll formalize this ston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in formal okay I'll formalize this ston
+right uh actually that's right we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh actually that's right we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh actually that's right we're
+using four thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using four thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using four thank
+you we're using four thank you I forgot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you we're using four thank you I forgot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you we're using four thank you I forgot
+about Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Theta
+thank you Ted right using four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you Ted right using four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you Ted right using four
+parameters right but in the end that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters right but in the end that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters right but in the end that
+insect can go right or left or up or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insect can go right or left or up or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insect can go right or left or up or
+down in the black on the Blackboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in the black on the Blackboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in the black on the Blackboard
+right so it has only two degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it has only two degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it has only two degrees of
+freedom the insect but we're using four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom the insect but we're using four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom the insect but we're using four
+parameters to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters to
+capture this whole system and the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture this whole system and the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture this whole system and the reason
+is that we need to capture the location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we need to capture the location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we need to capture the location
+of the spider but we also need to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the spider but we also need to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the spider but we also need to figure
+out where the frisbee is so that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out where the frisbee is so that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out where the frisbee is so that we can
+do the math with respect to the Frisbee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the math with respect to the Frisbee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the math with respect to the Frisbee
+Etc right so we're capturing it in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc right so we're capturing it in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc right so we're capturing it in terms
+of these parameters I just want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these parameters I just want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these parameters I just want to say
+this leave it for the time being we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this leave it for the time being we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this leave it for the time being we'll
+come back and I'll you know in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back and I'll you know in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back and I'll you know in the
+context of Dynamics it'll become more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of Dynamics it'll become more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of Dynamics it'll become more
+clear when we talk about degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear when we talk about degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear when we talk about degrees of
+freedom and parameters and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom and parameters and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom and parameters and things like
+that it'll all become more clear but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it'll all become more clear but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it'll all become more clear but I
+just want to say this the parameters are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to say this the parameters are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to say this the parameters are
+the things that change okay so how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that change okay so how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that change okay so how do I
+use the the magic formula to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the the magic formula to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the the magic formula to find the
+the acceleration the velocity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acceleration the velocity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acceleration the velocity and
+acceleration of the of the insect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of the of the insect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of the of the insect
+anybody how do I begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down
+the yeah always begin by writing down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yeah always begin by writing down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yeah always begin by writing down
+the position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position
+Vector so r o s is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector so r o s is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector so r o s is equal to
+U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U
+A1 Plus V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 Plus V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 Plus V
+A2 plus L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B1 L is the distance of the spider from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 L is the distance of the spider from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 L is the distance of the spider from
+the center of the fris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh oh I call it Q sorry sorry I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh oh I call it Q sorry sorry I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh oh I call it Q sorry sorry I'm sorry
+q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q
+h say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again ah let me ask you when I write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again ah let me ask you when I write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again ah let me ask you when I write a
+position Vector does it need a reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position Vector does it need a reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position Vector does it need a reference
+frame doesn't the only thing where I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame doesn't the only thing where I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame doesn't the only thing where I can
+get away without writing a a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get away without writing a a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get away without writing a a uh
+reference frame is when I write a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frame is when I write a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frame is when I write a vector
+at a vector is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a vector is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a vector is just
+you know the frame when the frame when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the frame when the frame when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the frame when the frame when I
+write a vector is implicit in the basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a vector is implicit in the basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a vector is implicit in the basis
+vectors get it I don't need to say it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors get it I don't need to say it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors get it I don't need to say it's
+with respect to a or with respect to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to a or with respect to B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to a or with respect to B
+it's just a mishmash of little vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a mishmash of little vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a mishmash of little vectors
+that are all defined in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are all defined in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are all defined in terms of
+parameters it's it's an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters it's it's an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters it's it's an important
+question you need to understand this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you need to understand this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you need to understand this
+this actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually
+encapsulates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encapsulates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encapsulates the
+geometry of this entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry of this entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry of this entire
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+right because if I CH change U1 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because if I CH change U1 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because if I CH change U1 the
+whole thing is going to move move to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing is going to move move to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing is going to move move to the
+right if I change U uh V uh sorry if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I change U uh V uh sorry if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I change U uh V uh sorry if I
+change uh sorry U the frisbe is moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change uh sorry U the frisbe is moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change uh sorry U the frisbe is moving
+to the right if I change V the frisbee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right if I change V the frisbee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right if I change V the frisbee
+is moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is moving
+up right if I change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up right if I change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up right if I change
+Theta the whole thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta the whole thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta the whole thing is
+rotating because it'll change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating because it'll change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating because it'll change
+B1 right if I change L the spider's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 right if I change L the spider's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 right if I change L the spider's
+running away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Frisbee okay by the way if you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frisbee okay by the way if you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frisbee okay by the way if you if you
+ever end up in video game games writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever end up in video game games writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever end up in video game games writing
+video games Graphics Etc this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video games Graphics Etc this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video games Graphics Etc this is
+it this is how you do Graphics it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this is how you do Graphics it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this is how you do Graphics it's the
+geometry of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry of
+points right so imagine you were writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points right so imagine you were writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points right so imagine you were writing
+a video game where you had a spider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a video game where you had a spider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a video game where you had a spider
+running around a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running around a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running around a
+frisbee right and maybe you you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frisbee right and maybe you you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frisbee right and maybe you you know and
+the frisbee is you know flying about and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frisbee is you know flying about and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frisbee is you know flying about and
+you want to write a video game where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to write a video game where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to write a video game where you
+want to put a I don't a bigger spider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to put a I don't a bigger spider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to put a I don't a bigger spider
+and you want to chase the spider towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to chase the spider towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to chase the spider towards
+the middle whatever right the geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle whatever right the geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle whatever right the geometry
+would be this the this is how you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be this the this is how you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be this the this is how you would
+do it get it so think video games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it get it so think video games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it get it so think video games
+kinematics is video games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics is video games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics is video games
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+okay and when you change the parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and when you change the parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and when you change the parameters
+things change parametrically that's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things change parametrically that's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things change parametrically that's also
+called parametric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called parametric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called parametric
+design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design
+okay okay so how do we solve the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so how do we solve the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so how do we solve the problem
+now I want both the velocity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want both the velocity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want both the velocity and
+acceleration of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of the
+spider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spider
+quick H take the derivatives right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick H take the derivatives right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick H take the derivatives right so
+the velocity of the spider is a v oh Q I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity of the spider is a v oh Q I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity of the spider is a v oh Q I
+call it Q Vector so a being a derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it Q Vector so a being a derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it Q Vector so a being a derivative
+I need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+frame is equal to a d by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame is equal to a d by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame is equal to a d by
+DT of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Vector which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector which
+is now these two guys no problem I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now these two guys no problem I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now these two guys no problem I can
+write them as U1 Dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A1 Plus U uh sorry V Dot A2 not U1 not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 Plus U uh sorry V Dot A2 not U1 not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 Plus U uh sorry V Dot A2 not U1 not
+U1 U2 but U do V Dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U1 U2 but U do V Dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U1 U2 but U do V Dot
+right plus now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right plus now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right plus now I
+need I have this kind of mismatched term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need I have this kind of mismatched term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need I have this kind of mismatched term
+where I'm taking the derivative respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm taking the derivative respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm taking the derivative respect
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+a but I have this Vector expressed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a but I have this Vector expressed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a but I have this Vector expressed in
+terms of the B1 basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the B1 basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the B1 basis
+Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector
+right before I would convert it all to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right before I would convert it all to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right before I would convert it all to a
+one and do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and do the
+math today now with this with the magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math today now with this with the magic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math today now with this with the magic
+formula we can rewrite this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what so um first of all L is a scalar so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so um first of all L is a scalar so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so um first of all L is a scalar so
+there are a couple of routes we can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a couple of routes we can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a couple of routes we can go
+here okay and I just want to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and I just want to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and I just want to give you
+the routes one thing we could do is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the routes one thing we could do is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the routes one thing we could do is we
+could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could
+say l do a by DT B1 plus B1 you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say l do a by DT B1 plus B1 you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say l do a by DT B1 plus B1 you know we
+can kind of do it that way but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kind of do it that way but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kind of do it that way but the
+simple way to do it is to simp well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple way to do it is to simp well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple way to do it is to simp well you
+know it doesn't matter we can just write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it doesn't matter we can just write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it doesn't matter we can just write
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as B take the whole term d by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DT of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lb1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lb1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lb1 plus
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+quick hm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm hearing a hesitant murmur not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm hearing a hesitant murmur not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm hearing a hesitant murmur not
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I was mumbling something a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I was mumbling something a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I was mumbling something a moment
+ago I'll tell you what I mean what I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago I'll tell you what I mean what I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago I'll tell you what I mean what I was
+trying to say uh cross lb1 what is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to say uh cross lb1 what is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to say uh cross lb1 what is a
+Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B so we can rewrite a Omega b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as Theta dot B3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Theta dot B3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Theta dot B3
+and so this whole thing comes down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this whole thing comes down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this whole thing comes down to
+I'm going to write the answer here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to write the answer here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to write the answer here to
+save a Blackboard what's the what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save a Blackboard what's the what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save a Blackboard what's the what's the
+answer what is avq
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what which is the answer we got before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what which is the answer we got before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what which is the answer we got before
+as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right now what I was mumbling I started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now what I was mumbling I started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now what I was mumbling I started
+mumbling in the middle of the class I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mumbling in the middle of the class I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mumbling in the middle of the class I do
+that often I also drool that's okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that often I also drool that's okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that often I also drool that's okay um
+what I was trying to say here was you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I was trying to say here was you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I was trying to say here was you
+can go a couple of ways with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go a couple of ways with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go a couple of ways with this
+right you can say l is a scaler and pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can say l is a scaler and pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can say l is a scaler and pull
+it out and just apply this whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out and just apply this whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out and just apply this whole thing
+to you know do by CH by by uh uh use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know do by CH by by uh uh use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know do by CH by by uh uh use the
+chain rule or you can just treat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule or you can just treat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule or you can just treat the
+whole thing like one vector get it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing like one vector get it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing like one vector get it and
+they're both okay they'll both come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both okay they'll both come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both okay they'll both come out
+with the same answer that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same answer that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same answer that's
+okay okay because L is a scaler you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay because L is a scaler you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay because L is a scaler you can
+just L doesn't care which reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just L doesn't care which reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just L doesn't care which reference
+frame you take the derivative in right L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame you take the derivative in right L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame you take the derivative in right L
+is doesn't care what a reference frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doesn't care what a reference frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doesn't care what a reference frame
+is B1 is a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is B1 is a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is B1 is a vector
+it cares which reference frame you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cares which reference frame you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cares which reference frame you take
+its derivative in L doesn't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its derivative in L doesn't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its derivative in L doesn't you
+understand so you can do this by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand so you can do this by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand so you can do this by by
+Parts I'm Sorry by Chain Rule and say l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parts I'm Sorry by Chain Rule and say l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parts I'm Sorry by Chain Rule and say l
+dot you know um L dob1 + L A by DT of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot you know um L dob1 + L A by DT of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot you know um L dob1 + L A by DT of
+B1 whichever way you do it the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 whichever way you do it the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 whichever way you do it the answer
+will come out to be the same just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come out to be the same just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come out to be the same just go
+naturally understand the the basics go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally understand the the basics go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally understand the the basics go
+naturally it'll work itself out is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally it'll work itself out is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally it'll work itself out is my
+point all the rules apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right so now we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so now we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so now we want to
+calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acceleration now we want to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acceleration plus you how do we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this come
+on say it again yep take the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on say it again yep take the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on say it again yep take the derivative
+again so we're going to go so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so we're going to go so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so we're going to go so we're
+going to take the derivative of this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take the derivative of this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take the derivative of this guy
+right I'll just write it all out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'll just write it all out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'll just write it all out and
+we'll do it neatly this time d by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do it neatly this time d by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do it neatly this time d by
+DT of u.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT of u.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT of u.
+A1 Plus v.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 Plus v.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 Plus v.
+A2 plus L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 plus L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 plus L
+dob1 plus Theta do L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B2 that's why we Tak the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2 that's why we Tak the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2 that's why we Tak the derivative of
+the first two terms are easy it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first two terms are easy it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first two terms are easy it's going
+to be uble do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be uble do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be uble do
+A1 Plus vble dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 Plus vble dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 Plus vble dot
+A2 plus what do we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now come on someone back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now come on someone back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now come on someone back
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+huh magic formula right and so the magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh magic formula right and so the magic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh magic formula right and so the magic
+formula the way it will come out is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula the way it will come out is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula the way it will come out is this
+is going to break down to two terms the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to break down to two terms the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to break down to two terms the
+first term is it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term is it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term is it's going to be
+b d by DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b d by DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b d by DT
+sorry it's going to be two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry it's going to be two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry it's going to be two
+terms the first term is b d by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms the first term is b d by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms the first term is b d by
+DT of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT of
+B1 of l.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 of l.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 of l.
+B1 plus a Omega B I'm going to stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 plus a Omega B I'm going to stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 plus a Omega B I'm going to stop
+writing a Omega B I'll just call it lb3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing a Omega B I'll just call it lb3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing a Omega B I'll just call it lb3
+to save our soul sorry theta.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B3 cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B3 cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B3 cross
+l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l
+dob1 so these are the two terms from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dob1 so these are the two terms from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dob1 so these are the two terms from
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+guy and what do I do with the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy and what do I do with the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy and what do I do with the next
+term I repeat it so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get b d by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get b d by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get b d by
+DT bless you again yeah Theta do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT bless you again yeah Theta do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT bless you again yeah Theta do
+L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L
+B2 plus a Omega B which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B3 cross theta.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B3 cross theta.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B3 cross theta.
+L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L
+B2 is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+complete have I missed any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete have I missed any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete have I missed any
+terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms
+anybody I might have on purpose by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody I might have on purpose by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody I might have on purpose by
+mistake you never know with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me I think it's correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that
+is U do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is U do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is U do
+a1+ v.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a1+ v.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a1+ v.
+A2 plus this is going to be easy now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 plus this is going to be easy now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 plus this is going to be easy now
+it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to
+be L double do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B1 and this is going to be what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B2 plus this is now we need to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2 plus this is now we need to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2 plus this is now we need to do this
+guy by by in the using the chain rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy by by in the using the chain rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy by by in the using the chain rule
+right because the two terms you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because the two terms you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because the two terms you have to
+take the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the derivative of
+right say it again I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right say it again I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right say it again I'm
+sorry oh l dot here yeah so here what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry oh l dot here yeah so here what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry oh l dot here yeah so here what do
+we have we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get th. lb2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+L do B2 so by the way you notice this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L do B2 so by the way you notice this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L do B2 so by the way you notice this
+term showed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+twice right that'll become so anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice right that'll become so anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice right that'll become so anyway
+we'll remember that plus what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this and let's summarize this and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and let's summarize this and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and let's summarize this and you
+have to admit wasn't the math M simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to admit wasn't the math M simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to admit wasn't the math M simple
+simpler than the first long way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler than the first long way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler than the first long way
+right because we used a trick we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because we used a trick we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because we used a trick we
+compacted the math recognizing the magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compacted the math recognizing the magic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compacted the math recognizing the magic
+formula right and it was all initiated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula right and it was all initiated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula right and it was all initiated
+by Andrew who asked the question why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Andrew who asked the question why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Andrew who asked the question why
+don't you do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right for which he gave up his watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+AJ I'm going to show the videos now okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AJ I'm going to show the videos now okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AJ I'm going to show the videos now okay
+just to kind of break them on monotonous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to kind of break them on monotonous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to kind of break them on monotonous
+prob start with the um Med go round and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prob start with the um Med go round and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prob start with the um Med go round and
+then the other one right so this is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the other one right so this is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the other one right so this is it
+I'll tell you when to start uh which on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll tell you when to start uh which on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll tell you when to start uh which on
+this one right okay I'll tell you when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one right okay I'll tell you when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one right okay I'll tell you when
+to start in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start in a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start in a second
+right so these are all the terms they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so these are all the terms they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so these are all the terms they're
+going to be there should be one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be there should be one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be there should be one two
+three did we miss anything oh we missed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three did we miss anything oh we missed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three did we miss anything oh we missed
+something for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something for
+sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah okay um help me remind me what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay um help me remind me what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay um help me remind me what
+these terms are what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these terms are what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these terms are what is this
+guy translation acceleration what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy translation acceleration what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy translation acceleration what is
+this guy spidey's acceleration with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy spidey's acceleration with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy spidey's acceleration with
+respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the
+Frisbee what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frisbee what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frisbee what is this
+guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy
+yes and you'll notice with coris these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and you'll notice with coris these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and you'll notice with coris these
+two terms always show up in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two terms always show up in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two terms always show up in different
+places and they add up just and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places and they add up just and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places and they add up just and it
+becomes two right what is this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes two right what is this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes two right what is this guy
+cental what is this guy it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cental what is this guy it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cental what is this guy it's called
+Oiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oiler
+whatever okay if you as I said if one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever okay if you as I said if one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever okay if you as I said if one of
+you invents a new term we'll name it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you invents a new term we'll name it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you invents a new term we'll name it
+after you okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you okay and
+and so far I've used these words coris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so far I've used these words coris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so far I've used these words coris
+and all that I kind of called them out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all that I kind of called them out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all that I kind of called them out
+without telling you a lot more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without telling you a lot more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without telling you a lot more about
+them right so what we're going to do now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them right so what we're going to do now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them right so what we're going to do now
+is take a break in the following way I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is take a break in the following way I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is take a break in the following way I'm
+going to pull down the uh the uh screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pull down the uh the uh screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pull down the uh the uh screen
+I'm going to show you some videos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to show you some videos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to show you some videos
+showing you the coris force when I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you the coris force when I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you the coris force when I'm
+when you're done with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're done with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're done with these
+videos um you will a totally understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos um you will a totally understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos um you will a totally understand
+what the cholis not effect sorry not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the cholis not effect sorry not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the cholis not effect sorry not
+force cholis acceleration is and B have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force cholis acceleration is and B have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force cholis acceleration is and B have
+a headache all right and then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a headache all right and then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a headache all right and then we're
+going to go back and do the super magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go back and do the super magic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go back and do the super magic
+formula where we actually lay these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula where we actually lay these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula where we actually lay these
+things out we're going to derive a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things out we're going to derive a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things out we're going to derive a very
+general formula for something moving on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general formula for something moving on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general formula for something moving on
+something that's moving get it no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's moving get it no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's moving get it no
+seriously it's going to be a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously it's going to be a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously it's going to be a general
+formula you see all the formula that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula you see all the formula that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula you see all the formula that you
+have so far are for something moving on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so far are for something moving on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so far are for something moving on
+a frame right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a frame right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a frame right
+but now we're going to kind of but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we're going to kind of but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we're going to kind of but this
+frisbee is something moving on something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frisbee is something moving on something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frisbee is something moving on something
+that's already moving so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's already moving so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's already moving so we're going to
+come up with a general formula for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a general formula for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a general formula for that
+and for the lack of a better term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the lack of a better term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the lack of a better term
+because it doesn't doesn't have a name I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it doesn't doesn't have a name I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it doesn't doesn't have a name I
+named it the super magic formula as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named it the super magic formula as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named it the super magic formula as a
+code word in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+so it turns out that several people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns out that several people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns out that several people have
+done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+research uh and I mean not like hard C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research uh and I mean not like hard C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research uh and I mean not like hard C
+technical research but research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical research but research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical research but research
+involving merar rounds bowling balls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving merar rounds bowling balls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving merar rounds bowling balls
+billiard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billiard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billiard
+stables and a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Courage on um the use of on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Courage on um the use of on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Courage on um the use of on
+demonstrating um the Coriolis effect and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrating um the Coriolis effect and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrating um the Coriolis effect and
+these videos if we can get them going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these videos if we can get them going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these videos if we can get them going
+are actually very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually very very
+interesting okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what you'll see by the way here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you'll see by the way here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you'll see by the way here okay
+just one second a before I set it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one second a before I set it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one second a before I set it up
+right I just want to set it up so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I just want to set it up so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I just want to set it up so these
+are four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are four
+kids they're sitting on a Mero round and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids they're sitting on a Mero round and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids they're sitting on a Mero round and
+then someone comes and starts spinning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then someone comes and starts spinning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then someone comes and starts spinning
+the Mero around right there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Mero around right there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Mero around right there are two
+cameras there's one camera outside that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras there's one camera outside that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras there's one camera outside that
+is attached to the Earth looking down so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is attached to the Earth looking down so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is attached to the Earth looking down so
+what you see from about is what really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see from about is what really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see from about is what really
+happens in in inertial frame right which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in in inertial frame right which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in in inertial frame right which
+is things want to go straight but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is things want to go straight but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is things want to go straight but the
+kid in the m go around sees something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kid in the m go around sees something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kid in the m go around sees something
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+G volume turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G volume turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G volume turned
+up to an observer above the merry go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to an observer above the merry go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to an observer above the merry go
+around the path of the ball appears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the path of the ball appears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the path of the ball appears
+straight isn't it straight to someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight isn't it straight to someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight isn't it straight to someone
+sitting on it the ball appears to curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting on it the ball appears to curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting on it the ball appears to curve
+to the left this exemplifies the Corola
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left this exemplifies the Corola
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left this exemplifies the Corola
+Force an observer on the rotating Earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force an observer on the rotating Earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force an observer on the rotating Earth
+the path of an object appears to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path of an object appears to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path of an object appears to be
+deflected and this is a result of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflected and this is a result of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflected and this is a result of the
+Earth's rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth's rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth's rotation
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+it kind of got it kind of all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kind of got it kind of all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kind of got it kind of all right
+let's do the other one all right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do the other one all right so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do the other one all right so this
+is to this one I discovered uh I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to this one I discovered uh I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to this one I discovered uh I think
+last night and um there are two dudes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last night and um there are two dudes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last night and um there are two dudes
+who went to a high school and they put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who went to a high school and they put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who went to a high school and they put a
+bilard a pool table a bilard table on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bilard a pool table a bilard table on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bilard a pool table a bilard table on
+top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of the
+mound okay and then they did some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mound okay and then they did some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mound okay and then they did some
+experiments and these are very committed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and these are very committed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and these are very committed
+people I must say was obviously also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people I must say was obviously also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people I must say was obviously also a
+cold day and I just thought I'd put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold day and I just thought I'd put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold day and I just thought I'd put it
+up just to show you the power of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up just to show you the power of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up just to show you the power of human
+Innovation go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ahead but these these dudes are totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead but these these dudes are totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead but these these dudes are totally
+into it so they don't stop but the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it so they don't stop but the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it so they don't stop but the real
+the funny thing is that the kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the funny thing is that the kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the funny thing is that the kids
+actually can't see all this because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually can't see all this because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually can't see all this because
+they're below the level of the pool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're below the level of the pool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're below the level of the pool
+table so they're like jumping off you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table so they're like jumping off you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table so they're like jumping off you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let me explain what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me explain what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me explain what's going on
+here so it turns out and then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so it turns out and then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so it turns out and then we're
+going to do the super magic formula in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do the super magic formula in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do the super magic formula in
+about a minute right it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a minute right it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a minute right it turns
+out that with respect to someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that with respect to someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that with respect to someone
+standing in space and not rotating with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing in space and not rotating with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing in space and not rotating with
+the planet earth right so if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the planet earth right so if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the planet earth right so if you're
+standing above the North Pole and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing above the North Pole and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing above the North Pole and you're
+looking down at the Earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking down at the Earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking down at the Earth
+rotating it's like a mer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating it's like a mer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating it's like a mer
+around right a particle of air which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around right a particle of air which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around right a particle of air which is
+moving for one reason or another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with respect to me it's going to move in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to me it's going to move in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to me it's going to move in
+a straight line but to people sitting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a straight line but to people sitting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a straight line but to people sitting on
+the earth because they kind of move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earth because they kind of move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earth because they kind of move
+rotating away they're going to see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating away they're going to see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating away they're going to see it
+kind of Swing Away get it and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Swing Away get it and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Swing Away get it and what
+happens with things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens with things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens with things like
+hurricanes and we'll show you I'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurricanes and we'll show you I'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurricanes and we'll show you I'll show
+you some videos later if we have time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some videos later if we have time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some videos later if we have time
+is so now you're you're on the North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so now you're you're on the North
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so now you're you're on the North
+Pole right you're sitting in the North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pole right you're sitting in the North
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pole right you're sitting in the North
+Pole and this is the Earth this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pole and this is the Earth this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pole and this is the Earth this is the
+North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North
+Pole okay you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pole okay you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pole okay you're looking
+down a particle when it's let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a particle when it's let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a particle when it's let's say
+there's a low pressure right let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a low pressure right let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a low pressure right let's say
+this's a low pressure region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this's a low pressure region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this's a low pressure region
+here low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here low
+pressure so when all the particles start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure so when all the particles start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure so when all the particles start
+rushing towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it because it's low pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because it's low pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because it's low pressure
+right but they think they're going in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but they think they're going in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but they think they're going in a
+straight line but meanwhile the uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line but meanwhile the uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line but meanwhile the uh this
+guy right is attached to the Earth kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy right is attached to the Earth kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy right is attached to the Earth kind
+of it's moving with the Earth so with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it's moving with the Earth so with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it's moving with the Earth so with
+respect to us the particle kind of vears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to us the particle kind of vears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to us the particle kind of vears
+off to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right get it and then it collapses into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right get it and then it collapses into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right get it and then it collapses into
+a spin this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spin this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spin this
+way and that's why hurricanes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and that's why hurricanes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and that's why hurricanes and
+tornadoes and stuff like that that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tornadoes and stuff like that that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tornadoes and stuff like that that's why
+it spins in a certain direction in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it spins in a certain direction in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it spins in a certain direction in the
+north on in the Northern hemosphere and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+north on in the Northern hemosphere and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+north on in the Northern hemosphere and
+the southern emisphere spins the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the southern emisphere spins the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the southern emisphere spins the other
+way right because the particles going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way right because the particles going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way right because the particles going to
+rush in and then they Veer to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rush in and then they Veer to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rush in and then they Veer to the right
+and then they get sucked in in this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they get sucked in in this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they get sucked in in this kind
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+rotation so you've probably heard about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation so you've probably heard about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation so you've probably heard about
+uh about sinks right about about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh about sinks right about about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh about sinks right about about uh
+toilet bowls and stuff like that and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toilet bowls and stuff like that and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toilet bowls and stuff like that and how
+you know water rotates in One Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know water rotates in One Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know water rotates in One Direction
+or not in the northern hemisphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not in the northern hemisphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not in the northern hemisphere
+another Direction on the southern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Direction on the southern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Direction on the southern
+hemisphere is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere is that
+right is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is that
+valid yes or no why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not yeah it's turns out that in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yeah it's turns out that in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yeah it's turns out that in that
+scale in fact there is a Coriolis effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale in fact there is a Coriolis effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale in fact there is a Coriolis effect
+but the slight deviation angle is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the slight deviation angle is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the slight deviation angle is so
+slight it's like a fractions of a degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight it's like a fractions of a degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight it's like a fractions of a degree
+per meter at that scale that it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per meter at that scale that it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per meter at that scale that it doesn't
+build up enough to really impact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up enough to really impact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up enough to really impact the
+direction in which the vortex takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction in which the vortex takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction in which the vortex takes
+place okay the vortex is created far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place okay the vortex is created far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place okay the vortex is created far
+more by asymmetries in the sink or by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more by asymmetries in the sink or by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more by asymmetries in the sink or by uh
+rotation that was created earlier that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation that was created earlier that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation that was created earlier that
+can of remained right okay the angle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can of remained right okay the angle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can of remained right okay the angle of
+momentum which we'll cover later on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum which we'll cover later on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum which we'll cover later on the
+class it stays for a long time and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class it stays for a long time and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class it stays for a long time and it
+influences things to go in one way or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influences things to go in one way or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influences things to go in one way or
+the other so it sinks you in fact you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other so it sinks you in fact you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other so it sinks you in fact you
+can construct a really large sink and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can construct a really large sink and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can construct a really large sink and
+you know apparently you can show it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know apparently you can show it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know apparently you can show it but
+it's very hard to do it it's very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very hard to do it it's very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very hard to do it it's very hard
+to kind of isolate environmental factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of isolate environmental factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of isolate environmental factors
+so sinks not a valid example hurricanes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sinks not a valid example hurricanes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sinks not a valid example hurricanes
+a valid example okay so do you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a valid example okay so do you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a valid example okay so do you get a
+sense of what the Coriolis effect is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of what the Coriolis effect is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of what the Coriolis effect is and
+remember the Coriolis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the Coriolis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the Coriolis
+effect is this guy and and we'll now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is this guy and and we'll now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is this guy and and we'll now
+formalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalize
+it when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it when
+something is moving that is translating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is moving that is translating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is moving that is translating
+with respect to frame which is itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to frame which is itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to frame which is itself
+rotating other words there's a Theta Dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating other words there's a Theta Dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating other words there's a Theta Dot
+and an l dot term get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an l dot term get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an l dot term get
+it then there is a deflection in the B2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then there is a deflection in the B2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then there is a deflection in the B2
+Direction in the way we've written it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction in the way we've written it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction in the way we've written it
+now I'll give you the general formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'll give you the general formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'll give you the general formula
+and you know B2 what it is ETC it become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know B2 what it is ETC it become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know B2 what it is ETC it become
+more clear any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more clear any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more clear any questions about
+coris by the way in the last class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coris by the way in the last class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coris by the way in the last class
+I told you this anecdote I said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I told you this anecdote I said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I told you this anecdote I said that
+artilleries artillery guns right in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artilleries artillery guns right in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artilleries artillery guns right in the
+1700s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1700s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1700s
+1800s um they would have to compensate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1800s um they would have to compensate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1800s um they would have to compensate
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+directionality because of the coris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directionality because of the coris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directionality because of the coris
+effect it turns out that that is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect it turns out that that is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect it turns out that that is true
+but I made one mistake it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I made one mistake it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I made one mistake it turns out that
+when the Coro effect was discovered or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the Coro effect was discovered or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the Coro effect was discovered or
+when someone formulated it coris right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when someone formulated it coris right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when someone formulated it coris right
+the range of guns wasn't high enough for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range of guns wasn't high enough for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range of guns wasn't high enough for
+that that to have been you know really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that to have been you know really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that to have been you know really
+valid so it is true that in artillery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid so it is true that in artillery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid so it is true that in artillery
+you need to correct for the coris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to correct for the coris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to correct for the coris
+effect but that wasn't the reason the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect but that wasn't the reason the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect but that wasn't the reason the
+corus effect was discovered so I take it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corus effect was discovered so I take it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corus effect was discovered so I take it
+back right but there it is also true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back right but there it is also true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back right but there it is also true
+that in the in World War I when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the in World War I when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the in World War I when the
+British when a British Fleet near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British when a British Fleet near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British when a British Fleet near
+Faulkland ran into a German Fleet they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faulkland ran into a German Fleet they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faulkland ran into a German Fleet they
+spend they shot 1,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend they shot 1,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend they shot 1,000
+shells uh taking the Coriolis effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shells uh taking the Coriolis effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shells uh taking the Coriolis effect of
+the northern hemisphere well they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the northern hemisphere well they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the northern hemisphere well they were
+in the Southern Hemisphere and missed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Southern Hemisphere and missed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Southern Hemisphere and missed
+and then 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then 60
+shells um they actually use the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shells um they actually use the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shells um they actually use the right
+correction and they nailed the German
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction and they nailed the German
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction and they nailed the German
+Fleet and they won that battle so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fleet and they won that battle so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fleet and they won that battle so it's
+certainly true that by this you know by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly true that by this you know by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly true that by this you know by
+by the time World War I came along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the time World War I came along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the time World War I came along the
+range of these guns was high enough that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of these guns was high enough that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of these guns was high enough that
+the coriolus effect was relevant but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coriolus effect was relevant but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coriolus effect was relevant but I
+take back my earlier statement that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take back my earlier statement that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take back my earlier statement that was
+the uh uh motivation I don't I believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh uh motivation I don't I believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh uh motivation I don't I believe
+not any questions about this anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not any questions about this anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not any questions about this anyone
+any comments like the video you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any comments like the video you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any comments like the video you want to
+see more videos like this just in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see more videos like this just in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see more videos like this just in fact
+why don't we just watch YouTube videos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we just watch YouTube videos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we just watch YouTube videos
+all day it'll be fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right all right what I'm going to derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right what I'm going to derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right what I'm going to derive
+now is a general formula for something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is a general formula for something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is a general formula for something
+that is moving with respect to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is moving with respect to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is moving with respect to something
+else which is also moving and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else which is also moving and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else which is also moving and this is a
+very common thing a ship is moving and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very common thing a ship is moving and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very common thing a ship is moving and
+someone's moving on the ship a spaceship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone's moving on the ship a spaceship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone's moving on the ship a spaceship
+is moving and an astronauts moving on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is moving and an astronauts moving on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is moving and an astronauts moving on
+the spa on the spaceship what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spa on the spaceship what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spa on the spaceship what is the
+force that the astronaut feels you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force that the astronaut feels you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force that the astronaut feels you know
+or what force must the astronaut exert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what force must the astronaut exert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what force must the astronaut exert
+in order to move in a straight line with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to move in a straight line with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to move in a straight line with
+respect to a spaceship or a space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to a spaceship or a space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to a spaceship or a space
+shuttle or something given that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuttle or something given that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuttle or something given that this
+space shuttle itself isn't moving in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space shuttle itself isn't moving in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space shuttle itself isn't moving in a
+straight line that's the question we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line that's the question we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line that's the question we
+seek to answer and what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seek to answer and what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seek to answer and what we're going to
+do is basically generalize the Frisbee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is basically generalize the Frisbee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is basically generalize the Frisbee
+problem and the way we're going to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and the way we're going to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and the way we're going to do it
+is like this we will Define as usual and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like this we will Define as usual and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like this we will Define as usual and
+you'll find this all repetitive because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find this all repetitive because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find this all repetitive because
+really it's all the same stuff over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it's all the same stuff over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it's all the same stuff over and
+over again just getting more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again just getting more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again just getting more and more
+compacted with more insights kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compacted with more insights kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compacted with more insights kind of
+teased out of it right and we're pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teased out of it right and we're pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teased out of it right and we're pretty
+much done with kinematics once we finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much done with kinematics once we finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much done with kinematics once we finish
+this concept it's beautiful and now by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this concept it's beautiful and now by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this concept it's beautiful and now by
+the way this kinematics that I've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way this kinematics that I've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way this kinematics that I've done
+is completely 3D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is completely 3D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is completely 3D
+right you can do any 3D system with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can do any 3D system with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can do any 3D system with this
+stuff in fact the way that we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff in fact the way that we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff in fact the way that we're doing
+kinematics is called the can's method of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics is called the can's method of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics is called the can's method of
+kinematics Kane K an is a professor at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics Kane K an is a professor at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics Kane K an is a professor at
+Stanford he I think he's still there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanford he I think he's still there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanford he I think he's still there
+retired um and uh kan's method is used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retired um and uh kan's method is used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retired um and uh kan's method is used
+uh to analyze the Dynamics of robots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to analyze the Dynamics of robots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to analyze the Dynamics of robots
+complex robots and Space Systems so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex robots and Space Systems so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex robots and Space Systems so
+anyone who works in you know complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone who works in you know complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone who works in you know complex
+Aero Astro space system things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aero Astro space system things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aero Astro space system things like
+space shuttles with robots moving around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space shuttles with robots moving around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space shuttles with robots moving around
+Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc
+they use this method they use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use this method they use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use this method they use the
+symbology a b and all that right very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbology a b and all that right very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbology a b and all that right very
+few undergraduate courses on the planet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few undergraduate courses on the planet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few undergraduate courses on the planet
+uh learn teach the mechanisms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh learn teach the mechanisms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh learn teach the mechanisms that
+you've learned and understood right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've learned and understood right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've learned and understood right this
+is it that's all there is to on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it that's all there is to on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it that's all there is to on the
+kinematic side now Kan also has a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematic side now Kan also has a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematic side now Kan also has a way of
+doing Dynamics which I won't tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing Dynamics which I won't tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing Dynamics which I won't tell you
+I'll do the Newtonian approach uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do the Newtonian approach uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do the Newtonian approach uh but
+you certainly on the kinematic side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you certainly on the kinematic side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you certainly on the kinematic side
+you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got
+it okay so the problem we seek to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so the problem we seek to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so the problem we seek to solve
+now is a your frame a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is a your frame a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is a your frame a
+a I'm actually trying to derive a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I'm actually trying to derive a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I'm actually trying to derive a
+general formula that captures what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general formula that captures what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general formula that captures what we
+did for the frisbe you have a frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did for the frisbe you have a frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did for the frisbe you have a frame
+B and what we're going to say is frame B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and what we're going to say is frame B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and what we're going to say is frame B
+is hurtling through space and SP frame a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hurtling through space and SP frame a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hurtling through space and SP frame a
+is our ground reference frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our ground reference frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our ground reference frame
+okay and in frame B let's assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and in frame B let's assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and in frame B let's assume that
+this is point what did I call it to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is point what did I call it to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is point what did I call it to my
+notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes
+p and this is point Q so I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and this is point Q so I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and this is point Q so I'm just
+generalizing it earlier put that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizing it earlier put that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizing it earlier put that you
+know the spider was going along uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the spider was going along uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the spider was going along uh the
+B1 basis Vector right so I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 basis Vector right so I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 basis Vector right so I'm just
+generalizing it so now there is a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizing it so now there is a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizing it so now there is a a
+point here and that point Q is moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here and that point Q is moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here and that point Q is moving
+it's moving with both with respect to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's moving with both with respect to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's moving with both with respect to a
+and with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with respect to
+B but we want to express the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B but we want to express the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B but we want to express the
+acceleration the velocity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration the velocity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration the velocity and
+acceleration of Point Q with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of Point Q with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of Point Q with respect to
+frame a is assuming that it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame a is assuming that it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame a is assuming that it's more
+convenient to naturally denote it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient to naturally denote it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient to naturally denote it in
+terms of frame B get it like I'm walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of frame B get it like I'm walking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of frame B get it like I'm walking
+in a spaceship I can measure my distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a spaceship I can measure my distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a spaceship I can measure my distance
+to the back of the spaceship right but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the back of the spaceship right but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the back of the spaceship right but I
+really want to calculate my acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to calculate my acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to calculate my acceleration
+with respect to the Earth okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the Earth okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the Earth okay so that's
+what we're trying to do now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're trying to do now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're trying to do now
+okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is
+R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R
+PQ and we'll call this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PQ and we'll call this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PQ and we'll call this point
+O and this is R op
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and what we seek is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what we seek is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what we seek is the
+acceleration with respect to a of Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration with respect to a of Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration with respect to a of Point
+Q sorry the velocity and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q sorry the velocity and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q sorry the velocity and the
+acceleration with respect to frame a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration with respect to frame a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration with respect to frame a
+this is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seek and it's just a generalization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seek and it's just a generalization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seek and it's just a generalization of
+stuff you've done now several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff you've done now several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff you've done now several
+times okay so let's write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times okay so let's write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times okay so let's write it
+out so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+begin we're looking for these two guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin we're looking for these two guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin we're looking for these two guys
+how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we
+begin position Vector always yes correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin position Vector always yes correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin position Vector always yes correct
+r oq
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now I'm going to compact things and go a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to compact things and go a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to compact things and go a
+little fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay is equal
+to expand it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me I'm going to have to well I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me I'm going to have to well I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me I'm going to have to well I'm just
+trying to calculate our avq which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to calculate our avq which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to calculate our avq which is the
+derivative of this and what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this and what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this and what do I
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+H I'm actually leaving it a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H I'm actually leaving it a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H I'm actually leaving it a little
+unstructured because I want you to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstructured because I want you to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstructured because I want you to say
+something the answer I was looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something the answer I was looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something the answer I was looking for
+was what is the derivative of R Op clodo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was what is the derivative of R Op clodo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was what is the derivative of R Op clodo
+with respect to a what do we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to a what do we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to a what do we call
+that say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that say
+again it is yes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it is yes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it is yes it
+is if I take the derivative of this it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right plus the derivative of this so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right plus the derivative of this so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right plus the derivative of this so in
+fact if you want I'll expand it I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if you want I'll expand it I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if you want I'll expand it I'll
+write it in smaller steps so you you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it in smaller steps so you you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it in smaller steps so you you you
+can follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it right right I've just written it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right right I've just written it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right right I've just written it out
+right and what I'm saying is this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and what I'm saying is this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and what I'm saying is this term
+you will recall is what I just wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it and what do I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here apply the magic formula right and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here apply the magic formula right and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here apply the magic formula right and I
+can write this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write this as
+b d by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b d by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b d by
+DT of rpq
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT of rpq
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT of rpq
+plus a Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a Omega
+B cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rpq right just applying the magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rpq right just applying the magic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rpq right just applying the magic
+formula and the reason I'm doing that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and the reason I'm doing that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and the reason I'm doing that is
+I'm going to reduce it so to a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to reduce it so to a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to reduce it so to a simple
+form which is a VQ is equal to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form which is a VQ is equal to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form which is a VQ is equal to a
+VP plus b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VP plus b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VP plus b
+VQ isn't this B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VQ isn't this B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VQ isn't this B
+VQ plus a Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VQ plus a Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VQ plus a Omega
+B cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B cross
+rpq so this is the velocity version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rpq so this is the velocity version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rpq so this is the velocity version of
+the magic formula and I'm sure you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magic formula and I'm sure you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magic formula and I'm sure you'll
+admit that I did nothing particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admit that I did nothing particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admit that I did nothing particularly
+profound in deriving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profound in deriving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profound in deriving
+this okay and then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay and then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay and then that
+handout the typed handout that you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout the typed handout that you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout the typed handout that you you
+hopefully downloaded and read from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully downloaded and read from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully downloaded and read from the
+web you will see this EXP expand it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web you will see this EXP expand it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web you will see this EXP expand it out
+for you okay so that means that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you okay so that means that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you okay so that means that if you
+have a frame a which is stationary for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a frame a which is stationary for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a frame a which is stationary for
+example you have a frame B something's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you have a frame B something's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you have a frame B something's
+moving on frame B then the velocity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving on frame B then the velocity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving on frame B then the velocity of
+that thing on frame B is simply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing on frame B is simply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing on frame B is simply the
+velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity
+of uh a point on frame B with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh a point on frame B with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh a point on frame B with respect to
+frame a velocity of that thing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame a velocity of that thing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame a velocity of that thing with
+respect to frame B and Omega R Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to frame B and Omega R Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to frame B and Omega R Omega
+time R basically a Omega B cross rpq
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time R basically a Omega B cross rpq
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time R basically a Omega B cross rpq
+makes sense right questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense right questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense right questions
+it's obvious nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's obvious nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's obvious nothing
+profound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now so this we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now so this we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now so this we've
+done I'm going to do this now so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done I'm going to do this now so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done I'm going to do this now so if I
+want the acceleration of Point Q with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the acceleration of Point Q with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the acceleration of Point Q with
+respect to frame a what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do yeah just take the Der of that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do yeah just take the Der of that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do yeah just take the Der of that one
+that is equal to a d by D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is equal to a d by D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is equal to a d by D
+t a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t a
+VP plus a d by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VP plus a d by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VP plus a d by
+DT of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT of
+bvp right bvq I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry plus a d by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry plus a d by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry plus a d by
+DT of a Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT of a Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT of a Omega
+B cross rpq
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right I just wrote it out again you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I just wrote it out again you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I just wrote it out again you know
+boringly I I strive to be boring at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boringly I I strive to be boring at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boringly I I strive to be boring at some
+level if I'm doing anything that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level if I'm doing anything that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level if I'm doing anything that's not
+boring that means I'm making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring that means I'm making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring that means I'm making a
+leap that is not uh grounded yeah did I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leap that is not uh grounded yeah did I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leap that is not uh grounded yeah did I
+miss something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss something
+yep yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah P just so you know thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah P just so you know thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah P just so you know thank you
+AJ that Point p is a point fixed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AJ that Point p is a point fixed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AJ that Point p is a point fixed in
+frame B you understand very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame B you understand very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame B you understand very
+important so space shuttle astronaut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so space shuttle astronaut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so space shuttle astronaut
+cting on Space Shuttle find one point on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cting on Space Shuttle find one point on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cting on Space Shuttle find one point on
+the space shuttle for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space shuttle for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space shuttle for example the
+instrument panel that figures out you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument panel that figures out you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument panel that figures out you
+know where the space shuttle is that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where the space shuttle is that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where the space shuttle is that's
+Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point
+P get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P get
+it so rpq is that vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so now let's do this how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so now let's do this how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so now let's do this how do we
+expand this what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand this what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand this what is this
+term come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term come
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep what do I do here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep what do I do here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep what do I do here
+guys magic formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that you know I line these two guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you know I line these two guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you know I line these two guys
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+right plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's these these these these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's these these these these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's these these these these two
+terms correspond to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms correspond to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms correspond to this
+guy what next what do I do with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy what next what do I do with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy what next what do I do with this
+guy same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay absolutely the same thing it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay absolutely the same thing it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay absolutely the same thing it's
+correct precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay same thing okay don't worry it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay same thing okay don't worry it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay same thing okay don't worry it's
+all going to work out this is perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all going to work out this is perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all going to work out this is perfectly
+cure I didn't do anything wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I don't think
+anyway I do anything wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I just took this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just took this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just took this whole
+thing and I just applied the magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and I just applied the magic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and I just applied the magic
+formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+right yes anyone feel queasy about it no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yes anyone feel queasy about it no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yes anyone feel queasy about it no
+it's perfectly reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's perfectly reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's perfectly reasonable
+okay all right so now let's expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what is this
+guy yeah ah very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B where's this guy well it's just that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B where's this guy well it's just that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B where's this guy well it's just that
+it is what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is you will recognize it as anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you will recognize it as anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you will recognize it as anyone
+recognize what this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is it's half of the corus effect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's half of the corus effect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's half of the corus effect the
+corus effect is actually two terms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corus effect is actually two terms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corus effect is actually two terms that
+come together right and it'll become two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come together right and it'll become two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come together right and it'll become two
+eventually so we need to look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually so we need to look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually so we need to look for
+another of these guys keep an eye open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another of these guys keep an eye open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another of these guys keep an eye open
+all right okay what do we do here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right okay what do we do here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right okay what do we do here
+folks tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+claudo leave it as it is no we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claudo leave it as it is no we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claudo leave it as it is no we don't
+want to leave it as it is we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to leave it as it is we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to leave it as it is we want to
+expand it out take the derivatives away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand it out take the derivatives away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand it out take the derivatives away
+y what's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y what's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y what's your
+name yeah what's your name sry Jeremy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name yeah what's your name sry Jeremy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name yeah what's your name sry Jeremy
+yeah what did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what did you
+say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but it's a
+vector you're on the right track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector you're on the right track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector you're on the right track
+though can you do it using the chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though can you do it using the chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though can you do it using the chain
+rule why not let's do that okay let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule why not let's do that okay let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule why not let's do that okay let's do
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+b d by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b d by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b d by
+DT of a Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rpq
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I have a caveat when I finish this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I have a caveat when I finish this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I have a caveat when I finish this
+I'll come back to it what I'm doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll come back to it what I'm doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll come back to it what I'm doing it
+is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is
+fine plus a Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine plus a Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine plus a Omega
+B cross b d by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B cross b d by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B cross b d by
+DT of rpq
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guys make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sense plus what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this could I do there I just just leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could I do there I just just leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could I do there I just just leave
+it as it is don't worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah okay I can't change the order did I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay I can't change the order did I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay I can't change the order did I
+change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the
+order yeah you can't change the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order yeah you can't change the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order yeah you can't change the order
+you cannot change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot change the
+order say it again I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry aha we'll come to that let's come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry aha we'll come to that let's come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry aha we'll come to that let's come
+to that okay hold that thought if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that okay hold that thought if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that okay hold that thought if it's
+zero it'll go away okay so just let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it'll go away okay so just let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it'll go away okay so just let's
+not expand it yet so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not expand it yet so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not expand it yet so
+um and this term is just this term all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right okay a good right okay a is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay a good right okay a is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay a good right okay a is kind
+of my guardian angel if I make typos or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my guardian angel if I make typos or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my guardian angel if I make typos or
+he catches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he catches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he catches
+me a just a PhD student is getting his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a just a PhD student is getting his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a just a PhD student is getting his
+PhD in U in wiress sensing oh oh sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PhD in U in wiress sensing oh oh sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PhD in U in wiress sensing oh oh sorry
+sorry sorry Simone I'll be out in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry sorry Simone I'll be out in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry sorry Simone I'll be out in a
+minute one more minute excuse huh just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute one more minute excuse huh just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute one more minute excuse huh just
+one minute sorry thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Andrew next time set your watch 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andrew next time set your watch 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andrew next time set your watch 3
+minutes fast like mine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so folks I'm going to write out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so folks I'm going to write out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so folks I'm going to write out the
+super magic formula actually this is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super magic formula actually this is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super magic formula actually this is it
+okay the super magic formula is this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the super magic formula is this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the super magic formula is this and
+I'll name the terms and we'll finish it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll name the terms and we'll finish it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll name the terms and we'll finish it
+next time a acceleration of Q is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time a acceleration of Q is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time a acceleration of Q is equal
+to read it out to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read it out to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read it out to me
+please is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please is equal to the
+acceleration of Point P which is the fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of Point P which is the fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of Point P which is the fix
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+plus b a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus b a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus b a
+Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus
+ahuh what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Alpha huh do I skip which term do I skip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha huh do I skip which term do I skip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha huh do I skip which term do I skip
+we'll come back to this okay this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to this okay this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to this okay this guy
+shows up as this guy this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+plus what q q q q yeah sorry and plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus what q q q q yeah sorry and plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus what q q q q yeah sorry and plus
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing okay we'll end now because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay we'll end now because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay we'll end now because
+Professor Socrates needs to take over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Socrates needs to take over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Socrates needs to take over
+this is it this is correct acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is it this is correct acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is it this is correct acceleration
+of P acceleration of Q with respect to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of P acceleration of Q with respect to B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of P acceleration of Q with respect to B
+Oiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oiler
+coris centripedal and you know why it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coris centripedal and you know why it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coris centripedal and you know why it
+doesn't go to zero because I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't go to zero because I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't go to zero because I'm not
+taking a Omega B cross a omeg B I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a Omega B cross a omeg B I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a Omega B cross a omeg B I'm
+taking a Omega B cross this whole term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a Omega B cross this whole term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a Omega B cross this whole term
+which is at 90° to a Omega B got it
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/K2LvCx8H0OU.txt b/K2LvCx8H0OU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3389e7bc9afcc0e800cef0ba46a528f3a9058df9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/K2LvCx8H0OU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1544 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation, or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: This is 1473,
+Challenges of World Poverty.
+
+I'm Abhijit Banerjee, I'm going
+to be lecturing on and
+
+off in tandem with
+Esther Duflo.
+
+Can you hear me at the back?
+
+I can't figure the acoustics.
+
+Can you hear me well?
+
+OK.
+
+So I guess, just to give a short
+description of what this
+
+class is, this is a class which
+is meant to introduce
+
+you to conversations--
+
+very broad conversations--
+
+about the questions relating
+to world poverty.
+
+So it's not a technical class,
+it's not a class that's meant
+
+to teach you very sharp
+analytical tools, it's a class
+
+that's meant to teach you how
+to participate in the great
+
+debates of the world, and sort
+of get you involved in the
+
+great debates of the world.
+
+It's very much, in that sense,
+the spirit of the class is
+
+quite different from many other
+MIT classes, and that's
+
+deliberate, because I think it's
+wonderful that we have a
+
+lot of technical classes at MIT,
+but it's also very useful
+
+to occasionally step back and
+think of what this means for
+
+the big picture, and for
+how we think about
+
+living in the world.
+
+So this is very much a
+class of that kind.
+
+It's based very specifically
+on this book which--
+
+the book is called
+Poor Economics.
+
+That's--
+
+depending on who you ask,
+a good or bad pun.
+
+It's a play on the idea of A,
+a different way of thinking
+
+about economics and, B, on the
+idea that this is economics
+
+relevant to poverty.
+
+So it's a play on that.
+
+It's a book that we
+just finished.
+
+It hasn't been published, so
+you'll be, literally, the
+
+first people, other than our
+close friends, who will get a
+
+chance to read it.
+
+And the--
+
+Laura, can you make sure that
+everybody has these?
+
+Or somebody make sure?
+
+This is the process, we
+just have to manage.
+
+Otherwise this would--
+
+So the goal of this book
+is to, sort of--
+
+the book was written to
+integrate a whole bunch of
+
+stuff that we've been working on
+for 20 years, nearly, into
+
+a common narrative on how
+to think about poverty.
+
+So the book is--
+
+the book has a bunch
+of chapters.
+
+Each chapter-- and we're
+going to be basically
+
+following the book.
+
+So the book is not available
+in the market.
+
+You'll all be able to buy
+a copy of the manuscript
+
+version of it now.
+
+And we're going to follow the
+book, chapter by chapter,
+
+forward from beginning to end.
+
+So that's sort of--
+
+this is a class, as I said, it's
+a class that's not based
+
+on technical material, you will
+not have problem sets.
+
+On the other hand, we expect you
+to read both what's in our
+
+book, and what's in the--
+
+else that's in the syllabus,
+quite carefully.
+
+We're going to have
+pop quizzes.
+
+One of the ways in which this
+class will be graded is with
+
+pop quizzes that will be
+randomly, on random dates, on
+
+the topic of the week.
+
+So we expect to have
+read stuff.
+
+That's one.
+
+Second thing that is different
+about this class is it's a
+
+class that's--
+
+as I said, it's meant to kind
+of get you involved in big
+
+picture thinking, but that
+doesn't mean that it's a class
+
+that doesn't expect you to
+know the details of what
+
+whatever's being talked about.
+
+In fact, the running theme of
+this class is that you can't
+
+fix the problems of the world
+unless you pay attention to
+
+the details.
+
+So what we're going to ask you
+to do is, as part of the
+
+requirement for the
+class, is to write
+
+at least five essays--
+
+short essays, very
+short essays--
+
+which will be graded and which
+will be on specific aspects of
+
+the topics covered in class.
+
+So you'll have to write.
+
+The way we're going to do the
+grading is that there'll be--
+
+you can write up to 12 essays.
+
+Basically 12 topics, you
+can write 12 essays.
+
+We're going to give you the
+grades for the best five.
+
+And so if you feel like writing
+one every week, you
+
+can write one.
+
+If you feel like writing just
+five, that's good too.
+
+You're going to get graded
+on the best five.
+
+You have to write one longer
+essay at some point in the
+
+semester, and there will
+be a final exam.
+
+So it's, as I said, it's a
+different from many MIT
+
+classes, different from any
+other MIT class I've ever
+
+taught in that it's not based on
+problem sets, it's based on
+
+these essays--
+
+MIT economics class, I don't
+know about literature classes.
+
+But MIT economics classes
+typically have problem sets.
+
+This is going to have essays.
+
+It's going to focus on being
+able to articulate coherent
+
+interesting thoughts about
+the problems of poverty.
+
+So it is very much about--
+
+these essays are going to be
+important, and reading and
+
+writing will be important.
+
+So we want you to--
+
+and what goes with that
+naturally is discussions will
+
+be important.
+
+We're going to have classes
+where there will be a lot of
+
+discussion.
+
+That's why we want you to
+have read the pieces.
+
+We are not going to go line by
+line through those pieces, we
+
+want to have a combination of
+some lecturing and a lot of
+
+discussion.
+
+One of the things that--
+
+where that becomes relevant, is
+that we're going to have--
+
+this class is being
+videotaped.
+
+If you noticed, there's
+a camera up there.
+
+Classes will be videotaped,
+but the only part of the
+
+videotape that will be used,
+will we publicly available,
+
+will be the lecture
+part of it.
+
+The rest of it will be--
+
+the discussions will not be
+on the OCW website, so
+
+they will not be--
+
+they'll eventually
+be expunged.
+
+So you should not feel
+uncomfortable
+
+about speaking out.
+
+We want you to be involved
+with the discussion,
+
+passionate in the discussion,
+argue with each
+
+other, argue with us.
+
+So you should feel comfortable,
+it's not that
+
+you're being put on camera and
+everything you ever said that
+
+was potentially maybe incorrect
+or is going to be
+
+recorded for all history and
+made available on the web.
+
+So we're going to be
+very careful in
+
+only keeping the lecture.
+
+So it's a very much a class
+that needs the discussion.
+
+It won't be fun if there isn't
+a lot of discussion.
+
+And having done this before,
+I would say the
+
+converse is also true.
+
+When there's a lot of discussion
+it's a lot of fun.
+
+The issues are fundamental, at
+some level very live issues,
+
+and it's things where you
+have thought about
+
+them, many of them.
+
+Maybe this will change the
+way you think about it.
+
+But it is--
+
+these are things
+that are fairly
+
+elemental and immediate.
+
+And I think you will, if you get
+into the spirit of it, I
+
+think you will enjoy.
+
+So I think that's my
+way of background.
+
+Do you have a question
+right now?
+
+OK.
+
+So the way we will plan
+to start this is by--
+
+you notice you've been
+given one randomly
+
+picked sheet each.
+
+The sheet comes with a little
+form to fill out.
+
+You can read the sheet and
+think about what your
+
+reaction will be.
+
+Remember that this
+is for real.
+
+So you will get some--
+
+10 of you will get the money.
+
+So it's real money that you are
+assigning to one of these
+
+two [INAUDIBLE].
+
+You have a choice between giving
+the money to save the
+
+children or not giving it.
+
+And we don't expect--
+
+there's no obligation.
+
+So the way it's going to work is
+you're going to select how
+
+much you're going to give, then
+we will have a lottery
+
+and you will get some.
+
+10 of you will win the money,
+and when you win the money
+
+that money will be deducted
+from the amount you have
+
+proposed, and the rest
+[INAUDIBLE] will go to you.
+
+OK?
+
+Is that clear how that works?
+
+Some of you will get nothing.
+
+You're just hypothetically
+written down
+
+an amount of money.
+
+Others will actually get
+that money, $10.
+
+And out of that you would have
+said, I want to give these
+
+people $0.50, and then $0.50
+will be deducted and you'll
+
+get $9.50 given to you.
+
+So that's the plan for
+this experiment.
+
+So we'll find out what the
+results are and we'll discuss
+
+what they mean in
+a little bit.
+
+In the meanwhile, I'm going
+to play two videos.
+
+I'm going to play two
+videos which are--
+
+which represent two very
+specific and very well known
+
+points of view on what to
+do about world poverty.
+
+The first one features
+somebody who was my--
+
+who taught me when I was a
+graduate student at Harvard,
+
+Jeffrey Sachs, and
+Angelina Jolie.
+
+Angelina Jolie and Jeffrey Sachs
+go to Africa and they
+
+discover world poverty.
+
+Or Angelina discovers poverty
+under Jeff's tutelage and then
+
+they very clearly articulate a
+theory of poverty and what to
+
+do about it, et cetera.
+
+And then from--
+
+so Jeff is now at Columbia
+University in New York.
+
+His archenemy is a man called
+Billy Easterly who is a
+
+professor at NYU.
+
+So the next video is just-- we
+go south from Columbia to NYU
+
+and we play Mr. Easterly's
+video next.
+
+So what you're doing is
+we're going to sit
+
+and watch some videos.
+
+This is not an exemplar of kind
+of material you will have
+
+to deal with.
+
+This is--
+
+there will be much denser
+material than this.
+
+This is little fluffier than
+most things you're going to
+
+have to deal with, but I think
+they're interesting and they
+
+take very well defined
+positions.
+
+So listen to them while thinking
+of what the position
+
+is that these people are
+taking, and why those
+
+positions--
+
+what is the underlying theory
+of poverty, the response to
+
+it, all of those are
+being articulated
+
+through this process.
+
+And you should kind of come--
+and then we'll--
+
+once it ends--
+
+we're going to actually spend
+a little bit of time
+
+discussing what we learned
+from the video.
+
+So think of questions or
+comments you're going to make.
+
+I want this to sink
+in for a minute.
+
+And in the meanwhile let me
+talk about what we just--
+
+we just compiled the results.
+
+Let's start with
+those results.
+
+We'll come back to
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+We'll spend the rest of
+the time talking about
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+So the results suggest either
+that many experiments that
+
+other people have done were
+wrong, or that we didn't do it
+
+right, or more likely, you guys
+are more generous than
+
+the rest of the world.
+
+So this is an experiment that's
+been done many times.
+
+Let me explain what
+the experiment is.
+
+And the experiment, typically,
+the way it's done, it's very
+
+different here.
+
+Because you couldn't figure--
+
+we wanted to do it in class and
+do it for real, so that
+
+made it a little--
+
+so instead of giving people $10,
+the way it's usually done
+
+is that somebody
+walks through--
+
+the most famous version of
+this was done at the
+
+University of Pennsylvania.
+
+Somebody walked through the
+cafeteria distributing $5 to
+
+people, without much
+explanation really.
+
+And then about a few minutes
+later, somebody came up and
+
+handed each of these people--
+they're all randomly chosen--
+
+one or the other of
+these letters.
+
+There were actually two
+different letters.
+
+None of you should have
+seen both, but I
+
+don't know if you have.
+
+They're basically--
+
+both the letters are telling a
+story of some reason to help.
+
+So the first--
+
+there was one letter, which is
+a letter that tells sort of a
+
+very general story.
+
+The story is about, here are
+many problems in the world,
+
+there is, whatever, children--
+
+children are--
+
+let me just read out.
+
+Give me two.
+
+For those of you who--
+
+Yeah.
+
+So the 9 million children die
+before their fifth birthday--
+
+actually, I think I have
+them on the slide.
+
+Let me just see if I do,
+in which case we'll--
+
+that'll be easier.
+
+Nope.
+
+OK.
+
+9 million children die before
+their fifth birthday.
+
+A woman--
+
+the probability that a woman in
+sub-Saharan Africa will die
+
+before in childbirth
+is one in 30.
+
+If you did the same number
+for the rich
+
+countries, it's one in 5,600.
+
+So in 25 countries in the
+world, most of them in
+
+sub-Saharan Africa, where the
+life expectancy at birth is
+
+less than 55 years, and so on.
+
+And so one of the letters that
+half of you read was kind of a
+
+catalog of these problems, and
+then asks you to decide how
+
+much money you want to give to
+Save the Children, which is a
+
+well known organization who try
+to solve these problems.
+
+The rest of you got a letter
+which described the life of
+
+one individual child,
+called Rokia.
+
+And that child has a whole range
+of problems, and then
+
+again asks you to give money
+towards helping a child, let's
+
+say Rokia herself or
+a child like her.
+
+Now what's your guess
+about which--
+
+the point of this experiment was
+that one of these letters
+
+raised a lot more money
+than the other.
+
+What would your guess be?
+
+AUDIENCE: Personal story.
+
+PROFESSOR: Personal story.
+
+Personal story typically raised
+about twice as much,
+
+more than twice as much,
+as the other one.
+
+Now that turned out to be
+not true in this room.
+
+It raised exactly
+the same amount.
+
+It raised--
+
+the personal story raised $8.63,
+and the other story
+
+raised $7.96, which
+is statistically
+
+indistinguishable.
+
+So the experiment basically
+failed here.
+
+Now why it failed, my guess--
+
+we'll come back to this
+question, actually, maybe if
+
+we have time.
+
+But I think that, my guess is
+that you just selected in
+
+being in this classroom, and
+
+therefore you're more generous.
+
+But we could think of
+other reasons why.
+
+But the point of the experiment,
+had it succeeded--
+
+the point of the way people have
+usually interpreted it,
+
+so the average person seems to
+react in this very different--
+
+why do you think we all react
+very differently?
+
+All of you had the same-- seemed
+to agree on the answer.
+
+Basically, out of $5, you gave
+$2.60 to Rokia, $1.30 to the
+
+general problem, or something
+like that.
+
+And when you tell people that
+you give more to Rokia, then
+
+it goes down to $1.30
+for both.
+
+So that sort of brings out very
+nicely one of the key
+
+issues here, which is that,
+I think, once you
+
+start thinking about--
+
+once you're made to think that
+the Rokia problem is somehow
+
+an exemplar of a general
+problem, you start now
+
+thinking it's like the general
+problem, and then
+
+we can't solve it.
+
+And then it's like,
+people step back.
+
+So I think this sort of--
+this scale effect.
+
+This idea that, well, it's a big
+problem, we're scared and
+
+we don't to deal with it, is
+sort of one of the starting
+
+points of where we want to start
+from, and maybe get away
+
+from is this idea that this is
+an enormous problem and,
+
+therefore, we can't do
+anything about it.
+
+So if you think of one goal we
+want to have in this class is,
+
+in a sense, to move exactly
+away from that feeling.
+
+In other words, what we want
+to do is to move away from
+
+thinking about one day--
+
+we're thinking of the challenge
+as big-- one day
+
+we're going to take a big
+shovel, and we're going to
+
+throw all poverty out.
+
+That's not how anything
+ever happens.
+
+And so there's no reason to
+think of it that way.
+
+And you clearly don't, but the
+rest of the world does.
+
+So there is a sense in which--
+
+what we want to do in this
+class is to think of the
+
+problem of poverty as a set of
+specific efforts that, if we
+
+do it right we will solve them,
+and if we don't do it
+
+right, we'll make
+things worse.
+
+So we want to turn it into a
+set of specific challenges.
+
+Maybe we can't solve those
+challenges, but at least let's
+
+first move away from thinking of
+it as being this one grand
+
+problem, to thinking about it
+as 100 individual problems,
+
+each of which with a
+potential solution.
+
+So that's sort of where
+we want to get to.
+
+At the end of this semester, we
+won't have an answer to how
+
+do you solve world poverty.
+
+I can guarantee you that.
+
+What we might get is a sense
+that these are actually
+
+individual problems
+that we can--
+
+a set of individual problems we
+can start thinking about as
+
+solvable things that we can sort
+of apply our minds to.
+
+Some of them we'll have answers
+to, some of them we'll
+
+just throw them out as
+challenges, and we'll see what
+
+happens at the end.
+
+So that's where we
+want to get to.
+
+We want to turn this grand
+problem into a set of specific
+
+individual problems.
+
+That's sort of--
+
+and so the whole semester will
+be in thinking about specific
+
+issues like the ones that Sachs
+brought up, and the ones
+
+that Easterly brought up, and
+try to turn them into problems
+
+that we can have some kind
+of a leverage over.
+
+Let me just--
+
+so at some level this
+is stuff that--
+
+some of this-- just to go
+back to the videos--
+
+Sachs does a very good job of
+kind of posing the problem.
+
+I think he--
+
+I mean, Easterly, I think,
+won't disagree on that.
+
+I think if you think about
+what the problem is,
+
+[? with ?] many ways to say it,
+one way to say it is just
+
+that people are extremely
+poor.
+
+Just a measure of poverty is in
+some ways itself a kind of
+
+a useful way to think about--
+
+just to take just
+a scale of it.
+
+The scale of it is--
+
+think about those numbers.
+
+The poverty line turns out that
+mostly, by some peculiar
+
+accident, India is both the
+country which has the maximum
+
+number of poor people in the
+world, and it's the country
+
+which has--
+
+if you take the poverty line in
+India, do you know what the
+
+poverty line is?
+
+Who knows what a poverty
+line is?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: It's a measure by
+which that if someone makes
+
+less than that they believe
+[INAUDIBLE] income they're
+
+considered poor.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+It's just a way to define
+for, how do you
+
+say somebody's poor?
+
+You say, in the US, you say
+somebody is poor if their
+
+consumption is less than
+$14 per head per day.
+
+That includes lots of stuff.
+
+It includes housing and all
+those things, so it's not--
+
+$14 is not $14 in Big Macs.
+
+It's $14 in clothes
+and everything.
+
+So that's how you define
+poor in the US.
+
+For the rest of the world, the
+weights typically people use
+
+is $1 a day.
+
+$1 a day is roughly--
+
+turns out the equivalent of the
+poverty line of India, or
+
+equivalently the average of the
+poverty lines for the 50
+
+countries where the most
+of the poor live.
+
+So if you take the 50 countries
+where all of the
+
+poor people live, take the
+average of the poverty lines
+
+and say that--
+
+and the poverty lines vary
+across countries because
+
+countries, some countries, think
+that $14 is the bare
+
+minimum that you need to live.
+
+Other countries have a even more
+accepting of misery, and
+
+say that even if you have $1
+that's fine, but if you have
+
+less than $1 you're poor.
+
+So it turns out that the
+effective definition that a
+
+lot of people use is $1
+a day, or $0.99 a day.
+
+This number is now used a lot.
+
+It's called $1 a day poverty.
+
+And you look at this set of
+people who live under $1 a
+
+day, 865 million people.
+
+This is our--
+
+Jeff Sachs says 850 million
+people live under $1 a day.
+
+So that's just to get a scale
+how many poor people out there
+
+in the world.
+
+Well, if you define it with $1
+a day, which is 1/14 of what
+
+it is in the US, you
+still end up with
+
+about a billion people.
+
+So that's one way to think about
+how big the problem is.
+
+It also is a way to think about
+how sort of surprising
+
+the problem is.
+
+You would think that--
+
+that says that--
+
+average GDP per capita
+in the US is $47,000.
+
+That's like $50,000.
+
+So 50,000 people
+could live on--
+
+no, sorry--
+
+50,000 divided by 365.
+
+So that's like--
+
+how much is that?
+
+50,000 divided by 500 is 100.
+
+So 100 people, or 150 people, in
+the rest of the world live
+
+on less than the average
+income of one average
+
+person in the US.
+
+So that's one way to scale the
+problem, is to say that the
+
+average person in the US lives
+150 times better than the
+
+average person in the--
+the average poor
+
+person in the world.
+
+And that's a minimum because
+these people are not at the
+
+poverty line, they're below
+the poverty line.
+
+So just to sort of get a sense
+of these magnitudes, what's
+
+enormously--
+
+what, in a sense, is surprising
+about this is that
+
+there is, like, somehow
+the gap is so huge.
+
+It's like it's not that there
+is a gap of 10% or
+
+15% or 50% or 200%.
+
+It's a gap of 150 times or
+something like that.
+
+So we're just talking of the
+order of magnitude is just
+
+stunning here.
+
+And somehow that would seem that
+it should be easy to fix.
+
+I mean, if there's such big
+gaps, then isn't a little bit
+
+of aid from the US
+would make a huge
+
+difference in these countries.
+
+And so it should be easy to make
+these countries richer.
+
+And somehow, that's where this
+conversation is stuck.
+
+So if you think of where this
+conversation is coming out of,
+
+it's coming out of feeling
+well, we are so rich, and
+
+these people are so poor,
+why can't we do
+
+something about it?
+
+Now, let's go, maybe--
+
+we talked about this.
+
+So let's now go back to the
+video with that sort of
+
+background.
+
+I'm going to say
+one last thing.
+
+I just want you to look at this
+one picture just as a
+
+last parting thought.
+
+So this is what Easterly's--
+
+this is Easterly's
+famous picture.
+
+It shows that--
+
+the picture shows the
+blue bars are aid.
+
+It keeps going up and down, but
+it's basically going up,
+
+up over time.
+
+And you see that despite the
+fact that aid is sort of going
+
+up, and the cumulative of all
+this-- when he says that
+
+that's how much aid
+has gone in--
+
+the cumulative of all this
+is the total aid
+
+that has gone in.
+
+You can see that the GDP per
+capita seems basically flat.
+
+So aid is going in-- aid is
+being pushed in and in and in
+
+and in, and you see that
+each blue bar is
+
+adding up the next one.
+
+And this is sort of his
+reading of history.
+
+Now one of the things we're
+going to worry about here is
+
+what we're going to call
+the counterfactual.
+
+So what I think Easterly
+has in mind, is
+
+that without the aid--
+
+so the question is, what would
+have happened without the aid?
+
+And I think the first problem
+in reading any
+
+of this data is--
+
+and this is a key idea, so
+I want to stop on this--
+
+is figuring out what would have
+happened if we hadn't
+
+given the aid.
+
+So one possibility is
+that yellow line is
+
+what would have happened.
+
+That's kind of--
+
+without aid the yellow line
+would have happened.
+
+With aid you've got the red
+line and the red line is
+
+better than the yellow line.
+
+The alternative, which Easterly
+seems to assert, is
+
+that the green line is what
+would have happened absent the
+
+aid, and that the difference
+between the two-- the negative
+
+difference--
+
+is the consequence of aid.
+
+So in some sense,
+this is the--
+
+so this is sort of where--
+
+the problem is that, this now,
+once you get to this point, to
+
+be honest, we have
+nothing to say.
+
+Because we don't know what
+have happened of aid.
+
+Right?
+
+We have only one history to look
+at, and if you look at
+
+this one history, this history
+could be anything you want.
+
+So in other words, I'll
+disappoint you from the
+
+beginning and tell you that this
+is a question we'll never
+
+know the answer to.
+
+In fact, we know that we
+never going to know.
+
+Whether historically aid was a
+mistake or not, is not one of
+
+the questions we'll answer.
+
+To calibrate expectations for
+this class, what we will try
+
+to answer is, suppose you
+had to give aid, how
+
+would you give it?
+
+That's a question that
+we can answer.
+
+And that there--
+
+all the issues you raised
+are important.
+
+The issues of whether
+people will take up
+
+things you give them.
+
+Is there a demand for
+the bed nets?
+
+That's a very key issue.
+
+Is it the case that when we try
+to give it to them, the
+
+mechanism to which we
+deliver the aid--
+
+let's say the bed nets--
+
+the government tries to give
+them out for free and all the
+
+private market shut down.
+
+As you raised, that's
+another concern.
+
+A third concern will be about
+whether local volunteers can
+
+deliver bed nets or do
+we need markets?
+
+A fourth concern will be, is it
+the case that when we start
+
+delivering bed nets to local
+volunteers, local volunteers
+
+become too powerful politically
+and they exploit
+
+their political power
+for other purposes.
+
+Each of these concerns that I
+think you raised implicitly,
+
+will become a central
+concern in
+
+thinking about this question.
+
+So we're going to think about
+questions not of the kind of
+
+this kind, because this question
+has no answer.
+
+Alas, we'd love to know the
+answer to this question, but I
+
+don't think anybody can.
+
+The kind of question we will be
+able to answer are if you
+
+had to give out aid, what's
+the best way to do it?
+
+So that's the kind of question
+we'll try to answer.
+
+And we'll spend a whole
+semester, in a
+
+sense, on that question.
+
+So hope to see you
+next lecture.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/KY91PsqCy_8.txt b/KY91PsqCy_8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..caba41f2f936202b896c8a22f0c8cec3cd1a8223
--- /dev/null
+++ b/KY91PsqCy_8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2867 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+In That case, let's get started.
+
+First with our review of what
+we talked about last time.
+
+We began by talking
+about the dynamics
+
+of a flat radiation-dominated
+universe, which
+
+is very straightforward.
+
+We start with Friedmann's
+equation for a flat universe.
+
+For radiation, rho is
+proportional to one over a
+
+to the fourth.
+
+So that gets us a
+dot over a squared
+
+is equal to a constant
+over a to the fourth.
+
+Rearranging that we can
+write it as a times da
+
+is equal to the square root
+of that constant times dt.
+
+And then we can just
+integrate both sides.
+
+So you get one half a squared
+is equal to the square root
+
+of the constant times t, plus
+a new constant, constant prime.
+
+OK, then we say that we can
+adjust this constant prime
+
+by resetting our clocks.
+
+And we haven't said
+anything yet that determines
+
+how our clocks are set.
+
+So the standard convention
+is to set your clocks
+
+so that t equals 0 is the time
+when the scale factor is zero.
+
+And that corresponds to
+constant prime equals zero,
+
+as one can see by just
+looking at that equation.
+
+So that's what we do when the
+constant prime term disappears.
+
+And then we don't care about
+the constant of proportionality
+
+anyway.
+
+For a flat universe the
+constant of proportionality
+
+is completely meaningless.
+
+It just tells you how
+many meters per notch
+
+you're dealing with, so
+it defines your notch,
+
+but otherwise has no
+physical meaning whatever.
+
+So the important bottom
+line is that a of t
+
+is proportional to
+the square root of t
+
+for a flat [INAUDIBLE]
+dominated universe.
+
+And once one knows
+that, one can easily
+
+get quite a few other things.
+
+OK.
+
+As I was just saying, once
+you now how a of t behaves
+
+you can immediately calculate
+lots of other things.
+
+And in particular h is a dot
+over a and that is just 1
+
+over 2t.
+
+So we know what h is,
+a function of time,
+
+even without putting
+any more details
+
+about what kind of
+radiation we have.
+
+It doesn't matter.
+
+You still get h is
+equal to 1 over 2t.
+
+The horizon distance is given
+by the formula a of t times
+
+the integral from 0
+to t of c over a of t
+
+prime, dt prime, the
+interval represents
+
+the total co-moving
+distance that light
+
+could travel between
+time 0 at time t.
+
+And then one multiplies
+that by the scale
+
+factor time t to turn it
+into a physical distance,
+
+and that then becomes the
+horizon distance of time t.
+
+And that is two times ct.
+
+You might remember
+it was three times
+
+ct for the
+matter-dominated case.
+
+And then finally you
+even know exactly what
+
+the mass density is
+as a function of time.
+
+Because 8 squared is 8 pi over
+3 rho a pi g over 3 times rho.
+
+And we know what h is.
+
+So that tells me
+what row is also.
+
+We actually know the mass
+density as a function of time,
+
+independent of anything else.
+
+OK.
+
+Then we began talking about
+black-body radiation, which
+
+is basically a gas of massless
+particles at a temperature t
+
+that is a gas of
+massless particles
+
+in thermal equilibrium.
+
+And it turns out that
+the temperature t
+
+determines almost everything.
+
+So the energy density of
+black-body radiation, u,
+
+which is the same as rho
+mass density times c squared,
+
+is equal to a kind of a
+fudge factor g times pi
+
+squared over 30 times kt to
+the fourth, over h bar c cubed.
+
+And this fudge factor g
+is equal to 2 for photons.
+
+And the reason we gave it a
+letter instead of just writing
+
+a two in the formula
+in the first place
+
+is that we'll soon be talking
+about black-body radiation
+
+of other kinds of
+particles, and g
+
+will be different for
+different kinds of particles.
+
+The two for photons
+is given the number
+
+two because there are two
+spin states of photons.
+
+Photons that are massless
+spin one particle and massless
+
+particles, all we have maximum
+spins, they don't have spins
+
+in the middle, so they spin
+along one axis for a photon
+
+is either plus or minus
+1, which is two spins.
+
+That's the quantum
+mechanical description.
+
+It corresponds completely
+to the classical description
+
+that you can separate
+any light wave
+
+into left-circularly polarized
+and a right-circularly
+
+polarized part.
+
+Or equivalently, you could
+separate it into an x-polarized
+
+and and y-polarized part.
+
+And you can get x-polarization
+by superimposing
+
+left and right, so these are
+not alternative polarizations.
+
+They're just two different
+ways of describing
+
+the general polarization.
+
+The general causation
+is a linear combination
+
+of either left and right or
+linear combination of x and y.
+
+In any case, the basis
+has two basis elements,
+
+and that's where
+the two comes from.
+
+Next item on our
+list is the pressure
+
+which could be calculated from
+the statistical mechanics,
+
+and we've already
+calculated by other means.
+
+But the answer, not
+matter how you calculate
+
+is is p equals 1/3 u.
+
+Next we talked about
+the number density.
+
+And these are all calculations
+that we didn't really do.
+
+I'm just quoting
+standard calculations
+
+from statistical mechanics.
+
+And you can learn how
+to do them presumably
+
+by some [INAUDIBLE] class.
+
+The number density is
+a different constant g
+
+star, in general it's different.
+
+For photons it ends
+up being the same.
+
+But in general a
+different constant,
+
+g star times zeta
+of 3 where zeta of 3
+
+is the Riemann zeta function
+evaluated at argument three.
+
+And that's equal to 1 over
+1 cubed plus 1 over 2 cubed,
+
+plus 1 over 3 cubed dot dot dot.
+
+And it adds up to 1.202
+to three decimal places.
+
+And then the rest divided by
+pi squared then times kt cubed,
+
+over h bar c cubed.
+
+So the number [INAUDIBLE] like
+the cube of the temperature,
+
+while the energy density
+went like the fourth power
+
+of the temperature.
+
+And the g star that appears here
+as I mentioned already I think
+
+is 2 for photons.
+
+And we'll learn
+more later about how
+
+to apply this to other
+kinds of particles.
+
+And finally the entropy
+density is the same g
+
+as we had for energy densities
+times 2 pi squared over 45 k
+
+to the fourth t
+cubed, again it goes
+
+like t cubed, divided
+by h bar c cubed.
+
+And entropy is a
+somewhat subtle concept.
+
+Fortunately for our
+purposes we will not
+
+need to know much at all about
+what entropy actually is.
+
+I might just say for some sense
+of completeness that entropy
+
+is a measure of quote
+the disorder of a state.
+
+And this "disorder"
+means some measure
+
+of the number of different
+microscopic quantum states
+
+that contribute to a given
+macroscopic classical
+
+description.
+
+The important thing for
+us is, well first of all,
+
+that the second law
+of thermodynamics
+
+tells us that entropy
+never decreases,
+
+but we're going to make use of
+a much stronger statement which
+
+holds very well for the
+early universe, which
+
+is that if the system stays
+close to family equilibrium,
+
+then the entropy doesn't change.
+
+And in the early universe
+I think for every process
+
+that we're going to discuss
+that condition holds.
+
+The system stays close to
+thermal equilibrium and entropy
+
+is conserved.
+
+The one exception
+will be inflation,
+
+which we'll learn about
+near the end of the course.
+
+At the end of inflation there's
+a humongously entropy producing
+
+phase transition.
+
+And if inflation is right
+essentially all of the entropy
+
+that we have int
+he universe today
+
+was produced during
+that phase transition.
+
+Before that there was
+only negligible entropy.
+
+OK.
+
+That's it for my summary.
+
+Any questions?
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: I know it's a law
+that entropy only increases.
+
+Is there anything
+behind that or is it
+
+just it's a law of physics?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, that's
+a subtle question,
+
+which I think if you ask 10
+different physicists you'll
+
+likely get 10 different answers.
+
+But one thing's for
+sure is that it does not
+
+follow as a consequence from
+the other laws of physics
+
+that we know.
+
+The other laws of
+physics that we know
+
+are essentially time,
+reversal, and variant.
+
+So why entropy always increases
+is something of a mystery.
+
+The usual story is something
+like the early universe,
+
+for reasons unknown, started
+in the state of peculiarly
+
+low entropy.
+
+And because it started low it's
+approaching the equilibrium
+
+value, which is much larger.
+
+So that's a possible
+explanation.
+
+I actually am in the
+process of writing
+
+a paper about the growth of
+entropy in the hour of time,
+
+and maybe I'll get
+a chance to tell you
+
+about that sometime before
+the end of the course,
+
+but I won't try
+to explain it now.
+
+But it's a slightly
+different idea
+
+about what could explain it.
+
+But it's something of a mystery.
+
+Nobody really knows what
+determines the arrow of time,
+
+why entropy only goes one way.
+
+Any other questions?
+
+OK.
+
+What I want to do
+now is to continue
+
+talking about
+black-body radiation.
+
+I think we've said
+everything that we wanted
+
+to say about photons,
+but now we want
+
+to apply to other
+kinds of particles.
+
+And we're going to begin with
+neutrinos, because neutrinos
+
+certainly do account for
+a significant fraction
+
+of the entropy in the
+universe today even.
+
+Neutrinos were, until
+around 1990 or so,
+
+thought to be massless.
+
+Now we know that they in
+fact have a small mass.
+
+I think I mentioned last
+time that we have never
+
+measured the mass of a neutrino
+and largely for that reason,
+
+we don't actually know
+what the masses are.
+
+But what we have
+measured is something
+
+that's quantum mechanical
+and rather peculiar, which
+
+is that one type of
+neutrino, and neutrinos
+
+come in three types, or flavors.
+
+And that is nu sub e, nu
+sub mu, and nu sub tau.
+
+And what we've seen is that
+neutrinos of one flavor
+
+can turn into, just by
+traveling through space,
+
+a neutrino of the other flavor.
+
+And that can only happen
+if there's a non-zero mass.
+
+And what it
+particular measures is
+
+delta m squared
+between the neutrinos.
+
+And I think I even
+wrote on the formulas
+
+on the blackboard for
+the known limits of that.
+
+So I won't write it again.
+
+But neutrino
+oscillation, which is
+
+what we call this,
+the conversion of one
+
+kind of neutrino
+to another, implies
+
+that delta m squared
+is not equal to zero.
+
+So it's still, in
+principle, possible
+
+that one of these neutrinos
+could be massless,
+
+but they can't all be massless.
+
+If one is massless, the
+other two have mass.
+
+And of delta m
+squared is very small.
+
+So these would be smaller
+masses than any other particles
+
+that we know of in the universe.
+
+Now for purposes of
+cosmology it turns out
+
+that you can get by by
+thinking of the neutrinos
+
+as being massless.
+
+And then we'll start by
+discussing it that way.
+
+It's not quite as
+trivial as just
+
+saying that the mass
+is a small number.
+
+So if you have a formula
+that involves the mass,
+
+you can usually neglect it.
+
+It's a little bit more subtle
+because whether the neutrinos
+
+are massless or massive affects
+the number of spin states.
+
+And we're going to even treat
+the number of spin states
+
+as if the neutrino is
+massless, which obviously
+
+is a bit of a cheat and
+needs further explanation.
+
+But I'm going to do it
+first for massless neutrinos
+
+and we'll come back
+later to discuss
+
+why you can get the same answers
+if the neutrino has a mass.
+
+So we're going to
+start out imagining
+
+that the nu's are massless.
+
+And in that approximation
+there is only
+
+one spin state for a neutrino
+and it's left-handed.
+
+And that means that the spin
+points the opposite direction
+
+from the momentum.
+
+So if the neutrino is
+spinning like this,
+
+which my right hand
+will correspond
+
+to a spin in that
+direction, the momentum
+
+will always be in
+that direction.
+
+And I can do the
+same thing this way.
+
+If it's spinning like
+this, the spin is that way,
+
+the momentum would be that way.
+
+The momentum's always the
+opposite direction of the spin.
+
+Now you might
+realize and that that
+
+leads to a question
+about Lorentz invariance.
+
+If the spin and the momentum
+point in opposite directions
+
+in some frame, it's not
+obvious if they would also
+
+point in opposite directions
+in some other frame.
+
+But it turns out to be true.
+
+One can verify that, which
+we're not going to do,
+
+but it is a Lorentz
+invariance statement,
+
+as long as the
+particle's massless.
+
+If the particle's
+not massless it
+
+is clearly not a Lorentz
+invariance statement.
+
+And that's easy to say.
+
+If the particle were
+not massless, and say
+
+it was spinning this way,
+so the spin is that way,
+
+and the momentum is
+that way, that way
+
+the situation and the
+particle had a mass,
+
+then I could change Lorentz
+frames by jumping into a rocket
+
+ship, and shooting
+off in this direction,
+
+the same direction the
+particle is moving,
+
+and since the particle is moving
+with some finite velocity,
+
+if it has a mass, there has
+to be a finite velocity,
+
+in principle the
+spaceship can overtake it.
+
+And when the spaceship
+overtakes it,
+
+from the point of
+view of the spaceship,
+
+the momentum will now
+be pointing that way,
+
+but the spin doesn't change
+when the spaceship overtakes it.
+
+So this relationship
+between spin and momentum
+
+is manifestly not
+Lorentz invariant
+
+when the particle
+has a mass, which
+
+is why we are cheating
+in a somewhat big way
+
+here, by saying that
+we're going to treat
+
+the neutrinos is massless.
+
+We're going to even
+be ignoring this fact
+
+that what we're saying
+about the spin and momentum
+
+is not even Lorentz invariant
+if the particle has a mass.
+
+And we'll make better
+excuses for that later,
+
+but for now we'll see simple
+picture first, and then
+
+talk about the more
+complicated picture later.
+
+Anti neutrinos, which I'll
+write with a bar over it,
+
+also have one spin state.
+
+And as you might guess
+since anti particles are
+
+kind of the opposite
+of particles,
+
+that is right-handed.
+
+Now in addition neutrinos differ
+from photons in that neutrinos
+
+belong to a class of
+particles called fermions.
+
+Photons are bosons.
+
+How many of you already
+know about [INAUDIBLE]
+
+fermion or boson?
+
+OK.
+
+Most, but not quite all.
+
+Fair enough.
+
+So fermions are particles
+that obey the Fermi exclusion
+
+principle that
+you're very likely
+
+learned about in a
+chemistry class someplace.
+
+It says that no
+two particles can
+
+be in exactly the
+same quantum state.
+
+Bosons do not obey
+such a principle.
+
+In fact, bosons are
+even more likely to be
+
+found in the same quantum state.
+
+And that's the
+important difference.
+
+In quantum field theory, and
+only in quantum field theory,
+
+you can't do this in just non
+relativistic quantum mechanics,
+
+but in quantum field theory
+you can prove something called
+
+the spin statistics
+theorem, which
+
+says that particles with half
+integer spins, that is 1/2,
+
+3/2, et cetera, are
+necessarily fermions.
+
+And particles with integer
+spins are necessarily bosons.
+
+So we know whether a particle
+is a fermion or a Boson
+
+as soon as we know its spin.
+
+And in the case of
+neutrino, it's spin 1/2.
+
+So nu's have spin one half.
+
+And that makes them fermions.
+
+Now the statistical mechanics
+formulas that we just went over
+
+come about from counting states.
+
+Basically the
+underlying principle
+
+is that the system is
+likely to be in any state
+
+that you could imagine with the
+probability of e to the minus
+
+the energy of that
+state, divided by kt
+
+all in the exponent.
+
+So it's state counting that
+determines these formulas.
+
+And that means it's going
+to be different for fermions
+
+and bosons because
+for bosons you're
+
+going to count situations
+where there are
+
+many particles in
+the same state.
+
+And for fermions you're not.
+
+And in particular
+that means you're
+
+going to be counting more
+states for the bosons
+
+and to be counting fewer
+states for the fermions.
+
+So you would expect these
+constants g and g star
+
+to be smaller for fermions
+than they are for those bosons.
+
+And that indeed is true.
+
+So for fermions g
+gets an extra factor
+
+that is multiplied by 7/8s.
+
+And g star is multiplied by 3/4.
+
+So I think we could have
+predicted that these g's would
+
+get factors that
+are less than 1,
+
+simply because we're
+counting fewer states.
+
+I think we can also predict
+without doing any calculations
+
+that g should have a
+bigger factor than g star.
+
+Remember g star
+is the factor that
+
+appears in the number density.
+
+So if we want to calculate the
+average energy per particle
+
+at a given temperature,
+we would take
+
+a formula which has a g in
+it for the energy density,
+
+and divide it by
+a formula that has
+
+a g star in it for
+the number density.
+
+The energy density divided
+by the number density
+
+is just the energy per particle.
+
+And this tells us that
+we'll get a number that's
+
+bigger than 1 for the fermions.
+
+So for fermions,
+there's slightly
+
+more energy per particle
+than there is for bosons.
+
+And I think that's easily
+believable because fermions
+
+obey this exclusion principle.
+
+It means once you put one
+particle in the lowest energy
+
+state, you can't
+put any more there.
+
+You have to put them in
+higher energy states.
+
+So the expectation
+would be that you
+
+have more energy per
+particle with the fermions
+
+and that is indeed what
+the [INAUDIBLE] calculation
+
+indicates.
+
+So now we're ready to
+write down a formula for g,
+
+for the neutrinos.
+
+And this will be
+the overall g that
+
+occurs in the formula
+for the energy
+
+density and the entropy density,
+and the pressure for neutrinos.
+
+And it will, we'll write it
+out as a string of factors.
+
+We'll first of all have this
+factor 7/8 coming from the fact
+
+that they're fermions.
+
+Then we'll have
+a factor of three
+
+because there are three flavors.
+
+And we're just going to
+add them together here.
+
+So we get a factor of three.
+
+Then we get a factor
+of two because there's
+
+particle anti particle pairs.
+
+That is, we have to count
+both neutrinos and anti
+
+neutrinos, and the
+total energy density.
+
+For photons, a photon is
+the same as an anti photon,
+
+so you don't get an
+extra particle connected
+
+with the anti particle.
+
+But for neutrinos you
+do, so that gives you
+
+a factor of two here.
+
+And then you always have
+the number of spin states,
+
+but in this case, the of
+number spin state is one,
+
+but I'll write it
+just so we can keep
+
+track of the general pattern.
+
+And when you do that
+multiplication, you get 21/4.
+
+So g sub nu for all three
+neutrinos put together is 21/4.
+
+And you could put this
+into all of our formulas
+
+and get the energy
+density pressure,
+
+and entropy density
+for neutrinos.
+
+Then we're also interested
+in g star, which
+
+will give us the number density.
+
+So g star sub nu.
+
+And it differs only
+by the first factor.
+
+3/4 for the fermion
+nature of the particle.
+
+And the rest is just dittos.
+
+And what you get
+in the end is 9/2.
+
+OK, now this does not
+end our discussion
+
+of black-body radiation
+in the early universe
+
+Because as we go back
+in time to earlier times
+
+we can come to a times when
+KT, the main thermal energy,
+
+is large compared to the
+rest energy of an electron,
+
+m sub e c squared.
+
+So at these very high
+temperatures even
+
+e plus, e minus pairs contribute
+to the black-body radiation.
+
+So we'd like to write down a
+g four e plus, e minus pairs.
+
+Actually, maybe I shouldn't call
+them pairs because they really
+
+are contributing individually,
+but g for e plus, e minus.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: So I know
+said that we're
+
+assuming, even though it's
+a spin 1/2 particle that's
+
+just one spin state.
+
+I was wondering is it possible
+for a spin 1/2 particle
+
+to be massless?
+
+I can't think of any
+offhand, because don't they
+
+have to have m equals negative
+1/2 state? [INAUDIBLE]
+
+in general.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+No, it is perfectly
+consistent, would
+
+be perfectly consistent for
+neutrinos to be massless.
+
+And then they would only
+have and m equals 1/2 state
+
+in spite of the fact
+that their spin 1/2.
+
+And the m equals minus 1/2
+state would just be missing,
+
+but that's OK.
+
+It's similar to what
+happens with photons.
+
+Photons are spin one particles.
+
+And the m equals 0
+state is missing.
+
+And that can only happen
+with massless particles.
+
+For massive particles,
+by basically the argument
+
+that I gave about catching
+up to the neutrino,
+
+it's not possible
+to have one helicity
+
+and not have the other.
+
+But for massless
+particles it is possible.
+
+The photon does it.
+
+We used to think
+the neutrino did it.
+
+Turned up the neutrino
+doesn't do it,
+
+but we can still describe
+the old theory, which
+
+is simpler than the new theory.
+
+And that's what I'm doing.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is there any
+reason they're missing those?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+The question is is
+there any reason
+
+why they're missing
+those spin states.
+
+The answer basically is that
+there's no solid reason, which
+
+is why we didn't know if it was
+going to be missing the states
+
+or not.
+
+But for the case of
+massless particles
+
+only the m states
+are all completely
+
+disconnected from each other
+under Lorentz transformations.
+
+For any non-zero mass,
+all the spin states mix.
+
+And because they all mix
+under Lorentz transformations
+
+you can't have any one
+without having all of them.
+
+But that statement
+disappears when
+
+the particle becomes massless.
+
+So when the particle
+becomes massless,
+
+essentially, each spin state
+is its own kind of particle.
+
+And it might be part of a
+spectrum of real particles,
+
+or might not.
+
+And we don't know any
+fundamental principle
+
+that answers that question,
+other than experiment.
+
+OK.
+
+So I was just
+going to write down
+
+a g for e plus, e minus pairs.
+
+Remember this g determines the
+energy density, the pressure,
+
+and the entropy density.
+
+And it again has a factor of
+7/8 because these are fermions.
+
+It has a factor of one to sort
+of follow the general pattern
+
+because there's only one
+species of electrons.
+
+For neutrinos we had three, but
+for electrons we just have one.
+
+We do get a factor
+of two for particles,
+
+anti particles because an e plus
+is different from an e minus.
+
+And there are two spin
+states for the electron.
+
+If could be spin up, or spin
+down, or spin equals 1/2,
+
+and there's spin
+equals minus 1/2.
+
+So there are two spin states.
+
+And that gives us a
+factor of 7/2 for g.
+
+And for g star e plus, e minus,
+the only difference again,
+
+is in the first factor, which
+is 3/4 for fermions for g star.
+
+And then times dot, dot, dot.
+
+And that then is equal to just
+a nice round factor of three.
+
+And then if we go back
+to this earlier time,
+
+we have not only the
+e plus, e minus pairs,
+
+which started to exist when
+we crossed this threshold,
+
+we also have photons
+and neutrinos.
+
+So for kt, large
+compared to m sub ec
+
+squared, and I should say small
+compared to the next threshold,
+
+m sub nu c squared,
+mass of a muon.
+
+The mass of the muon as
+106 MeV Mass of electron
+
+is a half of an MeV.
+
+So there's are good
+long range here where
+
+this is the right number.
+
+So g total is equal to
+2 plus 21/4 plus 7/2
+
+equals 10 and 3/4.
+
+So this number 10 and 3/4
+plays an important role
+
+in a long segment of the
+history of our universe.
+
+Another number that you
+might be interested in
+
+is the energy density of
+radiation in the universe
+
+today.
+
+And the e plus, e minus
+pairs are of course
+
+long since frozen out because
+kt is a lot less than half
+
+of an MeV.
+
+So we just have
+neutrinos and photons.
+
+You might think
+that we could just
+
+add the formulas for photons
+to the formula for neutrinos,
+
+but that turns out
+not to be right.
+
+And the reason
+it's not right now
+
+is that we believe that the
+temperature of the neutrinos
+
+is not the same as the
+temperature of the photons.
+
+And this is a
+problem that you'll
+
+be working out on the
+next homework set,
+
+so I won't give all
+the details here
+
+because I want you to have
+the fun of working out
+
+those details.
+
+But I'll tell you the
+outline of what it is.
+
+The transition occurs
+when kt crosses
+
+this magic threshold
+of m sub e c
+
+squared, which means that the
+electron positron pairs are
+
+going to start to disappear from
+the thermal equilibrium mix.
+
+Now those electron
+positron pairs
+
+have both energy and entropy.
+
+It turns out that the energy
+is very hard to keep track of.
+
+And the reason why
+that is true is
+
+that we know that du dt is equal
+to minus 3h, times rho plus p,
+
+I think i have this right.
+
+times u.
+
+No, not times u.
+
+And this might be a u.
+
+Yeah, I think this is right.
+
+But what is definitely
+true is that it involves
+
+the pressure as well
+as the energy density.
+
+And keeping track of
+what the pressure's
+
+doing as a function
+of time is complicated
+
+because depending on exactly
+what the mix of particles
+
+are and the pressure
+is even given
+
+by a more complicated
+formula when you're
+
+very near the
+threshold, that is when
+
+kt is near the
+mass of a particle,
+
+there's a more complicated
+formula for the pressure.
+
+So the pressure is
+hard to keep track of.
+
+But the entropy turns out
+to be easy to keep track
+
+of because entropy is simply
+conserved during this process.
+
+So on the problem that you'll be
+doing for the next problem set
+
+you'll be looking at the entropy
+contained in these e plus
+
+e minus pairs.
+
+And then there's an important
+assumption which is valid.
+
+We will not really
+try to justify it,
+
+but at the time when the e
+plus, e minus pairs go out
+
+of equilibrium,
+when they disappear
+
+from the thermal equilibrium
+mix as kt falls below m sub
+
+ec squared, at that point the
+photons are still interacting
+
+strongly with everything
+else, and with each other.
+
+But the neutrinos have
+pretty much decoupled.
+
+They're not really interacting
+with anything anymore.
+
+So when the e
+plus, e minus pairs
+
+disappear they give
+essentially all
+
+of their entropy to the
+photons, and essentially not
+
+of their entropy
+to the neutrinos.
+
+And that means that
+you can calculate
+
+the entropy density
+of the photons,
+
+and the entropy density
+of the neutrinos
+
+and you can calculate from
+that the relative temperatures
+
+between the two.
+
+And the net effect is
+that the photons end up
+
+with a higher temperature
+than the neutrinos.
+
+So cosmology makes a
+clear prediction here.
+
+The universe today
+should be bathed
+
+in a thermal distribution
+of neutrinos.
+
+The temperature I think ends up
+being about 2.4 degrees Kelvin,
+
+a little colder
+than the photons.
+
+And it's really
+the great challenge
+
+of observational
+cosmology to try
+
+to measure those
+thermal neutrinos.
+
+Because neutrinos
+interact so weakly,
+
+nobody has come
+close to measuring
+
+the existence of
+those neutrinos.
+
+Everybody thinks
+they must be there,
+
+if anybody's discovers
+they're not there,
+
+it'll be a major shift in our
+understanding of cosmology.
+
+But nobody really knows
+how to measure them.
+
+So you guys could try
+to do that sometime
+
+during your career
+as physicists.
+
+So putting these things
+together what you'll show
+
+is that the temperature
+of neutrinos
+
+should be equal
+to 4/11 to the 1/3
+
+power times the
+temperature of the photons.
+
+And given that,
+we can write down
+
+a formula for the energy
+density in radiation today.
+
+So u [? rad ?] 0 for today
+is equal to g for photons,
+
+plus 21/4, which is
+g for the neutrinos,
+
+but then we have to
+correct for the fact
+
+that the neutrinos are
+at the lower temperature,
+
+and remember energy density's
+go like the fourth power
+
+of the temperature.
+
+So there's a
+correction here, which
+
+is the fourth
+power of this 4/11.
+
+So this multiplies
+4/11 to the 4/3 power,
+
+the fourth power
+of the temperature.
+
+And then the rest of the
+formula for energy density.
+
+Pi squared over 30 times
+k, times the temperature
+
+of the photons to the fourth
+power, divided by h bar
+
+c cubed.
+
+And if you plug
+numbers into this,
+
+you get a number which I
+wrote on the blackboard
+
+when we started talking about
+radiation for the radiation
+
+density of today's universe.
+
+It's 7.01 times 10 to the minus
+14 jewels per meter cubed.
+
+So now we know how to derive
+this formula that I pulled out
+
+out of hat when we first started
+talking about energy density
+
+radiation.
+
+You might remember we
+used this to calculate
+
+when radiation matter
+equality took place.
+
+OK.
+
+Any questions about this?
+
+OK.
+
+Well in that case now I'm
+ready to come back and talk
+
+about neutrino masses
+more realistically.
+
+OK. [INAUDIBLE] the
+mass we now know.
+
+Or at least two out
+of the three do.
+
+And still I argued, or
+told you, that the mass
+
+didn't matter for the
+calculations we just did.
+
+And that seems a little
+strange because the calculation
+
+we just did depended on counting
+the numbers of spin states,
+
+and the number of spin
+states, of course,
+
+changes if the
+particles have a mass.
+
+Neutrinos could not
+have just one spin state
+
+if they had a mass.
+
+So the question
+then is what happens
+
+to these right-handed neutrinos.
+
+Remember the neutrinos we
+know and love are left-handed.
+
+OK.
+
+Nobody has ever seen a
+right-handed neutrino.
+
+But if the neutrino has
+a mass, they must exist.
+
+And one way to see
+is that argument
+
+I gave you about catching
+up to the neutrino
+
+and going faster than it.
+
+And then a left-hand
+neutrino would
+
+turn into a right-handed
+neutrino, which
+
+is, this is all you
+did, was change frames,
+
+and the world is
+Lorentz invariant.
+
+It means that right-handed
+neutrinos must in principle
+
+exist in any frame.
+
+OK.
+
+It turns out that
+there are two theories
+
+of how the neutrino mass works.
+
+And we don't know yet which
+of these theories is correct.
+
+And they are called the
+possibility of a Dirac mass
+
+or the possibility
+of a Majorana mass.
+
+And these are both
+named after people,
+
+so don't try to parse anything
+about the physical meaning
+
+of those words from the name.
+
+The Dirac mass is
+the easier one for us
+
+to understand because
+it's the same kind of mass
+
+that an electron has.
+
+So if the neutrinos
+have a Dirac mass
+
+it really would mean that there
+are right-handed neutrinos,
+
+which are a new
+species a particle
+
+that we haven't
+seen yet, but which
+
+would be implied by the
+existence of this mass.
+
+The catch is that because
+of the very peculiar way
+
+that the neutrinos
+interact it is
+
+possible for the
+right-handed neutrinos
+
+to interact vastly more weakly
+than the left handed neutrinos.
+
+And that would be
+the explanation
+
+for why we've never seen
+them because they interact
+
+so extraordinarily weakly.
+
+And even in the early universe
+where everything almost reaches
+
+thermal equilibrium,
+the cross-section
+
+for producing
+right-handed neutrinos
+
+would be so small that they
+would essentially never
+
+be produced.
+
+So right-handed nu's
+interact so weakly
+
+that they're not seen in
+lab, or in early universe.
+
+OK.
+
+The other type is more peculiar.
+
+And there are no other
+particles in nature
+
+that are known to have
+this type of mass,
+
+but it's a theoretical
+possibility.
+
+Majorana masses can
+only be possessed
+
+by particles which are neutral,
+but neutrinos are neutral.
+
+And if neutrinos
+have a Majorana mass
+
+it would mean that the
+right-handed partner
+
+of the left handed
+neutrinos that we see
+
+would in fact be a particle
+that we already know about,
+
+but it will be the particle
+that we have previously
+
+identified as the
+right-handed anti neutrino.
+
+So if the Majorana
+hypothesis is true,
+
+the anti neutrino
+and the neutrino
+
+would be the same particle.
+
+And one would be the
+right-handed version
+
+and the other would be
+the left-handed version.
+
+And that is also a
+possibility, we just know know.
+
+And in this case,
+clearly what we
+
+said about the
+early universe still
+
+works because we did
+the counting right.
+
+If it's the direct
+possibility we
+
+would have to do a
+further argument,
+
+we justify the fact that these
+right-handed partners interact
+
+so weakly that we would
+never see them even
+
+in the early universe,
+but that is the case.
+
+And for the Majorana
+case there clearly
+
+is no real difference from
+the calculations that we did.
+
+Any questions about that?
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: What
+exactly do you mean
+
+when you say the direct
+mass is like the electrons?
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+What I mean is that it appears
+in the equations of motion
+
+in the same way that the that
+the electron mass appears,
+
+and therefore like the electron
+there's a right-handed electron
+
+and there's also a left-handed
+handed electron, which are just
+
+related to each other by
+a parity transformation.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Is it not a problem
+in the Majorana case [INAUDIBLE]
+
+particle?
+
+Doesn't there have
+to be an [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+The question is
+doesn't there have
+
+to be an anti particle,
+how can the neutrino
+
+and the anti neutrino
+be the same particle.
+
+The answer is no.
+
+The photon does not
+have an anti particle.
+
+So particles that have
+a charge of any kind
+
+must have an anti particle,
+but if the particle is really
+
+neutral then it can just
+be it's own anti particle,
+
+and that would be the case here.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Sorry, I
+have two questions.
+
+One is what is the
+difference between a neutrino
+
+and a anti neutrino besides?
+
+I mean, how do we know
+they're the same, that they
+
+are the same
+particle [INAUDIBLE].
+
+It's not just a
+matter of semantics.
+
+If the only difference that
+we can see is [INAUDIBLE].
+
+Whether we call it
+the anti neutrino
+
+or say that it's the same
+particle, just [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+OK.
+
+You're saying how do we know
+whether the anti neutrino was
+
+the same particle
+as the neutrino,
+
+and what do we mean by
+that statement anyway.
+
+I guess the answer is really
+something that comes out
+
+of the fundamental equations
+in the context of the quantum
+
+field theory.
+
+But maybe I can say something
+more concrete, however.
+
+There's a quantum number
+called Lepton number,
+
+and actually divides into
+three kinds of quantum numbers,
+
+so there's an electron number,
+muon number, and a tau number.
+
+And for all the
+interactions that we've
+
+seen that number is
+conserved, that is
+
+the sum of the
+number of electrons
+
+minus the number
+of anti electrons,
+
+plus the number of
+electron neutrinos,
+
+minus the number of
+anti electron neutrinos
+
+is conserved.
+
+And if that were a rigorous
+conservation law, then
+
+it would really mean that
+the neutrino was not neutral.
+
+It would have this
+nonzero charge
+
+called electron charge
+for the electron neutrino.
+
+So the Majorana
+possibility requires
+
+that that quantity is
+not really conserved.
+
+So that's an important
+fact about nature
+
+that we haven't really
+learned yet, whether or not
+
+it's exactly conserved or only
+highly approximately conserved.
+
+The belief is that it's only
+highly approximately conserved,
+
+but we don't know.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Does a
+neutrino [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+You are right.
+
+You're very quick.
+
+You are right that neutrino
+oscillations are certainly
+
+enough to prove that the
+individual Lepton numbers are
+
+not conserved, but they
+still have the possibility
+
+that total Lepton
+number can be conserved,
+
+which we don't
+think is true, but I
+
+don't think we've ruled
+it out yet either.
+
+Any other questions?
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: In the Majorana case,
+if they are the same particle,
+
+do they still come in left
+and right-handed forms
+
+so as to keep the
+[INAUDIBLE] the same value,
+
+or do they only come in
+the left-handed phase,
+
+in which case the [INAUDIBLE]
+would be decreased [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Well,
+the counting that we
+
+had before would be correct.
+
+And the only question is
+whether the factor of two
+
+that we put here for
+particle, anti particle
+
+is here where maybe the
+particle's really neutral
+
+and the factor of two is
+the number of spin states,
+
+but it's the same
+result either way.
+
+It's all in the
+question of whether
+
+the left-handed neutrino
+is the anti particle
+
+or the right-handed
+neutrino, or another spin
+
+state of the right-handed.
+
+I'm sorry.
+
+I'm saying this wrong.
+
+The question is whether
+the right-handed neutrino
+
+is the anti particle of
+the left-handed neutrino
+
+or whether it's
+another spin states
+
+of the left-handed neutrino.
+
+But either way the number
+particles that we think exists
+
+would be the same in the
+mayorana description.
+
+OK?
+
+OK.
+
+Now we're ready to
+actually write down
+
+for example a formula for kt.
+
+So sticking to this time range
+of kt is much, much bigger
+
+than m sub eb squared,
+but kt is much, much less
+
+than m sub nu c squared.
+
+We can write down a
+formula-- I'm sorry.
+
+Actually the formula's
+more general.
+
+I didn't really look
+carefully what I wrote.
+
+Forget this.
+
+As long as we know what little
+g is, and this formula's going
+
+to have a little
+g in it, and then
+
+you can fill in the right value
+for any time period you want.
+
+We can write down a formula
+for kt as a function of time.
+
+And that's because
+we've learned how
+
+to write energy density
+as a function of time,
+
+and we've learned how to
+express energy density in terms
+
+of the temperature.
+
+And putting those
+two together gives us
+
+a formula for the temperature
+as a function of time.
+
+And that formula has the form of
+45 h bar cubed c to the fifth,
+
+divided by 16 pi cubed
+little g times capital
+
+G, Newton's constant, whole
+thing to the 1/4 power, times 1
+
+over the square root of t.
+
+So if we had nothing
+but radiation,
+
+and if little g
+were constant, this
+
+would be the formula
+for the temperature
+
+as a function of time.
+
+Now what actually
+happens is that little g
+
+changes as we go through these
+different thresholds for which
+
+particles are contributing
+to the black-body radiation.
+
+And that means that
+the exact formula
+
+is a little bit more
+complicated than this.
+
+But as long as you're well
+into any one of these periods,
+
+as long as you're not near
+any of these border lines,
+
+this formula is in fact a
+very accurate approximation
+
+to the temperature as
+a function of time.
+
+And an interesting time
+period is about one second
+
+after the Big Bang.
+
+And that corresponds to
+this g equals 10 and 3/4
+
+that we talked about earlier,
+where we have neutrinos
+
+e plus, e minus
+pairs, and photons.
+
+And since this is before the
+e plus, e minus pairs have
+
+disappeared, the temperature
+of the neutrinos at this stage
+
+is still the same as the
+temperature of the photon.
+
+So everything is at the
+same temperature here.
+
+We just add up the g's.
+
+And the end result for that is
+that kt is equal to 0.860 MeV
+
+million electron volts,
+divided by the square root of t
+
+in seconds.
+
+There are the units that
+you could express it
+
+in in the notes.
+
+Other sets of units are given.
+
+So if 0.86 is about 1, which
+it is for many purposes,
+
+then roughly speaking
+we're saying at 1 second
+
+after the Big Bang,
+kt was about one MeV,
+
+which means it's
+higher than the rest
+
+mass of the electrons,
+which is 1/2 MeV.
+
+So the electron positron pairs
+were still pretty much present
+
+at one second
+after the Big Bang,
+
+but they start to disappear
+pretty much immediately
+
+after that.
+
+One can also write down what
+the temperature itself is.
+
+The temperature is 9.98 times
+10 to the ninth k, divided
+
+by the square root
+of t in seconds.
+
+OK.
+
+The next item we want
+to talk about following
+
+the history of
+the early universe
+
+is recombination and decoupling.
+
+Until the temperature
+fell to about 4,000
+
+Kelvin, the hydrogen in the
+universe, and the universe
+
+was mostly hydrogen, about 20%
+helium and the rest hydrogen,
+
+and until the temperature
+fell to 4,000 Kelvin,
+
+the hydrogen would be ionized.
+
+This is another
+[? stat net ?] calculation
+
+that we're not
+going to be doing.
+
+4,000 degrees is not
+some magic temperature
+
+associated with hydrogen.
+
+The point at which
+the hydrogen ionizers
+
+depends on its density.
+
+But for the densities
+in the early universe,
+
+the ionization point
+is about 4,000 Kelvin.
+
+So at t equals 4,000 Kelvin
+the hydrogen recombines.
+
+Now the word
+recombine has somehow
+
+historically taken hold.
+
+So everybody calls
+it recombination
+
+in spite of the fact that
+according to our theory
+
+it was never combined
+previously at any time.
+
+So the prefix re there has
+absolutely no meaning whatever,
+
+but nonetheless it is
+completely conventional.
+
+OK.
+
+To estimate when
+this happens we can
+
+use an important fact,
+which we haven't said yet.
+
+Because entropy is conserved
+and entropy density
+
+is equal to some
+constant times t cubed,
+
+if entropy is conserved
+then like mass density
+
+in a matter-dominated universe,
+as the universe expands,
+
+the entropy thins out.
+
+And therefore just
+like the mass density
+
+in a matter-dominated
+universe, the density
+
+should go down like 1 over
+a cubed, 1 over the volume.
+
+Now strictly speaking this
+is only true if g is fixed.
+
+Well, actually that's not right.
+
+It's always true.
+
+What I'm about to write next
+is only true if g is fixed.
+
+If g is fixed then
+entropy density
+
+is proportional to
+the temperature cubed.
+
+And if you put
+these together you
+
+could see that t is
+just proportional to 1
+
+over the scale factor.
+
+So as long as little g, as
+long as the number of degrees
+
+of freedom contributing to this
+black-body radiation is fixed,
+
+the temperature just falls
+like 1 over the scale factor.
+
+OK.
+
+OK.
+
+So we said that recombination
+occurs at 4,000 degrees.
+
+There's actually
+another number that's
+
+more interesting,
+which is decoupling,
+
+which is slightly colder.
+
+Now the definitions are that
+recombination is usually
+
+defined as the temperature
+at which half of the hydrogen
+
+has recombined, but some
+significant fraction of it
+
+is still not yet recombined.
+
+It doesn't happen suddenly.
+
+It happens gradually.
+
+So you have to pick
+some point along the way
+
+to say this is the temperature
+that defines the recombination.
+
+Usually take us to
+the halfway point,
+
+which I think is the number
+used to calculate that.
+
+But perhaps of more
+interest is the temperature
+
+at which the photons
+decouple in the sense
+
+that as the photons
+scatter between then
+
+and now, a typical photon
+has not scattered at all.
+
+And that's colder because
+when you cross 4,000 K
+
+you still have half of the
+hydrogen ionized, which
+
+means there's still
+plenty of electrons
+
+around for these photons
+to scatter off of.
+
+So you have to cool to
+a colder temperature
+
+until the photons cease to
+interact with the electron
+
+positrons in any
+significant way.
+
+And that's why
+decoupling temperature
+
+is somewhat lower than
+recombination temperature.
+
+We can estimate at what
+time decoupling happened.
+
+Now this is only
+a crude estimate,
+
+but will in fact
+be pretty accurate.
+
+Since we don't yet even
+know about dark energy,
+
+we're going to estimate the
+evolution of the universe
+
+between the time of decoupling
+and now as being entirely
+
+matter-dominated.
+
+The time of decoupling
+is long after the time
+
+of matter radiation equality.
+
+So the universe is
+matter dominated
+
+at the time of
+decoupling and we're
+
+going to assume it's
+matter dominated up
+
+to the present day.
+
+And that means that we know that
+the scale factor will evolve
+
+like t to the 2/3, and
+therefore the temperature
+
+will evolve, like 1
+over t to the 2/3.
+
+And that will be
+enough to tell us
+
+how much time is needed
+to go from 3,000 Kelvin
+
+to the present
+temperature 2.7 Kelvin.
+
+So the time of decoupling
+making this approximation
+
+is just the ratio
+of the temperatures
+
+t zero over t decoupling,
+to the 3/2 power,
+
+times the time today.
+
+[INAUDIBLE] this
+fraction in the past.
+
+And plugging in numbers
+that's 2.7 over 3,000
+
+to the 3/2 times
+13.8 trillion years.
+
+And that's about 380,000 years.
+
+And this in fact
+this is pretty much
+
+exactly the number that people
+quote when they calculate this
+
+more accurately.
+
+So we really hit it
+just about on the nose.
+
+So the time of decoupling
+was about 400,000 years
+
+after the Big Bang.
+
+And I should add,
+and then we'll stop,
+
+that when we look at the
+cosmic background radiation,
+
+what we are really seeing is an
+image of the universe at this
+
+time, at the time of decoupling,
+because from this time onward
+
+photons have pretty much just
+travelled in straight lines.
+
+And that means that when we
+look at the cosmic background
+
+radiation we're really seeing
+an image of the early universe
+
+in exactly the same way as
+you're seeing an image of me
+
+when you observe the photons
+there traveling from my face
+
+to your eyes along
+straight lines.
+
+It's the same principle.
+
+So this determines
+what we're actually
+
+seeing in the cosmic
+background radiation.
+
+And therefore it's a very,
+very important number.
+
+And we'll stop there now
+and continue next time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/KcI2_r51Eb8.txt b/KcI2_r51Eb8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8dbc767845db213a6418fa0f60b0b4d7dfb014a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/KcI2_r51Eb8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13352 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discussed
+orthonormal bases and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal bases and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal bases and then we
+considered the concrete question of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered the concrete question of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered the concrete question of the
+complex exponentials being an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex exponentials being an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex exponentials being an
+orthonormal basis for l2 of minus pi to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal basis for l2 of minus pi to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal basis for l2 of minus pi to
+pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi
+that fourier series actually converge to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fourier series actually converge to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fourier series actually converge to
+an l2 function in the l2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an l2 function in the l2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an l2 function in the l2
+norm so now let's we're going to go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm so now let's we're going to go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm so now let's we're going to go back
+to a general discussion of hilbert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a general discussion of hilbert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a general discussion of hilbert
+spaces kind of the way the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces kind of the way the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces kind of the way the rest of the
+course will be will be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course will be will be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course will be will be uh
+some general theory followed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some general theory followed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some general theory followed by
+um you know some concrete applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know some concrete applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know some concrete applications
+uh scattered in concrete in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh scattered in concrete in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh scattered in concrete in the sense
+that it just won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it just won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it just won't be
+about general hilbert spaces but about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about general hilbert spaces but about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about general hilbert spaces but about
+maybe specific operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe specific operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe specific operators
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+specific problems we're trying to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific problems we're trying to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific problems we're trying to solve
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we're going to discuss link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to discuss link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to discuss link
+minimizers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizers
+and what do i mean by that i mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i have a closed subspace of a hilbert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have a closed subspace of a hilbert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have a closed subspace of a hilbert
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+um then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then
+you know i could define uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i could define uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i could define uh
+of course so way back when we could then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course so way back when we could then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course so way back when we could then
+define a norm on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a norm on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a norm on
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+h modulo this closed hilbert space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h modulo this closed hilbert space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h modulo this closed hilbert space and
+the norm on that is the infimum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm on that is the infimum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm on that is the infimum of
+the norm of v minus w where w little w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm of v minus w where w little w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm of v minus w where w little w
+is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the
+linear subspace capital w a natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear subspace capital w a natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear subspace capital w a natural
+question is is that in femum is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is is that in femum is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is is that in femum is that
+minimum that minimal distance actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum that minimal distance actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum that minimal distance actually
+achieved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved
+uh by some element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by some element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by some element
+in the subspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the subspace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the subspace
+now the answer uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the answer uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the answer uh
+is in fact yes and it's in fact true for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in fact yes and it's in fact true for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in fact yes and it's in fact true for
+a larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a larger
+um class of subsets of hilbert spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um class of subsets of hilbert spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um class of subsets of hilbert spaces
+than closed subspaces so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than closed subspaces so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than closed subspaces so
+we have the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the following
+suppose c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose c
+is a subset of a hilbert space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of a hilbert space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such that three conditions uh hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that three conditions uh hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that three conditions uh hold
+kind of the silliest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the silliest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the silliest
+c is non-empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c is non-empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c is non-empty
+c is closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the final is that c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final is that c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final is that c
+is what's called convex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means
+the following that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if v1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if v1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if v1
+and v2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and v2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and v2
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+in the subset c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the subset c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the subset c
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+t is in zero one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t is in zero one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t is in zero one
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+tv1 plus 1 minus t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tv1 plus 1 minus t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tv1 plus 1 minus t
+v2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v2
+is in c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in c
+okay so another way of stating this last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so another way of stating this last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so another way of stating this last
+condition is that for any two elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is that for any two elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is that for any two elements
+in c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in c
+the line segment from v1 to v2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line segment from v1 to v2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line segment from v1 to v2 is
+contained in c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained in c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained in c
+right so this is nothing but an element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is nothing but an element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is nothing but an element
+on the line segment joining uh v1 to v2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the line segment joining uh v1 to v2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the line segment joining uh v1 to v2
+okay so here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what would look like a convex set c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would look like a convex set c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would look like a convex set c
+and for every v1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for every v1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for every v1
+v2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v2
+convex meaning the line segment joining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex meaning the line segment joining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex meaning the line segment joining
+them is in there so you wouldn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is in there so you wouldn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is in there so you wouldn't have
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's say you wouldn't have so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+convex and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex and
+so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a
+this picture is not convex because i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture is not convex because i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture is not convex because i
+could take two elements v1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take two elements v1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take two elements v1
+v2 here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v2 here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v2 here and
+the line segment does not stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line segment does not stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line segment does not stay
+in the set c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so if we assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so if we assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so if we assume
+that we have a non-empty closed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have a non-empty closed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have a non-empty closed and
+convex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex
+subset of a hilbert space h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of a hilbert space h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of a hilbert space h
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unique
+element v and c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element v and c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element v and c
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+i should say uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should say uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should say uh
+yeah v and c such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah v and c such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah v and c such that
+v is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v is equal to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+minimum of the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum of the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum of the length
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of u and c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of u and c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of u and c
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we'll see kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we'll see kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we'll see kind of
+you know when we apply this theorem how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when we apply this theorem how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when we apply this theorem how
+such c's pop up uh one of them is like i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such c's pop up uh one of them is like i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such c's pop up uh one of them is like i
+said a minute ago that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said a minute ago that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said a minute ago that
+okay i didn't exactly say it this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i didn't exactly say it this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i didn't exactly say it this way
+but c being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but c being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but c being
+a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so c could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so c could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so c could be
+some fixed vector plus a subspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fixed vector plus a subspace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fixed vector plus a subspace
+meaning the set of all vectors of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning the set of all vectors of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning the set of all vectors of the
+form v plus w where w is in some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspace
+but that's not necessarily the only kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not necessarily the only kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not necessarily the only kind
+we'll come across okay so if we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come across okay so if we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come across okay so if we have a
+closed convex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed convex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed convex
+uh non-empty subset of a hilbert space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh non-empty subset of a hilbert space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh non-empty subset of a hilbert space
+and there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there exists
+a unique minimizer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a unique minimizer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a unique minimizer
+in this subspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this subspace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this subspace
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i
+encourage you to think about if i drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to think about if i drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to think about if i drop
+you know either of these conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know either of these conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know either of these conditions
+whether or not this theorem remains true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not this theorem remains true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not this theorem remains true
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so it's clear you cannot drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's clear you cannot drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's clear you cannot drop
+you know c being closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know c being closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know c being closed
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+you know for example so this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for example so this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for example so this is just
+remark uh you cannot drop the condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark uh you cannot drop the condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark uh you cannot drop the condition
+c close for example let's say you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an open ball in r2 now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um just any point outside the ball okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just any point outside the ball okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just any point outside the ball okay
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+got this backwards let's take c to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this backwards let's take c to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this backwards let's take c to be
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+everything outside the ball so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything outside the ball so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything outside the ball so it's
+neither
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither
+closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed
+nor convex then of course this will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nor convex then of course this will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nor convex then of course this will not
+have a minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a minimum
+length because or or this subset will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length because or or this subset will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length because or or this subset will
+not have a vector that has minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have a vector that has minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have a vector that has minimum
+length because the minimum length will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length because the minimum length will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length because the minimum length will
+want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be
+on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+let's say that's radius one on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that's radius one on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that's radius one on the
+circle of radius one which is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle of radius one which is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle of radius one which is not
+included in the set c okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right and okay so that one's taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and okay so that one's taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and okay so that one's taken
+away you know both conditions that c is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away you know both conditions that c is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away you know both conditions that c is
+closed and convex of course you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed and convex of course you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed and convex of course you can do
+something where it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+convex but not closed for example take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex but not closed for example take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex but not closed for example take a
+square now in r2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square now in r2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square now in r2
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+-1 one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 one
+this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one
+corners at one one and there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners at one one and there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners at one one and there's the
+origin then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin then
+the vector of minimum length will wanna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector of minimum length will wanna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector of minimum length will wanna
+be right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be right here
+at the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the point
+uh zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh zero
+one but that's not in c okay so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but that's not in c okay so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but that's not in c okay so you can
+also show that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also show that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also show that for
+c given by this rectangle missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c given by this rectangle missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c given by this rectangle missing
+a spot it will not have a minimizer okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spot it will not have a minimizer okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spot it will not have a minimizer okay
+and then you can play with this and find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can play with this and find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can play with this and find
+a closed subset that is not convex uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a closed subset that is not convex uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a closed subset that is not convex uh
+that doesn't have a unique minimizer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't have a unique minimizer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't have a unique minimizer
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+you know these conditions are necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these conditions are necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these conditions are necessary
+for this theorem to hold it's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this theorem to hold it's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this theorem to hold it's not just
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh me giving you a lesser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh me giving you a lesser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh me giving you a lesser
+or a theorem that's with assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a theorem that's with assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a theorem that's with assumptions
+that are much stronger than you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are much stronger than you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are much stronger than you need
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+what's uh what's the proof so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's uh what's the proof so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's uh what's the proof so
+um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this
+in femum so let me recall uh just real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in femum so let me recall uh just real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in femum so let me recall uh just real
+quick that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so something let's say a is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so something let's say a is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so something let's say a is equal to
+the enthemum of a set s where s is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enthemum of a set s where s is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enthemum of a set s where s is a
+subset of the real numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of the real numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of the real numbers
+if and only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if
+uh two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two things
+a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is
+a lower bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lower bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lower bound
+for s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for s
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+there exists a sequence s n and s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+s n converged to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s n converged to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s n converged to a
+okay so this should have been covered in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this should have been covered in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this should have been covered in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+let's call this number d so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let d be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let d be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let d be
+the infimum of u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infimum of u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infimum of u
+which we know exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we know exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we know exists
+because uh norms are bounded below by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh norms are bounded below by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh norms are bounded below by
+zero so this set of norms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so this set of norms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so this set of norms
+where u ranges over c is bounded below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where u ranges over c is bounded below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where u ranges over c is bounded below
+by zero so the infimum exists okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by zero so the infimum exists okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by zero so the infimum exists okay so
+let d be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let d be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let d be that
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists
+a sequence u n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence u n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence u n
+of elements in c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of elements in c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of elements in c
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+the norms of these u n's converge to d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i now make the claim that this sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i now make the claim that this sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i now make the claim that this sequence
+what we're trying to do is come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're trying to do is come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're trying to do is come up with
+uh some element in c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some element in c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some element in c
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+achieves this d right so that the norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieves this d right so that the norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieves this d right so that the norm
+of v is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of v is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of v is equal to
+this d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this d
+is uh right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+i now claim that this sequence is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i now claim that this sequence is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i now claim that this sequence is in
+fact cauchy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you'll see how we use you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll see how we use you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll see how we use you know the
+hilbert space uh um structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hilbert space uh um structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hilbert space uh um structure of
+or the inner product structure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the inner product structure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the inner product structure that
+comes with the hilbert space so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes with the hilbert space so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes with the hilbert space so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+we'll just do this the old-fashioned way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just do this the old-fashioned way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just do this the old-fashioned way
+let epsilon be positive we need now need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let epsilon be positive we need now need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let epsilon be positive we need now need
+to find a capital n so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find a capital n so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find a capital n so that the
+difference between u n and u m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between u n and u m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between u n and u m
+is less than epsilon and norm for all n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than epsilon and norm for all n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than epsilon and norm for all n
+and n bigger than or equal to capital n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and n bigger than or equal to capital n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and n bigger than or equal to capital n
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh since the norm of u n is converging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh since the norm of u n is converging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh since the norm of u n is converging
+to d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there exists a natural number in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a natural number in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a natural number in
+such that for all n bigger than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that for all n bigger than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that for all n bigger than or equal
+to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n
+i have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u n squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u n squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u n squared
+is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than
+do d squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do d squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do d squared
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+epsilon squared over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+right so this this thing here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this this thing here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this this thing here is
+converging to two times d squared as n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging to two times d squared as n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging to two times d squared as n
+goes to infinity so i can if i perturb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to infinity so i can if i perturb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to infinity so i can if i perturb
+2d squared by a little bit then since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2d squared by a little bit then since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2d squared by a little bit then since
+this is converging to 2d squared that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is converging to 2d squared that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is converging to 2d squared that
+will be less than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be less than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be less than this
+for insufficiently large okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for insufficiently large okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for insufficiently large okay
+now i claim this one this capital n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i claim this one this capital n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i claim this one this capital n
+works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and for all n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for all n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for all n
+m bigger than or equal to capital n if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m bigger than or equal to capital n if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m bigger than or equal to capital n if i
+take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh the norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the norm
+now i'm going to use this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm going to use this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm going to use this uh
+parallelogram law that i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelogram law that i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelogram law that i have
+for norms uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for norms uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for norms uh
+which you know crucially relies on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you know crucially relies on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you know crucially relies on the
+hilbert space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hilbert space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hilbert space
+property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this i can write as 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this i can write as 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this i can write as 2
+norm u squared plus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm u squared plus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm u squared plus 2
+norm u m squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm u m squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm u m squared
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+4 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 times
+u n plus um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u n plus um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u n plus um
+over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2
+squared okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's the
+point now u n plus u m divided by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point now u n plus u m divided by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point now u n plus u m divided by two
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+if you like t equals a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like t equals a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like t equals a half
+uh in condition c now since u n and u m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in condition c now since u n and u m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in condition c now since u n and u m
+are in c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in c
+u n plus u m over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u n plus u m over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u n plus u m over 2
+is actually is in c as well right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually is in c as well right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually is in c as well right so
+this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing
+is in c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in c
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore
+its norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its norm
+squared is bigger than or equal to d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is bigger than or equal to d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is bigger than or equal to d
+squared so when it gets hit with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so when it gets hit with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so when it gets hit with a
+negative that switches the inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative that switches the inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative that switches the inequality
+this norm squared is less than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this norm squared is less than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this norm squared is less than or equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+uh or minus four this norm squared is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or minus four this norm squared is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or minus four this norm squared is
+less than or equal to minus four d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to minus four d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to minus four d
+squared all right so this is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared all right so this is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared all right so this is less than
+or equal to 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to 2
+u n squared plus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u n squared plus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u n squared plus 2
+u m squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u m squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u m squared
+minus 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 4
+d squared again because d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d squared again because d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d squared again because d
+is a lower bound for the norms of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lower bound for the norms of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lower bound for the norms of all
+elements in c and this element is in c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in c and this element is in c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in c and this element is in c
+okay so and this minus sign flips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so and this minus sign flips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so and this minus sign flips
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+and now based on how we've chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now based on how we've chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now based on how we've chosen
+capital n we've chosen it so that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n we've chosen it so that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n we've chosen it so that we
+have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this
+inequality here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality here
+i get this is less than 2 d squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get this is less than 2 d squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get this is less than 2 d squared
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+epsilon squared over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon squared over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon squared over 2
+from the first one plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the first one plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the first one plus
+2 d squared plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 d squared plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 d squared plus
+epsilon squared over 2 from the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon squared over 2 from the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon squared over 2 from the second
+one and then minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then minus
+d squared from this last one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d squared from this last one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d squared from this last one and
+that equals epsilon squared so for all n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equals epsilon squared so for all n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equals epsilon squared so for all n
+m bigger than or equal to capital n the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m bigger than or equal to capital n the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m bigger than or equal to capital n the
+norm squared of un minus u m is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm squared of un minus u m is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm squared of un minus u m is less
+than epsilon squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than epsilon squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than epsilon squared
+okay and therefore uh that proves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and therefore uh that proves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and therefore uh that proves the
+claim that this sequence is koshy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now since this sequence is koshi and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now since this sequence is koshi and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now since this sequence is koshi and
+we're in a hilbert space a complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in a hilbert space a complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in a hilbert space a complete
+inner product space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product space
+there's a limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such that u n converges to v now c is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that u n converges to v now c is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that u n converges to v now c is
+closed so v is also an h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since c is closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it contains all uh limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it contains all uh limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it contains all uh limits
+all sequential limits so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sequential limits so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sequential limits so
+um c is closed is equivalent to for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um c is closed is equivalent to for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um c is closed is equivalent to for
+every sequence converging to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every sequence converging to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every sequence converging to something
+that something has to be in the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something has to be in the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something has to be in the set
+v is in c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally
+since the u n's converge to v we have v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the u n's converge to v we have v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the u n's converge to v we have v
+norm is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm is equal to
+the limit as n goes to infinity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as n goes to infinity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as n goes to infinity of the
+norms of the u n's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norms of the u n's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norms of the u n's and
+remember where did we come up with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember where did we come up with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember where did we come up with these
+u n's they're supposed to be their norms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u n's they're supposed to be their norms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u n's they're supposed to be their norms
+are supposed to be converging to d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are supposed to be converging to d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are supposed to be converging to d
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so v is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so v is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so v is uh
+an element in c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an element in c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an element in c
+whose norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose norm
+gives me d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me d
+okay now there's one last statement in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now there's one last statement in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now there's one last statement in
+the theorem that v is unique there can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theorem that v is unique there can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theorem that v is unique there can't
+be two of them and it follows from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be two of them and it follows from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be two of them and it follows from a
+similar argument that we made here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar argument that we made here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar argument that we made here
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what we've shown so far is that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've shown so far is that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've shown so far is that there
+exists a b and c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whose norm gives me d now we claim that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose norm gives me d now we claim that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose norm gives me d now we claim that
+there can't be more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose v and v bar are in c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose v and v bar are in c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose v and v bar are in c
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+both of their norms give me d this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of their norms give me d this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of their norms give me d this
+infimum of norms over c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infimum of norms over c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infimum of norms over c
+now i use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i use
+the parallelogram law again i get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parallelogram law again i get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parallelogram law again i get that
+norm of b minus v bar squared this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of b minus v bar squared this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of b minus v bar squared this is
+equal to norm squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to norm squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to norm squared
+of v plus norm of v bar squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with a 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a 2
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 4
+norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm
+v plus v bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now this equals d squared this equals d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this equals d squared this equals d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this equals d squared this equals d
+squared so this combines and give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so this combines and give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so this combines and give me
+gives me four d squared minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me four d squared minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me four d squared minus
+uh the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the same thing
+and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again
+since c is convex and both v and v bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since c is convex and both v and v bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since c is convex and both v and v bar
+are in c that um v bar does not mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in c that um v bar does not mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in c that um v bar does not mean
+complex conjugate it just means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex conjugate it just means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex conjugate it just means
+something other than v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something other than v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something other than v
+so since both of these elements are in c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since both of these elements are in c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since both of these elements are in c
+their midpoint which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their midpoint which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their midpoint which is
+again t equals a half if you like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again t equals a half if you like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again t equals a half if you like in
+condition c for this theorem this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition c for this theorem this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition c for this theorem this is
+also in c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in c
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+since d is the smallest of all the norms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since d is the smallest of all the norms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since d is the smallest of all the norms
+the norm of the norm squared has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm of the norm squared has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm of the norm squared has to be
+bigger than or equal to d squared and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than or equal to d squared and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than or equal to d squared and
+when i hit a minus sign that flips the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i hit a minus sign that flips the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i hit a minus sign that flips the
+inequality so that's less than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality so that's less than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality so that's less than or equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+four d squared minus four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four d squared minus four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four d squared minus four
+d squared equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d squared equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d squared equals zero
+and therefore this norm squared has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore this norm squared has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore this norm squared has to
+be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ie b equals v bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ie b equals v bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ie b equals v bar
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now this simple theorem has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this simple theorem has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this simple theorem has
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+consequences which we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences which we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences which we're gonna
+obtain from it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kind of application of this theorem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of application of this theorem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of application of this theorem is
+going to be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be to
+kind of a way to always decompose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a way to always decompose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a way to always decompose the
+hilbert space if we're given a closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hilbert space if we're given a closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hilbert space if we're given a closed
+linear subspace which you know you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear subspace which you know you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear subspace which you know you're
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+used to if you're working in rn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to if you're working in rn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to if you're working in rn
+or cn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or cn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or cn
+but we haven't touched on yet for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we haven't touched on yet for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we haven't touched on yet for
+hilbert spaces and there's a reason uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hilbert spaces and there's a reason uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hilbert spaces and there's a reason uh
+because we didn't have the technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we didn't have the technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we didn't have the technology
+yet but now um let's discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ortho complements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's see okay i actually spelled it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see okay i actually spelled it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see okay i actually spelled it
+correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when i was at the university of chicago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i was at the university of chicago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i was at the university of chicago
+i sent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i sent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i sent
+my thesis to my advisor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my thesis to my advisor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my thesis to my advisor
+and he had some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he had some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he had some
+questions about you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about you know
+math points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the thesis that i needed to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the thesis that i needed to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the thesis that i needed to make a
+little bit clearer you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit clearer you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit clearer you know
+these weren't big deals math wise but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these weren't big deals math wise but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these weren't big deals math wise but of
+course every time i got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course every time i got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course every time i got a
+email from my advisor with a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email from my advisor with a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email from my advisor with a question
+about my thesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about my thesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about my thesis
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+struck the fear of god in me um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but everything was fine everything was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but everything was fine everything was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but everything was fine everything was
+fixable and then the last comment he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixable and then the last comment he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixable and then the last comment he
+made was uh there was like 50 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made was uh there was like 50 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made was uh there was like 50 times
+throughout the paper that i needed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the paper that i needed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the paper that i needed to
+uh or the thesis that i needed to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or the thesis that i needed to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or the thesis that i needed to change
+complement because i kept spelling it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+complement with the i so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement with the i so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement with the i so
+complement meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement meaning
+you know what's not in there complement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what's not in there complement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what's not in there complement
+is something nice you say and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something nice you say and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something nice you say and
+so you know mistakes get made sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so for the compliments we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for the compliments we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for the compliments we're
+interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have the following if h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a hilbert space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hilbert space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hilbert space
+and w is a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+subspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then the following set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the following set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the following set
+w perp which is equal to the set of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w perp which is equal to the set of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w perp which is equal to the set of all
+u and h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u and h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u and h
+which are orthogonal to everything in w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are orthogonal to everything in w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are orthogonal to everything in w
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+u inner product w equals 0 for all w and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u inner product w equals 0 for all w and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u inner product w equals 0 for all w and
+w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w
+this is a closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subspace of h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspace of h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspace of h
+so that's the first part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if the subspace we started with w is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the subspace we started with w is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the subspace we started with w is
+closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then in fact um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in fact um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in fact um
+we can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can write
+h as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h as
+the direct product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direct product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direct product
+of or the direct sum i'm sorry of w and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of or the direct sum i'm sorry of w and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of or the direct sum i'm sorry of w and
+it's orthogonal complement what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's orthogonal complement what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's orthogonal complement what does
+this mean again i'll recall from linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mean again i'll recall from linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mean again i'll recall from linear
+algebra what this means i.e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+make sure i don't leave anything out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure i don't leave anything out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure i don't leave anything out
+i.e for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i.e for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i.e for all
+u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u
+and h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and h
+there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique
+w and w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+w perp and w perp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w perp and w perp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w perp and w perp
+little w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such that uh u is equal to w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that uh u is equal to w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that uh u is equal to w
+plus w perp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus w perp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus w perp
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+simple to show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple to show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple to show that
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+w perp is a subspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of h
+what i have to check is that linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i have to check is that linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i have to check is that linear
+combinations of elements of w perp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of elements of w perp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of elements of w perp
+remain in w perp but this is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain in w perp but this is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain in w perp but this is kind of
+clear if u inner product w one is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear if u inner product w one is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear if u inner product w one is equal
+to zero for all u and a in capital w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero for all u and a in capital w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero for all u and a in capital w
+uh no no backwards uh if u one inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh no no backwards uh if u one inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh no no backwards uh if u one inner
+product w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product w
+is equal to zero for all w and capital w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to zero for all w and capital w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to zero for all w and capital w
+and u two inner product w is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and u two inner product w is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and u two inner product w is equal to
+zero for all w and capital w then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for all w and capital w then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for all w and capital w then uh
+finite lin the linear combination of u1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite lin the linear combination of u1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite lin the linear combination of u1
+and u2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and u2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and u2
+will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be
+orthogonal to w for all little w and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to w for all little w and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to w for all little w and
+capital w so that's uh pretty easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital w so that's uh pretty easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital w so that's uh pretty easy to
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+why it's a subspace and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the only thing these two subspaces have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing these two subspaces have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing these two subspaces have
+in common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in common
+is a zero vector right because if i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a zero vector right because if i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a zero vector right because if i have
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+in w and w perp then it must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in w and w perp then it must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in w and w perp then it must be
+orthogonal to itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to itself
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and one of the conditions that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the conditions that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the conditions that we have
+for an inner product is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an inner product is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an inner product is that it's
+positive definite if i have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite if i have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite if i have something
+orthogonal to itself it has to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to itself it has to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to itself it has to be the
+zero vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero vector
+okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's
+you know why we get these uh fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know why we get these uh fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know why we get these uh fairly
+quickly why is w perp um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly why is w perp um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly why is w perp um
+why is this closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this closed
+uh this follows from the continuity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this follows from the continuity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this follows from the continuity of
+the inner product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inner product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inner product
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+w purpose closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let
+u n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u n
+be a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in w perp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+u and h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u and h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u and h
+such that u n converges to u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that u n converges to u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that u n converges to u
+so w purpose close if we show that u is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so w purpose close if we show that u is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so w purpose close if we show that u is
+in fact in w perp right that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact in w perp right that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact in w perp right that's the
+condition of uh a subset of a metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition of uh a subset of a metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition of uh a subset of a metric
+space being closed right it's closed i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space being closed right it's closed i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space being closed right it's closed i
+mean there's several different ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean there's several different ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean there's several different ways to
+phrase this but most useful one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase this but most useful one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase this but most useful one is
+often that a subset is closed if and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often that a subset is closed if and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often that a subset is closed if and
+only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if
+it's closed under taking sequential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's closed under taking sequential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's closed under taking sequential
+limits every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits every
+limit of a sequence is contained in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of a sequence is contained in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of a sequence is contained in the
+set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set
+um okay so we need to verify that if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so we need to verify that if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so we need to verify that if i
+have a sequence of elements in w perp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a sequence of elements in w perp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a sequence of elements in w perp
+converging to something then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging to something then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging to something then that
+something has to be in c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something has to be in c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something has to be in c
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+now let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let
+little w being capital w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little w being capital w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little w being capital w
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+the inner product of this limit u with w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inner product of this limit u with w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inner product of this limit u with w
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+continuity of the inner product since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity of the inner product since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity of the inner product since
+the u n's are converging to u this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u n's are converging to u this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u n's are converging to u this is
+equal to the inner product of u n with w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the inner product of u n with w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the inner product of u n with w
+uh taking the limit and all of these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh taking the limit and all of these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh taking the limit and all of these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all n so this equals 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore
+this inner product is 0 for all w and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inner product is 0 for all w and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inner product is 0 for all w and
+capital w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital w
+but this is the condition that u is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+w perp thus u is closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's do the second part so maybe i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do the second part so maybe i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do the second part so maybe i
+should have numbered these one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have numbered these one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have numbered these one
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+so this is a proof of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a proof of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a proof of one
+so now we're on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're on to
+proof of the statement two if w is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of the statement two if w is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of the statement two if w is
+closed then uh h is equal to the direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed then uh h is equal to the direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed then uh h is equal to the direct
+product of w and w perp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now suppose w is closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+if w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if w
+is just the entire hilbert space then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the entire hilbert space then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the entire hilbert space then
+clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the only thing orthogonal to everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing orthogonal to everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing orthogonal to everything
+is the zero vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the
+decomposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trivially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's assume w is not the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's assume w is not the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's assume w is not the entire
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+is not the entire space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now we actually have something to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we actually have something to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we actually have something to
+check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check
+let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+u be an h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u be an h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u be an h
+take away w i should i can't remember if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take away w i should i can't remember if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take away w i should i can't remember if
+the backslash goes that way or that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the backslash goes that way or that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the backslash goes that way or that way
+i don't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't mean
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+h modulo w i mean h take away the set w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let's define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+set c to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set c to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set c to be
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+maybe it looks like i'm just lying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it looks like i'm just lying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it looks like i'm just lying to
+you about not having to deal with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about not having to deal with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about not having to deal with the
+h mod w but in any case the actual set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h mod w but in any case the actual set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h mod w but in any case the actual set
+u plus capital w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u plus capital w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u plus capital w
+meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning
+set u plus little w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set u plus little w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set u plus little w
+little w in capital w okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so just this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now i claim that c is so first off c is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i claim that c is so first off c is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i claim that c is so first off c is
+clearly non-empty it contains uh u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly non-empty it contains uh u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly non-empty it contains uh u
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's not empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not empty
+i claim it's also closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i claim it's also closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i claim it's also closed
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+well first let's do the easier bit that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first let's do the easier bit that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first let's do the easier bit that
+it's convex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+convex since if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+u plus w1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u plus w1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u plus w1
+is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in
+c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c
+u plus w 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u plus w 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u plus w 2
+is in c so these are two elements now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in c so these are two elements now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in c so these are two elements now in
+c that they're of the form u plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c that they're of the form u plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c that they're of the form u plus
+an element of capital w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+w one w two or in capital w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w one w two or in capital w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w one w two or in capital w
+and t is between 0 and 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and t is between 0 and 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and t is between 0 and 1
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+t times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t times
+u plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u plus
+w one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w one
+plus one minus t times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one minus t times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one minus t times
+u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+w two this equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w two this equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w two this equals
+t times u plus one minus t times u just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t times u plus one minus t times u just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t times u plus one minus t times u just
+gives me back u plus t w one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me back u plus t w one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me back u plus t w one
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+one minus t w two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus t w two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus t w two
+and now you note that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you note that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you note that
+w one and w two they're part of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w one and w two they're part of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w one and w two they're part of a
+uh their elements in a subspace capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh their elements in a subspace capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh their elements in a subspace capital
+w and therefore this linear combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w and therefore this linear combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w and therefore this linear combination
+of them is also in w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so therefore u plus this element is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore u plus this element is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore u plus this element is
+in c which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in c which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in c which is
+all elements of the form u plus w for w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all elements of the form u plus w for w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all elements of the form u plus w for w
+and capital w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and capital w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and capital w
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so c is convex now let's just show um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so c is convex now let's just show um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so c is convex now let's just show um
+c is closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why
+why is c closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+u plus w n so this is a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u plus w n so this is a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u plus w n so this is a sequence of
+elements uh in c so each of these is nc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements uh in c so each of these is nc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements uh in c so each of these is nc
+converges to an element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to an element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to an element
+uh let's call it v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's call it v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's call it v
+in h we want to show that v is in c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i want to show v is in c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to show v is in c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to show v is in c
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh u plus w n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh u plus w n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh u plus w n
+converging to v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging to v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging to v
+implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that
+w n converges to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w n converges to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w n converges to
+v minus u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v minus u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v minus u
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since
+wn is coming from a closed subspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wn is coming from a closed subspace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wn is coming from a closed subspace
+remember this is this is actually where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is this is actually where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is this is actually where
+we're using the fact that w is closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using the fact that w is closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using the fact that w is closed
+so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this
+implies since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies since
+w is closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+v minus u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v minus u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v minus u
+is in w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and since v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since v
+is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in
+uh since v minus u is in w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this implies that v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies that v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies that v
+is equal to u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to u
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+uh some element w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some element w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some element w
+with w and capital w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with w and capital w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with w and capital w
+ie v is in c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ie v is in c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ie v is in c
+right again capital c is the set of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right again capital c is the set of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right again capital c is the set of all
+elements of the form little u plus uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of the form little u plus uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of the form little u plus uh
+something from capital w okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something from capital w okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something from capital w okay so
+we've shown that if we have a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've shown that if we have a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've shown that if we have a sequence
+converging to an element in h then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging to an element in h then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging to an element in h then that
+limit must be in the set so c is closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so let me draw a picture now of what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me draw a picture now of what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me draw a picture now of what's
+going on let's imagine that w uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on let's imagine that w uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on let's imagine that w uh the
+subspace w is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so imagine uh h is r2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so imagine uh h is r2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so imagine uh h is r2
+and w is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and w is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and w is just
+the x-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x-axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x-axis
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+this vector here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vector here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vector here
+u plus w is now the horizontal line that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u plus w is now the horizontal line that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u plus w is now the horizontal line that
+goes through this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is u plus w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is u plus w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is u plus w
+this is let's just call it c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is let's just call it c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is let's just call it c
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+we have the set c we have w we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the set c we have w we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the set c we have w we would
+like to break up u into an element which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to break up u into an element which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to break up u into an element which
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+you know parallel to w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know parallel to w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know parallel to w
+and something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and something that's
+perpendicular to w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to w
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+based on this picture what does uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on this picture what does uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on this picture what does uh
+let's call this element v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call this element v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call this element v
+this is not the same v from before so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+new v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+we would like for this v to be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would like for this v to be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would like for this v to be uh
+perpendicular to c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to c
+and based on this picture what would it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and based on this picture what would it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and based on this picture what would it
+satisfy it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy it would be
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the element of c of minimal length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the element of c of minimal length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the element of c of minimal length
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+right so that's how we'll define v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's how we'll define v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's how we'll define v
+or if you like uh that's the that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you like uh that's the that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you like uh that's the that's the
+element that's the w perp it'll end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element that's the w perp it'll end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element that's the w perp it'll end up
+being the perpendicular part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the perpendicular part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the perpendicular part
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+since c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since c
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+convex um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex um
+exists a unique element v and c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists a unique element v and c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists a unique element v and c
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+norm of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of v
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the infimum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infimum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infimum of
+all elements the norms of the elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all elements the norms of the elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all elements the norms of the elements
+and c but i'll write it a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and c but i'll write it a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and c but i'll write it a slightly
+different way w and capital w of norm of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way w and capital w of norm of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way w and capital w of norm of
+u plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u plus
+w right because this is all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w right because this is all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w right because this is all of the
+elements in c coming this way so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in c coming this way so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in c coming this way so this is
+the way this this norm of e is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or the way this infimum can be written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+i've identified a candidate for the part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've identified a candidate for the part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've identified a candidate for the part
+that will be orthogonal and then simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be orthogonal and then simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be orthogonal and then simply
+u minus v will be the part that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u minus v will be the part that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u minus v will be the part that's
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+in c hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in c hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in c hopefully
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and let's check this okay so claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's check this okay so claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's check this okay so claim
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so first off let's let's note a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first off let's let's note a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first off let's let's note a simple
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+note that b and c implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that b and c implies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that b and c implies that
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+u minus v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u minus v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u minus v
+is in w right v is of the form u plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in w right v is of the form u plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in w right v is of the form u plus
+little w so u minus that has to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little w so u minus that has to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little w so u minus that has to be an
+element of w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of w
+and we have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have that
+u is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u is equal to
+u minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u minus
+v plus v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v plus v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v plus v
+so this would be the element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be the element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be the element
+of w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of w
+and we hope to show that this element is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we hope to show that this element is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we hope to show that this element is
+in w perp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in w perp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in w perp
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um
+so now we claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+little w is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little w is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little w is
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+in is in capital w part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in is in capital w part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in is in capital w part
+now how we do this is what's called i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how we do this is what's called i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how we do this is what's called i
+guess uh variational argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess uh variational argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess uh variational argument
+or euler lagrange equations uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or euler lagrange equations uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or euler lagrange equations uh
+argument but in any case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument but in any case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument but in any case
+something is the enthemum of this if and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is the enthemum of this if and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is the enthemum of this if and
+only if v satisfies certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if v satisfies certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if v satisfies certain
+equations okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations okay
+um or not if and only if but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or not if and only if but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or not if and only if but
+v being the enthemum of this implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v being the enthemum of this implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v being the enthemum of this implies
+that v satisfies certain equations if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that v satisfies certain equations if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that v satisfies certain equations if
+you've taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've taken
+classical mechanics those equations end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical mechanics those equations end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical mechanics those equations end
+up being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up being
+the euler lagrange equations but anyways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the euler lagrange equations but anyways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the euler lagrange equations but anyways
+i claim v is perpendicular is in w perp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i claim v is perpendicular is in w perp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i claim v is perpendicular is in w perp
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+a w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a w
+being capital w we want to show v inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being capital w we want to show v inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being capital w we want to show v inner
+product w equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let f of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let f of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let f of t
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+the norm of u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+norm of sorry v plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of sorry v plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of sorry v plus
+t w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t w
+squared which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared which
+this is just a polynomial in t this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a polynomial in t this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a polynomial in t this is
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+norm v squared plus t squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm v squared plus t squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm v squared plus t squared
+norm w squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm w squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm w squared
+plus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2
+real part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part of
+2t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2t
+real part v w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part v w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part v w
+so it's just a polynomial now what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's just a polynomial now what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's just a polynomial now what do we
+know um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then f of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+a minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minimum
+at t equals zero right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at t equals zero right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at t equals zero right because
+every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every
+for each t this is an element of capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each t this is an element of capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each t this is an element of capital
+c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c
+right and the norm of everything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the norm of everything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the norm of everything in
+capital c is minimized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital c is minimized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital c is minimized
+exactly at v which is t equals sub uh t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly at v which is t equals sub uh t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly at v which is t equals sub uh t
+equals zero okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero okay so
+this has a minimum at t equals 0 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has a minimum at t equals 0 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has a minimum at t equals 0 which
+implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies
+f prime evaluated at t equals 0 is 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f prime evaluated at t equals 0 is 0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f prime evaluated at t equals 0 is 0.
+and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore
+if i take the derivative of f prime of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take the derivative of f prime of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take the derivative of f prime of t
+and set t equals to zero then i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and set t equals to zero then i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and set t equals to zero then i just
+pick up twice the real part of v w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up twice the real part of v w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up twice the real part of v w
+uh equaling zero and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh equaling zero and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh equaling zero and therefore
+i get real part of v w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get real part of v w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get real part of v w
+equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so i got that the real part of the inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i got that the real part of the inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i got that the real part of the inner
+product is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is zero
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+now it's not uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+what we can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can do is
+then repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the previous argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+i w i times w in place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of w to get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of w to get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of w to get that
+the real part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real part
+of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of v
+inner product iw which is equal to in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product iw which is equal to in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product iw which is equal to in
+fact the imaginary part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the imaginary part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the imaginary part
+of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of v
+w equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w equals zero
+and therefore uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore uh
+uh the inner product of v with w is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the inner product of v with w is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the inner product of v with w is zero
+since it's real part and imaginary part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it's real part and imaginary part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it's real part and imaginary part
+equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero
+and therefore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the
+w equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w equals 0
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in
+the orthogonal complement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+v is in the orthogonal complement and u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v is in the orthogonal complement and u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v is in the orthogonal complement and u
+can be written as something in w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus something in in w perp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus something in in w perp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus something in in w perp
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now why is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why is this
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's
+take just two seconds to say why this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take just two seconds to say why this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take just two seconds to say why this
+decomposition is unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition is unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition is unique
+unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique
+because the only thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the only thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the only thing
+the two subspaces have in common is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two subspaces have in common is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two subspaces have in common is the
+zero vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i have u is equal to two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have u is equal to two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have u is equal to two different
+decompositions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompositions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompositions
+w1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w1
+plus w1 perp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus w1 perp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus w1 perp
+equals w2 plus w2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals w2 plus w2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals w2 plus w2
+perp where each of these is in capital w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perp where each of these is in capital w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perp where each of these is in capital w
+each of these is in the orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these is in the orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these is in the orthogonal
+complement of capital w i keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement of capital w i keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement of capital w i keep
+i didn't say i actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't say i actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't say i actually
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that's the terminology i'm using but w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the terminology i'm using but w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the terminology i'm using but w
+perp i'll you know called the orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perp i'll you know called the orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perp i'll you know called the orthogonal
+complement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+then this implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this implies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this implies that
+w2 minus w1 is equal to w1 perp minus w2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w2 minus w1 is equal to w1 perp minus w2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w2 minus w1 is equal to w1 perp minus w2
+perp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perp
+and this is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is in
+w this is in w perp and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w this is in w perp and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w this is in w perp and therefore
+since the only thing in w and w purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the only thing in w and w purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the only thing in w and w purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that implies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that implies that
+the left and right side have to be 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left and right side have to be 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left and right side have to be 0 and
+therefore w equals w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore w equals w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore w equals w
+1. w1 part equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1. w1 part equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1. w1 part equals
+w2 part and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w2 part and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w2 part and
+that gives us the uniqueness of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us the uniqueness of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us the uniqueness of the
+decomposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so it's in the assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but i should say the optional assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i should say the optional assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i should say the optional assignment
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+so i have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have a
+a subspace w i can take its orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subspace w i can take its orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subspace w i can take its orthogonal
+complement if it's closed then h is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement if it's closed then h is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement if it's closed then h is
+equal to w plus w perp but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to w plus w perp but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to w plus w perp but
+if i just have uh an arbitrary subspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i just have uh an arbitrary subspace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i just have uh an arbitrary subspace
+and i take its orthogonal complement i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i take its orthogonal complement i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i take its orthogonal complement i
+can then take the orthogonal complement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then take the orthogonal complement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then take the orthogonal complement
+of that what do i get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that what do i get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that what do i get
+well the orthogonal complement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the orthogonal complement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the orthogonal complement of
+a set is always closed so i may not get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set is always closed so i may not get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set is always closed so i may not get
+back the actual subspace again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back the actual subspace again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back the actual subspace again
+but i will get back its closure so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i will get back its closure so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i will get back its closure so the
+closure of w which you can check is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closure of w which you can check is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closure of w which you can check is
+again a subspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a subspace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a subspace
+is equal to the orthogonal complement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the orthogonal complement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the orthogonal complement of
+the orthogonal complement so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orthogonal complement so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orthogonal complement so in
+particular if w is closed then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular if w is closed then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular if w is closed then the
+orthogonal complement of the orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal complement of the orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal complement of the orthogonal
+complement is the set again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement is the set again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement is the set again
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so this is in the optional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is in the optional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is in the optional
+subspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the optional assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from the last week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now
+given a closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a closed
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+linear subspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear subspace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear subspace
+i can define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can define
+an operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an operator
+maybe it's so let's just call it a map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's so let's just call it a map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's so let's just call it a map
+for now that takes a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now that takes a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now that takes a vector
+u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and spits out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spits out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spits out
+let's say the part that's in capital w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say the part that's in capital w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say the part that's in capital w
+it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's
+w part okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w part okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w part okay
+now what kind of operator is that or i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what kind of operator is that or i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what kind of operator is that or i
+could have said uh it takes an element u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have said uh it takes an element u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have said uh it takes an element u
+and spits out uh the part that's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spits out uh the part that's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spits out uh the part that's in
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+orthogonal complement of capital w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal complement of capital w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal complement of capital w
+what kind of up map is that part or is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of up map is that part or is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of up map is that part or is
+that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so
+there's a very special name for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so of course in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of course in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of course in in
+you know in r2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in r2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in r2
+if i have an element u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so
+let's say w is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say w is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say w is
+the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x
+axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis
+w perp would then be the y-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w perp would then be the y-axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w perp would then be the y-axis
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be
+the part that's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part that's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part that's in
+w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w
+this vector would be the part that's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vector would be the part that's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vector would be the part that's in
+w perp now what exactly is uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w perp now what exactly is uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w perp now what exactly is uh this
+usually called at least going back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually called at least going back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually called at least going back to
+your calculus days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your calculus days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your calculus days
+uh usually refer to it as the projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh usually refer to it as the projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh usually refer to it as the projection
+of you onto capital onto the let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you onto capital onto the let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you onto capital onto the let's say
+x-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but that name has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that name has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that name has
+or that word has a very specific meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that word has a very specific meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that word has a very specific meaning
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+and then we'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll show
+that what i was just discussing you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what i was just discussing you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what i was just discussing you know
+taking u to its its w part or its w part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking u to its its w part or its w part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking u to its its w part or its w part
+part is in fact uh a projection so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is in fact uh a projection so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is in fact uh a projection so
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operator p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+going from h to h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from h to h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from h to h
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+p squared equals p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p squared equals p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p squared equals p
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is a new bit of terminology so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a new bit of terminology so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a new bit of terminology so
+for example to you know it doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example to you know it doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example to you know it doesn't have
+to exactly look like this or come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to exactly look like this or come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to exactly look like this or come from
+you know this way i was describing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this way i was describing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this way i was describing of
+obtaining a map from h to w or w perp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtaining a map from h to w or w perp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtaining a map from h to w or w perp
+that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not
+the definition of a projection the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of a projection the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of a projection the
+definition of a projection is this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a projection is this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a projection is this so
+for example taking everything to zero is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example taking everything to zero is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example taking everything to zero is
+certainly a projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which i guess you could think of as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i guess you could think of as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i guess you could think of as
+projecting onto the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projecting onto the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projecting onto the
+subspace consisting only of zero but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh
+i want to say is that in fact the map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to say is that in fact the map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to say is that in fact the map
+that we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we just
+i just kind of outlined is in fact a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just kind of outlined is in fact a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just kind of outlined is in fact a
+projection as defined here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let h be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hilbert space as usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so then by the previous theorem we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then by the previous theorem we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then by the previous theorem we have
+h is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h is equal to
+the direct sum of w and its orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direct sum of w and its orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direct sum of w and its orthogonal
+complement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the map
+pi sub w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi sub w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi sub w
+going from h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from h
+to h given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+defined by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following if v is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following if v is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following if v is equal to
+w plus w perp so i take a an element in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w plus w perp so i take a an element in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w plus w perp so i take a an element in
+the hilbert space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hilbert space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hilbert space
+decompose it as a part that's in w and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompose it as a part that's in w and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompose it as a part that's in w and
+is a part that's in w perp then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of
+this map evaluated on v is just w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is a projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we need to show that it is a bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we need to show that it is a bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we need to show that it is a bounded
+linear operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear operator
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+it's square gives you back the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's square gives you back the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's square gives you back the original
+map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so first let's show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first let's show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first let's show
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+this map is linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so first claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first claim
+is that pi is linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if i have v1 is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i have v1 is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i have v1 is equal to
+w1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w1 plus
+w1 perp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w1 perp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w1 perp
+v2 is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v2 is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v2 is equal to
+w2 plus w2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w2 plus w2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w2 plus w2
+perp and i have two scalars lambda 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perp and i have two scalars lambda 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perp and i have two scalars lambda 1
+lambda 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 2
+complex numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then lambda 1 times v 1 plus lambda 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then lambda 1 times v 1 plus lambda 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then lambda 1 times v 1 plus lambda 2
+v 2 this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v 2 this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v 2 this is equal to
+multiplying out and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+combining this is equal to lambda 2 w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining this is equal to lambda 2 w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining this is equal to lambda 2 w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus lambda 1 w 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus lambda 1 w 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus lambda 1 w 1
+plus lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus lambda
+2 times w2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 times w2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 times w2
+perp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perp
+okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now
+since w1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since w1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since w1
+and w2 are in w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and w2 are in w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and w2 are in w
+this linear combination of them is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this linear combination of them is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this linear combination of them is also
+in w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+and this is uh this part also since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is uh this part also since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is uh this part also since
+that's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the orthogonal complement of w and so is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orthogonal complement of w and so is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orthogonal complement of w and so is
+that their linear combination is also in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that their linear combination is also in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that their linear combination is also in
+orthogonal complement so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+decomposition of this linear combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition of this linear combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition of this linear combination
+of v1 and v2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of v1 and v2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of v1 and v2
+is a linear combination of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a linear combination of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a linear combination of the
+decompositions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompositions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompositions
+okay and therefore by how we define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and therefore by how we define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and therefore by how we define
+this map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as the part that's in w this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the part that's in w this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the part that's in w this is equal to
+lambda 1 w1 plus lambda 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 1 w1 plus lambda 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 1 w1 plus lambda 2
+w2 and w1 that's just pi sub w that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w2 and w1 that's just pi sub w that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w2 and w1 that's just pi sub w that's
+just projection i'm calling it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just projection i'm calling it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just projection i'm calling it
+projection although i improved it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection although i improved it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection although i improved it that
+proved that yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved that yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved that yet
+this thing applied to v1 and w2 is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing applied to v1 and w2 is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing applied to v1 and w2 is this
+thing applied to v2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing applied to v2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing applied to v2
+right by definition this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right by definition this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right by definition this is
+pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+w2 is pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by definition so this is equal to lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by definition so this is equal to lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by definition so this is equal to lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+b1 plus lambda 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+v2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v2
+okay and therefore this map is linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so it's linear why is it bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+t is or pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bounded
+v is equal to w plus w perp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v is equal to w plus w perp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v is equal to w plus w perp
+w is again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w is again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w is again
+equal to pi of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then because these two things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then because these two things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then because these two things are
+orthogonal i get that norm of v squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal i get that norm of v squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal i get that norm of v squared
+is equal to norm of w plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to norm of w plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to norm of w plus
+w perp squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w perp squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w perp squared
+and now what do i pick up i pick up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now what do i pick up i pick up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now what do i pick up i pick up the
+norm of w squared plus norm of w perp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of w squared plus norm of w perp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of w squared plus norm of w perp
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+plus two times the real part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus two times the real part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus two times the real part of the
+inner product of w w perp but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product of w w perp but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product of w w perp but that's
+zero so i just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some of the norms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the norms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the norms
+and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's
+bigger than or equal or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than or equal or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than or equal or
+since it's a sum of two non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it's a sum of two non-negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it's a sum of two non-negative
+things that's bigger than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that's bigger than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that's bigger than or equal to
+one of them which is w squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them which is w squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them which is w squared
+or rephrasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or rephrasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or rephrasing
+since w is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pi applied to v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi applied to v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi applied to v
+i've said that this is less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've said that this is less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've said that this is less than or
+equal to the norm of v so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pi is a bounded linear operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi is a bounded linear operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi is a bounded linear operator
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in fact what we've shown is that its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact what we've shown is that its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact what we've shown is that its
+norm is less than or equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm is less than or equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm is less than or equal to one
+okay and finally so the last piece uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and finally so the last piece uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and finally so the last piece uh
+that we need to check is that pi squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to check is that pi squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to check is that pi squared
+equals pi but that's pretty easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals pi but that's pretty easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals pi but that's pretty easy to
+check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+simply note that if v is equal to w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply note that if v is equal to w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply note that if v is equal to w
+plus w perp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus w perp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus w perp
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i need to check that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i need to check that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i need to check that i
+get pi w of v again so this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get pi w of v again so this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get pi w of v again so this is equal to
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the part of this that's in w now this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part of this that's in w now this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part of this that's in w now this is
+equal to w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to w
+little w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little w
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+again this picks out the part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this picks out the part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this picks out the part of the
+element in here that's in capital w but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in here that's in capital w but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in here that's in capital w but
+this is in capital w so this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in capital w so this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in capital w so this is just
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w
+and this is by definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is by definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is by definition
+again equal to pi of v so we've shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again equal to pi of v so we've shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again equal to pi of v so we've shown
+that pi squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pi squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pi squared
+of v equals pi of e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so one last uh application will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so one last uh application will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so one last uh application will do
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+minimizers which is probably the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizers which is probably the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizers which is probably the most
+important application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which one could prove for separable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one could prove for separable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one could prove for separable
+hilbert spaces based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hilbert spaces based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hilbert spaces based on
+what we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and have done so far but this proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have done so far but this proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have done so far but this proof
+works also for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+non-separable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-separable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-separable
+hilbert spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hilbert spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hilbert spaces
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+okay so what is the serum i'm referring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what is the serum i'm referring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what is the serum i'm referring
+to is probably one of the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to is probably one of the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to is probably one of the most important
+theorems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems
+in all of this business it's the reese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all of this business it's the reese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all of this business it's the reese
+representation theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the only category theory i know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the only category theory i know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the only category theory i know
+is the bear category theorem the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the bear category theorem the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the bear category theorem the only
+representation theory i remember is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation theory i remember is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation theory i remember is a
+wreath representation theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wreath representation theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wreath representation theorem
+which tells us we can identify a hilbert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tells us we can identify a hilbert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tells us we can identify a hilbert
+space the duel of a hilbert space with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space the duel of a hilbert space with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space the duel of a hilbert space with
+the hilbert space itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hilbert space itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hilbert space itself
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if h is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if h is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if h is
+a hilbert space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+for all f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all f
+in the dual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a unique
+element v and h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element v and h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element v and h
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f of u so this is the element in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of u so this is the element in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of u so this is the element in the
+dual meaning it takes u to a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dual meaning it takes u to a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dual meaning it takes u to a complex
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+and is linear in u you can write it as u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is linear in u you can write it as u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is linear in u you can write it as u
+inner product with this element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product with this element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product with this element
+uh v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh v
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so every element of the dual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so every element of the dual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so every element of the dual
+can be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+realized as the inner product with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized as the inner product with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized as the inner product with a
+vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+okay now we saw this in a certain form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we saw this in a certain form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we saw this in a certain form
+already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+and i think it was maybe the first or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think it was maybe the first or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think it was maybe the first or
+second assignment when you computed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second assignment when you computed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second assignment when you computed
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+or proved that the dual space of little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or proved that the dual space of little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or proved that the dual space of little
+lp is little lq
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lp is little lq
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lp is little lq
+where one over p plus one over q equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where one over p plus one over q equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where one over p plus one over q equals
+one when p equals two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one when p equals two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one when p equals two
+uh q is two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh q is two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh q is two
+so you saw that the dual space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you saw that the dual space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you saw that the dual space
+could be identified with itself uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be identified with itself uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be identified with itself uh uh
+when we're looking at little l two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're looking at little l two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're looking at little l two
+which is the only hilbert space out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the only hilbert space out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the only hilbert space out of
+all the little lps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+remember how we proved that little lq
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember how we proved that little lq
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember how we proved that little lq
+was dual to little lp was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was dual to little lp was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was dual to little lp was
+via pairing between the two which uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via pairing between the two which uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via pairing between the two which uh
+um you know specifically was the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know specifically was the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know specifically was the sum of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences
+multiplied entry by entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied entry by entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied entry by entry
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now so this theorem says that wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now so this theorem says that wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now so this theorem says that wasn't
+a fluke this is in fact true for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fluke this is in fact true for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fluke this is in fact true for every
+hilbert space that the dual can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hilbert space that the dual can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hilbert space that the dual can be
+identified with the space itself in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified with the space itself in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified with the space itself in in
+sort of this canonical way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of this canonical way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of this canonical way
+where every element of the dual can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where every element of the dual can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where every element of the dual can be
+realized as taking the inner product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized as taking the inner product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized as taking the inner product
+with a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a vector
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so for the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for the proof
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first off we note that v is unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first off we note that v is unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first off we note that v is unique
+if such a v exists it's unique since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if such a v exists it's unique since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if such a v exists it's unique since
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+f of u is equal to u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of u is equal to u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of u is equal to u
+inner product v is equal to u inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product v is equal to u inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product v is equal to u inner
+product the tilde for all u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+u inner product v minus v tilde equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u inner product v minus v tilde equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u inner product v minus v tilde equals 0
+for all u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all u
+in h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in h
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+by setting u equal to v minus v tilde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by setting u equal to v minus v tilde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by setting u equal to v minus v tilde
+tells me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me
+v equals v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v equals v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v equals v
+tilde all right so all we need to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilde all right so all we need to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilde all right so all we need to do is
+come up with given a uh element of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with given a uh element of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with given a uh element of the
+dual come up with a vector that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dual come up with a vector that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dual come up with a vector that
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+whenever i stick in a u into the dual uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever i stick in a u into the dual uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever i stick in a u into the dual uh
+vector i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector i
+it's equal to this inner product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's equal to this inner product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's equal to this inner product
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay so the easiest case to deal with is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the easiest case to deal with is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the easiest case to deal with is
+of course f equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in other words it maps u to zero no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words it maps u to zero no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words it maps u to zero no
+matter what u is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what u is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what u is
+we just choose this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just choose this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just choose this
+vector that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector that uh
+we just choose this vector v to be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just choose this vector v to be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just choose this vector v to be zero
+then we'll always have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll always have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll always have
+f of u equal to u inner product with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of u equal to u inner product with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of u equal to u inner product with the
+zero vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero vector
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so suppose now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f does not equal 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then there exists let's say a u1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there exists let's say a u1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there exists let's say a u1
+and h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such that f of u1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that f of u1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that f of u1
+does not equal 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not equal 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not equal 0
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+if i take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+u naught to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u naught to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u naught to be
+u1 over f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u1 over f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u1 over f of
+u1 this implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u1 this implies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u1 this implies that
+f of u not equals one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of u not equals one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of u not equals one
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+let uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c
+be the set of all elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the set of all elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the set of all elements
+u and h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u and h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u and h
+which give me one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which give me one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which give me one
+when i stick it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i stick it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i stick it into
+f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now this set is not empty because i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this set is not empty because i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this set is not empty because i just
+gave you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you
+an element that when i stick it into f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an element that when i stick it into f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an element that when i stick it into f
+gives me one okay so this is non-empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me one okay so this is non-empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me one okay so this is non-empty
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and what is this actually this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is this actually this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is this actually this is the
+inverse image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse image
+of the singleton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+in the set of complex numbers now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the set of complex numbers now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the set of complex numbers now a
+singleton is a closed set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singleton is a closed set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singleton is a closed set
+f is a continuous function right an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is a continuous function right an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is a continuous function right an
+element of the dual is a bounded linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of the dual is a bounded linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of the dual is a bounded linear
+map a bounded linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map a bounded linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map a bounded linear
+map from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map from the
+hilbert space to the complex numbers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hilbert space to the complex numbers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hilbert space to the complex numbers and
+therefore it's continuous so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it's continuous so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it's continuous so
+the inverse image of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse image of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse image of
+by a continuous function of a closed set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a continuous function of a closed set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a continuous function of a closed set
+is closed so this is also closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so c is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so c is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so c is that
+which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+non-empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subset of h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of h
+okay you can see where this is going now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can see where this is going now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can see where this is going now
+let's check that c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's check that c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's check that c
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+c is convex that writing is a bit skew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now if u1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if u1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if u1
+u2 are in c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u2 are in c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u2 are in c
+t is in 0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t is in 0 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t is in 0 1
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+f of t times u1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of t times u1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of t times u1 plus
+1 minus t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus t
+u2 this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u2 this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u2 this is equal to
+now f is linear so this is equal to t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now f is linear so this is equal to t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now f is linear so this is equal to t
+times f of u1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times f of u1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times f of u1
+plus 1 minus t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 minus t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 minus t
+f of u2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of u2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of u2
+now this is equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is equal to one
+that's equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i get one so c is also convex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i get one so c is also convex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i get one so c is also convex
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+you can see how the proof is going but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we might guess that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might guess that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might guess that
+if you're just looking at the proof why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're just looking at the proof why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're just looking at the proof why
+am i doing this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am i doing this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am i doing this um
+well in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in fact the
+almost uh the minimum vector or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost uh the minimum vector or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost uh the minimum vector or the
+vector with the smallest length will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector with the smallest length will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector with the smallest length will be
+um the vector that satisfies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the vector that satisfies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the vector that satisfies that
+inequality so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality so
+so since c is a closed convex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since c is a closed convex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since c is a closed convex
+non-empty set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists
+a v naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a v naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a v naught
+in c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in c
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+v naught is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v naught is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v naught is equal to
+the inf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inf
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say
+u and c such that so we're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u and c such that so we're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u and c such that so we're looking at
+the norm of u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+v equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v equal
+norm of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of v
+v naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v naught
+over norm squared or v naught so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over norm squared or v naught so first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over norm squared or v naught so first
+off note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off note
+that that v naught cannot be zero right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that v naught cannot be zero right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that v naught cannot be zero right
+if v naught is zero then f of v naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if v naught is zero then f of v naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if v naught is zero then f of v naught
+is equal to zero but v naught's in c f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to zero but v naught's in c f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to zero but v naught's in c f
+of v naught has to be one okay so v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of v naught has to be one okay so v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of v naught has to be one okay so v
+naught is non-zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i claim this v does the job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all
+uh okay i was using u's to denote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay i was using u's to denote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay i was using u's to denote
+elements in c but uh claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in c but uh claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in c but uh claim
+i'll just write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll just write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll just write
+b does the job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i.e for all u and capital h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i.e for all u and capital h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i.e for all u and capital h
+f of u is equal to u inner product with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of u is equal to u inner product with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of u is equal to u inner product with
+v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+all right to see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let n be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh the null space of f the set of all uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the null space of f the set of all uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the null space of f the set of all uh
+vectors that get sent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors that get sent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors that get sent to
+the number zero so this is a set of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number zero so this is a set of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number zero so this is a set of all
+w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w
+and h such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and h such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and h such that
+f of w equals 0 this is a closed linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of w equals 0 this is a closed linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of w equals 0 this is a closed linear
+subspace of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i mean of h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then uh it's not too difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh it's not too difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh it's not too difficult to
+convince yourself that i can write c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince yourself that i can write c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince yourself that i can write c
+as in fact v naught plus w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in fact v naught plus w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in fact v naught plus w
+where w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where w
+is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in
+this subspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and what is v naught again v naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what is v naught again v naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what is v naught again v naught
+is the infimum of the norms of all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the infimum of the norms of all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the infimum of the norms of all of
+these guys so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+infimum over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infimum over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infimum over
+if i'm writing c in that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i'm writing c in that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i'm writing c in that way
+uh w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and n norm v naught plus w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+why am i doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why am i doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why am i doing this
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+because of the argument we gave a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the argument we gave a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the argument we gave a minute
+ago i can conclude that v naught is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago i can conclude that v naught is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago i can conclude that v naught is
+orthogonal to everything in n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to everything in n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to everything in n
+okay so by the previous argument just i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so by the previous argument just i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so by the previous argument just i
+mean look back at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean look back at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean look back at
+is it up there or no it was on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it up there or no it was on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it up there or no it was on this
+board and i erased it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board and i erased it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board and i erased it
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+where we defined this you know function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we defined this you know function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we defined this you know function
+f of t equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of t equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of t equal
+to in this case it would be v naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in this case it would be v naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in this case it would be v naught
+plus t w squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus t w squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus t w squared
+since that has a minimum at t equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since that has a minimum at t equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since that has a minimum at t equals
+zero we conclude that v naught is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero we conclude that v naught is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero we conclude that v naught is
+orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal
+to w so by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous
+argument for when we showed that h can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument for when we showed that h can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument for when we showed that h can
+be written as w plus its orthogonal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be written as w plus its orthogonal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be written as w plus its orthogonal the
+direct sum of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct sum of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct sum of a
+closed linear subspace and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed linear subspace and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed linear subspace and its
+orthogonal complement so by the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal complement so by the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal complement so by the previous
+argument from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument from that
+proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof
+we can show that v naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can show that v naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can show that v naught
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+an element of the orthogonal complement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an element of the orthogonal complement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an element of the orthogonal complement
+of n the set of all vectors that gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n the set of all vectors that gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n the set of all vectors that gets
+sent to zero okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent to zero okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent to zero okay
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we're almost done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+u b and h i want to show that f of u is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u b and h i want to show that f of u is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u b and h i want to show that f of u is
+equal to v inner product u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just needed that little bit of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just needed that little bit of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just needed that little bit of uh
+fact there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh
+if i look at f of u minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i look at f of u minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i look at f of u minus
+f of u v naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of u v naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of u v naught
+this is equal to so f is linear remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to so f is linear remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to so f is linear remember
+so scalars pop out this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so scalars pop out this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so scalars pop out this is just a
+complex number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number
+so this is equal to f of u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is equal to f of u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is equal to f of u
+minus f of u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f of u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f of u
+f of v naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of v naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of v naught
+this equals zero right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+u which is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u which is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u which is equal to
+u minus f of u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u minus f of u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u minus f of u
+v naught plus f of u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v naught plus f of u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v naught plus f of u
+v naught now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v naught now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v naught now
+this thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here
+because f applied to it gives me 0 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because f applied to it gives me 0 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because f applied to it gives me 0 this
+is an n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an n
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is in
+again remember in perp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again remember in perp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again remember in perp
+all right although i'm not going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right although i'm not going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right although i'm not going to use
+that specifically i'm going to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that specifically i'm going to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that specifically i'm going to use the
+fact that v naught inner product with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that v naught inner product with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that v naught inner product with
+everything from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything from
+n is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is uh
+is 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and therefore if i take the inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore if i take the inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore if i take the inner
+product of u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+v remember v was v naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v remember v was v naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v remember v was v naught
+over v naught squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over v naught squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over v naught squared
+this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to
+u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one over v naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over v naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over v naught
+squared inner product u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared inner product u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared inner product u
+v naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v naught
+this is equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to one
+over norm v naught squared now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again this element is an n so when i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this element is an n so when i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this element is an n so when i
+take the inner product of this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the inner product of this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the inner product of this line
+with v naught when v naught hits this i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with v naught when v naught hits this i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with v naught when v naught hits this i
+get 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 0
+right because it's an n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because it's an n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because it's an n
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you like call this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like call this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like call this so
+call this thing w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is an n so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an n so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an n so
+this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to
+w inner product v naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w inner product v naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w inner product v naught
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f of u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of u
+v naught inner product v naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v naught inner product v naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v naught inner product v naught
+and again this thing is in n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again this thing is in n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again this thing is in n
+v naught is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v naught is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v naught is in
+the orthogonal complement of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orthogonal complement of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orthogonal complement of n
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so this inner product is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times f of u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times f of u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times f of u
+times v naught inner product with itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times v naught inner product with itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times v naught inner product with itself
+is the norm squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the norm squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the norm squared
+and i get f of u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i get f of u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i get f of u
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh i've found a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh i've found a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh i've found a vector
+namely this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely this
+certain minimizer over its length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain minimizer over its length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain minimizer over its length
+squared so that f of u is equal to u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so that f of u is equal to u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so that f of u is equal to u
+interproduct with this vector for all u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interproduct with this vector for all u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interproduct with this vector for all u
+and h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and h
+and that completes the proof of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that completes the proof of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that completes the proof of the
+representation theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation theorem
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now next time we'll talk about adjoints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+you had on an assignment at one point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had on an assignment at one point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had on an assignment at one point
+when we were talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were talking about
+i think i defined the ad joint for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think i defined the ad joint for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think i defined the ad joint for
+general bonux space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a
+map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map
+let's say from a bonus base to itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say from a bonus base to itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say from a bonus base to itself
+and we define the adjoint in a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we define the adjoint in a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we define the adjoint in a certain
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+to be now a linear map that goes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be now a linear map that goes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be now a linear map that goes from
+the dual space to the dual space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dual space to the dual space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dual space to the dual space
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+now in the case of a hilbert space the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in the case of a hilbert space the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in the case of a hilbert space the
+dual space is equal to the space itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dual space is equal to the space itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dual space is equal to the space itself
+so the adjoint for a hilbert space will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the adjoint for a hilbert space will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the adjoint for a hilbert space will
+be a map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a map
+again from the space to itself and will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again from the space to itself and will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again from the space to itself and will
+it will satisfy a certain identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+we will see the connection between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+adjoints and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sort of what this has to do with when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of what this has to do with when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of what this has to do with when
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+map is uh or a bounded linear operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map is uh or a bounded linear operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map is uh or a bounded linear operator
+is on to so so adjoints pop up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on to so so adjoints pop up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on to so so adjoints pop up
+now when we're trying to solve equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when we're trying to solve equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when we're trying to solve equations
+okay on hilbert spaces all right the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay on hilbert spaces all right the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay on hilbert spaces all right the the
+properties of the adjoint can tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the adjoint can tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the adjoint can tell us
+when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+uh we can always solve our equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can always solve our equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can always solve our equation
+and and not only that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and not only that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and not only that
+you know they're going to end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they're going to end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they're going to end up
+their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+the analog of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analog of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analog of
+the transpose that hopefully you saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transpose that hopefully you saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transpose that hopefully you saw
+maybe it was also referred to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it was also referred to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it was also referred to the
+adjoint and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjoint and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjoint and
+linear algebra and finite dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra and finite dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra and finite dimensions
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is you know way ahead but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is you know way ahead but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is you know way ahead but
+hopefully what you proved in in linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully what you proved in in linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully what you proved in in linear
+algebra and finite dimensions was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra and finite dimensions was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra and finite dimensions was the
+spectral theorem which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+matrix that is equal to its adjoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that is equal to its adjoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that is equal to its adjoint
+more generally that it's normal that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more generally that it's normal that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more generally that it's normal that it
+commutes with its adjoint then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutes with its adjoint then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutes with its adjoint then
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for
+finite dimensions the adjoint of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite dimensions the adjoint of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite dimensions the adjoint of a
+matrix was you switch the entries switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix was you switch the entries switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix was you switch the entries switch
+i and j and take the complex conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i and j and take the complex conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i and j and take the complex conjugate
+if that's equal to the the matrix again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's equal to the the matrix again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's equal to the the matrix again
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+what you can conclude the statement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can conclude the statement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can conclude the statement of
+the spectral theorem is that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectral theorem is that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectral theorem is that you can
+find an orthonormal basis of your of cn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find an orthonormal basis of your of cn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find an orthonormal basis of your of cn
+say or rn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say or rn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say or rn
+that diagonalizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that diagonalizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that diagonalizes
+the matrix okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix okay
+and we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see
+something like that also holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the hilbert space setting but it's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the hilbert space setting but it's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the hilbert space setting but it's um
+not so simple as you know the eigenvalue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so simple as you know the eigenvalue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so simple as you know the eigenvalue
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+diagonalizing just does not mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalizing just does not mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalizing just does not mean
+finitely many eigenvalues okay and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finitely many eigenvalues okay and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finitely many eigenvalues okay and we'll
+go over uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of
+i'll go more into that uh when we get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll go more into that uh when we get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll go more into that uh when we get to
+it all right we'll stop there for now
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/L30HPgryd6I.txt b/L30HPgryd6I.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1c80a8d329ba1dbd6fdd1428b2cac882b202d07f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/L30HPgryd6I.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1387 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's take another look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's take another look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's take another look at the
+Monty Hall tree that we worked with to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monty Hall tree that we worked with to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monty Hall tree that we worked with to
+figure out the probability of the switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the probability of the switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the probability of the switch
+strategy winning now this tree was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy winning now this tree was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy winning now this tree was just
+absolutely literal and and absurdly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely literal and and absurdly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely literal and and absurdly
+complicated and large for what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and large for what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and large for what we're
+trying to analyze that is we literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to analyze that is we literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to analyze that is we literally
+thought of each of the three outcomes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of each of the three outcomes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of each of the three outcomes of
+whether the prize was behind door one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the prize was behind door one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the prize was behind door one
+door two door three and then which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door two door three and then which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door two door three and then which
+exactly which door the contestant picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly which door the contestant picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly which door the contestant picked
+next either door one door two door three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next either door one door two door three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next either door one door two door three
+and so on and it's clear that this tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and it's clear that this tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and it's clear that this tree
+has a symmetric structure that is these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a symmetric structure that is these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a symmetric structure that is these
+three sub trees whether the prize is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three sub trees whether the prize is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three sub trees whether the prize is
+behind one the prize is behind two where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind one the prize is behind two where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind one the prize is behind two where
+the prize is behind three all have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prize is behind three all have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prize is behind three all have the
+same structure and we could have gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same structure and we could have gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same structure and we could have gotten
+away with analyzing one and deduce that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away with analyzing one and deduce that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away with analyzing one and deduce that
+that's what happened with the other two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what happened with the other two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what happened with the other two
+branches in fact that really was what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches in fact that really was what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches in fact that really was what we
+did but why not make that explicit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did but why not make that explicit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did but why not make that explicit in
+our analysis from the first place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our analysis from the first place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our analysis from the first place
+instead of it having this triple tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of it having this triple tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of it having this triple tree
+let's just look at the tree with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just look at the tree with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just look at the tree with one
+branch so there's the central branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch so there's the central branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch so there's the central branch
+that I'm keeping namely we're assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm keeping namely we're assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm keeping namely we're assuming
+that the first move is to have the prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the first move is to have the prize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the first move is to have the prize
+at door - and then the door picked has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at door - and then the door picked has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at door - and then the door picked has
+three choices and then the door opened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three choices and then the door opened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three choices and then the door opened
+has two choices or one depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two choices or one depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two choices or one depending on
+where the prize was placed relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the prize was placed relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the prize was placed relative to
+the contestant spec here if the prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contestant spec here if the prize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contestant spec here if the prize
+was a two and the contestant picked door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a two and the contestant picked door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a two and the contestant picked door
+- then Carol has a choice of two doors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- then Carol has a choice of two doors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- then Carol has a choice of two doors
+one or three to open on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or three to open on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or three to open on the other hand
+if the prize was a - and the contestant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the prize was a - and the contestant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the prize was a - and the contestant
+picked door one Carol has no choice but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked door one Carol has no choice but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked door one Carol has no choice but
+to open door three with probability one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to open door three with probability one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to open door three with probability one
+okay now when we're looking at this tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now when we're looking at this tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now when we're looking at this tree
+the first branch is kind of fixed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first branch is kind of fixed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first branch is kind of fixed and
+forced so we don't really need it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced so we don't really need it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced so we don't really need it as
+part of the analysis what we're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the analysis what we're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the analysis what we're really
+looking at is the analyzing what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at is the analyzing what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at is the analyzing what happens
+in the experiment starting at the stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the experiment starting at the stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the experiment starting at the stage
+where the contestant picks a door so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the contestant picks a door so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the contestant picks a door so
+let's just enlarge this tree to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just enlarge this tree to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just enlarge this tree to get a
+better look at it there's the same tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better look at it there's the same tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better look at it there's the same tree
+where we're starting off where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're starting off where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're starting off where we're
+assuming that the prize is a door - and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that the prize is a door - and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that the prize is a door - and
+then the door pick can be either door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the door pick can be either door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the door pick can be either door
+one door toward or three and the door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one door toward or three and the door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one door toward or three and the door
+open then can be door three door one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open then can be door three door one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open then can be door three door one
+door three or door one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door three or door one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door three or door one
+according to the constraints on Carol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the constraints on Carol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the constraints on Carol
+now a way to a better way to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a way to a better way to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a way to a better way to understand
+this tree as instead of saying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tree as instead of saying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tree as instead of saying the
+prizes at door - and this is where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prizes at door - and this is where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prizes at door - and this is where the
+contestant chooses door - and then have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contestant chooses door - and then have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contestant chooses door - and then have
+to worry about all the other branches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to worry about all the other branches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to worry about all the other branches
+that are symmetrically like this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are symmetrically like this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are symmetrically like this we
+could have reformulated the tree model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have reformulated the tree model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have reformulated the tree model
+in the first place by saying let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first place by saying let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first place by saying let's just
+consider the cases that wherever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the cases that wherever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the cases that wherever the
+prize is there are three possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize is there are three possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize is there are three possibilities
+the contestant picks the door where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contestant picks the door where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contestant picks the door where the
+prize is or they pick the next door with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize is or they pick the next door with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize is or they pick the next door with
+a let's say in some counterclockwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a let's say in some counterclockwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a let's say in some counterclockwise
+direction from where the prize is or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction from where the prize is or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction from where the prize is or
+going around among the doors in a circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going around among the doors in a circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going around among the doors in a circle
+they pick a door that they pick a door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they pick a door that they pick a door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they pick a door that they pick a door
+that's two doors away from where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's two doors away from where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's two doors away from where the
+prize is and if we reformulate it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize is and if we reformulate it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize is and if we reformulate it that
+way then we're these are the cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way then we're these are the cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way then we're these are the cases
+either the contestant picks the prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the contestant picks the prize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the contestant picks the prize
+door or they pick the first door that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door or they pick the first door that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door or they pick the first door that
+doesn't have the prize or they pick the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have the prize or they pick the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have the prize or they pick the
+second door that doesn't have the prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second door that doesn't have the prize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second door that doesn't have the prize
+in each of those occur with probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each of those occur with probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each of those occur with probability
+1/3 and likewise once they've picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 and likewise once they've picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 and likewise once they've picked
+door number one with no prize then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door number one with no prize then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door number one with no prize then that
+means that carol has the choice of only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that carol has the choice of only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that carol has the choice of only
+one door that she can open because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one door that she can open because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one door that she can open because the
+other unpick door has a prize so she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other unpick door has a prize so she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other unpick door has a prize so she's
+got to open the nope the second no prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to open the nope the second no prize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to open the nope the second no prize
+door because the contestant has picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door because the contestant has picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door because the contestant has picked
+the first no prize door likewise if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first no prize door likewise if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first no prize door likewise if the
+contestant picks the prize door Carol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contestant picks the prize door Carol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contestant picks the prize door Carol
+can pick either the non prize either of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pick either the non prize either of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pick either the non prize either of
+the nine prize doors non prize one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nine prize doors non prize one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nine prize doors non prize one or
+non prize - both our losses and likewise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non prize - both our losses and likewise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non prize - both our losses and likewise
+here where Carol's move is forced and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where Carol's move is forced and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where Carol's move is forced and
+the contestant will win now we're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contestant will win now we're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contestant will win now we're in
+great shape because I've really gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great shape because I've really gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great shape because I've really gotten
+rid of the rest of the tree it's not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of the rest of the tree it's not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of the rest of the tree it's not as
+though I'm analyzing 1/3 of it and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though I'm analyzing 1/3 of it and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though I'm analyzing 1/3 of it and the
+1/3 analysis is going to apply to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 analysis is going to apply to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 analysis is going to apply to the
+other parts by symmetry but I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other parts by symmetry but I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other parts by symmetry but I've
+captured the whole story here by simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured the whole story here by simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured the whole story here by simply
+relativizing the first move instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativizing the first move instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativizing the first move instead of
+it being literally door one door two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it being literally door one door two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it being literally door one door two
+door three I don't care what the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door three I don't care what the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door three I don't care what the actual
+door the contestant picks all I care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door the contestant picks all I care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door the contestant picks all I care
+about is whether the contestant picks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is whether the contestant picks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is whether the contestant picks
+the prize door or the first door that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prize door or the first door that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prize door or the first door that's
+not the prize door or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the prize door or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the prize door or the
+second tour that's not the prize door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second tour that's not the prize door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second tour that's not the prize door
+this would have been a much better tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would have been a much better tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would have been a much better tree
+to start off with in the first place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start off with in the first place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start off with in the first place
+at least for the purpose of analyzing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least for the purpose of analyzing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least for the purpose of analyzing
+the probability of winning now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of winning now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of winning now we're
+gonna get some mileage out of the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get some mileage out of the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get some mileage out of the more
+complicated tree and then in a later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated tree and then in a later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated tree and then in a later
+video segment when we start talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video segment when we start talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video segment when we start talking
+about conditional probabilities of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about conditional probabilities of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about conditional probabilities of what
+are the probabilities of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the probabilities of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the probabilities of things
+happening at various stages in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening at various stages in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening at various stages in the
+experiment and so we will want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and so we will want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and so we will want to have
+some of these other vertices that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these other vertices that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these other vertices that
+represent stages of the experiment but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent stages of the experiment but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent stages of the experiment but
+if we'd really been thinking solely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we'd really been thinking solely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we'd really been thinking solely
+about how to analyze the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to analyze the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to analyze the probability of
+winning with the stretch strategy this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning with the stretch strategy this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning with the stretch strategy this
+would have been a much better tree to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been a much better tree to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been a much better tree to
+start off with but wait let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off with but wait let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off with but wait let's look at
+this tree first of all there really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tree first of all there really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tree first of all there really
+isn't any need to model this branch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't any need to model this branch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't any need to model this branch of
+the experiment because at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment because at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment because at this point
+once the we're talking about switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once the we're talking about switching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once the we're talking about switching
+if the contestant has picked the non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the contestant has picked the non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the contestant has picked the non
+prize door they win period Carroll's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize door they win period Carroll's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize door they win period Carroll's
+move is forced and it's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move is forced and it's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move is forced and it's going to be a
+win we might have well well just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win we might have well well just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win we might have well well just
+collapsed the win dontoh say that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapsed the win dontoh say that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapsed the win dontoh say that as
+soon as they pick a non-price door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as they pick a non-price door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as they pick a non-price door
+they've won and who cares what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've won and who cares what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've won and who cares what happens
+after that same thing down here so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that same thing down here so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that same thing down here so the
+tree really could have simplified to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree really could have simplified to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree really could have simplified to one
+where you pick a no prize door and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you pick a no prize door and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you pick a no prize door and you
+wind you pick a note the other no prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind you pick a note the other no prize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind you pick a note the other no prize
+door and you win or you pick a prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door and you win or you pick a prize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door and you win or you pick a prize
+door and then carol has a choice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door and then carol has a choice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door and then carol has a choice of
+opening either of the other two nope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay because after all um what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because after all um what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because after all um what's the
+point in distinguishing between whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in distinguishing between whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in distinguishing between whether
+you pick prized or won or you pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pick prized or won or you pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pick prized or won or you pick
+prized or - you win in both cases and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prized or - you win in both cases and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prized or - you win in both cases and
+really all we care about we could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really all we care about we could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really all we care about we could have
+convinced the entire tree down to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced the entire tree down to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced the entire tree down to one
+where either you pick the prized or with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where either you pick the prized or with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where either you pick the prized or with
+probability 1/3 in which case you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability 1/3 in which case you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability 1/3 in which case you're
+guaranteed to lose no matter what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed to lose no matter what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed to lose no matter what
+happens or you pick the non prized or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens or you pick the non prized or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens or you pick the non prized or
+which you do with probability 2/3 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you do with probability 2/3 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you do with probability 2/3 in
+which case you win no matter what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case you win no matter what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case you win no matter what
+happens and that is a really simple tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and that is a really simple tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and that is a really simple tree
+ok there it is and what we can read off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok there it is and what we can read off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok there it is and what we can read off
+immediately is that with the switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately is that with the switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately is that with the switch
+strategy the probability of winning is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy the probability of winning is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy the probability of winning is
+2/3 so the switch wins if and only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 so the switch wins if and only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 so the switch wins if and only if
+the prize door is not picked and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prize door is not picked and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prize door is not picked and that
+means that the probability that switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the probability that switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the probability that switch
+wins is 2/3 which is what we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wins is 2/3 which is what we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wins is 2/3 which is what we already
+figured out using the more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out using the more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out using the more complicated
+tree but this way of getting at it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree but this way of getting at it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree but this way of getting at it is a
+lot clearer so the message here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot clearer so the message here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot clearer so the message here is that
+the the tree that you come up with to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the tree that you come up with to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the tree that you come up with to
+model the experimental outcomes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the experimental outcomes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the experimental outcomes is
+really a modeling process and there may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a modeling process and there may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a modeling process and there may
+be many models that work to capture a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be many models that work to capture a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be many models that work to capture a
+given scenario and it will often pay off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given scenario and it will often pay off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given scenario and it will often pay off
+to try to find a simpler tree to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to find a simpler tree to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to find a simpler tree to make
+the analysis simpler
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/LBiYeL4qD2M.txt b/LBiYeL4qD2M.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c626cf1612b4a734aaefc44051760e852247f590
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LBiYeL4qD2M.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,371 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this lecture we introduced Markov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this lecture we introduced Markov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this lecture we introduced Markov
+chains a general class of random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains a general class of random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains a general class of random
+processes with many applications dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes with many applications dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes with many applications dealing
+with the evolution of dynamical systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the evolution of dynamical systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the evolution of dynamical systems
+as opposed to the Bernoulli and Poisson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to the Bernoulli and Poisson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to the Bernoulli and Poisson
+processes which are memoryless in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes which are memoryless in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes which are memoryless in the
+sense that the future does not depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that the future does not depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that the future does not depend on
+the past Markov chains are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past Markov chains are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past Markov chains are more
+elaborate as they allow some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborate as they allow some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborate as they allow some
+dependencies between different times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies between different times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies between different times
+however these dependencies are of simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however these dependencies are of simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however these dependencies are of simple
+and restricted nature captured by the so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and restricted nature captured by the so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and restricted nature captured by the so
+called Markov property conditional on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Markov property conditional on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Markov property conditional on
+the current state of a Markov chain its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current state of a Markov chain its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current state of a Markov chain its
+future and past evolutions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future and past evolutions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future and past evolutions are
+independent as mentioned in the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent as mentioned in the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent as mentioned in the unit
+overview we will only consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview we will only consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview we will only consider
+discrete-time markov chains that evolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete-time markov chains that evolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete-time markov chains that evolve
+within finite state spaces this allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within finite state spaces this allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within finite state spaces this allows
+us to concentrate on the main concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to concentrate on the main concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to concentrate on the main concepts
+without having to deal with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having to deal with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having to deal with some
+required technical details needed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required technical details needed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required technical details needed to
+study general McCaw processes and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study general McCaw processes and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study general McCaw processes and the
+continuous time and general possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time and general possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time and general possibly
+uncountable state spaces we will first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncountable state spaces we will first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncountable state spaces we will first
+introduce the basic concepts using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the basic concepts using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the basic concepts using the
+simple example of a checkout counter at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple example of a checkout counter at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple example of a checkout counter at
+a supermarket an example of a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a supermarket an example of a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a supermarket an example of a simple
+queueing system we will then abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queueing system we will then abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queueing system we will then abstract
+from the example and give some general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the example and give some general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the example and give some general
+definitions including the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions including the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions including the central
+notions of states transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notions of states transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notions of states transition
+probabilities Markov property and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities Markov property and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities Markov property and
+transition probability graphs afterwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition probability graphs afterwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition probability graphs afterwards
+we will look at various questions such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will look at various questions such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will look at various questions such
+as predicting what would happen in n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as predicting what would happen in n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as predicting what would happen in n
+steps in the future given the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps in the future given the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps in the future given the current
+state of our system we will define and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of our system we will define and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of our system we will define and
+step transition probabilities exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step transition probabilities exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step transition probabilities exactly
+and show how to calculate them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show how to calculate them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show how to calculate them
+efficiently we will also discuss what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently we will also discuss what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently we will also discuss what
+could happen when we let a Markov chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could happen when we let a Markov chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could happen when we let a Markov chain
+run for a very long time we will end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run for a very long time we will end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run for a very long time we will end
+this lecture by introducing the notions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture by introducing the notions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture by introducing the notions
+of recurrent and transient States and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of recurrent and transient States and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of recurrent and transient States and
+their importance in studying markov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their importance in studying markov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their importance in studying markov
+chains in the long-run
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/LWE5p2sCI6o.txt b/LWE5p2sCI6o.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0af25de9ce5b700200c040c6cd2eb7405c9bc0c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LWE5p2sCI6o.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,318 @@
+When a user-mode program wants to read a typed
+character it executes a ReadKey() SVC.
+
+The binary representation of the SVC has an
+illegal value in the opcode field, so the
+
+CPU hardware causes an exception, which starts
+executing the illegal opcode handler in the
+
+OS.
+
+The OS handler recognizes the illegal opcode
+value as being an SVC and uses the low-order
+
+bits of the SVC instruction to determine which
+sub-handler to call.
+
+Here's our first draft for the ReadKey sub-handler,
+this time written in C.
+
+The handler starts by looking at the process
+table entry for the current process to determine
+
+which keyboard buffer holds the characters
+for the process.
+
+Let's assume for the moment the buffer is
+*not* empty and skip to the last line,
+
+which reads the character from the buffer
+and uses it to replace the saved value for
+
+the user's R0 in the array holding the saved
+register values.
+
+When the handler exits, the OS will reload
+the saved registers and resume execution of
+
+the user-mode program with the just-read character
+in R0.
+
+Now let's figure what to do when the keyboard
+buffer is empty.
+
+The code shown here simply loops until the
+buffer is no longer empty.
+
+The theory is that eventually the user will
+type a character, causing an interrupt,
+
+which will run the keyboard interrupt handler
+discussed in the previous section, which will
+
+store a new character into the buffer.
+
+This all sounds good until we remember that
+the SVC handler is running with the supervisor
+
+bit (PC[31]) set to 1, disabling interrupts.
+
+Oops!
+
+Since the keyboard interrupt will never happen,
+the while loop shown here is actually an infinite
+
+loop.
+
+So if the user-mode program tries to read
+a character from an empty buffer, the system
+
+will appear to hang, not responding to any
+external inputs since interrupts are disabled.
+
+Time to reach for the power switch :)
+We'll fix the looping problem by adding code
+
+to subtract 4 from the saved value of the
+XP register before returning.
+
+How does this fix the problem?
+
+Recall that when the SVC illegal instruction
+exception happened, the CPU stored the PC+4
+
+value of the illegal instruction in the user's
+XP register.
+
+When the handler exits, the OS will resume
+execution of the user-mode program by reloading
+
+the registers and then executing a JMP(XP),
+which would normally then execute the instruction
+
+*following* the SVC instruction.
+
+By subtracting 4 from the saved XP value,
+it will be the SVC itself that gets re-executed.
+
+That, of course, means we'll go through the
+same set of steps again, repeating the cycle
+
+until the keyboard buffer is no longer empty.
+
+It's just a more complicated loop!
+
+But with a crucial difference: one of the
+instructions - the ReadKey() SVC - is executed
+
+in user-mode with PC[31] = 0.
+
+So during that cycle, if there's a pending
+interrupt from the keyboard, the device interrupt
+
+will supersede the execution of the ReadKey()
+and the keyboard buffer will be filled.
+
+When the keyboard interrupt handler finishes,
+the ReadKey() SVC will be executed again,
+
+this time finding that the buffer is no longer
+empty.
+
+Yah!
+
+So this version of the handler actually works,
+with one small caveat.
+
+If the buffer is empty, the user-mode program
+will continually re-execute the complicated
+
+user-mode/kernel-mode loop until the timer
+interrupt eventually transfers control to
+
+the next process.
+
+This seems pretty inefficient.
+
+Once we've checked and found the buffer empty,
+it would be better to give other processes
+
+a chance to run before we try again.
+
+This problem is easy to fix!
+
+We'll just add a call to Scheduler() right
+after arranging for the ReadKey() SVC to be
+
+re-executed.
+
+The call to Scheduler() suspends execution
+of the current process and arranges for the
+
+next process to run when the handler exits.
+
+Eventually the round-robin scheduling will
+come back to the current process and the ReadKey()
+
+SVC will try again.
+
+With this simple one-line fix the system will
+spend much less time wasting cycles checking
+
+the empty buffer and instead use those cycles
+to run other, hopefully more productive, processes.
+
+The cost is a small delay in restarting the
+program after a character is typed,
+
+but typically the time slices for each process
+are small enough that one round of process
+
+execution happens more quickly than the time
+between two typed characters, so the extra
+
+delay isn't noticeable.
+
+So now we have some insights into one of the
+traditional arguments against timesharing.
+
+The argument goes as follows.
+
+Suppose we have 10 processes, each of which
+takes 1 second to complete its computation.
+
+Without timesharing, the first process would
+be done after 1 second, the second after 2
+
+seconds, and so on.
+
+With timesharing using, say, a 1/10 second
+time slice, all the processes will complete
+
+sometime after 10 seconds
+since there's a little extra time needed for
+
+the hundred or so process switches that would
+happen before completion.
+
+So in a timesharing system the time-to-completion
+for *all* processes is as long the worst-case
+
+completion time without time sharing!
+
+So why bother with timesharing?
+
+We saw one answer to this question earlier
+in this slide.
+
+If a process can't make productive use of
+its time slice, it can donate those cycles
+
+to completion of some other task.
+
+So in a system where most processes are waiting
+for some sort of I/O, timesharing is actually
+
+a great way of spending cycles where they'll
+do the most good.
+
+If you open the Task Manager or Activity Monitor
+on the system you're using now, you'll see
+
+there are hundreds of processes, almost all
+of which are in some sort of I/O wait.
+
+So timesharing does extract a cost when running
+compute-intensive computations, but in an
+
+actual system where there's a mix of I/O and
+compute tasks, time sharing is the way to
+
+go.
+
+We can actually go one step further to ensure
+we don't run processes waiting for an I/O
+
+event that hasn't yet happened.
+
+We'll add a status field to the process state
+indicating whether the process is ACTIVE (e.g.,
+
+status is 0) or WAITING (e.g., status is non-zero).
+
+We'll use different non-zero values to indicate
+what event the process is waiting for.
+
+Then we'll change the Scheduler() to only
+run ACTIVE processes.
+
+To see how this works, it's easiest to use
+a concrete example.
+
+The UNIX OS has two kernel subroutines, sleep()
+and wakeup(), both of which require a non-zero
+
+argument.
+
+The argument will be used as the value of
+the status field.
+
+Let's see this in action.
+
+When the ReadKey() SVC detects the buffer
+is empty, it calls sleep() with an argument
+
+that uniquely identifies the I/O event it's
+waiting for, in this case the arrival of a
+
+character in a particular buffer.
+
+sleep() sets the process status to this unique
+identifier, then calls Scheduler().
+
+Scheduler() has been modified to skip over
+processes with a non-zero status, not giving
+
+them a chance to run.
+
+Meanwhile, a keyboard interrupt will cause
+the interrupt handler to add a character to
+
+the keyboard buffer and call wakeup() to signal
+any process waiting on that buffer.
+
+Watch what happens when the kbdnum in the
+interrupt handler matches the kbdnum in the
+
+ReadKey() handler.
+
+wakeup() loops through all processes, looking
+for ones that are waiting for this particular
+
+I/O event.
+
+When it finds one, it sets the status for
+the process to zero, marking it as ACTIVE.
+
+The zero status will cause the process to
+run again next time the Scheduler() reaches
+
+it in its round-robin search for things to
+do.
+
+The effect is that once a process goes to
+sleep() WAITING for an event, it's not considered
+
+for execution again until the event occurs
+and wakeup() marks the process as ACTIVE.
+
+Pretty neat!
+
+Another elegant fix to ensure that no CPU
+cycles are wasted on useless activity.
+
+I can remember how impressed I was when I
+first saw this many years ago in a (very)
+
+early version of the UNIX code :)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/M-ZgVhzvh24.txt b/M-ZgVhzvh24.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..315da1c124e9644e462bb3e28b85a3a8127d3057
--- /dev/null
+++ b/M-ZgVhzvh24.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1403 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so how can the memory system arrange for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how can the memory system arrange for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how can the memory system arrange for
+the right data to be in the right place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right data to be in the right place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right data to be in the right place
+at the right time our goal is to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the right time our goal is to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the right time our goal is to have
+their frequently used data in some fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their frequently used data in some fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their frequently used data in some fast
+SRAM that means the memory system will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SRAM that means the memory system will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SRAM that means the memory system will
+have to be able to predict which memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be able to predict which memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be able to predict which memory
+locations will be accessed and to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations will be accessed and to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations will be accessed and to keep
+the overhead of moving data into and out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overhead of moving data into and out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overhead of moving data into and out
+of SRAM manageable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of SRAM manageable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of SRAM manageable
+we'd like to amortize the cost of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to amortize the cost of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to amortize the cost of the
+move over many accesses in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move over many accesses in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move over many accesses in other words
+we want any block of data we move into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want any block of data we move into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want any block of data we move into
+SRAM to be accessed too many times when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SRAM to be accessed too many times when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SRAM to be accessed too many times when
+not an SRAM data would live in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an SRAM data would live in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an SRAM data would live in the
+larger slower DRAM that serves as main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger slower DRAM that serves as main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger slower DRAM that serves as main
+memory if the system is working as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory if the system is working as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory if the system is working as
+planned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planned
+DRAM accesses would happen infrequently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DRAM accesses would happen infrequently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DRAM accesses would happen infrequently
+for example only when it's time to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example only when it's time to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example only when it's time to bring
+another block of data into SRAM if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another block of data into SRAM if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another block of data into SRAM if we
+look at how programs access memory it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at how programs access memory it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at how programs access memory it
+turns out we can make accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out we can make accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out we can make accurate
+predictions about which memory locations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions about which memory locations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions about which memory locations
+will be accessed the guiding principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be accessed the guiding principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be accessed the guiding principle
+is locality of reference which tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is locality of reference which tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is locality of reference which tells us
+that if there's an access to address X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if there's an access to address X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if there's an access to address X
+at time T it's very probable that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time T it's very probable that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time T it's very probable that the
+program will access a nearby location in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program will access a nearby location in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program will access a nearby location in
+the near future to understand why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the near future to understand why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the near future to understand why
+programs exhibit locality of reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs exhibit locality of reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs exhibit locality of reference
+let's look at how a running program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at how a running program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at how a running program
+accesses memory instruction fetches are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accesses memory instruction fetches are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accesses memory instruction fetches are
+quite predictable execution usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite predictable execution usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite predictable execution usually
+precedes sequentially since most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precedes sequentially since most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precedes sequentially since most of the
+time the next instruction is fetched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the next instruction is fetched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the next instruction is fetched
+from the location after that of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the location after that of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the location after that of the
+current instruction code that loops will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current instruction code that loops will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current instruction code that loops will
+repeatedly fetch the same sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatedly fetch the same sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatedly fetch the same sequence of
+instructions as shown here on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions as shown here on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions as shown here on the left
+of the timeline there will of course be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the timeline there will of course be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the timeline there will of course be
+branches and subroutine calls that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches and subroutine calls that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches and subroutine calls that
+interrupt sequential execution but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrupt sequential execution but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrupt sequential execution but then
+we're back to fetching instructions from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're back to fetching instructions from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're back to fetching instructions from
+consecutive locations some programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutive locations some programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutive locations some programming
+constructs for example method dispatch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructs for example method dispatch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructs for example method dispatch
+in object-oriented languages can produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in object-oriented languages can produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in object-oriented languages can produce
+scattered references to very short code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered references to very short code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered references to very short code
+sequences as shown on the right of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences as shown on the right of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences as shown on the right of the
+timeline but order is quickly restored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeline but order is quickly restored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeline but order is quickly restored
+this agrees with our intuition about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this agrees with our intuition about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this agrees with our intuition about
+program execution for example once we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program execution for example once we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program execution for example once we
+execute the first instruction of her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute the first instruction of her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute the first instruction of her
+procedure will almost certainly execute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure will almost certainly execute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure will almost certainly execute
+the remaining instructions in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remaining instructions in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remaining instructions in the
+procedure so if we arrange for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure so if we arrange for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure so if we arrange for
+all the code of a procedure to be moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the code of a procedure to be moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the code of a procedure to be moved
+to SRAM when the procedures first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to SRAM when the procedures first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to SRAM when the procedures first
+instruction was fetched we'd expect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction was fetched we'd expect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction was fetched we'd expect that
+many subsequent instruction fetches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many subsequent instruction fetches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many subsequent instruction fetches
+could be satisfied by the SRAM and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be satisfied by the SRAM and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be satisfied by the SRAM and
+although fetching the first word of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although fetching the first word of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although fetching the first word of a
+block from DRAM has relatively long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block from DRAM has relatively long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block from DRAM has relatively long
+latency the D Rams fast column accesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latency the D Rams fast column accesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latency the D Rams fast column accesses
+will quickly stream the remaining words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will quickly stream the remaining words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will quickly stream the remaining words
+from sequential addresses this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from sequential addresses this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from sequential addresses this will
+amortize the cost of the initial access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortize the cost of the initial access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortize the cost of the initial access
+over the whole sequence of transfers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the whole sequence of transfers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the whole sequence of transfers the
+story is similar for accesses by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story is similar for accesses by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story is similar for accesses by a
+procedure to its arguments and local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure to its arguments and local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure to its arguments and local
+variables in the current stack frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables in the current stack frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables in the current stack frame
+again there will be many accesses to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again there will be many accesses to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again there will be many accesses to a
+small region of memory during the span
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small region of memory during the span
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small region of memory during the span
+of time were executing the procedures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time were executing the procedures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time were executing the procedures
+code data accesses generated by load and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code data accesses generated by load and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code data accesses generated by load and
+store instructions also exhibit locality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store instructions also exhibit locality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store instructions also exhibit locality
+the program may be accessing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program may be accessing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program may be accessing the
+components of an object or struct or it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of an object or struct or it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of an object or struct or it
+may be stepping through the elements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be stepping through the elements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be stepping through the elements of
+an array sometimes information is moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an array sometimes information is moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an array sometimes information is moved
+from one array or data object to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one array or data object to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one array or data object to another
+as shown by the data accesses on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as shown by the data accesses on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as shown by the data accesses on the
+right of the timeline using simulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of the timeline using simulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of the timeline using simulations
+we can estimate the number of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can estimate the number of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can estimate the number of different
+locations that will be accessed over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations that will be accessed over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations that will be accessed over a
+particular span of time what we discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular span of time what we discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular span of time what we discover
+when we do this is the notion of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do this is the notion of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do this is the notion of a
+working set of locations that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working set of locations that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working set of locations that are
+accessed repeatedly if we plot the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessed repeatedly if we plot the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessed repeatedly if we plot the size
+of the working set as a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the working set as a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the working set as a function of the
+size with the time interval we see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size with the time interval we see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size with the time interval we see that
+the size of the working set levels off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the working set levels off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the working set levels off
+in other words once the time interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words once the time interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words once the time interval
+reaches a certain size the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches a certain size the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches a certain size the number of
+locations accessed is approximately the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations accessed is approximately the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations accessed is approximately the
+same independent of when in time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same independent of when in time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same independent of when in time the
+interval occurs as we see in our plot to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval occurs as we see in our plot to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval occurs as we see in our plot to
+the left the actual address is accessed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left the actual address is accessed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left the actual address is accessed
+will change but the number of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will change but the number of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will change but the number of different
+addresses during the time interval will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses during the time interval will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses during the time interval will
+on the average remain relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the average remain relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the average remain relatively
+constant and surprisingly not all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and surprisingly not all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and surprisingly not all that
+large this means that if we can arrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large this means that if we can arrange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large this means that if we can arrange
+for our SRAM to be large enough to hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our SRAM to be large enough to hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our SRAM to be large enough to hold
+the working set of the program most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the working set of the program most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the working set of the program most
+accesses will be able to be satisfied by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accesses will be able to be satisfied by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accesses will be able to be satisfied by
+the SRAM will occasionally have to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SRAM will occasionally have to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SRAM will occasionally have to move
+new data into the SRAM an old data back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new data into the SRAM an old data back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new data into the SRAM an old data back
+to DRAM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to DRAM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to DRAM
+but the DRAM accesses will occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the DRAM accesses will occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the DRAM accesses will occur
+less frequently than SRAM accesses or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less frequently than SRAM accesses or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less frequently than SRAM accesses or
+work out the mathematics in a slider -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out the mathematics in a slider -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out the mathematics in a slider -
+but you can see that thanks to locality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can see that thanks to locality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can see that thanks to locality
+of reference were on track to build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reference were on track to build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reference were on track to build a
+memory out of a combination of SRAM and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory out of a combination of SRAM and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory out of a combination of SRAM and
+DRAM that performs like an SRAM but has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DRAM that performs like an SRAM but has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DRAM that performs like an SRAM but has
+the capacity of the DRAM the SRAM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacity of the DRAM the SRAM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacity of the DRAM the SRAM
+component of our heroical memory system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of our heroical memory system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of our heroical memory system
+is called a cache it provides low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called a cache it provides low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called a cache it provides low
+latency access to recently access blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latency access to recently access blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latency access to recently access blocks
+of data if the requested data is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data if the requested data is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data if the requested data is in the
+cache we have a cache hit and the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache we have a cache hit and the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache we have a cache hit and the data
+is supplied by the SRAM if the requested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supplied by the SRAM if the requested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supplied by the SRAM if the requested
+data is not in the cache we have a cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is not in the cache we have a cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is not in the cache we have a cache
+miss and a block of data containing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss and a block of data containing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss and a block of data containing the
+requested location will have to be moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requested location will have to be moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requested location will have to be moved
+from DRAM into the cache the locality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from DRAM into the cache the locality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from DRAM into the cache the locality
+principle tells us that we should expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle tells us that we should expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle tells us that we should expect
+cache hits to occur much more frequently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache hits to occur much more frequently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache hits to occur much more frequently
+than cache misses modern computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than cache misses modern computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than cache misses modern computer
+systems often use multiple levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems often use multiple levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems often use multiple levels of
+SRAM caches the levels closest to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SRAM caches the levels closest to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SRAM caches the levels closest to the
+CPU are smaller but very fast or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CPU are smaller but very fast or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CPU are smaller but very fast or the
+levels further away from the CPU are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels further away from the CPU are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels further away from the CPU are
+larger and hence slower a miss at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger and hence slower a miss at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger and hence slower a miss at one
+level of the cache generates an access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of the cache generates an access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of the cache generates an access
+to the next level and so on until a dram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next level and so on until a dram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next level and so on until a dram
+access is needed to satisfy the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access is needed to satisfy the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access is needed to satisfy the initial
+request caching is used in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request caching is used in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request caching is used in many
+applications to speed up accesses to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications to speed up accesses to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications to speed up accesses to
+frequently access to data for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently access to data for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently access to data for example
+your browser maintains a cache or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your browser maintains a cache or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your browser maintains a cache or
+frequently accessed webpages and uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently accessed webpages and uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently accessed webpages and uses
+this local copy of the web page if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this local copy of the web page if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this local copy of the web page if it
+determines that the data is still valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines that the data is still valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines that the data is still valid
+avoiding the delay of transferring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoiding the delay of transferring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoiding the delay of transferring the
+data over the Internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data over the Internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data over the Internet
+here's an example memory hierarchy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an example memory hierarchy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an example memory hierarchy that
+might be found on a modern computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be found on a modern computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be found on a modern computer
+there are three levels of on chip SRAM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three levels of on chip SRAM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three levels of on chip SRAM
+caches followed by a dram main memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caches followed by a dram main memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caches followed by a dram main memory
+and a flash memories cache for the hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a flash memories cache for the hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a flash memories cache for the hard
+disk drive the compiler is responsible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disk drive the compiler is responsible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disk drive the compiler is responsible
+for deciding which data values are kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for deciding which data values are kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for deciding which data values are kept
+in the CPU registers and which values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the CPU registers and which values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the CPU registers and which values
+require the use of loads and stores the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require the use of loads and stores the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require the use of loads and stores the
+three level cache and access of two DRAM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three level cache and access of two DRAM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three level cache and access of two DRAM
+are managed by circuitry in the memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are managed by circuitry in the memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are managed by circuitry in the memory
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+after that the access times are long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that the access times are long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that the access times are long
+enough many hundreds of instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough many hundreds of instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough many hundreds of instruction
+times that the job of managing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that the job of managing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that the job of managing the
+movement of data between the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement of data between the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement of data between the lower
+levels of the hierarchy is turned over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of the hierarchy is turned over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of the hierarchy is turned over
+to software today we're discussing how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to software today we're discussing how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to software today we're discussing how
+the on-chip caches work in part three of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on-chip caches work in part three of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on-chip caches work in part three of
+the course we'll discuss how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course we'll discuss how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course we'll discuss how the
+software manages main memory in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software manages main memory in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software manages main memory in
+non-volatile storage devices where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-volatile storage devices where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-volatile storage devices where
+they're managed by hardware or software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're managed by hardware or software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're managed by hardware or software
+each layer of the memory system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each layer of the memory system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each layer of the memory system is
+designed to provide lower latency access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to provide lower latency access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to provide lower latency access
+to frequently access locations in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to frequently access locations in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to frequently access locations in the
+next slower layer but as we'll see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next slower layer but as we'll see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next slower layer but as we'll see the
+implementation strategies will be quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation strategies will be quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation strategies will be quite
+different in the slower layers of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in the slower layers of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in the slower layers of the
+hierarchy
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/M8kt-t6CKRI.txt b/M8kt-t6CKRI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c0ac9c3a7ea0d45ce7f1f062a26ab9d2a4d8e8c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/M8kt-t6CKRI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1035 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm now going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm now going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm now going to
+give you the logic of the analysis for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the logic of the analysis for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the logic of the analysis for
+the garage case as that prototype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the garage case as that prototype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the garage case as that prototype
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+the first step is going to be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first step is going to be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first step is going to be to
+consider what i'll call the engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider what i'll call the engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider what i'll call the engineering
+base case that is the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base case that is the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base case that is the way the
+engineering profession typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering profession typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering profession typically
+addresses such a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses such a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses such a question
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+show how uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show how uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show how uh
+it leads to a particular solution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it leads to a particular solution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it leads to a particular solution and
+we'll be showing then how a analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be showing then how a analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be showing then how a analysis
+understanding the uncertainties and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the uncertainties and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the uncertainties and
+everything will give you a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything will give you a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything will give you a different
+solution so the second step is having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so the second step is having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so the second step is having
+set up the base case is to look at how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up the base case is to look at how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up the base case is to look at how
+that system would perform under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that system would perform under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that system would perform under
+uncertainties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainties
+and that tells us that there is in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that tells us that there is in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that tells us that there is in fact
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+considerable downsides and we will want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerable downsides and we will want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerable downsides and we will want
+to do something about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something about that
+and the third one then is to say let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the third one then is to say let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the third one then is to say let's
+look at how we might have a flexible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at how we might have a flexible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at how we might have a flexible
+design how we could then profit from it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design how we could then profit from it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design how we could then profit from it
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+not building so aggressively at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not building so aggressively at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not building so aggressively at the
+beginning because one has the option the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning because one has the option the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning because one has the option the
+possibility of expanding later on as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of expanding later on as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of expanding later on as
+needed which has the advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed which has the advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed which has the advantage of
+deferring the cost and maybe saving them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deferring the cost and maybe saving them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deferring the cost and maybe saving them
+completely if they're not needed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely if they're not needed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely if they're not needed so
+we're going to have three steps of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have three steps of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have three steps of the
+of the total analysis we'll start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the total analysis we'll start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the total analysis we'll start with
+the engineering base case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engineering base case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engineering base case
+so the deterministic design is for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the deterministic design is for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the deterministic design is for a
+major garage serving a mega mall in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major garage serving a mega mall in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major garage serving a mega mall in this
+case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the
+blue water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue water
+case in england for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case in england for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case in england for example
+the actual demand over time is of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual demand over time is of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual demand over time is of course
+very uncertain why is that because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very uncertain why is that because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very uncertain why is that because we
+don't know the population growth we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the population growth we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the population growth we
+don't know the demographics of the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the demographics of the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the demographics of the area
+over the next 20 years we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the next 20 years we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the next 20 years we don't know
+whether the mall will succeed maybe they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the mall will succeed maybe they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the mall will succeed maybe they
+have the wrong stores in it maybe people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the wrong stores in it maybe people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the wrong stores in it maybe people
+don't like it maybe it'll be wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like it maybe it'll be wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like it maybe it'll be wonderful
+we don't know we just cannot know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know we just cannot know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know we just cannot know that
+for sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sure
+there may be competition also from other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be competition also from other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be competition also from other
+parking facilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parking facilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parking facilities
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+somebody else opens a garage and gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else opens a garage and gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else opens a garage and gives
+you some kind of access to the shopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some kind of access to the shopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some kind of access to the shopping
+mall maybe you'd prefer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mall maybe you'd prefer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mall maybe you'd prefer that
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+despite those realities that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite those realities that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite those realities that
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+future is very uncertain must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future is very uncertain must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future is very uncertain must be
+uncertain the engineering process does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertain the engineering process does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertain the engineering process does
+it to a fixed forecast in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to a fixed forecast in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to a fixed forecast in this
+particular case some traffic engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case some traffic engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case some traffic engineers
+some urban consultants went through and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some urban consultants went through and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some urban consultants went through and
+predicted a forecast for the situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted a forecast for the situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted a forecast for the situation
+against which the engineering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against which the engineering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against which the engineering the
+structural engineers that were doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural engineers that were doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural engineers that were doing
+doing it said okay what is the best way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it said okay what is the best way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it said okay what is the best way
+to meet that particular forecast given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to meet that particular forecast given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to meet that particular forecast given
+that forecast even though that forecast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that forecast even though that forecast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that forecast even though that forecast
+is a fairy tale because the world will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a fairy tale because the world will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a fairy tale because the world will
+actually be different than what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be different than what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be different than what that
+forecast will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast will be
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+they will optimize it they'll find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will optimize it they'll find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will optimize it they'll find the
+highest value design that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest value design that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest value design that's what
+optimization means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization means
+and in this case you can do it fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case you can do it fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case you can do it fairly
+straightforwardly because the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforwardly because the design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforwardly because the design
+variable given that you have a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable given that you have a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable given that you have a fixed
+area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area
+is how many floors you have one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how many floors you have one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how many floors you have one two
+three four six seven eight uh you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four six seven eight uh you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four six seven eight uh you can
+look at those cases and figure out which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at those cases and figure out which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at those cases and figure out which
+is the best one which is what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the best one which is what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the best one which is what the
+process leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process leads to
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+typically in this kind of situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically in this kind of situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically in this kind of situation
+in the design situation you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the design situation you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the design situation you have some
+kind of sweet spot that is if you build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of sweet spot that is if you build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of sweet spot that is if you build
+it too small you don't have enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it too small you don't have enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it too small you don't have enough
+revenues to justify the cost the leases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenues to justify the cost the leases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenues to justify the cost the leases
+and everything if it's too large you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything if it's too large you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything if it's too large you may
+have a white elephant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a white elephant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a white elephant
+somewhere in the middle typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in the middle typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in the middle typically
+there's a sweet spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a sweet spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a sweet spot
+think for a moment what kind of graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think for a moment what kind of graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think for a moment what kind of graph
+that would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would have
+what would happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would happen
+in that case what would the graph look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case what would the graph look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case what would the graph look
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the
+response that you have on the one side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response that you have on the one side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response that you have on the one side
+if it's too small this is all one or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's too small this is all one or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's too small this is all one or two
+floors you have that your losses if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floors you have that your losses if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floors you have that your losses if it's
+too too large you can have losses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too too large you can have losses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too too large you can have losses
+because you avoid elephant somewhere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you avoid elephant somewhere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you avoid elephant somewhere in
+here you have a sweet spot and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you have a sweet spot and in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you have a sweet spot and in this
+particular design with the particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular design with the particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular design with the particular
+values that we use which were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values that we use which were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values that we use which were
+representative but they weren't exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative but they weren't exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative but they weren't exactly
+the ones for uh the actual facility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones for uh the actual facility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones for uh the actual facility
+which we didn't have access to but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we didn't have access to but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we didn't have access to but they
+were representative there is a sweet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were representative there is a sweet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were representative there is a sweet
+spot the optimal design the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot the optimal design the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot the optimal design the one that
+maximizes the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizes the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizes the expected
+the va present value is six stories how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the va present value is six stories how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the va present value is six stories how
+did we calculate that we used a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we calculate that we used a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we calculate that we used a
+spreadsheet where on the one hand we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet where on the one hand we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet where on the one hand we had
+all the various costs and revenues down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the various costs and revenues down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the various costs and revenues down
+here we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we had
+what might happen in different years as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what might happen in different years as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what might happen in different years as
+the demand grew and as the performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand grew and as the performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand grew and as the performance
+went out and that leads to a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went out and that leads to a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went out and that leads to a simple
+calculation of the net present value as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation of the net present value as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation of the net present value as
+shown here the optimum design is six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here the optimum design is six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here the optimum design is six
+stories that is the result of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories that is the result of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories that is the result of the
+typical engineering process applied in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical engineering process applied in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical engineering process applied in
+this case
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/MFRWDuduuSw.txt b/MFRWDuduuSw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0cf1170cab491e8992d5d9d5b814931c8d904eaa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MFRWDuduuSw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1673 @@
+NARRATOR: The following content
+is provided under a
+
+Creative Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high-quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Hi.
+
+I'm Herb Gross, and welcome
+to Calculus Revisited.
+
+I guess the most difficult
+lecture to give with any
+
+course is probably
+the first one.
+
+And you're sort of tempted to
+look at your audience and say
+
+you're probably wondering why
+I called you all here.
+
+And in this sense, I have
+elected to entitle our first
+
+lecture simply Preface to give a
+double overview, an overview
+
+both of the hardware and the
+software that will make up
+
+this course.
+
+To begin with, we will have a
+series of lectures of which
+
+this is the first.
+
+In our lectures, our main aim
+will be to give an overview of
+
+the material being covered, an
+insight as to why various
+
+computations are done, and
+insights as to how
+
+applications of these concepts
+will be made.
+
+The heart of our course will
+consist of a regular textbook.
+
+You see, we have our lectures.
+
+We have a textbook.
+
+The textbook is designed to
+supply you with deeper
+
+insights than what we can
+give in a lecture.
+
+In addition, recognizing the
+fact that the textbook may
+
+leave gaps, places where you
+may want some additional
+
+knowledge, we also have
+supplementary notes.
+
+And finally, at the backbone of
+our package is what we call
+
+the study guide.
+
+The study guide consists of
+a breakdown of the course.
+
+It tells us what the various
+lectures will be, the units.
+
+There are pretests to help you
+decide how well prepared you
+
+are for the topic that's
+coming up.
+
+There is a final examination
+at the end of
+
+each block of material.
+
+And perhaps most importantly,
+especially from an engineer's
+
+point of view, in each unit that
+we study, the study guide
+
+will consist of exercises
+primarily called learning
+
+exercises, exercises which
+hopefully will turn you on
+
+towards wanting to be able to
+apply the material, and at the
+
+same time, serve as a
+springboard by which we can
+
+highlight why the theory and
+many about our lecture points
+
+are really as important
+as they are.
+
+So much for the hardware
+of our course.
+
+And now let's turn our attention
+to the software.
+
+Just what is calculus?
+
+In a manner of speaking,
+calculus can be viewed as
+
+being high school mathematics
+with one additional concept
+
+called the limit concept
+thrown in.
+
+If you recall back to your high
+school days, remember
+
+that we're always dealing
+with things like
+
+average rate of speed.
+
+Notice I say average or constant
+rate of speed.
+
+The old recipe that distance
+equals rate times time
+
+presupposes that the rate is
+constant, because if the rate
+
+is varying, which rate is it
+that you use to multiply the
+
+time by to find the distance?
+
+You see, in other words, roughly
+speaking, we can say
+
+that at least one branch of
+calculus known as differential
+
+calculus deals with
+the subject of
+
+instantaneous speed.
+
+And instantaneous speed is a
+rather easy thing to talk
+
+about intuitively.
+
+Imagine an object moving along
+this line and passing the
+
+point P. And we say to ourselves
+how fast was the
+
+object moving at the instant
+that we're at the point P?
+
+Now, you see, this is some
+sort of a problem.
+
+Because at the instant that
+you're at P, you're not in a
+
+sense moving at all because
+you're at P.
+
+Of course, what we do to reduce
+this problem to an old
+
+one is we say, well, suppose we
+have a couple of observers.
+
+Let's call them O1 and O2.
+
+Let them be stationed, one on
+each side of P. Now, certainly
+
+what we could do physically
+here is we can measure the
+
+distance between O1 and O2.
+
+And we can also measure the
+time that it takes to
+
+go from O1 to O2.
+
+And what we can do is divide
+that distance by the time, and
+
+that, you see, is our old high
+school concept of the average
+
+speed of the particle as
+it moves from O1 to O2.
+
+Now, you see, the question is,
+somebody says gee, that's a
+
+great answer, but it's
+the wrong problem.
+
+We didn't ask what was the
+average speed as we
+
+went from O1 to O2.
+
+We asked what was the
+instantaneous speed.
+
+And the idea is we say,
+well, lookit.
+
+The average speed and the
+instantaneous speed, it seems,
+
+should be pretty much the same
+if the observers were
+
+relatively close together.
+
+The next observation is it seems
+that if we were to move
+
+the observers in even closer,
+there would be less of a
+
+discrepancy between O1 and O2
+in the sense that-- not a
+
+discrepancy, but in the sense
+that the average speed would
+
+now seem like a better
+approximation to the
+
+instantaneous speed because
+there was less distance for
+
+something to go wrong in.
+
+And so we get the idea that
+maybe what we should do is
+
+make the observers gets closer
+and closer together.
+
+That would minimize the
+difference between the average
+
+speed and the instantaneous rate
+of speed, and maybe the
+
+optimal thing would happen
+when the two
+
+observers were together.
+
+But the strange part is--
+
+and this is where calculus
+really begins.
+
+This is what calculus
+is all about.
+
+As soon as the observers come
+together, notice that what you
+
+have is that the distance
+between them is 0.
+
+The time that it takes to get
+from one to the other is 0.
+
+And therefore, it appears that
+if we divide distance by time,
+
+we are going to wind
+up with 0/0.
+
+Now, my claim is that 0/0
+should be called--
+
+well, I'll call it undefined,
+but actually, I think
+
+indeterminate would
+be a better word.
+
+Why do I say that?
+
+Well, here's an interesting
+thing.
+
+When we do arithmetic with small
+numbers, observe that if
+
+you add two small numbers, you
+expect the result to be a
+
+small number.
+
+If you multiply two small
+numbers, you expect the result
+
+to be a small number.
+
+Similarly, for division, for
+subtraction, the difference of
+
+two small numbers is
+a small number.
+
+On the other hand, the quotient
+of two small numbers
+
+is rather deceptive.
+
+Because it's a ratio, if one
+of the very small numbers
+
+happens to be very much larger
+compared with the other small
+
+number, the ratio might
+be quite large.
+
+Well, for example, visualize,
+say, 10 to the minus 6,
+
+1/1,000,000, 0.000001, which
+is a pretty small number.
+
+Now, divide that by 10
+to the minus 12th.
+
+Well, you see, 10 to the minus
+12th is a small number, so
+
+small that it makes 10 to the
+minus sixth appear large.
+
+In fact, the quotient is 10 to
+the sixth, which is 1,000,000.
+
+And here we see that when you're
+dealing with the ratio
+
+of small numbers, you're a
+little bit in trouble, because
+
+we can't tell whether the ratio
+will be small, or large,
+
+or somewhere in between.
+
+For example, if we reverse
+the role of numerator and
+
+denominator here, we would still
+have the quotient of two
+
+small numbers, but 10 to the
+minus 12th divided by 10 to
+
+the minus sixth is a relatively
+small number, 10 to
+
+the minus 6.
+
+Of course, this is the physical
+way of looking at it.
+
+Small divided by small
+is indeterminate.
+
+We have a more rigorous way of
+looking at this if you want to
+
+see it from a mathematical
+structure point of view.
+
+Namely, suppose we define a/b
+in the traditional way.
+
+Namely, a/b is that number such
+that when we multiply it
+
+by b we get a.
+
+Well, what would that say as
+far as 0/0 was concerned?
+
+It would say what?
+
+That 0/0 is that number such
+that when we multiply
+
+it by 0 we get 0.
+
+Now, what number has the
+property that when we multiply
+
+it by 0 we get 0?
+
+And the answer is any number.
+
+This is why 0/0 is
+indeterminate.
+
+If we say to a person, tell me
+the number I must multiply by
+
+0 to get 0, the answer
+is any number.
+
+Well, the idea then is that we
+must avoid the expression 0/0
+
+at all costs.
+
+What this means then is that we
+say OK, let the observers
+
+get closer to closer together,
+but never touch.
+
+Now, the point is that as long
+as the observers get closer
+
+and closer together and never
+touch, let's ask the question
+
+how many pairs of observers
+do we need?
+
+And the answer is that
+theoretically we need
+
+infinitely many pairs
+of observers.
+
+Well, why is that?
+
+Because as long as there's a
+distance between a pair of
+
+observers, we can theoretically
+fit in another
+
+pair of observers.
+
+This is why in our course we do
+not begin with this idea,
+
+but looking backwards now, we
+say ah, we had better find
+
+some way of giving us the
+equivalent of having
+
+infinitely many pairs
+of observers.
+
+And to do this, the idea that we
+come up with is the concept
+
+called a function.
+
+Consider the old Galileo freely
+falling body problem,
+
+where the distance that the
+body falls s equals 16t
+
+squared, where t is in seconds
+and s is in feet.
+
+Notice that this apparently
+harmless recipe gives us a way
+
+for finding s for
+each given t.
+
+In other words, to all intents
+and purposes, this recipe
+
+gives us an observer for
+each point of time.
+
+For each time, we can find the
+distance, which is physically
+
+equivalent to knowing an
+observer at every point.
+
+In turn, the study of functions
+lends itself to a
+
+study of graphs, a picture.
+
+Namely, if we look at s equals
+16t squared again, notice that
+
+we visualize a recipe here.
+
+t can be viewed as being an
+input, s as the output.
+
+For a given input t, we can
+compute the output s.
+
+In general, if we now elect
+to plot the input along a
+
+horizontal line and the output
+at right angles to this, we
+
+now have a picture of our
+relationship, a picture which
+
+is called a graph.
+
+You see, we can talk about this
+more explicitly as far as
+
+this particular problem is
+concerned, just by taking a
+
+look at a picture like this.
+
+In other words, in this
+particular problem, the input
+
+is time t, the output
+is distance s.
+
+For each t, we locate a height
+called s by squaring t and
+
+multiplying by 16.
+
+And now, what average speed
+means in terms of this kind of
+
+a diagram is the following.
+
+To find the average speed, all
+we have to do is on a given
+
+time interval find the distance
+traveled, which I
+
+call delta s, the change in
+distance, and divide that by
+
+the change in time.
+
+That's the average speed, which,
+by the way, from a
+
+geometrical point of view,
+becomes known as the slope of
+
+this particular straight line.
+
+In other words, average speed is
+to functions what slope of
+
+a straight line is
+to geometry.
+
+At any rate, knowing what the
+average rate of speed is, we
+
+sort of say why couldn't we
+define the instantaneous speed
+
+to be this.
+
+We will take the change in
+distance divided by the change
+
+in time and see what happens.
+
+And we write this this way.
+
+Limit as delta t approaches 0.
+
+Let's see what happens as that
+change in time becomes
+
+arbitrarily small, but never
+equaling 0 because we don't
+
+want a 0/0 form here.
+
+You see, this then becomes the
+working definition of what we
+
+call differential calculus.
+
+The point is that this
+particular definition does not
+
+depend on s equaling
+16t squared.
+
+s could be any function
+of t whatsoever.
+
+We could have a more elaborate
+type of situation.
+
+The important point is what?
+
+The basic definition
+stays the same.
+
+What changes is the amount of
+arithmetic that's necessary to
+
+handle the particular
+relationship between s and t.
+
+This will be a major part of our
+course, the strange thing
+
+being that even at the very end
+of our course when we've
+
+gone through many, many things,
+our basic definition
+
+of instantaneous rate of
+change will have never
+
+changed from this.
+
+It will always stay like this.
+
+But what will change is how much
+arithmetic and algebra
+
+and geometry and trigonometry,
+et cetera, we will have to do
+
+in order to compute these
+things from a
+
+numerical point of view.
+
+Well, so much for the first
+phase of calculus called
+
+differential calculus.
+
+A second phase of calculus, one
+which was developed by the
+
+Ancient Greeks by 600 BC, the
+subject that ultimately
+
+becomes known as integral
+calculus, concerns problem of
+
+finding area under a curve.
+
+Here, I've elected to draw the
+parabola y equals x squared on
+
+the interval from
+0, 0 to 1, 0.
+
+And the question basically is
+what is the area bounded by
+
+this sort of triangular
+region?
+
+Let's call that region R, and
+what we would like to find is
+
+the area of the region R.
+
+And the Ancient Greeks had a
+rather interesting title for
+
+this type of approach for
+finding the area.
+
+It is both figurative and
+literal, I guess.
+
+It's called the method
+of exhaustion.
+
+What they did was to --
+
+They would divide the
+interval, say,
+
+into n equal parts.
+
+And picking the lowest point in
+each interval, they would
+
+inscribe a rectangle.
+
+Knowing that the area of the
+rectangle was the base times
+
+the height, they would add up
+the area of each of these
+
+rectangles, and know that
+whatever that area was, that
+
+would have to be too small to
+be the right answer because
+
+that region was contained
+in R. And that would be
+
+labeled A sub n--
+
+lower bar, say--
+
+to indicate that this was a sum
+of rectangles which was
+
+too small to be the
+right answer.
+
+Similarly, they would then find
+the highest point in each
+
+rectangle, get an
+overapproximation by adding up
+
+the sum of those areas, which
+they would call A sub n upper
+
+bar, and now know that the area
+of the regions they were
+
+looking for was squeezed
+in between these two.
+
+Then what they would do is make
+more and more divisions,
+
+and hopefully, and I think
+you can see this sort of
+
+intuitively happening here,
+each of the lower
+
+approximations gets bigger
+and fills out
+
+the space from inside.
+
+Each of the upper approximations
+gets smaller
+
+and chops off the space
+from outside here.
+
+And hopefully, if both of these
+bounds sort of converge
+
+to the same value L, we get the
+idea that the area of the
+
+region R must be L.
+
+This is not anything new.
+
+In other words, this is a
+technique that is some 2,500
+
+years old, used by the
+Ancient Greeks.
+
+Of course, what happens with
+engineering students in
+
+general is that one frequently
+says, but I'm not interested
+
+in studying area.
+
+I am not a geometer.
+
+I am a physicist.
+
+I am an engineer.
+
+What good is the area
+under a curve?
+
+And the interesting point here
+becomes that if we label the
+
+coordinate axis rather than x
+and y, give them physical
+
+labels, it turns out that area
+under a curve has a physical
+
+interpretation.
+
+Consider the same problem.
+
+Only now, instead of talking
+about y equals x squared,
+
+let's talk about v, the
+velocity, equaling the square
+
+of the time.
+
+And say that the time
+goes to 0 to 1.
+
+In other words, if we plot
+v versus t, we get a
+
+picture like this.
+
+And the question that comes up
+is what do we mean by the area
+
+under the curve here?
+
+And again, without belaboring
+this point, not because it's
+
+not important, but because this
+is just an overview and
+
+we'll come back to all of these
+topics later in our
+
+course, the point I just want
+to bring out here is, notice
+
+that the area under the curve
+here is the distance that this
+
+particle would travel moving at
+this speed if the time goes
+
+from 0 to 1.
+
+And notice what we're
+saying here.
+
+Again, suppose we divide this
+interval into n equal parts
+
+and inscribe rectangles.
+
+Notice that each of
+these rectangles
+
+represents a distance.
+
+Namely, if a particle moved at
+the speed over this length of
+
+time, the area under the curve
+would be the distance that it
+
+traveled during that
+time interval.
+
+In other words, what we're
+saying is that if the particle
+
+moved at this speed from this
+time to this time, then moved
+
+at this speed from this time to
+this time, the sum of these
+
+two areas would give the
+distance that the particle
+
+traveled, which obviously is
+less than the distance that
+
+the particle truly traveled,
+because notice that the
+
+particle was moving at a speed
+which at every instance from
+
+here to here was greater than
+this and at every instant from
+
+here to here was greater
+than this.
+
+In other words, in the same way
+as before, that area of
+
+the region R was whittled in
+between A sub n upper bar and
+
+A sub n lower bar, notice that
+the distance traveled by the
+
+particle can now be limited or
+bounded in the same way.
+
+And in the same way that we
+found area as a limit, we can
+
+now find distance as a limit.
+
+And these two things,
+namely, what?
+
+Instantaneous speed and area
+under a curve are the two
+
+essential branches of calculus,
+differential
+
+calculus being concerned with
+instantaneous rate of speed,
+
+integral calculus with
+area under a curve.
+
+And the beauty of calculus,
+surprisingly enough, in a way
+
+is only secondary
+as far as these
+
+two topics are concerned.
+
+The true beauty lies in the fact
+that these apparently two
+
+different branches of calculus,
+one of which was
+
+invented by the Ancient Greeks
+as early as 600 BC,
+
+the other of which--
+
+differential calculus--
+
+was not known to man until the
+time of Isaac Newton in 1690
+
+AD are related by a rather
+remarkable thing.
+
+That remarkable thing, which
+we will emphasize at great
+
+length during our course, is
+that areas and rates of change
+
+are related by area
+under a curve.
+
+Now, I don't know how to draw
+this so that you see this
+
+thing as vividly as possible,
+but the idea is this.
+
+Think of area being swept out as
+we take a line and move it,
+
+tracing out the curve this
+way towards the right.
+
+Notice that if we have a certain
+amount of area, if we
+
+now move a little bit further to
+the right, notice that the
+
+new area somehow depends on what
+the height of this curve
+
+is going to be.
+
+That somehow or other, it seems
+that the area under the
+
+curve must be related to how
+fast the height of this line
+
+is changing.
+
+Or to look at it inversely, how
+fast the area is changing
+
+should somehow be related to
+the height of this line.
+
+And just what that relationship
+is will be
+
+explored also in great
+detail in the course.
+
+And we will show the beautiful
+marriage between this
+
+differential and integral
+calculus through this
+
+relationship here, which
+becomes known as the
+
+fundamental theorem of
+integral calculus.
+
+At any rate then, what this
+should show us is that
+
+calculus hinges--
+
+whether it's differential
+calculus or integral calculus,
+
+that calculus hinges
+on something
+
+called the limit concept.
+
+Again, by way of a very
+quick review, one
+
+of the limit concepts--
+
+and I think it's easy to see
+geometrically rather than
+
+analytically.
+
+Imagine that we have a curve,
+and we want to find the
+
+tangent of the curve at the
+point P. What we can do is
+
+take a point Q and draw the
+straight line that joins P to
+
+Q. We could then find the
+slope of the line PQ.
+
+The trouble is that PQ does not
+look very much like the
+
+tangent line.
+
+So we say OK, let Q move down
+so it comes closer to P. We
+
+can then find the
+slopes of PQ1.
+
+We could find the
+slope of PQ2.
+
+But in each case, we still do
+not have the slope of the line
+
+tangent to the curve at P. But
+we get the idea that as Q gets
+
+closer and closer to P, the
+slope, or the secant line that
+
+joins P to Q, becomes a better
+and better approximation to
+
+the line that would be tangent
+to the curve at P.
+
+In fact, it's rather interesting
+that in the 16th
+
+century, the definition that
+was given of a tangent line
+
+was that a tangent line is a
+line which passes through two
+
+consecutive points on a curve.
+
+Now, obviously, a curve
+does not have
+
+two consecutive points.
+
+What they really
+meant was what?
+
+That as Q gets closer and closer
+to P, the secant line
+
+becomes a better and better
+approximation for the tangent
+
+line, and that in a way, if the
+two points were allowed to
+
+coincide, that should give
+us the perfect answer.
+
+The trouble is, just like you
+can't divide 0 by 0, if P and
+
+Q coincide, how many
+points do you have?
+
+Just one point.
+
+And it takes two points to
+determine a straight line.
+
+No matter how close Q is to P,
+we have two distinct points.
+
+As soon as Q touches
+P, we lose this.
+
+And this is what was meant by
+ancient man or medieval man by
+
+his notion of two consecutive
+points.
+
+And I should put this in double
+quotes because I think
+
+you can see what he's begging
+to try to say with the word
+
+"consecutive," even though from
+a purely rigorous point
+
+of view, this has no
+geometric meaning.
+
+Now, the other form of limit has
+to do with adding up areas
+
+of rectangles under curves.
+
+Namely, we divided the curve
+up into n parts.
+
+We inscribed n rectangles,
+and then we let n
+
+increase without bound.
+
+In other words, this is sort of
+a discrete type of limit.
+
+Namely, we must add up a whole
+number of areas, but the sum
+
+is endless in the sense that
+the number of rectangles
+
+becomes greater than any number
+we want to preassign.
+
+And the basic question that we
+must contend with here is how
+
+big is an infinite sum?
+
+You see, when we say infinite
+sum, that just tells you how
+
+many terms you're combining.
+
+It doesn't tell you how
+big each term, how big
+
+the sum will be.
+
+For example, look at
+the following sum.
+
+I will start with 1.
+
+Then I'll add 1/2 on twice.
+
+Then I'll add 1/3
+on three times.
+
+And without belaboring this
+point, let me then say I'll
+
+had on 1/4 four times,
+1/5 five times, 1/6
+
+six times, et cetera.
+
+Notice as I do this that each
+time the terms gets smaller,
+
+yet the sum increases
+without any bound.
+
+Namely, notice that
+this adds up to 1.
+
+This adds up to 1.
+
+The next four terms
+will add up to 1.
+
+And as I go out further and
+further, notice that this sum
+
+can become as great is
+I want, just by me
+
+adding on enough 1's.
+
+On the other hand, let's
+look at this one.
+
+1 plus 1/2 plus 1/4 plus 1/8
+plus 1/16 plus 1/32.
+
+In other words, I start with 1
+and each time add on half the
+
+previous number.
+
+See, 1 plus 1/2 plus
+1/4 plus 1/8.
+
+You may remember this as being
+the geometric series whose
+
+ratio is 1/2.
+
+The interesting thing is that
+now this sum gets as close to
+
+2 as you want without
+ever getting there.
+
+And rather than prove this right
+now, let's just look at
+
+the geometric interpretation
+here.
+
+Take a line which is
+2 inches long.
+
+Suppose you first go halfway.
+
+You're now here.
+
+Now go half the remaining
+distance.
+
+That's what?
+
+1 plus 1/2.
+
+That puts you over here.
+
+Now go half the remaining
+distance.
+
+That means add on 1/4.
+
+Now go half the remaining
+distance.
+
+That means add on on 1/8.
+
+Now go half the remaining
+distance.
+
+Add up this on 1/16, you see.
+
+And ultimately, what happens?
+
+Well, no matter where you stop,
+you've become closer and
+
+closer to 2 without ever
+getting there.
+
+And as you go further and
+further, you can get as close
+
+to 2 as you want.
+
+In other words, here are
+infinitely many terms whose
+
+infinite sum is 2.
+
+Here are infinitely many terms
+whose infinite sum is
+
+infinity, we should
+say, because it
+
+increases without bound.
+
+And this was the problem that
+hung up the Ancient Greek.
+
+How could you do infinitely
+many things in a
+
+finite amount of time?
+
+In fact, at the same time that
+the Greek was developing
+
+integral calculus, the famous
+greek philosopher Zeno was
+
+working on things called
+Zeno's paradoxes.
+
+And Zeno's paradoxes are three
+in number, of which I only
+
+want to quote one here.
+
+But it's a paradox which shows
+how Zeno could not visualize
+
+quite what was happening.
+
+You see, it's called the
+Tortoise and the Hare problem.
+
+Suppose that you give the
+Tortoise a 1 yard head start
+
+on the Hare.
+
+And suppose for the sake of
+argument, just to mimic the
+
+problem that we were doing
+before, suppose it's a slow
+
+Hare and a fast Tortoise so that
+the Hare only runs twice
+
+as fast as the Tortoise.
+
+You see, Zeno's paradox says
+that the Hare can never catch
+
+the Tortoise.
+
+Why?
+
+Because to catch the Tortoise,
+the Hare must first go the 1
+
+yard head start that
+the Tortoise had.
+
+Well, by the time the Hare gets
+here, the Tortoise has
+
+gone 1/2 yard because the
+Tortoise travels half as fast.
+
+Now, the Hare must make
+up the 1/2 yard.
+
+But while the Hare makes up
+the 1/2 yard, the Tortoise
+
+goes 1/4 of a yard.
+
+When the Hare makes up the 1/4
+of a yard, the Tortoise goes
+
+1/8 of a yard.
+
+And so, Zeno argues, the Hare
+gets closer and closer to the
+
+Tortoise but can't catch him.
+
+And this, of course, is a rather
+strange thing because
+
+Zeno knew that the Tortoise
+would catch the Hare.
+
+That's it's called a paradox.
+
+A paradox means something which
+appears to be true yet
+
+is obviously false.
+
+Now, notice that we can resolve
+Zeno's paradox into
+
+the example we were just
+talking about.
+
+For the sake of argument, notice
+what's happening here
+
+with the time.
+
+For the sake of argument,
+let's suppose that the
+
+Tortoise travels at
+1 yard per second.
+
+Then what you're saying is--
+
+I mean, the Hare travels
+at 1 yard per second.
+
+What you're saying is
+it takes the Hare 1
+
+second to go this distance.
+
+Then it takes him 1/2 a second
+to go this distance, then 1/4
+
+of a second to go
+this distance.
+
+And what you're saying is that
+as he's gaining on the
+
+Tortoise, these are the time
+intervals which are
+
+transpiring.
+
+And this sum turns
+out to be 2.
+
+Now, of course, those of us who
+had eighth grade algebra
+
+know an easier way of solving
+this problem.
+
+We say lookit, let's solve this
+problem algebraically.
+
+Namely, we say give the Tortoise
+a 1 yard head start.
+
+Now call x the distance of
+a point at which the Hare
+
+catches the Tortoise.
+
+Now, the Hare is traveling
+1 yard per second.
+
+The Tortoise is traveling
+1/2 yard per second, OK?
+
+So if we take the distance
+traveled and divided by the
+
+rate, that should be the time.
+
+And since they both are at this
+point at the same time,
+
+we get what? x/1 equals x
+minus 1 divided by 1/2.
+
+And assuming as a prerequisite
+that we have had algebra, it
+
+follows almost trivially
+that x equals 2.
+
+In other words, what this says
+is, in reality, that the Hare
+
+will not overtake the Tortoise
+until he catches
+
+him, which is obvious.
+
+But what's not so
+obvious is what?
+
+That these infinitely
+many terms can add
+
+up to a finite sum.
+
+Well, at any rate, this complete
+the overview of what
+
+our course will be like.
+
+And to help you focus your
+attention on what our course
+
+really says, what we shall do
+computationally is this.
+
+In review, we shall start with
+functions, and functions
+
+involve the modern concept
+of sets because they're
+
+relationships between
+sets of objects.
+
+We'll talk about limits,
+derivatives, rate of change,
+
+integrals, area under curves.
+
+This will be our fundamental
+building block.
+
+Once this is done, these things
+will never change.
+
+But the remainder of our course
+will be to talk about
+
+applications, which is the name
+of the game as far as
+
+engineering is concerned.
+
+More elaborate functions,
+namely, how do we handle
+
+tougher relationships.
+
+Related to the tougher
+relationships will come more
+
+sophisticated techniques.
+
+And finally, we will conclude
+our course with the topic that
+
+we were just talking about:
+infinite series, how do we get
+
+a hold of what happens when
+you add up infinitely many
+
+things, each of which
+gets small.
+
+At any rate, that concludes
+our lecture for today.
+
+We will have a digression in
+the sense that the next few
+
+lessons will consist of sets,
+things that you can read about
+
+at your leisure in our
+supplementary notes.
+
+Learn to understand these
+because the concept of a set
+
+is the building block, the
+fundamental language of modern
+
+mathematics.
+
+And then we will return, once we
+have sets underway, to talk
+
+about functions.
+
+And then we will build
+gradually from there.
+
+Hopefully, when our course ends,
+we will have in slow
+
+motion gone through
+today's lesson.
+
+This completes our presentation
+for today.
+
+And until next time, goodbye.
+
+NARRATOR: Funding for the
+publication of this video is
+
+provided by the Gabriella and
+Paul Rosenbaum Foundation.
+
+Help OCW continue to provide
+free and open access to MIT
+
+courses by making a donation
+at ocw.mit.edu/donate.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Ma3ANiGPVNU.txt b/Ma3ANiGPVNU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3401e95b2ba4b0280c5cc7e51a5b7ee2ecc1872d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Ma3ANiGPVNU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,363 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so why are we so passionate about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why are we so passionate about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why are we so passionate about
+entrepreneurship as individuals why are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurship as individuals why are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurship as individuals why are
+we so passionate at MIT about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we so passionate at MIT about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we so passionate at MIT about
+entrepreneurship our mission at MIT is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurship our mission at MIT is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurship our mission at MIT is
+to enhance the knowledge of Science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enhance the knowledge of Science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enhance the knowledge of Science and
+Technology to have a positive impact on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology to have a positive impact on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology to have a positive impact on
+the world's greatest challenges so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world's greatest challenges so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world's greatest challenges so what
+is entrepreneurship do in that yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is entrepreneurship do in that yeah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is entrepreneurship do in that yeah you
+can bring technology out but let me talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can bring technology out but let me talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can bring technology out but let me talk
+about the greater challenge in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the greater challenge in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the greater challenge in the world
+today that is you know youth growing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today that is you know youth growing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today that is you know youth growing up
+and not being able to have jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not being able to have jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not being able to have jobs
+entrepreneurship is the Hope for them it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurship is the Hope for them it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurship is the Hope for them it
+allows them to think you know hey I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows them to think you know hey I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows them to think you know hey I can
+grow up and I can create my own job so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow up and I can create my own job so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow up and I can create my own job so
+it gives them hope and then if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives them hope and then if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives them hope and then if they
+start something or they're part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start something or they're part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start something or they're part of
+something small they get pride in what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something small they get pride in what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something small they get pride in what
+they have it's something that is their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have it's something that is their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have it's something that is their
+own and so this is very very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own and so this is very very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own and so this is very very important
+Hope Pride and the last thing is it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hope Pride and the last thing is it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hope Pride and the last thing is it gets
+rigor you if it's your own you know when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigor you if it's your own you know when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigor you if it's your own you know when
+you're in a startup you you can't rely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in a startup you you can't rely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in a startup you you can't rely
+on other people you got to get out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on other people you got to get out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on other people you got to get out there
+you've got to collect the money you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to collect the money you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to collect the money you've
+got to get up in the morning you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to get up in the morning you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to get up in the morning you got to
+get to work CU if you don't things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to work CU if you don't things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to work CU if you don't things
+aren't going to happen so to us we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't going to happen so to us we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't going to happen so to us we're
+extraordinarily passionate about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinarily passionate about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinarily passionate about
+entrepreneurship as a way to bring Hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurship as a way to bring Hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurship as a way to bring Hope
+Pride and rigor to the youth in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pride and rigor to the youth in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pride and rigor to the youth in
+throughout the entire world who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the entire world who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the entire world who are
+growing up today because the jobs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing up today because the jobs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing up today because the jobs are
+not going to be there created by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be there created by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be there created by the
+government they're not going to be there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government they're not going to be there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government they're not going to be there
+created by you know big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created by you know big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created by you know big
+companies you the Youth of the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies you the Youth of the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies you the Youth of the future
+are going to have to create your own job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to have to create your own job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to have to create your own job
+jobs and you want to create great jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs and you want to create great jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs and you want to create great jobs
+and you when you do that you will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you when you do that you will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you when you do that you will have
+hope you will have pride and you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you will have pride and you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you will have pride and you will
+have rigor in your life and that is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have rigor in your life and that is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have rigor in your life and that is why
+we are so passionate about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are so passionate about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are so passionate about
+entrepreneurship and we want to export
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurship and we want to export
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurship and we want to export
+knowledge about how to be great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge about how to be great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge about how to be great
+entrepreneurs to everyone we possibly
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Mbz648H3IEw.txt b/Mbz648H3IEw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9c5f4c7d9c8f79780f3e5ec9ded961032b96c852
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Mbz648H3IEw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,427 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think I was very lucky this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I was very lucky this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I was very lucky this time
+around in this course to have students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in this course to have students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in this course to have students
+from so diverse backgrounds but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from so diverse backgrounds but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from so diverse backgrounds but also
+students who I think most of them were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students who I think most of them were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students who I think most of them were
+first-generation Americans and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first-generation Americans and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first-generation Americans and with
+ancestry with their parents or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestry with their parents or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestry with their parents or
+grandparents from quite diverse opposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandparents from quite diverse opposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandparents from quite diverse opposed
+of the world from Mauritius from India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world from Mauritius from India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world from Mauritius from India
+from Latin America and also in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Latin America and also in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Latin America and also in terms of
+ethnicity and religion it was also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethnicity and religion it was also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethnicity and religion it was also
+called a diverse set there were students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a diverse set there were students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a diverse set there were students
+whose parents were Jewish there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose parents were Jewish there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose parents were Jewish there was a
+family and students there were some from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family and students there were some from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family and students there were some from
+India and they were basically struggling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India and they were basically struggling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India and they were basically struggling
+with these notions of who they are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these notions of who they are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these notions of who they are in
+terms of the identity and can you be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the identity and can you be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the identity and can you be
+more recent but yet not speak the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more recent but yet not speak the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more recent but yet not speak the
+worrisome creole language can you be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worrisome creole language can you be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worrisome creole language can you be
+Indian and not speak both puri can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indian and not speak both puri can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indian and not speak both puri can you
+be Latino that might be fluent in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Latino that might be fluent in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Latino that might be fluent in in
+Spanish can you be a fan American but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spanish can you be a fan American but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spanish can you be a fan American but
+yet not be fully fluent in so called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet not be fully fluent in so called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet not be fully fluent in so called
+black English so those were questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black English so those were questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black English so those were questions
+that they themselves brought in that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they themselves brought in that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they themselves brought in that I
+think enrich the course because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think enrich the course because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think enrich the course because it
+became very personal in many ways and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became very personal in many ways and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became very personal in many ways and
+and I feel that through the semester did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I feel that through the semester did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I feel that through the semester did
+themselves matured in in the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves matured in in the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves matured in in the kinds of
+answers they were bring to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers they were bring to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers they were bring to these
+questions which were deeply personal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions which were deeply personal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions which were deeply personal and
+in fact once I discovered that they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact once I discovered that they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact once I discovered that they had
+such diverse background so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such diverse background so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such diverse background so that the
+questions were so personal in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions were so personal in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions were so personal in terms of
+who they were as as individuals in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who they were as as individuals in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who they were as as individuals in terms
+of identity language religion ethnicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of identity language religion ethnicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of identity language religion ethnicity
+then what I asked them to do as the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what I asked them to do as the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what I asked them to do as the very
+first exercise was to write what I call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first exercise was to write what I call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first exercise was to write what I call
+the linguistic biography and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linguistic biography and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linguistic biography and actually
+and I'm grateful that I get this hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm grateful that I get this hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm grateful that I get this hand
+from a dear friend and colleague
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a dear friend and colleague
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a dear friend and colleague
+professor and Chelsea Hadley who teaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor and Chelsea Hadley who teaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor and Chelsea Hadley who teaches
+at UC Santa Barbara and I'm charity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at UC Santa Barbara and I'm charity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at UC Santa Barbara and I'm charity
+actually shared with me her own link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually shared with me her own link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually shared with me her own link
+biography and when I read that I realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biography and when I read that I realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biography and when I read that I realize
+how powerful it was to read about her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how powerful it was to read about her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how powerful it was to read about her
+own growing up in terms of language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own growing up in terms of language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own growing up in terms of language
+ethnicity race so I thought that I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethnicity race so I thought that I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethnicity race so I thought that I would
+ask students or something similar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask students or something similar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask students or something similar and
+that helped me through the semester to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helped me through the semester to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helped me through the semester to
+frame a kinds of questions we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame a kinds of questions we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame a kinds of questions we would
+answer throughout the course which were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer throughout the course which were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer throughout the course which were
+very connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very connected
+to the essence of the issue of language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the essence of the issue of language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the essence of the issue of language
+and identity
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/MnbQjpejZt4.txt b/MnbQjpejZt4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ce264eb58586049f4b3fcd3bef92bbbd3e177e82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MnbQjpejZt4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10499 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all right well I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right well I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right well I'd like to
+thank uh thank than you for inviting me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank uh thank than you for inviting me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank uh thank than you for inviting me
+again to to talk to the poker class it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again to to talk to the poker class it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again to to talk to the poker class it's
+always great to to to come here and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always great to to to come here and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always great to to to come here and you
+know we're going to be having a t a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're going to be having a t a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're going to be having a t a
+couple weeks so good luck for the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple weeks so good luck for the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple weeks so good luck for the people
+participating in that actually I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participating in that actually I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participating in that actually I'm
+coming back in another two weeks uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming back in another two weeks uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming back in another two weeks uh
+because I think this is like a Harvard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think this is like a Harvard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think this is like a Harvard
+MIT math tournament for high school kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT math tournament for high school kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT math tournament for high school kids
+so you know I I really love visiting MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know I I really love visiting MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know I I really love visiting MIT
+I just were at some other time besides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just were at some other time besides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just were at some other time besides
+the winter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um then it would be perfect all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then it would be perfect all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then it would be perfect all right
+today I'm going to talk about uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I'm going to talk about uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I'm going to talk about uh the
+University of Alberta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of Alberta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of Alberta
+cus computer program supposedly saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cus computer program supposedly saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cus computer program supposedly saw
+poker we're talk about what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker we're talk about what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker we're talk about what they
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+did there seems to be a lot of Buzz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did there seems to be a lot of Buzz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did there seems to be a lot of Buzz
+about this so I I thought this was uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this so I I thought this was uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this so I I thought this was uh a
+good to do um so I I have to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to do um so I I have to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to do um so I I have to tell you
+that Jared and I uh did not work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Jared and I uh did not work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Jared and I uh did not work
+directly with the University of Alberta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly with the University of Alberta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly with the University of Alberta
+people but we're very familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people but we're very familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people but we're very familiar with
+their methods and have uh actually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their methods and have uh actually you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their methods and have uh actually you
+know tried some of their coding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know tried some of their coding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know tried some of their coding
+techniques so we're pretty familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques so we're pretty familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques so we're pretty familiar with
+the State research that's going on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the State research that's going on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the State research that's going on it
+sort of a I think an objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a I think an objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a I think an objective
+commentary so by the way uh as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commentary so by the way uh as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commentary so by the way uh as the
+lecture goes on you can interrupt and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture goes on you can interrupt and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture goes on you can interrupt and
+questions just ra hands if if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions just ra hands if if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions just ra hands if if if
+something's unclear or not because I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's unclear or not because I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's unclear or not because I've
+been told I have about 80 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been told I have about 80 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been told I have about 80 minutes
+try to spend a 55 and then save the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to spend a 55 and then save the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to spend a 55 and then save the rest
+for questions all right so the outline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for questions all right so the outline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for questions all right so the outline
+of talk first I'm going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of talk first I'm going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of talk first I'm going to talk about
+what cus accomplished what University of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what cus accomplished what University of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what cus accomplished what University of
+Alberta people accomplished and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alberta people accomplished and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alberta people accomplished and I'm
+going to sort of uh bring that up by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sort of uh bring that up by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sort of uh bring that up by
+discussing g game theory optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing g game theory optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing g game theory optimal
+strategies in poker how many of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies in poker how many of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies in poker how many of you know
+what game is I just want to know or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what game is I just want to know or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what game is I just want to know or what
+an as is raise your hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an as is raise your hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an as is raise your hands
+uh okay uh so about half 2/3 good I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay uh so about half 2/3 good I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay uh so about half 2/3 good I'm
+going to do a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do a quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do a quick
+introduction to you know what game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to you know what game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to you know what game
+theory is we're going to talk about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory is we're going to talk about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory is we're going to talk about like
+a simple poker game and solutions to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple poker game and solutions to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple poker game and solutions to it
+um and then I'm going to go into their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then I'm going to go into their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then I'm going to go into their
+algorithm which is uh R Min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm which is uh R Min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm which is uh R Min
+minimization they use the uh method of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimization they use the uh method of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimization they use the uh method of
+counterfactual actually the method they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterfactual actually the method they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterfactual actually the method they
+use to push through to the solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to push through to the solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to push through to the solution to
+the problem is counter CF plus which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is counter CF plus which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is counter CF plus which is
+um basically the the original algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um basically the the original algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um basically the the original algorithm
+some shortcuts which we'll discuss um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some shortcuts which we'll discuss um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some shortcuts which we'll discuss um
+after this uh though we we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this uh though we we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this uh though we we're going to
+think about extensions of Computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about extensions of Computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about extensions of Computer
+Solutions to other games including beted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions to other games including beted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions to other games including beted
+games and multiplayer games uh couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games and multiplayer games uh couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games and multiplayer games uh couple of
+people have questions about snowy No
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have questions about snowy No
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have questions about snowy No
+Limit program uh we'll talk about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Limit program uh we'll talk about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Limit program uh we'll talk about what
+uh their work entailed if if if uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh their work entailed if if if uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh their work entailed if if if uh the
+questions lead in kind of that direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions lead in kind of that direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions lead in kind of that direction
+um all right let's talk about what cfus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right let's talk about what cfus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right let's talk about what cfus
+accomplish it's a game three optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish it's a game three optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish it's a game three optimal
+solution to heads up limit hold and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to heads up limit hold and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to heads up limit hold and so
+what does that mean you guys all know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean you guys all know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean you guys all know
+what limit hold them is right good um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what limit hold them is right good um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what limit hold them is right good um
+basically it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's
+uh after 00 PE years they've achieved an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh after 00 PE years they've achieved an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh after 00 PE years they've achieved an
+exploitability of less than 1 1,000 of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploitability of less than 1 1,000 of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploitability of less than 1 1,000 of a
+big blind so the first thing it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big blind so the first thing it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big blind so the first thing it's not a
+like true like perfect optimal solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like true like perfect optimal solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like true like perfect optimal solution
+there you can still exploit it for about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you can still exploit it for about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you can still exploit it for about
+one 1,000th of a blind per per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one 1,000th of a blind per per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one 1,000th of a blind per per
+hand um however they're probably better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand um however they're probably better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand um however they're probably better
+games this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games this is like
+12th this this is one 12000 big bet you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12th this this is one 12000 big bet you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12th this this is one 12000 big bet you
+can actually play heads up for 50 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually play heads up for 50 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually play heads up for 50 years
+at at normal speed and still have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at normal speed and still have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at normal speed and still have some
+probability of losing with uh the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of losing with uh the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of losing with uh the reason
+for that is kind of the uh standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that is kind of the uh standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that is kind of the uh standard
+deviation of of heads up limit hold them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation of of heads up limit hold them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation of of heads up limit hold them
+is about five big blindes so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about five big blindes so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about five big blindes so you can
+just imagine how many hands you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just imagine how many hands you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just imagine how many hands you have to
+play have statistical significance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play have statistical significance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play have statistical significance
+about 25 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 25 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 25 million
+each so uh so it's definitely a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each so uh so it's definitely a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each so uh so it's definitely a
+milestone this is first time like a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milestone this is first time like a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milestone this is first time like a real
+poker game has been solved like in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker game has been solved like in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker game has been solved like in the
+math of Poker we solved Ace king queen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math of Poker we solved Ace king queen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math of Poker we solved Ace king queen
+game you know on paper but like a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game you know on paper but like a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game you know on paper but like a real
+poker game been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker game been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker game been
+solved uh however given their previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved uh however given their previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved uh however given their previous
+work it was just a matter of time like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work it was just a matter of time like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work it was just a matter of time like I
+remember two or three years ago they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember two or three years ago they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember two or three years ago they
+passed the 1/100th of a big bet um which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed the 1/100th of a big bet um which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed the 1/100th of a big bet um which
+is sort of our measure significance if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of our measure significance if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of our measure significance if
+you're playing and you're winning kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're playing and you're winning kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're playing and you're winning kind
+of more than one 100th of a big bet per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of more than one 100th of a big bet per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of more than one 100th of a big bet per
+hand you can kind of think it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand you can kind of think it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand you can kind of think it's a
+profitable game below that comes just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitable game below that comes just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitable game below that comes just
+sort of theoretical so it's definitely a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of theoretical so it's definitely a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of theoretical so it's definitely a
+milestone and uh basically I knew that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milestone and uh basically I knew that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milestone and uh basically I knew that
+if they just maybe spent more CPU power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they just maybe spent more CPU power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they just maybe spent more CPU power
+they would get the solution after 900
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would get the solution after 900
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would get the solution after 900
+CPU years they finally got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CPU years they finally got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CPU years they finally got the
+solution um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution um
+so I don't know if I had had that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't know if I had had that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't know if I had had that much
+CPU power solve a few problems too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CPU power solve a few problems too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CPU power solve a few problems too
+but uh but it's still it's still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh but it's still it's still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh but it's still it's still a
+milestone it's it's great so what effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milestone it's it's great so what effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milestone it's it's great so what effect
+does this have on other games uh does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this have on other games uh does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this have on other games uh does
+this mean Poker is going to kind of go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mean Poker is going to kind of go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mean Poker is going to kind of go
+the way of Chess where computers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way of Chess where computers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way of Chess where computers are
+just much better than are I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just much better than are I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just much better than are I don't think
+we're there yet and we'll we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're there yet and we'll we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're there yet and we'll we'll talk
+about that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that uh
+later so let's talk about Nash calibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later so let's talk about Nash calibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later so let's talk about Nash calibrium
+um so John F Nash won the no prize in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so John F Nash won the no prize in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so John F Nash won the no prize in
+1994 for pioneering analysis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1994 for pioneering analysis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1994 for pioneering analysis of
+equilibria and the theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibria and the theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibria and the theory of
+non-cooperative games and he extended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-cooperative games and he extended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-cooperative games and he extended
+the work of John Von noyman Oscar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work of John Von noyman Oscar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work of John Von noyman Oscar
+Morganstern actually first considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morganstern actually first considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morganstern actually first considered
+these two player Zero Sum games so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two player Zero Sum games so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two player Zero Sum games so
+Nation equilibrium it's just a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nation equilibrium it's just a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nation equilibrium it's just a set of
+strategies such that no player can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies such that no player can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies such that no player can
+actually improve their their strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually improve their their strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually improve their their strategy
+and kind of make more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of make more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of make more
+money util whatever in the two two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money util whatever in the two two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money util whatever in the two two
+player zero some games we refer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player zero some games we refer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player zero some games we refer to
+National equilibria as also very optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National equilibria as also very optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National equilibria as also very optimal
+reason is because National equilibria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is because National equilibria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is because National equilibria
+are also the minmax solution it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also the minmax solution it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also the minmax solution it's the
+best you can do given that he can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best you can do given that he can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best you can do given that he can see
+what you do and respond um a simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do and respond um a simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do and respond um a simplest
+case of national equilibrium is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of national equilibrium is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of national equilibrium is if
+you're playing rock paper scissors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're playing rock paper scissors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're playing rock paper scissors
+what's the national
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the national
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the national
+equilibrium one3 each so um that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium one3 each so um that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium one3 each so um that's not
+that exciting in this case because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exciting in this case because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exciting in this case because uh
+both players kind of just guante zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both players kind of just guante zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both players kind of just guante zero
+you can't make more zero you can't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't make more zero you can't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't make more zero you can't make
+less than zero so it doesn't seem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than zero so it doesn't seem to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than zero so it doesn't seem to be
+that exciting a solution but in poker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exciting a solution but in poker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exciting a solution but in poker
+it's kind of exciting because uh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of exciting because uh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of exciting because uh they
+are kind of dominated mistakes people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kind of dominated mistakes people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kind of dominated mistakes people
+play or mistakes that actually lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play or mistakes that actually lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play or mistakes that actually lose
+money to to the optimal solution so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to to the optimal solution so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to to the optimal solution so the
+reason uh 1/3 1/3 is an as equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason uh 1/3 1/3 is an as equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason uh 1/3 1/3 is an as equilibrium
+because nobody can do anything to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because nobody can do anything to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because nobody can do anything to
+improve kind of their lot it may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve kind of their lot it may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve kind of their lot it may not be
+the best thing to play if a guy's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best thing to play if a guy's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best thing to play if a guy's
+playing one half scissors and one half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing one half scissors and one half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing one half scissors and one half
+Rock what should you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rock what should you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rock what should you
+play 100% rock yeah sort of like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play 100% rock yeah sort of like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play 100% rock yeah sort of like the
+Aerosmith strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aerosmith strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aerosmith strategy
+but um right so there are much better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um right so there are much better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um right so there are much better
+ways to play if you're opponents deviate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to play if you're opponents deviate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to play if you're opponents deviate
+from natural CER brim so actually game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from natural CER brim so actually game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from natural CER brim so actually game
+three optimal is not necessarily the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three optimal is not necessarily the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three optimal is not necessarily the
+best way to play uh even heads up it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best way to play uh even heads up it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best way to play uh even heads up it's a
+way to play to kind of guarantee you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to play to kind of guarantee you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to play to kind of guarantee you
+never lose m so that's sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never lose m so that's sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never lose m so that's sort of the
+accomplishment uh that's why heads up we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplishment uh that's why heads up we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplishment uh that's why heads up we
+like to find these because I know I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to find these because I know I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to find these because I know I can
+just play this and I'm not taking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just play this and I'm not taking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just play this and I'm not taking a
+total advantage of my opponent's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total advantage of my opponent's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total advantage of my opponent's
+mistakes but at least I'm playing in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes but at least I'm playing in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes but at least I'm playing in a
+way where he can't take advantage of me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way where he can't take advantage of me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way where he can't take advantage of me
+at all um let's do a simple example so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all um let's do a simple example so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all um let's do a simple example so
+this is uh an example or that that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh an example or that that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh an example or that that I
+shared with the class A couple of years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared with the class A couple of years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared with the class A couple of years
+ago so there are two players Rose and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago so there are two players Rose and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago so there are two players Rose and
+Colin the reason the players are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colin the reason the players are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colin the reason the players are called
+roseen Colin are because this refers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roseen Colin are because this refers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roseen Colin are because this refers to
+Matrix Games you know if you right one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix Games you know if you right one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix Games you know if you right one
+one player chooses a row the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one player chooses a row the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one player chooses a row the other
+player chooses a column that's their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player chooses a column that's their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player chooses a column that's their
+payoff and for three player games we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payoff and for three player games we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payoff and for three player games we
+introduce Larry because they're layers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce Larry because they're layers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce Larry because they're layers
+yeah but so the two played with roseen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but so the two played with roseen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but so the two played with roseen
+colins so each player Anti is $50 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colins so each player Anti is $50 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colins so each player Anti is $50 for
+$100 in a pot Rose looks at a card full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 in a pot Rose looks at a card full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 in a pot Rose looks at a card full
+deck will win the pot that Showdown if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deck will win the pot that Showdown if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deck will win the pot that Showdown if
+the card is otherwise she will lose so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the card is otherwise she will lose so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the card is otherwise she will lose so
+Rose can decide to bet $100 or check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rose can decide to bet $100 or check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rose can decide to bet $100 or check
+after she looks at her card so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after she looks at her card so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after she looks at her card so there's
+$100 in the pot she looks at her car she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 in the pot she looks at her car she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 in the pot she looks at her car she
+whether to bet $100 or the check if Rose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether to bet $100 or the check if Rose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether to bet $100 or the check if Rose
+bets Colin may decide to call 100 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bets Colin may decide to call 100 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bets Colin may decide to call 100 or
+fold if Colin folds Rose wins well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold if Colin folds Rose wins well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold if Colin folds Rose wins well you
+guys know how po works right if Colin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys know how po works right if Colin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys know how po works right if Colin
+calls there a showdown cards actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls there a showdown cards actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls there a showdown cards actually a
+spade she wins a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spade she wins a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spade she wins a whole
+pot col wins a pot so what's the optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pot col wins a pot so what's the optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pot col wins a pot so what's the optimal
+strategies for roseen Colin does anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies for roseen Colin does anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies for roseen Colin does anybody
+know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the
+answer uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer uh
+well let's do one of it how often do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's do one of it how often do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's do one of it how often do you
+think should call Colin wants a call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think should call Colin wants a call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think should call Colin wants a call
+just enough to make Rose's Bluffs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just enough to make Rose's Bluffs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just enough to make Rose's Bluffs
+profitable so Rose if Rose gets a spade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitable so Rose if Rose gets a spade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitable so Rose if Rose gets a spade
+what what what what is she going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what what what is she going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what what what is she going to
+do that there's nothing to lose by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that there's nothing to lose by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that there's nothing to lose by
+betting unless she's being very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betting unless she's being very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betting unless she's being very very
+tricky but uh it is correct to bet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky but uh it is correct to bet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky but uh it is correct to bet
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so let's see if Rose doesn't pick up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see if Rose doesn't pick up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see if Rose doesn't pick up a
+spade and BLS how often does that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spade and BLS how often does that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spade and BLS how often does that have
+to succeed for it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to succeed for it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to succeed for it to
+profitable right $100 in the pot she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitable right $100 in the pot she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitable right $100 in the pot she
+looks it's if it's not a spade she has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks it's if it's not a spade she has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks it's if it's not a spade she has
+to bet a $100 and what's what's how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bet a $100 and what's what's how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bet a $100 and what's what's how much
+uh is she risking how much is she going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is she risking how much is she going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is she risking how much is she going
+to win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's actually 100 and another hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually 100 and another hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually 100 and another hundred
+right because there's $100 in a pot she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because there's $100 in a pot she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because there's $100 in a pot she
+she yeah sure she anti uh something to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she yeah sure she anti uh something to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she yeah sure she anti uh something to
+make that pot but she's spending $100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that pot but she's spending $100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that pot but she's spending $100
+and if Colin calls she's going to lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if Colin calls she's going to lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if Colin calls she's going to lose
+$100 right if Colin folds she's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 right if Colin folds she's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 right if Colin folds she's going to
+win the $100 in the pot right where she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win the $100 in the pot right where she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win the $100 in the pot right where she
+could have just given up so it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have just given up so it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have just given up so it's like
+one to one so Rose should call half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to one so Rose should call half the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to one so Rose should call half the
+time and I mean call should call half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and I mean call should call half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and I mean call should call half
+the time uh Rose should Bluff like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time uh Rose should Bluff like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time uh Rose should Bluff like uh
+you bet to Bluff in a 2:1 ratio because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bet to Bluff in a 2:1 ratio because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bet to Bluff in a 2:1 ratio because
+Colin that's the odds Colin gets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colin that's the odds Colin gets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colin that's the odds Colin gets the
+call so Rose should always bet a spade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call so Rose should always bet a spade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call so Rose should always bet a spade
+if Colin calls 100% of the time Rose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Colin calls 100% of the time Rose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Colin calls 100% of the time Rose
+will just never bluff if Colin never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just never bluff if Colin never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just never bluff if Colin never
+call Rose will just better every time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call Rose will just better every time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call Rose will just better every time so
+there's uh kind of no equilibrium there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's uh kind of no equilibrium there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's uh kind of no equilibrium there
+if Colin calls half the time Rose will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Colin calls half the time Rose will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Colin calls half the time Rose will
+be indifferent to bluffing she will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be indifferent to bluffing she will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be indifferent to bluffing she will
+netive 50 either way without spade and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+netive 50 either way without spade and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+netive 50 either way without spade and
+at 100 with a spade this is correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 100 with a spade this is correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 100 with a spade this is correct
+strategy for and the correct strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy for and the correct strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy for and the correct strategy
+for Rose is to uh this ratio of bluff to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Rose is to uh this ratio of bluff to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Rose is to uh this ratio of bluff to
+Spade it's like one to two so Rose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spade it's like one to two so Rose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spade it's like one to two so Rose
+should basically bet half of her Hearts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should basically bet half of her Hearts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should basically bet half of her Hearts
+she can the High hearts and I guess with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she can the High hearts and I guess with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she can the High hearts and I guess with
+the eight of Hearts she can decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eight of Hearts she can decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eight of Hearts she can decide
+whether is it the or the seven well no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether is it the or the seven well no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether is it the or the seven well no
+it's the yeah it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the yeah it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the yeah it's the
+eight with the eight of Hearts you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight with the eight of Hearts you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight with the eight of Hearts you can
+decide whether to bet or not like half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide whether to bet or not like half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide whether to bet or not like half
+the time so these are ntion equilibriums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time so these are ntion equilibriums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time so these are ntion equilibriums
+and game the op strategies and basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and game the op strategies and basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and game the op strategies and basically
+uh the value of the game is negative uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the value of the game is negative uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the value of the game is negative uh
+is is worth $1250 cents to colon um any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is worth $1250 cents to colon um any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is worth $1250 cents to colon um any
+questions about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about this
+or all right so this these are kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or all right so this these are kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or all right so this these are kind of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+strategies that uh that the algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies that uh that the algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies that uh that the algorithm
+kind of tries to find um let's let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of tries to find um let's let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of tries to find um let's let's go
+on to the algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to the algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to the algorithm
+now well let's talk about what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now well let's talk about what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now well let's talk about what the
+optimal is first by the way there'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal is first by the way there'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal is first by the way there'll be
+about five or so transparencies fulled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about five or so transparencies fulled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about five or so transparencies fulled
+up math equations so just suffer through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up math equations so just suffer through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up math equations so just suffer through
+these you know well uh those those of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these you know well uh those those of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these you know well uh those those of
+you who understand are going to like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who understand are going to like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who understand are going to like uh
+enjoy the later part more but uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy the later part more but uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy the later part more but uh let's
+just talk formally about what game three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talk formally about what game three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talk formally about what game three
+optimal means so there's this uh game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal means so there's this uh game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal means so there's this uh game
+function U which takes two strategies an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function U which takes two strategies an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function U which takes two strategies an
+X strategy and a y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X strategy and a y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X strategy and a y
+strategy uh and it gives a this was rock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy uh and it gives a this was rock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy uh and it gives a this was rock
+paper scissors you know you would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper scissors you know you would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper scissors you know you would have
+you of Rock versus scissors to be one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you of Rock versus scissors to be one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you of Rock versus scissors to be one so
+on so forth you know it's positive for x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so forth you know it's positive for x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so forth you know it's positive for x
+and negative X is trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+make trying to uh X gets you and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make trying to uh X gets you and why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make trying to uh X gets you and why
+loses you you know that's sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loses you you know that's sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loses you you know that's sort of the
+idea so one of the things is we can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea so one of the things is we can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea so one of the things is we can take
+convex linear combinations of strategies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex linear combinations of strategies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex linear combinations of strategies
+that is if uh X Sigma XK are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is if uh X Sigma XK are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is if uh X Sigma XK are
+strategies and we have some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies and we have some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies and we have some uh
+coefficients that are all non- negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients that are all non- negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients that are all non- negative
+and that sum to one we can make a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that sum to one we can make a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that sum to one we can make a new
+strategy as a linear combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy as a linear combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy as a linear combination of
+these strategies and also U is bilinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these strategies and also U is bilinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these strategies and also U is bilinear
+means that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that um
+uh the the value of the game here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the value of the game here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the value of the game here is
+just the uh kind of linear combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the uh kind of linear combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the uh kind of linear combination
+that uh Mak Sigma X and it would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh Mak Sigma X and it would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh Mak Sigma X and it would be the
+same also for Sigma y so what I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same also for Sigma y so what I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same also for Sigma y so what I mean
+this just means suppose you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just means suppose you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just means suppose you have two
+strategies and you play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies and you play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies and you play
+one3 uh Sigma X1 1/3 and 2/3 Sigma X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one3 uh Sigma X1 1/3 and 2/3 Sigma X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one3 uh Sigma X1 1/3 and 2/3 Sigma X2
+your payoff is going to be onethird of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your payoff is going to be onethird of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your payoff is going to be onethird of
+the payf of Sigma X1 one3 payoff of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the payf of Sigma X1 one3 payoff of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the payf of Sigma X1 one3 payoff of
+Sigma X2 uh pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma X2 uh pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma X2 uh pretty
+hopefully that's uh pretty clear uh now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully that's uh pretty clear uh now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully that's uh pretty clear uh now
+we Define a pair of strategies to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we Define a pair of strategies to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we Define a pair of strategies to be an
+Epsilon equum if the best X can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon equum if the best X can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon equum if the best X can do
+against y's strategy the best y can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against y's strategy the best y can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against y's strategy the best y can do
+against X's strategy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against X's strategy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against X's strategy is
+Epsilon uh and if Epsilon is equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon uh and if Epsilon is equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon uh and if Epsilon is equals zero
+these are in kind of natural equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are in kind of natural equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are in kind of natural equilibrium
+so after 900 umpu hours what they found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after 900 umpu hours what they found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after 900 umpu hours what they found
+were two strategies Sigma X Sigma y star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were two strategies Sigma X Sigma y star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were two strategies Sigma X Sigma y star
+um that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that were
+within uh one 1,000th of a big blind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within uh one 1,000th of a big blind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within uh one 1,000th of a big blind of
+uh equilibrium and that that that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh equilibrium and that that that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh equilibrium and that that that was
+that's basically their accomplishment um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically their accomplishment um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically their accomplishment um
+so I'm going to actually kind of go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to actually kind of go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to actually kind of go
+through the nitty-gritty of how they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the nitty-gritty of how they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the nitty-gritty of how they did
+this in case you you would like to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in case you you would like to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in case you you would like to write
+your own poker solver someday um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own poker solver someday um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own poker solver someday um so
+the big IDE the the big idea that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big IDE the the big idea that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big IDE the the big idea that they
+borrowed was this idea of regret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowed was this idea of regret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowed was this idea of regret
+minimization which is actually pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimization which is actually pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimization which is actually pretty
+cool suppose at each time step T the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool suppose at each time step T the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool suppose at each time step T the
+player has uh a few peer strategies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player has uh a few peer strategies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player has uh a few peer strategies
+we're assuming the player has like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're assuming the player has like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're assuming the player has like a
+handful of strategies like in poker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handful of strategies like in poker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handful of strategies like in poker
+obviously the the there's like trillions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously the the there's like trillions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously the the there's like trillions
+of strategies but two to trillions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of strategies but two to trillions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of strategies but two to trillions of
+strategies but say he has like two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies but say he has like two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies but say he has like two
+strategies he can play one or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies he can play one or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies he can play one or two
+supposed is odds or evens or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed is odds or evens or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed is odds or evens or something
+like that or he three strategies like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that or he three strategies like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that or he three strategies like
+Pap for scissors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pap for scissors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pap for scissors
+um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+basically uh he chooses some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh he chooses some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh he chooses some sort of
+mixture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture of
+strategies uh at at the beginning and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies uh at at the beginning and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies uh at at the beginning and uh
+we're only kind of dealing with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only kind of dealing with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only kind of dealing with one
+player at this time we're assuming the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player at this time we're assuming the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player at this time we're assuming the
+other guy we're Assuming he's playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other guy we're Assuming he's playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other guy we're Assuming he's playing
+against some adversary that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against some adversary that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against some adversary that's kind of
+all knowing ET Etc um that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all knowing ET Etc um that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all knowing ET Etc um that's the
+original setup the regret minimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original setup the regret minimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original setup the regret minimization
+we'll talk about how this applies a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about how this applies a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about how this applies a game
+theory uh in general now each time T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory uh in general now each time T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory uh in general now each time T
+we're given values u u of Sigma K so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're given values u u of Sigma K so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're given values u u of Sigma K so
+basically after he determines this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically after he determines this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically after he determines this the
+adversary decides what the value of U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversary decides what the value of U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversary decides what the value of U
+subt is and basically his payoff is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subt is and basically his payoff is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subt is and basically his payoff is just
+kind of the linear combination of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the linear combination of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the linear combination of the
+things pick the the idea is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things pick the the idea is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things pick the the idea is that the
+adversary can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversary can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversary can be
+sort of adversarial he he can decide to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of adversarial he he can decide to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of adversarial he he can decide to
+to to to to make uh K the kith pier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to to to make uh K the kith pier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to to to make uh K the kith pier
+strategy score well some of the time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy score well some of the time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy score well some of the time and
+the cith pier strategy score badly some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cith pier strategy score badly some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cith pier strategy score badly some
+of the time so basically now the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time so basically now the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time so basically now the idea is
+to calculate a regret we Define by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate a regret we Define by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate a regret we Define by the
+way this is not the notation that's used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this is not the notation that's used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this is not the notation that's used
+in the uh three or four papers they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uh three or four papers they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uh three or four papers they
+wrote on this because I mean I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote on this because I mean I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote on this because I mean I think
+they did great work it's just that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did great work it's just that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did great work it's just that uh
+it's not really written as a math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not really written as a math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not really written as a math
+paper it it it looks like a particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper it it it looks like a particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper it it it looks like a particle
+physics paper you know which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics paper you know which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics paper you know which is
+actually uh for particle physics you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh for particle physics you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh for particle physics you
+need all the complex uh notation because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need all the complex uh notation because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need all the complex uh notation because
+they're trying to describe something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're trying to describe something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're trying to describe something
+pretty difficult I think for computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty difficult I think for computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty difficult I think for computer
+science papers you usually don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science papers you usually don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science papers you usually don't need
+this but uh so I'll explain this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but uh so I'll explain this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but uh so I'll explain this and
+then you guys can reread their paper and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you guys can reread their paper and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you guys can reread their paper and
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+I I think this give you like a a quicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think this give you like a a quicker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think this give you like a a quicker
+way to understand their paper so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to understand their paper so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to understand their paper so there's
+this thing called regret of the K option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing called regret of the K option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing called regret of the K option
+at time T which is this the uh sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time T which is this the uh sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time T which is this the uh sum of
+the difference of playing K versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference of playing K versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference of playing K versus
+playing whatever you played so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing whatever you played so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing whatever you played so basically
+you can have positive regret or negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have positive regret or negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have positive regret or negative
+regrets uh negative regrets means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regrets uh negative regrets means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regrets uh negative regrets means that
+what you played uh what you decided to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you played uh what you decided to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you played uh what you decided to
+play up to time T was better than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play up to time T was better than just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play up to time T was better than just
+playing k at each uh time step so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing k at each uh time step so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing k at each uh time step so uh
+we're only concerned we're mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only concerned we're mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only concerned we're mostly
+concerned with the Positive regret which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned with the Positive regret which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned with the Positive regret which
+means instead of playing you should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means instead of playing you should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means instead of playing you should have
+played you could have made more money by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played you could have made more money by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played you could have made more money by
+playing option K uh so what's what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing option K uh so what's what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing option K uh so what's what's the
+significance of this uh so the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance of this uh so the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance of this uh so the idea is
+we want the average regret which is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want the average regret which is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want the average regret which is this
+this this element divided by T so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this element divided by T so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this element divided by T so
+basically uh you want the average regret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh you want the average regret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh you want the average regret
+is average amount that you're kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is average amount that you're kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is average amount that you're kind of
+missing out on to be less than Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing out on to be less than Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing out on to be less than Epsilon
+subt an Epsilon sub T is a SE converging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subt an Epsilon sub T is a SE converging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subt an Epsilon sub T is a SE converging
+to zero if you have this the point if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero if you have this the point if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero if you have this the point if if
+you have this you have some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this you have some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this you have some sort of
+regret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regret
+minm so cool thing about is uh you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minm so cool thing about is uh you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minm so cool thing about is uh you can
+do regret matching you can let these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do regret matching you can let these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do regret matching you can let these uh
+weights first of all you just uh look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights first of all you just uh look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights first of all you just uh look at
+the positive the things with positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive the things with positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive the things with positive
+regret and you wait the options at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regret and you wait the options at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regret and you wait the options at each
+turn you basically wait the options that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn you basically wait the options that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn you basically wait the options that
+have positive regrets uh accordingly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have positive regrets uh accordingly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have positive regrets uh accordingly and
+if you're so lucky that nothing has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're so lucky that nothing has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're so lucky that nothing has
+positive regret you just randomly pick a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive regret you just randomly pick a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive regret you just randomly pick a
+strategy um let's kind of do an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy um let's kind of do an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy um let's kind of do an example
+because I think this is kind of unclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think this is kind of unclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think this is kind of unclear
+what it does so let's just say we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it does so let's just say we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it does so let's just say we have
+two strategies the player can pick one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two strategies the player can pick one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two strategies the player can pick one
+or the player can pick two at each time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the player can pick two at each time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the player can pick two at each time
+or the player can pick some mixture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the player can pick some mixture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the player can pick some mixture of
+one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and
+two uh after the player does that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh after the player does that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh after the player does that the
+adversary comes out and says well one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversary comes out and says well one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversary comes out and says well one of
+them is worth Z and one of them is worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is worth Z and one of them is worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is worth Z and one of them is worth
+one so let's just see how this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so let's just see how this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so let's just see how this kind of
+works so suppose at the first time step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so suppose at the first time step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so suppose at the first time step
+we pick Sigma 2 because we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we pick Sigma 2 because we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we pick Sigma 2 because we don't have
+any regrets yet we're just randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any regrets yet we're just randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any regrets yet we're just randomly
+picking Str sorry Sigma 1 we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking Str sorry Sigma 1 we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking Str sorry Sigma 1 we just
+randomly pick Sigma one uh so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly pick Sigma one uh so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly pick Sigma one uh so the
+adversary now gives us is uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversary now gives us is uh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversary now gives us is uh uh the
+value of Sigma 1 zero and sigma 2 is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of Sigma 1 zero and sigma 2 is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of Sigma 1 zero and sigma 2 is one
+and you go oh well that means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you go oh well that means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you go oh well that means that the
+regret uh of the first option is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regret uh of the first option is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regret uh of the first option is zero
+and the regret of the second option is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the regret of the second option is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the regret of the second option is
+one the regret of the first option zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the regret of the first option zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the regret of the first option zero
+is because you already played Sigma 1 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because you already played Sigma 1 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because you already played Sigma 1 so
+you can't have any regret either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't have any regret either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't have any regret either
+positive or negative for playing Sigma 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or negative for playing Sigma 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or negative for playing Sigma 1
+because you your option was playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you your option was playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you your option was playing
+Sigma one and but you have some regret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma one and but you have some regret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma one and but you have some regret
+of like not playing Sigma 2 Sig 2 was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like not playing Sigma 2 Sig 2 was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like not playing Sigma 2 Sig 2 was
+kind of the winner here if the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the winner here if the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the winner here if the two
+reversed we would have R1 equals z and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversed we would have R1 equals z and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversed we would have R1 equals z and
+R2 equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2 equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2 equals
+toga1 and then we'd be kind of happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toga1 and then we'd be kind of happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toga1 and then we'd be kind of happy
+because all our regrets kind of non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all our regrets kind of non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all our regrets kind of non-
+negative so at tals 2 uh because we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so at tals 2 uh because we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so at tals 2 uh because we have
+zero regret here and regret one here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero regret here and regret one here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero regret here and regret one here we
+actually pick the strategy to be all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pick the strategy to be all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pick the strategy to be all
+Sigma 2 uh now the adversary says okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 2 uh now the adversary says okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 2 uh now the adversary says okay
+well the value of Sigma 1 is one and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the value of Sigma 1 is one and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the value of Sigma 1 is one and the
+value of Sigma 2 is zero for the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of Sigma 2 is zero for the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of Sigma 2 is zero for the second
+time step so what happens well the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time step so what happens well the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time step so what happens well the same
+thing happens before uh now our we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing happens before uh now our we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing happens before uh now our we have
+uh regret of one on the and regret on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh regret of one on the and regret on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh regret of one on the and regret on
+the second option so what what what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second option so what what what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second option so what what what do
+we do next the regrets are the same are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guess well flip a coin or just pick a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess well flip a coin or just pick a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess well flip a coin or just pick a
+linear uh even combination of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear uh even combination of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear uh even combination of the
+strategies half of one and half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies half of one and half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies half of one and half of the
+other like that that's we can do the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other like that that's we can do the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other like that that's we can do the the
+same so now the adversary says Sigma 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so now the adversary says Sigma 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so now the adversary says Sigma 1
+is zero and sigma 2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero and sigma 2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero and sigma 2 is
+one uh which means that the regret of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh which means that the regret of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh which means that the regret of
+one actually goes to 0 five and a regret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one actually goes to 0 five and a regret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one actually goes to 0 five and a regret
+of two actually goes to 1.5 one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two actually goes to 1.5 one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two actually goes to 1.5 one of them
+goes by one goes down half so now with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes by one goes down half so now with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes by one goes down half so now with
+these regrets um our waiting is uh kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these regrets um our waiting is uh kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these regrets um our waiting is uh kind
+of the r ratio of the two it's 1/4 Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the r ratio of the two it's 1/4 Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the r ratio of the two it's 1/4 Sigma
+1 and 34 Sig 2 so now the adversary goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and 34 Sig 2 so now the adversary goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and 34 Sig 2 so now the adversary goes
+okay well Sigma 1 is zero and sigma 2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well Sigma 1 is zero and sigma 2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well Sigma 1 is zero and sigma 2 is
+one uh so this this regret actually goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh so this this regret actually goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh so this this regret actually goes
+by down by three quarters and this goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by down by three quarters and this goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by down by three quarters and this goes
+up by a quarter and since this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up by a quarter and since this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up by a quarter and since this is
+negative now we pick the strategy V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative now we pick the strategy V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative now we pick the strategy V
+Sigma to like and so forth now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma to like and so forth now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma to like and so forth now the
+adversary for us to say oh it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversary for us to say oh it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversary for us to say oh it's really
+Sigma 1 then a regret of Sigma 1 would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 1 then a regret of Sigma 1 would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 1 then a regret of Sigma 1 would
+go up to 7 five and so on so forth so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up to 7 five and so on so forth so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up to 7 five and so on so forth so it
+seems that the adversary can make uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems that the adversary can make uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems that the adversary can make uh
+kind of the the job tough on us well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the the job tough on us well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the the job tough on us well
+actually there is a theorem that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there is a theorem that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there is a theorem that says
+for our example there's quic bound the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our example there's quic bound the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our example there's quic bound the
+square of the first regret if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of the first regret if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of the first regret if it's
+positive plus the square of the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive plus the square of the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive plus the square of the second
+regret if it's positive is always going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regret if it's positive is always going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regret if it's positive is always going
+to be less than equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be less than equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be less than equal to
+T um and that's because if if in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T um and that's because if if in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T um and that's because if if in the
+these are both positive you have uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are both positive you have uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are both positive you have uh if
+you go through example you're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go through example you're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go through example you're really
+going R1 of t plus or minus whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going R1 of t plus or minus whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going R1 of t plus or minus whatever
+amount of R2 you're doing and R2 of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of R2 you're doing and R2 of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of R2 you're doing and R2 of T
+now minus plus whatever amount of R1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now minus plus whatever amount of R1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now minus plus whatever amount of R1
+you're doing uh the thing is that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing uh the thing is that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing uh the thing is that when
+you square this you can see the cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you square this you can see the cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you square this you can see the cross
+terms cancel each other out this becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms cancel each other out this becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms cancel each other out this becomes
+like two R1 R2 / by R1 plus R2 so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like two R1 R2 / by R1 plus R2 so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like two R1 R2 / by R1 plus R2 so you're
+left with this squared plus this squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with this squared plus this squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with this squared plus this squ
+plus this squar plus squ and this squar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus this squar plus squ and this squar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus this squar plus squ and this squar
+plus this squ is going to be less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus this squ is going to be less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus this squ is going to be less than
+one so we have this here which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so we have this here which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so we have this here which means
+that the quadratic sum only increases at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the quadratic sum only increases at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the quadratic sum only increases at
+by one we have this bound why is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one we have this bound why is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one we have this bound why is this
+bound so great well if the square of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound so great well if the square of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound so great well if the square of the
+regrets are less than T that means uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regrets are less than T that means uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regrets are less than T that means uh
+the average regret is going to be less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average regret is going to be less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average regret is going to be less
+than 1/ root T in fact uh it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 1/ root T in fact uh it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 1/ root T in fact uh it's kind of
+left as a homework problem in a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left as a homework problem in a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left as a homework problem in a general
+case r KT overt is less than n - one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case r KT overt is less than n - one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case r KT overt is less than n - one
+Delta over root T where Delta is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta over root T where Delta is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta over root T where Delta is kind of
+the maximum deviation of the options n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum deviation of the options n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum deviation of the options n
+is kind of is the number of options yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of is the number of options yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of is the number of options yeah
+I'm curious um is is a maatic object in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm curious um is is a maatic object in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm curious um is is a maatic object in
+in terms what what is a strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms what what is a strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms what what is a strategy
+Sigma number like a no no no a strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma number like a no no no a strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma number like a no no no a strategy
+Sigma in a terms of poker strategy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma in a terms of poker strategy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma in a terms of poker strategy is
+sort of a description of you would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a description of you would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a description of you would do
+like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you
+it suppose you get uh A6 offsuit pre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it suppose you get uh A6 offsuit pre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it suppose you get uh A6 offsuit pre
+flop uh ay would be a descriptor of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flop uh ay would be a descriptor of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flop uh ay would be a descriptor of you
+would do at each point of the hand so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do at each point of the hand so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do at each point of the hand so uh
+what's so so there's some significance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's so so there's some significance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's so so there's some significance
+to the effect that this uh uh this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the effect that this uh uh this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the effect that this uh uh this this
+regret uh kind of average regret goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regret uh kind of average regret goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regret uh kind of average regret goes to
+zero well the significance in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero well the significance in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero well the significance in terms of
+uh Game Theory optimal is uh suppose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Game Theory optimal is uh suppose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Game Theory optimal is uh suppose a
+peer strategy IES are you have a a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peer strategy IES are you have a a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peer strategy IES are you have a a bunch
+of peer strategies for x and a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of peer strategies for x and a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of peer strategies for x and a bunch of
+peer strategies for y if we regret match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peer strategies for y if we regret match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peer strategies for y if we regret match
+but instead of doing an adversary we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but instead of doing an adversary we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but instead of doing an adversary we
+just say the the the teeth uh utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say the the the teeth uh utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say the the the teeth uh utility
+for a it's just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a it's just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a it's just the
+utility uh for X playing against Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility uh for X playing against Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility uh for X playing against Sigma
+Ty and utility for y is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ty and utility for y is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ty and utility for y is just
+negative util the game utility for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative util the game utility for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative util the game utility for for
+why playing against Sigma T this is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why playing against Sigma T this is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why playing against Sigma T this is kind
+of a mutual regret matching you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a mutual regret matching you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a mutual regret matching you do
+regret matching for X and Y at each step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regret matching for X and Y at each step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regret matching for X and Y at each step
+which means you just modify X's you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means you just modify X's you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means you just modify X's you you
+you compute the regrets at each step and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you compute the regrets at each step and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you compute the regrets at each step and
+then you modify X strategy by by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you modify X strategy by by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you modify X strategy by by this
+type of regret matching and uh basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of regret matching and uh basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of regret matching and uh basically
+the strategies that that you choose is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strategies that that you choose is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strategies that that you choose is
+average strategy which is the the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average strategy which is the the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average strategy which is the the kind
+of the some of the strategies you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the some of the strategies you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the some of the strategies you have
+had all along divided by T it's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had all along divided by T it's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had all along divided by T it's like a
+one over T we of all all the you've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over T we of all all the you've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over T we of all all the you've done
+at these T steps and uh basically what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these T steps and uh basically what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these T steps and uh basically what
+happens is now if you try to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is now if you try to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is now if you try to figure out
+the exploitability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exploitability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exploitability
+strategy again this is the best X can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy again this is the best X can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy again this is the best X can do
+against y minus the best y does against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against y minus the best y does against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against y minus the best y does against
+X you compute this and you add the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X you compute this and you add the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X you compute this and you add the sum
+of uh what what what actually happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh what what what actually happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh what what what actually happened
+with X subt and Y subt and uh so on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with X subt and Y subt and uh so on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with X subt and Y subt and uh so on and
+so forth uh you notice that this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth uh you notice that this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth uh you notice that this is just
+uh the regret of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the regret of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the regret of uh
+K uh of X picking strategy K all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K uh of X picking strategy K all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K uh of X picking strategy K all the
+time this is the of Y picking strategy J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this is the of Y picking strategy J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this is the of Y picking strategy J
+all the time so that's less than 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time so that's less than 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time so that's less than 2
+Epsilon over T because RS over T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon over T because RS over T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon over T because RS over T
+converge so it's within 2 Epsilon T of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge so it's within 2 Epsilon T of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge so it's within 2 Epsilon T of
+Game Theory optimal basically what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Game Theory optimal basically what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Game Theory optimal basically what this
+s means is uh basically suppose you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s means is uh basically suppose you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s means is uh basically suppose you
+choose your strategy just some mixture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose your strategy just some mixture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose your strategy just some mixture
+of stuff your opponent like tries to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff your opponent like tries to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff your opponent like tries to
+figure out uh how best he can exploit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out uh how best he can exploit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out uh how best he can exploit
+this strategy by the way this is often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this strategy by the way this is often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this strategy by the way this is often
+called Nemesis I really like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Nemesis I really like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Nemesis I really like that
+name ponus figures out his nemesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name ponus figures out his nemesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name ponus figures out his nemesis
+strategy against you and uh then well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy against you and uh then well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy against you and uh then well
+you get to see so his Nemesis Strat is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to see so his Nemesis Strat is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to see so his Nemesis Strat is
+unless you're playing the exact game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you're playing the exact game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you're playing the exact game
+three optimal strategy is always going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three optimal strategy is always going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three optimal strategy is always going
+to be better than the game value right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be better than the game value right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be better than the game value right
+you just looks at what you and finds the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just looks at what you and finds the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just looks at what you and finds the
+best response and you can you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best response and you can you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best response and you can you do the
+same to him and kind of the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same to him and kind of the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same to him and kind of the difference
+of those two games kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those two games kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those two games kind of the
+exploitability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploitability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploitability
+obviously uh this means basically if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously uh this means basically if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously uh this means basically if
+your opponent sees what you do what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your opponent sees what you do what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your opponent sees what you do what what
+you're doing this is the best he can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing this is the best he can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing this is the best he can do
+against you and uh this this number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against you and uh this this number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against you and uh this this number is
+the one that's less than one 1,000th of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that's less than one 1,000th of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that's less than one 1,000th of
+a big blind so counterfactual regret is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big blind so counterfactual regret is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big blind so counterfactual regret is
+kind of cool because it's a good thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of cool because it's a good thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of cool because it's a good thing
+I've drawn kind of tree at each of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've drawn kind of tree at each of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've drawn kind of tree at each of your
+decision points now you can regret match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision points now you can regret match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision points now you can regret match
+you uh so first of all um you don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh so first of all um you don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh so first of all um you don't need
+to be fed back the correct utility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be fed back the correct utility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be fed back the correct utility of
+the game like uh you you know here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game like uh you you know here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game like uh you you know here in
+the example we gave we had a u zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example we gave we had a u zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example we gave we had a u zero and
+U1 can just be fit back some unbiased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U1 can just be fit back some unbiased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U1 can just be fit back some unbiased
+stochastic number that averages be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic number that averages be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic number that averages be the
+value of the game like for example if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the game like for example if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the game like for example if
+you're doing regret matching on poker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing regret matching on poker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing regret matching on poker
+like it's hard to tell if like come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's hard to tell if like come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's hard to tell if like come up
+with this strategy that's bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this strategy that's bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this strategy that's bunch of
+terabytes and you come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terabytes and you come up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terabytes and you come up with a
+strategy that's also a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy that's also a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy that's also a bunch of
+terabytes like what the value you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terabytes like what the value you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terabytes like what the value you're
+playing against y but we can just get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing against y but we can just get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing against y but we can just get a
+sample right get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sample oh well you can just run once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample oh well you can just run once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample oh well you can just run once
+right right that's the idea you can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right that's the idea you can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right that's the idea you can you
+get un by a sample by just saying okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get un by a sample by just saying okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get un by a sample by just saying okay
+just play one hand and see the result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just play one hand and see the result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just play one hand and see the result of
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+hand um so and you can use like either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand um so and you can use like either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand um so and you can use like either
+random chance or whatever every time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random chance or whatever every time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random chance or whatever every time you
+decide to do uh one of branches of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to do uh one of branches of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to do uh one of branches of your
+tree if you do a mixed tree so the cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree if you do a mixed tree so the cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree if you do a mixed tree so the cool
+thing already is without counterfactual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing already is without counterfactual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing already is without counterfactual
+regret um you can quickly converge the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regret um you can quickly converge the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regret um you can quickly converge the
+solution because a lot of strategies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution because a lot of strategies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution because a lot of strategies
+um you know like fictitious play the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know like fictitious play the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know like fictitious play the
+best response the best response is hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best response the best response is hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best response the best response is hard
+to calculate sometimes but uh each sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate sometimes but uh each sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate sometimes but uh each sort
+of simulation can just be one iteration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of simulation can just be one iteration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of simulation can just be one iteration
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+it and this is counterfactual Regret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and this is counterfactual Regret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and this is counterfactual Regret
+because rating is given assuming that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because rating is given assuming that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because rating is given assuming that
+the player like does everything to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the player like does everything to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the player like does everything to play
+to that node so the waiting here is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that node so the waiting here is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that node so the waiting here is you
+know nature just has its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know nature just has its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know nature just has its
+probabilities uh if your opponent plays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities uh if your opponent plays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities uh if your opponent plays
+you plays according to his strategy but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you plays according to his strategy but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you plays according to his strategy but
+when you play you always kind of play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you play you always kind of play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you play you always kind of play
+towards that node so your weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards that node so your weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards that node so your weight
+actually one for each of these options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually one for each of these options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually one for each of these options
+you pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pick
+um the cool thing is that once you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the cool thing is that once you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the cool thing is that once you have
+the structure set up uh where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure set up uh where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure set up uh where you're
+just doing um one or a few iterations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just doing um one or a few iterations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just doing um one or a few iterations
+throughout the hand um it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the hand um it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the hand um it's actually
+pretty easy to set up different waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy to set up different waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy to set up different waiting
+schemes um for example if if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schemes um for example if if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schemes um for example if if you have
+options uh and like the a of Hearts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options uh and like the a of Hearts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options uh and like the a of Hearts
+comes on the turn or the Deuce of Clubs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes on the turn or the Deuce of Clubs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes on the turn or the Deuce of Clubs
+comes on the turn and you don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes on the turn and you don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes on the turn and you don't really
+have to worry about the Ace of Hearts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about the Ace of Hearts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about the Ace of Hearts
+coming on the turn that that that tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming on the turn that that that tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming on the turn that that that tree
+that tree is fine that part of the tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tree is fine that part of the tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tree is fine that part of the tree
+has like very little positive regrets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has like very little positive regrets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has like very little positive regrets
+you can say okay well we'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say okay well we'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say okay well we'll just
+different game Where Da of Hearts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different game Where Da of Hearts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different game Where Da of Hearts
+comes uh about one of the time the DEA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes uh about one of the time the DEA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes uh about one of the time the DEA
+clubs comes but we're going to wait the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clubs comes but we're going to wait the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clubs comes but we're going to wait the
+results by 10 you still get the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results by 10 you still get the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results by 10 you still get the same
+answer uh it's just that you get a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer uh it's just that you get a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer uh it's just that you get a much
+coarser kind of rid every time ASA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coarser kind of rid every time ASA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coarser kind of rid every time ASA
+Hearts comes but you already kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hearts comes but you already kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hearts comes but you already kind of
+know what to do with that and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what to do with that and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what to do with that and you can
+sort of work on indusa clubs so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of work on indusa clubs so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of work on indusa clubs so there
+are a lot of different waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of different waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of different waiting
+schemes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schemes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schemes
+uh this means that the hands can be kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this means that the hands can be kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this means that the hands can be kind
+of sampled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sampled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sampled
+intrinsically um so the final algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsically um so the final algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsically um so the final algorithm
+they have was contractual regret plus uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have was contractual regret plus uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have was contractual regret plus uh
+so instead of having accumulate negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead of having accumulate negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead of having accumulate negative
+regrets basically a lot of these opt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regrets basically a lot of these opt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regrets basically a lot of these opt
+regrets can be really negative like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regrets can be really negative like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regrets can be really negative like
+folding AC's pre flop quickly turns to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folding AC's pre flop quickly turns to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folding AC's pre flop quickly turns to
+really negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really negative
+regret you you lose your small blind and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regret you you lose your small blind and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regret you you lose your small blind and
+probably if you play it limit hold them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably if you play it limit hold them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably if you play it limit hold them
+you could win more than a small blind so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could win more than a small blind so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could win more than a small blind so
+you accumulate a lot of negative so so Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you accumulate a lot of negative so so Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you accumulate a lot of negative so so Z
+option like sort of falls off the map uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option like sort of falls off the map uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option like sort of falls off the map uh
+their innovation in cal plus is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their innovation in cal plus is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their innovation in cal plus is to
+instead of put putting a big negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of put putting a big negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of put putting a big negative
+number to a lot of these things they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number to a lot of these things they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number to a lot of these things they
+just floor them at zero and the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just floor them at zero and the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just floor them at zero and the reason
+they floor at zero is because you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they floor at zero is because you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they floor at zero is because you you
+know this is uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is uh a
+simultaneous evolution of strategies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneous evolution of strategies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneous evolution of strategies
+where you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you know
+even uh strategies at the beginning just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even uh strategies at the beginning just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even uh strategies at the beginning just
+might not be great strategies and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be great strategies and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be great strategies and you
+want to if the regret of something is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to if the regret of something is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to if the regret of something is
+zero is zero it can get of regret faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is zero it can get of regret faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is zero it can get of regret faster
+if it's the right thing to do to respond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's the right thing to do to respond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's the right thing to do to respond
+to your opponent strategy um a of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your opponent strategy um a of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your opponent strategy um a of these
+things like suppose you you you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like suppose you you you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like suppose you you you start
+off with a random initial guess for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off with a random initial guess for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off with a random initial guess for your
+opponent strategy then you actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent strategy then you actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent strategy then you actually have
+a pretty reasonable strategy which bet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty reasonable strategy which bet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty reasonable strategy which bet
+and raise every time with every hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and raise every time with every hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and raise every time with every hand
+right if your opponent has a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if your opponent has a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if your opponent has a random
+strategy he might just fold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy he might just fold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy he might just fold
+right so later in the streets it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so later in the streets it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so later in the streets it's
+probably right to just B and raise every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably right to just B and raise every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably right to just B and raise every
+time with every hand he raises you back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time with every hand he raises you back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time with every hand he raises you back
+it's not like he knows anything it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like he knows anything it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like he knows anything it's a
+random strategy just raise him back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random strategy just raise him back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random strategy just raise him back and
+hope he s if he doesn't fold and call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope he s if he doesn't fold and call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope he s if he doesn't fold and call
+you'd better get in the next street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd better get in the next street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd better get in the next street
+because now the pot's bigger right so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now the pot's bigger right so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now the pot's bigger right so if
+he has a onethird chance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has a onethird chance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has a onethird chance of
+folding you should bet into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folding you should bet into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folding you should bet into
+so that evolves quick if you start off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that evolves quick if you start off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that evolves quick if you start off
+with a random tree with like no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a random tree with like no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a random tree with like no
+information you that starts off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you that starts off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you that starts off
+as kind of the dominant strategy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as kind of the dominant strategy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as kind of the dominant strategy and
+then you you kind of have to walk that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you you kind of have to walk that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you you kind of have to walk that
+back as your opponent strategy evolves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back as your opponent strategy evolves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back as your opponent strategy evolves
+also by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also by the way
+uh they're actually kind of keeping two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they're actually kind of keeping two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they're actually kind of keeping two
+trees right one for the small blind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees right one for the small blind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees right one for the small blind
+strategy one for the big blind strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy one for the big blind strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy one for the big blind strategy
+and this is everything with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is everything with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is everything with respect to
+the small blind right the small blind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small blind right the small blind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small blind right the small blind
+doesn't so uh let's just go to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't so uh let's just go to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't so uh let's just go to the next
+slide we can probably we just have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide we can probably we just have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide we can probably we just have to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+wait okay so let's try to figure out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait okay so let's try to figure out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait okay so let's try to figure out how
+big this the the strategy space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big this the the strategy space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big this the the strategy space and
+limit hold them has to be uh so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit hold them has to be uh so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit hold them has to be uh so let's
+con conate River nodes because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con conate River nodes because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con conate River nodes because that's
+like most of the nodes right you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like most of the nodes right you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like most of the nodes right you know
+it's a tree so we we just have to calcul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a tree so we we just have to calcul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a tree so we we just have to calcul
+the leaves um so first of all um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leaves um so first of all um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leaves um so first of all um
+assuming a four bet cap the reason we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming a four bet cap the reason we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming a four bet cap the reason we
+assume for B cap well I don't know why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume for B cap well I don't know why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume for B cap well I don't know why
+but it seems that uh that that's so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it seems that uh that that's so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it seems that uh that that's so this
+is one approximation the four bet cap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one approximation the four bet cap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one approximation the four bet cap
+but this is kind of normal in types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is kind of normal in types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is kind of normal in types of
+research papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research papers
+um if we have a forb there are nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we have a forb there are nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we have a forb there are nine
+possible actions that get you to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible actions that get you to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible actions that get you to the
+next street there's some actions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next street there's some actions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next street there's some actions that
+don't get you to the next street like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get you to the next street like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get you to the next street like
+player one bets and player two folds but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player one bets and player two folds but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player one bets and player two folds but
+that if you don't get to Street you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you don't get to Street you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you don't get to Street you
+don't get to like the rivers and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get to like the rivers and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get to like the rivers and that's
+a pretty small percentage of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty small percentage of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty small percentage of of the
+nodes so why are there nine possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actions uh let's count them one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions uh let's count them one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions uh let's count them one of the
+actions that get you to the next Treet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions that get you to the next Treet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions that get you to the next Treet
+is check check so that's one where are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is check check so that's one where are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is check check so that's one where are
+the eight what are the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+eight right right check raise let's try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight right right check raise let's try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight right right check raise let's try
+systemic count them so I claim that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systemic count them so I claim that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systemic count them so I claim that
+there are two ways one bet in the pot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two ways one bet in the pot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two ways one bet in the pot
+right player one can bet and player two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right player one can bet and player two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right player one can bet and player two
+can call or player one can check player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can call or player one can check player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can call or player one can check player
+two can bet and player one can call in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two can bet and player one can call in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two can bet and player one can call in
+fact there are two ways to put K bets in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact there are two ways to put K bets in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact there are two ways to put K bets in
+the pot if K is greater than zero like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pot if K is greater than zero like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pot if K is greater than zero like
+if there are three ways there if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there are three ways there if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there are three ways there if you
+want to put three bets in the pot where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to put three bets in the pot where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to put three bets in the pot where
+what are the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways
+right yeah right bet raise R raise call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah right bet raise R raise call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah right bet raise R raise call
+and check bet raise R raise call so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and check bet raise R raise call so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and check bet raise R raise call so uh
+if if the cap is K bets always 2K + one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if the cap is K bets always 2K + one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if the cap is K bets always 2K + one
+ways to get Tre so there are nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to get Tre so there are nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to get Tre so there are nine
+possible actions in each Bing round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible actions in each Bing round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible actions in each Bing round
+before the river so there PR Bing rounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the river so there PR Bing rounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the river so there PR Bing rounds
+you know pre flop flop and turn so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know pre flop flop and turn so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know pre flop flop and turn so let's
+use some symmetries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use some symmetries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use some symmetries
+because uh I don't think the optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh I don't think the optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh I don't think the optimal
+strategy has you playing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy has you playing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy has you playing something
+differently with A6 of diamonds as A6 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently with A6 of diamonds as A6 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently with A6 of diamonds as A6 of
+hearts in fact it's very easy to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearts in fact it's very easy to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearts in fact it's very easy to prove
+that optimal strategy doesn't have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that optimal strategy doesn't have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that optimal strategy doesn't have that
+so using S trees on a flop uh so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so using S trees on a flop uh so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so using S trees on a flop uh so how
+many kind of distinct flops are there um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many kind of distinct flops are there um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many kind of distinct flops are there um
+well I kind of like to think about it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I kind of like to think about it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I kind of like to think about it as
+uh you know where the suits have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know where the suits have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know where the suits have
+symmetries I kind of like to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries I kind of like to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries I kind of like to think about
+it as well there can be three suits on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as well there can be three suits on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as well there can be three suits on a
+flop two suits on a flop or one suit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flop two suits on a flop or one suit so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flop two suits on a flop or one suit so
+if there three suit so if there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there three suit so if there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there three suit so if there's one
+suit on a flop there's 13 three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suit on a flop there's 13 three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suit on a flop there's 13 three
+combinations rank that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations rank that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations rank that's pretty
+straightforward right if there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward right if there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward right if there's two
+suits on a flop uh uh what what's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suits on a flop uh uh what what's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suits on a flop uh uh what what's what's
+the combinations right there's 13
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the combinations right there's 13
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the combinations right there's 13
+possibility for one of the suits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility for one of the suits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility for one of the suits and
+there's 13 shoes abilities for the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's 13 shoes abilities for the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's 13 shoes abilities for the other
+suit right like space and heart or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suit right like space and heart or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suit right like space and heart or
+something like that the suits are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that the suits are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that the suits are
+symmetric so there's 1,4 things with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric so there's 1,4 things with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric so there's 1,4 things with
+suits this is majority things and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suits this is majority things and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suits this is majority things and if
+it's three suited you just choose three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's three suited you just choose three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's three suited you just choose three
+ranks and but it's not 13 choose two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranks and but it's not 13 choose two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranks and but it's not 13 choose two
+it's 15 choose two because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why because the ranks can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because the ranks can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because the ranks can be
+equal so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal so like
+so it would be 13 chose to if the ranks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it would be 13 chose to if the ranks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it would be 13 chose to if the ranks
+be unique but you can have three Aces on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be unique but you can have three Aces on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be unique but you can have three Aces on
+a so this is actually 15 choose to so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so this is actually 15 choose to so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so this is actually 15 choose to so
+there's 455 prited flops 455 flops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's 455 prited flops 455 flops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's 455 prited flops 455 flops
+that's kind of the big explosion in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of the big explosion in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of the big explosion in
+limit Holdem right pre- flop to flop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit Holdem right pre- flop to flop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit Holdem right pre- flop to flop
+okay uh so there's n possible actions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so there's n possible actions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so there's n possible actions in
+each Bing round so let's count the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each Bing round so let's count the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each Bing round so let's count the
+number of turns and rivers there's 49
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of turns and rivers there's 49
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of turns and rivers there's 49
+turns and 48 Rivers so counting that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns and 48 Rivers so counting that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns and 48 Rivers so counting that you
+have billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have billion
+possible action sequences to the river
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible action sequences to the river
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible action sequences to the river
+the the the nine things in each Street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the nine things in each Street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the nine things in each Street
+the uh all the flops and the turns and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh all the flops and the turns and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh all the flops and the turns and
+rivers so okay but each River there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rivers so okay but each River there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rivers so okay but each River there
+could be up to 126 pipes right they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be up to 126 pipes right they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be up to 126 pipes right they're
+47 time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+47 time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+47 time
+46 uh making about 6.5 trillion hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+46 uh making about 6.5 trillion hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+46 uh making about 6.5 trillion hand
+River types each node should be visited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+River types each node should be visited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+River types each node should be visited
+about a thousand times it's a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a thousand times it's a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a thousand times it's a big
+computational problem but it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational problem but it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational problem but it's still
+tractable especially if you have 900
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tractable especially if you have 900
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tractable especially if you have 900
+years of CPU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of CPU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of CPU
+time right so uh and they they also use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right so uh and they they also use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right so uh and they they also use
+many shortcuts they use all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many shortcuts they use all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many shortcuts they use all the
+symmetries I talk about and they also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries I talk about and they also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries I talk about and they also
+have a few sort of shortcuts and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a few sort of shortcuts and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a few sort of shortcuts and you can
+see these trees are big right terabytes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see these trees are big right terabytes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see these trees are big right terabytes
+of memory to actually store your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of memory to actually store your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of memory to actually store your
+strategy so uh you can't really fit that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy so uh you can't really fit that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy so uh you can't really fit that
+on a node yet I I don't know can you fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a node yet I I don't know can you fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a node yet I I don't know can you fit
+that on a node now does anybody know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on a node now does anybody know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on a node now does anybody know
+know I don't know of of a CPU that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I don't know of of a CPU that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I don't know of of a CPU that has
+like bytes of ram yet but uh you you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like bytes of ram yet but uh you you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like bytes of ram yet but uh you you can
+what they did was they broke the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they did was they broke the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they did was they broke the problem
+up into about 100,000 different sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up into about 100,000 different sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up into about 100,000 different sub
+games and they just kind of worked on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games and they just kind of worked on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games and they just kind of worked on
+those sub games in fact I guess if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those sub games in fact I guess if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those sub games in fact I guess if
+you're clever about it you know you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're clever about it you know you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're clever about it you know you can
+use cash memory when you you get down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use cash memory when you you get down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use cash memory when you you get down to
+the river you know things are are pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the river you know things are are pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the river you know things are are pretty
+close and you know that using cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close and you know that using cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close and you know that using cash
+memory is faster than using memory you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory is faster than using memory you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory is faster than using memory you
+can take advantage of these things uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take advantage of these things uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take advantage of these things uh a
+lot of these kind of updates through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these kind of updates through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these kind of updates through
+these regrets are just simple additions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these regrets are just simple additions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these regrets are just simple additions
+and you can just optimize the heck out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can just optimize the heck out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can just optimize the heck out
+of this and I'm sure they did it let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this and I'm sure they did it let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this and I'm sure they did it let's
+let's try to solve some other games um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try to solve some other games um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try to solve some other games um I
+have kind of two games that seem sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have kind of two games that seem sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have kind of two games that seem sort of
+accessible suppose we do Omaha 8 um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible suppose we do Omaha 8 um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible suppose we do Omaha 8 um
+well this is exactly the same structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is exactly the same structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is exactly the same structure
+as limit you just change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as limit you just change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as limit you just change
+the you just change the whole cards so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you just change the whole cards so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you just change the whole cards so
+instead of having like 47 choose two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having like 47 choose two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having like 47 choose two
+different um uh River hands you have 47
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um uh River hands you have 47
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um uh River hands you have 47
+choose four that's like a multiple of 82
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose four that's like a multiple of 82
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose four that's like a multiple of 82
+.5x to the original tree um so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+.5x to the original tree um so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+.5x to the original tree um so that's
+not that bad right 900 CPU hours this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that bad right 900 CPU hours this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that bad right 900 CPU hours this is
+just 75,000 CPU hours right if it were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just 75,000 CPU hours right if it were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just 75,000 CPU hours right if it were
+n a matter of national security to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n a matter of national security to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n a matter of national security to get
+the exact solution to Omaha the military
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact solution to Omaha the military
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact solution to Omaha the military
+could just do it in a few months right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just do it in a few months right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just do it in a few months right
+there's also Buck you can do by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also Buck you can do by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also Buck you can do by the way
+basically what they did is uh before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what they did is uh before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what they did is uh before
+they did this was that they solved the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did this was that they solved the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did this was that they solved the
+sub game uh in that uh basically if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub game uh in that uh basically if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub game uh in that uh basically if you
+bucket hands together and you say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket hands together and you say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket hands together and you say you
+have to play these hands the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to play these hands the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to play these hands the same way
+that's uh BAS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh BAS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh BAS
+basically um sort of uh a sub strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically um sort of uh a sub strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically um sort of uh a sub strategy
+uh you can consider sub space of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can consider sub space of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can consider sub space of your
+strategy X Prime of X and Y Prime of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy X Prime of X and Y Prime of Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy X Prime of X and Y Prime of Y
+and you just solve the X Prime y Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you just solve the X Prime y Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you just solve the X Prime y Prime
+game uh meaning you you bucket hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game uh meaning you you bucket hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game uh meaning you you bucket hands
+together probably on the river because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together probably on the river because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together probably on the river because
+that's when bucketing kind of become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when bucketing kind of become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when bucketing kind of become
+more necessary and you solve that game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more necessary and you solve that game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more necessary and you solve that game
+and you go well how how optimal is X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you go well how how optimal is X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you go well how how optimal is X
+Prime uh in the whole game and if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime uh in the whole game and if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime uh in the whole game and if you're
+good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at
+bucketing um it may be pretty close if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucketing um it may be pretty close if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucketing um it may be pretty close if
+you're bad at bucketing like you put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're bad at bucketing like you put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're bad at bucketing like you put the
+aces in the same bucket as like 75
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aces in the same bucket as like 75
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aces in the same bucket as like 75
+suited you know you probably won't get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suited you know you probably won't get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suited you know you probably won't get a
+great answer so uh you you need to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great answer so uh you you need to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great answer so uh you you need to sort
+of dently design you your buckets it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dently design you your buckets it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dently design you your buckets it's
+not you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you
+can't well I I guess there are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't well I I guess there are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't well I I guess there are also
+evolutionary things you can do to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary things you can do to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary things you can do to try to
+the design buckets and see what things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design buckets and see what things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design buckets and see what things
+are close to each other but um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are close to each other but um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are close to each other but um you know
+people who have familiarity with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have familiarity with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have familiarity with this
+know that you know this this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you know this this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you know this this this is
+kind of hit or miss another game uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of hit or miss another game uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of hit or miss another game uh that
+you can uh maybe solve is Raz it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can uh maybe solve is Raz it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can uh maybe solve is Raz it's a
+definitely a simplest variant of stud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely a simplest variant of stud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely a simplest variant of stud
+why is Raz simpler than all other games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is Raz simpler than all other games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is Raz simpler than all other games
+of stud there are only 13 different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stud there are only 13 different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stud there are only 13 different
+cards right the do the Spades is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards right the do the Spades is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards right the do the Spades is the
+same cards do a hards you can't well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same cards do a hards you can't well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same cards do a hards you can't well you
+can make flushes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make flushes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make flushes
+but they're like irrelevant so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're like irrelevant so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're like irrelevant so
+unfortunately there 13 to the eth power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately there 13 to the eth power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately there 13 to the eth power
+possible ways up cards can come right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible ways up cards can come right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible ways up cards can come right
+because they're four up cards right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're four up cards right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're four up cards right that
+that that that's sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that's sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that's sort of the
+problem kind of the community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem kind of the community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem kind of the community
+information you have is sort of a bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you have is sort of a bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you have is sort of a bigger
+set and your trees just get bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and your trees just get bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and your trees just get bigger
+because um now you have one extra Street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um now you have one extra Street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um now you have one extra Street
+um and you still have 45 shoose three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you still have 45 shoose three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you still have 45 shoose three
+you know combinations of any three ranks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know combinations of any three ranks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know combinations of any three ranks
+as River hand types so they're 2.4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as River hand types so they're 2.4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as River hand types so they're 2.4
+quadrillion uh River hands so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrillion uh River hands so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrillion uh River hands so that's a
+factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of
+374 but we think some of these like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+374 but we think some of these like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+374 but we think some of these like uh
+roads are pretty null like how many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roads are pretty null like how many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roads are pretty null like how many of
+you actually play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually play
+Raz uh a couple of you okay great good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Raz uh a couple of you okay great good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Raz uh a couple of you okay great good
+poker class that some people they study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker class that some people they study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker class that some people they study
+R like if you have a queen up and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R like if you have a queen up and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R like if you have a queen up and the
+deuce completes it you're not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deuce completes it you're not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deuce completes it you're not really
+going to get raising war and like make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get raising war and like make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get raising war and like make
+it the four cap on uh third on Third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the four cap on uh third on Third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the four cap on uh third on Third
+Street some of the may be null you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street some of the may be null you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street some of the may be null you can
+do some bucketing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some bucketing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some bucketing
+perhaps uh Rous is kind of more natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps uh Rous is kind of more natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps uh Rous is kind of more natural
+to bucketing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bucketing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bucketing
+because uh you know you can kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh you know you can kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh you know you can kind of
+think about what hands to sort of bucket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what hands to sort of bucket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what hands to sort of bucket
+together maybe the king 86 Duce is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together maybe the king 86 Duce is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together maybe the king 86 Duce is very
+close to King 86 a and the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to King 86 a and the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to King 86 a and the two
+strategies and and and you can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies and and and you can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies and and and you can sort of
+start to at Hands by kind of rank order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to at Hands by kind of rank order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to at Hands by kind of rank order
+of up cards or something like that so ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of up cards or something like that so ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of up cards or something like that so ah
+you know this is 374 this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is 374 this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is 374 this is
+82.5 or you you could uh apply for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+82.5 or you you could uh apply for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+82.5 or you you could uh apply for a
+grant and say we need X hours of CPU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grant and say we need X hours of CPU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grant and say we need X hours of CPU
+time yeah I don't know what the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time yeah I don't know what the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time yeah I don't know what the right
+strategy is but uh these two problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy is but uh these two problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy is but uh these two problems
+are kind of tractable let's talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kind of tractable let's talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kind of tractable let's talk about
+big bet games because there's been some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big bet games because there's been some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big bet games because there's been some
+sort of discussion even last night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of discussion even last night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of discussion even last night
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+um what was I going to say about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what was I going to say about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what was I going to say about
+snowy uh a few people have tried big bed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snowy uh a few people have tried big bed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snowy uh a few people have tried big bed
+games and there are problems first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games and there are problems first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games and there are problems first of
+all there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all there's a
+Continuum of bets sizes you can make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Continuum of bets sizes you can make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Continuum of bets sizes you can make the
+snowy solution just assumes like three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snowy solution just assumes like three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snowy solution just assumes like three
+bet sizes I can bet half the pot I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet sizes I can bet half the pot I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet sizes I can bet half the pot I can
+bet the pot or I can jam I think maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet the pot or I can jam I think maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet the pot or I can jam I think maybe
+there's like yeah I can bet two times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like yeah I can bet two times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like yeah I can bet two times
+the pot but the problem with that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pot but the problem with that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pot but the problem with that is
+that I think that's a little bit too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think that's a little bit too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think that's a little bit too
+coarse the question is if you solve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coarse the question is if you solve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coarse the question is if you solve that
+game how close is that solution to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game how close is that solution to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game how close is that solution to like
+the real game and that's kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real game and that's kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real game and that's kind of an
+interesting question but you don't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question but you don't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question but you don't even
+have a complete strategy like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a complete strategy like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a complete strategy like what
+if what if some guy bets like a quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if what if some guy bets like a quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if what if some guy bets like a quarter
+of the pot or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pot or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pot or
+1.5 times a pot so something that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 times a pot so something that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 times a pot so something that's not
+on your list you have to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your list you have to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your list you have to kind of
+extrapolate uh and then it gets kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrapolate uh and then it gets kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrapolate uh and then it gets kind of
+weird because like okay my response to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird because like okay my response to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird because like okay my response to a
+pot siiz bet is to raise a pot again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pot siiz bet is to raise a pot again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pot siiz bet is to raise a pot again
+right what if you makes a 1.1 times a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what if you makes a 1.1 times a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what if you makes a 1.1 times a
+pot is is it right to raise a pot just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pot is is it right to raise a pot just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pot is is it right to raise a pot just
+raise a pot pot 1. one times or raise a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise a pot pot 1. one times or raise a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise a pot pot 1. one times or raise a
+pot like 0.9 times so you get back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pot like 0.9 times so you get back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pot like 0.9 times so you get back to
+the same stack sizes so so so you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same stack sizes so so so you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same stack sizes so so so you can do
+the same thing in the future these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing in the future these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing in the future these are
+difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult
+questions uh so even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions uh so even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions uh so even
+uh even if some bet are nonoptimal our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh even if some bet are nonoptimal our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh even if some bet are nonoptimal our
+full strategy needs responses to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full strategy needs responses to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full strategy needs responses to the
+bets uh so simple approximations may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bets uh so simple approximations may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bets uh so simple approximations may
+work I I kind of feel this this is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work I I kind of feel this this is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work I I kind of feel this this is kind
+of a tough problem though I mean and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a tough problem though I mean and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a tough problem though I mean and uh
+you can just I mean you're just playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just I mean you're just playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just I mean you're just playing
+the game where you can just make sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game where you can just make sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game where you can just make sort of
+rigid pot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid pot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid pot
+bet sizes then you you might get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet sizes then you you might get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet sizes then you you might get
+something actually interesting so one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something actually interesting so one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something actually interesting so one of
+the things with regret matching if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things with regret matching if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things with regret matching if you
+actually have a lot of bet sizes suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a lot of bet sizes suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a lot of bet sizes suppose
+you you say okay I'm just to kill this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you say okay I'm just to kill this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you say okay I'm just to kill this
+problem and I'm going to do like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and I'm going to do like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and I'm going to do like uh
+0.01 times a pot 0.02 times a pot 03
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.01 times a pot 0.02 times a pot 03
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.01 times a pot 0.02 times a pot 03
+times a pot and so so forth the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a pot and so so forth the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a pot and so so forth the problem
+is now you have a lot of options which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now you have a lot of options which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now you have a lot of options which
+are really close in equity together so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really close in equity together so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really close in equity together so
+this regret minimization is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this regret minimization is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this regret minimization is going to
+take a while right he going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a while right he going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a while right he going to have to
+sort out really close like events so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort out really close like events so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort out really close like events so and
+then it's going to have to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's going to have to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's going to have to kind of
+balance your value Bets with your blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance your value Bets with your blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance your value Bets with your blood
+and things like that so even just trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that so even just trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that so even just trying
+to kill it by putting a lot of bet types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kill it by putting a lot of bet types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kill it by putting a lot of bet types
+may not um sort of solve the problem for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not um sort of solve the problem for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not um sort of solve the problem for
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+uh so two player three player games are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so two player three player games are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so two player three player games are
+actually kind of interesting um they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually kind of interesting um they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually kind of interesting um they're
+the the addressed by the group and using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the addressed by the group and using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the addressed by the group and using
+current effectual regret to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current effectual regret to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current effectual regret to create
+competitive multiplayer agents and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive multiplayer agents and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive multiplayer agents and this
+is a paper done in like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a paper done in like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a paper done in like
+2011 or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and the programs were actually first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the programs were actually first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the programs were actually first
+and second in an annual three-player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and second in an annual three-player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and second in an annual three-player
+limit home event the the the the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit home event the the the the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit home event the the the the first
+problem is there there's no guarantee of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is there there's no guarantee of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is there there's no guarantee of
+Epsilon convergence you you know you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon convergence you you know you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon convergence you you know you're
+not necessarily within Epsilon of a Nash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily within Epsilon of a Nash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily within Epsilon of a Nash
+equilibrium second problem problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium second problem problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium second problem problem is
+that um do you just want to play a Nash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um do you just want to play a Nash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um do you just want to play a Nash
+equilibrium there could be multiple Nash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium there could be multiple Nash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium there could be multiple Nash
+equilibria in multi-way games especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibria in multi-way games especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibria in multi-way games especially
+in like these proportional payout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in like these proportional payout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in like these proportional payout
+tournaments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournaments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournaments
+satellites uh where say two people get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellites uh where say two people get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellites uh where say two people get a
+seat right there are really nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seat right there are really nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seat right there are really nonlinear
+effects going and it could just be which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects going and it could just be which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects going and it could just be which
+collusive equilibria are you playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collusive equilibria are you playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collusive equilibria are you playing
+um and in the in in in in our book uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and in the in in in in our book uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and in the in in in in our book uh
+you know Jared and I point out a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Jared and I point out a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Jared and I point out a game
+called The Rock Maniac game where it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called The Rock Maniac game where it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called The Rock Maniac game where it's a
+real poker game where players can use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real poker game where players can use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real poker game where players can use a
+simple strategy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple strategy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple strategy and
+ensure uh you losing uh a simple version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure uh you losing uh a simple version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure uh you losing uh a simple version
+a simple non-p poker version like kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple non-p poker version like kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple non-p poker version like kind
+of the game where you play even or odds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the game where you play even or odds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the game where you play even or odds
+with three players but the the odd man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with three players but the the odd man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with three players but the the odd man
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+wins so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wins so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wins so
+suppose you and I are colluding against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you and I are colluding against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you and I are colluding against
+the third sort of chump what would we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third sort of chump what would we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third sort of chump what would we do
+two different things right I would play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different things right I would play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different things right I would play
+one you'd play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you'd play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you'd play
+two and the third guy can never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and the third guy can never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and the third guy can never
+win there there are situations which can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win there there are situations which can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win there there are situations which can
+come up in poker like that so but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up in poker like that so but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up in poker like that so but you
+know I think if there's like no kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I think if there's like no kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I think if there's like no kind of
+collusion uh playing nation calibria and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collusion uh playing nation calibria and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collusion uh playing nation calibria and
+and and it's not a tournament playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it's not a tournament playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it's not a tournament playing
+National CA usually turns out okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National CA usually turns out okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National CA usually turns out okay I
+think that's sort of the argument they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's sort of the argument they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's sort of the argument they
+were making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were making
+and in creating strategies all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in creating strategies all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in creating strategies all right so
+here are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the
+references um all right this took like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+references um all right this took like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+references um all right this took like
+about time estimated so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about time estimated so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about time estimated so uh
+questions uh how are we going to do okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions uh how are we going to do okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions uh how are we going to do okay
+let's just your hand up first um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just your hand up first um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just your hand up first um the
+original uh strategy finds the the Nash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original uh strategy finds the the Nash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original uh strategy finds the the Nash
+equilibria if you're playing against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibria if you're playing against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibria if you're playing against
+someone else who's uh trying to beat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else who's uh trying to beat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else who's uh trying to beat
+strategy right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy right
+um is it that does it work if one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is it that does it work if one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is it that does it work if one of the
+strategies is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probabilistic yeah yeah yeah it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic yeah yeah yeah it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic yeah yeah yeah it does
+work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+with you don't know always one I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you don't know always one I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you don't know always one I'll
+choose yeah it it works because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose yeah it it works because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose yeah it it works because uh
+you're going to play uh all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to play uh all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to play uh all of these
+strategies assume that they could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies assume that they could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies assume that they could be
+mixed strategies like you can play like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed strategies like you can play like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed strategies like you can play like
+if you're not allowed to play onethird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're not allowed to play onethird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're not allowed to play onethird
+Rock oneir Paper one3 scissors then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rock oneir Paper one3 scissors then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rock oneir Paper one3 scissors then
+you're going to have to play a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have to play a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have to play a really
+bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad
+strategy and there's definitely times in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy and there's definitely times in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy and there's definitely times in
+which mixing is going to be necessary so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which mixing is going to be necessary so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which mixing is going to be necessary so
+yeah all all of these strategies have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all all of these strategies have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all all of these strategies have
+mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing
+uh yeah what effects you think she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah what effects you think she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah what effects you think she's
+gonna have on um online women holding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have on um online women holding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have on um online women holding
+games uh I don't know I think pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games uh I don't know I think pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games uh I don't know I think pretty
+much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+before uh the solution came out the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before uh the solution came out the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before uh the solution came out the big
+online players kind of knew that a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online players kind of knew that a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online players kind of knew that a lot
+of people were playing near optimal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people were playing near optimal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people were playing near optimal and
+I think the the game is kind of dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the the game is kind of dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the the game is kind of dead
+what do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think
+Mike S for a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mike S for a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mike S for a long
+right so yeah too bad M doesn't come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so yeah too bad M doesn't come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so yeah too bad M doesn't come
+players are already basically doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players are already basically doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players are already basically doing this
+anyway well no I mean even if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway well no I mean even if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway well no I mean even if you have
+the stry you kind of have to learn it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stry you kind of have to learn it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stry you kind of have to learn it
+right yeah or have some or but the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah or have some or but the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah or have some or but the the
+the problem is is that if you go to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is is that if you go to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is is that if you go to a
+casino and you play somebody who's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casino and you play somebody who's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casino and you play somebody who's like
+a good limit holding player he's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good limit holding player he's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good limit holding player he's because
+these types of strategies have been out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these types of strategies have been out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these types of strategies have been out
+for a while they they they they already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while they they they they already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while they they they they already
+play much closer to Optimal than they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play much closer to Optimal than they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play much closer to Optimal than they
+did before so I think this would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did before so I think this would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did before so I think this would have
+absolutely no effect on like uh heads up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely no effect on like uh heads up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely no effect on like uh heads up
+limit hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit hold
+them it's already kind of like known yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them it's already kind of like known yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them it's already kind of like known yes
+so can you talk more about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can you talk more about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can you talk more about like
+different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do are
+some it's an endless sort of list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some it's an endless sort of list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some it's an endless sort of list of
+kind of Be Clever in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Be Clever in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Be Clever in
+bucketing bucket hand types together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucketing bucket hand types together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucketing bucket hand types together
+um one kind of clever thing you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one kind of clever thing you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one kind of clever thing you can do
+is try to cut out the river entirely by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is try to cut out the river entirely by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is try to cut out the river entirely by
+just estimating like your equity on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just estimating like your equity on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just estimating like your equity on the
+river rer you know of course that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river rer you know of course that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river rer you know of course that's not
+going to be your Showdown Equity because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be your Showdown Equity because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be your Showdown Equity because
+you may be CAU forced to face a bet like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may be CAU forced to face a bet like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may be CAU forced to face a bet like
+it uh so you you try some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh so you you try some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh so you you try some sort of
+implied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implied
+uh uh value of your hand uh you know um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh value of your hand uh you know um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh value of your hand uh you know um
+let's see what other bucketing things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what other bucketing things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what other bucketing things
+uh well I mean in some games there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well I mean in some games there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well I mean in some games there's a
+sort of a natural way way of kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a natural way way of kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a natural way way of kind of
+bucketing uh hand types like in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucketing uh hand types like in in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucketing uh hand types like in in in
+the river on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the river on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the river on in
+Omaha uh you could just try to bucket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omaha uh you could just try to bucket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omaha uh you could just try to bucket
+the the cards that actually play right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the cards that actually play right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the cards that actually play right
+and ignore the other cards the thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ignore the other cards the thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ignore the other cards the thing is
+that when you do things like that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you do things like that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you do things like that what
+losing is this thing we call card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing is this thing we call card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing is this thing we call card
+removal card removal and kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removal card removal and kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removal card removal and kind of
+blocking players from having the nuts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocking players from having the nuts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocking players from having the nuts
+and things like that are pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that are pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that are pretty
+important do turn out to be a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important do turn out to be a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important do turn out to be a pretty
+important part of um the the game three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important part of um the the game three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important part of um the the game three
+optimal solution when you're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal solution when you're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal solution when you're getting
+down to the Millie big blind kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the Millie big blind kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the Millie big blind kind of
+level and you know if you don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and you know if you don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and you know if you don't think
+about card removal at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about card removal at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about card removal at
+all uh then you you actually have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all uh then you you actually have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all uh then you you actually have a
+strategy that can be exploited pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy that can be exploited pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy that can be exploited pretty
+easily actually I talked about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily actually I talked about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily actually I talked about this
+yesterday um the the the the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday um the the the the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday um the the the the the the
+thing is that you know typically when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that you know typically when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that you know typically when
+the pot is p uh and you're facing a bet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pot is p uh and you're facing a bet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pot is p uh and you're facing a bet
+yeah you want to make him indifferent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you want to make him indifferent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you want to make him indifferent to
+bluffing right he's betting one to win P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bluffing right he's betting one to win P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bluffing right he's betting one to win P
+so you you want to call about p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you want to call about p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you want to call about p
+over p+ one at the time right if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over p+ one at the time right if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over p+ one at the time right if you
+don't call this much he he's just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't call this much he he's just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't call this much he he's just going
+to Bluff and take it right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Bluff and take it right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Bluff and take it right so that's
+that's sort of the thing uh we're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of the thing uh we're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of the thing uh we're saying
+the bet is one and Pi p uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bet is one and Pi p uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bet is one and Pi p uh
+so if the PO is 10 and he bets one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the PO is 10 and he bets one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the PO is 10 and he bets one and
+he takes it more than one 11th at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he takes it more than one 11th at a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he takes it more than one 11th at a time
+he's going to just he can just Prof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's going to just he can just Prof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's going to just he can just Prof
+Bluff everything right um the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bluff everything right um the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bluff everything right um the real
+problem becomes that if you don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem becomes that if you don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem becomes that if you don't think
+about car removal at all uh he can start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about car removal at all uh he can start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about car removal at all uh he can start
+bluffing hands in which he knows it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bluffing hands in which he knows it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bluffing hands in which he knows it's
+more likely you have a mediocre hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely you have a mediocre hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely you have a mediocre hand
+or uh something that excludes the strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh something that excludes the strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh something that excludes the strong
+hand one one real example is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand one one real example is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand one one real example is in
+PLO when there's a flush on the board uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PLO when there's a flush on the board uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PLO when there's a flush on the board uh
+what's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a good
+bluff you have the ace right you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bluff you have the ace right you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bluff you have the ace right you have
+the Ace of the suit you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Ace of the suit you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Ace of the suit you don't have
+anything else that's a great Bluff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else that's a great Bluff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else that's a great Bluff
+because you're blocking him from having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're blocking him from having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're blocking him from having
+a great hand and uh you know you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great hand and uh you know you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great hand and uh you know you're
+blocking all of his nut hands and a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocking all of his nut hands and a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocking all of his nut hands and a lot
+of his really good hands and uh he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his really good hands and uh he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his really good hands and uh he's
+much more likely to fold right because a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more likely to fold right because a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more likely to fold right because a
+lot if you bet the pot a lot of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot if you bet the pot a lot of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot if you bet the pot a lot of his
+hands he's sort of protect with uh our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands he's sort of protect with uh our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands he's sort of protect with uh our
+hands with the nut flush oh I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands with the nut flush oh I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands with the nut flush oh I have a
+natural cough you in I have the nuts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural cough you in I have the nuts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural cough you in I have the nuts
+okay I cough you know so that's why card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I cough you know so that's why card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I cough you know so that's why card
+removal is uh sort of is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+important yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes oh sort of like utility Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes oh sort of like utility Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes oh sort of like utility Theory
+um yeah in in poker in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah in in poker in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah in in poker in
+general uh it it's kind of weird um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general uh it it's kind of weird um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general uh it it's kind of weird um
+people think a lot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think a lot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think a lot about
+that what tournament they should enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what tournament they should enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what tournament they should enter
+what games they should play but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what games they should play but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what games they should play but there
+hasn't been a study of really kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't been a study of really kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't been a study of really kind of
+optimizing your own personal utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizing your own personal utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizing your own personal utility
+within the games thetion is kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the games thetion is kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the games thetion is kind of like
+well I'm going to use all this cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'm going to use all this cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'm going to use all this cool
+utility Theory stuff to figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility Theory stuff to figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility Theory stuff to figure out what
+game I'm playing once I'm playing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game I'm playing once I'm playing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game I'm playing once I'm playing the
+game I'm just gonna try to win the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game I'm just gonna try to win the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game I'm just gonna try to win the most
+money now that's that's sort of been the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money now that's that's sort of been the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money now that's that's sort of been the
+attitude and I think that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitude and I think that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitude and I think that's actually
+correct for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct for
+most uh in limit hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most uh in limit hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most uh in limit hold
+mean you need Bank roles of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you need Bank roles of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you need Bank roles of like
+hundreds of bets you're not going to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of bets you're not going to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of bets you're not going to try
+to optimize and try to win some fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to optimize and try to win some fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to optimize and try to win some fraction
+of a bat uh with with your kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a bat uh with with your kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a bat uh with with your kind of
+utility function right by lowering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility function right by lowering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility function right by lowering the
+variant I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant I
+mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+um uh that is an interesting question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh that is an interesting question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh that is an interesting question
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+maybe I mean I feel that if if there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I mean I feel that if if there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I mean I feel that if if there is
+some sort of utility consideration like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of utility consideration like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of utility consideration like
+maybe in a tournament you feel your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe in a tournament you feel your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe in a tournament you feel your
+chips are nonlinear uh maybe you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips are nonlinear uh maybe you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips are nonlinear uh maybe you are
+going to quit playing your marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to quit playing your marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to quit playing your marginal
+hands because of utility considerations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands because of utility considerations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands because of utility considerations
+yeah you like the fin table of major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you like the fin table of major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you like the fin table of major
+events like they'll go beyond ICM to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events like they'll go beyond ICM to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events like they'll go beyond ICM to say
+like maybe I won't coin flip for a $10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like maybe I won't coin flip for a $10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like maybe I won't coin flip for a $10
+Edge Step Up Place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge Step Up Place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge Step Up Place
+well I mean if you use ICM those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I mean if you use ICM those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I mean if you use ICM those
+utilities or or kind of calculated but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities or or kind of calculated but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities or or kind of calculated but
+yeah yeah like for example Final Table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah like for example Final Table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah like for example Final Table
+of the main event I'm not only using ICM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the main event I'm not only using ICM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the main event I'm not only using ICM
+but I'm thinking well 3 million uh comp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm thinking well 3 million uh comp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm thinking well 3 million uh comp
+like you know 4 million compared to 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know 4 million compared to 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know 4 million compared to 2
+million is a much smaller step to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million is a much smaller step to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million is a much smaller step to me
+than 2 million is compared to zero right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 2 million is compared to zero right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 2 million is compared to zero right
+in my my own personal utility or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my my own personal utility or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my my own personal utility or
+like like like .5 million compar to 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like like .5 million compar to 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like like .5 million compar to 2
+million versus 2 million compared to 3.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million versus 2 million compared to 3.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million versus 2 million compared to 3.5
+million so uh I need to optimize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million so uh I need to optimize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million so uh I need to optimize that
+utility um uh I mean yeah I I I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility um uh I mean yeah I I I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility um uh I mean yeah I I I think
+that's kind of worthy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of worthy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of worthy of
+study yeah um what is it about poker um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study yeah um what is it about poker um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study yeah um what is it about poker um
+analytics of Poker that makes it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics of Poker that makes it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics of Poker that makes it so
+popular trading firms and how does it oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular trading firms and how does it oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular trading firms and how does it oh
+okay that's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's a great
+question how do you use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question how do you use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question how do you use it
+professionally well I I mean I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professionally well I I mean I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professionally well I I mean I think
+poker just kind of if you think what one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker just kind of if you think what one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker just kind of if you think what one
+game uh if if you could teach Traders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game uh if if you could teach Traders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game uh if if you could teach Traders
+like kind of one game what one game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like kind of one game what one game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like kind of one game what one game
+would sort of represent uh what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would sort of represent uh what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would sort of represent uh what what
+Traders have to know well you know poker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Traders have to know well you know poker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Traders have to know well you know poker
+they a lot of actors there's incomplete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they a lot of actors there's incomplete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they a lot of actors there's incomplete
+information right that's one big thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information right that's one big thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information right that's one big thing
+uh and you do have to do a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and you do have to do a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and you do have to do a lot of
+thinking of what your counterpart is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of what your counterpart is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of what your counterpart is
+doing right if if he wants to trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing right if if he wants to trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing right if if he wants to trade
+against you he puts a bid or offer you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against you he puts a bid or offer you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against you he puts a bid or offer you
+know uh some some of that is why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh some some of that is why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh some some of that is why you
+kind of why there's thiser out he trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of why there's thiser out he trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of why there's thiser out he trying
+to get out of risk have a big position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get out of risk have a big position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get out of risk have a big position
+he's trying to get out of or uh do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's trying to get out of or uh do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's trying to get out of or uh do you
+have to be kind of worried about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be kind of worried about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be kind of worried about these
+orders and things like that and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders and things like that and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders and things like that and also
+poker gives you the uh sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker gives you the uh sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker gives you the uh sort of the
+skills to trade that um suppose you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills to trade that um suppose you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills to trade that um suppose you know
+something's worth 10 bucks right what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's worth 10 bucks right what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's worth 10 bucks right what
+you going to make around it well knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you going to make around it well knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you going to make around it well knowing
+nothing you might make uh bid 990 offer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing you might make uh bid 990 offer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing you might make uh bid 990 offer
+at 1010 which means you're willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 1010 which means you're willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 1010 which means you're willing to
+buy it at 90 or sell it at 1010 but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy it at 90 or sell it at 1010 but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy it at 90 or sell it at 1010 but you
+may know something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may know something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may know something about the
+counterparty right you may know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparty right you may know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparty right you may know the
+counterparty going to be better buyer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparty going to be better buyer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparty going to be better buyer
+than seller or uh you know that buying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than seller or uh you know that buying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than seller or uh you know that buying
+is the risky part sing is a risky part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the risky part sing is a risky part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the risky part sing is a risky part
+you know that that that kind of has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that that that kind of has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that that that kind of has a
+Quant also a Quant you know doing poker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quant also a Quant you know doing poker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quant also a Quant you know doing poker
+analytics is very similar to do to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics is very similar to do to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics is very similar to do to the
+analysis we do in trading you know a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis we do in trading you know a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis we do in trading you know a lot
+of this analysis how these strategies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this analysis how these strategies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this analysis how these strategies
+work do do these strategies really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work do do these strategies really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work do do these strategies really
+return what we think they return um are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return what we think they return um are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return what we think they return um are
+are similar to discussions we have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are similar to discussions we have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are similar to discussions we have in
+our trading strategy I'm glad I'm able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our trading strategy I'm glad I'm able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our trading strategy I'm glad I'm able
+to talk to you about this because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk to you about this because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk to you about this because if
+you're interested in doing like poker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in doing like poker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in doing like poker
+strategies you'll probably be interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies you'll probably be interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies you'll probably be interested
+in doing trading strategies too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in doing trading strategies too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in doing trading strategies too
+uh any more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Devi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Devi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Devi
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's yeah I mean that's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's yeah I mean that's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's yeah I mean that's a very
+interesting thing and that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing and that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing and that's actually
+hard to determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to determine
+because uh that's that's a that feels a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh that's that's a that feels a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh that's that's a that feels a
+little bit harder than this because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit harder than this because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit harder than this because this
+istic it's like I'm trying to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+istic it's like I'm trying to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+istic it's like I'm trying to figure out
+the optimal strategy and I just play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimal strategy and I just play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimal strategy and I just play
+this and you know whatever money comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and you know whatever money comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and you know whatever money comes
+to me comes to me right you open your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me comes to me right you open your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me comes to me right you open your
+arms the money comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arms the money comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arms the money comes to
+you um the other thing is oh well he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um the other thing is oh well he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um the other thing is oh well he's
+playing badly so I'm going to go there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing badly so I'm going to go there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing badly so I'm going to go there
+and take his but then if if if I deviate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take his but then if if if I deviate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take his but then if if if I deviate
+from optimal I'm also opening up myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from optimal I'm also opening up myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from optimal I'm also opening up myself
+to you know being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know being
+exploited so that's kind of hard that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploited so that's kind of hard that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploited so that's kind of hard that
+the that's much more of a Dynam problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's much more of a Dynam problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's much more of a Dynam problem
+right like when does he go on tilt how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like when does he go on tilt how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like when does he go on tilt how
+long is he on tilt what evidence does he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long is he on tilt what evidence does he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long is he on tilt what evidence does he
+do we have that that that that teas on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we have that that that that teas on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we have that that that that teas on
+tilt um I know that you know San Gilpin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilt um I know that you know San Gilpin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilt um I know that you know San Gilpin
+the guys in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guys in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guys in
+CMU uh we're looking into some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CMU uh we're looking into some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CMU uh we're looking into some sort of
+like zero loss Lo way to exploit your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like zero loss Lo way to exploit your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like zero loss Lo way to exploit your
+opponents because you just figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponents because you just figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponents because you just figure out
+when your opponents are playing uh badly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when your opponents are playing uh badly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when your opponents are playing uh badly
+how much they've given up in uh playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much they've given up in uh playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much they've given up in uh playing
+suboptimally and then you go to exploit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suboptimally and then you go to exploit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suboptimally and then you go to exploit
+but you you don't you only open up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you you don't you only open up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you you don't you only open up
+yourself to say half the money he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself to say half the money he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself to say half the money he's
+given up or something like that playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given up or something like that playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given up or something like that playing
+badly and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+badly and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+badly and their
+metrics so the there there there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metrics so the there there there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metrics so the there there there's some
+sort of kind of gaming algorithm you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of kind of gaming algorithm you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of kind of gaming algorithm you can
+do to do that but yeah that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to do that but yeah that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to do that but yeah that's that's
+definitely another field of study there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely another field of study there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely another field of study there
+are a lot of sort of interesting Fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of sort of interesting Fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of sort of interesting Fields
+uh that that can come out of Poker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+research all right I guess that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research all right I guess that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research all right I guess that's
+[Applause]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/MvGuBQZZuLM.txt b/MvGuBQZZuLM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7bad258ddd97fef2943a3f7cb8f942710202effb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MvGuBQZZuLM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2235 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this segment we go through an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this segment we go through an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this segment we go through an example
+to get some practice with Poisson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get some practice with Poisson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get some practice with Poisson
+process calculations the example is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process calculations the example is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process calculations the example is as
+follows you go fishing and fish are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows you go fishing and fish are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows you go fishing and fish are
+caught according to a Poisson process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught according to a Poisson process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught according to a Poisson process
+with an arrival rate that is the rate at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an arrival rate that is the rate at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an arrival rate that is the rate at
+which fish are caught of 0.6 fish per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which fish are caught of 0.6 fish per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which fish are caught of 0.6 fish per
+hour you will fish for two hours no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour you will fish for two hours no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour you will fish for two hours no
+matter what and if during those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what and if during those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what and if during those two
+hours you have caught at least one fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours you have caught at least one fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours you have caught at least one fish
+then you stop as in this scenario in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you stop as in this scenario in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you stop as in this scenario in
+which you have caught three fish during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you have caught three fish during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you have caught three fish during
+the first two hours and then you stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first two hours and then you stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first two hours and then you stop
+otherwise you will continue until you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you will continue until you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you will continue until you
+catch one fish and at that time you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch one fish and at that time you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch one fish and at that time you will
+stop we will answer a few questions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop we will answer a few questions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop we will answer a few questions and
+we will write down the answers to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will write down the answers to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will write down the answers to these
+questions in terms of the notation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions in terms of the notation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions in terms of the notation that
+we have introduced and here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have introduced and here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have introduced and here for
+reference we have all the formulas that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference we have all the formulas that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference we have all the formulas that
+we have developed so far the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have developed so far the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have developed so far the first
+question is what is the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what is the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what is the probability that
+you get to fish for more than two hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to fish for more than two hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to fish for more than two hours
+well you get to fish for more than two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you get to fish for more than two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you get to fish for more than two
+hours if and only if you didn't catch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours if and only if you didn't catch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours if and only if you didn't catch
+any fish during the first two hours so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any fish during the first two hours so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any fish during the first two hours so
+this is the probability of catching zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the probability of catching zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the probability of catching zero
+fish in the first two hours and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish in the first two hours and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish in the first two hours and we can
+use this formula substitute K equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this formula substitute K equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this formula substitute K equal to
+zero tau equal to two lambda equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero tau equal to two lambda equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero tau equal to two lambda equal to
+0.6 plug in the numbers and obtain a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.6 plug in the numbers and obtain a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.6 plug in the numbers and obtain a
+numerical answer we will not bother the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical answer we will not bother the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical answer we will not bother the
+numerical answers we will just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical answers we will just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical answers we will just be
+writing down the expressions that give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing down the expressions that give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing down the expressions that give
+us the answers now in this question we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the answers now in this question we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the answers now in this question we
+could have a different approach you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have a different approach you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have a different approach you will
+fish for more than two hours if and only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish for more than two hours if and only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish for more than two hours if and only
+if there are no arrivals during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there are no arrivals during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there are no arrivals during the
+first two hours which means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two hours which means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two hours which means that the
+first arrival in the Poisson process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first arrival in the Poisson process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first arrival in the Poisson process of
+fishing happens after time two so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishing happens after time two so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishing happens after time two so we're
+talking about the event that the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the event that the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the event that the first
+arrival t1 is bigger than two and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival t1 is bigger than two and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival t1 is bigger than two and we're
+looking into the probability of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking into the probability of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking into the probability of this
+event which is the integral of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event which is the integral of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event which is the integral of the
+density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density
+the first arrival time and the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first arrival time and the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first arrival time and the integral
+is taken over the range of values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is taken over the range of values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is taken over the range of values of
+interest larger than two that is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest larger than two that is from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest larger than two that is from
+two to infinity we know that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to infinity we know that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to infinity we know that this
+density is exponential so we can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density is exponential so we can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density is exponential so we can write
+down this integral and evaluate it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down this integral and evaluate it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down this integral and evaluate it so
+notice the difference between these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice the difference between these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice the difference between these two
+approaches here we think in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches here we think in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches here we think in terms of the
+random variables that correspond to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables that correspond to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables that correspond to the
+number of arrivals during a certain time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of arrivals during a certain time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of arrivals during a certain time
+interval here worth reasoning in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval here worth reasoning in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval here worth reasoning in terms
+of inter arrival times and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inter arrival times and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inter arrival times and more
+generally for Poisson process problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally for Poisson process problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally for Poisson process problems
+an event of interest sometimes can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an event of interest sometimes can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an event of interest sometimes can be
+expressed in terms of number of arrivals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in terms of number of arrivals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in terms of number of arrivals
+or sometimes it can be expressed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sometimes it can be expressed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sometimes it can be expressed in
+terms of arrival and inter arrival times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of arrival and inter arrival times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of arrival and inter arrival times
+or sometimes both approaches are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sometimes both approaches are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sometimes both approaches are
+possible but usually one of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible but usually one of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible but usually one of the two
+approaches will be simpler than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches will be simpler than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches will be simpler than the
+other for example here we already have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other for example here we already have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other for example here we already have a
+formula whereas here we would need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula whereas here we would need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula whereas here we would need to
+evaluate an integral here is now our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate an integral here is now our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate an integral here is now our
+next question which is a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next question which is a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next question which is a little bit more
+complicated what is the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated what is the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated what is the probability that
+you get to fish for more than two hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to fish for more than two hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to fish for more than two hours
+and also you get to fish for less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also you get to fish for less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also you get to fish for less than
+five hours this is the scenario again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five hours this is the scenario again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five hours this is the scenario again
+that you fish for more than two hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you fish for more than two hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you fish for more than two hours
+which means that no fish were caught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that no fish were caught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that no fish were caught
+during the first two hours and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the first two hours and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the first two hours and then you
+continue fishing and by time five you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue fishing and by time five you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue fishing and by time five you
+have already caught your fish and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have already caught your fish and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have already caught your fish and you
+have left now it is convenient of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have left now it is convenient of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have left now it is convenient of
+thinking about the Poisson process as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the Poisson process as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the Poisson process as
+follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows
+think about the Poisson process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the Poisson process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the Poisson process of
+catching fish at the rate of 0.6%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's a fisherman who fishes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a fisherman who fishes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a fisherman who fishes
+forever except that this fisherman at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever except that this fisherman at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever except that this fisherman at
+either this time under this scenario or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either this time under this scenario or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either this time under this scenario or
+at that time under this scenario raises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that time under this scenario raises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that time under this scenario raises
+a flag and says ok this is the time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flag and says ok this is the time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flag and says ok this is the time I
+should be stopping so even though the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be stopping so even though the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be stopping so even though the
+fisherman will stop fishing at this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fisherman will stop fishing at this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fisherman will stop fishing at this time
+we can imagine that the Poisson process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can imagine that the Poisson process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can imagine that the Poisson process
+keeps going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps going
+on with this way of thinking the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on with this way of thinking the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on with this way of thinking the fact
+that you stopped fishing before time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you stopped fishing before time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you stopped fishing before time
+five is the event that the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five is the event that the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five is the event that the number of
+fish caught or the number of Poisson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish caught or the number of Poisson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish caught or the number of Poisson
+arrivals during the interval from 2 to 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrivals during the interval from 2 to 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrivals during the interval from 2 to 5
+is at least equal to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at least equal to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at least equal to 1
+larger than or equal to 1 so the event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than or equal to 1 so the event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than or equal to 1 so the event
+of interest consists of the intersection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interest consists of the intersection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interest consists of the intersection
+of two events zero fish caught during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two events zero fish caught during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two events zero fish caught during
+the first two hours which has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first two hours which has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first two hours which has this
+probability and at least one arrival in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and at least one arrival in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and at least one arrival in
+the Poisson process between times 2 & 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Poisson process between times 2 & 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Poisson process between times 2 & 5
+this is a time interval of length 3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a time interval of length 3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a time interval of length 3 and
+having at least one arrival is 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having at least one arrival is 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having at least one arrival is 1 minus
+the probability of 0 arrivals in a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of 0 arrivals in a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of 0 arrivals in a time
+interval of length 3 notice that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval of length 3 notice that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval of length 3 notice that I'm
+multiplying those two probabilities here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying those two probabilities here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying those two probabilities here
+why am i doing this in a Poisson process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why am i doing this in a Poisson process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why am i doing this in a Poisson process
+whatever happens in this joint time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever happens in this joint time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever happens in this joint time
+intervals are independent events so an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals are independent events so an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals are independent events so an
+event having to do with this interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event having to do with this interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event having to do with this interval
+the event that no fish were caught and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the event that no fish were caught and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the event that no fish were caught and
+the event that has to do with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the event that has to do with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the event that has to do with this
+interval at least one fish caught at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval at least one fish caught at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval at least one fish caught at
+least one arrival during this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one arrival during this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one arrival during this time
+interval these two events are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval these two events are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval these two events are
+independent and this is why we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and this is why we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and this is why we can
+multiply their probabilities now let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply their probabilities now let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply their probabilities now let us
+think of the alternative approach a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the alternative approach a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the alternative approach a
+different way of describing this event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way of describing this event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way of describing this event
+using arrival and inter arrival times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using arrival and inter arrival times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using arrival and inter arrival times
+what is this event this is the event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this event this is the event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this event this is the event
+that no arrival happened until this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no arrival happened until this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no arrival happened until this time
+but an arrival happened before time 5 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but an arrival happened before time 5 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but an arrival happened before time 5 so
+this is the event that the first arrival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the event that the first arrival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the event that the first arrival
+happens after time 2 but before time 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens after time 2 but before time 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens after time 2 but before time 5
+and we're looking at the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're looking at the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're looking at the probability of
+this event which we can find by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this event which we can find by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this event which we can find by
+integrating the PDF of the first arrival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating the PDF of the first arrival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating the PDF of the first arrival
+time from 2 until 5 the next question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time from 2 until 5 the next question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time from 2 until 5 the next question is
+what is the probability that we catch at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the probability that we catch at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the probability that we catch at
+least 2 fish under this scenario we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least 2 fish under this scenario we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least 2 fish under this scenario we
+catch one fish and we stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch one fish and we stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch one fish and we stop
+therefore this scenario must have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this scenario must have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this scenario must have
+materialized the event of catching at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materialized the event of catching at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materialized the event of catching at
+least two fish is the scenario that from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least two fish is the scenario that from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least two fish is the scenario that from
+time from zero until - we caught at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time from zero until - we caught at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time from zero until - we caught at
+least two fish so we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least two fish so we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least two fish so we're talking about
+the probability of catching at least two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of catching at least two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of catching at least two
+fish which is the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish which is the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish which is the probability of
+catching a fish during a time interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catching a fish during a time interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catching a fish during a time interval
+of length 2 where K can be anything from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of length 2 where K can be anything from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of length 2 where K can be anything from
+2 to infinity so this is the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to infinity so this is the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to infinity so this is the probability
+that the number of fish caught during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the number of fish caught during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the number of fish caught during
+these two time units is at least equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two time units is at least equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two time units is at least equal
+to 2 and an alternative way of writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2 and an alternative way of writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2 and an alternative way of writing
+this expression so that we do not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression so that we do not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression so that we do not have
+to evaluate an infinite sum it is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to evaluate an infinite sum it is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to evaluate an infinite sum it is 1
+minus the probability of catching zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the probability of catching zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the probability of catching zero
+fish and minus the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish and minus the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish and minus the probability of
+catching one fish if we were to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catching one fish if we were to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catching one fish if we were to write
+this in terms of arrival and inter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in terms of arrival and inter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in terms of arrival and inter
+arrival times we will cut at least two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival times we will cut at least two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival times we will cut at least two
+fish if and only if by the time we stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish if and only if by the time we stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish if and only if by the time we stop
+which will be time - we've had two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will be time - we've had two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will be time - we've had two
+arrivals which means that the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrivals which means that the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrivals which means that the second
+arrival time happens before time - so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival time happens before time - so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival time happens before time - so
+we're looking into the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking into the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking into the probability that
+the second arrival time happens before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second arrival time happens before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second arrival time happens before
+time - which is the integral from 0 to 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time - which is the integral from 0 to 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time - which is the integral from 0 to 2
+of the density of the second arrival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the density of the second arrival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the density of the second arrival
+time we have a formula for this density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we have a formula for this density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we have a formula for this density
+given by the Erlang PDF so we could take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by the Erlang PDF so we could take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by the Erlang PDF so we could take
+this expression plug it in here evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression plug it in here evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression plug it in here evaluate
+the integral and obtain the same answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral and obtain the same answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral and obtain the same answer
+as we would have obtained here clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we would have obtained here clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we would have obtained here clearly
+in this case as well this first approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case as well this first approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case as well this first approach
+would be simpler one because these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be simpler one because these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be simpler one because these
+probabilities are already available to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities are already available to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities are already available to
+us the next question is the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the next question is the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the next question is the following
+suppose that you already fished for 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that you already fished for 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that you already fished for 3
+hours this is something that can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours this is something that can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours this is something that can only
+happen under this second scenario so no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen under this second scenario so no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen under this second scenario so no
+fish have been caught until time 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish have been caught until time 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish have been caught until time 2
+you continue no fish were caught until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you continue no fish were caught until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you continue no fish were caught until
+time three and given that this event has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time three and given that this event has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time three and given that this event has
+occurred what is the expected value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred what is the expected value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred what is the expected value of
+the future fishing time the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future fishing time the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future fishing time the expected
+value until a fish gets caught for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value until a fish gets caught for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value until a fish gets caught for the
+first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time
+well the Poisson process starts fresh at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the Poisson process starts fresh at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the Poisson process starts fresh at
+time three no matter what happens in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time three no matter what happens in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time three no matter what happens in the
+past no matter what information were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past no matter what information were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past no matter what information were
+given the past now you're sitting at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the past now you're sitting at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the past now you're sitting at
+time three and looking into the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time three and looking into the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time three and looking into the future
+you have a fresh starting Poisson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a fresh starting Poisson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a fresh starting Poisson
+process as if this was the initial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process as if this was the initial time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process as if this was the initial time
+starting from this time the time until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from this time the time until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from this time the time until
+the first arrival is going to have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first arrival is going to have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first arrival is going to have an
+exponential distribution with parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential distribution with parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential distribution with parameter
+lambda and the expected value of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda and the expected value of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda and the expected value of this
+distribution is equal to 1 over lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+finally let us look at a different type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally let us look at a different type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally let us look at a different type
+of question what is the expected value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of question what is the expected value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of question what is the expected value
+of the total time that you get to fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the total time that you get to fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the total time that you get to fish
+let us introduce here some notation let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us introduce here some notation let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us introduce here some notation let
+us call the total fishing time capital F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us call the total fishing time capital F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us call the total fishing time capital F
+and the total fishing time consists of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the total fishing time consists of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the total fishing time consists of
+two pieces there's the time until time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pieces there's the time until time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pieces there's the time until time
+to that you will be fishing no matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that you will be fishing no matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that you will be fishing no matter
+what and then there's going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what and then there's going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what and then there's going to be the
+remaining fishing time after time two so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining fishing time after time two so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining fishing time after time two so
+now let us look at the expectation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let us look at the expectation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let us look at the expectation of
+the remaining fishing time after time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remaining fishing time after time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remaining fishing time after time
+two here there are two scenarios in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two here there are two scenarios in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two here there are two scenarios in the
+first scenario you stop in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first scenario you stop in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first scenario you stop in the second
+scenario you continue and we will take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario you continue and we will take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario you continue and we will take
+into account these two scenarios by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account these two scenarios by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account these two scenarios by
+using the total expectation theorem the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the total expectation theorem the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the total expectation theorem the
+first scenario happens with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first scenario happens with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first scenario happens with some
+probability this is the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability this is the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability this is the probability that
+you stop fishing at time 2 and in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stop fishing at time 2 and in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stop fishing at time 2 and in that
+case your remaining fishing time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case your remaining fishing time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case your remaining fishing time is
+going to be equal to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equal to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equal to 0
+because you do not continue under that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you do not continue under that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you do not continue under that
+scenario but there's the other scenario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario but there's the other scenario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario but there's the other scenario
+that you get to fish for more than two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get to fish for more than two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get to fish for more than two
+time units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time units
+and then we multiply this term with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we multiply this term with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we multiply this term with the
+conditional expectation of the remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation of the remaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation of the remaining
+fishing time given that you got to fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishing time given that you got to fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishing time given that you got to fish
+for more than two time units so what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for more than two time units so what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for more than two time units so what is
+this term the probability that you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term the probability that you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term the probability that you get
+to fish for more than two time units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fish for more than two time units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fish for more than two time units
+this is the probability that no fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the probability that no fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the probability that no fish
+were caught during the first time units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were caught during the first time units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were caught during the first time units
+this is the probability of the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the probability of the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the probability of the second
+scenario and then we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario and then we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario and then we have this
+conditional expectation given that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation given that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation given that you
+didn't catch anything and therefore you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't catch anything and therefore you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't catch anything and therefore you
+will be continuing fishing what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be continuing fishing what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be continuing fishing what is the
+expected amount of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected amount of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected amount of time
+f-minus to that you will be fishing now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f-minus to that you will be fishing now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f-minus to that you will be fishing now
+the Poisson process starts fresh at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Poisson process starts fresh at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Poisson process starts fresh at time
+two so looking into the future were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so looking into the future were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so looking into the future were
+faced with a photon process and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faced with a photon process and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faced with a photon process and we're
+asking for the expected time until the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking for the expected time until the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking for the expected time until the
+first arrival and this time has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first arrival and this time has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first arrival and this time has an
+expected value equal to one over lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value equal to one over lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value equal to one over lambda
+our last question is of a similar type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our last question is of a similar type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our last question is of a similar type
+what is the expected number of fish you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the expected number of fish you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the expected number of fish you
+are going to catch once more we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to catch once more we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to catch once more we will
+break this into two pieces number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break this into two pieces number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break this into two pieces number of
+fish caught during the first two hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish caught during the first two hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish caught during the first two hours
+and number of fish caught during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and number of fish caught during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and number of fish caught during the
+remaining hours during the first two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining hours during the first two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining hours during the first two
+hours the expected number of fish that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours the expected number of fish that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours the expected number of fish that
+you catch is given by this formula it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you catch is given by this formula it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you catch is given by this formula it is
+equal to lambda tau and in our case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to lambda tau and in our case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to lambda tau and in our case
+lambda is 0.6 and tau is equal to 2 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda is 0.6 and tau is equal to 2 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda is 0.6 and tau is equal to 2 plus
+the expected number of fish that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected number of fish that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected number of fish that are
+caught afterwards what is this expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught afterwards what is this expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught afterwards what is this expected
+value again we think in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value again we think in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value again we think in terms of the
+total expectation theorem there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total expectation theorem there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total expectation theorem there's one
+scenario that has a certain probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario that has a certain probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario that has a certain probability
+and under that scenario you do not catch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and under that scenario you do not catch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and under that scenario you do not catch
+any fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any fish
+so that doesn't give us any contribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that doesn't give us any contribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that doesn't give us any contribution
+then there is this scenario the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there is this scenario the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there is this scenario the second
+one that has this probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that has this probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that has this probability of
+occurring the probability of catching No
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring the probability of catching No
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring the probability of catching No
+fish here so that the second scenario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish here so that the second scenario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish here so that the second scenario
+materializes and if that second scenario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materializes and if that second scenario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materializes and if that second scenario
+materializes how many fish are you going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materializes how many fish are you going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materializes how many fish are you going
+to catch after time - it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to catch after time - it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to catch after time - it's going to be
+one fish with certainty and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one fish with certainty and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one fish with certainty and this is the
+final answer to this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final answer to this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final answer to this question
+notice that in answering both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that in answering both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that in answering both of these
+questions we use the divided conquer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions we use the divided conquer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions we use the divided conquer
+strategy twice we first divided the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy twice we first divided the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy twice we first divided the time
+horizon into two pieces and dealt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizon into two pieces and dealt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizon into two pieces and dealt
+separately with each one of the pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately with each one of the pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately with each one of the pieces
+and then in order to deal with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in order to deal with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in order to deal with this
+circled piece the time after time - we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circled piece the time after time - we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circled piece the time after time - we
+use divide and conquer into the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use divide and conquer into the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use divide and conquer into the two
+different scenarios and using the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different scenarios and using the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different scenarios and using the total
+expectation theorem
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/MzvRQFYUEFU.txt b/MzvRQFYUEFU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0c12acb58a1ec06ad72c31c0152b5f4f40c7a5ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MzvRQFYUEFU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1027 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+by this time we know how to construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this time we know how to construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this time we know how to construct
+confidence intervals when we try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence intervals when we try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence intervals when we try to
+estimate an unknown mean of a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate an unknown mean of a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate an unknown mean of a certain
+distribution using the sample mean as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution using the sample mean as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution using the sample mean as
+our estimator or actually these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our estimator or actually these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our estimator or actually these are
+approximate confidence intervals because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate confidence intervals because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate confidence intervals because
+we are using the approximation suggested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are using the approximation suggested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are using the approximation suggested
+by the central limit theorem but what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the central limit theorem but what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the central limit theorem but what if
+we do not know the value of Sigma the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do not know the value of Sigma the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do not know the value of Sigma the
+standard deviation of the axes then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation of the axes then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation of the axes then we
+have a few options one option is to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a few options one option is to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a few options one option is to use
+an upper bound on Sigma so we will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an upper bound on Sigma so we will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an upper bound on Sigma so we will be
+using a value that's larger than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a value that's larger than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a value that's larger than or
+equal to Sigma and this is going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Sigma and this is going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Sigma and this is going to make
+our interval somewhat larger so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our interval somewhat larger so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our interval somewhat larger so this is
+a conservative choice but it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a conservative choice but it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a conservative choice but it is
+definitely an option for example if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely an option for example if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely an option for example if
+we're dealing with Bernoulli random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with Bernoulli random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with Bernoulli random
+variables we know that the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables we know that the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables we know that the standard
+deviation is less than or equal to 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation is less than or equal to 1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation is less than or equal to 1/2
+so we can just plug in the value of 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can just plug in the value of 1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can just plug in the value of 1/2
+at this point another option is to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point another option is to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point another option is to try
+to estimate Sigma how do we estimate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to estimate Sigma how do we estimate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to estimate Sigma how do we estimate it
+we can perhaps use an ad-hoc estimate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can perhaps use an ad-hoc estimate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can perhaps use an ad-hoc estimate of
+Sigma that fits to the particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma that fits to the particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma that fits to the particular
+situation at hand so for example in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation at hand so for example in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation at hand so for example in the
+Bernoulli case we know that Sigma is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernoulli case we know that Sigma is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernoulli case we know that Sigma is
+given by this formula where theta is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by this formula where theta is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by this formula where theta is the
+mean of the Bernoulli and using this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean of the Bernoulli and using this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean of the Bernoulli and using this and
+since we do have an estimate of theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we do have an estimate of theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we do have an estimate of theta
+this is just the sample mean we can plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just the sample mean we can plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just the sample mean we can plug
+in that particular estimate and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that particular estimate and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that particular estimate and that
+gives us an estimate of the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us an estimate of the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us an estimate of the standard
+deviation when n is large this estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation when n is large this estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation when n is large this estimate
+is going to be very close to the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be very close to the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be very close to the true
+value and so this estimate of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and so this estimate of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and so this estimate of the
+standard deviation will also be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation will also be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation will also be very
+close to the true value both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the true value both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the true value both of these
+options were discussed for special cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options were discussed for special cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options were discussed for special cases
+where we have special structure and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have special structure and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have special structure and we
+can derive an upper bound or there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can derive an upper bound or there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can derive an upper bound or there is a
+natural estimate that suggest itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural estimate that suggest itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural estimate that suggest itself
+more generally what can we do one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more generally what can we do one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more generally what can we do one
+general option is to use a generic way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general option is to use a generic way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general option is to use a generic way
+of estimating the variance and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of estimating the variance and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of estimating the variance and here's
+how it goes the variance is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it goes the variance is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it goes the variance is by
+definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+expected value of something of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of something of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of something of this
+expression and we can estimate expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and we can estimate expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and we can estimate expected
+values by taking several samples of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values by taking several samples of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values by taking several samples of this
+quantity and taking the average of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity and taking the average of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity and taking the average of them
+so if we have n pieces of data for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we have n pieces of data for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we have n pieces of data for each
+piece of data we calculate this quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of data we calculate this quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of data we calculate this quantity
+divided by N and by the weak law of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by N and by the weak law of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by N and by the weak law of
+large numbers the this is the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large numbers the this is the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large numbers the this is the sample
+mean of this particular random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean of this particular random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean of this particular random variable
+and it converges to the expected value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it converges to the expected value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it converges to the expected value
+of this random variable so that's how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this random variable so that's how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this random variable so that's how we
+could estimate the variance but there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could estimate the variance but there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could estimate the variance but there is
+a catch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a catch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a catch
+this expression here involves the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression here involves the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression here involves the mean
+of the random variable and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the random variable and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the random variable and this is
+something that we do not know so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we do not know so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we do not know so what
+can we do well we have an estimate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we do well we have an estimate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we do well we have an estimate for
+the mean so we could just plug in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean so we could just plug in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean so we could just plug in that
+estimate instead of the true value and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate instead of the true value and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate instead of the true value and
+this gives us this alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives us this alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives us this alternative
+expression now when n is very large as n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression now when n is very large as n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression now when n is very large as n
+increases this sample mean converges to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases this sample mean converges to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases this sample mean converges to
+the true mean so this expression here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true mean so this expression here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true mean so this expression here
+will become closer and closer to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become closer and closer to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become closer and closer to this
+expression now this expression converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression now this expression converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression now this expression converges
+to Sigma squared and we conclude from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Sigma squared and we conclude from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Sigma squared and we conclude from
+this that this expression will also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that this expression will also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that this expression will also
+converge to Sigma squared and so here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to Sigma squared and so here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to Sigma squared and so here we
+have a way of estimating Sigma squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a way of estimating Sigma squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a way of estimating Sigma squared
+from the data and by taking the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the data and by taking the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the data and by taking the square
+root we obtain an estimate of Sigma as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root we obtain an estimate of Sigma as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root we obtain an estimate of Sigma as
+well that we can plug in in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that we can plug in in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that we can plug in in this
+expression and this gives us a complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and this gives us a complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and this gives us a complete
+way of coming up with confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of coming up with confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of coming up with confidence
+intervals when we only have data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals when we only have data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals when we only have data
+available in our hands but do not know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available in our hands but do not know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available in our hands but do not know
+ahead of time what Sigma is some remarks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of time what Sigma is some remarks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of time what Sigma is some remarks
+this procedure of constructing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this procedure of constructing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this procedure of constructing
+confidence intervals involves two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence intervals involves two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence intervals involves two
+separate approximations one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate approximations one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate approximations one
+approximation has to do with the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation has to do with the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation has to do with the fact
+that the sample mean is approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sample mean is approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sample mean is approximately
+normal according to the central limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal according to the central limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal according to the central limit
+theorem and then there is a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem and then there is a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem and then there is a second
+approximation that comes in in use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation that comes in in use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation that comes in in use
+an estimate of Sigma instead of the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an estimate of Sigma instead of the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an estimate of Sigma instead of the true
+value of Sigma now when we estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of Sigma now when we estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of Sigma now when we estimate
+Sigma instead of using the true value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma instead of using the true value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma instead of using the true value
+we're introducing some additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're introducing some additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're introducing some additional
+randomness in this procedure and because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness in this procedure and because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness in this procedure and because
+of this randomness the confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this randomness the confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this randomness the confidence
+intervals actually should be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals actually should be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals actually should be a little
+larger there is a systematic way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger there is a systematic way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger there is a systematic way of
+doing that and it involves using the so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that and it involves using the so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that and it involves using the so
+called T distribution tables and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called T distribution tables and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called T distribution tables and those
+tables are going to give us certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables are going to give us certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables are going to give us certain
+numbers that are a little different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that are a little different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that are a little different from
+what we have here so instead of 1.96 we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have here so instead of 1.96 we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have here so instead of 1.96 we
+might have a somewhat larger number this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have a somewhat larger number this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have a somewhat larger number this
+correction is relevant when n is a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction is relevant when n is a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction is relevant when n is a small
+number let's say n smaller than 30 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number let's say n smaller than 30 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number let's say n smaller than 30 but
+for larger values of n this correction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for larger values of n this correction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for larger values of n this correction
+where we use T tables instead of normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we use T tables instead of normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we use T tables instead of normal
+tables is rather insignificant and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables is rather insignificant and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables is rather insignificant and one
+doesn't bother with it in any case we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't bother with it in any case we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't bother with it in any case we
+will not discuss any further this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not discuss any further this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not discuss any further this
+additional correction but it is useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional correction but it is useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional correction but it is useful
+to know that it is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know that it is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know that it is something that
+statisticians will often do finally one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statisticians will often do finally one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statisticians will often do finally one
+last remark one will often see an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last remark one will often see an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last remark one will often see an
+alternative way of estimating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative way of estimating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative way of estimating the
+variance who are instead of this factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance who are instead of this factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance who are instead of this factor
+of 1 over n the one uses a factor of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 over n the one uses a factor of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 over n the one uses a factor of 1
+over n minus 1 with this alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n minus 1 with this alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n minus 1 with this alternative
+form it turns out that this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form it turns out that this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form it turns out that this is an
+unbiased estimator of the variance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbiased estimator of the variance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbiased estimator of the variance and
+that could be a reason for preferring to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be a reason for preferring to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be a reason for preferring to
+use this alternative form on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this alternative form on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this alternative form on the other
+hand when n is large whether we use n or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand when n is large whether we use n or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand when n is large whether we use n or
+n minus 1 makes very little difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus 1 makes very little difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus 1 makes very little difference
+and this concludes our discussion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this concludes our discussion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this concludes our discussion of
+confidence intervals
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/N1PimixqqXQ.txt b/N1PimixqqXQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..50cd56b0d79c10ffc85fba32d52afae5c5fabbcc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/N1PimixqqXQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,931 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have a menu of about 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a menu of about 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a menu of about 20
+experiments in the lab um each student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments in the lab um each student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments in the lab um each student
+will do three or four of the course of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do three or four of the course of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do three or four of the course of a
+semester new experiments come into lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester new experiments come into lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester new experiments come into lab
+every few years they usually start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every few years they usually start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every few years they usually start with
+an idea usually coming from a faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea usually coming from a faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea usually coming from a faculty
+member somewhere in the department of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member somewhere in the department of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member somewhere in the department of
+physics sometimes the idea for new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics sometimes the idea for new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics sometimes the idea for new
+experiment is something that was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment is something that was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment is something that was uh
+something that was in a research lab uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that was in a research lab uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that was in a research lab uh
+sometimes it's just something that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's just something that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's just something that's a
+class technique uh which has say become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class technique uh which has say become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class technique uh which has say become
+a standard thing that The Graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a standard thing that The Graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a standard thing that The Graduate
+students in a particular professor's lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students in a particular professor's lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students in a particular professor's lab
+have to do on a routine basis getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do on a routine basis getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do on a routine basis getting
+that into a mold that works within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into a mold that works within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into a mold that works within the
+structure of our semester uh where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of our semester uh where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of our semester uh where
+students are typically spending about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students are typically spending about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students are typically spending about
+two weeks performing The Experiment uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two weeks performing The Experiment uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two weeks performing The Experiment uh
+we want an experiment in this lab to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want an experiment in this lab to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want an experiment in this lab to be
+something which doesn't simply work when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which doesn't simply work when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which doesn't simply work when
+you turn it on we want the students to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you turn it on we want the students to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you turn it on we want the students to
+have to cause it to work um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to cause it to work um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to cause it to work um
+uh we don't want people to Simply um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we don't want people to Simply um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we don't want people to Simply um you
+know turn the apparatus on and get data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know turn the apparatus on and get data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know turn the apparatus on and get data
+we want them to cause the apparatus to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want them to cause the apparatus to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want them to cause the apparatus to
+give good data um that usually means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give good data um that usually means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give good data um that usually means
+there's something they have to calibrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something they have to calibrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something they have to calibrate
+um it usually means there's lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it usually means there's lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it usually means there's lots of
+settings uh on various parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings uh on various parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings uh on various parts of the
+apparatus which some of the settings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus which some of the settings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus which some of the settings
+give bad data and some of the settings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give bad data and some of the settings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give bad data and some of the settings
+good get give good data and the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good get give good data and the students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good get give good data and the students
+constantly have to be going back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly have to be going back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly have to be going back and
+forth between um some preliminary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth between um some preliminary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth between um some preliminary
+analysis and data taking in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and data taking in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and data taking in order to
+evaluate whether or not the data they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate whether or not the data they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate whether or not the data they've
+collected is good whether the settings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected is good whether the settings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected is good whether the settings
+they've set on their apparatus are any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've set on their apparatus are any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've set on their apparatus are any
+good getting a piece of apparatus which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good getting a piece of apparatus which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good getting a piece of apparatus which
+has been designed by a faculty member as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been designed by a faculty member as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been designed by a faculty member as
+a beautiful piece of research apparatus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beautiful piece of research apparatus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beautiful piece of research apparatus
+uh which works in a reliable way um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which works in a reliable way um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which works in a reliable way um in
+the hands of an expert and getting into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hands of an expert and getting into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hands of an expert and getting into
+something which a a a student who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which a a a student who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which a a a student who was
+seeing it for the first time can operate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing it for the first time can operate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing it for the first time can operate
+in a way where they have enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way where they have enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way where they have enough
+intellectual space on the apparatus that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual space on the apparatus that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual space on the apparatus that
+they can explore it and and understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can explore it and and understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can explore it and and understand
+how different parts of it work or don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how different parts of it work or don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how different parts of it work or don't
+work and yet still have it be robust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and yet still have it be robust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and yet still have it be robust
+enough that it say doesn't break um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that it say doesn't break um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that it say doesn't break um it
+will work uh consistently from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will work uh consistently from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will work uh consistently from one
+roughly twoe period when a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly twoe period when a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly twoe period when a certain
+student group is working on it to when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student group is working on it to when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student group is working on it to when
+the next student group is working on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next student group is working on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next student group is working on it
+uh that tends to be more of a design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that tends to be more of a design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that tends to be more of a design
+challenge we get into a a routine back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge we get into a a routine back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge we get into a a routine back
+and forth between the faculty member
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth between the faculty member
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth between the faculty member
+who's championing the experiment and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's championing the experiment and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's championing the experiment and the
+technical staff uh really understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical staff uh really understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical staff uh really understanding
+what parts of it have to what parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what parts of it have to what parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what parts of it have to what parts of
+an experiment have to be changed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an experiment have to be changed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an experiment have to be changed and
+then ultimately someone has to write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then ultimately someone has to write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then ultimately someone has to write a
+manual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manual
+for the experiment there's a model we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the experiment there's a model we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the experiment there's a model we've
+been using for the past few years uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been using for the past few years uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been using for the past few years uh
+where we get uh we get an experiment to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we get uh we get an experiment to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we get uh we get an experiment to
+the point where we think it's a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point where we think it's a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point where we think it's a pretty
+good piece of apparatus that a student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good piece of apparatus that a student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good piece of apparatus that a student
+will be able to learn a lot by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be able to learn a lot by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be able to learn a lot by
+performing it um yet we still don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing it um yet we still don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing it um yet we still don't have
+any manual written for it no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any manual written for it no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any manual written for it no
+instructions or anything um so if a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions or anything um so if a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions or anything um so if a new
+student were to just walk up to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student were to just walk up to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student were to just walk up to that
+point it would be really a research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it would be really a research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it would be really a research
+project for them to get it working um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project for them to get it working um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project for them to get it working um
+within the C within the structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the C within the structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the C within the structure of
+Junior lab we actually do have some room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Junior lab we actually do have some room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Junior lab we actually do have some room
+for that type of thing and the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that type of thing and the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that type of thing and the second
+semester of Junior lab which is subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester of Junior lab which is subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester of Junior lab which is subject
+814 one of the experiments the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+814 one of the experiments the students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+814 one of the experiments the students
+have to perform in the course of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to perform in the course of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to perform in the course of the
+semester is not simply something from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester is not simply something from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester is not simply something from
+our menu of roughly 20 experiments but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our menu of roughly 20 experiments but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our menu of roughly 20 experiments but
+it's something they have to develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something they have to develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something they have to develop
+themselves they have to write a proposal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves they have to write a proposal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves they have to write a proposal
+get that proposal approved approved by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that proposal approved approved by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that proposal approved approved by
+the um get that proposal approved by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um get that proposal approved by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um get that proposal approved by the
+funding committee which is the staff in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding committee which is the staff in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding committee which is the staff in
+junior lab uh and then ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junior lab uh and then ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junior lab uh and then ultimately
+perform that experiment analyze the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform that experiment analyze the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform that experiment analyze the data
+and then present it to their peers we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then present it to their peers we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then present it to their peers we
+have a poster session that we close out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a poster session that we close out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a poster session that we close out
+the semester with in that course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester with in that course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester with in that course
+um so something that has been useful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so something that has been useful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so something that has been useful for
+the past few years when we've developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past few years when we've developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past few years when we've developed
+a new experiment is we try to find one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new experiment is we try to find one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new experiment is we try to find one
+of these student groups in ag14 who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these student groups in ag14 who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these student groups in ag14 who
+volunteers to perform that experiment um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteers to perform that experiment um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteers to perform that experiment um
+without any guidance without any manual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any guidance without any manual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any guidance without any manual
+um uh they run it through basically as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh they run it through basically as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh they run it through basically as
+beta testers from our point of view and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta testers from our point of view and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta testers from our point of view and
+uh tell us uh which things worked well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh tell us uh which things worked well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh tell us uh which things worked well
+uh which things didn't work well um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which things didn't work well um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which things didn't work well um and
+100% of the time so far when we tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% of the time so far when we tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% of the time so far when we tried
+this the students always discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the students always discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the students always discover
+something new that that apparatus can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something new that that apparatus can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something new that that apparatus can do
+some new physics measurement that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some new physics measurement that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some new physics measurement that we
+didn't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't think
+of um and uh those new discoveries by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um and uh those new discoveries by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um and uh those new discoveries by
+the students who perform that the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students who perform that the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students who perform that the first
+time uh without any guidance inevitably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh without any guidance inevitably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh without any guidance inevitably
+those become part of the manual um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those become part of the manual um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those become part of the manual um that
+that that eventually future students use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that eventually future students use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that eventually future students use
+as the this the standard manual going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the this the standard manual going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the this the standard manual going
+forward
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/NTPCKnYLacw.txt b/NTPCKnYLacw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1b82d13d2797e574018027b3695a97396df1d4f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/NTPCKnYLacw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14264 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay hello
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay hello
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay hello
+so last time we discussed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so last time we discussed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so last time we discussed the
+pentose phosphate pathway which can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentose phosphate pathway which can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentose phosphate pathway which can
+serve as this shunt from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve as this shunt from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve as this shunt from
+glycolysis where glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis where glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis where glucose
+can be converted to 5-carbon ribulose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be converted to 5-carbon ribulose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be converted to 5-carbon ribulose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisphosphate um generating nadph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisphosphate um generating nadph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisphosphate um generating nadph
+and ribose and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ribose and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ribose and
+this shunt from glycolysis can work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shunt from glycolysis can work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shunt from glycolysis can work with
+the non-oxidative pathway where those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-oxidative pathway where those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-oxidative pathway where those
+five carbon units can then be used by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five carbon units can then be used by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five carbon units can then be used by
+the non-oxidative pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-oxidative pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-oxidative pathway
+to re-enter glycolysis giving cells an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to re-enter glycolysis giving cells an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to re-enter glycolysis giving cells an
+ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability
+to generate nadph now we described that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate nadph now we described that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate nadph now we described that
+this non-oxidative pathway can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this non-oxidative pathway can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this non-oxidative pathway can also
+operate in the reverse direction such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate in the reverse direction such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate in the reverse direction such
+that cells can take products of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cells can take products of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cells can take products of
+glycolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis
+and instead use them to generate ribose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instead use them to generate ribose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instead use them to generate ribose
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+for nucleotides and avoid the production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for nucleotides and avoid the production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for nucleotides and avoid the production
+of nadph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nadph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nadph
+really giving cells the flexibility to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really giving cells the flexibility to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really giving cells the flexibility to
+either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either
+make nadph when they need it make ribose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make nadph when they need it make ribose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make nadph when they need it make ribose
+when they need it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they need it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they need it
+with the ability to either operate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the ability to either operate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the ability to either operate in
+this direction as a shunt and allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction as a shunt and allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction as a shunt and allow
+nadph to be produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadph to be produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadph to be produced
+and material to re-enter glycolysis for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and material to re-enter glycolysis for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and material to re-enter glycolysis for
+further oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further oxidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further oxidation
+or to just generate ribose if they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to just generate ribose if they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to just generate ribose if they have
+enough nadph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough nadph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough nadph
+and they simply need that for nucleotide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they simply need that for nucleotide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they simply need that for nucleotide
+synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis
+now we spent some time discussing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we spent some time discussing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we spent some time discussing that
+nadph is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadph is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadph is a
+key molecule that allows cells to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key molecule that allows cells to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key molecule that allows cells to do
+reductive reactions this includes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductive reactions this includes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductive reactions this includes
+the biosynthesis of reduced carbon which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biosynthesis of reduced carbon which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biosynthesis of reduced carbon which
+is of course the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of course the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of course the way that
+nature stores energy for later use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature stores energy for later use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature stores energy for later use
+we saw this used as a way to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw this used as a way to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw this used as a way to make
+reduced carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced carbon
+as carbohydrates and photosynthesis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as carbohydrates and photosynthesis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as carbohydrates and photosynthesis and
+of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course
+can also be used to generate fatty acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also be used to generate fatty acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also be used to generate fatty acids
+which is the most reduced form of carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the most reduced form of carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the most reduced form of carbon
+that all organisms can have to to store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all organisms can have to to store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all organisms can have to to store
+energy for later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy for later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy for later
+and the topic of today is really to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the topic of today is really to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the topic of today is really to go
+through the pathway that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the pathway that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the pathway that
+all organisms use to produce those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all organisms use to produce those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all organisms use to produce those
+fatty acids and lipids as a way to store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acids and lipids as a way to store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acids and lipids as a way to store
+um this this uh energy is reduced carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this this uh energy is reduced carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this this uh energy is reduced carbon
+for later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for later
+now you'll notice i drew up there as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you'll notice i drew up there as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you'll notice i drew up there as a
+introduction for the reminder of what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction for the reminder of what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction for the reminder of what we
+talked about last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about last time
+with the pentose phosphate pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+really layering it on top of many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really layering it on top of many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really layering it on top of many of the
+other pathways in central carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other pathways in central carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other pathways in central carbon
+metabolism that we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism that we've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism that we've already
+discussed and i drew it that way because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed and i drew it that way because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed and i drew it that way because
+i want to show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to show that
+you know you already know quite a bit if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you already know quite a bit if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you already know quite a bit if
+you think back to the very beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think back to the very beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think back to the very beginning
+where we had this complex metabolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we had this complex metabolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we had this complex metabolic
+pathway chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway chart
+well we've already been able to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we've already been able to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we've already been able to build
+quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a
+complex network of how metabolism works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex network of how metabolism works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex network of how metabolism works
+and really at this point you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really at this point you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really at this point you know the
+basics so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basics so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basics so
+today's lectures and the three lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lectures and the three lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lectures and the three lectures
+after it so the four remaining lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after it so the four remaining lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after it so the four remaining lectures
+that we have in this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have in this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have in this course
+we're going to cover an awful lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to cover an awful lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to cover an awful lot of
+material because of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material because of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material because of course
+we have to discuss how all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to discuss how all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to discuss how all of the
+remaining classes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining classes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining classes of
+biomolecules lipids nucleic acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomolecules lipids nucleic acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomolecules lipids nucleic acids
+proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins
+link into the rest of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link into the rest of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link into the rest of of
+of metabolism which is an awful lot to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of metabolism which is an awful lot to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of metabolism which is an awful lot to
+cover but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover but
+what you will see is that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you will see is that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you will see is that in
+understanding the basics and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the basics and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the basics and the
+complexity of what we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of what we've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of what we've already
+described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described
+you actually know already most of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually know already most of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually know already most of what
+you need to know to understand these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know to understand these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know to understand these
+remaining pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining pathways
+that is nature continues to repurpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is nature continues to repurpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is nature continues to repurpose
+the same relatively simple reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same relatively simple reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same relatively simple reactions
+over and over and over again to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over and over again to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over and over again to really
+build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build
+this complex network that is metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this complex network that is metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this complex network that is metabolism
+including this diversity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including this diversity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including this diversity
+of of macromolecules now of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of macromolecules now of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of macromolecules now of course
+there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a
+few bits of chemistry that we still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few bits of chemistry that we still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few bits of chemistry that we still have
+to discuss we haven't discussed much in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discuss we haven't discussed much in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discuss we haven't discussed much in
+terms of nitrogen metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of nitrogen metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of nitrogen metabolism
+but most of what you need to know you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most of what you need to know you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most of what you need to know you've
+already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+covered in understanding glycolysis the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered in understanding glycolysis the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered in understanding glycolysis the
+tca cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tca cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tca cycle
+pentose phosphate pathway etc okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentose phosphate pathway etc okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentose phosphate pathway etc okay
+so now on to the topic of the day which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now on to the topic of the day which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now on to the topic of the day which
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+really lipids and fatty acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really lipids and fatty acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really lipids and fatty acid
+synthesis and so again i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis and so again i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis and so again i want to
+reiterate that organisms store energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reiterate that organisms store energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reiterate that organisms store energy is
+reduced carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced carbon
+fat is the most reduced form of carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fat is the most reduced form of carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fat is the most reduced form of carbon
+to store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to store
+and so if we're going to generate fat we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if we're going to generate fat we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if we're going to generate fat we
+need a source of electrons because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a source of electrons because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a source of electrons because if
+we're going to reduce carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to reduce carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to reduce carbon
+something else has to be oxidized that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else has to be oxidized that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else has to be oxidized that
+is those electrons have to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is those electrons have to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is those electrons have to come
+from somewhere and as hopefully as clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from somewhere and as hopefully as clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from somewhere and as hopefully as clear
+to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you
+those electrons will come from nadph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those electrons will come from nadph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those electrons will come from nadph
+because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it
+forms this useful electron donor for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms this useful electron donor for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms this useful electron donor for
+cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells
+now it should also hopefully be clear at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it should also hopefully be clear at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it should also hopefully be clear at
+this point that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point that if
+oxidation of carbon releases energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation of carbon releases energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation of carbon releases energy
+reduction of carbon therefore needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction of carbon therefore needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction of carbon therefore needs
+energy input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy input
+and so we're also going to need a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're also going to need a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're also going to need a bunch
+of atp if we're going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of atp if we're going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of atp if we're going to make
+fat and so atp and nadph are really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fat and so atp and nadph are really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fat and so atp and nadph are really the
+energetic drivers of how we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetic drivers of how we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetic drivers of how we're going to
+um take more oxidized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um take more oxidized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um take more oxidized
+carbon and reduce it to build fatty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon and reduce it to build fatty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon and reduce it to build fatty
+acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids
+now all organisms use similar pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all organisms use similar pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all organisms use similar pathways
+to do this but of course the sources of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this but of course the sources of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this but of course the sources of
+where the nadph and the atp come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the nadph and the atp come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the nadph and the atp come from
+can be different depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be different depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be different depending on the
+organism and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism and so
+we described photosynthesis as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we described photosynthesis as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we described photosynthesis as this
+process used by photosynthetic organisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process used by photosynthetic organisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process used by photosynthetic organisms
+where they can use the light reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they can use the light reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they can use the light reactions
+of photosynthesis to make both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of photosynthesis to make both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of photosynthesis to make both
+atp and nadph and we described how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp and nadph and we described how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp and nadph and we described how that
+atp and nadph could be used to drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp and nadph could be used to drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp and nadph could be used to drive
+synthesis of glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis of glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis of glucose
+or or other carbohydrates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or other carbohydrates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or other carbohydrates and
+effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively
+you can also imagine that that same atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also imagine that that same atp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also imagine that that same atp
+and nadph from the light reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nadph from the light reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nadph from the light reactions
+could also be used to form the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also be used to form the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also be used to form the
+electron donors and the atp needed to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron donors and the atp needed to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron donors and the atp needed to to
+synthesize fats and lipids but of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize fats and lipids but of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize fats and lipids but of course
+as animals we also know that if we eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as animals we also know that if we eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as animals we also know that if we eat
+too much we also have the ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much we also have the ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much we also have the ability to
+store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store
+excess energy as fat and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess energy as fat and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess energy as fat and therefore
+we must also have sources of nadph and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we must also have sources of nadph and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we must also have sources of nadph and
+atp that we can use that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp that we can use that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp that we can use that are
+non-photosynthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-photosynthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-photosynthetic
+and those of course are the reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those of course are the reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those of course are the reactions
+that we've already talked about with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've already talked about with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've already talked about with
+glycolysis and the tca cycle oxado
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis and the tca cycle oxado
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis and the tca cycle oxado
+phosphorylation is a way to make atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylation is a way to make atp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylation is a way to make atp
+as well as nadph from reactions like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as nadph from reactions like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as nadph from reactions like the
+oxidative pentose phosphate pathway as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidative pentose phosphate pathway as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidative pentose phosphate pathway as a
+source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of
+nadph now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadph now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadph now
+eukaryotes will make fatty acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the cytosol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and if you think about
+why that is it's because mitochondria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that is it's because mitochondria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that is it's because mitochondria
+remember is where we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember is where we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember is where we did
+fatty acid oxidation and so fatty acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acid oxidation and so fatty acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acid oxidation and so fatty acid
+oxidation is breaking down fatty acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation is breaking down fatty acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation is breaking down fatty acids
+fatty acid synthesis building fatty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acid synthesis building fatty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acid synthesis building fatty
+acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids
+one set of reactions is in the cytosol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one set of reactions is in the cytosol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one set of reactions is in the cytosol
+synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis
+one set is in the mitochondria breakdown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one set is in the mitochondria breakdown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one set is in the mitochondria breakdown
+makes sense remember compartmentalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense remember compartmentalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense remember compartmentalized
+metabolism gives you this ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism gives you this ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism gives you this ability to
+favor different pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favor different pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favor different pathways
+mitochondria is better at oxidative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria is better at oxidative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria is better at oxidative
+reactions cytosol is going to be better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions cytosol is going to be better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions cytosol is going to be better
+at reductive reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at reductive reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at reductive reactions
+and also this compartmentalization will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also this compartmentalization will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also this compartmentalization will
+keep catabolism and anabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep catabolism and anabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep catabolism and anabolism
+separate so another example of a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate so another example of a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate so another example of a point
+that we've been making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've been making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've been making
+over and over again throughout this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again throughout this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again throughout this
+course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+now if we look up here at our diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we look up here at our diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we look up here at our diagram
+we're going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to make
+fatty acids from two carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acids from two carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acids from two carbon
+acetyl coa units okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl coa units okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl coa units okay
+and so remember when we broke down fatty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so remember when we broke down fatty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so remember when we broke down fatty
+acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids
+most fatty acids were even in number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most fatty acids were even in number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most fatty acids were even in number
+that's allowed us to break them down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's allowed us to break them down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's allowed us to break them down
+into acetyl coa units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into acetyl coa units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into acetyl coa units
+well we're also going to build them with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're also going to build them with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're also going to build them with
+two carbon acetyl coa units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two carbon acetyl coa units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two carbon acetyl coa units
+and so this is also contributes to why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is also contributes to why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is also contributes to why
+most fatty acids in nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most fatty acids in nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most fatty acids in nature
+have even numbers of carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have even numbers of carbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have even numbers of carbons
+now you'll also recall from our past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you'll also recall from our past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you'll also recall from our past
+lectures the fatty acids are often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures the fatty acids are often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures the fatty acids are often
+esterified to alcohols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+esterified to alcohols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+esterified to alcohols
+those can be things such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those can be things such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those can be things such as
+glycerol-based alcohols which allow us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycerol-based alcohols which allow us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycerol-based alcohols which allow us
+to form lipids either triacylglycerides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form lipids either triacylglycerides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form lipids either triacylglycerides
+those neutral lipids for energy storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those neutral lipids for energy storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those neutral lipids for energy storage
+or phospholipids to form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or phospholipids to form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or phospholipids to form
+membranes and that of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membranes and that of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membranes and that of course
+comes from a branch of glycerol of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from a branch of glycerol of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from a branch of glycerol of
+course comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course comes from
+from dihydroxyacetone phosphate um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from dihydroxyacetone phosphate um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from dihydroxyacetone phosphate um a
+molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+in in a glycolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in a glycolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in a glycolysis
+now of course i'm not going to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course i'm not going to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course i'm not going to draw
+acetyl coa now i'll draw it later but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl coa now i'll draw it later but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl coa now i'll draw it later but
+remember it is not reduced and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it is not reduced and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it is not reduced and so
+that's where we're going to need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where we're going to need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where we're going to need the
+electrons from nadph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons from nadph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons from nadph
+as well as atp for the energetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as atp for the energetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as atp for the energetic
+requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements
+in order to take those two carbon units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to take those two carbon units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to take those two carbon units
+build the acyl chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build the acyl chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build the acyl chain
+and ultimately reduce them to make fat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ultimately reduce them to make fat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ultimately reduce them to make fat
+now when we do this you're going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when we do this you're going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when we do this you're going to see
+that carbon dioxide as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that carbon dioxide as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that carbon dioxide as well as
+biotin okay so you might be thinking oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotin okay so you might be thinking oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotin okay so you might be thinking oh
+what's biotin used for it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's biotin used for it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's biotin used for it's a
+carboxylation reaction and so co2 in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylation reaction and so co2 in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylation reaction and so co2 in a
+carboxylation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylation
+reaction involving biotin is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction involving biotin is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction involving biotin is going to be
+required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for fatty acid synthesis however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for fatty acid synthesis however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for fatty acid synthesis however
+you will also see that that co2 carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will also see that that co2 carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will also see that that co2 carbon
+is not incorporated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not incorporated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not incorporated
+into the fatty acyl chain and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the fatty acyl chain and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the fatty acyl chain and so
+you'll see that the co2 is required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that the co2 is required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that the co2 is required
+but ultimately is added and released
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but ultimately is added and released
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but ultimately is added and released
+which is exactly the same analogy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is exactly the same analogy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is exactly the same analogy to
+what we saw when we did gluconeogenesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we saw when we did gluconeogenesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we saw when we did gluconeogenesis
+remember the pyruvate carboxylase pepsi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the pyruvate carboxylase pepsi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the pyruvate carboxylase pepsi
+k reaction and gluconeogenesis if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k reaction and gluconeogenesis if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k reaction and gluconeogenesis if you
+look back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look back
+a co2 was added to make oxaloacetate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a co2 was added to make oxaloacetate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a co2 was added to make oxaloacetate to
+pyruvate to make oxaloacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate to make oxaloacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate to make oxaloacetate
+and then released later to generate pep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then released later to generate pep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then released later to generate pep
+that helped drive the energetics of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helped drive the energetics of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helped drive the energetics of that
+reaction no net co2 incorporation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction no net co2 incorporation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction no net co2 incorporation
+very similar thing happening in fatty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar thing happening in fatty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar thing happening in fatty
+acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid
+synthesis now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis now in
+animals mammals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals mammals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals mammals
+much of fatty acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of fatty acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of fatty acid
+synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is catalyzed by a giant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is catalyzed by a giant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is catalyzed by a giant
+single polypeptide enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+called fast n or fatty acid synthase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called fast n or fatty acid synthase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called fast n or fatty acid synthase
+complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+which is a unlike other complexes we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a unlike other complexes we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a unlike other complexes we've
+talked about where you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about where you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about where you might have
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+polypeptide subunits coming together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide subunits coming together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide subunits coming together
+form a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a complex
+this is one gigantic polypeptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one gigantic polypeptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one gigantic polypeptide
+that is able to catalyze many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is able to catalyze many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is able to catalyze many of the
+enzymatic steps of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymatic steps of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymatic steps of
+fatty acid synthesis now a bit of trivia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acid synthesis now a bit of trivia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acid synthesis now a bit of trivia
+is that this is different from plants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this is different from plants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this is different from plants
+and bacteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which will carry out the exact same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will carry out the exact same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will carry out the exact same
+enzymatic reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymatic reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymatic reactions
+however it will have rather than using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however it will have rather than using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however it will have rather than using
+a giant fatty acid synthase complex will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a giant fatty acid synthase complex will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a giant fatty acid synthase complex will
+have all the different enzymatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all the different enzymatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all the different enzymatic
+activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities
+broken up and catalyzed by different um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken up and catalyzed by different um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken up and catalyzed by different um
+proteins separately encoded polypeptides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins separately encoded polypeptides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins separately encoded polypeptides
+now all organisms will do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all organisms will do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all organisms will do this
+using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a protein called acyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a protein called acyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a protein called acyl
+carrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+protein and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein and so
+acyl carrier protein you'll see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acyl carrier protein you'll see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acyl carrier protein you'll see is
+really analogous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really analogous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really analogous
+to acetyl coa so it's a way to add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to acetyl coa so it's a way to add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to acetyl coa so it's a way to add a
+thioester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thioester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thioester
+mark a separate pool and we'll carry the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark a separate pool and we'll carry the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark a separate pool and we'll carry the
+growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing
+fatty acyl chain as we synthesize it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acyl chain as we synthesize it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acyl chain as we synthesize it
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so acyl carrier protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so acyl carrier protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so acyl carrier protein
+is part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fassen the big polypeptide fast n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fassen the big polypeptide fast n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fassen the big polypeptide fast n
+in mammals that catalyze this thing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mammals that catalyze this thing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mammals that catalyze this thing the
+acyl carrier protein is not separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acyl carrier protein is not separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acyl carrier protein is not separate
+it's actually built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually built
+in to the sequence of fassen whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in to the sequence of fassen whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in to the sequence of fassen whereas
+acyl carrier protein in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acyl carrier protein in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acyl carrier protein in
+plants and bacteria is a small nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants and bacteria is a small nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants and bacteria is a small nine
+kilodalton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilodalton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilodalton
+protein okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein okay
+all right so in mammals acyl carrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so in mammals acyl carrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so in mammals acyl carrier
+protein part of the fatty acid synthase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein part of the fatty acid synthase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein part of the fatty acid synthase
+polypeptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide
+implants and bacteria acyl carrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implants and bacteria acyl carrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implants and bacteria acyl carrier
+protein is a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein is a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein is a small
+nine kilodalton protein and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine kilodalton protein and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine kilodalton protein and so
+what acyl carrier protein looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what acyl carrier protein looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what acyl carrier protein looks like
+is that as part of this nine kilodalton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that as part of this nine kilodalton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that as part of this nine kilodalton
+protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein
+or sequence within fassen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sequence within fassen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sequence within fassen
+there is a serine residue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a serine residue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a serine residue
+remember serine has an alcohol on its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember serine has an alcohol on its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember serine has an alcohol on its
+side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+chain and that alcohol on its side chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain and that alcohol on its side chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain and that alcohol on its side chain
+has a phosphodiester bond to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a phosphodiester bond to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a phosphodiester bond to a
+pant uh phosphopantothenoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pant uh phosphopantothenoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pant uh phosphopantothenoid
+group just like we saw with coenzyme a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so if you look back in your notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you look back in your notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you look back in your notes
+when i drew out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i drew out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i drew out
+coenzyme a the business end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coenzyme a the business end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coenzyme a the business end of the
+molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+was right here with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was right here with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was right here with the
+sulfur on the end there being the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfur on the end there being the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfur on the end there being the one
+that formed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that formed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that formed the
+phosphodiester bond this one rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphodiester bond this one rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphodiester bond this one rather than
+being linked to a nucleoside in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being linked to a nucleoside in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being linked to a nucleoside in this
+case is linked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is linked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is linked to
+a serine as part of a peptide and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a serine as part of a peptide and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a serine as part of a peptide and so
+this is why it's very very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why it's very very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why it's very very similar
+so this year same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this year same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this year same as
+end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coenzyme a and so really you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coenzyme a and so really you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coenzyme a and so really you
+can think of acp acyl carrier protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of acp acyl carrier protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of acp acyl carrier protein
+and coenzyme a in some ways analogous to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and coenzyme a in some ways analogous to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and coenzyme a in some ways analogous to
+how we talked about nad and nadph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we talked about nad and nadph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we talked about nad and nadph
+same functionality in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same functionality in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same functionality in this case
+providing a sulfur to make these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing a sulfur to make these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing a sulfur to make these
+uh um thioester bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um thioester bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um thioester bonds
+as a way to activate that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way to activate that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way to activate that um
+the the acid on the end of the fatty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the acid on the end of the fatty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the acid on the end of the fatty
+acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid
+one use for synthesis one used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one use for synthesis one used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one use for synthesis one used for
+breakdown acyl carrier protein used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdown acyl carrier protein used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdown acyl carrier protein used for
+synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis
+coenzyme a acyl coas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coenzyme a acyl coas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coenzyme a acyl coas
+used for for oxidation whereas in member
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for for oxidation whereas in member
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for for oxidation whereas in member
+nad and nadp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nad and nadp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nad and nadp
+one was used to create an nad nadh ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was used to create an nad nadh ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was used to create an nad nadh ratio
+that favored oxidative reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that favored oxidative reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that favored oxidative reactions
+the other used to create an nadp and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other used to create an nadp and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other used to create an nadp and
+adph ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adph ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adph ratio
+that favored reductive reactions even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that favored reductive reactions even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that favored reductive reactions even
+though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though
+they were different um uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were different um uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were different um uh you know
+you know even though the functionality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know even though the functionality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know even though the functionality
+the electron donor in the case of nad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron donor in the case of nad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron donor in the case of nad
+and nadp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nadp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nadp
+or in this case the the carrier function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in this case the the carrier function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in this case the the carrier function
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+with with with the uh thioester bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with with the uh thioester bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with with the uh thioester bond
+in acp and um and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in acp and um and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in acp and um and and
+coenzyme a are analogous really allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coenzyme a are analogous really allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coenzyme a are analogous really allows
+you to mark different pools to carry out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to mark different pools to carry out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to mark different pools to carry out
+in this case anabolic and catabolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case anabolic and catabolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case anabolic and catabolic
+reactions in cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions in cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions in cells
+so often we will abbreviate this just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so often we will abbreviate this just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so often we will abbreviate this just as
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+abbreviated co-a as sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviated co-a as sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviated co-a as sort of
+coash or s-coa in this case we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coash or s-coa in this case we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coash or s-coa in this case we're going
+to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use
+acp sh is an abbreviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acp sh is an abbreviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acp sh is an abbreviation
+for acyl carrier protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for acyl carrier protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for acyl carrier protein
+however remember just like coenzyme a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however remember just like coenzyme a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however remember just like coenzyme a
+was this giant molecule it kind of is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this giant molecule it kind of is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this giant molecule it kind of is a
+little misleading to write it this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little misleading to write it this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little misleading to write it this way
+acyl carrier protein is an even bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acyl carrier protein is an even bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acyl carrier protein is an even bigger
+molecule a nine kilo dalton peptide in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule a nine kilo dalton peptide in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule a nine kilo dalton peptide in
+plants and bacteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants and bacteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants and bacteria
+and so again misleading to write it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so again misleading to write it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so again misleading to write it this
+way because it's really this giant group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way because it's really this giant group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way because it's really this giant group
+um linked to and carrying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um linked to and carrying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um linked to and carrying the
+the acyl chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acyl chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acyl chain
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now the first step in fatty acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the first step in fatty acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the first step in fatty acid
+synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis
+is carboxylation of acetyl-coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is carboxylation of acetyl-coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is carboxylation of acetyl-coa
+this is a very important step of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very important step of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very important step of the
+process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+and it is not catalyzed by the fatty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is not catalyzed by the fatty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is not catalyzed by the fatty
+acid synthase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid synthase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid synthase
+complex the the the fatty acid synthase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex the the the fatty acid synthase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex the the the fatty acid synthase
+protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein
+in in mammals and so in all organisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in mammals and so in all organisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in mammals and so in all organisms
+it is a separate catalyzed by a separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a separate catalyzed by a separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a separate catalyzed by a separate
+enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme
+abbreviated acc which stands for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviated acc which stands for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviated acc which stands for
+acetyl acetyl-coa carboxylase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so acc is a pretty famous enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so acc is a pretty famous enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so acc is a pretty famous enzyme
+it's the argued by many to be the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the argued by many to be the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the argued by many to be the rate
+limiting step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting step
+in in fatty acid synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in fatty acid synthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in fatty acid synthesis
+and it makes sense because you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it makes sense because you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it makes sense because you're going
+to see this is we're doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see this is we're doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see this is we're doing a
+carboxylation reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylation reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylation reaction
+big energetics here um and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big energetics here um and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big energetics here um and that
+is obviously as we learned before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is obviously as we learned before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is obviously as we learned before the
+steps that you regulate are the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps that you regulate are the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps that you regulate are the ones
+with the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the biggest
+change in in free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in in free energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in in free energy
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's our old friend acetyl coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's our old friend acetyl coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's our old friend acetyl coa
+and what acc carries out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what acc carries out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what acc carries out
+is it carries out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it carries out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it carries out the
+has a biotin bound in the active site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a biotin bound in the active site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a biotin bound in the active site
+which of course can contain a co2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of course can contain a co2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of course can contain a co2
+just as a quick reminder how do we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as a quick reminder how do we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as a quick reminder how do we put
+co2 on biotin for carboxylation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2 on biotin for carboxylation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2 on biotin for carboxylation
+reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions
+and so remember co2 is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so remember co2 is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so remember co2 is in
+equilibrium with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium with
+bicarbonate that bicarbonate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicarbonate that bicarbonate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicarbonate that bicarbonate
+can be phosphorylated by adp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this phospho um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this phospho um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this phospho um
+phospho bicarbonate and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phospho bicarbonate and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phospho bicarbonate and then
+that phosphate can be released
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that phosphate can be released
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that phosphate can be released
+to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add
+the co2 onto the active biotin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the co2 onto the active biotin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the co2 onto the active biotin
+part of the enzyme that then carries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the enzyme that then carries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the enzyme that then carries
+that co2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that co2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that co2
+and can be used to transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can be used to transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can be used to transfer
+the co2 to carboxylate in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the co2 to carboxylate in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the co2 to carboxylate in this
+example acetyl coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example acetyl coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example acetyl coa
+to generate this carboxylated acetyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate this carboxylated acetyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate this carboxylated acetyl
+coa3 carbon molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coa3 carbon molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coa3 carbon molecule
+which is referred to as malonyl coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is referred to as malonyl coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is referred to as malonyl coa
+all right so this is exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this is exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this is exactly the same
+mechanism that we described before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism that we described before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism that we described before
+for pyruvate carboxylase in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for pyruvate carboxylase in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for pyruvate carboxylase in
+gluconeogenesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis
+all right so i drew out part of it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so i drew out part of it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so i drew out part of it here
+remember if we draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember if we draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember if we draw
+acetyl coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the enol form of the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the enol form of the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the enol form of the molecule
+okay and here we have our biotin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+co2 if you look back at your notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we drew a mechanism like that and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we drew a mechanism like that and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we drew a mechanism like that and that
+allowed us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed us to
+um in that case take pyruvate and turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in that case take pyruvate and turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in that case take pyruvate and turn
+it into oxaloacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into oxaloacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into oxaloacetate
+and gluconeogenesis by pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gluconeogenesis by pyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gluconeogenesis by pyruvate
+carboxylase in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylase in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylase in this case
+identical reaction but this time you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical reaction but this time you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical reaction but this time you're
+carboxylating acetyl coa to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylating acetyl coa to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylating acetyl coa to make
+malonyl coa right and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malonyl coa right and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malonyl coa right and it's
+coa that ends up being the substrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coa that ends up being the substrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coa that ends up being the substrate
+for fatty acid synthase either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for fatty acid synthase either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for fatty acid synthase either
+the single fatty acid synthase protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the single fatty acid synthase protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the single fatty acid synthase protein
+in mammals or the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mammals or the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mammals or the same
+sets of individually encoded activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets of individually encoded activities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets of individually encoded activities
+on different polypeptides in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on different polypeptides in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on different polypeptides in
+plants and bacteria all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants and bacteria all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants and bacteria all right
+so let's draw this out so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's draw this out so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's draw this out so here's
+fatty acid synthase and so fatty acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acid synthase and so fatty acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acid synthase and so fatty acid
+synthase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthase
+has on it two different acyl carrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has on it two different acyl carrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has on it two different acyl carrier
+protein sites a two different eso
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein sites a two different eso
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein sites a two different eso
+carrier protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier protein
+encoded within the fatty acid synthase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoded within the fatty acid synthase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoded within the fatty acid synthase
+polypeptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide
+each of which have attached to them this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of which have attached to them this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of which have attached to them this
+phosphopentanoate group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphopentanoate group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphopentanoate group
+to make it an acyl carrier protein or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it an acyl carrier protein or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it an acyl carrier protein or
+there would be two separate apical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be two separate apical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be two separate apical
+carrier proteins in plants and bacteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier proteins in plants and bacteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier proteins in plants and bacteria
+as part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as part of
+the complex that synthesizes fatty acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex that synthesizes fatty acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex that synthesizes fatty acids
+and each of them can pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each of them can pick up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each of them can pick up
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acyl coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's a malonyl coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a malonyl coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a malonyl coa
+and an acetyl coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an acetyl coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an acetyl coa
+each of those can basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those can basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those can basically
+onto the acyl carrier protein exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the acyl carrier protein exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the acyl carrier protein exchange
+the thioester bond with the coa to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thioester bond with the coa to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thioester bond with the coa to be a
+thioester bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thioester bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thioester bond
+with the acyl carrier protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the acyl carrier protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the acyl carrier protein
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so to get this started on one site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so to get this started on one site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so to get this started on one site
+you'll end up going in acetyl coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll end up going in acetyl coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll end up going in acetyl coa
+exchange the thioester bond such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange the thioester bond such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange the thioester bond such that
+you release the coa and now you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you release the coa and now you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you release the coa and now you have an
+acetyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl
+acp and on the other side a malonyl coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acp and on the other side a malonyl coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acp and on the other side a malonyl coa
+exchanged the thioester bond releasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanged the thioester bond releasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanged the thioester bond releasing
+the coa so you have a malonyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coa so you have a malonyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coa so you have a malonyl
+acp all right so what does that look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acp all right so what does that look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acp all right so what does that look
+like well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well
+it'll look like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so here we're going to have and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+use some color so you can see what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use some color so you can see what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use some color so you can see what's
+going on but here you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on but here you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on but here you have
+on an upper acyl carrier protein site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an upper acyl carrier protein site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an upper acyl carrier protein site
+the malonyl group so malonyl acp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the malonyl group so malonyl acp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the malonyl group so malonyl acp
+and on this lower site i put on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on this lower site i put on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on this lower site i put on an
+acetyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl
+acp okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happens is you now release the co2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is you now release the co2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is you now release the co2
+that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+added by acetyl-coa carboxylase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added by acetyl-coa carboxylase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added by acetyl-coa carboxylase
+and that allows forming carbon bond from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that allows forming carbon bond from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that allows forming carbon bond from
+here to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to here
+releasing the acp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releasing the acp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releasing the acp
+on the lower site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this longer four carbon chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this longer four carbon chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this longer four carbon chain
+on the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acyl carrier protein site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acyl carrier protein site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acyl carrier protein site
+okay once you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay once you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay once you have this
+now four carbon chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now four carbon chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now four carbon chain
+obviously if we're going to make a fatty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously if we're going to make a fatty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously if we're going to make a fatty
+acid we have to reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid we have to reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid we have to reduce
+this carbon and so that's exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this carbon and so that's exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this carbon and so that's exactly what
+happens and so how do we reduce it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and so how do we reduce it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and so how do we reduce it
+we've now seen this many many times and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've now seen this many many times and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've now seen this many many times and
+so if we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we use
+nadph as an electron donor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadph as an electron donor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadph as an electron donor
+oxidizing it to nadp plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidizing it to nadp plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidizing it to nadp plus
+that generates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this hydride ion to electron carrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we net reduce this ketone to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we net reduce this ketone to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we net reduce this ketone to
+this alcohol okay next step is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this alcohol okay next step is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this alcohol okay next step is
+we're going to remove water across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to remove water across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to remove water across
+that bond just a dehydration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now we can
+further reduce that carbon-carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further reduce that carbon-carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further reduce that carbon-carbon
+bond electrons again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond electrons again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond electrons again
+come from nadph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from nadph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from nadph
+as it's oxidized to nadp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+and that leaves us with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a reduced four carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reduced four carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reduced four carbon
+fatty acid a four zero fatty acid here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acid a four zero fatty acid here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acid a four zero fatty acid here
+on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sterified via this thioester to acp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sterified via this thioester to acp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sterified via this thioester to acp
+on the upper site of fatty acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the upper site of fatty acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the upper site of fatty acid
+synthase okay all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthase okay all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthase okay all right
+so what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens
+well we can repeat this cycle so now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we can repeat this cycle so now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we can repeat this cycle so now we
+can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have
+basically this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this
+sacp on the lower site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sacp on the lower site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sacp on the lower site
+pick up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a maloneyl koa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a maloneyl koa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a maloneyl koa
+release the koa and then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release the koa and then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release the koa and then we have
+down here a another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here a another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here a another
+malayal koa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now they're certified to the acp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they're certified to the acp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they're certified to the acp
+on the lower side all right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the lower side all right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the lower side all right now
+we can run this exact same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can run this exact same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can run this exact same
+series of reactions again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that releases co2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+also releases a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also releases a free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also releases a free
+sacp on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+upper side and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper side and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper side and now
+we are left with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this now six carbon molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now six carbon molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now six carbon molecule
+with a thioester now on the acp on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a thioester now on the acp on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a thioester now on the acp on
+the lower side all right hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower side all right hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower side all right hopefully
+you're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting
+the point i can now take this through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point i can now take this through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point i can now take this through
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cycles i took before or first we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles i took before or first we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles i took before or first we're
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+use nadph to reduce this ketone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use nadph to reduce this ketone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use nadph to reduce this ketone
+to the alcohol the dehydration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the alcohol the dehydration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the alcohol the dehydration
+use nadph again to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reduce the carbon-carbon double bond and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the carbon-carbon double bond and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the carbon-carbon double bond and
+we are left with now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this sapp on the lower side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sapp on the lower side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sapp on the lower side
+i can now run this cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+five times or add another malonyl coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five times or add another malonyl coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five times or add another malonyl coa
+this time to the upper site combine them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time to the upper site combine them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time to the upper site combine them
+now you have this growing chain on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have this growing chain on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have this growing chain on the
+upper site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper site
+reduction add another malony coat to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction add another malony coat to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction add another malony coat to the
+lower site blah blah blah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower site blah blah blah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower site blah blah blah
+run it five times eventually i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run it five times eventually i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run it five times eventually i'm going
+to end up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to end up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to end up with a
+16 0 fatty acell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 0 fatty acell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 0 fatty acell
+acp and then i can take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acp and then i can take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acp and then i can take that
+exchange it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for a coa and i end up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a coa and i end up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a coa and i end up with a
+16 carbon fatty acyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 carbon fatty acyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 carbon fatty acyl
+coa or palmitial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coa or palmitial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coa or palmitial
+coa molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such that all of the carbons added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that all of the carbons added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that all of the carbons added
+came from acetyl coa except for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from acetyl coa except for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from acetyl coa except for one
+all of that acetyl-coa was added by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that acetyl-coa was added by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that acetyl-coa was added by
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+adding a co2 via acetyl-coa carboxylase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding a co2 via acetyl-coa carboxylase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding a co2 via acetyl-coa carboxylase
+generating a malonyl coa that's spending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating a malonyl coa that's spending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating a malonyl coa that's spending
+atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp
+to put the carboxyl group on because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put the carboxyl group on because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put the carboxyl group on because of
+course we needed to spend an atp in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we needed to spend an atp in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we needed to spend an atp in the
+acetyl-coa reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl-coa reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl-coa reaction
+um and so seven cycles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so seven cycles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so seven cycles
+were needed to generate this 16-0 fatty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were needed to generate this 16-0 fatty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were needed to generate this 16-0 fatty
+acyl coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acyl coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acyl coa
+and so those seven cycles were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so those seven cycles were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so those seven cycles were
+seven atp molecules i also needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven atp molecules i also needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven atp molecules i also needed
+two times seven or 14 nadph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two times seven or 14 nadph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two times seven or 14 nadph
+molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that allowed me to run this cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that allowed me to run this cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that allowed me to run this cycle
+17 times and make a fully reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 times and make a fully reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 times and make a fully reduced
+16 carbon fatty acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 carbon fatty acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 carbon fatty acid
+now it turns out that all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it turns out that all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it turns out that all of this
+activity stops on the fatty acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity stops on the fatty acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity stops on the fatty acid
+synthase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthase
+um molecule when it gets to a 16 carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um molecule when it gets to a 16 carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um molecule when it gets to a 16 carbon
+palmiteal coa but of course as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palmiteal coa but of course as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palmiteal coa but of course as we
+described before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described before
+organisms have longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms have longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms have longer
+fatty acids then 16 carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acids then 16 carbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acids then 16 carbons
+and so 18 carbon and longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fatty acids are made in exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acids are made in exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acids are made in exactly
+the same chemistry okay same reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same chemistry okay same reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same chemistry okay same reactions
+that we just described the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we just described the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we just described the only
+difference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is
+that they are not made on the fatty acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are not made on the fatty acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are not made on the fatty acid
+synthase complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthase complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthase complex
+so they're made in a different location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're made in a different location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're made in a different location
+and so they're made at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they're made at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they're made at the
+er membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in eukaryotes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in eukaryotes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in eukaryotes
+all right so the er and eukaryotes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the er and eukaryotes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the er and eukaryotes
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+the enzymes even though the enzymes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzymes even though the enzymes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzymes even though the enzymes
+themselves carry out the same reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves carry out the same reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves carry out the same reaction
+the enzymes that carry out this are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzymes that carry out this are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzymes that carry out this are
+encoded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+polypeptides so-called fatty acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptides so-called fatty acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptides so-called fatty acid
+elongase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elongase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elongase
+um enzymes although the chemistry is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um enzymes although the chemistry is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um enzymes although the chemistry is
+exactly what we already described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what we already described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what we already described
+and but those enzymes act on the coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but those enzymes act on the coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but those enzymes act on the coa
+on the thioester with the coa not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the thioester with the acyl carrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thioester with the acyl carrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thioester with the acyl carrier
+protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein
+but it's still the same there's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's still the same there's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's still the same there's still
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+atp per acetyl coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp per acetyl coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp per acetyl coa
+for two carbon unit added because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two carbon unit added because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two carbon unit added because that
+atp is needed to carboxylate it to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp is needed to carboxylate it to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp is needed to carboxylate it to make
+the malonyl coa because that's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the malonyl coa because that's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the malonyl coa because that's what's
+driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving
+the addition and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the addition and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the addition and two
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+nad ph's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nad ph's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nad ph's
+per two carbon unit added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per two carbon unit added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per two carbon unit added
+to carry out the reduction um to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to carry out the reduction um to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to carry out the reduction um to take
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+uh carbonyl from the acetyl-coa or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh carbonyl from the acetyl-coa or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh carbonyl from the acetyl-coa or the
+malonyl coa that's added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malonyl coa that's added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malonyl coa that's added
+as a two-carbon unit and reduce it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a two-carbon unit and reduce it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a two-carbon unit and reduce it to
+the fully reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fully reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fully reduced
+carbon okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon okay and so
+that is how you make saturated fatty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is how you make saturated fatty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is how you make saturated fatty
+acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids
+so what about unsaturated fatty acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what about unsaturated fatty acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what about unsaturated fatty acids
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+it is not that you just stop and don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is not that you just stop and don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is not that you just stop and don't
+make it fully saturated nature first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it fully saturated nature first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it fully saturated nature first
+makes a fully saturated fatty acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a fully saturated fatty acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a fully saturated fatty acid
+and then it comes back and re-oxidizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it comes back and re-oxidizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it comes back and re-oxidizes
+the fully saturated fatty acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fully saturated fatty acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fully saturated fatty acid
+to introduce double bonds in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to introduce double bonds in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to introduce double bonds in the
+um right positions and so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unsaturated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you start with
+a saturated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fatty acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the desired length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you make that first and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you make that first and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you make that first and then
+you use so-called desaturase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+enzymes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to introduce
+double bonds at the desired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bonds at the desired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bonds at the desired
+location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so it's a little
+counterintuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive
+but this is effectively why you end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is effectively why you end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is effectively why you end up
+with double bonds at the stereotyped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with double bonds at the stereotyped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with double bonds at the stereotyped
+places remember the delta nine position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places remember the delta nine position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places remember the delta nine position
+is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+first place when we describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place when we describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place when we describe the
+nomenclature of fatty acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nomenclature of fatty acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nomenclature of fatty acids
+where we always put the first double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we always put the first double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we always put the first double
+bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond
+why does nature do it this way well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does nature do it this way well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does nature do it this way well it's
+very hard to say that but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to say that but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to say that but you can
+imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine
+evolution of how you would get these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of how you would get these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of how you would get these
+enzyme activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme activities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme activities
+it's hard to evolve a fatty acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to evolve a fatty acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to evolve a fatty acid
+synthase complex that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthase complex that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthase complex that would
+stop um you know doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop um you know doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop um you know doing
+uh the reduction reaction only at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the reduction reaction only at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the reduction reaction only at
+specific locations and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific locations and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific locations and so
+you probably first generate these fatty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably first generate these fatty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably first generate these fatty
+acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids
+fully saturated because that's the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully saturated because that's the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully saturated because that's the way
+an enzyme could do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an enzyme could do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an enzyme could do it
+and then later have a different enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then later have a different enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then later have a different enzyme
+that can pick out a location on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can pick out a location on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can pick out a location on a
+saturated fatty acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturated fatty acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturated fatty acid
+to introduce a double bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to introduce a double bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to introduce a double bond
+all right so how can we introduce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so how can we introduce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so how can we introduce a
+double bond well that's an oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bond well that's an oxidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bond well that's an oxidation
+reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+and so if we're going to do an oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if we're going to do an oxidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if we're going to do an oxidation
+reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+we need a place for the electrons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need a place for the electrons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need a place for the electrons that
+we move so if we oxidize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we move so if we oxidize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we move so if we oxidize
+the fatty acid that's removing electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fatty acid that's removing electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fatty acid that's removing electrons
+those electrons have to go somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those electrons have to go somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those electrons have to go somewhere
+you might imagine if we're oxidizing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might imagine if we're oxidizing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might imagine if we're oxidizing a
+carbon-carbon bond we've seen that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon-carbon bond we've seen that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon-carbon bond we've seen that
+reaction before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction before
+um you know when we did succinate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know when we did succinate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know when we did succinate to
+fumarate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fumarate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fumarate
+okay succinate dehydrogenase that was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay succinate dehydrogenase that was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay succinate dehydrogenase that was an
+oxidation reaction we used fad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation reaction we used fad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation reaction we used fad
+we saw it with the fatty acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw it with the fatty acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw it with the fatty acid
+breakdown when i we first put the double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdown when i we first put the double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdown when i we first put the double
+bond in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond in
+we used fad and so indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used fad and so indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used fad and so indeed
+fad is used in this reaction but it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fad is used in this reaction but it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fad is used in this reaction but it does
+not work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not work
+like other fad reactions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like other fad reactions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like other fad reactions to
+carry out this oxidation for whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry out this oxidation for whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry out this oxidation for whatever
+reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason
+the way desaturases work is different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way desaturases work is different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way desaturases work is different
+okay so these desaturase reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these desaturase reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these desaturase reactions
+use oxygen as a final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use oxygen as a final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use oxygen as a final
+electron acceptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and they work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they work
+via a mini
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via a mini
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via a mini
+electron transport chain in the er
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron transport chain in the er
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron transport chain in the er
+in eukaryotes okay so it's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in eukaryotes okay so it's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in eukaryotes okay so it's a little bit
+of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+different weird mechanism but if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different weird mechanism but if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different weird mechanism but if we
+think here's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+carbon-carbon bond that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon-carbon bond that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon-carbon bond that we're going to
+oxidize to introduce a double bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidize to introduce a double bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidize to introduce a double bond
+and desaturate our lipid and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and desaturate our lipid and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and desaturate our lipid and so
+so what is that well it's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is that well it's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is that well it's basically
+this reaction okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is rather than just remove this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is rather than just remove this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is rather than just remove this as
+a hydride ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hydride ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hydride ion
+it turns out that those electrons go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that those electrons go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that those electrons go to
+oxide to oxygen which of course will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide to oxygen which of course will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide to oxygen which of course will
+generate one water molecule but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate one water molecule but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate one water molecule but there's
+two oxygens there so you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two oxygens there so you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two oxygens there so you need to
+generate a second water molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a second water molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a second water molecule
+those electrons have to come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those electrons have to come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those electrons have to come from
+somewhere else and those electrons come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else and those electrons come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else and those electrons come
+from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this
+little mini electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little mini electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little mini electron
+transport chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport chain
+so if we oxidize iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we oxidize iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we oxidize iron
+we can get electrons from that reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get electrons from that reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get electrons from that reaction
+and so this ends up generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+double bond in the fatty acid with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bond in the fatty acid with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bond in the fatty acid with
+two of the electrons going to oxygen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of the electrons going to oxygen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of the electrons going to oxygen and
+the other two electrons coming from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other two electrons coming from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other two electrons coming from this
+mini electron transport chain in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mini electron transport chain in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mini electron transport chain in this
+desaturase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desaturase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desaturase
+complex in the endoplasmic reticulum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex in the endoplasmic reticulum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex in the endoplasmic reticulum
+all right and so of course those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and so of course those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and so of course those
+electrons have to come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons have to come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons have to come from
+somewhere um so we have to re-um reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere um so we have to re-um reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere um so we have to re-um reduce
+this iron we oxidize to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this iron we oxidize to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this iron we oxidize to get the
+electrons from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons from
+and so this works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by an electron transport chain similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an electron transport chain similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an electron transport chain similar
+to what we saw before where it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what we saw before where it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what we saw before where it's this
+whole series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole series
+of oxidation and reduction reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oxidation and reduction reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oxidation and reduction reactions
+that does happen to involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does happen to involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does happen to involve
+fad and fadh2 but ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fad and fadh2 but ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fad and fadh2 but ultimately
+the electrons are coming from nadh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so oxidation of nadh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so oxidation of nadh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so oxidation of nadh
+ultimately is providing electrons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately is providing electrons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately is providing electrons that
+together with oxidation here lead the to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with oxidation here lead the to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with oxidation here lead the to
+the reduction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reduction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reduction of
+oxygen to water and you can of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen to water and you can of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen to water and you can of course
+read more about this if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read more about this if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read more about this if you're
+interested in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in it
+but it's important to point out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's important to point out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's important to point out that
+this process works via slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process works via slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process works via slightly
+different mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different mechanism
+than you might predict from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sort of the general principles of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the general principles of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the general principles of the
+way most double bonds are introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way most double bonds are introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way most double bonds are introduced
+in carbon column molecules and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in carbon column molecules and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in carbon column molecules and
+metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism
+why it works this way is something we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it works this way is something we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it works this way is something we
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+only speculate about okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only speculate about okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only speculate about okay
+now mammals are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now mammals are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now mammals are
+only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+use a desaturate enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a desaturate enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a desaturate enzyme
+that in a fully saturated fatty acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a fully saturated fatty acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a fully saturated fatty acid
+can only introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only introduce
+a double bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at the delta nine position that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the delta nine position that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the delta nine position that is
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+carbons 9 and 10 of a fatty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons 9 and 10 of a fatty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons 9 and 10 of a fatty
+of a fully saturated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a fully saturated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a fully saturated
+fatty acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's because they only have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's because they only have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's because they only have an
+enzyme complex that does that so that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme complex that does that so that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme complex that does that so that is
+you know they can take an 18 0 newly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they can take an 18 0 newly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they can take an 18 0 newly
+synthesized fatty acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesized fatty acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesized fatty acid
+and they can make an 18 1 or we can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can make an 18 1 or we can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can make an 18 1 or we can make
+an 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an 18
+1 delta 9 fatty acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 delta 9 fatty acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 delta 9 fatty acid
+okay that's the only desaturates enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the only desaturates enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the only desaturates enzyme
+we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to
+put into a saturated fatty acid that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put into a saturated fatty acid that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put into a saturated fatty acid that is
+to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make
+completely a de novo unsaturated fatty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely a de novo unsaturated fatty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely a de novo unsaturated fatty
+acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid
+which is one of the reasons why we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one of the reasons why we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one of the reasons why we don't
+have a lot of polyunsaturated fatty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of polyunsaturated fatty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of polyunsaturated fatty
+acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids
+now we do have enzyme complexes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we do have enzyme complexes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we do have enzyme complexes that
+work similarly to these they can add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work similarly to these they can add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work similarly to these they can add
+double bonds at other locations but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bonds at other locations but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bonds at other locations but they
+have to start having a double bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to start having a double bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to start having a double bond
+already present in those locations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already present in those locations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already present in those locations
+many of those lipids have to come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of those lipids have to come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of those lipids have to come from
+the diet and that's that concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diet and that's that concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diet and that's that concept of
+essential lipids something that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential lipids something that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential lipids something that we have
+to eat from a plant and bacteria that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to eat from a plant and bacteria that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to eat from a plant and bacteria that
+already has a double bond there in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already has a double bond there in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already has a double bond there in order
+to add double bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add double bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add double bonds
+to make some of our other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make some of our other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make some of our other
+polyunsaturated fatty acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyunsaturated fatty acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyunsaturated fatty acids
+all right so that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that's how
+fatty acids are made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acids are made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acids are made
+but as i alluded to earlier all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as i alluded to earlier all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as i alluded to earlier all of this
+is taking place in the cytosol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is taking place in the cytosol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is taking place in the cytosol
+and if we're doing all of this work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we're doing all of this work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we're doing all of this work in
+the cytosol maybe you notice that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cytosol maybe you notice that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cytosol maybe you notice that we
+actually have another problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have another problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have another problem that
+nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature
+has to solve okay and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to solve okay and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to solve okay and that is
+because we're doing all this from acetyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're doing all this from acetyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're doing all this from acetyl
+coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coa
+and so we have to have acetyl coa in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we have to have acetyl coa in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we have to have acetyl coa in the
+cytosol to have this work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytosol to have this work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytosol to have this work
+but acetyl coa all the ways we've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but acetyl coa all the ways we've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but acetyl coa all the ways we've talked
+here most of the ways we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here most of the ways we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here most of the ways we've talked about
+it producing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it producing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it producing it
+happen in the mitochondria remember acyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in the mitochondria remember acyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in the mitochondria remember acyl
+coa can't get across the mitochondrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coa can't get across the mitochondrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coa can't get across the mitochondrial
+membrane so we need a way to get acetyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane so we need a way to get acetyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane so we need a way to get acetyl
+coa out of the mitochondria into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coa out of the mitochondria into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coa out of the mitochondria into the
+cytosol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytosol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytosol
+for this whole thing to work put another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this whole thing to work put another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this whole thing to work put another
+way so if we draw here here's glucose to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so if we draw here here's glucose to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so if we draw here here's glucose to
+pyruvate that's glycolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate that's glycolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate that's glycolysis
+remember to turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember to turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember to turn
+that pyruvate into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pyruvate into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pyruvate into
+acetyl coa we had to move the pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl coa we had to move the pyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl coa we had to move the pyruvate
+into the mitochondria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the mitochondria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the mitochondria
+that's where the ph complex was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the ph complex was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the ph complex was
+to generate the acetyl-coa but if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate the acetyl-coa but if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate the acetyl-coa but if we
+need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need
+acetyl-coa in the cytosol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl-coa in the cytosol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl-coa in the cytosol
+for fatty acid synthase to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for fatty acid synthase to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for fatty acid synthase to make
+fatty acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we basically need a way to get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we basically need a way to get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we basically need a way to get that
+acetyl coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl coa
+back out of the mitochondria in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back out of the mitochondria in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back out of the mitochondria in order to
+generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate
+fatty acids other big sources of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acids other big sources of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acids other big sources of
+esteocoa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+esteocoa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+esteocoa
+remember it was if we start with a fatty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it was if we start with a fatty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it was if we start with a fatty
+acid in the mitochondria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid in the mitochondria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid in the mitochondria
+okay run fatty acid oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again fatty acid oxidation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again fatty acid oxidation in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again fatty acid oxidation in the
+mitochondria generates acetyl coa in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria generates acetyl coa in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria generates acetyl coa in the
+mitochondria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria
+we're going to use it to rebuild a fatty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use it to rebuild a fatty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use it to rebuild a fatty
+acid need to get it out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid need to get it out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid need to get it out of the
+mitochondria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria
+into the cytosol coenzyme a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the cytosol coenzyme a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the cytosol coenzyme a
+is not membrane permeable and so we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not membrane permeable and so we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not membrane permeable and so we need
+remember we had shuttles to get fatty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we had shuttles to get fatty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we had shuttles to get fatty
+acids into the mitochondria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids into the mitochondria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids into the mitochondria
+we did the pyruvate dehydrogenase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did the pyruvate dehydrogenase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did the pyruvate dehydrogenase
+reaction here to begin with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction here to begin with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction here to begin with
+and so it's a problem to get this giant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's a problem to get this giant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's a problem to get this giant
+coa acetyl coa the coa from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coa acetyl coa the coa from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coa acetyl coa the coa from the
+acetyl-coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl-coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl-coa
+out of the mitochondria into the cytosol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so one solution to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so one solution to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so one solution to this
+to getting acetyl coa in the cytosol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to getting acetyl coa in the cytosol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to getting acetyl coa in the cytosol
+is simply to start with acetate okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply to start with acetate okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply to start with acetate okay
+that is take the coa group off and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is take the coa group off and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is take the coa group off and just
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+an acetate molecule and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an acetate molecule and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an acetate molecule and of course
+acetate or acetic acid well that's food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetate or acetic acid well that's food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetate or acetic acid well that's food
+that's vinegar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's vinegar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's vinegar
+all right the salad you ate has acetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right the salad you ate has acetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right the salad you ate has acetate
+in it acetyl coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it acetyl coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it acetyl coa
+it can be in the cytosol we can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be in the cytosol we can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be in the cytosol we can make
+acetate if you look back at your notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetate if you look back at your notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetate if you look back at your notes
+about how we metabolized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how we metabolized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how we metabolized
+alcohol so alcohol gets metabolized to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol so alcohol gets metabolized to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol so alcohol gets metabolized to
+acetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetate
+and so that acetate in the cytosol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that acetate in the cytosol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that acetate in the cytosol
+we can just add a coa group to it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can just add a coa group to it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can just add a coa group to it in the
+cytosol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytosol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytosol
+and how do we do that well we saw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do we do that well we saw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do we do that well we saw the
+reaction to do this already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and this is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when we added any fatty acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we added any fatty acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we added any fatty acid
+to make a fatty acyl coa remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a fatty acyl coa remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a fatty acyl coa remember the
+free fatty acid turn it into a fatty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free fatty acid turn it into a fatty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free fatty acid turn it into a fatty
+acyl coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acyl coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acyl coa
+we had this reaction where we used atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had this reaction where we used atp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had this reaction where we used atp
+we added the amp to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we added the amp to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we added the amp to it
+and then that doing pyrophosphate can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that doing pyrophosphate can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that doing pyrophosphate can
+drive it forward with the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive it forward with the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive it forward with the two
+pyrophosphate molecules and then take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphate molecules and then take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphate molecules and then take
+the amp off and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amp off and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amp off and
+adds a coe group if you look back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds a coe group if you look back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds a coe group if you look back in
+your notes it's the identical reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your notes it's the identical reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your notes it's the identical reaction
+to how we made a fatty acyl coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how we made a fatty acyl coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how we made a fatty acyl coa
+well there's also an enzyme that can act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's also an enzyme that can act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's also an enzyme that can act
+on acetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on acetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on acetate
+and do this to make acetyl coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do this to make acetyl coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do this to make acetyl coa
+and that's great it's a way to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's great it's a way to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's great it's a way to make
+acetyl coa in the cytosol if you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl coa in the cytosol if you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl coa in the cytosol if you start
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+acetate however this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetate however this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetate however this is
+not the way it works if you already have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the way it works if you already have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the way it works if you already have
+an acetyl-coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an acetyl-coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an acetyl-coa
+in the mitochondria okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mitochondria okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mitochondria okay
+and so if in the mitochondria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if in the mitochondria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if in the mitochondria
+you already have an acetylene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you already have an acetylene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you already have an acetylene
+coa okay so this can come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coa okay so this can come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coa okay so this can come from
+pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+via the pdh reaction it can come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via the pdh reaction it can come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via the pdh reaction it can come from
+fatty acid oxidation okay this acetyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acid oxidation okay this acetyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acid oxidation okay this acetyl
+coa in the mitochondria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coa in the mitochondria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coa in the mitochondria
+all right well what do we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right well what do we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right well what do we talk about
+doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+with it in the tca cycle well the tca
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it in the tca cycle well the tca
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it in the tca cycle well the tca
+cycle we can use citrate synthase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle we can use citrate synthase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle we can use citrate synthase
+to generate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate this
+citrate molecule and it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrate molecule and it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrate molecule and it turns out
+citrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrate
+itself can be used as a carrier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself can be used as a carrier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself can be used as a carrier to
+export
+
+ align:start position:0%
+export
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+export
+the acetyl-coa from the mitochondria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acetyl-coa from the mitochondria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acetyl-coa from the mitochondria
+to the cytosol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the cytosol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the cytosol
+such that now when you have citrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that now when you have citrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that now when you have citrate
+in the cytosol that citrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cytosol that citrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cytosol that citrate
+can now be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now be
+used where you basically carry out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used where you basically carry out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used where you basically carry out the
+opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite
+of the citrate synthase reaction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the citrate synthase reaction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the citrate synthase reaction to
+regenerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regenerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regenerate
+acetyl coa and oxaloacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl coa and oxaloacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl coa and oxaloacetate
+well if one direction is favorable the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if one direction is favorable the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if one direction is favorable the
+other direction is going to be not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other direction is going to be not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other direction is going to be not
+favorable and so you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorable and so you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorable and so you need
+energy input in one of the directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy input in one of the directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy input in one of the directions
+and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this
+costs you atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is carried out by an enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is carried out by an enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is carried out by an enzyme
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+atp citrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lyase often abbreviated acl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lyase often abbreviated acl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lyase often abbreviated acl
+why so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why so
+atp citrate lyse allows you to basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp citrate lyse allows you to basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp citrate lyse allows you to basically
+reverse the citrate synthase reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse the citrate synthase reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse the citrate synthase reaction
+such that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that you can
+shuttle acetyl-coa out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuttle acetyl-coa out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuttle acetyl-coa out of the
+mitochondria to the cytosol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria to the cytosol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria to the cytosol
+using citrate as a molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using citrate as a molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using citrate as a molecule
+and then of course that oxaloacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then of course that oxaloacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then of course that oxaloacetate
+can be shuttled back into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be shuttled back into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be shuttled back into the
+mitochondria via something like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria via something like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria via something like the
+malate aspartate shuttle which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malate aspartate shuttle which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malate aspartate shuttle which we
+described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described
+um several lectures ago as a way to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um several lectures ago as a way to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um several lectures ago as a way to make
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+a complete cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complete cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complete cycle
+i want to spend a little bit of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to spend a little bit of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to spend a little bit of time
+talking about this because here a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this because here a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this because here a lot of
+metabolism begins to come together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism begins to come together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism begins to come together
+all right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and so
+when do you want to produce fatty acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when do you want to produce fatty acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when do you want to produce fatty acids
+we want to produce fatty acids when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to produce fatty acids when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to produce fatty acids when you
+have a lot of atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of atp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of atp
+and so if you have a lot of atp this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you have a lot of atp this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you have a lot of atp this is
+a situation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a situation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a situation where
+the tca cycle isn't going to want to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tca cycle isn't going to want to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tca cycle isn't going to want to run
+and so that favors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that favors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that favors
+citrate export from the tca cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrate export from the tca cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrate export from the tca cycle
+into the cytosol remember citrate was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the cytosol remember citrate was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the cytosol remember citrate was
+this important regulator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this important regulator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this important regulator
+of glycolysis okay we talked about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of glycolysis okay we talked about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of glycolysis okay we talked about you
+have a lot of citrate let's slow down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of citrate let's slow down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of citrate let's slow down
+glycolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis
+well that citrate in the cytosol also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that citrate in the cytosol also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that citrate in the cytosol also
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+provides a source of acetyl coa to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides a source of acetyl coa to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides a source of acetyl coa to take
+all that extra carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that extra carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that extra carbon
+and turn it into fatty acids all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turn it into fatty acids all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turn it into fatty acids all right
+we also in the process of moving this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also in the process of moving this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also in the process of moving this
+out we generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out we generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out we generate
+oxaloacetate remember oxaloacetate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate remember oxaloacetate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate remember oxaloacetate of
+course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+is part of the malate acetate shuttle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is part of the malate acetate shuttle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is part of the malate acetate shuttle
+we'll come back to that in a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to that in a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to that in a minute
+but oxaloacetate in the cytosol that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but oxaloacetate in the cytosol that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but oxaloacetate in the cytosol that was
+the product of the pyruvate carboxylase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of the pyruvate carboxylase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of the pyruvate carboxylase
+reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+to get oxaloacetate in the cytosol so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get oxaloacetate in the cytosol so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get oxaloacetate in the cytosol so
+pepsi k can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pepsi k can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pepsi k can make
+um pep and do gluconeogenesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um pep and do gluconeogenesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um pep and do gluconeogenesis
+and so the same thing is also taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the same thing is also taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the same thing is also taking
+oxaloacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate
+and putting that in the cytosol where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and putting that in the cytosol where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and putting that in the cytosol where
+it's a good thing to do gluconeogenesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good thing to do gluconeogenesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good thing to do gluconeogenesis
+which is something else that you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is something else that you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is something else that you want to
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+if you have a lot of excess atp to store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a lot of excess atp to store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a lot of excess atp to store
+carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon
+and so this is really set up in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is really set up in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is really set up in a way
+that now you have your citrate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now you have your citrate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now you have your citrate and
+oxaloacetate and the cytosol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate and the cytosol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate and the cytosol
+which are the starting points to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are the starting points to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are the starting points to
+generate either fat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate either fat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate either fat
+or carbohydrate as a way to store excess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or carbohydrate as a way to store excess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or carbohydrate as a way to store excess
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+if you have um plenty of atp around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have um plenty of atp around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have um plenty of atp around
+now it turns out that oxaloacetate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it turns out that oxaloacetate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it turns out that oxaloacetate in
+the cytosol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cytosol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cytosol
+is also beneficial in another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also beneficial in another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also beneficial in another way
+because it can be part of a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it can be part of a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it can be part of a series of
+enzyme reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme reactions
+that also benefits um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also benefits um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also benefits um
+fatty acid synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acid synthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acid synthesis
+and that's because it's a substrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's because it's a substrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's because it's a substrate
+for an enzyme it can create a substrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an enzyme it can create a substrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an enzyme it can create a substrate
+and create malate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and create malate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and create malate
+that's a substrate for an enzyme called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a substrate for an enzyme called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a substrate for an enzyme called
+um malic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um malic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um malic
+enzyme which is another way to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme which is another way to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme which is another way to generate
+nadph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadph
+all right so let's go through this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's go through this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's go through this so
+remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+oxaloacetate differs from malate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate differs from malate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate differs from malate
+by an oxidation reduction reaction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an oxidation reduction reaction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an oxidation reduction reaction so
+remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+we described malate dehydrogenase in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we described malate dehydrogenase in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we described malate dehydrogenase in the
+tca cycle to turn malate into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tca cycle to turn malate into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tca cycle to turn malate into
+oxaloacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate
+and the malate aspartate shuttle we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the malate aspartate shuttle we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the malate aspartate shuttle we
+pointed out that this enzyme can run in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed out that this enzyme can run in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed out that this enzyme can run in
+reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse
+and so can be used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+regenerate nad in the cytosol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regenerate nad in the cytosol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regenerate nad in the cytosol
+and is this oxaloacetate back to malate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is this oxaloacetate back to malate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is this oxaloacetate back to malate
+as part of the mallite aspartate shuttle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as part of the mallite aspartate shuttle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as part of the mallite aspartate shuttle
+was a way to regenerate nad to help keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a way to regenerate nad to help keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a way to regenerate nad to help keep
+glycolysis going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis going
+as an alternative to fermentation get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an alternative to fermentation get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an alternative to fermentation get
+those electrons into the mitochondria so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those electrons into the mitochondria so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those electrons into the mitochondria so
+we give them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we give them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we give them
+to oxygen well this malate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to oxygen well this malate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to oxygen well this malate
+that's made is a substrate not just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's made is a substrate not just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's made is a substrate not just for
+the mallite aspartate shuttle to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mallite aspartate shuttle to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mallite aspartate shuttle to bring
+electrons into the mitochondria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons into the mitochondria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons into the mitochondria
+but is also a substrate for an enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is also a substrate for an enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is also a substrate for an enzyme
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+malic enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and malic enzyme is a way to make nadph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and malic enzyme is a way to make nadph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and malic enzyme is a way to make nadph
+well how does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how does this
+work so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so here's malate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+re-oxidize this alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-oxidize this alcohol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-oxidize this alcohol
+to bring malate back to oxaloacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring malate back to oxaloacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring malate back to oxaloacetate
+okay so that generates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hydride ion which can of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be given to a nicotinamide group and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be given to a nicotinamide group and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be given to a nicotinamide group and
+malic enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malic enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malic enzyme
+nicotinamide group is nadp plus to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicotinamide group is nadp plus to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicotinamide group is nadp plus to
+generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate
+nadph nadph is of course useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadph nadph is of course useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadph nadph is of course useful
+for reducing power to make fatty acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for reducing power to make fatty acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for reducing power to make fatty acids
+so what does this generate well this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does this generate well this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does this generate well this
+generates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates
+again all i've done is regenerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again all i've done is regenerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again all i've done is regenerate
+oxaloacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is oxaloacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is oxaloacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is oxaloacetate
+but turns out this oxaloacetate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but turns out this oxaloacetate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but turns out this oxaloacetate is
+retained on the enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retained on the enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retained on the enzyme
+and remember oxaloacetate is a beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember oxaloacetate is a beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember oxaloacetate is a beta
+keto acid okay so acid group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keto acid okay so acid group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keto acid okay so acid group
+alpha beta okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha beta okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha beta okay
+beta ketoacid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta ketoacid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta ketoacid
+and beta decarboxylation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and beta decarboxylation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and beta decarboxylation
+is favorable okay we've now seen this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is favorable okay we've now seen this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is favorable okay we've now seen this
+many many times this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many times this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many times this is going to
+generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate
+enol pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enol pyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enol pyruvate
+enol pyruvate we'll run a rearrange to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enol pyruvate we'll run a rearrange to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enol pyruvate we'll run a rearrange to
+pyruvate okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and so effectively i can turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so effectively i can turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so effectively i can turn
+malate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malate
+into pyruvate and generate nadph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into pyruvate and generate nadph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into pyruvate and generate nadph
+and that's what malec enzyme does and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what malec enzyme does and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what malec enzyme does and if
+you look back at the malate aspartate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look back at the malate aspartate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look back at the malate aspartate
+shuttle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuttle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuttle
+we used oxaloacetate to make malate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used oxaloacetate to make malate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used oxaloacetate to make malate and
+it was malate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was malate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was malate
+that was sent back to the mitochondria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was sent back to the mitochondria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was sent back to the mitochondria
+well here we can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here we can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here we can also
+use it to make pyruvate and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it to make pyruvate and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it to make pyruvate and then the
+pyruvate can go back to the mitochondria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate can go back to the mitochondria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate can go back to the mitochondria
+and use pyruvate carboxylase to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use pyruvate carboxylase to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use pyruvate carboxylase to generate
+oxaloacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate
+pyruvate carboxylase as a way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate carboxylase as a way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate carboxylase as a way to do
+anaplerosis for this mini cycle if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anaplerosis for this mini cycle if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anaplerosis for this mini cycle if you
+want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+a lot of moving parts here let me be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of moving parts here let me be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of moving parts here let me be
+explicit about what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit about what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit about what's going on
+and show you how i can build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show you how i can build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show you how i can build
+a series of reactions here that is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series of reactions here that is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series of reactions here that is very
+useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful
+if i want to generate fat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i want to generate fat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i want to generate fat
+okay so here's glycolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's glycolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's glycolysis
+remember to run glycolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember to run glycolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember to run glycolysis
+i need a source of nad plus for the gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i need a source of nad plus for the gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i need a source of nad plus for the gap
+dh reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dh reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dh reaction
+if i'm not going to ferment the pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i'm not going to ferment the pyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i'm not going to ferment the pyruvate
+i need to deal with that nad plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i need to deal with that nad plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i need to deal with that nad plus
+well if i send now that pyruvate here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if i send now that pyruvate here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if i send now that pyruvate here
+into the mitochondria right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that pyruvate can go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pyruvate can go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pyruvate can go through the
+pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction
+make acetyl coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make acetyl coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make acetyl coa
+acetyl coa combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl coa combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl coa combine
+with oxaloacetate to make citrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with oxaloacetate to make citrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with oxaloacetate to make citrate
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+export that citrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+export that citrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+export that citrate
+from the mitochondria to the cytosol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the mitochondria to the cytosol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the mitochondria to the cytosol
+run the atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the atp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the atp
+citrate lys reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrate lys reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrate lys reaction
+now i have acetyl coa in the cytosol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i have acetyl coa in the cytosol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i have acetyl coa in the cytosol
+and can use that to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can use that to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can use that to generate
+fatty acids and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acids and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acids and of course
+that requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that requires
+nad ph as reducing power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nad ph as reducing power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nad ph as reducing power
+to make those fatty acids okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make those fatty acids okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make those fatty acids okay
+so all series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all series of
+reactions that you've seen many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions that you've seen many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions that you've seen many many
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+glycolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pyruvate dehydrogenase citrate synthase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+atp citrate lyse that we just described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp citrate lyse that we just described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp citrate lyse that we just described
+and of course this over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acetyl coa carboxylase of course and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl coa carboxylase of course and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl coa carboxylase of course and
+fatty acid synthase to do that all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acid synthase to do that all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acid synthase to do that all right
+now that's great but we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's great but we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's great but we have
+this nad plus to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nad plus to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nad plus to deal with
+and we need sources of nadph to balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we need sources of nadph to balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we need sources of nadph to balance
+all the electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the electrons
+to make this work let's show how we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make this work let's show how we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make this work let's show how we can
+incorporate malate dehydrogenase and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate malate dehydrogenase and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate malate dehydrogenase and
+malic enzyme as a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malic enzyme as a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malic enzyme as a way
+to make all this balanced so if we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make all this balanced so if we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make all this balanced so if we take
+oxaloacetate and make malate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate and make malate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate and make malate
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay this is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+malai dehydrogenase reaction i've now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malai dehydrogenase reaction i've now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malai dehydrogenase reaction i've now
+regenerated the nad i need in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regenerated the nad i need in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regenerated the nad i need in the
+cytosol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytosol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytosol
+to keep that carbon flowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep that carbon flowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep that carbon flowing
+in from glucose to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in from glucose to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in from glucose to make
+acetyl-coa right now i have malate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl-coa right now i have malate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl-coa right now i have malate
+i can use malic enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can use malic enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can use malic enzyme
+to turn malate into pyruvate okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's going to serve as a source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to serve as a source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to serve as a source
+of nadph that i can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nadph that i can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nadph that i can use
+again nadph in the cytosol to drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again nadph in the cytosol to drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again nadph in the cytosol to drive
+fatty acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acid
+synthase in the cytosol obviously you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthase in the cytosol obviously you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthase in the cytosol obviously you
+need more than one nadph to do this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need more than one nadph to do this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need more than one nadph to do this but
+at least it generates nadph is reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least it generates nadph is reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least it generates nadph is reducing
+power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+to make the fatty acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and of course take that pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bring it back in the mitochondria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring it back in the mitochondria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring it back in the mitochondria
+i can run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the pyruvate carboxylase reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now regenerate oxaloacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now regenerate oxaloacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now regenerate oxaloacetate
+in the mitochondria and now i have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mitochondria and now i have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mitochondria and now i have a
+balanced cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced cycle
+where i can run this cycle to turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i can run this cycle to turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i can run this cycle to turn
+glucose carbon into acetyl coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose carbon into acetyl coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose carbon into acetyl coa
+for fat and in the process also make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for fat and in the process also make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for fat and in the process also make
+some nadph is reducing power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some nadph is reducing power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some nadph is reducing power
+to support my fatty acid synthase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to support my fatty acid synthase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to support my fatty acid synthase
+reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+this is just one way that i can take all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just one way that i can take all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just one way that i can take all
+these reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these reactions
+we talked about and build a pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about and build a pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about and build a pathway
+that's balanced at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's balanced at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's balanced at least
+for the nad nadh oxidation piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the nad nadh oxidation piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the nad nadh oxidation piece
+and gives us something useful what gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gives us something useful what gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gives us something useful what gives
+us atp from glycolysis and also gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us atp from glycolysis and also gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us atp from glycolysis and also gives
+nadph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadph
+from the malic enzyme reaction to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the malic enzyme reaction to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the malic enzyme reaction to do
+this and what does it cost me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and what does it cost me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and what does it cost me
+well it costs me a bunch of atp right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it costs me a bunch of atp right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it costs me a bunch of atp right
+cost me atp here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost me atp here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost me atp here
+cost me atp there of course a lot of atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost me atp there of course a lot of atp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost me atp there of course a lot of atp
+up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here
+but you're doing this when there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're doing this when there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're doing this when there's
+energy excess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy excess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy excess
+you have plenty of atp around and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have plenty of atp around and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have plenty of atp around and it's a
+way that nature then can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that nature then can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that nature then can use
+this high energy high atp state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this high energy high atp state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this high energy high atp state
+as a way to store carbon ultimately is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way to store carbon ultimately is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way to store carbon ultimately is
+reduce carbon as fatty acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce carbon as fatty acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce carbon as fatty acids
+that can be used later when times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be used later when times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be used later when times
+are not so good all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not so good all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not so good all right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's spend a couple minutes talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's spend a couple minutes talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's spend a couple minutes talking
+about the regulation of fatty acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the regulation of fatty acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the regulation of fatty acid
+synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis
+it's very straightforward not really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very straightforward not really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very straightforward not really a
+whole lot to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lot to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lot to talk about
+you really only want to make fat if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really only want to make fat if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really only want to make fat if you
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+high atp adp ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high atp adp ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high atp adp ratio
+this is a situation excess citrate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a situation excess citrate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a situation excess citrate in
+the cytosol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cytosol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cytosol
+and so high citrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which remember inhibits glycolysis well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which remember inhibits glycolysis well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which remember inhibits glycolysis well
+high citrate is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high citrate is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high citrate is going to
+activate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fatty acid synthase okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the big step though is acetyl coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big step though is acetyl coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big step though is acetyl coa
+carboxylase that's what makes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylase that's what makes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylase that's what makes the
+malonyl coa that's the big change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malonyl coa that's the big change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malonyl coa that's the big change in
+delta g by all the reasons we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta g by all the reasons we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta g by all the reasons we talked
+about before that's the step you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about before that's the step you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about before that's the step you want to
+regulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulate
+and so it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+high levels of palmitial coa that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high levels of palmitial coa that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high levels of palmitial coa that is the
+16o fatty acid the product of the fatty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16o fatty acid the product of the fatty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16o fatty acid the product of the fatty
+acid synthase reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid synthase reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid synthase reaction
+this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to
+inhibit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acetyl-coa carboxylase makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl-coa carboxylase makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl-coa carboxylase makes sense
+have a lot of product around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of product around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of product around
+stop making it stop the step that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop making it stop the step that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop making it stop the step that
+costs the most that's hardest to go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs the most that's hardest to go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs the most that's hardest to go back
+um to generate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to generate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to generate it
+okay what's the other thing well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what's the other thing well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what's the other thing well you
+only want to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only want to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only want to do this
+if cells are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if cells are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if cells are
+have enough energy to do it what's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough energy to do it what's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough energy to do it what's our
+energy charge atp and p ratio if amp is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy charge atp and p ratio if amp is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy charge atp and p ratio if amp is
+high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high
+you also want to inhibit a acc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also want to inhibit a acc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also want to inhibit a acc
+low energy don't try to make fat that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low energy don't try to make fat that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low energy don't try to make fat that's
+basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+what you need to know about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need to know about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need to know about the
+regulation of fatty acid synthase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation of fatty acid synthase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation of fatty acid synthase
+now of course most that's making fatty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course most that's making fatty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course most that's making fatty
+acids but of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids but of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids but of course
+most fatty acids are not floating around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most fatty acids are not floating around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most fatty acids are not floating around
+free in nature they're stored as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free in nature they're stored as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free in nature they're stored as
+lipids and so just to remind you here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipids and so just to remind you here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipids and so just to remind you here's
+a image from an earlier lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a image from an earlier lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a image from an earlier lecture
+these were the image of a fat cell as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were the image of a fat cell as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were the image of a fat cell as
+well as a plant cell here that both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as a plant cell here that both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as a plant cell here that both
+have these lipid droplets that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these lipid droplets that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these lipid droplets that are
+filled with these neutral lipids these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled with these neutral lipids these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled with these neutral lipids these
+triacylglycerides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triacylglycerides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triacylglycerides
+and so you want to store the fatty acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you want to store the fatty acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you want to store the fatty acid
+for energy you put it into a trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for energy you put it into a trial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for energy you put it into a trial
+glyceride pop it into a lipid droplet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyceride pop it into a lipid droplet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyceride pop it into a lipid droplet
+and now you have this efficient way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you have this efficient way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you have this efficient way to
+store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store
+all this reduced carbon without having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this reduced carbon without having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this reduced carbon without having
+to carry around the weight of the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to carry around the weight of the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to carry around the weight of the water
+or maybe you want to use this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe you want to use this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe you want to use this to
+generate membranes right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate membranes right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate membranes right
+phospholipids you need to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phospholipids you need to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phospholipids you need to generate
+phospholipids both trial glycerides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phospholipids both trial glycerides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phospholipids both trial glycerides
+phospholipids are built on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phospholipids are built on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phospholipids are built on this
+glycerol backbone and i just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycerol backbone and i just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycerol backbone and i just want to
+mention briefly the pathway that cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention briefly the pathway that cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention briefly the pathway that cells
+really use or a pathway the cells use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really use or a pathway the cells use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really use or a pathway the cells use
+to make these glycerol-based lipids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make these glycerol-based lipids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make these glycerol-based lipids
+and so as we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so as we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so as we talked about
+before here's our old friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before here's our old friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before here's our old friend
+dihydroxyacetone phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dihydroxyacetone phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dihydroxyacetone phosphate
+from glycolysis remember if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from glycolysis remember if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from glycolysis remember if we
+um if we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we uh
+reduce this um this ketone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce this um this ketone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce this um this ketone
+to the alcohol that's how we made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the alcohol that's how we made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the alcohol that's how we made
+uh made glycerol it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh made glycerol it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh made glycerol it turns out
+first before doing this the way nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first before doing this the way nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first before doing this the way nature
+does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it
+is it first adds the fatty acid so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it first adds the fatty acid so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it first adds the fatty acid so
+it takes the fatty acyl coa releases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes the fatty acyl coa releases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes the fatty acyl coa releases
+the coa and you end up with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coa and you end up with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coa and you end up with this
+intermediate okay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate okay it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate okay it's
+this molecule that then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this molecule that then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this molecule that then you
+reduce of course you can reduce it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce of course you can reduce it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce of course you can reduce it with
+nadh you can also reduce it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadh you can also reduce it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadh you can also reduce it with
+nadph and that gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadph and that gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadph and that gives us
+this phospho mono
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this phospho mono
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this phospho mono
+acyl glycerol okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acyl glycerol okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acyl glycerol okay so
+this molecule with that being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this molecule with that being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this molecule with that being the
+alcohol instead of the ketone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol instead of the ketone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol instead of the ketone
+phosphomonolase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now come on add another fatty acyl coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now come on add another fatty acyl coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now come on add another fatty acyl coa
+releasing the coa that gives us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releasing the coa that gives us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releasing the coa that gives us a
+phosphodiesyl glycerol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphodiesyl glycerol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphodiesyl glycerol
+so now a fatty acid is sterified to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now a fatty acid is sterified to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now a fatty acid is sterified to
+that middle carbon and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that middle carbon and then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that middle carbon and then this
+phosphodies glycerol we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphodies glycerol we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphodies glycerol we can
+remove the phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove the phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove the phosphate
+to get just a diacylglycerol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get just a diacylglycerol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get just a diacylglycerol
+and then generate a triacyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then generate a triacyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then generate a triacyl
+glycerol by putting on a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fatty acid from a fatty acyl coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acid from a fatty acyl coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acid from a fatty acyl coa
+releasing the coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releasing the coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releasing the coa
+and now we have this triacylglyceride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we have this triacylglyceride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we have this triacylglyceride
+this neutral lipid that can be packed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this neutral lipid that can be packed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this neutral lipid that can be packed
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+the uh lipid droplet here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh lipid droplet here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh lipid droplet here
+and store energy as reduced carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and store energy as reduced carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and store energy as reduced carbon
+for later that's great but what if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for later that's great but what if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for later that's great but what if we
+want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make
+a phospholipid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a phospholipid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a phospholipid
+i'll show you briefly how this works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll show you briefly how this works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll show you briefly how this works
+don't worry about the details of this i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry about the details of this i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry about the details of this i
+just want you to have a flavor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want you to have a flavor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want you to have a flavor
+for how this happens because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how this happens because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how this happens because it
+illustrates another way that nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrates another way that nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrates another way that nature
+repurposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repurposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repurposes
+the same reactions over and over again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same reactions over and over again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same reactions over and over again
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+as one releases this phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as one releases this phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as one releases this phosphate
+from the diacylglycerol it now picks up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the diacylglycerol it now picks up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the diacylglycerol it now picks up
+a head group on there and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a head group on there and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a head group on there and so
+one that can be picked up is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that can be picked up is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that can be picked up is
+ethanolamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethanolamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethanolamine
+and the ethanolamine comes from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ethanolamine comes from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ethanolamine comes from a
+molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+called cdp ethanolamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called cdp ethanolamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called cdp ethanolamine
+if you're interested in the structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're interested in the structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're interested in the structure of
+ethanolamine be reminded of that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethanolamine be reminded of that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethanolamine be reminded of that you can
+of course look it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course look it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course look it up
+but basically it's ethanolamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically it's ethanolamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically it's ethanolamine
+attached to a cdp group releasing a cmp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to a cdp group releasing a cmp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to a cdp group releasing a cmp
+group which makes a phospho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group which makes a phospho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group which makes a phospho
+ethanolamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and then that phosphoethanolamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then that phosphoethanolamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then that phosphoethanolamine
+can be turned into phos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be turned into phos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be turned into phos
+or phosphatidyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ethanolamine the phospholipid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethanolamine the phospholipid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethanolamine the phospholipid
+phosphatidylstenolamine can be turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphatidylstenolamine can be turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphatidylstenolamine can be turned
+into phosphatidyl choline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into phosphatidyl choline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into phosphatidyl choline
+and if you look up the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look up the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look up the difference
+between choline and ethanolamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between choline and ethanolamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between choline and ethanolamine
+is adding three methyl groups and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is adding three methyl groups and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is adding three methyl groups and we'll
+talk about how to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about how to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about how to do that
+in one of the upcoming lectures all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one of the upcoming lectures all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one of the upcoming lectures all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and so here's two of the major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here's two of the major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here's two of the major
+phospholipids phosphatidylcholine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phospholipids phosphatidylcholine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phospholipids phosphatidylcholine
+phosphatidylethanolamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphatidylethanolamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphatidylethanolamine
+they are added to a diacylglyceride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are added to a diacylglyceride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are added to a diacylglyceride
+by basically taking the phosphate off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by basically taking the phosphate off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by basically taking the phosphate off
+and adding a phosphate from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and adding a phosphate from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and adding a phosphate from
+cdp ethanolamine releasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cdp ethanolamine releasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cdp ethanolamine releasing
+cmp what's cdp ethanolamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cmp what's cdp ethanolamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cmp what's cdp ethanolamine
+well it's very similar to how we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's very similar to how we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's very similar to how we already
+talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about
+with udp glucose in glycogen metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with udp glucose in glycogen metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with udp glucose in glycogen metabolism
+and so if you start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you start with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you start with the
+amino alcohol ethanolamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino alcohol ethanolamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino alcohol ethanolamine
+okay which itself is made from serine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay which itself is made from serine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay which itself is made from serine
+but we don't have time to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't have time to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't have time to talk about
+how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be phosphorylated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be phosphorylated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be phosphorylated by
+atp to put a phosphate on the alcohol to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp to put a phosphate on the alcohol to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp to put a phosphate on the alcohol to
+make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+phosphoethynolamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so you have a phosphoethanol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you have a phosphoethanol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you have a phosphoethanol
+and then that phosphoethanolamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that phosphoethanolamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that phosphoethanolamine
+can react with a ctp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can react with a ctp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can react with a ctp
+releasing a pyrophosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releasing a pyrophosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releasing a pyrophosphate
+such that the phospho from the atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that the phospho from the atp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that the phospho from the atp
+is replaced by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is replaced by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is replaced by the
+cdp you end up getting a cdp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cdp you end up getting a cdp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cdp you end up getting a cdp
+ethanolamine with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethanolamine with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethanolamine with two
+uh pyrophosphate coming off via series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pyrophosphate coming off via series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pyrophosphate coming off via series
+of reactions that if you look back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reactions that if you look back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reactions that if you look back in
+your notes we'll look identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your notes we'll look identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your notes we'll look identical
+to how we made udp glucose and making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how we made udp glucose and making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how we made udp glucose and making
+glycogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycogen
+and then the cdp ethanol amine transfers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the cdp ethanol amine transfers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the cdp ethanol amine transfers
+the phosphoethynolamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phosphoethynolamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phosphoethynolamine
+onto the diazoglyceride to give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the diazoglyceride to give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the diazoglyceride to give you the
+phosphatidyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphatidyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphatidyl
+ethanolamine why do i mention this just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethanolamine why do i mention this just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethanolamine why do i mention this just
+because i want you to have a flavor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i want you to have a flavor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i want you to have a flavor
+of how phospholipids are made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how phospholipids are made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how phospholipids are made
+realize that here's a repurposing of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that here's a repurposing of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that here's a repurposing of the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+series and type of reactions as we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and type of reactions as we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and type of reactions as we saw
+for glycogen metabolism but now to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for glycogen metabolism but now to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for glycogen metabolism but now to make
+um phospholipids and also to point out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um phospholipids and also to point out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um phospholipids and also to point out
+that it's really expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's really expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's really expensive
+to make a phospholipid all right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a phospholipid all right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a phospholipid all right you
+need three atps just to add this ethanol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need three atps just to add this ethanol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need three atps just to add this ethanol
+amine group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amine group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amine group
+to there so that's actually fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to there so that's actually fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to there so that's actually fairly
+expensive and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive and so
+a lot of energy goes into cells building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of energy goes into cells building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of energy goes into cells building
+these phospholipids now for the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these phospholipids now for the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these phospholipids now for the last
+bit of time today i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of time today i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of time today i want to
+return to a brief topic of another lipid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to a brief topic of another lipid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to a brief topic of another lipid
+and that's this guy here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's this guy here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's this guy here
+cholesterol and so you'll remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol and so you'll remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol and so you'll remember
+that cholesterol is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cholesterol is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cholesterol is this
+complex ring structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex ring structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex ring structure
+lots of reduced carbon there it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+molecule that mammals use if you recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule that mammals use if you recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule that mammals use if you recall
+to keep their membranes fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep their membranes fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep their membranes fluid
+okay now mammals of course can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now mammals of course can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now mammals of course can make
+cholesterol and you all probably have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol and you all probably have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol and you all probably have
+heard about cholesterol because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard about cholesterol because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard about cholesterol because
+its high levels of cholesterol have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its high levels of cholesterol have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its high levels of cholesterol have been
+linked to heart disease and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked to heart disease and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked to heart disease and so
+a lot of people talk about what their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people talk about what their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people talk about what their
+cholesterol levels are something doctors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol levels are something doctors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol levels are something doctors
+check a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check a lot
+and this has led the recognition that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this has led the recognition that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this has led the recognition that
+cholesterol can be associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol can be associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol can be associated with
+vascular disease has led to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vascular disease has led to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vascular disease has led to the
+development of a class of drugs called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of a class of drugs called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of a class of drugs called
+statins okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statins okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statins okay and
+statins are one of the most commonly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statins are one of the most commonly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statins are one of the most commonly
+prescribed drugs out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribed drugs out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribed drugs out there
+they're a drug that blocks an enzyme in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're a drug that blocks an enzyme in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're a drug that blocks an enzyme in
+cholesterol synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol synthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol synthesis
+and have been very effective at lowering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have been very effective at lowering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have been very effective at lowering
+risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk
+of heart attacks and strokes they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of heart attacks and strokes they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of heart attacks and strokes they've
+also been a huge windfall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also been a huge windfall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also been a huge windfall
+a huge moneymaker for lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge moneymaker for lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge moneymaker for lots of
+pharmaceutical companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceutical companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceutical companies
+and so if you care about medicine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you care about medicine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you care about medicine
+they're important to medicine if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're important to medicine if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're important to medicine if you
+care about biotech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about biotech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about biotech
+they're also were very important in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also were very important in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also were very important in the
+supporting the pharmaceutical industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting the pharmaceutical industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting the pharmaceutical industry
+all right now we don't have time to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now we don't have time to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now we don't have time to talk
+fully about how cholesterol synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully about how cholesterol synthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully about how cholesterol synthesis
+works it's a long pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works it's a long pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works it's a long pathway
+you can look it up if you're interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look it up if you're interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look it up if you're interested
+you have all the tools that you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have all the tools that you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have all the tools that you need to
+understand all of the steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand all of the steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand all of the steps
+to make cholesterol you'll see you build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make cholesterol you'll see you build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make cholesterol you'll see you build
+it from scl-coa you need a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from scl-coa you need a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from scl-coa you need a bunch of
+nadph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadph
+i i don't have time to go through all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i don't have time to go through all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i don't have time to go through all
+those steps but i will discuss the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those steps but i will discuss the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those steps but i will discuss the
+initial steps so you can understand how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial steps so you can understand how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial steps so you can understand how
+statins work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statins work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statins work
+is because that's important in medicine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because that's important in medicine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because that's important in medicine
+and some of you i know want to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of you i know want to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of you i know want to go to
+medical school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical school
+but apart from that these early steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but apart from that these early steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but apart from that these early steps
+affect other aspects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect other aspects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect other aspects
+of biology making lipid tails for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of biology making lipid tails for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of biology making lipid tails for
+signaling proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling proteins
+also introduces a discussion of ketones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also introduces a discussion of ketones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also introduces a discussion of ketones
+which are another important metabolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are another important metabolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are another important metabolic
+fuel that we need to talk about as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel that we need to talk about as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel that we need to talk about as well
+now the way that one makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the way that one makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the way that one makes
+these things is basically you start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things is basically you start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things is basically you start with
+three acetyl coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so here's two acetyl-coa molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's two acetyl-coa molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's two acetyl-coa molecules
+we can combine those two together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+releasing a co-a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releasing a co-a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releasing a co-a
+and this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is really the identical reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really the identical reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really the identical reaction
+that we just saw for the early steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we just saw for the early steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we just saw for the early steps
+in fatty acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fatty acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fatty acid
+synthase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that generates this molecule called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acetoacetyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coa and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coa and then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coa and then this
+can combine with yet another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acetyl-coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to make this molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hydroxymethylglutaral or hmg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxymethylglutaral or hmg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxymethylglutaral or hmg
+coa all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coa all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coa all right
+i don't need to describe any of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't need to describe any of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't need to describe any of these
+reactions to you as i said this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions to you as i said this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions to you as i said this is
+just what we showed earlier for fatty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what we showed earlier for fatty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what we showed earlier for fatty
+acid synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid synthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid synthesis
+and this reaction is the identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this reaction is the identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this reaction is the identical
+reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+to citrate synthase in the tca cycle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to citrate synthase in the tca cycle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to citrate synthase in the tca cycle and
+takes these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes these three
+one two three acetyl coas and makes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two three acetyl coas and makes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two three acetyl coas and makes this
+molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+hmg coa hmg coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hmg coa hmg coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hmg coa hmg coa
+is the substrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the substrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the substrate
+for an enzyme called hmg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an enzyme called hmg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an enzyme called hmg
+coa reductase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coa reductase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coa reductase
+hmg coa reductase is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hmg coa reductase is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hmg coa reductase is the
+famous target of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+statins to block cholesterol synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statins to block cholesterol synthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statins to block cholesterol synthesis
+what hmg coa reductase does is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what hmg coa reductase does is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what hmg coa reductase does is it
+releases that coa group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uses two nadph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oxidizing it to two nad plus that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidizing it to two nad plus that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidizing it to two nad plus that
+effectively is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively is um
+when you release this coa what are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you release this coa what are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you release this coa what are you
+left with the acid you reduce it twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with the acid you reduce it twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with the acid you reduce it twice
+and you end up with the alcohol and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you end up with the alcohol and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you end up with the alcohol and that
+gives you this molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is called mevelonate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is called mevelonate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is called mevelonate
+and mevelonate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what you use to build cholesterol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you use to build cholesterol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you use to build cholesterol
+and so statins by blocking hmg coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so statins by blocking hmg coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so statins by blocking hmg coa
+reductase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductase
+basically block the reactions that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically block the reactions that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically block the reactions that are
+necessary to make the precursor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to make the precursor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to make the precursor
+mevolonate which is necessary to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mevolonate which is necessary to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mevolonate which is necessary to make
+cholesterol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol
+and that's why statins stop cholesterol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why statins stop cholesterol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why statins stop cholesterol
+synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis
+now mevylonate it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now mevylonate it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now mevylonate it turns out
+is also used for other things in cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also used for other things in cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also used for other things in cells
+it's not just used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just used
+to make cholesterol it's also used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make cholesterol it's also used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make cholesterol it's also used to
+make a class of molecules called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a class of molecules called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a class of molecules called
+isoprenoids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoprenoids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoprenoids
+isoprenoids are important and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoprenoids are important and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoprenoids are important and you'll
+encounter them if you study signaling or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter them if you study signaling or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter them if you study signaling or
+anything like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like that
+because these make things like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these make things like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these make things like the
+farnesylation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+lipid modifications that are oftentimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipid modifications that are oftentimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipid modifications that are oftentimes
+added to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added to
+membrane associated proteins like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane associated proteins like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane associated proteins like
+signaling proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling proteins
+and so statins will also block the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so statins will also block the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so statins will also block the
+production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+of these molecules that are important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these molecules that are important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these molecules that are important
+for these various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these various
+signaling proteins and so you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling proteins and so you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling proteins and so you should
+have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some
+understanding of what mevelon it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of what mevelon it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of what mevelon it is
+where it comes from how that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it comes from how that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it comes from how that it's
+involved in cholesterol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in cholesterol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in cholesterol
+and isoprenate synthesis and then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and isoprenate synthesis and then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and isoprenate synthesis and then it's
+the target of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the target of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the target of
+statins and of course you didn't need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statins and of course you didn't need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statins and of course you didn't need a
+whole lot you already have all the tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lot you already have all the tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lot you already have all the tools
+to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand
+that pathway and if you look up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pathway and if you look up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pathway and if you look up
+isoprenoid synthesis cholesterol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoprenoid synthesis cholesterol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoprenoid synthesis cholesterol
+synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis
+you'll see you'll have the tools to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see you'll have the tools to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see you'll have the tools to um
+understand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that
+as well now the last thing i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well now the last thing i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well now the last thing i want to
+talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about
+is taking that aceto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is taking that aceto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is taking that aceto
+the acetoacetyl coa and if i take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acetoacetyl coa and if i take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acetoacetyl coa and if i take the
+coa group off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coa group off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coa group off
+what i'm left with is a molecule called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm left with is a molecule called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm left with is a molecule called
+acetoacetate okay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetoacetate okay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetoacetate okay this
+is basically two acetyl coast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+brought together losing co-a's times two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought together losing co-a's times two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought together losing co-a's times two
+and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this here is acetoacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this here is acetoacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this here is acetoacetate
+and acetoacetate is a canonical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and acetoacetate is a canonical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and acetoacetate is a canonical
+ketone body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is a ketone body well it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a ketone body well it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a ketone body well it turns out
+ketones are an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketones are an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketones are an
+alternative fuel that the body can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative fuel that the body can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative fuel that the body can use
+to glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to glucose
+primarily the brain and so for reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily the brain and so for reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily the brain and so for reasons
+that no one really understands a quirk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no one really understands a quirk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no one really understands a quirk
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+of uh of human and mammalian physiology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh of human and mammalian physiology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh of human and mammalian physiology
+is that the brain prefers to use glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the brain prefers to use glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the brain prefers to use glucose
+as its fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as its fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as its fuel
+if glucose is not available it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if glucose is not available it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if glucose is not available it doesn't
+use fatty acids it use ketone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use fatty acids it use ketone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use fatty acids it use ketone
+bodies instead and so the ketone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies instead and so the ketone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies instead and so the ketone
+acetoacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetoacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetoacetate
+is the canonical ketone body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the canonical ketone body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the canonical ketone body
+this underlies the keto diet which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this underlies the keto diet which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this underlies the keto diet which has
+become very popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become very popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become very popular
+and so what is the keto diet well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what is the keto diet well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what is the keto diet well the
+keto diet is you don't eat any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keto diet is you don't eat any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keto diet is you don't eat any
+carbohydrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbohydrates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbohydrates
+and so if you don't eat carbohydrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you don't eat carbohydrates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you don't eat carbohydrates
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+don't have a source of glucose the liver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a source of glucose the liver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a source of glucose the liver
+of course can do gluconeogenesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course can do gluconeogenesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course can do gluconeogenesis
+but if you run out of things to make and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you run out of things to make and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you run out of things to make and
+turn into glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn into glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn into glucose
+now the liver gets into trouble remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the liver gets into trouble remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the liver gets into trouble remember
+we talked about with anaplerosis of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about with anaplerosis of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about with anaplerosis of the
+tca cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tca cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tca cycle
+there's no way to turn two carbon units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way to turn two carbon units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way to turn two carbon units
+that are made from fat the acetyl coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are made from fat the acetyl coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are made from fat the acetyl coa
+from fat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from fat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from fat
+you can't turn that mammals cannot turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't turn that mammals cannot turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't turn that mammals cannot turn
+that back into glucose because we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that back into glucose because we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that back into glucose because we don't
+have the glyoxylate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the glyoxylate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the glyoxylate
+um cycle and so we can't turn fat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um cycle and so we can't turn fat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um cycle and so we can't turn fat
+into glucose and so when the liver can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into glucose and so when the liver can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into glucose and so when the liver can
+no longer make glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer make glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer make glucose
+it will take acetyl coa from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will take acetyl coa from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will take acetyl coa from the
+breakdown of fat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdown of fat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdown of fat
+and make ketones instead and the ketone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make ketones instead and the ketone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make ketones instead and the ketone
+is this acetoacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this acetoacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this acetoacetate
+people do the keto diet because ketones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do the keto diet because ketones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do the keto diet because ketones
+like acetoacetate will suppress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like acetoacetate will suppress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like acetoacetate will suppress
+appetite and that's at least how it one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appetite and that's at least how it one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appetite and that's at least how it one
+way it's thought to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it's thought to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it's thought to work
+but i want to talk about what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i want to talk about what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i want to talk about what these
+ketones are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketones are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketones are
+and how they fit into metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how they fit into metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how they fit into metabolism
+so here's acetoacetate if you notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's acetoacetate if you notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's acetoacetate if you notice
+acetoacetate is a beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetoacetate is a beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetoacetate is a beta
+carboxylic a beta ketoacid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylic a beta ketoacid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylic a beta ketoacid
+okay alpha beta the acid is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay alpha beta the acid is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay alpha beta the acid is
+the ketone is beta to the acid group so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ketone is beta to the acid group so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ketone is beta to the acid group so
+a beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beta
+keto acid as i've said now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keto acid as i've said now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keto acid as i've said now
+many many many times beta-keto acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many many times beta-keto acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many many times beta-keto acids
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+undergo decarboxylation that generates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergo decarboxylation that generates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergo decarboxylation that generates
+the enol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enol
+which can be rearranged to the keto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can be rearranged to the keto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can be rearranged to the keto
+group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group
+and in that case what's the keto group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in that case what's the keto group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in that case what's the keto group
+well the keto group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the keto group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the keto group
+would be this molecule which is acetone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be this molecule which is acetone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be this molecule which is acetone
+fingernail polish remover if you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingernail polish remover if you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingernail polish remover if you go to
+medical school you'll learn that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical school you'll learn that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical school you'll learn that if
+of type 1 diabetics have a state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of type 1 diabetics have a state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of type 1 diabetics have a state of
+physiology called beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiology called beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiology called beta
+called ketoacidosis so we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called ketoacidosis so we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called ketoacidosis so we don't have
+time to go into what drives that state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to go into what drives that state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to go into what drives that state
+that physiological state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that physiological state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that physiological state
+but it's basically a state with very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's basically a state with very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's basically a state with very
+high ketones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high ketones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high ketones
+they smell like acetone the reason is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they smell like acetone the reason is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they smell like acetone the reason is is
+because they have very high levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have very high levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have very high levels of
+acetoacetate the ketone body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetoacetate the ketone body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetoacetate the ketone body
+and some of that spontaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of that spontaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of that spontaneously
+decarboxylates to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarboxylates to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarboxylates to make
+acetone all right the body does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetone all right the body does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetone all right the body does this
+though it's making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's making
+the acetoacetate as a way to give food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acetoacetate as a way to give food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acetoacetate as a way to give food
+to the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the brain
+but because acetoacetate is unfavorable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because acetoacetate is unfavorable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because acetoacetate is unfavorable
+that's not the form that is put into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the form that is put into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the form that is put into the
+blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood
+instead it undergoes an oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead it undergoes an oxidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead it undergoes an oxidation
+reduction reaction where this ketone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction reaction where this ketone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction reaction where this ketone
+is um reduced to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um reduced to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um reduced to
+the alcohol or interconverted between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alcohol or interconverted between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alcohol or interconverted between
+the ketone and the alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ketone and the alcohol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ketone and the alcohol
+something gets oxidized something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something gets oxidized something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something gets oxidized something else
+gets reduced nadn adh is the donor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets reduced nadn adh is the donor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets reduced nadn adh is the donor
+and that leads to this molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is called beta hydroxybutyrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and beta hydroxybutyrate is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and beta hydroxybutyrate is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and beta hydroxybutyrate is the
+canonical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical
+ketone that circulates in your blood and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketone that circulates in your blood and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketone that circulates in your blood and
+measurement of beta-hydroxybutyrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement of beta-hydroxybutyrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement of beta-hydroxybutyrate
+levels really tells you if you're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels really tells you if you're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels really tells you if you're really
+doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+the ketone diet properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ketone diet properly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ketone diet properly
+so basically your liver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically your liver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically your liver
+if it doesn't have enough glucose will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it doesn't have enough glucose will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it doesn't have enough glucose will
+have to break down fat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to break down fat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to break down fat
+can't turn the acetyl coa from fat into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't turn the acetyl coa from fat into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't turn the acetyl coa from fat into
+glucose so unsettle to turn it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose so unsettle to turn it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose so unsettle to turn it into
+acetoacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetoacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetoacetate
+which will convert to the more stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will convert to the more stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will convert to the more stable
+beta hydroxybutyrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta hydroxybutyrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta hydroxybutyrate
+and then the more stable beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the more stable beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the more stable beta
+hydroxybutyrate can be oxidized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxybutyrate can be oxidized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxybutyrate can be oxidized
+by peripheral tissues predominantly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by peripheral tissues predominantly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by peripheral tissues predominantly the
+brain as an alternative source of fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain as an alternative source of fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain as an alternative source of fuel
+to glucose when the liver can't maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to glucose when the liver can't maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to glucose when the liver can't maintain
+glucose two why this happens this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose two why this happens this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose two why this happens this way
+no one really knows why it uses ketones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one really knows why it uses ketones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one really knows why it uses ketones
+instead of that but it fits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of that but it fits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of that but it fits
+with all the physiology and it also fits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all the physiology and it also fits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all the physiology and it also fits
+the metabolism that we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metabolism that we've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metabolism that we've already
+learned about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned about
+um to see why it works this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to see why it works this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to see why it works this way
+and i just want to point out for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i just want to point out for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i just want to point out for those
+of you who are doing the keto diet to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you who are doing the keto diet to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you who are doing the keto diet to do
+it properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it properly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it properly
+yes you have to limit carbohydrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you have to limit carbohydrates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you have to limit carbohydrates
+that's the most popular way to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the most popular way to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the most popular way to do it
+but to really make this work you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to really make this work you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to really make this work you also
+have to eliminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to eliminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to eliminate
+other sources of carbon that can be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other sources of carbon that can be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other sources of carbon that can be used
+for gluconeogenesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for gluconeogenesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for gluconeogenesis
+mostly amino acids so lowering protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly amino acids so lowering protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly amino acids so lowering protein
+so a true ketogenic diet is really all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a true ketogenic diet is really all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a true ketogenic diet is really all
+fat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fat
+because that is what basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that is what basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that is what basically
+makes acetyl coa really the only carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes acetyl coa really the only carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes acetyl coa really the only carbon
+source that the liver can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source that the liver can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source that the liver can use
+and then it has to only generate ketones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it has to only generate ketones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it has to only generate ketones
+beta-hydroxybutyrate which then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta-hydroxybutyrate which then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta-hydroxybutyrate which then
+circulates as an alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulates as an alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulates as an alternative
+oxidizable carbon source for the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidizable carbon source for the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidizable carbon source for the brain
+okay thanks so much
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/NlRgBtSLViI.txt b/NlRgBtSLViI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3f8259f18c0a328ff36c4a9bafdd0141b29ebdad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/NlRgBtSLViI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,574 @@
+Hi.
+
+In this problem, we'll get a
+chance to see the usefulness
+
+of conditioning in helping us
+to calculate quantities that
+
+would otherwise be difficult
+to calculate.
+
+Specifically, we'll be using
+the law of iterated
+
+expectations and the law
+of total variance.
+
+Before we get started, let's
+just take a quick moment to
+
+interpret what these two
+laws are saying.
+
+Really, what it's saying is,
+in order to calculate the
+
+expectation or the variance of
+some random variable x, if
+
+that's difficult to do,
+we'll instead attack
+
+this problem in stages.
+
+So the first stage is, we'll
+condition on some related
+
+random variable, y.
+
+And the hope is that by
+conditioning on this and
+
+reducing it to this conditional
+universe, the
+
+expectation of x will be
+easier to calculate.
+
+Now, recall that this
+conditional expectation is
+
+really a random variable, which
+is a function of the
+
+random variable y.
+
+So what we've done is we first
+average out x given some y.
+
+What remains is some new random
+variable, which is a
+
+function of y.
+
+And now, what we have is
+randomness in y, which will
+
+then average out again to get
+the final expectation of x.
+
+OK, so in this problem, we'll
+actually see an example of how
+
+this plays out.
+
+One more thing before we get
+started that's useful to
+
+recall is if y is a uniform
+random variable, distributed
+
+between a and b, then the
+variance of y is b minus a
+
+squared over 12, and the
+expectation of y is just a
+
+midpoint, a plus b over 2.
+
+All right, so let's get started
+on the problem.
+
+So what we have is we have a
+stick of some fixed length, l,
+
+and what we do is we break
+it uniformly at random.
+
+So what we do is we choose a
+point uniformly at random
+
+along this stick.
+
+And we break it there, and then
+we keep the left portion
+
+of that stick.
+
+So let's call the length of this
+left portion after the
+
+first break random variable y.
+
+So it's random because
+the point where
+
+we break it is random.
+
+And then what we do is we
+repeat this process.
+
+We'll take this left side of
+the stick that's left.
+
+And we'll pick another point,
+uniformly at random, along
+
+this left remaining side.
+
+And we'll break it again,
+and keep the left
+
+side of that break.
+
+And we'll call that the length
+of the final remaining piece,
+
+x, which again is random.
+
+The problem is really asking
+us to calculate the
+
+expectation of variance of x.
+
+So at first, it seems difficult
+to do, because the
+
+expectation and variance of x
+depends on where you break it
+
+the second time and also where
+you break it the first time.
+
+So let's see if conditioning
+can help us here.
+
+So the first thing that we'll
+notice is that, if we just
+
+consider y, the length of the
+stick after the first break,
+
+it's actually pretty easy to
+calculate the expectation and
+
+variance of y.
+
+Because y, when you think about
+it, is actually just the
+
+simple uniform in a variable,
+uniformly distributed between
+
+0 and l, the length
+of the stick.
+
+And this is because we're told
+that we choose the point of
+
+the break uniformly at random
+between 0 and l.
+
+And so wherever we choose it,
+that's going to be the length
+
+of the left side of the stick.
+
+And so because of this, we know
+that the expectation of y
+
+is just l/2, and the variance
+of y is l squared over 12.
+
+But unfortunately, calculating
+the expectation variance of x
+
+is not quite as simple, because
+x isn't just uniformly
+
+distributed between 0 and
+some fixed number.
+
+Because it's actually uniformly
+distributed between
+
+0 and y, wherever the
+first break was.
+
+But where the first break
+is is random too.
+
+And so we can't just say that
+x is a uniformly distributed
+
+random variable.
+
+So what do we do instead?
+
+Well, we'll make the nice
+observation that let's pretend
+
+that we actually
+know what y is.
+
+If we knew what y was, then
+calculating the expectation of
+
+x would be simple, right?
+
+So if we were given that y is
+just some little y, then x
+
+would in fact just be uniformly
+distributed between
+
+0 and little y.
+
+And then if that's the case,
+then our calculation is
+
+simple, because the expectation
+of x would just be
+
+y/2, and the variance would
+just be y squared over 12.
+
+All right, so let's make that
+a little bit more formal.
+
+What we're saying is that the
+expectation of x, If we knew
+
+what y was, would just be y/2.
+
+ 
+
+And the variance of x If we knew
+what y was would just be
+
+y squared over 12.
+
+All right, so notice
+what we've done.
+
+We've taken the second stage and
+we've said, let's pretend
+
+we know what happens in the
+first stage where we break it.
+
+And we know what y, the
+first break, was.
+
+Then the second stage becomes
+simple, because the average of
+
+x is just going to
+be the midpoint.
+
+Now what we do to calculate the
+actual expectation of x,
+
+well, we'll invoke the law
+of iterated expectations.
+
+So expectation of x is
+expectation of the conditional
+
+expectation of x given 1, which
+in this case is just
+
+expectation of y/2.
+
+And we know what the expectation
+of y is.
+
+It's l/2.
+
+And so this is just l/4.
+
+ 
+
+l/4.
+
+ 
+
+All right, and so notice
+what we've done.
+
+We've taken this calculation
+and done it in stages.
+
+So we assume we know where
+the first break is.
+
+Given that, the average location
+of the second break
+
+becomes simple.
+
+It's just in the midpoint.
+
+And then, we move up to
+the higher stage.
+
+And that now we average out
+over where the first break
+
+could have been.
+
+And that gives us our
+final answer.
+
+And notice that this actually
+makes sense, if we just think
+
+about it intuitively, because
+on average, the first break
+
+will be somewhere
+in the middle.
+
+And then that will leave us with
+half the stick left, and
+
+we break it again.
+
+On average, that will leave
+us with another half.
+
+So on average, you get a quarter
+of the original stick
+
+left, which makes sense.
+
+All right, so that's the first
+part, where we use the law of
+
+iterated expectations.
+
+Now, let's go to part B, where
+we're actually asked to find
+
+the variance.
+
+ 
+
+The variance is given by the
+law of total variance.
+
+So let's do it in stages.
+
+We'll first calculate the first
+term, the expectation of
+
+the conditional variance.
+
+ 
+
+Well, what is the expectation
+of the conditional variance?
+
+We've already calculated
+out what this
+
+conditional variance is.
+
+The conditional variance
+is y squared over 12.
+
+So let's just plug that in.
+
+It's expectation of
+y squared over 12.
+
+ 
+
+All right, now this looks like
+it could be a little difficult
+
+to calculate.
+
+But let's just first
+pull out the 1/12.
+
+And then remember, one way to
+calculate the expectation of
+
+the square of a random variable
+
+is to use the variance.
+
+So recall that the variance of
+any random variable is just
+
+expectation of the square
+minus the square of the
+
+expectation.
+
+So if we want to calculate the
+expectation of the square, we
+
+can just take the variance
+and add the square of the
+
+expectation.
+
+So this actually we can
+get pretty easily.
+
+It's actually just the variance
+of y plus the square
+
+of the expectation of y.
+
+ 
+
+And we know what these
+two terms are.
+
+The variance of y is
+l squared over 12.
+
+And the expectation
+of y is l/2.
+
+So when you square that, you
+get l squared over 4.
+
+ 
+
+So l squared over 12 plus l
+squared over 4 gives you l
+
+squared over 3.
+
+And you get that the first term
+is l squared over 36.
+
+ 
+
+All right, now let's calculate
+the second term.
+
+Second term is the variance of
+the conditional expectation.
+
+So the variance of expectation
+of x given y.
+
+ 
+
+Well, what is the expectation
+of x given y?
+
+We've already calculated that.
+
+That's y/2.
+
+So what we really want is
+the variance of y/2.
+
+And remember, when you have a
+constant inside the variance,
+
+you pull it out but
+you square it.
+
+So what you get is 1/4 the
+variance of y, which we know
+
+that the variance of y
+is l squared over 12.
+
+So we get that this is
+l squared over 48.
+
+ 
+
+OK, so we've calculated
+both terms of
+
+this conditional variance.
+
+So all we need to do to
+find the final answer
+
+is just to add them.
+
+So it's l squared over 36
+plus l squared over 48.
+
+And so, the final answer is
+7 l squared over 144.
+
+OK, and so this is the first,
+the expectation of x, maybe
+
+you could have guessed
+intuitively.
+
+But the variance of x is not
+something that looks like
+
+something that you could
+have calculated off
+
+the top of your head.
+
+And so I guess the lesson from
+this example is that it is
+
+often very helpful if you
+condition on some things,
+
+because it allows you to
+calculate things in stages and
+
+build up from the bottom.
+
+But it's important to note that
+the choice of what you
+
+condition on-- so the choice
+of y-- is actually very
+
+important, because you could
+choose lots of other y's that
+
+wouldn't actually
+help you at all.
+
+And so how to actually choose
+this y is something that you
+
+can learn based on just
+having practiced with
+
+these kinds of problems.
+
+So again, the overall lesson
+is, conditioning can often
+
+help when you calculate
+these problems.
+
+And so you should look
+to see if that could
+
+be a possible solution.
+
+So I hope that was helpful,
+and see you next time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/OCbC7fRsL7k.txt b/OCbC7fRsL7k.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b978d49afcd6362616770683ef2a6542015d88a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/OCbC7fRsL7k.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1803 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have now expressed in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have now expressed in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have now expressed in terms of the
+energy density on this mode Omega I the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy density on this mode Omega I the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy density on this mode Omega I the
+contribution to the transition amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution to the transition amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution to the transition amplitude
+the fact that all these modes are in act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that all these modes are in act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that all these modes are in act
+incoherently means that each one has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoherently means that each one has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoherently means that each one has a
+shot in producing the transition and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot in producing the transition and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot in producing the transition and the
+probabilities now must be added so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities now must be added so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities now must be added so the
+way to some probabilities now is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to some probabilities now is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to some probabilities now is the
+following if you have a sum over I of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following if you have a sum over I of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following if you have a sum over I of
+the frequencies on the I of some energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequencies on the I of some energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequencies on the I of some energy
+density U of I times any function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density U of I times any function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density U of I times any function of
+Omega I you can replace it by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega I you can replace it by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega I you can replace it by an
+integral the Omega instead of little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral the Omega instead of little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral the Omega instead of little
+Omega eyes that you're summing you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega eyes that you're summing you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega eyes that you're summing you now
+integrate over Omega the energy density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate over Omega the energy density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate over Omega the energy density
+of your radiation field times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your radiation field times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your radiation field times the
+function of Omega so instead of having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of Omega so instead of having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of Omega so instead of having a
+some of these things you now integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these things you now integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these things you now integrate
+over a continuous variable and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a continuous variable and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a continuous variable and this
+represents the energy density in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the energy density in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the energy density in the
+range this whole thing is the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range this whole thing is the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range this whole thing is the energy
+density in the range V Omega which is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density in the range V Omega which is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density in the range V Omega which is in
+that range the Omega the energy range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that range the Omega the energy range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that range the Omega the energy range
+the energy density is the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy density is the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy density is the sum of the
+energy densities of each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy densities of each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy densities of each of the
+contributions so that's what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions so that's what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions so that's what we're going
+to do here to express and to get our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do here to express and to get our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do here to express and to get our
+transition amplitude so we'll say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition amplitude so we'll say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition amplitude so we'll say that
+we have the sum over I of P a be I of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the sum over I of P a be I of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the sum over I of P a be I of T
+equals 8 PI over H squared integral u of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 8 PI over H squared integral u of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 8 PI over H squared integral u of
+Omega D Omega V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega D Omega V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega D Omega V
+a B and Omega sine squared of 1/2 Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a B and Omega sine squared of 1/2 Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a B and Omega sine squared of 1/2 Omega
+be a minus Omega T so all the Omega eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a minus Omega T so all the Omega eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a minus Omega T so all the Omega eyes
+have become omegas that's the variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have become omegas that's the variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have become omegas that's the variable
+of integration and this is information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of integration and this is information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of integration and this is information
+about your radiation field if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your radiation field if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your radiation field if it's a
+blackbody radiation we gave the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackbody radiation we gave the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackbody radiation we gave the formula
+last time so this is your transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time so this is your transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time so this is your transition
+amplitude then we have to try to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude then we have to try to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude then we have to try to do the
+integral this one I that remained here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what do we have to do now well is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we have to do now well is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we have to do now well is it
+again the kind of usual story we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the kind of usual story we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the kind of usual story we know
+that this factor from Fermi's Golden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this factor from Fermi's Golden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this factor from Fermi's Golden
+Rule tends to say basically you get only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rule tends to say basically you get only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rule tends to say basically you get only
+the contributions from Omega 's equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contributions from Omega 's equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contributions from Omega 's equal to
+Omega ba so whatever else is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega ba so whatever else is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega ba so whatever else is being
+integrated nothing varies as fast as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated nothing varies as fast as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated nothing varies as fast as
+this and you can take it out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and you can take it out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and you can take it out of the
+integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+approximating Omega 4 Omega ba so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximating Omega 4 Omega ba so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximating Omega 4 Omega ba so that
+is a little more delicate here so I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little more delicate here so I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little more delicate here so I will
+just write an equality here so it's 8 PI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write an equality here so it's 8 PI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write an equality here so it's 8 PI
+over H squared I'll take the U at Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over H squared I'll take the U at Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over H squared I'll take the U at Omega
+be a out of the integral this factor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a out of the integral this factor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a out of the integral this factor and
+I want to take this one out as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to take this one out as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to take this one out as well
+but this one is a little funny it's as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this one is a little funny it's as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this one is a little funny it's as I
+change the Omega the polarization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the Omega the polarization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the Omega the polarization of
+this electric field is going to come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this electric field is going to come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this electric field is going to come in
+all directions is going to come at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all directions is going to come at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all directions is going to come at
+random so even for a given frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random so even for a given frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random so even for a given frequency
+Omega there might be many modes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega there might be many modes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega there might be many modes of
+frequency Omega that are coming at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency Omega that are coming at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency Omega that are coming at the
+particle at different directions so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle at different directions so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle at different directions so and
+that's exactly what I would expect for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly what I would expect for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly what I would expect for
+thermal radiation which is truly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal radiation which is truly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal radiation which is truly the
+case we're doing here in coherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we're doing here in coherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we're doing here in coherent
+superposition of light so when I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of light so when I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of light so when I have
+this and I integrate over omegas the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I integrate over omegas the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I integrate over omegas the
+various omegas even for a given Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various omegas even for a given Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various omegas even for a given Omega
+there might be many lines that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be many lines that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be many lines that
+correspond to just a different direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to just a different direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to just a different direction
+because the field comes in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the field comes in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the field comes in all
+directions so the interpretation is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions so the interpretation is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions so the interpretation is that
+we can take this out but we must do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can take this out but we must do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can take this out but we must do an
+average over all directions of almonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average over all directions of almonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average over all directions of almonds
+so this factor will go out as the a B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this factor will go out as the a B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this factor will go out as the a B
+dot end but here we will average over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot end but here we will average over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot end but here we will average over
+all directions since of N and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all directions since of N and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all directions since of N and it's a
+square here so this is important because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square here so this is important because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square here so this is important because
+the field comes in all directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field comes in all directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field comes in all directions
+we've taken care of this then finally we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've taken care of this then finally we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've taken care of this then finally we
+have the integral the Omega of this sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the integral the Omega of this sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the integral the Omega of this sine
+squared function alright so a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared function alright so a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared function alright so a couple of
+things still remain to be done one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things still remain to be done one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things still remain to be done one thing
+that I don't think we need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't think we need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't think we need to do
+explicitly again is this integral we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly again is this integral we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly again is this integral we've
+done it a couple of times you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it a couple of times you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it a couple of times you do a
+change of variables the P will go out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of variables the P will go out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of variables the P will go out
+linearly and this becomes an integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly and this becomes an integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly and this becomes an integral of
+sine squared over x squared which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine squared over x squared which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine squared over x squared which is
+equal to PI and so this integral has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to PI and so this integral has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to PI and so this integral has
+been done a couple of times let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been done a couple of times let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been done a couple of times let me just
+write the answer to this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the answer to this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the answer to this thing is
+one-half P times pi it's linear in T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-half P times pi it's linear in T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-half P times pi it's linear in T
+that we've observed and it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've observed and it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've observed and it's pretty
+important that it's linear in T because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that it's linear in T because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that it's linear in T because
+that means that the probability you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that the probability you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that the probability you
+don't know with we've been writing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know with we've been writing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know with we've been writing this
+thing the probability of transition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the probability of transition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the probability of transition is
+linear in time therefore you can divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear in time therefore you can divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear in time therefore you can divide
+by time to get the rate of transition so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by time to get the rate of transition so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by time to get the rate of transition so
+we're almost there let's put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're almost there let's put this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're almost there let's put this
+together we have this is the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together we have this is the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together we have this is the sum of
+piece and there's this thinner so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and there's this thinner so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and there's this thinner so the
+transition rate W from B to a is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition rate W from B to a is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition rate W from B to a is this
+probability divided by time so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability divided by time so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability divided by time so it's
+gonna cancel this time then the Q is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna cancel this time then the Q is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna cancel this time then the Q is
+going to give a for the pi is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give a for the pi is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give a for the pi is going to
+give a PI squared there's gonna be an H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a PI squared there's gonna be an H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a PI squared there's gonna be an H
+squared there's gonna be this factor D a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared there's gonna be this factor D a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared there's gonna be this factor D a
+B dot and squared and there's gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B dot and squared and there's gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B dot and squared and there's gonna be
+the U of Omega B a so this is gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U of Omega B a so this is gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U of Omega B a so this is gonna be
+the rate width divided by T the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate width divided by T the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate width divided by T the previous
+result and there we have it we're almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result and there we have it we're almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result and there we have it we're almost
+finished with the calculation the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished with the calculation the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished with the calculation the rate
+is here the only difficulty here is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here the only difficulty here is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here the only difficulty here is this
+average but it it's not complicated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average but it it's not complicated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average but it it's not complicated in
+fact doing this average it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact doing this average it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact doing this average it's actually
+kind of simple so let's do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what is it it's all the matter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is it it's all the matter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is it it's all the matter of
+writing things properly here there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing things properly here there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing things properly here there's the
+average of the a B dot and squared so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of the a B dot and squared so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of the a B dot and squared so
+this is the average of the a B dot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+complex conjugate times the a B dot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex conjugate times the a B dot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex conjugate times the a B dot and
+so it's good to do these things because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's good to do these things because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's good to do these things because
+actually you have to face as to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you have to face as to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you have to face as to what
+these symbols really mean VAB is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these symbols really mean VAB is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these symbols really mean VAB is a
+vector with complex components electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector with complex components electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector with complex components electric
+field is a vector but has real combines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is a vector but has real combines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is a vector but has real combines
+da B is a vector why is it a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+da B is a vector why is it a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+da B is a vector why is it a vector
+because it has a vector index here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has a vector index here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has a vector index here it
+really came from this operator over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really came from this operator over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really came from this operator over
+there these QR so it's XY and Z and each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there these QR so it's XY and Z and each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there these QR so it's XY and Z and each
+one has matrix elements between states a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one has matrix elements between states a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one has matrix elements between states a
+and B and with matrix elements between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B and with matrix elements between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B and with matrix elements between
+states a and B that are complex wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states a and B that are complex wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states a and B that are complex wave
+functions this can be complex numbers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions this can be complex numbers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions this can be complex numbers so
+in general this D a B is a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general this D a B is a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general this D a B is a complex
+vector and the star is necessary here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and the star is necessary here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and the star is necessary here so
+let's so this is a number this however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's so this is a number this however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's so this is a number this however
+is a number and I took the number start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a number and I took the number start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a number and I took the number start
+of the number and average so the dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the number and average so the dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the number and average so the dot
+products can be written as sum so output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products can be written as sum so output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products can be written as sum so output
+here sum over I and the sum over J V a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here sum over I and the sum over J V a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here sum over I and the sum over J V a
+be the eye from ponen times and I the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the eye from ponen times and I the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the eye from ponen times and I the
+I've component here this should be star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've component here this should be star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've component here this should be star
+and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the
+her eyes the first dot product the a bj
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her eyes the first dot product the a bj
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her eyes the first dot product the a bj
+and J the sum over J is the second dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and J the sum over J is the second dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and J the sum over J is the second dot
+product this bees are numbers so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product this bees are numbers so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product this bees are numbers so they
+don't have anything to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have anything to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have anything to do with the
+average that we're doing over different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average that we're doing over different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average that we're doing over different
+direction so we have I and J of the I a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so we have I and J of the I a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so we have I and J of the I a
+be star Vijay a B times the average of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be star Vijay a B times the average of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be star Vijay a B times the average of n
+I and J this average if you wish you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and J this average if you wish you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and J this average if you wish you
+could simply do it if you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could simply do it if you don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could simply do it if you don't want to
+use symmetry arguments to do an average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use symmetry arguments to do an average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use symmetry arguments to do an average
+like that you take a vector parameterize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that you take a vector parameterize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that you take a vector parameterize
+it with theta and Phi and just do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with theta and Phi and just do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with theta and Phi and just do the
+integral over solid angle and divide by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over solid angle and divide by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over solid angle and divide by
+four pi this should give you the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four pi this should give you the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four pi this should give you the same
+answer if you're uncomfortable with what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer if you're uncomfortable with what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer if you're uncomfortable with what
+we're gonna say now you should do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna say now you should do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna say now you should do that
+because that average just means take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that average just means take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that average just means take the
+vector n integrate it over all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector n integrate it over all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector n integrate it over all
+directions all solid angles and average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions all solid angles and average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions all solid angles and average
+so what is this n I and J I claim this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is this n I and J I claim this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is this n I and J I claim this
+thing is one-third Delta IJ and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is one-third Delta IJ and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is one-third Delta IJ and it's
+based on the following idea that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the following idea that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the following idea that the
+average between NX and NY by the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average between NX and NY by the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average between NX and NY by the time
+you integrate over the sphere is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you integrate over the sphere is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you integrate over the sphere is zero
+the average of diagonal things don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average of diagonal things don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average of diagonal things don't
+have averages an X with NX however would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have averages an X with NX however would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have averages an X with NX however would
+have an average because it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an average because it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an average because it's always
+positive and Y with an Y would have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and Y with an Y would have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and Y with an Y would have an
+average because always positive and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average because always positive and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average because always positive and then
+Z with NZ would have an average and each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z with NZ would have an average and each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z with NZ would have an average and each
+one of these three would be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these three would be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these three would be this
+saying because there's no real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying because there's no real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying because there's no real
+difference with the x y&z directions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference with the x y&z directions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference with the x y&z directions and
+therefore you have three things and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you have three things and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you have three things and at
+the end of the day this average of NH +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the day this average of NH +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the day this average of NH +
+X + NY + y + MZ + Z is the average of M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X + NY + y + MZ + Z is the average of M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X + NY + y + MZ + Z is the average of M
+squared which is equal to 1 so it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared which is equal to 1 so it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared which is equal to 1 so it should
+be equal to 1 so the each one of this n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to 1 so the each one of this n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to 1 so the each one of this n
+X + X or n y + y + Z + Z must add up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X + X or n y + y + Z + Z must add up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X + X or n y + y + Z + Z must add up to
+a total of 1 therefore this is the 1/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a total of 1 therefore this is the 1/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a total of 1 therefore this is the 1/3
+so that's what this is and if you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what this is and if you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what this is and if you find
+this a little funny should do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a little funny should do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a little funny should do the
+integral and then think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and then think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and then think about this
+argument again so anyway that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument again so anyway that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument again so anyway that's the
+answer and therefore we get 1/3 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and therefore we get 1/3 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and therefore we get 1/3 and the
+Delta IJ establishes a dot product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta IJ establishes a dot product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta IJ establishes a dot product
+between these two things so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two things so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two things so this is the
+a B vector star dotted with V ay B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a B vector star dotted with V ay B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a B vector star dotted with V ay B
+vector this is a vector complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector this is a vector complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector this is a vector complex
+conjugated because we said the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugated because we said the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugated because we said the
+components can be complex so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components can be complex so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components can be complex so that's the
+answer and most people like to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and most people like to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and most people like to just
+simply write it as the a B vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply write it as the a B vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply write it as the a B vector
+squared like that but this is not just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared like that but this is not just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared like that but this is not just a
+vector dotted with itself is the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector dotted with itself is the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector dotted with itself is the vector
+dotted with its complex conjugate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotted with its complex conjugate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotted with its complex conjugate so
+with this number the whole formula is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this number the whole formula is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this number the whole formula is
+now finished is the final form the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now finished is the final form the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now finished is the final form the rate
+for spontaneous transition triggered by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for spontaneous transition triggered by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for spontaneous transition triggered by
+electromagnetic fields an incoherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic fields an incoherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic fields an incoherent
+superposition of electromagnetic fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of electromagnetic fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of electromagnetic fields
+is 4pi squared we get the 1/3 here over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 4pi squared we get the 1/3 here over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 4pi squared we get the 1/3 here over
+3h squared the a B vector squared u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3h squared the a B vector squared u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3h squared the a B vector squared u
+Omega B a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's a transition rate per atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a transition rate per atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a transition rate per atom
+we've considered a single atom so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've considered a single atom so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've considered a single atom so it's
+decision rate per atom all right long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision rate per atom all right long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision rate per atom all right long
+derivation but a lot of physics in it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation but a lot of physics in it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation but a lot of physics in it a
+transition between discrete state god
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition between discrete state god
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition between discrete state god
+convoluted with an integral of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convoluted with an integral of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convoluted with an integral of the
+stimuli as it comes in and produce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimuli as it comes in and produce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimuli as it comes in and produce a
+nice result in this style of Fermi's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice result in this style of Fermi's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice result in this style of Fermi's
+Golden Rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Griffiths called that calls that a Fermi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Griffiths called that calls that a Fermi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Griffiths called that calls that a Fermi
+Golden Rule he works with SI units and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Golden Rule he works with SI units and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Golden Rule he works with SI units and
+there's epsilon zeros and different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's epsilon zeros and different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's epsilon zeros and different
+numbers of PI's there sorry we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of PI's there sorry we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of PI's there sorry we've
+checked this is consistent and can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checked this is consistent and can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checked this is consistent and can do
+much about that
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/P-0w8xWcnDQ.txt b/P-0w8xWcnDQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..11290a3ee93ad0808d8a2de34a647773450573e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/P-0w8xWcnDQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,331 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so let's look at the
+example are the in-class exercise with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example are the in-class exercise with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example are the in-class exercise with
+while Loops o good we got uh we got some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while Loops o good we got uh we got some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while Loops o good we got uh we got some
+varying responses here perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying responses here perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying responses here perfect
+so the code is you're in the L Force go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the code is you're in the L Force go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the code is you're in the L Force go
+left or right okay so here the Y Loop is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left or right okay so here the Y Loop is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left or right okay so here the Y Loop is
+checking if the input is equal to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking if the input is equal to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking if the input is equal to this
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+string okay and if it is type the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string okay and if it is type the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string okay and if it is type the same
+thing again and ask them for more input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing again and ask them for more input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing again and ask them for more input
+so my question was what happens when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my question was what happens when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my question was what happens when you
+type in capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type in capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type in capital
+rht and I think the majority of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rht and I think the majority of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rht and I think the majority of the
+class is getting it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is getting it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is getting it right
+and maybe the people who got who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe the people who got who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe the people who got who
+answered this are maybe changing their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answered this are maybe changing their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answered this are maybe changing their
+answer to something else but you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to something else but you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to something else but you're
+right so you ask the question again go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you ask the question again go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you ask the question again go
+left or right and that's because python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left or right and that's because python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left or right and that's because python
+again is very very particular right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is very very particular right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is very very particular right
+we're telling it that the user input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're telling it that the user input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're telling it that the user input
+must match this string exactly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must match this string exactly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must match this string exactly so
+capital r i GT is going to be um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital r i GT is going to be um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital r i GT is going to be um is
+going to even though it says right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to even though it says right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to even though it says right it's
+it doesn't match up so if you wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't match up so if you wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't match up so if you wanted
+I'll just show you in this example here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just show you in this example here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just show you in this example here
+if you wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wanted
+to to take care of that case then you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to take care of that case then you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to take care of that case then you'd
+add this little this little um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add this little this little um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add this little this little um this
+little you expand on this line right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little you expand on this line right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little you expand on this line right
+here which says while n is equal equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which says while n is equal equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which says while n is equal equal
+to write or n is equal equal to capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write or n is equal equal to capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write or n is equal equal to capital
+r ght or whatever other cases you'd want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r ght or whatever other cases you'd want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r ght or whatever other cases you'd want
+to take care of okay
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/PLRK4oOkXuI.txt b/PLRK4oOkXuI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..21ea3fba1d2f4bdae0feca607547a54ecb7c07b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PLRK4oOkXuI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+Hello.
+
+This week we'll
+discuss how analytics
+
+can be used to make
+recommendations
+
+for movies and for health.
+
+In the first lecture,
+we discuss how
+
+Netflix offered the
+million dollar prize
+
+to improve their movie
+recommendation system.
+
+In the second lecture, we
+discuss how health care claims
+
+data can be used to predict the
+occurrence of a heart attack
+
+and to better
+understand patterns.
+
+Through these examples,
+we'll discuss the method
+
+of plastering, which is
+used to find similarities
+
+and patterns in data.
+
+Let's get started.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Psks_KK0YZ8.txt b/Psks_KK0YZ8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..728c47f353e0a781d5d511a118914a4cd3af77e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Psks_KK0YZ8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1383 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi welcome back to recitation in lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back to recitation in lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back to recitation in lecture
+you've been learning about applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been learning about applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been learning about applications
+of integration and one of them is a how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of integration and one of them is a how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of integration and one of them is a how
+to compute average values of a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute average values of a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute average values of a function
+so I have a nice average value problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have a nice average value problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have a nice average value problem
+for you here so Christine was out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you here so Christine was out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you here so Christine was out
+jogging one day and she saw a bear and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jogging one day and she saw a bear and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jogging one day and she saw a bear and
+so she broke into a Sprint so she starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she broke into a Sprint so she starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she broke into a Sprint so she starts
+speeding up and her velocity T seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeding up and her velocity T seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeding up and her velocity T seconds
+after she started sprinting is given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after she started sprinting is given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after she started sprinting is given by
+V of T equals 1500 ided the quantity 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V of T equals 1500 ided the quantity 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V of T equals 1500 ided the quantity 100
+plus t - 5^ 2 the whole thing- 7 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus t - 5^ 2 the whole thing- 7 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus t - 5^ 2 the whole thing- 7 and
+it's in m/s um so okay so she so she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in m/s um so okay so she so she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in m/s um so okay so she so she
+starts at at T equals 0 Z she's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts at at T equals 0 Z she's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts at at T equals 0 Z she's going
+1500 divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1500 divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1500 divided
+125 so that's 12 - 7 so 5 m/ Second and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+125 so that's 12 - 7 so 5 m/ Second and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+125 so that's 12 - 7 so 5 m/ Second and
+she starts to speed up and after 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she starts to speed up and after 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she starts to speed up and after 5
+Seconds she's going, 1500 divided well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seconds she's going, 1500 divided well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seconds she's going, 1500 divided well
+this is zero so that's 15 so she's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is zero so that's 15 so she's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is zero so that's 15 so she's going
+8 m/ second at at 5 seconds and then she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 m/ second at at 5 seconds and then she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 m/ second at at 5 seconds and then she
+looks over her shoulder and she sees oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks over her shoulder and she sees oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks over her shoulder and she sees oh
+no it wasn't a bear it was just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it wasn't a bear it was just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it wasn't a bear it was just an
+unkempt math graduate student so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unkempt math graduate student so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unkempt math graduate student so then
+she starts to slow down again um she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she starts to slow down again um she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she starts to slow down again um she
+slows back down and 10 seconds later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slows back down and 10 seconds later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slows back down and 10 seconds later
+she's back to her original her original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's back to her original her original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's back to her original her original
+velocity so the the question is over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity so the the question is over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity so the the question is over the
+10 seconds of this Sprint she sped up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 seconds of this Sprint she sped up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 seconds of this Sprint she sped up
+she slowed down um from 5 m/ Second to 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she slowed down um from 5 m/ Second to 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she slowed down um from 5 m/ Second to 8
+m/ Second and then back to five what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m/ Second and then back to five what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m/ Second and then back to five what was
+her average velocity over this time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her average velocity over this time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her average velocity over this time so
+why don't you pause the video take some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't you pause the video take some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't you pause the video take some
+time to work that out come back and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to work that out come back and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to work that out come back and we
+can work on it together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so hopefully you had some luck working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hopefully you had some luck working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hopefully you had some luck working
+on this problem I have over on my left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this problem I have over on my left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this problem I have over on my left
+here a little picture of the graph of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a little picture of the graph of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a little picture of the graph of
+this function V of t i described it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function V of t i described it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function V of t i described it to
+you earlier but just you see okay so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you earlier but just you see okay so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you earlier but just you see okay so it
+starts at at five after 5 seconds it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts at at five after 5 seconds it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts at at five after 5 seconds it's
+at eight and then it goes back down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at eight and then it goes back down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at eight and then it goes back down to
+to five at 10 seconds so this is roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to five at 10 seconds so this is roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to five at 10 seconds so this is roughly
+the the picture just so we have a feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the picture just so we have a feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the picture just so we have a feel
+for what we're working with now what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what we're working with now what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what we're working with now what we
+want to compute is the average velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to compute is the average velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to compute is the average velocity
+for this time so anytime you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this time so anytime you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this time so anytime you have to
+compute an average value of any function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute an average value of any function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute an average value of any function
+what you want to do you always do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want to do you always do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want to do you always do the
+same thing so you want to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing so you want to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing so you want to compute the
+the total contribution of that function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total contribution of that function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total contribution of that function
+over the interval in question so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the interval in question so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the interval in question so you
+want to add it up you want to integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to add it up you want to integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to add it up you want to integrate
+it over the interval in question but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it over the interval in question but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it over the interval in question but
+then you want to divide by the length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you want to divide by the length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you want to divide by the length of
+the integral so in particular when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral so in particular when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral so in particular when you
+have a velocity function what that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a velocity function what that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a velocity function what that means
+is you integrate the velocity so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you integrate the velocity so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you integrate the velocity so that
+gives you the total distance traveled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the total distance traveled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the total distance traveled
+and then you divide by the time interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you divide by the time interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you divide by the time interval
+So you you're just taking total distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you you're just taking total distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you you're just taking total distance
+divided by total time so in this case we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by total time so in this case we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by total time so in this case we
+can write down this average value so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write down this average value so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write down this average value so I'm
+going to use just a a madeup notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use just a a madeup notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use just a a madeup notation
+I'm going to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to write
+AVG for average of V so what is it well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AVG for average of V so what is it well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AVG for average of V so what is it well
+okay so so the first thing I have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so the first thing I have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so the first thing I have to do
+is I I want to not forget to divide by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I I want to not forget to divide by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I I want to not forget to divide by
+that by the length of the interval here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by the length of the interval here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by the length of the interval here
+so in this case the interval is from 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case the interval is from 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case the interval is from 0
+to 10 so it has length 10 minus 0 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 10 so it has length 10 minus 0 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 10 so it has length 10 minus 0 which
+is 10 so I want 1 over 10 in front and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 10 so I want 1 over 10 in front and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 10 so I want 1 over 10 in front and
+now what I want to multiply this by is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what I want to multiply this by is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what I want to multiply this by is I
+want to multiply it by by the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to multiply it by by the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to multiply it by by the integral
+over this entire interval of my function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this entire interval of my function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this entire interval of my function
+V so I just take the formula that I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V so I just take the formula that I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V so I just take the formula that I had
+over there for V and I plop it down into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there for V and I plop it down into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there for V and I plop it down into
+my integral so it's the integral from 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my integral so it's the integral from 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my integral so it's the integral from 0
+to 10 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 10 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 10 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divid 100 + t -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divid 100 + t -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divid 100 + t -
+5^ 2ar -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5^ 2ar -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5^ 2ar -
+7 DT so this integral is the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 DT so this integral is the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 DT so this integral is the average
+value that we're looking for okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that we're looking for okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that we're looking for okay so now
+we have to go about evaluating it now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to go about evaluating it now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to go about evaluating it now
+this looks kind of ugly but actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks kind of ugly but actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks kind of ugly but actually
+it's not that bad I mean one thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that bad I mean one thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that bad I mean one thing you
+can notice so the the minus 7 part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can notice so the the minus 7 part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can notice so the the minus 7 part
+that's going to be easy to take care of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be easy to take care of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be easy to take care of
+and then in this more complicated part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in this more complicated part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in this more complicated part
+well there's a kind of obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's a kind of obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's a kind of obvious
+substitution here you could set u equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution here you could set u equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution here you could set u equal
+T minus 5 that'll simplify it a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T minus 5 that'll simplify it a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T minus 5 that'll simplify it a little
+bit and then what you'll see is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and then what you'll see is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and then what you'll see is that
+you'll have an integrand of the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have an integrand of the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have an integrand of the form
+something divided by 100 + u^2 and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something divided by 100 + u^2 and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something divided by 100 + u^2 and so
+that that's 10^ 2 + u^2 so that should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's 10^ 2 + u^2 so that should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's 10^ 2 + u^2 so that should
+keep and the something is a constant so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep and the something is a constant so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep and the something is a constant so
+that should put you in the mind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should put you in the mind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should put you in the mind of like
+a tangent substitution or just even not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tangent substitution or just even not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tangent substitution or just even not
+by substitution you could just remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by substitution you could just remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by substitution you could just remember
+that that's an arc tangent uh type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's an arc tangent uh type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's an arc tangent uh type of
+thing that you're going to get out so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you're going to get out so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you're going to get out so
+I'm not going to go through all the all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to go through all the all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to go through all the all
+the steps of doing that um but what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steps of doing that um but what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steps of doing that um but what you
+should get at the end well okay so I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get at the end well okay so I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get at the end well okay so I've
+got I've got this one tenth out in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got I've got this one tenth out in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got I've got this one tenth out in front
+so I have to not forget about that so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have to not forget about that so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have to not forget about that so I
+get one tenth times so I've gone ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get one tenth times so I've gone ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get one tenth times so I've gone ahead
+and I've computed the anti-derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've computed the anti-derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've computed the anti-derivative
+and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time AR tan of the quantity t - 5 / 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time AR tan of the quantity t - 5 / 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time AR tan of the quantity t - 5 / 10
+so here that here's that T minus 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here that here's that T minus 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here that here's that T minus 5
+that's the same T minus 5 over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same T minus 5 over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same T minus 5 over there
+that's coming out minus 7 T and you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's coming out minus 7 T and you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's coming out minus 7 T and you want
+to take that between tal 0 and T = 10 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take that between tal 0 and T = 10 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take that between tal 0 and T = 10 so
+this is I've just I've gone ahead I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is I've just I've gone ahead I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is I've just I've gone ahead I've
+computed the anti-derivative for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed the anti-derivative for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed the anti-derivative for us
+there's my 1/10th because I'm doing an a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's my 1/10th because I'm doing an a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's my 1/10th because I'm doing an a
+value and then I'm it's a definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and then I'm it's a definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and then I'm it's a definite
+integral and so I'm using fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and so I'm using fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and so I'm using fundamental
+theorem of calculus there are my bounce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem of calculus there are my bounce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem of calculus there are my bounce
+okay so now we just have to plug in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we just have to plug in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we just have to plug in an
+evaluate so this is equal to so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate so this is equal to so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate so this is equal to so let's
+see so we've got when we put in t equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so we've got when we put in t equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so we've got when we put in t equals
+10 well the 110th and the 150 gives me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 well the 110th and the 150 gives me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 well the 110th and the 150 gives me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aran of 12 minus well it's 1/10 of 7 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aran of 12 minus well it's 1/10 of 7 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aran of 12 minus well it's 1/10 of 7 *
+10 is just 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 is just 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 is just 7
+that's from the first one and from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's from the first one and from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's from the first one and from the
+second one I get minus so it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one I get minus so it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one I get minus so it's going to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aran of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aran of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aran of
+minus 12 when I put in t equals 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 12 when I put in t equals 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 12 when I put in t equals 0 and
+when I put in t equals 0 the 7t is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I put in t equals 0 the 7t is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I put in t equals 0 the 7t is just
+zero okay this is a little messy we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay this is a little messy we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay this is a little messy we can
+simplify it a little bit because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify it a little bit because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify it a little bit because
+remember arct tangent is an odd function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember arct tangent is an odd function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember arct tangent is an odd function
+So arct Tan of minus X is minus AR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So arct Tan of minus X is minus AR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So arct Tan of minus X is minus AR
+tangent of X so -5 Aran -2 is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent of X so -5 Aran -2 is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent of X so -5 Aran -2 is the the
+same as just 15 AR tan 1/2 and so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as just 15 AR tan 1/2 and so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as just 15 AR tan 1/2 and so we can
+combine those so we can rewrite that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine those so we can rewrite that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine those so we can rewrite that
+let's go all the way over here we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go all the way over here we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go all the way over here we can
+rewrite this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this as
+30 AR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 AR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 AR
+tan 12 minus 7 so that's about as nice a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tan 12 minus 7 so that's about as nice a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tan 12 minus 7 so that's about as nice a
+form as you can make this take if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form as you can make this take if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form as you can make this take if you
+wanted to plug it into a calculator I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to plug it into a calculator I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to plug it into a calculator I
+think you'd see that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you'd see that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you'd see that this is
+approximately equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to
+6.9 and I guess the units there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.9 and I guess the units there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.9 and I guess the units there are
+going to be meters per second so her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be meters per second so her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be meters per second so her
+average V velocity over this time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average V velocity over this time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average V velocity over this time is
+about 6.9 m/s let's just quickly recap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 6.9 m/s let's just quickly recap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 6.9 m/s let's just quickly recap
+what we did so we started all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did so we started all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did so we started all the way
+back here with this velocity function V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back here with this velocity function V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back here with this velocity function V
+and we wanted to compute its average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we wanted to compute its average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we wanted to compute its average
+value over the interval 0 less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value over the interval 0 less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value over the interval 0 less than or
+equal to T less than or equal to 10 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to T less than or equal to 10 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to T less than or equal to 10 so
+we did what we always do in problems of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did what we always do in problems of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did what we always do in problems of
+that sort so we came over here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort so we came over here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort so we came over here and
+whenever you want to compute an average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you want to compute an average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you want to compute an average
+value you take 1 / the length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value you take 1 / the length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value you take 1 / the length of the
+interval in question times then just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval in question times then just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval in question times then just you
+integrate the function whose average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate the function whose average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate the function whose average
+value you want over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value you want over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value you want over the
+interval okay and so then we computed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval okay and so then we computed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval okay and so then we computed
+the well we didn't show any of the steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the well we didn't show any of the steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the well we didn't show any of the steps
+but we computed the the definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we computed the the definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we computed the the definite
+integral by taking the anti-derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral by taking the anti-derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral by taking the anti-derivative
+and plugging in all right and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and plugging in all right and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and plugging in all right and it
+happened that the answer worked out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened that the answer worked out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened that the answer worked out to
+be about 6.9 um so there you go I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be about 6.9 um so there you go I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be about 6.9 um so there you go I'll
+stop there
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/QFcyt8fgQMU.txt b/QFcyt8fgQMU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f787866660f8c0ea3ed3dc0207d5d0ff744f9141
--- /dev/null
+++ b/QFcyt8fgQMU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2794 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: So I'm excited
+about today's recitation,
+
+because if I do this
+right and you guys get it,
+
+then I can mess up every
+other recitation after it.
+
+And you'll still get
+the gist of 6.006.
+
+So all I have to do
+is get this working.
+
+So most of the time
+in the real world
+
+you're probably not going to be
+coming up with new algorithms
+
+to do something, but rather
+you'll have some code
+
+and you want to make it faster.
+
+And the first step
+in making it faster
+
+is you realize, how
+does it do right now?
+
+How does it run, which lines
+are slow, which lines are fast,
+
+and where you can
+make improvements.
+
+So in lecture we talked
+about the Python Cost Model
+
+which is what you use
+to look at the code
+
+and figure out how much
+time it takes to run.
+
+And we talked about
+document distance,
+
+which is a problem
+that we'll use
+
+to practice our analysis skills.
+
+And this entire
+recitation is all
+
+about looking at versions
+of document distance
+
+and analyzing them.
+
+So that's what we'll
+do, look at Python code,
+
+look at Python code,
+look at Python code.
+
+So you better have handouts,
+because I can't project.
+
+OK, how many people remember
+the document distance problem?
+
+You guys said you went
+to lecture, right?
+
+OK, so very, very fast,
+document distance.
+
+I have two documents.
+
+The fox is in the hat.
+
+And the fox is outside.
+
+Document 1, document 2.
+
+What's the first
+thing I want to do?
+
+So there are three operations
+that Eric mentioned in lecture.
+
+Operation one,
+take each document,
+
+break it up into words.
+
+Right?
+
+This is a string.
+
+When I read it, then it becomes
+word one, word two, word three,
+
+word four, so on and so forth.
+
+Operation two, build
+document vectors
+
+out of the two documents.
+
+So the documents are D1 and D2.
+
+A document vector
+is basically a list
+
+of the words in the documents
+with a count of how many times
+
+each word appears
+in the document.
+
+So let's build a document
+vector for document one.
+
+I'm not going to
+write it formally,
+
+so can anyone tell me
+what it should look like,
+
+and I'll sort of write
+it down as a list.
+
+So for all the words here,
+I want to list the words
+
+and how many times they show up.
+
+Somebody, please.
+
+AUDIENCE: The is in there twice?
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: OK.
+
+The, twice.
+
+AUDIENCE: Fox, once.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: One.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is, once.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: Is, one.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] in once.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: In, one.
+
+AUDIENCE: Hat once.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: Awesome.
+
+Thank you very much.
+
+Second one.
+
+Another volunteer.
+
+Yes, go for it.
+
+AUDIENCE: The, once.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: The, one.
+
+AUDIENCE: Fox, once.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: Fox, one
+
+AUDIENCE: Is, one.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: Is, one.
+
+AUDIENCE: Outside, one.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: Outside, one.
+
+OK, so this is a
+document vector.
+
+Notice two small details.
+
+Here, they is capitalized,
+here it's not,
+
+and yet I bundle them together.
+
+I know my grammar,
+so I put periods
+
+at the end of the
+sentences, and yet they
+
+don't show up anywhere here.
+
+So we got rid of
+the punctuation,
+
+and we made all words lowercase.
+
+These are details,
+but they are details
+
+that you'll see in
+the code, so if you're
+
+wondering why, this is why.
+
+So step one, read the document,
+make it a list of words.
+
+Step two, compute
+the document vector.
+
+Step three, take the
+two document vectors,
+
+and compute the angle.
+
+What is the angle of
+two document vectors?
+
+Big ugly math formula.
+
+The only thing that's relevant
+is that it takes these vectors
+
+and computes an inner product.
+
+So if we look at the code for
+angle vector, or vector angle,
+
+you'll see that because
+numerator denominator lines two
+
+and three, it calls
+inner product three times
+
+and then it does
+some math with it.
+
+We don't care about the math.
+
+We assume the math is order one.
+
+We only care about
+inner product.
+
+How does inner product work?
+
+Can anyone help me compute the
+inner product for these guys?
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: It's like
+the dot product?
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: OK.
+
+AUDIENCE: So, if we take the
+vectors and you multiply them,
+
+like, you're adding to
+the components, right?
+
+Because they're so thick--
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: OK, this
+is too complicated, then.
+
+I'm seriously
+depressed, so give me
+
+some clear instructions
+step by step.
+
+AUDIENCE: Like,
+I know you divide
+
+by the length of
+each of the vectors--
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: Let's
+not worry about that.
+
+I have these vectors, and
+I want an inner product.
+
+I don't care about the angle,
+just the inner product.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK, well do 2
+times 1 for the right.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: OK.
+
+So I take the here,
+shows up twice.
+
+I take the here, shows up once.
+
+2 times 1, right?
+
+AUDIENCE: Mhm.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: OK.
+
+And then?
+
+AUDIENCE: I would
+do the same for fox.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: OK, fox shows up
+here once, shows up here once,
+
+so what I do?
+
+AUDIENCE: 1 times 1.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: OK.
+
+AUDIENCE: And do
+the same for is.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: OK.
+
+AUDIENCE: And in should be 0.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: OK.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] in.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: OK.
+
+AUDIENCE: And then
+outside would also be 0,
+
+and hat would also be 0.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: OK.
+
+So it turns out you don't
+have to go through both lists.
+
+It's sufficient to go
+through one of the vectors
+
+and look up the words
+in the other vector.
+
+Because if the words don't
+show up in any of the vectors,
+
+their contribution
+is going to be 0.
+
+So my algorithm is go
+through each of the elements
+
+here, look up each of the words
+there, look up at the word
+
+here.
+
+And if there's a
+word here and here,
+
+take out the number of times
+it shows up in each document,
+
+multiply them, and
+then add everything up.
+
+So this is inner product.
+
+Everything else is good if
+you're writing a search engine
+
+or if you're using the
+scenario application,
+
+but we're not really
+concerned with it.
+
+OK, so now we have
+the three steps,
+
+read the document,
+break it up into words,
+
+compute document vectors,
+compute our inner product.
+
+So this is what we want to do.
+
+And document distance 1 does
+it in a painfully slow way,
+
+and we're probably not going to
+cover everything in recitation.
+
+But if you go all the way
+up to document distance 1,
+
+that's really, really fast.
+
+It's 1,000 times faster.
+
+So this is our job for the day.
+
+Let's look at the code.
+
+Did anyone look at
+the code beforehand?
+
+Nope.
+
+OK, so when I look at
+a big piece of code,
+
+I like to look at
+it from top down.
+
+So that means I start
+to the main function,
+
+I see who is it calling,
+I see what everything
+
+is trying to do, and then
+I go into the sub functions
+
+and recurves and basically
+do the same thing.
+
+So I build a tree of
+who's calling what,
+
+and that helps me figure
+out what's going on.
+
+So let's start with main.
+
+And let's look at main.
+
+Lines 1 through 6
+look at the arguments.
+
+We don't really care.
+
+Line 7 and 8 call word
+frequencies for file.
+
+I am abbreviating liberally.
+
+And then line 9
+calls vector angle.
+
+So line 7 and 8 read
+the two documents,
+
+do steps one and two, and
+then 9 does step three.
+
+OK.
+
+Word frequencies for files.
+
+So the point of this
+is to read a file
+
+and to produce a word
+document vector out of it.
+
+And it does it in three steps.
+
+Reads the file, line two.
+
+Breaks up the file into
+words, so operation one,
+
+this is line 3, and then line
+4, it takes up the list of words
+
+and computes a document
+vector out of it.
+
+I don't care about
+reading files because I'll
+
+assume this is
+somehow done for me.
+
+We care about the algorithms.
+
+So as far as I'm
+concerned, this function
+
+is calling get words
+from line list.
+
+Get words from line list,
+and count frequency.
+
+And if we skip all the
+way to vector angle--
+
+we already talked a little
+bit about how all it does
+
+is it calls inner
+product three times
+
+and then in does some
+fancy math of it.
+
+So this is how the code
+looks like big picture.
+
+OK, so to figure out the
+running time for main,
+
+we need to figure out the
+running time for these two
+
+functions and add
+them up, right?
+
+To figure out the
+running time for this,
+
+we need to figure
+out the running
+
+time for these functions and
+add them up, so on and so forth.
+
+So as you go through each of
+the document distance versions,
+
+you want keep a scorecard of the
+implementation that shows you
+
+what the running
+time is, and this
+
+helps you follow
+what was improved
+
+in each implementation.
+
+So let's look at to get
+words from line lists.
+
+What does it seem
+like its doing?
+
+Without reading the
+get words from string,
+
+can anyone tell me what
+it seems like it's doing?
+
+If you just read
+lines 1 through 6.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+through the list.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: OK.
+
+So it's getting an input list.
+
+And if you look at word
+frequencies for files
+
+at line 2, it names
+a variable line list.
+
+So it seems like
+what's happening is,
+
+reads a file into
+a list of lines.
+
+And then that list of lines goes
+to get words from line lists.
+
+So this is L in get
+words from line lists.
+
+So it takes a list of lines
+which is the entire document,
+
+and then?
+
+AUDIENCE: Basically it
+removes the new lines.
+
+It sticks it into one giant list
+rather than a list of lines,
+
+is that right?
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: Almost, so you
+seem to get words from string.
+
+Maybe we need to go
+through the function,
+
+but do see the get words
+from string function name?
+
+So I will assume that
+it does something
+
+with each of the words.
+
+And if the overall goal
+is to get a list of words,
+
+then I would assume that what
+that does is it takes a line
+
+and it breaks it up into words.
+
+Because this way, if
+you take up each line
+
+and break it up into
+words, then when
+
+we put all the words
+together we get the words
+
+that make up the document.
+
+Do people follow?
+
+Any questions?
+
+I like that people are nodding,
+by the way, keep doing that.
+
+That helps me go
+at the right speed.
+
+If you're not nodding, I'll
+keep explaining the same thing
+
+over and over again.
+
+OK, so get words from string.
+
+Get words from string takes up
+a single line, that's a string,
+
+and produces a list of words.
+
+And we saw in the
+example there that it
+
+has to take care of a few
+details such as making
+
+all the letters
+lowercase and ignoring
+
+punctuation and skipping spaces.
+
+So let's look at this code and
+figure out its running time.
+
+And the way we're going
+to do that is we're
+
+going to look at
+each line, and we're
+
+going to see what's
+the cost for that line
+
+and how many times does it run.
+
+And once we have
+those two numbers,
+
+we multiply them together
+and we see how much time
+
+does the program spend
+on that line in total.
+
+So I'm going to write
+down line numbers here.
+
+9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15.
+
+All the way to 23.
+
+Too low.
+
+20, 21, 22, 23.
+
+OK, so let's start
+with something easy,
+
+lines 9 and 10 How many
+times are they run?
+
+AUDIENCE: Once.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: OK.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+Once in this method?
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: Yep.
+
+So I'm only looking
+at this method.
+
+So assuming that the method
+gets one line, and the line has,
+
+I don't know, say, one
+line in characters,
+
+and we need another
+variable which
+
+we're going to figure out later.
+
+But for now, one
+line in characters.
+
+So how many times
+does line 9 run?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: OK.
+
+Runs once.
+
+How about line 10?
+
+AUDIENCE: Once.
+
+AUDIENCE: Once.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: OK.
+
+What do they do?
+
+Create new lists and
+assign them to variables.
+
+What's the cause for that?
+
+AUDIENCE: Constant [INAUDIBLE]
+
+VICTOR COSTAN:
+Constant, excellent.
+
+So I'll be skipping
+the order of so
+
+that I don't have to
+write it 23 times.
+
+So 1, 1.
+
+OK, line 11.
+
+It's iterates over all
+the characters in a line.
+
+So how many times
+is it going to run?
+
+AUDIENCE: Like, the line?
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: OK, which is?
+
+AUDIENCE: Line end characters.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: Awesome.
+
+And just the fact of
+iterating takes constant time.
+
+I'm not sure we covered that.
+
+So for each character, test if
+it's an alphanumeric character.
+
+Does anyone know what
+alphanumeric means?
+
+AUDIENCE: It's a
+letter and a number.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: OK, so fancy
+word for letter or number,
+
+A through Z, 0 through 9.
+
+So how much time
+does it take to test
+
+if a character is alphanumeric?
+
+Guesses?
+
+AUDIENCE: Constant.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: OK,
+so constant time.
+
+You compare it to the
+range A, Z and 0, 9.
+
+How many times am I doing it?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+VICTOR COSTAN:
+Thank you guys, this
+
+is going much faster
+than the last recitation.
+
+You guys are active, I like it.
+
+So, now for line 13.
+
+That only gets executed
+when the character
+
+is an alphanumeric character.
+
+So we're going to have
+to make some assumptions
+
+about the document.
+
+And to make my
+life easier, we're
+
+going to make the
+following assumption.
+
+If this is a natural
+language like, say, English,
+
+words are going to be
+a constant size, right?
+
+How many 500-character
+words do you see in English?
+
+So let's say 5 to 10
+characters per word.
+
+And since the
+difference is so small,
+
+I'm going to say all the
+words have the same size
+
+W. And if you want
+to be more formal,
+
+you can replace word
+length with average length,
+
+and the math works out.
+
+So each line has
+a number of words,
+
+and the words are separated
+by exactly one space,
+
+and the word has W characters.
+
+So how many words do
+I have, by the way?
+
+AUDIENCE: N divided by W.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: OK, good.
+
+Someone's paying
+close attention.
+
+N divided by W plus 1.
+
+And the reason
+that is, is a line
+
+would look like this, word,
+space, word, space, word,
+
+space.
+
+So W, characters, one space,
+W, characters, one space, W,
+
+characters, one space.
+
+That's why you have
+W plus 1 there.
+
+When we look at
+asymptotics it turns out
+
+that it doesn't really matter
+because W's a constant,
+
+W plus 1 is a constant,
+so order and words.
+
+But for now, let's keep track of
+W's to seem a bit more formal.
+
+So line 13.
+
+How many times is
+it going to run?
+
+AUDIENCE: W times
+10 over W plus one.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: Excellent.
+
+Let me pull them out.
+
+How much time does it
+take to run [INAUDIBLE].
+
+AUDIENCE: Constant?
+
+VICTOR COSTAN:
+Constant time, append,
+
+covered in lecture,
+constant time.
+
+So this is a bit tricky
+because if you have an array
+
+implementation that's naive,
+it's not constant time.
+
+But Python does some magic
+called table doubling, which
+
+we'll cover later in the course.
+
+And this is why you can say
+that append takes constant time.
+
+OK.
+
+Else, so if the character
+is not alphanumeric,
+
+than what's going on here?
+
+Can anyone see what's
+happening there?
+
+AUDIENCE: If its
+like, [INAUDIBLE].
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: OK, so
+let's say if it's a space.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: Yeah,
+this the harder part.
+
+I think you need to
+run this on an example
+
+to figure out what's going on.
+
+I have to run it on
+an example in my head.
+
+So let's take this small example
+here, the fox is outside.
+
+And this is a
+single line, right?
+
+Nice and handy.
+
+So this can be the input
+for get words from string.
+
+And let's see what happens.
+
+So first I start with word list
+which is empty list, character,
+
+lists, empty list.
+
+Take the first character,
+it's alphanumeric,
+
+gets appended here, the second
+character, alphanumeric,
+
+appended here, third
+character, alphanumeric,
+
+gets appended here.
+
+Fourth character,
+not alphanumeric,
+
+so I get to run
+lines 15 through 18.
+
+OK, I did the easy part.
+
+Someone walk me
+through the hard part.
+
+What happens in
+lines 15 through 18?
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: First, it takes
+that list and joins it
+
+into a string. [INAUDIBLE]
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: OK, so this
+is a list of characters.
+
+And join takes the list and
+makes a string out of it.
+
+So I'll have the string the.
+
+OK, excellent.
+
+AUDIENCE: And it converts
+it all to lower case.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: OK.
+
+AUDIENCE: End up [INAUDIBLE]
+that to the word list.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: The world
+list is up here, right?
+
+So this is going to have the.
+
+AUDIENCE: And then it clears
+the character list, [INAUDIBLE].
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: OK.
+
+So now as I go through the
+next word, I have F-O-X.
+
+Then this becomes the word,
+and it gets added here.
+
+So on and so forth
+for everything.
+
+Do people see how
+this method works now?
+
+I'm not getting that
+many nods, so questions.
+
+If I don't get nods,
+I'll stop and you guys
+
+have to ask what
+you're confused about.
+
+AUDIENCE: I think it's a
+little tricky because instead
+
+of saying if it's not an
+alphanumeric character,
+
+it's just like well, if
+the length of the list
+
+is greater than 0, which
+threw me off initially,
+
+but then I realized it
+was just, like, omission.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: OK, so
+why does it do this?
+
+What is the point of the
+length of the character list?
+
+AUDIENCE: So that
+there are two spaces.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: Excellent.
+
+So here I was nice and I had
+one space, one space, one space.
+
+But if I'm sloppy when I'm
+typing and I have two spaces
+
+here, then suppose this is
+space, space-- kind a small,
+
+but pretend.
+
+Go with me here.
+
+So we got here.
+
+We got the fox is.
+
+And then this list is
+empty because line 18 just
+
+made it empty.
+
+If I run the code the
+lines 15 through 18,
+
+it's going to add an
+empty word up here.
+
+And empty words
+aren't very useful.
+
+You'll see how many
+times the documents have
+
+too many spaces in them, so
+that doesn't really help.
+
+AUDIENCE: I mean, isn't
+that not an issue,
+
+because you call if C is
+L1 before you actually
+
+get to that.
+
+So you'd run through it
+again, but you would still
+
+just skip over that.
+
+That would fail, I
+mean it would not
+
+do anything for that equation.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: So first space.
+
+C as L now fails.
+
+I run lines 15 through 18.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yep.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: Right?
+
+I have is here.
+
+This becomes empty.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yep.
+
+AUDIENCE: Second space,
+C as L now fails again.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yep.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: And if I
+wouldn't have the length check,
+
+it would run lines
+15 through 18 again.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, OK.
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: OK, so this is
+what it's trying to prevent.
+
+So you can see that this code
+looks complicated, right?
+
+It's trying to do a lot of
+things, it's complicated,
+
+it's hard to analyze.
+
+Oh, well, let's go with it.
+
+Let's try to finish
+it up quickly.
+
+So now that we know
+what it does, let's
+
+try to figure out how
+many times each line runs
+
+and what's the cost?
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: So I think the
+total cost is N times 1
+
+minus W over W plus 1.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: Wait, so here?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: OK, so you're
+saying N times 1 minus.
+
+OK.
+
+Why do you say that?
+
+I like it, but why?
+
+OK, it's because it's everything
+that is in the character,
+
+and the line above
+it was characters--
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: OK.
+
+AUDIENCE: --all
+alphanumeric, [INAUDIBLE]
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: So
+basically spaces, right?
+
+If we have word, space,
+word, space, word, space,
+
+this happens for all the spaces.
+
+Cool.
+
+So this is good.
+
+I'm going to make
+it a bit simpler.
+
+Same thing, it's just that it's
+slightly less intimidating.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, yeah.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: Cool, thank you.
+
+Very brave, come up first.
+
+What's the running
+time for line 14?
+
+So, cost for running it once.
+
+AUDIENCE: Constant.
+
+Excellent.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: I like you guys.
+
+Nice.
+
+Line 15, how much
+time does it to take
+
+to take characters and
+put them into a list?
+
+AUDIENCE: N?
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: N--
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: --where N is
+the size of the list, right?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: OK.
+
+So what's the size
+of the list now?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: Yep.
+
+OK, so when you're using
+more than one letter,
+
+the problem is you have to
+pay attention to which one
+
+you're using.
+
+Because when we
+teach algorithms,
+
+we say oh, this is N, this is
+N squared, so on and so forth.
+
+You have to replace it
+to the right letter.
+
+And I get confused about
+this all the time, so--
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: --a
+serious problem.
+
+AUDIENCE: --columns?
+
+What are the two columns?
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: So this is the
+cost of running a line once,
+
+and this is how
+many times it's run.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, OK.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: Thanks
+for the question.
+
+I should have said
+that in the beginning.
+
+Thank you.
+
+OK, let's make this
+a little bit faster
+
+and notice that
+lines 15 through 18
+
+all run the same
+number of times, right?
+
+They're in the if, and
+there's nothing else
+
+that's changes the
+control flow there.
+
+So lines 15 through 18 are
+O and divided by W plus 1.
+
+All right, line 16.
+
+Take a word.
+
+So take a string and
+make another string
+
+where each character is
+the lowercase version.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: OK, cool.
+
+Why W, intuitively?
+
+AUDIENCE: Because [INAUDIBLE]
+has to check to make sure
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: Yep.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: Yeah, so if
+you have a 10,000 character
+
+string you, have to go
+through 10,000 characters.
+
+Very good.
+
+Append 917.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: Sweet.
+
+And line 18, we said the
+character list of length list.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: [INAUDIBLE]
+OK, how many times
+
+do lines 19 through 23 run?
+
+AUDIENCE: Once.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: At most, once.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: Can anyone figure
+out what's the point of them?
+
+AUDIENCE: Catch any
+trailing [INAUDIBLE]
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: Good.
+
+If you ended on the
+last letter of a word,
+
+you want to make sure
+you catch that word.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: All right.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: Very good.
+
+So I find it here.
+
+Then after I'm done
+with the loop at line 19
+
+what the word list
+would have, the fox is.
+
+And then the
+character list would
+
+have the characters for outside.
+
+If I return the word list,
+woops, I just missed a word.
+
+So lines 20 through 22 are a
+copy of lines 15 through 17,
+
+and they take care
+of the last word.
+
+So line 19 is an if, and it
+takes the length of a list
+
+and compares it to the number.
+
+What's the cost of that?
+
+AUDIENCE: Constant.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: OK, very good.
+
+Checking list length in
+Python is constant time.
+
+We did that in lecture.
+
+How about lines 20 through 22?
+
+I just gave it
+away, guys, come on.
+
+Someone--
+
+AUDIENCE: The same
+as 15 through 17.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: OK,
+same as 15 through 17.
+
+W, W, 1.
+
+Line 23, return constant time.
+
+OK, so now we know how much
+it takes to run a line once,
+
+how many times each line runs.
+
+So we're going to do a
+dot product of these guys.
+
+See, dot products are useful.
+
+And if we do a dot
+product of these guys,
+
+we're going to get the total
+running time for the function.
+
+So let's compute
+the partial terms.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: I'm not
+going to write them down.
+
+Let's just go through them
+and figure out what they are.
+
+So you guys say them.
+
+AUDIENCE: 1, 1, N,
+N, weird equation--
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: OK,
+weird equation,
+
+what was the important part?
+
+[INTERPOSING VOICES]
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: Yeah,
+the important part.
+
+The important part is N, right?
+
+This is some constant
+times N, so N.
+
+AUDIENCE: N, N,
+N, N, N, N, 1, 1.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: Pay attention.
+
+AUDIENCE: 1, N.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: Pay attention.
+
+It's not N, it's not 1.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: OK,
+actually is 1 I guess,
+
+if you think that
+W is a constant.
+
+Sorry.
+
+AUDIENCE: You're testing us.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: OK.
+
+1, 1.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: So I heard
+two numbers, N and 1, right?
+
+So this is 0 of N plus
+1, which is order N,
+
+because as N goes to infinity,
+1 becomes really tiny.
+
+OK, so this is how you
+analyze a function.
+
+Big functions are horribly
+painful to analyze because you
+
+have to look at each line and
+do this kind of reasoning.
+
+And it's not even a top
+level function here,
+
+so I don't even get to
+write anything here yet.
+
+So get words from string
+takes order and time
+
+where N is the length of a line.
+
+Let's look at get
+words from line list.
+
+AUDIENCE: I have a question.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: So [INAUDIBLE]
+is W characters long?
+
+Like, does it matter
+if the [INAUDIBLE]
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: Does it matter--
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] make
+that assumption of that?
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: So that I can
+reason for lines 15 and 16.
+
+I can reason through them easily
+if I have a content length.
+
+It turns out that if you
+have an average length,
+
+the results are
+going to be the same.
+
+Like overall, if you look at the
+running time as a sum of what's
+
+the running time for converting
+all the words to lowercase
+
+and then appending
+them to the list.
+
+The sum of those is
+still going to be n N,
+
+but that takes a bit more
+time to reason through
+
+so I took a shortcut.
+
+Are you a math
+major, by the way?
+
+You're very rigorous.
+
+OK.
+
+So this is good, it's
+always good to try
+
+to keep this in the
+back of your head
+
+to make sure you
+don't fall for a trap.
+
+So get words from
+string order N,
+
+and we're trying to figure
+out get words from line list.
+
+Any more questions
+before I do that?
+
+Or does anyone want
+to tell me I'm wrong?
+
+OK, good.
+
+So get words from line list.
+
+Lines 2 through 6.
+
+2 3, 4, 5, 6.
+
+Line 2.
+
+AUDIENCE: 1.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: OK, cost 1,
+how many times does it run?
+
+AUDIENCE: Once.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: Cool.
+
+Line 3.
+
+We need a new number, right?
+
+We need the number of
+lines in a document.
+
+Let's say we have Z lines.
+
+So line 3 runs Z times,
+and 4 and 5 are in a loop
+
+so they also run Z times
+What's the cost for line 4?
+
+AUDIENCE: 1.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: Excellent.
+
+What's the cost for line 3?
+
+AUDIENCE: 1.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: 1.
+
+And what is the cost for line 5?
+
+AUDIENCE: Looks constant.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN:
+Looks constant, OK.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: Does anyone
+else think it looks constant?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: It's a trap.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: It's a trap.
+
+It's a trap.
+
+[INTERPOSING VOICES]
+
+AUDIENCE: --length
+of the two lists.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: OK.
+
+Good.
+
+You paid attention
+in lecture, right?
+
+AUDIENCE: I try.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: Nice.
+
+OK, so we have plus
+as an operator,
+
+and suppose we work
+with two lists.
+
+The first list is 1, 2, 3,
+all the way through 1,000.
+
+And the second list is 1, 2, 3.
+
+So when you code
+plus to combine them,
+
+if you say something
+like C equals A plus B,
+
+you would expect that--
+if this is A, by the way
+
+and this is B-- you would expect
+that after you call this A is
+
+still this, B is
+still this, and C
+
+is a list that
+contains everything.
+
+So because of that, what plus
+has to do is make a new list,
+
+append all the elements here,
+append all the elements here.
+
+So the cost of this if this
+list is 1,000 and this list is 3
+
+is 1,003.
+
+Or if you have two lists
+of length, L1 and L2
+
+the cost is order of L1 plus L2.
+
+Now there's another Python
+method called extend,
+
+which does what I think
+you would expect plus
+
+to do in terms of efficiency.
+
+So what extend does is you
+call it a 1 or A on one list,
+
+give it the other
+list, and it's going
+
+to take each element
+in the second list
+
+and append it to the first list.
+
+So for each element here, it
+calls append on this list.
+
+So what's the running
+time for extend?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: OK, there are
+too many directions and--
+
+AUDIENCE: Length
+of the second list.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: Length of
+the second list, excellent.
+
+So two lists, L1,
+L2, order of L2.
+
+So it doesn't matter
+this is 1,000 elements
+
+are a million elements,
+appending three elements is
+
+going to take time
+proportional to three.
+
+OK now, let's see
+what's going on here.
+
+So we have Z lines and
+characters in a line.
+
+I think I want a nicer constant.
+
+No, let's go with this for now.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] lines.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: So this
+is the length of a word.
+
+Let's see, how many words
+will I have in a line?
+
+Let's say I have K words in a
+line, which is N divided by W.
+
+So I know that to
+get words from string
+
+returns a list of size K.
+So if that is the case, then
+
+the first time line 5
+runs, word list is empty.
+
+And it's going to
+get K elements.
+
+The second time it runs,
+word list has K elements
+
+and gets K more.
+
+Third time, it has 2K
+elements, it gets K more.
+
+So the running time for
+this looks like this.
+
+K plus 2K plus 3K
+plus 4K all the way
+
+until when I'm at the last
+line, if I have Z lines.
+
+I had Z minus 1 times
+K elements in the list,
+
+because I have Z minus 1
+lines and I put all the words
+
+in the list, and I'm
+adding K more words.
+
+So total, Z times
+K running time.
+
+So this is the total
+running time for this guy.
+
+And this is not constant,
+so it's complicated.
+
+What is the sum come
+down to, asymptotically?
+
+AUDIENCE: Z plus
+1K times Z over 2.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: Ok.
+
+Z plus 1K, ZK over 2.
+
+Slow because I care
+about asymptotics,
+
+this is order of Z
+squared times K, right?
+
+So now any one more
+natural number to work with
+
+would be the number of
+words in a document.
+
+And the number of
+words in a document
+
+is W, which is Z times K.
+So Z is W divided by K.
+
+And if I substitute
+this, I get that this
+
+is equal to 0 of W squared over
+K. Now in a reasonable document
+
+that I see, there tends to
+be a limited number of words
+
+per line because the document
+has to fit on a page.
+
+So K's pretty much a constant.
+
+So this comes down to
+order of W squared.
+
+So if I go down here and look
+at get word from line list,
+
+this is W squared, where
+W is how many words I
+
+have in a document.
+
+How many of you guys
+are still with me?
+
+Half.
+
+OK.
+
+Does anyone else want
+to ask questions,
+
+so that you can
+get back on track?
+
+Yes, no?
+
+AUDIENCE: It makes sense so far.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: Thank you.
+
+AUDIENCE: I think
+I didn't understand
+
+the part of [INAUDIBLE]
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: OK.
+
+Thank you.
+
+So let's see what's going
+on lines 2 through 5.
+
+So I have a word list, which
+at the beginning is empty.
+
+Then in line 4, words
+in line gets K words.
+
+And those K words in line
+five are added to word list.
+
+So after that, word
+list has K words.
+
+Then I run through
+the loop again.
+
+Get the words from string
+gives me K new words.
+
+They get added to the list,
+which now has 2K words.
+
+Next time I get K
+more words, they
+
+get that added to the
+list, which has 3K.
+
+So on and so forth
+until the end.
+
+I have ugly numbers.
+
+Z minus 1 times K words
+and I add the last K words.
+
+I'm getting confused here.
+
+And I get Z times K words.
+
+So the word list is eventually
+going to have Z times K words,
+
+and it gets them K at a time.
+
+The thing that does this
+addition is the plus operator.
+
+And the running time
+for the plus operator
+
+is the size of the two lists,
+so it's this plus this.
+
+So that's why the running time
+is first K, then 2K, then 3K,
+
+then-- make sense now?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: OK.
+
+So this is a subtle bug because
+if you change plus to extend,
+
+you get [? bug ?] disk two,
+which runs a lot faster.
+
+OK.
+
+So for everything
+else, we want to be
+
+able to do this
+sort of analysis,
+
+but we want to do it faster.
+
+So you guys should look
+through [? bug list ?] one
+
+through eight and do the same
+analysis for all the functions.
+
+And we're going to post
+recitation notes where
+
+we tell you this is the
+function that changed,
+
+and this is the
+total running time.
+
+And you should go
+through the lines
+
+and convince yourself that
+this is the right running time.
+
+And you should do that until
+it becomes second nature,
+
+because when you're
+writing Python code,
+
+you want to have
+this in your head.
+
+You don't want to
+have to write it down,
+
+because if you have to write it
+down, you're going to be lazy
+
+and you're not going
+to do it, and you're
+
+going to use plus
+instead of extend,
+
+and your code is going
+to be horribly slow.
+
+So practice until this
+gets in your head,
+
+and then you'll be able to see
+the running time for things
+
+really quickly.
+
+OK, do we have time for
+once more let me see.
+
+OK.
+
+Let's look at the running
+time for inner products,
+
+because this is nice and easy.
+
+2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.
+
+2 is 1, 1, very nice and easy.
+
+3 looks at the first document
+list and iterates through it.
+
+Iteration is constant time, but
+if the first document vector
+
+has L1 elements, it's
+going to run L1 times.
+
+How about line 4,
+words 2 count 2 in L2.
+
+This is iteration again, so it's
+constant time to run it once,
+
+but how many times will it run?
+
+AUDIENCE: L2 times L1 times.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: L2
+times the 1, excellent.
+
+So these two loops are
+nested inside each other
+
+so that means that
+lines 4 through 6
+
+are going to run once
+every time line 3 iterates.
+
+So sorry, actually
+line 4 is going
+
+to run once every
+time line 3 iterates.
+
+And then everything
+inside the second 4
+
+is going to run
+L1 times L2 times.
+
+So lines 5 and 6 are also
+going to run L1, L2 times.
+
+L1, L2, L1, L2.
+
+How much time does it take
+to do that if check there?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: Why does
+it take a constant time?
+
+AUDIENCE: I was going to
+say, it wasn't constant,
+
+so you don't have to pair
+each character with no word.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: OK, good.
+
+So we have two words,
+and equal, equal
+
+tells me are the words
+equal or not, right?
+
+So the way you do that, is you
+have words like the and fox.
+
+You go through each
+character, and you
+
+stop whenever you see
+different characters.
+
+But if you have something
+like, if you have a fake word
+
+F-O-I and fox, then go
+through the first character,
+
+they're equal, second character,
+they're equal, third character,
+
+they're different.
+
+So if you have
+length W words that
+
+are different only in
+the last character,
+
+this is going to
+be order W, right?
+
+So the real--
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: --yep, equals,
+equals 4 strings not constant.
+
+It takes W time where W
+is the length of a word.
+
+Now here we said that
+the length of a word
+
+is constant because we're
+dealing with English.
+
+So you could tell me it is
+constant because of that.
+
+But I would like to hear the
+argument before I take it.
+
+How about line 6?
+
+AUDIENCE: Well,
+if the plus equals
+
+is going to be the same
+thing before when we were,
+
+every new time your
+plus equals, so it's
+
+going to be like how the word
+list before we were adding it,
+
+where we have to
+create that object,
+
+and then add it to the length.
+
+I mean, its going
+to be length of sum.
+
+Sorry.
+
+And then you add in the new one.
+
+So every time its going
+to be increasing, correct?
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: Almost.
+
+It's a trap again.
+
+[INTERPOSING VOICES]
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: Yep.
+
+Yeah, so this time
+they're not lists.
+
+So if you look at what's
+going on inside there,
+
+you have count one
+and count two are
+
+these numbers in the document
+vector, so they're numbers.
+
+And then some starts
+out at 0, and then it
+
+keeps getting numbers.
+
+So sum is going to be a number.
+
+And multiplying numbers
+is constant time,
+
+adding numbers is constant
+time, so plus for numbers
+
+is order 1 indeed.
+
+AUDIENCE: You're
+reassigning sum every time?
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: Which
+is also constant.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: Because
+you're copying a number over.
+
+So as long as you're
+copying one element over,
+
+that's constant time.
+
+If you're adding two elements
+together-- two elements,
+
+not two lists--
+that's constant time.
+
+So this is constant.
+
+And the last line is returned.
+
+So what's the running
+time for this?
+
+AUDIENCE: L2 times L1.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: Excellent.
+
+So I assume this is a constant.
+
+So this lets me say
+this is 1, and then
+
+if we do the partial products
+we get 1L, 1L, 1, and L2.
+
+L1, L2, L1, L2.
+
+And if you add them
+up, you get L1 and L2.
+
+So this is going to be L1, L2.
+
+Vector angle calls inner
+product three times, right?
+
+So what's it's running time?
+
+AUDIENCE: L1, L2.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: Excellent.
+
+Count frequency.
+
+You're going to have
+to take my word for it
+
+that this is order of W squared.
+
+And if that's the case,
+what's the running
+
+time for a word
+frequency for file?
+
+AUDIENCE: W squared?
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: Cool.
+
+So.
+
+What's the running
+time for main now?
+
+Last trick.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: Yep, If
+you just add them up,
+
+except there is one
+last trick there.
+
+AUDIENCE: If W is
+constant, [INAUDIBLE]
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: No.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+W's constant, right?
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: No.
+
+So W is the number of
+words in a document.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: So it's huge.
+
+If that's constant,
+then the whole problem
+
+should run in order one
+time, and we're done.
+
+We're going home.
+
+AUDIENCE: W squared because
+it beats out L1 and L2.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: OK, so--
+
+AUDIENCE: L1--
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: --you're
+going faster than me.
+
+You're going too fast,
+but you're right.
+
+So word frequency for
+file is called twice.
+
+The first document is
+going to have W1 words.
+
+The second document is
+going to have W2 words.
+
+So you can just copy W
+because this is called twice
+
+for different files.
+
+So this is order of
+W1 squared plus W2
+
+squared, different documents.
+
+And then I have plus L1, L2.
+
+And you said that W1 and W2
+dominate L1 and L2, right?
+
+Because W's the total number
+of words in a document,
+
+whereas L the is the
+number of unique words,
+
+because it the
+length of the vector.
+
+So that is true,
+but I'm not sure
+
+how to reduce this here
+to make use of that.
+
+However, I made use of what you
+said already when I wrote this.
+
+You see why?
+
+Can anyone else see why?
+
+So let's look at the vector
+angle again, lines 2 and 3.
+
+So line 2, it calls inner
+product with L1 and L2.
+
+But if you look at line
+3, it calls inner product
+
+with L1, L1 and then L2, L2
+So the total running time
+
+for vector angle is
+actually L1, L2 plus L1
+
+squared plus L2 squared.
+
+So if the first
+document has 1,000 words
+
+and the second
+document as one word,
+
+computing the inner
+product between L1 and L1
+
+is going to take a lot
+more time than computing
+
+the inner product
+between L1 and L2.
+
+So I can't leave
+out these terms.
+
+They have to be here.
+
+However, when I
+add them up here--
+
+if I would write W1 squared
+plus W2 squared plus L1 squared
+
+plus L2 squared plus
+this-- in that case,
+
+I can use the fact that
+W1 is bigger than L1,
+
+and it cancels it out.
+
+Does this make sense?
+
+Did I lose people?
+
+Ask questions, please.
+
+AUDIENCE: But you can't
+get rid of L1 and L2
+
+and not an [INAUDIBLE].
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: You can't--
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: Oh, so I
+can't get rid of this term--
+
+AUDIENCE: --those, right?
+
+So this should be the sum
+of this and this, right?
+
+AUDIENCE: Right.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: So it should
+be W1 squared plus W2 squared
+
+plus L1 squared plus
+L2 squared plus L1, L2.
+
+AUDIENCE: Right.
+
+L1 is strictly smaller than W1.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+Goes away, L2 smaller than
+W2 goes away, and I get this.
+
+Correct.
+
+So L1L2 isn't smaller than
+W [INAUDIBLE] squared?
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: Is it?
+
+If you know more
+math than me, you
+
+might be able to
+prove that it is,
+
+but I don't, so I'm just
+leaving it in there.
+
+AUDIENCE: Ok.
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: Yeah.
+
+I think there is some
+relation, but I really
+
+don't remember what
+it this, so let's
+
+leave it like that for now.
+
+Yeah, I think it should
+be the case that these
+
+are bigger than this,
+but I'm not sure.
+
+OK, yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: How do you get
+the line for vector angle?
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: How do I get
+the running time for it?
+
+So vector angle gets
+two vectors, right?
+
+The vector for document one and
+the vector for document two.
+
+The length of the
+first vector is L1.
+
+The length of the
+second vector is L2.
+
+Now, line, where is it?
+
+Line 2, for numerator calls
+inner product with L1 and L2.
+
+So we know that the running
+time is L1, L2 up here.
+
+Now the next line,
+line 3 in vector angle,
+
+calls inner product
+with L1 and L1.
+
+So the running time is L1
+times L1 which is L1 squared.
+
+OK.
+
+AUDIENCE: Can we say
+that because there's
+
+a bounded number of words in the
+English language, L1's bounded?
+
+And as the length
+of the document
+
+gets really, really big,
+that [INAUDIBLE] constant?
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: Yeah, you
+might be able to do that.
+
+Yes, I think for the cases
+that we give you, that is true.
+
+Yeah, I never thought
+of that, that's cool.
+
+AUDIENCE: It doesn't work if
+it's not a language, right?
+
+If you just have gibberish?
+
+VICTOR COSTAN: Yes, also, to
+say that its constant is useful
+
+when the number of
+words in English
+
+is much smaller than
+your input size.
+
+So if, say, English
+has 50,000 words
+
+and your input is 3,000 words,
+then the input is much smaller.
+
+But if you're input is
+a million words, which
+
+I think is what
+we use, then yeah,
+
+it comes down to constant.
+
+So yeah, that's a good insight.
+
+That's really nice.
+
+Anything else?
+
+OK, so you get to go through
+document distance 3 to 8.
+
+We'll tell you what's
+changed, and we'll
+
+give you a chance to
+help you analyze it.
+
+But you have to analyze it,
+then update the scorecard
+
+for each algorithm to
+see how things improve.
+
+Thanks.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/QyElbUb1QjI.txt b/QyElbUb1QjI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..af4dd0717f0af15a447ecd828a8d1a03fd6c6d0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/QyElbUb1QjI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1843 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm i'm gonna give you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm i'm gonna give you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm i'm gonna give you some
+some closing comments i started this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some closing comments i started this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some closing comments i started this
+semester off in the first lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester off in the first lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester off in the first lecture
+and um and i asked you all a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and i asked you all a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and i asked you all a question
+and the question was why are you here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question was why are you here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question was why are you here
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+i said like you know really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i said like you know really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i said like you know really really
+really why are you here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really why are you here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really why are you here
+why did you come to mit and i asked you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why did you come to mit and i asked you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why did you come to mit and i asked you
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+did you come here so you can just phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you come here so you can just phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you come here so you can just phone
+it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in
+get a stamp in four years and go out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a stamp in four years and go out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a stamp in four years and go out
+right did you come here so you can walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right did you come here so you can walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right did you come here so you can walk
+around some place of privilege and look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around some place of privilege and look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around some place of privilege and look
+down on other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down on other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down on other people
+that is not why you're here that is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not why you're here that is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not why you're here that is not
+why you came to mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you came to mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you came to mit
+right you came to mit because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you came to mit because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you came to mit because
+you know that this is where we will make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that this is where we will make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that this is where we will make
+the transition from being able to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transition from being able to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transition from being able to answer
+any question to knowing which question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any question to knowing which question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any question to knowing which question
+to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask
+that's the transition from student to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the transition from student to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the transition from student to
+scholar and and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholar and and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholar and and you know
+that you came here because you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you came here because you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you came here because you have a
+passion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passion
+and and you want to come to a place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you want to come to a place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you want to come to a place
+where you can take that passion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can take that passion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can take that passion
+and you can try to solve really hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can try to solve really hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can try to solve really hard
+problems together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems together
+to make the world a better place those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the world a better place those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the world a better place those
+are reasons why you came here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are reasons why you came here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are reasons why you came here
+you came here because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you came here because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you came here because you know
+that progress does not happen because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that progress does not happen because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that progress does not happen because of
+success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success
+it doesn't it happens entirely because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't it happens entirely because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't it happens entirely because
+of what you choose to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what you choose to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what you choose to do
+with failure that's mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with failure that's mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with failure that's mit
+that's the mit way and that's why you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the mit way and that's why you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the mit way and that's why you're
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+and i asked you to think about that on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i asked you to think about that on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i asked you to think about that on
+the first lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first lecture
+and then i i gave you a whole lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i i gave you a whole lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i i gave you a whole lot of
+examples throughout the class i tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples throughout the class i tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples throughout the class i tried to
+connect our learning and solid state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect our learning and solid state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect our learning and solid state
+chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry
+to global challenges right to global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to global challenges right to global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to global challenges right to global
+challenges that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges that we
+face and um and i tried to do that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face and um and i tried to do that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face and um and i tried to do that you
+know so i had 36 opportunities there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so i had 36 opportunities there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so i had 36 opportunities there's
+many more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many more
+so i had to pick and choose carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i had to pick and choose carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i had to pick and choose carefully
+but try to try to give you a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but try to try to give you a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but try to try to give you a sense of
+some of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these things
+um and and and the thing is about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and and the thing is about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and and the thing is about these
+challenges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges
+the one i just talked about and many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one i just talked about and many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one i just talked about and many
+others these are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others these are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others these are not
+you know it's not that these are things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's not that these are things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's not that these are things
+that we need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to do
+soon there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon there is
+an urgency of now about these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an urgency of now about these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an urgency of now about these things
+there is an urgency of now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an urgency of now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an urgency of now
+there's no more time to talk about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no more time to talk about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no more time to talk about it
+right um and and so and and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and and so and and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and and so and and these
+challenges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges
+you know they're also not it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they're also not it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they're also not it's not
+either happens over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either happens over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either happens over here
+happens over there these are planetary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens over there these are planetary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens over there these are planetary
+challenges these cover the whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges these cover the whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges these cover the whole thing
+so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's
+you know it's all on the table right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's all on the table right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's all on the table right
+it's all on the line and by the way if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all on the line and by the way if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all on the line and by the way if
+it's a planetary challenge it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a planetary challenge it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a planetary challenge it means
+the challenge doesn't care if you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the challenge doesn't care if you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the challenge doesn't care if you're in
+a blue state or a red state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a blue state or a red state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a blue state or a red state
+or if you live in europe or africa or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you live in europe or africa or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you live in europe or africa or
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+it doesn't care so we better figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't care so we better figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't care so we better figure out
+how to get our act together and work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to get our act together and work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to get our act together and work
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+to solve these very hard problems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve these very hard problems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve these very hard problems and
+that's why you're here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why you're here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why you're here
+right that's why you're here and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's why you're here and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's why you're here and so
+you know on the first lecture i asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know on the first lecture i asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know on the first lecture i asked
+you to think about why you're here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to think about why you're here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to think about why you're here and
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+you know in this very last lecture i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in this very last lecture i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in this very last lecture i'm
+asking you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking you
+to think about what you want to do about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about what you want to do about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about what you want to do about
+that what do you want to do about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what do you want to do about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what do you want to do about that
+and um and you know there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and you know there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and you know there's a lot of
+things you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can do
+i don't mean that that you have to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't mean that that you have to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't mean that that you have to work
+on one of these things we've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one of these things we've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one of these things we've talked
+about in this class that's not what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in this class that's not what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in this class that's not what i
+mean i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean i mean
+think about what it is that you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what it is that you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what it is that you really
+want to do and how you want to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do and how you want to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do and how you want to do it
+and then go for it right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then go for it right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then go for it right um
+you might have figured that out before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have figured that out before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have figured that out before
+you came here you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you came here you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you came here you may
+know because in tight already way before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know because in tight already way before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know because in tight already way before
+you got here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got here
+you may be figuring it out right now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may be figuring it out right now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may be figuring it out right now you
+may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may
+have no clue what you want to do when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no clue what you want to do when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no clue what you want to do when
+you graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you graduate
+all of those are fine all of those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those are fine all of those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those are fine all of those are
+fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine
+yeah but but what i want to leave you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but but what i want to leave you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but but what i want to leave you
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+is a framework and some thinking that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a framework and some thinking that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a framework and some thinking that i
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+what can i leave you with as as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can i leave you with as as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can i leave you with as as a
+suggestion as a framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion as a framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion as a framework
+and it really comes down to three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it really comes down to three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it really comes down to three
+ingredients three ingredients that i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients three ingredients that i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients three ingredients that i'm
+asking you to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking you to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking you to think about
+when you go off and do when you leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go off and do when you leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go off and do when you leave
+here when you go off and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when you go off and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when you go off and do
+what are you going to do how are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you going to do how are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you going to do how are you
+going to frame this and and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to frame this and and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to frame this and and so
+the first ingredient is kindness now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first ingredient is kindness now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first ingredient is kindness now
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ho bear with me because you're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ho bear with me because you're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ho bear with me because you're all
+thinking what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking what
+is he talking about this is a chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is he talking about this is a chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is he talking about this is a chemistry
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+and you're talking about kindness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and and you know but see the thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you know but see the thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you know but see the thing is
+i'm trying to think about what is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm trying to think about what is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm trying to think about what is a
+framework that if you follow it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework that if you follow it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework that if you follow it
+you will do good you will help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will do good you will help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will do good you will help
+change this world for the better which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this world for the better which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this world for the better which
+is what we do at mit it's how we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we do at mit it's how we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we do at mit it's how we think
+and and the thing is i don't care if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the thing is i don't care if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the thing is i don't care if you
+define kindness as love or as helping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define kindness as love or as helping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define kindness as love or as helping
+someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone
+or as community or as you know on one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or as community or as you know on one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or as community or as you know on one of
+those dates when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those dates when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those dates when
+the candle was in the room and you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the candle was in the room and you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the candle was in the room and you did
+the calculation and you saved the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculation and you saved the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculation and you saved the day
+because you knew oxygen was going to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you knew oxygen was going to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you knew oxygen was going to run
+out that's all kindness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that's all kindness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that's all kindness
+all of that is kindness but the thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that is kindness but the thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that is kindness but the thing is
+that if you have kindness in what you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have kindness in what you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have kindness in what you do
+it's really hard to do bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really hard to do bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really hard to do bad
+right is that is that under the hood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is that is that under the hood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is that is that under the hood
+is there an element of kindness you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there an element of kindness you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there an element of kindness you
+can't have too much of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have too much of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have too much of it
+we need that vector right we need that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need that vector right we need that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need that vector right we need that
+vector in this world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector in this world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector in this world
+so that's one ingredient and the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one ingredient and the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one ingredient and the second
+ingredient is knowledge now what i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredient is knowledge now what i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredient is knowledge now what i mean
+by this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this is
+acquisition of knowledge and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquisition of knowledge and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquisition of knowledge and we have
+done a lot of that here in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done a lot of that here in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done a lot of that here in this class
+and you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you do
+a lot of that at mit and we celebrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of that at mit and we celebrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of that at mit and we celebrate
+these acquisitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these acquisitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these acquisitions
+what i'm asking you to do is think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm asking you to do is think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm asking you to do is think about
+this as you go forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as you go forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as you go forward
+how are you acquiring knowledge how are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are you acquiring knowledge how are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are you acquiring knowledge how are
+you learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learning
+that sounds cliche always learn you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sounds cliche always learn you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sounds cliche always learn you guys
+have to keep doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to keep doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to keep doing that
+you have to keep doing that because for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to keep doing that because for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to keep doing that because for
+you it's nourishment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it's nourishment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it's nourishment
+and it's another one of these vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's another one of these vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's another one of these vectors
+you can't do any harm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't do any harm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't do any harm
+by learning you can only do good for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by learning you can only do good for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by learning you can only do good for
+yourself and for everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself and for everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself and for everyone
+that you care about so keep doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the rate might change if learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate might change if learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate might change if learning
+acquisition is a reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquisition is a reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquisition is a reaction
+the rate constant might be lower we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate constant might be lower we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate constant might be lower we know
+places where that's already the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where that's already the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where that's already the case
+and and that's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that's okay
+maybe the order is lower too down there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the order is lower too down there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the order is lower too down there
+and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the
+but i think you know they probably are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think you know they probably are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think you know they probably are
+learning something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning something
+keep keep that going and the last thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep keep that going and the last thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep keep that going and the last thing
+is passion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is passion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is passion
+and this involves your talents right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this involves your talents right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this involves your talents right
+you all have talents already you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all have talents already you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all have talents already you all
+have them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them
+because that's part of who you are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's part of who you are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's part of who you are and
+why you're here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you're here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you're here
+those are things that you bring a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are things that you bring a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are things that you bring a
+passion to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passion to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passion to
+what are those talents maybe some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are those talents maybe some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are those talents maybe some of
+them are hidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are hidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are hidden
+but work on them and pursue them do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but work on them and pursue them do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but work on them and pursue them do
+things that you literally are so excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you literally are so excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you literally are so excited
+about you can't sleep sometimes because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you can't sleep sometimes because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you can't sleep sometimes because
+of the excitement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the excitement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the excitement
+that's what i'm talking about follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what i'm talking about follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what i'm talking about follow
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+feed it and while you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed it and while you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed it and while you do
+you know lose lose the fear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know lose lose the fear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know lose lose the fear
+right avoid greed and embrace challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right avoid greed and embrace challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right avoid greed and embrace challenge
+that's what that's what mit is that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what that's what mit is that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what that's what mit is that's
+why we're here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we're here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we're here
+right that's why we're here so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's why we're here so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's why we're here so so
+i i feel like these three ingredients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i feel like these three ingredients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i feel like these three ingredients
+you know i've thought about this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i've thought about this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i've thought about this and
+i've thought about these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've thought about these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've thought about these three
+ingredients and i've thought about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients and i've thought about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients and i've thought about
+we have these already you all have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have these already you all have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have these already you all have
+these ingredients because that is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ingredients because that is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ingredients because that is also
+mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit
+and you are here and you are mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you are here and you are mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you are here and you are mit
+and so what i'm asking you to do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what i'm asking you to do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what i'm asking you to do is to
+hold on to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold on to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold on to them
+and keep thinking about them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and keep thinking about them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and keep thinking about them
+that's it there's a lot of reasons why i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it there's a lot of reasons why i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it there's a lot of reasons why i
+love to teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love to teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love to teach
+and but but but one of the big ones is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but but but one of the big ones is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but but but one of the big ones is
+when i think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i think about
+the challenges that i share with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the challenges that i share with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the challenges that i share with you
+guys and and i have 36 chances to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys and and i have 36 chances to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys and and i have 36 chances to look
+up in the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the room
+and i think about those challenges and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think about those challenges and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think about those challenges and i
+think about these ingredients and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about these ingredients and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about these ingredients and i
+think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about
+all of you i actually feel like we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of you i actually feel like we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of you i actually feel like we have
+a shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shot
+i actually feel that
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Qyij_naUg-A.txt b/Qyij_naUg-A.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b97c4bfc7d9978a536a1fb40c5d8bc50c1299415
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Qyij_naUg-A.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10339 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+hi today I'd like to illustrate how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi today I'd like to illustrate how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi today I'd like to illustrate how we
+use describing functions to analyze a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use describing functions to analyze a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use describing functions to analyze a
+class of systems that are known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of systems that are known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of systems that are known as
+conditionally stable systems the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditionally stable systems the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditionally stable systems the name
+arises because these systems have rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arises because these systems have rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arises because these systems have rather
+unusual property they're perfectly well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual property they're perfectly well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual property they're perfectly well
+behaved for a certain range of input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaved for a certain range of input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaved for a certain range of input
+signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal
+amplitudes however in the classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes however in the classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes however in the classical
+conditionally stable system when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditionally stable system when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditionally stable system when the
+amplitude of the driving signal becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude of the driving signal becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude of the driving signal becomes
+large enough the systems change behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large enough the systems change behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large enough the systems change behavior
+and become unstable and we'd like to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and become unstable and we'd like to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and become unstable and we'd like to see
+how that comes about and how we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that comes about and how we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that comes about and how we can
+predict the behavior of those systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict the behavior of those systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict the behavior of those systems
+via describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via describing
+functions the common characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions the common characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions the common characteristic
+shared by all conditionally stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared by all conditionally stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared by all conditionally stable
+systems is that if we look at their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems is that if we look at their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems is that if we look at their
+angle le as a function of frequency the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle le as a function of frequency the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle le as a function of frequency the
+angle portion of the bod plot associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle portion of the bod plot associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle portion of the bod plot associated
+with negative of the loop transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with negative of the loop transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with negative of the loop transmission
+we find out that there's a range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find out that there's a range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find out that there's a range of
+frequencies where the angle drops more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies where the angle drops more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies where the angle drops more
+negative than minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative than minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative than minus
+180° this range of frequencies usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+180° this range of frequencies usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+180° this range of frequencies usually
+exists where the amplitude portion or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists where the amplitude portion or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists where the amplitude portion or
+the magnitude portion of the bod plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude portion of the bod plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude portion of the bod plot
+has a magnitude greater than one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a magnitude greater than one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a magnitude greater than one the
+angle n recovers to Value more positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle n recovers to Value more positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle n recovers to Value more positive
+than minus 180°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than minus 180°
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than minus 180°
+at the crossover frequency the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the crossover frequency the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the crossover frequency the
+difficulty with this sort of a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty with this sort of a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty with this sort of a system
+arises when we include a saturating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arises when we include a saturating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arises when we include a saturating
+element in the loop in addition to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in the loop in addition to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in the loop in addition to the
+sorts of dynamics that I've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of dynamics that I've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of dynamics that I've just
+described if the element saturates it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described if the element saturates it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described if the element saturates it
+can lower the loop transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can lower the loop transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can lower the loop transmission
+magnitude and force cross over in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and force cross over in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and force cross over in a
+region of negative phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+margin let's consider as an example A B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin let's consider as an example A B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin let's consider as an example A B
+plot with magnitude characteristics as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot with magnitude characteristics as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot with magnitude characteristics as
+shown here we start out at some high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here we start out at some high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here we start out at some high
+value of for the loop transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of for the loop transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of for the loop transmission
+magnitude or the negative of the loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude or the negative of the loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude or the negative of the loop
+transmission magnitude at low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission magnitude at low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission magnitude at low
+frequencies and I've assumed that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and I've assumed that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and I've assumed that we
+have three coincident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three coincident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three coincident
+poles thus there's a a region where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles thus there's a a region where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles thus there's a a region where the
+magnitude versus frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude versus frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude versus frequency
+characteristics fall off as one over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics fall off as one over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics fall off as one over a
+mega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mega
+cubed then let's assume there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed then let's assume there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed then let's assume there's two
+additional zeros associated with Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional zeros associated with Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional zeros associated with Loop
+transmission and that those zeros are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission and that those zeros are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission and that those zeros are
+located at frequencies below the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located at frequencies below the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located at frequencies below the
+crossover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover
+frequency consequently in the vicinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency consequently in the vicinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency consequently in the vicinity
+of crossover the magnitude portion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of crossover the magnitude portion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of crossover the magnitude portion of
+the loop transmission will roll off as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loop transmission will roll off as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loop transmission will roll off as
+one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over
+Omega the angle looks something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega the angle looks something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega the angle looks something like
+this at sufficiently low frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at sufficiently low frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at sufficiently low frequencies
+where the magnitude versus frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the magnitude versus frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the magnitude versus frequency
+curve is flat the angle will be near 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve is flat the angle will be near 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve is flat the angle will be near 0
+de providing the duration of the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de providing the duration of the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de providing the duration of the one
+over a mega cubed region is sufficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a mega cubed region is sufficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a mega cubed region is sufficiently
+long the angle is heading toward - 270°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long the angle is heading toward - 270°
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long the angle is heading toward - 270°
+as a consequence of the 1 over Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a consequence of the 1 over Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a consequence of the 1 over Omega
+cubed or 1 / s cubed roll off and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed or 1 / s cubed roll off and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed or 1 / s cubed roll off and
+providing that duration is long enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing that duration is long enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing that duration is long enough
+the angle will become more negative than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle will become more negative than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle will become more negative than
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+180° if we have no higher frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+180° if we have no higher frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+180° if we have no higher frequency
+poles in other words if the 1 /s roll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles in other words if the 1 /s roll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles in other words if the 1 /s roll
+off that's we see here continues for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off that's we see here continues for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off that's we see here continues for all
+frequencies the angle associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies the angle associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies the angle associated with
+the negative of the loop transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative of the loop transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative of the loop transmission
+will eventually approach minus 90° so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will eventually approach minus 90° so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will eventually approach minus 90° so we
+have this sort of angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this sort of angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this sort of angle
+versus frequency curve and the magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus frequency curve and the magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus frequency curve and the magnitude
+versus frequency curve that I indicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus frequency curve that I indicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus frequency curve that I indicated
+before we notice that the system as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we notice that the system as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we notice that the system as
+shown has adequate phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+margin here's the crossover frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin here's the crossover frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin here's the crossover frequency
+and we have this much phase margin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have this much phase margin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have this much phase margin
+certainly a positive value for phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly a positive value for phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly a positive value for phase
+margin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin
+we can look at the same system in gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look at the same system in gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look at the same system in gain
+phase coordinates that's of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase coordinates that's of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase coordinates that's of course the
+sort of plot we normally use for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of plot we normally use for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of plot we normally use for our
+describing function analysis and here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing function analysis and here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing function analysis and here we
+start out at some high value at Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out at some high value at Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out at some high value at Omega
+equals z which is actually this point on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z which is actually this point on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z which is actually this point on
+the curve an angle of 0 deg and a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve an angle of 0 deg and a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve an angle of 0 deg and a large
+magnitude as Omega increases the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude as Omega increases the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude as Omega increases the angle
+becomes progressively more negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes progressively more negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes progressively more negative
+eventually drops below -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually drops below -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually drops below -
+180° remains more than- 180° over some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+180° remains more than- 180° over some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+180° remains more than- 180° over some
+range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of
+frequencies and then recovers ASM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and then recovers ASM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and then recovers ASM
+totically approaching - 90° for very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totically approaching - 90° for very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totically approaching - 90° for very
+large values of Omega again we notice uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large values of Omega again we notice uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large values of Omega again we notice uh
+since we go through the magnitude equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we go through the magnitude equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we go through the magnitude equals
+one point uh with the curve to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point uh with the curve to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point uh with the curve to the right
+of Theus 180 Dee line we have perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Theus 180 Dee line we have perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Theus 180 Dee line we have perfectly
+acceptable phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable phase
+margin we can look at at the system in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin we can look at at the system in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin we can look at at the system in
+one more representation and as we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more representation and as we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more representation and as we go
+through the analysis I'm going to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the analysis I'm going to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the analysis I'm going to try to
+play these various techniques off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play these various techniques off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play these various techniques off
+against each other so we can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against each other so we can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against each other so we can see the
+inter relationship among them uh we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter relationship among them uh we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter relationship among them uh we said
+that the system has three coincident low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the system has three coincident low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the system has three coincident low
+frequency poles and two higher frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency poles and two higher frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency poles and two higher frequency
+zeros providing the zeros are far enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros providing the zeros are far enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros providing the zeros are far enough
+away from the poles providing there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the poles providing there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the poles providing there's
+enough separation between the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough separation between the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough separation between the frequency
+at which these three poles are located
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which these three poles are located
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which these three poles are located
+and the frequency at which these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the frequency at which these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the frequency at which these two
+zeros are located
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros are located
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros are located
+the root Locust diagram for the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root Locust diagram for the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root Locust diagram for the system
+will look as shown initially we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will look as shown initially we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will look as shown initially we should
+be able to ignore the two zeros they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to ignore the two zeros they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to ignore the two zeros they
+high frequency singularities one F ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequency singularities one F ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequency singularities one F ones
+that are further away from the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are further away from the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are further away from the origin
+and so we'd anticipate that this triplet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we'd anticipate that this triplet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we'd anticipate that this triplet
+of of poles would give us the usual plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of poles would give us the usual plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of poles would give us the usual plus
+60° minus 60°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60° minus 60°
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60° minus 60°
+180° branches in the S plane and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+180° branches in the S plane and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+180° branches in the S plane and again
+depending on the Rel spacing of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the Rel spacing of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the Rel spacing of the
+poles and the zeros it's very possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles and the zeros it's very possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles and the zeros it's very possible
+that for some range of a of the a fnot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for some range of a of the a fnot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for some range of a of the a fnot
+product there are two branches in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product there are two branches in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product there are two branches in the
+right half plane we recognize that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right half plane we recognize that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right half plane we recognize that for
+larger values of the a FN product the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger values of the a FN product the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger values of the a FN product the
+branches circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches circle
+around eventually meet on the real axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around eventually meet on the real axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around eventually meet on the real axis
+one of the branches heads toward the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the branches heads toward the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the branches heads toward the one
+of the zeros at this location the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the zeros at this location the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the zeros at this location the other
+Branch heads off along the negative real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Branch heads off along the negative real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Branch heads off along the negative real
+axis so if we looked at the stability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis so if we looked at the stability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis so if we looked at the stability of
+this sort of a system we'd find that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of a system we'd find that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of a system we'd find that it
+was stable in an absolute sense for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was stable in an absolute sense for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was stable in an absolute sense for
+small values of the a f product all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small values of the a f product all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small values of the a f product all
+three of the closed loop holes would lie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of the closed loop holes would lie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of the closed loop holes would lie
+in the left half plane there'd be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the left half plane there'd be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the left half plane there'd be an
+intermediate range of a fnot product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate range of a fnot product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate range of a fnot product
+where two of the system closed loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where two of the system closed loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where two of the system closed loop
+poles lay in the right half of the S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles lay in the right half of the S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles lay in the right half of the S
+plane consequently the system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane consequently the system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane consequently the system is
+unstable and then for still higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable and then for still higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable and then for still higher
+values of the a fnot product once again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the a fnot product once again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the a fnot product once again
+all three branches lie in the left half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all three branches lie in the left half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all three branches lie in the left half
+of the of the S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the S
+plane the situation with sufficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane the situation with sufficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane the situation with sufficiently
+large a fnot magnitude such that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large a fnot magnitude such that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large a fnot magnitude such that all
+three branches lie in the left half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three branches lie in the left half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three branches lie in the left half of
+the S plane is the situation we've shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S plane is the situation we've shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S plane is the situation we've shown
+in this gain phase plot we have a stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this gain phase plot we have a stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this gain phase plot we have a stable
+system with a positive amount of phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with a positive amount of phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with a positive amount of phase
+margin and similarly in the bod plot uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin and similarly in the bod plot uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin and similarly in the bod plot uh
+there's the the other stable situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the the other stable situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the the other stable situation
+would correspond to the magnitude UD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would correspond to the magnitude UD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would correspond to the magnitude UD
+curve being pushed down so far that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve being pushed down so far that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve being pushed down so far that
+system crossover occurred at frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system crossover occurred at frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system crossover occurred at frequencies
+below this one or at frequencies below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below this one or at frequencies below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below this one or at frequencies below
+this one in the gain phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one in the gain phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one in the gain phase
+presentation now suppose we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation now suppose we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation now suppose we have a
+system that has this type of of Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that has this type of of Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that has this type of of Dynamics
+associated with it and we add to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with it and we add to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with it and we add to that
+system an element that saturates and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system an element that saturates and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system an element that saturates and as
+we mentioned last time uh saturation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mentioned last time uh saturation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mentioned last time uh saturation
+occurs in virtually all physical systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs in virtually all physical systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs in virtually all physical systems
+so certainly something that we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so certainly something that we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so certainly something that we have to
+contend with let's suppose that in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contend with let's suppose that in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contend with let's suppose that in in
+the loop in addition to these linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loop in addition to these linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loop in addition to these linear
+elements we have a saturating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements we have a saturating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements we have a saturating
+nonlinearity uh suppose we have sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity uh suppose we have sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity uh suppose we have sort of
+an ideal saturating element where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ideal saturating element where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ideal saturating element where we
+have a slope of K for the output versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a slope of K for the output versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a slope of K for the output versus
+input characteristics providing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input characteristics providing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input characteristics providing the
+magnitude of the input signal is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the input signal is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the input signal is less
+than some Maximum value e subm so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than some Maximum value e subm so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than some Maximum value e subm so as
+long as our input signal we assume the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as our input signal we assume the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as our input signal we assume the
+characteristics are symmetrical as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics are symmetrical as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics are symmetrical as long
+as our input signal Li between here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as our input signal Li between here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as our input signal Li between here and
+here the slope of the input to Output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the slope of the input to Output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the slope of the input to Output
+transfer characteristic is constant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer characteristic is constant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer characteristic is constant and
+has a value of K however once the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a value of K however once the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a value of K however once the input
+signal exceeds es subm the input output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal exceeds es subm the input output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal exceeds es subm the input output
+transfer characteristics flatten out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer characteristics flatten out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer characteristics flatten out and
+have zero slope so what this does when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have zero slope so what this does when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have zero slope so what this does when
+we apply a Soso providing our test Soso
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we apply a Soso providing our test Soso
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we apply a Soso providing our test Soso
+has a peak amplitude less than esm we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a peak amplitude less than esm we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a peak amplitude less than esm we
+find out that the gain of our element is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out that the gain of our element is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out that the gain of our element is
+simply K we put in a sonide we get out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply K we put in a sonide we get out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply K we put in a sonide we get out a
+sonide the gain is is simply equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sonide the gain is is simply equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sonide the gain is is simply equal to
+the slope of the transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope of the transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope of the transfer
+characteristics in the vicinity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics in the vicinity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics in the vicinity of the
+origin consequently the describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin consequently the describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin consequently the describing
+function as a function of the amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function as a function of the amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function as a function of the amplitude
+of our test signal e is simply equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our test signal e is simply equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our test signal e is simply equal to
+K of course the input and output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K of course the input and output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K of course the input and output
+sinusoids are are in synchronism there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoids are are in synchronism there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoids are are in synchronism there's
+no relative phase shift between them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no relative phase shift between them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no relative phase shift between them so
+the angle associated with the describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle associated with the describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle associated with the describing
+function is 0 de and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is 0 de and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is 0 de and that's the
+condition that exists for E less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that exists for E less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that exists for E less than
+esm when we exceed a value of e subm for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+esm when we exceed a value of e subm for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+esm when we exceed a value of e subm for
+our test signal of course the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our test signal of course the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our test signal of course the output
+Soso is flattened down it has flat spots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soso is flattened down it has flat spots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soso is flattened down it has flat spots
+on the peak and the Valley of the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the peak and the Valley of the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the peak and the Valley of the output
+sosal signal I go through the derivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sosal signal I go through the derivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sosal signal I go through the derivation
+of that describing function in the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that describing function in the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that describing function in the book
+and if we go through that we find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we go through that we find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we go through that we find out
+that the expression is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the expression is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the expression is that the
+describing function as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing function as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing function as a function of
+amplitude is simply 2 * K Over Pi * the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude is simply 2 * K Over Pi * the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude is simply 2 * K Over Pi * the
+r AR s of r + r * < TK 1 - R 2 where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r AR s of r + r * < TK 1 - R 2 where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r AR s of r + r * < TK 1 - R 2 where
+we've defined r as the ratio uh esmm the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've defined r as the ratio uh esmm the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've defined r as the ratio uh esmm the
+saturating magnitude on the input axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturating magnitude on the input axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturating magnitude on the input axis
+divided by the amplitude of our test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the amplitude of our test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the amplitude of our test
+signal once again the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal once again the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal once again the fundamental
+component of the output is in Phase with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the output is in Phase with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the output is in Phase with
+the test signal so the angle associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the test signal so the angle associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the test signal so the angle associated
+with our describing function is zero we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our describing function is zero we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our describing function is zero we
+can also look at what happens for very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also look at what happens for very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also look at what happens for very
+very long large input voltages under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long large input voltages under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long large input voltages under
+those conditions the output is very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those conditions the output is very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those conditions the output is very very
+nearly a square wave the large input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly a square wave the large input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly a square wave the large input
+test signal sweeps the nonlinearity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test signal sweeps the nonlinearity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test signal sweeps the nonlinearity
+through its linear region over a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through its linear region over a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through its linear region over a very
+small fractional range of input voltages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small fractional range of input voltages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small fractional range of input voltages
+the output is almost a square wave the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output is almost a square wave the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output is almost a square wave the
+amplitude of the output Square wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude of the output Square wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude of the output Square wave
+would be K time e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be K time e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be K time e
+subm the fundamental component of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subm the fundamental component of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subm the fundamental component of the
+output Square wave would be 4K over piun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output Square wave would be 4K over piun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output Square wave would be 4K over piun
+* sub M the K subm being the uh Peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* sub M the K subm being the uh Peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* sub M the K subm being the uh Peak
+magnitude of the output the 4 over Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the output the 4 over Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the output the 4 over Pi
+giving us the magnitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving us the magnitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving us the magnitude of the
+fundamental term in the fora series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental term in the fora series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental term in the fora series
+expansion so that's the magnitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion so that's the magnitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion so that's the magnitude of the
+output fundamental we divide that by E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output fundamental we divide that by E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output fundamental we divide that by E
+to get our describing function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get our describing function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get our describing function and
+that's in the in the limit where our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the in the limit where our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the in the limit where our
+test signal amplitude e is much much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test signal amplitude e is much much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test signal amplitude e is much much
+larger than the ne the value necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than the ne the value necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than the ne the value necessary
+to saturate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to saturate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to saturate the
+element we can get the same expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element we can get the same expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element we can get the same expression
+here by recognizing that for small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here by recognizing that for small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here by recognizing that for small
+values of R when e subm is much smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of R when e subm is much smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of R when e subm is much smaller
+than than e the AR sign is approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than than e the AR sign is approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than than e the AR sign is approximately
+equal to the argument uh this term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the argument uh this term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the argument uh this term is
+about equal to one we get simply a 2 R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about equal to one we get simply a 2 R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about equal to one we get simply a 2 R
+once again we get the 4K e subm over Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again we get the 4K e subm over Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again we get the 4K e subm over Pi
+e if we plot the describing function G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e if we plot the describing function G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e if we plot the describing function G
+subd is a function of E versus e we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subd is a function of E versus e we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subd is a function of E versus e we have
+a value of K for input test amplitudes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a value of K for input test amplitudes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a value of K for input test amplitudes
+less than es subm that's of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than es subm that's of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than es subm that's of course the
+slope of the transfer characteristics at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of the transfer characteristics at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of the transfer characteristics at
+the origin uh as soon as we get a test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin uh as soon as we get a test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin uh as soon as we get a test
+signal larger than esm the magnitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal larger than esm the magnitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal larger than esm the magnitude of
+the describing function begins to drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the describing function begins to drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the describing function begins to drop
+off and ASM totically approaches the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and ASM totically approaches the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and ASM totically approaches the
+hyperbola described by this equation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbola described by this equation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbola described by this equation so
+we have this Behavior with a curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this Behavior with a curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this Behavior with a curve
+eventually approaching zero for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually approaching zero for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually approaching zero for
+sufficiently large values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently large values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently large values of
+e now we can see the difficulty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e now we can see the difficulty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e now we can see the difficulty
+suppose we have a system that includes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have a system that includes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have a system that includes
+this sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of a
+nonlinearity with this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity with this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity with this kind of
+describing function if we then analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing function if we then analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing function if we then analyze
+our system by describing functions well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our system by describing functions well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our system by describing functions well
+let's see what what are we really doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what what are we really doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what what are we really doing
+we're we're effectively linearizing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're effectively linearizing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're effectively linearizing the
+system in a particular kind of a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in a particular kind of a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in a particular kind of a way
+describing function analysis really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing function analysis really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing function analysis really
+amounts to a linearization about an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts to a linearization about an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts to a linearization about an
+operating Point that's described by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating Point that's described by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating Point that's described by the
+amplitude of the signal applied to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude of the signal applied to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude of the signal applied to the
+nonlinearity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+consider what happens if the amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider what happens if the amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider what happens if the amplitude
+of the signal applied to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the signal applied to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the signal applied to the
+nonlinearity is such that we're into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity is such that we're into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity is such that we're into the
+saturating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturating
+region and if we now consider this to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and if we now consider this to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and if we now consider this to be
+a plot of the negative of of the loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plot of the negative of of the loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plot of the negative of of the loop
+transmission for a nonlinear system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission for a nonlinear system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission for a nonlinear system
+where we of course get the gain of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we of course get the gain of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we of course get the gain of the
+nonlinearity Via our describing function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity Via our describing function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity Via our describing function
+analysis we'd find out that operating in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis we'd find out that operating in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis we'd find out that operating in
+saturation shifted the curve down we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturation shifted the curve down we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturation shifted the curve down we
+have a a Val for the loop transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a Val for the loop transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a Val for the loop transmission
+magnitude that's less than that which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude that's less than that which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude that's less than that which
+exists when we have small signals the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists when we have small signals the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists when we have small signals the
+gain in a describing function sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain in a describing function sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain in a describing function sense of
+the nonlinear element is smaller and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nonlinear element is smaller and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nonlinear element is smaller and so
+that pushes the magnitude curve down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pushes the magnitude curve down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pushes the magnitude curve down and
+we could push it down sufficiently so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could push it down sufficiently so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could push it down sufficiently so
+the crossover occurred at this frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crossover occurred at this frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crossover occurred at this frequency
+as one possibility so let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that in other words if we drove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in other words if we drove the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in other words if we drove the
+system in some way so that the amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in some way so that the amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in some way so that the amplitude
+at the input to the nonlinearity the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the input to the nonlinearity the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the input to the nonlinearity the
+quantity e in our describing function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity e in our describing function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity e in our describing function
+analysis had an appropriate value we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis had an appropriate value we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis had an appropriate value we
+could force crossover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here at a position of zero phase margin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at a position of zero phase margin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at a position of zero phase margin
+similarly if we had an even larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly if we had an even larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly if we had an even larger
+amplitude applied to the nonlinearity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude applied to the nonlinearity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude applied to the nonlinearity in
+our overall Loop we could force cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our overall Loop we could force cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our overall Loop we could force cross
+over to this frequency once again a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to this frequency once again a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to this frequency once again a
+frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+with zero phase margin so we might that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with zero phase margin so we might that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with zero phase margin so we might that
+at in that case in the vicinity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at in that case in the vicinity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at in that case in the vicinity of
+crossover have a magnitude versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover have a magnitude versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover have a magnitude versus
+frequency characteristic that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency characteristic that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency characteristic that looks
+something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+so the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the uh
+corresponding pictures in the other two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding pictures in the other two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding pictures in the other two
+plots uh would be a case where we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots uh would be a case where we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots uh would be a case where we had a
+sufficiently large amplitude to push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently large amplitude to push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently large amplitude to push
+this curve down if we view it that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve down if we view it that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve down if we view it that way
+uh so that we either crossed over at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that we either crossed over at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that we either crossed over at the
+higher frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher frequency
+of these two points or at at the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two points or at at the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two points or at at the lower
+frequency if we use a conventional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency if we use a conventional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency if we use a conventional
+describing function analysis uh what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing function analysis uh what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing function analysis uh what we
+do is plot minus1 / G subd of e on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is plot minus1 / G subd of e on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is plot minus1 / G subd of e on the
+same coordinates let's assume that K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same coordinates let's assume that K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same coordinates let's assume that K is
+one in which case uh minus one over G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in which case uh minus one over G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in which case uh minus one over G
+subd of e would have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subd of e would have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subd of e would have a
+form like this it uh G subd would have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form like this it uh G subd would have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form like this it uh G subd would have a
+maximum value of one so 1 over G subd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum value of one so 1 over G subd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum value of one so 1 over G subd
+magnitude would have a a value of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude would have a a value of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude would have a a value of one
+and with then a minimum value of one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with then a minimum value of one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with then a minimum value of one and
+then would increase to larger values for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then would increase to larger values for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then would increase to larger values for
+increasing e so we'd end up with a curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing e so we'd end up with a curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing e so we'd end up with a curve
+that goes like this the angle of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes like this the angle of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes like this the angle of course
+of -1 over G subd of e would be - 180°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of -1 over G subd of e would be - 180°
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of -1 over G subd of e would be - 180°
+since the angle of G subd of e is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the angle of G subd of e is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the angle of G subd of e is
+0° we have a magnitude of one this is -1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0° we have a magnitude of one this is -1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0° we have a magnitude of one this is -1
+over G G subd of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over G G subd of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over G G subd of
+e uh this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e uh this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e uh this is the
+direction of increasing e we notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of increasing e we notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of increasing e we notice
+again two intersections in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again two intersections in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again two intersections in this case
+those intersections correspond to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those intersections correspond to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those intersections correspond to the
+case I mentioned earlier uh where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I mentioned earlier uh where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I mentioned earlier uh where the
+gain in a sense has been lowered such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain in a sense has been lowered such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain in a sense has been lowered such
+that crossover is forced here or where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that crossover is forced here or where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that crossover is forced here or where
+the gain has been lowered so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gain has been lowered so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gain has been lowered so the
+crossover is forced at this point again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover is forced at this point again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover is forced at this point again
+we can look at the same process from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look at the same process from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look at the same process from a
+root Locust point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root Locust point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root Locust point of
+view uh we assume that we might start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view uh we assume that we might start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view uh we assume that we might start
+out with a system designed so that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with a system designed so that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with a system designed so that all
+of our poles lie in the left half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our poles lie in the left half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our poles lie in the left half of the
+S plane however as we increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S plane however as we increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S plane however as we increase the
+amplitude of the signal at the input to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude of the signal at the input to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude of the signal at the input to
+the nonlinearity the loop transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nonlinearity the loop transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nonlinearity the loop transmission
+magnitude the a fnot product in in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude the a fnot product in in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude the a fnot product in in a
+describing function sense drops the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing function sense drops the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing function sense drops the
+branches move back for some sufficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches move back for some sufficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches move back for some sufficiently
+large amplitude at the input to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large amplitude at the input to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large amplitude at the input to the
+nonlinearity we have a pair of complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity we have a pair of complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity we have a pair of complex
+conjugate poles on the imaginary axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate poles on the imaginary axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate poles on the imaginary axis
+there's a potential for oscillation uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a potential for oscillation uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a potential for oscillation uh
+as if the amplitude were further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if the amplitude were further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if the amplitude were further
+increased the amplitude of the input to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased the amplitude of the input to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased the amplitude of the input to
+the nonlinearity were further increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nonlinearity were further increased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nonlinearity were further increased
+why again we'd get a lower a FN product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why again we'd get a lower a FN product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why again we'd get a lower a FN product
+since the gain of the nonlinear element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the gain of the nonlinear element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the gain of the nonlinear element
+in the describing function sense would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the describing function sense would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the describing function sense would
+drop uh we might end up at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop uh we might end up at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop uh we might end up at this point
+that's again a a borderline stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's again a a borderline stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's again a a borderline stability
+Point well we see either from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point well we see either from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point well we see either from the
+classical describing fun function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical describing fun function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical describing fun function
+analysis from this sort of an analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis from this sort of an analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis from this sort of an analysis
+or from the root Locus analysis uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or from the root Locus analysis uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or from the root Locus analysis uh that
+there are two values of e that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two values of e that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two values of e that that
+result in a system that has unity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result in a system that has unity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result in a system that has unity
+magnitude for the loop transmission at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude for the loop transmission at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude for the loop transmission at
+the frequency where the angle associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency where the angle associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency where the angle associated
+with the AF product is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the AF product is minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the AF product is minus
+180° and we have to consider which of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+180° and we have to consider which of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+180° and we have to consider which of
+those represents which if either of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those represents which if either of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those represents which if either of
+those represents a stable amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those represents a stable amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those represents a stable amplitude
+oscillation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation
+let's first assume that somehow we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's first assume that somehow we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's first assume that somehow we've
+driven the system we've put in a test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven the system we've put in a test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven the system we've put in a test
+signal maybe to the overall input of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal maybe to the overall input of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal maybe to the overall input of the
+feedback system and we've carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback system and we've carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback system and we've carefully
+monitored the signal that exists at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitored the signal that exists at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitored the signal that exists at the
+input to the nonlinearity somehow we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input to the nonlinearity somehow we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input to the nonlinearity somehow we've
+driven the S system so that the signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven the S system so that the signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven the S system so that the signal
+amplitude at the input to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude at the input to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude at the input to the
+nonlinearity is the one that forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity is the one that forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity is the one that forces
+cross over at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross over at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross over at this
+frequency we have 180 degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency we have 180 degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency we have 180 degrees of
+negative phase shift at that frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative phase shift at that frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative phase shift at that frequency
+and now let's see what happens uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now let's see what happens uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now let's see what happens uh this
+the system now is presumably oscillating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system now is presumably oscillating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system now is presumably oscillating
+with the amplitude at the input to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the amplitude at the input to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the amplitude at the input to the
+nonlinearity that moves this magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity that moves this magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity that moves this magnitude
+curve down such the crossover occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve down such the crossover occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve down such the crossover occurs
+here and now let's assume possibly that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and now let's assume possibly that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and now let's assume possibly that
+the amplitude of the oscillation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitude of the oscillation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitude of the oscillation
+increases just a little bit the system's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases just a little bit the system's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases just a little bit the system's
+oscillating with some amplitude at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating with some amplitude at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating with some amplitude at the
+input to the nonlinearity let's suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input to the nonlinearity let's suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input to the nonlinearity let's suppose
+the amplitude increases just a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitude increases just a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitude increases just a little
+bit well since our the gain of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit well since our the gain of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit well since our the gain of our
+nonlinear element decreases with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear element decreases with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear element decreases with
+increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing
+amplitude this curve is pushed down just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude this curve is pushed down just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude this curve is pushed down just
+a little bit further crossover occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit further crossover occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit further crossover occurs
+somewhat below this frequency this curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat below this frequency this curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat below this frequency this curve
+moves down like so we cross over now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves down like so we cross over now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves down like so we cross over now in
+a region of negative phase margin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a region of negative phase margin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a region of negative phase margin and
+consequently the amplitude will continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently the amplitude will continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently the amplitude will continue
+to increase we assume started this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to increase we assume started this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to increase we assume started this by
+assuming the amplitude increased a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming the amplitude increased a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming the amplitude increased a
+little bit we find out that the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit we find out that the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit we find out that the system
+is not restorative at that point the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not restorative at that point the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not restorative at that point the
+amplitude continues to increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude continues to increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude continues to increase
+conversely if we assume the was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversely if we assume the was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversely if we assume the was
+oscillating at this frequency with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating at this frequency with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating at this frequency with the
+amplitude necessary to force Unity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude necessary to force Unity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude necessary to force Unity
+magnitude or Crossover at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude or Crossover at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude or Crossover at this
+frequency and now we assume that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and now we assume that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and now we assume that the
+amplitude of that oscillation shrinks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude of that oscillation shrinks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude of that oscillation shrinks
+just a little bit the magnitude curve is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little bit the magnitude curve is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little bit the magnitude curve is
+pushed up we cross over at a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed up we cross over at a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed up we cross over at a slightly
+higher frequency uh we cross over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher frequency uh we cross over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher frequency uh we cross over
+therefore in a region of positive phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore in a region of positive phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore in a region of positive phase
+margin the system uh uh again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin the system uh uh again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin the system uh uh again the
+amplitude further decreases the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude further decreases the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude further decreases the system
+stable the amplitude further decreases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable the amplitude further decreases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable the amplitude further decreases
+fine so we conclude that we really can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine so we conclude that we really can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine so we conclude that we really can't
+get a stable amplitude oscillation with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a stable amplitude oscillation with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a stable amplitude oscillation with
+the value of e necessary to force cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of e necessary to force cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of e necessary to force cross
+over at this frequency let's consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over at this frequency let's consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over at this frequency let's consider
+the lower frequency possibility suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower frequency possibility suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower frequency possibility suppose
+now we have an even larger value for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have an even larger value for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have an even larger value for the
+amplitude e so the curve has been pushed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude e so the curve has been pushed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude e so the curve has been pushed
+down crossover now occurs at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down crossover now occurs at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down crossover now occurs at this
+frequency again at a position or at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency again at a position or at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency again at a position or at a
+frequency with zero phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency with zero phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency with zero phase
+margin uh the and once again let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin uh the and once again let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin uh the and once again let's
+perform our test let's assume that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform our test let's assume that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform our test let's assume that the
+amplitude of the signal increases a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude of the signal increases a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude of the signal increases a
+little bit what happens crossovers push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit what happens crossovers push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit what happens crossovers push
+toward lower frequencies the curve comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward lower frequencies the curve comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward lower frequencies the curve comes
+down crossover moves toward lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down crossover moves toward lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down crossover moves toward lower
+frequencies we cross over in a region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies we cross over in a region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies we cross over in a region
+now a positive phase margin the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a positive phase margin the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a positive phase margin the
+amplitude increased we find we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude increased we find we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude increased we find we have
+positive phase margin the systems damped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive phase margin the systems damped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive phase margin the systems damped
+the amplitude of the oscillation shrinks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitude of the oscillation shrinks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitude of the oscillation shrinks
+back toward its original value similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back toward its original value similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back toward its original value similarly
+if we assume the magnitude decreases a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we assume the magnitude decreases a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we assume the magnitude decreases a
+little bit the gain in the describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit the gain in the describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit the gain in the describing
+function sense goes up we cross over at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function sense goes up we cross over at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function sense goes up we cross over at
+a higher frequency a region of negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a higher frequency a region of negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a higher frequency a region of negative
+phase margin the amplitude grows back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase margin the amplitude grows back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase margin the amplitude grows back to
+its original value so here the system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its original value so here the system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its original value so here the system is
+restorative and consequently we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restorative and consequently we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restorative and consequently we'd
+anticipate the system would oscillate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipate the system would oscillate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipate the system would oscillate
+with parameters such that e was large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with parameters such that e was large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with parameters such that e was large
+enough to force cross over at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to force cross over at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to force cross over at this
+frequency again we can make the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency again we can make the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency again we can make the same
+exact kind of an argument and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact kind of an argument and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact kind of an argument and I think
+it's worth comparing these cases make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth comparing these cases make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth comparing these cases make
+the same kind of an argument in the gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same kind of an argument in the gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same kind of an argument in the gain
+or in a root Locus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in a root Locus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in a root Locus
+presentation uh suppose for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation uh suppose for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation uh suppose for
+example we had the correct amplitude so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we had the correct amplitude so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we had the correct amplitude so
+that the when we considered the gain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the when we considered the gain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the when we considered the gain of
+the nonlinearity the describing function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nonlinearity the describing function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nonlinearity the describing function
+uh for the nonlinearity our pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for the nonlinearity our pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for the nonlinearity our pair of
+closed loop Poes was precisely on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed loop Poes was precisely on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed loop Poes was precisely on the
+imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary
+axis if we assume a slight increase in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis if we assume a slight increase in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis if we assume a slight increase in
+that amplitude the magnitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that amplitude the magnitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that amplitude the magnitude of the
+describing function decreases we move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing function decreases we move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing function decreases we move
+back in the left half plane the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the left half plane the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the left half plane the system
+stable the amplitude shrinks back to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable the amplitude shrinks back to its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable the amplitude shrinks back to its
+original value and so forth again if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original value and so forth again if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original value and so forth again if we
+make the test at this intersection uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the test at this intersection uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the test at this intersection uh
+let's see if we assume that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if we assume that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if we assume that the
+amplitude uh increases the gain drops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude uh increases the gain drops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude uh increases the gain drops
+the a fnot product decreases uh we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a fnot product decreases uh we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a fnot product decreases uh we have
+a system that has poles in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system that has poles in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system that has poles in the right
+half plane consequently the amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half plane consequently the amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half plane consequently the amplitude
+further increases once again the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further increases once again the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further increases once again the same
+result a stable amplitude oscillation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result a stable amplitude oscillation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result a stable amplitude oscillation is
+not possible here a stable amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not possible here a stable amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not possible here a stable amplitude
+oscillation is possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation is possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation is possible
+here I'd like to illustrate these ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'd like to illustrate these ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'd like to illustrate these ideas
+with a demonstration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a demonstration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a demonstration
+system and what I've chosen for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and what I've chosen for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and what I've chosen for the
+negative of the loop transmission for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of the loop transmission for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of the loop transmission for
+the demonstration system is a a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demonstration system is a a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demonstration system is a a a
+negative Loop transmission or an AF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative Loop transmission or an AF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative Loop transmission or an AF
+product that's 3100 times some quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product that's 3100 times some quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product that's 3100 times some quantity
+a KN divided by s in other words we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a KN divided by s in other words we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a KN divided by s in other words we have
+a pole in the origin in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pole in the origin in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pole in the origin in the
+demonstration system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration system
+system uh we have two poles two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh we have two poles two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh we have two poles two
+coincident poles located at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincident poles located at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincident poles located at
+1.5 time 10 3 radians per second the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 time 10 3 radians per second the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 time 10 3 radians per second the
+reciprocal of this time constant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal of this time constant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal of this time constant and
+then we have two higher frequency zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have two higher frequency zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have two higher frequency zeros
+at 10 4th radians per second this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 10 4th radians per second this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 10 4th radians per second this
+differs just a little bit from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differs just a little bit from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differs just a little bit from the
+description I gave earlier where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description I gave earlier where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description I gave earlier where I
+assume three coincident poles but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume three coincident poles but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume three coincident poles but that's
+not a fundamental difference uh here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a fundamental difference uh here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a fundamental difference uh here we
+have one pole at the origin two poles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one pole at the origin two poles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one pole at the origin two poles
+that are coincident further out U and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are coincident further out U and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are coincident further out U and I
+we say then the two zeros this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say then the two zeros this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say then the two zeros this is a
+system that will in fact exhibit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that will in fact exhibit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that will in fact exhibit the
+kind of Mag angle versus frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Mag angle versus frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Mag angle versus frequency
+characteristic that I indicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic that I indicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic that I indicated
+characterizes conditionally stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizes conditionally stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizes conditionally stable
+systems uh the angle will drop more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems uh the angle will drop more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems uh the angle will drop more
+negative than minus 180° over some range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative than minus 180° over some range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative than minus 180° over some range
+of frequencies and then recover to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of frequencies and then recover to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of frequencies and then recover to a
+value that's more positive than minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that's more positive than minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that's more positive than minus
+180° uh we can see that pretty easily we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+180° uh we can see that pretty easily we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+180° uh we can see that pretty easily we
+get 90° of phase shift from the pole at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 90° of phase shift from the pole at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 90° of phase shift from the pole at
+the origin and then we can view this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin and then we can view this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin and then we can view this
+combination the two poles and the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination the two poles and the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination the two poles and the two
+zeros as simply two cascaded lag type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros as simply two cascaded lag type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros as simply two cascaded lag type
+transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer
+functions if you recall the expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions if you recall the expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions if you recall the expression
+for the maximum phase shift that we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the maximum phase shift that we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the maximum phase shift that we get
+out of either a lead type transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of either a lead type transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of either a lead type transfer
+function or a lag type transfer function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function or a lag type transfer function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function or a lag type transfer function
+the maximum phase shift is simply the AR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum phase shift is simply the AR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum phase shift is simply the AR
+s of alpha minus1 over Alpha + 1 where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s of alpha minus1 over Alpha + 1 where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s of alpha minus1 over Alpha + 1 where
+Alpha is of course the ratio uh of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha is of course the ratio uh of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha is of course the ratio uh of the
+frequencies associated with the pole in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies associated with the pole in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies associated with the pole in
+the zero and in this case Alpha is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero and in this case Alpha is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero and in this case Alpha is
+6.7 the pole being located a factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.7 the pole being located a factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.7 the pole being located a factor of
+6.7 below the zero uh if we evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.7 below the zero uh if we evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.7 below the zero uh if we evaluate
+this expression we find out that we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression we find out that we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression we find out that we get
+475 degrees of phase shift for each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+475 degrees of phase shift for each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+475 degrees of phase shift for each of
+those associated with each of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those associated with each of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those associated with each of those
+doublets since the pole is located at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doublets since the pole is located at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doublets since the pole is located at
+the lower frequency while the uh we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower frequency while the uh we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower frequency while the uh we have
+negative phase shift so now let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative phase shift so now let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative phase shift so now let's let's
+keep track of the total phase shift that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep track of the total phase shift that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep track of the total phase shift that
+we get as a maximum we get- 90° minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get as a maximum we get- 90° minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get as a maximum we get- 90° minus
+twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice
+47.5 de consequently a maximum negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+47.5 de consequently a maximum negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+47.5 de consequently a maximum negative
+phase shift of 100us 185 degrees uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase shift of 100us 185 degrees uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase shift of 100us 185 degrees uh so
+we have this characteristic that I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this characteristic that I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this characteristic that I said
+describes conditionally stable systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes conditionally stable systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes conditionally stable systems
+where the angle will drop more negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the angle will drop more negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the angle will drop more negative
+than- 180 degrees over some range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than- 180 degrees over some range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than- 180 degrees over some range of
+frequencies in this case it it drops to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies in this case it it drops to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies in this case it it drops to
+aboutus 185
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aboutus 185
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aboutus 185
+degrees in order to implement a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees in order to implement a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees in order to implement a system
+like this we've Simply Built it up out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this we've Simply Built it up out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this we've Simply Built it up out
+of operational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of operational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of operational
+amplifiers but it's not uh a completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifiers but it's not uh a completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifiers but it's not uh a completely
+madeup system the way you get into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+madeup system the way you get into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+madeup system the way you get into this
+sort of a thing the reason that that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a thing the reason that that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a thing the reason that that you
+get into this problem typically is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into this problem typically is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into this problem typically is as
+follows let's look back at our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows let's look back at our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows let's look back at our
+original frequency or magnitude versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original frequency or magnitude versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original frequency or magnitude versus
+frequency curve uh when we look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency curve uh when we look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency curve uh when we look at a
+typical feedback system there's us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical feedback system there's us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical feedback system there's us
+usually some process that limits the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually some process that limits the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually some process that limits the
+maximum achievable crossover frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum achievable crossover frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum achievable crossover frequency
+we found out when we looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found out when we looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found out when we looked at
+operational amplifiers that there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational amplifiers that there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational amplifiers that there was a
+whole collection of higher frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole collection of higher frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole collection of higher frequency
+poles there was a phase shift associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles there was a phase shift associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles there was a phase shift associated
+with the lateral PNP transistors that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the lateral PNP transistors that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the lateral PNP transistors that
+are used in those operational amplifiers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are used in those operational amplifiers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are used in those operational amplifiers
+and and those that collection of poles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and those that collection of poles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and those that collection of poles
+the the phase shift associated with time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the phase shift associated with time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the phase shift associated with time
+delay basically really as as a realistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay basically really as as a realistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay basically really as as a realistic
+possibility forced us to cross over at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility forced us to cross over at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility forced us to cross over at
+some frequency that was bound Ed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some frequency that was bound Ed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some frequency that was bound Ed by
+possibly a megahertz for the usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly a megahertz for the usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly a megahertz for the usually
+encountered operational amplifiers if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered operational amplifiers if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered operational amplifiers if
+you consider a mechanical system a Servo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you consider a mechanical system a Servo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you consider a mechanical system a Servo
+mechanism uh there are effects like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism uh there are effects like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism uh there are effects like
+resonances in in various members in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonances in in various members in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonances in in various members in the
+system uh that in that connect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh that in that connect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh that in that connect the
+output with the input or a motor with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output with the input or a motor with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output with the input or a motor with an
+output member uh at sufficiently high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output member uh at sufficiently high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output member uh at sufficiently high
+frequencies there are there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies there are there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies there are there are
+mechanical resonances again it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical resonances again it becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical resonances again it becomes
+very very difficult to force the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very difficult to force the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very difficult to force the system
+crossover above those critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover above those critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover above those critical
+frequencies so in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies so in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies so in in
+the usually encountered feedback system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usually encountered feedback system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usually encountered feedback system
+there's really some Maximum value for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's really some Maximum value for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's really some Maximum value for
+the crossover frequency and if we design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crossover frequency and if we design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crossover frequency and if we design
+a well-b behaved system we'll try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a well-b behaved system we'll try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a well-b behaved system we'll try to
+have a slope of somewhere something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a slope of somewhere something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a slope of somewhere something like
+1/s in the vicinity of crossover so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/s in the vicinity of crossover so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/s in the vicinity of crossover so that
+we can achieve adequate phase margin but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can achieve adequate phase margin but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can achieve adequate phase margin but
+rather than maintaining that 1 overs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than maintaining that 1 overs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than maintaining that 1 overs
+roll off all the way back to very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll off all the way back to very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll off all the way back to very low
+frequencies we may very easily find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies we may very easily find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies we may very easily find it
+advantageous to have a faster roll off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantageous to have a faster roll off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantageous to have a faster roll off
+uh 1 over s squ possibly we looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 1 over s squ possibly we looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 1 over s squ possibly we looked at
+that with two- pole compensation an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with two- pole compensation an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with two- pole compensation an
+opamp or the kind of transfer function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opamp or the kind of transfer function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opamp or the kind of transfer function
+that results when we use a include a lag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that results when we use a include a lag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that results when we use a include a lag
+network uh we'd have a one over s squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network uh we'd have a one over s squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network uh we'd have a one over s squ
+kind of a roll off the reason for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a roll off the reason for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a roll off the reason for that
+is that we get greater desensitivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we get greater desensitivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we get greater desensitivity
+over a wide range of frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a wide range of frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a wide range of frequencies
+compared to a true 1 overs roll off at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to a true 1 overs roll off at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to a true 1 overs roll off at
+all frequencies uh we might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all frequencies uh we might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all frequencies uh we might want to
+extend that we might want to get even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend that we might want to get even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend that we might want to get even
+greater desensitivity than we could get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater desensitivity than we could get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater desensitivity than we could get
+with with even the two pole rollof and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with even the two pole rollof and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with even the two pole rollof and
+so we might go to a higher order rollof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we might go to a higher order rollof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we might go to a higher order rollof
+a three Poole rolloff again in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a three Poole rolloff again in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a three Poole rolloff again in an
+attempt to improve Pro desensitivity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to improve Pro desensitivity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to improve Pro desensitivity so
+while the tests the demonstration system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the tests the demonstration system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the tests the demonstration system
+we're building up is is a a madeup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're building up is is a a madeup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're building up is is a a madeup
+system if you will this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system if you will this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system if you will this sort of
+situation exists in many actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation exists in many actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation exists in many actual
+systems well uh the building blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems well uh the building blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems well uh the building blocks
+we're going to use or an integrator so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use or an integrator so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use or an integrator so
+that we can get the pole at the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can get the pole at the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can get the pole at the origin
+uh the transfer function of course for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the transfer function of course for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the transfer function of course for
+this operational amplifier configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this operational amplifier configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this operational amplifier configuration
+is the familiar one minus one/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the familiar one minus one/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the familiar one minus one/
+RCS uh we want to get lag type transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RCS uh we want to get lag type transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RCS uh we want to get lag type transfer
+functions we get that with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions we get that with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions we get that with this
+operational amplifier configuration I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational amplifier configuration I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational amplifier configuration I
+think we can see that at sufficiently uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we can see that at sufficiently uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we can see that at sufficiently uh
+low frequencies where the capacitor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low frequencies where the capacitor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low frequencies where the capacitor is
+an open circuit the input to Output gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an open circuit the input to Output gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an open circuit the input to Output gain
+is simply minus R3 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply minus R3 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply minus R3 over
+R1 uh at higher frequencies where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 uh at higher frequencies where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 uh at higher frequencies where the
+capacitor is a short circuit the gain is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor is a short circuit the gain is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor is a short circuit the gain is
+minus R3 in parallel with R2 divided R1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus R3 in parallel with R2 divided R1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus R3 in parallel with R2 divided R1
+if you do the arithmetic you find this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do the arithmetic you find this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do the arithmetic you find this
+expression for the output to input or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the output to input or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the output to input or
+input to Output transfer function we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input to Output transfer function we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input to Output transfer function we
+have some DC gain and then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some DC gain and then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some DC gain and then we have
+a an expression that uh a pole zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an expression that uh a pole zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an expression that uh a pole zero
+doublet as we anticipate so we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doublet as we anticipate so we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doublet as we anticipate so we can use
+one of these and two of these as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these and two of these as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these and two of these as
+building blocks for our demonstration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system and here we have the system that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and here we have the system that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and here we have the system that
+we're actually using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually using
+uh we have the integrator here's the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have the integrator here's the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have the integrator here's the uh
+1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over
+RCS actually in our case we have 10 4th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RCS actually in our case we have 10 4th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RCS actually in our case we have 10 4th
+for one over the RC product so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one over the RC product so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one over the RC product so we have
+10 4th over s for this RC uh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 4th over s for this RC uh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 4th over s for this RC uh there's
+something up here that I'll ignore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something up here that I'll ignore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something up here that I'll ignore
+initially we'll look at that a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially we'll look at that a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially we'll look at that a little
+bit later on that's a way of improving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit later on that's a way of improving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit later on that's a way of improving
+the behavior of this kind of a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior of this kind of a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior of this kind of a system
+and here we have the two operational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we have the two operational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we have the two operational
+amplifiers uh that give us the lag type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifiers uh that give us the lag type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifiers uh that give us the lag type
+transfer functions at low frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer functions at low frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer functions at low frequencies
+the gain of the amplifier is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gain of the amplifier is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gain of the amplifier is
+.56 at higher frequencies it decreases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+.56 at higher frequencies it decreases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+.56 at higher frequencies it decreases
+by a factor of 6.7 if you keep track of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a factor of 6.7 if you keep track of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a factor of 6.7 if you keep track of
+everything we have another really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we have another really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we have another really
+identical Network here uh we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical Network here uh we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical Network here uh we have the
+input to our system this is really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input to our system this is really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input to our system this is really the
+feedback path we consider this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback path we consider this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback path we consider this the
+output of the system so this resistor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of the system so this resistor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of the system so this resistor
+provides the overall Global feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides the overall Global feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides the overall Global feedback
+path uh we have a limiter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path uh we have a limiter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path uh we have a limiter
+and we make the limiter in a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we make the limiter in a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we make the limiter in a very simple
+way we have the usual inverting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we have the usual inverting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we have the usual inverting
+connection operational amplifier with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection operational amplifier with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection operational amplifier with uh
+a 1K input resistor a potentiometer for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1K input resistor a potentiometer for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1K input resistor a potentiometer for
+the feedback element uh the gain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the feedback element uh the gain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the feedback element uh the gain of
+course of this configuration is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of this configuration is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of this configuration is is
+simply the feedback resistor or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply the feedback resistor or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply the feedback resistor or the
+negative of of the feedback resistor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of of the feedback resistor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of of the feedback resistor
+divided by the input resistor so by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the input resistor so by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the input resistor so by
+adjusting the potentiometer we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusting the potentiometer we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusting the potentiometer we can
+change the gain from basically zero to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the gain from basically zero to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the gain from basically zero to
+minus 100 actually in the in the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 100 actually in the in the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 100 actually in the in the actual
+test setup we have a a little series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test setup we have a a little series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test setup we have a a little series
+resistor included with the potentiometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor included with the potentiometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor included with the potentiometer
+so that we can't make the gain of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we can't make the gain of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we can't make the gain of this
+block really zero we can bring it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block really zero we can bring it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block really zero we can bring it down
+to about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to about
+unity and then uh the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unity and then uh the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unity and then uh the way the
+nonlinearity is introduced is by putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity is introduced is by putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity is introduced is by putting
+in two backtack xener diodes uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two backtack xener diodes uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two backtack xener diodes uh the
+breakdown voltage of the xener diodes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdown voltage of the xener diodes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdown voltage of the xener diodes is
+somewhere between five and six volts uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere between five and six volts uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere between five and six volts uh
+if you look at it there's a forward drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at it there's a forward drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at it there's a forward drop
+plus a xener diode in either direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a xener diode in either direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a xener diode in either direction
+uh the the xener one of the xener going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the xener one of the xener going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the xener one of the xener going
+into forward conduction the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into forward conduction the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into forward conduction the other one
+into xener breakdown for sufficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into xener breakdown for sufficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into xener breakdown for sufficiently
+large signals the net result is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large signals the net result is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large signals the net result is that we
+get symmetrical limiting at least to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get symmetrical limiting at least to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get symmetrical limiting at least to the
+extent that the two xener diodes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent that the two xener diodes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent that the two xener diodes are
+identical uh and that limiting occurs at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical uh and that limiting occurs at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical uh and that limiting occurs at
+a peak output amplitude of about 6 volts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a peak output amplitude of about 6 volts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a peak output amplitude of about 6 volts
+uh this has all been done with inverting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this has all been done with inverting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this has all been done with inverting
+operational amplifier connections we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational amplifier connections we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational amplifier connections we
+could have done it with non-inverting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have done it with non-inverting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have done it with non-inverting
+Connections in some places but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connections in some places but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connections in some places but the
+networks are a little bit more involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks are a little bit more involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks are a little bit more involved
+they require more components so we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they require more components so we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they require more components so we did
+it all with inverting amplifiers uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all with inverting amplifiers uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all with inverting amplifiers uh we
+have 1 2 3 four inversions we have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 1 2 3 four inversions we have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 1 2 3 four inversions we have to do
+something to get a negative feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to get a negative feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to get a negative feedback
+loop we put in one additional inversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop we put in one additional inversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop we put in one additional inversion
+here just a Unity gain inverter so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here just a Unity gain inverter so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here just a Unity gain inverter so that
+we do in fact have a negative feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do in fact have a negative feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do in fact have a negative feedback
+loop we can look at a block diagram for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop we can look at a block diagram for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop we can look at a block diagram for
+that system there's a very nice onetoone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that system there's a very nice onetoone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that system there's a very nice onetoone
+relationship between the block diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the block diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the block diagram
+and the circuit that I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the circuit that I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the circuit that I'd like to
+emphasize here's the input and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize here's the input and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize here's the input and the
+fedback signal that are really summed uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fedback signal that are really summed uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fedback signal that are really summed uh
+and we saw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we saw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we saw that
+earlier the two input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier the two input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier the two input
+resistors here and here performing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistors here and here performing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistors here and here performing that
+summation the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation the second
+element is one of our lag type transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is one of our lag type transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is one of our lag type transfer
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+functions we see that in the block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions we see that in the block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions we see that in the block
+diagram the lag type transfer function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram the lag type transfer function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram the lag type transfer function
+the DC low frequency gain of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DC low frequency gain of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DC low frequency gain of that
+operational amplifier connection being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational amplifier connection being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational amplifier connection being
+0.56 and then the pole zero doubl it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.56 and then the pole zero doubl it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.56 and then the pole zero doubl it
+with actually a Pole located at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with actually a Pole located at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with actually a Pole located at at
+reciprocal of this value 1.5 * 10 3r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal of this value 1.5 * 10 3r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal of this value 1.5 * 10 3r
+radians per second the zero at at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radians per second the zero at at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radians per second the zero at at the
+higher frequency the next element is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher frequency the next element is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher frequency the next element is
+Theus 10 4 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theus 10 4 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theus 10 4 over
+s and we of course get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and we of course get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and we of course get
+that with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integrator the final lag Network and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator the final lag Network and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator the final lag Network and
+then the final gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+term and not shown in the linear block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and not shown in the linear block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and not shown in the linear block
+diagram is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram is the
+limiter we can again look at this in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiter we can again look at this in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiter we can again look at this in all
+the ways that we described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+earlier uh here is the root Locus plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier uh here is the root Locus plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier uh here is the root Locus plot
+uh a pole at the origin two poles at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a pole at the origin two poles at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a pole at the origin two poles at at
+1.5 * 10 3r radians per second two zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 * 10 3r radians per second two zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 * 10 3r radians per second two zeros
+at 10 4th radians per second uh we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 10 4th radians per second uh we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 10 4th radians per second uh we find
+out as we' predict from our our bod plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out as we' predict from our our bod plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out as we' predict from our our bod plot
+argument earlier the maximum negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument earlier the maximum negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument earlier the maximum negative
+phase shift but there should be a range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase shift but there should be a range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase shift but there should be a range
+of a fnot products uh or in our case aot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a fnot products uh or in our case aot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a fnot products uh or in our case aot
+since everything else is fixed uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since everything else is fixed uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since everything else is fixed uh for
+which two branches lie in the right half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which two branches lie in the right half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which two branches lie in the right half
+plane we can find out uh the frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane we can find out uh the frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane we can find out uh the frequencies
+and in fact the values of a KN in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact the values of a KN in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact the values of a KN in our
+expression that cause the two poles to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression that cause the two poles to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression that cause the two poles to
+lie in the right half plane uh and if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lie in the right half plane uh and if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lie in the right half plane uh and if we
+do that we can do that by a ralth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that we can do that by a ralth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that we can do that by a ralth
+analysis for example that's probably the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis for example that's probably the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis for example that's probably the
+easiest way to determine how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest way to determine how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest way to determine how the
+frequencies at which the branches cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies at which the branches cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies at which the branches cross
+into the right half plane if we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the right half plane if we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the right half plane if we do that
+and divide by 2 pi to get from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and divide by 2 pi to get from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and divide by 2 pi to get from from
+radians to Hertz or cycles per second we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radians to Hertz or cycles per second we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radians to Hertz or cycles per second we
+find out that we cross into the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out that we cross into the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out that we cross into the right
+half plane at 390 Hertz for an aot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half plane at 390 Hertz for an aot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half plane at 390 Hertz for an aot of
+2.7 the two complex branches re-enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.7 the two complex branches re-enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.7 the two complex branches re-enter
+the left half plane at 950 Hertz for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left half plane at 950 Hertz for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left half plane at 950 Hertz for a
+KN equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN equal
+24 we can again look at this in all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 we can again look at this in all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 we can again look at this in all the
+other ways we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh here's the magnitude portion of a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here's the magnitude portion of a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here's the magnitude portion of a b
+plot we find out that if we choose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot we find out that if we choose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot we find out that if we choose a
+value of a KN of 80 very nearly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of a KN of 80 very nearly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of a KN of 80 very nearly the
+maximum value we can get with our 100K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum value we can get with our 100K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum value we can get with our 100K
+potentiometer uh and take care of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentiometer uh and take care of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentiometer uh and take care of the
+rounding in here the crossover occurs at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounding in here the crossover occurs at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounding in here the crossover occurs at
+just about 10 4th radians per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+second here's the angle portion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second here's the angle portion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second here's the angle portion of the
+bod plot if we look at at 10 4 radians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bod plot if we look at at 10 4 radians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bod plot if we look at at 10 4 radians
+per second we find out that we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second we find out that we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second we find out that we have a
+positive value of phase margin so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive value of phase margin so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive value of phase margin so again
+with a equals 80 we'd be crossing over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a equals 80 we'd be crossing over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a equals 80 we'd be crossing over
+uh as I had indicated in the original B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as I had indicated in the original B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as I had indicated in the original B
+plot on the board have a positive phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot on the board have a positive phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot on the board have a positive phase
+margin uh we can look at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin uh we can look at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin uh we can look at the same
+system in gain phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in gain phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in gain phase
+form again Omega being a parameter we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form again Omega being a parameter we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form again Omega being a parameter we
+find out that for a equals 80 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out that for a equals 80 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out that for a equals 80 uh
+crossover occurs here's the magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover occurs here's the magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover occurs here's the magnitude
+equals one portion crossover occurs at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one portion crossover occurs at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one portion crossover occurs at
+10 4 radians per second we have roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 4 radians per second we have roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 4 radians per second we have roughly
+15° of phase margin uh the angle is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15° of phase margin uh the angle is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15° of phase margin uh the angle is more
+negative than minus 180° for frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative than minus 180° for frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative than minus 180° for frequencies
+between 2.5 * 10 3r radians per second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 2.5 * 10 3r radians per second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 2.5 * 10 3r radians per second
+6.3 * 10 the3 radians per second those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.3 * 10 the3 radians per second those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.3 * 10 the3 radians per second those
+are the values that we determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the values that we determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the values that we determined
+earlier by ralth analysis uh the 390
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier by ralth analysis uh the 390
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier by ralth analysis uh the 390
+radians per second or Hertz and the 950
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radians per second or Hertz and the 950
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radians per second or Hertz and the 950
+Hertz now let's look at how the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hertz now let's look at how the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hertz now let's look at how the system
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+behaves what we have here is again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves what we have here is again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves what we have here is again the
+usual test generator a power supply to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual test generator a power supply to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual test generator a power supply to
+power our our setup uh and we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power our our setup uh and we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power our our setup uh and we have the
+actual conditionally stable system here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual conditionally stable system here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual conditionally stable system here
+we see five oper operational amplifiers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see five oper operational amplifiers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see five oper operational amplifiers
+ganged up so they perform the functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ganged up so they perform the functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ganged up so they perform the functions
+that we showed u in the actual schematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we showed u in the actual schematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we showed u in the actual schematic
+uh we have the potentiometer that varies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have the potentiometer that varies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have the potentiometer that varies
+the magnitude or the gain the quantity a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude or the gain the quantity a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude or the gain the quantity a
+KN uh we have a couple of switches that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN uh we have a couple of switches that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN uh we have a couple of switches that
+I'll ignore for a moment we'll see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll ignore for a moment we'll see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll ignore for a moment we'll see what
+their function is later on but the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their function is later on but the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their function is later on but the this
+is the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+box right now we have things set for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box right now we have things set for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box right now we have things set for a
+low value of a no this is an a knot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low value of a no this is an a knot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low value of a no this is an a knot
+actually of about one I indicated that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually of about one I indicated that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually of about one I indicated that
+when the potentiometer is all the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the potentiometer is all the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the potentiometer is all the way to
+the left we get an a knot of about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left we get an a knot of about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left we get an a knot of about
+one and under those conditions we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and under those conditions we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and under those conditions we have a
+fairly lightly damped system uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly lightly damped system uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly lightly damped system uh we
+notice that the frequency of ringing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the frequency of ringing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the frequency of ringing on
+the step response of the system were 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the step response of the system were 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the step response of the system were 2
+milliseconds per division so the ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds per division so the ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds per division so the ring
+frequency is about 250 Hertz two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency is about 250 Hertz two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency is about 250 Hertz two
+divisions and we indicated for lightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisions and we indicated for lightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisions and we indicated for lightly
+damped systems the ring frequency on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damped systems the ring frequency on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damped systems the ring frequency on the
+step response is just about equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step response is just about equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step response is just about equal to the
+uh crossover frequency of the system so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh crossover frequency of the system so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh crossover frequency of the system so
+here we have a low value for a KN less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have a low value for a KN less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have a low value for a KN less
+than the 2.4 critical value uh the ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the 2.4 critical value uh the ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the 2.4 critical value uh the ring
+frequency uh the crossover occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency uh the crossover occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency uh the crossover occurs
+below uh that that the critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below uh that that the critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below uh that that the critical
+frequency below 390
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency below 390
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency below 390
+Hertz and we notice it's it's fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hertz and we notice it's it's fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hertz and we notice it's it's fairly
+poorly damped uh there's relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorly damped uh there's relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorly damped uh there's relatively
+small phase margin for an a KN of one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small phase margin for an a KN of one uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small phase margin for an a KN of one uh
+let's try try to go to the higher value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try try to go to the higher value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try try to go to the higher value
+for for a something like 80 where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for a something like 80 where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for a something like 80 where the
+system should once again be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system should once again be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system should once again be
+stable and let's say all of a sudden we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable and let's say all of a sudden we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable and let's say all of a sudden we
+find out we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out we have some
+problems uh systems broken into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems uh systems broken into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems uh systems broken into
+oscillation we're now in the region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation we're now in the region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation we're now in the region
+where crossover occurs with negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where crossover occurs with negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where crossover occurs with negative
+phase margin but unfortunately we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase margin but unfortunately we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase margin but unfortunately we can't
+recover I can turn the aot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover I can turn the aot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover I can turn the aot
+pot here we start out low low aot we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pot here we start out low low aot we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pot here we start out low low aot we're
+all right all of a sudden we break into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right all of a sudden we break into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right all of a sudden we break into
+oscillation and if I try to set a not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation and if I try to set a not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation and if I try to set a not
+equal to 80 I can't do it because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 80 I can't do it because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 80 I can't do it because we
+have large enough signals in the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have large enough signals in the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have large enough signals in the system
+such that the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that the system
+saturates and uh in spite of my attempts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturates and uh in spite of my attempts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturates and uh in spite of my attempts
+to increase the a FN product uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to increase the a FN product uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to increase the a FN product uh the
+system thwarts me we're now into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system thwarts me we're now into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system thwarts me we're now into the
+limiting region in the nonlinearity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting region in the nonlinearity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting region in the nonlinearity
+there's nothing I can do about it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing I can do about it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing I can do about it this
+way well how do we get out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way well how do we get out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way well how do we get out of
+this uh first I'll turn down the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh first I'll turn down the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh first I'll turn down the input
+amplitude well that doesn't help either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude well that doesn't help either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude well that doesn't help either
+uh uh the fact that we make the input go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the fact that we make the input go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the fact that we make the input go
+away doesn't really matter the system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away doesn't really matter the system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away doesn't really matter the system is
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+oscillating and this I seem unable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating and this I seem unable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating and this I seem unable to
+stop it from the input uh one thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop it from the input uh one thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop it from the input uh one thing we
+might be able to do is turn off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to do is turn off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to do is turn off the
+power supply we have the pot turned up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power supply we have the pot turned up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power supply we have the pot turned up
+to the maximum aot value and let's hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the maximum aot value and let's hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the maximum aot value and let's hope
+that if we turn off the power supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we turn off the power supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we turn off the power supply
+takes a long time to die there's big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a long time to die there's big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a long time to die there's big
+capacitors in there but let's see have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitors in there but let's see have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitors in there but let's see have
+we yeah all right the system's quiet it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we yeah all right the system's quiet it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we yeah all right the system's quiet it
+now let's see what happens if we turn on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's see what happens if we turn on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's see what happens if we turn on
+the power supply whoops we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power supply whoops we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power supply whoops we
+lost uh this is really a a flip the coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost uh this is really a a flip the coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost uh this is really a a flip the coin
+kind of situation because it's entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of situation because it's entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of situation because it's entirely
+possible that during the startup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that during the startup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that during the startup
+transient uh we somehow kick the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transient uh we somehow kick the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transient uh we somehow kick the system
+get into the large amplitude case and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into the large amplitude case and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into the large amplitude case and
+the system oscillates that time we won I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system oscillates that time we won I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system oscillates that time we won I
+turned on the power supply turned it off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned on the power supply turned it off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned on the power supply turned it off
+turned it on again turns out this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned it on again turns out this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned it on again turns out this time
+just by flipping the coin a second time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by flipping the coin a second time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by flipping the coin a second time
+the system started in the stable mode we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system started in the stable mode we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system started in the stable mode we
+now have the large value for a KN an a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now have the large value for a KN an a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now have the large value for a KN an a
+KN of about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+80 and what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+notice is that we now have again a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice is that we now have again a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice is that we now have again a
+poorly damped step response we only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorly damped step response we only have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorly damped step response we only have
+about 15° of phase margin as I indicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 15° of phase margin as I indicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 15° of phase margin as I indicated
+earlier for a knot equals 80 but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier for a knot equals 80 but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier for a knot equals 80 but we're
+now certainly crossing over at the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now certainly crossing over at the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now certainly crossing over at the high
+at a high frequency above the 950 Hertz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a high frequency above the 950 Hertz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a high frequency above the 950 Hertz
+critical frequency uh above the higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical frequency uh above the higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical frequency uh above the higher
+value in the S plane where the Roots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value in the S plane where the Roots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value in the S plane where the Roots
+come back uh we're now at at 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back uh we're now at at 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back uh we're now at at 500
+microseconds per division uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microseconds per division uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microseconds per division uh the
+frequency of the ring on our response is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of the ring on our response is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of the ring on our response is
+just about a division so crossover now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just about a division so crossover now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just about a division so crossover now
+is about 2 ktz that corresponds to the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about 2 ktz that corresponds to the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about 2 ktz that corresponds to the a
+KN of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN of of
+80 uh and again the system uh say shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 uh and again the system uh say shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 uh and again the system uh say shows
+a a fair amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a fair amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a fair amount
+of of overshoot corresponding to the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of overshoot corresponding to the low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of overshoot corresponding to the low
+natural or the low value of phase margin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural or the low value of phase margin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural or the low value of phase margin
+uh let's see what happens we'll up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see what happens we'll up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see what happens we'll up the
+input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+amplitude we're just driving the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude we're just driving the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude we're just driving the system
+harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder
+now uh let me change the generator so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh let me change the generator so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh let me change the generator so I
+can get a little larger signal signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+input now all of a sudden we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input now all of a sudden we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input now all of a sudden we're
+beginning to get into the nonlinearity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to get into the nonlinearity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to get into the nonlinearity
+notice the flattening at the top and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+forth things are getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth things are getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth things are getting
+worse all of a sudden the system pops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse all of a sudden the system pops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse all of a sudden the system pops
+into oscillation reducing the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into oscillation reducing the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into oscillation reducing the input
+Drive amplitude doesn't help the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Drive amplitude doesn't help the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Drive amplitude doesn't help the
+system's unstable uh it's effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system's unstable uh it's effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system's unstable uh it's effectively
+supplying its own input uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplying its own input uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplying its own input uh it's
+oscillating uh we can take the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating uh we can take the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating uh we can take the input
+away effectively we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away effectively we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away effectively we'll
+trigger on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger on the
+oscillation and there there's our system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation and there there's our system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation and there there's our system
+oscillating we notice the peak amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating we notice the peak amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating we notice the peak amplitude
+of that oscillation we're looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that oscillation we're looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that oscillation we're looking at the
+output of the limiter stage now we're at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of the limiter stage now we're at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of the limiter stage now we're at
+2 volts per division the peak amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 volts per division the peak amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 volts per division the peak amplitude
+of the oscillation is about 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the oscillation is about 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the oscillation is about 6
+volts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um we can check our describing function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we can check our describing function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we can check our describing function
+prediction the prediction says that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction the prediction says that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction the prediction says that we
+should oscillate at the lower frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should oscillate at the lower frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should oscillate at the lower frequency
+at about 390
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at about 390
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at about 390
+Hertz uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hertz uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hertz uh if
+we look at at the picture we note that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at at the picture we note that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at at the picture we note that
+uh let's see we're at 500 microsc per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see we're at 500 microsc per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see we're at 500 microsc per
+division now we have five divisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division now we have five divisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division now we have five divisions
+horizontally so that's 2 and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontally so that's 2 and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontally so that's 2 and a half
+milliseconds uh to within scope accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds uh to within scope accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds uh to within scope accuracy
+we measure about 400 htz for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we measure about 400 htz for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we measure about 400 htz for the
+frequency of oscillation that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of oscillation that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of oscillation that's
+certainly Within experimental confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly Within experimental confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly Within experimental confidence
+in in first of all building the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in first of all building the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in first of all building the system
+and secondly measuring its frequency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and secondly measuring its frequency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and secondly measuring its frequency of
+oscillation so that that tells us that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation so that that tells us that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation so that that tells us that
+that the prediction made by describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the prediction made by describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the prediction made by describing
+function analysis is in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function analysis is in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function analysis is in fact
+confirmed uh let's look at one other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmed uh let's look at one other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmed uh let's look at one other
+thing which is the gain of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which is the gain of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which is the gain of the
+describing function element uh or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing function element uh or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing function element uh or the
+gain of the nonlinear element in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain of the nonlinear element in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain of the nonlinear element in a
+describing function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing function
+sense under these conditions we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense under these conditions we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense under these conditions we have a
+very large amplitude signal at the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large amplitude signal at the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large amplitude signal at the input
+to the nonlinear element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the nonlinear element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the nonlinear element
+and uh let's U look at that input signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh let's U look at that input signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh let's U look at that input signal
+for a moment I have that on the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Trace we notice first of all it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trace we notice first of all it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trace we notice first of all it's it's
+uh very nearly sinusoidal the to again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very nearly sinusoidal the to again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very nearly sinusoidal the to again
+what we can observe in an oscilloscope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can observe in an oscilloscope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can observe in an oscilloscope
+the signal at the input to the nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal at the input to the nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal at the input to the nonlinear
+element is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is
+sidal the gain of the the nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidal the gain of the the nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidal the gain of the the nonlinear
+element in its linear region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in its linear region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in its linear region
+is about 80 that says that we would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about 80 that says that we would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about 80 that says that we would get
+into the nonlinearity at an input signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the nonlinearity at an input signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the nonlinearity at an input signal
+level uh of 6 volts divided by 80
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level uh of 6 volts divided by 80
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level uh of 6 volts divided by 80
+something under 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something under 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something under 100
+molts uh our amplitude scale here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molts uh our amplitude scale here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molts uh our amplitude scale here is a
+volt per division so we're getting uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volt per division so we're getting uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volt per division so we're getting uh
+nearly three volts Peak at the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly three volts Peak at the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly three volts Peak at the input
+clearly we're in the situation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly we're in the situation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly we're in the situation where
+we're driving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're driving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're driving the
+nonlinearity uh the nonlinear element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity uh the nonlinear element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity uh the nonlinear element
+through its linear region on a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through its linear region on a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through its linear region on a very
+small fraction of the signal applied to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small fraction of the signal applied to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small fraction of the signal applied to
+it and we said under those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and we said under those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and we said under those
+conditions we can get the approximate uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions we can get the approximate uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions we can get the approximate uh
+describing function for our element by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing function for our element by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing function for our element by
+taking the peak value of the output 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the peak value of the output 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the peak value of the output 6
+volts Time 4 over Pi which gets us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts Time 4 over Pi which gets us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts Time 4 over Pi which gets us the
+fundamental component of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental component of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental component of the
+output and dividing by the input signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output and dividing by the input signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output and dividing by the input signal
+level which is e and our rowth analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level which is e and our rowth analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level which is e and our rowth analysis
+told us that for oscillation at the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told us that for oscillation at the low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told us that for oscillation at the low
+frequency we need a a gain of in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency we need a a gain of in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency we need a a gain of in a
+describing function sense through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing function sense through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing function sense through the
+nonlinearity an a KN of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity an a KN of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity an a KN of
+2.7 we solve that for the input the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.7 we solve that for the input the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.7 we solve that for the input the
+amplitude at the input to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude at the input to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude at the input to the
+nonlinearity we find out that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity we find out that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity we find out that that
+amplitude should be 2.83
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude should be 2.83
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude should be 2.83
+volts let's look at the nonlinear or at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts let's look at the nonlinear or at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts let's look at the nonlinear or at
+the sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sine
+wave again we're at one volt per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave again we're at one volt per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave again we're at one volt per
+Division and certainly within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Division and certainly within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Division and certainly within
+experimental tolerance we'd conclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental tolerance we'd conclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental tolerance we'd conclude
+that that's very nearly 2.83 volts Peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's very nearly 2.83 volts Peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's very nearly 2.83 volts Peak
+we have close to three volts Peak and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have close to three volts Peak and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have close to three volts Peak and if
+we look at the fine division we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at the fine division we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at the fine division we just
+about cross the 2.8 volt minor division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about cross the 2.8 volt minor division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about cross the 2.8 volt minor division
+so again to within the accuracy of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again to within the accuracy of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again to within the accuracy of our
+experimental configuration we conclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental configuration we conclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental configuration we conclude
+that describing function analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that describing function analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that describing function analysis
+predicts the amplitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicts the amplitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicts the amplitude of the
+oscillation very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well how do we uh cure this thing it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how do we uh cure this thing it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how do we uh cure this thing it's
+certainly embarrassing to have to turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly embarrassing to have to turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly embarrassing to have to turn
+off the power supply turn it back on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the power supply turn it back on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the power supply turn it back on
+that would be impractical in a satellite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be impractical in a satellite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be impractical in a satellite
+for example uh so how do we how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example uh so how do we how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example uh so how do we how do we
+try to cure this situation in a somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to cure this situation in a somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to cure this situation in a somewhat
+more scientific way let's go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more scientific way let's go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more scientific way let's go back to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+schematic and look at the point that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematic and look at the point that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematic and look at the point that I
+glossed over that says nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glossed over that says nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glossed over that says nonlinear
+compensation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um what you do I think or at least one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what you do I think or at least one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what you do I think or at least one
+technique for compensating this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique for compensating this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique for compensating this sort of
+a system is to consider what happens if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system is to consider what happens if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system is to consider what happens if
+we keep track of signal levels we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we keep track of signal levels we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we keep track of signal levels we find
+out that when the system is behaving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that when the system is behaving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that when the system is behaving
+normally at least in the High Gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally at least in the High Gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally at least in the High Gain
+configuration we normally want to cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration we normally want to cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration we normally want to cross
+over in this system above 950 Hertz when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over in this system above 950 Hertz when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over in this system above 950 Hertz when
+the system is behaving in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system is behaving in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system is behaving in that
+manner uh the signal level here is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manner uh the signal level here is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manner uh the signal level here is very
+very small if you keep keep track of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small if you keep keep track of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small if you keep keep track of of
+the maximum signal at this point we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum signal at this point we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum signal at this point we
+found out that that's about 6 Vols if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found out that that's about 6 Vols if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found out that that's about 6 Vols if
+you go back through the gains of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go back through the gains of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go back through the gains of these
+elements you find out that as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements you find out that as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements you find out that as long as
+the system's in its linear region the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system's in its linear region the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system's in its linear region the
+signal level at this point is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal level at this point is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal level at this point is quite
+small it's less than a diode drop less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small it's less than a diode drop less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small it's less than a diode drop less
+than the forward drop of a diode however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the forward drop of a diode however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the forward drop of a diode however
+when the system pops into the mode where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the system pops into the mode where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the system pops into the mode where
+where it's it's oscillating uh at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's it's oscillating uh at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's it's oscillating uh at the
+low frequency as predicted by our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low frequency as predicted by our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low frequency as predicted by our
+describing function analysis the signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing function analysis the signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing function analysis the signal
+at this point becomes quite large it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point becomes quite large it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point becomes quite large it
+becomes significantly larger than 610 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes significantly larger than 610 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes significantly larger than 610 of
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+volt consequently if we close this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volt consequently if we close this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volt consequently if we close this
+switch uh what happens effectively is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch uh what happens effectively is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch uh what happens effectively is
+that when the system's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when the system's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when the system's
+oscillating or tries to oscillate we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating or tries to oscillate we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating or tries to oscillate we
+don't have an integrator we have the 10K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have an integrator we have the 10K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have an integrator we have the 10K
+resistor shuted across the feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor shuted across the feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor shuted across the feedback
+capacitor so we have an interesting sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor so we have an interesting sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor so we have an interesting sort
+of adaptive compensation where when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of adaptive compensation where when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of adaptive compensation where when the
+signals when the system's behaving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals when the system's behaving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals when the system's behaving
+normally when signal amplitudes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally when signal amplitudes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally when signal amplitudes are
+small these diodes are open circuits uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small these diodes are open circuits uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small these diodes are open circuits uh
+we we can have the switch closed nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we can have the switch closed nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we can have the switch closed nothing
+happens the system behaves exactly as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens the system behaves exactly as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens the system behaves exactly as we
+showed it before however when the signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed it before however when the signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed it before however when the signal
+when the system tries to break into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the system tries to break into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the system tries to break into
+oscillation the amplitude of the signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation the amplitude of the signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation the amplitude of the signal
+at this point gets large automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point gets large automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point gets large automatically
+this 10K resistor is shuted across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 10K resistor is shuted across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 10K resistor is shuted across the
+01 microfarad capacitor and what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 microfarad capacitor and what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 microfarad capacitor and what we do
+is change the Dynamics associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is change the Dynamics associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is change the Dynamics associated with
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+integrator we can see how that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's look at the integrator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the integrator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the integrator
+configuration and uh we had we had seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration and uh we had we had seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration and uh we had we had seen
+before when the diodes were open or when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before when the diodes were open or when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before when the diodes were open or when
+the switch was open uh we just had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the switch was open uh we just had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the switch was open uh we just had the
+RC we have have simply one over RCS or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RC we have have simply one over RCS or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RC we have have simply one over RCS or
+minus one over RCs for the vi v out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one over RCs for the vi v out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one over RCs for the vi v out
+characteristics when we have large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics when we have large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics when we have large
+signals we can sort of argue in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals we can sort of argue in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals we can sort of argue in a
+describing function sense that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing function sense that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing function sense that this
+resistor is shutted across the capacitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor is shutted across the capacitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor is shutted across the capacitor
+to the extent that that's true if we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the extent that that's true if we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the extent that that's true if we had
+a linear system we we'd get a a v out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear system we we'd get a a v out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear system we we'd get a a v out
+over VI that would simply be 1 over RCS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over VI that would simply be 1 over RCS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over VI that would simply be 1 over RCS
++1 we've chosen RC to be 10 Theus 4th
+
+ align:start position:0%
++1 we've chosen RC to be 10 Theus 4th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++1 we've chosen RC to be 10 Theus 4th
+seconds and so the result let's see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds and so the result let's see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds and so the result let's see if
+we go back to our original Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go back to our original Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go back to our original Loop
+transmission under large signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission under large signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission under large signal
+conditions to the extent that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions to the extent that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions to the extent that we're
+we're able to argue as I have that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're able to argue as I have that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're able to argue as I have that the
+net effect of having a large signal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net effect of having a large signal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net effect of having a large signal is
+to shunt that resistor across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to shunt that resistor across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to shunt that resistor across the
+feedback capacitor what we do is remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback capacitor what we do is remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback capacitor what we do is remove
+the pole from the origin and replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pole from the origin and replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pole from the origin and replace
+this with a pole that's 10us 4 S + one 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with a pole that's 10us 4 S + one 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with a pole that's 10us 4 S + one 1
+/ RC s+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ RC s+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ RC s+
+one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and
+that pole cancels one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pole cancels one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pole cancels one of these
+zeros the net result is that we end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros the net result is that we end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros the net result is that we end up
+with a A system that has two poles at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a A system that has two poles at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a A system that has two poles at
+1.5 * 10 3r radians per second a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 * 10 3r radians per second a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 * 10 3r radians per second a single
+zero now out at higher frequencies out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero now out at higher frequencies out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero now out at higher frequencies out
+at 10 the 4th radians per second because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 10 the 4th radians per second because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 10 the 4th radians per second because
+the uh pole that we that replaced the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh pole that we that replaced the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh pole that we that replaced the
+pole at the origin cancels one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole at the origin cancels one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole at the origin cancels one of these
+zeros the system is now absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros the system is now absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros the system is now absolutely
+stable there's no value for a FN product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable there's no value for a FN product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable there's no value for a FN product
+that gets us into trouble uh the root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets us into trouble uh the root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets us into trouble uh the root
+Locust diagram for the system is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Locust diagram for the system is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Locust diagram for the system is as
+shown let's look back at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown let's look back at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown let's look back at the
+output of our system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the system
+oscillating here we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating here we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating here we have the
+compensation uh this if I throw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation uh this if I throw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation uh this if I throw the
+compensation switch why what we do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation switch why what we do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation switch why what we do is
+simply close that switch that I showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply close that switch that I showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply close that switch that I showed
+earlier in the schematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diagram let trigger so that we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram let trigger so that we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram let trigger so that we can see
+what's happening all of a sudden the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening all of a sudden the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening all of a sudden the
+system becomes very well behaved again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can now drive it remember we had had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can now drive it remember we had had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can now drive it remember we had had
+the system simply oscillating by itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system simply oscillating by itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system simply oscillating by itself
+uh we can now drive it we have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can now drive it we have our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can now drive it we have our
+nonlinear compensation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear compensation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear compensation
+on we now get to the point that we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on we now get to the point that we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on we now get to the point that we we
+got into trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got into trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got into trouble
+earlier well the waveform gets ugly uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier well the waveform gets ugly uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier well the waveform gets ugly uh
+there's no doubt about that we can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no doubt about that we can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no doubt about that we can get
+almost any kind of behavior out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost any kind of behavior out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost any kind of behavior out of the
+waveform while we're driving things but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform while we're driving things but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform while we're driving things but
+if I take the input amplitude down once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take the input amplitude down once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take the input amplitude down once
+again allow the system to reenter its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again allow the system to reenter its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again allow the system to reenter its
+linear region it it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear region it it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear region it it does
+stabilize uh notice the difference with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilize uh notice the difference with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilize uh notice the difference with
+a compensation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a compensation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a compensation
+off say we'll we'll throw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off say we'll we'll throw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off say we'll we'll throw the
+compensation off and now let me up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation off and now let me up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation off and now let me up
+amplitude it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude it
+jumps into the oscillating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumps into the oscillating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumps into the oscillating
+mode we're getting a little modulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode we're getting a little modulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode we're getting a little modulation
+I'm still driving it but let's not worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm still driving it but let's not worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm still driving it but let's not worry
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+if I put the nonlinear compensation on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I put the nonlinear compensation on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I put the nonlinear compensation on
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+recovers I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get quite bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get quite bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get quite bad
+performance but at least when I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance but at least when I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance but at least when I take
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+away the system returns to its stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away the system returns to its stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away the system returns to its stable
+mode of operation so we we found quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode of operation so we we found quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode of operation so we we found quite
+an effective way to really exploit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an effective way to really exploit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an effective way to really exploit the
+characteristics or the behavior of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics or the behavior of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics or the behavior of this
+particular nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular nonlinear
+system uh what we do and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh what we do and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh what we do and there's
+certainly no generality in nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly no generality in nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly no generality in nonlinear
+compensation but what we do is look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation but what we do is look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation but what we do is look for
+a point in the loop where signal levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point in the loop where signal levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point in the loop where signal levels
+change rather dramatically when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change rather dramatically when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change rather dramatically when the
+system enter when the system starts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system enter when the system starts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system enter when the system starts to
+oscillate and see if we can somehow use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate and see if we can somehow use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate and see if we can somehow use
+that information to improve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information to improve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information to improve the
+performance we found a rather easy way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance we found a rather easy way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance we found a rather easy way
+to do it in this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it in this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it in this particular
+case I'd like to very quickly show one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I'd like to very quickly show one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I'd like to very quickly show one
+more feature of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more feature of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more feature of this
+system we also have the ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we also have the ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we also have the ability to
+include inside the loop a complimentary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include inside the loop a complimentary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include inside the loop a complimentary
+emitter follower pair I think many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitter follower pair I think many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitter follower pair I think many of
+you are familiar with this sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are familiar with this sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are familiar with this sort of a
+connection uh this is a the kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection uh this is a the kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection uh this is a the kind of a
+power handling stage one very frequently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power handling stage one very frequently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power handling stage one very frequently
+uses I think we we mentioned it earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses I think we we mentioned it earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses I think we we mentioned it earlier
+in one of the demonstrations at the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one of the demonstrations at the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one of the demonstrations at the very
+beginning of the course uh and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the course uh and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the course uh and the
+forward drop associated with the emitter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward drop associated with the emitter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward drop associated with the emitter
+followers gives us a dead zone with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followers gives us a dead zone with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followers gives us a dead zone with a
+width of about6 volts uh for signals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width of about6 volts uh for signals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width of about6 volts uh for signals
+smaller than about 6/10 of a volt if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than about 6/10 of a volt if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than about 6/10 of a volt if the
+transistors are silicon transistors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistors are silicon transistors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistors are silicon transistors
+uh we have a very little output as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have a very little output as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have a very little output as the
+input gets bigger than about 6/10 of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input gets bigger than about 6/10 of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input gets bigger than about 6/10 of a
+volt the output follows it so the slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volt the output follows it so the slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volt the output follows it so the slope
+of the input output characteristics for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the input output characteristics for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the input output characteristics for
+signals considerably larger than 610 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals considerably larger than 610 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals considerably larger than 610 of
+a volt becomes about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a volt becomes about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a volt becomes about
+one the describing function associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the describing function associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the describing function associated
+with that kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that kind of an
+element uh is close to zero until we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element uh is close to zero until we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element uh is close to zero until we get
+up to about 6/10 of a volt when we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to about 6/10 of a volt when we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to about 6/10 of a volt when we get
+larger much larger than that the gain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger much larger than that the gain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger much larger than that the gain of
+this compliment emitter follower pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this compliment emitter follower pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this compliment emitter follower pair
+approaches one the input and output uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches one the input and output uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches one the input and output uh
+are are very nearly identical for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are very nearly identical for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are very nearly identical for
+sufficiently large input signal so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently large input signal so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently large input signal so our
+describing function element or our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing function element or our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing function element or our
+describing function as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing function as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing function as a function of
+test signal amplitude is as shown well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test signal amplitude is as shown well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test signal amplitude is as shown well
+what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this
+does is reverse the conditions that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is reverse the conditions that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is reverse the conditions that we
+indicated earlier uh we now find out if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated earlier uh we now find out if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated earlier uh we now find out if
+we chase this through that the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we chase this through that the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we chase this through that the high
+frequency crossover Point becomes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency crossover Point becomes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency crossover Point becomes the
+stable amplitud ude oscillation since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable amplitud ude oscillation since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable amplitud ude oscillation since
+the arguments that we made before are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arguments that we made before are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arguments that we made before are
+basically reversed the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically reversed the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically reversed the kinds of
+arguments we made looking at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments we made looking at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments we made looking at what
+happens as we increase uh amplitude and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens as we increase uh amplitude and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens as we increase uh amplitude and
+and see if the uh system is conservative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see if the uh system is conservative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see if the uh system is conservative
+or restorative uh why we find out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or restorative uh why we find out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or restorative uh why we find out that
+those arguments are reversed and now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those arguments are reversed and now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those arguments are reversed and now the
+high frequency crossover Point becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequency crossover Point becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequency crossover Point becomes
+the stable amplitude oscillation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stable amplitude oscillation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stable amplitude oscillation
+furthermore we get into trouble with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore we get into trouble with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore we get into trouble with
+this system with two small signals into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system with two small signals into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system with two small signals into
+the system rather than with two large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system rather than with two large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system rather than with two large
+ones uh and let's just look at at how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones uh and let's just look at at how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones uh and let's just look at at how
+that works I I have the one nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works I I have the one nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works I I have the one nonlinear
+compensation on so that uh uh we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation on so that uh uh we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation on so that uh uh we we
+prevent ourselves from getting into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent ourselves from getting into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent ourselves from getting into the
+kind of instability we had before now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of instability we had before now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of instability we had before now
+let me put in the dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me put in the dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me put in the dead
+zone and the system's still behaving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zone and the system's still behaving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zone and the system's still behaving
+pretty well here uh we can in fact drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well here uh we can in fact drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well here uh we can in fact drive
+it as we did before and for large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as we did before and for large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as we did before and for large
+signals in it bees pretty much as it did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+before but now let's consider what see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but now let's consider what see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but now let's consider what see
+what happens as I begin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens as I begin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens as I begin to
+decrease the amplitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease the amplitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease the amplitude of the
+oscillation or the amplitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation or the amplitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation or the amplitude of the
+input signal now all the signals in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input signal now all the signals in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input signal now all the signals in the
+loop are getting smaller and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop are getting smaller and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop are getting smaller and in
+particular the signal in that's applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the signal in that's applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the signal in that's applied
+to the emitter follower complimentary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the emitter follower complimentary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the emitter follower complimentary
+emitter follower is getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitter follower is getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitter follower is getting
+smaller and now we're beginning to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and now we're beginning to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and now we're beginning to get
+into some problems there let me take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into some problems there let me take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into some problems there let me take
+away make the signal still smaller and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away make the signal still smaller and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away make the signal still smaller and
+now the system oscillates with very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the system oscillates with very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the system oscillates with very
+small input signals let's make the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small input signals let's make the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small input signals let's make the input
+signal go away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal go away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal go away
+completely uh and we're now oscillating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely uh and we're now oscillating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely uh and we're now oscillating
+because we have too small an input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have too small an input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have too small an input
+signal and in fact we can look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal and in fact we can look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal and in fact we can look at the
+frequency of oscillation and we notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of oscillation and we notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of oscillation and we notice
+that it's out around a kilohertz we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's out around a kilohertz we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's out around a kilohertz we're
+now oscillating at the higher frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now oscillating at the higher frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now oscillating at the higher frequency
+Point uh in this case we can the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point uh in this case we can the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point uh in this case we can the
+oscillation make it go away by putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation make it go away by putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation make it go away by putting
+in a large signal that gets the gain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a large signal that gets the gain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a large signal that gets the gain of
+our describing function element to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our describing function element to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our describing function element to be
+higher and that cures the oscillation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher and that cures the oscillation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher and that cures the oscillation so
+let's go ahead put in a larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go ahead put in a larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go ahead put in a larger
+signal we go from the unstable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal we go from the unstable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal we go from the unstable
+case to a system with relatively light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case to a system with relatively light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case to a system with relatively light
+damping but stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well I think this test system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I think this test system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I think this test system
+demonstrates how we can investigate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrates how we can investigate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrates how we can investigate this
+kind of a a rather interesting and yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a a rather interesting and yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a a rather interesting and yet
+frequently occurring system via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently occurring system via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently occurring system via
+describing functions and also shows how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing functions and also shows how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing functions and also shows how
+we're able to improve the performance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're able to improve the performance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're able to improve the performance of
+a nonlinear system by using an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nonlinear system by using an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nonlinear system by using an
+appropriate kind of nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate kind of nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate kind of nonlinear
+compensation it's a little bit harder to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation it's a little bit harder to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation it's a little bit harder to
+determine than than some of the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine than than some of the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine than than some of the linear
+compensations you have to there's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensations you have to there's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensations you have to there's not
+quite as nice analytic ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite as nice analytic ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite as nice analytic ways of
+determining the comp compensation but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining the comp compensation but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining the comp compensation but at
+least saw an example of how we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least saw an example of how we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least saw an example of how we could
+improve the performance of a nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the performance of a nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the performance of a nonlinear
+system uh this concludes our discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh this concludes our discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh this concludes our discussion
+of describing functions as as one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of describing functions as as one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of describing functions as as one of the
+analytic techniques that we have for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic techniques that we have for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic techniques that we have for
+investigating nonlinear systems thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigating nonlinear systems thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigating nonlinear systems thank
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RHyGlha7bjE.txt b/RHyGlha7bjE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7b3506060014f45d665e1da4507b850e4933142b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RHyGlha7bjE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2511 @@
+Good morning.
+Today we're going to talk about
+
+augmenting data structures.
+
+And this is a --
+Normally, rather than designing
+
+data structures from scratch,
+you tend to take existing data
+
+structures and build your
+functionality into them.
+
+And that is a process we call
+data-structure augmentation.
+
+And this also today marks sort
+of the start of the design phase
+
+of the class.
+We spent a lot of time doing
+
+analysis up to this point.
+And now we're still going to
+
+learn some new analytical
+techniques.
+
+But we're going to start
+turning our focus more toward
+
+how is it that you design
+efficient data structures,
+
+efficient algorithms for
+various problems?
+
+So this is a good example of
+the design phase.
+
+It is a really good idea,
+at this point,
+
+if you have not done so,
+to review the textbook Appendix
+
+B.
+You should take that as
+
+additional reading to make sure
+that you are familiar,
+
+because over the next few weeks
+we're going to hit almost every
+
+topic in Appendix B.
+It is going to be brought to
+
+bear on the subjects that we're
+talking about.
+
+If you're going to go scramble
+to learn that while you're also
+
+trying to learn the material,
+it will be more onerous than if
+
+you just simply review the
+material now.
+
+We're going to start with an
+illustration of the problem of
+
+dynamic order statistics.
+
+We are familiar with finding
+things like the median or the
+
+kth order statistic or whatever.
+Now we want to do the same
+
+thing but we want to do it with
+a dynamic set.
+
+Rather than being given all the
+data upfront,
+
+we're going to have a set.
+And then at some point somebody
+
+is going to be doing typically
+insert and delete.
+
+And at some point somebody is
+going to say OK,
+
+select for me the ith largest
+guy or the ith smallest guy --
+
+-- in the dynamic set.
+Or, something like OS-Rank of
+
+x.
+The rank of x in the sorted
+
+order of the set.
+
+So either I want to just say,
+for example,
+
+if I gave n over 2,
+if I had n elements in the set
+
+and I said n over 2,
+I am asking for the median.
+
+I could be asking for the mean.
+I could be asking for quartile.
+
+Here I take an element and say,
+OK, so where does that element
+
+fall among all of the other
+elements in the set?
+
+And, in addition,
+these are dynamic sets so I
+
+want to be able to do insert and
+delete, I want to be able to add
+
+and remove elements.
+The solution we are going to
+
+look at for this one,
+the basic idea is to keep the
+
+sizes of subtrees in the nodes
+of a red-black tree.
+
+Let me draw a picture as an
+example.
+
+In this tree --
+
+I didn't draw the NILs for
+this.
+
+I am going to keep two values.
+I am going to keep the key.
+
+And so for the keys,
+what I will do is just use
+
+letters of the alphabet.
+
+And this is a red-black tree.
+Just for practice,
+
+how can I label this tree so
+it's a red-black tree?
+
+I haven't shown the NILs.
+Remember the NILs are all
+
+black.
+How can I label this,
+
+red and black?
+Make sure it is a red-black
+
+tree.
+Not every tree can be labeled
+
+as a red-black tree,
+right?
+
+This is good practice because
+this sort of thing shows up on
+
+quizzes.
+Make F red, good,
+
+and everything else black,
+that is certainly a solution.
+
+Because then that basically
+brings the level of this guy up
+
+to here.
+Actually, I had a more
+
+complicated one because it
+seemed like more fun.
+
+What I did was I made this guy
+black and then these two guys
+
+red and black and red,
+black and red,
+
+black and black.
+But your solution is perfectly
+
+good as well.
+So we don't have any two reds
+
+in a row on any path.
+And all the black height from
+
+any particular point going down
+we get the same number of blacks
+
+whichever way we go.
+Good.
+
+The idea here now is that,
+we're going to keep the subtree
+
+sizes, these are the keys that
+are stored in our dynamic set,
+
+we're going to keep the subtree
+sizes in the red-black tree.
+
+For example,
+this guy has size one.
+
+These guys have size one
+because they're leaves.
+
+And then we can just work up.
+So this has size three,
+
+this guy has size five,
+this guy has size three,
+
+and this guy has five plus
+three plus one is nine.
+
+In general, we will have size
+of x is equal to size of left of
+
+x plus the size of the right
+child of x plus one.
+
+That is how I compute it
+recursively.
+
+A very simple formula for what
+the size is.
+
+It turns out that for the code
+that we're going to want to
+
+write to implement these
+operations, it is going to be
+
+convenient to be talking about
+the size of NIL.
+
+So what is the size of NIL?
+Zero.
+
+Size of NIL,
+there are no elements there.
+
+However, in most program
+languages, if I take size of
+
+NIL, what will happen?
+You get an error.
+
+That is kind of inconvenient.
+What I have to do in my code is
+
+that everywhere that I might
+want to take size of NIL,
+
+or take the size of anything,
+I have to say,
+
+well, if it's NIL then return
+zero, otherwise return the size
+
+field, etc.
+There is an implementation
+
+trick that we're going to use to
+simplify that.
+
+It's called using a sentinel.
+
+A sentinel is nothing more than
+a dummy record.
+
+Instead of using a NIL,
+we will actually use a NIL
+
+sentinel.
+We will use a dummy record for
+
+NIL such that size of NIL is
+equal to zero.
+
+Instead of any place I would
+have used NIL in the tree,
+
+instead I will have a special
+record that I will call NIL.
+
+But it will be a whole record.
+And that way I can set its size
+
+field to be zero,
+and then I don't have to check
+
+that as a special case.
+That is a very common type of
+
+programming trick to use,
+is to use sentinels to simplify
+
+code so you don't have all these
+boundary cases or you don't have
+
+to write an extra function when
+all I want to do is just index
+
+the size of something.
+Everybody with me on that?
+
+So let's write the code for
+OS-Select given this
+
+representation.
+
+And this is going to basically
+give us the ith smallest in the
+
+subtree rooted at x.
+It's actually going to be a
+
+little bit more general.
+If I want to implement the
+
+OS-Select i of up there,
+I basically give it the root
+
+n_i.
+But we're going to build this
+
+recursively so it's going to be
+helpful to have the node in
+
+which we're trying to find the
+subtree.
+
+Here is the code.
+
+This is the code.
+And let's just see how it works
+
+and then we will argue why it
+works.
+
+As an example,
+let's do OS-Select of the root
+
+and 5.
+We're going to find the fifth
+
+largest in the set.
+We have OS-Select of the root
+
+and 5.
+This is inconvenient.
+
+We start out at the top,
+well, let's just switch the
+
+boards.
+Here we go.
+
+We start at the top,
+and i is the root.
+
+Excuse me, i is 5,
+sorry, and the root.
+
+i=5.
+We want to five the fifth
+
+largest.
+We first compute this value k.
+00:13:35 --> 1.
+k is the size of left of x plus
+1. --> 00:13:39
+
+What is that value?
+What is k anyway?
+
+What is it?
+Well, in this case it is 6.
+
+Good.
+But what is the meaning of k?
+
+The order.
+The rank.
+
+Good, the rank of the current
+node.
+
+This is the rank of the current
+node.
+
+k is always the size of the
+left subtree plus 1.
+
+That is just the rank of the
+current node.
+
+We look here and we say,
+well, the rank is k.
+
+Now, if it is equal then we
+found the element we want.
+
+But, otherwise,
+if i is less,
+
+we know it's going to be in the
+left subtree.
+
+All we're doing then is
+recursing in the left subtree.
+
+And here we will recurse.
+We will want the fifth largest
+
+one.
+And now this time k is going to
+
+be equal to what?
+Two.
+
+Now here we say,
+OK, this is bigger,
+
+so therefore the element we
+want is going to be in the right
+
+subtree.
+But we don't want the ith
+
+largest guy in the right
+subtree, because we already know
+
+there are going to be two guys
+over here.
+
+We want the third largest guy
+in this subtree.
+
+We have i equals 3 as we
+recurse into this subtree.
+
+And now we compute k for here.
+This plus 1 is 2.
+
+And that says we recursed right
+here.
+
+And then we have i=1,
+k=1, and we return in this code
+
+a pointer to this node.
+
+So this returns a pointer to
+the node containing H whose key
+
+is H.
+Just to make a comment here,
+
+we discovered k is equal to the
+rank of x.
+
+Any questions about what is
+going on in this code?
+
+OK.
+It's basically just finding its
+
+way down.
+The subtree sizes help it make
+
+the decision as to which way it
+should go to find which is the
+
+ith largest.
+We can do a quick analysis.
+
+On our red-black tree,
+how long does OS-Select take to
+
+run?
+Yeah?
+
+Yeah, order log n if there are
+n elements in the tree.
+
+Because the red-black tree is a
+balance tree.
+
+Its height is order log n.
+In fact, this code will work on
+
+any tree that has order log n
+the height of the tree.
+
+And so if you have a guaranteed
+height, the way that red-black
+
+trees do, you're in good shape.
+OS-Rank, we won't do but it is
+
+in the book, also gets order log
+n.
+
+Here is a question I want to
+pose.
+
+Why not just keep the ranks
+themselves?
+
+Yeah?
+It's the node itself.
+
+Otherwise, you cannot take left
+of it.
+
+I mean, if we were doing this
+in a decent language,
+
+strongly typed language there
+would be no confusion.
+
+But we're writing in this
+pseudocode that is good because
+
+it's compact,
+which lets you focus on the
+
+algorithm.
+But, of course,
+
+it doesn't have a lot of the
+things you would really want if
+
+you were programming things of
+scale like type safety and so
+
+forth.
+Yeah?
+
+It is basically hard to
+maintain when you modify it.
+
+For example,
+if we actually kept the ranks
+
+in the nodes,
+certainly it would be easy to
+
+find the element of a given
+rank.
+
+But all I have to do is insert
+the smallest element,
+
+an element that is smaller than
+all of the other elements.
+
+And what happens?
+All the ranks have to be
+
+changed.
+Order n changes have to be made
+
+if that's what I was
+maintaining, whereas with
+
+subtree sizes that's a lot
+easier.
+
+Because it's hard to maintain
+--
+
+-- when the red-black tree is
+modified.
+
+And that is the other sort of
+tricky thing when you're
+
+augmenting a data structure.
+You want to put in the things
+
+that your operations go fast,
+but you cannot forget that
+
+there are already underlying
+operations on the data structure
+
+that have to be maintained in
+some way.
+
+Can we close this door,
+please?
+
+Thank you.
+We have to look at what are the
+
+modifying operations and how do
+we maintain them.
+
+The modifying operations for
+red-black trees are insert and
+
+delete.
+If I were augmenting a binary
+
+heap, what operations would I
+have to worry about?
+
+If I were augmenting a heap,
+what are the modifying
+
+operations?
+Binary min heap,
+
+for example,
+classic priority queue?
+
+Who remembers heaps?
+What are the operations on a
+
+heap?
+There's a good final question.
+
+Take-home exam,
+don't worry about it.
+
+Final, worry about it.
+What are the operations on a
+
+heap?
+Just look it up on Books24 or
+
+whatever it is,
+right?
+
+AnswerMan?
+What does AnswerMan say?
+
+OK.
+And?
+
+If it's a min heap.
+It's min, extract min,
+
+typical operations and insert.
+And of those which are
+
+modifying?
+Insert and extract min,
+
+OK?
+So, min is not.
+
+You don't have to worry about
+min because all that is is a
+
+query.
+You want to distinguish
+
+operations on a dynamic data
+structure those that modify and
+
+those that don't,
+because the ones that don't
+
+modify the data structure are
+all perfectly fine as long as
+
+you haven't destroyed
+information.
+
+The queries,
+those are easy.
+
+But the operations that modify
+the data structure,
+
+those we're very concerned
+about in making sure we can
+
+maintain.
+Our strategy for dealing with
+
+insert and delete in this case
+is to update the subtree sizes
+
+--
+
+-- when inserting or deleting.
+For example,
+
+let's look at what happens when
+I insert k.
+
+Element key k.
+I am going to want to insert it
+
+in here, right?
+What is going to happen to this
+
+subtree size if I am inserting k
+in here?
+00:23:20 --> 10.
+This is going to increase to
+10. --> 00:23:25
+
+And then I go left.
+This one is going to increase
+
+to 6.
+Here it is going to increase to
+00:23:41 --> 4.
+4. --> 00:23:42
+Here 2.
+
+And then I will put my k down
+there with a 1.
+
+So I just updated on the way
+down.
+
+Pretty easy.
+Yeah?
+
+But now it's not a red-black
+tree anymore.
+
+You have to rebalance,
+so you must also handle
+
+rebalancing.
+Because, remember,
+
+and this is something that
+people tend to forget so it's
+
+always, I think,
+helpful when I see patterns
+
+going on to tell everybody what
+the pattern is so that you can
+
+be sure of it in your work that
+you're not falling into that
+
+pattern.
+What people tend to forget when
+
+they're doing red-black trees is
+they tend to remember the tree
+
+insert part of it,
+but red-black insert,
+
+that RB insert procedure
+actually has two parts to it.
+
+First you call tree insert and
+then you have to rebalance.
+
+And so you've got to make sure
+you do the whole of the
+
+red-black insert.
+Not just the tree insert part.
+
+We just did the tree insert
+part.
+
+That was easy.
+We also have to handle
+
+rebalancing.
+So there are two types of
+
+things we have to worry about.
+One is red-black color changes.
+
+Well, unfortunately those have
+no effect on subtree sizes.
+
+If I change the colors of
+things, no effect,
+
+no problem.
+But also the interesting one is
+
+rotations.
+Rotations, it turns out,
+
+are fairly easy to fix up.
+Because when I do a rotation,
+
+I can update the nodes based on
+the children.
+
+I will show you that.
+You basically look at children
+
+and fix up, in this case,
+in order one time per rotation.
+
+For example,
+imagine that I had a piece of
+
+my tree that looked like this.
+
+And let's say it was 7,
+3, 4, the subtree sizes.
+
+I'm not going to put the values
+in here.
+
+And I did a right rotation on
+that edge to put them the other
+
+way.
+And so these guys get hooked up
+
+this way.
+Always the three children stay
+
+as three children.
+We just swing this guy over to
+
+there and make this guy be the
+parent of the other one.
+
+And so now the point is that I
+can just simply update this guy
+
+to be, well, he's got 8,
+3 plus 4 plus 1 using our
+
+formula for what the size is.
+And now, for this one,
+
+it's going to be 8 plus 7 plus
+1 is 16, or, if I think about
+
+it, it's going to be whatever
+that was before because I
+
+haven't changed this subtree
+size with a rotation.
+
+Everything beneath this edge is
+still beneath this edge.
+
+And so I fixed it up in order
+one time.
+
+There are certain other types
+of operations sometimes that
+
+occur where this isn't the
+value.
+
+If I wasn't doing subtree sizes
+but was doing some other
+
+property of the subtree,
+it could be that this was no
+
+longer 16 in which case the
+effect might propagate up
+
+towards the root.
+There is a nice little lemma in
+
+the book that shows the
+conditions under which you can
+
+make sure that the re-balancing
+doesn't cost you too much.
+
+So that was pretty good.
+Now, insert and delete,
+
+that is all we have to do for
+rotations, are therefore still
+
+order log n time,
+because a red-black tree only
+
+has to do order one rotations.
+Do they normally take constant
+
+time?
+Well, they still take constant
+
+time.
+They just take a little bit
+
+bigger constant.
+And so now we've been able to
+
+build this great data structure
+that supports dynamic order
+
+statistic queries and it works
+in order log n time for insert,
+
+delete and the various queries.
+OS-Select.
+
+I can also just search for an
+element.
+
+I have taken the basic data
+structure and have added some
+
+new operations on it.
+Any questions about what we did
+
+here?
+Do people understand this
+
+reasonably well?
+OK.
+
+Then let's generalize,
+always a dangerous thing.
+
+Augmenting data structures.
+What I would like to do is give
+
+you a little methodology for how
+you go about doing this safely
+
+so you don't forget things.
+The most common thing,
+
+by the way, if there is an
+augmentation problem on the
+
+take-home or if there is one on
+the final, I guarantee that
+
+probably a quarter of the class
+will forget the rotations if
+
+they augmented red-black tree.
+I guarantee it.
+
+Anyway, here is a little
+methodology to check yourself.
+
+As I mentioned,
+the reason why this is so
+
+important is because this is,
+in practice,
+
+the thing that you do most of
+the time.
+
+You don't just use a data
+structure as given.
+
+You take a data structure.
+You say I have my own
+
+operations I want to layer onto
+this.
+
+We're going to give a
+methodology.
+
+And what I will do,
+as I go along,
+
+is will use the example of
+order statistics trees to
+
+illustrate the methodology.
+It is four steps.
+
+The first is choose an
+underlying data structure.
+
+Which in the case of order
+statistics tree was what?
+
+Red-black tree.
+
+And the second thing we do is
+we figure out what additional
+
+information we wish to maintain
+in that data structure.
+
+Which in this case is the
+subtree sizes.
+
+Subtree sizes is what we keep
+for this one.
+
+And when we did this we could
+make mistakes,
+
+right?
+We could have said,
+
+oh, let's keep the rank.
+And we start playing with it
+
+and discover we can do that.
+It just goes really slowly.
+
+It takes some creativity to
+figure out what is the
+
+information that you're going to
+be able to keep,
+
+but also to maintain the other
+properties that you want.
+
+The third step is verify that
+the information can be
+
+maintained --
+
+-- for the modifying operations
+on the data structure.
+
+And so in this case,
+for OS trees,
+
+the modifying operations were
+insert and delete.
+
+And, of course,
+we had to make sure we dealt
+
+with rotations.
+
+And because rotations are part
+of that we could break it down
+
+into the tree insert,
+the tree delete and rotations.
+
+And once we've did that
+everything was fine.
+
+We didn't, for this particular
+problem, have to worry about
+
+color changes.
+But that's another thing that
+
+under some things you might have
+to worry about.
+
+For some reason the color made
+a difference.
+
+Usually that doesn't make a
+difference.
+
+And then the fourth step is to
+develop new operations.
+
+Presumably that use the info
+that you have now stored.
+
+And this was OS-Select and
+OS-Rank, which we didn't give
+
+but which is there.
+And also it's a nice little
+
+puzzle to figure out yourself,
+how you would build OS-Rank.
+
+Not a hard piece of code.
+This methodology is not
+
+actually the way you do this.
+This is one of these things
+
+that's more like a checklist,
+because you see whether or not
+
+you've got --
+When you're actually doing this
+
+maybe you developed the new
+operations first.
+
+You've got to keep in mind the
+new operations while you're
+
+verifying that the information
+you're storing can be here.
+
+Maybe you will then go back and
+change this and sort of sort
+
+through it.
+This is more a checklist that
+
+when you're done this is how you
+write it up.
+
+This is how you document that
+what you've done is,
+
+in fact, a good thing.
+You have a checklist.
+
+Here is my underlying data
+structure.
+
+Here is the addition
+information I need.
+
+See, I can still support the
+modifying operations that the
+
+data structure used to have and
+now here are my new operations
+
+and see what those are.
+It's really a checklist.
+
+Not a prescription for the
+order in which you do things.
+
+You must do all these steps,
+not necessarily in this order.
+
+This is a guide for your
+documentation.
+
+When we ask for you to augment
+a data structure,
+
+generally we're asking you to
+tell us what the four steps are.
+
+It will help you organize your
+things.
+
+It will also help make sure you
+don't forget some step along the
+
+way.
+I've seen people who have added
+
+the information and developed
+new operations but completely
+
+forgot to verify that the
+information could be maintained.
+
+So you want to make sure that
+you've done all those.
+
+Usually you have to play --
+
+-- with interactions --
+
+-- between steps.
+It's not just a do this,
+
+do this, do this.
+We're going to do now a more
+
+complicated data structure.
+It's not that much more
+
+complicated, but its correctness
+is actually kind of challenging.
+
+And it is actually a very
+practical and useful data
+
+structure.
+I am amazed at how many people
+
+aren't aware that there are data
+structures of this nature that
+
+are useful for them when I see
+people writing really slow code.
+
+And so the example we're going
+to do is interval trees.
+
+And the idea of this is that we
+want to maintain a set of
+
+intervals.
+For example,
+
+time intervals.
+I have a whole database of time
+
+intervals that I'm trying to
+maintain.
+
+Let's just do an example here.
+
+This is going from 7 to 10,
+5 to 11 and 4 to 8,
+
+from 15 to 18,
+17 to 19 and 21 to 23.
+
+This is a set of intervals.
+And if we have an interval i,
+
+let's say this is interval i,
+which is 7,10.
+
+We're going to call this
+endpoint the low endpoint of i
+
+and this we're going to call the
+high endpoint of i.
+
+The reason I use low and high
+rather than left or right is
+
+because we're going to have a
+tree, and we're going to want
+
+the left subtree and the right
+subtree.
+
+So if I start saying left and
+right for intervals and left and
+
+right for tree we're going to
+get really confused.
+
+This is also a tip.
+Let me say when you're coding,
+
+you really have to think hard
+sometimes about the words that
+
+you're using for things,
+especially things like left and
+
+right because they get so
+overused throughout programming.
+
+It's a good idea to come up
+with a whole wealth of synonyms
+
+for different situations so that
+it is clear in any piece of code
+
+when you're talking,
+for example,
+
+about the intervals versus the
+tree, because we're going to
+
+have both going on here.
+And what we're going to do is
+
+we want to support insertion and
+deletion of intervals here.
+
+And we're going to have a
+query, which is going to be the
+
+new operation we're going to
+develop, which is going to be to
+
+find an interval,
+any interval in the set that
+
+overlaps a given query interval.
+
+So I give you a query interval
+like say 6, 14 and you can
+
+return this guy or this guy,
+this guy, couldn't return any
+
+of these because these are all
+less than 14.
+
+So I can return any one of
+those.
+
+I only have to return one.
+I just have to find one guy
+
+that overlaps.
+Any question about what we're
+
+going to be setting up here?
+OK.
+
+Our methodology is we're going
+to pick, first of all,
+
+step one.
+And here is our methodology.
+
+Step one is we're going chose
+underlying data structure.
+
+Does anybody have a suggestion
+as to what data structure we
+
+ought to use here to support
+interval trees?
+
+What data structure should we
+try to start here to support
+
+interval trees?
+Anybody have any idea?
+
+A red-black tree.
+A binary search tree.
+
+Red-black tree.
+We're going to use a red-black
+
+tree.
+
+Oh, I've got to say what it is
+keyed on.
+
+What is going to be the key for
+my red-black tree?
+
+For each interval,
+what should I use for a key?
+
+This is where there are a bunch
+of options, right?
+
+Throw out some ideas.
+It's always better to branch
+
+than it is to prune.
+You can always prune later,
+
+but if you don't branch you
+will never get the chance to
+
+prune.
+So generation of ideas.
+
+You'll need that when you're
+doing the design phase and doing
+
+the take-home exam.
+Yeah?
+
+We're calling that the low
+endpoint.
+
+OK, you could do low endpoint.
+What other ideas are there?
+
+High end point.
+Now you can look at low
+
+endpoint, high endpoint.
+Well, between low and high
+
+which is better?
+That one is not going to
+
+matter, right?
+So doing high versus low,
+
+we don't have to consider that,
+but there is another natural
+
+point you want to think about
+using like the median,
+
+the middle point.
+At least that is symmetric.
+
+What do you think?
+What else might I use?
+
+The length?
+I think the length doesn't feel
+
+to me productive.
+This is just purely a matter of
+
+intuition.
+It doesn't feel productive,
+
+because if I know the length I
+don't know where it is so it's
+
+going to be hard to maintain
+information about where it is
+
+for queries.
+It turns out we're going to use
+
+the low left endpoint,
+but I think to me that was sort
+
+of a surprise that you'd want to
+use that and not the middle one.
+
+Because you're favoring one
+endpoint over the other.
+
+It turns out that's the right
+thing to do, surprisingly.
+
+There is another strategy.
+Actually, there's another type
+
+of tree called a segment tree.
+Actually, what you do is you
+
+store both the left and right
+endpoints separately in the
+
+tree.
+And then you maintain a data
+
+structure where the line
+segments go up through the tree
+
+on to the other.
+There are lots of things you
+
+can do, but we're just going to
+keep it keyed on the low
+
+endpoint.
+That's why this is a more
+
+clever data structure in some
+ways.
+
+Now, this is harder.
+That is why this is a clever
+
+data structure.
+What are we going to store in
+
+the --
+I think any of those ideas are
+
+good ideas to throw out and look
+at.
+
+You don't know which one is
+going to work until you play
+
+with it.
+This one, though,
+
+is, I think,
+much harder to guess.
+
+You're going to store in a node
+the largest value,
+
+I will call it m,
+in the subtree rooted at that
+
+node.
+
+We'll draw it like this,
+a node like this.
+
+We will put the interval here
+and we will put the m value
+
+here.
+
+Let's draw a picture.
+
+Once again, I am not drawing
+the NILs.
+
+I hope that that is a search
+tree that is keyed on the low
+
+left endpoint.
+4, 5, 7, 15,
+
+17, 21.
+It is keyed on the low left
+
+endpoint.
+If this a red-black tree,
+
+let's just do another practice.
+How can I color this so that it
+
+is a legal red-black tree?
+Not too relevant to what we're
+
+doing right now
+But a little drill doesn't hurt
+
+sometimes.
+Remember, the NILs are not
+
+there and they are all black.
+And the root is black.
+
+I will give that one to you.
+
+Good.
+This will work.
+
+You sort of go through a little
+puzzle.
+
+A logic puzzle.
+Because this is really short so
+
+it better not have any reds in
+it.
+
+This has got to be black.
+Now, if I'm going to balance
+
+the height, I have got to have a
+layer of black here.
+
+It couldn't be that one.
+It's got to be these two.
+
+Good.
+Now let's compute the m value
+
+for each of these.
+It's the largest value in the
+
+subtree rooted at that node.
+What's the largest value in the
+00:48:36 --> 10.
+subtree rooted at this node?
+10. --> 00:48:43
+00:48:43 --> 18.
+And in this one?
+18. --> 00:48:47
+00:48:47 --> 8.
+In this one?
+8. --> 00:48:50
+00:48:50 --> 18.
+18. --> 00:49:00
+That one is 23 and that is 23.
+
+In general, m is going to be
+the maximum of three possible
+
+values.
+Either the high point of the
+
+interval at x or m of the left
+of x or m of the right of x.
+
+Does everybody see that?
+It is going to be m of x for
+
+any node.
+I just have to look,
+
+what is the maximum here,
+what is the maximum here and
+
+what is the high point of the
+interval.
+
+Whichever one of those is
+largest, that's the largest for
+
+that subtree.
+
+The modifying operations.
+
+Let's first do insert.
+How can I do insert?
+
+There are two parts.
+The first part is to do the
+
+tree insert, just a normal
+insert into a binary search
+
+tree.
+
+What do I do?
+Insert a new interval?
+
+Insert a new interval here?
+How can I fix up the m's?
+
+That's right.
+You just go down the tree and
+
+look at my current interval.
+And if it's got a bigger max,
+
+this is something that is going
+into that subtree.
+
+If its high endpoint is bigger
+than the current max,
+
+update the current max.
+I just do that as I'm going
+
+through the insertion,
+wherever it happens to land up
+
+in every subtree that it hits,
+every node that it hits on the
+
+way down.
+I just update it with the
+
+maximum wherever it happens to
+fall.
+
+Good.
+You just fix them on the way
+
+down.
+
+But we also have to do the
+other section.
+
+Also need to handle rotations.
+
+So let's just see how we might
+do rotations as an example.
+
+Let's say this is 11, 15, 30.
+
+Let's say I'm doing a right
+rotation.
+
+This is coming off from
+somewhere.
+
+That is coming off.
+This is still going to be the
+
+child that has 30,
+the one that 14 and the one
+
+that has 19.
+And so now we've rotated this
+
+way, so this is the 11,
+15 and this is the 6,
+00:53:53 --> 20.
+20. --> 00:53:55
+For this one,
+
+I just use my formula here.
+I just look here and say which
+
+is the biggest,
+14, 15 or 19?
+00:54:04 --> 19.
+19. --> 00:54:06
+And I look here.
+
+Which is the biggest?
+30, 19 or 20?
+00:54:08 --> 30.
+30. --> 00:54:10
+Or, once again,
+
+it turns out,
+not too hard to show,
+
+that it's always whatever was
+there, because we're talking
+
+about the biggest thing in the
+subtree.
+
+And the membership of the
+subtree hasn't changed when we
+
+do the rotation.
+That just took me order one
+
+time to fix up.
+
+Fixing up the m's during
+rotation takes O(1) time.
+
+So the total insert time is
+O(lg n).
+
+Once I figured out that this is
+the right information,
+
+of course we don't know what
+we're using this information for
+
+yet.
+But once I know that that is
+
+the information,
+showing you that it works in
+
+certain delete continuing work
+in order log n time is easy.
+
+Now, delete is actually a
+little bit trickier but I will
+
+just say it is similar.
+Because in delete you go
+
+through and you find something,
+you may have to go through the
+
+whole business of swapping it.
+If it's an internal node you've
+
+got to swap it with its
+successor or predecessor.
+
+And so there are a bunch of
+things that have to be dealt
+
+with, but it is all stuff where
+you can update the information
+
+using this thing.
+And it's all essentially local
+
+changes when you're updating
+this information because you can
+
+do it essentially only on a path
+up from the root and most of the
+
+tree is never dealt with.
+I will leave that for you folks
+
+to work out.
+It's also in the book if you
+
+want to cheat,
+but it is a good exercise.
+
+Any questions about the first
+three steps?
+
+Fourth step is new operations.
+
+Interval search of i is going
+to find an interval that
+
+overlaps the interval i.
+So i here is an interval.
+
+It's got two coordinates.
+And this, rather than writing
+
+recursively, we're going to
+write as, it's sort of going to
+
+be recursive,
+but we're going to write it
+
+with a while loop.
+You could write it recursively.
+
+The other one that we wrote,
+we could have written as a
+
+while loop as well and not had
+the recursive call.
+
+Here we're going to basically
+just start x gets the root.
+
+And then while --
+
+That is the code.
+Let's just see how it works.
+
+Let's search for the interval
+14, 16 --
+
+-- in this tree.
+Let's see.
+
+x starts out at the root.
+And while it is not NIL,
+
+and it's not NIL because it's
+the root, what is this doing?
+
+Somebody tell me what that code
+does.
+
+Well, what is this doing?
+This is testing something
+
+between i and int of x.
+Int of x is the interval stored
+
+at x.
+What is this testing for?
+
+I hope I got it right.
+
+What is this testing for? Yeah?
+
+Above or below?
+I need just simple words.
+
+Test for overlaps.
+In particular test whether they
+
+do or don't?
+
+Do?
+Don't?
+
+If I get to this point,
+what do I know about i and int
+
+of x?
+Don't overlap.
+
+They don't overlap because the
+high of one is smaller than the
+
+low of the other.
+The high of one is smaller than
+
+the low of the other.
+They don't overlap that way.
+
+Could they overlap the other
+way?
+
+No because we're testing also
+whether the low of the one is
+
+bigger than the high of the
+other.
+
+They're saying it's either like
+this or like this.
+
+This is testing not overlap.
+That makes it simpler.
+
+When I'm searching for 14,
+16, I check here.
+
+And I say do they overlap?
+And the answer is,
+
+now we can understand it
+without having to go through all
+
+the arithmetic calculations,
+no they don't overlap.
+
+If they did overlap,
+I found what I want.
+
+And what's going to happen?
+I am going to drop out of the
+
+while loop and just return x,
+because I will return something
+
+that overlaps.
+That is my goal.
+
+Here it says they don't
+overlap.
+
+So then I say,
+well, if left of x is not NIL,
+
+in other words,
+I've got a left child and low
+
+of i is less than or equal to m
+of left of x,
+
+then we go left.
+What happens in this case if
+
+I'm searching for 14,
+16?
+
+Is the low of i less than or
+equal to m of left of x?
+
+Low of i is 14.
+And I am searching.
+
+And is it less than 18?
+Yes.
+
+Therefore, what do I do?
+I go left and make x point to
+
+this guy.
+Now I check.
+
+Does it overlap?
+No.
+
+I take a look at the left guy.
+It is 8.
+
+I compare 8 with 14,
+right?
+
+And is it lower?
+No, so I go right.
+
+And now I discover that I have
+an overlap here and it overlaps.
+
+It returns then the 15,
+18 as an overlapping one.
+1:04:55.093 --> 14.
+If I were searching for 12,
+14. --> 1:05:00
+
+I would go up to the top.
+And I look, 12,
+
+14, it doesn't overlap here.
+I look at the 18 and it is
+
+greater so I go left.
+I then look here.
+
+Does it overlap?
+No.
+
+So then what happens?
+I look at the left.
+
+It says I go right.
+I look here.
+
+Then I go and I look at the
+left.
+
+It says, no,
+go right.
+
+I go here, which is NIL,
+and now it is NIL.
+
+I return NIL.
+And does 12,
+
+14 overlap anything in the set?
+No.
+
+So, therefore,
+it always works.
+
+OK?
+OK.
+
+We're going to do correctness
+in a minute, but let's just do
+
+our analysis first so we don't
+have to do it because the
+
+correctness is going to be a
+little bit tricky.
+
+Time = O(lg n) because all I am
+doing is going down the tree.
+
+It takes time proportional to
+the height of the tree.
+
+That's pretty easy.
+If I need to list all overlaps,
+
+suppose I want to list all the
+overlaps, how quickly can I do
+
+that?
+Can somebody suggest how I
+
+could use this as a subroutine
+to list all overlaps?
+
+Suppose I have k overlaps,
+k intervals that overlap my
+
+query interval and I want to
+find every single one of them,
+
+how fast can I do that?
+
+How do I do it?
+
+How do I do it?
+If I search a second time,
+
+I might get the same value.
+
+Yeah, there you go.
+Do what?
+
+When you find it delete it.
+Put it over to the side.
+
+Find the next one,
+delete it until there are none
+
+left.
+And then, if I don't want to
+
+modify the data structure,
+insert them all back in.
+
+It costs me k lg n if they are
+k overlaps.
+
+That's actually called an
+output sensitive algorithm.
+
+Because the running time of it
+depends upon how much it
+
+outputs, so this is output
+sensitive.
+
+The best to date for this
+problem, by the way,
+
+of listing all is O(k+lg n)
+with a different data structure.
+
+And, actually,
+that was open for a while as an
+
+open problem.
+OK. Correctness.
+
+Why does this algorithm always
+work correctly?
+
+The key issue of the
+correctness is that I am picking
+
+one way to go,
+left or right.
+
+And that's great,
+as long as it is in that
+
+subtree.
+But how do I know that when I
+
+pick I decide I'm going to go
+left that it might not be in the
+
+right subtree and I went the
+wrong way?
+
+Or, if I went right,
+that I accidentally left one
+
+out on the left side?
+We're always going just one
+
+direction.
+And that's sort of the
+
+cleverness of the code.
+The theorem is let's let L be
+
+the set of intervals i prime in
+the left of a node x.
+
+And R be the set of i primes in
+the right of x.
+
+And now there are two parts I
+am going to show.
+
+If the search goes right then
+the set of i prime in L,
+
+such that i prime overlaps i is
+the empty set.
+
+That's the first thing I do.
+If it goes right then there is
+
+nothing in the left subtree that
+overlaps.
+
+It's always,
+whenever the code goes right,
+
+no problem, because there was
+nothing in the left subtree to
+
+be found.
+Does everybody understand what
+
+that says?
+We are going to prove this,
+
+but I want to make sure people
+understand.
+
+Because the second one is going
+to be harder to understand so
+
+you've got to make sure you
+understand this one first.
+
+Any questions about this?
+OK.
+
+If the search goes left --
+
+-- then the set of i prime in L
+such that i prime overlaps i
+
+empty set implies that i prime
+--
+
+OK.
+What is this saying?
+
+If the search goes left,
+if the left was empty,
+
+in other words,
+if you went left and you
+
+discovered that there was
+nothing in there to find,
+
+no overlapping interval to find
+then it is OK because it
+
+wouldn't have helped me to go
+right anyway because there is
+
+nothing in the right to be
+found.
+
+So it is not guaranteeing that
+there is nothing to be found in
+
+the left, but if there happens
+to be nothing to find in the
+
+left it is OK because there was
+nothing to be found in the right
+
+either.
+That is what the second one
+
+says.
+In either case,
+
+you're OK to go the way.
+So let's do this proof.
+
+Does everybody understand what
+the proof says?
+
+Understanding the proof is
+tricky.
+
+It's logic.
+Logic is tricky.
+
+Suppose the search goes right.
+We'll do the first one.
+
+If left of x is NIL then we are
+done since we proved what we
+
+wanted to prove.
+If we go right there are two
+
+possibilities,
+either we have left of x be NIL
+
+or left of x is not NIL.
+So if it is NIL we are OK
+
+because we said if it goes right
+I want to prove this,
+
+that the things in the left
+subtree that overlap is empty.
+
+If there is nothing there,
+there is clearly nothing there
+
+that overlaps.
+Otherwise, the low of i is
+
+greater than m of the left of x.
+
+If I look at x here,
+either x was NIL in the while
+
+statement here or this is true.
+We just said it is not NIL so
+
+let's take a look at,
+excuse me.
+
+I'm on the wrong line.
+I am in this loop.
+
+Left of x was not NIL and the
+low of i was this.
+
+Which way am I going here?
+I am going right.
+
+Therefore, this was not true.
+So either left of x was not
+
+NIL, which was the first one,
+or low of i is greater than m
+
+of left of x if I am going
+right.
+
+If I'm going right one of those
+two had to be true.
+
+The first one was easy.
+Otherwise, we have this,
+
+low of i is greater than m of
+left of x.
+
+Now this has got to be that
+value.
+
+m of left of x is the right
+endpoint, is the high endpoint
+
+of some interval in that
+subtree.
+
+This is equal to the high of j
+for some j in L.
+
+So m of left of x must be equal
+to the high of some endpoint
+
+because that's how we're picking
+the m's.
+
+For some j in the left subtree.
+And no other interval in L has
+
+a larger high endpoint --
+
+-- than high of j.
+If I draw a picture here,
+
+I have over here i and this is
+the low of i.
+
+And I have j where we say its
+high endpoint is less than the
+
+low of i.
+This is j, and I don't know how
+
+far over it goes.
+And this has high of j --
+
+-- which is the highest one in
+the left subtree.
+
+There is nobody else who has
+got a higher right endpoint.
+
+There is nobody else in this
+subtree who could possibly
+
+overlap I, because all of them
+end somewhere before this point.
+
+This point is the highest one
+in a subtree.
+
+Therefore, i prime in L such
+that i prime overlaps i is the
+
+empty set.
+And now the hard case.
+
+Everybody stretch.
+Hard case.
+
+Does everybody follow this?
+The point is that because this
+
+is the highest guy everybody
+else has to be left,
+
+so if you didn't overlap the
+highest guy you're not going to
+
+overlap anybody.
+Suppose the search goes left --
+
+-- and that there is nothing to
+overlap in the left subtree.
+
+I went left here but I am not
+going to find anything.
+
+Now I want to prove that it
+wouldn't have helped me to go
+
+right.
+That's essentially what the
+
+theorem here says.
+That if I assume this it
+
+wouldn't have helped to go
+right.
+
+I want to show that there is
+nothing in the right subtree.
+
+So going left was OK because I
+wasn't going to find anything
+
+anyway.
+Similarly, we go through a
+
+similar analysis.
+Low of i is less than or equal
+
+to m of the left of x,
+which once again is equal to
+
+the high of j for some j in L.
+We are just saying if I go left
+
+these things must be true.
+I went left.
+
+Since j is in L it doesn't
+overlap i, because the set of
+
+things that overlap i in L is
+empty set.
+
+Since j doesn't overlap i that
+implies that the high of i must
+
+be less than the low of j.
+
+Since j is in L and it doesn't
+overlap i, what are the
+
+possibilities?
+We essentially have here,
+
+if I draw a picture,
+I have j and L and I have i
+
+here.
+The point is that it doesn't
+
+overlap it, therefore,
+it must be to the left because
+
+its low endpoint is less than
+this.
+
+But it doesn't overlap it,
+therefore its high endpoint
+
+must be left of the low of this
+one.
+
+Now we will use the binary
+search tree property.
+
+That implies that for all i
+prime in R, everything in the
+
+right subtree,
+we have a low of j is less than
+
+or equal to low of i prime,
+so we're sorted on the low
+
+endpoints.
+Everything in the right subtree
+
+must have a low endpoint that
+starts to the right of the low
+
+endpoint of j because j in the
+left subtree.
+
+And everything in the whole
+tree is sorted by low endpoints,
+
+so anything in the right
+subtree is going to start over
+
+here.
+Those are other things.
+
+These are the i primes in R.
+We don't know how many there
+
+are, but they all start to the
+right of this point.
+
+So they cannot overlap i
+either, therefore,
+
+there is nothing.
+All the i primes in R is also
+
+nobody.
+
+Just to go back again,
+the basic idea is that since
+
+this guy doesn't overlap the guy
+who is in the left and everybody
+
+to the right is going to be
+further to the right,
+
+if I go left and don't find
+anything that's OK because I am
+
+not going to find anything over
+here anyway.
+
+They are not going to overlap.
+Data-structure augmentation,
+
+great stuff.
+It will give you a lot of rich,
+
+rich data structures built on
+any ones you know,
+
+hash tables,
+heaps, binary search trees and
+
+so forth.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RSuztJUlgOM.txt b/RSuztJUlgOM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..13a433dbbccc3862684114d47665e28d6f737a71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RSuztJUlgOM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8587 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Syrena dive into human factors they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Syrena dive into human factors they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Syrena dive into human factors they're
+kind of two halves to it so about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of two halves to it so about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of two halves to it so about
+halfway through we'll take a break but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfway through we'll take a break but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfway through we'll take a break but
+let's just do the first half of it now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just do the first half of it now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just do the first half of it now
+because I don't want to run over into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't want to run over into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't want to run over into
+marks upcoming talk at 4:00 so human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marks upcoming talk at 4:00 so human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marks upcoming talk at 4:00 so human
+factors is something that's kind of near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors is something that's kind of near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors is something that's kind of near
+near and dear to me I actually really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near and dear to me I actually really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near and dear to me I actually really
+like this subject when I was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this subject when I was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this subject when I was an
+undergrad I took the course 16400 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergrad I took the course 16400 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergrad I took the course 16400 I
+really strongly recommend it we can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really strongly recommend it we can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really strongly recommend it we can only
+cover a very small amount today and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover a very small amount today and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover a very small amount today and I
+have less than an hour to get through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have less than an hour to get through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have less than an hour to get through
+all of this for you and but I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this for you and but I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this for you and but I think it's
+really an interesting class and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really an interesting class and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really an interesting class and it's
+very pertinent to everything related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very pertinent to everything related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very pertinent to everything related to
+to aircraft and aerodynamics and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to aircraft and aerodynamics and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to aircraft and aerodynamics and this
+class 16400 was one of my favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class 16400 was one of my favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class 16400 was one of my favorite
+classes still today I refer back to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes still today I refer back to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes still today I refer back to it
+and one of the things we did was also go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the things we did was also go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the things we did was also go
+through different NTSB reports so I gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through different NTSB reports so I gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through different NTSB reports so I gave
+it I gave a link there as well and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I gave a link there as well and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I gave a link there as well and you
+can read through accident investigations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can read through accident investigations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can read through accident investigations
+and not all of them are scary you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not all of them are scary you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not all of them are scary you know
+many of these reports are nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of these reports are nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of these reports are nobody
+actually got injured but it's good to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually got injured but it's good to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually got injured but it's good to
+just read through you know what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just read through you know what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just read through you know what happened
+what was the decision-making what led to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the decision-making what led to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the decision-making what led to
+the to the issue it's really a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the issue it's really a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the issue it's really a really
+interesting exercise and one thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting exercise and one thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting exercise and one thing in
+particular that we did in that course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular that we did in that course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular that we did in that course
+16400 was really interesting is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16400 was really interesting is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16400 was really interesting is that
+they they have you be on basically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they have you be on basically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they have you be on basically a
+flight simulator so you're pretending to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight simulator so you're pretending to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight simulator so you're pretending to
+be a pilot and then there's all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a pilot and then there's all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a pilot and then there's all kinds of
+inputs coming into you which is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs coming into you which is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs coming into you which is really
+what you're going to experience in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're going to experience in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're going to experience in the
+cockpit when you're flying and you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cockpit when you're flying and you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cockpit when you're flying and you got
+people talking to you on the radio you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people talking to you on the radio you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people talking to you on the radio you
+have your passengers inside the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your passengers inside the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your passengers inside the plane
+you have all kinds of inputs coming up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have all kinds of inputs coming up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have all kinds of inputs coming up
+on the screen you're looking for other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the screen you're looking for other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the screen you're looking for other
+aircraft you're trying to identify an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft you're trying to identify an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft you're trying to identify an
+airport that you're coming up on there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport that you're coming up on there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport that you're coming up on there's
+a lot happening a lot of information and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot happening a lot of information and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot happening a lot of information and
+then we had to basically talk about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we had to basically talk about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we had to basically talk about you
+know if a light went out the absence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if a light went out the absence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if a light went out the absence of
+a light trying to expect a pilot to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a light trying to expect a pilot to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a light trying to expect a pilot to
+identify that as it's totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify that as it's totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify that as it's totally
+unreasonable so it was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreasonable so it was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreasonable so it was really
+interesting in taking this course as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting in taking this course as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting in taking this course as an
+aerospace engineering student at MIT the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerospace engineering student at MIT the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerospace engineering student at MIT the
+lesson was you need to design these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesson was you need to design these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesson was you need to design these
+things to be to be better because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to be to be better because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to be to be better because if you
+if you engineered the system such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you engineered the system such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you engineered the system such that
+somebody under that much stress and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody under that much stress and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody under that much stress and
+looking at those many inputs were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at those many inputs were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at those many inputs were
+supposed to notice a light going out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to notice a light going out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to notice a light going out
+that's totally unreasonable now on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's totally unreasonable now on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's totally unreasonable now on the
+other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand
+about a pilot we will talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a pilot we will talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a pilot we will talk a little bit
+about how how many inputs are on a on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how how many inputs are on a on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how how many inputs are on a on a
+person with a pilot how a lot of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person with a pilot how a lot of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person with a pilot how a lot of things
+are attributed to pilot error the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are attributed to pilot error the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are attributed to pilot error the whole
+purpose of this course and the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of this course and the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of this course and the whole
+purpose of learning to fly is how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of learning to fly is how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of learning to fly is how you
+can minimize the pilot error aspect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can minimize the pilot error aspect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can minimize the pilot error aspect of
+the engineering design aspect but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engineering design aspect but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engineering design aspect but
+certainly it's good to experience both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly it's good to experience both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly it's good to experience both
+sides designing the aircraft in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides designing the aircraft in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides designing the aircraft in the
+avionics as well as flying the aircraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avionics as well as flying the aircraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avionics as well as flying the aircraft
+so one thing I really want to point out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing I really want to point out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing I really want to point out
+it's a little bit morbid but I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit morbid but I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit morbid but I just
+wanted to talk about accidents and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to talk about accidents and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to talk about accidents and what
+causes them well a very large number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes them well a very large number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes them well a very large number of
+accidents are what's called controlled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidents are what's called controlled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidents are what's called controlled
+flight into terrain does anyone know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight into terrain does anyone know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight into terrain does anyone know
+what controlled flight into terrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what controlled flight into terrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what controlled flight into terrain
+means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+yeah so what he said was that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so what he said was that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so what he said was that there's
+there's no instrument error in it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no instrument error in it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no instrument error in it's
+pilot error so it's not necessarily that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot error so it's not necessarily that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot error so it's not necessarily that
+it means that it's pilot error but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that it's pilot error but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that it's pilot error but what
+it's saying is that there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's saying is that there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's saying is that there's nothing
+there's nothing physically wrong with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing physically wrong with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing physically wrong with
+the aircraft so it's not that the engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aircraft so it's not that the engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aircraft so it's not that the engine
+broke it's not like the case with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broke it's not like the case with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broke it's not like the case with
+captain Sully where birds were ingested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captain Sully where birds were ingested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captain Sully where birds were ingested
+into the engines the engine stopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the engines the engine stopped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the engines the engine stopped
+working but it is the case that a fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working but it is the case that a fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working but it is the case that a fully
+functional aircraft was flown into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional aircraft was flown into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional aircraft was flown into
+terrain into a mountain learned to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrain into a mountain learned to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrain into a mountain learned to the
+ground so why does that happen so as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground so why does that happen so as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground so why does that happen so as we
+just heard it's the pilots fault is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just heard it's the pilots fault is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just heard it's the pilots fault is one
+of the most common most common answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most common most common answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most common most common answers
+they attribute things to pilot error and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they attribute things to pilot error and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they attribute things to pilot error and
+the NTSB does this a lot if you watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the NTSB does this a lot if you watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the NTSB does this a lot if you watch
+the movie about captain Sully it made it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie about captain Sully it made it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie about captain Sully it made it
+seem like the NTSB was out to get him as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem like the NTSB was out to get him as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem like the NTSB was out to get him as
+well I've heard the reality is that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I've heard the reality is that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I've heard the reality is that they
+were much more friendly towards him but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were much more friendly towards him but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were much more friendly towards him but
+but the situation is that that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the situation is that that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the situation is that that's kind of
+a natural thing that they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a natural thing that they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a natural thing that they have to
+explore they ultimately found that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore they ultimately found that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore they ultimately found that he
+wasn't at fault but that becomes a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't at fault but that becomes a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't at fault but that becomes a big
+big issue so I don't think that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big issue so I don't think that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big issue so I don't think that it's
+always the case again that it's pilot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the case again that it's pilot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the case again that it's pilot
+error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error
+please take 16400 and look into that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please take 16400 and look into that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please take 16400 and look into that but
+for the purposes of this class for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the purposes of this class for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the purposes of this class for this
+for being a pilot you need to be aware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for being a pilot you need to be aware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for being a pilot you need to be aware
+of all the things that are under your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the things that are under your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the things that are under your
+control how do you get a really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control how do you get a really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control how do you get a really good
+weather briefing how do you make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather briefing how do you make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather briefing how do you make sure
+you're prepared so that it is not your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're prepared so that it is not your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're prepared so that it is not your
+fault and you don't have any accidents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fault and you don't have any accidents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fault and you don't have any accidents
+so just to get you in the zone for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to get you in the zone for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to get you in the zone for the
+types of things we're going to discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of things we're going to discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of things we're going to discuss
+today here's a practice question I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today here's a practice question I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today here's a practice question I just
+want to see where people are on this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see where people are on this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see where people are on this I
+know I haven't taught it yet but I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I haven't taught it yet but I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I haven't taught it yet but I just
+want to know what you think the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know what you think the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know what you think the answer
+is so I know how much time to spend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so I know how much time to spend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so I know how much time to spend on
+these topics in the next couple slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these topics in the next couple slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these topics in the next couple slides
+I'll give you a chance to read it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so how many people think it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right how many people think it's be who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how many people think it's be who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how many people think it's be who
+had movement on be but nobody fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had movement on be but nobody fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had movement on be but nobody fully
+raises to the arm on thee all right see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raises to the arm on thee all right see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raises to the arm on thee all right see
+a lot of hands raised uncie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of hands raised uncie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of hands raised uncie
+all right how about Dee now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right how about Dee now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right how about Dee now that
+everybody raised their hands on see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody raised their hands on see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody raised their hands on see
+almost no one wants to admit Dee alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost no one wants to admit Dee alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost no one wants to admit Dee alright
+so it is in fact spatial disorientation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is in fact spatial disorientation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is in fact spatial disorientation
+so we're gonna talk about the first half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're gonna talk about the first half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're gonna talk about the first half
+era medical factors and then we'll take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era medical factors and then we'll take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era medical factors and then we'll take
+a break and then we'll get into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a break and then we'll get into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a break and then we'll get into the
+aeronautical decision-making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aeronautical decision-making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aeronautical decision-making
+alright so era medical factors so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so era medical factors so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so era medical factors so
+Phillip has already talked about some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phillip has already talked about some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phillip has already talked about some of
+the regulations associated with getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regulations associated with getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regulations associated with getting
+your your medical certificate and having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your medical certificate and having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your medical certificate and having
+an an AME or an aviation medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an an AME or an aviation medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an an AME or an aviation medical
+examiner basically check you out so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examiner basically check you out so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examiner basically check you out so
+there are a lot of physiological factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of physiological factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of physiological factors
+that can affect a pilot and some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can affect a pilot and some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can affect a pilot and some of
+those you know are unrelated to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those you know are unrelated to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those you know are unrelated to that
+medical exam that can happen to any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical exam that can happen to any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical exam that can happen to any of
+us so we're gonna go through the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us so we're gonna go through the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us so we're gonna go through the ones
+that are listed here so hypoxia it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are listed here so hypoxia it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are listed here so hypoxia it
+basically is related to to not having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically is related to to not having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically is related to to not having
+enough oxygen or having a reduced amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough oxygen or having a reduced amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough oxygen or having a reduced amount
+of oxygen and there are a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oxygen and there are a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oxygen and there are a lot of
+different types of hypoxia and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of hypoxia and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of hypoxia and it
+resulted a lot of disorientation a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulted a lot of disorientation a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulted a lot of disorientation a lot
+of things that you would be able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that you would be able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that you would be able to do
+normally you won't be able to do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally you won't be able to do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally you won't be able to do in
+those types of conditions so impaired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those types of conditions so impaired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those types of conditions so impaired
+judgment visual impairment drowsiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgment visual impairment drowsiness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgment visual impairment drowsiness
+you know a lot of issues can happen if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a lot of issues can happen if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a lot of issues can happen if
+if you're under that situation so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're under that situation so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're under that situation so let's
+see if we got this video going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he's taken off his mask so he doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's taken off his mask so he doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's taken off his mask so he doesn't
+have the oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the oxygen
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you heard what he just said he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you heard what he just said he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you heard what he just said he's
+feeling tinkling and his toes tingling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling tinkling and his toes tingling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling tinkling and his toes tingling
+in his toes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do you feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'll let you watch the the whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll let you watch the the whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll let you watch the the whole thing
+it basically just gets it gets a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it basically just gets it gets a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it basically just gets it gets a lot
+worse but you can see and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse but you can see and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse but you can see and one of the
+biggest problems is also maybe not being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest problems is also maybe not being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest problems is also maybe not being
+able to realize that there's a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to realize that there's a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to realize that there's a problem
+so that's what makes it even more of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what makes it even more of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what makes it even more of an
+issue another another issue is carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue another another issue is carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue another another issue is carbon
+monoxide poisoning so this can this can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monoxide poisoning so this can this can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monoxide poisoning so this can this can
+actually happen in the aircraft that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually happen in the aircraft that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually happen in the aircraft that you
+that you fly just based on where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you fly just based on where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you fly just based on where the
+heat comes in and you get you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat comes in and you get you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat comes in and you get you know
+headache drowsiness a lot of issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headache drowsiness a lot of issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headache drowsiness a lot of issues
+they're blurred vision the way to detect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're blurred vision the way to detect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're blurred vision the way to detect
+that is there's actually a co2 sorry CO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is there's actually a co2 sorry CO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is there's actually a co2 sorry CO
+detector carbon monoxide detector inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector carbon monoxide detector inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector carbon monoxide detector inside
+the aircraft and so when that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aircraft and so when that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aircraft and so when that that
+middle part becomes very dark then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle part becomes very dark then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle part becomes very dark then
+you'll know that there's an issue and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll know that there's an issue and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll know that there's an issue and so
+just it's good to know what the symptoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just it's good to know what the symptoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just it's good to know what the symptoms
+are so if you're starting to experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so if you're starting to experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so if you're starting to experience
+those symptoms you know what the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those symptoms you know what the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those symptoms you know what the problem
+is and you can for example open your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and you can for example open your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and you can for example open your
+window to get some fresh air into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window to get some fresh air into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window to get some fresh air into the
+aircraft some aircraft even certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft some aircraft even certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft some aircraft even certain
+services have supplemental oxygen so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services have supplemental oxygen so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services have supplemental oxygen so you
+can use that as an option as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's a another video just for time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a another video just for time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a another video just for time
+I'm not going to go through it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to go through it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to go through it but
+there's a lot of issues associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of issues associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of issues associated with
+high g-force and you might have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high g-force and you might have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high g-force and you might have seen
+some things with the Top Gun which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things with the Top Gun which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things with the Top Gun which we
+heard from lads is a terrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard from lads is a terrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard from lads is a terrible
+representation but even on that one when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation but even on that one when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation but even on that one when
+they're pulling haiji maneuvers you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're pulling haiji maneuvers you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're pulling haiji maneuvers you can
+you know we've seen loss of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we've seen loss of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we've seen loss of
+consciousness and other issues another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consciousness and other issues another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consciousness and other issues another
+another one that you might have actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one that you might have actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one that you might have actually
+heard of this before is hyperventilation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of this before is hyperventilation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of this before is hyperventilation
+some people hear on on the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people hear on on the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people hear on on the ground
+experience this and so you might just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience this and so you might just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience this and so you might just be
+over anxious breathing too quickly it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over anxious breathing too quickly it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over anxious breathing too quickly it
+makes you not be able to breathe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes you not be able to breathe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes you not be able to breathe
+properly you might need to just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly you might need to just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly you might need to just sort of
+take a break breathe into a bag another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a break breathe into a bag another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a break breathe into a bag another
+good reason to have a copilot with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good reason to have a copilot with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good reason to have a copilot with you
+so a lot of the issues in turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lot of the issues in turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lot of the issues in turn
+the disorientation that you face are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disorientation that you face are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disorientation that you face are
+somehow related to how your inner ear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow related to how your inner ear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow related to how your inner ear
+works so the the fluid in your inner ear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so the the fluid in your inner ear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so the the fluid in your inner ear
+is sort of related to how how you feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of related to how how you feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of related to how how you feel
+motion so I won't I won't get into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion so I won't I won't get into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion so I won't I won't get into the
+details you don't actually have to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details you don't actually have to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details you don't actually have to know
+a ton of detail about it but one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ton of detail about it but one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ton of detail about it but one thing
+to know in terms of how you how you feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know in terms of how you how you feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know in terms of how you how you feel
+motion is that you have fluid moving in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion is that you have fluid moving in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion is that you have fluid moving in
+your ear canal you can't actually really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ear canal you can't actually really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ear canal you can't actually really
+detect the fluid what happens is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect the fluid what happens is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect the fluid what happens is you
+have these little hairs that come up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these little hairs that come up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these little hairs that come up and
+so when the fluid changes direction the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when the fluid changes direction the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when the fluid changes direction the
+so let's say the the fluid starts moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say the the fluid starts moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say the the fluid starts moving
+in a particular direction then all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a particular direction then all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a particular direction then all these
+hair pieces start moving and so you feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hair pieces start moving and so you feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hair pieces start moving and so you feel
+that motion now that now the fluid can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that motion now that now the fluid can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that motion now that now the fluid can
+continue to move in that direction but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to move in that direction but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to move in that direction but
+over time the the hair follicles will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time the the hair follicles will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time the the hair follicles will
+basically resume where they are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically resume where they are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically resume where they are they
+won't feel motion motion occurring or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't feel motion motion occurring or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't feel motion motion occurring or
+they'll basically be stagnant so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll basically be stagnant so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll basically be stagnant so it
+could be the case that the fluid is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be the case that the fluid is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be the case that the fluid is
+moving and the hair is sitting like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving and the hair is sitting like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving and the hair is sitting like this
+now all of a sudden when the fluid stops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all of a sudden when the fluid stops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all of a sudden when the fluid stops
+moving the the fluid stops moving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving the the fluid stops moving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving the the fluid stops moving the
+hair tries to just return to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hair tries to just return to its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hair tries to just return to its
+previous state and when that happens you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous state and when that happens you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous state and when that happens you
+might actually think that you've started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually think that you've started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually think that you've started
+moving in the other direction so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving in the other direction so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving in the other direction so this is
+an issue where basically if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an issue where basically if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an issue where basically if you are
+flying along and you start turning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying along and you start turning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying along and you start turning and
+you're in a constant rate turn you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in a constant rate turn you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in a constant rate turn you might
+start feeling like you're not turning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start feeling like you're not turning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start feeling like you're not turning
+and then when you come out of that turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when you come out of that turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when you come out of that turn
+so you roll out and now you're straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you roll out and now you're straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you roll out and now you're straight
+and level again you feel like you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and level again you feel like you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and level again you feel like you have
+just started turning to the right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just started turning to the right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just started turning to the right so
+even though now you're flying straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though now you're flying straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though now you're flying straight
+and level your your ear is telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and level your your ear is telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and level your your ear is telling you
+that you've turned to the right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've turned to the right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've turned to the right and so
+you try to correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to correct
+by turning back to the left so it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by turning back to the left so it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by turning back to the left so it might
+be the case that your your airplanes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the case that your your airplanes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the case that your your airplanes
+actual motion was concentrate turn to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual motion was concentrate turn to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual motion was concentrate turn to
+the left and then it flattened out but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left and then it flattened out but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left and then it flattened out but
+you don't realize you're flat so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't realize you're flat so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't realize you're flat so you
+start turning again so these are reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start turning again so these are reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start turning again so these are reasons
+why you don't want to rely on your inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you don't want to rely on your inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you don't want to rely on your inner
+ear people refer to it is flying by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ear people refer to it is flying by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ear people refer to it is flying by the
+seat of your pants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seat of your pants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seat of your pants
+basically what you feel as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what you feel as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what you feel as opposed to
+looking at the instruments but actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the instruments but actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the instruments but actually
+the seat of your pants is primarily your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seat of your pants is primarily your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seat of your pants is primarily your
+inner ear is what's giving you all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner ear is what's giving you all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner ear is what's giving you all these
+indications so there's a lot of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indications so there's a lot of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indications so there's a lot of things
+that can contribute to disorientation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can contribute to disorientation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can contribute to disorientation so
+we already talked a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already talked a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already talked a little bit about
+spatial disorientation well there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial disorientation well there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial disorientation well there are a
+lot of things so we talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of things so we talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of things so we talked about the
+vast ill vestibular system which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vast ill vestibular system which is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vast ill vestibular system which is that
+inner ear but also even visual cues can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner ear but also even visual cues can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner ear but also even visual cues can
+provide spacial can cause you to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide spacial can cause you to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide spacial can cause you to have
+spatial disorientation and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial disorientation and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial disorientation and then the
+feeling on your skin so you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling on your skin so you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling on your skin so you know how
+much you're pressing against the seat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much you're pressing against the seat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much you're pressing against the seat
+for example so one thing about spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example so one thing about spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example so one thing about spatial
+disorientation is that when you're when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorientation is that when you're when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorientation is that when you're when
+you're flying and you're looking out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're flying and you're looking out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're flying and you're looking out the
+window you know your eyes are a big part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window you know your eyes are a big part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window you know your eyes are a big part
+of your orientation so you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your orientation so you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your orientation so you're looking at
+the horizon and if the horizons tilted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the horizon and if the horizons tilted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the horizon and if the horizons tilted
+you think you're turning you know that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think you're turning you know that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think you're turning you know that's
+that's how you determine what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how you determine what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how you determine what's going on
+but there are a lot of false cues you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are a lot of false cues you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are a lot of false cues you
+can get from looking outside so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get from looking outside so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get from looking outside so one
+thing is that and we spend a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that and we spend a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that and we spend a little bit
+of time talking about IFR flight earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time talking about IFR flight earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time talking about IFR flight earlier
+today where you can't see outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today where you can't see outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today where you can't see outside the
+airplane and you're just relying on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane and you're just relying on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane and you're just relying on your
+instruments well it's also good to to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments well it's also good to to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments well it's also good to to do
+a reference check of your instruments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reference check of your instruments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reference check of your instruments
+doing because of some of the tricks your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing because of some of the tricks your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing because of some of the tricks your
+eyes can play on you so for example if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes can play on you so for example if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes can play on you so for example if
+there is a low cloud layer that's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a low cloud layer that's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a low cloud layer that's kind
+of tilted the horizon might look tilted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tilted the horizon might look tilted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tilted the horizon might look tilted
+it may not look flat and you might think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may not look flat and you might think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may not look flat and you might think
+you're tilted when you're flat you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're tilted when you're flat you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're tilted when you're flat you might
+think you're flat when you're tilted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you're flat when you're tilted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you're flat when you're tilted
+there's also other you know because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also other you know because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also other you know because of
+the motion in your inner ear when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motion in your inner ear when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motion in your inner ear when you
+actually have a motion in one direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a motion in one direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a motion in one direction
+if you actually turn over if you bend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you actually turn over if you bend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you actually turn over if you bend
+your head down so let's say you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your head down so let's say you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your head down so let's say you're
+writing with a pencil while you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing with a pencil while you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing with a pencil while you were
+flying and you dropped your pencil well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying and you dropped your pencil well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying and you dropped your pencil well
+when you bend down you actually feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you bend down you actually feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you bend down you actually feel
+emotions that don't actually exist you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotions that don't actually exist you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotions that don't actually exist you
+might think you're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think you're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think you're sort of
+bullying and so that's really not good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullying and so that's really not good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullying and so that's really not good
+so one thing actually if you fly out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing actually if you fly out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing actually if you fly out of
+Hanscom you have to wear a badge anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hanscom you have to wear a badge anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hanscom you have to wear a badge anyway
+and so you have a lanyard maybe like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you have a lanyard maybe like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you have a lanyard maybe like
+clip your pencil to that lanyard or do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clip your pencil to that lanyard or do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clip your pencil to that lanyard or do
+whatever you can such that you can reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you can such that you can reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you can such that you can reach
+everything you need to reach without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you need to reach without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you need to reach without
+physically bending over or if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically bending over or if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically bending over or if you have a
+co-pilot that is also a could be a pilot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-pilot that is also a could be a pilot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-pilot that is also a could be a pilot
+in command or a safety pilot you can ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in command or a safety pilot you can ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in command or a safety pilot you can ask
+them to take control take and we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to take control take and we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to take control take and we talked
+about positive exchange of controls ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about positive exchange of controls ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about positive exchange of controls ask
+them to take control of the aircraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to take control of the aircraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to take control of the aircraft
+before you reach down to pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you reach down to pick up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you reach down to pick up
+something because it can have a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something because it can have a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something because it can have a more
+significant effect than you think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant effect than you think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant effect than you think it
+will and I'm I will reserve some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will and I'm I will reserve some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will and I'm I will reserve some of the
+aerobatic talk for for mark to discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerobatic talk for for mark to discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerobatic talk for for mark to discuss
+some of these with you in more in more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these with you in more in more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these with you in more in more
+detail Tina was talking trash about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail Tina was talking trash about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail Tina was talking trash about the
+auto pilot that that's also a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auto pilot that that's also a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auto pilot that that's also a good
+argument for yeah you if you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument for yeah you if you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument for yeah you if you have to
+bend down and get something you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bend down and get something you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bend down and get something you know
+take your hands off the controls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take your hands off the controls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take your hands off the controls
+completely that's better than leaving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely that's better than leaving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely that's better than leaving
+them on while you're fishing around for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them on while you're fishing around for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them on while you're fishing around for
+something and if you have an auto pilot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and if you have an auto pilot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and if you have an auto pilot
+yet better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet better
+I think the auto pilot is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the auto pilot is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the auto pilot is a very
+important tool to use when you're flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important tool to use when you're flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important tool to use when you're flying
+I was just cautioning against it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was just cautioning against it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was just cautioning against it again
+when I was flying on my checkride with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was flying on my checkride with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was flying on my checkride with
+mark up there mysteriously the autopilot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark up there mysteriously the autopilot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark up there mysteriously the autopilot
+stopped working and I had to perform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped working and I had to perform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped working and I had to perform
+everything without it so you can't rely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything without it so you can't rely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything without it so you can't rely
+on that when you're flying it could stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that when you're flying it could stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that when you're flying it could stop
+working but also your check ride pilot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working but also your check ride pilot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working but also your check ride pilot
+will not let you use one so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not let you use one so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not let you use one so this is
+something once you're flying and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something once you're flying and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something once you're flying and you can
+even ask your instructor to help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even ask your instructor to help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even ask your instructor to help you
+with that to actually get a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that to actually get a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that to actually get a sense of
+these disorientation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these disorientation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these disorientation
+you can try you know climbing while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can try you know climbing while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can try you know climbing while
+accelerating climbing while turning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating climbing while turning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating climbing while turning
+these different types of motions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different types of motions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different types of motions and
+also consider moving your head making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also consider moving your head making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also consider moving your head making
+sure the other person has the flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure the other person has the flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure the other person has the flight
+controls to experience some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls to experience some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls to experience some of these
+motions or if you'd like over near I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motions or if you'd like over near I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motions or if you'd like over near I
+think building 33 are building 35 they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think building 33 are building 35 they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think building 33 are building 35 they
+have a centrifuge and you can experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a centrifuge and you can experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a centrifuge and you can experience
+a lot of these things as well so how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of these things as well so how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of these things as well so how do
+you how do you deal with all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how do you deal with all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how do you deal with all these
+disorientation 'he's that are happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorientation 'he's that are happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorientation 'he's that are happening
+one is just being aware of the causes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is just being aware of the causes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is just being aware of the causes of
+them help making sure you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them help making sure you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them help making sure you know that
+they're they're getting kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're getting kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're getting kind of
+briefings in advance so you know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefings in advance so you know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefings in advance so you know what's
+happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening
+and and really try to avoid sudden head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and really try to avoid sudden head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and really try to avoid sudden head
+movements when you're flying so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements when you're flying so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements when you're flying so we've
+talked about scanning and looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about scanning and looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about scanning and looking for
+traffic but avoid very sudden head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic but avoid very sudden head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic but avoid very sudden head
+movements while you're flying because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements while you're flying because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements while you're flying because
+you are moving and it can cause you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are moving and it can cause you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are moving and it can cause you to
+have a lot of effects and then the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of effects and then the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of effects and then the other
+thing is just being well-rested eating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is just being well-rested eating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is just being well-rested eating
+properly if you're you know if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly if you're you know if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly if you're you know if you're
+hungry if you're tired your body is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry if you're tired your body is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry if you're tired your body is not
+at its best it can also contribute so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at its best it can also contribute so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at its best it can also contribute so
+here are just some more examples of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are just some more examples of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are just some more examples of the
+visual illusions so and then they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual illusions so and then they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual illusions so and then they're
+also times when the visual illusions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also times when the visual illusions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also times when the visual illusions are
+worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse
+so nighttime we're gonna have a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so nighttime we're gonna have a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so nighttime we're gonna have a whole
+section on night flying tomorrow but as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section on night flying tomorrow but as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section on night flying tomorrow but as
+it relates to human factors I will say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it relates to human factors I will say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it relates to human factors I will say
+that you might think you're coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might think you're coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might think you're coming in
+towards the airport but you're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the airport but you're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the airport but you're actually
+seeing a cluster of lights that's a city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing a cluster of lights that's a city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing a cluster of lights that's a city
+somewhere else you might start going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else you might start going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else you might start going to
+the wrong place if you don't keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong place if you don't keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong place if you don't keep
+referencing your instruments you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referencing your instruments you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referencing your instruments you might
+not notice that you're kind of off track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not notice that you're kind of off track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not notice that you're kind of off track
+I'll give you one tip though I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you one tip though I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you one tip though I was
+flying to Hyannis Hyannis is a is a city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying to Hyannis Hyannis is a is a city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying to Hyannis Hyannis is a is a city
+right at the base of the Cape before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at the base of the Cape before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at the base of the Cape before you
+go all the way down the arm of the Cape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go all the way down the arm of the Cape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go all the way down the arm of the Cape
+and there's a great restaurant there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a great restaurant there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a great restaurant there
+right next to the Hyannis Airport a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right next to the Hyannis Airport a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right next to the Hyannis Airport a
+little French restaurant during the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little French restaurant during the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little French restaurant during the day
+they have kind of little sandwiches and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have kind of little sandwiches and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have kind of little sandwiches and
+pastries and at night it becomes kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pastries and at night it becomes kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pastries and at night it becomes kind of
+a nicer French restaurant so I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nicer French restaurant so I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nicer French restaurant so I was
+actually flying there at night and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually flying there at night and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually flying there at night and
+coming in to Hyannis as having a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in to Hyannis as having a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in to Hyannis as having a little
+bit of issue because my heading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of issue because my heading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of issue because my heading
+indicator kept processing and I wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator kept processing and I wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator kept processing and I wasn't
+sure exactly and things happened very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure exactly and things happened very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure exactly and things happened very
+quickly because I'd been talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly because I'd been talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly because I'd been talking about
+the the Bravo clearances going from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Bravo clearances going from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Bravo clearances going from
+Bedford over there you're you're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bedford over there you're you're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bedford over there you're you're talking
+all these controllers and worrying about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these controllers and worrying about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these controllers and worrying about
+your altitude and so there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your altitude and so there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your altitude and so there's a lot
+happening and as I got close to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and as I got close to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and as I got close to the
+Hyannis Airport I wasn't exactly sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hyannis Airport I wasn't exactly sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hyannis Airport I wasn't exactly sure
+that I was going for that they have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was going for that they have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was going for that they have two
+different intersecting runways I wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different intersecting runways I wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different intersecting runways I wasn't
+exactly sure I was lined up for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly sure I was lined up for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly sure I was lined up for the
+correct runway so I just talked to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct runway so I just talked to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct runway so I just talked to the
+tower controller and I told them that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tower controller and I told them that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tower controller and I told them that I
+was having this issue and so they lit up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was having this issue and so they lit up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was having this issue and so they lit up
+the runway that I was trying to land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the runway that I was trying to land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the runway that I was trying to land
+that very bright just for a moment so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very bright just for a moment so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very bright just for a moment so I
+could get you know oriented and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get you know oriented and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get you know oriented and get
+myself situated and it was very great so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself situated and it was very great so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself situated and it was very great so
+so good also to use other people whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so good also to use other people whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so good also to use other people whether
+it's a flight service folks or the tower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a flight service folks or the tower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a flight service folks or the tower
+folks to give you help when you need it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is also just another thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is also just another thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is also just another thing that
+happens at night and we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens at night and we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens at night and we'll talk about
+this with the night flying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with the night flying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with the night flying that
+sometimes a stationary light can appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes a stationary light can appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes a stationary light can appear
+to move and so you have to be careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move and so you have to be careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move and so you have to be careful
+don't trust everything you see a big one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't trust everything you see a big one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't trust everything you see a big one
+in terms of an optical illusion whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of an optical illusion whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of an optical illusion whether
+it's day or night is they that if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's day or night is they that if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's day or night is they that if a
+runway is not flat but it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway is not flat but it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway is not flat but it's actually
+inclined going up or incline going down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclined going up or incline going down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclined going up or incline going down
+not only as it relates to performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only as it relates to performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only as it relates to performance
+when we're talking about how long it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're talking about how long it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're talking about how long it
+takes you to to land but also as you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes you to to land but also as you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes you to to land but also as you're
+coming in you might think that you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in you might think that you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in you might think that you're a
+different place than you are this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different place than you are this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different place than you are this is
+also the case you know if the runways is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the case you know if the runways is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the case you know if the runways is
+wider or narrower than you're used to so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wider or narrower than you're used to so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wider or narrower than you're used to so
+at Hanscom you might have very wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Hanscom you might have very wide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Hanscom you might have very wide
+runways if you fly out of Beverly you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runways if you fly out of Beverly you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runways if you fly out of Beverly you
+have narrower runway so just that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have narrower runway so just that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have narrower runway so just that
+difference can make you think you're at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference can make you think you're at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference can make you think you're at
+a different orientation or you're higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different orientation or you're higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different orientation or you're higher
+or lower than where you are you can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or lower than where you are you can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or lower than where you are you can you
+go back to that one so basically they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to that one so basically they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to that one so basically they're
+saying if the runway is sloped and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying if the runway is sloped and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying if the runway is sloped and you
+rely on your ordinary sight picture you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely on your ordinary sight picture you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely on your ordinary sight picture you
+might follow a higher or lower than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might follow a higher or lower than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might follow a higher or lower than
+standard glide path yeah absolutely so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard glide path yeah absolutely so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard glide path yeah absolutely so
+what it's saying the so that the top one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's saying the so that the top one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's saying the so that the top one
+is showing that you know obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is showing that you know obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is showing that you know obviously
+that's just when it's flat and so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just when it's flat and so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just when it's flat and so when
+it's inclined up you might you might try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's inclined up you might you might try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's inclined up you might you might try
+to be farther away so that you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be farther away so that you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be farther away so that you get the
+same picture so that the dotted aircraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same picture so that the dotted aircraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same picture so that the dotted aircraft
+is where you should be but the solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where you should be but the solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where you should be but the solid
+aircraft is where you might actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft is where you might actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft is where you might actually be
+where you're trying to compensate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're trying to compensate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're trying to compensate
+because of the illusion and then if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the illusion and then if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the illusion and then if
+there's a featureless terrain it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a featureless terrain it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a featureless terrain it can
+really affect you as well so like right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really affect you as well so like right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really affect you as well so like right
+now we have a snowy condition so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have a snowy condition so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have a snowy condition so it's
+harder to see what's what's happening it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to see what's what's happening it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to see what's what's happening it
+makes it difficult and in general it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it difficult and in general it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it difficult and in general it
+makes you fly a lower approach which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes you fly a lower approach which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes you fly a lower approach which is
+not good okay and then just a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not good okay and then just a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not good okay and then just a couple
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+I won't dive into each of them but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I won't dive into each of them but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I won't dive into each of them but you
+know fog or haze different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know fog or haze different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know fog or haze different types of
+things can cause a mirage or can cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things can cause a mirage or can cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things can cause a mirage or can cause
+an illusion and so you really want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an illusion and so you really want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an illusion and so you really want to
+keep referencing your instruments to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep referencing your instruments to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep referencing your instruments to
+make sure you are in fact holding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you are in fact holding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you are in fact holding the
+altitude or use your autopilot to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitude or use your autopilot to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitude or use your autopilot to help
+you out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you out
+and of course any reference system so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course any reference system so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course any reference system so if
+you have a vazhi or a poppy those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a vazhi or a poppy those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a vazhi or a poppy those are
+great tools that even if it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great tools that even if it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great tools that even if it looks like
+the the runway is one place to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the runway is one place to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the runway is one place to the other
+if it's if the lights are all red you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's if the lights are all red you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's if the lights are all red you're
+too low okay another one is motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too low okay another one is motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too low okay another one is motion
+sickness so one thing I want to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sickness so one thing I want to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sickness so one thing I want to tell you
+about motion sickness is when you go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about motion sickness is when you go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about motion sickness is when you go up
+and you take your first discovery flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you take your first discovery flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you take your first discovery flight
+come out of this class you're ready to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out of this class you're ready to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out of this class you're ready to
+go you might feel a little bit motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go you might feel a little bit motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go you might feel a little bit motion
+sick and that's okay you're in a tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick and that's okay you're in a tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick and that's okay you're in a tiny
+airplane it might be bouncing around a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane it might be bouncing around a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane it might be bouncing around a
+little bit what I'm here to say is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit what I'm here to say is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit what I'm here to say is that
+that goes away you can actually train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes away you can actually train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes away you can actually train
+your body to get used to it and and kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your body to get used to it and and kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your body to get used to it and and kind
+of get over that motion sickness but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of get over that motion sickness but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of get over that motion sickness but
+unfortunately if you you can lose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately if you you can lose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately if you you can lose that
+tolerance that you built up if you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerance that you built up if you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerance that you built up if you you
+know wait a really long time between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know wait a really long time between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know wait a really long time between
+flights I'm at MIT so I don't know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flights I'm at MIT so I don't know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flights I'm at MIT so I don't know how
+much I need to tell you about stress I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much I need to tell you about stress I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much I need to tell you about stress I
+think we all know about stress we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we all know about stress we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we all know about stress we have
+different ways of dealing with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways of dealing with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways of dealing with it
+but just as much as it affects your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just as much as it affects your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just as much as it affects your
+ability to take an exam at MIT that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to take an exam at MIT that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to take an exam at MIT that
+stress can also affect your ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress can also affect your ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress can also affect your ability to
+fly and think think logically as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly and think think logically as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly and think think logically as you
+might need to to make to do aeronautical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might need to to make to do aeronautical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might need to to make to do aeronautical
+decision-making and that's a good time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision-making and that's a good time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision-making and that's a good time
+to think about whether you should bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about whether you should bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about whether you should bring
+an instructor along on a trip you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an instructor along on a trip you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an instructor along on a trip you know
+if you're tired or you're upset or about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're tired or you're upset or about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're tired or you're upset or about
+something then be part of a two-pilot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something then be part of a two-pilot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something then be part of a two-pilot
+crew exactly fatigue is a big one if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crew exactly fatigue is a big one if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crew exactly fatigue is a big one if you
+do take my advice and look at those NTSB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do take my advice and look at those NTSB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do take my advice and look at those NTSB
+reports a large number of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports a large number of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports a large number of them are
+talking about you know airline pilots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about you know airline pilots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about you know airline pilots
+that have just you know been flying for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have just you know been flying for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have just you know been flying for
+22 hours and something happens where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22 hours and something happens where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22 hours and something happens where
+whereas if you really think through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if you really think through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if you really think through it
+you know maybe maybe that issue wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe maybe that issue wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe maybe that issue wouldn't
+have happened but they're so tired that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have happened but they're so tired that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have happened but they're so tired that
+those things resulted in issues so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things resulted in issues so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things resulted in issues so
+really be mindful of how much fatigue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really be mindful of how much fatigue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really be mindful of how much fatigue
+can affect your ability to fly and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can affect your ability to fly and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can affect your ability to fly and what
+stresses it puts on the pilot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dehydration and heat stroke or big ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydration and heat stroke or big ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydration and heat stroke or big ones
+here in this area gets very hot in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in this area gets very hot in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in this area gets very hot in the
+summers make sure to bring a bottle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summers make sure to bring a bottle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summers make sure to bring a bottle of
+water with you when you go flying it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water with you when you go flying it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water with you when you go flying it can
+be a big issue and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a big issue and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a big issue and
+you know if you're feeling kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you're feeling kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you're feeling kind of
+lightheaded take it take a drink of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightheaded take it take a drink of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightheaded take it take a drink of
+water and it can make a big big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and it can make a big big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and it can make a big big
+difference all right so no alcohol or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference all right so no alcohol or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference all right so no alcohol or
+drugs while flying or before flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs while flying or before flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs while flying or before flying
+there are some specific regulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some specific regulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some specific regulations
+they're much more strict than driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're much more strict than driving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're much more strict than driving
+which i think is a good thing so please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i think is a good thing so please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i think is a good thing so please
+take a look at that 14 CFR part 91 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at that 14 CFR part 91 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at that 14 CFR part 91 the
+blood-alcohol level and the time since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood-alcohol level and the time since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood-alcohol level and the time since
+the last drink it's really not worth it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last drink it's really not worth it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last drink it's really not worth it
+you're flying as a hobby for fun don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're flying as a hobby for fun don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're flying as a hobby for fun don't
+do something that's unsafe some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something that's unsafe some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something that's unsafe some of these
+are ways to remember the bottle to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are ways to remember the bottle to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are ways to remember the bottle to
+throttle examples here so I'll let you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throttle examples here so I'll let you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throttle examples here so I'll let you
+take a look at those also don't carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at those also don't carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at those also don't carry
+drugs I don't know if I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs I don't know if I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs I don't know if I need to
+elaborate on that okay so we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborate on that okay so we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborate on that okay so we talked
+about vision vision is one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about vision vision is one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about vision vision is one of the things
+that in your medical exam your AME is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in your medical exam your AME is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in your medical exam your AME is
+going to look at your vision and test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at your vision and test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at your vision and test
+your ability to see one thing to keep in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ability to see one thing to keep in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ability to see one thing to keep in
+mind is that when you're looking at out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind is that when you're looking at out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind is that when you're looking at out
+your windshield you can basically kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your windshield you can basically kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your windshield you can basically kind
+of zone out and so you think you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zone out and so you think you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zone out and so you think you're
+looking at your went out your windshield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at your went out your windshield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at your went out your windshield
+and you're scanning for aircraft but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're scanning for aircraft but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're scanning for aircraft but
+you've sort of stopped paying attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've sort of stopped paying attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've sort of stopped paying attention
+so one thing that they recommend you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing that they recommend you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing that they recommend you do
+is actually have a series of very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually have a series of very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually have a series of very
+specific eye movements I just moved my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific eye movements I just moved my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific eye movements I just moved my
+head but again don't move your head but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head but again don't move your head but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head but again don't move your head but
+kind of look with your eyes to scan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of look with your eyes to scan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of look with your eyes to scan
+across so that you're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across so that you're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across so that you're actually
+specifically deciding and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically deciding and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically deciding and you're
+specifically looking and scanning the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically looking and scanning the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically looking and scanning the
+air for other aircraft and tell this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air for other aircraft and tell this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air for other aircraft and tell this to
+your passengers you don't have to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your passengers you don't have to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your passengers you don't have to be a
+trained pilot to look for aircraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained pilot to look for aircraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained pilot to look for aircraft
+I always tell all of my passengers look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I always tell all of my passengers look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I always tell all of my passengers look
+out the window tell me if you see other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the window tell me if you see other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the window tell me if you see other
+aircraft okay so we're gonna dive into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft okay so we're gonna dive into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft okay so we're gonna dive into
+aeronautical decision-making one quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aeronautical decision-making one quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aeronautical decision-making one quick
+thing I'll say is that I brought a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I'll say is that I brought a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I'll say is that I brought a
+couple of magazines here although some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of magazines here although some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of magazines here although some
+of them are older they have some good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are older they have some good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are older they have some good
+content so this one is about aviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content so this one is about aviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content so this one is about aviation
+safety for folks today that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety for folks today that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety for folks today that we're
+interested in the talk about instrument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the talk about instrument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the talk about instrument
+flight there's actually a magazine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight there's actually a magazine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight there's actually a magazine
+called IFR refresher and specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called IFR refresher and specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called IFR refresher and specifically
+focuses on topics related to instrument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focuses on topics related to instrument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focuses on topics related to instrument
+flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight
+then another a number of these aviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then another a number of these aviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then another a number of these aviation
+safety that talk about topics that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety that talk about topics that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety that talk about topics that I
+felt were relevant such as flying with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt were relevant such as flying with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt were relevant such as flying with
+icing is one of the ones here and flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icing is one of the ones here and flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icing is one of the ones here and flying
+at night and then there's a general IFR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at night and then there's a general IFR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at night and then there's a general IFR
+magazine that just talks about some good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magazine that just talks about some good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magazine that just talks about some good
+articles about how you handle your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles about how you handle your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles about how you handle your
+skills and flying instrument approaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills and flying instrument approaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills and flying instrument approaches
+such as an ILS so these are just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as an ILS so these are just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as an ILS so these are just kind of
+first-come first-serve over here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first-come first-serve over here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first-come first-serve over here so
+aeronautical decision making so how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aeronautical decision making so how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aeronautical decision making so how you
+make decisions when you're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make decisions when you're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make decisions when you're in the
+cockpit can really affect how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cockpit can really affect how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cockpit can really affect how you
+successfully exit a very negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully exit a very negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully exit a very negative
+situation so whether it's what we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation so whether it's what we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation so whether it's what we were
+just talking about with regard to having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talking about with regard to having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talking about with regard to having
+spatial disorientation or having carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial disorientation or having carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial disorientation or having carbon
+monoxide poisoning versus an engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monoxide poisoning versus an engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monoxide poisoning versus an engine
+failure or specific issue or a weather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure or specific issue or a weather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure or specific issue or a weather
+issue the way that you go about making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue the way that you go about making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue the way that you go about making a
+decision can significantly impact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision can significantly impact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision can significantly impact the
+outcome so we're gonna talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome so we're gonna talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome so we're gonna talk about
+decision making hazards how we go about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision making hazards how we go about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision making hazards how we go about
+evaluating risks and having personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating risks and having personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating risks and having personal
+checklists so in aeronautical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checklists so in aeronautical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checklists so in aeronautical
+decision-making one thing to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision-making one thing to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision-making one thing to think about
+is just that there is a way that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just that there is a way that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just that there is a way that you can
+teach someone how to make good decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach someone how to make good decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach someone how to make good decisions
+so in addition to learning about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in addition to learning about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in addition to learning about your
+airplane and learning how to fly one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane and learning how to fly one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane and learning how to fly one
+thing that throughout your pilot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that throughout your pilot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that throughout your pilot
+training is that you'll learn how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training is that you'll learn how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training is that you'll learn how to
+make decisions so crew resource
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make decisions so crew resource
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make decisions so crew resource
+management is one specific aspect and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management is one specific aspect and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management is one specific aspect and
+we've been alluding to that all day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been alluding to that all day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been alluding to that all day
+talking about how to use either your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about how to use either your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about how to use either your
+copilot or whoever it is that's sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copilot or whoever it is that's sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copilot or whoever it is that's sitting
+next to you in the plane or your other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to you in the plane or your other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to you in the plane or your other
+passengers as well there are a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers as well there are a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers as well there are a number of
+aircraft that we talked about and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft that we talked about and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft that we talked about and we
+discussed the FAA regulations earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed the FAA regulations earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed the FAA regulations earlier
+about mandated requirements to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about mandated requirements to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about mandated requirements to have a
+co-pilot or sometimes other folks but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-pilot or sometimes other folks but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-pilot or sometimes other folks but
+there are even people outside your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are even people outside your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are even people outside your
+cockpit that you could rely on air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cockpit that you could rely on air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cockpit that you could rely on air
+traffic controllers we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic controllers we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic controllers we talked about
+flight service stations for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight service stations for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight service stations for example
+so again really think about when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again really think about when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again really think about when you're
+flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying
+although the FAA might require just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although the FAA might require just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although the FAA might require just a
+crew of one whether you really are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crew of one whether you really are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crew of one whether you really are all
+alone or there other people you can rely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone or there other people you can rely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone or there other people you can rely
+on so there are a lot of aspects to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so there are a lot of aspects to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so there are a lot of aspects to
+making good decisions and this is part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making good decisions and this is part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making good decisions and this is part
+of why pilots love talking to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of why pilots love talking to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of why pilots love talking to other
+pilots they also just like discussing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilots they also just like discussing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilots they also just like discussing
+you know if they encountered an issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if they encountered an issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if they encountered an issue
+how they went about dealing with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they went about dealing with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they went about dealing with that
+issue and talking to other people about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue and talking to other people about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue and talking to other people about
+their experiences is actually a good way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their experiences is actually a good way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their experiences is actually a good way
+to learn one thing you should also know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn one thing you should also know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn one thing you should also know
+is about your personal attitudes I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about your personal attitudes I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about your personal attitudes I think
+that might have been another reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might have been another reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might have been another reason
+laz our f-22 pilot yesterday was so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laz our f-22 pilot yesterday was so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laz our f-22 pilot yesterday was so
+against Top Gun the concept of being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against Top Gun the concept of being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against Top Gun the concept of being a
+very arrogant person that violates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very arrogant person that violates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very arrogant person that violates the
+rules is really not a good stereotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules is really not a good stereotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules is really not a good stereotype
+for a pilot because people that fly like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a pilot because people that fly like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a pilot because people that fly like
+that are more likely to have accidents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are more likely to have accidents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are more likely to have accidents
+how you can modify your behavior how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you can modify your behavior how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you can modify your behavior how to
+recognize and cope with stress we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize and cope with stress we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize and cope with stress we could
+certainly use that here at MIT and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly use that here at MIT and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly use that here at MIT and then
+how to really assess risks properly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to really assess risks properly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to really assess risks properly so
+we talked about weather as an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about weather as an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about weather as an example
+how do you know if you have the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you know if you have the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you know if you have the right
+weather information have you evaluated a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather information have you evaluated a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather information have you evaluated a
+risk appropriately and we've really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk appropriately and we've really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk appropriately and we've really
+tried to give you pointers and cues for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to give you pointers and cues for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to give you pointers and cues for
+that and especially if they tell you VFR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and especially if they tell you VFR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and especially if they tell you VFR
+flight not advisable it's not advisable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight not advisable it's not advisable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight not advisable it's not advisable
+that means that it's probably a bad idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that it's probably a bad idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that it's probably a bad idea
+so hazards and risks so a hazard is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hazards and risks so a hazard is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hazards and risks so a hazard is
+basically a condition or an event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a condition or an event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a condition or an event
+something that you might encounter where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you might encounter where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you might encounter where
+where as risk is basically your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where as risk is basically your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where as risk is basically your
+assessment you know of how how likely is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment you know of how how likely is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment you know of how how likely is
+that risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that risk
+you know how likely is that hazard going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how likely is that hazard going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how likely is that hazard going
+to come to be what impact could that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come to be what impact could that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come to be what impact could that
+hazard have on your outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hazard have on your outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hazard have on your outcome
+so one thing again is about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing again is about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing again is about your
+attitude so so don't be like those Top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitude so so don't be like those Top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitude so so don't be like those Top
+Gun pilots if you're a very anti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gun pilots if you're a very anti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gun pilots if you're a very anti
+Authority and you say you know I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authority and you say you know I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authority and you say you know I don't
+care even if the the weather folks said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care even if the the weather folks said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care even if the the weather folks said
+VFR flight not advisable I'm a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VFR flight not advisable I'm a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VFR flight not advisable I'm a great
+pilot I can do it anyway that type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot I can do it anyway that type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot I can do it anyway that type of
+attitude is probably going to lead you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitude is probably going to lead you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitude is probably going to lead you
+in unsafe condition it's really not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in unsafe condition it's really not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in unsafe condition it's really not
+not a good idea we also discussed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a good idea we also discussed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a good idea we also discussed the
+concept of personal minimums and setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of personal minimums and setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of personal minimums and setting
+personal minimums for yourself the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal minimums for yourself the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal minimums for yourself the
+reason is that you know today for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is that you know today for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is that you know today for
+example or after you've done a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example or after you've done a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example or after you've done a little
+bit of flying you might have a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of flying you might have a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of flying you might have a good
+sense of what you're comfortable with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of what you're comfortable with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of what you're comfortable with
+you might have gone up with a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have gone up with a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have gone up with a lot of
+gusting winds and so you might decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gusting winds and so you might decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gusting winds and so you might decide
+that hey I was a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hey I was a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hey I was a little bit
+uncomfortable with winds gusting to 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortable with winds gusting to 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortable with winds gusting to 20
+knots I even if my aircraft is capable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knots I even if my aircraft is capable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knots I even if my aircraft is capable
+of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it
+I think that's something that until I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's something that until I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's something that until I
+get a little bit more experienced I'm in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a little bit more experienced I'm in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a little bit more experienced I'm in
+a set as a personal minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set as a personal minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set as a personal minimum
+I don't want winds gusting over 15 knots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want winds gusting over 15 knots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want winds gusting over 15 knots
+before I decide to take a flight by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I decide to take a flight by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I decide to take a flight by
+myself so you can set your personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself so you can set your personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself so you can set your personal
+minimums why are we talking about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimums why are we talking about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimums why are we talking about that
+well the reason is on the actual day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the reason is on the actual day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the reason is on the actual day
+that you're flying you may reevaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're flying you may reevaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're flying you may reevaluate
+the situation you might really want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation you might really want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation you might really want to
+go flying that day maybe you've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go flying that day maybe you've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go flying that day maybe you've already
+arranged with a friend to come with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranged with a friend to come with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranged with a friend to come with you
+maybe have a destination you're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe have a destination you're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe have a destination you're really
+trying to reach Phillip described a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to reach Phillip described a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to reach Phillip described a
+number of situations where he's flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of situations where he's flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of situations where he's flying
+cross-country he has a plan he has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-country he has a plan he has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-country he has a plan he has to
+follow it and he can't really be away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow it and he can't really be away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow it and he can't really be away
+you know missing several days where he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know missing several days where he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know missing several days where he
+was trying to go and so sometimes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was trying to go and so sometimes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was trying to go and so sometimes in the
+moment you might have an impulsive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment you might have an impulsive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment you might have an impulsive
+nature you might decide that I I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature you might decide that I I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature you might decide that I I think I
+can do it I'm sure it's fine so having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it I'm sure it's fine so having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it I'm sure it's fine so having
+personal minimums and actually writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal minimums and actually writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal minimums and actually writing
+those down are a really good way to hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those down are a really good way to hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those down are a really good way to hold
+yourself accountable to what you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself accountable to what you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself accountable to what you had
+decided in a calm state of mind was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided in a calm state of mind was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided in a calm state of mind was a
+good restriction so one thing to keep in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good restriction so one thing to keep in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good restriction so one thing to keep in
+mind is the assessment of risk you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind is the assessment of risk you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind is the assessment of risk you also
+shouldn't be overly risk-averse you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be overly risk-averse you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be overly risk-averse you know
+they the FAA has guidance on what type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they the FAA has guidance on what type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they the FAA has guidance on what type
+of equipment is required in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equipment is required in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equipment is required in your
+aircraft so certain things are that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft so certain things are that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft so certain things are that's
+required if it's not there you can't fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required if it's not there you can't fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required if it's not there you can't fly
+but there are other things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are other things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are other things that are
+optional and so if there's a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional and so if there's a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional and so if there's a piece of
+equipment that's optional that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment that's optional that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment that's optional that's not
+functional there's an important there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional there's an important there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional there's an important there's
+a lot of importance around understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of importance around understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of importance around understanding
+what is the risk of that not being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the risk of that not being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the risk of that not being
+operational as an example and we'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational as an example and we'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational as an example and we'll go
+through a checklist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a checklist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a checklist
+in a little bit to assess both your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a little bit to assess both your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a little bit to assess both your
+personal state of being or aircraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal state of being or aircraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal state of being or aircraft
+state of being the environment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of being the environment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of being the environment and
+assessing all those risks and together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessing all those risks and together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessing all those risks and together
+but for a given risk you want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for a given risk you want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for a given risk you want to know
+one how likely is it so maybe if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one how likely is it so maybe if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one how likely is it so maybe if you're
+talking about whether there's a chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about whether there's a chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about whether there's a chance
+that a storm will come in there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a storm will come in there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a storm will come in there's a
+chance that it won't then also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that it won't then also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that it won't then also the
+severity you know are we talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+severity you know are we talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+severity you know are we talking about
+some light rain showers are we talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some light rain showers are we talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some light rain showers are we talking
+about you know very very dangerous front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know very very dangerous front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know very very dangerous front
+with icing or thunderstorms so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with icing or thunderstorms so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with icing or thunderstorms so that's
+the difference between the likelihood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between the likelihood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between the likelihood
+and the severity both of those have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the severity both of those have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the severity both of those have to
+be assessed for a given risk given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be assessed for a given risk given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be assessed for a given risk given
+hazard that you encounter when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hazard that you encounter when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hazard that you encounter when you
+assess its risk so there's this way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assess its risk so there's this way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assess its risk so there's this way of
+checking yourself it's called I'm safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking yourself it's called I'm safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking yourself it's called I'm safe
+so this is just determining just just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just determining just just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just determining just just
+you not the airplane not the environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you not the airplane not the environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you not the airplane not the environment
+as a pilot if you're safe to fly so do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a pilot if you're safe to fly so do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a pilot if you're safe to fly so do
+you have an illness are you taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an illness are you taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an illness are you taking
+medications that might affect your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medications that might affect your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medications that might affect your
+ability to fly are you very stressed out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to fly are you very stressed out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to fly are you very stressed out
+you know do you have your thermodynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know do you have your thermodynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know do you have your thermodynamics
+final coming up and you're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final coming up and you're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final coming up and you're really
+nervous about it are you do you have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous about it are you do you have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous about it are you do you have you
+know again we talked about there also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know again we talked about there also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know again we talked about there also
+legal regulations you can't have alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal regulations you can't have alcohol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal regulations you can't have alcohol
+or drugs that could affect your ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or drugs that could affect your ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or drugs that could affect your ability
+to fly are you just very tired or really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fly are you just very tired or really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fly are you just very tired or really
+just are you very distracted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just are you very distracted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just are you very distracted by
+something that's happening a the pavé
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's happening a the pavé
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's happening a the pavé
+checklist is the one I was referring to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checklist is the one I was referring to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checklist is the one I was referring to
+that actually considers all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually considers all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually considers all of these
+different things so so the I'm safe is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things so so the I'm safe is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things so so the I'm safe is
+just the pilot AE is referring to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the pilot AE is referring to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the pilot AE is referring to the
+aircraft so this is when we were talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft so this is when we were talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft so this is when we were talking
+about our certain things different about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about our certain things different about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about our certain things different about
+the aircraft maybe it's a new aircraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aircraft maybe it's a new aircraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aircraft maybe it's a new aircraft
+that you're not really comfortable with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're not really comfortable with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're not really comfortable with
+maybe you're checked out but you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you're checked out but you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you're checked out but you don't
+have that many hours in that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that many hours in that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that many hours in that particular
+aircraft or maybe you know we've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft or maybe you know we've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft or maybe you know we've talked
+about the difference between steam gauge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the difference between steam gauge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the difference between steam gauge
+in G 1000 maybe you're really used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in G 1000 maybe you're really used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in G 1000 maybe you're really used to
+flying steam gauge and this is a G 1000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying steam gauge and this is a G 1000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying steam gauge and this is a G 1000
+so there's nothing actually wrong with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's nothing actually wrong with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's nothing actually wrong with
+the airplane but you may be less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the airplane but you may be less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the airplane but you may be less
+comfortable environmental so that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable environmental so that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable environmental so that could
+be weather that could be flying to a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be weather that could be flying to a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be weather that could be flying to a new
+airport that could be flying to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport that could be flying to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport that could be flying to an
+airport that has some special conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport that has some special conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport that has some special conditions
+maybe it's a grass strip you're lying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's a grass strip you're lying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's a grass strip you're lying to
+cat Aimie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat Aimie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat Aimie
+which is a grass runway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a grass runway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a grass runway
+out at Martha's Vineyard right next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out at Martha's Vineyard right next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out at Martha's Vineyard right next to
+the beach it's really beautiful I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beach it's really beautiful I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beach it's really beautiful I
+recommend it but maybe it fits your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend it but maybe it fits your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend it but maybe it fits your
+first time flying to a soft field that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time flying to a soft field that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time flying to a soft field that
+could be a concern external pressures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a concern external pressures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a concern external pressures
+that's what we were just talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we were just talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we were just talking about
+you're already committed to being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're already committed to being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're already committed to being
+somewhere later in the day you're you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere later in the day you're you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere later in the day you're you've
+met up with somebody you're with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met up with somebody you're with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met up with somebody you're with a
+friend you had decided to take them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend you had decided to take them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend you had decided to take them
+flying they really want to go but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying they really want to go but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying they really want to go but the
+weather is looking a little bit iffy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather is looking a little bit iffy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather is looking a little bit iffy so
+one thing that's good about this pave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that's good about this pave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that's good about this pave
+checklist is to kind of put things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checklist is to kind of put things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checklist is to kind of put things in
+perspective that maybe you know maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective that maybe you know maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective that maybe you know maybe
+you're you're feeling a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're feeling a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're feeling a little bit
+stressed out or distracted about it mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stressed out or distracted about it mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stressed out or distracted about it mit
+exam but the aircraft is the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam but the aircraft is the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam but the aircraft is the one that
+you've been flying a lot you're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been flying a lot you're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been flying a lot you're very
+familiar with it you have a lot of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with it you have a lot of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with it you have a lot of time
+on the aircraft everything is working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the aircraft everything is working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the aircraft everything is working
+well you have a good amount of fuel the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you have a good amount of fuel the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you have a good amount of fuel the
+weather is great it's a beautiful day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather is great it's a beautiful day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather is great it's a beautiful day
+you're flying too familiar airports and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're flying too familiar airports and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're flying too familiar airports and
+you don't have any external pressures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have any external pressures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have any external pressures
+that day there's no one you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that day there's no one you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that day there's no one you're trying to
+meet there's nothing you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet there's nothing you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet there's nothing you're trying to
+get done so that might be a good day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get done so that might be a good day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get done so that might be a good day
+that okay one of these things is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay one of these things is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay one of these things is a
+little bit iffy nothing crossed your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit iffy nothing crossed your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit iffy nothing crossed your
+your minimums but it's it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your minimums but it's it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your minimums but it's it's just
+something that maybe you could still go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that maybe you could still go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that maybe you could still go
+ahead and fly however if it's multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and fly however if it's multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and fly however if it's multiple
+things if it's you know a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things if it's you know a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things if it's you know a different
+aircraft it's a different location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft it's a different location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft it's a different location
+you're having stresses these start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're having stresses these start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're having stresses these start
+becoming times that you want to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming times that you want to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming times that you want to take
+these risks even more seriously because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these risks even more seriously because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these risks even more seriously because
+as they come together it could affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they come together it could affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they come together it could affect
+your ability to have a safe flight so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ability to have a safe flight so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ability to have a safe flight so
+just these types of personal checklists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just these types of personal checklists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just these types of personal checklists
+are a great way to assess risk and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a great way to assess risk and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a great way to assess risk and and
+make decisions as you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make decisions as you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make decisions as you're trying to
+decide whether or not to go on a flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide whether or not to go on a flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide whether or not to go on a flight
+and these are just a breakdown of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are just a breakdown of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are just a breakdown of some
+of the things I just said on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things I just said on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things I just said on the
+environmental condition so nighttime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental condition so nighttime is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental condition so nighttime is
+also on there tomorrow we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also on there tomorrow we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also on there tomorrow we'll talk about
+night flying in particular and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night flying in particular and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night flying in particular and and the
+fact that basically in the US with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that basically in the US with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that basically in the US with your
+gesture private pilot's license you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gesture private pilot's license you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gesture private pilot's license you can
+fly at night a lot of other countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly at night a lot of other countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly at night a lot of other countries
+consider night flying just as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider night flying just as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider night flying just as as
+advanced as instrument flying and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced as instrument flying and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced as instrument flying and you
+need your instrument rating to fly at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need your instrument rating to fly at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need your instrument rating to fly at
+night because of all the concerns about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night because of all the concerns about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night because of all the concerns about
+not being able to see much outside your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not being able to see much outside your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not being able to see much outside your
+airplane so be be mindful that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane so be be mindful that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane so be be mindful that you know
+it's a slightly more challenging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a slightly more challenging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a slightly more challenging
+condition to fly in and how does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition to fly in and how does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition to fly in and how does that
+affect your ability to assess the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect your ability to assess the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect your ability to assess the other
+risks that might be taking place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks that might be taking place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks that might be taking place
+I really would recommend especially when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really would recommend especially when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really would recommend especially when
+you're first getting certified you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're first getting certified you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're first getting certified you don't
+really make plans anywhere near the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really make plans anywhere near the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really make plans anywhere near the time
+that you're supposed to be done flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're supposed to be done flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're supposed to be done flying
+we try you know most flight schools will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we try you know most flight schools will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we try you know most flight schools will
+give you a flight block of two and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a flight block of two and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a flight block of two and a
+half hours make sure that you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half hours make sure that you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half hours make sure that you don't have
+to be anywhere even for a few hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be anywhere even for a few hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be anywhere even for a few hours
+after that in case the weather got bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that in case the weather got bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that in case the weather got bad
+you had to land somewhere else you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had to land somewhere else you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had to land somewhere else you don't
+want those external pressures affecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want those external pressures affecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want those external pressures affecting
+your decision-making when you're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your decision-making when you're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your decision-making when you're in the
+cockpit this is another way to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cockpit this is another way to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cockpit this is another way to think
+about it in terms of this 5p checklist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it in terms of this 5p checklist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it in terms of this 5p checklist
+so they're there certain kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're there certain kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're there certain kind of
+different parts through the flight we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts through the flight we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts through the flight we
+discuss you know the pre-flight takeoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss you know the pre-flight takeoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss you know the pre-flight takeoff
+while you're you know kind of cruising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while you're you know kind of cruising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while you're you know kind of cruising
+along or descending and you're flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along or descending and you're flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along or descending and you're flying
+and it might be good to kind of look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it might be good to kind of look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it might be good to kind of look
+through all of these these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all of these these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all of these these different
+aspects about when you're flying and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects about when you're flying and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects about when you're flying and
+kind of checklist for yourself to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of checklist for yourself to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of checklist for yourself to
+understand what's happening there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what's happening there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what's happening there are a
+lot of different resources that talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of different resources that talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of different resources that talk
+about aeronautical decision making I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about aeronautical decision making I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about aeronautical decision making I
+think one of the best resources is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think one of the best resources is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think one of the best resources is
+really talking to other pilots about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really talking to other pilots about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really talking to other pilots about
+experiences that they've they've gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences that they've they've gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences that they've they've gone
+through and learning after you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and learning after you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and learning after you go
+through an experience reflecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through an experience reflecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through an experience reflecting
+afterwards whether it's through your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards whether it's through your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards whether it's through your
+instructor with your friends you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor with your friends you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor with your friends you know
+what happened what could I have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened what could I have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened what could I have done
+differently you know was that the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently you know was that the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently you know was that the right
+decision to make so even these little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision to make so even these little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision to make so even these little
+things like Phillip was talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like Phillip was talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like Phillip was talking about
+flying with with Roxanna trying to avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying with with Roxanna trying to avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying with with Roxanna trying to avoid
+some weather there was rain you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some weather there was rain you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some weather there was rain you know
+thinking about how he evaluated that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about how he evaluated that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about how he evaluated that
+risk of that thunderstorm what could he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk of that thunderstorm what could he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk of that thunderstorm what could he
+have done differently was that the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done differently was that the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done differently was that the right
+decision and in general making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision and in general making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision and in general making a
+conservative decision is good because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative decision is good because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative decision is good because
+it's your life at stake that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's your life at stake that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's your life at stake that we're
+talking about all right so I think we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about all right so I think we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about all right so I think we've
+talked a lot about this is there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked a lot about this is there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked a lot about this is there are
+there any specific questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any specific questions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any specific questions on
+aeronautical decision-making or human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aeronautical decision-making or human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aeronautical decision-making or human
+factors in general yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from the coop these refined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the coop these refined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the coop these refined
+we're gonna cover that in the at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna cover that in the at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna cover that in the at the
+very end there's a Cirrus at least put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very end there's a Cirrus at least put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very end there's a Cirrus at least put
+together this big matrix they don't tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together this big matrix they don't tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together this big matrix they don't tell
+you how often to fly to practice but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how often to fly to practice but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how often to fly to practice but
+they tell you given how recently you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tell you given how recently you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tell you given how recently you've
+been flying and practicing here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been flying and practicing here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been flying and practicing here's the
+kind of weather that you should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of weather that you should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of weather that you should be
+challenging to the the question for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging to the the question for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging to the the question for
+those who couldn't here was just about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who couldn't here was just about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who couldn't here was just about
+the currency so how is are there rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the currency so how is are there rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the currency so how is are there rules
+about how how often you need to fly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how how often you need to fly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how how often you need to fly and
+there are rules especially related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are rules especially related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are rules especially related to
+carrying passengers at night for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying passengers at night for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying passengers at night for example
+there are certain legal currency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are certain legal currency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are certain legal currency
+requirements but just as Phillip said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements but just as Phillip said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements but just as Phillip said
+there's also just personal minimums that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also just personal minimums that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also just personal minimums that
+you might want to set for yourself if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to set for yourself if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to set for yourself if
+you haven't gone flying for a month you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't gone flying for a month you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't gone flying for a month you
+may be legally current but may not be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be legally current but may not be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be legally current but may not be a
+good time to take a bunch of passengers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good time to take a bunch of passengers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good time to take a bunch of passengers
+to a new destination that you haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a new destination that you haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a new destination that you haven't
+flown to before yeah so you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flown to before yeah so you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flown to before yeah so you remember
+from yesterday there's that 90 day it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from yesterday there's that 90 day it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from yesterday there's that 90 day it's
+three takeoffs and landings within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three takeoffs and landings within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three takeoffs and landings within the
+preceding 90 days before you can carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preceding 90 days before you can carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preceding 90 days before you can carry
+passengers that's a good minimum a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers that's a good minimum a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers that's a good minimum a lot
+depends on the type of aircraft and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the type of aircraft and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the type of aircraft and how
+familiar you are with it so if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar you are with it so if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar you are with it so if you have
+500 hours in a very logically designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 hours in a very logically designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 hours in a very logically designed
+airplane like the Cirrus you know then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane like the Cirrus you know then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane like the Cirrus you know then
+you're gonna be safe probably without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna be safe probably without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna be safe probably without
+flying too often in a more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying too often in a more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying too often in a more complicated
+aircraft you know that has buttons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft you know that has buttons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft you know that has buttons and
+levers just randomly strewn across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levers just randomly strewn across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levers just randomly strewn across the
+panel which seems to be the industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel which seems to be the industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel which seems to be the industry
+standard you know if you haven't flown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard you know if you haven't flown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard you know if you haven't flown
+it for a month you may actually be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for a month you may actually be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for a month you may actually be a
+little bit at sea as to well you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit at sea as to well you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit at sea as to well you know
+where we are the flaps where's the gear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are the flaps where's the gear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are the flaps where's the gear
+so a lot depends on how many hours of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lot depends on how many hours of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lot depends on how many hours of
+experience you have in the type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience you have in the type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience you have in the type of
+aircraft you're gonna fly and just how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft you're gonna fly and just how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft you're gonna fly and just how
+inherently challenging it is to fly you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherently challenging it is to fly you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherently challenging it is to fly you
+know the currency requirements practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the currency requirements practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the currency requirements practical
+currency requirements for a multi-engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency requirements for a multi-engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency requirements for a multi-engine
+piston airplane are gonna be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piston airplane are gonna be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piston airplane are gonna be very
+different from those that you might use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from those that you might use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from those that you might use
+in a Piper Cub yeah when we you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a Piper Cub yeah when we you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a Piper Cub yeah when we you know
+when we hold the class earlier I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we hold the class earlier I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we hold the class earlier I think
+there were you know 70 of you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were you know 70 of you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were you know 70 of you have
+really only flown once or not at all and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really only flown once or not at all and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really only flown once or not at all and
+so that's a lot of a lot of people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a lot of a lot of people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a lot of a lot of people that
+don't have flying experience so I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have flying experience so I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have flying experience so I would
+say you know back before I had 200 hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know back before I had 200 hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know back before I had 200 hours
+or even before I had a hundred hours of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even before I had a hundred hours of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even before I had a hundred hours of
+flying experience I'm I actually set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying experience I'm I actually set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying experience I'm I actually set
+very strict currency requirements I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strict currency requirements I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strict currency requirements I had
+to fly you know two times a week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fly you know two times a week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fly you know two times a week
+before I really felt comfortable taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I really felt comfortable taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I really felt comfortable taking
+up a passenger oh and I wanted to fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a passenger oh and I wanted to fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a passenger oh and I wanted to fly
+relatively frequently with an instructor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively frequently with an instructor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively frequently with an instructor
+and practice stall recovery these types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and practice stall recovery these types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and practice stall recovery these types
+of things and I think that's good make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things and I think that's good make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things and I think that's good make
+it make it as much as you need to in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it make it as much as you need to in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it make it as much as you need to in
+order to be safe yeah you could also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to be safe yeah you could also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to be safe yeah you could also
+decide again if you haven't flown for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide again if you haven't flown for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide again if you haven't flown for a
+while are you going to fly an IFR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while are you going to fly an IFR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while are you going to fly an IFR
+approach down to minimums you know down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach down to minimums you know down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach down to minimums you know down
+to 200 feet above the runway in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 200 feet above the runway in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 200 feet above the runway in the
+clouds by yourself in an airplane with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clouds by yourself in an airplane with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clouds by yourself in an airplane with
+no autopilot which would be League would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no autopilot which would be League would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no autopilot which would be League would
+be legal or are you gonna say look I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be legal or are you gonna say look I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be legal or are you gonna say look I'm a
+little bit rusty so I'm gonna only fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit rusty so I'm gonna only fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit rusty so I'm gonna only fly
+on a fairly calm wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a fairly calm wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a fairly calm wind
+VFR day and get get back into it so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VFR day and get get back into it so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VFR day and get get back into it so a
+lot depends on the challenge of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot depends on the challenge of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot depends on the challenge of the
+flight that you're considering it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight that you're considering it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight that you're considering it also
+has a question I'll tell you one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a question I'll tell you one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a question I'll tell you one more
+little story a friend of mine had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little story a friend of mine had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little story a friend of mine had a
+twin-engine airplane a Cessna 340 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twin-engine airplane a Cessna 340 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twin-engine airplane a Cessna 340 which
+is a very complicated airplane with he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very complicated airplane with he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very complicated airplane with he
+has six fuel tanks and all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has six fuel tanks and all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has six fuel tanks and all kinds of
+levers it's pressurized off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levers it's pressurized off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levers it's pressurized off the
+turbochargers anyway one engine caught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbochargers anyway one engine caught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbochargers anyway one engine caught
+on fire so an engine caught on fire he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on fire so an engine caught on fire he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on fire so an engine caught on fire he's
+got four or five people from his family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got four or five people from his family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got four or five people from his family
+in the back and he manages to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the back and he manages to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the back and he manages to get the
+fire out by cutting off the fuel I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire out by cutting off the fuel I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire out by cutting off the fuel I guess
+in the burning engine he's right about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the burning engine he's right about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the burning engine he's right about
+Bradley field in Connecticut so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bradley field in Connecticut so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bradley field in Connecticut so that's
+one of the largest airports actually in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the largest airports actually in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the largest airports actually in
+the world it's probably among the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world it's probably among the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world it's probably among the top
+few percent of big airports in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few percent of big airports in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few percent of big airports in the world
+in terms of physical size they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of physical size they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of physical size they have
+regular airline service they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular airline service they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular airline service they have a
+full-time fire department they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full-time fire department they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full-time fire department they have a
+control tower they have a runway that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control tower they have a runway that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control tower they have a runway that's
+about as long as Logan's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about as long as Logan's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about as long as Logan's you know
+something like two miles close to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like two miles close to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like two miles close to two
+miles long runway so he decides well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles long runway so he decides well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles long runway so he decides well
+I've got one engine it's night time it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got one engine it's night time it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got one engine it's night time it's
+night the controllers are right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night the controllers are right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night the controllers are right here
+should I just you know spiral down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I just you know spiral down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I just you know spiral down and
+land on one of these huge runways at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land on one of these huge runways at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land on one of these huge runways at
+Bradley and but the fire department come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bradley and but the fire department come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bradley and but the fire department come
+up and meet the airplane or that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and meet the airplane or that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and meet the airplane or that's
+option one let's see what you guys think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option one let's see what you guys think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option one let's see what you guys think
+option two let me continue to my home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option two let me continue to my home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option two let me continue to my home
+airport of Fitchburg which is unattended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport of Fitchburg which is unattended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport of Fitchburg which is unattended
+I don't think there's a fire department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think there's a fire department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think there's a fire department
+that's there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's there
+there's no control tower the runway is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no control tower the runway is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no control tower the runway is
+pretty short 4,500 feet but on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty short 4,500 feet but on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty short 4,500 feet but on the other
+hand it is the home airport so it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand it is the home airport so it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand it is the home airport so it's very
+familiar and he's got one engine left so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar and he's got one engine left so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar and he's got one engine left so
+it's an airplane you only need one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an airplane you only need one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an airplane you only need one
+engine to descend so what do you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine to descend so what do you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine to descend so what do you guys
+think a or B minded Bradley or I go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a or B minded Bradley or I go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a or B minded Bradley or I go to
+Pittsburgh okay what do you think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pittsburgh okay what do you think this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pittsburgh okay what do you think this
+guy did he went to Pittsburgh and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy did he went to Pittsburgh and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy did he went to Pittsburgh and he
+wrecked the airplane you know he landed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrecked the airplane you know he landed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrecked the airplane you know he landed
+but I don't know it's twins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't know it's twins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't know it's twins
+with one engine and they always say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one engine and they always say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one engine and they always say the
+second engine carries you to the scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second engine carries you to the scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second engine carries you to the scene
+of the accident we'll talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the accident we'll talk about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the accident we'll talk about that
+tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow
+so they just are hard it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they just are hard it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they just are hard it's hard to
+maintain it's hard to keep him going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain it's hard to keep him going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain it's hard to keep him going
+perfectly straight so of course he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly straight so of course he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly straight so of course he
+didn't go perfectly straight time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't go perfectly straight time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't go perfectly straight time and
+runway went off the side of the art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway went off the side of the art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway went off the side of the art
+runway did some damage to the airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway did some damage to the airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway did some damage to the airplane
+nobody was hurt fortunately the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody was hurt fortunately the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody was hurt fortunately the
+punchline of the story is he doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punchline of the story is he doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punchline of the story is he doesn't
+tell this as an example of bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell this as an example of bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell this as an example of bad
+aeronautical decision-making he tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aeronautical decision-making he tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aeronautical decision-making he tells
+this as a story of good decisions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a story of good decisions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a story of good decisions and
+making good decisions to pilot and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making good decisions to pilot and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making good decisions to pilot and I'm
+not really sure why anyway I just wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really sure why anyway I just wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really sure why anyway I just wanted
+to tell you I can despite all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you I can despite all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you I can despite all those
+checklists people can have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checklists people can have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checklists people can have very
+different perspectives on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different perspectives on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different perspectives on what
+constitutes a wise decision but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitutes a wise decision but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitutes a wise decision but
+personally I try to do you know I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally I try to do you know I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally I try to do you know I have
+an ATP but I try to do flights whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ATP but I try to do flights whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ATP but I try to do flights whenever
+possible that require only a student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that require only a student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that require only a student
+pilot level of skill and that gives me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot level of skill and that gives me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot level of skill and that gives me a
+nice margin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RecEYrnvGPM.txt b/RecEYrnvGPM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0b1072f22e2c201ad2e1832b4c7e38232e944aab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RecEYrnvGPM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13075 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all right today is our last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right today is our last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right today is our last
+lecture on the predecessor problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on the predecessor problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on the predecessor problem and
+we've we did two lectures on upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've we did two lectures on upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've we did two lectures on upper
+bounds started with uh Venom debois
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds started with uh Venom debois
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds started with uh Venom debois
+xfast yast trees and then uh uh Fusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xfast yast trees and then uh uh Fusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xfast yast trees and then uh uh Fusion
+trees as last class this time we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees as last class this time we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees as last class this time we're
+going to show that those bounds are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show that those bounds are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show that those bounds are
+essentially optimal and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially optimal and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially optimal and we're going to
+prove this bound so we currently have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this bound so we currently have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this bound so we currently have
+Min of log W and log base W of n as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Min of log W and log base W of n as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Min of log W and log base W of n as an
+upper bound that was Venom deos and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound that was Venom deos and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound that was Venom deos and
+fusion trees we're going to prove an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fusion trees we're going to prove an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fusion trees we're going to prove an
+almost matching lower bound there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost matching lower bound there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost matching lower bound there's a
+log log W Factor here uh and this bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log log W Factor here uh and this bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log log W Factor here uh and this bound
+holds for any even a static predecessor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds for any even a static predecessor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds for any even a static predecessor
+data structure with no updates uh as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure with no updates uh as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure with no updates uh as
+long as the data structure has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as the data structure has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as the data structure has
+polinomial space which if you have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial space which if you have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial space which if you have any
+hope of making something Dynamic you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope of making something Dynamic you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope of making something Dynamic you
+definitely want polinomial space now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely want polinomial space now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely want polinomial space now
+it's known that this log log factor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's known that this log log factor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's known that this log log factor is
+not real if you have essentially linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not real if you have essentially linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not real if you have essentially linear
+space or n log n space or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space or n log n space or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space or n log n space or something like
+that uh but that's much harder to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh but that's much harder to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh but that's much harder to prove
+so this is where we will end our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is where we will end our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is where we will end our
+coverage of predecessor but I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coverage of predecessor but I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coverage of predecessor but I'm going to
+start out with an overview of what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out with an overview of what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out with an overview of what's
+known and this proving this lower bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known and this proving this lower bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known and this proving this lower bound
+is actually pretty cool uh because at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually pretty cool uh because at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually pretty cool uh because at
+this point especially seeing Fusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point especially seeing Fusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point especially seeing Fusion
+trees you might think bit tricks are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees you might think bit tricks are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees you might think bit tricks are
+kind of all about uh Magic and doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of all about uh Magic and doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of all about uh Magic and doing
+crazy things and using these operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy things and using these operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy things and using these operations
+in bizarre ways they weren't intended uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in bizarre ways they weren't intended uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in bizarre ways they weren't intended uh
+bitrix are are necessary as an upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitrix are are necessary as an upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitrix are are necessary as an upper
+bound tool given our weird historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound tool given our weird historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound tool given our weird historical
+precedent which is computers are built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precedent which is computers are built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precedent which is computers are built
+to do arithmetic and why not do bid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do arithmetic and why not do bid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do arithmetic and why not do bid
+operations too and so uh it's sort of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations too and so uh it's sort of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations too and so uh it's sort of an
+artifact of computers as we know them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifact of computers as we know them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifact of computers as we know them
+today that's why we have the word Ram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today that's why we have the word Ram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today that's why we have the word Ram
+because it's based on C because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's based on C because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's based on C because it's
+based on computers that exist now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on computers that exist now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on computers that exist now
+uh so it is and that's legitimate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so it is and that's legitimate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so it is and that's legitimate and
+that that's the computers we have so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the computers we have so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the computers we have so we
+might as well try to use them the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might as well try to use them the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might as well try to use them the lower
+bounds on the other hand are in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds on the other hand are in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds on the other hand are in some
+ways more beautiful because they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways more beautiful because they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways more beautiful because they're just
+about how much information has to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how much information has to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how much information has to go
+between uh Alice and Bob actually it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh Alice and Bob actually it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh Alice and Bob actually it
+will be a this is the communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a this is the communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a this is the communication
+complexity perspective of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity perspective of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity perspective of data
+structures and it's nice we will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures and it's nice we will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures and it's nice we will get
+sort of in some ways cleaner simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in some ways cleaner simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in some ways cleaner simpler
+arguments because in lower band land you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments because in lower band land you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments because in lower band land you
+don't have to worry about oh can I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to worry about oh can I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to worry about oh can I use
+this operation this operation to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this operation this operation to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this operation this operation to do it
+it's just is there any operation at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just is there any operation at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just is there any operation at all
+to do it and then it's just about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it and then it's just about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it and then it's just about
+information it's just about information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information it's just about information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information it's just about information
+Theory and it's in some ways cleaner and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and it's in some ways cleaner and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and it's in some ways cleaner and
+this proof in particular using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this proof in particular using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this proof in particular using a
+technique called round elimination is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique called round elimination is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique called round elimination is
+actually simple and we will see in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually simple and we will see in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually simple and we will see in it
+the concepts of Venom deas and fusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concepts of Venom deas and fusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concepts of Venom deas and fusion
+trees again but without having to do any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees again but without having to do any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees again but without having to do any
+bit tricks to actually make them happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit tricks to actually make them happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit tricks to actually make them happen
+so if you were if you felt like all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you were if you felt like all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you were if you felt like all
+these bit tricks are kind of weird you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bit tricks are kind of weird you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bit tricks are kind of weird you
+know what is the real essence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what is the real essence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what is the real essence of the
+problem this in some sense provides an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem this in some sense provides an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem this in some sense provides an
+answer and it says well really those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and it says well really those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and it says well really those
+were the right answers that's what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the right answers that's what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the right answers that's what you
+should have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have been
+getting uh so let me start with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting uh so let me start with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting uh so let me start with this
+survey historical this is more of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey historical this is more of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey historical this is more of a
+historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+survey uh so the first bound for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey uh so the first bound for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey uh so the first bound for
+predecessor problem first lower bound uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor problem first lower bound uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor problem first lower bound uh
+was by it Tai in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was by it Tai in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was by it Tai in
+1988 and he proved that for every word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1988 and he proved that for every word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1988 and he proved that for every word
+side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+there's a problem size such that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a problem size such that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a problem size such that there's
+an Omega < TK log n sorry root log W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Omega < TK log n sorry root log W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Omega < TK log n sorry root log W
+lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower
+bound you can compare that with this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound you can compare that with this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound you can compare that with this one
+this is log W over log log W um now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is log W over log log W um now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is log W over log log W um now this
+is a bound that works for all values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bound that works for all values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bound that works for all values of
+N and W which is more interesting uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N and W which is more interesting uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N and W which is more interesting uh
+here we're saying that if you just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're saying that if you just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're saying that if you just want
+a Bound in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Bound in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Bound in terms of
+W uh you need at least square root log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W uh you need at least square root log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W uh you need at least square root log
+W uh the original paper claimed log W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W uh the original paper claimed log W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W uh the original paper claimed log W
+but that's not true in general uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not true in general uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not true in general uh but
+the the proof actually establishes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the proof actually establishes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the proof actually establishes
+square root log W and this proof is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root log W and this proof is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root log W and this proof is
+complicated it was the first oneand got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated it was the first oneand got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated it was the first oneand got
+the field started there's been many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field started there's been many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field started there's been many
+papers since then next one was by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers since then next one was by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers since then next one was by
+milter who we've cited a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times uh and so this is a few years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times uh and so this is a few years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times uh and so this is a few years
+later milter essentially took the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later milter essentially took the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later milter essentially took the same
+proof presented it in in a more coherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof presented it in in a more coherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof presented it in in a more coherent
+way and sort of really got to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and sort of really got to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and sort of really got to the
+essence of what the proof for showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence of what the proof for showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence of what the proof for showing
+and could prove uh the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and could prove uh the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and could prove uh the same
+bound uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound uh but
+also a complimentary bound because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a complimentary bound because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a complimentary bound because there
+is a symmetry between word size and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a symmetry between word size and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a symmetry between word size and
+problem size which we will see uh when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem size which we will see uh when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem size which we will see uh when
+we get to the communication complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to the communication complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to the communication complexity
+perspective which will be right after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective which will be right after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective which will be right after
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+survey it's not completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+symetric but uh milon proved this lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symetric but uh milon proved this lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symetric but uh milon proved this lower
+bound that for every problem size there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound that for every problem size there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound that for every problem size there
+is a machine there is a word size where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a machine there is a word size where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a machine there is a word size where
+you need Omega cube root of log n now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need Omega cube root of log n now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need Omega cube root of log n now we
+know how to get order square root of log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to get order square root of log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to get order square root of log
+n by taking them in um so this is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n by taking them in um so this is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n by taking them in um so this is you
+know matching up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know matching up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know matching up to the
+exponent and we know how to do log W if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent and we know how to do log W if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent and we know how to do log W if
+I have n so this is matching up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have n so this is matching up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have n so this is matching up to the
+exponent so it's progress uh but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent so it's progress uh but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent so it's progress uh but it
+doesn't give a complete picture of w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't give a complete picture of w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't give a complete picture of w
+versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus
+n um and this is the paper that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n um and this is the paper that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n um and this is the paper that
+introduced this communication complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced this communication complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced this communication complexity
+idea that this would be a useful concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that this would be a useful concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that this would be a useful concept
+for uh predecessor lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bounds then uh the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+year there's a bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+breakthrough so here we got the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthrough so here we got the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthrough so here we got the idea of
+using communication complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using communication complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using communication complexity
+uh then milon and others uh had the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then milon and others uh had the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then milon and others uh had the idea
+of round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+elimination and so just treat that as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination and so just treat that as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination and so just treat that as a
+black box for now we'll explain what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black box for now we'll explain what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black box for now we'll explain what it
+is in a moment uh but they proved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in a moment uh but they proved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in a moment uh but they proved
+exactly the same result but in a clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same result but in a clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same result but in a clean
+way using round elimination these proofs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way using round elimination these proofs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way using round elimination these proofs
+are messy this proof is pretty simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are messy this proof is pretty simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are messy this proof is pretty simple
+and it's uh well the beginning of proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's uh well the beginning of proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's uh well the beginning of proof
+that we will cover uh but we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we will cover uh but we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we will cover uh but we're going to
+prove stronger bounds than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove stronger bounds than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove stronger bounds than
+this all right let me go to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all right let me go to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all right let me go to another
+board next we have beam and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board next we have beam and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board next we have beam and
+fi this now is about the time when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fi this now is about the time when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fi this now is about the time when I
+entered the world of data structures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entered the world of data structures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entered the world of data structures and
+so this was beam and Fick was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was beam and Fick was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was beam and Fick was the
+state-of-the-art or came out just when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state-of-the-art or came out just when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state-of-the-art or came out just when I
+was starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1999 and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1999 and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1999 and this
+proved uh for all W exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n uh so log W over log log W which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n uh so log W over log log W which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n uh so log W over log log W which is
+the same thing we're going to prove uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing we're going to prove uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing we're going to prove uh
+except this only proves it for certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except this only proves it for certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except this only proves it for certain
+values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of
+n uh whereas we're going to prove it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n uh whereas we're going to prove it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n uh whereas we're going to prove it for
+all values of n where this is smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all values of n where this is smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all values of n where this is smaller
+than that okay so uh this is a bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that okay so uh this is a bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that okay so uh this is a bit more
+special not covering the whole WN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special not covering the whole WN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special not covering the whole WN
+tradeoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoff
+uh and then there's this symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+version it's going to be a lot of log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version it's going to be a lot of log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version it's going to be a lot of log
+log NS today so get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log NS today so get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log NS today so get
+ready uh or log logs in general so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready uh or log logs in general so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready uh or log logs in general so for
+every n there exists A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+W uh such that there's an Omega root log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W uh such that there's an Omega root log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W uh such that there's an Omega root log
+n over log log n so this is almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over log log n so this is almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over log log n so this is almost
+matching the Min of fusion trees and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching the Min of fusion trees and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching the Min of fusion trees and
+Venom Bose which is order sare root log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venom Bose which is order sare root log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venom Bose which is order sare root log
+n uh they also proved did a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n uh they also proved did a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n uh they also proved did a little bit
+on the upper bound side they found a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the upper bound side they found a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the upper bound side they found a
+static data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static data
+structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+achieving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh I'm just going to cheat and use some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm just going to cheat and use some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm just going to cheat and use some
+arrows so they achieved the Min of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in a certain sense this is tight this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in a certain sense this is tight this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in a certain sense this is tight this
+is not exactly what you'd want because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not exactly what you'd want because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not exactly what you'd want because
+the data structure is achieving the Min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data structure is achieving the Min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data structure is achieving the Min
+what you'd like is a lower bound of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you'd like is a lower bound of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you'd like is a lower bound of the
+Min and it's not quite that it's saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Min and it's not quite that it's saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Min and it's not quite that it's saying
+there are there's a particular pair of w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are there's a particular pair of w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are there's a particular pair of w
+and N values where this is optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and N values where this is optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and N values where this is optimal
+there's another pair of N and W values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another pair of N and W values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another pair of N and W values
+where this is optimal with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this is optimal with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this is optimal with respect to
+either one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either one of these
+parameters uh but there are other value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters uh but there are other value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters uh but there are other value
+pairs of values of w and N were may or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs of values of w and N were may or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs of values of w and N were may or
+may not be optimal so it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not be optimal so it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not be optimal so it's kind of
+matching but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching but not
+quite uh the way they to say it is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite uh the way they to say it is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite uh the way they to say it is that
+these are these are the best this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are these are the best this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are these are the best this is the
+best pure W bound you could hope for and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best pure W bound you could hope for and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best pure W bound you could hope for and
+this is the best pure end bound that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the best pure end bound that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the best pure end bound that you
+could hope for and it's it's the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could hope for and it's it's the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could hope for and it's it's the best
+mix of two pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix of two pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix of two pure
+bounds okay uh then we go back in time a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds okay uh then we go back in time a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds okay uh then we go back in time a
+little bit uh which is um there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit uh which is um there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit uh which is um there's
+there's a funny chain here which is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a funny chain here which is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a funny chain here which is uh
+this paper 1995 cites this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper 1995 cites this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper 1995 cites this paper
+1999 this paper cites this paper of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1999 this paper cites this paper of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1999 this paper cites this paper of
+1992 okay that that's normal this one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1992 okay that that's normal this one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1992 okay that that's normal this one's
+a little bit out of order bit of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit out of order bit of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit out of order bit of time
+travel so I think this one was in draft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel so I think this one was in draft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel so I think this one was in draft
+for a long time and took a while to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time and took a while to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time and took a while to
+finish it um but this Xiao paper is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish it um but this Xiao paper is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish it um but this Xiao paper is
+before 1995 it's not cited by this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before 1995 it's not cited by this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before 1995 it's not cited by this paper
+uh what's interesting about it is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's interesting about it is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's interesting about it is it
+proves uh both of these lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bounds I don't think it proves the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds I don't think it proves the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds I don't think it proves the upper
+bounds uh so but these were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds uh so but these were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds uh so but these were
+independently discovered by Bean fi in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently discovered by Bean fi in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently discovered by Bean fi in
+the future of this paper uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future of this paper uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future of this paper uh this is
+actually a PhD thesis so I think it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a PhD thesis so I think it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a PhD thesis so I think it was
+lost or not known about for a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost or not known about for a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost or not known about for a long time
+uh but it ends up establishing the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but it ends up establishing the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but it ends up establishing the same
+bounds uh and then so the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds uh and then so the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds uh and then so the real
+contribution here was that that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution here was that that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution here was that that those
+were the best bounds that are purely W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the best bounds that are purely W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the best bounds that are purely W
+and N but still not a full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and N but still not a full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and N but still not a full
+story uh okay next up is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story uh okay next up is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story uh okay next up is is
+sen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2003 uh which gave a round elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2003 uh which gave a round elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2003 uh which gave a round elimination
+proof of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+result and whereas both the beam and fi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result and whereas both the beam and fi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result and whereas both the beam and fi
+and the xia proof are messy this round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the xia proof are messy this round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the xia proof are messy this round
+elimination proof is very slick and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination proof is very slick and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination proof is very slick and
+clean and this is the proof we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean and this is the proof we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean and this is the proof we're going
+to cover today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cover today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cover today
+and it's going to prove it will imply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to prove it will imply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to prove it will imply
+these pure W and N lower bounds uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pure W and N lower bounds uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pure W and N lower bounds uh but
+it will in some sense a stronger in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will in some sense a stronger in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will in some sense a stronger in a
+stronger way prove this bound which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger way prove this bound which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger way prove this bound which is a
+real Min thing and so we're just off by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real Min thing and so we're just off by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real Min thing and so we're just off by
+this log log Factor otherwise we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this log log Factor otherwise we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this log log Factor otherwise we're
+proving exactly that Fusion trees and or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving exactly that Fusion trees and or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving exactly that Fusion trees and or
+the Min of fusion trees and Van deos is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Min of fusion trees and Van deos is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Min of fusion trees and Van deos is
+optimal getting rid of the log log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal getting rid of the log log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal getting rid of the log log
+factor is Messier that's the next paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor is Messier that's the next paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor is Messier that's the next paper
+which is the last it's two papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the last it's two papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the last it's two papers
+actually but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually but
+the final papers in this story are by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final papers in this story are by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final papers in this story are by
+petrascu and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thorup 2006 and 7even the two papers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thorup 2006 and 7even the two papers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thorup 2006 and 7even the two papers and
+they give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give a
+tight uh n versus W versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight uh n versus W versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight uh n versus W versus
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tradeoff I think I can fit it on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoff I think I can fit it on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoff I think I can fit it on this
+board let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+try so it's the Min of four terms the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try so it's the Min of four terms the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try so it's the Min of four terms the
+first term it's nice log base W of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term it's nice log base W of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term it's nice log base W of n
+that's our good friend Fusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our good friend Fusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our good friend Fusion
+trees uh next one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees uh next one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees uh next one is
+log roughly log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+W uh so it's roughly uh Venom deos but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W uh so it's roughly uh Venom deos but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W uh so it's roughly uh Venom deos but
+it turns out you can do a little better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out you can do a little better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out you can do a little better
+now I need to define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I need to define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I need to define a
+uh this I'm going to assume here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this I'm going to assume here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this I'm going to assume here the
+space is n * 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is n * 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is n * 2
+a okay that's the notation they use it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay that's the notation they use it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay that's the notation they use it's
+a little bit weird but it makes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit weird but it makes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit weird but it makes this
+bound a little bit easier to state so of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound a little bit easier to state so of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound a little bit easier to state so of
+course you need linear space to store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you need linear space to store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you need linear space to store
+the data this is measuring words um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data this is measuring words um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data this is measuring words um so
+the question is how much more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is how much more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is how much more than
+linear space do you have uh if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear space do you have uh if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear space do you have uh if you want
+polylog update then this better be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polylog update then this better be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polylog update then this better be
+polylog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polylog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polylog
+n um and so CU this is a about static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n um and so CU this is a about static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n um and so CU this is a about static
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+structures uh so if you want poly log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures uh so if you want poly log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures uh so if you want poly log n
+then a has to be order log log n so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a has to be order log log n so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a has to be order log log n so you
+can think of a being order log log n or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of a being order log log n or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of a being order log log n or
+you can think of a being constant if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of a being constant if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of a being constant if you
+want linear space then this stuff I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want linear space then this stuff I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want linear space then this stuff I mean
+this then this is basically log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then this is basically log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then this is basically log
+W okay so that's roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W okay so that's roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W okay so that's roughly
+Vendo next we get two crazier terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay these ones I have I can't give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay these ones I have I can't give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay these ones I have I can't give you
+intuition for I'm afraid uh you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition for I'm afraid uh you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition for I'm afraid uh you see
+there's the log W they're again versions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the log W they're again versions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the log W they're again versions
+of Venom deos like things but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Venom deos like things but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Venom deos like things but they're
+improving by some factors that make you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving by some factors that make you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving by some factors that make you
+better when a is large and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better when a is large and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better when a is large and in
+particular I mean they should match this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular I mean they should match this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular I mean they should match this
+thing uh at some points so when a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uh at some points so when a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uh at some points so when a is
+order log n that's when you have polom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order log n that's when you have polom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order log n that's when you have polom
+space which would be very difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space which would be very difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space which would be very difficult to
+update you need polinomial time updates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update you need polinomial time updates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update you need polinomial time updates
+but uh that's what this the static data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh that's what this the static data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh that's what this the static data
+structure uses polinomial space um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure uses polinomial space um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure uses polinomial space um and
+so with polinomial space PL plug in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with polinomial space PL plug in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with polinomial space PL plug in a
+equals log n you end up improving by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals log n you end up improving by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals log n you end up improving by a
+log log n factor and so this that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log log n factor and so this that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log log n factor and so this that's
+where we or I guess should be a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we or I guess should be a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we or I guess should be a square
+root of in there somewhere no this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of in there somewhere no this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of in there somewhere no this is
+log W over log log W this is the part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log W over log log W this is the part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log W over log log W this is the part
+that diverges a little bit from Venom to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that diverges a little bit from Venom to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that diverges a little bit from Venom to
+BOS and this really is achievable if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BOS and this really is achievable if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BOS and this really is achievable if you
+have polinomial space instead of like n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have polinomial space instead of like n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have polinomial space instead of like n
+or n poly log okay so for static yes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or n poly log okay so for static yes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or n poly log okay so for static yes you
+can get these log log n improvements we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get these log log n improvements we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get these log log n improvements we
+won't cover them here I mean they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't cover them here I mean they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't cover them here I mean they're
+small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+improvements and we're mostly interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements and we're mostly interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements and we're mostly interested
+in Dynamic data structures and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Dynamic data structures and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Dynamic data structures and for
+dynamic data structures uh these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic data structures uh these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic data structures uh these things
+don't turn out to help so let me State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't turn out to help so let me State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't turn out to help so let me State
+the consequence which is what I stated a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consequence which is what I stated a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consequence which is what I stated a
+couple classes ago if you have n poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple classes ago if you have n poly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple classes ago if you have n poly
+log n space so if you have poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n space so if you have poly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n space so if you have poly
+logarithmic update which is usually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithmic update which is usually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithmic update which is usually the
+situation we care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation we care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation we care about
+then we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we get
+min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min
+of log base W of N and I'd like to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of log base W of N and I'd like to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of log base W of N and I'd like to say
+log W but you can actually do slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log W but you can actually do slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log W but you can actually do slightly
+better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah oh God
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah oh God
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah oh God
+indeed I did I think I stated this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed I did I think I stated this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed I did I think I stated this to
+lectures ago um so log W is what we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures ago um so log W is what we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures ago um so log W is what we know
+how to do this is a very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do this is a very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do this is a very small
+Improvement uh let me State another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement uh let me State another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement uh let me State another
+consequence of this which is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+venois is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+optimal for w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal for w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal for w
+uh poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+log okay that's when it gets log log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log okay that's when it gets log log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log okay that's when it gets log log n
+performance and so uh you can check in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance and so uh you can check in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance and so uh you can check in
+that case this term doesn't buy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case this term doesn't buy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case this term doesn't buy you
+anything right that's log W would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything right that's log W would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything right that's log W would be
+order log log n if you're poly log so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order log log n if you're poly log so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order log log n if you're poly log so
+this disappears and you just get log W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this disappears and you just get log W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this disappears and you just get log W
+so that's one thing uh Fusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trees are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+optimal for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal for
+uh log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh log
+W order square root log n Times log log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n okay uh so this is saying W is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n okay uh so this is saying W is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n okay uh so this is saying W is at
+least 2 to the root log n or actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least 2 to the root log n or actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least 2 to the root log n or actually
+log n to the root log n you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n to the root log n you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n to the root log n you want to
+include that term uh so that's a fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include that term uh so that's a fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include that term uh so that's a fairly
+large W so for large W Fusion trees are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large W so for large W Fusion trees are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large W so for large W Fusion trees are
+optimal for small W vom Dev is optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal for small W vom Dev is optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal for small W vom Dev is optimal
+in between this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between this thing is
+optimal that's that's the reality of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal that's that's the reality of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal that's that's the reality of it
+it's a little messy uh but this is tight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little messy uh but this is tight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little messy uh but this is tight
+so this is the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the right
+answer uh I think most of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer uh I think most of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer uh I think most of the time
+situations you care about W's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations you care about W's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations you care about W's probably
+going to be small so you should use vom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be small so you should use vom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be small so you should use vom
+deas W is really large you should use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deas W is really large you should use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deas W is really large you should use
+Fusion trees in between you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fusion trees in between you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fusion trees in between you could
+consider this trade-off but uh it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider this trade-off but uh it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider this trade-off but uh it's not
+a it's not much better than Venom Dev us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's not much better than Venom Dev us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's not much better than Venom Dev us
+so take that for what it is so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so take that for what it is so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so take that for what it is so that's
+what's known as I said we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's known as I said we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's known as I said we're going to
+cover this send proof which will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover this send proof which will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover this send proof which will be
+tight up to this log log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight up to this log log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight up to this log log
+factor and this holds no matter as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and this holds no matter as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and this holds no matter as long
+as your space is polinomial so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as your space is polinomial so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as your space is polinomial so it
+doesn't resume very much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't resume very much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't resume very much about
+space and it's going to be a lower Bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and it's going to be a lower Bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and it's going to be a lower Bound
+for a slightly easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a slightly easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a slightly easier
+problem if you can prove a lower bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem if you can prove a lower bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem if you can prove a lower bound
+on an easier problem that implies a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an easier problem that implies a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an easier problem that implies a
+lower bound on the harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem easier problem is called colored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem easier problem is called colored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem easier problem is called colored
+predecessor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor
+problem uh in colored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh in colored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh in colored
+predecessor each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+element uh is red or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+blue I should say blue whatever anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue I should say blue whatever anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue I should say blue whatever anyway
+um no Team Fortress fans I guess uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no Team Fortress fans I guess uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no Team Fortress fans I guess uh so
+each uh fine and now a query
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh just reports the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+color of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+predecessor you don't need to report the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor you don't need to report the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor you don't need to report the
+key value just whether it is red or blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key value just whether it is red or blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key value just whether it is red or blue
+so again you've got your Universe some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again you've got your Universe some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again you've got your Universe some
+of the items are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the items are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the items are
+present and your query is an arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present and your query is an arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present and your query is an arbitrary
+Universe element and you want to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universe element and you want to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universe element and you want to uh
+predecessor go this way and this guy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor go this way and this guy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor go this way and this guy is
+either red or blue and you just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either red or blue and you just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either red or blue and you just want to
+report which one is it so this is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report which one is it so this is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report which one is it so this is of
+course easier because uh you could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course easier because uh you could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course easier because uh you could just
+have a a lookup table a hash table for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a lookup table a hash table for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a lookup table a hash table for
+example that once you determine the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that once you determine the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that once you determine the key
+you could figure out whether it's red or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could figure out whether it's red or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could figure out whether it's red or
+blue it's a static data structure so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue it's a static data structure so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue it's a static data structure so
+don't even need to you could use perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even need to you could use perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even need to you could use perfect
+hashing uh could be totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashing uh could be totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashing uh could be totally
+deterministic once you set it up uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic once you set it up uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic once you set it up uh and
+so okay just reporting the color is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay just reporting the color is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay just reporting the color is of
+course easier than reporting the key uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course easier than reporting the key uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course easier than reporting the key uh
+one interesting thing about this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one interesting thing about this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one interesting thing about this problem
+is it's very easy to get a correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's very easy to get a correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's very easy to get a correct
+answer with probability 50%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer with probability 50%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer with probability 50%
+flip a coin and heads is Red Tails is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip a coin and heads is Red Tails is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip a coin and heads is Red Tails is
+blue um and we're going to this lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue um and we're going to this lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue um and we're going to this lower
+bound we proved will actually apply to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound we proved will actually apply to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound we proved will actually apply to
+randomized data structures that work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized data structures that work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized data structures that work
+with some probability but it has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some probability but it has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some probability but it has to be
+probability greater than a half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability greater than a half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability greater than a half of
+succeeding okay uh and this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeeding okay uh and this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeeding okay uh and this will be
+useful because we're going to take our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful because we're going to take our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful because we're going to take our
+problem and we're going to modify a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and we're going to modify a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and we're going to modify a
+little bit and sort of make it simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and sort of make it simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and sort of make it simpler
+and simpler and it's easier to preserve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and simpler and it's easier to preserve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and simpler and it's easier to preserve
+this colored property than to preserve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this colored property than to preserve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this colored property than to preserve
+actual key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual key
+values okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values okay so that's
+predecessor now we get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor now we get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor now we get to the
+communication complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication complexity
+perspective so this is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective so this is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective so this is pretty
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+cool and it brings us to the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool and it brings us to the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool and it brings us to the idea of
+round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+elimination so communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay um why don't I tell you the generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um why don't I tell you the generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um why don't I tell you the generic
+communication complexity picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication complexity picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication complexity picture of
+Alice and Bob and then I'll tell you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice and Bob and then I'll tell you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice and Bob and then I'll tell you how
+it relates to data structures they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it relates to data structures they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it relates to data structures they're
+both simple but I got to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both simple but I got to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both simple but I got to do something
+first so let's say Alice is one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first so let's say Alice is one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first so let's say Alice is one one
+person uh who knows some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person uh who knows some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person uh who knows some
+value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+X over here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X over here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X over here we have
+Bob who knows some value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob who knows some value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob who knows some value
+y the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+goal uh is to maybe I'll move this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal uh is to maybe I'll move this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal uh is to maybe I'll move this a
+little bit to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+left their Collective goal they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left their Collective goal they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left their Collective goal they're
+trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to
+cooperate their goal is to compute some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperate their goal is to compute some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperate their goal is to compute some
+function of X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X and
+Y okay the trouble is only Alice knows X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y okay the trouble is only Alice knows X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y okay the trouble is only Alice knows X
+and only Bob knows y so how do they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only Bob knows y so how do they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only Bob knows y so how do they do
+it they have to talk to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it they have to talk to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it they have to talk to each other
+ideally Alice sends Bob X or Bob sends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally Alice sends Bob X or Bob sends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally Alice sends Bob X or Bob sends
+Alice y one of them could compute it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice y one of them could compute it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice y one of them could compute it
+send back the answer that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send back the answer that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send back the answer that's one
+possibility but maybe X and Y are kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility but maybe X and Y are kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility but maybe X and Y are kind
+of big and you can't just send it in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of big and you can't just send it in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of big and you can't just send it in one
+message so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message so here's the
+Restriction Alice can send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Restriction Alice can send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Restriction Alice can send
+messages with uh less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages with uh less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages with uh less than or equal to
+little a bits a for Alice Bob can send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little a bits a for Alice Bob can send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little a bits a for Alice Bob can send
+messages uh with less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages uh with less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages uh with less than or equal to
+Little B bits B for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Little B bits B for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Little B bits B for
+Bob so that's the constraint potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob so that's the constraint potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob so that's the constraint potentially
+uh X is much larger than a and or Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh X is much larger than a and or Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh X is much larger than a and or Y is
+much longer than b and so you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much longer than b and so you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much longer than b and so you're going
+to have to spend many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to spend many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to spend many
+messages and let's restrict to Protocols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages and let's restrict to Protocols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages and let's restrict to Protocols
+of the form Alice talks to Bob then Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the form Alice talks to Bob then Bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the form Alice talks to Bob then Bob
+talks to Alice and back and forth so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks to Alice and back and forth so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks to Alice and back and forth so
+rounds of communication then you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounds of communication then you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounds of communication then you want to
+know how many rounds does it take to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how many rounds does it take to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how many rounds does it take to
+compute of XY and of course it depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute of XY and of course it depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute of XY and of course it depends
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+F okay that's the totally generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F okay that's the totally generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F okay that's the totally generic
+picture and there's techniques for which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and there's techniques for which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and there's techniques for which
+we're going to use for lower bounds on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use for lower bounds on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use for lower bounds on
+how long these protocols have to be how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long these protocols have to be how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long these protocols have to be how
+does this relate to uh colored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this relate to uh colored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this relate to uh colored
+predecessor and remember also there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor and remember also there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor and remember also there's
+the model of computation I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model of computation I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model of computation I should
+mention cell probe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention cell probe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention cell probe
+model cell probe model we just count uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model cell probe model we just count uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model cell probe model we just count uh
+the number of in this case because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of in this case because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of in this case because it's
+a static data structure we don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a static data structure we don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a static data structure we don't really
+change it uh let's say memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it uh let's say memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it uh let's say memory
+word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word
+reads we want to know how many words of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reads we want to know how many words of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reads we want to know how many words of
+the data structure do we need to read in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data structure do we need to read in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data structure do we need to read in
+order to answer a color predecessor data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to answer a color predecessor data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to answer a color predecessor data
+structure if we can prove a lower bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure if we can prove a lower bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure if we can prove a lower bound
+on this of course it implies lower bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this of course it implies lower bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this of course it implies lower bound
+on the word Ram or pick your favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the word Ram or pick your favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the word Ram or pick your favorite
+model that works with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that works with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that works with
+words trans dichotomus Ram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words trans dichotomus Ram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words trans dichotomus Ram
+whatever okay so I want to cast that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever okay so I want to cast that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever okay so I want to cast that
+cell probe picture in terms of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell probe picture in terms of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell probe picture in terms of this
+picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+so here's the idea maybe I'll switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors
+Alice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+the I guess the what do you want to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I guess the what do you want to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I guess the what do you want to call
+it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+algorithm the query
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm the query
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm the query
+algorithm okay Alice is the poor soul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm okay Alice is the poor soul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm okay Alice is the poor soul
+who has to compute the color of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who has to compute the color of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who has to compute the color of a
+predecessor okay and so what's x x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor okay and so what's x x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor okay and so what's x x is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+query okay we're used to that that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query okay we're used to that that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query okay we're used to that that is
+the input to the predecessor so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input to the predecessor so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input to the predecessor so it's a
+it's a single word which is I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a single word which is I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a single word which is I want
+another predecessor of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another predecessor of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another predecessor of some
+value uh Bob the other hand is the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+structure that's the static thing where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that's the static thing where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that's the static thing where
+Bob represents the data structure y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob represents the data structure y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob represents the data structure y
+actually is the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is the data
+structure okay uh I guess sorry if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure okay uh I guess sorry if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure okay uh I guess sorry if I
+want to be a little bit more praic or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be a little bit more praic or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be a little bit more praic or
+something uh Bob you can think of as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+memory uh call it Ram to be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory uh call it Ram to be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory uh call it Ram to be a little
+more uh space saving so Bob is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh space saving so Bob is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh space saving so Bob is the
+memory which you can access in random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory which you can access in random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory which you can access in random
+random random access and what it knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random random access and what it knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random random access and what it knows
+is the data structure I mean that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the data structure I mean that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the data structure I mean that's what
+it's storing that's all it's storing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's storing that's all it's storing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's storing that's all it's storing
+that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why
+now what are these rounds they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what are these rounds they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what are these rounds they are
+memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory
+reads okay so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reads okay so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reads okay so what's
+a a is uh log of the size of the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a is uh log of the size of the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a is uh log of the size of the data
+structure because that's how many bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure because that's how many bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure because that's how many bits
+you need in order to specify which word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need in order to specify which word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need in order to specify which word
+you want to read okay so if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to read okay so if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to read okay so if you have
+let's say s words of space a is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say s words of space a is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say s words of space a is going to
+be log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s okay you could make it larger but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s okay you could make it larger but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s okay you could make it larger but
+doesn't help you so we're going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't help you so we're going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't help you so we're going to make
+it as small as possible because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as small as possible because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as small as possible because that
+will let us prove things uh it's fine to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will let us prove things uh it's fine to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will let us prove things uh it's fine to
+let a be log s CU this is Bob is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let a be log s CU this is Bob is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let a be log s CU this is Bob is not
+very intelligent right Bob you just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very intelligent right Bob you just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very intelligent right Bob you just say
+look I would like word five please and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look I would like word five please and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look I would like word five please and
+says here's word five so it's not doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says here's word five so it's not doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says here's word five so it's not doing
+any computation Alice can do lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any computation Alice can do lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any computation Alice can do lots of
+computation whatnot in fact free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation whatnot in fact free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation whatnot in fact free
+computation we don't count that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation we don't count that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation we don't count that the
+question is just how many things do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is just how many things do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is just how many things do you
+have to read from Bob now in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to read from Bob now in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to read from Bob now in this
+picture Bob could potentially compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture Bob could potentially compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture Bob could potentially compute
+stuff but we know in reality it won't um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff but we know in reality it won't um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff but we know in reality it won't um
+lower bounds aren't going to use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bounds aren't going to use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bounds aren't going to use that
+fact but that's why we can set a to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact but that's why we can set a to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact but that's why we can set a to just
+be log s Bob wouldn't do anything with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be log s Bob wouldn't do anything with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be log s Bob wouldn't do anything with
+the extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extra
+information how big is b b is just W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information how big is b b is just W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information how big is b b is just W
+because the response to a word read is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the response to a word read is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the response to a word read is a
+word okay so this is the picture query
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word okay so this is the picture query
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word okay so this is the picture query
+uh can probe the data structure says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can probe the data structure says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can probe the data structure says
+give me word uh something which is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me word uh something which is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me word uh something which is only
+log s bits the response is W bits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log s bits the response is W bits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log s bits the response is W bits and
+and you go you repeat this process over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you go you repeat this process over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you go you repeat this process over
+and over and then somehow Alice has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over and then somehow Alice has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over and then somehow Alice has to
+compute F of XY in this model Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute F of XY in this model Bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute F of XY in this model Bob
+doesn't need to know the answer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't need to know the answer of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't need to know the answer of
+course it's just a single bit what is f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it's just a single bit what is f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it's just a single bit what is f
+ofx y this is colored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+predecessor X is the query Y is the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor X is the query Y is the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor X is the query Y is the data
+structure and F of XY is what it is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and F of XY is what it is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and F of XY is what it is it
+red or blue is the predecessor of X in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red or blue is the predecessor of X in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red or blue is the predecessor of X in
+this data structure and the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data structure and the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data structure and the set
+represented by this data structure red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by this data structure red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by this data structure red
+or blue so it's one bit of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or blue so it's one bit of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or blue so it's one bit of information
+Alice could then tell the the bit to Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice could then tell the the bit to Bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice could then tell the the bit to Bob
+but actually in this model we just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually in this model we just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually in this model we just want
+Alice to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice to know the
+answer okay so if you can prove a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer okay so if you can prove a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer okay so if you can prove a lower
+bound on how many rounds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound on how many rounds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound on how many rounds of
+communication you need uh then you prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication you need uh then you prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication you need uh then you prove
+a lower bound on the number of memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reads each round corresponds to one word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reads each round corresponds to one word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reads each round corresponds to one word
+read from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read from
+memory clear so a very simple idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory clear so a very simple idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory clear so a very simple idea
+but a powerful one as we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a powerful one as we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a powerful one as we will
+see because it lets us talk about an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see because it lets us talk about an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see because it lets us talk about an
+idea which makes sense when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea which makes sense when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea which makes sense when you're
+thinking about protocols rounds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about protocols rounds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about protocols rounds of
+communication but does not really make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication but does not really make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication but does not really make
+sense from a data structure perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense from a data structure perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense from a data structure perspective
+well I mean not as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sense round elimination is a concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense round elimination is a concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense round elimination is a concept
+that makes sense uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense uh for
+any uh for any any communication style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any uh for any any communication style
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any uh for any any communication style
+protocol okay not just the red one but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol okay not just the red one but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol okay not just the red one but
+the generic white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the generic white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the generic white
+picture so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture so here's
+what I need to define a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I need to define a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I need to define a little bit
+before I can get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I can get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I can get to the
+claim this will this will seem weird and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim this will this will seem weird and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim this will this will seem weird and
+arbitrary for a little while until I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary for a little while until I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary for a little while until I
+draw the red picture which is what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the red picture which is what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the red picture which is what it
+corresponds to in the predecessor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to in the predecessor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to in the predecessor
+problem okay but just bear with me for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay but just bear with me for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay but just bear with me for a
+minute imagine this weird variation on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute imagine this weird variation on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute imagine this weird variation on
+whatever problem you're starting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have some problem F which happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have some problem F which happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have some problem F which happens
+to be colored predecessor we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be colored predecessor we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be colored predecessor we're going to
+make a new version of that problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a new version of that problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a new version of that problem
+called f to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called f to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called f to the
+K and here is the setup it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and here is the setup it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and here is the setup it's going to be
+a little different from this and kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little different from this and kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little different from this and kind of
+fits the same framework but now Alice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits the same framework but now Alice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits the same framework but now Alice
+has K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has K
+inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs
+X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1
+X2 up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+XK Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+has y as before and it has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has y as before and it has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has y as before and it has an
+integer I which is between 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K
+also this is a technicality because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also this is a technicality because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also this is a technicality because
+we'll need it for colored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll need it for colored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll need it for colored
+predecessor we won't see that for a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor we won't see that for a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor we won't see that for a few
+minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes
+but Bob happens to know all the XI it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Bob happens to know all the XI it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Bob happens to know all the XI it up
+to X IUS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X IUS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X IUS
+one okay and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay and the
+goal is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+compute f of x i comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y maybe I should draw a picture of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have Alice Alice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have Alice Alice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have Alice Alice
+has uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has uh
+X1 uh up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 uh up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 uh up
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+XK Bob has Y and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XK Bob has Y and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XK Bob has Y and I
+same communication setup and the goal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same communication setup and the goal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same communication setup and the goal is
+to compute f ofx i comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute f ofx i comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute f ofx i comma
+y okay before it was X comma Y and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y okay before it was X comma Y and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y okay before it was X comma Y and now
+we're saying well actually X consists of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're saying well actually X consists of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're saying well actually X consists of
+these K parts we really just care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these K parts we really just care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these K parts we really just care about
+the I part so this function does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I part so this function does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I part so this function does not
+depend on any other of the xjs just XI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on any other of the xjs just XI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on any other of the xjs just XI
+so naturally Alice should just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so naturally Alice should just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so naturally Alice should just
+communicate to Bob about XI trouble is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate to Bob about XI trouble is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate to Bob about XI trouble is
+Alice doesn't know what i is only Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice doesn't know what i is only Bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice doesn't know what i is only Bob
+knows what I is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what I is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what I is
+so if you think about a communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you think about a communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you think about a communication
+protocol where initially Alice sends a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol where initially Alice sends a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol where initially Alice sends a
+message then Bob responds that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message then Bob responds that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message then Bob responds that first
+message that Alice sends is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message that Alice sends is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message that Alice sends is probably
+useless I mean probably the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useless I mean probably the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useless I mean probably the first
+question is what's I that has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what's I that has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what's I that has no
+information it's just every time in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information it's just every time in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information it's just every time in the
+beginning you say what's I then Bob says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning you say what's I then Bob says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning you say what's I then Bob says
+here's I and then Al and then after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's I and then Al and then after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's I and then Al and then after that
+one round Alice can you know just just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one round Alice can you know just just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one round Alice can you know just just
+think about XI from then on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I want to one message may seem like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I want to one message may seem like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I want to one message may seem like
+nothing but uh it's like every time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing but uh it's like every time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing but uh it's like every time you
+put a penny in the jar after you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a penny in the jar after you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a penny in the jar after you do that
+enough times uh you have a lot of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough times uh you have a lot of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough times uh you have a lot of money
+so uh one message may seem like very few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh one message may seem like very few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh one message may seem like very few
+but we just need to prove a lower bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we just need to prove a lower bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we just need to prove a lower bound
+of like log W over log log W messages so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like log W over log log W messages so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like log W over log log W messages so
+you do this a few times um eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do this a few times um eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do this a few times um eventually
+you'll get rid of all the messages now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get rid of all the messages now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get rid of all the messages now
+if we get rid of all the messages that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we get rid of all the messages that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we get rid of all the messages that
+may seem crazy but it turns out you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may seem crazy but it turns out you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may seem crazy but it turns out you can
+iterate this process of of eliminating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterate this process of of eliminating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterate this process of of eliminating
+that first message if we get rid of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first message if we get rid of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first message if we get rid of all
+the messages the best we could hope for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the messages the best we could hope for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the messages the best we could hope for
+is an algorithm that is correct with 50%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an algorithm that is correct with 50%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an algorithm that is correct with 50%
+probability right if you if Alice can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability right if you if Alice can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability right if you if Alice can do
+nothing then the best Alice could do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing then the best Alice could do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing then the best Alice could do is
+flip a coin so we will get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip a coin so we will get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip a coin so we will get a
+contradiction if we get a zero message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction if we get a zero message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction if we get a zero message
+protocol that wins with more than 50%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol that wins with more than 50%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol that wins with more than 50%
+probability that's what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that's what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that's what we're going to
+try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to
+do uh but what does it mean to eliminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh but what does it mean to eliminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh but what does it mean to eliminate
+this first message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first message
+let me formalize the round elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me formalize the round elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me formalize the round elimination
+LMO a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LMO a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LMO a little
+bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh here's the round elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here's the round elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here's the round elimination
+Lemma this again works for any function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lemma this again works for any function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lemma this again works for any function
+f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if there's a protocol for this F to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if there's a protocol for this F to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if there's a protocol for this F to
+the K problem and Alice speaks first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K problem and Alice speaks first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K problem and Alice speaks first
+then that first message is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that first message is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that first message is going to be
+roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+useless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useless
+uh so let's suppose it has error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probability Delta so there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability Delta so there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability Delta so there's some
+probability it gives the wrong answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let's suppose that it uses M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+messages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages
+then there exists a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+protocol for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol for
+f where Bob speaks first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um the error probability goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+slightly and it uses one fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+message okay ultim we care about rounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message okay ultim we care about rounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message okay ultim we care about rounds
+which are pairs of messages but uh we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are pairs of messages but uh we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are pairs of messages but uh we're
+going to count messages and then of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to count messages and then of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to count messages and then of
+course divide by two you get rounds so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course divide by two you get rounds so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course divide by two you get rounds so
+the idea is you can eliminate that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is you can eliminate that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is you can eliminate that first
+message that Alice sent uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message that Alice sent uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message that Alice sent uh the
+difference is before you were solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is before you were solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is before you were solving
+this F to the K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this F to the K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this F to the K
+problem if you start with Bob then of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem if you start with Bob then of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem if you start with Bob then of
+course you know what i is and so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you know what i is and so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you know what i is and so then
+your problem just reduces to Computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your problem just reduces to Computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your problem just reduces to Computing
+this F on x i comma y so you don't get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this F on x i comma y so you don't get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this F on x i comma y so you don't get a
+protocol for f to the K anymore but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol for f to the K anymore but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol for f to the K anymore but you
+get a protocol for f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a protocol for f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a protocol for f
+so we're going to and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to and we're going to
+iterate this process and eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterate this process and eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterate this process and eventually
+eliminate all the messages that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate all the messages that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate all the messages that's the
+plan um let me give you some intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan um let me give you some intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan um let me give you some intuition
+for why this Lemma is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for why this Lemma is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for why this Lemma is
+true uh it's a a little messy for us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true uh it's a a little messy for us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true uh it's a a little messy for us to
+prove I'm not going to give a proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove I'm not going to give a proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove I'm not going to give a proof
+here if there's time at the end I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if there's time at the end I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if there's time at the end I'll
+give a little bit more of a proof but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a little bit more of a proof but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a little bit more of a proof but it
+will still use uh some information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will still use uh some information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will still use uh some information
+theory that we will not proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and some communication complexity which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some communication complexity which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some communication complexity which
+we won't prove because it's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we won't prove because it's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we won't prove because it's a little bit
+involved to prove this but once you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved to prove this but once you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved to prove this but once you have
+this Lemma uh this lower bound is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Lemma uh this lower bound is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Lemma uh this lower bound is
+actually quite easy and intuitive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite easy and intuitive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite easy and intuitive and
+nice uh so that's where I want to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice uh so that's where I want to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice uh so that's where I want to get to
+today but let's start with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but let's start with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but let's start with some
+intuition why this should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+true why there's this extra error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true why there's this extra error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true why there's this extra error
+term Yeah question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term Yeah question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term Yeah question
+um does it matter who like who reports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um does it matter who like who reports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um does it matter who like who reports
+the answer is it because there seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is it because there seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is it because there seems to
+be symmetry there between right does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be symmetry there between right does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be symmetry there between right does it
+matter who has the answer Alice or Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter who has the answer Alice or Bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter who has the answer Alice or Bob
+uh let's just say you're done when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's just say you're done when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's just say you're done when
+anyone knows the answer either Alice or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone knows the answer either Alice or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone knows the answer either Alice or
+Bob I think I mean yeah that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob I think I mean yeah that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob I think I mean yeah that would be
+cleaner otherwise you'd have to send a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaner otherwise you'd have to send a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaner otherwise you'd have to send a
+message at the end to send tell it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message at the end to send tell it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message at the end to send tell it to
+Alice or something so let's make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice or something so let's make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice or something so let's make it
+symmetric by saying either Alice or Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric by saying either Alice or Bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric by saying either Alice or Bob
+knows it then the protocol can end good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question that way we won't pay for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that way we won't pay for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that way we won't pay for an
+added one every time only pay for it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added one every time only pay for it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added one every time only pay for it at
+the end other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end other
+questions all right so there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions all right so there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions all right so there's this
+there's an issue here right said oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an issue here right said oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an issue here right said oh
+Alice's message is probably useless but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice's message is probably useless but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice's message is probably useless but
+maybe Alice gets lucky and sends XI then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe Alice gets lucky and sends XI then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe Alice gets lucky and sends XI then
+that message is useful what's the chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that message is useful what's the chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that message is useful what's the chance
+that Alice sends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Alice sends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Alice sends
+XI uh well one out of K so something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XI uh well one out of K so something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XI uh well one out of K so something
+going on there uh Alice doesn't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on there uh Alice doesn't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on there uh Alice doesn't just
+have to send an entire XJ though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to send an entire XJ though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to send an entire XJ though
+uh Alice could send some mix of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Alice could send some mix of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Alice could send some mix of these
+guys maybe it sends the xor of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys maybe it sends the xor of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys maybe it sends the xor of all the
+all the xjs or you know it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the xjs or you know it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the xjs or you know it could be
+anything um but there's a limit right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything um but there's a limit right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything um but there's a limit right
+there's only a bits being sent from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only a bits being sent from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only a bits being sent from
+Alice to bop so the idea is if the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice to bop so the idea is if the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice to bop so the idea is if the total
+number of bits here is much bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of bits here is much bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of bits here is much bigger than
+a then very few of the bits that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a then very few of the bits that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a then very few of the bits that you
+send are going to be about a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send are going to be about a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send are going to be about a particular
+element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element
+XI you know in expectation so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XI you know in expectation so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XI you know in expectation so this is a
+probabilistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so just imagine this for the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um basically because we're in lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um basically because we're in lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um basically because we're in lower
+bound world we get to essentially set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound world we get to essentially set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound world we get to essentially set up
+the input however we want and so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input however we want and so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input however we want and so in
+particular we're going to prove a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular we're going to prove a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular we're going to prove a lower
+bound that uh in expectation so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound that uh in expectation so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound that uh in expectation so we're
+going to have a probability distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a probability distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a probability distribution
+of data structure or not data structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data structure or not data structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data structure or not data structures
+but of sets of values uh that're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of sets of values uh that're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of sets of values uh that're in the
+set and the claim is that in expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and the claim is that in expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and the claim is that in expectation
+any data structure must do at least log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any data structure must do at least log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any data structure must do at least log
+W over log log w m with uh log Bas W of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W over log log w m with uh log Bas W of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W over log log w m with uh log Bas W of
+n uh queries on that in expectation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n uh queries on that in expectation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n uh queries on that in expectation so
+we get to assume that the input is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to assume that the input is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to assume that the input is
+random we'll see why uh in a bit so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random we'll see why uh in a bit so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random we'll see why uh in a bit so so
+in this world we can assume that I is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this world we can assume that I is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this world we can assume that I is
+chosen uniformly at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen uniformly at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen uniformly at
+random and given that assumption you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random and given that assumption you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random and given that assumption you
+would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+expect uh exactly a over K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect uh exactly a over K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect uh exactly a over K
+bits to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits to be
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+XI okay that would be the best you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XI okay that would be the best you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XI okay that would be the best you could
+hope to do sort of you have a bits you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope to do sort of you have a bits you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope to do sort of you have a bits you
+spread them out evenly talk about all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread them out evenly talk about all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread them out evenly talk about all
+the X that you can so you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X that you can so you get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X that you can so you get to
+communicate a little bit of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate a little bit of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate a little bit of information
+about the particular XI that you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the particular XI that you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the particular XI that you that
+Bob will care about you don't know which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob will care about you don't know which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob will care about you don't know which
+one that is so you have to communicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that is so you have to communicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that is so you have to communicate
+about all of them so it's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all of them so it's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all of them so it's going to be a
+over K in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over K in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over K in
+expectation um so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation um so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation um so here's the
+idea Al we we want to remove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea Al we we want to remove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea Al we we want to remove that
+message so Alice can't communicate those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message so Alice can't communicate those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message so Alice can't communicate those
+a overk bits so what's Bob going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a overk bits so what's Bob going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a overk bits so what's Bob going to do
+Bob is going to guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them by flipp fing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coins so guess them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins so guess them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins so guess them
+uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly
+randomly a over K bits what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly a over K bits what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly a over K bits what's the
+probability uh that Bob is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right well uh it's going to be like 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well uh it's going to be like 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well uh it's going to be like 1
+over 2 to the a over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K uh uh seems not so big but if K how's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K uh uh seems not so big but if K how's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K uh uh seems not so big but if K how's
+it go if K is much larger than a then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it go if K is much larger than a then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it go if K is much larger than a then
+this is actually a good thing so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so this was the probability of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this was the probability of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this was the probability of being
+correct so the probability of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct so the probability of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct so the probability of being
+right or sorry of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or sorry of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or sorry of being
+incorrect is going to be one minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrect is going to be one minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrect is going to be one minus
+that and we're interested in we had some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and we're interested in we had some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and we're interested in we had some
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+Delta failing before and now there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta failing before and now there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta failing before and now there's
+this new way that we can fail so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new way that we can fail so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new way that we can fail so I'm
+using a union bound here saying well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a union bound here saying well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a union bound here saying well we
+could fail the old way or the failed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could fail the old way or the failed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could fail the old way or the failed the
+new way maybe they're correlated maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new way maybe they're correlated maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new way maybe they're correlated maybe
+not but the worst cases is at most the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not but the worst cases is at most the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not but the worst cases is at most the
+sum of the two errors so the increase in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the two errors so the increase in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the two errors so the increase in
+error is at most one minus this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error is at most one minus this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error is at most one minus this thing
+now this 1 - 1 over something to the^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this 1 - 1 over something to the^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this 1 - 1 over something to the^
+something if this something is large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something if this something is large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something if this something is large
+there's this fun fact 1 - 1 E to X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this fun fact 1 - 1 E to X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this fun fact 1 - 1 E to X is
+approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately
+X okay so this is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay so this is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay so this is going to be
+approximately a over K if K is large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately a over K if K is large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately a over K if K is large
+enough so this is for large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x uh right small X sorry thank you K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x uh right small X sorry thank you K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x uh right small X sorry thank you K is
+large and so a over K is small very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and so a over K is small very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and so a over K is small very
+close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to
+zero thank you um so if this true then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero thank you um so if this true then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero thank you um so if this true then
+the error increase would be order a over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the error increase would be order a over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the error increase would be order a over
+K I mean there's E versus 2 so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K I mean there's E versus 2 so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K I mean there's E versus 2 so there's a
+constant Factor I'm losing there um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant Factor I'm losing there um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant Factor I'm losing there um it's
+not quite that good so this is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite that good so this is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite that good so this is only
+intuition the real bound has a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition the real bound has a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition the real bound has a square
+root here and it's necessary and I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root here and it's necessary and I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root here and it's necessary and I don't
+have a great intuition why it's square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a great intuition why it's square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a great intuition why it's square
+root it's just a little bit worse than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root it's just a little bit worse than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root it's just a little bit worse than
+this intuition um I mean the main issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this intuition um I mean the main issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this intuition um I mean the main issue
+is what does it mean for bits to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what does it mean for bits to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what does it mean for bits to be
+about something and can you really just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about something and can you really just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about something and can you really just
+guess those bits you have to guess the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess those bits you have to guess the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess those bits you have to guess the
+message that Bob sent so it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message that Bob sent so it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message that Bob sent so it's a little
+bit more than just the bits that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more than just the bits that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more than just the bits that that
+sorry that Alice sent uh so it you lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry that Alice sent uh so it you lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry that Alice sent uh so it you lose
+a little bit more but it won't make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more but it won't make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more but it won't make a
+huge difference to us have a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+root all right so that's some rough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root all right so that's some rough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root all right so that's some rough
+intuition for round elimination let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition for round elimination let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition for round elimination let's
+see why it is so cool to have round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see why it is so cool to have round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see why it is so cool to have round
+elimination how it lets us prove a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination how it lets us prove a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination how it lets us prove a
+pretty strong lower bound on predecessor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on colored predecessor in the Cell Pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Model okay uh I think I missed a claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Model okay uh I think I missed a claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Model okay uh I think I missed a claim
+somewhere here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is the lower bound we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the lower bound we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the lower bound we're going to
+prove and it's nice and symmetric log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove and it's nice and symmetric log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove and it's nice and symmetric log
+base a of w log base B of this is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base a of w log base B of this is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base a of w log base B of this is kind
+of perfectly symmetric in Alice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of perfectly symmetric in Alice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of perfectly symmetric in Alice and
+Bop right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bop right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bop right
+Alice I guess you could well which one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice I guess you could well which one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice I guess you could well which one
+represents and apparently Alice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents and apparently Alice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents and apparently Alice
+represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents
+W uh it's got Alice has got a bits to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W uh it's got Alice has got a bits to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W uh it's got Alice has got a bits to
+communicate with to Bob and somehow it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate with to Bob and somehow it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate with to Bob and somehow it
+it wants to I mean the input I guess is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wants to I mean the input I guess is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wants to I mean the input I guess is
+of size W right that's the query Bob on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size W right that's the query Bob on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size W right that's the query Bob on
+the other hand knows all the data so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand knows all the data so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand knows all the data so
+it's in some sense represents the nide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in some sense represents the nide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in some sense represents the nide
+it's able to communicate with B bits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's able to communicate with B bits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's able to communicate with B bits of
+of information so log base B of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information so log base B of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information so log base B of n
+somehow enough to communicate n i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow enough to communicate n i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow enough to communicate n i don't
+it's not a great intuition for this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a great intuition for this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a great intuition for this but
+at least it's nice and symmetric now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least it's nice and symmetric now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least it's nice and symmetric now
+let's work out what it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's work out what it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's work out what it actually
+corresponds to um for do this about for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to um for do this about for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to um for do this about for
+what sir this is a lower bound on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sir this is a lower bound on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sir this is a lower bound on
+colored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colored
+predecessor so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor so for
+any colored even static colored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+predecessor uh data structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor uh data structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor uh data structure
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+static can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static can be
+randomized and this will be a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized and this will be a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized and this will be a lower
+bound on the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+performance okay so what this implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance okay so what this implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance okay so what this implies
+for polinomial space which is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the the case we care about for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the case we care about for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the case we care about for
+polinomial space data structure uh a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial space data structure uh a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial space data structure uh a is
+going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be
+uh order log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh order log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh order log
+n okay in fact we only need a to be poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n okay in fact we only need a to be poly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n okay in fact we only need a to be poly
+log n for what I'm about to say to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n for what I'm about to say to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n for what I'm about to say to be
+true so then this becomes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so then this becomes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so then this becomes uh
+Min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Min
+log I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guess is that what I wrote over there I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess is that what I wrote over there I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess is that what I wrote over there I
+don't even remember I wrote log log W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even remember I wrote log log W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even remember I wrote log log W
+guess I'm going to write log log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n that's the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answer okay um fine so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer okay um fine so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer okay um fine so we
+get a I mean b is just W so that's a log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a I mean b is just W so that's a log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a I mean b is just W so that's a log
+based W of V that's just Fusion trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based W of V that's just Fusion trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based W of V that's just Fusion trees
+this one ideally would be log W but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one ideally would be log W but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one ideally would be log W but
+we're off by this log log Factor if a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're off by this log log Factor if a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're off by this log log Factor if a is
+log n okay that's the best we'll be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n okay that's the best we'll be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n okay that's the best we'll be able
+to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove
+today so this is slightly less beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so this is slightly less beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so this is slightly less beautiful
+because it's both W and N but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's both W and N but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's both W and N but you know
+so it was this one and this is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it was this one and this is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it was this one and this is not the
+true answer the true answer has no log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true answer the true answer has no log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true answer the true answer has no log
+log okay but that's what we get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log okay but that's what we get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log okay but that's what we get from
+this nice symmetric Bound for polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nice symmetric Bound for polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nice symmetric Bound for polinomial
+space um you can also use this to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space um you can also use this to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space um you can also use this to prove
+the beam f lower bounds which I've by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beam f lower bounds which I've by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beam f lower bounds which I've by
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+erased uh which are the pure the for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erased uh which are the pure the for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erased uh which are the pure the for all
+and there exists a W for all W there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there exists a W for all W there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there exists a W for all W there
+exists an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists an
+N when don't I briefly cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so again let's assume that a is order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again let's assume that a is order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again let's assume that a is order
+log n with polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n with polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n with polinomial
+space uh then the lower bound will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+largest when the two terms in the Min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest when the two terms in the Min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest when the two terms in the Min
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+equal so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal so
+uh log base a of w equals log base B of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n that's these two guys uh so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n that's these two guys uh so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n that's these two guys uh so this is
+log W over a is order log n so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log W over a is order log n so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log W over a is order log n so this is
+going to be order log log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n uh and I want this to be equal to log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n uh and I want this to be equal to log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n uh and I want this to be equal to log
+n over log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over log
+W so we can cross multiply get log s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W so we can cross multiply get log s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W so we can cross multiply get log s
+w equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w equal
+log n log log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n and so log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and so log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and so log
+W is equal to square Ro t log n log log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+and let's see you can also take logs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's see you can also take logs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's see you can also take logs and
+from this conclude that log log w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this conclude that log log w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this conclude that log log w
+equals log log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals log log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals log log
+n right this the two disapp I'm throwing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n right this the two disapp I'm throwing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n right this the two disapp I'm throwing
+away constant factors and when I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away constant factors and when I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away constant factors and when I say
+equal here I mean up to constant factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal here I mean up to constant factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal here I mean up to constant factors
+for throughout this half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for throughout this half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for throughout this half
+board okay so you take logs you get two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board okay so you take logs you get two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board okay so you take logs you get two
+log log W on the left hand side over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log log W on the left hand side over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log log W on the left hand side over
+here you get log log n plus log log log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you get log log n plus log log log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you get log log n plus log log log
+n so it's dominated by log log n so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so it's dominated by log log n so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so it's dominated by log log n so in
+this scenario where these two things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this scenario where these two things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this scenario where these two things are
+roughly equal get log log W roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly equal get log log W roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly equal get log log W roughly
+equal to log log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to log log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to log log
+n and so from this bound or from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and so from this bound or from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and so from this bound or from this
+equality we should get the old uh beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality we should get the old uh beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality we should get the old uh beam
+fi bounds which let me write them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again uh so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are I mean we want to compute what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are I mean we want to compute what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are I mean we want to compute what was
+this bound we've log W / log a or log W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bound we've log W / log a or log W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bound we've log W / log a or log W
+divid log log n so log w/ log log n but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divid log log n so log w/ log log n but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divid log log n so log w/ log log n but
+log log n now is log log W so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log log n now is log log W so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log log n now is log log W so this is
+going to be log W over log log W which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be log W over log log W which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be log W over log log W which
+was one of the uh being fi bound so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one of the uh being fi bound so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one of the uh being fi bound so for
+all uh W there exist an N such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all uh W there exist an N such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all uh W there exist an N such that
+Omega this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega this thing
+holds okay on the the other hand we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds okay on the the other hand we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds okay on the the other hand we have
+log n divid log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+W uh log W is now square root of log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W uh log W is now square root of log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W uh log W is now square root of log n
+log log n so this is log n ID square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log log n so this is log n ID square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log log n so this is log n ID square
+root of log n log log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of log n log log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of log n log log
+n so the square root log n cancels with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so the square root log n cancels with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so the square root log n cancels with
+this we end up with square root of log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we end up with square root of log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we end up with square root of log n
+on the top and we keep the square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the top and we keep the square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the top and we keep the square root
+of log log n on the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of log log n on the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of log log n on the bottom
+and so we get the other beam fi bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we get the other beam fi bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we get the other beam fi bound
+beam fic Gia Bound for all n there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam fic Gia Bound for all n there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam fic Gia Bound for all n there
+exists a w such that Omega this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists a w such that Omega this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists a w such that Omega this
+holds and when you just need existence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds and when you just need existence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds and when you just need existence
+then we get to choose the relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we get to choose the relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we get to choose the relationship
+between n and W however we want so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between n and W however we want so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between n and W however we want so you
+don't have to believe me that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to believe me that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to believe me that it's
+largest when they're equal uh happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest when they're equal uh happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest when they're equal uh happens to
+be true but we just the point is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true but we just the point is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true but we just the point is there
+is a choice of w andn namely this Choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a choice of w andn namely this Choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a choice of w andn namely this Choice
+log wal root log n log log n where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log wal root log n log log n where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log wal root log n log log n where you
+get a lower bound of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a lower bound of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a lower bound of
+this and there's another choice for n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and there's another choice for n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and there's another choice for n
+versus W where this happens okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus W where this happens okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus W where this happens okay so this
+implies the beam beam fic xia bounds uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies the beam beam fic xia bounds uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies the beam beam fic xia bounds uh
+but I kind of prefer this form because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I kind of prefer this form because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I kind of prefer this form because
+it's clear up to this log log n Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's clear up to this log log n Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's clear up to this log log n Factor
+we understand the complete trade-off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we understand the complete trade-off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we understand the complete trade-off
+between W and N assuming polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space okay so we're going to prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space okay so we're going to prove this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space okay so we're going to prove this
+bound which implies all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound which implies all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound which implies all this
+stuff using round elimination LMA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so approving this claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here Omega Min log base a of w log base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Omega Min log base a of w log base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Omega Min log base a of w log base
+B of n for any color predecessor data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+structure so let's suppose you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so let's suppose you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so let's suppose you have a
+colored predecessor data structure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colored predecessor data structure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colored predecessor data structure and
+it can answer queries in T Cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probes okay which in the communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probes okay which in the communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probes okay which in the communication
+complexity perspective that's rounds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+communication For
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication For
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication For
+Colored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colored
+predecessor our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor our
+goal is to do T round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+eliminations okay slight discrepancy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminations okay slight discrepancy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminations okay slight discrepancy and
+terminology here round elimination LMA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology here round elimination LMA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology here round elimination LMA
+is really about eliminating one message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really about eliminating one message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really about eliminating one message
+which is half a round but you do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is half a round but you do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is half a round but you do it
+twice you will eliminate a round and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice you will eliminate a round and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice you will eliminate a round and so
+we need to do 2T calls to this LMA we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to do 2T calls to this LMA we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to do 2T calls to this LMA we
+will eliminate all messages then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will eliminate all messages then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will eliminate all messages then there's
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+communication uh then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+uh the best you could hope to do is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the best you could hope to do is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the best you could hope to do is by
+flipping a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coin maybe you're worse than that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin maybe you're worse than that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin maybe you're worse than that but
+the error has to be at least probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the error has to be at least probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the error has to be at least probability
+of error has to be at least a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of error has to be at least a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of error has to be at least a
+half uh so we'll either get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half uh so we'll either get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half uh so we'll either get a
+contradiction or we're going to set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction or we're going to set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction or we're going to set
+things up so the errors at most a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things up so the errors at most a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things up so the errors at most a third
+and therefore uh this will prove that t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore uh this will prove that t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore uh this will prove that t
+has to be large uh so you couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be large uh so you couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be large uh so you couldn't
+eliminate all the messages anyway we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate all the messages anyway we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate all the messages anyway we'll
+see that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+moment so we're gonna we have a setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment so we're gonna we have a setup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment so we're gonna we have a setup
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+this uh and there's in our case there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh and there's in our case there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh and there's in our case there's
+an a with you know this picture there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an a with you know this picture there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an a with you know this picture there's
+an asymmetry between Alice and Bob I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an asymmetry between Alice and Bob I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an asymmetry between Alice and Bob I
+mean yeah the picture is nice and clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean yeah the picture is nice and clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean yeah the picture is nice and clean
+but we in reality this has to represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we in reality this has to represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we in reality this has to represent
+a colored predecessor problem so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a colored predecessor problem so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a colored predecessor problem so in
+reality Bob is a data structurer and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality Bob is a data structurer and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality Bob is a data structurer and is
+not very smart just just does random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very smart just just does random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very smart just just does random
+access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access
+Alice uh we don't know it could be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice uh we don't know it could be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice uh we don't know it could be very
+smart and it just has Alice just has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart and it just has Alice just has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart and it just has Alice just has a
+single word so there's an asymmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single word so there's an asymmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single word so there's an asymmetry
+between Alice and Bob so when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Alice and Bob so when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Alice and Bob so when we
+eliminate a message from Alice to Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate a message from Alice to Bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate a message from Alice to Bob
+it's going to be different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be different from
+eliminating a message from Bob to Alice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminating a message from Bob to Alice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminating a message from Bob to Alice
+this F F to the k thing here is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this F F to the k thing here is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this F F to the k thing here is going to
+have to be different when we're doing an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be different when we're doing an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be different when we're doing an
+ALICE to Bob message versus doing a bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ALICE to Bob message versus doing a bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ALICE to Bob message versus doing a bob
+to Alice message and what's and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Alice message and what's and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Alice message and what's and that's
+where we're going to get him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're going to get him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're going to get him
+in when we go from Alice to Bob we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in when we go from Alice to Bob we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in when we go from Alice to Bob we're
+going to be essentially contributing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be essentially contributing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be essentially contributing to
+this term when we go Bob to Alice we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term when we go Bob to Alice we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term when we go Bob to Alice we're
+going to be contributing to this term I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be contributing to this term I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be contributing to this term I
+think unless or the reverse we'll find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think unless or the reverse we'll find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think unless or the reverse we'll find
+out in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+second so let's do first Alice to Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because that's the first type of message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the first type of message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the first type of message
+we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to
+eliminate so uh let's suppose as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate so uh let's suppose as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate so uh let's suppose as we
+eliminate things W and N are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate things W and N are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate things W and N are going to
+decrease so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease so I'm going to
+suppose at this point Alice's input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+has W Prime bits left initially W Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has W Prime bits left initially W Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has W Prime bits left initially W Prime
+is W but I want to use do the generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is W but I want to use do the generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is W but I want to use do the generic
+case so I don't have to repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so I don't have to repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so I don't have to repeat
+anything okay here's the concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything okay here's the concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything okay here's the concept
+remember we we're proving a lowerbound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we we're proving a lowerbound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we we're proving a lowerbound
+we get to set up the set of elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to set up the set of elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to set up the set of elements
+however we want we're going to define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however we want we're going to define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however we want we're going to define a
+distribution on the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+elements and we're going to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and we're going to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and we're going to do that
+by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uh
+breaking this input W Prime bits into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking this input W Prime bits into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking this input W Prime bits into a
+lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pieces okay Alice's input you think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces okay Alice's input you think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces okay Alice's input you think of
+as x uh I don't necessarily want to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as x uh I don't necessarily want to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as x uh I don't necessarily want to call
+it X well sure we can call it X there it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it X well sure we can call it X there it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it X well sure we can call it X there it
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+what I'd like to do is break that input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'd like to do is break that input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'd like to do is break that input
+into chunks X1 up to XK this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into chunks X1 up to XK this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into chunks X1 up to XK this is
+basically what round elimination tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what round elimination tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what round elimination tells
+me I should do if I want to view my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me I should do if I want to view my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me I should do if I want to view my
+problem as an F to the K problem somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem as an F to the K problem somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem as an F to the K problem somehow
+my input is not just one thing it's K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my input is not just one thing it's K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my input is not just one thing it's K
+things well in reality the input is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things well in reality the input is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things well in reality the input is a
+single word so I'm going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single word so I'm going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single word so I'm going to have to
+split it into subwords in the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split it into subwords in the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split it into subwords in the usual
+way right van deos would split it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way right van deos would split it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way right van deos would split it in
+half uh we're going to split it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half uh we're going to split it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half uh we're going to split it into
+more pieces because we need to guarantee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more pieces because we need to guarantee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more pieces because we need to guarantee
+that this error is small we need K to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this error is small we need K to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this error is small we need K to be
+large for this error to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large for this error to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large for this error to be
+small okay I claim this is the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small okay I claim this is the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small okay I claim this is the good
+choice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of
+K and so now this is you know this is X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and so now this is you know this is X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and so now this is you know this is X1
+this is X2 this is XK these the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is X2 this is XK these the low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is X2 this is XK these the low
+order bits are XK the high order bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order bits are XK the high order bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order bits are XK the high order bits
+are X1 or the reverse doesn't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are X1 or the reverse doesn't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are X1 or the reverse doesn't actually
+matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter
+okay so why is this a good choice of K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so why is this a good choice of K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so why is this a good choice of K
+because if we then look at the error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if we then look at the error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if we then look at the error
+increase we get from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase we get from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase we get from here
+uh error increase is square root of a /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh error increase is square root of a /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh error increase is square root of a /
+K so error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so error
+increase which is order a over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase which is order a over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase which is order a over
+K is going to be K is now this so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is going to be K is now this so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is going to be K is now this so the
+A's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A's
+cancel and we get oh sorry square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel and we get oh sorry square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel and we get oh sorry square root
+of a over k a over K was the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a over k a over K was the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a over k a over K was the wrong
+analysis squ of a k is the correct bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis squ of a k is the correct bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis squ of a k is the correct bound
+still the A's cancel so K has an a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still the A's cancel so K has an a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still the A's cancel so K has an a
+factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor
+and so we get order < TK of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we get order < TK of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we get order < TK of 1
+t^2 also known as 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T this is good and I get there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T this is good and I get there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T this is good and I get there's a
+constant here and if I tune all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant here and if I tune all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant here and if I tune all these
+this constant correct I can make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this constant correct I can make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this constant correct I can make this
+constant less than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant less than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant less than a
+third so if I start with a protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third so if I start with a protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third so if I start with a protocol
+let's say that's completely correct you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that's completely correct you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that's completely correct you
+don't have to you could start with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to you could start with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to you could start with one
+that's correct with at least probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's correct with at least probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's correct with at least probability
+3/4 or something let's just say for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3/4 or something let's just say for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3/4 or something let's just say for
+Simplicity the initial data structure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simplicity the initial data structure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simplicity the initial data structure is
+completely correct if every time I do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely correct if every time I do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely correct if every time I do an
+elimination of a message I guess I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination of a message I guess I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination of a message I guess I
+should set it to be 16 * 1/ T and I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should set it to be 16 * 1/ T and I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should set it to be 16 * 1/ T and I do
+this 2 * T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 2 * T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 2 * T
+* in the end the error will be uh only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* in the end the error will be uh only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* in the end the error will be uh only
+1/3 so I'll be correct with 2/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 so I'll be correct with 2/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 so I'll be correct with 2/3
+probability okay so doesn't never mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability okay so doesn't never mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability okay so doesn't never mind
+the constants I I can set this constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constants I I can set this constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constants I I can set this constant
+right so this is some Epsilon * 1/t so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is some Epsilon * 1/t so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is some Epsilon * 1/t so
+after I do this 2 T times I end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I do this 2 T times I end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I do this 2 T times I end up with
+an error that's only Epsilon or 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an error that's only Epsilon or 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an error that's only Epsilon or 2
+Epsilon or whatever so that would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon or whatever so that would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon or whatever so that would be a
+contradiction so that's why this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction so that's why this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction so that's why this is a
+good choice I'm basically balancing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good choice I'm basically balancing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good choice I'm basically balancing the
+error I get from every message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error I get from every message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error I get from every message
+elimination I want them all to be order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination I want them all to be order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination I want them all to be order
+one overt so it's nice and balanced that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one overt so it's nice and balanced that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one overt so it's nice and balanced that
+will give me the best lower bound it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give me the best lower bound it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give me the best lower bound it
+turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns
+out okay but what does this mean I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay but what does this mean I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay but what does this mean I mean
+somehow uh you know I have I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow uh you know I have I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow uh you know I have I have to
+have an F to the K problem meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an F to the K problem meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an F to the K problem meaning
+really I should only care about one XI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I should only care about one XI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I should only care about one XI
+here that all the interesting stuff is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that all the interesting stuff is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that all the interesting stuff is
+these bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bits
+but Alice doesn't know which is I only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Alice doesn't know which is I only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Alice doesn't know which is I only
+Bob knows which is i what does that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob knows which is i what does that mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob knows which is i what does that mean
+Bob knows the set of elements in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob knows the set of elements in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob knows the set of elements in the
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+structure so basically the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so basically the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so basically the set of
+elements might maybe they all differ in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements might maybe they all differ in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements might maybe they all differ in
+these bits or maybe they all differ in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bits or maybe they all differ in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bits or maybe they all differ in
+these bits or these bits or these bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bits or these bits or these bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bits or these bits or these bits
+but only one of these so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but only one of these so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but only one of these so that's a
+distribution of inputs okay uh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of inputs okay uh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of inputs okay uh there's
+one class of inputs where they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one class of inputs where they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one class of inputs where they all
+differ in the X1 part but then they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ in the X1 part but then they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ in the X1 part but then they're
+identical for the rest there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical for the rest there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical for the rest there's another
+uh you know for each XI there's a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know for each XI there's a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know for each XI there's a set of
+inputs where they all differ in the XIs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs where they all differ in the XIs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs where they all differ in the XIs
+and nowhere else let's say but Alice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nowhere else let's say but Alice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nowhere else let's say but Alice
+doesn't know which setting she's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't know which setting she's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't know which setting she's in
+Alice just Knows X and so Alice is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice just Knows X and so Alice is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice just Knows X and so Alice is kind
+of in trouble because you can only send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in trouble because you can only send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in trouble because you can only send
+a few bits you can only send a bits out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few bits you can only send a bits out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few bits you can only send a bits out
+of this thing so you can't uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this thing so you can't uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this thing so you can't uh
+communicate very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate very
+much uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go I don't know what to erase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+here I need the bound don't need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cor so let me draw a picture for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cor so let me draw a picture for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cor so let me draw a picture for
+Alice or for what the data looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like so there's some initial segment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so there's some initial segment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so there's some initial segment
+which is shared by all elements then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is shared by all elements then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is shared by all elements then
+they all differ in this middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all differ in this middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all differ in this middle
+chunk and then they all have I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunk and then they all have I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunk and then they all have I don't
+really care what they have after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really care what they have after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really care what they have after
+that so these are the elements in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so these are the elements in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so these are the elements in the
+day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+structure and I've this is our usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and I've this is our usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and I've this is our usual
+picture of a binary tree except I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of a binary tree except I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of a binary tree except I didn't
+draw it binary I drew it with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw it binary I drew it with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw it binary I drew it with some
+branching Factor so that the height of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching Factor so that the height of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching Factor so that the height of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+tree is Theta a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree is Theta a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree is Theta a
+t^2 so I set the base of my of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t^2 so I set the base of my of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t^2 so I set the base of my of my
+representation so that you branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation so that you branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation so that you branch
+uh whatever W / a^2 here that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh whatever W / a^2 here that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh whatever W / a^2 here that's my
+branching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching
+Factor uh so cool that's my picture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor uh so cool that's my picture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor uh so cool that's my picture and
+this is the is is depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I so Bob knows this picture Bob knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I so Bob knows this picture Bob knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I so Bob knows this picture Bob knows
+what all the elements are so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what all the elements are so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what all the elements are so you can
+build this picture whatever um Bob knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build this picture whatever um Bob knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build this picture whatever um Bob knows
+where which is the relevant depth that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where which is the relevant depth that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where which is the relevant depth that
+they differ but in the lower bound we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they differ but in the lower bound we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they differ but in the lower bound we're
+going to say a is chosen uniform formly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say a is chosen uniform formly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say a is chosen uniform formly
+at random so Alice has no idea uh which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at random so Alice has no idea uh which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at random so Alice has no idea uh which
+bits to send and so probably you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits to send and so probably you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits to send and so probably you know
+Alice is going to say oh you know here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice is going to say oh you know here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice is going to say oh you know here
+you know I know these bits but Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I know these bits but Bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I know these bits but Bob
+already knew those bits so Bob learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already knew those bits so Bob learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already knew those bits so Bob learned
+nothing and so that's why you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing and so that's why you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing and so that's why you can
+eliminate the round that's the intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate the round that's the intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate the round that's the intuition
+anyway the proof is well you just apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway the proof is well you just apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway the proof is well you just apply
+round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round
+elimination uh you see that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination uh you see that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination uh you see that the the
+problem now becomes to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem now becomes to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem now becomes to compute
+predecessor on this node just like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor on this node just like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor on this node just like in
+Fusion trees at every step of the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fusion trees at every step of the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fusion trees at every step of the way
+the hard part was to compute predecessor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hard part was to compute predecessor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hard part was to compute predecessor
+at the node um here by I mean if Bob is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the node um here by I mean if Bob is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the node um here by I mean if Bob is
+allowed to do computation then really uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to do computation then really uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to do computation then really uh
+Alice just needs to say what are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice just needs to say what are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice just needs to say what are you
+know what are the things here or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what are the things here or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what are the things here or
+together Alice and Bob somehow have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together Alice and Bob somehow have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together Alice and Bob somehow have to
+figure out what is the predecessor at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what is the predecessor at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what is the predecessor at
+this node of XI which way the query goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this node of XI which way the query goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this node of XI which way the query goes
+which could be in between one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which could be in between one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which could be in between one of these
+that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+Xi the rest of the XIs of the xjs don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Xi the rest of the XIs of the xjs don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Xi the rest of the XIs of the xjs don't
+matter only XI matters and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter only XI matters and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter only XI matters and so the
+problem reduces to Computing predecessor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem reduces to Computing predecessor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem reduces to Computing predecessor
+here here and that matches the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here and that matches the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here and that matches the
+definition of f to the K so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of f to the K so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of f to the K so we have
+successfully set up an F to the K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully set up an F to the K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully set up an F to the K
+problem the only thing you need to do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the only thing you need to do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the only thing you need to do to
+solve the overall predecessor problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the overall predecessor problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the overall predecessor problem is
+to find your predecessor in the node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find your predecessor in the node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find your predecessor in the node
+because there's only one element within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's only one element within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's only one element within
+each sub tree that's enough to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each sub tree that's enough to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each sub tree that's enough to figure
+out your overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out your overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out your overall
+predecessor okay if you could make yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fine okay depth I a^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine okay depth I a^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine okay depth I a^2
+um guess you can think of this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um guess you can think of this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um guess you can think of this as
+y that's the part that Bob knows these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y that's the part that Bob knows these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y that's the part that Bob knows these
+are in some sense X1 up to XK minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in some sense X1 up to XK minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in some sense X1 up to XK minus
+one and this is why we had to say over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and this is why we had to say over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and this is why we had to say over
+here that Bob already knew X1 up to x i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that Bob already knew X1 up to x i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that Bob already knew X1 up to x i
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+one because it Bob already knows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because it Bob already knows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because it Bob already knows that
+the shared prefix among all the items so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shared prefix among all the items so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shared prefix among all the items so
+sorry not K minus one IUS one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and so all the content is here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so all the content is here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so all the content is here in
+this node which is y and so it reduces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this node which is y and so it reduces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this node which is y and so it reduces
+to a regular predecessor problem which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a regular predecessor problem which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a regular predecessor problem which
+is what F will always denote color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what F will always denote color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what F will always denote color
+predecessor of x i comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor of x i comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor of x i comma
+Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y
+Cool okay what happens here uh in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cool okay what happens here uh in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cool okay what happens here uh in terms
+of N and W we have a smaller problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of N and W we have a smaller problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of N and W we have a smaller problem
+here right we threw away all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right we threw away all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right we threw away all this
+stuff what got reduced is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff what got reduced is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff what got reduced is our
+size over here we started with something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size over here we started with something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size over here we started with something
+of size W Prime and now we end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size W Prime and now we end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size W Prime and now we end up with
+something of this size which was W Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of this size which was W Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of this size which was W Prime
+/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/
+a^2 up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a^2 up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a^2 up to
+Theta okay so uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta okay so uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta okay so uh this
+reduction uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction uh
+reduces or this round elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces or this round elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces or this round elimination
+reduces W Prime to W Prime / a^ 2 Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces W Prime to W Prime / a^ 2 Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces W Prime to W Prime / a^ 2 Theta
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I think that's all I need to say at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I think that's all I need to say at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I think that's all I need to say at
+this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point
+um the claim is that this picture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the claim is that this picture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the claim is that this picture is
+kind of like vom deas okay in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like vom deas okay in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like vom deas okay in the
+following sense phom deas is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following sense phom deas is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following sense phom deas is essentially
+binary searching on which level matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary searching on which level matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary searching on which level matters
+right if it goes too low things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if it goes too low things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if it goes too low things are
+empty if it goes too high there's too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty if it goes too high there's too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty if it goes too high there's too
+many items so as biner is searching for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many items so as biner is searching for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many items so as biner is searching for
+that critical point where you basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that critical point where you basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that critical point where you basically
+you have a predecessor and you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a predecessor and you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a predecessor and you have a
+node and nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node and nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node and nothing
+else and that's why I took log W so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else and that's why I took log W so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else and that's why I took log W so here
+one level matters and the goal is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one level matters and the goal is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one level matters and the goal is to
+figure out which one and it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out which one and it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out which one and it's not
+exactly binary search here we're losing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly binary search here we're losing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly binary search here we're losing
+a larger Factor at^ s at each step so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a larger Factor at^ s at each step so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a larger Factor at^ s at each step so
+we're not reducing W to W over2 like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not reducing W to W over2 like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not reducing W to W over2 like we
+did with Van deis but and this is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did with Van deis but and this is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did with Van deis but and this is why
+we're losing a little bit we reduce by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're losing a little bit we reduce by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're losing a little bit we reduce by
+factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of
+a^2 so it's kind of like the van and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a^2 so it's kind of like the van and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a^2 so it's kind of like the van and
+deis upper bound but here we're setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deis upper bound but here we're setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deis upper bound but here we're setting
+up a lower bound picture so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a lower bound picture so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a lower bound picture so that you
+know this is still an arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is still an arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is still an arbitrary
+predecessor problem but figuring out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor problem but figuring out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor problem but figuring out
+which level matters that's tricky and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which level matters that's tricky and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which level matters that's tricky and
+you really can't do much better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really can't do much better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really can't do much better than
+than Venom toast style binary search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than Venom toast style binary search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than Venom toast style binary search
+okay maybe you can do at squ way binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay maybe you can do at squ way binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay maybe you can do at squ way binary
+uh search instead of binary search but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh search instead of binary search but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh search instead of binary search but
+okay so that was eliminating message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that was eliminating message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that was eliminating message
+from Alice to Bob eliminating message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Alice to Bob eliminating message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Alice to Bob eliminating message
+from Bob to Alice is going to look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Bob to Alice is going to look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Bob to Alice is going to look like
+Fusion trees that's the cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fusion trees that's the cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fusion trees that's the cool
+thing so let's do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh let's
+suppose so uh this is going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose so uh this is going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose so uh this is going to get
+slightly confusing notationally because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly confusing notationally because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly confusing notationally because
+you have to reverse a and b uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to reverse a and b uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to reverse a and b uh the
+picture I set up over here and for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture I set up over here and for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture I set up over here and for the
+round elimination LMA F to the K and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round elimination LMA F to the K and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round elimination LMA F to the K and
+around elimination llama are all phrased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around elimination llama are all phrased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around elimination llama are all phrased
+in terms of eliminating the Alice to Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of eliminating the Alice to Bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of eliminating the Alice to Bob
+message you've got to invert everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message you've got to invert everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message you've got to invert everything
+so we're going to get square root of b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to get square root of b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to get square root of b
+overk error if I don't relabel things so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overk error if I don't relabel things so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overk error if I don't relabel things so
+you can restate this if Bob speaks first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can restate this if Bob speaks first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can restate this if Bob speaks first
+and then Alice speaks next you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then Alice speaks next you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then Alice speaks next you get
+square root of B over K error uh the F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of B over K error uh the F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of B over K error uh the F
+to the K problem is now that Bob has K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the K problem is now that Bob has K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the K problem is now that Bob has K
+inputs maybe call them y1 to YK uh Alice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs maybe call them y1 to YK uh Alice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs maybe call them y1 to YK uh Alice
+has an input X and the integer I so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an input X and the integer I so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an input X and the integer I so now
+Alice the querier knows what i is but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice the querier knows what i is but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice the querier knows what i is but
+Bob doesn't the data structure doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob doesn't the data structure doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob doesn't the data structure doesn't
+know it okay so it just reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it okay so it just reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it okay so it just reverse
+everything so let me state it over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything so let me state it over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything so let me state it over here
+Bob has an input now in general it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob has an input now in general it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob has an input now in general it's the
+what Bob knows is a bunch of integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Bob knows is a bunch of integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Bob knows is a bunch of integers
+and integers in general n Prime integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and integers in general n Prime integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and integers in general n Prime integers
+because n is also going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because n is also going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because n is also going to
+increase and let's say each of them is W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase and let's say each of them is W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase and let's say each of them is W
+Prime bits okay that's what Bob knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime bits okay that's what Bob knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime bits okay that's what Bob knows
+that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y okay so what do we have to do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y okay so what do we have to do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y okay so what do we have to do to
+phrase an F to the K problem well just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase an F to the K problem well just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase an F to the K problem well just
+like this we've got to break that input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this we've got to break that input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this we've got to break that input
+into uh BT ^2 equal size chunks so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into uh BT ^2 equal size chunks so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into uh BT ^2 equal size chunks so let's
+just think about what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+means so it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means so it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means so it's going to be
+y1 up to y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 up to y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 up to y
+k k is Theta bt^ 2 again we want bt^ s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k k is Theta bt^ 2 again we want bt^ s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k k is Theta bt^ 2 again we want bt^ s
+because then you plug it into this root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then you plug it into this root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then you plug it into this root
+B over K formula and you get uh that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B over K formula and you get uh that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B over K formula and you get uh that the
+error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+increase is order 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase is order 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase is order 1
+overt which is what we need to do T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overt which is what we need to do T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overt which is what we need to do T
+round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round
+eliminations so uh now before our input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminations so uh now before our input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminations so uh now before our input
+was a single word now our input is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a single word now our input is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a single word now our input is a
+whole bunch of integers so it's natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of integers so it's natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of integers so it's natural
+to split it up into different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to split it up into different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to split it up into different
+integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers
+okay uh here's how I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that I'll just draw the picture over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll just draw the picture over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll just draw the picture over
+here so this was the Alice to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this was the Alice to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this was the Alice to
+Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob
+elimination now we'll do the Bob to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination now we'll do the Bob to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination now we'll do the Bob to
+Alice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+picture so what I'd like to do is split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture so what I'd like to do is split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture so what I'd like to do is split
+up all the inputs what's the natural way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up all the inputs what's the natural way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up all the inputs what's the natural way
+to do that well have a tree at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that well have a tree at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that well have a tree at the
+top let's just make it a binary tree so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top let's just make it a binary tree so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top let's just make it a binary tree so
+I'm drawing the usual picture I draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm drawing the usual picture I draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm drawing the usual picture I draw
+when I draw a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I draw a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I draw a bunch of
+elements um and fine then there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements um and fine then there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements um and fine then there's some
+elements left over in each of these sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trees each of these is a predecessor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees each of these is a predecessor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees each of these is a predecessor
+problem okay I'm just I'm constraining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay I'm just I'm constraining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay I'm just I'm constraining
+the inputs to sort of differ a lot in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inputs to sort of differ a lot in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inputs to sort of differ a lot in
+the beginning in the early bits the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning in the early bits the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning in the early bits the most
+significant bits this is the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant bits this is the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant bits this is the most
+significant next most significant so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant next most significant so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant next most significant so on
+bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+I want the number of leaves here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want the number of leaves here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want the number of leaves here to
+beeta bt^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beeta bt^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beeta bt^
+2 or not leaves but number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 or not leaves but number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 or not leaves but number of
+intermediate nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate nodes
+here and therefore there are Theta bt^ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and therefore there are Theta bt^ 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and therefore there are Theta bt^ 2
+Sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sub
+trees each and I want to set up the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees each and I want to set up the N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees each and I want to set up the N
+items to be uniformly distributed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items to be uniformly distributed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items to be uniformly distributed so
+each of these has n / bt^ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these has n / bt^ 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these has n / bt^ 2
+items okay so we used a few bits up top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items okay so we used a few bits up top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items okay so we used a few bits up top
+here how many bits was this just log of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here how many bits was this just log of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here how many bits was this just log of
+BT ^2 so if you look at one of these sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BT ^2 so if you look at one of these sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BT ^2 so if you look at one of these sub
+problems we have reduced W slightly but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems we have reduced W slightly but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems we have reduced W slightly but
+only by this additive amount okay it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only by this additive amount okay it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only by this additive amount okay it
+won't basically won't matter the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't basically won't matter the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't basically won't matter the big
+thing we changed is we used to have n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we changed is we used to have n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we changed is we used to have n
+items to search among or this is n Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items to search among or this is n Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items to search among or this is n Prime
+I guess now we have n divid bt^ s items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess now we have n divid bt^ s items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess now we have n divid bt^ s items
+so we reduced n substantially and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we reduced n substantially and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we reduced n substantially and this
+is what Fusion trees do right they look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what Fusion trees do right they look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what Fusion trees do right they look
+at the root first and say okay look I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the root first and say okay look I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the root first and say okay look I
+can distinguish you know W to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can distinguish you know W to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can distinguish you know W to the
+Epsilon different things in constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon different things in constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon different things in constant
+time okay here it's not W to the Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay here it's not W to the Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay here it's not W to the Epsilon
+but it's B bt2 and we haven't figured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's B bt2 and we haven't figured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's B bt2 and we haven't figured
+out what B and T are yet so I mean b is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what B and T are yet so I mean b is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what B and T are yet so I mean b is
+W so that's close to a w Factor uh W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W so that's close to a w Factor uh W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W so that's close to a w Factor uh W
+fold search and then you determine am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold search and then you determine am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold search and then you determine am I
+in this sub tree or this sub tree or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this sub tree or this sub tree or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this sub tree or this sub tree or
+this sub tree this is exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sub tree this is exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sub tree this is exactly what
+Fusion trees do okay but we're setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fusion trees do okay but we're setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fusion trees do okay but we're setting
+up a lower bound instance where that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a lower bound instance where that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a lower bound instance where that is
+the right thing to do where you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right thing to do where you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right thing to do where you have to
+know which what the early bits are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which what the early bits are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which what the early bits are
+before you can figure out which sube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you can figure out which sube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you can figure out which sube
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+in okay now reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in okay now reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in okay now reverse
+roles Alice knows what these bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roles Alice knows what these bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roles Alice knows what these bits
+are the data structure of relevance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the data structure of relevance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the data structure of relevance
+let's suppose you fit here because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose you fit here because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose you fit here because you
+are 011 in the beginning okay this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 011 in the beginning okay this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 011 in the beginning okay this is
+our uh Yi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our uh Yi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our uh Yi
+problem Alice knows what i is Alice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem Alice knows what i is Alice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem Alice knows what i is Alice
+knows what those leading bits are Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what those leading bits are Bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what those leading bits are Bob
+doesn't and Bob speaking first so Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't and Bob speaking first so Bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't and Bob speaking first so Bob
+could try to summarize this entire data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could try to summarize this entire data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could try to summarize this entire data
+structure but there's basically no hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure but there's basically no hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure but there's basically no hope
+right Bob needs to know what are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Bob needs to know what are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Bob needs to know what are those
+early bits so the first message from Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early bits so the first message from Bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early bits so the first message from Bob
+is going to be useless Alice can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be useless Alice can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be useless Alice can then
+send the bits and then you can restrict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send the bits and then you can restrict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send the bits and then you can restrict
+your problem to a regular predecessor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your problem to a regular predecessor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your problem to a regular predecessor
+problem in here so You' eliminated this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in here so You' eliminated this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in here so You' eliminated this
+sort of root node your entire problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of root node your entire problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of root node your entire problem is
+a predecessor problem in here so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a predecessor problem in here so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a predecessor problem in here so again
+we have an F to the K style problem we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an F to the K style problem we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an F to the K style problem we
+reduce to a predecessor problem on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce to a predecessor problem on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce to a predecessor problem on a
+smaller in this case uh Y and X are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller in this case uh Y and X are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller in this case uh Y and X are
+reversed but uh we end up with a smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversed but uh we end up with a smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversed but uh we end up with a smaller
+problem mainly in the fact that n got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem mainly in the fact that n got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem mainly in the fact that n got
+smaller so let me go back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller so let me go back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller so let me go back to this
+board what happens is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board what happens is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board what happens is that we
+reduce n Prime to n Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce n Prime to n Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce n Prime to n Prime
+/ uh bt^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ uh bt^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ uh bt^
+2 thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 thank
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+Theta uh we also reduce W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta uh we also reduce W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta uh we also reduce W
+Prime W Prime becomes W Prime minus log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime W Prime becomes W Prime minus log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime W Prime becomes W Prime minus log
+bt^ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay but in particular this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but in particular this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but in particular this is going to
+be at least W Prime over two um most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at least W Prime over two um most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at least W Prime over two um most of
+the time till the very end and over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time till the very end and over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time till the very end and over here
+we're reducing W Prime by a big factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're reducing W Prime by a big factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're reducing W Prime by a big factor
+something bigger than a constant so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something bigger than a constant so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something bigger than a constant so we
+don't really care about losing a factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really care about losing a factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really care about losing a factor
+of two because we alternate between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two because we alternate between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two because we alternate between
+these and so factor of two you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and so factor of two you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and so factor of two you know it
+just falls into the Theta uh so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just falls into the Theta uh so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just falls into the Theta uh so it's
+going to be at least that as long as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be at least that as long as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be at least that as long as you
+know W Prime is uh I don't know at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know W Prime is uh I don't know at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know W Prime is uh I don't know at least
+log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log
+I want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here log W would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+enough uh yeah this is log W t^2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough uh yeah this is log W t^2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough uh yeah this is log W t^2 is
+going to be at most log W so it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be at most log W so it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be at most log W so it's uh
+this is going to be log W plus log log W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be log W plus log log W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be log W plus log log W
+log log W goes away okay we you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log log W goes away okay we you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log log W goes away okay we you know
+what is T whole point is to prove a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is T whole point is to prove a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is T whole point is to prove a
+lower bound on T but we know from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound on T but we know from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound on T but we know from an
+upper bound perspective T is at most log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound perspective T is at most log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound perspective T is at most log
+W because phom deos exists so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W because phom deos exists so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W because phom deos exists so we're
+never going to prove a lower bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never going to prove a lower bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never going to prove a lower bound
+bigger than log W so whatever T is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than log W so whatever T is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than log W so whatever T is going
+to be is at most log W so this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be is at most log W so this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be is at most log W so this is just
+log W uh so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log W uh so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log W uh so you're
+fine okay but at some point we we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine okay but at some point we we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine okay but at some point we we we
+have to stop okay we start with some W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to stop okay we start with some W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to stop okay we start with some W
+and n n Prime is racing down at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and n n Prime is racing down at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and n n Prime is racing down at this
+rate W Prime is racing down at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate W Prime is racing down at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate W Prime is racing down at this
+rate when WP Prime gets down to log w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate when WP Prime gets down to log w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate when WP Prime gets down to log w
+then we're in trouble if n Prime gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're in trouble if n Prime gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're in trouble if n Prime gets
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+to 2 one Zer one of those constants when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2 one Zer one of those constants when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2 one Zer one of those constants when
+n Prime gets down to a constant we're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n Prime gets down to a constant we're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n Prime gets down to a constant we're in
+trouble you can no longer evenly divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble you can no longer evenly divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble you can no longer evenly divide
+things okay so when does that happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay so when does that happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay so when does that happen
+that's when this is where we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when this is where we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when this is where we're going to
+get a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a lower
+bound okay so I guess we can go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound okay so I guess we can go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound okay so I guess we can go back
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have
+to uh so if you do a round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh so if you do a round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh so if you do a round
+elimination you decrease W Prime by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination you decrease W Prime by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination you decrease W Prime by this
+factor and you decrease n Prime by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and you decrease n Prime by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and you decrease n Prime by this
+Factor do both of these in sequence then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor do both of these in sequence then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor do both of these in sequence then
+you repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you repeat
+it so uh we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so uh we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so uh we have to
+stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop
+when w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when w
+Prime hits log W or when n Prime hits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime hits log W or when n Prime hits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime hits log W or when n Prime hits
+two let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two let's
+say uh this is not really going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh this is not really going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh this is not really going to make
+a difference you can also think of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a difference you can also think of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a difference you can also think of that
+as two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as two
+uh so in fact I'll just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so in fact I'll just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so in fact I'll just do
+that just to clean up clean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just to clean up clean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just to clean up clean the
+arithmetic a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic a little
+bit uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit uh
+fine now if we succeed in eliminating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine now if we succeed in eliminating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine now if we succeed in eliminating
+all the messages we get a contradiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the messages we get a contradiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the messages we get a contradiction
+because we set up our errors to add up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we set up our errors to add up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we set up our errors to add up
+to only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to only
+1/3 and we know that the error has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 and we know that the error has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 and we know that the error has to be
+at least 1 half if you eliminated all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least 1 half if you eliminated all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least 1 half if you eliminated all
+the messages which means we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the messages which means we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the messages which means we didn't
+eliminate all the messages now uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate all the messages now uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate all the messages now uh we
+will not eliminate the me all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not eliminate the me all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not eliminate the me all the
+messages if T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages if T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages if T is
+large so when when would we eliminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large so when when would we eliminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large so when when would we eliminate
+all the messages let's compute that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the messages let's compute that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the messages let's compute that and
+then T has to be at least that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then T has to be at least that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then T has to be at least that
+big right T has to be at least the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big right T has to be at least the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big right T has to be at least the point
+has to be greater than the point at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be greater than the point at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be greater than the point at
+which we would eliminate all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we would eliminate all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we would eliminate all the
+messages otherwise we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages otherwise we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages otherwise we get a
+contradiction so this is where we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction so this is where we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction so this is where we get a
+Min which is kind of cool because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Min which is kind of cool because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Min which is kind of cool because we
+have to stop when w Prime gets too small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to stop when w Prime gets too small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to stop when w Prime gets too small
+or when n Prime gets too small whichever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or when n Prime gets too small whichever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or when n Prime gets too small whichever
+happens first and and so it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens first and and so it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens first and and so it's going to
+be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a
+Min of the thing relating to W which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Min of the thing relating to W which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Min of the thing relating to W which is
+going to be log base a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be log base a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be log base a
+t^2 of w because we're reducing W by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t^2 of w because we're reducing W by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t^2 of w because we're reducing W by a
+factor of a^2 each step so that's when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of a^2 each step so that's when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of a^2 each step so that's when
+it's going to bottom out and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to bottom out and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to bottom out and then
+there's the thing for n which is log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the thing for n which is log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the thing for n which is log
+base bt^ 2 of n that's when n will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base bt^ 2 of n that's when n will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base bt^ 2 of n that's when n will
+bottom out because we're reducing by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom out because we're reducing by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom out because we're reducing by a
+factor bt^ squ each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor bt^ squ each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor bt^ squ each
+step Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step Okay so
+that's the bound we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the bound we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the bound we
+get now it doesn't look quite like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get now it doesn't look quite like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get now it doesn't look quite like the
+bound that we want which is this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound that we want which is this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound that we want which is this very
+simple log base a of w log base B of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple log base a of w log base B of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple log base a of w log base B of n
+but I claim that it's basically the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing why I got to cheat here speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing why I got to cheat here speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing why I got to cheat here speed
+things up a little bit I claim that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things up a little bit I claim that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things up a little bit I claim that
+a^2 is order a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a^2 is order a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a^2 is order a
+cubed why uh because a is at least log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed why uh because a is at least log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed why uh because a is at least log n
+remember a is log of space you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember a is log of space you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember a is log of space you got to
+have you you have to be able to you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you you have to be able to you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you you have to be able to you have
+to have store the data so you need at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have store the data so you need at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have store the data so you need at
+least n words of space a is log of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least n words of space a is log of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least n words of space a is log of that
+so it's got to be at least log n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's got to be at least log n and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's got to be at least log n and
+furthermore T is at most log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n why because there is a predecessor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n why because there is a predecessor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n why because there is a predecessor
+data structure that runs in log and time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure that runs in log and time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure that runs in log and time
+per operation namely balance binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per operation namely balance binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per operation namely balance binary
+search trees okay there's a Theta here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search trees okay there's a Theta here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search trees okay there's a Theta here
+an order Big O okay but at^ s is at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an order Big O okay but at^ s is at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an order Big O okay but at^ s is at most
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+cubed okay on the other hand uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed okay on the other hand uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed okay on the other hand uh this
+thing BT ^2 is order B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing BT ^2 is order B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing BT ^2 is order B
+Cubed why because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+t uh is order log w b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t uh is order log w b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t uh is order log w b
+is W that's the definition of b t is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is W that's the definition of b t is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is W that's the definition of b t is
+order log W because vom deos exists and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order log W because vom deos exists and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order log W because vom deos exists and
+so this is actually at most W * log s w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is actually at most W * log s w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is actually at most W * log s w
+but in particular it's at most W cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in particular it's at most W cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in particular it's at most W cubed
+okay because and that we don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because and that we don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because and that we don't care
+about that constant because it's in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that constant because it's in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that constant because it's in a
+log so it just comes out it's factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log so it just comes out it's factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log so it just comes out it's factor of
+a third or whatever and so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a third or whatever and so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a third or whatever and so this is the
+same thing as log base a of w log base B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing as log base a of w log base B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing as log base a of w log base B
+of n mint and that the nice symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n mint and that the nice symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n mint and that the nice symmetric
+bound that you get out of round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound that you get out of round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound that you get out of round
+elimination pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination pretty
+cool uh now if you look in the notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool uh now if you look in the notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool uh now if you look in the notes
+I'll just mention this briefly there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just mention this briefly there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just mention this briefly there's a
+couple more pages that give you a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple more pages that give you a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple more pages that give you a little
+bit of flavor of what the round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of flavor of what the round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of flavor of what the round
+elimination and that and that vague
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination and that and that vague
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination and that and that vague
+proof sketch which gave the wrong answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof sketch which gave the wrong answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof sketch which gave the wrong answer
+by a square root uh really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a square root uh really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a square root uh really
+means uh you know we said oh Alice can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means uh you know we said oh Alice can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means uh you know we said oh Alice can
+only communicate in some sense uh a over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only communicate in some sense uh a over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only communicate in some sense uh a over
+K bits about XI and you can formalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K bits about XI and you can formalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K bits about XI and you can formalize
+that by talking about distributions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by talking about distributions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by talking about distributions of
+inputs and saying talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and saying talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and saying talking about the
+expected amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected amount of
+entropy uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy uh that
+of of XI communicated by that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of XI communicated by that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of XI communicated by that first
+message uh and so there it's very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message uh and so there it's very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message uh and so there it's very simple
+definitions of entropy and shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions of entropy and shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions of entropy and shared
+information but just in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information but just in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information but just in terms of
+probabilistic quantities and it at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic quantities and it at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic quantities and it at least
+gives you a sense of how you might prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a sense of how you might prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a sense of how you might prove
+something like this whereas talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this whereas talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this whereas talking
+about information about something is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about information about something is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about information about something is
+kind of vague talking about entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of vague talking about entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of vague talking about entropy
+which is about you know sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is about you know sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is about you know sum of
+probabilities Times log of probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities Times log of probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities Times log of probabilities
+is a clean probabilistic notion so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a clean probabilistic notion so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a clean probabilistic notion so it
+becomes a purely probabilistic statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a purely probabilistic statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a purely probabilistic statement
+uh and about error probabilities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and about error probabilities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and about error probabilities and
+that's how you argue this but even these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how you argue this but even these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how you argue this but even these
+notes do not give a proof they just give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes do not give a proof they just give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes do not give a proof they just give
+a hint of how you formalize what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hint of how you formalize what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hint of how you formalize what this
+means or how the what the proof sketch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means or how the what the proof sketch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means or how the what the proof sketch
+means and then you have to do it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means and then you have to do it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means and then you have to do it's
+several pages to actually prove it so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several pages to actually prove it so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several pages to actually prove it so a
+bit beyond this class but once you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit beyond this class but once you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit beyond this class but once you have
+it giv very clean I'd say kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it giv very clean I'd say kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it giv very clean I'd say kind of
+beautiful lower bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful lower bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful lower bound
+uh not quite the right answer but up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not quite the right answer but up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not quite the right answer but up to
+log log factors the right answer for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log log factors the right answer for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log log factors the right answer for
+predecessor so and that's the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor so and that's the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor so and that's the end of
+predecessor in this class
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/SFPPw6sDHEI.txt b/SFPPw6sDHEI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a179e8953870d3ebd546af076853b88e225aa297
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SFPPw6sDHEI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3928 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation, or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MITOpenCourseWare@ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR JOHN GABRIELI:
+Good afternoon.
+
+So last time we talked about
+neuropsychiatric disorder.
+
+And I just want to remind you
+that we talked about it in a
+
+couple of context
+of challenges.
+
+That historically, different
+cultures at different times
+
+have interpreted unusual
+behavior in
+
+very different ways.
+
+From trephination, where you
+have to release evil spirits,
+
+to possession, to what we would
+now consider brutal
+
+patterns of taking
+people away from
+
+society who behave unusually.
+
+And that even in recent times,
+things like in the Soviet
+
+Union, the diagnosis of people
+who protest at utilitarian
+
+governments is a socially
+defined diagnosis.
+
+Obviously things like definition
+of homosexuality is
+
+a psychiatric disorder until
+about 20 years ago.
+
+It was a socially defined
+disorder.
+
+So there's a lot
+of challenges.
+
+On the other hand, there's a lot
+of people suffering with a
+
+huge range of neuropsychiatric
+disorders.
+
+So we're going to talk some
+more about that today.
+
+Think a little bit more about
+issues of treatment, talk a
+
+bit about depression,
+and ADHD.
+
+And I think of depression and
+ADHD, attention deficit
+
+hyperactivity disorder, as
+kind of different as
+
+schizophrenia.
+
+So most of us, except for the
+1% approximately who have
+
+schizophrenia, don't
+hear voices, right.
+
+That's an unusual thing.
+
+But all of us can be sad.
+
+And many children are what we
+would consider to be a bit
+
+hyperactive, compared to a
+teenager or an adult, right.
+
+They won't sit still quietly in
+a large classroom like this
+
+for very long.
+
+And so when we talk about
+disorders like these.
+
+These are in some ways
+exaggerations, or extensions,
+
+of what we consider typical
+everyday behavior.
+
+But moving into a realm that
+makes life difficult for those
+
+who get the diagnosis.
+
+So when it comes to treatment,
+there's sort of two giant
+
+classes of them.
+
+One of them is behavioral
+treatment.
+
+Broadly speaking, you could
+call them talk therapies.
+
+And the other one is medical
+treatment with drugs.
+
+Within psychotherapy, which
+really covers all of the talk
+
+therapies, people sometimes
+make a distinction between
+
+psychoanalysis and cognitive
+behavioral therapy, or CBT.
+
+So what is psychological
+therapy?
+
+So you might have a sense that
+there's a lot of organization,
+
+and rules, and regulations
+about this.
+
+But the truth of the matter is
+that psychotherapy is a social
+
+interaction in which a trained
+professional tries to help
+
+another person behave and
+feel differently.
+
+There's really no boundaries
+on that.
+
+OK.
+
+There's no official rules.
+
+There's more and less official
+channels we're used to.
+
+But it can be a very wide
+sources of this.
+
+And if you flip open--
+
+this is an archaic thing--
+yellow pages.
+
+I realize a few years ago
+people, yellow pages.
+
+But they used to have things
+called phones and phone books
+
+that were tethered
+to the wall.
+
+And this is where you would
+look for information about
+
+people who list themselves as
+providing psychotherapy.
+
+All you have to do is put your
+name in that listing, even
+
+easier on the internet maybe.
+
+A psychiatrist, the big
+difference between
+
+psychiatrist in one practical
+sense and psychologist is
+
+psychiatrist of course,
+go to medical school.
+
+And they have prescription
+privileges.
+
+They can write prescriptions
+for drugs.
+
+That's rare to nonexistent
+currently among psychologists.
+
+Psychoanalyst, here's Sigmund
+Freud in the original
+
+psychotherapy couch.
+
+And I think we've barely
+mentioned Freud so far in this
+
+course, right?
+
+Which is kind of a big
+shock to many people.
+
+You might have thought coming
+into this course that there'd
+
+be Freud, Freud, Freud.
+
+And you know, that we would be
+sitting there and that we'd be
+
+discussing ideas about
+Freudian theory.
+
+I'll come back to that
+in a moment.
+
+Clinical psychologists can
+provide psychotherapy.
+
+Counseling psychologists in
+schools, clinical social
+
+workers, clergy, peer groups,
+self-help books.
+
+So let me just return to Freud
+just for a moment.
+
+Because intellectually, I think
+most people will agree
+
+that Freud was a giant mind.
+
+And that in many ways, the
+complexity of the modern human
+
+mind, the idea that we're made
+up of different parts,
+
+different feelings, that we're
+not just one simple operation
+
+machine, but that we have
+conflicts, different feelings,
+
+and thoughts, and patterns
+all within us.
+
+Freud probably articulated that
+thought more powerfully
+
+than anybody else in many ways,
+as a modern way in which
+
+we view people, right.
+
+People are not just
+simple things.
+
+They're complicated things, full
+of tensions and desires.
+
+They're all mixed together.
+
+At the same time, the specific
+ideas that Freud articulated
+
+using psychodynamic theories
+like free association,
+
+resistance, transference,
+interpretation, trying to have
+
+a corrective emotional
+experience, where you go back
+
+to your youth and
+you figure out
+
+something bad that happened.
+
+And if you can somehow grapple
+with that, that will let you
+
+be free of the consequences
+of that early experience.
+
+Almost none of that has
+withstood the scrutiny of
+
+practical science.
+
+A lot of it, you don't
+even know how you
+
+could begin to test.
+
+Now for those of you who become
+physicians, and the
+
+rest of you will be patients,
+it's amazing how much of
+
+medicine is not science-based.
+
+It's amazing.
+
+So you hear the cry all the time
+in medicine, we need to
+
+have science, or evidence-based
+medicine.
+
+And you might have thought,
+well, what
+
+else are they doing?
+
+OK.
+
+And the answer is they're
+treated as best they can and
+
+what works, works.
+
+A lot of stuff they don't
+understand exactly when and
+
+why it works.
+
+But they apply what they can.
+
+There's a patient in distress.
+
+Freudian ideas are everything
+that you know about ids, and
+
+electric complexes, and all
+that kinds of stuff.
+
+Hard to prove that they exist
+in any scientific sense.
+
+So weirdly, Freud is in many
+ways marginalized in the
+
+current scientific psychology.
+
+That doesn't mean he wasn't a
+creative mind that influenced
+
+the way people think about the
+human mind, and treating the
+
+human mind.
+
+But the specific ideas he has
+are in many ways at the edge
+
+of the field.
+
+So more central to the field
+is work called cognitive
+
+behavioral therapy, or CBT.
+
+This is Aaron Beck,
+who's maybe the
+
+foremost figure in that.
+
+And that CBT was developed to
+be exactly the opposite in
+
+many senses of psychoanalysis.
+
+So similar because it's about
+behavior, and about the
+
+interaction between a clinician
+and a person seeking
+
+a sort of happier, healthier
+approach to things.
+
+But the Woody Allen version of
+psychotherapy, where you go
+
+for 40 years weekly to your
+psychiatrist on the west side
+
+and talk through your
+problems, OK.
+
+That idea, people said, well,
+that's fine if you do that.
+
+But is that really what we mean
+by treating somebody?
+
+So Beck said, in things like
+anxiety or depression, people
+
+have dysfunctional beliefs that
+the world is threatening,
+
+that the world is hopeless.
+
+These are sort of logical
+thinking errors that you can
+
+work yourself out of to make
+yourself less depressed or
+
+less anxious.
+
+That you should focus not on
+childhood causes of what
+
+happened, but on current
+problems you face day-to-day
+
+and how to grapple with them.
+
+Develop strategies that don't
+make you get down and
+
+depressed, or fearful
+and anxious.
+
+And that it should
+be time limited.
+
+Eight weeks or something, from
+beginning to end period, not
+
+an endless review of your life
+and roots of your life.
+
+And so people are like that
+because of part, it's easy to
+
+test in research studies.
+
+It's been shown to be pretty
+effective, pretty much on a
+
+par with medications
+in most studies.
+
+And in some cases, better.
+
+And a psychoanalysis
+could go forever.
+
+It's hard to experimentally
+test that in many ways.
+
+So there was questions about
+whether psychotherapy works.
+
+And if you're kind of a
+scientist, you kind of like
+
+biological stuff like pills,
+not talking, right.
+
+Although talk is
+very powerful.
+
+And now, and early on,
+people say, well,
+
+maybe it's all baloney.
+
+And I would say that starting
+around 1980 from this review,
+
+people said, no, there's
+a lot to it.
+
+Although not everything
+we wish it did.
+
+So they performed
+a meta-analysis.
+
+You may have heard of these
+kinds of things.
+
+Where it was a quantitative
+method for averaging results
+
+of a large number of
+different studies.
+
+The ideas is that statistically,
+if you combined
+
+many different studies, you
+might have a sort of an
+
+overall picture.
+
+It's not just describing them,
+but taking their actual
+
+statistics and combining them.
+
+Looking for the effect size,
+something about the consistent
+
+size of, in this case, a
+psychotherapy treatment.
+
+And then asking what happens
+in the terms
+
+of the effect size.
+
+And you come out with a picture
+
+like this in the study.
+
+That you have an average effect
+side of a 0.7 that is
+
+treated people.
+
+This is getting better
+this way.
+
+We're on average better across
+many different studies.
+
+So the treatment seemed
+to move people
+
+in the right direction.
+
+And that furthermore, about half
+receiving psychotherapy,
+
+the average person was better
+off than 80% of the people who
+
+didn't get it.
+
+So not everybody benefits
+greatly.
+
+But many people benefit some.
+
+About 10% got worse.
+
+So this number says only
+a few get worse.
+
+A weirdly different thing, was
+that people have always want
+
+to develop very clear ideas
+about which forms, of many
+
+possible forms of behavioral
+therapy are really powerful
+
+for which difficulty, or
+which kind of person.
+
+It makes sense, right?
+
+That the different problem
+you're facing and the kind of
+
+person you are, a different
+kind of talk therapy,
+
+different kind of CBT would
+be powerful for you.
+
+And that's been incredibly
+hard to
+
+demonstrate in most cases.
+
+Shockingly hard to
+demonstrate.
+
+And part of that comes from
+these kinds of studies.
+
+So the best of these kinds
+of studies have random
+
+assignments and to different
+kinds of treatment.
+
+For psychotherapy, you might
+have a wait list.
+
+And you could be blinded as to
+getting a good or bad version.
+
+So again, here's another
+meta-analysis.
+
+And here's the kind
+of big surprise.
+
+Again in this next
+meta-analysis, about 2:1
+
+chance of improving, versus
+control, if you sit there and
+
+don't do anything.
+
+So that's again, a good way to
+go if you're in distress.
+
+Here's kind of a surprise,
+credentials don't matter,
+
+Ph.D., M.D., no degree.
+
+There might be something about
+the kind of person who's a
+
+more or less effective
+therapists.
+
+That's been hard to
+scientifically demonstrate.
+
+The degree you have has never
+correlated with the
+
+effectiveness of
+the treatment.
+
+Here's another big surprise,
+the experience of the
+
+therapist didn't matter.
+
+Beginning, middle, end of
+career, seen a lot of
+
+patients, not seen a lot of
+patients, that doesn't
+
+consistently matter.
+
+The type of therapy doesn't
+consistently matter.
+
+The length of therapy doesn't
+matter in any way that people
+
+have been able to show
+scientifically.
+
+What seems to matter is talking
+to somebody who
+
+listens to you on a
+consistent basis.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR JOHN GABRIELI: That's
+for all these kinds of
+
+things, right.
+
+So on the one hand, you wouldn't
+want to push it to an
+
+absurdest thing because there
+are humans involved.
+
+You wouldn't want to say, well,
+just for fun, let's take
+
+somebody's who like a
+three-year-old and send them
+
+out to see what they
+can do, right.
+
+So I mean, there's a real
+person involved
+
+here in real distress.
+
+But whenever they've
+done these kinds of
+
+things, they adjusted--
+
+And CBT is the most consistently
+studied because
+
+it's very organized.
+
+Psychotherapy, so many people
+do so differently.
+
+It's very hard to study.
+
+And CBT is time-limited.
+
+So that approach seems more
+practical in some senses to
+
+people's minds.
+
+So most of the research on
+behavioral therapy is focused
+
+on CBT, but not exclusively.
+
+But people never been able to
+show that these things matter.
+
+Maybe there is something about
+the bedside manner so to
+
+speak, of the clinitioner or the
+person who talks with you.
+
+But that's never been extracted
+rigorously.
+
+And then the other approach of
+course is many different kinds
+
+of medications that you read
+about or hear about or
+
+experience all the time.
+
+It turned out, let me just say
+it were, to be extraordinarily
+
+hard to develop medications
+for psychiatric diseases.
+
+There's been a number that
+have mostly been
+
+discovered by accident.
+
+Most of these were medications
+developed for something else,
+
+they kind of stumbled
+on as useful
+
+for psychiatric disorders.
+
+In the last 20 years as people
+have developed drugs more
+
+systematically, it's been
+brutally hard to develop drugs
+
+for psychiatric disorders.
+
+There's hardly been any major
+new ones in the last 10 years.
+
+And many pharmaceutical
+companies are now abandoning
+
+their current research programs
+because they just
+
+don't feel they're making
+any traction on it.
+
+So it's been really,
+really hard.
+
+I mean the mind and brain
+is just so complicated.
+
+And so you get all kinds of
+partly political debates about
+
+people who are concerned about
+what's right for children.
+
+Are we giving kids
+too many drugs?
+
+Of course, you're never
+going to have a
+
+scientific answer to that.
+
+Some kids probably get
+too many drugs.
+
+Some kids probably
+don't get enough.
+
+We'll come back and
+talk about ADHD.
+
+So let's people let's pick for
+a moment one disorder.
+
+And then we'll pick OCD,
+obsessive compulsive disorder.
+
+So it's a kind of an anxiety
+disorder that features
+
+obsessions, recurrent
+unwanted thoughts.
+
+People are drawn to patterns
+of thought that they don't
+
+want to over and over again.
+
+So the obsessions are mental
+patterns of thought.
+
+The compulsions are physical
+repetitive behaviors, like
+
+endless hand-washing, counting,
+
+checking, and cleaning.
+
+Done with such intensity and
+ferocity that the person's
+
+really trapped by these.
+
+So let me show you one example
+of an individual patient
+
+describing her experience.
+
+So the thing with these
+disorders is we sometimes say
+
+somebody's a little OCD because
+they like to be extra
+
+careful to brush their teeth
+four times a day.
+
+But in these cases, these
+
+individuals are really trapped.
+
+I mean they have a hard time
+leaving their house, a hard
+
+time functioning socially,
+hard time getting jobs.
+
+So people wonder, what's the
+most helpful treatment?
+
+And here's a example of a study
+looking at how many
+
+symptoms you have with OCD.
+
+And these are individuals who
+get, in blue, placebo.
+
+So it's good to be low.
+
+In green, a medication that's
+used for the disorder.
+
+And then these colors are
+getting behavioral treatment,
+
+or behavioral treatment
+plus medication.
+
+So at least in this context
+for example, behavioral
+
+treatment is more effective by
+itself than the medication.
+
+It would be easy to tell you
+oh, there's a rule for
+
+different disorders, that it's
+behavioral treatment or
+
+medication.
+
+But it turns out on average,
+it just vary considerably
+
+depending on the medication,
+depending on the particular
+
+patients you see.
+
+There's no real understanding
+yet of which patient should
+
+get which treatment under
+what circumstances.
+
+And here is some evidence
+suggesting that if you get
+
+medication only, this is the
+percent who relapsed.
+
+So a concern is there's active
+treatment phase .
+
+And how many people slide back
+into the difficulty,
+
+medication-only.
+
+About half the people are
+relapsing about a year later.
+
+But if they get this sort of
+behavioral treatment, there
+
+sort of seems to be more
+sustained benefits.
+
+So people are thinking that
+might be important.
+
+And then people wonder, if we
+treat your mind by behavioral
+
+therapy, if we treat your brain
+by drugs, now we're
+
+going to reject that
+distinction.
+
+OK.
+
+When I talk to you, if you
+happen to remember anything I
+
+say, I'm changing your brain.
+
+OK.
+
+Talk, or experience, or
+thoughts, or imagination
+
+change your brain as
+much as any medical
+
+substance does, right.
+
+So it's a wrong way to think,
+like the drugs change the
+
+brain and the talk
+changes the mind.
+
+To change your mind is
+to change your brain.
+
+So but any case, you could ask
+whether these forms of
+
+treatment, in what ways are they
+similar or dissimilar?
+
+So here's PET scans of
+patients with OCD
+
+pre and post treatment.
+
+And you can see that there's
+sort of activation in the
+
+basal ganglia in the caudate
+that looks pretty similar
+
+across the treatments, as if
+both treatments were working
+
+on that over activation
+of the basal ganglia.
+
+On the other hand, here's
+looking at CBT and drug
+
+treatment for depression.
+
+And you can see these pictures
+with these blue areas, and
+
+these with these red areas, the
+brain changes in response
+
+to treatment, look
+very different.
+
+So there's no simple answer
+about whether behavioral
+
+therapy and drug therapy change
+the same or different
+
+things to help people.
+
+Depends on the disorder,
+depends on the drug.
+
+And we just have a lot more
+to learn about that.
+
+But both of those things affect
+the brain and can be
+
+effective to help people.
+
+So let's focus on depression
+a little bit.
+
+These are people with depression
+who feel fearful,
+
+gloomy, helpless, hopeless
+in an extreme way.
+
+So it's difficult to get out of
+bed, difficult to do work,
+
+relate to people.
+
+Literature, Hamlet's description
+of how weary,
+
+stale, flat, and unprofitable
+seem to me all the uses of
+
+this world, describes often what
+people with depression
+
+roughly describe their
+experiences like.
+
+A typical episode,
+it varies widely.
+
+It's about 4 to 12 months
+if untreated of intense
+
+depression.
+
+A pervasive dysphoria, just
+sort of inability to feel
+
+pleasure and intense
+mental pain,
+
+generalized loss of interest.
+
+It's estimated to sometimes
+affected some 5% of the
+
+world's population.
+
+That's a huge number
+of individuals.
+
+Average age of onset is 30.
+
+But it goes across wide ages,
+often unnoticed in children.
+
+People are picking this up
+more than they used to.
+
+They used to think there's a
+thought that children can't
+
+really be depressed.
+
+It's hard to know why that
+happened exactly.
+
+Psychiatric ideas are typically
+developed in adults.
+
+And it takes a while
+for the field to
+
+recognize them in children.
+
+But it's rare to have a first
+depressive episode after 60.
+
+It's rare to have gone your life
+and then get depression
+
+in older age.
+
+Kind of mysteriously at the
+moment, women have depression
+
+at two or three times the rate
+of men in the United States,
+
+and pretty much throughout
+the world at a two
+
+to threefold increase.
+
+That's a pretty big one.
+
+We'll talk later about ADHD.
+
+There the numbers
+kind of reverse.
+
+It's 2 to 3 times more frequent
+in boys than girls.
+
+And about 70% of people who
+will have one episode of
+
+depression will have another
+one later on.
+
+So the diagnosis in the DSM book
+requires at least three
+
+of the following for a period.
+
+Now what I wanted to give you
+a feeling if you think about
+
+this, you know you are the
+doctor talking to somebody.
+
+And you know, disturbed sleep,
+but how disturbed
+
+does it have to be?
+
+Diminished appetite, but
+how diminish, right?
+
+Loss of energy?
+
+Well, we all have periods where
+we're more sluggish or
+
+more focused, right?
+
+I mean so usually depression,
+these things are so extreme.
+
+It's very obvious.
+
+Sometimes it's at the edge.
+
+And there's a range
+of these things.
+
+We know there's a genetic
+predisposition.
+
+If you have identical twins
+50%, dizygotic 10%.
+
+But we know there's
+environmental factors.
+
+So it's very hard to figure
+out whether diseases are
+
+getting more or less
+common over time.
+
+Because especially in
+psychiatric diseases, the
+
+criteria that defines those
+diseased change over time.
+
+So you don't know which it
+is, sensitivity to it.
+
+You know, 30 years ago teachers
+
+never heard of autism.
+
+Now every teacher in
+kindergarten is watching out
+
+for autism.
+
+So it's spotted much more
+quickly and consistently.
+
+So people say it's going up.
+
+Is it really going up?
+
+Is it being detected
+more often?
+
+It's very hard to tell
+those things apart.
+
+But where evidence is available,
+since 1940 there's
+
+nearly a 10-year drop in the
+average age of the first
+
+instance of depression.
+
+So is this 10-year drop that
+people are getting better at
+
+spotting it at adolescents,
+instead of seeing an
+
+adolescent or child as simply
+moody, they're recognizing
+
+depression?
+
+Or is the increased pressures
+in childhood driving
+
+depression up at
+an earlier age?
+
+Very hard to tell.
+
+So here's a video clip of some
+patients describing their
+
+experience in depression
+
+So people have been trying to
+understand by experiments,
+
+what are the thought patterns
+that are promoting depression?
+
+One approach has been
+this dot probe test.
+
+We've talked about
+that before.
+
+I'll remind you in a moment
+what that is.
+
+But basically, it's to
+experimentally test the idea
+
+that there's a sort of cycle
+of negative thought in
+
+depression that reinforces
+itself--
+
+That you pay attention
+to sad or bad things.
+
+The more you think about bad
+things, the worse you feel.
+
+The worse you feel, the more
+you think about bad things.
+
+And this is sort of you know,
+a downward spiral of
+
+gloominess.
+
+And another question that people
+are very interested in
+
+is, when you see these kind of
+psychological mechanisms that
+
+may contribute to depression,
+are they there for somebody
+
+who has never yet been
+depressed, but it's a risk
+
+factor for becoming depressed?
+
+Or is it really a consequence
+of the depression, right?
+
+If you pay more attention to sad
+things is that a risk for
+
+becoming depressed
+first time ever?
+
+Or is that already part
+of the disease process
+
+itself once its hit?
+
+So here's a dot probe test.
+
+We talked about it before
+in regards to aging.
+
+You see two pictures.
+
+A neutral one and a happy one.
+
+They disappear.
+
+A dot appears behind
+one or the other.
+
+And you push a button to
+indicate which side it's on.
+
+All you're doing is indicating
+which side it's on.
+
+Or you might get another pair
+of faces with a negative
+
+expression and a neutral
+expression.
+
+Beneath one of them, sometimes
+it's a neutral,
+
+sometime it's negative.
+
+A dot appears.
+
+And then you can look at the
+response times, how quickly
+
+people responded to the
+dot depending on
+
+where the face was.
+
+And the idea is, the faster you
+respond to a dot, the more
+
+your attention was drawn to
+a positive, neutral, or a
+
+negative face, right.
+
+Because if your attention is
+sitting there already when the
+
+dot appears, boom, you're
+ready to go.
+
+If your attention is somewhere
+else, you'll
+
+have a slower response.
+
+And sure enough, in patients
+with depression, specifically
+
+for sad faces, they have
+this bias response.
+
+They tend to respond quickly
+when the dot appears where the
+
+negative face just has been.
+
+So it's a way that there was
+sort of the attention, even
+
+for such a trivial thing is
+drawn to the negative.
+
+It sits on the negative.
+
+And so now you can ask the
+question, what about girls who
+
+were born into families with
+a history of depression?
+
+So they're in a general way at
+genetic risk for depression.
+
+But they have never been
+depressed themselves.
+
+So now we can ask the question,
+does this mode of
+
+thinking, of dwelling on the
+negative is it apparent in
+
+these girls even before they
+ever have depression?
+
+And not all of them will.
+
+But you don't yet which ones
+will and which ones won't.
+
+And sure enough, if looking at
+sad or happy faces, and here
+
+it gets pretty opposite, for the
+young girls who have a low
+
+likelihood of having depression,
+no family history,
+
+they tend to dwell on
+the happy faces.
+
+And for the girls who were
+born in a family with
+
+depression, they tend to dwell
+on the negative faces.
+
+So you can see this mechanism
+of focusing on the negative,
+
+dwelling on the negative already
+even before the child
+
+has ever a episode
+of depression.
+
+So just for a moment let's
+discuss, does that mean it's
+
+genetic or environmental?
+
+Who are these girls who have
+a high risk for getting
+
+depression?
+
+What does high mean?
+
+Sorry to put you on the spot.
+
+What does high mean?
+
+They're in a family where they
+have a parent with depression.
+
+OK.
+
+So you can't tell that maybe
+having a parent with
+
+depression ups the child's
+focus on the negative.
+
+Because they've had some
+difficult things to deal with
+
+in their family.
+
+Maybe they have genes that draw
+them to negative things,
+
+or maybe both.
+
+You can't tell that apart from
+these kinds of studies.
+
+Every once in while there's
+sort of a success story in
+
+brain sciences.
+
+And why it's terribly important
+is this, to this
+
+day, as one of the speaker said,
+there's people who think
+
+psychiatric disorders are
+just for sissies.
+
+That you just stop
+being depressed.
+
+Just don't listen to those
+voices, right.
+
+Just stop washing your hands.
+
+And what's very confusing about
+this message is for
+
+people for example, who are
+addicted to substances or have
+
+alcoholism, we ask them to stop
+drinking and stop taking
+
+drugs, with support.
+
+But we say it's, we think
+it's somewhere in
+
+you to stop, right.
+
+So with the right support,
+we think it's
+
+somewhere in you to stop.
+
+So it's kind of hard.
+
+Where is that line, right?
+
+CBT is getting people to find
+ways to think so they're not
+
+anxious or not depressed.
+
+Again, we think it's
+in them with the
+
+right kind of support.
+
+So on the one hand we ask
+people to get themselves
+
+healthier with support, right.
+
+So it's kind of tricky.
+
+Where is the line of
+responsibility?
+
+But I think one of the triumphs
+of modern brain
+
+imaging is to make visible the
+brain basis of psychiatric
+
+disorders on average.
+
+So because there's no broken
+arm, no broken leg, no tumor
+
+or anything like that, right.
+
+That promotes discussion,
+or consideration, is our
+
+psychiatric disorders real
+brain differences?
+
+And I can also tell you that
+unfortunately, we're not
+
+anywhere near where a house
+can put up a picture of
+
+somebody's brain and say, oh,
+this person's certainly has
+
+depression, or schizophrenia,
+or ADHD, or dyslexia, or any
+
+difficulty that you know of.
+
+Nobody can say that on the basis
+of a single brain scan
+
+for a single person.
+
+We want to.
+
+We're not there yet.
+
+But we can see on average
+differences between people who
+
+have a diagnosis and
+people who don't.
+
+So here's a PET, positron
+emission tomography, top of
+
+the brain, bottom
+of the brain.
+
+They found less activation in
+this so called subgenual
+
+anterior cingulate.
+
+The anterior cingulate is this
+cortex that sits over the
+
+corpus callosum.
+
+And here in this bottom part
+of the anterior cingulate,
+
+less activation in patients
+with depression
+
+than control subjects.
+
+And then, looking at structure
+now, physical volume.
+
+Also reduced volume in these
+areas, in patients with both
+
+unipolar and bipolar, in
+this case, depression.
+
+So now we have both
+a structural
+
+difference on average.
+
+And a functional difference
+on average.
+
+Sometimes in psychiatry there'd
+be a brain banks.
+
+When patients passed
+away, they'd donate
+
+their brains to research.
+
+And people said, let's go look
+in this area in people who
+
+have passed away so we can look
+at the cellular level of
+
+what's going on there.
+
+We can't see with brain imaging
+
+anything close to cells.
+
+But with post-mortem
+analysis we can.
+
+And there was a big surprise.
+
+The big surprise was when they
+looked in this region, there
+
+was a reduced number of cells,
+which goes with the reduced
+
+the volume, and the reduced
+activation.
+
+But it was in the neurons,
+it was the glial.
+
+And you go glial?
+
+We haven't talked about
+glial for a long time.
+
+You know neurons are the stuff
+that compute the mind.
+
+We all agree with that.
+
+Glial are essential for
+brain function.
+
+So we don't understand
+what that means.
+
+That these patients would have
+an equal number of neurons but
+
+a reduced number of glial.
+
+We just don't know
+what that means.
+
+But it was a big surprise.
+
+And over time I think maybe
+we'll think about that.
+
+And furthermore, imaging
+studies looking at the
+
+anterior cingulate found that
+if you looked at the
+
+pre-treatment activity in
+this brain region--
+
+I'll show another example
+in a moment--
+
+you could see not only changes
+that occur with treatment, but
+
+that differences predicted which
+patients would benefit
+
+more or less for treatment.
+
+So all these conversion areas
+about the importance of the
+
+anterior cingulate cortex in
+depression although nobody
+
+thinks that's the whole story.
+
+That the anterior cingulate is
+part of a network of areas
+
+that are compromised
+in depression.
+
+And another thing that I think
+is sort of an exciting
+
+direction is each dot here
+is an individual person.
+
+Here's how much they improved.
+
+Better is down here.
+
+This is the patients who
+improved the most with
+
+treatment, the least
+with CBT treatment.
+
+And this is the initial
+activation.
+
+So it's telling you maybe that
+these are the patients who
+
+really should get CBT.
+
+And maybe these are
+the patients who
+
+didn't respond so much.
+
+And maybe they should get, by
+the initial brain measure,
+
+some other form of treatment.
+
+So that's I think an exciting
+areas where we could develop
+
+enough understanding of
+diversity among patients to
+
+understand which patient might
+benefit for which treatment.
+
+But we're just at
+the beginning of
+
+that kind of knowledge.
+
+So what about treatments
+for depression?
+
+In 2005, that's some years ago
+now, but there's an estimated
+
+27 million people in the US.
+
+There's $10billion now
+and more in sales.
+
+That's to drugs or CBT forms
+of treatment of depression,
+
+the most common forms
+of treatment.
+
+Even with these treatments--
+
+so here's the message.
+
+Everybody agrees I think and
+reasonably, that if you know
+
+somebody with depression, or
+you're depressed yourself, or
+
+anxiety, but we're talking about
+depression, getting help
+
+is a good idea.
+
+Many people get helped.
+
+But the help is not nearly
+what we wish
+
+it were in the field.
+
+So in depression, about
+half of patients
+
+don't achieve remission.
+
+They still are depressed
+even after medicine
+
+or behavioral treatment.
+
+And even among those who improve
+a lot, there's still
+
+residual symptoms.
+
+It's not as if patients
+typically or often escape
+
+entirely that.
+
+But they can improve a lot.
+
+But the other thing is since
+nobody knows which approach to
+
+take with which patient by any
+scientific evidence, it's all
+
+trial and error.
+
+So finding a good
+treatment for a
+
+person could take months.
+
+And by then some people just
+give up and don't come back.
+
+Because in the throes of the
+diseases, or they just figure
+
+they're not going
+to be helped.
+
+It's all hit and miss.
+
+I have a colleague in CSAIL
+the computer science
+
+department.
+
+And we're doing research
+with her.
+
+And we say, you know, if you
+go to a doctor now with
+
+depression, or anxiety, or
+social anxiety disorder, it's
+
+almost completely random whether
+they assign you to one
+
+treatment or another within
+some broad constraints.
+
+There's no scientific basis
+for knowing what drug you
+
+should get, or a drug plus
+CBT, or CBT only.
+
+It's completely random.
+
+It's depending on the
+physician's background and
+
+intuitions.
+
+There's no scientific basis
+for knowing that.
+
+So there's a lot to
+be discovered.
+
+So sometimes people are trying
+to say, well, let's compare
+
+placebo treatments to a
+medicine treatment, to
+
+cognitive behavioral therapy.
+
+Here's responding to treatment,
+improving.
+
+So better than placebo
+or both drugs, about
+
+eight weeks, and CBT.
+
+And then at 16 weeks there's
+even more of a gain.
+
+And they look very similar on
+average across patients.
+
+And if you look over time now,
+after the treatment is over,
+
+at how many people sort of what
+the long-term picture is
+
+because you care about that.
+
+I mean there's two things,
+getting people out of crises
+
+and then keeping your
+head above water.
+
+It seems like the group that
+maintains the best response
+
+are the people who had the
+CBT over longer periods.
+
+So you might say, well
+why don't we just
+
+give everybody CBT?
+
+And part of it is not everybody
+responds to that.
+
+Some patients for example, with
+severe depression are
+
+talking about suicide.
+
+You don't feel like you can wait
+8 weeks or 16 weeks to
+
+let a CBT process happen.
+
+Some patients just don't have
+the energy to go to sessions
+
+and work on things.
+
+And you need to rescue
+them from that.
+
+So there's all kinds of issues
+about what kinds of treatment
+
+ultimately are practical and
+effective for patients.
+
+So in clinical trials when
+they try a drug.
+
+And I'll focus on drugs
+for the moment.
+
+There's a random assignment.
+
+Patients with the diagnosis are
+assigned either to or a
+
+placebo or a drug.
+
+The physicians are not supposed
+to know what it is.
+
+Response means just getting
+better, which is valuable.
+
+Remission means, that you don't
+qualify for having the
+
+disease anymore.
+
+How people decide whether
+you have depression?
+
+They take a full history.
+
+But they'll often use some
+sort of rating scale.
+
+One of the most common is a
+Hamilton to say how severely
+
+depressed are you.
+
+So they can document
+it at beginning.
+
+Then give that to
+you at the end.
+
+And see how severely depressed
+at the end.
+
+So one thing to know that's
+really interesting, and really
+
+a problem from the field is
+there's incredibly strong
+
+placebo responses.
+
+In many studies the placebo
+responses rival the response
+
+of the drug itself.
+
+And people have had huge debates
+to this day about what
+
+that means.
+
+And it's not well understood.
+
+Some people say nobody is
+getting better, that the
+
+entire thing is regression to
+the mean from study entry.
+
+And what does that mean?
+
+Well when people have a drug
+trials for depression, they
+
+say we want to treat people with
+substantial depression.
+
+That makes sense, right?
+
+So you get people who are
+substantially depressed.
+
+Depression is inherently
+a fluctuating disorder.
+
+So from your understanding of
+regression to the mean, what
+
+happens to a patient when you
+get them with a really bad
+
+depression score?
+
+What's likely to be
+there score next
+
+week, better or worse?
+
+Better.
+
+So you get people with really
+low depression scores, you
+
+just sit back, you don't
+do anything.
+
+And because it's a fluctuating
+disorder, the chances are that
+
+because you're getting them at
+low points in, they're going
+
+to get better next week.
+
+OK.
+
+That's not a treatment effect.
+
+That's, you're getting at them
+at a low moment by definition.
+
+So some people say, wow, these
+studies could be full of that.
+
+We say, wow, look at
+this drug effect.
+
+Man, let's push it up.
+
+Yeah, That's because you're
+getting people
+
+at their worst moment.
+
+They're going to go back
+to their average,
+
+which will be better.
+
+Or another really interesting
+thing is could our brains have
+
+incredibly powerful responses
+to placebos?
+
+Do we have in us naturally
+occurring healing mechanisms?
+
+That if we just really
+believe in it, than
+
+those can take over.
+
+And could we harness that?
+
+Could we harness these
+naturally occurring
+
+self-healing capacities in
+people's minds and brains to
+
+make themselves better?
+
+So this is a kind of typical
+average results.
+
+Drug, psychotherapy,
+about the same.
+
+Placebo, pretty close.
+
+And here's the no
+treatment group.
+
+But even this, kind
+of the picture has
+
+been challenged recently.
+
+And let me tell you what the
+challenges have been and then
+
+let me tell you what I take
+as the takeaway message.
+
+But it's not scientifically
+certain.
+
+So one person did a
+meta-analysis and
+
+he's totally arguing--
+
+and let me tell you, the
+argument's pretty clever.
+
+There's no effect of
+a drug at all.
+
+That typically, you get
+about 75% of a drug
+
+effect from the placebo.
+
+That's huge.
+
+75% from an inert substance,
+sugar or something like that.
+
+OK.
+
+75% in treating a severe
+psychiatric disorder.
+
+And he says that that small
+difference, that
+
+25% is due to this.
+
+And who even thinks of this
+until you read this, if you
+
+haven't been involved in a
+drug study, that apparent
+
+differences are due to patients
+realizing they have
+
+the active drug from
+the side effects.
+
+OK.
+
+So most studies give
+you the drug.
+
+Most drugs that treat things
+have unpleasant side effects.
+
+Because they're potent
+things, OK, that
+
+are perfectly targeted.
+
+So they're saying oh,
+it's double blind.
+
+You tell this patient,
+here's your pills.
+
+You don't know if they're
+placebo or drug.
+
+And here's your pills.
+
+You don't know if they're
+placebo or drugs.
+
+But patient's are reasonably
+smart.
+
+Many have been through
+treatment before.
+
+And they know if they're feeling
+nauseous, and yucky,
+
+and all kinds of other stuff,
+they got the drug.
+
+And if they take it and they
+don't feel anything funny,
+
+they got the sugar placebo.
+
+Does that make sense?
+
+Because they figure out--
+
+and 80% of the time they're
+accurate, whether they got the
+
+inert placebo or the drug.
+
+Because this side effects tell
+them that, not the drug effect
+
+on the mind.
+
+And that in the few studies
+where they give you up a
+
+placebo that has peripheral
+effects, that make you
+
+nauseous like the drug, then
+in those couple of studies,
+
+there's just been a couple,
+there's no difference between
+
+placebo and drug.
+
+So here's a position that the
+entire thing is placebo.
+
+And an argument from this guy
+that we should tell patients,
+
+it's all placebo.
+
+Now why do you think that it's
+not necessarily a good idea to
+
+tell patients even if it were
+scientifically true?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Because if you
+tell them it's a
+
+placebo it could ruin--
+
+PROFESSOR JOHN GABRIELI: Yeah.
+
+There's a pretty good chance
+you've ruined it.
+
+If you hand them the pills and
+you go, look, who know.
+
+It's all sugar.
+
+But you know give it
+a go for a person
+
+who's in misery, right.
+
+So they have to kind
+of believe.
+
+And it's kind of interesting.
+
+What is the biology
+of that belief?
+
+Right.
+
+So that's one side
+of the story.
+
+Another slightly less drastic
+interpretation, but also
+
+pretty strong, is that in recent
+meta-analysis is that
+
+the drug effect of a placebo
+only occurs for the most
+
+severe depressions, the most
+severe depressions.
+
+And the Depression Center even
+considered severe or moderate,
+
+where you do want to help
+people, there's no difference
+
+between the placebo
+and the drugs.
+
+So my only fear in telling you
+this is the last thing you
+
+want to do if in your life, or
+somebody you care about,
+
+there's depression or anything
+like that, get them help.
+
+Because there are helped.
+
+And if it's placebo,
+that's OK too.
+
+And if it's some unreputable
+person without a degree but
+
+they're really good at talking
+to people, that's good too.
+
+OK.
+
+The evidence is overwhelming.
+
+That getting help helps
+many people.
+
+And not getting help
+out people at
+
+greater and greater risks.
+
+It's overwhelming.
+
+Getting help is a really
+good thing.
+
+It's just that we don't
+understand how the help works.
+
+And we know it doesn't help
+nearly powerfully enough on a
+
+consistent basis.
+
+So now we're going to switch
+from depression to ADHD, a
+
+disease of childhood.
+
+These are children who have
+inattention, hyperactive in
+
+80% of cases, impulsive, moving
+around, and jumpy.
+
+The diagnosis, like everything,
+is by exclusion.
+
+They make sure that there's not
+some other problem in the
+
+child's life that's making
+them inattentive or
+
+impossible.
+
+For example, like
+abuse at home.
+
+Its prevalence is 2
+million or more.
+
+It's tripled since 1981,
+increased 2.5 times since '90.
+
+So sort of like the discussions
+you hear now about
+
+autism, there was fantastic
+debates about ADHD.
+
+Does it exist at all?
+
+Are people just medicating kids
+to keep them lined up in
+
+classrooms, quietly listening
+to lectures like me?
+
+Is there a real problem?
+
+And there's incredibly
+polarized
+
+debates about these things.
+
+So how does the clinician
+make the diagnosis?
+
+They look at the child.
+
+They talk to parents,
+teachers.
+
+And they sort of fill out
+
+questionnaires and have a list.
+
+And I'll show you the kind of
+a list the clinician has to
+
+work against.
+
+Depending on studies, and this
+is kind of an interesting
+
+number, ranges from about
+2% to about 15%.
+
+And you can say, well how could
+it possibly do that?
+
+Why can't researchers
+get it right?
+
+OK.
+
+You could take a 1/2 a percent
+off, or two or whatever it is.
+
+And again, it depends
+so much of your
+
+criteria for the diagnosis.
+
+Part of it too is over time
+these things change as you
+
+have different versions
+of DSM.
+
+And I mentioned also countries,
+professions,
+
+overnight in the same German
+population doubled as DSM book
+
+got revised and changed
+its criteria.
+
+OK.
+
+Is this the correct criteria?
+
+Are these the correct
+criteria?
+
+And how would you know if you
+had the correct criteria?
+
+How would you know if
+you've got it right?
+
+People just have to
+have consensus as
+
+best they can guess.
+
+Because there's no objective
+evidence beyond reasonable
+
+interpretation.
+
+So about 3-5% of school
+age children.
+
+And the reason that people take
+it seriously beyond these
+
+conceptual debates is that
+children with ADHD that is not
+
+treated struggle a lot.
+
+To a huge variation of course,
+but it predicts anti-social
+
+behavior, substance abuse,
+adverse occupational social
+
+adjustments.
+
+There are people with ADHD who
+are phenomenally successful.
+
+There's probably several of you
+in the class who have been
+
+diagnosed with that in
+any group like this.
+
+So it's not the certain thing,
+but on average if you don't
+
+have other talents, and
+situations, and support, it's
+
+a big risk factor for doing
+badly in life by the ways that
+
+most people want to do well.
+
+The most common, but not the
+only treatment, is a Ritalin
+
+or methylphenidate.
+
+The Ritalin is the commercial
+name, methylphedidate the
+
+generic name.
+
+We know there's a genetic
+piece about this.
+
+You've heard it so many times.
+
+7 times higher rate within
+families, about a 0.76
+
+heritability in twin studies.
+
+Some candidate genes have been
+identified and involved in the
+
+dopaminergic systems
+of the brain.
+
+But like with all
+neuropsychiatric diseases, in
+
+kind of a weak way.
+
+It's not like there's a
+gene, if you have it,
+
+you have the disorder.
+
+Is just a little higher on
+average in populations.
+
+OK.
+
+So here's the question,
+a kid comes in to you.
+
+You're the doctor.
+
+And it's quite interesting to
+talk to doctors about this.
+
+Because in many medical settings
+with the current
+
+economic environment, doctors
+are incredibly encouraged, and
+
+by for example, their salaries,
+to see patients
+
+really fast.
+
+The faster they see them, the
+more the health systems says,
+
+yeah, we're productive.
+
+So here's what they have
+to decide, do you had
+
+inattention?
+
+Because inattention was one
+of the big criteria.
+
+You have to have at least six
+for at least six months to
+
+agree that it's maladaptive
+and age inappropriate.
+
+Careless mistakes in school or
+productivity, I'm sure none of
+
+us ever make careless
+mistakes, right.
+
+Difficulty sustaining attention
+in tasks or play,
+
+does not seem to listen when
+spoken to directly, not follow
+
+instructions to finish tasks,
+difficult organizing tasks and
+
+activities.
+
+Avoids, listen to this one,
+avoids tasks engaging
+
+sustained mental effort, OK.
+
+Loses things, easily distracted
+by extraneous
+
+stimuli, forgetful in
+daily activities.
+
+What five-year-old is
+not describable
+
+in these ways, right?
+
+So you see how challenging
+it is?
+
+And it's not to take
+it lightly.
+
+Because the kids who really
+meet this, really
+
+struggle over time.
+
+There's been many longitudinal
+studies.
+
+That on average, children who
+meet these criteria will
+
+struggle in many ways.
+
+But look at all of these.
+
+There's nothing here like
+hearing a voice, right?
+
+It's just like a kid.
+
+But a little more of
+it for your age.
+
+Hyperactivity, you fidget
+or squirm in your seat.
+
+You leave your seat
+in the classroom.
+
+You run about or climb
+excessively.
+
+You have difficulty
+playing quietly.
+
+You talk excessively.
+
+Blurts out answers before
+questions are completed.
+
+So these are kids who are
+tough on teachers in
+
+classrooms.
+
+The symptoms have to be present
+before the age of
+
+seven, persistent in two or
+more settings, at home and
+
+school for example, typically.
+
+And then not because you don't
+hear well, or because you have
+
+allergies, or you have other
+psychiatric disorders.
+
+And sometimes people talk about
+both, inattention and
+
+hyperactivity, or the
+combined type.
+
+There is a thought that the more
+frequent finding in boys
+
+is because boys are more
+frequently hyperactive.
+
+So they're trouble making
+in a classroom.
+
+They're jumping up and down.
+
+They're not listening
+to the teacher.
+
+And the girls might be more on
+average inattentive, quiet and
+
+dreamy, not taking stuff in.
+
+That's not a problem for
+classroom management.
+
+So there's a thought the girls
+might be under diagnosed
+
+because of the way it's
+expressed in boys and girls.
+
+But there's a huge source
+of evidence that if left
+
+completely untreated, rates of
+depression, anxiety, substance
+
+abuse, academic failure, work
+problems, family problems,
+
+emotional distress are much
+higher in children where
+
+there's no attempt to treat
+or manage ADHD.
+
+There's a huge amount of
+evidence for this.
+
+So one of the sort of most
+famous studies in
+
+developmental psychiatry of
+directly comparing individuals
+
+on behavioral and
+drug treatments.
+
+It was a study called
+the MTA study.
+
+It was done in many different
+sites all put together with a
+
+huge number of children, 14
+months, they got medication
+
+management alone, behavioral
+treatment alone, a combination
+
+of both, or routine
+community care.
+
+So they said, what happens
+when we give you better
+
+behavioral treatment, or more
+careful medical management on
+
+the drugs, or you go back to
+your standard community care?
+
+And what people found was
+this, that medication
+
+management alone--
+
+Here's what they did in
+those conditions.
+
+They saw a doctor monthly
+for 30 minutes.
+
+They would move the drugged
+amount up or down.
+
+They would titrate it if it
+seemed to be sedating the
+
+child too much, they'd
+make it less.
+
+If it was not working enough,
+make it more.
+
+And they will talk a lot with
+a child and the parent.
+
+So that was the medication
+management.
+
+More active than you typically
+get people get at medical
+
+interactions.
+
+Behavioral treatments involved
+an 8-week summer camp, or you
+
+got the two of them together.
+
+Or you were sent back to your
+community and got the regular
+
+care from a regular doctor that
+people typically get.
+
+So and the big outcomes were
+that the best thing was to
+
+have the medical management
+alone, or a
+
+combination of the two.
+
+And in some cases, you would get
+lower doses of medications
+
+if you got the behavioral
+treatment.
+
+So you could say, and for many
+years I heard lecturers who
+
+were expert in this field
+saying, the definitive thing
+
+is the medication pretty
+much does it all.
+
+Maybe the behavioral treatment
+had something, the behavioral
+
+treatment by itself
+didn't add much.
+
+This was what everybody
+was taught.
+
+But they kept following
+these people and
+
+here's what they found.
+
+Eight years later after the
+study was over, no difference
+
+in which group you were in.
+
+About 60% of kids stopped taking
+medication, the family
+
+decided to stop, or the doctor
+decided to stop.
+
+And there's no difference
+between those who did or did
+
+not stop taking medication, in
+terms of difficulties in life.
+
+So now this is very
+complicated.
+
+Because people always say like,
+what is the long-term
+
+effects of taking Ritalin
+in children?
+
+What is the long-term effects?
+
+And you go well, you
+could say the first
+
+interpretation is this.
+
+Well, since it didn't make any
+difference, the drug has no
+
+effect at all, right.
+
+You take the drug, you don't
+take the drug, you have the
+
+same outcome.
+
+14-months was something.
+
+But eight years, it
+doesn't matter.
+
+But of course, who's more likely
+to stop taking the
+
+medication?
+
+Kids who are doing better or
+kids who are doing worse?
+
+Who's more likely to
+stop probably?
+
+On average, kids who are
+doing better, right.
+
+So maybe what you're really--
+maybe no difference is some
+
+kids were improving
+for other reasons.
+
+And so really, the kids who got
+the medications caught up
+
+with them because of
+the medications.
+
+And you can't tell those
+two things apart.
+
+So it's just incredibly hard
+to know with certainty what
+
+the right thing to do is
+in any long-term view.
+
+Because you can control for
+14-months what people do, if
+
+they're willing to
+let you do that.
+
+But you can't control
+it over years.
+
+They go back to their own
+complicated lives.
+
+And sorting out what the
+treatment did, versus the rest
+
+of their life is really hard.
+
+So Charlie, if we could
+do the VCR movie.
+
+Here's a example of a kid
+with ADHD and some
+
+discussion about that.
+
+You know, amazingly I can tell
+you that even though they're
+
+as good as it can do, there is
+no behavioral test you can
+
+give like this that's better
+than 50/50 at separating an
+
+ADHD child from other
+children.
+
+So you could be part
+of the story.
+
+But many, many, many children
+will not be identified this
+
+way even though they're having
+real problems at
+
+school and at home.
+
+I want to say two things
+about the video game.
+
+People, as they noted
+here, sometimes ADHD
+
+diagnoses are tough.
+
+Because when kids come into a
+new situation, a doctor's
+
+office, a new doctor,
+an evaluation,
+
+it gets their attention.
+
+And they look more
+focused, OK.
+
+And people have noticed that
+kids with ADHD seem to do
+
+quite well when they have an
+entertaining video game, which
+
+is easier to enjoy, right,
+than most things.
+
+So they actually did the study
+to ask how long does an ADHD
+
+kid play a video game versus
+a kid without ADHD.
+
+And when they're both playing
+video games, still the ADHD
+
+kid plays for less long.
+
+So it's not that it
+takes it away.
+
+But it in many ways, obfuscates
+the difference.
+
+So one interesting question
+is what is the right dose?
+
+Because we said the treatments
+where they titrated the dose,
+
+where you went to a doctor
+frequently and they said let's
+
+push it up, let's push it
+down, let's get the dose
+
+that's right for the child.
+
+What is that number?
+
+So here's a paper all the
+way back from 1977.
+
+Here's placebo, here's a small
+dose, here's a large dose.
+
+And they measured three
+different things.
+
+They measured how well
+you did in terms
+
+of the teacher ratings.
+
+So a teacher say, how's
+the kid doing?
+
+That's the open bars, OK.
+
+So the teacher said, here's
+how the kid's doing.
+
+They go, well, this
+is even better.
+
+And they go this is
+even the best, OK.
+
+So the teachers are saying,
+the more drug the better.
+
+Here's an objective measure of
+learning performance by those
+
+children, the same children.
+
+Better, worse.
+
+So you see, we go back to the
+ideas that came out of the
+
+prefrontal lobotomies,
+completely different topic.
+
+Everybody pretty much in the
+field agrees that these drugs
+
+help these kids on
+average, OK.
+
+But think about the
+complications of what the
+
+right dose is.
+
+For the teacher, the biggest
+dose is best.
+
+And why do you think that's
+likely to be?
+
+For the teacher doing classroom
+
+management with the 30 kids?
+
+Why does a big dose seem best?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Because they want
+the kids to be really
+
+manageable.
+
+PROFESSOR JOHN GABRIELI:
+Yes Yeah, yeah.
+
+You were going to say
+the same thing.
+
+Yeah.
+
+For them it's the kid is not
+fidgeting, not jumping around,
+
+distracting the other kids.
+
+So a slightly over-sedated
+kid seems like a triumph.
+
+And it can be to a parent also,
+like listening to me.
+
+But objective learning measures,
+this is optimal.
+
+And this is overdosing.
+
+So I think we'd all agree.
+
+This is the one that matters
+most of all.
+
+But you can see, you don't
+often have this kind of
+
+measurement.
+
+Often the doctor says, what
+does a teacher think?
+
+What does the parent think?
+
+And the kid will end up over
+here because that's what seems
+
+most correct to the eyes of the
+teacher or the parent, the
+
+biggest change in the
+child's behavior.
+
+So for the last couple of
+minutes I want to talk about
+
+brain imaging in regards
+to ADHD.
+
+So we talked about the idea that
+the cerebral cortex, you
+
+have too much of it, too many
+neurons and over connected.
+
+And that what it is to grow the
+adult brain you have is to
+
+eliminate neurons and synapses
+that are not
+
+functionally valuable.
+
+You're picking out
+the most valuable
+
+players of your neurons.
+
+And so you can say there's a
+peak age at which you go up
+
+and then you go down.
+
+And you consider that peak to
+be a sort of milestone of
+
+development.
+
+And you can see here in the
+dorsal lateral prefrontal of
+
+the cortex, here's the
+front of the brain.
+
+Here's the delay in
+ADH children.
+
+They take an average two years
+longer to reach that peak than
+
+do typically developing kids.
+
+But there's no difference
+at all in primary
+
+somatosensory cortex.
+
+So you might imagine it on
+systems that are the inputs of
+
+sensory stimulation
+from the world, an
+
+ADHD child is typical.
+
+For parts of the brain that
+regulate, like I'm not going
+
+to pay attention to that or I'm
+going to focus on this.
+
+That's slower developing.
+
+And you could see how that might
+lead to inattention or
+
+easy distractability.
+
+So a two-year delay in the
+development on average of
+
+prefrontal cortex structure.
+
+I talked with you before,
+and I'm just going to
+
+remind you of this.
+
+That if we look at reward
+systems, anticipation of a
+
+reward coming up in a few
+moments activates the nucleus
+
+accumbens in animals
+and humans.
+
+This is in humans, anticipation
+of a reward.
+
+And the same system that's
+measured here goes on to the
+
+medial prefrontal cortex.
+
+And that system turns on when
+you get the reward.
+
+So one thing anticipates.
+
+And one thing responds when
+you get the reward.
+
+And there's been some slightly
+divergent studies in ADHD.
+
+But one suggestion
+one is this.
+
+So here's the control subjects
+anticipating the reward.
+
+Here's the ADHD individuals also
+anticipating the reward
+
+but not showing any
+activation.
+
+It's as if, now remember the
+reward is this, you get a
+
+signal that tells you in a few
+moments if you push a button,
+
+you're going to get $1.
+
+This is not like study now, and
+if you complete college,
+
+you get to go to
+medical school.
+
+It's not delayed
+gratification.
+
+It's anticipating reward coming
+up in about 10 seconds.
+
+And at least in these
+patients, it
+
+doesn't drive the system.
+
+It's as if delayed gratification
+were not having
+
+any attraction with
+these brains.
+
+On the other hand, then you find
+out if you got it or not,
+
+because sometimes they trick
+you don't get it, orbital
+
+frontal response and
+controls, and much
+
+more in ADHD patients.
+
+If this picture is true, or at
+least true for some patients,
+
+imagine the consequences of
+anticipating reward, but being
+
+overly responsive to whether
+you got it or not.
+
+You'd be stimulus
+bound, right.
+
+You couldn't hold
+yourself back.
+
+It's not helping you develop
+delayed gratification.
+
+And here's one more thing
+that people ask,
+
+which is if you have--
+
+because now there's some
+evidence about this-- if you
+
+give Ritalin for a while, does
+it's slow the development of
+
+the cerebral cortex?
+
+And I won't go into
+the details here.
+
+But he answers is it does not.
+
+So people are worried, like if
+we keep giving Ritalin for
+
+some more years are we affecting
+brain structure?
+
+And the evidence is clear.
+
+Objectives of it is
+that it is not.
+
+So I think a lot of people feel
+like if the medication's
+
+helpful, there's very little
+evidence there's
+
+harmful side effects.
+
+Weirdly enough, Ritalin--
+
+and we'll come back to
+this just in a --
+
+is one of the least problematic
+medications in
+
+psychiatry, and frequently
+helpful.
+
+So the last FMRI study I want
+to show you is this.
+
+Let's say you gave Ritalin not
+only to children with ADHD who
+
+are taking it.
+
+But also typically developing
+children who've never taken
+
+Ritalin because they're
+typically developing.
+
+And how do their brains
+respond to that?
+
+So here's some ADHD children,
+and children without ADHD.
+
+And here's the tasks
+they perform.
+
+Sometimes they push a button
+every time a letter appears--
+
+they're having a whole bunch of
+letters here, push, push,
+
+push, push.
+
+But they're told when an
+X appears, don't push.
+
+So you're tricking
+the subjects.
+
+Because you're getting
+a habit going.
+
+What people call . prepotent
+response.
+
+So it's push, push,
+push, push.
+
+Oops, hold yourself back, OK.
+
+What people call no
+go, don't go.
+
+And that's hard to
+do for a kid.
+
+It's harder to do for somebody
+to do with ADHD, to control
+
+the impulse to push.
+
+And so you measure brain.
+
+And here's the behavior.
+
+And then let me tell
+you the issue.
+
+So here's the percent
+of false alarms.
+
+This is when you pushed for the
+X, you should have held
+
+yourself back.
+
+Here's the control, here's the
+ADHD children, making more
+
+impulsive errors overall, harder
+to control themselves
+
+and stop themselves from pushing
+for that X. When
+
+they're off Ritalin they make
+more mistakes when they're on.
+
+But look at these kids who have
+no ADHD and never took it
+
+because they have no
+reason to take it.
+
+They perform better.
+
+But look at the drug effect.
+
+Just the same size.
+
+And this is not the only study
+that has found that giving
+
+typical children Ritalin, will
+make them perform better on
+
+cognitively demanding tasks.
+
+They are typically not done so
+well by children as by adults.
+
+So the psychiatrist we worked
+with on the study said, wow,
+
+we used to think that if we gave
+somebody Ritalin and they
+
+behaved better, we knew we
+gave the right treatment.
+
+But it's not clear that these
+kids aren't behaving better.
+
+OK.
+
+They have no problem.
+
+And there's no reason to give
+them the medication.
+
+And let me step through this.
+
+If you look in the brains at
+where the Ritalin's affecting
+
+things, and lots of the brain,
+the control subjects, and ADHD
+
+children look alike.
+
+The only part of their brain
+that looks really different is
+
+in the basal ganglia, part of
+their brain that's involving
+
+in habits and impulse
+controls.
+
+Also implicated in OCD that
+we talked about before.
+
+It's an area that's full of
+dopaminergic systems.
+
+It's an area that Ritalin
+binds to.
+
+When you look inside the brain
+in animals, and here what was
+
+found was this.
+
+So this is a behavioral
+difference you saw before.
+
+So if you look in the basal
+ganglia, here's the controlled
+
+children off the medication,
+and then on the medication.
+
+Here's the ADHD showing this
+opposite response.
+
+So here's the only place where
+the responses are different
+
+between the controlled children
+
+and the ADHD children.
+
+And you can see in a way the
+medication is so-called
+
+normalizing the activation.
+
+So here's typical kids just
+being themselves, no Ritalin.
+
+Here's children with
+ADHD not treated.
+
+And now you can see.
+
+Now look how similar they
+get with the treatment.
+
+OK.
+
+So in this part of the brain,
+and its opposite effect when
+
+the typical children get the
+drug, the activation go down,
+
+the ADHD children, it goes up.
+
+So this part of the brain seems
+like it's an important
+
+part of the story.
+
+And also of how the medication
+influences somebody.
+
+So last thing I want to talk
+about for two minutes
+
+including the chapter in this,
+or three minutes is the
+
+struggle that people have of,
+what's the boundary between
+
+treating an outright
+disease and
+
+manipulating normal variation?
+
+So for example, here's the
+average height in the US of
+
+men and women.
+
+Huge debate about whether people
+who are on a very sort
+
+of, are projected to have
+a very short stature in
+
+adulthood, should they get
+growth hormone or not?
+
+One argument is no, why
+even think about it?
+
+Some parents will feel like,
+my kid might struggle.
+
+Give the kid a break.
+
+You can do something about it.
+
+You don't have to do that.
+
+How about sadness
+and depression?
+
+If you're somewhat sad,
+should they get CBT?
+
+Or do they have to be
+and dark depression?
+
+Where's the boundary between
+shyness and social anxiety?
+
+Or a kid doesn't follow
+directions, when do you say
+
+that's a kid not paying
+attention to ADHD?
+
+So one of the big surprises
+has been that when people
+
+have--and you guys can
+tell me in a moment.
+
+When people pole things,
+you never know how
+
+accurate these are.
+
+In some polls 7% of university
+students without ADHD say they
+
+take methylphenidate to help
+them focus and concentrate on
+
+their studies.
+
+And even more disturbing to
+scientists, in one study in
+
+nature, 20% percent of
+scientists said they do it.
+
+So I'm not asking you
+to turn yourself in.
+
+But this is my little poll of
+undergraduates in the world
+
+out there, because that's what
+I read in the magazines.
+
+So is there moderately
+widespread use of it by people
+
+who are not prescribed
+directly themselves?
+
+Or is it pretty rare?
+
+Rare?
+
+It could be rare, you know.
+
+OK.
+
+And then what is the
+right thing?
+
+Where in all this will people
+debate about this?
+
+I think there's no debate that
+for people who are really
+
+suffering, you want
+to help them.
+
+But where should the line be
+drawn between you know,
+
+helping those in despair and
+boosting those in the middle.
+
+So last example I want to give
+you just for a minute is this
+
+chapter from a man who mistook
+his wife for a hat.
+
+Because of this question about
+boosting experience.
+
+So this is a woman of
+90, Natasha Kay.
+
+She comes to the clinic.
+
+And after her 88th birthday
+she began to change.
+
+She felt thrilled.
+
+She was extremely well.
+
+People said see had changed from
+being shy to flirtatious,
+
+giggling, telling
+jokes at age 88.
+
+She had this huge
+transformation.
+
+It turns out she has
+syphilis, what she
+
+calls cupid's disease.
+
+But she's quite enjoying the
+change in personality.
+
+She's disinhibited and having
+a good time, OK.
+
+It's like the small bit of
+alcohol that loosens you up
+
+but all the time without any
+of the downside, right.
+
+And then they said well,
+should we treat it?
+
+Because she got the disease at
+an age when penicillin was not
+
+widely given.
+
+And they discover happily that
+if they treat the penicillin
+
+it protects her medically.
+
+But because the brain changed
+from the neurosyphilis has
+
+occurred, she remains very
+happy all the time.
+
+So you know, if somebody could
+give you a drug that could
+
+make you very happy all the
+time, bad idea, good idea?
+
+Anyway, so you could
+think about it.
+
+Thanks very much.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/TdOdc_n-ZCA.txt b/TdOdc_n-ZCA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..61038dbf5979aecb51814ed2444031fc8309f2ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/TdOdc_n-ZCA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3860 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high-quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+The first thing I
+would like to tell you,
+
+which I did not mention the
+last time-- that in the reading
+
+assignment, the syllabus that
+we handed out-- and by the way,
+
+does everybody have one?
+
+If you don't, we have
+some extras here.
+
+You all have one?
+
+Good.
+
+Anyway, as you can
+see on the first page,
+
+there is a section called
+preparatory reading.
+
+So I would recommend that
+if you can each time read
+
+this recommended reading,
+which is available, of course,
+
+on the internet.
+
+And that will make it easier
+for you to follow the lecture,
+
+because this course is both
+in vision and audition,
+
+and relies on imparting
+a great many facts
+
+about the workings
+of these two systems.
+
+And it's easier to be able to
+memorize these facts by doing
+
+the preparatory
+reading, if you can.
+
+All right, so today, then,
+what we are going to do
+
+is initially start to
+talk about the layout
+
+of the visual system.
+
+And then we're going to talk
+about the retina for much
+
+of the course.
+
+At the very end, we'll
+talk a little bit
+
+about the lateral
+geniculate nucleus.
+
+In each case, I
+will try to tell you
+
+about how some people
+thought about things,
+
+and what the progression
+is of the discoveries that
+
+have been made about
+the visual system.
+
+It is certainly an
+area of research
+
+which has been
+incredibly successful,
+
+and has resulted in
+quite a number of Nobel
+
+Prizes for the discoveries
+that individuals
+
+had made in uncovering the
+workings of the system.
+
+Furthermore, many of the
+uncoverings that investigators
+
+had done came about as
+incredible surprises,
+
+because so many of the
+findings were quite unexpected.
+
+And I will try to point these
+things out during the course.
+
+And my section, as
+I mentioned before,
+
+will consist of 12 lectures.
+
+And then that will be
+followed on October 23rd
+
+by a midterm exam.
+
+And again, to
+reiterate, that's going
+
+to consist of a series of
+multiple-choice questions.
+
+And then following
+that, we'll move on
+
+to talk about the
+auditory system
+
+that Chris Brown is going
+to be presenting to you.
+
+All right, so the first
+thing I want to do,
+
+then, is to talk about the basic
+wiring of the visual system,
+
+which in itself has yielded a
+number of unexpected surprises,
+
+and also raised some
+interesting questions.
+
+So what I want to
+start with first of all
+
+is that when you look
+at some animals that
+
+have sideways-looking eyes, like
+the rabbit and most amphibians,
+
+the two eyes look out in
+two different directions--
+
+to the left and to the right.
+
+And that enables them to
+see a very large portion
+
+of the visual field.
+
+And when that is the case,
+as in this picture shown here
+
+for the rabbit, what
+you find is that there's
+
+only a small area which
+is seen by both eyes.
+
+But then when we look at higher
+mammals, and particularly
+
+primates and humans,
+what you find
+
+is that there was a huge change
+in the course of evolution,
+
+bringing the eyes to the front.
+
+Now that change is very
+interesting, and we can ask,
+
+why on earth did that happen?
+
+Because it meant
+that, obviously,
+
+a human cannot see
+behind themselves,
+
+where these rabbits can
+see a much larger portion
+
+of the visual field.
+
+And so you sacrificed
+ability to see all the way
+
+around the world for being
+able to see with both eyes
+
+to the front.
+
+And so the question is,
+why did this happen?
+
+Now we are going to discuss
+this in some detail,
+
+because one of the prime
+reasons-- I believe
+
+at least-- that
+this has happened
+
+is to be able to process
+information about depth better
+
+than it can be done by
+rabbits and other animals.
+
+And so when we talk
+about depth perception,
+
+we are going to deal with
+this issue in more detail.
+
+Now if you look at an animal
+like a rabbit, what you find--
+
+and also animals which are,
+as I've mentioned already,
+
+that you also have in
+fish and amphibians,
+
+you have these
+sideways looking eyes.
+
+And now we can ask
+the question, how
+
+do these two eyes
+make their connections
+
+through the ganglion cells to
+the central nervous system?
+
+And that, in fact, was
+quite an issue at one time,
+
+believe it or not, before
+anatomical techniques
+
+became more sophisticated.
+
+And the reason it
+became an issue is
+
+because it was discovered
+predominantly, actually,
+
+by Cajal, who I've mentioned
+had received the Nobel Prize
+
+for the beautiful work he
+had done on not only vision,
+
+but in general about the
+nervous system, in 1906
+
+with Golgi, he
+discovered, as did
+
+several other investigators,
+that the optic nerve crosses
+
+over at the so-called chiasm.
+
+And so the input
+from the left eye
+
+projects into the right
+half of the brain,
+
+and from the right half to
+the left half of the brain.
+
+And that became a huge issue--
+why on earth would this happen?
+
+And we are going to deal
+with this repeatedly.
+
+It's a very interesting issue.
+
+And even more
+interesting is the fact
+
+that when the eyes move to
+the front, what happened
+
+is that this kind of connection
+became much more complicated.
+
+But before I do that, let me
+just say a few more words here.
+
+First of all, that in
+fish and amphibians,
+
+you have a huge structure
+called the optic tectum,
+
+which is the primary visual
+processing center in the brain.
+
+And there is also the
+lateral geniculate nucleus
+
+of the thalamus
+in these animals.
+
+But that's quite small, and
+not very well developed.
+
+And there is a cortex
+in these animals,
+
+but it is, again, a
+primitive area compared
+
+to primates, for example.
+
+And the lateral geniculate
+nucleus projects to the cortex.
+
+So the left cortex
+in these animals
+
+gets input from the right
+eye, and the obverse
+
+is the case for
+the right cortex.
+
+And so consequently,
+this cortex is
+
+this part of the visual
+field, and this cortex
+
+is this part of
+the visual field.
+
+It's almost like an inversion.
+
+Now we come to what happened
+as a result of the eyes
+
+moving to the front.
+
+When the eyes move to the front
+in the course of evolution,
+
+that necessitated a major
+rewiring in the visual system.
+
+So that's what we are going to
+look at next, because that's
+
+us.
+
+All right, so what
+we have here then,
+
+we have the two eyes
+looking to the front.
+
+And imagine that these two
+eyes are looking at something.
+
+There's a dot here.
+
+And both eyes are
+looking at the same dot,
+
+so that you only
+see a single dot.
+
+OK.
+
+So now what happens is
+really something surprising.
+
+What happens is that the--
+let me interrupt for a second
+
+and tell you that imagine that
+you cut your eye-- I mean,
+
+don't do it-- but imagine that
+you cut your eye vertically
+
+in half, each eye, OK?
+
+And that means that each
+eye has, if you will,
+
+a nasal half and a
+temporal half, all right?
+
+So here we have the two eyes.
+
+Here's the left eye.
+
+And what we have is a nasal
+half, projects across,
+
+and the same thing is
+true for the right eye--
+
+projects across.
+
+But now if you look at
+the temporal hemiretinae--
+
+hemiretinae, remember
+that's the word for it--
+
+something very
+interesting happens.
+
+The temporal hemiretinae
+don't cross over,
+
+but they remain
+on the same side.
+
+So we have a color code here
+that the red parts project
+
+across, and the black parts also
+project across from one eye,
+
+but stay ipsilateral
+for the other eye.
+
+So you say, my god,
+why did this happen?
+
+What on earth is going on?
+
+And then if you study this, you
+realize that this is actually
+
+one of the few
+truly logical things
+
+that you encounter when
+you study the brain.
+
+Many of the things
+you study in the brain
+
+don't seem to be too
+logical, because in the force
+
+of evolution, you
+have to change things
+
+in very peculiar, subtle
+ways to make things work.
+
+You couldn't just redo the
+whole system from scratch.
+
+But this is certainly
+a logical one,
+
+and I'll explain it to
+you in just a minute.
+
+OK, so now what we do
+next is that again, we
+
+have the two lateral
+geniculate nuclei,
+
+but now these are
+in the thalamus.
+
+These two nuclei have
+grown tremendously in size,
+
+and became much more important
+in visual processing,
+
+as did, then, the cortex.
+
+This process, by the way,
+is called encephalization.
+
+So in primitive animals, they
+have a very small cortex.
+
+And then the course of
+evolution, the cortex
+
+grew, and grew,
+and grew, and grew,
+
+and became a more
+and more important
+
+structure in being able to
+analyze just about anything,
+
+and certainly analyze vision.
+
+Now here we have a cortical
+area in the posterior part
+
+of the brain, as I pointed
+out to you the last time.
+
+And what you have
+is a whole series
+
+of visual areas in the cortex.
+
+The most central
+one, I guess, would
+
+be area V1-- the so-called
+primary visual cortex to which
+
+the lateral geniculate
+projects most profusely.
+
+Then we have a whole bunch
+of other visual areas,
+
+as we'll discuss in
+more detail later on.
+
+And then what happens is that
+we have several other cortical
+
+areas.
+
+The cortex-- I
+think you all of you
+
+know that-- is divided
+into four lobes, OK?
+
+The frontal, temporal,
+parietal, and the rear one
+
+is called the occipital lobes.
+
+All right, now the visual
+areas that you see in the back
+
+here make extensive
+interconnections
+
+and connections to these
+other lobes in the brain
+
+to be able to analyze
+the visual scene.
+
+Now in addition,
+what we have still--
+
+as we had in more
+primitive animals--
+
+we have a superior colliculus--
+actually two of them,
+
+one on each side-- and then
+we have another set of areas
+
+called the terminal
+nuclei, the nucleus
+
+of the optic tract,
+about which we will just
+
+talk a little bit,
+because they are
+
+specializing in certain
+visual functions,
+
+but not nearly as compelling
+and interesting as the work that
+
+has been done in
+the cortical areas
+
+and in the superior colliculi.
+
+So this is the arrangement.
+
+But now we want to
+understand, why do you
+
+have this strange
+connection here?
+
+So to understand that, what
+we are going to talk about
+
+is the so-called horopter
+or the Vieth-Muller circle.
+
+Now what is that?
+
+Some clever guy came up
+with this observation.
+
+They made a circle that
+goes through the nodal point
+
+of the eye.
+
+And its diameter depends
+on where you're fixating.
+
+So fixating here, in
+this case, the red area,
+
+which is your left
+visual hemifield,
+
+impinges on the nasal
+retina of the left eye
+
+and the temporal retina
+of the other eye.
+
+So if you have an
+object here, that
+
+hits corresponding retinal
+elements in the two eyes.
+
+And that is a basic rule.
+
+Anywhere along this
+horopter, a spot
+
+will activate corresponding
+regions in the two eyes.
+
+And then what happens is that
+those corresponding points
+
+go to the same location in the
+lateral geniculate nucleus,
+
+and in the superior colliculus,
+and in the visual cortex.
+
+So the logic of
+this arrangement is
+
+to be able to have the
+two eyes have input
+
+to corresponding
+points in the brain.
+
+That way, you can see
+something uniform and clear,
+
+rather than seeing double.
+
+So that is, then,
+the arrangement
+
+that you have in primates.
+
+Now just to anticipate a
+little bit-- whenever images
+
+fall inside or
+outside the circle,
+
+they do fall on
+non-correspondent points,
+
+and that will have
+something to do.
+
+And I keep you just curious
+about that for the time being,
+
+about how we process depth.
+
+And that is a mechanism
+that is involved,
+
+so it's called stereopsis.
+
+I've mentioned that very
+briefly the last time.
+
+OK, so that then summarises
+the basic connections
+
+of the system.
+
+And then what we
+are going to do next
+
+is we're going to
+go to the retina,
+
+and look at in more detail
+about how the retina is made.
+
+And then we will go
+in successive steps
+
+to higher areas, sometimes
+going back and forth,
+
+to try to understand visual
+processing in general.
+
+All right, so now let's
+begin by looking at the eye.
+
+Now I don't expect you to
+know all these names here,
+
+but you should remember, of
+course, the lens, the cornea.
+
+You know that already.
+
+You know the iris, right?
+
+What's the iris?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, now
+what do we base
+
+our views on the color of
+the eye when you say somebody
+
+has blue eyes, or
+somebody has brown eyes?
+
+It's based on the fact
+of what the coloring is
+
+of the iris, all right?
+
+Now, what's the iris?
+
+The iris can get
+bigger and smaller
+
+to control the size of
+the opening into the lens.
+
+All right?
+
+It's much like what you
+have in cameras, where
+
+they have the so-called
+f-stop, right?
+
+So if you have a
+large number, say f/16
+
+on a camera, that is set
+to 16 if you do it manually
+
+when it's bright out there.
+
+But when it's dim out there,
+like we have in this camera
+
+here, we have the lens
+wide open because it's
+
+pretty dark in here.
+
+Then you have a low f-stop,
+like an f/4 or even lower,
+
+to allow more light to come in--
+more photons to enter the eye.
+
+Now next is-- here's the lens.
+
+And the fascinating thing about
+the lens is that in the eye,
+
+the lens is totally different
+from the way it is in a camera.
+
+Now, maybe by now
+many of you don't even
+
+know the details about a
+camera, but one of the details,
+
+of course, is that to
+bring an image into focus,
+
+you have to adjust the distance
+of the lens from the film
+
+onto which the
+image projects, OK?
+
+So the closer an image, the
+further out the lens has to go.
+
+Now, if that were the case
+in animals and humans,
+
+you would have a
+super-bulging eye,
+
+so when you look at
+something closely,
+
+the eye would go out like that.
+
+And that would be
+really disturbing.
+
+So that is not the case,
+because what happened instead
+
+is something very clever that
+you don't see in cameras, which
+
+is that you have this lens here,
+which is-- at least in younger
+
+people-- is an organ that
+can vary in thickness.
+
+So you have here some
+muscles, the ciliary muscles,
+
+which are just the
+thickness of this lens,
+
+to allow it to focus
+properly on the retina.
+
+Now here, the
+retina goes around,
+
+is against the inner
+wall of the eye.
+
+You all know that, of course.
+
+And to explain how this
+is done, then-- very,
+
+very crudely-- here we have it.
+
+If you have an
+object really near,
+
+you want the lens to be
+thick to properly focus
+
+the image on the retina.
+
+And if the image is
+far, you have to thin
+
+the lens to get the proper
+focus on the retina.
+
+So that's how the
+lens works, at least
+
+when you're reasonably young.
+
+But then when you get
+older, what happens
+
+is that the lens
+becomes progressively
+
+stiffer and stiffer.
+
+And because of that, you have
+to start wearing glasses.
+
+Now, in the olden
+days, they used
+
+to have lenses which came
+in two parts-- bifocals.
+
+So if you looked
+in the upper part,
+
+you could look at a distance.
+
+If you looked in the lower
+part, you could look close.
+
+Nowadays, they have
+graduated lenses,
+
+so if you look in the upper
+part, you can look far.
+
+And if you want to
+look [INAUDIBLE]
+
+look down below, and then
+you can see that in focus.
+
+So once you get
+older, these lenses
+
+don't adjust as much--
+still a little bit.
+
+But the proof that this is
+not that important, thank god,
+
+now that we have these graded
+lenses and we have bifocals--
+
+is that a lot of
+people in old age,
+
+who develop-- and sometimes
+not even in old age-- in India,
+
+for example, there are a lot of
+young kids who have cataracts.
+
+Now what are cataracts?
+
+Cataracts interfere with
+the processing of vision
+
+through the lens system,
+and things become unclear,
+
+because all kinds of blockage
+occurs in the lens itself.
+
+So how is that corrected?
+
+The way that's corrected
+nowadays, is that you have
+
+what is called cataract surgery.
+
+So what they do,
+then, is they actually
+
+literally remove the
+lens from the eye,
+
+and they put in a fixed lens
+made out of plastic or glass.
+
+And then, obviously, since
+there's no adjustment,
+
+you do have to wear glasses
+to look at things far away
+
+and look at things close.
+
+And most of the time, those
+would be graduated lenses.
+
+And so people who
+have cataract surgery
+
+can see extremely well,
+certainly a lot better
+
+than having to try to deal with
+lenses that have cataracts.
+
+All right.
+
+Now there's one other point
+I want to make about the eye
+
+here before we move
+on-- maybe two points.
+
+One is about this
+part of the eye--
+
+that you have here your
+so-called iris, OK?
+
+And what do you call what's
+in the center of the iris?
+
+AUDIENCE: Pupil.
+
+PROFESSOR: Pupil, very good.
+
+Now what is the
+color of the pupil?
+
+In most people,
+it's black, right?
+
+Why is it black?
+
+How come the pupil is black?
+
+Any thoughts about that?
+
+OK, well, let me tell you.
+
+And I think what I'll do
+is actually I'll move on.
+
+First I'll leave this unanswered
+for just a few minutes.
+
+This I've shown
+you before, which
+
+is another amazing
+thing about the eye--
+
+namely that in the
+fovea, you have something
+
+like 200,000 cones per
+square millimeter-- 200,000.
+
+As you go five degrees out,
+it reduces tenfold to 20,000.
+
+And then you go 10 degrees,
+it reduces by half.
+
+So because of this
+very high density--
+
+I've mentioned this
+before-- in the fovea,
+
+you have high acuity.
+
+And that is one of
+the prime reasons
+
+you have to move your eye around
+so that you can see things
+
+in fine detail.
+
+All right, so now let's
+take another step here,
+
+and look at the retina itself.
+
+And let me first of
+all point out to you,
+
+I have reversed the image
+to have it right-side up.
+
+The light actually comes
+in from the bottom,
+
+and goes through all
+these cells until it
+
+hits the photoreceptors.
+
+Here are the photoreceptors.
+
+And at the closest
+point to eye, what we
+
+have is called the
+pigment epithelium.
+
+OK, so what's the
+pigment epithelium?
+
+The pigment epithelium
+is a single layer
+
+of cells that are
+pigmented to such a degree
+
+that when photons
+come into the eye
+
+and get to the
+pigment epithelium,
+
+they get absorbed just
+like a black surface,
+
+that you see as a black
+surface, absorbs the photons
+
+and doesn't reflect them.
+
+So because of that, there's
+no reflection back out.
+
+And that explains why
+the pupil looks black,
+
+because the light that
+comes into the eye
+
+doesn't reflect back out.
+
+Now there's a good
+reason for that,
+
+because if it were to reflect
+back out, it would scatter,
+
+and it would activate many
+more photoreceptors receptors
+
+than it should, and because of
+that, you get blurred vision.
+
+Now how do we know this?
+
+Can you think of any
+one species of animal
+
+where the pigment
+epithelium is not black?
+
+AUDIENCE: In cats.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, in cat, OK.
+
+So there's some
+animals, you see mostly
+
+in animals that specialize
+in nocturnal vision, that
+
+have a pigment epithelium
+which actually has purposefully
+
+reflecting molecules in it.
+
+For them, this is called,
+actually, the tapetum.
+
+And the purpose of that
+is to improve the ability
+
+to see so that the photons
+activate the photoreceptors not
+
+only in one direction, but
+also when they bounce back.
+
+Now the tapetum is arranged in
+such a way, in most animals,
+
+that it doesn't freely
+scatter the light,
+
+but scatters in a fairly
+directional manner.
+
+And because of that,
+you can see pretty well.
+
+Now I'm sure that many
+of you have noticed
+
+that when you drive at
+night, in a the deserted area
+
+in the United States-- which
+are decreasing, of course--
+
+you can see sometimes
+deer on the highway,
+
+or rabbits for that matter.
+
+And when you see them,
+it looks like they
+
+have two flashlights
+projecting at you.
+
+It's almost scary.
+
+But it also helps you by being
+able to avoid hitting them.
+
+Now that's because they have
+that reflecting tapetum,
+
+all right?
+
+Let's look at a
+different example.
+
+What other human can you
+think of who does not
+
+have a black pigment
+epithelium or for that matter,
+
+some animals as well.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Albino.
+
+PROFESSOR: Very good-- albinos.
+
+Now what's albinos?
+
+Albinos are
+individuals, or animals,
+
+who lack pigment in their
+skin, and, of course,
+
+in their retinae.
+
+So if you look at
+the eye of an albino,
+
+actually their
+pupil is not black.
+
+Their pupil is--
+
+AUDIENCE: Red.
+
+PROFESSOR: Reddish, very good.
+
+Why is it reddish?
+
+Because you have thousands
+of-- in the retina,
+
+especially mostly on the
+outside here as well,
+
+you have blood vessels.
+
+And the blood
+vessels, since they
+
+carry blood, when light
+reflects from them,
+
+they will have a
+reddish color to them,
+
+and thereby endow, if you will,
+the pupil with a reddish color.
+
+The pupil with a reddish color.
+
+Now, the proof that the
+main function of the pigment
+
+epithelium is to absorb the
+incoming light, to prevent
+
+scattering, is in
+the fact that albinos
+
+that lack this pigment
+epithelium have
+
+very poor vision.
+
+They often have vision to
+20 over 200 or something,
+
+because the light scatters
+from the epithelium which
+
+is no longer pigmented
+in these people,
+
+and activates many
+photoreceptors,
+
+thereby reducing the ability to
+see things clearly and sharply.
+
+All right, so now let's go
+through this retina here.
+
+First of all, we have
+the rods and the cones.
+
+Now this brings me to a very
+interesting story-- at least
+
+for me an interesting story.
+
+Back in the 19th century,
+there was a person
+
+whose name was Max Schultze.
+
+I'm trying to remember
+when he lived.
+
+He lived from 1825 to 1874.
+
+He developed some new
+anatomical procedures.
+
+And as I mentioned before,
+whenever new techniques emerge
+
+or are invented, it's
+likely that you're
+
+going to make some
+interesting new discoveries.
+
+And so he was the first person,
+by then looking at the retina
+
+and looking at the
+photoreceptors,
+
+that he said there are
+two different kinds
+
+of photoreceptors--
+the rods and the cones.
+
+The rods are sort of, like
+the name implies, rods.
+
+And the cones are sort
+of, as the name implies,
+
+conish looking.
+
+So he looked at that and looked
+at that, and said why on earth
+
+would we have in most
+animals rods and cones?
+
+What is their function?
+
+This was a totally
+new discovery.
+
+When he first published
+this, nobody believed him.
+
+They said, oh, they
+just vary randomly,
+
+and some are more rod-like
+and some are more cone-like,
+
+but it's just the
+same photoreceptors.
+
+So he, of course,
+did not accept that.
+
+He saw, by being very
+careful about it,
+
+that it was definitely
+two different classes
+
+just like it is in this picture.
+
+And so he began to
+ask the question, why
+
+on earth do we have this?
+
+So imagine yourself in
+the 19th century coming up
+
+with this incredible
+discovery, and trying
+
+to figure out why we have them.
+
+Now if you're a
+really good scientist,
+
+then you start to
+think analytically.
+
+And so what did he do?
+
+I'm so impressed to this day.
+
+He said, well, let me take
+a closer look at the retina
+
+and see how the
+rods and the cones
+
+are distributed on
+the retinal surface.
+
+And he discovered, to go back to
+the previous slide, that there
+
+is a small region
+here, the fovea,
+
+where there are only cones.
+
+There are no rods.
+
+And I'll show you a better
+picture of that in a minute.
+
+And he said, my god,
+if that's the case,
+
+there must be something
+different about the way
+
+we see in the fovea than
+we can see in areas where
+
+you have lots of rods.
+
+So what did he discover?
+
+He discovered that in the fovea
+we don't see too well at night.
+
+OK, on the basis of
+that, he concluded
+
+that the rods are
+for night vision.
+
+Now this was
+absolutely incredible.
+
+There's only one sad
+part in this story, which
+
+is that this discovery was
+made in the early 19th century,
+
+but before the Nobel
+Prize was initiated,
+
+because had the Nobel Prize
+been initiated before you made
+
+this discovery,
+there's no question
+
+that he would have received
+the Nobel Prize for it.
+
+It's such an incredible
+magnitude of discovery.
+
+All right, so let's
+go back here then,
+
+and I pointed out the rods
+and the cones and the pigment
+
+epithelium.
+
+Now let's go through
+here and I'll
+
+tell you about the
+rest of the elements.
+
+And then this time, and also
+in several subsequent sessions,
+
+we'll talk about some of these
+elements in much more detail,
+
+especially about the
+retinal ganglion cells.
+
+So anyway, when you come
+here to the next stage here,
+
+we have the so-called horizontal
+cells and bipolar cells.
+
+It's been established that
+the photoreceptors connect
+
+with both of these.
+
+And then the bipolar cells
+connect into the inner portion
+
+of the retina, just as
+I'll show you in a minute.
+
+Now this region here
+is called the OPL,
+
+and it's easy to remember--
+outer plexiform layer.
+
+Now then, when you get into
+the deeper parts of the retina,
+
+you have the so-called amacrine
+cells and ganglion cells,
+
+and they reside in the
+inner plexiform layer.
+
+Now it is the ganglion cells
+that project out of the eye
+
+and then project,
+as we had shown you,
+
+to various regions in the
+brain, most notably that we're
+
+going to talk about today the
+lateral geniculate nucleus.
+
+Now let me also point out at
+this stage to you some numbers.
+
+Here is an enlarged, highly
+simplified view of rods.
+
+Now, the rods are constructed
+in an incredibly complex way.
+
+They have these individual
+so-called disks.
+
+And within each of these
+disks-- there are about 1,000
+
+of them-- I only have
+25, here, I think, or 24.
+
+There are about 1,000 of
+these in each rod, OK?
+
+And within each of
+these disks, you
+
+have about 10,000
+rhodopsin molecules.
+
+There are several kinds
+of opsins, so-called.
+
+Rhodopsins are the
+ones you see in rods,
+
+in there are different
+kinds of opsins in cones.
+
+And these are the photosensitive
+molecules in your receptors,
+
+so that when a photon
+comes in and hits
+
+one of these molecules,
+they change shape.
+
+And the simplest way
+of thinking about this
+
+is to say that these molecules,
+these rhodopsin molecules,
+
+come in two different shapes.
+
+And these two different
+shapes are what we call,
+
+very simply, those
+that are open and those
+
+are the sort of
+closed, if you're
+
+describing the molecular shape.
+
+And the easiest way to think
+of them as that they're
+
+bleached or unbleached.
+
+And so there are millions
+of these molecules,
+
+and what is that, 10
+million in each rod.
+
+And you know how many rods
+there are in the average eye?
+
+About 120 million, and about
+five or six million cones.
+
+And you're talking about
+unbelievable numbers.
+
+It's just hard to comprehend.
+
+But at any rate,
+the molecules here,
+
+then, are two different states--
+bleached and unbleached.
+
+What that means is
+when a molecule shifts
+
+from being unbleached
+to bleached
+
+as a result of a
+photon hitting it,
+
+that changes the overall--
+I'm talking about, of course,
+
+hundreds of molecules,
+typically-- the overall degree
+
+of de- and hyper-polarization
+of the cell.
+
+And that will then determine
+whether the cell is going
+
+to communicate to the
+next elements below,
+
+and I'll describe that in much
+more detail in just a minute.
+
+But it gives you an idea of how
+unbelievably complex this is.
+
+Yet another
+complexity is that you
+
+have this huge number of rods,
+but if you think about it,
+
+will these rods be there
+in each in these rods
+
+with each of these disks
+persist for a lifetime?
+
+So the average lifetime
+is 80 or 90 years.
+
+Well these same guys exist
+in the eye all the time?
+
+Well, the answer is no.
+
+What happens is there is yet
+another process, amazingly,
+
+that replaces in steps these
+disks in the rods, usually
+
+a few disks every few days.
+
+So it's a constant,
+dynamic process
+
+keeping your rods, if not your
+whole body, young, so to speak.
+
+All right, so anyway,
+this gives you
+
+sort of a crude sense of the
+complexity of this system.
+
+But now we are going
+to shift over, and talk
+
+about the retinal
+ganglion cells.
+
+And then we'll come
+back, and we talk
+
+in a bit more detail about the
+preretinal ganglionic elements.
+
+Here is a set of
+pictures created
+
+by a wonderful scientist
+called [? Poyak ?], showing you
+
+different classes of
+types, if you will,
+
+of retinal ganglion cells.
+
+The top row here
+have been named,
+
+because of their small size
+and the small dendritic arbors,
+
+have been named midget cells.
+
+Whereas these ones below--
+some of them, at least--
+
+are much, much bigger and have
+much larger dendritic arbors,
+
+as you can see here, have
+been called parasol cells.
+
+And why they've been
+called parasol cells
+
+I'll explain to you
+in just a minute.
+
+Now this set of pictures was
+created by the Golgi stain
+
+that I mentioned to you before,
+that was invented by Golgi,
+
+and extensively
+studied by Cajal.
+
+And for this
+incredible work they
+
+had done, a lot of
+it on the retina,
+
+they received the
+Nobel Prize in 1906.
+
+So what this disclosed,
+then-- an initial view--
+
+was that there are different
+classes of retinal ganglion
+
+cells.
+
+And so therefore,
+the big question
+
+came up, why do we have
+different classes of cells
+
+like that, retinal
+ganglion cells?
+
+What do they do?
+
+Well, initially
+some people again--
+
+which is good-- I
+think one should
+
+be resistant to
+change and new ideas
+
+until they are
+really proven well.
+
+Some people argue that
+[INAUDIBLE] just continue,
+
+but then it became evident
+that these are indeed
+
+different classes.
+
+And I will present some
+evidence to prove that.
+
+So there are actually
+quite a number
+
+of different classes of
+retinal ganglion cells
+
+that perform different jobs.
+
+We're going to try to understand
+what are the different jobs
+
+that they perform.
+
+And we're going to
+concentrate mostly
+
+on these midget
+and parasol cells,
+
+because they are by far the
+most numerous in the retina,
+
+and make a major, major
+contribution to overall vision.
+
+All right, so now let's
+look at the physiology
+
+of retinal ganglion cells.
+
+Now that we know we have these
+different kinds of ganglion
+
+cells, how do we find
+out what they do?
+
+Well what was recognized
+in the early portions
+
+of the 20th century was that to
+find out what these cells do,
+
+one needs to study
+their activity.
+
+And to study their
+activity, what
+
+was developed after
+many different trials,
+
+is to either record
+from individual axons,
+
+or to use a microelectrode that
+you could put into the eye,
+
+and record from individual
+cells, and see what they do.
+
+Well, the first person who
+did this was Keffer Hartline.
+
+And for the beautiful
+work he had done,
+
+he received the
+Nobel Prize in 1967.
+
+Now what he did-- he was
+a tremendous surgeon.
+
+And so what he did-- he did
+this in primitive animals
+
+like frogs-- he would
+take the optic nerve,
+
+and he would dissect one
+fiber from the optic nerve,
+
+hook it up, and record
+electrically from it.
+
+And then what he would
+do, he would shine a light
+
+into the eye, move it around
+until this cell generated
+
+action potentials.
+
+That was just a
+very small region,
+
+because as I've
+mentioned, each cell
+
+in the retina--
+each ganglion cell--
+
+only sees a teeny, teeny, little
+portion of the visual field.
+
+So that's how he
+did his experiments.
+
+And he made some really
+remarkable discoveries
+
+which further then
+were elaborated
+
+by using slightly
+different methods.
+
+A slightly different
+method, first of all,
+
+was to put a microelectrode
+into the eye.
+
+And I've mentioned
+that to you before.
+
+The initial microelectrode
+was a very fine, tube of glass
+
+which was heated and then
+pulled until the tip was only
+
+about a micron in
+diameter, which
+
+enabled you to record from
+individual cells in the retina,
+
+or for that matter,
+anywhere in the brain.
+
+Now another change in
+the methods that emerged
+
+is that instead of shining a
+light directly into the eye,
+
+people use reflected
+light, because in the world
+
+most of what we see
+is reflected light.
+
+Of course, nowadays this
+has changed a little bit,
+
+because we have
+computers and we have
+
+TV, which were set up in
+such a way as to mimic
+
+reflected light, if you will.
+
+But in the natural
+world for the most part,
+
+we see reflected light.
+
+All right, so when this was
+done-- this initial work that
+
+was done by Keffer Hartline
+for which he received the Nobel
+
+Prize-- that he discovered
+three major classes of cells
+
+based on that recording
+of this, which he called,
+
+first of all, on
+cells, secondly off
+
+cells, and then
+thirdly on-off cells.
+
+Now the on cells
+were those which,
+
+when you shown light into their
+so-called receptive field area,
+
+they would discharge vigorously.
+
+You turn the light on here, and
+you can see the on cell fires.
+
+An off cell, on the other
+hand, fired when you turned off
+
+the light using this
+particular method.
+
+And on-off cells
+were those that fired
+
+both at the onset and the
+termination of the light.
+
+And that's why they were
+called, and are still
+
+called to this day,
+on and off cells.
+
+So that was an
+incredible discovery,
+
+and has created
+a major evolution
+
+in the study of
+the visual system.
+
+All right, so now doing this
+kind of work in more detail,
+
+using especially
+mostly reflected
+
+light, several other major
+discoveries were made.
+
+A fellow at Harvard
+in his later years,
+
+originally at Johns Hopkins, did
+experiments carefully studying
+
+the receptive field
+structure of these cells.
+
+He would record, in this
+case with microelectrodes,
+
+from a single cell--
+retinal ganglion cell--
+
+and then see how it responded
+when he fiddled around
+
+with the light in
+the receptive field.
+
+So imagine, then,
+that the eye is fixed.
+
+It's looking out.
+
+You're putting an electrode,
+in this case, into the eye
+
+or wherever you put
+it, and then you
+
+can use lights, maybe
+like a projector,
+
+move it around to find out
+where the receptive field is.
+
+And then you can present
+a small spot of light,
+
+make it a big spot, make
+it different colors,
+
+and so on, and so on.
+
+So when this was done,
+a remarkable discovery
+
+was made by Kuffler, namely that
+the so-called on and off cells
+
+were not just responding to the
+onset and termination of light.
+
+Instead, what they did was
+they responded vigorously
+
+to a small spot in the center of
+the so-called receptive field,
+
+but if you used a
+large spot like that,
+
+there was much
+less of a response.
+
+And that was true also
+for the off cells,
+
+and for the on-off cells.
+
+So the surround you
+can think of as being
+
+inhibitory with
+respect to the center.
+
+And so the big question
+arose, why on earth
+
+did this complex
+arrangement evolve
+
+of having cells that have not
+only an excitatory center,
+
+but also have an
+inhibitory surround?
+
+And now I'm going to let you
+think about this for a minute,
+
+and eventually I
+will tell you as
+
+to why we have
+this organization.
+
+Because we're going to
+devote a whole session
+
+to the on and off systems,
+and also a complete session
+
+to the midget and parasol cells.
+
+And that's when we are going
+to discuss this in detail.
+
+Now, the important thing as
+you learn about these things
+
+is to be an active thinker.
+
+And if something comes up, you
+say, well, why did this happen?
+
+Why did that happen?
+
+Why is this?
+
+Why is that?
+
+When you actively
+think about that,
+
+then it becomes interesting.
+
+And also, once the
+answers come, it
+
+becomes insightful and
+exciting to understand it.
+
+OK, so now a series
+of investigators
+
+did experiments in
+which they-- this sounds
+
+like a fairly simple
+experiment-- in which they
+
+did labeling of just the
+cell bodies in the retina,
+
+and did what is
+called a whole mounts.
+
+What's a whole mount?
+
+You take the retina.
+
+You flatten it out.
+
+Then you look at this whole
+layout through a microscope.
+
+And if you label
+these cells-- and this
+
+was a so-called Nissl stain
+that stains the cell bodies,
+
+but doesn't stain the processes
+like the dendrite of the axons.
+
+What they found was-- they
+did this quantitatively--
+
+they could distinguish three
+very distinct different classes
+
+of cells.
+
+It turned out later that
+there were more than three,
+
+but in this case, just
+doing it crudely like that,
+
+you can see those
+big cells-- that one,
+
+that one, that one, that one,
+and so on-- maybe one out
+
+of seven or eight in this
+sample-- are these huge cells.
+
+And then you have
+some smaller cells.
+
+And then you also
+some tiny cells.
+
+And if you did this
+quantitatively,
+
+they argued that they formed
+distinct separate populations.
+
+They were not a continuum.
+
+All right, so then
+that, of course,
+
+is a basic requirement to
+prove that indeed, these
+
+are different
+classes of cells that
+
+probably perform different jobs.
+
+So what can you do to
+prove this further?
+
+Well, subsequent to this
+kind of work, people
+
+began to look at another
+interesting question about how
+
+these retinal
+ganglion cells send
+
+a signal to the
+central nervous system.
+
+And it's been discovered,
+not just in the retina,
+
+but in many other parts of
+the human and animal body,
+
+that the rapidity with which
+an axon can send its action
+
+potentials down from one
+location to the next--
+
+from the cell body, say,
+to the axon terminals--
+
+very much depends on
+the size of the cell
+
+and the size of the axon.
+
+So if you have a small
+cell and a very thin axon,
+
+the conduction is
+slower than if you
+
+have a big cell and a big axon.
+
+So if that's the
+case, people argued
+
+that if you were to
+take the optic nerve
+
+and stimulate it at one
+side and a little bit
+
+down, maybe back
+towards the retina,
+
+record and see what kind
+of overall general--
+
+not action potentials, but
+overall activation takes place.
+
+And when that was done, a very
+amazing discovery was made.
+
+In this case, you can see
+we have two major dips here.
+
+This is time, OK.
+
+Here is electrical stimulation.
+
+Here's the activation
+of hundreds and hundreds
+
+of fibers.
+
+And it shows that they
+formed distinct groups--
+
+a very rapidly conducting group,
+a slower conducting group,
+
+and a very slow,
+more diffuse group.
+
+So then it was subsequent--
+I'll talk about that later-- it
+
+was subsequently
+established that these very
+
+rapidly conducting axons come
+from the so-called parasol
+
+cells.
+
+The medium conducting ones
+come from the midget cells,
+
+all right?
+
+I'll tell you exactly
+how that was established,
+
+but now that has
+become a solid fact.
+
+OK, so now we go back to the
+anatomy of these cell types,
+
+if you look at them at
+equivalent distances,
+
+over eccentricity, one,
+three, and 5.7 degrees,
+
+here are examples
+of the midget cell
+
+dendritic orbits
+[INAUDIBLE] looking straight
+
+down at the cell.
+
+You can see these are very
+constricted dendritic orbits.
+
+Now by contrast,
+the parasol cells
+
+have much, much larger-- three
+times larger in diameter--
+
+dendritic orbits.
+
+And now I can tell
+you-- which I deferred
+
+before-- is that if
+you look at these,
+
+the reason they're called
+parasol cells is what?
+
+Because it looks
+like an umbrella.
+
+OK.
+
+So this looks like an umbrella,
+and of course that's parasol.
+
+So that's why they are
+called parasol cells.
+
+And these guys, much
+less interesting,
+
+are called midget cells
+because they're midget.
+
+They're small.
+
+All right, so that
+then established--
+
+this work was done
+just 20 years ago--
+
+it was established that you
+have indeed these two very, very
+
+distinct populations of cells.
+
+So now the big
+question came up, why
+
+do we have on and off cells?
+
+Why do we have midget
+and parasol cells?
+
+And as I say, we
+are going to discuss
+
+this in considerable detail.
+
+But let me just give you
+a crude introduction.
+
+If you look at
+the parasol cell--
+
+obviously, because of the
+huge dendritic orbit--
+
+they have large, relatively
+speaking, much larger receptive
+
+fields-- three times
+bigger than midget cells.
+
+The midget cells are so
+specific that each cell
+
+in central retina gets input for
+the excitatory center from just
+
+one single cone.
+
+Now what does that mean?
+
+What I didn't emphasize
+before, but I'm sure
+
+you all know, that we have
+three major classes of cones,
+
+which some people call
+red, green, and blue.
+
+And then when you say that, the
+real aficionados say, come on,
+
+you can't say that.
+
+You're supposed to say short,
+medium, and long wavelength
+
+sensitive neurons.
+
+But we'll just call them
+red, green, and blue.
+
+Now the reason, then,
+is that the center
+
+of one class of midget cells
+gets input only from red cones,
+
+another from green cones,
+and some from blue cones.
+
+I'll show that in more
+detail in a minute.
+
+So we have these three subtypes.
+
+And so therefore, you can
+say that the midget cells,
+
+because they're so
+teeny, they should
+
+be able to see fine detail.
+
+And because of this
+wiring, they should
+
+be able to tell you about color.
+
+By contrast, if you look
+at the parasol cells,
+
+they get a mix of inputs,
+both in the center
+
+and their surround,
+so it's unlikely
+
+that they can tell
+you about color.
+
+And we'll examine that's
+in much more detail soon.
+
+All right, so now the
+other interesting thing
+
+about this system is
+it makes you speculate
+
+as to why we have
+them-- and we'll
+
+elaborate on that-- is that the
+midget system, when you turn
+
+on the light, when you shine
+a small spot in the center
+
+receptive field, gives a
+fairly sustained response
+
+for the brief time that was
+maybe a second of two, OK?
+
+But the parasol system gives
+you only a burst, like that,
+
+instead of a sustained response.
+
+So think about that.
+
+Say why would we
+have two systems
+
+which are not only different
+in size, but also different
+
+in the profile of
+their responses?
+
+And then, once you have
+this question in your mind,
+
+then you'll be eager to find
+out when we talk about that time
+
+after next.
+
+OK, so now let's go
+back to the beginning
+
+here, and talk about the
+photoreceptors in just a bit
+
+more detail, so you can
+get a better picture of it.
+
+Here, as I mentioned to
+you before, in the fovea,
+
+you have a very, very tightly
+packed cone photoreceptors.
+
+They're almost hexagonally
+shaped rather than round,
+
+they're so tightly packed.
+
+But then when you
+go five degrees out,
+
+you first of all see that the
+cones got to be much larger.
+
+And now you have an intermixture
+of rods there that you can see.
+
+| in this region, you can
+process both information
+
+at low illumination levels
+and high illumination levels,
+
+whereas here as Keffer
+Hartline had proven,
+
+you can only see under fairly
+bright, normal illumination
+
+conditions.
+
+OK, so now if you go even
+further out in the retina--
+
+this is a beautiful,
+three-dimensional looking
+
+picture-- it shows the rods
+and the cones in the periphery.
+
+There are many, many
+more rods per unit area,
+
+and the cones have
+gotten even bigger.
+
+And so obviously, the ability
+for the cones to process fine
+
+information has been
+degraded as a result.
+
+Now again, as I've
+mentioned to you before,
+
+we have in humans about 120
+million rods and five million
+
+cones in each retina.
+
+OK, so now if you look at
+the overall distribution--
+
+this is not too
+important-- you can
+
+see that as you go
+away from the fovea,
+
+there's a very rapid decline
+in the number of cones.
+
+This is the hash line.
+
+And then there are
+no rods in the fovea,
+
+but they increase rapidly,
+and then they fall off.
+
+So that's sort of the
+overall distribution.
+
+And therefore, you can see
+fine detail in the center,
+
+and you're very sensitive
+for night vision
+
+not in the far periphery, but
+sort of in the mid section
+
+here, anywhere between 20 and
+40 degrees from the fovea.
+
+Let me remind you, because I'm
+sure you know all this already,
+
+a few facts, OK?
+
+I will just write down a
+couple of these things.
+
+First of all, what is
+degree of visual angle?
+
+That's a good question.
+
+What does it mean on
+the retinal surface?
+
+Just let me give you an
+interesting mnemonic.
+
+If you stick out
+your arm like that,
+
+and you look at
+your thumbnail, that
+
+imprints one degree of visual
+angle on the retinal surface.
+
+OK?
+
+Now we are going to talk a lot
+about very small measurements.
+
+And so when we talk
+about small measurement,
+
+I mentioned already that
+the tip of a microelectrode
+
+is about one micron.
+
+And what is a
+micron, anybody know?
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: 10 to the
+negative 6 [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, one micron is
+one-thousandth of a millimeter,
+
+OK?
+
+Now, talking about that in terms
+of millimeters, which you're
+
+going to do a lot-- that's the
+greatest convention-- you need
+
+to also know what is the
+relationship between inches
+
+and millimeters, centimeters?
+
+OK, so if you take one inch--
+you all know what an inch is,
+
+I guess.
+
+Roughly, if you look at
+your thumbnail again,
+
+it's maybe a little
+bit under an inch.
+
+Now 1 inch equals
+2.54 millimeters.
+
+So that's a very interesting
+mnemonic to remember.
+
+So whenever you look
+at various things
+
+and try to understand
+size, you may
+
+need to make that conversion,
+especially if you have always
+
+thought about things
+in terms of inches.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: I think you
+meant to write centimeters.
+
+PROFESSOR: What?
+
+AUDIENCE: Did you mean
+to write centimeters?
+
+PROFESSOR: You're right, 2.5
+centimeters, 254 millimeters.
+
+You're right, OK.
+
+Sorry about that.
+
+Very good.
+
+Thank you for pointing that out.
+
+OK, so now what
+we're going to do
+
+next is we're going
+to move on, and I'll
+
+tell you another clever
+experiment that had been done.
+
+These people here,
+McCrane et al.,
+
+developed a method which enabled
+them to selectively label
+
+the blue cells in the retina.
+
+And this shows a
+picture of that.
+
+All the rest of them
+are red and green cells.
+
+So only one out of eight
+cones is in the foveal area,
+
+near foveal area, I should
+say-- this is both the fovea
+
+and the perifovea is black.
+
+The rest of them are
+red and green cones, OK?
+
+Now let's become
+specific about the facts
+
+here, and tell you first of all
+that one degree-- roughly one
+
+degree, which I pointed
+out is like a thumb,
+
+comprises 200 microns
+on the retinal surface.
+
+The intercone distance in the
+fovea is only 2.4 microns, OK?
+
+Whereas when you-- per
+square millimeter I already
+
+mentioned this-- you
+have 200,000 cones.
+
+You go out five degrees,
+it reduces tenfold.
+
+And then-- this I already
+pointed out to you
+
+several times.
+
+That's a good thing to remember.
+
+And one thing I haven't
+mentioned before
+
+is that if you look
+at 12 font letter, I,
+
+and you look at it
+at 23 centimeters,
+
+that activates about 80 cones.
+
+So that gives you
+sort of a handle
+
+on what is the nature
+of activation there.
+
+And I already said
+that several times--
+
+namely that each rod has 1,000
+disks, and each disk in it
+
+has 10,000 molecules.
+
+OK, and as I've just mentioned,
+one out of eight cones is blue.
+
+The others are fairly
+equal in number,
+
+but varies from
+person to person.
+
+OK, so now we are
+going to tell you
+
+about yet another experiment.
+
+And this is an incredibly
+clever experiment
+
+that was carried out
+by Ursula Drager.
+
+At that time, when she did
+this beautiful experiment,
+
+she did this at Harvard, at
+the Harvard Medical School.
+
+And what she did was this-- she
+took the words Fiat Lux, put it
+
+on a screen, and
+exposed it that too
+
+dark to the animal-- the
+animal being a mouse, OK?
+
+And then her procedure
+enabled her to label,
+
+using a monoclonal antibody
+label, those cells that
+
+had been activated by Fiat Lux.
+
+OK, so this is, then, the actual
+retina, flat-mount retina,
+
+showing you what
+had been activated.
+
+Now that's
+remarkable, beautiful,
+
+and she came, and
+gave a talk here
+
+at MIT maybe about 15 years ago.
+
+And when she presented this
+picture, one of the students,
+
+it wasn't any of you, I
+guess, raised her hand
+
+and was very upset-- said, but,
+but, but-- and so Ursula said,
+
+yes?
+
+So what do you think
+this listener asked?
+
+Well, this was a
+very active thinker.
+
+This person said, but, but,
+but, was this image right-side
+
+up on the retinal surface?
+
+That was the question.
+
+And Ursula Drager said,
+no, it was upside down.
+
+I just rotated it 180
+degrees so you can see it.
+
+All right, well,
+interestingly enough,
+
+there were times when
+this became an issue.
+
+First of all, before
+people knew about lenses
+
+and that lenses turn images
+upside down, and secondly,
+
+because many people
+didn't believe
+
+that the images were
+upside down in the retina.
+
+I mean, if images are
+upside down in the retina,
+
+they're upside
+down on your brain,
+
+and yet the world
+is right-side up.
+
+What's going on?
+
+So I would say about
+eight or ten years ago, I
+
+was asked to review a paper
+for a high visibility journal--
+
+I can't name the journal-- in
+which the investigator very,
+
+very vociferously proclaimed
+that we have all been wrong,
+
+and that the images are
+right-side up on the retina
+
+after all.
+
+So what was his proof?
+
+His proof was that he took an
+ox eye, a slaughtered ox's eye,
+
+and cut out a little piece
+in the back of the eye,
+
+and put a translucent
+piece of paper over it,
+
+and then presented a
+stimulus out there.
+
+And when he looked at
+the back of the eye,
+
+at the translucent
+part, the image
+
+was right-side up-- a little
+bit blurred but right-side up.
+
+And so he felt that he proved
+that images are right-side
+
+up on the retina after all.
+
+Well, I was flabbergasted.
+
+And it took me quite
+a while to figure out
+
+why this guy got what he
+got, because he'd obviously
+
+got what he got.
+
+So can you guys think
+of any reason for this?
+
+How come he got what he got?
+
+AUDIENCE: Wait, what did he do?
+
+PROFESSOR: He took the
+eye, OK, and in the back,
+
+he cut out an opening and
+put a transparency over it,
+
+so that anything
+came in there, you
+
+could see what would
+have been normally
+
+on the retinal surface.
+
+And it was a clever experiment--
+no question about that.
+
+So what was wrong
+with the experiment?
+
+Well, I'll tell you.
+
+What was wrong with
+the experiment was
+
+back to what I told
+you before, about
+
+the way the lens works, right?
+
+The lens works so that when
+you look at something close,
+
+the muscles of the lens are
+such that it makes the lens fat.
+
+And when the muscles relax,
+it makes the lens thin, OK?
+
+So that means-- just to
+be graphic about it--
+
+that if you have a thick lens,
+you have a short focal length.
+
+And if you have a
+thin lens, you have
+
+a much longer focal
+length, like that, OK?
+
+So now if you look at
+the back of the eye
+
+here, where the photoreceptors
+are, in this case,
+
+it looks like it
+would be upside down.
+
+But if they were in
+the same distance here,
+
+it would be blurred and it
+would remain right-side up,
+
+just like it is with a
+magnifying glass, OK?
+
+So what this guy
+didn't know is the rule
+
+of how the muscle works in
+the eye to control the lens.
+
+And when the animal was
+killed, it no longer
+
+had the lens at the
+proper focal depth.
+
+And therefore, the
+image was right-side up.
+
+So therefore, guess
+what happened?
+
+I wrote back to this
+high visibility journal
+
+saying that this guy is
+wrong for this reason.
+
+OK, so that was certainly
+an interesting experience,
+
+and that's why I managed to
+learn a little bit about how
+
+the lens works in the eye, which
+is a remarkable way it works,
+
+since it's so totally
+different from what
+
+we are familiar with
+when it comes to cameras.
+
+OK, so now let's go to the
+next step, one down from your
+
+from photoreceptors.
+
+And we come to the
+so-called bipolar cells.
+
+Here's a series of pictures,
+the so-called [? cat ?]
+
+bipolar cells.
+
+And what was discovered is
+that the bipolar cells here
+
+in the outer
+plexiform layer, they
+
+connect with the photoreceptors.
+
+And in the inner
+plexiform layer,
+
+their axonal projections are
+such that in the upper layer
+
+here, which is actually layer A,
+the cells there are OFF cells.
+
+And the ones that
+project below this here
+
+are the so-called ON cells.
+
+So there's a separation of
+the so-called ON and OFF
+
+cells at the bipolar cell level
+in the manner in which they
+
+connect.
+
+And so therefore, those ganglion
+cells that connect with these
+
+are OFF ganglion cells.
+
+And those that connect with
+these are ON ganglion cells.
+
+All right, so that's
+basically the bipolar cells.
+
+And then we come to
+the horizontal cells.
+
+Here's a beautiful
+example of a Procion
+
+yellow-labeled horizontal cell.
+
+And if that is then
+analyzed in detail,
+
+it looks something like this.
+
+This particular cell
+has 15 connections
+
+with the photoreceptors.
+
+And these cells-- I might
+as well anticipate--
+
+we'll talk about that
+in more detail later--
+
+they play a central
+role in providing
+
+the surround inhibition
+that I described to you
+
+for those retinal
+ganglion cells.
+
+Then if we proceed to
+the amacrine cells--
+
+and again, things
+are so complicated--
+
+the numerous, numerous amacrine
+cells, different types--
+
+and they have been
+studied extensively--
+
+they are more than 20.
+
+And here's a clever experiment
+I want to point out to you.
+
+What you can do here, if you
+look at the called cholinergic
+
+amacrine cells-- that's one
+class-- you can selectively
+
+label them, because
+they're cholinergic.
+
+And here's an example.
+
+All those lighter blue ones
+are your cholinergic cells.
+
+And then what you can
+do, you can put this
+
+under a microscope.
+
+And then you can
+lower a microelectrode
+
+into one of these cells,
+just like I've done here.
+
+And if you look at
+this closely-- this
+
+is not the best
+of pictures-- this
+
+is a Procion
+yellow-labeled amacrine
+
+cell-- you can see it
+has all these processes.
+
+So then if you look at
+this on the microscope
+
+under the high quality,
+you can draw these out.
+
+And this is what
+they look like, OK?
+
+So this is a cholinergic cell.
+
+This is another type.
+
+It's just called A2, which
+has a lot to do with rods.
+
+And then yet another class
+called open [? minergic ?].
+
+I'm not going to go
+into detail about it.
+
+But you can see that each of
+these now-- scientific methods
+
+enable you to specify what
+these amacrine cells are like.
+
+And on the basis of
+that, people have come up
+
+with ideas what the
+amacrine system does.
+
+OK, now we come to the crux of
+things in the last few minutes.
+
+We're going to talk about
+the electrical responses
+
+in the retina.
+
+Now this is going to be,
+again, fairly complicated.
+
+This work-- again remarkable
+work which, in my view,
+
+merits a Nobel Prize,
+but it has not yet
+
+been awarded to John
+Darling at Harvard.
+
+And let me just introduce
+this by telling you
+
+how they went about
+this experiment.
+
+They realized that the
+cells in the retina
+
+are very, very small.
+
+And so it's very difficult
+to record from them
+
+intercellularly.
+
+You have to do that
+if you want to be
+
+able to label them anatomically.
+
+And so they looked around
+for a species of animal
+
+that had large
+cells in the retina.
+
+And they discovered
+after a lot of search
+
+that the so-called mudpuppy--
+Necturus maculosus--
+
+is an animal that has unusually
+large retinal ganglion cells.
+
+Then they developed a
+technique of removing the eye
+
+from this animal, and
+putting it into a dish,
+
+because that makes
+it real stable.
+
+And then they were able to
+put an electrode in there,
+
+define what the cells did
+functionally by shining light
+
+on them and looking
+at the activity,
+
+and then they were
+able to label the cell
+
+by injecting a
+labeling substance.
+
+So that's what they did.
+
+And so here is a description
+of that arrangement.
+
+Here you have an
+inverted mudpuppy retina,
+
+and here you have a
+DC-recording electrode.
+
+And what you do then, you
+look at it in an oscilloscope.
+
+And at this point, the cell is
+entered by the DC recording.
+
+And then once it's
+inside, cells inside
+
+are negatively charged with
+respect to the surround,
+
+usually up to about
+70 millivolts.
+
+In this case, I have
+50 millivolts labeled.
+
+And so once you're
+inside the cell,
+
+you see a sudden drop
+to a minus level.
+
+And then if the cell
+discharges an action potential,
+
+then you see that, of
+course, in the oscilloscope.
+
+And then you can study this
+cell in all kinds of detail
+
+as to how it responds,
+what it responds and so
+
+on, to determine what
+its characteristics are.
+
+So then when they
+did that, they made
+
+the following
+central discoveries--
+
+they discovered, first
+of all, that receptors
+
+all hyperpolarize to light.
+
+Now this is the opposite of
+what you would have thought,
+
+because the principle
+of the way cells
+
+operate-- and I'm sure
+you know all this,
+
+but I will also describe
+it in a bit more detail
+
+in a minute-- cells
+when they hyperpolarize,
+
+they are less likely to cause
+a release in neurotransmitters.
+
+If they depolarize, they
+will increase the likelihood
+
+of neurotransmitters
+being released.
+
+And by the way, the
+neurotransmitter
+
+for these receptors
+is glutamate.
+
+And also, which I
+should emphasize here,
+
+is that the receptors never
+give action potentials.
+
+They only give
+graded potentials.
+
+That's also true for
+the horizontal cells
+
+and the bipolar cells.
+
+They found that all of receptors
+hyperpolarize to light, meaning
+
+that they activate subsequent
+elements in the retina
+
+when it gets darker
+out there, rather than
+
+when it gets lighter, which
+is the opposite of what we all
+
+would've expected.
+
+Same thing for the
+horizontal cells.
+
+But then when you
+come to bipolar cells,
+
+suddenly you find that there
+are two different classes-- one
+
+class which mimics
+what the receptors do,
+
+the other class that
+does the opposite.
+
+And so the bipolar cells
+of these two types--
+
+this type has sign
+conserving synapses,
+
+and this type has sign
+inverting synapses.
+
+Now amacrine cells
+come in various types,
+
+and some give action potentials.
+
+And ganglion cells all
+give action potentials.
+
+So to go through this
+again, all receptors
+
+hyperpolarize to light.
+
+Horizontal cells
+hyperpolarize to light.
+
+About half of bipolar cells
+hyperpolarize and half
+
+depolarize.
+
+Now this is
+accomplished-- by the way,
+
+I'll go into that in
+more detail later--
+
+by virtue of having different
+kinds of neurotransmitter
+
+receptor sites.
+
+And I'll talk about
+that in a lot of detail
+
+when we talk about
+the ON and OFF cells.
+
+OK, and then we have
+the amacrine cells.
+
+Some hyperpolarize, some
+depolarize, and some
+
+give action potentials.
+
+And all ganglion cells
+give action potentials.
+
+So that is a major, major
+discovery, and not only major,
+
+but totally unexpected from
+what one would have thought.
+
+All right, so now
+let me just explain
+
+this in a bit more detail.
+
+If you go inside a cell, then
+if this cell is activated,
+
+it can be either
+get-- what you see
+
+is an excitatory post
+synaptic potential, which
+
+goes from minus
+towards plus, or you
+
+can get an IPSP, an inhibitory
+post synaptic potential.
+
+And this discovery
+was made by Eccles,
+
+which is a remarkable discovery
+for which he received the Nobel
+
+Prize some years back.
+
+All right, so now if we look at
+those cells which give action
+
+potentials, what happens is
+when you get an EPSP-- that's
+
+why it's called excitatory
+post synaptic potential-- then
+
+you increase the likelihood
+that an action potential
+
+will be generated that
+will send its signal down
+
+the axon to the next
+location of the cells.
+
+All right, so that's
+the basic process.
+
+So again to reiterate,
+photoreceptors
+
+hyperpolarize the light.
+
+Therefore, glutamate
+is released when
+
+there's a decrease in
+illumination-- the opposite
+
+of what anyone
+would have expected.
+
+All right, so that
+I think brings us
+
+to what I want to cover today.
+
+I'll wait until
+next time to talk
+
+about the lateral geniculate
+nucleus, which is very brief.
+
+But let me go through the
+four receptor basics again.
+
+All photoreceptors
+hyperpolarize the light.
+
+Depolarization of
+the photoreceptor
+
+releases glutamate.
+
+Photon absorption by the
+photo pigment results
+
+in isomerization of the
+chromophore from 11 cis
+
+to 11 trans.
+
+This is what I told you
+to think about in a very
+
+simple fashion-- to say that
+the photoreceptor molecules--
+
+rhodopsin in this case-- is
+either bleached or unbleached,
+
+OK?
+
+So once it's bleached, further
+light has no effect on it.
+
+And at any point, given whatever
+the level of illumination is,
+
+a certain percentage of
+these rhodopsin molecules
+
+are bleached and a certain
+percentage is unbleached.
+
+The darker it is, the
+more are unbleached.
+
+All right, then we
+have these two classes
+
+that we talked about--
+the ON and the OFF cells
+
+that we will discuss in some
+detail-- the synaptic junction
+
+of OFF bipolars is sign
+conserving, as I just said,
+
+and that of ON bipolars
+is sign inverting.
+
+Now the ON bipolar receptor
+is-- I should mention that now,
+
+and I will deal with it in
+detail-- is called the mGluR6.
+
+It's activation leads
+to closing of channels
+
+causing hyperpolarization.
+
+that's the basic layout,
+then, of the photoreceptors.
+
+And I will now
+stop at this point.
+
+And next time, we'll
+talk a little bit
+
+about the lateral
+geniculate nucleus.
+
+And then we're going to move
+on to talk about the cortex.
+
+then if you look at
+you assignment sheet,
+
+you can see here that
+on September 16th,
+
+we're going to talk about
+the ON and OFF channels.
+
+And then we'll deal in more
+detail with these rather
+
+complex things which are
+pretty hard to remember,
+
+about hyperpolarization,
+depolarization, glutamate,
+
+glutamate receptor
+sites, and so on.
+
+OK, thank you.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/UHRhUufAlE4.txt b/UHRhUufAlE4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..15384df8f059f980de63656644fdfa3038fbb421
--- /dev/null
+++ b/UHRhUufAlE4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1955 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK.
+
+Number (2) --
+
+(2.3).
+
+It says if the code
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+0 would be the [INAUDIBLE].
+
+I thought it was, you're
+generating
+
+random values for that?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, you were but if
+you look at what totes 0 is
+
+collecting, so if you look at
+the, where it draws a random
+
+number, j is indexing
+in totes, right?
+
+So when j is 0 your standard
+deviation, which is also being
+
+indexed by j, is
+going to be 0.
+
+So you're always going to
+get the same value.
+
+Any more questions?
+
+No?
+
+OK, that was easy.
+
+So in lecture we were talking a
+lot about clustering, we've
+
+been talking about clustering
+the past, is it two lectures?
+
+And we had two different
+types of clustering
+
+methods, what were they?
+
+AUDIENCE: Hierarchical and--
+
+PROFESSOR: Heirarchical
+and K-means.
+
+Can someone give me a run down
+of what the steps are in
+
+hierarchical clustering?
+
+AUDIENCE: Something that breaks
+everything down into
+
+one cluster [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: So let's say I have
+a bunch of data points.
+
+What would be the first step?
+
+You're going to first assign
+each point to a cluster.
+
+So each point gets
+its own cluster.
+
+And then the next step
+would be what?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Right, so you're
+going to find the two clusters
+
+that are closest to each
+other and merge them.
+
+So in this very contrived
+example, would be these guys.
+
+And then you're going to keep
+doing that until you get to a
+
+certain number of
+clusters, right?
+
+So you merge these two, then you
+might merge these two, and
+
+you might merge these two, et
+cetera, et cetera, right?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: So you're going to
+set the number of clusters
+
+that you want at the outset, so
+I guess, for the mammalian
+
+teeth example, there was
+stopping criteria of two
+
+clusters, if I'm not mistaken.
+
+So let's take a look at the code
+here that implements a
+
+hierarchical cluster.
+
+So this is just some
+infrastructure code, it builds
+
+up the number of points.
+
+We have a cluster set class,
+which we'll go over in a
+
+second, and then we just add,
+for each point we're going to
+
+create a cluster object, and
+add it to the cluster set.
+
+Let's take a look at
+the cluster set.
+
+Cluster set has one attribute,
+the members attribute, and it
+
+just has a set of points, or a
+set of clusters, actually.
+
+And the key method in here--
+
+or the key methods are
+merge-1 and merge-n.
+
+Merge-n is what actually
+implements
+
+the clustering here.
+
+So you give it the distance
+metric that you're going to
+
+use for your points, the number
+of clusters that you
+
+want at the end of your
+clustering, the history
+
+tracker, and then you also tell
+it if you want to print
+
+out some debugging
+information.
+
+So, which apparently is not used
+to this method, oh, now
+
+it is, merge-1.
+
+Anyway, so while we have more
+clusters than the number of
+
+clusters we desire, we're going
+to keep reiterating.
+
+And on each step we're going
+to call this function--
+
+or method called merge-1
+and just pass at
+
+the distance metric.
+
+And all merge-1 is going to
+do is it's going to, if
+
+there's only one--
+
+if there's only one cluster
+here, then it's just going to
+
+return none.
+
+If there are two clusters and
+its going to merge them, and
+
+if there are more than two
+clusters, it's going to find
+
+the closest, according to
+the distance metric and
+
+then merge those two.
+
+So then the return value
+is going to be the
+
+two clusters it merged.
+
+Let's look at the merge
+clusters code.
+
+All it does is it takes the
+two clusters and for each
+
+point, in both clusters, it adds
+it to a new list points
+
+and it creates a new cluster
+from those points.
+
+And then it removes two clusters
+from members and adds
+
+the newly created cluster.
+
+So then, find closest method.
+
+So what's this bit of
+code doing here?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Right, so we'll get
+to the metric in a second.
+
+So it initially finds, it looks
+at the first two members
+
+in the cluster set and it sets
+minDistance to be that, and it
+
+sets toMerge to be these
+two members.
+
+And then it narrates through
+every possible pair of
+
+clusters, in this cluster set
+and finds the minimum distance
+
+according to the metric.
+
+So let's look at the
+cluster class.
+
+All the cluster object does
+or class does is it
+
+holds a set of points.
+
+It knows the type of point that
+it's holding because that
+
+becomes important, when we talk
+about the different types
+
+of things that we want to
+cluster, and then it also has
+
+something called a centroid.
+
+All a centroid is, is just the
+middle of the cluster, if you
+
+take all of the points and
+average their distances, or
+
+average their location.
+
+So these different functions,
+these just compute metrics
+
+about this particular
+cluster, right?
+
+So single linkage dist., all
+this is going to do is it
+
+finds a minimum distance between
+every pair of points
+
+in the cluster.
+
+And what does max linkage
+distance do?
+
+I'm sorry I'm mistaken it finds
+the minimum distance
+
+between this--
+
+a point in this cluster
+and a point in
+
+another cluster, I misspoke.
+
+So what does max linkage
+distance do?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: The opposite.
+
+I have to keep you talking
+or you'll fall asleep.
+
+And then, averageLinkageDist?
+
+Same thing.
+
+This is why having meaningful
+function names is important,
+
+because it helps you
+explain code.
+
+So it also has this method in
+here called update and what
+
+update does, is it takes a new
+set of points and it sets the
+
+points that this cluster has,
+to be these new points.
+
+And then it computes a new
+centroid for this cluster.
+
+And the return value is the
+distance of the old centroid
+
+from the new centroid.
+
+And this becomes important in
+some of the algorithms.
+
+Then there's just some
+bookkeeping stuff here, like
+
+members will just give you all
+the points in this cluster.
+
+You all know what yield
+does, right?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So yield returns a generator
+object, which allows you to
+
+iterate over elements.
+
+So this was asked during
+the quiz review.
+
+What's the difference between
+range and x range?
+
+Right.
+
+So if I have a range of values
+it actually returns a
+
+different type.
+
+So I can print out
+this list, right?
+
+In this case, it will print out
+the type of object it is,
+
+so this is accomplished
+using yield.
+
+So if I wanted to write this
+myself, what this is going to
+
+do is going to return something
+
+called a generator object.
+
+And all it does is, instead of
+holding all the numbers in
+
+memory, it's going to return
+them one at a time to me.
+
+So like when I use range here,
+it constructs a list and it
+
+has all of those integers
+in memory.
+
+If I use xrange it's not going
+to hold all the integers in
+
+memory, but I can still
+iterate over
+
+them one at a time.
+
+AUDIENCE: So within that
+function [INAUDIBLE]
+
+yield a bunch of times before
+the function, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: How is that
+accomplished?
+
+Does it operate [INAUDIBLE]
+within the way you normally
+
+have functions [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So what this tells Python is
+that when it sees a yield,
+
+it's sort of like a return,
+except it's telling Python
+
+that I want to come back to this
+location at some point.
+
+So it a return just returns
+out of the function
+
+completely.
+
+What a yield does is it takes
+the value that is specified
+
+after yield, and it returns to
+the calling place in the
+
+program that value.
+
+But then, when it comes time
+to get a new value, it'll
+
+return back to where
+this yield exited.
+
+So kind of a way maybe
+seeing this is if I
+
+iterate over my xrange.
+
+Each time it needs new value,
+it's going to go back inside
+
+this function and grab it.
+
+So it looks like a function.
+
+But what it's actually doing
+is creating what's called a
+
+generator object.
+
+And it has these special
+methods for
+
+getting the next value.
+
+So it's some nice
+syntactic sugar.
+
+But it's pretty neat.
+
+But that's what's going on with
+this yield statement here
+
+is that instead of returning the
+entire list of points, or
+
+instead of doing it in some
+other way, all it's doing is
+
+just yielding each point one
+at a time so that you can
+
+iterate over them.
+
+So what else?
+
+So here's a method for computing
+the centroid.
+
+All we are going to do is total
+up where each point is.
+
+And then, take the average
+over all the points.
+
+Does that makes sense?
+
+All right.
+
+So the example we saw
+was mammal teeth.
+
+And the way that that's
+accomplished in this set of
+
+code is we're going to define a
+sub-class of a class, point,
+
+that's call mammal.
+
+And what point does is it has a
+name for a given data point.
+
+It has a set of attributes.
+
+And then, you can also give it
+some normalized attributes.
+
+If you don't give it the
+normalized attributes, then
+
+it'll just use the original
+attributes.
+
+So it becomes important
+when we talk about--
+
+when we do scaling over data,
+which we'll do shortly.
+
+So there's nothing really
+special about it except for
+
+this distance function.
+
+It's just defining the Euclidean
+distance for a given
+
+multi-dimensional point.
+
+So everyone knows that if
+you have a point in two
+
+dimensions, then if it's an
+xy point, then it's just
+
+x-squared plus y-squared
+-- square root of.
+
+It generalizes to higher
+dimensions if you weren't
+
+already aware.
+
+So if I want to find the
+straight line distance between
+
+a point in 3D, it's just going
+to be x-squared plus y-squared
+
+plus z-squared --
+
+square root.
+
+That's all.
+
+And then, so on and so forth.
+
+So all this does is it
+sub-classes point.
+
+And it has this function,
+scaleFeatures.
+
+And what scaleFeatures does
+is it'll take a key.
+
+And in this case, we have to
+find two ways of scaling this
+
+data, of scaling this point.
+
+So we have the identity, which
+is it's just going to leave
+
+every point alone.
+
+And then, we have this 1 over
+max, which is going to scale
+
+each attribute by the maximum
+value in this data set.
+
+And if we look at the data
+set, we know that our max
+
+value is 6.
+
+So you could do that
+automatically.
+
+But in this case, we're using
+prior knowledge of the data
+
+set that we have.
+
+So why don't we do a cluster?
+
+So this is going to do a
+hierarchical cluster, right?
+
+And what we're going to ask, if
+I just specify the default
+
+parameters, all it's going to
+do is it's going to look for
+
+two clusters.
+
+It's going to use
+the identity.
+
+And it's just going to print
+out the history, like when
+
+it's performed the
+different merges.
+
+Unless I have extraneous code
+that I'm already running.
+
+So what starts off first is we
+get a lot of merges with just
+
+these single element
+clusters, right?
+
+So I have a beaver with a
+groundhog, so I guess they're
+
+pretty similar in
+terms of teeth.
+
+We have a squirrel with a
+porcupine, wolf with a bear.
+
+And so eventually, though, we
+start finding clusters--
+
+a wolf and a bear, I guess,
+are more similar.
+
+But they're also similar
+with a dog.
+
+So we're going to start merging
+multi-point clusters.
+
+So we start seeing to beaver and
+groundhog cluster is going
+
+to get merged with
+the squirrel and
+
+the porcupine cluster.
+
+So if you were to visualize
+this, the reason why it's
+
+called hierarchical
+clustering is--
+
+which one did I say?
+
+Beaver, groundhog--
+
+these guys have been merged
+into a cluster, right?
+
+They started out as
+their own cluster.
+
+And they've been merged into
+their own cluster.
+
+And then, the grey squirrel and
+the porcupine, same thing.
+
+They started off with their own
+clusters at the beginning.
+
+They got merged.
+
+And now, what this step is
+saying is that these two
+
+clusters get merged.
+
+So we're building this
+tree, or hierarchy.
+
+That's where the hierarchical
+comes from.
+
+So we use hierarchical
+clustering a
+
+lot in other fields.
+
+So in speech recognition,
+we can do a hierarchical
+
+clustering of speech sounds.
+
+So if I have say different
+vowels, and maybe a couple of
+
+consonants, I would expect to
+see, say, these kind of
+
+clustered together first.
+
+And so what I might see is these
+would be fricatives.
+
+But then, I might have some
+stops, like "t" and "b" that
+
+get merged first.
+
+So it's a way of making these
+generalized groupings at
+
+different levels.
+
+I don't know.
+
+Does anyone have any real
+questions about hierarchical
+
+clustering?
+
+So should I move
+on to k-means?
+
+All right.
+
+So what's the general
+idea with k-means?
+
+So I start off with a
+set of data points.
+
+What's my first step?
+
+AUDIENCE: Choose your total
+number of clusters?
+
+PROFESSOR: Right, so I'm
+going to choose a k.
+
+So let's say for giggles we're
+going to choose k equals 3.
+
+And then, what's my next step?
+
+AUDIENCE: Choose k's
+[INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: So we're going
+to pick k random points
+
+from our data set.
+
+All right, and then,
+what do I do?
+
+AUDIENCE: Cluster?
+
+PROFESSOR: Then you'd cluster.
+
+Yeah, all right.
+
+So after we've chosen our three
+centroids here, these
+
+become our clusters, right?
+
+And we're going to look
+at each point.
+
+And we're going to figure
+out which cluster
+
+they're closest to.
+
+So in this case, this is going
+to be a pretty easy
+
+clustering.
+
+So all these points are
+going to belong here.
+
+All these points are going
+to belong here.
+
+All these points are going
+to belong here, right?
+
+And then, we're going to update
+our centroid for each
+
+of these clusters.
+
+And there's going to be a
+distance that the centroid
+
+moves each time we update it.
+
+So in this case, the centroid
+moved quite a bit, right?
+
+Then, we're going to find the
+maximum distance that the
+
+centroid moved.
+
+And if it's below a certain
+cut off value, then we're
+
+going to say, I've got a
+good enough clustering.
+
+If it's above a certain cut off
+value, then what I'm going
+
+to say is like, this centroid
+moved quite a bit for this
+
+cluster, right?
+
+So I'm going to try
+another iteration.
+
+I'm going to say, for each one
+of these points, I'm now going
+
+to look and try to the closest
+cluster that it belongs to
+
+based on these new centroids.
+
+And in this case, nothing's
+really going to change.
+
+So all of the deltas, all of
+the centroids, are going to
+
+stay the same.
+
+So it's going to be below
+the cut off value.
+
+And it's going to stop.
+
+So what's an advantage of
+k-means over hierarchical
+
+clustering?
+
+AUDIENCE: More efficient?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+So let's say that I have
+a million points.
+
+If I were to hierarchically
+cluster these, that means I'd
+
+start off with a million
+clusters.
+
+And now, in each iteration,
+I'm just going to
+
+reduce it by 1.
+
+I don't know, let's say 3, OK?
+
+So on each iteration, we're just
+reducing it by 1, which,
+
+if that's all we were doing,
+would not be so hard.
+
+It doesn't take too long
+to count down from a
+
+million on a computer.
+
+But on each one of these steps,
+we have to compute the
+
+pairwise distance between
+each cluster.
+
+So it's going to be n times n
+minus 1 comparisons on each
+
+step which, in this first case,
+works out to a lot.
+
+And it doesn't get
+much better.
+
+So approximately, right?
+
+And it doesn't get much
+better as we go down.
+
+With k-means, what happens is
+we just have to perform, on
+
+each step, if we have a million
+points and we have k
+
+clusters, we just have to
+perform k times 1 million
+
+comparisons.
+
+Because for each point, we
+need to find the closest
+
+centroid approximately.
+
+So the upshot is that k-means
+winds up being a lot more
+
+efficient on each iteration,
+which is why if you have a
+
+large number of points, you
+might want to choose k-means
+
+over hierarchical clustering.
+
+What's an advantage, though,
+of hierarchical clustering
+
+over k-means?
+
+Even though it's less efficient,
+what's another--
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: What's that?
+
+AUDIENCE: More thorough.
+
+PROFESSOR: More thorough.
+
+AUDIENCE: And you can get a lot
+of different levels that
+
+you can look at.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, you can get
+a lot of different levels.
+
+So you can look at the
+clusterings from different
+
+perspectives.
+
+But the key thing with--
+
+AUDIENCE: You don't necessarily
+know how many
+
+clusters there actually are.
+
+Hierarchical clustering will
+tell you all of the
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+You can just go down
+the tree and--
+
+PROFESSOR: Right, so you could
+go down different levels of
+
+the tree and pick however many
+number of clusters you want.
+
+But the big reason--
+
+or one of the kind of main
+advantages that hierarchical
+
+clustering has over k-means
+is that k-means is random.
+
+It's non-deterministic.
+
+Hierarchical clustering
+is deterministic.
+
+It's always going to give
+you the same result.
+
+With k-means, because your
+initial starting conditions
+
+are random because you're
+choosing k random points, the
+
+end result will be different
+each time.
+
+And so when we do k-means
+clustering, this necessarily
+
+means that we don't necessarily
+
+want to do it once.
+
+Like if we choose k equals 3,
+we might want to do five
+
+different k-means clusterings
+and take the best one.
+
+So that's one of the big
+points with k-means.
+
+There's a degenerate condition
+with k-means.
+
+So if my objective is to--
+
+if my stopping criteria is
+that the centroid doesn't
+
+move, what's a really easy way
+to make the centroid not move
+
+by choosing k?
+
+What was it?
+
+K equals n, right?
+
+So if I have n points and I have
+k equals n, then all of
+
+my points are going to
+be their own cluster.
+
+And every time I update,
+I'm never
+
+going to move my centroid.
+
+So in your problem set, you're
+going to be asked to compute a
+
+standard error for each of the
+clusters and a total error for
+
+the entire cluster.
+
+So what that is, is if I have
+the centroids, and I had each
+
+point in the centroids--
+
+so what I'm going to do is I'm
+going to take the centroid for
+
+each cluster.
+
+And I'm going to find the
+distance from each point in
+
+the cluster to the centroid.
+
+And then, I'm going to sum up
+all of those distances over
+
+the entire cluster.
+
+That's going to give
+me my error.
+
+Not sure if this equation's
+totally right.
+
+There might be a like of
+division in there.
+
+But the general idea, what I'm
+trying to emphasize, is that
+
+we can reduce this number
+by just increasing
+
+the number of k.
+
+And if we make k equal n, then
+this is going to be 0.
+
+So like I was saying with
+statistics, you never want to
+
+trust just one number.
+
+With k-means, you never just
+want to trust one clustering
+
+or one measurement of error.
+
+You want to look at it from
+multiple perspectives and
+
+advantage points.
+
+So why don't we look at the code
+and try to match up all
+
+of that stuff with what you'll
+see on your problem set?
+
+So the big function to
+look at for k-means
+
+is aptly named k-means.
+
+And it's going to take
+a set of points.
+
+It's going to take a
+number of clusters.
+
+It's going to take a cut off
+value, and a point type, and a
+
+variable named maxIters.
+
+So first step, we get our
+initial centroids.
+
+All we're going to do is we're
+going to sample our points
+
+randomly and choose k of them.
+
+Our clusters, we're going
+to represent as a list.
+
+And we are going to, for all
+the points in the initial
+
+centroids, we are going
+to add a cluster
+
+with just that point.
+
+And then, we get into
+our loop here.
+
+So what this is saying is, while
+our biggest change in
+
+centroid is greater than the
+cut off and we haven't
+
+exceeded the number of
+iterations, or the maximum
+
+number of iterations, we're
+going to keep trying to refine
+
+our cluster.
+
+So that brings up a point I
+actually failed to mention.
+
+Why should we have this cut
+off point, maxiters?
+
+AUDIENCE: It'll go forever?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, there's a
+chance that, if our cut-off
+
+value is too small, or we have a
+point that's on a border and
+
+likes to jump between clusters
+and move the centroid just
+
+above the cut off point,
+that we'll never
+
+converge to our cut off.
+
+And so we want to set up
+a secondary break.
+
+So we have this maxIters,
+which defaults to 100.
+
+So with this set up, though,
+there's a couple of things you
+
+have to consider.
+
+And this is, one, you need
+to make sure that
+
+maxiters is not too small.
+
+Because if it's too small,
+you're not going to converge.
+
+And you don't want to make it
+too large, because then your
+
+algorithm will just take
+forever to run, right?
+
+Likewise, you don't want
+to make your cut
+
+off too small, either.
+
+So sometimes you have to play
+around with the algorithm to
+
+figure out what the best
+parameters are.
+
+And that's, oftentimes, more of
+an art than a hard science.
+
+So anyway, continuing on.
+
+for each iteration, we're
+going to set up
+
+a new set of clusters.
+
+And we're going to set them
+initially to have
+
+no points in them.
+
+And then, for all the points in
+our data set, we are going
+
+to look for the smallest
+distance.
+
+So that means we are
+going to look--
+
+we're going to initially set
+our smallest distance to be
+
+the distance from the point
+to the first centroid.
+
+And then, we're just going to
+interate through all the
+
+centroids, or through all the
+clusters, and then find the
+
+smallest distance.
+
+Is anyone lost by that?
+
+Make sense?
+
+Once we find that, we're just
+going to add that point to the
+
+new clusters.
+
+And then, we're going to
+go through our update.
+
+We're going to iterate through
+each of our clusters.
+
+We are going to update the
+points in the cluster.
+
+So remember, the update method
+sets the points of the cluster
+
+to be this new set of points
+you've given it.
+
+And it also updates the
+centroid, or it updates the
+
+centroid, and it returns the
+delta between the old centroid
+
+and the new centroid.
+
+So that's where this change
+variable is coming from.
+
+And then, we're just go look for
+the biggest change, right?
+
+And if, at some point in our
+clustering, the centroids have
+
+stabilized and our clusters
+are relatively stationary,
+
+then our max change
+will be small.
+
+And it'll wind up terminating
+the algorithm.
+
+And all this function does is,
+once it's converged or it's
+
+gone through the maximum number
+of iterations, it's
+
+just going to find the
+maximum distance of a
+
+point to its centroid.
+
+So it's going to look for a
+point that has a maximum
+
+distance from its corresponding
+centroid.
+
+And that's going to be the
+coherence of this clustering.
+
+And then, it's just going to
+return a tuple containing the
+
+clusters and the maximum
+distance.
+
+So it's not a hard algorithm
+to understand.
+
+And it's pretty simple
+to implement.
+
+There any real questions about
+what's going on here?
+
+So the example that he went over
+in lecture with k-means
+
+was this counties clustering
+example.
+
+So we had a bunch of data of
+different counties in the US.
+
+And we just played around with
+clustering them and seeing
+
+what we got.
+
+So if we made five clusters,
+and we clustered on all the
+
+features, wanted to see what the
+distribution would be for,
+
+say, incomes, what this
+function, test, is going to do
+
+is it's going to take
+a k, a cut off,
+
+and a number of trials.
+
+So remember, we said that
+because k-means is
+
+non-deterministic, we're going
+to want to run it a number of
+
+times to find maybe we get a bad
+initial set of points for
+
+our centroids or for
+our clusters.
+
+And that gives us a
+bad clustering.
+
+So we're going to run it a
+number of times and try and
+
+prevent that from happening.
+
+AUDIENCE: How do we [INAUDIBLE]
+multiple runs,
+
+because [INAUDIBLE]
+
+really different clustering
+happens [INAUDIBLE]
+
+after you run it a
+couple of times?
+
+PROFESSOR: It can be tricky,
+to be honest.
+
+One technique you could use
+would be to have a training
+
+set and a development set.
+
+What I mean by that is, you
+perform a clustering on the
+
+training set.
+
+And then, you take the
+development set, and you
+
+figure out which clusters
+they belong to.
+
+And then, you measure the error
+of that development set.
+
+So once you've assigned these
+development points to the
+
+clusters, you measure the
+distance to the centroid.
+
+And you sum up the squared
+distances, and you sum up over
+
+all the clusters.
+
+Then if you do that a number of
+times, what you would do is
+
+you'd choose the clustering
+that gave you the smallest
+
+error on your development set.
+
+And then, you'd say, that's
+probably my best clustering
+
+for this data.
+
+So that's one way of doing it.
+
+There's multiple ways
+of skinning the cat.
+
+Was trying to think of
+a good aphorism.
+
+And actually, that's what's
+on your problem set.
+
+One of the problems on your
+problem set is to cluster
+
+based on a holdout set and see
+what the effect of the error
+
+is on this holdout set.
+
+So did that answer
+your question?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+And then, choosing k, there's
+different methods
+
+for doing it, too.
+
+A lot of it is you run a lot
+of experiments and you see
+
+what you get.
+
+This is where the research part
+comes in for a lot of
+
+applications.
+
+So you can also try some other
+automatic methods, like
+
+entropy or other,
+more complicated
+
+measurements of error.
+
+But don't worry about those.
+
+For our purposes, if you get
+below the cut off value, and
+
+you run a number of iterations,
+and you've
+
+minimized your error on your
+test set, we'll be happy.
+
+We want you to be familiar with
+k-means, but not experts
+
+in it because it's a useful
+tool for your kit.
+
+Anyway, so all this code is
+going to do is it's going to
+
+run a number of trials.
+
+It's going to perform
+k-means clustering.
+
+And it's going to look for the
+clustering with the smallest
+
+maximum distance.
+
+So remember, the return value
+of k-means is the maximum
+
+distance from a point
+to its centroid.
+
+We're going to define our best
+clustering as being the
+
+clustering that gives us the
+smallest max distance.
+
+So that's another way you
+would choose your best
+
+clustering.
+
+Yeah, and that's all we're
+going to do for
+
+this bit of code here.
+
+We're going to find the average
+income in each cluster
+
+and draw a histogram.
+
+So I think this is
+actually done.
+
+So we have five clusters.
+
+And what they're showing us
+is that the clusters--
+
+if we take the average income
+of the different clusters,
+
+they're going to be centered
+at these average incomes.
+
+Let's see what some other
+plots look like.
+
+This set of examples is
+using a point type
+
+that's called county.
+
+And county, like the mammal
+class, inherits from point.
+
+And it defines a set of
+features that can be
+
+used, or a set of--
+
+it calls them filters.
+
+But basically, if you pass it
+one of these filter names,
+
+like allEducation,
+noEducational, wealthOnly,
+
+noWealth, what this is doing
+is it's selecting
+
+this tuple of tuples.
+
+And so if I say wealthonly, it's
+going to use this tuple
+
+as a filter.
+
+And for each element in this
+tuple of tuples, it has a
+
+tuple that has the name of the
+attribute and whether or not
+
+it should be used in
+the clustering.
+
+So if it has a 1, it
+should be used.
+
+If it has a 0, it shouldn't
+be used.
+
+So if we look at how that's
+applied, it'll get a
+
+filterSpec.
+
+And then, it'll just set an
+attribute called atrFilter.
+
+And if we see where that's
+used, then it's going to
+
+iterate through all
+of the attributes.
+
+And if the given attribute has
+a 1, then it's going to
+
+include it in the set of
+features that are used in this
+
+distance computation.
+
+So did that make sense at all?
+
+No?
+
+All right.
+
+So the idea is to illustrate
+that if you use different
+
+features when you're doing
+your clustering, you'll
+
+probably attain different
+clusterings.
+
+So in that first example
+I showed, we
+
+used all the features.
+
+But in this example, we are
+going to look at only wealth.
+
+And that includes the features,
+if we look at this
+
+set of filters here, it's going
+to include the home
+
+value, the income,
+the poverty.
+
+And then, all the other
+attributes, like population
+
+change, it's not include.
+
+So those aren't going to be
+used in the clusterings.
+
+So this is going to change what
+our clusters look like.
+
+So if we look at what we have
+for our clusters-- well,
+
+that's not very clear.
+
+Yeah, so let's see
+what happens.
+
+I'm not sure that's really
+going to show us.
+
+Probably better if I show
+them all at once, right?
+
+So this will take a while.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Actually I had just
+one question [INAUDIBLE]
+
+but there is a method showing
+us [INAUDIBLE] iterative
+
+additionally?
+
+PROFESSOR: Mm-hm.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: It's like iterValues
+or iterKeys, yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: I was wondering how
+to go about using that in
+
+actual code.
+
+PROFESSOR: In actual code?
+
+So you know that if you
+have a dictionary, d,
+
+you can do like d.keys.
+
+So remember I was demo-ing
+that code, the difference
+
+between range and xrange?
+
+Same thing.
+
+This is going to return
+an actual list of
+
+all the keys, right?
+
+What's d.iterkeys returns is a
+generator object that gives
+
+you, one by one by one, each
+key in the dictionary.
+
+So a lot of times, you guys in
+your code will use something
+
+like for k in d.keys(): to
+iterate through all the keys
+
+in the dictionary.
+
+What this method does, though,
+is it creates an actual copy
+
+of that list of keys, right?
+
+So when you call d.keys, if you
+have a lot of keys in your
+
+dictionary, it's going to go
+one by one by one by one
+
+through each of those keys,
+add it to a list, and then
+
+return it to you.
+
+What d.iterkeys does is it skips
+that going one by one by
+
+one and adding it
+to a new list.
+
+It just gives you a generator
+object which, when you use it
+
+in a for loop--
+
+when you use it in a for loop,
+it's going to just yield the
+
+key one at a time without
+creating a separate list.
+
+That make sense?
+
+AUDIENCE: So will it
+be more efficient?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, it's generally
+more efficient.
+
+And then, there's also, I think,
+iterValues, which goes
+
+through each of the values.
+
+And then, I think there's
+iterItems.
+
+And I think, if I'm not
+mistaken, if you do something
+
+just like that, so you do, for
+k, v in d, this is going to
+
+iterate through a tuple that
+contains the key and the
+
+values associated
+with that key.
+
+And it's equivalent
+to doing this.
+
+Make sense?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: So where
+were we here?
+
+Oh, maybe I shouldn't have
+done this all at once.
+
+Why don't we just look at two?
+
+Why don't we take a look at what
+the average incomes, what
+
+the clustering gives us for
+average incomes for education
+
+versus no education.
+
+That's probably not going to
+be a very good comparison.
+
+Just doing five trials and two
+trials for each clustering.
+
+So k-means is the efficient
+one, which means that
+
+hierarchical would take
+a long, long time.
+
+There we go.
+
+So these are the average incomes
+if we cluster with k
+
+equals 50 on education.
+
+And then, there should
+be another one.
+
+I didn't create the
+new figure.
+
+So apparently there's
+a bug in the code.
+
+I wanted to show the two plots
+side by side so you could see
+
+the differences.
+
+Because what you
+should see is--
+
+we would see a different
+distribution in incomes among
+
+the clusters if we clustered
+based on no education versus
+
+education level.
+
+But my code is buggy and
+not working the way
+
+I expected it to.
+
+So I apologize.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/UVeZhQBNvkE.txt b/UVeZhQBNvkE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e208d9972919e444115135380652da5058327dae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/UVeZhQBNvkE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,294 @@
+Claims data offers an expansive
+view of the patients health
+
+history.
+
+Specifically, claims
+data include information
+
+on demographics, medical
+history, and medications.
+
+They offer insights
+regarding a patient's risk.
+
+And as I will demonstrate,
+may reveal indicative signals
+
+and patterns.
+
+We'll use health
+insurance claims
+
+filed for about 7,000
+members from January, 2000
+
+until November, 2007.
+
+We concentrated on members
+with the four main attributes.
+
+At least five claims with
+coronary artery disease
+
+diagnosis, at least five
+claims with hypertension
+
+diagnostic codes, at least
+100 total medical claims,
+
+at least five pharmacy
+claims, and data
+
+from at least five years.
+
+These selections yield
+patients with a high risk
+
+of heart attack.
+
+And a reasonably rich medical
+history with continuous
+
+coverage.
+
+Let us discuss how we've
+aggregated this data.
+
+The resulting data sets
+includes about 20 million health
+
+insurance entries, including
+individual, medical,
+
+and pharmaceutical records.
+
+Diagnosis, procedures,
+and drug codes in the data
+
+set comprised tens of
+thousands of attributes.
+
+The codes were
+aggregated into groups.
+
+218 diagnosis groups,
+180 procedure groups,
+
+538 drug groups.
+
+46 diagnosis groups
+were considered
+
+by clinicians as possible risk
+factors for heart attacks.
+
+Let us discuss how we
+view the data over time.
+
+It is important in this study
+to view the medical records
+
+chronologically, and to
+represent a patient's diagnosis
+
+profile over time.
+
+So we record the cost and number
+of medical claims and hospital
+
+visits by a diagnosis.
+
+All the observations we have
+span over five years of data.
+
+They were split into 21
+periods, each 90 days in length.
+
+We examine nine months
+of diagnostic history,
+
+leading up to heart attack
+or no heart attack event,
+
+and align the data to make
+observations date-independent,
+
+while preserving
+the order of events.
+
+We recorded the diagnostic
+history in three periods.
+
+Zero to three months
+before the event,
+
+three to six months
+before the event,
+
+and six to nine months
+before the event.
+
+What was a target variable
+we're trying to predict?
+
+The target prediction
+variable is the occurrence
+
+of a heart attack.
+
+We define this from a
+combination of several claims.
+
+Namely, diagnosis
+of a heart attack,
+
+alongside a trip to
+the emergency room,
+
+followed by subsequent
+hospitalization.
+
+Only considering
+heart attack diagnosis
+
+that are associated with the
+visits to an emergency room,
+
+and following
+hospitalization helps
+
+ensure that the target outcome
+is in fact a heart attack
+
+event.
+
+The target variable is binary.
+
+It is denoted by
+plus 1 or minus 1
+
+for the occurrence or
+non-occurrence of a heart
+
+attack in the targeted
+period of 90 days.
+
+How's the data organized?
+
+There were 147 variables.
+
+Variable one is the patient's
+identification number,
+
+and variable two is
+the patient's gender.
+
+There were variables related
+to the diagnoses group
+
+counts nine, six, and three
+months before the heart attack
+
+target period.
+
+There were variables related
+to the total course nine, six,
+
+and three months before
+the heart attack target
+
+period, and the final
+variable for 147,
+
+includes the classification of
+whether the event was a heart
+
+attack or not.
+
+Cost of medical care is a good
+summary of a person's health.
+
+In our database, the total cost
+of medical care in the three 90
+
+day periods preceding the heart
+attack target event ranged from
+
+$0.00 to $636,000
+and approximately 70%
+
+of the overall cost were
+generated by only 11%
+
+of the population.
+
+This means that the
+highest patients
+
+with high medical expenses
+are a very small proportion
+
+of the data, and could
+skew our final results.
+
+According to the American
+Medical Association, only 10%
+
+of individuals have
+projected medical expenses
+
+of approximately
+$10,000 or greater
+
+per year, which is more
+than four times greater
+
+than the average projected
+medical expenses of 2,400
+
+per year.
+
+To lessen the effects of
+these high-cost outliers,
+
+we divided the data into
+different cost buckets,
+
+based on the findings of the
+American Medical Association.
+
+We did not want to
+have too many cost bins
+
+because the size
+of the data set.
+
+The table in the
+slide gives a summary
+
+of the cost bucket partitions.
+
+Patients with expenses over
+$10,000 in the nine month
+
+period were allocated
+to cost bucket 3.
+
+Patients with less
+than 2,000 in expenses
+
+were allocated to cost bucket 1.
+
+And the remaining patients with
+costs between 2,000 and 10,000
+
+to cost bucket 2.
+
+Please note that the majority
+of patients, 4,400 out of 6,500,
+
+or 67.5% of all patients
+fell into the first bucket
+
+of low expenses.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Uh70L7Pr4Jk.txt b/Uh70L7Pr4Jk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..95e745ff09b21172d48fd395c12fa73d6e62c2fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Uh70L7Pr4Jk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14291 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning
+so we started talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we started talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we started talking about
+multicomponent systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mixtures and our program is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixtures and our program is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixtures and our program is
+that at the beginning we try to see when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at the beginning we try to see when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at the beginning we try to see when
+it is possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is possible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is possible to
+infer the properties of the mixture as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infer the properties of the mixture as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infer the properties of the mixture as
+much as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as
+possible from the properties of the pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible from the properties of the pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible from the properties of the pure
+components and so we we are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and so we we are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and so we we are in the
+process of defining some ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of defining some ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of defining some ideal
+situations in which this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations in which this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations in which this is
+possible which as we said is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible which as we said is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible which as we said is a good
+start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start
+in our modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our modeling
+efforts it's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efforts it's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efforts it's like a
+reference simple situation in which uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference simple situation in which uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference simple situation in which uh
+we do not to need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do not to need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do not to need to
+add experimental uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add experimental uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add experimental uh uh
+data to model our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to model our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to model our
+mixtures but then we will find that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixtures but then we will find that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixtures but then we will find that in
+practice uh the ideal situation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice uh the ideal situation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice uh the ideal situation is
+really only a a limiting situation which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really only a a limiting situation which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really only a a limiting situation which
+is not fulfilled by any U uh real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not fulfilled by any U uh real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not fulfilled by any U uh real
+mixture ex except in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits
+nevertheless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless
+uh we gain a lot of information by just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we gain a lot of information by just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we gain a lot of information by just
+looking at ideal situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at ideal situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at ideal situations
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh we have um defined these partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have um defined these partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have um defined these partial
+properties that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that
+are derivatives of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are derivatives of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are derivatives of
+functions of the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+potentials for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials for
+example this the partial entropy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this the partial entropy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this the partial entropy of the
+constituent in the mixture which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituent in the mixture which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituent in the mixture which is a
+function of of TP and why we will uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of of TP and why we will uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of of TP and why we will uh
+have to be careful uh in distinguishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be careful uh in distinguishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be careful uh in distinguishing
+well uh between the partial entropy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh between the partial entropy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh between the partial entropy of
+constituent in the mixture and the s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituent in the mixture and the s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituent in the mixture and the s
+double I TP which is going to be which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double I TP which is going to be which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double I TP which is going to be which
+is uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh the
+specific uh property the specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific uh property the specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific uh property the specific
+entropy of pure component I when at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy of pure component I when at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy of pure component I when at the
+same temperature and pressure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same temperature and pressure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same temperature and pressure of the
+mixture we will see that uh they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture we will see that uh they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture we will see that uh they are
+somehow related and the difference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+measurable so we have to pay a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable so we have to pay a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable so we have to pay a lot of
+attention to the subscripts like so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to the subscripts like so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to the subscripts like so
+single sub subrip is a partial property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single sub subrip is a partial property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single sub subrip is a partial property
+for the mixture double subscrip is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the mixture double subscrip is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the mixture double subscrip is
+specific property of the pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific property of the pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific property of the pure
+component and then we Define the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component and then we Define the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component and then we Define the partial
+volume which is another derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume which is another derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume which is another derivative of
+the chemical potential once we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical potential once we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical potential once we know the
+chemical potentials as function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potentials as function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potentials as function of
+temperature pressure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature pressure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature pressure and
+composition we Define the partial energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition we Define the partial energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition we Define the partial energy
+and also we Define the partial enthalpy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also we Define the partial enthalpy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also we Define the partial enthalpy
+and let me just uh stress this one uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me just uh stress this one uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me just uh stress this one uh if
+you have the expression for the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the expression for the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the expression for the chemical
+potential and you divide it by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and you divide it by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and you divide it by the
+temperature and take the derivative not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and take the derivative not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and take the derivative not
+with respect to T but with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to T but with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to T but with respect to
+the inverse of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse of the
+temperature then you get the the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature then you get the the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature then you get the the partial
+enthalpy this formula will come out uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy this formula will come out uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy this formula will come out uh a
+while often and uh also this one which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while often and uh also this one which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while often and uh also this one which I
+better uh write here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better uh write here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better uh write here
+on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+board we can write it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we can say that uh we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we can say that uh we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we can say that uh we can see
+that the from this relation here we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the from this relation here we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the from this relation here we can
+see that chemical potential can be of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that chemical potential can be of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that chemical potential can be of
+the component in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the component in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the component in the
+mixture can be written as this linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture can be written as this linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture can be written as this linear
+combination enthalpy minus TS which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination enthalpy minus TS which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination enthalpy minus TS which
+essentially is also equal to the gibbsa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is also equal to the gibbsa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is also equal to the gibbsa
+free energy so this is also equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free energy so this is also equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free energy so this is also equal
+to the uh partial gives a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the uh partial gives a free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the uh partial gives a free
+energy uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh and
+U and in fact the the derivative of G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and in fact the the derivative of G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and in fact the the derivative of G
+with respect to ni with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to ni with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to ni with
+at fixed T and P and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at fixed T and P and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at fixed T and P and the other
+constituents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's the definition of the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the definition of the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the definition of the chemical
+potential in terms of the Gibs free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential in terms of the Gibs free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential in terms of the Gibs free
+energy but it's also you could also call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy but it's also you could also call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy but it's also you could also call
+it by analogy with these definitions the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by analogy with these definitions the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by analogy with these definitions the
+partial Gibs free energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial Gibs free energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial Gibs free energy of the
+constituent in the mixture so in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituent in the mixture so in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituent in the mixture so in other
+words we're saying that the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words we're saying that the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words we're saying that the chemical
+potential can be interpreted itself as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential can be interpreted itself as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential can be interpreted itself as a
+partial property it's the partial gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial property it's the partial gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial property it's the partial gives
+free energy of the constituent in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mixture and the reason why we call these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture and the reason why we call these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture and the reason why we call these
+properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties
+partial is because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+contribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute
+um to the pro to building up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to the pro to building up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to the pro to building up the
+property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+of of the mixture by simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the mixture by simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the mixture by simple
+multiplication with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+amounts and each and you can do this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts and each and you can do this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts and each and you can do this for
+entropy volume uh energy the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy volume uh energy the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy volume uh energy the free
+energies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies the
+enthalpy they all they all have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy they all they all have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy they all they all have the same
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+structure of course now we we uh forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of course now we we uh forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of course now we we uh forget
+uh the small systems and we focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the small systems and we focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the small systems and we focus on
+large systems so this is the the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large systems so this is the the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large systems so this is the the right
+hand side the highlighted formulas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side the highlighted formulas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side the highlighted formulas
+because for smaller for small systems we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for smaller for small systems we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for smaller for small systems we
+would have also to some contributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have also to some contributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have also to some contributions
+that correct uh this expression in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that correct uh this expression in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that correct uh this expression in terms
+of the oiler free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we
+measure these partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure these partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure these partial
+properties and here's a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up we take a mixture with a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+composition in stable equilibrium of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition in stable equilibrium of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition in stable equilibrium of
+course we the I don't not repeating it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we the I don't not repeating it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we the I don't not repeating it
+uh uh often enough but we're still um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh often enough but we're still um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh often enough but we're still um we
+are concentrating our attention out on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are concentrating our attention out on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are concentrating our attention out on
+the stable equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stable equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stable equilibrium
+State and so we take a mixture with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and so we take a mixture with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and so we take a mixture with some
+given composition at a stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given composition at a stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given composition at a stable
+equilibrium State at temperature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium State at temperature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium State at temperature and
+pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+p and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and
+uh the we put it in in mutual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the we put it in in mutual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the we put it in in mutual
+equilibrium with the thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium with the thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium with the thermal
+reservoir of the kind that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoir of the kind that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoir of the kind that can
+exchange uh also volume so you have also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange uh also volume so you have also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange uh also volume so you have also
+the pressure equality as a condition for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pressure equality as a condition for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pressure equality as a condition for
+Mutual equilibrium between your mixture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mutual equilibrium between your mixture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mutual equilibrium between your mixture
+and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reservoir then we take a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoir then we take a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoir then we take a little
+bit of pure component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I and we add it to the mixture and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and we add it to the mixture and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and we add it to the mixture and we
+wait until the mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait until the mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait until the mix
+goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes
+again to Mutual equilibrium with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again to Mutual equilibrium with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again to Mutual equilibrium with that
+thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal
+reservo okay so this is a mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservo okay so this is a mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservo okay so this is a mixing
+process in which we add a small amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process in which we add a small amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process in which we add a small amount
+of one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+components and then since we can measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and then since we can measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and then since we can measure
+properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+systems for example let me take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems for example let me take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems for example let me take the
+enthalpy and so let me measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy and so let me measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy and so let me measure the
+difference between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the
+enthalpy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+mixture in this final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture in this final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture in this final
+State and the enthalpy of the composite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and the enthalpy of the composite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and the enthalpy of the composite
+system of the mixture plus the pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of the mixture plus the pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of the mixture plus the pure
+component in the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component in the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component in the initial
+State okay so this is for the mixture in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State okay so this is for the mixture in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State okay so this is for the mixture in
+the final State the amounts are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final State the amounts are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final State the amounts are the same
+but the amount for the constituent are I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the amount for the constituent are I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the amount for the constituent are I
+is n plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n plus
+DN this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DN this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DN this is the
+initial where in the mixture I just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial where in the mixture I just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial where in the mixture I just have
+ni I and the dni is separate from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ni I and the dni is separate from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ni I and the dni is separate from the
+mixture so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture so it
+contributes uh with its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributes uh with its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributes uh with its
+own uh to the enthalpy of the the pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own uh to the enthalpy of the the pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own uh to the enthalpy of the the pure
+uh constituent through its specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh constituent through its specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh constituent through its specific
+property of the pure component and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of the pure component and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of the pure component and
+notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that
+usually as I said several times enthalpy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually as I said several times enthalpy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually as I said several times enthalpy
+is not an additive property but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not an additive property but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not an additive property but if
+you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking
+at um systems that are at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at um systems that are at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at um systems that are at the same
+temper pressure then enthalpy is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temper pressure then enthalpy is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temper pressure then enthalpy is an
+additive and therefore the enthalpy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive and therefore the enthalpy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive and therefore the enthalpy of
+the composite of these two subsystems is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the composite of these two subsystems is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the composite of these two subsystems is
+equal to the sum of the two enthalpies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the sum of the two enthalpies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the sum of the two enthalpies
+like we do here the sum of the enthalpy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we do here the sum of the enthalpy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we do here the sum of the enthalpy
+of the mixture plus the enthalpy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mixture plus the enthalpy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mixture plus the enthalpy of the
+pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure
+component okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now if we take this and divide it by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we take this and divide it by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we take this and divide it by the
+amount of u constituent I I that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of u constituent I I that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of u constituent I I that we have
+um added to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um added to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um added to the
+mixture that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture that
+defines the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines the
+change in the enthalpy due to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the enthalpy due to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the enthalpy due to the
+addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition
+of that amount of of a small amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that amount of of a small amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that amount of of a small amount of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+component and of course DN is supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component and of course DN is supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component and of course DN is supposed
+to be small so we're taking the limit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be small so we're taking the limit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be small so we're taking the limit of
+these which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these which
+is which can be viewed as an incremental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is which can be viewed as an incremental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is which can be viewed as an incremental
+product at least the part with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product at least the part with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product at least the part with the
+capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital
+H it's a partial derivative of Capital H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H it's a partial derivative of Capital H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H it's a partial derivative of Capital H
+with respect to ni and then there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to ni and then there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to ni and then there is
+this additional contribution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this additional contribution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this additional contribution of the
+separate pure component that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate pure component that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate pure component that we have
+added which uh since I divided I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added which uh since I divided I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added which uh since I divided I'm
+dividing by D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing by D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing by D
+ni uh adds but with a minus sign a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ni uh adds but with a minus sign a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ni uh adds but with a minus sign a
+contribution here now now we recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution here now now we recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution here now now we recognize
+that this derivative is exactly what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this derivative is exactly what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this derivative is exactly what we
+defined as the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as the partial
+enthalpy of the constituent in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy of the constituent in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy of the constituent in the
+mixture in the previous slide so here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture in the previous slide so here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture in the previous slide so here we
+have the difference between the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+enthalpy and the specific enthalpy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy and the specific enthalpy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy and the specific enthalpy of
+pure component at the same T and P of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure component at the same T and P of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure component at the same T and P of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+mixture this is what we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture this is what we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture this is what we call the
+enthalpy of isotherm baric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy of isotherm baric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy of isotherm baric
+mixing TP stand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing TP stand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing TP stand for
+ISO isothermal and isobaric because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ISO isothermal and isobaric because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ISO isothermal and isobaric because we
+are doing this uh in uh a fixed tnp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing this uh in uh a fixed tnp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing this uh in uh a fixed tnp
+imposed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reservoir this can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoir this can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoir this can be
+measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured
+enthalpy in a process like this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy in a process like this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy in a process like this is
+essentially uh if you make the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially uh if you make the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially uh if you make the energy
+balance this is essentially the U the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance this is essentially the U the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance this is essentially the U the
+heat exchange with the uh thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat exchange with the uh thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat exchange with the uh thermal
+Reservoir so you measure it with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+calorimeter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calorimeter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calorimeter
+so that means that since you can measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means that since you can measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means that since you can measure
+this with a calorimeter and you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with a calorimeter and you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with a calorimeter and you know the
+properties of pure substances then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of pure substances then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of pure substances then you
+have measured the partial enthalpy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have measured the partial enthalpy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have measured the partial enthalpy of
+the component in the mixture and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the component in the mixture and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the component in the mixture and this
+doesn't require any particular uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't require any particular uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't require any particular uh
+assumptions uh about the mixture being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions uh about the mixture being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions uh about the mixture being
+ideal or non ideal we actually haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal or non ideal we actually haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal or non ideal we actually haven't
+even defined yet what ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even defined yet what ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even defined yet what ideal
+means it's simply a tool a method with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it's simply a tool a method with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it's simply a tool a method with
+which people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which people
+measure properties of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure properties of of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure properties of of of
+mixtures and what we have done here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixtures and what we have done here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixtures and what we have done here for
+the enthalpy can be repeated U the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enthalpy can be repeated U the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enthalpy can be repeated U the same
+way so uh I'm not repeating it here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so uh I'm not repeating it here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so uh I'm not repeating it here but
+uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Define uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define uh
+the volume of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume of
+mixing so it's the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing so it's the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing so it's the difference between
+the partial volume and the specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial volume and the specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial volume and the specific
+volume at the same tnp the energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume at the same tnp the energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume at the same tnp the energy of
+mixing and the entropy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mixing and these are all things that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing and these are all things that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing and these are all things that you
+can measure by energy and entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+balances so these are ways in which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balances so these are ways in which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balances so these are ways in which you
+can characterize okay this is is a oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can characterize okay this is is a oops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can characterize okay this is is a oops
+sorry yeah there is a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry yeah there is a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry yeah there is a an
+extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra
+uh character there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh character there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh character there
+okay all right so now let's peruse that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so now let's peruse that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so now let's peruse that
+equation which I've written up there on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which I've written up there on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which I've written up there on
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+board and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+substitute the expression of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute the expression of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute the expression of the uh
+partial enthalpy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as uh hii so the specific enthalpy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as uh hii so the specific enthalpy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as uh hii so the specific enthalpy of
+the pure component times the enthalpy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pure component times the enthalpy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pure component times the enthalpy of
+mixing and the same for the entropy s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing and the same for the entropy s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing and the same for the entropy s
+partial we can write it as s specific of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial we can write it as s specific of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial we can write it as s specific of
+the pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pure
+component times the entropy of isobaric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mixing all right so then we recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing all right so then we recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing all right so then we recognize
+that also for the pure substance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um H minus TS is the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um H minus TS is the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um H minus TS is the chemical
+potential so this gives us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so this gives us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so this gives us a
+relation for the chemical potential the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation for the chemical potential the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation for the chemical potential the
+component in the mixture in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component in the mixture in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component in the mixture in terms of the
+chemical potential of the pure component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential of the pure component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential of the pure component
+at the same temperature and pressure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same temperature and pressure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same temperature and pressure of
+the mixture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mixture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mixture
+plus the enthalpy of mixing minus t *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the enthalpy of mixing minus t *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the enthalpy of mixing minus t *
+the entropy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mixing and at this stage we should also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing and at this stage we should also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing and at this stage we should also
+remember that by the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that by the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that by the definition of
+partial pressures of components in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial pressures of components in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial pressures of components in a
+mixture you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture you
+recall that that is defined by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall that that is defined by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall that that is defined by the
+condition of mutual equilibrium across a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition of mutual equilibrium across a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition of mutual equilibrium across a
+membrane permeable only to constituent I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane permeable only to constituent I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane permeable only to constituent I
+so at that Mutual equilibrium across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at that Mutual equilibrium across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at that Mutual equilibrium across the
+membrane you have a quality of chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane you have a quality of chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane you have a quality of chemical
+potentials so the chemical potential of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials so the chemical potential of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials so the chemical potential of
+a constituent in the mixture is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constituent in the mixture is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constituent in the mixture is also
+equal to the chemical potential and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the chemical potential and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the chemical potential and here
+there is also another mistake this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is also another mistake this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is also another mistake this
+should be a double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a double
+I this is the chemical potential of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I this is the chemical potential of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I this is the chemical potential of the
+pure component on the other side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure component on the other side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure component on the other side of the
+um um semi- perable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um semi- perable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um semi- perable
+membrane uh and therefore yes at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane uh and therefore yes at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane uh and therefore yes at the
+same temperature of the mixture but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same temperature of the mixture but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same temperature of the mixture but at
+the pressure which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pressure which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pressure which
+is what we call the partial pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so again here I cut and paste makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so again here I cut and paste makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so again here I cut and paste makes
+uh uh errors propagate so this should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh errors propagate so this should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh errors propagate so this should be
+double I and double I okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double I and double I okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double I and double I okay
+so the we're now taking this last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equality and putting in evidence the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality and putting in evidence the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality and putting in evidence the
+difference and so taking a essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and so taking a essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and so taking a essentially
+uh this term to the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this term to the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this term to the right hand
+side so I have the chemical potential uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so I have the chemical potential uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so I have the chemical potential uh
+the difference evaluated between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference evaluated between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference evaluated between
+pressure the partial pressure and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure the partial pressure and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure the partial pressure and the
+pressure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure of the
+mixture pii minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+P now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P now
+here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have
+already proved in a in a previous uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already proved in a in a previous uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already proved in a in a previous uh
+slide maybe we we can just remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide maybe we we can just remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide maybe we we can just remind
+ourselves of how we got here um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves of how we got here um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves of how we got here um that
+um so we are having that uble I Pi I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we are having that uble I Pi I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we are having that uble I Pi I I
+I'm sorry at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry at the
+T and p i i minus new double I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+TP okay you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TP okay you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TP okay you see
+um if I have a function of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X and the difference of a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and the difference of a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and the difference of a function
+evaluated at two different points I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at two different points I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at two different points I can
+always write by the integral calculus uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always write by the integral calculus uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always write by the integral calculus uh
+equation that this is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that this is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that this is equal to the
+integral from X2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from X2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from X2 to
+X1 of the D derivative of that function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 of the D derivative of that function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 of the D derivative of that function
+let's call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and this x Prime is a dami variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this x Prime is a dami variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this x Prime is a dami variable
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+integration okay so this you can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration okay so this you can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration okay so this you can write
+for any for any function so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any for any function so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any for any function so
+here we apply this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we apply this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we apply this
+theorem so uh this x X2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem so uh this x X2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem so uh this x X2 is
+p X1 is P1 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p X1 is P1 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p X1 is P1 I
+I and the dtive we the derivative we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and the dtive we the derivative we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and the dtive we the derivative we
+have to put here is the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to put here is the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to put here is the partial
+derivative with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+P of what of the chemical potential of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of what of the chemical potential of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of what of the chemical potential of
+the pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pure
+component while the other variables are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component while the other variables are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component while the other variables are
+TP I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TP I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TP I'm sorry
+t uh and this is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+evaluated at at the the vales the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at at the the vales the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at at the the vales the value
+of the dami variable so pble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the dami variable so pble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the dami variable so pble
+Prime and integrated over the dami
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and integrated over the dami
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and integrated over the dami
+variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+but if you look up uh the many equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you look up uh the many equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you look up uh the many equations
+that we have derived also for the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have derived also for the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have derived also for the for
+the pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pure
+substance this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance this
+derivative is the specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is the specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is the specific
+volume okay so this becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specific
+volume of the pure component evaluated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of the pure component evaluated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of the pure component evaluated
+at temperature T and at the dami
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at temperature T and at the dami
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at temperature T and at the dami
+pressure p of integration pble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure p of integration pble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure p of integration pble
+Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime
+okay all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so
+that explains this integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here but above we we've seen that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but above we we've seen that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but above we we've seen that this
+difference in chemical potentials is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in chemical potentials is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in chemical potentials is
+equal to the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the um
+uh Delta H mix minus TS Delta s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Delta H mix minus TS Delta s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Delta H mix minus TS Delta s
+mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix
+okay now look at U look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this um volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um volume
+if if I have a an ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if I have a an ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if I have a an ideal
+gas if I if I can uh if my substance I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas if I if I can uh if my substance I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas if I if I can uh if my substance I
+behaves according to the ideal gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves according to the ideal gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves according to the ideal gas
+relation uh the specific volume can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation uh the specific volume can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation uh the specific volume can be
+written as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as
+RT over p and the pressure that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RT over p and the pressure that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RT over p and the pressure that we
+should evaluate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should evaluate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should evaluate is
+P that is here so it's p double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P that is here so it's p double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P that is here so it's p double
+Prime and so when I do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integral uh RT goes outside because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral uh RT goes outside because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral uh RT goes outside because I'm
+integrating over P pble Prime and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating over P pble Prime and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating over P pble Prime and the
+integral of of uh 1 / p is the logarithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of of uh 1 / p is the logarithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of of uh 1 / p is the logarithm
+so that gives me the formula uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that gives me the formula uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that gives me the formula uh
+RT log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RT log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RT log
+of p i i over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of p i i over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of p i i over
+p and that's for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gas if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas if
+instead I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead I have a
+liquid and I can use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid and I can use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid and I can use the
+incompressible liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incompressible liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incompressible liquid
+model for which the specific volume v I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for which the specific volume v I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for which the specific volume v I
+I is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I is
+approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately
+constant meaning independent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant meaning independent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant meaning independent of
+temperature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and
+pressure well if it is a constant it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure well if it is a constant it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure well if it is a constant it
+goes out of the integral and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes out of the integral and then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes out of the integral and then this
+becomes uh the specific volume times p i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes uh the specific volume times p i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes uh the specific volume times p i
+i minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i minus
+p and here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and here in the
+slide I just switched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide I just switched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide I just switched
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+because the pressure usually greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the pressure usually greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the pressure usually greater
+than the partial pressure so I um put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the partial pressure so I um put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the partial pressure so I um put
+this difference in parenthesis and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this difference in parenthesis and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this difference in parenthesis and then
+I pick up a minus sign on the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I pick up a minus sign on the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I pick up a minus sign on the other side
+okay so this formula will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this formula will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this formula will be
+useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful
+in in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+moment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment and
+again we see that there is a relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we see that there is a relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we see that there is a relation
+between the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pressures very expit explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures very expit explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures very expit explicit
+relations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations in
+terms of the enthalpy and the entropies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the enthalpy and the entropies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the enthalpy and the entropies
+of isobaric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of isobaric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of isobaric
+mixing so this is a way in which you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing so this is a way in which you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing so this is a way in which you can
+measure partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure partial
+pressures because you can measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures because you can measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures because you can measure the
+properties of isothermic mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example
+here uh I want to sort of point you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh I want to sort of point you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh I want to sort of point you
+to a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a couple of
+references which if you go and take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+references which if you go and take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+references which if you go and take a
+look un Veil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look un Veil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look un Veil
+um uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh a
+huge uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge uh
+literature uh so a huge um community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature uh so a huge um community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature uh so a huge um community
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+over uh many decades or perhaps uh over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over uh many decades or perhaps uh over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over uh many decades or perhaps uh over
+more than a than a century have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than a than a century have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than a than a century have been
+measuring properties this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring properties this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring properties this
+way and they're still doing it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and they're still doing it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and they're still doing it because
+the applications uh are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+growing for example this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing for example this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing for example this is a
+um an experimental paper where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um an experimental paper where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um an experimental paper where they
+collect uh uh they measure the enthalpy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect uh uh they measure the enthalpy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect uh uh they measure the enthalpy
+of isothermic mixing of liquids and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of isothermic mixing of liquids and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of isothermic mixing of liquids and
+these liquids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these liquids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these liquids
+are molten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are molten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are molten
+salts that as you may know uh are used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salts that as you may know uh are used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salts that as you may know uh are used
+in various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in various
+applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications
+including solar thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including solar thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including solar thermal
+applications in in those uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications in in those uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications in in those uh
+collectors with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collectors with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collectors with
+mirrors that want to achieve high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirrors that want to achieve high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirrors that want to achieve high
+temperatures the molten Souls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures the molten Souls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures the molten Souls
+allow are stable also at very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow are stable also at very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow are stable also at very high
+temperatures and therefore using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures and therefore using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures and therefore using this
+um these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+fluids you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluids you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluids you
+can collect solar energy at high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can collect solar energy at high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can collect solar energy at high
+temperatures up to maybe 600
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Celsius but of course uh molten souls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius but of course uh molten souls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius but of course uh molten souls
+are used also in nuclear uh engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are used also in nuclear uh engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are used also in nuclear uh engineering
+and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh processing Industries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh processing Industries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh processing Industries
+for producing uh materials that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for producing uh materials that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for producing uh materials that are
+useful for um all sorts of applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for um all sorts of applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for um all sorts of applications
+from Electronics to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Electronics to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Electronics to to
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+magnets okay so this is for so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnets okay so this is for so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnets okay so this is for so this is a
+reference in which you can see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference in which you can see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference in which you can see how
+people uh measure and and then try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh measure and and then try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh measure and and then try to
+correlate so there is also a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlate so there is also a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlate so there is also a number of
+correlations which go under the names of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations which go under the names of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations which go under the names of
+the inventors of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+correlations that do good jobs in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations that do good jobs in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations that do good jobs in uh
+determining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining
+uh these effects you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these effects you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these effects you see
+here the gray molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the gray molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the gray molecule
+seum uh ion is um is sort of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seum uh ion is um is sort of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seum uh ion is um is sort of the the
+solvent is like the the prevailing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent is like the the prevailing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent is like the the prevailing or
+the common U the common substance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the common U the common substance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the common U the common substance of
+these uh mixtures and then you they keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh mixtures and then you they keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh mixtures and then you they keep
+changing uh the other substance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um it's actually not only for dilute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's actually not only for dilute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's actually not only for dilute
+it's for over the full range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's for over the full range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's for over the full range of
+compositions from zero to one and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compositions from zero to one and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compositions from zero to one and you
+can see that you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that you have a
+behavior in which the uh enthalpy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior in which the uh enthalpy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior in which the uh enthalpy of
+mixing is uh negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+meaning that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that the
+substance that when you mix the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance that when you mix the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance that when you mix the
+substance the you have like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance the you have like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance the you have like an
+exothermic reaction it's not really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exothermic reaction it's not really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exothermic reaction it's not really a
+reaction but it's a physical chemical uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction but it's a physical chemical uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction but it's a physical chemical uh
+effect which releases heat so in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect which releases heat so in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect which releases heat so in other
+words you have to if you want to return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words you have to if you want to return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words you have to if you want to return
+to Mutual equilibrium with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Mutual equilibrium with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Mutual equilibrium with your
+Reservoir you have to cool down after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reservoir you have to cool down after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reservoir you have to cool down after
+the mixing you have to cool tool down by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mixing you have to cool tool down by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mixing you have to cool tool down by
+by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+amount and that cooling measures is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount and that cooling measures is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount and that cooling measures is is
+exactly so with that's how you with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so with that's how you with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so with that's how you with the
+calorimeter you can measure that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calorimeter you can measure that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calorimeter you can measure that uh
+Cooling and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cooling and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cooling and and
+therefore this Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this Delta
+H you can also do similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H you can also do similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H you can also do similar
+measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements
+for the volume of mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the volume of mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the volume of mixing
+and here I sketched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the yeah I think this line should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yeah I think this line should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yeah I think this line should be
+should belong a little lower here to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should belong a little lower here to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should belong a little lower here to the
+zero level and I sketched uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero level and I sketched uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero level and I sketched uh this is
+just to show that um it's the volume of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to show that um it's the volume of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to show that um it's the volume of
+mixing is not always positive it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing is not always positive it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing is not always positive it can be
+positive it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive it can be
+negative it can can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative it can can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative it can can
+be positive in one range and they become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be positive in one range and they become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be positive in one range and they become
+negative in the other range depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative in the other range depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative in the other range depending on
+uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the
+composition and it all depends on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition and it all depends on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition and it all depends on what
+kind of molecules you have and how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of molecules you have and how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of molecules you have and how the
+molecules interact with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules interact with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules interact with each
+other and as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and as you can
+see these two reference where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see these two reference where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see these two reference where
+you may want to take a look to to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may want to take a look to to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may want to take a look to to see
+experimental data and how they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental data and how they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental data and how they're
+treated date back to at least 40 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now this slide is also uh is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now this slide is also uh is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now this slide is also uh is just
+uh parenthetical it just uh says all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so we have seen that in practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we have seen that in practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we have seen that in practice
+with those measurements you can we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those measurements you can we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those measurements you can we we
+can infer the values of the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can infer the values of the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can infer the values of the chemical
+potentials and therefore the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials and therefore the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials and therefore the partial
+properties uh so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties uh so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties uh so the
+question that we address in in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that we address in in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that we address in in this
+slide is can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide is can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide is can
+we is the meaning of partial that we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we is the meaning of partial that we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we is the meaning of partial that we use
+in partial properties the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in partial properties the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in partial properties the same as the
+meaning of partial as we use in partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of partial as we use in partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of partial as we use in partial
+pressures and the answer answer is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures and the answer answer is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures and the answer answer is no
+because the definition is different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the definition is different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the definition is different
+however you can somehow somehow relate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however you can somehow somehow relate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however you can somehow somehow relate
+partial properties in terms of partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial properties in terms of partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial properties in terms of partial
+pressures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures and
+here uh here's the way of of of doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh it's just a matter of writing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's just a matter of writing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's just a matter of writing the
+chemical potential as we see here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential as we see here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential as we see here uh
+again as a function as it is of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again as a function as it is of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again as a function as it is of the
+partial pressure so if you if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial pressure so if you if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial pressure so if you if you take
+U the differential of this relation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U the differential of this relation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U the differential of this relation here
+which defines the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which defines the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which defines the partial
+pressure and then remember that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and then remember that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and then remember that the the
+derivatives of the part of the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of the part of the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of the part of the chemical
+potential are the partial properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential are the partial properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential are the partial properties
+then that is where uh that relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that is where uh that relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that is where uh that relation
+comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about and here are the details so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and here are the details so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and here are the details so if you
+like to take derivatives uh this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to take derivatives uh this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to take derivatives uh this is uh
+how you can practice it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you can practice it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you can practice it
+so I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+explain uh the details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here at this stage we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at this stage we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at this stage we need
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+recall something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall something
+about what happens when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what happens when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what happens when
+molecules come close to one another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the Leonard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Leonard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Leonard
+John's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+model gives you the potential energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model gives you the potential energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model gives you the potential energy of
+the interaction between two molecules so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interaction between two molecules so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interaction between two molecules so
+suppose I have one molecule and I stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I have one molecule and I stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I have one molecule and I stay
+in uh and I sit on that molecule on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh and I sit on that molecule on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh and I sit on that molecule on the
+reference frame that moves with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frame that moves with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frame that moves with that
+molecule and I see another molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and I see another molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and I see another molecule
+approaching the Leonard Jones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching the Leonard Jones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching the Leonard Jones
+model is a pair interaction kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is a pair interaction kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is a pair interaction kind of
+model it looks just uh what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model it looks just uh what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model it looks just uh what happens
+between one molecule and the other not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between one molecule and the other not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between one molecule and the other not
+the fact uh it doesn't apply well if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact uh it doesn't apply well if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact uh it doesn't apply well if you
+have to consider also the fact that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to consider also the fact that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to consider also the fact that this
+molecule may also at the same time be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule may also at the same time be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule may also at the same time be
+interacting with a third and maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with a third and maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with a third and maybe a
+fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+molecule which of course is important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule which of course is important in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule which of course is important in
+liquids but okay so here's the idea I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquids but okay so here's the idea I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquids but okay so here's the idea I'm
+sitting on that molecule and I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting on that molecule and I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting on that molecule and I see
+another molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+approaching now because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching now because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching now because of the
+electronic U structure of atoms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic U structure of atoms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic U structure of atoms and
+molecules the electrons that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules the electrons that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules the electrons that are
+negatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively
+charged yes are attracted by the nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged yes are attracted by the nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged yes are attracted by the nucleus
+or the nuclei of the molecule of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the nuclei of the molecule of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the nuclei of the molecule of the
+atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom
+but as they approach other molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as they approach other molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as they approach other molecules
+they're also a bit attracted by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also a bit attracted by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also a bit attracted by the
+nucleus of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus of the other
+uh atom okay and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+produces these so-called Vander Val
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces these so-called Vander Val
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces these so-called Vander Val
+vales attractive forces so the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vales attractive forces so the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vales attractive forces so the potential
+going uh negative so if this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going uh negative so if this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going uh negative so if this is the
+potential remember the I can calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential remember the I can calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential remember the I can calculate
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+force by taking the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force by taking the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force by taking the derivative of the
+potential with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential with respect to
+distance minus sign so this force is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance minus sign so this force is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance minus sign so this force is a
+vector and I is the vector that points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and I is the vector that points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and I is the vector that points
+in the direction uh outward so further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the direction uh outward so further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the direction uh outward so further
+from the molecule I am sitting on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the molecule I am sitting on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the molecule I am sitting on so
+it's like on this axis I I subar is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like on this axis I I subar is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like on this axis I I subar is the
+unit Vector in the r Direction in the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit Vector in the r Direction in the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit Vector in the r Direction in the uh
+right direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so the usefulness of having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the usefulness of having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the usefulness of having a
+potential is that then you can calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is that then you can calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is that then you can calculate
+forces by taking the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces by taking the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces by taking the derivative of the
+potential and as you see here is the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and as you see here is the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and as you see here is the for
+if the force is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+negative uh it means that the the its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative uh it means that the the its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative uh it means that the the its
+direction is in the opposite sign of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is in the opposite sign of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is in the opposite sign of the
+unit Vector in the r Direction so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit Vector in the r Direction so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit Vector in the r Direction so it
+points left so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points left so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points left so it's
+attractive so and uh up to this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive so and uh up to this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive so and uh up to this point
+which is about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here the the derivative is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the the derivative is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the the derivative is
+um the derivative of V is positive so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the derivative of V is positive so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the derivative of V is positive so
+the force is negative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh yeah yeah okay up to up up to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah yeah okay up to up up to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah yeah okay up to up up to this
+point where it is zero we get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where it is zero we get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where it is zero we get to the
+minimum uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum uh it's
+attractive and from this point on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive and from this point on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive and from this point on it
+becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes
+repulsive the force becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+positive that repulsion is due to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive that repulsion is due to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive that repulsion is due to the
+fact that now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that now the
+nuclei which are positively charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei which are positively charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei which are positively charged
+begin to F the positive charge of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to F the positive charge of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to F the positive charge of the
+nucle of the of the particle I'm sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucle of the of the particle I'm sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucle of the of the particle I'm sitting
+on and therefore that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+repels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so most uh of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so most uh of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so most uh of the
+times molecules are are running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times molecules are are running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times molecules are are running
+around in their brunian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in their brunian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in their brunian
+motion so uh in which they have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion so uh in which they have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion so uh in which they have some
+kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic
+energy due to the velocity they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy due to the velocity they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy due to the velocity they
+have and they have also this potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and they have also this potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and they have also this potential
+energy some of that kinetic energy gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy some of that kinetic energy gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy some of that kinetic energy gets
+transformed in potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed in potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed in potential
+energy or actually when the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy or actually when the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy or actually when the molecule
+approaches and gets an attractive force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches and gets an attractive force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches and gets an attractive force
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+gains kinetic energy so it's accelerated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gains kinetic energy so it's accelerated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gains kinetic energy so it's accelerated
+towards the the particle so if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the the particle so if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the the particle so if this
+molecule is coming from uh the right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule is coming from uh the right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule is coming from uh the right and
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+approaching it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+accelerated towards the molecule I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerated towards the molecule I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerated towards the molecule I'm
+sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting
+in but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in but
+then uh all of a sudden it finds also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh all of a sudden it finds also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh all of a sudden it finds also
+repulsive for so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsive for so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsive for so that's
+deceleration of course if the kinetic if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deceleration of course if the kinetic if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deceleration of course if the kinetic if
+the kinetic energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetic energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetic energy is
+enough this molecule can go and hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough this molecule can go and hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough this molecule can go and hit
+so make a collision eventually it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so make a collision eventually it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so make a collision eventually it will
+make a collision because because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a collision because because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a collision because because the
+force is going to become very large and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force is going to become very large and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force is going to become very large and
+the repulsive Force becomes very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the repulsive Force becomes very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the repulsive Force becomes very large
+and and therefore the particle is pushed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and therefore the particle is pushed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and therefore the particle is pushed
+away back that's a collision it's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away back that's a collision it's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away back that's a collision it's like a
+soft Collision but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+collision uh an even simpler model of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision uh an even simpler model of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision uh an even simpler model of
+these would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these would be
+uh the so-called hard sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the so-called hard sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the so-called hard sphere
+model in which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model in which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model in which the
+potential is would be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is would be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is would be like
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay would be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay would be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay would be like
+this a function so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a function so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a function so
+V is a function which goes to infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V is a function which goes to infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V is a function which goes to infinite
+it's infinite at at this point which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's infinite at at this point which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's infinite at at this point which is
+one it's the the distance one is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's the the distance one is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's the the distance one is because
+we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're
+normalizing this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizing this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizing this to
+the diameter of these molecules of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diameter of these molecules of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diameter of these molecules of these
+spheres assuming they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spheres assuming they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spheres assuming they're
+equal otherwise it would be like the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal otherwise it would be like the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal otherwise it would be like the you
+have to normalize to the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh it's the of the radi of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's the of the radi of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's the of the radi of the two
+molecules and it's zero here so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and it's zero here so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and it's zero here so the
+heart sphere model assumes no attractive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart sphere model assumes no attractive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart sphere model assumes no attractive
+Force until the sphere hits like in The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force until the sphere hits like in The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force until the sphere hits like in The
+Bard uh bilard ball situation it hits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bard uh bilard ball situation it hits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bard uh bilard ball situation it hits
+the other molecule and it gets uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other molecule and it gets uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other molecule and it gets uh
+repelled by some elastic condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repelled by some elastic condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repelled by some elastic condition
+elastic Collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay but let's return to this case Here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but let's return to this case Here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but let's return to this case Here
+and Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Now
+consider two important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+regimes one regime is the ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regimes one regime is the ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regimes one regime is the ideal
+gas the gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas the gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas the gas
+regime so it's true that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime so it's true that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime so it's true that the the
+molecules of the gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules of the gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules of the gas
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh billions of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh billions of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh billions of uh
+collisions uh per second we we maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions uh per second we we maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions uh per second we we maybe
+we'll have a a slide later on that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have a a slide later on that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have a a slide later on that does
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+calculation do have experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation do have experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation do have experience
+collisions so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions so these
+molecules do get U uh to feel his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules do get U uh to feel his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules do get U uh to feel his
+potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they
+approach the other molecules and have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach the other molecules and have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach the other molecules and have a
+collision that happens very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision that happens very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision that happens very
+often but if you look up if you make an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often but if you look up if you make an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often but if you look up if you make an
+average a Time average of how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average a Time average of how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average a Time average of how much
+time this molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this molecule
+spans in this area where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spans in this area where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spans in this area where
+the LeRon potential is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the LeRon potential is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the LeRon potential is is
+negative is very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative is very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative is very small
+most of the times on average the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the times on average the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the times on average the
+particles are far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles are far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles are far
+apart and therefore on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart and therefore on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart and therefore on
+average they feel uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average they feel uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average they feel uh
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+potential this this is why when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential this this is why when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential this this is why when you're
+trying to measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to measure the
+properties you're actually measuring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties you're actually measuring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties you're actually measuring the
+properties on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties on
+average because remember that somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average because remember that somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average because remember that somehow
+the state of your system is is the is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state of your system is is the is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state of your system is is the is
+the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability
+distribution uh of things H for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution uh of things H for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution uh of things H for example
+here it's the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's the probability
+distribution uh of finding finding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution uh of finding finding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution uh of finding finding the
+particle at these various distances and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle at these various distances and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle at these various distances and
+the pro that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pro that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pro that
+probability uh for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability uh for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability uh for a
+gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas
+is as a very small tail here and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as a very small tail here and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as a very small tail here and it
+picks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picks
+away so most of the times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away so most of the times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away so most of the times
+the particles are far away from each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particles are far away from each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particles are far away from each
+other even though they experience a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other even though they experience a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other even though they experience a lot
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+collisions but that means that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions but that means that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions but that means that when
+you're calculating the stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're calculating the stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're calculating the stable
+equilibrium prop properties therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium prop properties therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium prop properties therefore
+the average uh time average properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average uh time average properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average uh time average properties
+uh this potential is irrelevant and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this potential is irrelevant and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this potential is irrelevant and that
+is what allows you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh for example use the hard spere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for example use the hard spere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for example use the hard spere
+model because that's totally equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model because that's totally equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model because that's totally equivalent
+if the the particles live far away on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the the particles live far away on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the the particles live far away on
+average uh and the details of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average uh and the details of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average uh and the details of the
+potential of their interaction when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential of their interaction when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential of their interaction when they
+closed is not important well uh those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed is not important well uh those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed is not important well uh those
+details you can forget they don't enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details you can forget they don't enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details you can forget they don't enter
+into determining the properties of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into determining the properties of of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into determining the properties of of of
+of the mixers so much that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mixers so much that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mixers so much that
+in the ideal gas and also we'll we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ideal gas and also we'll we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ideal gas and also we'll we
+hopefully have a slide also on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully have a slide also on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully have a slide also on this
+uh the ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gas this relation here that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas this relation here that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas this relation here that the the
+volume is RT over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume is RT over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume is RT over
+P you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P you can
+derive for a particle a single particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive for a particle a single particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive for a particle a single particle
+in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+box which is a a nice illustration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box which is a a nice illustration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box which is a a nice illustration
+also of that's why I will have a slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also of that's why I will have a slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also of that's why I will have a slide
+on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh but in other words this here in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but in other words this here in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but in other words this here in this
+context is just to say that this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context is just to say that this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context is just to say that this the
+properties of of of an ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of of of an ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of of of an ideal
+gas so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas so
+the the origin of this uh ideal gas uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the origin of this uh ideal gas uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the origin of this uh ideal gas uh
+equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of
+State comes from the single particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State comes from the single particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State comes from the single particle
+because the properties aable equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the properties aable equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the properties aable equilibrium
+in this regime are are those of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this regime are are those of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this regime are are those of
+particles that live on average by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that live on average by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that live on average by
+themselves they don't feel the effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves they don't feel the effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves they don't feel the effects
+of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particles there is another case also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles there is another case also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles there is another case also
+which is the liquid case we'll return to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the liquid case we'll return to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the liquid case we'll return to
+the liquid in in a while mean maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liquid in in a while mean maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liquid in in a while mean maybe
+today but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but um
+what's what's important is that instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's important is that instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's important is that instead
+the liquid particles live very close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liquid particles live very close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liquid particles live very close to
+one another they live near this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minimum so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum so for
+them this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them this
+potential is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+important okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh yeah this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um this the ler johon potential formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this the ler johon potential formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this the ler johon potential formula
+can be written is written in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be written is written in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be written is written in two
+different uh ways here one is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh ways here one is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh ways here one is in
+terms of the actual distance and one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the actual distance and one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the actual distance and one is
+the in terms of the distance normalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in terms of the distance normalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in terms of the distance normalized
+to this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this uh
+minimum to the to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum to the to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum to the to the
+distance at which the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance at which the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance at which the minimum
+occurs Sigma as I already said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs Sigma as I already said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs Sigma as I already said
+is R is normalized here to Sigma so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is R is normalized here to Sigma so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is R is normalized here to Sigma so it's
+one uh at the distance where um it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh at the distance where um it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh at the distance where um it is
+equal to the diameter of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the diameter of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the diameter of the two
+particles so where the particles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+colliding and uh here we also in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliding and uh here we also in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliding and uh here we also in the in
+the in the plot normalized the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the plot normalized the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the plot normalized the potential
+to Epsilon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Epsilon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Epsilon and
+Epsilon is the depth of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon is the depth of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon is the depth of this
+well here so it goes to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so
+stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger
+interactions will have will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions will have will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions will have will be
+characterized by stronger values of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Epsilon okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so with this introduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with this introduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with this introduction
+let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+consider a a first ideal um Behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a a first ideal um Behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a a first ideal um Behavior
+which is called which we will call Gibs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is called which we will call Gibs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is called which we will call Gibs
+Dalton ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dalton ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dalton ideal
+behavior and which will be a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and which will be a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and which will be a very good
+approximation for gases in the gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation for gases in the gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation for gases in the gas
+phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase
+because in practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in practice
+we will assume that not only particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will assume that not only particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will assume that not only particles
+of the same kind like you would have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the same kind like you would have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the same kind like you would have in
+a pure substance but also particles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pure substance but also particles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pure substance but also particles of
+different kind like we have in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind like we have in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind like we have in a
+mixture they also live on average far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture they also live on average far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture they also live on average far
+away from one another and therefore we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from one another and therefore we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from one another and therefore we
+can neglect the effect of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can neglect the effect of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can neglect the effect of their
+intermolecular interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right formally this is uh how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right formally this is uh how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right formally this is uh how
+uh The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh The
+Story Goes we will first define ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Story Goes we will first define ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Story Goes we will first define ideal
+behavior and just so this this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and just so this this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and just so this this will be
+the our this will be the final result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the our this will be the final result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the our this will be the final result of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+slide and uh the motivation is that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide and uh the motivation is that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide and uh the motivation is that of
+this definition that we going to to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this definition that we going to to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this definition that we going to to do
+here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that
+we will find that under this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will find that under this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will find that under this
+approximation or in this limit on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation or in this limit on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation or in this limit on this
+when these uh uh assumptions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when these uh uh assumptions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when these uh uh assumptions are
+valid then we obtain a famous result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid then we obtain a famous result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid then we obtain a famous result
+which is the Dalton law of additive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the Dalton law of additive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the Dalton law of additive
+partial pressures so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial pressures so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial pressures so the
+pressure of the mixture is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure of the mixture is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure of the mixture is going to be
+equal to the sum of the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the sum of the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the sum of the partial
+pressures of the uh constituents of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures of the uh constituents of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures of the uh constituents of the
+mixture but in general that is not true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture but in general that is not true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture but in general that is not true
+not the I mean this is not true for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the I mean this is not true for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the I mean this is not true for a
+for a non- ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mixture so the derivation goes as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture so the derivation goes as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture so the derivation goes as
+follows we start from the oiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows we start from the oiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows we start from the oiler
+relation written for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mixture we write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture we write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture we write
+also the oil relation for the pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+components and when I'm and here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and when I'm and here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and when I'm and here I'm
+going to write it for the pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write it for the pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write it for the pure
+components at uh just on the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components at uh just on the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components at uh just on the other side
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+um semi permal membrane so they are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um semi permal membrane so they are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um semi permal membrane so they are in
+at the same temperature of the mixture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same temperature of the mixture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same temperature of the mixture
+but at the partial pressure okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at the partial pressure okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at the partial pressure okay so this
+uble I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uble I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uble I
+here uh I'm not writing the explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh I'm not writing the explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh I'm not writing the explicit
+dependence but I'm doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence but I'm doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence but I'm doing it
+here uh are eval to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh are eval to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh are eval to be
+evaluated at T and partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at T and partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at T and partial
+pressure then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure then I
+take these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these uh
+individual pure constituent Oiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual pure constituent Oiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual pure constituent Oiler
+relations we multi I multiply them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations we multi I multiply them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations we multi I multiply them
+by the amount n i with which that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the amount n i with which that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the amount n i with which that
+constituent is present in the mixture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituent is present in the mixture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituent is present in the mixture
+and some overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some overall
+components and then I take the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and then I take the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and then I take the this
+summation subtract it from the uh Oiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation subtract it from the uh Oiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation subtract it from the uh Oiler
+relation for the mixture and here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation for the mixture and here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation for the mixture and here is the
+result so you can still identify here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result so you can still identify here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result so you can still identify here
+the the oil relation for the mixture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the oil relation for the mixture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the oil relation for the mixture is
+given by this term this is TS minus PV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by this term this is TS minus PV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by this term this is TS minus PV
+plus mui n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus mui n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus mui n
+i and uh what I subtracted is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i and uh what I subtracted is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i and uh what I subtracted is the
+summation of the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation of the N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation of the N
+with which the that are the compon the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with which the that are the compon the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with which the that are the compon the
+amounts in the mixture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts in the mixture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts in the mixture
+times the single component pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the single component pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the single component pure
+component Oiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component Oiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component Oiler
+relation U di I minus TS I I plus p i i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation U di I minus TS I I plus p i i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation U di I minus TS I I plus p i i
+VII and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VII and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VII and
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+plus the m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually there's a mistake here because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there's a mistake here because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there's a mistake here because
+this there shouldn't be a summation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there shouldn't be a summation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there shouldn't be a summation here
+this is again a cut and space problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is again a cut and space problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is again a cut and space problem
+this should be I hope I'll remember all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should be I hope I'll remember all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should be I hope I'll remember all
+these uh things to correct in the view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh things to correct in the view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh things to correct in the view
+graphs um yeah so for the pure component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs um yeah so for the pure component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs um yeah so for the pure component
+there is only one and so there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+summation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation
+okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+look at these uh elements of the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at these uh elements of the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at these uh elements of the last
+summation they are identically zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation they are identically zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation they are identically zero
+because of the condition for Mutual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the condition for Mutual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the condition for Mutual
+equilibrium that the the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium that the the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium that the the chemical
+potential of component I in the mixture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential of component I in the mixture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential of component I in the mixture
+is equal to the chemical potential of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the chemical potential of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the chemical potential of
+the pure component when evaluated at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pure component when evaluated at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pure component when evaluated at the
+partial pressure so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial pressure so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial pressure so these are
+zero and then I get a relation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then I get a relation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then I get a relation here
+which contains the pressure and contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which contains the pressure and contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which contains the pressure and contains
+the partial pressures because after all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial pressures because after all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial pressures because after all
+what we wanted to see here is is there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we wanted to see here is is there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we wanted to see here is is there a
+relation between pressure and partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between pressure and partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between pressure and partial
+pressures and here is the result so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures and here is the result so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures and here is the result so I
+put in evidence I solve this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in evidence I solve this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in evidence I solve this expression
+for the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the total
+pressure and here is how it depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and here is how it depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and here is how it depends on
+the partial pressures that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial pressures that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial pressures that's all
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+however if I make these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+assumptions you see this the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions you see this the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions you see this the first
+assumption kills these terms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption kills these terms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption kills these terms in
+parenthesis the second assumption kills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis the second assumption kills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis the second assumption kills
+this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other
+term the third assumption and note here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term the third assumption and note here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term the third assumption and note here
+that this is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is not a
+mistake here there is no sumission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sign so if this holds then we'll discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign so if this holds then we'll discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign so if this holds then we'll discuss
+what it means but uh if this holds holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means but uh if this holds holds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means but uh if this holds holds
+it means that inside this summation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that inside this summation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that inside this summation
+where every time I see n i * VI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where every time I see n i * VI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where every time I see n i * VI
+I I can put capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I can put capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I can put capital
+V which doesn't depend on I it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V which doesn't depend on I it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V which doesn't depend on I it doesn't
+have a subscript so it goes outside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a subscript so it goes outside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a subscript so it goes outside of
+the summation and and it cancels with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the summation and and it cancels with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the summation and and it cancels with
+the V and the denominator and then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the V and the denominator and then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the V and the denominator and then what
+I'm left with the Su with the summation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm left with the Su with the summation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm left with the Su with the summation
+is just the partial pressure so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the partial pressure so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the partial pressure so I
+finally get that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally get that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally get that the
+pressure if these three assumptions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure if these three assumptions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure if these three assumptions are
+together all uh holding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together all uh holding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together all uh holding
+uh the pressure is equal to the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the pressure is equal to the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the pressure is equal to the sum of
+the partial pressures and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial pressures and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial pressures and this is
+Dalton's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+law let's see how we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law let's see how we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law let's see how we could
+U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interpret those conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret those conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret those conditions
+that Define the ideal Gibs Dalton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Behavior essentially it says that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior essentially it says that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior essentially it says that I can
+see the mixture or at least I can model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the mixture or at least I can model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the mixture or at least I can model
+the properties of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties of the
+mixture as the model as a properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture as the model as a properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture as the model as a properties of
+a composite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a composite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a composite
+system in which I have the pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in which I have the pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in which I have the pure
+components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components
+leaving each one in the same volume of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving each one in the same volume of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving each one in the same volume of
+the mixture so boxes of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mixture so boxes of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mixture so boxes of the same
+size at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size at the same
+temperature and at the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure
+okay then in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conditions uh this is the specific uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions uh this is the specific uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions uh this is the specific uh
+they have a specific energy since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a specific energy since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a specific energy since
+they're pure for example this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're pure for example this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're pure for example this is
+component say component I has a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component say component I has a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component say component I has a specific
+energy which is u I evaluated at the T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy which is u I evaluated at the T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy which is u I evaluated at the T
+and P because here it is at the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and P because here it is at the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and P because here it is at the partial
+pressure the same for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure the same for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure the same for the
+entropy and now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy and now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy and now if
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um use the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um use the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um use the fact
+that energy and entropy are additive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+properties the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties the
+energy of this one is N1 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+u11 and so I sum up n i time uii and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u11 and so I sum up n i time uii and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u11 and so I sum up n i time uii and
+that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives
+me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the
+properties the property of the mixture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties the property of the mixture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties the property of the mixture
+so sum of N i *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sum of N i *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sum of N i *
+uii so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uii so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uii so
+that's this last equation is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this last equation is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this last equation is the
+defining uh equation for ideal Gibs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining uh equation for ideal Gibs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining uh equation for ideal Gibs
+Dalton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dalton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dalton
+Behavior the first one here I have added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior the first one here I have added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior the first one here I have added
+also the general expression which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the general expression which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the general expression which is
+valid always which gives the property in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid always which gives the property in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid always which gives the property in
+terms of the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the partial
+properties so same for the entropy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties so same for the entropy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties so same for the entropy so
+it's additive so I can view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's additive so I can view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's additive so I can view
+this and instead and here I I've used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and instead and here I I've used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and instead and here I I've used
+the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that
+each you see here I could also write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each you see here I could also write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each you see here I could also write the
+specific volume of the constituent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific volume of the constituent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific volume of the constituent the
+partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial
+pressure and the fact that it um that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and the fact that it um that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and the fact that it um that in
+the same amount of the mixture it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same amount of the mixture it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same amount of the mixture it
+occupies the same volume of the mixture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupies the same volume of the mixture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupies the same volume of the mixture
+is the sort of interpretation of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sort of interpretation of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sort of interpretation of this
+formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it
+also goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also goes
+together with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+idea that in the in the gas limit when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that in the in the gas limit when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that in the in the gas limit when
+molecules live far apart from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules live far apart from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules live far apart from one
+another think in either this or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another think in either this or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another think in either this or the
+Leonard jnes kind of potential if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leonard jnes kind of potential if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leonard jnes kind of potential if if
+they're on average they live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+uh essentially they they stay in they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh essentially they they stay in they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh essentially they they stay in they
+occupy the volume of the mixture if as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupy the volume of the mixture if as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupy the volume of the mixture if as
+if they were by themselves each molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they were by themselves each molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they were by themselves each molecule
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+itself and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and that's
+why we have they obey the ideal gas law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we have they obey the ideal gas law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we have they obey the ideal gas law
+which is valid for the single molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is valid for the single molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is valid for the single molecule
+in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+box even if I have many box many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box even if I have many box many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box even if I have many box many many
+particles in that box but is it is as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles in that box but is it is as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles in that box but is it is as if
+each one uses the Box by itself it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one uses the Box by itself it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one uses the Box by itself it
+doesn't recognize on average the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't recognize on average the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't recognize on average the
+presence of the other even though it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of the other even though it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of the other even though it
+does continuously collide with the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does continuously collide with the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does continuously collide with the other
+but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the
+time uh that it take the that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh that it take the that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh that it take the that the
+collision and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision and
+so that it lasts the time that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that it lasts the time that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that it lasts the time that the
+Collision lasts is very short with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision lasts is very short with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision lasts is very short with
+respect to the rest of the time that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the rest of the time that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the rest of the time that the
+particle moves uh freely in space before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle moves uh freely in space before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle moves uh freely in space before
+encountering the same the other uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountering the same the other uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountering the same the other uh
+molecule for the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Collision okay so that's the ideal uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision okay so that's the ideal uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision okay so that's the ideal uh
+Gibs Dalton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gibs Dalton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gibs Dalton
+behavior and if we apply it now uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and if we apply it now uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and if we apply it now uh we
+haven't assumed yet ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gas so now if we in addition to those we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas so now if we in addition to those we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas so now if we in addition to those we
+also assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also assume that
+each pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+substance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance
+behaves uh as an ideal gas so it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves uh as an ideal gas so it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves uh as an ideal gas so it it
+obeys the equation of state of an ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obeys the equation of state of an ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obeys the equation of state of an ideal
+gas in the full range of pressures from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas in the full range of pressures from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas in the full range of pressures from
+the partial pressure to the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial pressure to the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial pressure to the total
+pressure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure of the
+mixture I shouldn't call it total to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture I shouldn't call it total to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture I shouldn't call it total to the
+pressure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mixture so I can write that the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture so I can write that the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture so I can write that the equation
+of State for the gas PV equals RT uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of State for the gas PV equals RT uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of State for the gas PV equals RT uh
+both at the partial pressure and at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both at the partial pressure and at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both at the partial pressure and at the
+pressure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+piure then you see from assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three which is this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three which is this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three which is this I
+substitute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute
+this and obtain this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and obtain this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and obtain this
+result so I obtain the partial pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result so I obtain the partial pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result so I obtain the partial pressure
+written this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way now I'm using what we proved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way now I'm using what we proved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way now I'm using what we proved
+in the Gibs Dalton uh theorem about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Gibs Dalton uh theorem about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Gibs Dalton uh theorem about the
+Dalton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dalton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dalton
+law uh that the pressure of the mixer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law uh that the pressure of the mixer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law uh that the pressure of the mixer is
+the sum of the partial pressures so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the partial pressures so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the partial pressures so we
+take the sum of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the sum of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the sum of these
+ones see RT and V do not have subscripts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones see RT and V do not have subscripts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones see RT and V do not have subscripts
+so they go out of the summation I'm left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they go out of the summation I'm left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they go out of the summation I'm left
+with the sum of the NS which is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the sum of the NS which is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the sum of the NS which is just the
+total n of the particles in the mixture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total n of the particles in the mixture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total n of the particles in the mixture
+so here here what what do I got what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here here what what do I got what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here here what what do I got what do
+I get that PV equals nrt so it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get that PV equals nrt so it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get that PV equals nrt so it means
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the
+mixture behaves as an ideal gas so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture behaves as an ideal gas so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture behaves as an ideal gas so what
+I what we what this proves is that an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I what we what this proves is that an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I what we what this proves is that an
+ideal Gibs Dalton mixture of Ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal Gibs Dalton mixture of Ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal Gibs Dalton mixture of Ideal
+gases obeys the equation of state of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gases obeys the equation of state of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gases obeys the equation of state of an
+ideal gas so it is an ideal gas itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+other uh important result is that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh important result is that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh important result is that if you
+extract um RT over V from here you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract um RT over V from here you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract um RT over V from here you see
+that you can write it as partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can write it as partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can write it as partial
+pressure over the amount and RT over V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure over the amount and RT over V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure over the amount and RT over V
+from here it's the pressure over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here it's the pressure over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here it's the pressure over the
+total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total
+amount so that's essentially you combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount so that's essentially you combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount so that's essentially you combine
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+two and obtain that the ratio of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and obtain that the ratio of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and obtain that the ratio of the
+partial pressure to the total pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial pressure to the total pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial pressure to the total pressure
+is equal to the ratio of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the ratio of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the ratio of the uh
+individual amount with the total amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual amount with the total amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual amount with the total amount
+which is the mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the mole
+fraction in other words the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction in other words the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction in other words the partial
+pressure is given by the mole fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure is given by the mole fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure is given by the mole fraction
+of that constituents times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pressure of the mixture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this relation if we put it uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this relation if we put it uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this relation if we put it uh in
+this relation that we have derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relation that we have derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relation that we have derived
+before so Pi I I over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so Pi I I over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so Pi I I over
+P becomes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P becomes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P becomes in the
+limit of a Gibs Dalton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mixture that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture that
+is the mole fraction so this is RT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the mole fraction so this is RT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the mole fraction so this is RT
+the logarithm of the mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fraction and this is a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relation it gives the chemical potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation it gives the chemical potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation it gives the chemical potential
+of one constituent in in the mixture in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one constituent in in the mixture in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one constituent in in the mixture in
+terms of uh the the chemical potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of uh the the chemical potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of uh the the chemical potential
+that it has when it is a pure substance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it has when it is a pure substance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it has when it is a pure substance
+at the same temperature and pressure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same temperature and pressure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same temperature and pressure of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+plus RT the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus RT the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus RT the
+log of its mole fraction of the mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of its mole fraction of the mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of its mole fraction of the mole
+fraction with which it appears in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mixture so it doesn't depend on other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture so it doesn't depend on other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture so it doesn't depend on other
+things of the mixture for example what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things of the mixture for example what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things of the mixture for example what
+are the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+components or how many they are except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components or how many they are except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components or how many they are except
+that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all
+uh we need is to know what fraction our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we need is to know what fraction our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we need is to know what fraction our
+component as occupies uh in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mixture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the first
+few lines of this slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few lines of this slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few lines of this slide
+are just a cut and paste from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just a cut and paste from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just a cut and paste from the
+previous but here we add some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous but here we add some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous but here we add some other
+items for example we compute the entrop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items for example we compute the entrop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items for example we compute the entrop
+the partial uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial uh
+entropy of the component in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy of the component in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy of the component in the
+mixture which as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture which as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture which as you
+remember is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember is this
+derivative it is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um the pure component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the pure component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the pure component
+entropy uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy uh
+plus a term that in when we defined the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a term that in when we defined the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a term that in when we defined the
+entropy of mixing at the beginning today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy of mixing at the beginning today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy of mixing at the beginning today
+uh this is Delta SI I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is Delta SI I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is Delta SI I
+mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix
+but if we since now for for this ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we since now for for this ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we since now for for this ideal
+gas mixture of Ideal gases we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas mixture of Ideal gases we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas mixture of Ideal gases we have the
+the expression for the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expression for the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expression for the chemical
+potential in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential in terms
+of explicitly here taking the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of explicitly here taking the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of explicitly here taking the derivative
+with respect to t you see leaves just R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to t you see leaves just R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to t you see leaves just R
+time the log of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the log of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the log of
+Y and since there is a minus sign here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and since there is a minus sign here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and since there is a minus sign here
+this is minus r log of Y so essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is minus r log of Y so essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is minus r log of Y so essentially
+this and we'll return to this in later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and we'll return to this in later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and we'll return to this in later
+but this says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this says that
+the uh entropy of isothermal ISO baric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh entropy of isothermal ISO baric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh entropy of isothermal ISO baric
+mixing of that molecule of that molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing of that molecule of that molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing of that molecule of that molecule
+is equal to minus r log of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Y and this is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equal to the pure component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the pure component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the pure component
+entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy
+evaluated at the p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at the p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at the p
+I this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you
+remember for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for a
+gas for an ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas for an ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas for an ideal
+gas if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas if I
+evaluate the difference in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the difference in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the difference in the
+entropy at different temperature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy at different temperature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy at different temperature and
+pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um okay this is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay this is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay this is equal
+to uh and and this is a perfect suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh and and this is a perfect suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh and and this is a perfect suppose
+it's a perfect gas uh it's T2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a perfect gas uh it's T2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a perfect gas uh it's T2 over
+T1 Min - R log P2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 Min - R log P2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 Min - R log P2 over
+P1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1
+so in this relation here uh we have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this relation here uh we have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this relation here uh we have uh
+s AAL ated at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+p p all right let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p p all right let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p p all right let's say
+p p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p p
+uh Pi I I minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Pi I I minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Pi I I minus
+s evaluated at P same temperature so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s evaluated at P same temperature so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s evaluated at P same temperature so
+this doesn't give any contribution so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doesn't give any contribution so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doesn't give any contribution so
+I'm left with minus r log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm left with minus r log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm left with minus r log
+of p i i over P but that's in our limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of p i i over P but that's in our limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of p i i over P but that's in our limit
+of Ideal mixture is uh um is the mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Ideal mixture is uh um is the mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Ideal mixture is uh um is the mole
+fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so hopefully what are written on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hopefully what are written on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hopefully what are written on the
+board is this relation here that's to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board is this relation here that's to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board is this relation here that's to
+justify this equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sign we can also compute the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign we can also compute the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign we can also compute the partial
+volume taking the derivative of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume taking the derivative of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume taking the derivative of this
+with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to
+p and you see that since this last term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and you see that since this last term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and you see that since this last term
+doesn't have pressure I just pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have pressure I just pick up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have pressure I just pick up
+something from uh uh the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something from uh uh the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something from uh uh the derivative of
+the chemical potential of the pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical potential of the pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical potential of the pure
+component and that's uh the specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+volume so here we see that there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume so here we see that there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume so here we see that there is no
+volume of mixing there is no ISO the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of mixing there is no ISO the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of mixing there is no ISO the
+Delta essentially we we proving that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta essentially we we proving that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta essentially we we proving that
+Delta V I mix for a Gibs Dalton mixture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta V I mix for a Gibs Dalton mixture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta V I mix for a Gibs Dalton mixture
+of Ideal gases and so on is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Ideal gases and so on is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Ideal gases and so on is equal to
+zero up here we prove that this is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero up here we prove that this is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero up here we prove that this is equal
+to Delta S I mix for a Gibs Dalton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Delta S I mix for a Gibs Dalton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Delta S I mix for a Gibs Dalton
+mixture of Ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture of Ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture of Ideal
+gases I should I should write it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gases I should I should write it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gases I should I should write it because
+otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay the same for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the same for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the same for the
+enthalpy remember that derivative that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy remember that derivative that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy remember that derivative that I
+emphasized this morning uh earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasized this morning uh earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasized this morning uh earlier
+um if I take the expression for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I take the expression for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I take the expression for the
+chemical potential divided by T and take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential divided by T and take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential divided by T and take
+the with respect to T to one /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the with respect to T to one /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the with respect to T to one /
+T okay well if I divide this by T it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay well if I divide this by T it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay well if I divide this by T it
+becomes independent of temperature so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes independent of temperature so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes independent of temperature so
+when I take the derivative with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I take the derivative with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I take the derivative with respect
+to any function of temperature it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to any function of temperature it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to any function of temperature it
+doesn't contribute anything so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't contribute anything so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't contribute anything so that
+means that the uh enal the um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the uh enal the um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the uh enal the um the
+partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial
+enthalpy is related just to uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy is related just to uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy is related just to uh the
+specific enpy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific enpy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific enpy of the
+gas which here Al so I remove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas which here Al so I remove the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas which here Al so I remove the
+temperature the pressure dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature the pressure dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature the pressure dependence
+because for a for an ideal gas the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for a for an ideal gas the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for a for an ideal gas the
+enthalpy depends only on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy depends only on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy depends only on
+temperature and similarly for the uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and similarly for the uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and similarly for the uh so
+that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also
+proves that also Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proves that also Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proves that also Delta
+H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H
+makes equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero remember what that what this proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero remember what that what this proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero remember what that what this proper
+are these are the things that I measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these are the things that I measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these are the things that I measure
+when I add a little bit of a substance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I add a little bit of a substance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I add a little bit of a substance
+to my mixture if I do it with an ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my mixture if I do it with an ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my mixture if I do it with an ideal
+mixture of Ideal gases uh those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero we can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero we can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero we can also
+prove for a gas for this kind of mixture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove for a gas for this kind of mixture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove for a gas for this kind of mixture
+uh the so-called amagat low of additive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+volumes which can be interpreted this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volumes which can be interpreted this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volumes which can be interpreted this
+way U suppose I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+my pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+components that you remember from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components that you remember from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components that you remember from the
+when you we interpreted the the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you we interpreted the the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you we interpreted the the the the
+mix before if they are at the partial uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix before if they are at the partial uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix before if they are at the partial uh
+pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure
+they occupy the entire volume of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they occupy the entire volume of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they occupy the entire volume of the
+mixture but if I squeeze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture but if I squeeze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture but if I squeeze
+them from the partial pressure to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them from the partial pressure to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them from the partial pressure to the
+pressure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure of the
+mixture they are going to occupy a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture they are going to occupy a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture they are going to occupy a
+volume which is called the proper volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume which is called the proper volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume which is called the proper volume
+v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Prime which see this is not so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime which see this is not so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime which see this is not so this is
+the the volume they occupy at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the volume they occupy at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the volume they occupy at the same
+temperature and pressure of the mixture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and pressure of the mixture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and pressure of the mixture
+when pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and I do the same for all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I do the same for all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I do the same for all of them
+so they're all squeezed at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're all squeezed at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're all squeezed at the same
+pressure of the mixture well it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure of the mixture well it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure of the mixture well it turns
+out that the sum of these volumes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that the sum of these volumes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that the sum of these volumes is
+equal to the volume of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mixture okay and that is amagat law of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture okay and that is amagat law of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture okay and that is amagat law of
+additive volumes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so now let's uh apply for the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's uh apply for the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's uh apply for the for
+example for an an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for an an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for an an important
+example uh what we have what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh what we have what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh what we have what we have
+seen so we want to compute the so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen so we want to compute the so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen so we want to compute the so-called
+uh this bottom line here is the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this bottom line here is the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this bottom line here is the formula
+that we call the entropy uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we call the entropy uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we call the entropy uh of
+spontaneous uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous uh
+mixing which is actually going to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing which is actually going to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing which is actually going to be an
+ISO thermobaric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ISO thermobaric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ISO thermobaric
+mix so the idea here is that we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix so the idea here is that we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix so the idea here is that we start
+with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+container which is isolated so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container which is isolated so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container which is isolated so it
+doesn't experience any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't experience any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't experience any
+um uh there is no heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh there is no heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh there is no heat
+buff no uh thermal Reservoir no contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buff no uh thermal Reservoir no contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buff no uh thermal Reservoir no contact
+with thermal res reservo it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with thermal res reservo it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with thermal res reservo it's just
+isolated and I have my our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated and I have my our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated and I have my our
+constituents uh all in mutual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituents uh all in mutual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituents uh all in mutual
+equilibrium at the same temperature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium at the same temperature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium at the same temperature and
+pressure because these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure because these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure because these
+partitions uh that separate them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitions uh that separate them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitions uh that separate them are
+movable and therefore allow exchanges of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movable and therefore allow exchanges of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movable and therefore allow exchanges of
+volume and and energy so the conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and and energy so the conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and and energy so the conditions
+for Mutual equilibrium is equality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Mutual equilibrium is equality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Mutual equilibrium is equality of
+temperature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and
+equality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality of
+pressure then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure then
+I make those partitions those yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I make those partitions those yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I make those partitions those yeah
+moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving
+partitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+disappear as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear as you
+know since we are within the simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know since we are within the simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know since we are within the simple
+system model taking the partition away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system model taking the partition away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system model taking the partition away
+doesn't doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't doesn't
+change uh the properties of uh any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change uh the properties of uh any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change uh the properties of uh any of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+properties and the moment I do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and the moment I do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and the moment I do that
+removal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removal the
+particles are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+separated so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particles which start from here and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles which start from here and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles which start from here and my
+system is the system with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+partitions when I remove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+partitions the stable equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitions the stable equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitions the stable equilibrium
+State and the new there have a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and the new there have a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and the new there have a new
+system because I've changed the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system because I've changed the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system because I've changed the the
+internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal
+structure it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+new curve for the stable equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new curve for the stable equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new curve for the stable equilibrium
+States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the moment I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the moment I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the moment I have
+removed the partitions and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed the partitions and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed the partitions and the
+properties hav changed this state here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties hav changed this state here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties hav changed this state here
+which is which was a stable equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is which was a stable equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is which was a stable equilibrium
+state with the partitions becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state with the partitions becomes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state with the partitions becomes a
+non-e equilibrium state with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-e equilibrium state with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-e equilibrium state with respect to
+the system without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system without
+partitions and the system will tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitions and the system will tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitions and the system will tend to
+evolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolve
+spontaneously towards a new equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously towards a new equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously towards a new equilibrium
+which is going going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mixture the particles will mix and each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture the particles will mix and each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture the particles will mix and each
+one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them if you think in terms of the single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them if you think in terms of the single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them if you think in terms of the single
+particle contribution each particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle contribution each particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle contribution each particle
+here was squeezed to a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here was squeezed to a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here was squeezed to a small
+volume and now it sees the entire volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and now it sees the entire volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and now it sees the entire volume
+available so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available so it
+expands and the same for the particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expands and the same for the particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expands and the same for the particles
+here and the same particles there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the same particles there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the same particles there so
+each one experiences a spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one experiences a spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one experiences a spontaneous
+expansion it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion it's
+like if you take the single particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you take the single particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you take the single particle
+view say say particle one and here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view say say particle one and here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view say say particle one and here I
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum
+okay I remove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I remove the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I remove the
+partition and the particle now fills the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition and the particle now fills the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition and the particle now fills the
+entire volume and fills the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire volume and fills the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire volume and fills the the the
+entire volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire volume
+there's no more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no more
+vacuum because at the beginning I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum because at the beginning I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum because at the beginning I had
+zero probability of finding my particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero probability of finding my particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero probability of finding my particles
+here and probability one of finding it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and probability one of finding it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and probability one of finding it
+there when I remove the partition the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there when I remove the partition the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there when I remove the partition the
+particle is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle is still
+one uh but now I have an even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh but now I have an even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh but now I have an even
+probability of finding it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to
+describe uh that spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe uh that spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe uh that spontaneous
+process and so we want to analyze our uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and so we want to analyze our uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and so we want to analyze our uh
+process here we have a final State and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process here we have a final State and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process here we have a final State and
+an initial State and the tools are as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an initial State and the tools are as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an initial State and the tools are as
+usual the energy balance and the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual the energy balance and the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual the energy balance and the entropy
+balance plus the auxiliary balances that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance plus the auxiliary balances that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance plus the auxiliary balances that
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+uh balance for the volume balance for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh balance for the volume balance for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh balance for the volume balance for
+the amounts of the constituents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I need to write the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I need to write the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I need to write the various
+ingredients of those balance equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients of those balance equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients of those balance equations
+which are the expressions for the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are the expressions for the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are the expressions for the energy
+the volume and the entropy in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume and the entropy in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume and the entropy in the
+initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial
+State and in the final State I've called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and in the final State I've called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and in the final State I've called
+this final State B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this final State B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this final State B
+Prime uh and I call that final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime uh and I call that final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime uh and I call that final
+temperature T Prime and pressure p Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for the initial state things are easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the initial state things are easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the initial state things are easy
+because the components are separate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the components are separate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the components are separate so
+these are this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are this is just a
+composite uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composite uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composite uh
+of separate pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of separate pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of separate pure
+substances we know how to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substances we know how to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substances we know how to compute
+properties of pure substances and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of pure substances and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of pure substances and here
+in particular they are ideal gases even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular they are ideal gases even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular they are ideal gases even
+simpler and so we simply have to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler and so we simply have to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler and so we simply have to use
+additivity for energy for volume and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+entropy and sum up the energy of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy and sum up the energy of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy and sum up the energy of each
+one of them since U is a specific energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them since U is a specific energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them since U is a specific energy
+the energy of this system is obtained by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of this system is obtained by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of this system is obtained by
+the specific energy times the amount and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specific energy times the amount and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specific energy times the amount and
+then I sum and that's the additivity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I sum and that's the additivity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I sum and that's the additivity and
+the same for volume the same for entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+state in the final state things are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state in the final state things are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state in the final state things are not
+as simple because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mixture so we have to take a model for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture so we have to take a model for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture so we have to take a model for
+mixture Behavior so here we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture Behavior so here we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture Behavior so here we're going to
+adopt the Gibs Dalton uh ideal GBS Delon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopt the Gibs Dalton uh ideal GBS Delon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopt the Gibs Dalton uh ideal GBS Delon
+mixture model for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+therefore the energy for the mixture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the energy for the mixture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the energy for the mixture is
+equal to the the sum weighted by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the the sum weighted by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the the sum weighted by the
+amounts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+um specific properties of the pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um specific properties of the pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um specific properties of the pure
+components evaluated at the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components evaluated at the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components evaluated at the temperature
+and the partial pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the partial pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the partial pressure
+so here in principle I should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here in principle I should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here in principle I should have
+written comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written comma
+pii but I didn't because I remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pii but I didn't because I remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pii but I didn't because I remember that
+uh for an ideal gas the energy is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for an ideal gas the energy is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for an ideal gas the energy is a
+function only of temperature so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function only of temperature so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function only of temperature so that
+dependence isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence isn't
+there because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because if you
+remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+du is equal to CV DT and for an ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+du is equal to CV DT and for an ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+du is equal to CV DT and for an ideal
+gas there is nothing no pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas there is nothing no pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas there is nothing no pressure
+dependence and here we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence and here we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence and here we're talking about
+something that holds for each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that holds for each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that holds for each of the
+pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+substances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substances
+then we can use uh the relation for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can use uh the relation for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can use uh the relation for the
+uh this is amagat's relation or uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is amagat's relation or uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is amagat's relation or uh you
+can use any in any case the equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use any in any case the equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use any in any case the equation of
+State uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh and we already proved that V is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and we already proved that V is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and we already proved that V is
+equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+to that the the the mixture of Ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that the the the mixture of Ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that the the the mixture of Ideal
+gases under the Gibs Balton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gases under the Gibs Balton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gases under the Gibs Balton
+model behaves itself as an ideal gas so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model behaves itself as an ideal gas so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model behaves itself as an ideal gas so
+there is a the relation equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a the relation equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a the relation equation of
+State PV equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State PV equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State PV equals
+nrt for the entire mixture here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nrt for the entire mixture here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nrt for the entire mixture here and
+that's what we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we use
+here and then for the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then for the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then for the entropy
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+entropy is the sum of the entropies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy is the sum of the entropies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy is the sum of the entropies of
+the specific entropies evaluated at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specific entropies evaluated at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specific entropies evaluated at the
+uh paral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh paral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh paral
+pressures now the entropy does depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures now the entropy does depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures now the entropy does depend on
+pressure so I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure so I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure so I did
+leave uh the partial pressure that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave uh the partial pressure that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave uh the partial pressure that the
+components have in the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components have in the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components have in the final
+state so these are just the ingredient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so these are just the ingredient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so these are just the ingredient
+of the balance equation now I make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the balance equation now I make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the balance equation now I make the
+balance equation so the balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance equation so the balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance equation so the balance
+equation when the system is completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation when the system is completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation when the system is completely
+uh isolated is that the energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh isolated is that the energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh isolated is that the energy is
+conserved so U final minus U initial is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved so U final minus U initial is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved so U final minus U initial is
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+zero so I have U final I have U initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so I have U final I have U initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so I have U final I have U initial
+I subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I subtract
+them I can put this under the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+summation then I remember this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so for each of the constituents I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so for each of the constituents I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so for each of the constituents I can
+write that is that the integrate from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that is that the integrate from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that is that the integrate from uh
+from T to T Prime this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from T to T Prime this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from T to T Prime this
+difference uh so this is the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference uh so this is the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference uh so this is the integral
+from T to T Prime of CV and here there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from T to T Prime of CV and here there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from T to T Prime of CV and here there
+should be a CV I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so this integral has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so this integral has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so this integral has to be
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+zero now when when can that be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero now when when can that be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero now when when can that be equal to
+zero now here we we have to remember a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero now here we we have to remember a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero now here we we have to remember a
+few things that uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few things that uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few things that uh for
+each uh pure substance the specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Heats are non negative are greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heats are non negative are greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heats are non negative are greater than
+zero we proved it because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero we proved it because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero we proved it because they're
+related to the second derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the second derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the second derivative of the
+fundamental relations Is they're related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental relations Is they're related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental relations Is they're related
+to the to this concavity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we have an
+integral of positive quantities of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of positive quantities of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of positive quantities of a
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+function weighted and then multiplied by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function weighted and then multiplied by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function weighted and then multiplied by
+positive numbers because the amounts can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive numbers because the amounts can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive numbers because the amounts can
+only be positive of course cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only be positive of course cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only be positive of course cannot be
+have a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a negative
+amount so you can view this as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount so you can view this as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount so you can view this as an
+integral of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of a
+function an integral from say X1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function an integral from say X1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function an integral from say X1 to
+X2 of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function that has to be equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that has to be equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that has to be equal to zero
+while this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while this
+function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+positive so here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so here's a
+function positive and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function positive and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function positive and the
+integral is equal to this area now from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral is equal to this area now from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral is equal to this area now from
+X 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X 1 to
+X2 so if the function is positive and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 so if the function is positive and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 so if the function is positive and I
+want the integral to be zero the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the integral to be zero the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the integral to be zero the only
+way is that the interval of integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way is that the interval of integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way is that the interval of integration
+must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be
+zero so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so that
+implies that this integral is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that this integral is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that this integral is equal to
+zero only when X2 is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero only when X2 is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero only when X2 is equal to
+X1 so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 so that
+proves that the final temperature must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proves that the final temperature must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proves that the final temperature must
+be equal to the initial temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have no need to making any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have no need to making any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have no need to making any
+assumptions of what these functions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions of what these functions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions of what these functions are
+whether they are functions of whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they are functions of whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they are functions of whether
+they are constant or not they can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are constant or not they can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are constant or not they can be
+functions arbitrary functions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions arbitrary functions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions arbitrary functions of
+temperature still get the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+result then if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result then if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result then if I
+make the volume balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the volume balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the volume balance
+equation here's another mistake this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation here's another mistake this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation here's another mistake this is
+a v not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+u um so the final volume since we are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u um so the final volume since we are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u um so the final volume since we are in
+the same overall box fin final volume is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same overall box fin final volume is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same overall box fin final volume is
+equal to initial volume so the these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to initial volume so the these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to initial volume so the these two
+are equal if I look at this uh relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equal if I look at this uh relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equal if I look at this uh relation
+here it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it says
+that if I put them equal it says that t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I put them equal it says that t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I put them equal it says that t
+over p is equal to T Prime over P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over p is equal to T Prime over P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over p is equal to T Prime over P
+Prime so that means that if we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime so that means that if we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime so that means that if we just
+prove that t Prime is equal to T so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that t Prime is equal to T so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that t Prime is equal to T so the
+final temperature is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final temperature is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final temperature is equal to the
+initial the the volume balance implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial the the volume balance implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial the the volume balance implies
+that also the final pressure is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also the final pressure is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also the final pressure is equal to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+initial so spontaneous mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial so spontaneous mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial so spontaneous mixing
+with these conditions is isotherm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+baric different story is for the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baric different story is for the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baric different story is for the entropy
+balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entropy
+balance is written here with another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance is written here with another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance is written here with another
+little mistake because this should be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little mistake because this should be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little mistake because this should be a
+capital S so the final entropy minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital S so the final entropy minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital S so the final entropy minus the
+initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+entropy there are no interaction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy there are no interaction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy there are no interaction so
+there is no entropy transfer yeah no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no entropy transfer yeah no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no entropy transfer yeah no
+heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat
+interactions uh but there can be entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions uh but there can be entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions uh but there can be entropy
+produced by irreversibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we rewrite this so s here is equal SB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we rewrite this so s here is equal SB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we rewrite this so s here is equal SB
+minus sa a and I have the terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sa a and I have the terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sa a and I have the terms
+here so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+substitute now I realize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute now I realize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute now I realize that
+um this we can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this we can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this we can also
+write well actually it's this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write well actually it's this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write well actually it's this expression
+here I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I have
+to I don't have to re uh prove it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I don't have to re uh prove it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I don't have to re uh prove it it's
+written here this difference is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written here this difference is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written here this difference is equal to
+minus r log Y which is also is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus r log Y which is also is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus r log Y which is also is
+interpreted as the entropy of isomar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreted as the entropy of isomar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreted as the entropy of isomar
+baric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baric
+mixing and therefore the if I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing and therefore the if I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing and therefore the if I take
+um R the minus sign outside of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um R the minus sign outside of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um R the minus sign outside of a
+summation I take also the total amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation I take also the total amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation I take also the total amount
+out of the summation then I'm left in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the summation then I'm left in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the summation then I'm left in
+side with the mole fraction times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side with the mole fraction times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side with the mole fraction times the
+log of the mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fraction now at first first site one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+would be worried about the minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be worried about the minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be worried about the minus sign
+because uh we know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+entropy produced by reversibility cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy produced by reversibility cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy produced by reversibility cannot
+be negative must be positive but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be negative must be positive but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be negative must be positive but if you
+look at this uh function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this uh function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this uh function
+y log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y log
+y the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y the
+function in the interval between zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in the interval between zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in the interval between zero
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+one the function y y log y does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the function y y log y does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the function y y log y does
+something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that versus
+y so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y so it's
+negative so minus y log Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so minus y log Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so minus y log Y is
+positive and we are safe that means for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um reasonable in other words um possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um reasonable in other words um possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um reasonable in other words um possible
+values of the mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the mole
+fractions which of course can go only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions which of course can go only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions which of course can go only
+between zero and one that function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero and one that function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero and one that function is
+non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-
+negative but it also says that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative but it also says that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative but it also says that there
+is entropy production so the process is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is entropy production so the process is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is entropy production so the process is
+irreversible as we have uh anticipated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversible as we have uh anticipated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversible as we have uh anticipated
+by looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking at the
+energy versus entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+graphs and this is called the entropy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now so if I look at that graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so if I look at that graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so if I look at that graph
+immediately I also realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that I have could that I could have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have could that I could have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have could that I could have done
+better in other words we could have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better in other words we could have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better in other words we could have done
+the mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mixing
+reversibly because if I If instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversibly because if I If instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversibly because if I If instead of
+going this way I go this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way I do not generate enthropy and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I do not generate enthropy and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I do not generate enthropy and I
+extract some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work so this this is what we called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so this this is what we called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so this this is what we called the
+adiabatic availability of the state that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adiabatic availability of the state that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adiabatic availability of the state that
+is achieved the moment I remove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is achieved the moment I remove the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is achieved the moment I remove the
+partition that non equilibrium State as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition that non equilibrium State as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition that non equilibrium State as
+adiabatic availability if I am quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adiabatic availability if I am quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adiabatic availability if I am quick
+enough or smart enough to do whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough or smart enough to do whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough or smart enough to do whatever
+needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be
+done and we'll see how we could do it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and we'll see how we could do it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and we'll see how we could do it in
+a moment uh you we could extract some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work so here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so here is the
+calculation of that adiabatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+availability so now the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State
+okay what we just uh U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what we just uh U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what we just uh U
+derived is that if you if we mix This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived is that if you if we mix This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived is that if you if we mix This
+Way the final state is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Way the final state is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Way the final state is the same
+temperature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and
+pressure clearly if we we go down and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure clearly if we we go down and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure clearly if we we go down and we
+have extracted some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have extracted some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have extracted some
+energy the final State here we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the final State here we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the final State here we have a
+smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller
+temperature which we call it touble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Prime and how do we measure it how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and how do we measure it how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and how do we measure it how do we
+uh do the computation well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do the computation well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do the computation well we
+start the previous computation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start the previous computation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start the previous computation we
+started from the energy balance setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started from the energy balance setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started from the energy balance setting
+that final energy equal to initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that final energy equal to initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that final energy equal to initial
+energy that determines the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that determines the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that determines the temperature
+now we start from the entropy balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we start from the entropy balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we start from the entropy balance
+because for a reversible process because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for a reversible process because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for a reversible process because
+we want to extract the adiabatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to extract the adiabatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to extract the adiabatic
+availability so that's a reversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability so that's a reversible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability so that's a reversible
+weight process the entropy stays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight process the entropy stays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight process the entropy stays
+constant we apply equality of final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant we apply equality of final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant we apply equality of final
+initial entropy and so we start from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial entropy and so we start from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial entropy and so we start from the
+entropy balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh yeah here is the entropy balance s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah here is the entropy balance s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah here is the entropy balance s
+final minus s initial equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+z so we write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z so we write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z so we write
+it this way with the double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+primes and then this difference uh here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh yeah it's evaluated it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah it's evaluated it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah it's evaluated it's
+evaluated in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated in this
+line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+because okay tble Prime is the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because okay tble Prime is the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because okay tble Prime is the final
+temperature that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature that we
+have p double Prime double I is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have p double Prime double I is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have p double Prime double I is the
+partial pressure that the components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial pressure that the components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial pressure that the components
+will have in that new Final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have in that new Final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have in that new Final
+state so that partial pressure is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so that partial pressure is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so that partial pressure is going
+to be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal
+to the mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the mole
+fraction so that partial pressure will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction so that partial pressure will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction so that partial pressure will
+be be equal to the mole fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be be equal to the mole fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be be equal to the mole fraction
+times the final pressure pble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime
+but if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember if we remember the equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember if we remember the equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember if we remember the equation of
+uh if we look at the volume balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if we look at the volume balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if we look at the volume balance
+which is written here pble Prime over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is written here pble Prime over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is written here pble Prime over
+tble Prime is equal to P over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tble Prime is equal to P over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tble Prime is equal to P over
+T so I can uh think of pble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so I can uh think of pble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so I can uh think of pble
+prime pble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime pble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime pble
+prime as um what is it P over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime as um what is it P over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime as um what is it P over
+T at as P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T at as P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T at as P
+times T Prime over t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and that's why I am writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's why I am writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's why I am writing
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+here then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then I
+apply the relation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the relation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the relation for
+um for how the entropy depends on on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for how the entropy depends on on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for how the entropy depends on on on
+temperature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and
+pressure here we also have a temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure here we also have a temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure here we also have a temperature
+dependence so we also have the CP log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence so we also have the CP log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence so we also have the CP log
+contribution of the ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution of the ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution of the ratio of
+temperatures minus r the log of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures minus r the log of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures minus r the log of the
+ratio of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pressures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures
+okay then I I can split this logarithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then I I can split this logarithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then I I can split this logarithm
+as being this logarithm of the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being this logarithm of the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being this logarithm of the product
+is going to be the sum of the logarithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the sum of the logarithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the sum of the logarithms
+so I take the minus r log y here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I take the minus r log y here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I take the minus r log y here and
+then I combine the log of tble prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I combine the log of tble prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I combine the log of tble prime
+that appears from this part and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that appears from this part and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that appears from this part and with
+that part it gets multiplied by CV minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part it gets multiplied by CV minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part it gets multiplied by CV minus
+r but by the my relation that's C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+CV okay so we finally have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CV okay so we finally have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CV okay so we finally have this
+expression we can put it in the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+balance now I see here that I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance now I see here that I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance now I see here that I could
+Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a an average aage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an average aage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an average aage
+specific heat at constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific heat at constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific heat at constant
+volume of the mixture as being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of the mixture as being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of the mixture as being the
+weighted uh as being the sum this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted uh as being the sum this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted uh as being the sum this
+summation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation here
+okay and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then I
+recognize this final term which is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize this final term which is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize this final term which is um
+very close I mean what is exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close I mean what is exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close I mean what is exactly what
+we call the entropy of mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call the entropy of mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call the entropy of mixing
+well in any case by setting since this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in any case by setting since this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in any case by setting since this
+has to be equal to zero by the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be equal to zero by the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be equal to zero by the entropy
+balance this gives me an an expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance this gives me an an expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance this gives me an an expression
+way to calculate dble Prime the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperature and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+result now the fact that these functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result now the fact that these functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result now the fact that these functions
+are negative so e to a negative number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are negative so e to a negative number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are negative so e to a negative number
+is is less than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is less than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is less than one
+shows that of course as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows that of course as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows that of course as we
+expected the final temperature will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected the final temperature will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected the final temperature will be
+less than the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperature and now that we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and now that we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and now that we have the
+final temperature we can perform the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final temperature we can perform the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final temperature we can perform the
+energy balance now the energy balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy balance now the energy balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy balance now the energy balance
+here since the system is not any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here since the system is not any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here since the system is not any
+isolated anymore because we have lifted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated anymore because we have lifted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated anymore because we have lifted
+the weight in the weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight in the weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight in the weight
+process we have extracted the thetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process we have extracted the thetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process we have extracted the thetic
+availability so uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability so uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability so uh the
+the energy given to the weight is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy given to the weight is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy given to the weight is equal
+to the difference between the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the difference between the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the difference between the initial
+and the final uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy so by substituting these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so by substituting these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so by substituting these
+ingredients that we calculated up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients that we calculated up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients that we calculated up there
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+using uh the same the specific heat as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using uh the same the specific heat as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using uh the same the specific heat as
+constant volume then the fact that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant volume then the fact that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant volume then the fact that the
+ammation we defined as sort of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammation we defined as sort of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammation we defined as sort of an
+average uh mixing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average uh mixing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average uh mixing uh
+mixture uh specific heat constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+volume and we substitute tble Prime and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and we substitute tble Prime and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and we substitute tble Prime and
+you compute the value for the adiabatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you compute the value for the adiabatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you compute the value for the adiabatic
+availability so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability so we
+see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that
+this represents this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+just to show you how we we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to show you how we we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to show you how we we could
+actually do it with a picture so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do it with a picture so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do it with a picture so we
+conclude we have 1 minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how can you do that can we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you do that can we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you do that can we actually
+separate the mixture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+this problem here with the single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem here with the single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem here with the single
+particle if I have a single particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle if I have a single particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle if I have a single particle
+there and I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and I have
+vacuum I and I have this and instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum I and I have this and instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum I and I have this and instead of
+removing the Piston I can just have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing the Piston I can just have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing the Piston I can just have it
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh move uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh move uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh move uh
+rightward while connected through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rightward while connected through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rightward while connected through a
+pulet to a weight and the pressure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulet to a weight and the pressure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulet to a weight and the pressure of
+the particle will push it to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle will push it to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle will push it to the right
+that that therefore the particul do work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that therefore the particul do work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that therefore the particul do work
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lift and similarly if I have this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lift and similarly if I have this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lift and similarly if I have this other
+particle on the other different particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle on the other different particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle on the other different particle
+on the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side
+say suppose I have a particle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say suppose I have a particle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say suppose I have a particle of
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+kind that is confined that's separated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind that is confined that's separated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind that is confined that's separated
+and it's on the other side also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's on the other side also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's on the other side also
+here I can do the same and have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I can do the same and have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I can do the same and have the
+pressure of the particle or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure of the particle or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure of the particle or the
+particles doesn't really matter because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles doesn't really matter because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles doesn't really matter because
+each one acts by itself uh so that pulls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one acts by itself uh so that pulls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one acts by itself uh so that pulls
+is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this
+way and when the when we you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and when the when we you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and when the when we you have the
+presence of both parts particles you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of both parts particles you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of both parts particles you
+have to do it more carefully instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do it more carefully instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do it more carefully instead of
+having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having
+like an imperal P piston you have to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an imperal P piston you have to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an imperal P piston you have to use
+semi- perable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi- perable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi- perable
+membranes so that when this one moves to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membranes so that when this one moves to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membranes so that when this one moves to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+right it will uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it will uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it will uh
+uh so this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this one is
+allows uh the the the black particles to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows uh the the the black particles to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows uh the the the black particles to
+freely move in and out uh and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freely move in and out uh and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freely move in and out uh and then it
+fills on on only the pressure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fills on on only the pressure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fills on on only the pressure of the
+gray particles until you move to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gray particles until you move to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gray particles until you move to the
+right and this other membrane instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and this other membrane instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and this other membrane instead
+is allows the gray particles through and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is allows the gray particles through and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is allows the gray particles through and
+instead feels the pressure of the black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead feels the pressure of the black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead feels the pressure of the black
+particles okay so when you're done and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles okay so when you're done and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles okay so when you're done and
+if you done it uh reversibly you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you done it uh reversibly you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you done it uh reversibly you have
+extracted this adiabatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracted this adiabatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracted this adiabatic
+availability okay so I think we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability okay so I think we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability okay so I think we have to
+stop here today
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/V-fy33vi-64.txt b/V-fy33vi-64.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0912c90b75ac1983aa64a08998c750ead9c9b2b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/V-fy33vi-64.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,307 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we've been trying to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've been trying to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've been trying to find the
+velocity cart in the velocity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity cart in the velocity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity cart in the velocity of the
+person in terms of the relative velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person in terms of the relative velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person in terms of the relative velocity
+of the person jumping in the reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the person jumping in the reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the person jumping in the reference
+frame of the moving cart the mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame of the moving cart the mass of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame of the moving cart the mass of the
+person in the mass of the cart we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person in the mass of the cart we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person in the mass of the cart we've
+already solved this in the ground frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already solved this in the ground frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already solved this in the ground frame
+now I would like to solve this in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I would like to solve this in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I would like to solve this in which
+my reference frame is the moving frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so our pictures in the moving frame were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our pictures in the moving frame were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our pictures in the moving frame were
+actually much easier because the moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually much easier because the moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually much easier because the moving
+frame is traveling with the final speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame is traveling with the final speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame is traveling with the final speed
+of the cart at the final interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cart at the final interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cart at the final interaction
+after the interaction is done in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the interaction is done in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the interaction is done in this
+moving frame the cart is at rest they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving frame the cart is at rest they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving frame the cart is at rest they're
+moving together you're sitting in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving together you're sitting in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving together you're sitting in the
+cart you're moving at the same speed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cart you're moving at the same speed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cart you're moving at the same speed the
+person jumped off with speed u relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person jumped off with speed u relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person jumped off with speed u relative
+to the cart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the cart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the cart
+the tricky part was to realize that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tricky part was to realize that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tricky part was to realize that in
+the ground frame when the cart is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground frame when the cart is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground frame when the cart is at
+rest here in the ground frame an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest here in the ground frame an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest here in the ground frame an
+observer moving with speed VC would see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observer moving with speed VC would see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observer moving with speed VC would see
+the person in the cart moving backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person in the cart moving backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person in the cart moving backwards
+in the moving frame with a speed minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the moving frame with a speed minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the moving frame with a speed minus
+VC so now we can apply the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VC so now we can apply the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VC so now we can apply the momentum
+principle to these two states in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle to these two states in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle to these two states in the
+moving frame we have that momentum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving frame we have that momentum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving frame we have that momentum of
+the system initially equals momentum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system initially equals momentum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system initially equals momentum of
+the system finally now the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system finally now the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system finally now the initial
+initial momentum is just minus MP plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial momentum is just minus MP plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial momentum is just minus MP plus
+em cart the cart notice the minus V cart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+em cart the cart notice the minus V cart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+em cart the cart notice the minus V cart
+and the final momentum is equal to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the final momentum is equal to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the final momentum is equal to just
+M person you and so we see that V cart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M person you and so we see that V cart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M person you and so we see that V cart
+equals minus and person you / M person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals minus and person you / M person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals minus and person you / M person
+plus MC which is exactly the same result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus MC which is exactly the same result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus MC which is exactly the same result
+that we got in the ground frame but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we got in the ground frame but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we got in the ground frame but it
+was actually much easier to solve in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually much easier to solve in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually much easier to solve in the
+moving frame
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/V1I-vrXGl3A.txt b/V1I-vrXGl3A.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..74e1a6d62be23a855bf9b7e520df146963451db3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/V1I-vrXGl3A.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,931 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we've already talked about kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already talked about kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already talked about kinetic
+energy for an object that's rotating and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy for an object that's rotating and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy for an object that's rotating and
+translating let's take again a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translating let's take again a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translating let's take again a simple
+object like a wheel center of mass is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object like a wheel center of mass is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object like a wheel center of mass is
+moving and we want to consider this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving and we want to consider this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving and we want to consider this is a
+bunch of point-like particles the Jade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of point-like particles the Jade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of point-like particles the Jade
+particle with mass MJ and a position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle with mass MJ and a position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle with mass MJ and a position
+vector R CM J and now what we'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector R CM J and now what we'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector R CM J and now what we'd like to
+do is how do what is the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is how do what is the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is how do what is the angular
+momentum of this about some point P and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of this about some point P and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of this about some point P and
+we're going to do the same type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do the same type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do the same type of
+decomposition that we've been doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition that we've been doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition that we've been doing
+right along let's draw the vector R J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right along let's draw the vector R J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right along let's draw the vector R J
+this is the vector from the point P to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the vector from the point P to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the vector from the point P to
+the object here's the vector capital R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object here's the vector capital R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object here's the vector capital R
+and there's the vector R CM J and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's the vector R CM J and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's the vector R CM J and our
+same vector addition r plus r CM j now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same vector addition r plus r CM j now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same vector addition r plus r CM j now
+let's calculate the angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's calculate the angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's calculate the angular momentum
+about the point P now just let's recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the point P now just let's recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the point P now just let's recall
+two facts about the center of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two facts about the center of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two facts about the center of mass
+reference frame that we've already used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the first is that the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first is that the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first is that the sum of the
+velocities the momentum in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities the momentum in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities the momentum in the
+center-of-mass reference frame is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center-of-mass reference frame is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center-of-mass reference frame is zero
+and if you integrate this equation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you integrate this equation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you integrate this equation in
+just exactly the same way if you added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just exactly the same way if you added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just exactly the same way if you added
+up the mass times each of the position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the mass times each of the position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the mass times each of the position
+vectors that's MJ MJ in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors that's MJ MJ in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors that's MJ MJ in the
+center-of-mass frame that's also zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center-of-mass frame that's also zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center-of-mass frame that's also zero so
+we'll use we've used this when we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use we've used this when we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use we've used this when we talked
+about kinetic energy now we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about kinetic energy now we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about kinetic energy now we're going to
+consider both of these results so recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider both of these results so recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider both of these results so recall
+that angular momentum about a point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that angular momentum about a point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that angular momentum about a point is
+the sum of the vector from the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the vector from the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the vector from the point
+cross product MJ times the velocity BJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross product MJ times the velocity BJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross product MJ times the velocity BJ
+now we can also use our law of addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can also use our law of addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can also use our law of addition
+velocities V J is the plus the CM J and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities V J is the plus the CM J and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities V J is the plus the CM J and
+so now we're going to have to do both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're going to have to do both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're going to have to do both
+substitutions in here that's why this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutions in here that's why this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutions in here that's why this
+calculation is a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation is a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation is a little bit more
+complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+we have our plus our CM j cross MJ x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have our plus our CM j cross MJ x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have our plus our CM j cross MJ x
+capital V that is the velocity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital V that is the velocity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital V that is the velocity of the
+center of mass with respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass with respect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass with respect to the
+ground frame plus b CM J now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground frame plus b CM J now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground frame plus b CM J now we have
+four terms in the cross product and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four terms in the cross product and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four terms in the cross product and this
+time we'll write them all out so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we'll write them all out so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we'll write them all out so the
+first term is the sum over J of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term is the sum over J of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term is the sum over J of our
+cross MJ capital D the second term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross MJ capital D the second term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross MJ capital D the second term is
+we'll take this one and we'll cross with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll take this one and we'll cross with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll take this one and we'll cross with
+that one but because MJ is just a scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one but because MJ is just a scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one but because MJ is just a scalar
+I'm gonna pull it in front so that's MJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna pull it in front so that's MJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna pull it in front so that's MJ
+r CM j and V is the same for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r CM j and V is the same for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r CM j and V is the same for every
+single particle in the object remember V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single particle in the object remember V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single particle in the object remember V
+is just the velocity of one reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the velocity of one reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the velocity of one reference
+frame with respect to the other so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame with respect to the other so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame with respect to the other so I can
+pull that out cross B and you're already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull that out cross B and you're already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull that out cross B and you're already
+noticing that this term will be zero the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticing that this term will be zero the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticing that this term will be zero the
+next term is when I take our cross MJ v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next term is when I take our cross MJ v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next term is when I take our cross MJ v
+j the center of mass j summed over j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j the center of mass j summed over j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j the center of mass j summed over j
+that's J our cross MJ b CM j but again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's J our cross MJ b CM j but again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's J our cross MJ b CM j but again
+remember that r is the same vector it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that r is the same vector it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that r is the same vector it's
+just from p to the center of mass so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from p to the center of mass so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from p to the center of mass so i
+didn't need to put the sum here i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't need to put the sum here i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't need to put the sum here i can
+pull our out of the sum and i have my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull our out of the sum and i have my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull our out of the sum and i have my
+son like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+son like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+son like that
+and again you're probably noticing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again you're probably noticing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again you're probably noticing that
+this term is zero and our final term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term is zero and our final term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term is zero and our final term is
+our CM j cross m jb c MJ so our final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our CM j cross m jb c MJ so our final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our CM j cross m jb c MJ so our final
+term is some r r CM j cross MJ b CM j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is some r r CM j cross MJ b CM j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is some r r CM j cross MJ b CM j
+now from these two conditions one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now from these two conditions one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now from these two conditions one and
+two both of these two terms are 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two both of these two terms are 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two both of these two terms are 0 and
+that's the power of using the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the power of using the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the power of using the center of
+mass reference frame so LP now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass reference frame so LP now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass reference frame so LP now let's
+look at the first term here our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the first term here our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the first term here our
+the same for every particle these the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same for every particle these the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same for every particle these the
+same for every particle when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same for every particle when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same for every particle when we're
+summing over the mass we're just getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing over the mass we're just getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing over the mass we're just getting
+the total mass so the first piece is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total mass so the first piece is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total mass so the first piece is our
+cross and total V and this last piece is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross and total V and this last piece is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross and total V and this last piece is
+precisely the definition of the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely the definition of the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely the definition of the angular
+momentum of the j DH particle in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of the j DH particle in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of the j DH particle in the
+center-of-mass frame so that's the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center-of-mass frame so that's the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center-of-mass frame so that's the sum
+over J of LC MJ because our cm cross MV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over J of LC MJ because our cm cross MV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over J of LC MJ because our cm cross MV
+j r cross say whatever speed this is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j r cross say whatever speed this is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j r cross say whatever speed this is in
+the center-of-mass frame it could be at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center-of-mass frame it could be at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center-of-mass frame it could be at
+some v CM j VJ - capital D this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some v CM j VJ - capital D this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some v CM j VJ - capital D this is
+exactly the angular momentum of that j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the angular momentum of that j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the angular momentum of that j
+DH mass in the center of mass frame and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DH mass in the center of mass frame and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DH mass in the center of mass frame and
+when we total all of this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we total all of this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we total all of this up
+we have our cross M total D plus L cm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have our cross M total D plus L cm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have our cross M total D plus L cm
+now what this first term is is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what this first term is is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what this first term is is if you
+treated the whole object as a point mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated the whole object as a point mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated the whole object as a point mass
+M total moving with feed and here's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M total moving with feed and here's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M total moving with feed and here's our
+point P and there's our this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point P and there's our this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point P and there's our this is just
+what we call the translational angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call the translational angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call the translational angular
+momentum it's treating the whole system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum it's treating the whole system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum it's treating the whole system
+as a point like mass and just calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a point like mass and just calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a point like mass and just calculate
+moving with speed V and that's just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving with speed V and that's just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving with speed V and that's just the
+angular momentum we've called this V and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum we've called this V and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum we've called this V and
+this piece is the angular momentum about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece is the angular momentum about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece is the angular momentum about
+center of mass so sometimes we can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass so sometimes we can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass so sometimes we can think
+of the angular momentum as corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the angular momentum as corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the angular momentum as corresponding
+to a translational that has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a translational that has to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a translational that has to do with
+the actual orbit of the object you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual orbit of the object you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual orbit of the object you could
+call this orbital angular momentum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this orbital angular momentum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this orbital angular momentum and
+this is the fact that the object is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the fact that the object is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the fact that the object is
+rotating you could think of this as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating you could think of this as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating you could think of this as the
+spin angular momentum about the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin angular momentum about the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin angular momentum about the center
+of mass this is the same type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mass this is the same type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mass this is the same type of
+decomposition that we saw with kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition that we saw with kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition that we saw with kinetic
+energy there was a translational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy there was a translational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy there was a translational
+component of kinetic energy and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of kinetic energy and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of kinetic energy and a
+rotational component content kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational component content kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational component content kinetic
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+this is the analogous case for angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the analogous case for angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the analogous case for angular
+momentum about a point P
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/VBasf8IiCh4.txt b/VBasf8IiCh4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1a3c68fe3999a401307ffa6d04f34fad52a52056
--- /dev/null
+++ b/VBasf8IiCh4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13763 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh today we continue we just started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh today we continue we just started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh today we continue we just started
+uh with functions of random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with functions of random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with functions of random variables
+last time uh that's what we'll do all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time uh that's what we'll do all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time uh that's what we'll do all
+day today um and then on Monday we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day today um and then on Monday we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day today um and then on Monday we'll
+continue with the functions of random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue with the functions of random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue with the functions of random
+variables and also start talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and also start talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and also start talking about
+moments of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments of
+distributions uh and in the recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions uh and in the recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions uh and in the recitation
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+as I always say uh we're flexible we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I always say uh we're flexible we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I always say uh we're flexible we
+want to hear from you what you'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to hear from you what you'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to hear from you what you'd like to
+have covered in the recitation but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have covered in the recitation but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have covered in the recitation but the
+basic idea um or the basic plan for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic idea um or the basic plan for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic idea um or the basic plan for this
+week will probably be to uh go over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week will probably be to uh go over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week will probably be to uh go over the
+problem set questions okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set questions okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set questions okay
+so was it super hard yeah okay what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so was it super hard yeah okay what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so was it super hard yeah okay what was
+what was it uh was it mostly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was it uh was it mostly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was it uh was it mostly the
+scraping exercise that was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scraping exercise that was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scraping exercise that was very
+difficult timec consuming yeah yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult timec consuming yeah yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult timec consuming yeah yeah I
+think if we know that there was a server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think if we know that there was a server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think if we know that there was a server
+you could use it would have been helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could use it would have been helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could use it would have been helpful
+so for example like when I just on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example like when I just on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example like when I just on my
+computer server internet connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer server internet connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer server internet connection
+would be lost and then because it took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be lost and then because it took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be lost and then because it took
+like 4 hours to run I have to like do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 4 hours to run I have to like do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 4 hours to run I have to like do it
+again so I learned that there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so I learned that there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so I learned that there was a
+server that doesn't crash that I can run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server that doesn't crash that I can run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server that doesn't crash that I can run
+it on that's that's good for us to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on that's that's good for us to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on that's that's good for us to know
+too because I can't say that we knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too because I can't say that we knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too because I can't say that we knew
+that or at least certainly I didn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or at least certainly I didn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or at least certainly I didn't know
+that ahead of time but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ahead of time but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ahead of time but
+good it was fine okay okay um so I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good it was fine okay okay um so I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good it was fine okay okay um so I do
+want to make a couple of comments and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make a couple of comments and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make a couple of comments and um
+about the problem set so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the problem set so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the problem set so this is a
+heterogeneous Bunch there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneous Bunch there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneous Bunch there are some
+people who are here and have had uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are here and have had uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are here and have had uh you
+know sort of a probability courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sort of a probability courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sort of a probability courses
+before it's probability is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it's probability is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it's probability is not a
+prerequisite so a number of you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerequisite so a number of you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerequisite so a number of you have
+never had probability before um there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never had probability before um there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never had probability before um there
+are some of you have had lots of coding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some of you have had lots of coding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some of you have had lots of coding
+experience some of you have had no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience some of you have had no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience some of you have had no
+coding experience and so we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding experience and so we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding experience and so we're trying to
+kind of reach a balance we want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of reach a balance we want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of reach a balance we want the
+people who um sort of are feel feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who um sort of are feel feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who um sort of are feel feel
+comfortable with the the theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with the the theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with the the theoretical
+part to stretch themselves and learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part to stretch themselves and learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part to stretch themselves and learn
+some of the the sort of data skills we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the the sort of data skills we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the the sort of data skills we
+want the people who are more familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the people who are more familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the people who are more familiar
+with the kind of data skills part to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the kind of data skills part to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the kind of data skills part to to
+really understand where these statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really understand where these statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really understand where these statistics
+are coming from from a theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are coming from from a theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are coming from from a theoretical
+perspective so um it is a balancing act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective so um it is a balancing act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective so um it is a balancing act
+and we're we're um you know since this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're we're um you know since this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're we're um you know since this
+is a new course uh sometimes we misc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a new course uh sometimes we misc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a new course uh sometimes we misc
+calibrate things a little bit we're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibrate things a little bit we're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibrate things a little bit we're very
+happy to get your feedback let us know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to get your feedback let us know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to get your feedback let us know
+if things are overwhelming uh we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if things are overwhelming uh we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if things are overwhelming uh we're
+happy to make sort of adjustments along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to make sort of adjustments along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to make sort of adjustments along
+the way and one adjustment that I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way and one adjustment that I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way and one adjustment that I did
+want to propose was that uh we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to propose was that uh we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to propose was that uh we could
+change the problem sets we'll still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the problem sets we'll still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the problem sets we'll still have
+six problem sets but we could change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six problem sets but we could change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six problem sets but we could change
+them so that we'll only count your top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so that we'll only count your top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so that we'll only count your top
+four scores on the problem sets and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four scores on the problem sets and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four scores on the problem sets and so
+that might kind of take a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might kind of take a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might kind of take a little bit of
+the uh pressure off okay does that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh pressure off okay does that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh pressure off okay does that is
+that am minable to everyone okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that am minable to everyone okay okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that am minable to everyone okay okay
+good so we'll go ahead the the um we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so we'll go ahead the the um we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so we'll go ahead the the um we'll
+renormalize them so the problem sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renormalize them so the problem sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renormalize them so the problem sets
+will still count for as much but we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will still count for as much but we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will still count for as much but we'll
+just uh you know count your top four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh you know count your top four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh you know count your top four
+scores okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep you did yeah that was a good thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep you did yeah that was a good thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep you did yeah that was a good thing
+good yes so in case you didn't hear he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good yes so in case you didn't hear he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good yes so in case you didn't hear he
+said that he learned a lot from doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that he learned a lot from doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that he learned a lot from doing
+the problem set and that's the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem set and that's the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem set and that's the whole
+point so I'm happy to hear that great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so I'm happy to hear that great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so I'm happy to hear that great
+okay good um so what I want to do today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good um so what I want to do today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good um so what I want to do today
+um to start out is to talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to start out is to talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to start out is to talk a little bit
+about the empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the empirical
+project and we'll talk more about it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project and we'll talk more about it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project and we'll talk more about it as
+the semester progresses we'll fill in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester progresses we'll fill in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester progresses we'll fill in a
+little bit of the details but I think uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of the details but I think uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of the details but I think uh
+I want to spend sort of 10 minutes at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to spend sort of 10 minutes at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to spend sort of 10 minutes at
+the beginning to of lecture today to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning to of lecture today to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning to of lecture today to
+talk about uh how we view the empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about uh how we view the empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about uh how we view the empirical
+project what the objectives of it are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project what the objectives of it are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project what the objectives of it are
+what the structure of it is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the structure of it is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the structure of it is going to be
+what the expectations are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the expectations are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the expectations are going to be
+Etc and um and quite happy to uh take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc and um and quite happy to uh take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc and um and quite happy to uh take
+questions uh if you know if any arise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions uh if you know if any arise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions uh if you know if any arise
+about the empirical project okay so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the empirical project okay so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the empirical project okay so uh
+as it says in the syllabus and I've um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it says in the syllabus and I've um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it says in the syllabus and I've um
+reminded you here it's going to be due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminded you here it's going to be due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminded you here it's going to be due
+Monday May 2nd so that's uh pretty near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday May 2nd so that's uh pretty near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday May 2nd so that's uh pretty near
+the end of the semester um the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the semester um the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the semester um the idea
+behind the empirical project is twofold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the empirical project is twofold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the empirical project is twofold
+we want to help you improve your sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to help you improve your sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to help you improve your sort of
+practical skills in data Gathering uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical skills in data Gathering uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical skills in data Gathering uh
+data manipulation data analysis Etc um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data manipulation data analysis Etc um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data manipulation data analysis Etc um
+but we also just want to let you work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we also just want to let you work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we also just want to let you work in
+a concentrated way on something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a concentrated way on something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a concentrated way on something that
+interests you so you know we try to pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests you so you know we try to pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests you so you know we try to pull
+problem set questions and examples in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set questions and examples in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set questions and examples in
+class from lots of different um areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class from lots of different um areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class from lots of different um areas
+but we know that you all come into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we know that you all come into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we know that you all come into this
+class with a set of interests and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class with a set of interests and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class with a set of interests and we
+want you to be able to sort of spend a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to be able to sort of spend a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to be able to sort of spend a
+little time uh working on what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little time uh working on what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little time uh working on what you're
+interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in
+okay and so I guess um what our view of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so I guess um what our view of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so I guess um what our view of
+the project is that there really could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the project is that there really could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the project is that there really could
+be sort of two different models and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sort of two different models and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sort of two different models and you
+can choose which model is more um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can choose which model is more um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can choose which model is more um I
+don't know that you're more comfortable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know that you're more comfortable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know that you're more comfortable
+with so let me I'll I'll uh describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so let me I'll I'll uh describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so let me I'll I'll uh describe the
+two models um but the basic idea is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two models um but the basic idea is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two models um but the basic idea is one
+model for this project is that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for this project is that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for this project is that you can
+start with a data set that you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a data set that you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a data set that you find
+interesting and kind of just roll up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and kind of just roll up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and kind of just roll up
+your sleeves and get your hands dirty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sleeves and get your hands dirty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sleeves and get your hands dirty
+and find out lots of interesting things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find out lots of interesting things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find out lots of interesting things
+about the data set and the second uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the data set and the second uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the data set and the second uh is
+to start with a question start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with a question start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with a question start with
+maybe a an economic question or a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a an economic question or a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a an economic question or a you
+know sort of political question or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sort of political question or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sort of political question or
+something like that that is answerable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that that is answerable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that that is answerable
+with data and then go out and try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with data and then go out and try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with data and then go out and try to
+gather data perhaps from various sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gather data perhaps from various sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gather data perhaps from various sources
+to try to answer your question so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to answer your question so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to answer your question so let me
+fill in uh some of the details and give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill in uh some of the details and give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill in uh some of the details and give
+you some examples okay so let's suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some examples okay so let's suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some examples okay so let's suppose
+you wanted to uh write an empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to uh write an empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to uh write an empirical
+project of the first type where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project of the first type where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project of the first type where you're
+starting with the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with the data
+set so the idea here is that you scrape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so the idea here is that you scrape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so the idea here is that you scrape
+or you download or you gather or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you download or you gather or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you download or you gather or you
+otherwise obtain a data set that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise obtain a data set that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise obtain a data set that you
+find interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find interesting
+okay there may be uh variables that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there may be uh variables that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there may be uh variables that you
+need to generate that aren't in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to generate that aren't in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to generate that aren't in your
+data set uh I'll give you an example in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set uh I'll give you an example in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set uh I'll give you an example in
+just a second um you will then create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a second um you will then create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a second um you will then create
+summary statistics and perform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary statistics and perform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary statistics and perform
+Diagnostics on the data set and we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diagnostics on the data set and we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diagnostics on the data set and we want
+um we want you to do that both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we want you to do that both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we want you to do that both
+numerically and graphically we want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically and graphically we want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically and graphically we want you
+to graph the data we want you to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to graph the data we want you to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to graph the data we want you to make
+histograms we want you to uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histograms we want you to uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histograms we want you to uh you know
+sort of compute various statistics uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of compute various statistics uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of compute various statistics uh
+involving the data and it it may make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving the data and it it may make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving the data and it it may make
+sense for you to only focus on part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense for you to only focus on part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense for you to only focus on part of
+your data set if there's sort of enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data set if there's sort of enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data set if there's sort of enough
+of enough interesting stuff going on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of enough interesting stuff going on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of enough interesting stuff going on in
+just a subset of variables that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a subset of variables that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a subset of variables that's
+perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly
+fine um look when you're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine um look when you're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine um look when you're sort of
+investigating your data set look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigating your data set look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigating your data set look for
+aspects that are unusual or unexpected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects that are unusual or unexpected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects that are unusual or unexpected
+or particularly important animportant uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or particularly important animportant uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or particularly important animportant uh
+and document those carefully okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and document those carefully okay uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and document those carefully okay uh
+these aspects could include uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these aspects could include uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these aspects could include uh
+unexpected correlations that you run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected correlations that you run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected correlations that you run
+across um unusual distributions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across um unusual distributions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across um unusual distributions of
+particular variables uh surprising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular variables uh surprising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular variables uh surprising
+summary statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary statistics
+okay and then the sort of final output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then the sort of final output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then the sort of final output
+is a 3 to five page I'll call it data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a 3 to five page I'll call it data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a 3 to five page I'll call it data
+section on your data and findings and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section on your data and findings and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section on your data and findings and
+the idea here is just to describe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea here is just to describe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea here is just to describe in
+detail um where how you collected the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail um where how you collected the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail um where how you collected the
+data where the data came from what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data where the data came from what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data where the data came from what the
+structure of the data set is and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the data set is and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the data set is and then
+then present these kind of interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then present these kind of interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then present these kind of interesting
+or unusual aspects of the data okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or unusual aspects of the data okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or unusual aspects of the data okay um
+and we'll be more specific uh closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll be more specific uh closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll be more specific uh closer to
+the date about what the write up should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the date about what the write up should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the date about what the write up should
+include okay so right now just think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include okay so right now just think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include okay so right now just think
+three to five pages with lots of detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three to five pages with lots of detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three to five pages with lots of detail
+about uh the data set um but we we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh the data set um but we we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh the data set um but we we could
+be more specific later okay so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more specific later okay so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more specific later okay so let me
+give you an example let's suppose you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an example let's suppose you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an example let's suppose you
+had a particular interest in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a particular interest in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a particular interest in the
+papacy and so you went back and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papacy and so you went back and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papacy and so you went back and you
+gathered data on popes going back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gathered data on popes going back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gathered data on popes going back to the
+late 1300s which was when uh sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 1300s which was when uh sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 1300s which was when uh sort of the
+popes moved back to Rome after being in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popes moved back to Rome after being in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popes moved back to Rome after being in
+France and um so you you cared about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+France and um so you you cared about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+France and um so you you cared about how
+how old they were when they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how old they were when they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how old they were when they were
+elected um how long they lived after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elected um how long they lived after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elected um how long they lived after
+election for the most part that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+election for the most part that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+election for the most part that
+corresponds to the length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the length of the
+pontificate because almost always they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pontificate because almost always they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pontificate because almost always they
+serve until death um and you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve until death um and you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve until death um and you sort of
+gather all of this data about the papacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gather all of this data about the papacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gather all of this data about the papacy
+okay then you start sort of digging into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then you start sort of digging into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then you start sort of digging into
+the data and you notice and you you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data and you notice and you you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data and you notice and you you also
+gather data on you may have to create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gather data on you may have to create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gather data on you may have to create a
+new variable on um sort of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new variable on um sort of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new variable on um sort of the the
+birthplace of the Pope and the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birthplace of the Pope and the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birthplace of the Pope and the distance
+of the birthplace to Rome okay so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the birthplace to Rome okay so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the birthplace to Rome okay so you
+create that variable because you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create that variable because you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create that variable because you think
+there might be something interesting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be something interesting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be something interesting in
+there and you find out that in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and you find out that in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and you find out that in fact
+there's a positive correlation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a positive correlation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a positive correlation between
+the distance of the Pope's birthplace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance of the Pope's birthplace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance of the Pope's birthplace
+from Rome and the age at which he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Rome and the age at which he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Rome and the age at which he was
+elected okay so maybe not something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elected okay so maybe not something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elected okay so maybe not something you
+would have expected then you document
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have expected then you document
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have expected then you document
+that papal longevity has been increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that papal longevity has been increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that papal longevity has been increasing
+over the years not not particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the years not not particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the years not not particularly
+surprising but maybe an important thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising but maybe an important thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising but maybe an important thing
+to note um and then you decide that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to note um and then you decide that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to note um and then you decide that you
+want to that that uh you know you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to that that uh you know you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to that that uh you know you look
+at some kind of um maybe a standard ized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some kind of um maybe a standard ized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some kind of um maybe a standard ized
+uh distribution of or or histogram of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh distribution of or or histogram of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh distribution of or or histogram of
+the density of papal lifespans and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density of papal lifespans and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density of papal lifespans and it
+looks uh like a wble distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks uh like a wble distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks uh like a wble distribution
+perhaps and so you fit a wble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps and so you fit a wble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps and so you fit a wble
+distribution to that density and use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution to that density and use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution to that density and use it
+to estimate things like uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to estimate things like uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to estimate things like uh the
+probability that Pope francis's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that Pope francis's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that Pope francis's uh
+pontificate will last for more than 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pontificate will last for more than 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pontificate will last for more than 10
+years okay and then your um the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years okay and then your um the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years okay and then your um the sort of
+write up would include all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write up would include all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write up would include all of this
+information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+okay so that's one model that you can uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's one model that you can uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's one model that you can uh
+pursue for your uh empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursue for your uh empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursue for your uh empirical
+project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+no do keep in mind if you ask more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no do keep in mind if you ask more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no do keep in mind if you ask more
+questions that slows me down so I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that slows me down so I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that slows me down so I don't
+know if that's a good thing or a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if that's a good thing or a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if that's a good thing or a bad
+thing but do do keep in mind that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but do do keep in mind that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but do do keep in mind that there
+is that sort of direct uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+causality okay let's suppose instead uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality okay let's suppose instead uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality okay let's suppose instead uh
+you want to do the sort of second type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do the sort of second type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do the sort of second type
+of project where you have a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of project where you have a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of project where you have a question
+that you want to answer with some data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to answer with some data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to answer with some data
+okay so the idea here is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the idea here is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the idea here is that you
+articulate a question and uh you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulate a question and uh you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulate a question and uh you know we
+can sort of uh help you articulate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sort of uh help you articulate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sort of uh help you articulate the
+question but you articulate a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but you articulate a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but you articulate a question
+which you're likely to be able to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you're likely to be able to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you're likely to be able to answer
+with some available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some available
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+then pardon me always some data they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then pardon me always some data they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then pardon me always some data they can
+obtain oh right exactly yes so a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain oh right exactly yes so a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain oh right exactly yes so a a
+available data meaning data that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available data meaning data that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available data meaning data that that
+either you have or you can scrape or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either you have or you can scrape or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either you have or you can scrape or you
+can download or you can borrow or Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can download or you can borrow or Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can download or you can borrow or Etc
+okay so then uh you'll have to perform a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then uh you'll have to perform a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then uh you'll have to perform a
+search perhaps using resources that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search perhaps using resources that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search perhaps using resources that
+Esther mentioned uh for Relevant data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Esther mentioned uh for Relevant data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Esther mentioned uh for Relevant data
+sets Okay and it may be that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets Okay and it may be that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets Okay and it may be that you can
+answer your question with a data that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer your question with a data that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer your question with a data that
+you all that you download entirely from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all that you download entirely from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all that you download entirely from
+the Department of Energy's website or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Department of Energy's website or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Department of Energy's website or
+maybe you have to go to the census
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you have to go to the census
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you have to go to the census
+website and the department of Energy's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website and the department of Energy's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website and the department of Energy's
+website and uh the NBR website to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website and uh the NBR website to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website and uh the NBR website to get
+some other data set or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other data set or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other data set or something like
+that okay after obtaining the relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay after obtaining the relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay after obtaining the relevant
+data uh then you'll perform an analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data uh then you'll perform an analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data uh then you'll perform an analysis
+that allows you to answer your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows you to answer your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows you to answer your
+question the analysis could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question the analysis could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question the analysis could be a
+comparison of means uh it could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison of means uh it could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison of means uh it could be a
+linear regression it could be something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear regression it could be something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear regression it could be something
+else okay uh and it's probably going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else okay uh and it's probably going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else okay uh and it's probably going to
+be coupled with some hypothesis testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be coupled with some hypothesis testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be coupled with some hypothesis testing
+so this is basically how uh social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is basically how uh social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is basically how uh social
+scientists try to answer questions is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists try to answer questions is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists try to answer questions is
+they build statistical models and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they build statistical models and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they build statistical models and then
+they perform hypothesis tests on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they perform hypothesis tests on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they perform hypothesis tests on the
+parameters of those models and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters of those models and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters of those models and that's
+how they uh come up with uh questions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they uh come up with uh questions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they uh come up with uh questions to
+their empirical answers to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their empirical answers to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their empirical answers to their
+questions okay and then again uh you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay and then again uh you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay and then again uh you'll
+write a three to five page report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a three to five page report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a three to five page report
+describing your question and how your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing your question and how your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing your question and how your
+analysis helped answer it so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis helped answer it so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis helped answer it so in this
+sort second type of uh project the focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort second type of uh project the focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort second type of uh project the focus
+although you'll be doing um many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although you'll be doing um many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although you'll be doing um many of the
+same things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same things
+um as the first type of project the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as the first type of project the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as the first type of project the
+focus will be more on your question and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus will be more on your question and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus will be more on your question and
+the analysis that you use to answer it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analysis that you use to answer it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analysis that you use to answer it
+maybe a little bit less focus on sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a little bit less focus on sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a little bit less focus on sort of
+the structure of the data set and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of the data set and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of the data set and
+interesting things that you find about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things that you find about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things that you find about
+the data set okay so let me give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data set okay so let me give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data set okay so let me give you an
+example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a
+uh oh and I I will also mention we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oh and I I will also mention we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oh and I I will also mention we'll be
+more specific about this write up as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more specific about this write up as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more specific about this write up as
+well so let me um walk you through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so let me um walk you through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so let me um walk you through
+through a a an example of this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+project let's suppose you're interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project let's suppose you're interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project let's suppose you're interested
+in knowing whether hosting the Olympics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in knowing whether hosting the Olympics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in knowing whether hosting the Olympics
+is an economic benefit or a burden to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an economic benefit or a burden to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an economic benefit or a burden to a
+city okay so you go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city okay so you go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city okay so you go on
+Wikipedia and you know that Wikipedia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wikipedia and you know that Wikipedia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wikipedia and you know that Wikipedia
+lists all the cities that have hosted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists all the cities that have hosted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists all the cities that have hosted
+the Olympics in the modern era but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Olympics in the modern era but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Olympics in the modern era but in
+addition they also list all the finalist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition they also list all the finalist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition they also list all the finalist
+cities the ones that came close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities the ones that came close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities the ones that came close to
+winning the Olympic bid but didn't quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning the Olympic bid but didn't quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning the Olympic bid but didn't quite
+make it okay then what you do so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it okay then what you do so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it okay then what you do so you
+have in some sense a group that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in some sense a group that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in some sense a group that was
+treated meaning they hosted the Olympics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated meaning they hosted the Olympics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated meaning they hosted the Olympics
+and a group a control group ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a group a control group ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a group a control group ones that
+came close to hosting the Olympics but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came close to hosting the Olympics but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came close to hosting the Olympics but
+didn't quite make it okay and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't quite make it okay and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't quite make it okay and so you
+want to see sort of what the effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see sort of what the effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see sort of what the effect of
+that treatment of hosting the Olympics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that treatment of hosting the Olympics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that treatment of hosting the Olympics
+was on the cities so then you go gather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was on the cities so then you go gather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was on the cities so then you go gather
+data on economic outcomes of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data on economic outcomes of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data on economic outcomes of these two
+groups of cities say budget deficits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups of cities say budget deficits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups of cities say budget deficits and
+unemployment rates maybe you could think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment rates maybe you could think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment rates maybe you could think
+of other interesting outcome measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other interesting outcome measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other interesting outcome measures
+you might have to gather those from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have to gather those from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have to gather those from
+different uh sources just a sec you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh sources just a sec you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh sources just a sec you
+might have to gather those from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have to gather those from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have to gather those from
+different sources um but you gather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sources um but you gather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sources um but you gather
+those for all the host and the finalist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those for all the host and the finalist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those for all the host and the finalist
+cities and say you don't know how long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities and say you don't know how long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities and say you don't know how long
+the economic impacts of it might last so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economic impacts of it might last so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economic impacts of it might last so
+you gather them five years after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you gather them five years after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you gather them five years after the
+Olympics and 10 years after the Olympics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Olympics and 10 years after the Olympics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Olympics and 10 years after the Olympics
+okay and then you compare the outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then you compare the outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then you compare the outcomes
+of the host cities and the finalist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the host cities and the finalist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the host cities and the finalist
+cities so you could just be doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities so you could just be doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities so you could just be doing a
+comparison means um it could be that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison means um it could be that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison means um it could be that uh
+there are other City characteristics you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other City characteristics you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other City characteristics you
+would like to control for in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to control for in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to control for in your
+analysis and we'll be very specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and we'll be very specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and we'll be very specific
+about how to do that later on in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to do that later on in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to do that later on in the
+semester and so you might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester and so you might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester and so you might want to
+perform regressions instead of just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform regressions instead of just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform regressions instead of just uh
+comparisons of means but that's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons of means but that's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons of means but that's sort of
+the idea here yes I guess my question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea here yes I guess my question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea here yes I guess my question is
+more along the lines of like how far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more along the lines of like how far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more along the lines of like how far
+into the rabbit hole should be go in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the rabbit hole should be go in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the rabbit hole should be go in the
+sense that if we're doing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that if we're doing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that if we're doing these
+comparisons of cities right um there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons of cities right um there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons of cities right um there are
+any number of different factors that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any number of different factors that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any number of different factors that
+could like let's let's say you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could like let's let's say you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could like let's let's say you're
+looking at Beijing versus London and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at Beijing versus London and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at Beijing versus London and
+there are different growth trends for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are different growth trends for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are different growth trends for
+the cities what so should you control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cities what so should you control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cities what so should you control
+for other cities within the nation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for other cities within the nation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for other cities within the nation that
+um the other than the ones that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the other than the ones that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the other than the ones that you're
+comparing specifically to the Olympics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing specifically to the Olympics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing specifically to the Olympics
+to see whether or not the trends are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see whether or not the trends are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see whether or not the trends are so
+so that's so that's an excellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's so that's an excellent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's so that's an excellent
+question um but do keep in mind that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question um but do keep in mind that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question um but do keep in mind that
+your write up is going to be three to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your write up is going to be three to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your write up is going to be three to
+five pages long and so that is going and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five pages long and so that is going and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five pages long and so that is going and
+and we can we can give you guidance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can we can give you guidance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can we can give you guidance
+along the way about exactly how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the way about exactly how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the way about exactly how
+sophisticated and how in-depth the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated and how in-depth the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated and how in-depth the
+analysis has to be but when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis has to be but when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis has to be but when you're
+limited to a three to five page write up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited to a three to five page write up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited to a three to five page write up
+that suggests that um the analysis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that suggests that um the analysis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that suggests that um the analysis is
+going to be fairly simple because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be fairly simple because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be fairly simple because you're
+just not going to be able to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not going to be able to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not going to be able to explain
+everything you've done and all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you've done and all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you've done and all of the
+sort of data Gathering so it I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of data Gathering so it I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of data Gathering so it I don't
+mean to suggest that the the the issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean to suggest that the the the issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean to suggest that the the the issues
+that you raise are not important ones uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you raise are not important ones uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you raise are not important ones uh
+but uh you know they might be sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh you know they might be sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh you know they might be sort of
+beyond the scope of what um we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the scope of what um we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the scope of what um we're
+expecting for this paper if that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting for this paper if that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting for this paper if that makes
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+might be a good idea to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a good idea to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a good idea to have a
+discussion little discussion section at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion little discussion section at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion little discussion section at
+the end which which uh include this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end which which uh include this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end which which uh include this kind
+of doubts you might have had on your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doubts you might have had on your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doubts you might have had on your own
+analysis as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis as
+well this is not meant to be your Nobel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is not meant to be your Nobel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is not meant to be your Nobel
+Prize address yes but this is uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize address yes but this is uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize address yes but this is uh if you
+are able to say this is what the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are able to say this is what the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are able to say this is what the next
+step would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step would be
+to to make the analis more robust or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to make the analis more robust or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to make the analis more robust or
+more informative this is what I would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more informative this is what I would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more informative this is what I would do
+yes that's yeah I'm glad Esther brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that's yeah I'm glad Esther brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that's yeah I'm glad Esther brought
+that up because that's that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that up because that's that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that up because that's that's an
+important thing to keep in mind that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing to keep in mind that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing to keep in mind that
+these P you know no empirical paper is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these P you know no empirical paper is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these P you know no empirical paper is
+perfect these papers in particular are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect these papers in particular are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect these papers in particular are
+not going to be perfect and recognizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be perfect and recognizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be perfect and recognizing
+and often a very important piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and often a very important piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and often a very important piece of
+doing a project like this is recognizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a project like this is recognizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a project like this is recognizing
+what the shortcomings are and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the shortcomings are and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the shortcomings are and sort of
+discussing them in the paper even if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing them in the paper even if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing them in the paper even if you
+can't address them directly yes so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't address them directly yes so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't address them directly yes so if
+you're already working on an empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're already working on an empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're already working on an empirical
+project is it possible to do I mean just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project is it possible to do I mean just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project is it possible to do I mean just
+recreate a part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recreate a part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recreate a part of
+yeah so I think we would be amenable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I think we would be amenable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I think we would be amenable to
+people bringing in um sort of data sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people bringing in um sort of data sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people bringing in um sort of data sets
+or projects from like you know sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or projects from like you know sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or projects from like you know sort of
+research or other classes we would want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research or other classes we would want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research or other classes we would want
+to um have a conversation with you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um have a conversation with you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um have a conversation with you and
+make sure that what you're doing wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that what you're doing wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that what you're doing wasn't
+exactly what you were doing say for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what you were doing say for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what you were doing say for
+another class uh but but absolutely we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another class uh but but absolutely we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another class uh but but absolutely we
+want to encourage you to if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to encourage you to if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to encourage you to if you have a
+data set you're interested in it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set you're interested in it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set you're interested in it you
+think that that there are interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that that there are interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that that there are interesting
+questions you can answer with it we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions you can answer with it we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions you can answer with it we want
+to encourage you to to be able to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to encourage you to to be able to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to encourage you to to be able to use
+that yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yep
+absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay a few additional notes about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay a few additional notes about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay a few additional notes about
+the paper um initial steps of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper um initial steps of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper um initial steps of the
+project will be incorporated into future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project will be incorporated into future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project will be incorporated into future
+problem sets Okay and this will help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sets Okay and this will help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sets Okay and this will help you
+uh this this we do it for two reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this this we do it for two reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this this we do it for two reasons
+first of all it helps you spread out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all it helps you spread out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all it helps you spread out the
+tasks a little bit so you're not sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks a little bit so you're not sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks a little bit so you're not sort of
+doing the entire EMP empirical project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the entire EMP empirical project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the entire EMP empirical project
+in two weeks at the end um and it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two weeks at the end um and it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two weeks at the end um and it's also
+going to give you an opportunity or give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you an opportunity or give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you an opportunity or give
+us an opportunity to give you feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us an opportunity to give you feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us an opportunity to give you feedback
+um so if it seems like what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if it seems like what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if it seems like what your
+proposing is just undoable or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposing is just undoable or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposing is just undoable or something
+like that we'll know sooner rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that we'll know sooner rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that we'll know sooner rather than
+later and we can kind of steer you in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later and we can kind of steer you in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later and we can kind of steer you in a
+um in a better Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in a better Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in a better Direction
+okay uh second uh note to point out is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh second uh note to point out is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh second uh note to point out is
+that the project is meant to replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the project is meant to replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the project is meant to replace
+approximately two problem sets uh it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately two problem sets uh it may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately two problem sets uh it may
+take more time to do than two problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take more time to do than two problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take more time to do than two problem
+sets and so keep that in mind so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets and so keep that in mind so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets and so keep that in mind so you
+might want to sort of start thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to sort of start thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to sort of start thinking
+about uh the project um maybe even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh the project um maybe even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh the project um maybe even
+before we start asking you about it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we start asking you about it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we start asking you about it on
+problem sets um yeah and um finally for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sets um yeah and um finally for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sets um yeah and um finally for
+The Graduate students in the class we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Graduate students in the class we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Graduate students in the class we'll
+basically ask you to do a project that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically ask you to do a project that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically ask you to do a project that
+essentially combines both of those uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially combines both of those uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially combines both of those uh
+exercises that I described uh resulting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises that I described uh resulting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises that I described uh resulting
+in uh a six to eight page page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh a six to eight page page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh a six to eight page page
+okay and uh you can certainly come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh you can certainly come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh you can certainly come to
+talk to us if you would like so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to us if you would like so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to us if you would like so
+basically whereas uh the the people who'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically whereas uh the the people who'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically whereas uh the the people who'
+have signed up for 1431 would focus um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have signed up for 1431 would focus um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have signed up for 1431 would focus um
+have more of the focus on kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more of the focus on kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more of the focus on kind of uh
+describing and and um documenting a data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing and and um documenting a data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing and and um documenting a data
+set or more focus on answering a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set or more focus on answering a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set or more focus on answering a
+specific question the The Graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific question the The Graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific question the The Graduate
+students would uh try to do both in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students would uh try to do both in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students would uh try to do both in a
+longer paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer paper
+okay and by the way I should say I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and by the way I should say I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and by the way I should say I've
+sort of given you two different models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of given you two different models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of given you two different models
+for this paper the sort of starting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this paper the sort of starting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this paper the sort of starting with
+the data set model and starting with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data set model and starting with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data set model and starting with a
+question model um that doesn't mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question model um that doesn't mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question model um that doesn't mean that
+those are sort of mutually exclusive so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are sort of mutually exclusive so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are sort of mutually exclusive so
+if you know if your project ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know if your project ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know if your project ends up
+having some of the flavor of each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having some of the flavor of each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having some of the flavor of each of
+those being somewhere in the spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those being somewhere in the spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those being somewhere in the spectrum
+between those two um sort of models that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those two um sort of models that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those two um sort of models that
+I described that's perfectly fine as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I described that's perfectly fine as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I described that's perfectly fine as
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+okay okay question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay question
+questions one addition one addition okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions one addition one addition okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions one addition one addition okay
+if you're planning to collect your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're planning to collect your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're planning to collect your own
+data by interviewing people you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data by interviewing people you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data by interviewing people you need to
+obtain human subject approval so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain human subject approval so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain human subject approval so that's
+not actually very difficult but it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually very difficult but it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually very difficult but it means
+that it's one step uh so you will need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's one step uh so you will need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's one step uh so you will need
+to fill an application to the to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fill an application to the to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fill an application to the to the
+human subject the committee of the use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human subject the committee of the use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human subject the committee of the use
+on the use of human subject and we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the use of human subject and we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the use of human subject and we need
+to sign it and it we need to give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sign it and it we need to give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sign it and it we need to give a
+little bit of Le time for them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of Le time for them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of Le time for them to
+uh approve it so that builds in some it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh approve it so that builds in some it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh approve it so that builds in some it
+that builds in some time that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that builds in some time that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that builds in some time that's not
+compressible so so think about it early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressible so so think about it early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressible so so think about it early
+so that uh and can we put something up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that uh and can we put something up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that uh and can we put something up
+on our we on the course website just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our we on the course website just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our we on the course website just
+just a little sort of document about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little sort of document about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little sort of document about the
+procedure the steps you take I I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure the steps you take I I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure the steps you take I I should
+actually do a little part lecture on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do a little part lecture on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do a little part lecture on
+human subject okay uh I will I will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human subject okay uh I will I will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human subject okay uh I will I will do
+it at some point or another maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at some point or another maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at some point or another maybe I
+should sooner rather than later if and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should sooner rather than later if and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should sooner rather than later if and
+if I'm not mistaken the lead time can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm not mistaken the lead time can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm not mistaken the lead time can be
+as long as a month is that right I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as a month is that right I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as a month is that right I don't
+think for just data collection we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think for just data collection we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think for just data collection we
+expedited uh but yeah it could be it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expedited uh but yeah it could be it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expedited uh but yeah it could be it's
+good to count it's good to count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to count it's good to count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to count it's good to count
+mon we don't have to call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mon we don't have to call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mon we don't have to call it
+fa project but a lot of them a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fa project but a lot of them a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fa project but a lot of them a lot of
+those will be expedited which means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those will be expedited which means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those will be expedited which means that
+the the chairman can approve them but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the chairman can approve them but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the chairman can approve them but
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+one yeah yeah so basically just to to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one yeah yeah so basically just to to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one yeah yeah so basically just to to to
+um clarify the the PE the only people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um clarify the the PE the only people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um clarify the the PE the only people
+who have to worry about the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have to worry about the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have to worry about the human
+subjects approval would be people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects approval would be people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects approval would be people who
+are gathering their own data from like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are gathering their own data from like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are gathering their own data from like
+maybe doing a survey for instance or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe doing a survey for instance or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe doing a survey for instance or or
+you know an experiment with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know an experiment with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know an experiment with your
+fraternity brothers or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraternity brothers or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraternity brothers or something like
+that NE restricted use for reason or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that NE restricted use for reason or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that NE restricted use for reason or
+another in which case the people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another in which case the people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another in which case the people who are
+will know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that you so they will tell you it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you so they will tell you it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you so they will tell you it's it's
+pretty unlikely for so either mostly for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty unlikely for so either mostly for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty unlikely for so either mostly for
+people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get on the is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get on the is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get on the is to
+the and certainly if you want to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and certainly if you want to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and certainly if you want to ask
+your friends to get access to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your friends to get access to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your friends to get access to their
+Facebook uh contact or whatnot that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook uh contact or whatnot that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook uh contact or whatnot that's
+actually also gather L even though it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually also gather L even though it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually also gather L even though it
+might not be from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be from the
+question so that would be subject to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so that would be subject to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so that would be subject to to
+the human subjects um approval okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions NOP okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions NOP okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions NOP okay
+good okay back to functions of random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay back to functions of random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay back to functions of random
+variables okay so this is uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables okay so this is uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables okay so this is uh this is
+actually something I said last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually something I said last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually something I said last time
+before I did the the the sort of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I did the the the sort of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I did the the the sort of two
+short examples um but I'll I'll sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short examples um but I'll I'll sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short examples um but I'll I'll sort of
+reiterate it now there are various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reiterate it now there are various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reiterate it now there are various
+methods that we can use to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods that we can use to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods that we can use to figure out
+the distribution of function or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution of function or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution of function or
+transformation of random variables and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation of random variables and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation of random variables and
+the methods that are available to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the methods that are available to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the methods that are available to us
+depend on um whether the original they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on um whether the original they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on um whether the original they
+they depend on aspects of the problem so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they depend on aspects of the problem so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they depend on aspects of the problem so
+they depend on whether the the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they depend on whether the the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they depend on whether the the original
+a random variables continuous or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random variables continuous or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random variables continuous or
+discreete whether there's just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discreete whether there's just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discreete whether there's just one
+random variable or a random Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable or a random Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable or a random Vector
+whether um the transformation is a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether um the transformation is a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether um the transformation is a one
+toone whether the function is a on toone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toone whether the function is a on toone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toone whether the function is a on toone
+transformation an invertible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation an invertible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation an invertible
+transformation or not um and we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation or not um and we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation or not um and we could
+spend a lot of time sort of going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a lot of time sort of going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a lot of time sort of going
+through all of these different methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all of these different methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all of these different methods
+we don't have the luxury to do that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have the luxury to do that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have the luxury to do that in
+this class but I want I it's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class but I want I it's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class but I want I it's important
+for you to know that they exist and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to know that they exist and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to know that they exist and so
+you can go look them up in textbooks not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go look them up in textbooks not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go look them up in textbooks not
+for this class but for other purposes if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this class but for other purposes if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this class but for other purposes if
+uh if you need to figure out uh how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you need to figure out uh how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you need to figure out uh how the
+function of a random variable is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of a random variable is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of a random variable is
+distributed and we'll just do um we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed and we'll just do um we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed and we'll just do um we'll
+focus on some examples some you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on some examples some you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on some examples some you know
+interesting and important examples um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and important examples um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and important examples um in
+in class instead of sort of doing a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class instead of sort of doing a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class instead of sort of doing a more
+General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General
+treatment okay so uh I am I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment okay so uh I am I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment okay so uh I am I'm going to
+go through one um sort of uh fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through one um sort of uh fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through one um sort of uh fairly
+useful method for figuring out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful method for figuring out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful method for figuring out the
+distribution of functions of random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of functions of random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of functions of random
+variables um and that here's the method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables um and that here's the method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables um and that here's the method
+so we start with a random variable X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we start with a random variable X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we start with a random variable X and
+it has a a PDF and we know the PDF okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a a PDF and we know the PDF okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a a PDF and we know the PDF okay
+and we want the distribution of Y which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want the distribution of Y which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want the distribution of Y which
+is some function h of the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some function h of the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some function h of the random
+variable X okay then one way we can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable X okay then one way we can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable X okay then one way we can find
+it is by first finding the CDF of Y how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is by first finding the CDF of Y how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is by first finding the CDF of Y how
+do we find the CDF of Y we integrate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we find the CDF of Y we integrate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we find the CDF of Y we integrate the
+PDF of X over the region X such that h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF of X over the region X such that h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF of X over the region X such that h
+of X is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X is less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X is less than or equal to
+Y and then once we have the CDF of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and then once we have the CDF of Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and then once we have the CDF of Y
+then if it's if it is continuous I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if it's if it is continuous I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if it's if it is continuous I mean
+typically it will be if if x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically it will be if if x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically it will be if if x is
+continuous but if it is continuous then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous but if it is continuous then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous but if it is continuous then
+we just take the derivative if it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just take the derivative if it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just take the derivative if it's not
+continuous that then um you know there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous that then um you know there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous that then um you know there's
+sort of other ways to find the PF from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of other ways to find the PF from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of other ways to find the PF from
+the uh a discrete CDF but uh we'll focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh a discrete CDF but uh we'll focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh a discrete CDF but uh we'll focus
+on the continuous case mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the continuous case mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the continuous case mostly
+okay so this probably seems a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this probably seems a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this probably seems a little
+abstract and let me just emphasize a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract and let me just emphasize a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract and let me just emphasize a
+couple things so first we find the CDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple things so first we find the CDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple things so first we find the CDF
+by integrating over the appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by integrating over the appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by integrating over the appropriate
+region that part might seem a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region that part might seem a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region that part might seem a little
+abstract in particular and we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract in particular and we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract in particular and we'll talk
+about how to find what the appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to find what the appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to find what the appropriate
+region is um and then take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region is um and then take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region is um and then take the
+derivative to find the PDF we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative to find the PDF we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative to find the PDF we already
+knew that part okay so let's do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew that part okay so let's do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew that part okay so let's do an
+example okay there's a typo in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example okay there's a typo in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example okay there's a typo in the
+slides that should be a small F subx of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides that should be a small F subx of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides that should be a small F subx of
+little X not a capital f so that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little X not a capital f so that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little X not a capital f so that is the
+PDF of X not the CDF of X okay and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF of X not the CDF of X okay and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF of X not the CDF of X okay and that
+uh typo is um propagated on on other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh typo is um propagated on on other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh typo is um propagated on on other
+slides as well okay but I'll try be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides as well okay but I'll try be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides as well okay but I'll try be
+clear about that so we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear about that so we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear about that so we have the
+distribution of X the PDF of X and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of X the PDF of X and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of X the PDF of X and we
+have the function um h of X which in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the function um h of X which in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the function um h of X which in
+this case is just x s okay and we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case is just x s okay and we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case is just x s okay and we want
+to figure out what the distribution of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is okay so recall that we needed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay so recall that we needed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay so recall that we needed to
+quote integrate over the appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote integrate over the appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote integrate over the appropriate
+region well that's easy easy for me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region well that's easy easy for me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region well that's easy easy for me to
+say but not always clear how to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say but not always clear how to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say but not always clear how to do that
+so I'm going to argue in steps what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to argue in steps what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to argue in steps what the
+appropriate region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is okay but before we do that first note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay but before we do that first note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay but before we do that first note
+that the support of X is uh -1 to 1 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the support of X is uh -1 to 1 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the support of X is uh -1 to 1 okay
+that's just uh listed right up there in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just uh listed right up there in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just uh listed right up there in
+the description of the PDF okay for X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the description of the PDF okay for X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the description of the PDF okay for X
+between negative 1 and one and then if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between negative 1 and one and then if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between negative 1 and one and then if
+we look at what values y can take on if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at what values y can take on if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at what values y can take on if
+x takes on those values and Y is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x takes on those values and Y is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x takes on those values and Y is equal
+to x^2 then we can and derive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to x^2 then we can and derive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to x^2 then we can and derive the
+induced support of Y and that's just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induced support of Y and that's just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induced support of Y and that's just the
+unit interval does everyone see where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit interval does everyone see where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit interval does everyone see where
+that came from okay so keep that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came from okay so keep that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came from okay so keep that in the
+back of your mind we will use that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of your mind we will use that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of your mind we will use that uh
+again in a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+slides okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides okay
+so what is uh what is the PDF of Y well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is uh what is the PDF of Y well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is uh what is the PDF of Y well
+let's start remember the slide I had up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start remember the slide I had up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start remember the slide I had up
+a a a few slides ago it said we find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a a few slides ago it said we find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a a few slides ago it said we find the
+CDF by integrating over the rate region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDF by integrating over the rate region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDF by integrating over the rate region
+then we take the derivative to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we take the derivative to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we take the derivative to find the
+PDF so let's find the CDF first okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF so let's find the CDF first okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF so let's find the CDF first okay and
+I'm going to do this in steps so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do this in steps so first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do this in steps so first
+of all this is the first step first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all this is the first step first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all this is the first step first of
+all we're going to note we're just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we're going to note we're just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we're going to note we're just going
+to write down the definition of the CDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write down the definition of the CDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write down the definition of the CDF
+of Y that's what we're trying to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y that's what we're trying to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y that's what we're trying to find
+we're going to remind us what the CDF of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to remind us what the CDF of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to remind us what the CDF of
+Y is it's just simply the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is it's just simply the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is it's just simply the probability
+that Y is less than or equal to little y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Y is less than or equal to little y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Y is less than or equal to little y
+okay just the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just the definition of
+CDF now the second thing we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDF now the second thing we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDF now the second thing we're going to
+do is we're going to plug in the fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we're going to plug in the fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we're going to plug in the fun
+function for y so here um in this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for y so here um in this first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for y so here um in this first
+line I had y less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line I had y less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line I had y less than or equal to
+little y in the probability statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little y in the probability statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little y in the probability statement
+and I'm substituting in X2 less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm substituting in X2 less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm substituting in X2 less than or
+equal to little y in the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to little y in the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to little y in the probability
+statement okay I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement okay I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement okay I can do
+that then uh the next step is we solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then uh the next step is we solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then uh the next step is we solve
+within that probability statement for X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within that probability statement for X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within that probability statement for X
+okay so we just have that that's equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we just have that that's equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we just have that that's equal
+to the probability that X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the probability that X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the probability that X is
+between < TK of Y little Y and positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between < TK of Y little Y and positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between < TK of Y little Y and positive
+square root of little y okay just solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of little y okay just solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of little y okay just solve
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+x and now it should become clear what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and now it should become clear what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and now it should become clear what
+the relevant region to uh integrate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relevant region to uh integrate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relevant region to uh integrate the
+PDF over is right so what we do we what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF over is right so what we do we what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF over is right so what we do we what
+we have here is a probability statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have here is a probability statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have here is a probability statement
+involving a random variable whose PDF we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving a random variable whose PDF we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving a random variable whose PDF we
+have right and so all we need to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have right and so all we need to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have right and so all we need to do is
+just integrate from negative root of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just integrate from negative root of Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just integrate from negative root of Y
+up to root of Y the PDF of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay there we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it okay and then once we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay and then once we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay and then once we do that
+integral then uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral then uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral then uh we
+get um NE or we get uh sorry positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get um NE or we get uh sorry positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get um NE or we get uh sorry positive
+square root of little y okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of little y okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of little y okay so that's
+just that's just what uh the PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that's just what uh the PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that's just what uh the PDF
+integrates to with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrates to with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrates to with those
+limits now note I put here this is for y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits now note I put here this is for y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits now note I put here this is for y
+between 0 and 1 remember that a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 0 and 1 remember that a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 0 and 1 remember that a few
+slides ago I said that we would be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides ago I said that we would be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides ago I said that we would be uh
+using the fact that the induced support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the fact that the induced support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the fact that the induced support
+of Y was the unit interval 0 to one okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y was the unit interval 0 to one okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y was the unit interval 0 to one okay
+and here's where we'll we'll remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's where we'll we'll remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's where we'll we'll remind
+ourselves of that okay so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves of that okay so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves of that okay so this is the
+CDF of Y and oh actually the next slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDF of Y and oh actually the next slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDF of Y and oh actually the next slide
+has it um in sort of more detail tail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has it um in sort of more detail tail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has it um in sort of more detail tail
+let me put that up okay so the CDF of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me put that up okay so the CDF of Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me put that up okay so the CDF of Y
+is equal to the square root of Y over um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the square root of Y over um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the square root of Y over um
+over the induced Support over 01 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the induced Support over 01 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the induced Support over 01 and
+cdfs as all as as is true with all cdfs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cdfs as all as as is true with all cdfs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cdfs as all as as is true with all cdfs
+are is going to be equal to zero for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are is going to be equal to zero for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are is going to be equal to zero for
+values less than the support and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values less than the support and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values less than the support and it's
+equal to one for values greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one for values greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one for values greater than
+support okay that's just what a CDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support okay that's just what a CDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support okay that's just what a CDF
+looks like remember so it starts out at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like remember so it starts out at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like remember so it starts out at
+zero then it sort of cumul distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then it sort of cumul distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then it sort of cumul distribution
+over the support and then it it goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the support and then it it goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the support and then it it goes to
+one okay so if you have a in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so if you have a in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so if you have a in this case
+we have a a finite support so the CDF is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a a finite support so the CDF is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a a finite support so the CDF is
+just going to sort of I I'll put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to sort of I I'll put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to sort of I I'll put a
+picture of it up I think I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of it up I think I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of it up I think I have a
+picture of it oh well anyhow the it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of it oh well anyhow the it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of it oh well anyhow the it's
+it's uh going to be zero and it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh going to be zero and it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh going to be zero and it's going
+to take this shape from Over the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take this shape from Over the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take this shape from Over the unit
+interval and then it goes to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval and then it goes to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval and then it goes to one
+okay and then so we've got the CDF we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then so we've got the CDF we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then so we've got the CDF we're
+almost home free we have a CDF of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost home free we have a CDF of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost home free we have a CDF of a
+random a continuous random variable all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random a continuous random variable all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random a continuous random variable all
+we do is take the derivative to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do is take the derivative to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do is take the derivative to get the
+PDF and that's what the PDF is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and I I'll I also point out this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I I'll I also point out this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I I'll I also point out this is
+where we use the fact uh of the induced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we use the fact uh of the induced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we use the fact uh of the induced
+support and that is what the PDF looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support and that is what the PDF looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support and that is what the PDF looks
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay so let's go back and just think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so let's go back and just think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so let's go back and just think
+about what we did we figured out we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what we did we figured out we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what we did we figured out we
+started with the PDF of X and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with the PDF of X and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with the PDF of X and then we
+figured out the appropriate region to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out the appropriate region to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out the appropriate region to
+integrate that PDF over to get the CDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate that PDF over to get the CDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate that PDF over to get the CDF
+of the function of X okay and we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the function of X okay and we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the function of X okay and we did
+that in steps and then once we had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in steps and then once we had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in steps and then once we had the
+CDF of the function of X of Y then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDF of the function of X of Y then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDF of the function of X of Y then we
+could just take the derivative to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just take the derivative to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just take the derivative to get
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+PDF okay we'll see we'll see a few more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF okay we'll see we'll see a few more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF okay we'll see we'll see a few more
+examples as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so the the sort of four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so the the sort of four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so the the sort of four
+examples that I'm going to go through in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples that I'm going to go through in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples that I'm going to go through in
+a fair amount of detail today um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fair amount of detail today um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fair amount of detail today um the
+first one is a linear transformation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one is a linear transformation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one is a linear transformation of
+a a single random variable okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a single random variable okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a single random variable okay the
+second is something called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second is something called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second is something called the
+probability integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability integral
+transformation the third is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation the third is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation the third is something
+called a convolution and we've actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a convolution and we've actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a convolution and we've actually
+seen uh an example of a convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen uh an example of a convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen uh an example of a convolution
+earlier in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier in this
+semester and then the the fourth one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester and then the the fourth one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester and then the the fourth one is
+uh order statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh order statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh order statistics
+okay okay so let's start with a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so let's start with a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so let's start with a linear
+transformation so linear Transformations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation so linear Transformations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation so linear Transformations
+come up all the time so it's you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up all the time so it's you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up all the time so it's you know I
+think it's important for us to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's important for us to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's important for us to you know
+sort of have um you know have in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of have um you know have in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of have um you know have in the
+back of our mind or have like formulas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of our mind or have like formulas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of our mind or have like formulas
+available for us to just plug into to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available for us to just plug into to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available for us to just plug into to
+figure out what the distribution of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what the distribution of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what the distribution of a
+linear transformation of of a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear transformation of of a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear transformation of of a random
+variable is so why do linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is so why do linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is so why do linear
+transformations of random variables come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations of random variables come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations of random variables come
+up all the time well uh maybe we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up all the time well uh maybe we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up all the time well uh maybe we have a
+random variable that's measured in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable that's measured in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable that's measured in the
+wrong units so we have the length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong units so we have the length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong units so we have the length of
+Steph Curry's shots in feet but we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steph Curry's shots in feet but we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steph Curry's shots in feet but we want
+them in meters or vice versa okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in meters or vice versa okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in meters or vice versa okay so
+that's just a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a linear
+transformation uh maybe we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation uh maybe we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation uh maybe we have a
+formula that dictates a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that dictates a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that dictates a linear
+relationship between two variables and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between two variables and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between two variables and
+we know how one is distributed so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know how one is distributed so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know how one is distributed so if we
+know how one is distributed then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how one is distributed then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how one is distributed then we
+should be able to figure out how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to figure out how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to figure out how the
+other ones distributed if it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones distributed if it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones distributed if it's just a
+linear uh relationship so for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear uh relationship so for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear uh relationship so for instance
+the number of heating degree days in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of heating degree days in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of heating degree days in the
+month of February could be approximated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month of February could be approximated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month of February could be approximated
+as 28 time 65 minus the average high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as 28 time 65 minus the average high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as 28 time 65 minus the average high
+temperature okay so if we know average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature okay so if we know average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature okay so if we know average
+high temperature we can the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high temperature we can the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high temperature we can the distribution
+of the average high temperature then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the average high temperature then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the average high temperature then we
+can figure out the distribution of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can figure out the distribution of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can figure out the distribution of uh
+number of heating degree days in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of heating degree days in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of heating degree days in the
+month of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month of
+February and then maybe we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+February and then maybe we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+February and then maybe we have a
+situation where there's some Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where there's some Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where there's some Theory
+maybe some economic theory that predicts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe some economic theory that predicts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe some economic theory that predicts
+a linear relationship between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear relationship between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear relationship between two
+variables okay so you know sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables okay so you know sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables okay so you know sort of
+linear Transformations or linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear Transformations or linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear Transformations or linear
+functions of random variables do come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of random variables do come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of random variables do come up
+quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite
+regularly okay so um let X have a PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularly okay so um let X have a PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularly okay so um let X have a PDF
+little f of x and let y be equal to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little f of x and let y be equal to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little f of x and let y be equal to this
+linear transformation ax plus b okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear transformation ax plus b okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear transformation ax plus b okay and
+we're not going to allow a to be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to allow a to be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to allow a to be equal
+to zero because if we allowed a to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero because if we allowed a to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero because if we allowed a to be
+equal to zero then that gives us this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero then that gives us this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero then that gives us this
+sort of degenerate uh random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of degenerate uh random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of degenerate uh random variable
+basically just gives us a point Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just gives us a point Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just gives us a point Mass
+which we're not really interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're not really interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're not really interested in
+that okay so how is y distributed okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so how is y distributed okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so how is y distributed okay
+well we're going to do the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're going to do the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're going to do the same thing
+we're going to go step by step and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go step by step and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go step by step and
+figure out the relevant region of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the relevant region of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the relevant region of the
+the uh support of x to integrate over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh support of x to integrate over to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh support of x to integrate over to
+get the CDF of Y okay so we first write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the CDF of Y okay so we first write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the CDF of Y okay so we first write
+down remind ourselves the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down remind ourselves the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down remind ourselves the definition of
+the CDF so F sub y is just equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CDF so F sub y is just equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CDF so F sub y is just equal to the
+probability that Big Y is is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that Big Y is is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that Big Y is is less than
+or equal to little y it's by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to little y it's by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to little y it's by by
+definition now we plug in the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition now we plug in the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition now we plug in the function
+so that's just equal to the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's just equal to the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's just equal to the probability
+that ax plus b is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ax plus b is less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ax plus b is less than or equal to
+little y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and here we have to split it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and here we have to split it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and here we have to split it up
+into two branches because because the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two branches because because the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two branches because because the um
+the the solving for x is different if uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the solving for x is different if uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the solving for x is different if uh
+a is less than zero or if a is greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is less than zero or if a is greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is less than zero or if a is greater
+than zero okay so if a is greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero okay so if a is greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero okay so if a is greater than
+zero then that's just equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then that's just equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then that's just equal to the
+probability that X is less than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that X is less than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that X is less than or equal
+to Yus B over a and if a is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Yus B over a and if a is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Yus B over a and if a is less than
+zero uh it's just the the um less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh it's just the the um less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh it's just the the um less than
+equal sign gets switched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and so now we've got actually let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so now we've got actually let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so now we've got actually let
+me before I put that out let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me before I put that out let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me before I put that out let me just
+emphasize what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize what we're going to do
+remember we've got the PDF of X and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we've got the PDF of X and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we've got the PDF of X and we
+have two probability statements here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two probability statements here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two probability statements here I
+mean we only care about one of them you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean we only care about one of them you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean we only care about one of them you
+know depending on whether a is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know depending on whether a is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know depending on whether a is positive
+or negative but we've got these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or negative but we've got these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or negative but we've got these
+probability statements involving X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability statements involving X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability statements involving X and
+involving uh you know some other you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving uh you know some other you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving uh you know some other you
+know function of variables or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know function of variables or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know function of variables or whatever
+and so all we have to do is in the PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so all we have to do is in the PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so all we have to do is in the PDF
+over the region described by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the region described by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the region described by that
+probability statement okay is everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability statement okay is everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability statement okay is everyone
+on board with that and what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on board with that and what does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on board with that and what does that
+look like well in the first case we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like well in the first case we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like well in the first case we just
+integrate we're asking what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate we're asking what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate we're asking what's the
+probability that X is less than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that X is less than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that X is less than or equal
+to some value and so we just integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some value and so we just integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some value and so we just integrate
+from negative Infinity up to that value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from negative Infinity up to that value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from negative Infinity up to that value
+the PDF of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PDF of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PDF of
+X that's it okay and then the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X that's it okay and then the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X that's it okay and then the other one
+it sort of uh gets switched around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and by the way I can write this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and by the way I can write this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and by the way I can write this I
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+integrate um from this value up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate um from this value up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate um from this value up to
+Infinity but I could also rewrite this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity but I could also rewrite this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity but I could also rewrite this
+it'll be handy to do this as one minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be handy to do this as one minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be handy to do this as one minus
+this inte this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inte this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inte this
+integral okay because the integral over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral okay because the integral over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral okay because the integral over
+the entire uh support is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire uh support is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire uh support is going to be
+equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now I've got um you know I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I've got um you know I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I've got um you know I have
+these these two uh expressions for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these two uh expressions for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these two uh expressions for the
+CDF and all I have to do is take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDF and all I have to do is take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDF and all I have to do is take the
+derivative to get to get the PDF okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative to get to get the PDF okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative to get to get the PDF okay
+and so I take the derivative in um again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I take the derivative in um again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I take the derivative in um again
+in these sort of two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these sort of two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these sort of two different
+branches and the derivative I'll flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches and the derivative I'll flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches and the derivative I'll flip
+back up the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up the derivative of
+this uh with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh with respect to
+let's see uh with respect to Y is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see uh with respect to Y is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see uh with respect to Y is just
+equal to that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to that um
+expression and uh you know sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and uh you know sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and uh you know sort of
+similarly I'm taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+derivative of this second expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this second expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this second expression
+with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Y to get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y to get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y to get that
+okay and now we have now we're at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now we have now we're at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now we have now we're at this
+point we're done basically uh but we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we're done basically uh but we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we're done basically uh but we can
+rewrite it in maybe a slightly more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite it in maybe a slightly more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite it in maybe a slightly more
+convenient way U by using absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient way U by using absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient way U by using absolute value
+of a so we don't have to carry around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a so we don't have to carry around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a so we don't have to carry around
+these two different um these sort of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two different um these sort of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two different um these sort of two
+different branches so we can just write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different branches so we can just write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different branches so we can just write
+uh write the expression this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh write the expression this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh write the expression this way
+okay so now we have I mean if if x is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we have I mean if if x is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we have I mean if if x is a
+continuous random variable and Y is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous random variable and Y is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous random variable and Y is a
+linear transformation of x uh where a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear transformation of x uh where a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear transformation of x uh where a is
+not equal to zero here we have a formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equal to zero here we have a formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equal to zero here we have a formula
+that we can always just plug into to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can always just plug into to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can always just plug into to get
+the PDF of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+okay okay second example probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay second example probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay second example probability
+integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+transformation so I I uh I like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation so I I uh I like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation so I I uh I like this
+example for two reasons one because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for two reasons one because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for two reasons one because it's
+a little tricky um and the second and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little tricky um and the second and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little tricky um and the second and it
+kind of makes you think in in a a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of makes you think in in a a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of makes you think in in a a way
+you might not be used to thinking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might not be used to thinking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might not be used to thinking and
+the second is that it's super uh useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second is that it's super uh useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second is that it's super uh useful
+okay practically speaking uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay practically speaking uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay practically speaking uh the the
+probability integral transformation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability integral transformation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability integral transformation is
+used like by lots of people all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used like by lots of people all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used like by lots of people all the time
+in all kinds of situations okay so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all kinds of situations okay so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all kinds of situations okay so uh
+let let X uh be continuous and have PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let let X uh be continuous and have PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let let X uh be continuous and have PDF
+a little F ofx and um C F big F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little F ofx and um C F big F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little F ofx and um C F big F
+subx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx
+okay and let y be equal to Big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and let y be equal to Big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and let y be equal to Big
+f subx of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f subx of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f subx of
+x how is y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x how is y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x how is y
+distributed so there's something a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed so there's something a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed so there's something a
+little strange about this right why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little strange about this right why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little strange about this right why
+would we use a CDF which describes we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would we use a CDF which describes we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would we use a CDF which describes we're
+used to thinking of cdfs as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to thinking of cdfs as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to thinking of cdfs as a function
+that described the distribution of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that described the distribution of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that described the distribution of a
+random variable right and that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable right and that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable right and that that's
+what they are but here we're using it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they are but here we're using it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they are but here we're using it to
+actually transform a random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually transform a random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually transform a random variable
+which may seem like a strange thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which may seem like a strange thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which may seem like a strange thing to
+do but why not it's a function I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do but why not it's a function I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do but why not it's a function I mean
+it's a function just like any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a function just like any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a function just like any other
+function so we can consider it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so we can consider it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so we can consider it as
+something that that uh you know we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that that uh you know we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that that uh you know we can
+use to transform a random variable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to transform a random variable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to transform a random variable and
+it turns out there's a reason to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out there's a reason to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out there's a reason to do this
+that you'll see in a minute uh it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll see in a minute uh it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll see in a minute uh it turns
+out that the result is very useful okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that the result is very useful okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that the result is very useful okay
+so now you have to kind of switch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you have to kind of switch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you have to kind of switch the
+way you're thinking about big big F and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you're thinking about big big F and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you're thinking about big big F and
+think of it as just any old function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as just any old function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as just any old function
+that might transform a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might transform a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might transform a random
+variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so first let's note um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so first let's note um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so first let's note um what
+the uh induced support of this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh induced support of this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh induced support of this new
+random variable is so whatever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable is so whatever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable is so whatever the
+support of X is X the support of X can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support of X is X the support of X can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support of X is X the support of X can
+be anything Y is going to live on 01 why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be anything Y is going to live on 01 why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be anything Y is going to live on 01 why
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+that CS it's a CDF exactly cdfs always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that CS it's a CDF exactly cdfs always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that CS it's a CDF exactly cdfs always
+are between zero and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay also note that f subx is invertible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay also note that f subx is invertible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay also note that f subx is invertible
+or at least uh note that I'm claiming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least uh note that I'm claiming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least uh note that I'm claiming
+that f subx is invertible so for f subx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that f subx is invertible so for f subx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that f subx is invertible so for f subx
+to be invertible um you know we've noted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be invertible um you know we've noted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be invertible um you know we've noted
+before that's non decreasing but in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that's non decreasing but in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that's non decreasing but in fact
+if F if x is a continuous random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if F if x is a continuous random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if F if x is a continuous random
+variable over a connected set then uh f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable over a connected set then uh f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable over a connected set then uh f
+subx is going to be invertible okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx is going to be invertible okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx is going to be invertible okay so
+and and the the um we'll we'll sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the the um we'll we'll sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the the um we'll we'll sort of
+assume that in the um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that in the um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that in the um you know
+description of the problem okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of the problem okay so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of the problem okay so we
+have a CDF it it always uh will take on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a CDF it it always uh will take on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a CDF it it always uh will take on
+values between zero and one because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values between zero and one because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values between zero and one because
+that's what cdfs do and it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what cdfs do and it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what cdfs do and it's going to be
+invertible because we're assuming these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible because we're assuming these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible because we're assuming these
+regularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conditions okay so how is y distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions okay so how is y distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions okay so how is y distributed
+well let's just proceed the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's just proceed the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's just proceed the way that
+we've done in the last couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done in the last couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done in the last couple of
+examples so we'll remind ourselves first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples so we'll remind ourselves first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples so we'll remind ourselves first
+what the definition of a CDF is a CDF of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the definition of a CDF is a CDF of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the definition of a CDF is a CDF of
+Y is just equal to the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is just equal to the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is just equal to the probability that
+Big Y is less than or equal to little y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Big Y is less than or equal to little y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Big Y is less than or equal to little y
+now we plug in the function so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we plug in the function so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we plug in the function so that's
+equal to the probability that F big F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the probability that F big F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the probability that F big F
+subx of big X is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx of big X is less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx of big X is less than or equal to
+little y okay and now we solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little y okay and now we solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little y okay and now we solve for
+x and we have that's why we need that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and we have that's why we need that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and we have that's why we need that
+big F is invertible to be able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big F is invertible to be able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big F is invertible to be able to do
+this okay so now we have a probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so now we have a probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so now we have a probability
+statement uh that involves F or sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement uh that involves F or sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement uh that involves F or sorry
+involves X and involves some function or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves X and involves some function or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves X and involves some function or
+some yeah some function of little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some yeah some function of little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some yeah some function of little
+y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+okay and so we actually don't uh in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so we actually don't uh in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so we actually don't uh in this
+case need to do the integration we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case need to do the integration we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case need to do the integration we just
+note that this is the definition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that this is the definition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that this is the definition of the
+CDs f of x evaluated at F inverse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDs f of x evaluated at F inverse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDs f of x evaluated at F inverse of
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+Y and we have the CDF of X so we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and we have the CDF of X so we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and we have the CDF of X so we just
+put it there okay so that's getting from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it there okay so that's getting from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it there okay so that's getting from
+sort of this I don't know the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of this I don't know the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of this I don't know the second
+step down to this step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and what is f big F subx of big F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and what is f big F subx of big F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and what is f big F subx of big F
+subx inverse of little y it's little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx inverse of little y it's little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx inverse of little y it's little
+Y and remember the induced support of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and remember the induced support of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and remember the induced support of
+little Y is the unit interval because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Y is the unit interval because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Y is the unit interval because
+cdfs always uh live on the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cdfs always uh live on the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cdfs always uh live on the unit
+interval okay I'm seeing some puzzled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval okay I'm seeing some puzzled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval okay I'm seeing some puzzled
+looks do you just need a minute for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks do you just need a minute for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks do you just need a minute for this
+to sync in or do you have specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions I I have more to say about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions I I have more to say about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions I I have more to say about
+this by the way but but the next Slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by the way but but the next Slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by the way but but the next Slide
+the the sort of uh this calculation goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sort of uh this calculation goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sort of uh this calculation goes
+away so I want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away so I want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away so I want you
+to ask questions you have about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask questions you have about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask questions you have about this
+before it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it goes
+away yep a few examples of when this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away yep a few examples of when this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away yep a few examples of when this
+would be used yes I will but but coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up is this okay or do you want me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up is this okay or do you want me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up is this okay or do you want me to
+just go through the sort of logic one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go through the sort of logic one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go through the sort of logic one
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+time yeah okay okay so we've got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time yeah okay okay so we've got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time yeah okay okay so we've got this
+function capital f subx don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function capital f subx don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function capital f subx don't think
+about it as a CDF I mean you'll have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it as a CDF I mean you'll have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it as a CDF I mean you'll have to
+go back and forth you'll have to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and forth you'll have to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and forth you'll have to think
+about it as a CDF in in a second but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it as a CDF in in a second but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it as a CDF in in a second but
+right now just think of it as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now just think of it as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now just think of it as a function
+that we can use to transform a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can use to transform a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can use to transform a random
+variable okay just like any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable okay just like any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable okay just like any other
+function so what we do is we start out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so what we do is we start out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so what we do is we start out
+you know sort of in the using sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sort of in the using sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sort of in the using sort of
+the multiple steps to figure out uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multiple steps to figure out uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multiple steps to figure out uh what
+the CDF of this transformed random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CDF of this transformed random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CDF of this transformed random
+variable is going to be and so we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is going to be and so we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is going to be and so we just
+remind ourselves that it's equal to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind ourselves that it's equal to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind ourselves that it's equal to know
+the CDF of Y is equal to the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CDF of Y is equal to the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CDF of Y is equal to the probability
+that Y is less than or equal to little Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Y is less than or equal to little Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Y is less than or equal to little Y
+and that's equal to the probability now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's equal to the probability now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's equal to the probability now
+we're going to plug in the function for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to plug in the function for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to plug in the function for
+y that is f subx of big X okay and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y that is f subx of big X okay and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y that is f subx of big X okay and now
+the next step we solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next step we solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next step we solve for
+x just like we've done before and we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x just like we've done before and we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x just like we've done before and we get
+that it's equal to the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's equal to the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's equal to the probability that
+X is less than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is less than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is less than or equal
+to just think of this as some function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just think of this as some function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just think of this as some function
+over here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here okay
+well what is that by definition that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what is that by definition that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what is that by definition that is
+the um the CDF of big X evaluated at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um the CDF of big X evaluated at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um the CDF of big X evaluated at
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+function and so we write it this way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and so we write it this way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and so we write it this way and
+then uh since F and you know since we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh since F and you know since we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh since F and you know since we're
+taking F of f inverse um of little y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking F of f inverse um of little y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking F of f inverse um of little y
+then the the answer is just little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the the answer is just little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the the answer is just little
+y okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay this may seem a little mysterious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay this may seem a little mysterious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay this may seem a little mysterious
+but I'll do I'll I'll talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll do I'll I'll talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll do I'll I'll talk a little bit
+more about it and uh it may um I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about it and uh it may um I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about it and uh it may um I don't
+know I hope I add a little bit of uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I hope I add a little bit of uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I hope I add a little bit of uh uh
+meat to this discussion let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meat to this discussion let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meat to this discussion let's
+see oh right so this is actually this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see oh right so this is actually this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see oh right so this is actually this is
+uh this is um a very important piece we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is um a very important piece we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is um a very important piece we
+have to recognize what random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to recognize what random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to recognize what random variable
+has a CDF that looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I will tell you it's a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I will tell you it's a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I will tell you it's a random
+variable we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable we've seen
+before it's a random variable yeah the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it's a random variable yeah the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it's a random variable yeah the
+uniform random variable right so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform random variable right so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform random variable right so let me
+draw a picture to convince you of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a picture to convince you of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a picture to convince you of that
+right so does everyone recognize this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so does everyone recognize this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so does everyone recognize this is
+the CDF of a uniform 01 random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CDF of a uniform 01 random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CDF of a uniform 01 random
+variable so remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+PDF of a uniform 01 random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF of a uniform 01 random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF of a uniform 01 random variable
+looks like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like that
+if we integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this then we just get zero up until this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then we just get zero up until this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then we just get zero up until this
+point and then we get uh a line equaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and then we get uh a line equaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and then we get uh a line equaling
+y if this is y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y if this is y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y if this is y
+here up until this point one and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here up until this point one and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here up until this point one and then we
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+one after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you
+agree Okay so let me go back for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree Okay so let me go back for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree Okay so let me go back for a
+second so we figured out what the CDF of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so we figured out what the CDF of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so we figured out what the CDF of
+Y is and it's just equal to little Y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is and it's just equal to little Y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is and it's just equal to little Y and
+that tells us that y has a a uniform 01
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells us that y has a a uniform 01
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells us that y has a a uniform 01
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+okay that's the CDF the only random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the CDF the only random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the CDF the only random
+variable that has that CDF is a uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that has that CDF is a uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that has that CDF is a uniform
+01 random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variable okay so what's the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable okay so what's the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable okay so what's the sort of
+bottom line of this example Le a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom line of this example Le a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom line of this example Le a
+continuous random variable transformed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous random variable transformed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous random variable transformed
+by its own CDF will always have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by its own CDF will always have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by its own CDF will always have a
+uniform 01
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribution any old continuous random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution any old continuous random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution any old continuous random
+variable you take any continuous random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable you take any continuous random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable you take any continuous random
+variable you transform it by its own CDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable you transform it by its own CDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable you transform it by its own CDF
+it becomes a uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes a uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes a uniform
+zer1 okay so how could this be useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zer1 okay so how could this be useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zer1 okay so how could this be useful
+what's the sort of practical uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the sort of practical uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the sort of practical uh
+application of something like this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of something like this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of something like this I
+mean I happen to think it's pretty cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I happen to think it's pretty cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I happen to think it's pretty cool
+but um that's that doesn't tell you why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um that's that doesn't tell you why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um that's that doesn't tell you why
+it's useful okay um but before I tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's useful okay um but before I tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's useful okay um but before I tell
+you why it's useful let's also think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you why it's useful let's also think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you why it's useful let's also think
+about whether this can work sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether this can work sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether this can work sort of
+going the other way okay so can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going the other way okay so can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going the other way okay so can we
+transform a uniform 01 random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform a uniform 01 random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform a uniform 01 random variable
+by the inverse of a CDF and get a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the inverse of a CDF and get a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the inverse of a CDF and get a random
+variable with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+CDF and I will tell you um without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDF and I will tell you um without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDF and I will tell you um without
+making you puzzle over this for too long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making you puzzle over this for too long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making you puzzle over this for too long
+that the answer is yes okay so we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the answer is yes okay so we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the answer is yes okay so we need
+to have some uh regularity conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have some uh regularity conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have some uh regularity conditions
+like X is uh like you know sort of U the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like X is uh like you know sort of U the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like X is uh like you know sort of U the
+random variable is continuous on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable is continuous on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable is continuous on a
+connected set and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected set and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected set and so forth
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+okay again pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay again pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay again pretty
+cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool
+now interesting but how can this be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now interesting but how can this be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now interesting but how can this be
+useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let me talk for just a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me talk for just a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me talk for just a minute
+about performing computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about performing computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about performing computer
+simulations have any of you uh written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations have any of you uh written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations have any of you uh written
+computer code to do simulations before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer code to do simulations before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer code to do simulations before
+yeah did you use did you have to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah did you use did you have to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah did you use did you have to use
+random draws from some distribution okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random draws from some distribution okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random draws from some distribution okay
+um do you remember what distribution G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um do you remember what distribution G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um do you remember what distribution G
+distribution a gan distribution okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution a gan distribution okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution a gan distribution okay
+yeah so a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so a normal
+distribution um Okay so suppose that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution um Okay so suppose that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution um Okay so suppose that we
+want to write a computer simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to write a computer simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to write a computer simulation
+we're interested in the spread of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in the spread of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in the spread of some
+virus over time in a school population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus over time in a school population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus over time in a school population
+for instance and we've got lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance and we've got lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance and we've got lots of
+pieces that go into our simulation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces that go into our simulation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces that go into our simulation and
+some of them we have like actual data on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them we have like actual data on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them we have like actual data on
+and others we have to make assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others we have to make assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others we have to make assumptions
+about the distribution of certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the distribution of certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the distribution of certain
+variables to feed into the simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables to feed into the simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables to feed into the simulation
+okay so to perform the simulation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so to perform the simulation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so to perform the simulation we
+might need random draws from a uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might need random draws from a uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might need random draws from a uniform
+distribution to model the propor of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution to model the propor of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution to model the propor of the
+school population that was infected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school population that was infected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school population that was infected
+initially with the virus okay we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially with the virus okay we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially with the virus okay we might
+need uh random draws from an exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need uh random draws from an exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need uh random draws from an exponential
+distribution to model the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution to model the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution to model the physical
+proximity of children during PE class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proximity of children during PE class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proximity of children during PE class
+maybe that gets fed into our uh computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that gets fed into our uh computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that gets fed into our uh computer
+simulation and maybe we need random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation and maybe we need random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation and maybe we need random
+draws from a beta distribution to model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draws from a beta distribution to model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draws from a beta distribution to model
+humidity uh inside the school on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humidity uh inside the school on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humidity uh inside the school on
+different dates maybe the humidity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different dates maybe the humidity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different dates maybe the humidity
+affects how the virus how transmissible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects how the virus how transmissible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects how the virus how transmissible
+the virus is or something like that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the virus is or something like that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the virus is or something like that so
+we have we want to sort of Fe all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have we want to sort of Fe all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have we want to sort of Fe all these
+different pieces into our computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different pieces into our computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different pieces into our computer
+simulation but we need random draws we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation but we need random draws we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation but we need random draws we
+have reason to believe that the humidity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have reason to believe that the humidity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have reason to believe that the humidity
+follows a beta distribution say but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows a beta distribution say but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows a beta distribution say but we
+need random draws from the beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need random draws from the beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need random draws from the beta
+distribution for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution for the
+simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation
+well what happens if the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what happens if the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what happens if the computer
+language that we're using only generates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that we're using only generates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that we're using only generates
+random draws from a uniform zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random draws from a uniform zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random draws from a uniform zero
+one so that's not actually so uncommon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so that's not actually so uncommon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so that's not actually so uncommon
+there are lots of uh sort of computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of uh sort of computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of uh sort of computer
+languages that may also Generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that may also Generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that may also Generate
+gaussian random draws because those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian random draws because those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian random draws because those are
+pretty common um but there may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty common um but there may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty common um but there may not be
+you know sort of it in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sort of it in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sort of it in in the
+statistical package or the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical package or the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical package or the computer
+language that you're using there might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that you're using there might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that you're using there might
+not be any way to Generate random draws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be any way to Generate random draws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be any way to Generate random draws
+from a beta distribution or any way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a beta distribution or any way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a beta distribution or any way to
+to Generate random draws from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Generate random draws from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Generate random draws from an
+exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential
+distribution well I've just given you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution well I've just given you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution well I've just given you
+the tools to do it okay so how is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tools to do it okay so how is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tools to do it okay so how is that
+exactly yep uh so that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly yep uh so that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly yep uh so that that
+to uh need random untion of school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh need random untion of school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh need random untion of school
+corporation that kind so basically uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporation that kind so basically uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporation that kind so basically uh
+what does that exactly mean so uh I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that exactly mean so uh I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that exactly mean so uh I take
+a sample of students and say that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sample of students and say that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sample of students and say that they
+are intive yeah so I guess the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are intive yeah so I guess the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are intive yeah so I guess the the the
+um I I haven't necessarily thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I haven't necessarily thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I haven't necessarily thought
+through all of the details of how one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all of the details of how one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all of the details of how one
+would write a computer simulation like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would write a computer simulation like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would write a computer simulation like
+this but one idea I had was that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but one idea I had was that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but one idea I had was that you
+might want to start with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to start with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to start with different
+proportions of the population having the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportions of the population having the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportions of the population having the
+virus and see how quickly or slowly it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus and see how quickly or slowly it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus and see how quickly or slowly it
+spreads depending on how you know and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreads depending on how you know and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreads depending on how you know and so
+then you might want to take a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you might want to take a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you might want to take a random
+draw from a uniform distribution and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw from a uniform distribution and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw from a uniform distribution and say
+oh we'll start with 3% of the school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh we'll start with 3% of the school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh we'll start with 3% of the school
+population having them yeah exactly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population having them yeah exactly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population having them yeah exactly so
+um okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay
+so and I should say also I I sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and I should say also I I sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and I should say also I I sort of
+said this just a second ago random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said this just a second ago random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said this just a second ago random
+number generators tables of random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number generators tables of random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number generators tables of random
+digits many other sources of random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits many other sources of random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits many other sources of random
+random and pseudo random numbers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random and pseudo random numbers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random and pseudo random numbers are
+giving you uniform random numbers okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you uniform random numbers okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you uniform random numbers okay
+so if all you have is uniform random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if all you have is uniform random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if all you have is uniform random
+numbers but you want number you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers but you want number you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers but you want number you know
+random draws from a beta distribution a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random draws from a beta distribution a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random draws from a beta distribution a
+random draws from an exponential then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random draws from an exponential then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random draws from an exponential then
+this transformation is how to do it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this transformation is how to do it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this transformation is how to do it so
+specifically if you knew or could look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically if you knew or could look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically if you knew or could look
+up in a book The cdfs of whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in a book The cdfs of whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in a book The cdfs of whatever
+distributions you were interested in say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions you were interested in say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions you were interested in say
+the exponential and the beta you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential and the beta you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential and the beta you could
+then compute the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then compute the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then compute the inverse
+cdfs and then use those functions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cdfs and then use those functions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cdfs and then use those functions to
+transform the random draws from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform the random draws from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform the random draws from a
+uniform 01 into random draws from say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform 01 into random draws from say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform 01 into random draws from say
+exponential and beta distributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and beta distributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and beta distributions
+okay so um the uh there may be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um the uh there may be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um the uh there may be a
+question on the next problem set asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question on the next problem set asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question on the next problem set asking
+you to Generate random draws from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to Generate random draws from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to Generate random draws from
+distributions other than the uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions other than the uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions other than the uniform
+distribution and now you know how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and now you know how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and now you know how to do
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+okay you just draw the plots and explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you just draw the plots and explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you just draw the plots and explain
+step by step how what what you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step by step how what what you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step by step how what what you would
+draw so CDF of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw so CDF of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw so CDF of the
+exponential so off the top of my head I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential so off the top of my head I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential so off the top of my head I
+don't know what the CDF of the ex I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what the CDF of the ex I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what the CDF of the ex I mean
+I can draw it I think but so here's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can draw it I think but so here's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can draw it I think but so here's what
+the exponential distribution looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential distribution looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential distribution looks
+like and so the CDF this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and so the CDF this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and so the CDF this is the
+PDF of exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the CDF is going to look something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the CDF is going to look something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the CDF is going to look something
+like this it's going to be zero and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this it's going to be zero and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this it's going to be zero and then
+it's going to ASM toote out to one okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to ASM toote out to one okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to ASM toote out to one okay
+I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't
+remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+um if I try if I tried to write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I try if I tried to write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I try if I tried to write down the
+formula I'd probably screw it up or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula I'd probably screw it up or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula I'd probably screw it up or
+something um but uh you could you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something um but uh you could you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something um but uh you could you can
+find the CDF in any statistics textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the CDF in any statistics textbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the CDF in any statistics textbook
+or probability textbook so you just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or probability textbook so you just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or probability textbook so you just take
+that CDF you figure out what the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that CDF you figure out what the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that CDF you figure out what the inverse
+of that CDF is and that's the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that CDF is and that's the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that CDF is and that's the function
+you use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use to
+transform uniform random draws into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform uniform random draws into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform uniform random draws into
+random draws from the exponential so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random draws from the exponential so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random draws from the exponential so the
+inverse also has a plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse also has a plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse also has a plot
+and can also be pled that's right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can also be pled that's right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can also be pled that's right okay
+the inverse of that CDF is a uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse of that CDF is a uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse of that CDF is a uniform
+distribution sorry if you if you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution sorry if you if you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution sorry if you if you take a
+uniform no no no this is this is great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform no no no this is this is great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform no no no this is this is great
+because I'm sure you're not the only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm sure you're not the only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm sure you're not the only one
+who's a little puzzled by this you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's a little puzzled by this you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's a little puzzled by this you take
+a form distribution you transform it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a form distribution you transform it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a form distribution you transform it by
+the inverse of this CDF you get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exponential and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and then it
+follows that if you have random draws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows that if you have random draws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows that if you have random draws
+random numbers generated from a uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random numbers generated from a uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random numbers generated from a uniform
+distribution and you use that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and you use that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and you use that the
+inverse of the CDF to transform each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of the CDF to transform each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of the CDF to transform each of
+those numbers then those will be random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those numbers then those will be random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those numbers then those will be random
+draws from an exponential distribution I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draws from an exponential distribution I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draws from an exponential distribution I
+would mathematically the F inverse uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would mathematically the F inverse uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would mathematically the F inverse uh
+that give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that give a
+picture I'm not sure exactly what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture I'm not sure exactly what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture I'm not sure exactly what you're
+asking so how do you how how would I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking so how do you how how would I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking so how do you how how would I
+write the same thing that you said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the same thing that you said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the same thing that you said that
+we take a inverse of a exponential and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take a inverse of a exponential and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take a inverse of a exponential and
+then transform the uniform random yep if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then transform the uniform random yep if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then transform the uniform random yep if
+you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could
+write F inverse I don't know I I to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write F inverse I don't know I I to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write F inverse I don't know I I to be
+honest I don't know off the top of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest I don't know off the top of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest I don't know off the top of my
+head with this with the CDF of the expon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head with this with the CDF of the expon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head with this with the CDF of the expon
+of of f oh just uh so so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just uh let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh let's see
+sorry no where did I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it well I guess yes I guess I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well I guess yes I guess I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well I guess yes I guess I didn't
+write the the equation here so I have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the the equation here so I have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the the equation here so I have it
+in words we just transform a uniform 01
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in words we just transform a uniform 01
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in words we just transform a uniform 01
+random variable by the inverse of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable by the inverse of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable by the inverse of the
+CDF and we get a random variable with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDF and we get a random variable with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDF and we get a random variable with
+that CDF so it's just um you know we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that CDF so it's just um you know we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that CDF so it's just um you know we can
+just take if x is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uniform and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform and
+Y is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to of let's see I'm going to call I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to of let's see I'm going to call I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to of let's see I'm going to call I'm
+going to call this z uh to avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call this z uh to avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call this z uh to avoid
+confusion so we have a new random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion so we have a new random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion so we have a new random
+variable Y and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable Y and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable Y and this
+is a function of X and in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function of X and in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function of X and in particular
+it's this function of X we take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this function of X we take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this function of X we take the
+inverse of where we take the inverse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of where we take the inverse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of where we take the inverse of
+the CDF of Z and transform X by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CDF of Z and transform X by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CDF of Z and transform X by that
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+Z is distributed uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exponential okay then y will have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential okay then y will have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential okay then y will have an
+exponential distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so you guys might not be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you guys might not be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you guys might not be able to
+see the board as well but you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the board as well but you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the board as well but you have
+questions everything's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions everything's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions everything's
+okay okay so we have X uniform we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so we have X uniform we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so we have X uniform we
+transform X in this particular way where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform X in this particular way where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform X in this particular way where
+where this is the inverse CDF of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this is the inverse CDF of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this is the inverse CDF of an
+exponential then the resulting random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential then the resulting random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential then the resulting random
+variable Y is going to have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable Y is going to have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable Y is going to have an
+exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential
+distribution yes taking just means one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution yes taking just means one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution yes taking just means one
+over the CQ just that no the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the CQ just that no the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the CQ just that no the inverse
+function the inverse function yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the inverse function yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the inverse function yeah and
+so now y becomes a exponential random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now y becomes a exponential random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now y becomes a exponential random
+generator y becomes an exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator y becomes an exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator y becomes an exponential
+random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable
+yes yes so if if then what you do is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes so if if then what you do is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes so if if then what you do is you
+have random draws from a uniform then um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have random draws from a uniform then um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have random draws from a uniform then um
+and you transform each random draw by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you transform each random draw by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you transform each random draw by
+this function they'll be random draws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function they'll be random draws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function they'll be random draws
+from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an
+exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential
+okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay
+so let me move on although it seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me move on although it seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me move on although it seems like
+you still have questions lingering so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still have questions lingering so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still have questions lingering so
+I'm happy to uh do uh another example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm happy to uh do uh another example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm happy to uh do uh another example
+involving um this uh probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving um this uh probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving um this uh probability
+integral transformation next time okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral transformation next time okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral transformation next time okay
+but I'll move on to uh our next example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next example is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next example is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next example is a
+convolution okay so uh convolution has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution okay so uh convolution has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution okay so uh convolution has a
+specific meaning in math and it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific meaning in math and it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific meaning in math and it has
+actually even a more specific meaning in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually even a more specific meaning in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually even a more specific meaning in
+the context of probability and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of probability and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of probability and in
+particular it refers to the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular it refers to the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular it refers to the sum of
+independent random variables Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent random variables Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent random variables Okay so
+we've already seen one example uh where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already seen one example uh where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already seen one example uh where
+cared about the sum of independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cared about the sum of independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cared about the sum of independent
+random variables although we didn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables although we didn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables although we didn't know
+at the time that they were independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time that they were independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time that they were independent
+random variables what was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example the pills the yes the pills the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the pills the yes the pills the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the pills the yes the pills the
+headache example exactly okay so we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headache example exactly okay so we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headache example exactly okay so we were
+interested in the sum there because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the sum there because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the sum there because I
+could take the two pills sequentially so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take the two pills sequentially so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take the two pills sequentially so
+the distribution of the sum of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution of the sum of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution of the sum of their
+effective lives was of Interest okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective lives was of Interest okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective lives was of Interest okay and
+there are lots of cases where we care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of cases where we care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of cases where we care
+about the sum of random variables so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the sum of random variables so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the sum of random variables so you
+know questions can arise in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know questions can arise in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know questions can arise in many
+contexts the total value of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contexts the total value of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contexts the total value of two
+Investments for instance let's say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Investments for instance let's say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Investments for instance let's say I
+have uh you know sort of my uh 401K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh you know sort of my uh 401K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh you know sort of my uh 401K
+invested in one place and my husband has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invested in one place and my husband has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invested in one place and my husband has
+his 401k invested in another place well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his 401k invested in another place well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his 401k invested in another place well
+it's all going to kind of get mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all going to kind of get mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all going to kind of get mixed
+together at some point so we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together at some point so we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together at some point so we don't
+really care about each one separately we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really care about each one separately we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really care about each one separately we
+care about the sum of the the two random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about the sum of the the two random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about the sum of the the two random
+variables that represent the values in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that represent the values in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that represent the values in
+those two accounts okay uh maybe we care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two accounts okay uh maybe we care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two accounts okay uh maybe we care
+about the total number of successes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the total number of successes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the total number of successes in
+two independent sets of Trials so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two independent sets of Trials so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two independent sets of Trials so
+there's some set of Trials that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some set of Trials that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some set of Trials that's uh
+happening in one lab and another set in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in one lab and another set in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in one lab and another set in
+another lab and they just we split them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another lab and they just we split them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another lab and they just we split them
+up because we didn't have the capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up because we didn't have the capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up because we didn't have the capacity
+in any one lab to do all of the trials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any one lab to do all of the trials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any one lab to do all of the trials
+but what we really care about is the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we really care about is the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we really care about is the sum
+okay and so there are lots of cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so there are lots of cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so there are lots of cases
+where uh you know so some of independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh you know so some of independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh you know so some of independent
+random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables
+arises okay and I should also say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arises okay and I should also say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arises okay and I should also say that
+what I'm going to do here generalizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do here generalizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do here generalizes
+naturally in two ways so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally in two ways so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally in two ways so I'm going to
+talk about the sum of two independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the sum of two independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the sum of two independent
+random variables but uh it generalizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables but uh it generalizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables but uh it generalizes
+naturally to the sum of N independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally to the sum of N independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally to the sum of N independent
+random variables and then it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables and then it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables and then it also
+generalizes naturally to the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizes naturally to the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizes naturally to the linear
+function of independent random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of independent random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of independent random variables
+so we can uh you know sort of what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can uh you know sort of what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can uh you know sort of what I'm
+doing here is sort of uh even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing here is sort of uh even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing here is sort of uh even more
+General than what I'm going to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General than what I'm going to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General than what I'm going to show you
+but I'm just going to do the simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm just going to do the simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm just going to do the simple
+version okay so let X be continuous uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version okay so let X be continuous uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version okay so let X be continuous uh
+with PDF uh F subx and Y is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with PDF uh F subx and Y is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with PDF uh F subx and Y is also
+continuous with PDF F suby and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous with PDF F suby and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous with PDF F suby and they're
+independent okay then let Z be their sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent okay then let Z be their sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent okay then let Z be their sum
+what is the PDF of Z so remember in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the PDF of Z so remember in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the PDF of Z so remember in the
+headache example we actually computed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headache example we actually computed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headache example we actually computed
+what the PDF of Z was you might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the PDF of Z was you might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the PDF of Z was you might not
+remember that but what we did is when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that but what we did is when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that but what we did is when we
+we cared about we hadn't even talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we cared about we hadn't even talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we cared about we hadn't even talked
+about functions of random variables yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about functions of random variables yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about functions of random variables yet
+but what we cared about was the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we cared about was the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we cared about was the sum of
+them when I asked you know what if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them when I asked you know what if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them when I asked you know what if I
+take the pill sequentially we cared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the pill sequentially we cared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the pill sequentially we cared
+about whether the sum was going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether the sum was going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether the sum was going to be
+greater than or or less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or or less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or or less than or equal to
+some number so we sort of uh found the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number so we sort of uh found the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number so we sort of uh found the
+region of the XY plane over which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of the XY plane over which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of the XY plane over which we
+should uh integrate we sort of Drew the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should uh integrate we sort of Drew the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should uh integrate we sort of Drew the
+line x + y is equal to Z little Z or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line x + y is equal to Z little Z or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line x + y is equal to Z little Z or
+something like that and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and then we
+integrated over that region of the XY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated over that region of the XY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated over that region of the XY
+plane okay and then that gave us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane okay and then that gave us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane okay and then that gave us a
+probability that x + y was less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that x + y was less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that x + y was less than
+little Z and that is in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Z and that is in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Z and that is in fact the
+definition of the CDF of the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the CDF of the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the CDF of the sum of
+those two random variables okay so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two random variables okay so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two random variables okay so let
+me so we'll proceed similarly to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me so we'll proceed similarly to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me so we'll proceed similarly to the
+headache example oh I should say one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headache example oh I should say one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headache example oh I should say one
+difference is in the headache example I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is in the headache example I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is in the headache example I
+just gave you the joint PDF we hadn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gave you the joint PDF we hadn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gave you the joint PDF we hadn't
+even talked we hadn't even um introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even talked we hadn't even um introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even talked we hadn't even um introduced
+independent random variables yet so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent random variables yet so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent random variables yet so I
+just gave you the joint PDF but in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gave you the joint PDF but in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gave you the joint PDF but in fact
+they were independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were independent
+okay we can easily get the joint PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we can easily get the joint PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we can easily get the joint PDF
+here because we know the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because we know the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because we know the random
+variables are independent so we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are independent so we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are independent so we just
+multiply the marginal PDFs to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply the marginal PDFs to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply the marginal PDFs to get the
+joint okay then once we do that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint okay then once we do that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint okay then once we do that it's
+exactly the same as the headache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example okay okay so I think this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example okay okay so I think this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example okay okay so I think this is
+what I said just a minute ago we set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I said just a minute ago we set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I said just a minute ago we set up
+the double integral to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the double integral to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the double integral to get the
+probability that x + y was less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that x + y was less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that x + y was less than or
+equal to little Z and that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to little Z and that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to little Z and that is the
+definition of the CDF of this new random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the CDF of this new random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the CDF of this new random
+variable Z and then we took the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable Z and then we took the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable Z and then we took the
+derivative to get the PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative to get the PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative to get the PDF
+okay and so I won't go through the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so I won't go through the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so I won't go through the sort
+of math again you can look back at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of math again you can look back at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of math again you can look back at the
+the headache example if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the headache example if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the headache example if you're
+interested but uh that method works and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested but uh that method works and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested but uh that method works and
+there are other methods that uh could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other methods that uh could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other methods that uh could
+also work and so what we get is we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also work and so what we get is we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also work and so what we get is we get
+that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+CDF is equal to um this uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDF is equal to um this uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDF is equal to um this uh this
+expression now the difference remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression now the difference remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression now the difference remember
+that in the headache example I gave you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the headache example I gave you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the headache example I gave you
+the joint PDF and here we're leaving it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the joint PDF and here we're leaving it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the joint PDF and here we're leaving it
+General instead of specifying a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General instead of specifying a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General instead of specifying a
+particular joint PDF I say uh each each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular joint PDF I say uh each each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular joint PDF I say uh each each
+one of these random variables has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these random variables has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these random variables has
+they're independent and they have their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're independent and they have their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're independent and they have their
+own PDFs and so the joint PDF is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own PDFs and so the joint PDF is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own PDFs and so the joint PDF is just
+this okay so it'll look a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so it'll look a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so it'll look a little
+different from the headache example but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the headache example but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the headache example but
+basically this is what uh one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this is what uh one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this is what uh one of the
+steps of the headache example looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps of the headache example looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps of the headache example looked
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and so once we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so once we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so once we have the
+CDF then uh we can just um take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDF then uh we can just um take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDF then uh we can just um take the
+derivative and get the PDF yes the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and get the PDF yes the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and get the PDF yes the limit
+of thetion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thetion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thetion is
+X yes exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X yes exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X yes exactly
+yeah yeah so if you could you can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so if you could you can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so if you could you can go
+back to the headache example and see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the headache example and see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the headache example and see the
+pictures that we drew of the the support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures that we drew of the the support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures that we drew of the the support
+and the joint PDF and how we drew the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the joint PDF and how we drew the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the joint PDF and how we drew the
+line uh where X Plus Y is equal to Z and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line uh where X Plus Y is equal to Z and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line uh where X Plus Y is equal to Z and
+um and you'll and you'll get the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you'll and you'll get the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you'll and you'll get the same
+limits of integration the I guess the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits of integration the I guess the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits of integration the I guess the
+other Pro the other difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Pro the other difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Pro the other difference between
+this and the headache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and the headache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and the headache
+example is that in the headache example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is that in the headache example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is that in the headache example
+the random variables were um only took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random variables were um only took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random variables were um only took
+on non- negative values and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on non- negative values and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on non- negative values and so the
+limits of integration here were Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits of integration here were Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits of integration here were Z
+started at zero instead of negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started at zero instead of negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started at zero instead of negative
+Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so now we have um based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so now we have um based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so now we have um based on
+this example we have a formula that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example we have a formula that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example we have a formula that we
+can just plug into uh for sums of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just plug into uh for sums of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just plug into uh for sums of
+independent random variables okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent random variables okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent random variables okay and
+this is the volution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formula okay last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula okay last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula okay last
+example this is a this is a this one may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this is a this is a this one may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this is a this is a this one may
+take a while so we might not get through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a while so we might not get through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a while so we might not get through
+all of it today but that's all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of it today but that's all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of it today but that's all right so
+I told you before that the uniform was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I told you before that the uniform was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I told you before that the uniform was
+my favorite distribution well order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my favorite distribution well order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my favorite distribution well order
+statistics are my favorite function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics are my favorite function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics are my favorite function of
+random variables so that may be enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables so that may be enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables so that may be enough
+motivation for you guys to be excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation for you guys to be excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation for you guys to be excited
+about this example if it's not then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this example if it's not then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this example if it's not then I
+will tell you that um order statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell you that um order statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell you that um order statistics
+can be very useful in economic modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be very useful in economic modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be very useful in economic modeling
+we're going to be see an example of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be see an example of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be see an example of that
+next time uh involving auctions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time uh involving auctions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time uh involving auctions and
+they're also the basis for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also the basis for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also the basis for some
+important estimators so there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important estimators so there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important estimators so there's a lot of
+sort of important applications of order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+statistics okay so let uh X1 through xn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics okay so let uh X1 through xn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics okay so let uh X1 through xn
+X sub1 through X subn be continuous in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X sub1 through X subn be continuous in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X sub1 through X subn be continuous in
+independent identically distributed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent identically distributed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent identically distributed and
+they since they're identically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they since they're identically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they since they're identically
+distributed they all have the same PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed they all have the same PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed they all have the same PDF
+okay that's just the uh F sub capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's just the uh F sub capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's just the uh F sub capital
+x okay and I should say that this um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x okay and I should say that this um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x okay and I should say that this um the
+having sort of a set of independent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having sort of a set of independent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having sort of a set of independent and
+identically distributed random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically distributed random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically distributed random variables
+this comes up all the time okay so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this comes up all the time okay so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this comes up all the time okay so when
+we start talking about statistics we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start talking about statistics we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start talking about statistics we
+will often sort of use this as our first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will often sort of use this as our first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will often sort of use this as our first
+assumption and so uh because it comes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption and so uh because it comes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption and so uh because it comes up
+a lot we have sort of different names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot we have sort of different names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot we have sort of different names
+for it uh we can abbreviate independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it uh we can abbreviate independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it uh we can abbreviate independent
+identically distributed as IID okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically distributed as IID okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically distributed as IID okay so
+we'll see that you'll you uh you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see that you'll you uh you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see that you'll you uh you'll see
+that in many contexts you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in many contexts you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in many contexts you know in
+probability and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and
+statistics and um furthermore a group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics and um furthermore a group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics and um furthermore a group of
+IID random variables uh is also called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IID random variables uh is also called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IID random variables uh is also called a
+random sample okay so I'll I'll use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random sample okay so I'll I'll use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random sample okay so I'll I'll use
+those terms interchangeably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those terms interchangeably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those terms interchangeably
+IID um you know random variables or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IID um you know random variables or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IID um you know random variables or
+random sample sometimes I'll say both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random sample sometimes I'll say both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random sample sometimes I'll say both
+and say IID random sample that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and so we've got this set of random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we've got this set of random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we've got this set of random
+variables they're independent they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables they're independent they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables they're independent they
+they're identically distributed because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're identically distributed because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're identically distributed because
+they're independent remember we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're independent remember we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're independent remember we don't
+need to know be told what their joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know be told what their joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know be told what their joint
+distribution is we only need their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is we only need their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is we only need their
+marginals because we can always find The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginals because we can always find The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginals because we can always find The
+Joint because they're in dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joint because they're in dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joint because they're in dependent
+okay and let's consider the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and let's consider the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and let's consider the following
+function we'll call it Y subn and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we'll call it Y subn and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we'll call it Y subn and it's
+the max of x sub one through X subn okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the max of x sub one through X subn okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the max of x sub one through X subn okay
+so that might seem like kind of a funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that might seem like kind of a funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that might seem like kind of a funny
+thing to consider because I've told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to consider because I've told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to consider because I've told you
+these are identically distributed they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are identically distributed they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are identically distributed they
+all have the same PDF but if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have the same PDF but if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have the same PDF but if you think
+about you have to kind of maybe be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you have to kind of maybe be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you have to kind of maybe be a
+little more expansive in the way you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more expansive in the way you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more expansive in the way you're
+thinking about these random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about these random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about these random variables
+and what xen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what xen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what xen is
+it's how the if you think of of a each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's how the if you think of of a each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's how the if you think of of a each
+one of these random variables is having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these random variables is having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these random variables is having
+a realization associated with it okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a realization associated with it okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a realization associated with it okay so
+like in a particular random sample we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in a particular random sample we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in a particular random sample we
+have the set of random variables but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the set of random variables but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the set of random variables but
+each one is you know is a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one is you know is a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one is you know is a particular
+realization from the from the uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realization from the from the uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realization from the from the uh um
+support okay or from the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support okay or from the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support okay or from the distribution
+the largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest
+realization is the nth order statistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we can also Define similarly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we can also Define similarly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we can also Define similarly the
+first order statistic as the smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order statistic as the smallest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order statistic as the smallest
+value uh the second order statistic is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value uh the second order statistic is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value uh the second order statistic is
+the second smallest value Etc okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second smallest value Etc okay so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second smallest value Etc okay so we
+can have a whole set of order statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have a whole set of order statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have a whole set of order statistics
+if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+want and so the question is how is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and so the question is how is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and so the question is how is the
+nth order statistic distributed well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nth order statistic distributed well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nth order statistic distributed well
+let's figure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out so we start the way that we often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so we start the way that we often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so we start the way that we often
+like to start by reminding ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to start by reminding ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to start by reminding ourselves
+what the CDF what the definition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the CDF what the definition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the CDF what the definition of the
+CDF is so we say that the CDF of the nth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDF is so we say that the CDF of the nth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDF is so we say that the CDF of the nth
+order statistic is just equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order statistic is just equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order statistic is just equal to the
+probability that the nth order statistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the nth order statistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the nth order statistic
+is less than or equal to some value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to some value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to some value
+little y okay and since we have um oh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little y okay and since we have um oh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little y okay and since we have um oh so
+by definition by by the way we defined a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by definition by by the way we defined a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by definition by by the way we defined a
+y subn we can then plug in uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y subn we can then plug in uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y subn we can then plug in uh this
+probability statement in the place of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability statement in the place of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability statement in the place of
+the second one so we can say that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one so we can say that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one so we can say that's
+equal to the probability that X1 is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the probability that X1 is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the probability that X1 is less
+than uh sorry that looks like y sub one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than uh sorry that looks like y sub one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than uh sorry that looks like y sub one
+it's actually y comma okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually y comma okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually y comma okay so the
+probability that X1 is less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that X1 is less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that X1 is less than or
+equal to Y and the probability that X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Y and the probability that X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Y and the probability that X2
+is less than or equal to Y and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to Y and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to Y and so forth
+up to the probability that xn X subn is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to the probability that xn X subn is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to the probability that xn X subn is
+less than or equal to y so is everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to y so is everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to y so is everyone
+on board with that step that comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on board with that step that comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on board with that step that comes from
+the definition of Max basically if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of Max basically if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of Max basically if
+something is the max that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is the max that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is the max that means
+everything else has to be less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else has to be less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else has to be less than
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay ah but we know these guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay ah but we know these guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay ah but we know these guys are
+independent so that big probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so that big probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so that big probability
+statement that probability statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement that probability statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement that probability statement
+that involved uh intersection of lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involved uh intersection of lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involved uh intersection of lots of
+different events we can write that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different events we can write that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different events we can write that as
+the product of the intersection or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of the intersection or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of the intersection or the
+product of those events okay instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of those events okay instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of those events okay instead of
+the probability of the intersection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of the intersection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of the intersection of
+this big complicated event okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this big complicated event okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this big complicated event okay so
+that's just equal to the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just equal to the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just equal to the probability
+that X1 is less than y times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X1 is less than y times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X1 is less than y times the
+probability X2 is less than y and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability X2 is less than y and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability X2 is less than y and so
+forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth
+okay so we get that from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we get that from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we get that from
+Independence and well what are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence and well what are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence and well what are those
+things those are in fact just the CDF of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things those are in fact just the CDF of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things those are in fact just the CDF of
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+evaluated at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at
+y multipli by itself n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y multipli by itself n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y multipli by itself n
+times that's what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that's what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that's what it
+is so um and and the this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so um and and the this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so um and and the this is this is
+true because these are identically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true because these are identically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true because these are identically
+distributed so each one of these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed so each one of these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed so each one of these uh
+Capital FS is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay well that was easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well that was easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well that was easy
+right okay well now we've got the CDF of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay well now we've got the CDF of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay well now we've got the CDF of
+the enor order statistic let's take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enor order statistic let's take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enor order statistic let's take the
+derivative to get the PDF and so we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative to get the PDF and so we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative to get the PDF and so we do
+that and it's just simply we we just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and it's just simply we we just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and it's just simply we we just uh
+you know sort of uh take when we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sort of uh take when we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sort of uh take when we take
+the derivative we get n * the CDF raised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative we get n * the CDF raised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative we get n * the CDF raised
+to the N minus one times the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the N minus one times the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the N minus one times the derivative
+of what was inside here which is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what was inside here which is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what was inside here which is just
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF
+okay pretty cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how is the first order statistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is the first order statistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is the first order statistic
+distributed well um we can do a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed well um we can do a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed well um we can do a similar
+calculation and it's going to uh lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation and it's going to uh lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation and it's going to uh lead to
+um the the PDF of the first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the PDF of the first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the PDF of the first order
+statistic looking like this and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic looking like this and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic looking like this and that
+probably probably won't take you too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably probably won't take you too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably probably won't take you too
+much convincing to see why that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much convincing to see why that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much convincing to see why that's
+true okay and in fact we can do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true okay and in fact we can do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true okay and in fact we can do this
+with the second order statistic third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the second order statistic third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the second order statistic third
+order statistic those get a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order statistic those get a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order statistic those get a little bit
+more complicated uh as you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated uh as you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated uh as you can imagine
+because we don't have a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't have a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't have a whole bunch of
+events of like everything being less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events of like everything being less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events of like everything being less
+than uh you know we we have to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than uh you know we we have to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than uh you know we we have to sort of
+consider uh the different permutations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider uh the different permutations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider uh the different permutations
+of ways that we can get you know sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ways that we can get you know sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ways that we can get you know sort of
+n one of the order statistics less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n one of the order statistics less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n one of the order statistics less than
+a value and and two of them greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a value and and two of them greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a value and and two of them greater than
+a value and so forth so the sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a value and so forth so the sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a value and so forth so the sort of the
+the inter the PDFs of all the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inter the PDFs of all the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inter the PDFs of all the sort of
+intervening order statistics we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervening order statistics we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervening order statistics we can
+write them down they get more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write them down they get more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write them down they get more
+complicated okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now we have the following we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we have the following we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we have the following we
+have the PDF of the nth order statistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the PDF of the nth order statistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the PDF of the nth order statistic
+and the PDF of the first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the PDF of the first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the PDF of the first order
+statistic and let's see a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic and let's see a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic and let's see a specific
+example what do these distributions look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example what do these distributions look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example what do these distributions look
+like if we have a random sample from say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if we have a random sample from say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if we have a random sample from say
+a unifor my favorite distribution a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a unifor my favorite distribution a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a unifor my favorite distribution a
+uniform 01
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform 01
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform 01
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+well we're just going to plug into these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're just going to plug into these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're just going to plug into these
+formulas and this is what we get we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas and this is what we get we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas and this is what we get we have
+to oh we have to it's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to oh we have to it's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to oh we have to it's going to be a
+function of n okay so we'll choose n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of n okay so we'll choose n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of n okay so we'll choose n
+equals 5 we plug into these formulas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 5 we plug into these formulas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 5 we plug into these formulas and
+we get these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get these two
+PDFs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and here are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pictures so this is the PDF for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures so this is the PDF for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures so this is the PDF for the
+first order statistic and here's the PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order statistic and here's the PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order statistic and here's the PDF
+for the enor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the enor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the enor
+statistic does this make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do these graphs approach some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do these graphs approach some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do these graphs approach some
+probability when can we can we leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability when can we can we leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability when can we can we leave
+that for just a moment because no no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for just a moment because no no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for just a moment because no no no
+that's fine it's a good question uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine it's a good question uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine it's a good question uh but
+I I'll I'll get to it actually I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'll I'll get to it actually I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'll I'll get to it actually I might
+not get to it today but I'll I I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not get to it today but I'll I I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not get to it today but I'll I I'm
+planning to to address that exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning to to address that exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning to to address that exact
+question in in a minute so um okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question in in a minute so um okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question in in a minute so um okay so
+these are so this is this is what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are so this is this is what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are so this is this is what the
+distribution of the first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the first order
+statistic looks like the nth order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic looks like the nth order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic looks like the nth order
+statistic does this make sense to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic does this make sense to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic does this make sense to you
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+yeah why not so if you have like a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah why not so if you have like a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah why not so if you have like a you
+know five realizations from a uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know five realizations from a uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know five realizations from a uniform
+distribution and you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and you look at the
+smallest one well you would expect first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest one well you would expect first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest one well you would expect first
+of all the support of that distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the support of that distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the support of that distribution
+has to be 01 okay because that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be 01 okay because that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be 01 okay because that's the
+support of the underlying distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support of the underlying distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support of the underlying distribution
+has to be the same right and the there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be the same right and the there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be the same right and the there's
+going to be more probability towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be more probability towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be more probability towards
+zero if you're looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero if you're looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero if you're looking at the
+distribution of the smallest value and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the smallest value and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the smallest value and
+if you're looking at the distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're looking at the distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're looking at the distribution of
+the largest value out of five there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest value out of five there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest value out of five there's
+going to be more probability up towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be more probability up towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be more probability up towards
+one right so think of it like this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right so think of it like this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right so think of it like this you
+have a random sample of size five from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a random sample of size five from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a random sample of size five from a
+uniform 01 distribution how is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform 01 distribution how is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform 01 distribution how is the
+smallest realization from that random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest realization from that random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest realization from that random
+sample dist distributed okay so you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample dist distributed okay so you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample dist distributed okay so you just
+you're you're just asking you just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're just asking you just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're just asking you just take
+sort of this random sample of five from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of this random sample of five from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of this random sample of five from
+a uniform distribution and you whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uniform distribution and you whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uniform distribution and you whatever
+the smallest one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest one is
+you're going to to you know this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to to you know this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to to you know this formula
+gives us how that smallest value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us how that smallest value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us how that smallest value is
+distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed
+okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+likewise you know so you get something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise you know so you get something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise you know so you get something
+like this same support 01 but with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this same support 01 but with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this same support 01 but with a
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+concentrated near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated near
+zero and the uh you know the the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and the uh you know the the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and the uh you know the the sort of
+logic carries over to the largest value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic carries over to the largest value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic carries over to the largest value
+you just you know sort of are looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just you know sort of are looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just you know sort of are looking at
+how the largest one of these guys out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the largest one of these guys out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the largest one of these guys out of
+five is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five is
+distributed and it's going to look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed and it's going to look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed and it's going to look like
+that okay so what if n is larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so what if n is larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so what if n is larger than
+five what if n is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five what if n is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five what if n is really
+large so would you like to step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in it's going to so basically what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it's going to so basically what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it's going to so basically what's
+going to happen is it's going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen is it's going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen is it's going to get
+more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more
+concentrated the the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated the the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated the the the the
+distribution for the smallest one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution for the smallest one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution for the smallest one is
+going to be more and more concentrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be more and more concentrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be more and more concentrated
+towards zero the distribution for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards zero the distribution for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards zero the distribution for the
+largest one is going to be more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest one is going to be more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest one is going to be more and more
+concentrated towards one and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated towards one and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated towards one and in the
+limit in fact you'll you'll get that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit in fact you'll you'll get that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit in fact you'll you'll get that the
+you know sort of their Point Mass is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sort of their Point Mass is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sort of their Point Mass is at
+zero and one for the for the first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and one for the for the first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and one for the for the first order
+statistic and the nth order statistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic and the nth order statistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic and the nth order statistic
+and I just drew drew a couple pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just drew drew a couple pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just drew drew a couple pictures
+that maybe illustrate this so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe illustrate this so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe illustrate this so here's
+where n is equal to I I'm not sure what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where n is equal to I I'm not sure what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where n is equal to I I'm not sure what
+it's equal to maybe 12 or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's equal to maybe 12 or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's equal to maybe 12 or something like
+that okay so if you just think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so if you just think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so if you just think about
+like how what the distribution of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how what the distribution of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how what the distribution of this
+highest realization the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest realization the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest realization the lowest
+realization are relative to if there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realization are relative to if there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realization are relative to if there
+only five um order you know five uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only five um order you know five uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only five um order you know five uh
+random variables in the um uh random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables in the um uh random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables in the um uh random
+sample then it's it's just likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample then it's it's just likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample then it's it's just likely
+they're going to you know they're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to you know they're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to you know they're going
+to have more probability of being closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have more probability of being closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have more probability of being closer
+to to the The Edge points okay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to the The Edge points okay and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to the The Edge points okay and then
+as you get I don't know how many that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you get I don't know how many that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you get I don't know how many that is
+is that 40 or something like that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that 40 or something like that then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that 40 or something like that then
+the probability that the nth order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that the nth order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that the nth order
+statistic is close close to one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic is close close to one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic is close close to one is
+really high the probability that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really high the probability that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really high the probability that the
+first order statistic is close to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order statistic is close to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order statistic is close to zero
+is really high it would be a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really high it would be a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really high it would be a very
+strange event if we had you know 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange event if we had you know 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange event if we had you know 40
+observations from a uniform uh 01 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations from a uniform uh 01 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations from a uniform uh 01 and
+none of them were down here for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of them were down here for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of them were down here for instance
+okay okay so I think that's I went one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so I think that's I went one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so I think that's I went one
+minute over and I apologize for that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute over and I apologize for that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute over and I apologize for that um
+but we got through order statistics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we got through order statistics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we got through order statistics and
+uh next time I'll do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh next time I'll do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh next time I'll do an
+example uh what was it the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh what was it the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh what was it the probability
+integral transformation that had you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral transformation that had you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral transformation that had you
+guys scratching your heads right so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys scratching your heads right so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys scratching your heads right so I'll
+do an example of that and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do an example of that and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do an example of that and then we'll
+move on okay
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/VOlbVNxyNfM.txt b/VOlbVNxyNfM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a94ff22220309fc342deb03e491a32052612ffb4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/VOlbVNxyNfM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1195 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi welcome back to recitation today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back to recitation today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back to recitation today
+we're going to do a nice little problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do a nice little problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do a nice little problem
+involving Computing the arc length of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving Computing the arc length of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving Computing the arc length of a
+curve so in particular consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so in particular consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so in particular consider the
+curve given by the equation yal x^ 3es
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve given by the equation yal x^ 3es
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve given by the equation yal x^ 3es
+um so I have here a a kind of mediocre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I have here a a kind of mediocre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I have here a a kind of mediocre
+sketch of what that curve looks like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch of what that curve looks like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch of what that curve looks like you
+know it's it's it's curving upwards not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's it's it's curving upwards not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's it's it's curving upwards not
+quite as fast as as a parabola would um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite as fast as as a parabola would um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite as fast as as a parabola would um
+so I'm interested in the piece of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm interested in the piece of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm interested in the piece of that
+curve for X between 0 and four which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve for X between 0 and four which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve for X between 0 and four which
+I've drawn here um so why don't you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've drawn here um so why don't you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've drawn here um so why don't you take
+a minute pause the video compute the arc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minute pause the video compute the arc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minute pause the video compute the arc
+length of this curve come back and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of this curve come back and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of this curve come back and we
+can compute it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+together all right welcome back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together all right welcome back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together all right welcome back
+hopefully you had some luck Computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you had some luck Computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you had some luck Computing
+this Arc Length here so uh let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Arc Length here so uh let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Arc Length here so uh let's let's
+set about doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set about doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set about doing it
+so I'm sure you remember that in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm sure you remember that in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm sure you remember that in order
+to compute Arc Length first you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute Arc Length first you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute Arc Length first you have to
+compute the the uh little piece of Arc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the the uh little piece of Arc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the the uh little piece of Arc
+Length DS and we have a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Length DS and we have a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Length DS and we have a couple of
+different formulas for that so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different formulas for that so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different formulas for that so then
+after that you you get an integral and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that you you get an integral and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that you you get an integral and
+and then hopefully it's an integral you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then hopefully it's an integral you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then hopefully it's an integral you
+can compute so so let's remember what DS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can compute so so let's remember what DS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can compute so so let's remember what DS
+is so so there are couple different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so so there are couple different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so so there are couple different ways
+to remember it one way that I like is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember it one way that I like is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember it one way that I like is to
+write DS equals the Square t of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write DS equals the Square t of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write DS equals the Square t of
+dx2 + d y^ 2 so this always reminds me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx2 + d y^ 2 so this always reminds me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx2 + d y^ 2 so this always reminds me
+of the Pythagorean theorem so I find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Pythagorean theorem so I find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Pythagorean theorem so I find it
+easy to remember um and then from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to remember um and then from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to remember um and then from here
+it's it's not very hard to get the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's not very hard to get the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's not very hard to get the the
+other form which is you can divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other form which is you can divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other form which is you can divide
+through by a dx^ squ inside and multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through by a dx^ squ inside and multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through by a dx^ squ inside and multiply
+by a DX outside so you can also write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a DX outside so you can also write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a DX outside so you can also write
+this as the square root of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as the square root of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as the square root of 1
++
+
+ align:start position:0%
++
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++
+Dy dx^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 DX and when you write it in this form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 DX and when you write it in this form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 DX and when you write it in this form
+it's this is you know this is the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this is you know this is the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this is you know this is the form
+that you actually use to to integrate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you actually use to to integrate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you actually use to to integrate it
+to actually compute the value in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually compute the value in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually compute the value in
+question so in our case uh we have we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so in our case uh we have we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so in our case uh we have we
+have y as a function of X right so so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have y as a function of X right so so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have y as a function of X right so so we
+just have to compute dydx so Y is X to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to compute dydx so Y is X to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to compute dydx so Y is X to
+the 3 Hales so dydx is is easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 3 Hales so dydx is is easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 3 Hales so dydx is is easy to
+compute y Prime dydx it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute y Prime dydx it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute y Prime dydx it's just
+3es x to the 1/2 or or 3 otk of X so DS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3es x to the 1/2 or or 3 otk of X so DS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3es x to the 1/2 or or 3 otk of X so DS
+then well we just have to we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then well we just have to we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then well we just have to we have to
+plug it in there so that means DS is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug it in there so that means DS is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug it in there so that means DS is
+equal to the square < TK of 1 plus okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the square < TK of 1 plus okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the square < TK of 1 plus okay
+so now you have to square this three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you have to square this three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you have to square this three
+Hales squar is just 94 and the squ otk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hales squar is just 94 and the squ otk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hales squar is just 94 and the squ otk
+of x^ s is X so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x^ s is X so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x^ s is X so this is
+94s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+94s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+94s
+X DX so this is the thing that we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X DX so this is the thing that we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X DX so this is the thing that we want
+to integrate and now you need bounds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to integrate and now you need bounds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to integrate and now you need bounds of
+integration so in our case this is DX we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration so in our case this is DX we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration so in our case this is DX we
+want to integrate with respect to X so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to integrate with respect to X so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to integrate with respect to X so
+we need bounds on X and luckily we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need bounds on X and luckily we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need bounds on X and luckily we have
+them we have 0 less than or equal to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them we have 0 less than or equal to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them we have 0 less than or equal to X
+less than or equal to 4 the B BS that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to 4 the B BS that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to 4 the B BS that we
+want so the arc length in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question is the integral from 0 to 4 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is the integral from 0 to 4 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is the integral from 0 to 4 of
+squ < TK of 1 + 94
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ < TK of 1 + 94
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ < TK of 1 + 94
+x DX now this curve has the property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x DX now this curve has the property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x DX now this curve has the property
+that this is an integral we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is an integral we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is an integral we actually
+know how to compute right there's a well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to compute right there's a well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to compute right there's a well
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so I I always lose track of my constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I always lose track of my constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I always lose track of my constants
+when I do this so so I'm going to do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I do this so so I'm going to do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I do this so so I'm going to do an
+extra substitution and then it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra substitution and then it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra substitution and then it'll be
+really easy but um but you know this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easy but um but you know this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easy but um but you know this is
+an integral many of you can probably do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integral many of you can probably do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integral many of you can probably do
+this one in your heads basically at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one in your heads basically at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one in your heads basically at this
+point um this is unusual most you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point um this is unusual most you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point um this is unusual most you know
+even most polinomial that you you write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even most polinomial that you you write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even most polinomial that you you write
+down Computing their arc length is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down Computing their arc length is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down Computing their arc length is
+really hard you get nasty things popping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard you get nasty things popping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard you get nasty things popping
+up so so you know I I sort of conspired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so so you know I I sort of conspired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so so you know I I sort of conspired
+to to choose a one that that will have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to choose a one that that will have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to choose a one that that will have a
+a value that we can integrate by hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a value that we can integrate by hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a value that we can integrate by hand
+you don't need to resort to any sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need to resort to any sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need to resort to any sort of
+numerical method um but it happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical method um but it happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical method um but it happens in
+this case that that did did happen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case that that did did happen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case that that did did happen and
+that's nice so we can we can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's nice so we can we can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's nice so we can we can actually
+write down what this arc length is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down what this arc length is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down what this arc length is so
+I'm going to I'm going to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to I'm going to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to I'm going to do the
+substitution u = 1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution u = 1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution u = 1 +
+94s x so with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+94s x so with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+94s x so with this
+substitution I get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution I get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution I get the
+DU is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DU is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DU is equal to
+94s DX and since I want to substitute it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+94s DX and since I want to substitute it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+94s DX and since I want to substitute it
+the other way I could write that as DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other way I could write that as DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other way I could write that as DX
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+4 9ths du and I also need to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 9ths du and I also need to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 9ths du and I also need to change
+bounds so when x = z that goes to u i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds so when x = z that goes to u i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds so when x = z that goes to u i
+put in zero here U is equal to 1 when X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in zero here U is equal to 1 when X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in zero here U is equal to 1 when X
+is equal to 4 so I put four in here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 4 so I put four in here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 4 so I put four in here that
+goes to U equals 10 and so okay with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to U equals 10 and so okay with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to U equals 10 and so okay with
+those substitutions I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those substitutions I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those substitutions I get
+that the Arc Length that I'm interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Arc Length that I'm interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Arc Length that I'm interested
+in is the integral from one to 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in is the integral from one to 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in is the integral from one to 10
+of 4 9th * the < TK of U du okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 4 9th * the < TK of U du okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 4 9th * the < TK of U du okay and so
+now this is you know really easy um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is you know really easy um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is you know really easy um so
+this is U to the 12 so I integrate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is U to the 12 so I integrate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is U to the 12 so I integrate that
+so I'm going to get U to the 3es divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to get U to the 3es divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to get U to the 3es divided
+by three halves so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by three halves so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by three halves so this
+is 4 9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 4 9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 4 9
+time U to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time U to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time U to the
+3es divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3es divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3es divided
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+3es between u = 1 and u = 10 okay so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3es between u = 1 and u = 10 okay so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3es between u = 1 and u = 10 okay so I
+can divide here so this becomes 8 27 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can divide here so this becomes 8 27 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can divide here so this becomes 8 27 is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+constant so this is 8 over 27
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time 10 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time 10 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time 10 the
+3es minus one to the three halves is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3es minus one to the three halves is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3es minus one to the three halves is
+just one okay so now if if you wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one okay so now if if you wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one okay so now if if you wanted to
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+get a decimal approximation for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a decimal approximation for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a decimal approximation for this
+number you could put this into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number you could put this into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number you could put this into a
+calculator you can also kind of eyeball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculator you can also kind of eyeball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculator you can also kind of eyeball
+what this is because 10 the square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is because 10 the square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is because 10 the square root
+of 10 is just a little bigger than three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 10 is just a little bigger than three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 10 is just a little bigger than three
+so this is you know bigger than 27 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is you know bigger than 27 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is you know bigger than 27 so
+this is bigger than 26 so this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is bigger than 26 so this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is bigger than 26 so this whole
+thing is probably about eight or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is probably about eight or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is probably about eight or a
+little bit larger uh probably going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit larger uh probably going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit larger uh probably going to
+be a little bit larger than eight would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little bit larger than eight would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little bit larger than eight would
+be my guess um so that's you know just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be my guess um so that's you know just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be my guess um so that's you know just
+just rough eyeballing since you're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just rough eyeballing since you're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just rough eyeballing since you're all
+sitting in front of a computer I'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in front of a computer I'm sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in front of a computer I'm sure
+you you can get a more precise uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can get a more precise uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can get a more precise uh
+estimate um on your own um but there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate um on your own um but there we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate um on your own um but there we
+go so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go so
+so very much just applying the the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so very much just applying the the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so very much just applying the the sort
+of straightforward tools that we've that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of straightforward tools that we've that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of straightforward tools that we've that
+we've developed for computing Arc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've developed for computing Arc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've developed for computing Arc
+lengths you know using our formulas for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths you know using our formulas for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths you know using our formulas for
+for the for the little element of Arc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the for the little element of Arc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the for the little element of Arc
+Length for the differential of Arc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Length for the differential of Arc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Length for the differential of Arc
+Length Computing a derivative plugging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Length Computing a derivative plugging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Length Computing a derivative plugging
+it in and it happens in this case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in and it happens in this case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in and it happens in this case that
+we get something that that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get something that that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get something that that we can
+actually evaluate the resulting integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually evaluate the resulting integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually evaluate the resulting integral
+in a in a nice closed form so I'll stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in a nice closed form so I'll stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in a nice closed form so I'll stop
+there
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/WLjo-mDBiDg.txt b/WLjo-mDBiDg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3d7e080bf736afd0558702bea440523c79446b11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/WLjo-mDBiDg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1779 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+at the Red Cross R Crescent climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the Red Cross R Crescent climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the Red Cross R Crescent climate
+Center our job is to help others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center our job is to help others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center our job is to help others
+understand and address what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand and address what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand and address what's going on
+with climate change and with extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with climate change and with extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with climate change and with extreme
+events hurricanes typhoons too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events hurricanes typhoons too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events hurricanes typhoons too much
+rainfall Peak temperatures and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rainfall Peak temperatures and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rainfall Peak temperatures and these
+things are complicated the science is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are complicated the science is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are complicated the science is
+complex and how to turn science into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex and how to turn science into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex and how to turn science into
+action is not easy if you're too busy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action is not easy if you're too busy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action is not easy if you're too busy to
+learn most of our colleagues in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn most of our colleagues in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn most of our colleagues in the
+humanitarian sector are insanely busy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanitarian sector are insanely busy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanitarian sector are insanely busy
+when science is communicated it is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when science is communicated it is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when science is communicated it is very
+often either incomprehensible or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often either incomprehensible or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often either incomprehensible or
+difficult to link to ongoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to link to ongoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to link to ongoing
+humanitarian processes so about six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanitarian processes so about six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanitarian processes so about six
+seven years ago we started creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven years ago we started creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven years ago we started creating
+playful activities where participants in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playful activities where participants in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playful activities where participants in
+a workshop have to make decisions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a workshop have to make decisions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a workshop have to make decisions that
+have consequences and that's at the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have consequences and that's at the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have consequences and that's at the core
+of games games are systems where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of games games are systems where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of games games are systems where you
+have to make a decision with limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make a decision with limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make a decision with limited
+information you're trying to accomplish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you're trying to accomplish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you're trying to accomplish
+something and you don't really know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and you don't really know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and you don't really know what
+may happen because there's something in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may happen because there's something in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may happen because there's something in
+the system that you don't control which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system that you don't control which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system that you don't control which
+can be the weather can be what other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be the weather can be what other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be the weather can be what other
+people do can be just you're not fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do can be just you're not fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do can be just you're not fully
+understanding the system in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the system in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the system in our
+experience as humanitarian workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience as humanitarian workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience as humanitarian workers
+trying to infuse awareness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to infuse awareness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to infuse awareness of
+complexity into our work games are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity into our work games are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity into our work games are the
+most wonderful tool to wet the appetite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most wonderful tool to wet the appetite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most wonderful tool to wet the appetite
+to make people want to to learn more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make people want to to learn more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make people want to to learn more and
+want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+better uh it has been beautiful to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better uh it has been beautiful to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better uh it has been beautiful to work
+with the MIT game lab we had as Red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the MIT game lab we had as Red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the MIT game lab we had as Red
+Cross family access to a lot of talent a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cross family access to a lot of talent a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cross family access to a lot of talent a
+lot of enthusiastic brain power that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of enthusiastic brain power that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of enthusiastic brain power that
+combines analytical competence with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combines analytical competence with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combines analytical competence with
+creative juices that is prevalent in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative juices that is prevalent in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative juices that is prevalent in the
+field of game design and among students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of game design and among students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of game design and among students
+of of games what we find that it is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of games what we find that it is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of games what we find that it is that
+it's much easier to link to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much easier to link to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much easier to link to other
+departments that are directly connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments that are directly connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments that are directly connected
+to what we do can be about environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what we do can be about environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what we do can be about environmental
+engineering can be about climate science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering can be about climate science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering can be about climate science
+can be about technology development so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be about technology development so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be about technology development so
+this partnership is the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this partnership is the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this partnership is the beginning of
+something that is inevitably going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is inevitably going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is inevitably going to
+grow to grow beautiful to grow big it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow to grow beautiful to grow big it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow to grow beautiful to grow big it
+was also really nice to see how the MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was also really nice to see how the MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was also really nice to see how the MIT
+game lab is well connected to other uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game lab is well connected to other uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game lab is well connected to other uh
+partners that we have in the game design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners that we have in the game design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners that we have in the game design
+sector such as the engagement lab uh at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector such as the engagement lab uh at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector such as the engagement lab uh at
+Emerson or the pet lab uh team at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Emerson or the pet lab uh team at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Emerson or the pet lab uh team at
+Parsons and the awareness of reach in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parsons and the awareness of reach in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parsons and the awareness of reach in
+the world of serious games games that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world of serious games games that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world of serious games games that
+are intended not just as a playful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are intended not just as a playful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are intended not just as a playful
+activity but with an intention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity but with an intention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity but with an intention to
+improve the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+somehow we could always do better as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow we could always do better as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow we could always do better as
+partners of the academic team if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners of the academic team if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners of the academic team if we
+could allocate more time unfortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could allocate more time unfortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could allocate more time unfortunately
+it is in the very nature of our Red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is in the very nature of our Red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is in the very nature of our Red
+Cross work that we have to travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cross work that we have to travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cross work that we have to travel
+insanely I was out of the country for at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insanely I was out of the country for at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insanely I was out of the country for at
+least half of the time when the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least half of the time when the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least half of the time when the course
+happened so we did bring in partners and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened so we did bring in partners and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened so we did bring in partners and
+friends who gave a hand but I think one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends who gave a hand but I think one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends who gave a hand but I think one
+of the key challenges for this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the key challenges for this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the key challenges for this kind of
+partnership between H game related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partnership between H game related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partnership between H game related
+Academia and humanitarian teams is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Academia and humanitarian teams is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Academia and humanitarian teams is to
+find ways to interact more frequently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find ways to interact more frequently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find ways to interact more frequently
+more deeply to learn about each other we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more deeply to learn about each other we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more deeply to learn about each other we
+just don't know how we can do more with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't know how we can do more with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't know how we can do more with
+the limited time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have when students engage with Partners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have when students engage with Partners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have when students engage with Partners
+clients from The Real World it is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients from The Real World it is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients from The Real World it is not
+easy for them to get into the shoes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy for them to get into the shoes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy for them to get into the shoes of
+the institution of the organization that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the institution of the organization that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the institution of the organization that
+has to try to accomplish things so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to try to accomplish things so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to try to accomplish things so one
+of the most important things that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most important things that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most important things that we
+could offer as partners uh in this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could offer as partners uh in this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could offer as partners uh in this uh
+course was to give a flavor of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course was to give a flavor of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course was to give a flavor of the
+context in which the game would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context in which the game would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context in which the game would be
+played so we have had a a team working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played so we have had a a team working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played so we have had a a team working
+on colera prevention in West Africa and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on colera prevention in West Africa and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on colera prevention in West Africa and
+they developed a video game that had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they developed a video game that had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they developed a video game that had the
+flavor of modern wealthy homes and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor of modern wealthy homes and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor of modern wealthy homes and you
+know in West Africa most of our target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in West Africa most of our target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in West Africa most of our target
+audience if you're trying to prevent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience if you're trying to prevent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience if you're trying to prevent
+color chances are they're poor and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color chances are they're poor and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color chances are they're poor and the
+Aesthetics need to resonate it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aesthetics need to resonate it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aesthetics need to resonate it can be
+about a super Stellar context or it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a super Stellar context or it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a super Stellar context or it can
+be about a thatched roof but it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be about a thatched roof but it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be about a thatched roof but it should
+be something that can evoke engagement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something that can evoke engagement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something that can evoke engagement
+on the part of the player and that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the part of the player and that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the part of the player and that's not
+easy for students to find out they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy for students to find out they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy for students to find out they
+actually had to do research on what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually had to do research on what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually had to do research on what does
+a home in West Africa look like uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a home in West Africa look like uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a home in West Africa look like uh the
+other thing we can do is to help narrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing we can do is to help narrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing we can do is to help narrow
+down and focus on what matters to us in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and focus on what matters to us in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and focus on what matters to us in
+terms of the game informing better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the game informing better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the game informing better
+decisions and to we a way to filter out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions and to we a way to filter out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions and to we a way to filter out
+all the things that students want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the things that students want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the things that students want to
+include because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include because they
+can but that's not a good enough reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can but that's not a good enough reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can but that's not a good enough reason
+just the fact that it's technically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the fact that it's technically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the fact that it's technically
+feasible or that you like it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible or that you like it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible or that you like it doesn't
+mean that it should make it into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that it should make it into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that it should make it into the
+final prototype there were many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final prototype there were many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final prototype there were many other
+things that were a lot of fun in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that were a lot of fun in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that were a lot of fun in terms
+of Engagement with students that I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Engagement with students that I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Engagement with students that I think
+were useful to them in particular to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were useful to them in particular to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were useful to them in particular to see
+how they could get inspired by being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they could get inspired by being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they could get inspired by being
+aware of uh how their technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of uh how their technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of uh how their technical
+competence can be useful for development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competence can be useful for development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competence can be useful for development
+work for humanitarian work for actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for humanitarian work for actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for humanitarian work for actually
+physically saving lives in the long term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically saving lives in the long term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically saving lives in the long term
+or to help people engage with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to help people engage with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to help people engage with each other
+in other continents in other contexts in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other continents in other contexts in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other continents in other contexts in
+fields that they don't even know but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields that they don't even know but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields that they don't even know but
+they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+help when an academic team is offering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help when an academic team is offering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help when an academic team is offering
+student brainpower and air time during a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student brainpower and air time during a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student brainpower and air time during a
+course for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course for an
+organization specifically in games but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization specifically in games but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization specifically in games but
+also more broadly it is our experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also more broadly it is our experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also more broadly it is our experience
+that it takes more time than we think to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it takes more time than we think to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it takes more time than we think to
+develop the relationship and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop the relationship and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop the relationship and to
+understand how we can really get juice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how we can really get juice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how we can really get juice
+out of it um it is always worth starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of it um it is always worth starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of it um it is always worth starting
+if the client organization if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the client organization if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the client organization if the
+partner like in our case the Red Cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner like in our case the Red Cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner like in our case the Red Cross
+family can find someone who spends a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family can find someone who spends a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family can find someone who spends a
+little bit of time at the beginning a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of time at the beginning a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of time at the beginning a
+little of time reviewing prototypes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little of time reviewing prototypes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little of time reviewing prototypes and
+some feedback along the way it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some feedback along the way it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some feedback along the way it's
+definitely worth it but don't expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely worth it but don't expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely worth it but don't expect
+magic Solutions don't expect people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic Solutions don't expect people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic Solutions don't expect people to
+be able to read your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to read your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to read your
+mind we come from different un veres and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind we come from different un veres and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind we come from different un veres and
+uh we have an opportunity to bring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have an opportunity to bring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have an opportunity to bring the
+real word to Academia by just showing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real word to Academia by just showing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real word to Academia by just showing up
+and spending time but also to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spending time but also to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spending time but also to bring
+academic brain power talent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic brain power talent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic brain power talent and
+creativity into our work one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity into our work one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity into our work one of the
+things that I have to say with enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that I have to say with enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that I have to say with enormous
+pride is that one of the prototypes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pride is that one of the prototypes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pride is that one of the prototypes that
+emerged from one of the groups in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerged from one of the groups in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerged from one of the groups in this
+course was actually used in three Global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course was actually used in three Global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course was actually used in three Global
+events and helped hundreds of people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events and helped hundreds of people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events and helped hundreds of people in
+real time learn what was being thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real time learn what was being thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real time learn what was being thought
+about people entered three words as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about people entered three words as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about people entered three words as
+individuals there were a 100 or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals there were a 100 or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals there were a 100 or more
+people in the room and everyone saw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the room and everyone saw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the room and everyone saw a
+word cloud that emerged through very fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word cloud that emerged through very fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word cloud that emerged through very fun
+gameplay and this can really help but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gameplay and this can really help but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gameplay and this can really help but we
+need to be aware of the time it takes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be aware of the time it takes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be aware of the time it takes to
+mature we have been working with game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mature we have been working with game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mature we have been working with game
+designers for at least six years and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designers for at least six years and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designers for at least six years and
+that really helped us Channel our energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really helped us Channel our energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really helped us Channel our energy
+in a more narrowly defined way otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a more narrowly defined way otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a more narrowly defined way otherwise
+it's very easy to go go Broad and to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very easy to go go Broad and to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very easy to go go Broad and to be
+disappointed be prepared to acknowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappointed be prepared to acknowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappointed be prepared to acknowledge
+your own limitations but be prepared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own limitations but be prepared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own limitations but be prepared to
+explore the space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+possibility so the game snap is already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility so the game snap is already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility so the game snap is already
+uh ready to deploy has been deployed I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ready to deploy has been deployed I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ready to deploy has been deployed I
+hope we can refine the user interface to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope we can refine the user interface to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope we can refine the user interface to
+give more choices to facilitator and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give more choices to facilitator and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give more choices to facilitator and so
+on but that is one game that I predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on but that is one game that I predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on but that is one game that I predict
+will be able to change the way real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be able to change the way real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be able to change the way real
+world events happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world events happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world events happen
+I I have that ambition I think we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I have that ambition I think we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I have that ambition I think we can do
+something with it h of the many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with it h of the many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with it h of the many other
+games that were good because they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games that were good because they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games that were good because they were
+more about a subject matter that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about a subject matter that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about a subject matter that is
+outside of Cambridge Massachusetts they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of Cambridge Massachusetts they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of Cambridge Massachusetts they
+will take more time to refine I'm very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take more time to refine I'm very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take more time to refine I'm very
+excited about the colera game which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about the colera game which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about the colera game which we
+now have a partnership with UNICEF and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now have a partnership with UNICEF and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now have a partnership with UNICEF and
+we anticipate the demand from UNICEF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we anticipate the demand from UNICEF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we anticipate the demand from UNICEF
+Ghana in particular to try to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ghana in particular to try to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ghana in particular to try to add
+digital flavor to their relationship to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital flavor to their relationship to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital flavor to their relationship to
+school children in prevention of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school children in prevention of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school children in prevention of
+anything in promotion of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in promotion of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in promotion of the things that
+help like handwashing with soap which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help like handwashing with soap which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help like handwashing with soap which we
+take for granted here but in other parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take for granted here but in other parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take for granted here but in other parts
+of the world they just have to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world they just have to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world they just have to choose
+between soap and food it's hard to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between soap and food it's hard to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between soap and food it's hard to make
+that case um some of the other uh game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case um some of the other uh game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case um some of the other uh game
+prototypes have very insightful game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototypes have very insightful game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototypes have very insightful game
+mechanics how to display territory in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics how to display territory in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics how to display territory in a
+small screen how to display quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small screen how to display quantities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small screen how to display quantities
+for decisions in terms of disaster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for decisions in terms of disaster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for decisions in terms of disaster
+preparedness the representation of on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparedness the representation of on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparedness the representation of on a
+game on Heatwave of how people can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game on Heatwave of how people can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game on Heatwave of how people can just
+collapse if they think they can just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse if they think they can just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse if they think they can just go
+out and walk on an excessively Sunny hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and walk on an excessively Sunny hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and walk on an excessively Sunny hot
+day these are things that are there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day these are things that are there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day these are things that are there are
+latent and we have opportunities to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latent and we have opportunities to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latent and we have opportunities to work
+deeper either with these students or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper either with these students or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper either with these students or
+with future students of MIT and Beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with future students of MIT and Beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with future students of MIT and Beyond
+they will need more time to refine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will need more time to refine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will need more time to refine and
+we have as Red Cross more work to do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have as Red Cross more work to do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have as Red Cross more work to do in
+terms of identifying the potential user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of identifying the potential user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of identifying the potential user
+and identifying the the potential player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and identifying the the potential player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and identifying the the potential player
+I mean and identifying what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean and identifying what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean and identifying what are the
+decisions that can be improved or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions that can be improved or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions that can be improved or what
+are the discussions that can be enriched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the discussions that can be enriched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the discussions that can be enriched
+by engaging in this game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+experience from the Red Cross red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience from the Red Cross red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience from the Red Cross red
+crescent climate Center and from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crescent climate Center and from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crescent climate Center and from the
+humanitarian family I hereby thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanitarian family I hereby thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanitarian family I hereby thank
+profusely the MIT game lab and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profusely the MIT game lab and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profusely the MIT game lab and by
+extension game designers that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension game designers that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension game designers that have
+helped us become partners with you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped us become partners with you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped us become partners with you now
+for setting up a space where we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for setting up a space where we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for setting up a space where we can
+learn how magically powerful but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn how magically powerful but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn how magically powerful but
+analytically clear gameplay can be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically clear gameplay can be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically clear gameplay can be to
+help accomplish humanitarian goals thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help accomplish humanitarian goals thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help accomplish humanitarian goals thank
+you so much
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/WTuwV-rWxUc.txt b/WTuwV-rWxUc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c02a486e39426f6401629d339f29507af1ea0de6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/WTuwV-rWxUc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,691 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this lecture we'll be discussing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this lecture we'll be discussing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this lecture we'll be discussing the
+story of Netflix and how their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story of Netflix and how their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story of Netflix and how their
+recommendation system is worth a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendation system is worth a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendation system is worth a million
+dollars through this example we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars through this example we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars through this example we'll
+introduce the method of clustering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the method of clustering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the method of clustering
+Netflix is an online DVD rental and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netflix is an online DVD rental and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netflix is an online DVD rental and
+streaming video service customers can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streaming video service customers can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streaming video service customers can
+receive movie rentals by mail and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive movie rentals by mail and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive movie rentals by mail and they
+can also watch selected movies and TV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also watch selected movies and TV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also watch selected movies and TV
+shows online Netflix has more than forty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows online Netflix has more than forty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows online Netflix has more than forty
+million subscribers worldwide and has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million subscribers worldwide and has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million subscribers worldwide and has an
+annual revenue of three point six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annual revenue of three point six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annual revenue of three point six
+billion dollars a key aspect of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion dollars a key aspect of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion dollars a key aspect of the
+company is being able to offer customers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company is being able to offer customers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company is being able to offer customers
+accurate movie recommendations based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate movie recommendations based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate movie recommendations based on
+a customer's own preferences and viewing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a customer's own preferences and viewing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a customer's own preferences and viewing
+history from 2006 through 2009 Netflix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history from 2006 through 2009 Netflix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history from 2006 through 2009 Netflix
+ran a contest asking the public to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran a contest asking the public to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran a contest asking the public to
+submit algorithms to predict user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submit algorithms to predict user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submit algorithms to predict user
+ratings for movies this algorithm would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratings for movies this algorithm would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratings for movies this algorithm would
+be useful for Netflix when making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be useful for Netflix when making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be useful for Netflix when making
+recommendations to users Netflix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendations to users Netflix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendations to users Netflix
+provided a training dataset of about 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided a training dataset of about 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided a training dataset of about 100
+million user ratings and a test data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million user ratings and a test data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million user ratings and a test data set
+of about 3 million user ratings they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of about 3 million user ratings they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of about 3 million user ratings they
+offered a grand prize of 1 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offered a grand prize of 1 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offered a grand prize of 1 million
+dollars to the team who could beat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars to the team who could beat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars to the team who could beat
+Netflix is current algorithm called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netflix is current algorithm called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netflix is current algorithm called
+cinema by more than 10% measured in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinema by more than 10% measured in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinema by more than 10% measured in
+terms of root mean squared error Netflix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of root mean squared error Netflix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of root mean squared error Netflix
+believed that their recommendation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believed that their recommendation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believed that their recommendation
+system was so valuable that it was worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system was so valuable that it was worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system was so valuable that it was worth
+a million dollars to improve the contest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a million dollars to improve the contest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a million dollars to improve the contest
+had a few rules one was that if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a few rules one was that if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a few rules one was that if the
+grand prize was not yet reached progress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grand prize was not yet reached progress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grand prize was not yet reached progress
+prizes of $50,000 per year would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prizes of $50,000 per year would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prizes of $50,000 per year would be
+awarded for the best results so far as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awarded for the best results so far as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awarded for the best results so far as
+long as it was at least a 1% improvement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as it was at least a 1% improvement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as it was at least a 1% improvement
+over the previous year another rule was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the previous year another rule was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the previous year another rule was
+that teams must submit their code in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that teams must submit their code in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that teams must submit their code in a
+description of the algorithm to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of the algorithm to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of the algorithm to be
+awarded any prizes and lastly if a team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awarded any prizes and lastly if a team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awarded any prizes and lastly if a team
+met the 10% improvement goal a last call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met the 10% improvement goal a last call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met the 10% improvement goal a last call
+would be issued and 30 days would remain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be issued and 30 days would remain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be issued and 30 days would remain
+for all teams to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all teams to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all teams to
+with their best algorithm so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their best algorithm so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their best algorithm so what
+happened the contest went live on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened the contest went live on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened the contest went live on
+October 2nd 2006 by October 8th only six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+October 2nd 2006 by October 8th only six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+October 2nd 2006 by October 8th only six
+days later a team submitted an algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days later a team submitted an algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days later a team submitted an algorithm
+that beats in a match a week later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that beats in a match a week later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that beats in a match a week later on
+October 15th there were three teams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+October 15th there were three teams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+October 15th there were three teams
+already submitting algorithms beating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already submitting algorithms beating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already submitting algorithms beating
+cinema one of these solutions beats in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinema one of these solutions beats in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinema one of these solutions beats in a
+match by more than one percent already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match by more than one percent already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match by more than one percent already
+qualifying for a progress prize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualifying for a progress prize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualifying for a progress prize the
+contest was hugely popular all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contest was hugely popular all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contest was hugely popular all over the
+world by June 2007 over 20,000 teams had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world by June 2007 over 20,000 teams had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world by June 2007 over 20,000 teams had
+registered from over a hundred and fifty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registered from over a hundred and fifty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registered from over a hundred and fifty
+countries the 2007 progress prize went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries the 2007 progress prize went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries the 2007 progress prize went
+to a team called Belcore with an eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a team called Belcore with an eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a team called Belcore with an eight
+point four three percent improvement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point four three percent improvement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point four three percent improvement
+over cinema the following year several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over cinema the following year several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over cinema the following year several
+teams from across the world joined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams from across the world joined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams from across the world joined
+forces to improve the accuracy even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces to improve the accuracy even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces to improve the accuracy even
+further in 2008 the progress prize again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further in 2008 the progress prize again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further in 2008 the progress prize again
+went to team Bell core but this time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to team Bell core but this time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to team Bell core but this time the
+team included members from the team big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team included members from the team big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team included members from the team big
+chaos in addition to the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaos in addition to the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaos in addition to the original
+members of bellcore this was the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members of bellcore this was the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members of bellcore this was the last
+progress prize because another 1%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress prize because another 1%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress prize because another 1%
+improvement would reach the grand prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement would reach the grand prize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement would reach the grand prize
+goal of 10% On June 26th 2009 the team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal of 10% On June 26th 2009 the team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal of 10% On June 26th 2009 the team
+bellcore's pragmatic chaos composed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bellcore's pragmatic chaos composed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bellcore's pragmatic chaos composed of
+members from three different original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members from three different original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members from three different original
+teams submitted a ten point oh five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams submitted a ten point oh five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams submitted a ten point oh five
+percent improvement over cinema
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent improvement over cinema
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent improvement over cinema
+signalling the last call for the contest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signalling the last call for the contest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signalling the last call for the contest
+other teams had 30 days to submit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other teams had 30 days to submit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other teams had 30 days to submit
+algorithms before the contest closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms before the contest closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms before the contest closed
+these 30 days were filled with intense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these 30 days were filled with intense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these 30 days were filled with intense
+competition and even more progress but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition and even more progress but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition and even more progress but
+before revealing what happened let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before revealing what happened let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before revealing what happened let's
+investigate how we could try to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigate how we could try to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigate how we could try to predict
+user ratings in the next video we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user ratings in the next video we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user ratings in the next video we'll
+discuss how recommendation systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss how recommendation systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss how recommendation systems
+generally work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/WpAXzSJJqW4.txt b/WpAXzSJJqW4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9f62baf45d239880ba107b8fc4b4b6bf29250a17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/WpAXzSJJqW4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1123 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is Dr met lecture four plotting mat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Dr met lecture four plotting mat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Dr met lecture four plotting mat
+lab is a great tool for making plots you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab is a great tool for making plots you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab is a great tool for making plots you
+can plot your data you can plot your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can plot your data you can plot your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can plot your data you can plot your
+results you can make very elaborate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results you can make very elaborate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results you can make very elaborate
+plots but first we need to learn how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots but first we need to learn how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots but first we need to learn how to
+make simple plots let's start with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make simple plots let's start with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make simple plots let's start with a
+simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+plot let's plot sign on several points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot let's plot sign on several points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot let's plot sign on several points
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+zero and 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here we go I've made the points going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we go I've made the points going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we go I've made the points going
+to plot X versus S of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X I'm going to dock this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X I'm going to dock this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X I'm going to dock this
+figure great so here's X versus sin x I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure great so here's X versus sin x I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure great so here's X versus sin x I
+can do X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do X
+versus cine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus cine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus cine
+X I can also plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X I can also plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X I can also plot
+sinx versus cosine X so the x is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinx versus cosine X so the x is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinx versus cosine X so the x is the
+sign and the Y is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and the Y is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and the Y is the
+cosine and there it is it's supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine and there it is it's supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine and there it is it's supposed to
+be a circle it looks like an ellipse but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a circle it looks like an ellipse but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a circle it looks like an ellipse but
+notice it goes from minus one to one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice it goes from minus one to one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice it goes from minus one to one and
+from minus one to one so if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from minus one to one so if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from minus one to one so if you want to
+make it look like a circle you can issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it look like a circle you can issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it look like a circle you can issue
+the command AIS Square now it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the command AIS Square now it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the command AIS Square now it looks like
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+circle but what if you want it to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle but what if you want it to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle but what if you want it to be a
+red circle then you can add the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red circle then you can add the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red circle then you can add the line
+style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style
+R have to tell to be square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can put more than one command more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can put more than one command more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can put more than one command more
+than one plot command one more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one plot command one more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one plot command one more than one
+plot on one figure so you can do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hold so now it's going to be held hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold so now it's going to be held hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold so now it's going to be held hold
+toggles it if I issue hold again it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toggles it if I issue hold again it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toggles it if I issue hold again it will
+be off so I want to hold or you can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be off so I want to hold or you can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be off so I want to hold or you can say
+hold on that will definitely be on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold on that will definitely be on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold on that will definitely be on and
+now I want to plot not X but I want 3 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to plot not X but I want 3 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to plot not X but I want 3 *
+X and not X here but 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and not X here but 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and not X here but 5
+10 and I want it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 and I want it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 and I want it to be
+black so here's my lisu figure on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black so here's my lisu figure on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black so here's my lisu figure on top of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+circle I've already shown you how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle I've already shown you how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle I've already shown you how to
+change color there's a few things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change color there's a few things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change color there's a few things you
+can change if you look at plot help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+file you will see there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file you will see there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file you will see there's a lot of
+information but here's the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information but here's the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information but here's the information
+that I need for this these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I need for this these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I need for this these are the
+letters for the colors these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters for the colors these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters for the colors these are the
+letters for the mark markers I'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters for the mark markers I'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters for the mark markers I'll show
+you in a sec and these are the symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in a sec and these are the symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in a sec and these are the symbols
+for the line style so let's see how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the line style so let's see how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the line style so let's see how that
+makes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a
+difference first I'll turn off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hold here turned off the hold and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold here turned off the hold and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold here turned off the hold and I'm
+going to plot this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to plot this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to plot this
+with this type of line style so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this type of line style so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this type of line style so that's
+the dotted line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dotted line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dotted line
+style and the marker is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style and the marker is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style and the marker is going to be
+this right pointing triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I can also change the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+width there the type one there we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width there the type one there we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width there the type one there we go
+that makes it a bit a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes it a bit a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes it a bit a little bit
+difficult to see so let's make a smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to see so let's make a smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to see so let's make a smaller
+line with there we go it's a nice thick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line with there we go it's a nice thick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line with there we go it's a nice thick
+line if we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line if we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line if we need
+such can also just change the marker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such can also just change the marker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such can also just change the marker
+size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if we need without changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we need without changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we need without changing the
+lineth we can add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+title we can add an X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+label and a y label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we can change the axis we can change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can change the axis we can change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can change the axis we can change
+the axis by using the magnifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+glass that was double click to go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass that was double click to go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass that was double click to go back
+to the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+view or I could change it directly from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view or I could change it directly from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view or I could change it directly from
+the command
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the command
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the command
+line by setting what I want the axis to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line by setting what I want the axis to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line by setting what I want the axis to
+be so let's zoom into the first quadrant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so let's zoom into the first quadrant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so let's zoom into the first quadrant
+x x y y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x x y y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x x y y
+there's the first quadrant see from 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the first quadrant see from 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the first quadrant see from 0 to
+one from 0 to one this is the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quadrant I can work with multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrant I can work with multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrant I can work with multiple
+figures if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+undock and close this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undock and close this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undock and close this
+windows and what I'll do is I'll make my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windows and what I'll do is I'll make my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windows and what I'll do is I'll make my
+mat lab window small so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mat lab window small so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mat lab window small so you can see
+where the figures are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here we go so here's the unducted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+figure I can work with multiple figures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure I can work with multiple figures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure I can work with multiple figures
+I can open another figure so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can open another figure so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can open another figure so here's
+another figure so have figure one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another figure so have figure one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another figure so have figure one and
+figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two and I can access them by either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and I can access them by either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and I can access them by either
+clicking on them before I issue my plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicking on them before I issue my plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicking on them before I issue my plot
+command or from the command line figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command or from the command line figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command or from the command line figure
+two will pop up figure two and now if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two will pop up figure two and now if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two will pop up figure two and now if I
+plot something plot sin x cine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot something plot sin x cine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot something plot sin x cine
+X in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X in
+green then I will plot it to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green then I will plot it to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green then I will plot it to this
+one I can change the location of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I can change the location of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I can change the location of these
+plots by looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+following so this tells me where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following so this tells me where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following so this tells me where this
+plot is this is the starting X starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot is this is the starting X starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot is this is the starting X starting
+y width and height and I can change all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y width and height and I can change all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y width and height and I can change all
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by setting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by setting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by setting the
+position so instead of what it is let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position so instead of what it is let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position so instead of what it is let's
+set it to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+else so now it became the small thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else so now it became the small thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else so now it became the small thing
+let's bring it up a bit so that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's bring it up a bit so that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's bring it up a bit so that you can
+see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it
+too there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go I can add text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go I can add text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go I can add text
+to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my
+figure I have to say what the x is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure I have to say what the x is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure I have to say what the x is zero
+what the Y is zero and then what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the Y is zero and then what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the Y is zero and then what the
+text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text
+is so that puts it at this point 0 0 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so that puts it at this point 0 0 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so that puts it at this point 0 0 is
+the beginning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+text I can clear the figure without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text I can clear the figure without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text I can clear the figure without
+closing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closing
+it I can separate it into subplots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I can separate it into subplots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I can separate it into subplots
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+let's say one row of plots two columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say one row of plots two columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say one row of plots two columns
+of plots here's the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of plots here's the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of plots here's the first
+plot and in this first plot I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot and in this first plot I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot and in this first plot I'm going to
+plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot
+the this one and then the second plot I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this one and then the second plot I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this one and then the second plot I
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+plot this one Ah that's a bit messy let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot this one Ah that's a bit messy let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot this one Ah that's a bit messy let
+me make this bigger so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me make this bigger so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me make this bigger so you can see
+what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going
+on there you go so here's a subplot this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on there you go so here's a subplot this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on there you go so here's a subplot this
+is the first subplot this is the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the first subplot this is the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the first subplot this is the second
+subplot so I encourage you to read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subplot so I encourage you to read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subplot so I encourage you to read the
+to help files on all the commands that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help files on all the commands that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help files on all the commands that
+you saw here today as a way to learn how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw here today as a way to learn how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw here today as a way to learn how
+to deal with plotting in metlab
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/X6cea7dAhBc.txt b/X6cea7dAhBc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4b7eb0c302f38d1e3065cfcee24ea64d59185ef6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/X6cea7dAhBc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4843 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help
+MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+continue to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation, or to
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+GEORGE BARBASTATHIS: OK, so
+today I would like to cover--
+
+to start, well, I will
+do a lot of things today.
+
+But to begin with, I would
+like to solve two applications
+
+of Fermat's principle.
+
+And the simplest possible thing
+that we try to do in optics,
+
+and that is to focus.
+
+So the one focus will
+come up again and again.
+
+It basically refers
+to the idea--
+
+hi, Colin.
+
+It refers to the idea that we
+have rays, a bundle of rays
+
+that are propagating.
+
+And focusing means that we try
+to force these rays to meet
+
+at one point.
+
+So this, of course, is
+very useful for imaging,
+
+but even simpler, if
+you want to collect
+
+all of the light
+energy, for example,
+
+for a solar concentrator,
+or a satellite dish,
+
+or something like that.
+
+Then basically, this
+is what you try to do.
+
+You try to get the rays that
+are coming from the source,
+
+and focus them into a point.
+
+And this is valid, of
+course, in the entire regime
+
+of electromagnetic waves--
+
+whether microwaves, or visible
+light, or even higher--
+
+provided that the element
+that we use to focus the rays
+
+is much bigger than
+the wavelength.
+
+And here, I'm leaving
+it deliberately vague
+
+how much bigger.
+
+But think about it that is maybe
+a few thousand of wavelengths,
+
+or few hundred of wavelengths.
+
+In the microwave case,
+that's not exactly true.
+
+The RF wavelength maybe
+a couple of centimeters.
+
+The typical satellite
+dish is about the meter,
+
+so we're talking about
+50 to 100 wavelength.
+
+But anyway, still the
+approximations are valid.
+
+So the simplest way to
+do this kind of operation
+
+to focus the light into a
+point so it can be detected
+
+is with a reflector, a mirror
+whose surface is curved.
+
+And you know from experience
+if you look at the spoon
+
+that, well, funny things happen
+if you look at the spoon.
+
+We will talk about that
+perhaps a little bit later.
+
+But you know that the
+spoon forms images,
+
+so this is basically a
+simplification or idealization
+
+of a spoon.
+
+So let's say that we
+have this surface.
+
+And for now, even though the
+label says parabolic reflector,
+
+I will pretend that I don't
+know the shape of the surface.
+
+So s of x is an unknown
+to be determined.
+
+And the goal, of
+course, is to have
+
+rays that are coming as parallel
+rays onto the parabol line,
+
+onto this unknown shape.
+
+And our goal is to
+focus these rays
+
+into a point on the
+axis of the surface.
+
+And what you see.
+
+You see here that I put
+the symbol of infinity.
+
+I will mention that
+also a little bit later.
+
+If we have rays that are
+parallel, you can think--
+
+according to Euclidean geometry,
+parallel rays never meet.
+
+Or another way to say it is
+that parallel rays, if they ever
+
+meet, that would be at infinity,
+at a very, very long distance
+
+away.
+
+So when the object
+of the imaging system
+
+is very far away, such
+as the sun, or a star,
+
+or a really remote source.
+
+Then we can say that
+the ray is coming
+
+from that object
+that are parallel,
+
+or that are coming
+from infinity.
+
+So the objective here
+is, again, to determine
+
+the shape of the
+surface, s of x, such
+
+that the rays all
+focus at a point, f.
+
+So there's a number
+of ways of doing it.
+
+One is for example, I can apply
+the law of reflection anywhere
+
+in the surface.
+
+I have the array appearing here.
+
+I can compute the
+normal to the ray--
+
+I'm sorry, the
+normal to the surface
+
+at that point of
+existence of the ray.
+
+And I can apply the
+law of reflection.
+
+I can solve the
+problem this way.
+
+But that is actually a very
+complicated way of solving it.
+
+Much work.
+
+So being, I guess, lazy.
+
+The best way to
+solve this problem
+
+is to invoke the
+Fermat's principle.
+
+And Fermat's principle
+says, again, to remind you,
+
+says that rays that
+depart from a common point
+
+and arrive at another point.
+
+They have to follow the
+minimum optical path.
+
+A corollary to
+that is that if you
+
+have two rays that
+start at the same point
+
+and meet again at
+the same point,
+
+then these rays must
+follow the same path.
+
+Because if one of those
+rays follows a shorter path,
+
+it means that the other ray
+that followed the longer path
+
+is violating Fermat's principle.
+
+And that cannot happen.
+
+So the way we're
+thinking about this here
+
+is to take, for
+example, the center
+
+ray that is going directly on
+axis, that started at infinity.
+
+We go to the reflector.
+
+It will be reflected
+exactly backwards,
+
+and will go through
+the focal point, f.
+
+If we take another
+ray that is away
+
+from the central axis
+of the unknown surface.
+
+Then this ray also
+started at infinity.
+
+It gets reflected, and then,
+again, meets at that point, f.
+
+So therefore, the pattern
+that these two rays followed
+
+must be the same.
+
+So how do we compute this path?
+
+Well, if you look
+at the central ray.
+
+The central ray is
+coming from infinity.
+
+I will use the plane passing
+through the focal point
+
+as my reference.
+
+And I will calculate
+the path back and forth
+
+from the focal point to
+the reflector and back.
+
+So I basically
+calculate this path.
+
+This path obviously
+equals 2 times f.
+
+By f, I denote the focal
+distance of the reflector.
+
+That is the distance at which
+the rays come to a focus.
+
+And the other path
+I will compute
+
+is I will ignore the path of the
+ray up to the reference plane.
+
+And then I will compute
+this path over here.
+
+So how do you compute this path?
+
+Well, the shape of the
+paraboloid is s of x.
+
+So basically, s of x is the
+elevation of the unknown shape
+
+with respect to the
+other reference plane
+
+that passes through the
+bottom of the unknown shape.
+
+So therefore, this
+distance here is f minus s,
+
+because it equals the focal
+distance minus the elevation
+
+of the reflector.
+
+And the other-- this
+distance over here.
+
+OK, so let me write it down.
+
+So it is f minus s.
+
+This is the first
+segment of the ray part.
+
+And the other is the hypotenuse
+of this orthogonal triangle,
+
+where one side of the
+triangle equals x.
+
+The other side of the
+triangle equals f plus s.
+
+And all I have to do is I have
+to apply Pythagoras' theorem.
+
+OK, so this is the path of
+the ray that arrived away
+
+from the optical axis.
+
+And, of course, this
+must equal the path
+
+of the ray that is exactly on
+the axis that equals to 2f.
+
+So now, we can play with
+his formula a little bit.
+
+I skip the derivation
+in the notes.
+
+Actually, I didn't quite skip
+the derivation of the notes.
+
+So instead of deriving it
+here, I will just animate it.
+
+And if we do the
+algebra here, we
+
+can basically eliminate
+one of the focal distances,
+
+bring that to the other side.
+
+And then do a little bit
+more algebraic manipulation.
+
+And after not too much work, we
+have this expression over here
+
+for the elevation of
+the unknown shape.
+
+And clearly, what you see
+over that is a parabola.
+
+Of course, it turned
+out to be a parabola
+
+because I did the calculation
+in the cross section--
+
+in one cross section
+of the optical element.
+
+In reality, all
+of these elements
+
+are rotationally symmetric
+surfaces of revolution.
+
+So the reason I
+call it a paraboloid
+
+and not a parabola is
+because I take this shape,
+
+and then I spin it
+around the optical axis
+
+in order to get
+the familiar ball
+
+shape of the paraboloid this.
+
+But to do a little
+less math here,
+
+and to keep my life simple, I
+will only do these calculations
+
+in one plane.
+
+So turns out to be
+a simple parabola.
+
+So then this is
+your final answer.
+
+This is the shape
+of a reflector that
+
+will take a set
+of parallel rays,
+
+and focus them into a
+focal point in front
+
+of the reflector.
+
+So these are very nice.
+
+And we actually got our
+first imaging system.
+
+We managed to compute
+its focal length
+
+as a function of the
+shape of the element.
+
+There's a few things that I
+would like to remark here.
+
+One is, for example, that
+this works very nicely when
+
+the rays are indeed incident
+parallel to the normal
+
+at the center of
+the parabola here.
+
+If you imagine that I take
+this set of rays and I tilt it.
+
+Then a little bit of thought
+will convince yourself
+
+that it doesn't work
+so nicely anymore.
+
+If you were to then
+come in parallel rays,
+
+then the rays will
+kind of focus,
+
+but they would fail to meet all
+at once at the focal point, f.
+
+So this is a perfect
+focusing element
+
+for on axis incident rays.
+
+But it would be not
+so perfect anymore
+
+if the rays are
+arriving off axis.
+
+That's one observation
+to keep in mind.
+
+This will come up again later.
+
+One thing I would like
+to say is that this
+
+is a very nice element, indeed.
+
+But in some cases,
+it is not practical
+
+because as you can see,
+the focus is actually
+
+in front of the element.
+
+So if you were to
+detect the light,
+
+you would have to put,
+for example, a photo diode
+
+or some transducer at
+this location, which
+
+means you are actually
+blocking the path of the light.
+
+AUDIENCE: I have
+a quick question.
+
+GEORGE BARBASTATHIS: I'm
+sorry, I can not hear you.
+
+AUDIENCE: I can understand
+how the rays have
+
+a minimal optical path.
+
+But I don't understand
+why they have
+
+to have the same optical path.
+
+For example, you let
+it equal to 2f, which
+
+was at the center distance.
+
+So isn't it possible that the
+minimum optical path does not
+
+equal 2f?
+
+Or why is that the case?
+
+GEORGE BARBASTATHIS:
+Take two rays.
+
+In our case, one ray [INAUDIBLE]
+from infinity, and they both
+
+meet at F. So the rays can
+take different optical paths.
+
+One can go like this, the
+other can go like this.
+
+And doing our rays in general.
+
+So imagine that this has path
+l1, and this has path l2.
+
+And imagine, for the
+sake of argument,
+
+that l1 is less than l2.
+
+Fermat's principle says
+that if the ray, number one,
+
+goes through the first
+point from the origin
+
+to the destination.
+
+It follows a certain path.
+
+This path has to be minimal.
+
+But now, look at ray number two.
+
+This ray also goes from the same
+origin to the same destination,
+
+but follows a
+longer optical path.
+
+Therefore, the second ray has
+to violate Fermat's principle.
+
+So this is what we call
+mathematics abduction to--
+
+what do you call it?
+
+To absurdum.
+
+That's right,
+abduction to absurdum.
+
+In other words, by
+assuming that the rays have
+
+unequal optical
+paths, we arrived
+
+at a conclusion that is
+inconsistent with Fermat's
+
+principle.
+
+So therefore, this
+has to be discarded.
+
+The only possibility
+is that l1 equals l2.
+
+So because the two rays
+start at the same origin
+
+and arrive at the
+same destination,
+
+they must have the
+same optical path.
+
+Did that make sense?
+
+AUDIENCE: For example, in
+the homework problem, where
+
+you have the swimmer and the
+lifeguard, well, I guess--
+
+I'll think about
+it a little more.
+
+Yeah, makes sense.
+
+Thanks.
+
+GEORGE BARBASTATHIS: OK.
+
+So for the cases where the
+paraboloid is not convenient.
+
+Actually, I should
+say for the cases
+
+where the reflector
+is not convenient,
+
+because of the problem
+of blocking the ray
+
+path at the focal point.
+
+It is perhaps more
+convenient to attempt
+
+to use a refractive optical
+element that is a dielectric.
+
+And try to focus the rays using
+now, again, a curved surface.
+
+But in this case, it is a curved
+surface refractive index n.
+
+And for simplicity,
+I will assume
+
+that the rays are, again,
+are coming from free space,
+
+from vacuum, or from air.
+
+So the index of
+refraction is actually
+
+one on the left
+hand side over here.
+
+On the right hand side, it is n.
+
+So in this case, again,
+I have the same problem.
+
+I have an unknown shape, s
+of x, that I should follow,
+
+that I must somehow
+shape my refractor.
+
+And one could assume
+that this is anything.
+
+It could be, again, a parabola.
+
+It could be a circle,
+I mean, a sphere.
+
+It could be a number
+of different things.
+
+The question, what is it really.
+
+So the question is actually
+the same as the question
+
+that I asked before.
+
+And to answer it, we will
+actually follow once again
+
+the same argument.
+
+We will use Fermat to argue
+that since the two rays started
+
+at the same point, infinity.
+
+And they meet at the same
+point, F, at the same target,
+
+F. They must follow
+the same optical path.
+
+So in this case, I will apply
+Fermat with the reference plane
+
+that is tangential at the
+apex of the known refractive--
+
+I'm sorry, of the
+unknown refractor shape.
+
+And I will compute the
+path of the own axis
+
+ray, which is very easy.
+
+So this path, you have to
+be a little bit careful now
+
+when we define the optical path.
+
+If you remember, the
+optical path in general.
+
+Optical path length
+equals the integral
+
+along the ray trajectory of the
+index of refraction times dl.
+
+So what this means
+now in our case
+
+is that the optical path
+length for this segment
+
+of the rays between the
+apex and the focal point
+
+equals f, the distance, times
+the index of refraction,
+
+in order to convert it
+to proper optical path.
+
+OK, so that's easy.
+
+Now, we have to
+compute the other one.
+
+So here's, again, I will
+exaggerate it a little bit.
+
+Here is, again, my
+unknown shape, s of x.
+
+And here is the ray that is
+arriving at some distance, x,
+
+from the apex.
+
+And this ray, according
+to my postulate here,
+
+will meet the axis
+at distance small f.
+
+To reach the point, uppercase
+f, that is the focal point.
+
+So again, I have to do a
+little bit of geometry here.
+
+This distance is s of x.
+
+Because this distance, again, is
+the elevation of the refractor
+
+shape relative to my
+reference plane over here.
+
+So this equals s plus this
+distance, which again, is
+
+the hypotenuse of a triangle.
+
+But I have to be, again,
+a little bit careful
+
+because this segment
+over here now,
+
+again, is inside the refractor.
+
+So before I do
+anything else, again, I
+
+have to multiply by the
+index of refraction.
+
+So it has to be n, the
+index of refraction,
+
+times the hypotenuse
+length, which
+
+equals the square
+root of the two sides,
+
+of the two sides squared.
+
+What am I doing?
+
+I'm sorry.
+
+x squared plus f
+minus s squared.
+
+That's the correct expression.
+
+OK, and [INAUDIBLE] in
+fact I could see it,
+
+because my computer
+has a preview.
+
+So I can see the
+equation, but I'm
+
+trying not to see it when
+I'm deriving things here.
+
+OK, so that is the
+equation, then.
+
+So again, according
+to the argument.
+
+Actually, let me repeat it
+once again, because this
+
+is a-- it's a very basic point.
+
+We have two rays here.
+
+One is going on axis.
+
+There is no refraction here,
+because it is incident exactly
+
+normally on the surface.
+
+And then it propagates
+at distance, f.
+
+So the optical path length
+of this ray equals n times f.
+
+Then I have another ray that
+propagated a little bit further
+
+in there because it arrives
+at the elevated portion
+
+of the refractor.
+
+And then it bends in some
+way that we don't know yet.
+
+But what we do know
+is that we want,
+
+we demand, we
+require, so to speak,
+
+this ray to go through
+the same point, F.
+
+So the fact that the ray goes
+through the same point, F.
+
+It means that it must follow the
+same path as the one axis ray.
+
+If this ray, for example,
+had followed a shorter path.
+
+Then there's no reason for
+this ray to go this way.
+
+It should have gone
+this way as well,
+
+because if it
+hadn't, it would be
+
+violating Fermat's principle.
+
+That is the argument.
+
+So therefore, there
+are two paths.
+
+This path, and this path.
+
+They must be exactly equal.
+
+So this is what this
+equation says over that.
+
+OK, this equation now.
+
+Does anybody know what
+this equation represents?
+
+If you have looked at
+the notes ahead of time,
+
+you know the answer.
+
+If you ever looked at
+the notes, this equation
+
+doesn't mean much.
+
+However, it can be manipulated.
+
+And I did not do all the
+algebra in the notes.
+
+I skipped a few steps.
+
+So the first thing you
+do is you basically try
+
+to get rid of the square root.
+
+So you bring this
+s on that side.
+
+You take squares of both sides.
+
+You do a little bit of algebra.
+
+You bring it to this form.
+
+Then this-- it still
+doesn't look very nice.
+
+So what you do is you try
+to write it to complete
+
+the sum of squares here.
+
+So that's a little bit messy.
+
+I will let you do it by
+yourselves, if you're
+
+interested and curious.
+
+If you get stuck, and you
+don't know how to do it,
+
+I will post the complete
+derivation on the website.
+
+But anyway, after a
+little bit more algebra,
+
+you get a result
+that looks like this.
+
+It looks like a square
+of the surface shape, s,
+
+minus the displacement,
+times another square
+
+of the coordinate x
+equals a constant.
+
+And this type of
+equation in general,
+
+an equation of the form
+s square over constant,
+
+plus x square over constant
+equals another constant, which
+
+might as well be one.
+
+This equation
+represents an ellipse.
+
+It is still not quite like this.
+
+It is of the form s minus some
+constant square over constant
+
+plus x square over
+constant equals 1.
+
+That is still in ellipse, but
+a displaced ellipse, right?
+
+What this really means
+is that the ellipse
+
+is centered at this location.
+
+OK, this comes from
+the displacement term
+
+in the square.
+
+And the eccentricity of
+the ellipse-- that is,
+
+the size of the minor axis
+relative to the major axis--
+
+is given by the inverse of
+this quantity over here.
+
+So it is n minus
+1 over n plus 1f.
+
+What is interesting to note
+is that the focal point
+
+is to the right hand side of
+the center of the ellipse.
+
+And in fact, this happens to be
+the focal point of the ellipse.
+
+If you look at the
+definition of an ellipse
+
+in the form of pure
+geometry, ellipses
+
+are characterized
+by two focal points.
+
+And it turns out in this
+case, the focus of the rays
+
+is one of the focal
+points of the ellipse.
+
+And that, of course,
+is symmetrically
+
+located on the other side.
+
+OK, so this is a bit of
+a mathematical trickery.
+
+But what I want to
+emphasize, which is actually
+
+kind of important to know,
+is that the focal point
+
+is actually past the
+center of the ellipse.
+
+That's about it, really.
+
+The result of this is sort
+of an ideal elliptical shape.
+
+That's something
+worth remembering.
+
+That if you have a ideal
+set of parallel rays coming
+
+in-- or as we will call
+it a little bit later,
+
+a plane wave--
+
+and we wish to focus it at
+the final distance inside
+
+of the electric material.
+
+The best possible
+shape to achieve
+
+that is an elliptical shape.
+
+Now, again, there's caveats.
+
+For example, if I tilt
+this incoming ray,
+
+then the focus will not
+be perfect out here.
+
+So this is the same situation
+as in the parabol line.
+
+It only works so
+nice and so perfectly
+
+if the incidence
+is exactly normal.
+
+Out of curiosity,
+can anybody imagine--
+
+so if you compare this
+with a paraboloid,
+
+one obvious advantage
+is, of course,
+
+that I'm not blocking
+the light path anymore.
+
+What is a possible disadvantage
+of this kind of approach?
+
+There are several, actually.
+
+Tell me at least one.
+
+Yeah.
+
+Push the button.
+
+AUDIENCE: The detector
+is inside the vector.
+
+GEORGE BARBASTATHIS: That's
+one obvious disadvantage.
+
+If I wanted to
+really use this, I
+
+would have to put
+the detector here.
+
+And, of course, it doesn't
+have to be a full ellipse.
+
+I can always clip the
+ellipse over here.
+
+The rays have no way of knowing
+that this happened to them,
+
+so I can always stick
+the detector over here.
+
+So maybe I can
+overcome that problem.
+
+But it is a problem, yeah.
+
+What is the second problem
+that kind of is sticking out?
+
+AUDIENCE: In the
+case of if you're
+
+trying to build a
+telescope, or something
+
+where you have to worry
+about the structure
+
+of your optical setup.
+
+You could think that maybe
+a solid element would
+
+be much more bulky
+or hard to abrogate
+
+than a reflecting
+element, like paraboloid?
+
+GEORGE BARBASTATHIS:
+That's correct.
+
+If you tried to
+make a big element,
+
+a big lens, a big
+focusing concentrator,
+
+like a solid concentrate,
+or a satellite dish.
+
+That's a very inconvenient
+shape to have.
+
+It is heavy--
+absolutely, I agree.
+
+Tell me a third disadvantage.
+
+The paraboloid can go
+on a very long distance.
+
+This one is a finite shape
+because it's an ellipse.
+
+As it curves at some point, it
+will reach a derivative equal
+
+to zero.
+
+It will stop there.
+
+So basically, this element
+captures only a finite set
+
+of rays up to the minor
+axis of the ellipse.
+
+It is missing the rest.
+
+Tell me a fourth and final
+disadvantage of this setup
+
+that at least I could think of.
+
+I'll give you a hint.
+
+Last time, Piper did a very
+nice demonstration with a prism.
+
+Do you remember something
+that his demonstration--
+
+something about this
+demonstration [INAUDIBLE]..
+
+AUDIENCE: There can be
+total internal reflection.
+
+Like on this
+
+GEORGE BARBASTATHIS:
+[INAUDIBLE]..
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+GEORGE BARBASTATHIS: Is there
+a possibility for PIR here?
+
+AUDIENCE: The
+index of refraction
+
+isn't necessarily the
+same for all wavelengths?
+
+GEORGE BARBASTATHIS: So
+first of all, let's answer
+
+the previous question.
+
+Here, you're right to think
+about the possibility of PIR.
+
+But if you look at it in
+a little bit more detail,
+
+you will see that PIR is
+not a problem in this case.
+
+At least for the rays
+going up to here,
+
+there's no problem of PIR.
+
+Because the rays
+come from a low index
+
+medium to a high index medium.
+
+And therefore, they will always
+refract inside the [INAUDIBLE]..
+
+What is interesting to
+happen to the ray that
+
+is incident exactly tangential
+to the ellipse over here.
+
+It will still be refracted,
+if you think about it.
+
+It's Snell's law.
+
+And it will give you sort
+of the maximum acceptance
+
+cone of the interface that
+we discussed last week,
+
+I mean, on Monday in
+relation to Snell's law.
+
+So then out of the two demos
+that Piper did last week,
+
+the PIR is not the problem.
+
+It is the other one, as
+you correctly pointed out.
+
+So you want to repeat?
+
+Who has spoken before?
+
+Someone mentioned the
+index of refraction.
+
+AUDIENCE: The
+index of refraction
+
+isn't the same for
+all wavelengths.
+
+GEORGE BARBASTATHIS:
+That's right.
+
+That's right.
+
+So since the index
+of refraction is not
+
+the same for all
+wavelengths, what this means
+
+is that the focal distance
+now becomes a function
+
+of the index of refraction.
+
+And I may tune it.
+
+Basically, what I do is
+I manufacture this shape.
+
+So I can manufacture
+it for a certain index
+
+for a standard wavelength.
+
+If the index changes,
+this relation
+
+will not be satisfied
+anymore, and therefore
+
+the refractive element
+will become imperfect.
+
+How do we call this phenomenon
+of dependence of index
+
+of refraction on wavelength?
+
+Dispersion.
+
+And in the context that
+we're discussing here.
+
+OK, it is dispersion.
+
+In the context of
+focusing, when we
+
+get imperfect focusing
+because of dispersion,
+
+It has also another
+special name.
+
+It is called
+chromatic aberration.
+
+The term aberration we'll
+see again in the next hour.
+
+It generally refers to
+failures of optical systems
+
+to focus light as
+they're supposed to.
+
+So this is the first such
+failure that we encounter.
+
+The term chromatic, I have
+an advantage over you.
+
+I'm Greek.
+
+And this turns out
+to be a Greek word.
+
+Chroma in Greek means color.
+
+And this is the Greek spelling.
+
+If you want to spell it out in
+Latin so you can pronounce it,
+
+it is chroma.
+
+And that's where the word
+chromatic is derived from.
+
+It literally means
+separation due to color.
+
+Any questions on
+any of this so far?
+
+I'm sorry, there's a question.
+
+AUDIENCE: If someone thought
+of a lenslike element
+
+in which the
+focusing takes place
+
+on the other side
+of the element.
+
+Will it have a
+[INAUDIBLE] power surface?
+
+GEORGE BARBASTATHIS:
+That's coming up, actually,
+
+in a few slides.
+
+So yeah, I mean, the answer
+to your question is generally,
+
+if you want to focus
+a point from the left
+
+to a point on the right, at
+the opposite side of element.
+
+You need two hyperbolic surface.
+
+I'll cover that in a second.
+
+Of course, hyperbolas are
+difficult to manufacture.
+
+People typically make
+spherical surfaces.
+
+You can also have a sphere,
+nowadays, by injection molding.
+
+I will go into that also later.
+
+But even that is only
+perfect for on axis points.
+
+If you move points off
+axis, then it fails again.
+
+So it becomes the whole
+problem of optical design.
+
+OK, so I will switch now
+to today's, actually,
+
+set of lectures.
+
+And you realized that
+we were kind of behind
+
+by almost one lecture.
+
+I think we're beginning
+to catch up now.
+
+But what I would like to do
+today for the rest of the two
+
+hours that you have is
+to go relatively slowly
+
+over a number of
+different topics, which
+
+are also related to focusing.
+
+But as we go along,
+we will generalize
+
+focusing to more and more
+complicated situations.
+
+So I wanted to solve
+two cases of-- actually,
+
+one case of focusing using two
+different types of elements,
+
+a reflector and a refractor.
+
+In order to make this stuff
+a little bit more specific,
+
+let me remind you
+of some definitions
+
+that we discussed a little
+bit at the first lecture.
+
+But I would like to remind you
+again with a bit more detail.
+
+So what is the concept
+of a spherical wave.
+
+So spherical wave
+is what you get
+
+if you have light or
+originating at the point source.
+
+It is also referred
+to as a point object.
+
+So what happens then
+is you get the fan
+
+of rays that is divergent.
+
+And if you plug the normals
+to these rays, these normals,
+
+they look like spheres.
+
+So, of course, the wavefronts
+expand as the spherical wave
+
+propagates.
+
+And because these wavefronts
+are spherical surfaces,
+
+that's why we call
+it a spherical wave.
+
+Again, very important to
+remember by definition.
+
+The wavefront is
+normal to the rays.
+
+So what I have done here in
+principle is I took each ray.
+
+I computed the
+normal to the ray.
+
+I connected all the normals,
+and I get this sphere over here.
+
+I don't know if I did it very
+well in my graphic over here,
+
+but that's what this
+is supposed to denote.
+
+OK, you can flip this
+situation and create
+
+a convergent spherical
+wave, where basically, you
+
+have rays that are
+propagating towards the point.
+
+If that is the case, it is
+not a point source anymore.
+
+You call it a point image.
+
+In most optical systems-- at
+least in optical systems that
+
+we will consider here--
+
+this is really the goal
+of an optical system.
+
+You try to take
+rays of light that
+
+are given to you by some
+source that you do not control,
+
+such as an object, or a
+star far out of reach.
+
+And what you try to do is you
+try to arrange your optics,
+
+select your lenses,
+space them appropriately,
+
+and so on and so forth.
+
+So that you can converge
+these incoming rays
+
+into point images.
+
+So if you wish this is our
+given, or our customer.
+
+And then this is what
+the customer wants.
+
+The customer wants
+to form point images.
+
+So a good deal of working
+the field of optics
+
+has to do with this
+problem, how you can image--
+
+however you can
+create point images.
+
+I'll take this out,
+because it does not
+
+relate to this discussion.
+
+OK.
+
+So again, the
+wavefronts are spherical
+
+here with a common center
+at the point image.
+
+But in this case, of
+course, the wavefronts
+
+are contracting as you go
+towards the point image,
+
+because the rays are converging.
+
+And, of course, [AUDIO OUT]
+wavefronts ideally collapse
+
+into a point.
+
+This doesn't sound
+very physical.
+
+And a little bit later, when we
+do the theory of diffraction.
+
+We will see in a bit more detail
+what happens at that point.
+
+It is not really that the
+wavefront ideally collapses.
+
+Something else happens
+that we will see.
+
+Within the geometrical
+optics approximation,
+
+let's accept it for now
+that this is the case.
+
+That indeed, the rays can
+converge to a single point,
+
+and then the wavefront
+over there collapses.
+
+OK, this is true for pretty
+much every case of imaging.
+
+However, in a number
+of situations,
+
+it is very convenient
+to take one extreme case
+
+where the point source, or the
+point object is very far away.
+
+I mentioned that already
+about half an hour ago.
+
+And I called it the
+point source of infinity,
+
+or a point object of infinity.
+
+A very good approximation
+for that is a star.
+
+If we look at stars in the night
+sky, they look like points.
+
+Of course, a star is humongous.
+
+It is probably thousands of
+times bigger than the earth.
+
+But because it is at a distance
+of thousands or millions
+
+of light years away,
+it appears to us
+
+to be like a point,
+a point source.
+
+So again, there's another
+important point to emphasize.
+
+When we talk about the
+point object at infinity,
+
+we don't necessarily imply
+that it is mathematically
+
+a point, that is, it
+has zero dimension.
+
+What we really mean
+is it is so far
+
+away that the angle that
+I subtend towards that
+
+far away point is minimal.
+
+If that is true, if
+that assumption is true,
+
+then I can call it a point.
+
+I mean, I can call it a
+point source at infinity.
+
+And what happens if you
+really went near that point
+
+far at infinity, you would
+still see divergent rays.
+
+But because these rays propagate
+at a very long distance,
+
+you only get to see the
+set of rays near the axis
+
+that departed from that point.
+
+And because you're
+[INAUDIBLE],, these rays
+
+are really tightly collapsed
+near the central ray over here.
+
+They all look parallel.
+
+So a set of rays that I
+propagate and they're parallel.
+
+Like so on here, we
+call it a plane wave.
+
+If you go back to your notes
+from the first lecture,
+
+we called it the plane wave,
+or the planar wavefront.
+
+But we can also call it--
+
+parallel [INAUDIBLE]
+rays, we can also
+
+call it an object at infinity.
+
+Of course, because
+the rays are parallel.
+
+If I draw the normals to
+them, they will form planes.
+
+They form ideal planar surfaces.
+
+And that's why this
+is called the planar
+
+wavefront, or a plane wave.
+
+For our purposes, the
+two terms are identical.
+
+And, of course, this
+goes the other way too.
+
+If I had a planar wave
+also propagating like this.
+
+I can also claim that I create
+a point image at infinity.
+
+Because if I take
+parallel lines and I
+
+propagate them for an
+infinitely long distance.
+
+OK, what I'm about to say is
+not mathematically correct,
+
+but in optics, we
+say it all the time.
+
+It is that these parallel
+rays will meet at infinity.
+
+Of course, parallel
+rays never meet.
+
+But you can simply to
+justify it in your mind,
+
+flip to this picture,
+and take these rays,
+
+propagate them backwards.
+
+At a very, very
+far away distance,
+
+you cannot tell the difference,
+whether they started
+
+as parallel rays, or they
+started as a tightly convergent
+
+small ray bundle.
+
+OK, so this [AUDIO OUT]
+because very often,
+
+it simplifies
+calculations and gives
+
+certain kinds of intuition.
+
+And again, we define it in
+the geometric optic sense.
+
+When we do diffraction
+about a month from now,
+
+we will define it more
+rigorously in a way
+
+that is probably much more
+convincing than I do now.
+
+The reason I'm apologizing
+for this definition
+
+is that there's no such thing
+as mathematical infinity
+
+in real life.
+
+Even a star, it is a
+very long distance away,
+
+but it is not an
+infinite distance away.
+
+So what do I mean by infinity?
+
+For example, [INAUDIBLE],, who is
+sitting here on the front row.
+
+Is he at infinity with
+respect to me, or no?
+
+Well, what about you guys who
+are sitting in the cam bridge?
+
+Well, OK, the surface
+of the earth is curved,
+
+so that creates an
+obvious problem.
+
+But suppose I could
+draw a straight line
+
+through the center of the
+earth from Singapore to Boston.
+
+Would you guys be at
+infinity with respect to me?
+
+OK, it actually depends on
+a lot of different things.
+
+It depends on the relative
+sizes that I have and you have.
+
+It depends on the wavelength
+that the light is propagating.
+
+And actually, that's
+about it, according
+
+to diffraction theory.
+
+So we will see a rigorous
+definition of what is infinity
+
+when we do diffraction.
+
+For now, let's take
+it on faith that if I
+
+have a set of rays that
+appear [AUDIO OUT],,
+
+we'll call it image of infinity.
+
+So sometimes, we use
+the term collimated.
+
+That's a better marker.
+
+Collimated rays.
+
+So collimated is from
+the word colinear, right?
+
+Creating parallel to each other.
+
+OK.
+
+So I included this slide,
+but as a reminder, and that
+
+as a reference,
+because for the next--
+
+I don't know, for the next
+semester really, from now on,
+
+we'll be using
+these terms a lot.
+
+Spherical waves, plane
+waves, spherical wavefronts,
+
+and so on and so forth.
+
+The concept of
+infinity applies to
+
+both convergent and divergent
+spherical waves at infinity.
+
+All right.
+
+So the two examples that
+we saw at the beginning.
+
+These are basically examples
+of imaging sources at infinity.
+
+Because we had
+plane waves coming
+
+into the paraboloidal
+reflector and ellipsoidal
+
+refractor respectively.
+
+And then these two
+elements managed
+
+to convert these plane
+waves, these parallel
+
+ray bundles into perfect
+converging spherical waves.
+
+Therefore, they created
+perfect point images
+
+at the corresponding
+focal points.
+
+And then wavefronts,
+I also put down
+
+the two equations, the
+equations of the two elements.
+
+Now, let's flip the coin
+a little bit, and ask
+
+how can I create a
+point image at infinity?
+
+Now, I start with a point
+source that is within my range.
+
+Here is my point source.
+
+And I'm trying to
+create an image
+
+of that source of infinity.
+
+Well, another way to say it
+is that what I'm trying to do
+
+is I'm trying to
+collimate the light.
+
+So in the case of
+the paraboloid,
+
+it's actually very simple.
+
+All I have to do is reverse
+the paths of the rays.
+
+This may also sound arbitrary,
+but in electromagnetics,
+
+there's a very basic principle
+that says that you can do that.
+
+I will not go into
+that in detail,
+
+but I can assure you that from
+the rigorous electromagnetic
+
+point of view, this
+is permissible.
+
+You can reverse the ray
+paths, and you still
+
+get the value of the
+electromagnetic field.
+
+Therefore, a paraboloidal
+reflector works both ways.
+
+You can use it
+either as a receiver,
+
+so you can focus a
+source at infinity,
+
+and you can detect it here.
+
+Or it's a transmitter.
+
+You can have a point source
+at this finite distance,
+
+and you can broadcast a number
+of cars, but you can beam it.
+
+That's the word.
+
+You can beam it
+to a very narrow--
+
+to a target that is at a
+very long distance away.
+
+In the case of a refractor,
+the answer is not as simple.
+
+Because in the process of
+reversing the situation,
+
+now, the source is in air.
+
+And the collimated light is in
+glass, is in the dielectric.
+
+So therefore, the ellipse
+doesn't necessarily
+
+provide the same answer anymore.
+
+So basically, you have to
+solve the problem again.
+
+And indeed, we find
+that the ellipse is not
+
+the answer in this case.
+
+The answer is a hyperbola.
+
+A hyperboloidal surface.
+
+Given by this
+equation over here.
+
+If you compare it with
+the case of the ellipse,
+
+the difference is a minus sign.
+
+So again, I will not
+do this derivation.
+
+I will let you do
+it by yourselves
+
+if you have the inclination.
+
+Or if we have time at the
+end today, we might do it.
+
+It's a very similar derivation.
+
+We apply Fermat's principle.
+
+We basically demand
+that the path
+
+from here to some reference
+point equals the path from here
+
+to the same reference
+plane off axis.
+
+When you apply
+this principle, you
+
+end up with this equation after
+some algebraic manipulation.
+
+So the word confusion.
+
+I actually put
+together a table that
+
+contains all the
+possible cases of first
+
+of all, reflective versus
+refractive focusing elements.
+
+And point sources, or
+point images at infinity.
+
+And there's actually
+six possible cases.
+
+For the kinds of a reflector,
+we saw that it doesn't really
+
+make a difference.
+
+In both cases, a
+paraboloid is the answer.
+
+Because I computed
+already the focusing
+
+of an object at
+infinity, which is
+
+focused at the focal
+point of the paraboloid.
+
+And if I reverse the
+rays, the same paraboloid
+
+will take a point source at
+F, and image that point source
+
+at infinity.
+
+So that is very simple.
+
+In the case of a dielectric,
+I can do two things.
+
+First of all, I start
+with the ellipsoid.
+
+When we derive the
+case of the ellipsoid,
+
+focusing a plane wave
+coming from infinity.
+
+And we saw that it focuses at
+the focal point of the ellipse,
+
+inside the ellipse.
+
+If I reverse the
+array paths, then I
+
+have this situation where
+the light originates
+
+at the center of the ellipse.
+
+And then it gets
+collimated as it comes out.
+
+Now, the reason the
+ellipse is still the answer
+
+here is because the light
+starts at the dielectric.
+
+So really, now, I'm correct.
+
+I can still revise
+the optical path,
+
+and I get the correct answer.
+
+So this has led to cases
+of objects at infinity,
+
+and image at infinity.
+
+But have to be careful
+that the object is in air.
+
+In this case, the object
+of infinity is in air.
+
+The focus is inside
+the dielectric.
+
+In this case, the
+source of the object
+
+is inside the dielectric,
+and the image at infinity
+
+is in air.
+
+The other case is
+the one that I just
+
+mentioned, and did
+not derive, but I
+
+let you derive by yourselves.
+
+And that is the case
+of a source that
+
+is now at a finite distance.
+
+And I wish the image to be at
+infinity inside the dielectric.
+
+So this case, this is
+hyperboloidal surface.
+
+And, of course, you
+might ask, well,
+
+what the heck does
+it really mean?
+
+Can I really make an
+infinitely large refractor?
+
+Well, that says you don't
+have to, because if any
+
+of the refractor is cut here.
+
+Since the rays are
+coming out normal,
+
+they do not refract at
+all at this interface.
+
+So really, you can
+chop the hyperbola,
+
+and then you can still have your
+point, your image at infinity.
+
+So that's fine.
+
+And, of course, you can also
+reverse the ray paths here.
+
+And you can create
+the opposite situation
+
+where whenever you have
+an object at infinity,
+
+but inside the dielectric.
+
+And you have a point image
+at a finite distance in air.
+
+And that could also
+be hyperbolic, right?
+
+Because this, I derive simply
+by flipping the ray paths
+
+from one case to the next.
+
+OK, any questions about this?
+
+AUDIENCE: I've got a question.
+
+If your point sources
+within a green lens,
+
+what is the corresponding
+index of refraction function?
+
+GEORGE BARBASTATHIS:
+Within a green lens?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+GEORGE BARBASTATHIS: I
+will cover green lenses
+
+in about two weeks.
+
+We will do Hamiltonian
+optics, so yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: I also
+have a question.
+
+So if you said with the
+hyperboloidal refractor,
+
+if you cut off the
+back end, the rays
+
+will continue to
+come out parallel.
+
+Does that work in the
+opposite direction?
+
+Like if you have a lens that's
+flat on one end and a hyperbola
+
+on the other, can you
+focus it to a random point?
+
+Or not random.
+
+GEORGE BARBASTATHIS: Yes.
+
+This case, for example,
+that would work.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah, I can't see.
+
+GEORGE BARBASTATHIS: If you
+have rays coming in, yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+right, yeah.
+
+GEORGE BARBASTATHIS:
+Of course, the problem
+
+if you do it this way is
+that you have to cut off
+
+the hyperbol at some point.
+
+So you cannot extend your
+incoming bundle infinitely.
+
+AUDIENCE: Thanks.
+
+GEORGE BARBASTATHIS:
+Of course, these
+
+are all very highly idealized
+situations, I should emphasize.
+
+Any other questions?
+
+OK, so now that you
+have seen these,
+
+I would like to say a few
+things about wavefronts,
+
+and what happens
+to the wavefronts
+
+as they go through of these--
+
+AUDIENCE: George, I think
+that's another question.
+
+GEORGE BARBASTATHIS:
+Oh yeah, I'm sorry.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: So would the
+ellipsoidal reflector
+
+also be more subject to
+spherical aberrations
+
+since the focal point is
+actually within the optic
+
+instead of in front of it?
+
+GEORGE BARBASTATHIS:
+Say that again?
+
+If it is in front?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah,
+it's comparing the--
+
+GEORGE BARBASTATHIS:
+OK, I have not yet
+
+defined what is
+spherical aberration.
+
+Assuming that we know what
+spherical aberration is.
+
+All of these are free
+of spherical aberration.
+
+By construction, they
+focus light perfectly.
+
+However, a spherical aberration
+will come in, for example,
+
+if you--
+
+let's take this case.
+
+Yeah, if you move
+the source off axis,
+
+then the plane wave of
+coming out will be aberrated.
+
+The same here.
+
+If you tilt this plane wave.
+
+Again, the point image
+will be aberrated.
+
+Actually, it would be
+aberrated in more than one way.
+
+It will contain comma
+as well as spherical
+
+So these are free of
+aberrations to the degree
+
+that they are also
+operated as design.
+
+But we'll say a little
+bit about aberrations
+
+in the coming slides.
+
+So maybe you can postpone that.
+
+Any other questions?
+
+So speaking of aberrations,
+here they come.
+
+First of all, let me say a few
+things about the wavefronts.
+
+So by definition, I will
+just look at this case,
+
+and then you can
+construct similar diagrams
+
+for all the six cases that
+were in the previous slide.
+
+I didn't want to do that.
+
+It actually takes a very
+long time to do such a slide,
+
+so I didn't want
+to do all of them.
+
+But this is pretty
+representative.
+
+So it conveys the idea, I think.
+
+So by definition, we have
+a plane wave coming in.
+
+So you have plane wavefronts
+arriving at the interface.
+
+And also by definition,
+because by construction
+
+we required all the rays,
+all the refractive rays.
+
+They are required to meet at
+the focal point over here.
+
+It means that what
+we have inside
+
+the refractor is
+converging spherical waves.
+
+And therefore, if you look at
+the wavefronts collapsing in
+
+towards the focal point,
+they are perfect spheres.
+
+This is all equal section,
+so these are perfect spheres
+
+collapsing towards
+uppercase F. It's
+
+kind of interesting to
+think what happens here
+
+at the interface.
+
+So [INAUDIBLE] the interface,
+you have two things happening.
+
+You have the ray arriving at
+the left, then sort of being
+
+refracted into the sphere.
+
+But the wavelength
+has to remain--
+
+well, it has to
+remain continuous.
+
+So basically, what
+happens is the wavefronts,
+
+they curve in a continuous
+fashion, as shown here.
+
+You can think of it basically
+as the wave approaches
+
+from the left toward
+the refractor,
+
+as it starts entering
+the refractor, of course,
+
+it enters first at the apex.
+
+And then the wavefront
+starts bulging.
+
+It sort of creates this bulge.
+
+And then as it goes
+more and more in,
+
+the bulge progresses to create a
+segment of a spherical surface.
+
+Now, you can justify that with
+a number of different ways.
+
+One is, of course, Fermat's
+principle that we just applied.
+
+The other is if you
+think that light actually
+
+propagates slower in this medium
+than it propagates in air,
+
+then you can see why the
+wavefront starts bulging here.
+
+Because as soon as the light
+enters the medium, it gets
+
+slowed down.
+
+So now that portion
+of the wavefront
+
+that is still outside
+in air is actually
+
+faster than the
+portion that is here.
+
+Even if you compare,
+let's take this case.
+
+If you compare the portion
+of the wavefront that is here
+
+at the apex to the
+portion that is here,
+
+to the portion that is here.
+
+You can see that this one
+has traveled the longer
+
+distance in the medium.
+
+So that's why it
+is further behind.
+
+This one has traveled
+slightly less,
+
+so therefore, it is a
+little bit further ahead.
+
+And this one is still in air,
+so it is even more ahead.
+
+So this is another
+way to explain
+
+why the wavefronts
+are bulging, and they
+
+become spherical as the
+wave enters the medium.
+
+Now, of course, they
+become exactly spherical.
+
+It's very special to
+shape that we chose.
+
+Because we demanded
+Fermat to hold,
+
+the wavefronts that
+result from refraction
+
+of this elliptical interface.
+
+They actually become spherical.
+
+But you can easily
+convince yourself
+
+that if I chose a
+different surface.
+
+Say, if I chose a
+sphere or a hyperbola
+
+in this case, or some crazy
+polynomial, quartic, sixth
+
+order, I don't know,
+some generalized surface.
+
+Then the wavefronts
+that we get here.
+
+They might still bulge, because
+the light would enter a slower
+
+middle, but they
+wouldn't be spherical.
+
+Now, the fact that
+the wavefronts
+
+would not be spherical.
+
+What it really implies is
+that the focus is not perfect
+
+anymore.
+
+If these surfaces
+of the wavefronts,
+
+they deviate from spheres.
+
+Then the rays would not
+really all be at [? F, ?]
+
+but they would cross
+at various places.
+
+And that is what you
+call an aberrated image,
+
+or an aberrated wavefront.
+
+So the two are related, because
+if, for example, the wavefront
+
+deviates from a sphere, then you
+call it an aberrated wavefront.
+
+If the image deviates from
+the ideal point image, where
+
+all the rays meet to
+a sort of blurry image
+
+where the rays fail to meet,
+then that's an aberrated image.
+
+So I will show some
+examples of that
+
+later on, today, and also
+later during the class.
+
+So there's a special
+case when the--
+
+well, let me save that
+special case for later.
+
+I will talk about
+this in a little bit.
+
+What I would like to say next
+is why is it so significant to--
+
+why do we try so hard to
+create these point images?
+
+We're surrounded by
+objects that are--
+
+actually, most of the
+objects that we see around us
+
+are reflective.
+
+They are opaque.
+
+So light that is entered
+in from a light source,
+
+for example, a light
+bulb, or the sunlight when
+
+we're outdoors.
+
+What happens to the light
+as it hits the objects that
+
+are surrounding us.
+
+It scatters.
+
+So scattering really
+means that the light
+
+that is arriving from a source.
+
+Each point in the object, it
+creates a highly divergent
+
+spherical wave.
+
+So basically, each
+point in the object
+
+becomes a secondary
+point source.
+
+This is part of a big--
+
+of another principle
+in light propagation
+
+called the Huygen's principle.
+
+But we're not quite ready
+to see that principle yet.
+
+It needs a little bit
+more careful definition.
+
+So for now, one way to
+justify in your mind
+
+why this might happen is that
+the objects surrounding us.
+
+They are composed of atoms.
+
+And each atom, when it
+gets hit by the light beam.
+
+It will be set in motion.
+
+And you can imagine
+the situation
+
+where the motion of the atom
+will irradiate a new light
+
+beam.
+
+So these light beams
+that are coming out
+
+of there of the atoms composing
+the surfaces surrounding us.
+
+This is what we perceive as--
+
+I should say, what we
+receive as scattered light.
+
+And it sounds a little
+bit like hocus pocus,
+
+but it's actually not
+very far from reality.
+
+You can justify
+the argument I just
+
+made with some very
+basic principles.
+
+So it is more or less correct.
+
+The bottom line is
+that the illumination
+
+becomes these divergent
+spherical wavefronts.
+
+Now, if you are sitting
+here, and you're
+
+observing all the rays
+coming from the object.
+
+You can imagine
+that it's a mess.
+
+For example, here, you have
+rays coming from this point,
+
+and from this point,
+and from this point,
+
+from everywhere, everywhere
+inside the object.
+
+You have rays arriving here.
+
+So it is very difficult to
+understand what's going on.
+
+All of these rays, they create
+kind of a very blurred image,
+
+very similar to what happens to
+those of us who have glasses.
+
+When we take off our glasses,
+everything appears blurry.
+
+Well, it is not as bad as it
+would have been in this case.
+
+But the reason things are blurry
+in our eyes is because when we
+
+take our glasses off, we
+cannot form that effect--
+
+well, it's never
+perfect, but we can not
+
+form good enough quality
+images in our eye.
+
+So what we need in order to
+design these kind of situations
+
+is an optical
+system, or a sequence
+
+of optical elements
+that will pick up
+
+these divergent
+spherical wavefronts,
+
+and will convert
+them into converging
+
+spherical wavefronts.
+
+And if we can somehow
+create an optical system
+
+that will take each and every
+one of these wavefronts.
+
+Now, we're talking, of course,
+about an infinitely large
+
+number of point scatterers
+that are generated here.
+
+But if you can somehow take
+each and every one of them,
+
+and I can convert it into a
+converging spherical wave, then
+
+when I put all these converging
+spherical waves together,
+
+I will actually
+get an image, which
+
+will be as close to
+perfect as I could possibly
+
+want within the limits
+of approximation
+
+of geometrical optics.
+
+Another way to express
+it, which is really
+
+like a fancy mathematical term,
+but it is quite appropriate
+
+here is the imaging
+system creates a map.
+
+Creates a map from point
+sources in the object space
+
+to point images in
+the image space.
+
+And this map is, of
+course, very desirable.
+
+Because if it fails, if I tried
+to detect the image over here
+
+that is before the rays
+have come to focus.
+
+Then the map
+becomes ill-defined,
+
+because each point over
+here is receiving arrays
+
+from multiple points
+in the object.
+
+This is exactly
+the same situation
+
+I was referring to before,
+when we take off our glasses.
+
+Those of us unfortunate
+enough to require glasses.
+
+For the rest of you who do not
+need glasses in everyday life,
+
+you can, of course,
+create that same situation
+
+by putting on a pair of
+glasses that you can borrow
+
+from one of your colleagues.
+
+So in both cases,
+you can add what
+
+we call the focus,
+which basically
+
+means that the image is not just
+imperfect, but it is blurry.
+
+It is very far from perfect.
+
+However, from what you
+must have gathered already
+
+from the previous discussion,
+this is a very difficult task.
+
+In fact, it is an
+impossible task.
+
+Because you saw that even
+in the case of a simple,
+
+ellipsoidal, or hyperboloidal
+focusing element.
+
+You could see that the one to
+one mapping works only on axis.
+
+If you tried to focus
+simultaneously points off axis,
+
+well, then, of course,
+it stops to work.
+
+It is very easy to convince
+yourself in geometrical terms.
+
+Even then, there is
+some special cases
+
+where you can have an entire
+surface that is in focus.
+
+But we will talk
+about this later.
+
+So this is actually--
+
+you could think of it as
+a very unfortunate event.
+
+I think it as a fortunate
+event, because it
+
+keeps people like me,
+and Professor Sheppard,
+
+and a lot of colleagues,
+it keeps us employed.
+
+Because this is the
+whole reason people
+
+need optical systems is
+they need people like us.
+
+So it is a very fortunate fact.
+
+But what I'm trying to say here
+is that this job of perfect
+
+imaging cannot be done exactly.
+
+So therefore, the
+science, or if you wish,
+
+the engineering of
+designing optical systems
+
+is to arrive at the best
+compromise within the cost,
+
+constraints, the elements
+that you have available,
+
+the physics, of course, this
+is definitely inviolable.
+
+You can violate a budget, right?
+
+You can run a
+budget into the red,
+
+as Wall Street banks discovered
+in the last six months.
+
+But you can certainly
+not violate physics.
+
+Even bankers cannot
+violate physics.
+
+So within all these constraints
+imposed by physics, economics,
+
+and so on so forth, how can
+you make an imaging system that
+
+does the best job possible?
+
+OK, so let's go back
+to this question
+
+of how can we create good
+enough quality images so that we
+
+can design imaging systems?
+
+So let's look at a slightly
+different case, now.
+
+So far, we saw pairs of
+images and sources, where
+
+one of the tools at infinity.
+
+So objects at infinity,
+finite images.
+
+I mean, finite distant sources
+and images at infinity.
+
+We start to deal with this
+case, where we have a point
+
+object and a point image.
+
+So both are now at
+finite distances.
+
+Based on what we saw so far,
+and assuming that you're not
+
+looking at your notes.
+
+The answer is already
+in your notes,
+
+if you reach that
+page in the notes.
+
+But if you haven't seen that,
+then your time to guess.
+
+What would be the ideal
+imager for this case that
+
+would take a point object
+and focus it perfectly
+
+into a point image on axis?
+
+Did we not answer
+already based on--
+
+AUDIENCE: The concatenation
+of two hyperbolic reflectors.
+
+GEORGE BARBASTATHIS:
+That's right.
+
+So that is not necessarily
+one way of doing it,
+
+but it's certainly
+one way of doing it
+
+based on what we learn.
+
+If I put two refractive
+surfaces like this,
+
+I can arrange the first
+one to be a hyperbola.
+
+What it will do is
+it will collimate.
+
+Yeah, it will collimate the
+incident divergent wavefront.
+
+And then if I can arrange
+for the second one
+
+to be also hyperbola,
+then that will focus.
+
+The plane wave that
+was propagated here,
+
+it will focus into a
+perfect point image.
+
+So this is now, again,
+a perfect imager.
+
+But now, it works
+for finite distances.
+
+One focal distance in
+front of the hyperbola
+
+to one focal distance
+after the hyperbola.
+
+And, well, just for
+references, these
+
+are the two questions
+of the hyperbola.
+
+I was a little bit
+careful here to define
+
+the axis, and the
+displacement, and so on,
+
+so that the question works.
+
+I don't want to belabor that.
+
+I let you go back and convince
+yourself that it is correct,
+
+or convince yourself that is
+not correct, in which case,
+
+please let me know so
+that I can correct it.
+
+But I think I got it right.
+
+Anyway, so these are the two
+equations of the hyperboloids.
+
+And this is what in
+optics is very often
+
+referred to as an asphere.
+
+Now, this can be
+slightly confusing.
+
+So I'm going to say
+it a few times here,
+
+and then I'm going to ask
+you to go back home, read it
+
+a few times, then print it out.
+
+Post it in front of
+your bathroom mirror
+
+on top of your bed
+and so on, whatever.
+
+So you can see it a few
+times, and memorize it.
+
+OK, so this type of
+element whose surface
+
+is optimized to give a
+desired focus and behavior
+
+is called in asphere.
+
+Again, I have a
+benefit being Greek.
+
+This A in front of the
+sphere means not a sphere.
+
+Give an example
+from everyday life.
+
+I can only think
+technical terms,
+
+and isotropic, aplanatic.
+
+Give me an example of
+from everyday life.
+
+AUDIENCE: Atypical?
+
+GEORGE BARBASTATHIS:
+Atypical, there you are, yeah.
+
+Thank you.
+
+OK, so it is atypical
+as in asphere.
+
+So another term that
+is very commonly used
+
+is in aspheric lens.
+
+Again, I want to emphasize
+that this kind of a sphere.
+
+It works perfectly on axis.
+
+But as you can
+imagine, if you were
+
+to move this point object
+off axis, it would go off.
+
+It could create an image, but
+it would be highly aberrated.
+
+It would be subject to, well,
+definitely spherical and comma
+
+possibly.
+
+It's a complicated story.
+
+You can imagine that this
+doesn't happen at the way.
+
+There's probably a range over
+here for point sources at that
+
+near enough the axis that this
+refractor would work actually
+
+quite well.
+
+So the question is can
+I make such an element?
+
+To answer this question,
+I should tell you
+
+a little bit about how optical
+elements are usually made.
+
+So what people at
+least used to do
+
+in the old days of
+expensive optical elements,
+
+is they would take
+a piece of glass.
+
+They would mount it
+on a rotary stage.
+
+Then they would bring a
+diamond tip near the glass.
+
+And they would start
+rotating the glass.
+
+And they would rotate basically
+not at all at the center,
+
+and they would let the
+diamond touch the glass longer
+
+and longer as they went away
+from the tip of the glass.
+
+The result of that
+is, of course,
+
+that you create a
+spherical surface
+
+if you move the diamond
+at a fixed velocity.
+
+So a fixed velocity
+was very easy.
+
+Because all you
+needed is a model that
+
+moves a diamond tip linearly.
+
+That's pretty easy to do.
+
+To make a hyperbola, you have
+to plant the path of the diamond
+
+tip in a way that results in
+this nonuniform curvature.
+
+So this used to be thought
+as a very difficult task.
+
+Come on in.
+
+Someone's outside.
+
+Come on in.
+
+Don't be shy.
+
+She changed her mind.
+
+But in the last 20
+years or so, the field
+
+of mechatronics that many of
+you are familiar with then
+
+had advanced a lot.
+
+So people who are able to
+design diamond tools that
+
+could very carefully plan
+the path of the diamond tip,
+
+and actually create aspheric
+elements, such as this one.
+
+But it still remains
+very expensive.
+
+So it could be an order of
+magnitude difference in price.
+
+If you need to compare
+a spherical element,
+
+compare it to an asphere.
+
+Another
+
+Major invention that helped this
+business is injection molding.
+
+Instead of actually
+making the optical element
+
+itself, what people
+do nowadays is
+
+they can make a very
+expensive negative.
+
+And then they inject
+plastic into the negative.
+
+They solidify the plastic,
+and then they take it out.
+
+And they can get any
+arbitrary surface they want.
+
+That's an OK way to make
+a spheric optical element.
+
+Nevertheless, spherical
+elements remain very popular.
+
+And there's a number of reasons
+for these, [INAUDIBLE] spheres.
+
+They can work very
+well on axis, but they
+
+can have other problems
+that are perhaps
+
+much more severe when they
+go off axis, which is not a--
+
+it is not a shoe
+in, so to speak,
+
+to use aspheric
+optical elements.
+
+So for that reason, we'll
+spend quite a bit of time,
+
+and also, I guess,
+because of tradition
+
+to analyze what happens
+to light as it goes
+
+through spherical surfaces.
+
+So spherical surface, of course.
+
+If you replace the hyperbolas
+here with a sphere.
+
+Let's say I take a sphere.
+
+I need to say this very
+clearly, because the terms can
+
+become confusing.
+
+If I replace the asphere
+with a perfect sphere,
+
+that is, with a ball.
+
+Then, of course, as you can
+imagine, what will happen
+
+is the wavefront,
+even inside the sphere
+
+will not be planar anymore.
+
+You can convince yourself
+if you think about it
+
+that because this sphere
+actually bends faster
+
+than the hyperbola, the arrays
+that are away from the axes.
+
+They will bend more.
+
+So you get a slightly focusing
+in effect inside the sphere.
+
+Because, of course,
+not a perfect focus.
+
+It is itself very
+high aberrated.
+
+And by the time
+they come out, they
+
+become aberrated even more.
+
+So you get a very poor
+quality focus in general.
+
+There is a special case
+where this might not happen,
+
+but I will skip that for now.
+
+So in general, you get
+an aberrated image.
+
+So this is what they meant
+before by aberration.
+
+You see that the rays,
+they form a blur here.
+
+They fail to meet at
+the perfect focus,
+
+as it would have been required
+by the perfect optical system.
+
+And this particular
+type of aberration
+
+that occurs when you
+use a spherical surface
+
+or axis in this system is
+called spherical aberration.
+
+Someone asked earlier
+about spherical.
+
+This is spherical.
+
+AUDIENCE: I've got a question.
+
+GEORGE BARBASTATHIS: Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: How do you pick z2?
+
+Like where do you
+choose to pick z2?
+
+Is it at the focus
+of the closest rays,
+
+or the furthest rays?
+
+GEORGE BARBASTATHIS: This
+came from the hyperbola.
+
+z1, z2, they come
+from the hyperbola.
+
+Depending on the curvature
+over here, define z1 and z2.
+
+And then I selected
+the sphere to match
+
+the curvature of the
+hyperbola near to the axis.
+
+So if you look at
+the animation again.
+
+Near the axis, you will see that
+they actually perfectly match.
+
+But then, of course,
+the sphere carves faster
+
+than the hyperbola.
+
+AUDIENCE: I think
+the question is
+
+in the spherically aberrated
+case where you can not
+
+find all the points meeting,
+how can you define the z2?
+
+GEORGE BARBASTATHIS: OK,
+that's a really good question.
+
+So the way you
+defined z2 is you look
+
+at the two rays that are really,
+really close to the axis.
+
+For those two rays
+that are propagating
+
+at the very small angle,
+then the same z2 applies.
+
+Then, of course, the
+rest of the rays.
+
+They go off very
+far from that point.
+
+But anyways, z2 here is exactly
+the same as it was before.
+
+Did that answer your question?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes.
+
+Long
+
+GEORGE BARBASTATHIS:
+Now, if you go off axis,
+
+then other types of
+aberrations kick in.
+
+So we're not
+mentioning them now.
+
+We'll come back to
+this topic later,
+
+and we find them in more detail.
+
+But for now, keep this
+in mind, that if you
+
+use a sphere on axis.
+
+Let me repeat.
+
+If you use a sphere to
+focus a point source on axis
+
+into a point image, also an
+axis at the finite distance,
+
+then you get spherical
+aberration in general.
+
+Well, that is true, but
+if you put it over here.
+
+Just move the axis, yes.
+
+Well, yeah.
+
+OK.
+
+Yeah, thank you.
+
+Let me define what I
+mean by the axis here.
+
+So typically, film and
+camera is the elements
+
+that we use in order
+to capture images flat.
+
+So if I put here
+either my camera lens.
+
+I should say the tip of
+the camera, the camera
+
+dial, or a film.
+
+That defines an axis that is
+perpendicular to the film.
+
+So Colin is correct, that
+if I take a point here,
+
+and then move it sort of
+radially through the sphere.
+
+It will form a perfect
+image over here.
+
+The fact that I try to detect
+the image not at this point,
+
+but on the plane, means that I
+will be subject to aberrations.
+
+This is the proper
+definition of aberration.
+
+And, of course, even
+the on axis point
+
+will have spherical aberration,
+as I mentioned earlier.
+
+Did I answer that question?
+
+OK, so let's see how we
+deal with the refraction
+
+from a sphere.
+
+So [INAUDIBLE],, as
+you can imagine,
+
+is a quite complicated
+problem because here
+
+is a ray that is arriving from
+some point source on axis.
+
+It hits the sphere.
+
+And then my job is to find
+which direction this ray
+
+will be refracted
+inside the sphere.
+
+So now, again, I can
+use one of the tools
+
+that we have in our arsenal.
+
+I can use Fermat's principle,
+or I can use Snell's law.
+
+The two are, of
+course, identical.
+
+The fact of the matter
+is in this case,
+
+it would be quite
+complicated to do.
+
+So we'll do simplification.
+
+First of all, let's
+define some notation here.
+
+I will denote as x the
+distance of the ray
+
+intersects the sphere.
+
+I will define as
+alpha left the angle
+
+that the ray makes
+with the optical axis
+
+to the left of the interface.
+
+This is the interface.
+
+And then alpha
+right is the angle
+
+that the ray makes with
+respect to the horizontal,
+
+the optical axis the right
+hand side of the interface.
+
+OK, that's my notation.
+
+And now for generality,
+I do not assume
+
+that this is air
+anymore, I just assume
+
+that I have two dielectrics.
+
+One has index n sub
+left, and the other
+
+has index n sub right.
+
+It's a little bit cumbersome
+to carry left and right around,
+
+but it is convenient because we
+will leave that for a mnemonic
+
+later on.
+
+So how do we solve this problem?
+
+Well, the way I elected to
+solve it is a little bit easier,
+
+it turns out.
+
+So for the first
+time, today I will not
+
+use Fermat's principle.
+
+I will use Snell's law.
+
+And, of course,
+Snell's law follows
+
+from Fermat's principle,
+so I haven't really
+
+changed anything.
+
+It's just more convenient
+to do the math this way.
+
+So to apply Snell's law,
+I have to figure out
+
+which way is the
+perpendicular to the interface
+
+at the cross section of the
+ray with a spherical surface.
+
+And, of course, if I have
+a sphere conveniently,
+
+the normal to the sphere
+goes through the center.
+
+So here is the
+normal to the sphere.
+
+It goes to the center, and
+some additional rotation.
+
+I will denote as R, the
+radius of the sphere.
+
+And phi, I will denote the angle
+that this particular normal,
+
+this particular radius
+makes with, again,
+
+with a horizontal axis.
+
+I think this is all the
+notation that I needed.
+
+Actually, I'm not done yet.
+
+So I also to apply Snell's law.
+
+So to apply Snell's law, I
+have to look at the angles that
+
+enter Snell's law.
+
+So if you recall, apply
+Snell relative to the normal
+
+to the interface.
+
+So here's the normal,
+here is the ray.
+
+Therefore, this
+angle is theta that
+
+will go on the left-hand
+side of Snell's law.
+
+And the corresponding
+is theta sub right
+
+that will go to the right-hand
+side of Snell's law.
+
+So speaking of which,
+here is Snell's law--
+
+n left times the sine of the
+angle on the left-hand side
+
+will equal n to the right
+times the sine of the angle
+
+on the right-hand side.
+
+And now I have to do a
+little a bit of geometry.
+
+So these angles, they
+are not known to me yet.
+
+But I can observe
+that alpha left
+
+is the same as the angle
+from the horizontal
+
+to the ray over here.
+
+And the angle from the
+horizontal to the radius
+
+equals 5.
+
+So this means that I have
+this property over here--
+
+theta left equals
+alpha left plus 5
+
+in the corresponding equation
+for the right-hand side.
+
+And I can also substitute
+these two relationships
+
+into Snell's law.
+
+I can apply a little
+bit of trigonometry
+
+in order to break
+the sign of the sum
+
+into this rather
+complicated-looking expression
+
+over here.
+
+So I haven't made much progress.
+
+So all I managed to do is
+write a complicated set
+
+of trigonometric relationships.
+
+In fact, if I were to
+do a numerical solution
+
+to this problem, I would
+just stop here and feed it
+
+into a computer and solve.
+
+But I don't want to do that
+quite yet, because there's
+
+quite a bit of
+intuition to be derived
+
+before we go blindly into a
+computer and plug the numerics.
+
+So of course, the thing
+that we do in physics
+
+when we try to derive intuition
+from a very complicated formula
+
+like this one is we
+make approximations.
+
+And the reasonable
+approximation to make here
+
+is that the rays that are
+arriving to the element
+
+are limited in a relatively
+small angular range.
+
+This turns out to be a
+very practical assumption,
+
+because it is a very common
+situation in optics to have
+
+this small angle approximation.
+
+And it turns out that even when
+the small angle approximation
+
+is not exactly
+right, you can still
+
+do a first pass of the
+design of an optical system
+
+with this approximation.
+
+And then you can
+improve it by doing
+
+sort of more complicated
+numerical analysis.
+
+So it's a very good place
+to start the analysis
+
+of an optical system.
+
+So the key assumption here is
+that alpha sub left, this one,
+
+is very small.
+
+If that is true--
+
+and also, I need
+one more assumption,
+
+which is that this
+distance over here,
+
+the distance that a ray meets
+the spherical interface,
+
+is much smaller than the
+radius of the sphere.
+
+In other words, the
+sphere is not very small,
+
+but it is a relatively
+small curvature.
+
+All right?
+
+It has a relatively
+large radius of curvature
+
+or, equivalently,
+a small curvature.
+
+So the first
+answers are correct.
+
+It is also reasonable to
+assume that alpha right, so
+
+the right-hand
+side of interface,
+
+is also very small angle.
+
+And if I make the
+set of assumptions,
+
+the entire set is called
+the paraxial approximation.
+
+So "paraxial" really means
+that everything is confined
+
+to being near the optical axis.
+
+Very well.
+
+So if we do this approximation
+now, a lot of this
+
+gets simplified because
+of this Taylor series.
+
+The sine of the angle of a small
+angles equals the angle itself.
+
+The cosine of a
+small angle equals 1.
+
+And also, the sine of
+this angle 5 is equal x/r.
+
+I don't have to touch that one.
+
+This one is actually exact.
+
+But I can also neglect the
+cosine of pi, because--
+
+well, because,
+again, we are making
+
+the paraxial approximation.
+
+So if I do that, and I do a
+little bit of rearrangement
+
+here, I arrive at
+this explanation
+
+that says that the
+index of the right,
+
+the index to the right
+time the angle to the right
+
+equals the index to the
+left times the angle
+
+to the left times this
+expression over here.
+
+You might wonder a
+number of things.
+
+For example, why did I
+leave the index here?
+
+I'm looking for alpha right.
+
+So why don't I just divide
+along and get done with it?
+
+There is a reason.
+
+And it will become
+apparent in the moment.
+
+But for now, I'm
+almost done, right?
+
+I have managed to
+do what I wanted.
+
+I have a pretty
+closed-form expression
+
+for the angle of refraction
+inside the sphere.
+
+Now I'm going to do
+something really strange.
+
+I will derive a
+similar expression
+
+for light propagating
+in uniform space.
+
+Now, this sounds
+totally useless, right?
+
+But let me do it anyway.
+
+And bear with me for a while.
+
+I have a ray which is
+propagating in free space.
+
+For reasons of notation, I will
+define two refractive indices
+
+that are equal.
+
+One is n left, one is n right.
+
+But they're both equal to the
+same index of refraction n.
+
+And what I'm interested to do
+is I'm interested in relating
+
+the angle of the ray on the
+left-hand side with respect
+
+to this reference plane
+over here and the elevation
+
+of the ray with respect to
+the same plane with the same
+
+quantities at the
+second reference plane--
+
+the elevation and the angle
+of the right-hand side.
+
+[? There ?] are other
+trivial problem,
+
+because, for example, Fermat
+says that in free space,
+
+the ray must propagate
+at a straight line.
+
+So therefore, I can immediately
+derive that alpha left
+
+equals alpha right.
+
+Not very surprising, right?
+
+I'm stating the
+obvious here, and I'm
+
+making a big deal out of it.
+
+But nevertheless, let
+me write it like this.
+
+Since the indices are
+the same, I can also
+
+multiply by those indices.
+
+And what about the elevations?
+
+Well, the elevations
+satisfy a simple equation
+
+relating the tangent of the
+angle of propagation multiplied
+
+by the propagation distance d.
+
+So the elevation to the
+right equals the elevation
+
+to the left times this--
+
+time this quantity.
+
+And then in the spirit of the
+paraxial approximation again,
+
+I'm going to drop the
+tangent, because the tangent
+
+of a small angle equals
+the angle itself.
+
+And I arrive at a
+set of equations,
+
+x right equals x left
+plus d times alpha left.
+
+And this equation
+that I got before.
+
+So now let me put
+the two together.
+
+Let me put the free space
+propagation that I just
+
+derived, and relationship
+between the ray elevation
+
+and the ray angle to the
+left and to the right
+
+of a uniform space
+of distance d,
+
+and the equation that
+I just derived earlier
+
+for the refraction of a ray
+from a spherical surface,
+
+spherical refractive
+surface, of radius r.
+
+OK.
+
+So these are the two sets
+of equations that we got.
+
+This is the set of equations
+that I got immediately before.
+
+And this is the set of equations
+that I saw that I got earlier
+
+when I solved the
+refraction problem
+
+at the spherical interface.
+
+And again, I want to
+emphasize that both of these
+
+are correct in the
+paraxial approximation.
+
+These are not exact expressions.
+
+The equal sign is a
+bit of an ambiguous
+
+here, because I've
+sort of assumed
+
+that the paraxial
+approximation is correct.
+
+So we're going on with
+this assumption now.
+
+That's why I'm
+putting equal signs.
+
+OK.
+
+And I added one
+more equation that I
+
+didn't write before that
+says that x to the left
+
+equals x to the right.
+
+In this case-- and this
+is a trivial thing--
+
+it says that the
+ray is continuous.
+
+It arrives at the interface
+at the center point
+
+and leaves from the same point.
+
+And that's kind of obvious.
+
+The ray should not jump.
+
+So what is remarkable
+about these equations
+
+is that they're
+both fully there,
+
+and the relations--
+and the quantities
+
+that they're linear
+with respect to
+
+are these two
+elements, the elevation
+
+and the angle of the ray.
+
+So you can think of them as
+kind of transport equations.
+
+They allow you to
+transport a ray from two
+
+very basic optical elements.
+
+One is free space propagation.
+
+It allows you to transport
+a ray through uniform space.
+
+And the other is a
+refractive interface.
+
+Again, it allows you
+to transport the ray
+
+from the left to the right
+of a refractive interface.
+
+And because they're linear,
+we can also write them
+
+in matrix form as follows.
+
+This is not new.
+
+I just took these
+equations and rewrote them.
+
+And I rewrote them in
+a slightly funny way.
+
+I kept the index of
+refraction times the angle.
+
+Can anybody-- now that
+we see it in this form--
+
+I will go to the
+matrix in a moment.
+
+But now that you
+see it in this form,
+
+can anybody guess why did I
+go through all this trouble
+
+to keep the index of
+refraction in this expression?
+
+Why don't I just write
+the angle by itself?
+
+Is there a case, a
+situation that we've
+
+seen, where this quantity may
+be conserved, for example?
+
+AUDIENCE: You have the
+dispersion thing again.
+
+Or where it depends-- where you
+have different n's, I suppose,
+
+and therefore different angles
+depending on your wavelengths.
+
+GEORGE BARBASTATHIS: Yeah.
+
+Even simpler, actually.
+
+If you are think
+of Snell's law--
+
+yeah, you're on the
+right track there.
+
+If you think of Snell's
+law, Snell's law
+
+says that n left sine
+alpha left equals
+
+n right sine alpha right.
+
+And of course, in the
+paraxial approximation
+
+I drop the sinusoids.
+
+So therefore, I arrive
+to the conclusion
+
+that this quantity at the
+first element of this vector
+
+is actually conserved.
+
+And [INAUDIBLE] of
+course, you can go over it
+
+yourselves and
+convince yourselves
+
+that the equation is correct.
+
+This is basically just
+taking the same equation.
+
+And these matrices, we'll
+use them in the next lecture
+
+in order to do ray tracing.
+
+So basically, an optical
+element can always
+
+be decomposed in a sequence
+of refractive interfaces
+
+and free space or uniform
+space propagation.
+
+So the reason the
+matrices are convenient--
+
+sort of jumping
+ahead a little bit--
+
+is because if you have a
+cascade of optical elements,
+
+then you can ray trace simply
+by multiplying these matrices.
+
+I will do that in detail in
+the next lecture next Monday.
+
+But this is why we went
+through all this trouble
+
+to derive the
+paraxial approximation
+
+and then write it out
+in this matrix form,
+
+so that we can use matrix
+properties to do ray tracing.
+
+Then there's one more
+thing before we quit.
+
+Do you see Snell's law in
+any of these laws over here?
+
+You can see Snell's law on the
+handwritten slide over here.
+
+But how about-- what about here?
+
+Can you see Snell's
+law somewhere?
+
+Another way to ask my question--
+
+these are questions
+that I wrote here.
+
+Can they capture
+Snell's law in some way?
+
+Do they include it?
+
+How?
+
+AUDIENCE: The elevation
+doesn't change if we apply it
+
+at a point the interfaces.
+
+GEORGE BARBASTATHIS: OK.
+
+That is correct.
+
+Yeah, that's correct.
+
+OK.
+
+Maybe I should restate--
+
+I asked the question
+in a confusing way.
+
+The Snell's law at
+the flat interface--
+
+the same that I
+rewrote over here--
+
+can I get it somehow
+from this equation?
+
+What is the radius of
+curvature of this surface?
+
+Infinity, right?
+
+So if I plug in infinity, if
+I plugged r equals infinity,
+
+in this case of
+course, physically what
+
+happens is the
+interface becomes flat.
+
+Is the equation over
+here, this term goes away.
+
+And I get what?
+
+I get-- n left alpha
+left, n right alpha right,
+
+x left, x right.
+
+So you write x left
+equals x right,
+
+but also n left alpha left
+equals n right alpha right,
+
+which is actually Snell's law.
+
+So this-- again, I'm restating
+something that I said before--
+
+this is the reason why
+we put this product
+
+in the top element of the vector
+when we write this expression.
+
+OK.
+
+So we've run out of time.
+
+So any questions?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: I think [INAUDIBLE]
+
+GEORGE BARBASTATHIS:
+Oh, you're right.
+
+I'm sorry.
+
+This would be 1, 0.
+
+Yeah.
+
+I'll fix the notes.
+
+There's a typo.
+
+The first matrix should be 1,
+0, and then the rest is correct.
+
+Yeah, thank you.
+
+Did everybody hear that?
+
+There's a typo in the notes.
+
+The elements of the first row of
+this matrix need to be swapped.
+
+OK.
+
+So I'll see you all next Monday.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/XmS9DYHQHi0.txt b/XmS9DYHQHi0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0666aedeac202912b88c0773384bbdcde07cce63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/XmS9DYHQHi0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1254 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help
+MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+continue to offer high-quality,
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+BOGDAN FEDELES: Hello, and
+welcome to 5.07 Bio Chemistry
+
+Online.
+
+I'm Dr. Bogdan Fedeles.
+
+Let's metabolize some problems.
+
+Today we're going to be
+talking about Problem 2
+
+of Problem Set 4.
+
+Here we're going to be
+discussing in detail
+
+the mechanism of HMG-CoA
+synthase, a key enzyme
+
+in central metabolism
+responsible for making the five
+
+carbon building
+blocks from which
+
+all sterols, such as cholesterol
+and steroid hormones are made.
+
+HMG-CoA synthase catalyzes
+the following reaction.
+
+It takes acetyl-CoA,
+which we're going
+
+to encounter a lot in
+the central metabolism,
+
+and combines it with
+acetoacetyl-CoA,
+
+another thioester.
+
+In this process, the one
+molecule of CoA is lost,
+
+and we get the product
+hydroxymethylglutaryl
+
+CoA or HMG-CoA, as you notice
+the initials H, M, and G are
+
+part of this name.
+
+To help us understand
+the mechanism,
+
+a crystal structure of
+this HMG-CoA synthase
+
+is provided in this problem,
+and it's shown here.
+
+Question 1 of this
+problem is asking
+
+us to provide a
+detailed curved arrow
+
+mechanism of the
+reaction catalyzed
+
+by the HMG-CoA synthase.
+
+And for that we're going to
+use the information provided
+
+in the crystal structure.
+
+And we are also given
+an additional hint
+
+and that is the
+acetyl CoA substrate
+
+provides the CH2CO2 CO2 minus
+moiety in the HMG-CoA product.
+
+Let's take a look.
+
+So the hint is telling us
+that these two carbons, which
+
+I'm going to label in
+blue from acetyl-CoA,
+
+are, in fact, these
+two carbons, CH2 COO
+
+minus in
+hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA.
+
+That means that the other
+four carbons in the product
+
+must be the carbons from
+the acetoacetyl-CoA.
+
+Let's label these red.
+
+So now since we have a thioester
+functionality in both cases,
+
+these are probably the
+same, so the carbons
+
+from a acetoacetyl-CoA
+are as follows.
+
+So notice the
+HMG-CoA synthase, it
+
+accomplishes the formation
+of a carbon-carbon bond,
+
+and that is this
+bond right here.
+
+It's between the CH3
+carbon acetyl-CoA
+
+and the carbonyl carbon
+of acetoacetyl-CoA.
+
+And in the process,
+this carbonyl
+
+will become a hydroxyl group.
+
+Now, let's take a look
+at the crystal structure
+
+and see what information
+we can gather there.
+
+Now this is a picture
+of the active site
+
+of the HMG-CoA synthase.
+
+We notice the acetyl-CoA
+moiety is actually
+
+now bound to this C111.
+
+As you know C is a cysteine--
+
+so it's actually
+covalently bound
+
+to a cysteine-- in
+the active site.
+
+Now, notice this is
+the other substrate,
+
+which is the acetoacetyl-CoA
+and bound in the active site.
+
+So as we've discussed
+before, we're
+
+going to make this
+carbon-carbon bond,
+
+and that's going to
+happen between this carbon
+
+here and this carbon here.
+
+So this bond needs to be formed.
+
+However, let's take
+it one step at a time.
+
+The reaction will
+start by forming
+
+this thioester between the
+acetoacetyl-CoA carbons
+
+and the cysteine in the
+active site of the enzyme.
+
+In many reactions that use a
+cysteine in the active site,
+
+which is used to form a
+covalent bond to the substrate,
+
+we first need a base to
+deprotonate the cysteine
+
+and make it a really
+good nucleophile, which
+
+will subsequently
+attack the substrate
+
+and form a covalent bond.
+
+Now, in a lot of these cases,
+the base is a histidine.
+
+Let's take a look if we see
+a histidine in our structure.
+
+There is a histidine
+in the structure, H233.
+
+But if you look
+at this histidine,
+
+it's quite far from
+our cysteine here.
+
+Well, obviously, because
+this is a projection,
+
+this is a two-dimensional
+structure so that we only
+
+see here a projection of a
+three-dimensional structure,
+
+it's very hard for us to
+tell if this histidine is,
+
+in fact, close enough to
+deprotonate this cysteine.
+
+So even though we have
+this crystal structure,
+
+from this one picture, we do
+not have enough information
+
+to figure out, well,
+what is the base that
+
+will deprotonate cysteine before
+it reacts with acetyl-CoA.
+
+Remember this is often the case
+with crystal structures that
+
+because of the resolution
+which we can collect them,
+
+we cannot see the protons.
+
+And if we cannot
+see the protons,
+
+it's very hard to tell which
+amino acid residues are
+
+protonated and can serve as a
+general acid or general bases.
+
+A lot of the
+researcher's intuition
+
+comes into play to draw
+these kind of structures.
+
+And it's only with collecting
+many different kinds
+
+of experimental evidence
+that we can put together
+
+a more definitive mechanism.
+
+Therefore, we might
+not know for sure
+
+from this one picture, which
+is the general base that
+
+deprotonates the
+cysteine at 111.
+
+So we're not going
+to assign it for now.
+
+Let's try to write the
+mechanism for that part.
+
+Here is the
+acetyl-CoA substrate,
+
+and here is the active
+site cysteine 111
+
+with its thiol group.
+
+And again, we're not
+going to assign it,
+
+but there will be a base in the
+active site of the enzyme that
+
+will need to deprotonate this
+cysteine before it can react.
+
+Therefore, the
+reaction first involves
+
+activation of the cysteine,
+is deprotonated, and then
+
+cysteine can attack
+the thioester
+
+and form a tetrahedral
+intermediate.
+
+As we've seen it before,
+for a lot of these reactions
+
+involving thioesters.
+
+In the first step, we
+will form four bonds
+
+to this carbonyl
+carbon, and we have
+
+formed a new bond between
+the thiol of the cysteine 111
+
+and the starting
+material, acetyl-CoA.
+
+Of course, there is a
+negative charge here.
+
+And our base in the
+active site of the enzyme
+
+will now be protonated.
+
+Now that the
+tetrahedral intermediate
+
+is going to fall apart by
+kicking off the CoA moiety.
+
+Of course, this will get
+protonated presumably
+
+by the same base.
+
+Now it's a general acid
+that will protonate a CoA.
+
+So we obtain the thioester with
+the cysteine in the active site
+
+and one molecule of CoA
+is going to be leaving.
+
+And here is our base.
+
+Notice the tetrahedral
+intermediate
+
+that we're forming here.
+
+We have an oxygen that
+develops a negative charge.
+
+And this is very similar to
+the kinds of intermediate
+
+you've seen in the serine
+protease mechanism.
+
+Now in that case,
+such an intermediate
+
+was stabilized
+with hydrogen bonds
+
+from the backbone of the
+protein in a structure that
+
+was called an oxyanion hole.
+
+Now let's take a look at the
+crystal structure of HMG-CoA
+
+to see how a tetrahedral
+intermediate might
+
+be stabilized.
+
+Here is the acetyl of the
+acetoacetyl-CoA substrate.
+
+The acetyl now is
+bound to the cysteine
+
+111 here in the active site.
+
+Now, let's take a look if there
+are any other residues close
+
+enough to this oxygen. One
+of them that's shown here
+
+is this NH, which belongs to an
+amide bond, the backbone amide,
+
+and that's part of the
+amino acid serine 307.
+
+So this distance
+here, C3.06 Angstrom,
+
+it's actually close enough for
+a fairly good hydrogen bond.
+
+Presumably, this interaction
+will stabilize the binding
+
+of acetyl-CoA in this
+region of the active site
+
+and may also be
+involved in catalyzing
+
+the reaction with the
+cysteine by stabilizing
+
+the tetrahedral intermediate.
+
+In that case, this
+distance will have
+
+to become even smaller, that is
+to form a really good hydrogen
+
+bond on the order of
+2.6, 2.7 Angstrom.
+
+Since this is only one
+snapshot of the reaction,
+
+we don't have enough
+information to tell if this is
+
+a key catalytical interaction.
+
+Once acetyl-CoA has
+reacted with the enzyme,
+
+hence, formed the thioester
+with the cysteine 111,
+
+we're now ready to
+proceed with the reaction
+
+and form a carbon-carbon bond.
+
+Let's take a look.
+
+So in the next step
+of the reaction,
+
+we want to form a carbon-carbon
+bond between this methyl
+
+group here and this
+carbon of the carbonyl
+
+of the other substrate.
+
+So first of all, we need to
+deprotonate this methyl group.
+
+We're going to form an enolate.
+
+Then the enolate is going
+to attack this carbonyl.
+
+Once again, we look for a
+suitable base, and we see,
+
+for example, this glutamate
+79 may be, in fact,
+
+serving as a general base to
+deprotonate the methyl group
+
+here and form the enolate.
+
+Once the enolate is formed, it's
+going to attack this carbonyl,
+
+and this oxygen
+is going to start
+
+developing a negative charge,
+which needs to be compensated
+
+by a general acid.
+
+And it looks like this
+histidine 233 is close enough
+
+to donate a proton and
+generate a hydroxyl group here.
+
+All right.
+
+So let's try to write
+a mechanism based
+
+on what we just said.
+
+Here is the thioester between
+cysteine 111 and acetyl.
+
+And let's show the general base.
+
+It's going to be glutamate 79.
+
+Because it's a base, I'm going
+to put a negative charge on it.
+
+There you go.
+
+And this will serve
+to deprotonate
+
+the methyl from the acetyl,
+moiety here, and generate
+
+an enolate.
+
+So it's picking up a
+proton, electron move,
+
+and it's going to generate,
+as before, a negative charge
+
+on the oxygen, which
+may be stabilized
+
+by that interaction with
+the [INAUDIBLE] hydrogen
+
+that we just discussed.
+
+Now, let's try this again.
+
+And here is our enolate.
+
+In the next step,
+the enolate now
+
+is going to attack the
+carbonyl of the acetoacetyl-CoA
+
+and form the carbon-carbon bond.
+
+All right.
+
+This is the
+acetoacetyl-CoA, and we
+
+discussed that
+next to this oxygen
+
+there is our histidine
+233, which we're going
+
+to show it as being protonated.
+
+Therefore, the reaction
+proceeds as follows.
+
+Here we're forming the
+carbon-carbon bond.
+
+Then the oxygen is
+going to pick up
+
+the proton from the
+protonated histidine
+
+and it's going to
+form a hydroxyl group.
+
+Therefore, we get
+cysteine 111 is still
+
+attached to what is known
+the HMG-CoA product.
+
+So this is our carbon.
+
+This is the new
+carbon-carbon bond.
+
+We have here a methyl group.
+
+We have the new hydroxyl,
+which were formed here,
+
+and the rest of the molecule.
+
+And our histidine, it
+was protonated here,
+
+now it's going to
+be deprotonated.
+
+So we just saw how the
+carbon-carbon bond is formed
+
+in the course of this reaction.
+
+And now we're left with
+a six-carbon thioester
+
+with a cysteine 111 in the
+active side of the enzyme.
+
+Therefore, the last
+step of the reaction
+
+would involve hydrolysis of this
+thioester to free the product
+
+and regenerate the system.
+
+So for the last step, we need
+to hydrolyze this thioester,
+
+and for that,
+we're going to need
+
+to activate a water molecule.
+
+Once again, we don't know--
+
+here is the water molecule--
+
+we don't know what's the
+general base, the residue
+
+in the active site, which
+removed this proton from water
+
+to allow it to attack the
+carbonyl of the thioester.
+
+So we're going to call it
+a general base attached
+
+to the enzyme.
+
+So this base is going to
+pick a proton from water,
+
+and then the water is going
+to add to the carbonyl
+
+and once again generate a
+tetrahedral intermediate.
+
+Say, this the OH
+from water, and this
+
+is the rest of the molecule.
+
+Once again, this is a
+tetrahedral intermediate, very
+
+similar to the one we
+saw in the first step
+
+when we formed this thioester,
+and presumably, it's
+
+going to be stabilized in
+a fairly similar manner.
+
+Let's also show that this
+base attached to the enzyme
+
+is now protonated,
+and it would probably
+
+donate this proton to
+reprotonate the cysteine
+
+and reform that thiol group.
+
+So in the second step,
+thiol takes the electrons,
+
+which picks up the proton
+from the general base
+
+in the active site.
+
+So at this point,
+we're just going
+
+to release the thiol
+of the cysteine 111,
+
+and the rest of the molecule
+is exactly our product,
+
+which is the HMG-CoA.
+
+The curved arrow
+mechanism we just wrote
+
+answers part 1 of the problem.
+
+Second question
+of this problem is
+
+asking about the
+stabilization of
+
+the tetrahedral intermediate,
+which actually we
+
+have just discussed.
+
+But let me reiterate
+as you guys saw
+
+in the serine
+protease mechanisms,
+
+whenever we're forming this
+tetrahedral intermediate,
+
+they tend to be stabilized
+in an oxyanion hole, which
+
+is basically a structure of the
+enzyme, which can form hydrogen
+
+bonds with the partial negative
+charge or full negative charge
+
+that develops in a
+tetrahedral intermediate.
+
+Presumably, similar
+structure exists
+
+for this HMG-CoA synthase, but
+because we're only given one
+
+snapshot, one crystal
+structure, that is not
+
+sufficient information
+to say for sure which
+
+are the key interactions
+to stabilize
+
+these tetrahedral intermediates.
+
+A lot more work, a lot
+more experimental data
+
+is necessary to figure out
+which are the key hydrogen bonds
+
+and interactions that stabilize
+the tetrahedral intermediates.
+
+Question 3 is asking us to
+review the mechanisms by which
+
+enzymes can achieve
+their amazing rate
+
+acceleration, which is on
+the order of 10 to the 6
+
+to 10 to 15 times over
+the uncatalyzed reaction
+
+and of course, to point out
+these mechanisms in the context
+
+of the HMG-CoA synthase.
+
+As you have seen over
+and over in this course,
+
+the three general
+mechanisms by which
+
+enzymes accelerate reactions
+are binding energy,
+
+general acid/general
+base catalysis
+
+and covalent catalysis.
+
+Now let's take a
+look at our structure
+
+and figure out how each
+one of these mechanisms
+
+might be operating.
+
+To start off,
+covalent catalysis,
+
+it's pretty obvious here the
+acetyl-CoA substrate first
+
+reacts and forms a covalent
+bond with the cysteine
+
+of the HMG-CoA synthase.
+
+So this covalent
+attachment to the enzyme
+
+allows this residue to
+be positioned just right
+
+so that it can react
+with the other substrate.
+
+Now, general acid/general
+base catalysis,
+
+we've seen all these
+residues that participate.
+
+Obviously, in order
+for this to react,
+
+we need a base to
+deprotonate the cysteine.
+
+Then we need a base,
+presumably, this glutamate 79,
+
+to deprotonate the methyl
+group here to form the enolate.
+
+And we need an acid
+to stabilize and form
+
+this hydroxyl group that will
+be developing on this oxygen.
+
+So covalent catalysis and
+general acid/general base
+
+catalysis, that's
+pretty obvious.
+
+Now when it comes
+to binding energy,
+
+this is not something
+that we can obviously
+
+derive from the
+structure, but we
+
+can postulate the number of
+ways in which binding energy
+
+contributes to this reaction.
+
+First of all, both
+of the substrates
+
+need to bind to the enzyme.
+
+In order to do that, they
+need to be desolvated,
+
+that is to remove all the water
+molecules that surround them.
+
+So that by itself
+requires energy.
+
+The binding energy
+is also derived
+
+by when we align the
+substrates in the active site
+
+of the enzyme, we align them
+so closely the right geometry
+
+and within a few
+tenths of an Angstrom
+
+so that the right
+orbitals overlap and allow
+
+the reaction to happen.
+
+So also the ability
+to align this residue
+
+so closely that also contributes
+to the binding energy.
+
+And finally, the
+binding energy also
+
+manifests when we're
+stabilizing, for example,
+
+the transition state
+of the reaction
+
+relative to the binding
+of the substrates.
+
+So if, for example, for our
+tetrahedral intermediate
+
+that will form here, if
+that transition state
+
+or the tetrahedral
+intermediate is stabilized more
+
+than the substrate, then
+the reaction is accelerated
+
+and proceeds towards that pass.
+
+Part 4 of the
+problem is asking us
+
+to look up the structure
+of coenzyme A, or CoA
+
+and then contrast the
+reactivity of say, acetyl-CoA,
+
+the thioester with CoA, with
+the reactivity of a thioester
+
+with a much smaller thiol group.
+
+Let's see what the
+coenzyme A looks like.
+
+Here we have the
+structure coenzyme A.
+
+The business end
+of the molecule is
+
+this thiol group,
+which is attached
+
+to a substantially long arm.
+
+And at the end here, we
+have, as you can recognize,
+
+two phosphates, the ribose
+and the base adenine.
+
+This is a nucleotide is ADP.
+
+There's also another
+phosphate here.
+
+But the business end of the
+molecule is this thiol group,
+
+and we're asked to contrast
+whether a thioester
+
+form with coenzyme A would
+behave similarly to a thioester
+
+form with this right-hand
+portion of the molecule, which
+
+I wrote here.
+
+So it's a much shorter thiol.
+
+Now, it turns out these
+thioesters will be very, very
+
+similar because really it's
+only the thiol moiety that we
+
+need to form thioester.
+
+So those thioesters will
+behave very, very similarly.
+
+Now, the advantage of
+having such a long arm
+
+for the coenzyme A is
+that it provides a way
+
+to insert the substrate,
+which will attach here,
+
+to say, acetyl-CoA, to insert
+acetyl-CoA in very deep
+
+into the active
+site of the enzyme.
+
+Having a long arm to guide the
+thioester may be important.
+
+As you will see
+later in the course,
+
+fatty acid synthases, which are
+these mega dalton complexes,
+
+have multiple active sites.
+
+So the fatty acid
+attaches a thioester
+
+to coenzyme A allows
+it to be moved
+
+through different active
+sites and through a same kind
+
+of chemistry in multiple
+steps over and over again.
+
+The advantage of having
+a coenzyme A thioester
+
+is that it may provide some
+additional binding energy.
+
+That nucleotide
+portion of coenzyme A
+
+may interact specifically
+with the enzyme
+
+near the active site,
+whereas, a much smaller thiol
+
+like the one we
+just saw will not
+
+have that kind of
+interaction available.
+
+Since we've been
+talking about thioesters
+
+throughout this entire
+problem, the last question
+
+is asking us to
+rationalize why we're
+
+seeing thioesters in metabolism
+as opposed to oxygen esters.
+
+Now, the key message you
+need to remember here
+
+is that the resonance that
+we observe in oxygen esters
+
+is almost completely
+absent in thioesters.
+
+And this fact makes the
+thioesters less stable
+
+and therefore, more reactive.
+
+Not only their carbonyl
+group behaves more
+
+like a ketone group, but
+their alpha hydrogens
+
+are more acidic.
+
+Let's take a look.
+
+Here is an oxygen
+ester that shows
+
+a proton in alpha position.
+
+And as you know, the
+lone pairs on this oxygen
+
+can conjugate with
+the carbonyl group
+
+and form certain resonance
+structures, one of which
+
+being this one.
+
+So the electrons
+can move like this,
+
+and then we're going to
+have a negative charge here
+
+and a positive charge here.
+
+And this is possible because
+the electrons on both oxygens
+
+are found in orbitals
+of comparable energies.
+
+By contrast, in the case of a
+thioester, we have a sulfur.
+
+Now, the electrons
+on the sulfur are
+
+in orbitals that are not
+in comparable energies
+
+with the ones on the
+ketyl group and therefore,
+
+this kind of conjugation
+does not, in fact, happen.
+
+And because this doesn't
+happen, therefore, the electrons
+
+on the carbonyl stay
+localized, and that
+
+makes the carbonyl a
+better reactive site.
+
+So it's a better electrophile
+to react as nucleophiles
+
+behaves more like a ketone.
+
+For the same reason, when
+we are to deprotonate
+
+the alpha position
+on a thioester,
+
+the density on the
+carbonyl is there
+
+to stabilize the enolate
+much more so than it
+
+would be for an oxygen ester.
+
+Therefore, the pKa,
+the acidity constant
+
+for this hydrogen
+on the thioesters
+
+is close to 18, which
+is smaller, therefore
+
+more acidic than the pKa of
+the alpha position in oxygen
+
+esters, which is 22.
+
+This sums up Problem
+2 of Problem Set 4.
+
+I hope you now have a
+much better feel of how
+
+we can use crystal
+structured data
+
+to propose a
+reasonable mechanism
+
+for enzyme catalyzed reactions.
+
+Keep in mind that writing
+mechanisms on paper
+
+is relatively easy.
+
+But to truly confirm that
+that mechanism is taking place
+
+in real life inside
+the cells, it
+
+takes a lot more experimental
+work and evidence.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Xqn_u1O_q0s.txt b/Xqn_u1O_q0s.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..20c4e2fb4eed9afd9e7e8978523c725c15553ed1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Xqn_u1O_q0s.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1235 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is the article I want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the article I want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the article I want to say
+just a few little things about it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a few little things about it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a few little things about it that
+um it's it's an article that was written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's it's an article that was written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's it's an article that was written
+for um for other academics at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um for other academics at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um for other academics at the time
+so just just so we know that it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just just so we know that it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just just so we know that it wasn't
+at the time it was published in 200 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time it was published in 200 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time it was published in 200 for
+really designed that we're going to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really designed that we're going to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really designed that we're going to read
+it in class and we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in class and we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in class and we're going to have
+various academic articles in here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various academic articles in here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various academic articles in here so
+some people are old hats reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people are old hats reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people are old hats reading
+academic articles in the humanities or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic articles in the humanities or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic articles in the humanities or
+in or in science or in this case at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in or in science or in this case at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in or in science or in this case at the
+intersection of humanities and Science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of humanities and Science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of humanities and Science
+and other people had less um less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other people had less um less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other people had less um less
+introduction to that so I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to that so I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to that so I just want to
+take a minute and say how I approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a minute and say how I approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a minute and say how I approach
+reading a new article because we'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading a new article because we'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading a new article because we'll have
+some of them um first all always take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them um first all always take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them um first all always take a
+second and think about the the title for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and think about the the title for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and think about the the title for
+a second figure out okay is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second figure out okay is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second figure out okay is you know
+sometimes I even just write it down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes I even just write it down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes I even just write it down and
+put it somewhere because uh when I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it somewhere because uh when I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it somewhere because uh when I'm not
+assigning articles there are things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigning articles there are things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigning articles there are things that
+you can put down at any point and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can put down at any point and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can put down at any point and so
+when I get to the point where I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I get to the point where I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I get to the point where I'm
+somewhere through it and I see they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere through it and I see they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere through it and I see they're
+not answering they're not talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not answering they're not talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not answering they're not talking about
+the title they're not answer then I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the title they're not answer then I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the title they're not answer then I can
+throw it away uh you're not allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw it away uh you're not allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw it away uh you're not allowed to
+do that in this class but that's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that in this class but that's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that in this class but that's you
+know sign to do then I always start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sign to do then I always start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sign to do then I always start
+paying attention to the Bold points and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying attention to the Bold points and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying attention to the Bold points and
+try to see about that because uh I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to see about that because uh I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to see about that because uh I don't
+read very fast and things so I'll want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read very fast and things so I'll want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read very fast and things so I'll want
+to jump ahead a bit but always read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to jump ahead a bit but always read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to jump ahead a bit but always read the
+introduction really carefully I would in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction really carefully I would in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction really carefully I would in
+some ways if you have you know let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways if you have you know let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways if you have you know let's say
+this would never happen to you but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would never happen to you but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would never happen to you but
+you're behind on a reading or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're behind on a reading or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're behind on a reading or something
+it's 10 minutes before class and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 10 minutes before class and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 10 minutes before class and you're
+trying to figure out what to do um don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out what to do um don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out what to do um don't
+read the whole thing fast read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the whole thing fast read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the whole thing fast read the
+introduction really carefully twice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction really carefully twice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction really carefully twice and
+that's um because that's what almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's um because that's what almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's um because that's what almost
+everything should be there if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything should be there if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything should be there if it's a
+good article we may read U because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good article we may read U because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good article we may read U because
+you'll get to very specific things in as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get to very specific things in as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get to very specific things in as
+you get to your projects we may get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to your projects we may get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to your projects we may get to
+the point where you're kind of assigning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point where you're kind of assigning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point where you're kind of assigning
+yourself articles or it's like hey look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself articles or it's like hey look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself articles or it's like hey look
+at this these five articles that I may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this these five articles that I may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this these five articles that I may
+have seen um if at the end introduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen um if at the end introduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen um if at the end introduction
+again you don't know anything what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you don't know anything what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you don't know anything what it's
+going to be about throw it out move to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be about throw it out move to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be about throw it out move to
+the next article but um a well-written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next article but um a well-written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next article but um a well-written
+article should give every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article should give every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article should give every
+there I go to the pictures yet next I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I go to the pictures yet next I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I go to the pictures yet next I
+don't want to ever see that cliche of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to ever see that cliche of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to ever see that cliche of
+pictures with thousand words in any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures with thousand words in any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures with thousand words in any of
+your things but it's kind of true so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your things but it's kind of true so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your things but it's kind of true so you
+can figure out okay what are we going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can figure out okay what are we going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can figure out okay what are we going to
+be talking about um from reading the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be talking about um from reading the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be talking about um from reading the
+introduction I knew we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction I knew we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction I knew we're going to be
+talking about music representation so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about music representation so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about music representation so I
+start asking are these music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start asking are these music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start asking are these music
+representations that are been talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations that are been talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations that are been talked
+about and then when I look at the text I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and then when I look at the text I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and then when I look at the text I
+can do it I can see okay the next topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it I can see okay the next topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it I can see okay the next topic
+is issues representation I've skimmed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is issues representation I've skimmed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is issues representation I've skimmed
+ahead so I know there's only uh two real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead so I know there's only uh two real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead so I know there's only uh two real
+topics in this so this should be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics in this so this should be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics in this so this should be the
+first half of it oh my gosh like that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first half of it oh my gosh like that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first half of it oh my gosh like that's
+why we remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we remember
+like um okay um and read the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um okay um and read the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um okay um and read the first
+sentence the first paragraph of that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence the first paragraph of that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence the first paragraph of that and
+go ahead and see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead and see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead and see if
+um if the if the ending tells you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if the if the ending tells you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if the if the ending tells you what
+it's going to be about it's this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be about it's this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be about it's this is not
+like watching your favorite movie don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like watching your favorite movie don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like watching your favorite movie don't
+an academic article you shouldn't feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an academic article you shouldn't feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an academic article you shouldn't feel
+like you're spoiling the the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're spoiling the the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're spoiling the the great
+reveal um there there's maybe five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveal um there there's maybe five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveal um there there's maybe five
+articles in my life where I think if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles in my life where I think if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles in my life where I think if I
+did if I read this way the first time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did if I read this way the first time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did if I read this way the first time I
+saw it I would have ruined the article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw it I would have ruined the article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw it I would have ruined the article
+all the rest I just improved my so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the rest I just improved my so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the rest I just improved my so I can
+see that um okay so we have a problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that um okay so we have a problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that um okay so we have a problem of
+multiple requirements and we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple requirements and we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple requirements and we have some
+sort of a solution that doesn't work so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a solution that doesn't work so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a solution that doesn't work so
+that I can go back and read and try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can go back and read and try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can go back and read and try to
+figure out what it is we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what it is we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what it is we're going to be
+talking about and we can see the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about and we can see the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about and we can see the final
+um thing is an introduction to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um thing is an introduction to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um thing is an introduction to the next
+section you see that the second part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section you see that the second part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section you see that the second part is
+a case study of one particular example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a case study of one particular example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a case study of one particular example
+of computational and comparative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of computational and comparative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of computational and comparative
+comparative and computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative and computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative and computational
+musicology and um I can see okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musicology and um I can see okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musicology and um I can see okay I
+probably should have some fun looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably should have some fun looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably should have some fun looking at
+that later and then jump to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that later and then jump to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that later and then jump to the
+conclusion and this article's great in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion and this article's great in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion and this article's great in
+that it does label its conclusion with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it does label its conclusion with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it does label its conclusion with
+where is it the word conclusion um not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is it the word conclusion um not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is it the word conclusion um not
+every article does that but again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every article does that but again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every article does that but again
+um go ahead and read the last couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um go ahead and read the last couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um go ahead and read the last couple
+paragraphs of the article so you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraphs of the article so you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraphs of the article so you find
+where it ends go back and go ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it ends go back and go ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it ends go back and go ahead and
+figure out what the article is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what the article is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what the article is going to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+about when you're assigning articles to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about when you're assigning articles to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about when you're assigning articles to
+yourself and and the Articles just keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself and and the Articles just keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself and and the Articles just keep
+getting longer um it's this weird thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting longer um it's this weird thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting longer um it's this weird thing
+that people used to write things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people used to write things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people used to write things in
+typewriters double spaced in Courier 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typewriters double spaced in Courier 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typewriters double spaced in Courier 14
+point now we write single spaced in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point now we write single spaced in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point now we write single spaced in
+Times New Roman 11 or 12 or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times New Roman 11 or 12 or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times New Roman 11 or 12 or something
+and but people keep thinking that my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but people keep thinking that my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but people keep thinking that my
+article needs to be 30 pages long and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article needs to be 30 pages long and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article needs to be 30 pages long and
+that's actually double the length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually double the length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually double the length of
+Articles so uh they're starting to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Articles so uh they're starting to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Articles so uh they're starting to get
+too long I do encourage you to read like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too long I do encourage you to read like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too long I do encourage you to read like
+this and then only only after you figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then only only after you figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then only only after you figure
+out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what the
+main s conclusions of the article are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main s conclusions of the article are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main s conclusions of the article are
+um this one is pretty obvious to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this one is pretty obvious to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this one is pretty obvious to those
+of us in this class that you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us in this class that you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us in this class that you can use
+computational methods without giving up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational methods without giving up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational methods without giving up
+to gistic values only once we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to gistic values only once we've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to gistic values only once we've done
+that um we go back uh hopefully you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um we go back uh hopefully you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um we go back uh hopefully you can
+skip notes the first time you read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip notes the first time you read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip notes the first time you read
+Because if they've written well these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because if they've written well these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because if they've written well these
+should be additional parts or places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be additional parts or places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be additional parts or places
+that you can look at later um if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can look at later um if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can look at later um if it's a
+poorly written article then you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorly written article then you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorly written article then you have to
+read the notes to get to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the notes to get to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the notes to get to it
+and if it's a new subject go ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it's a new subject go ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it's a new subject go ahead and
+look at the references and see who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the references and see who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the references and see who
+appears a lot so you can see okay these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears a lot so you can see okay these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears a lot so you can see okay these
+are probably important people okay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are probably important people okay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are probably important people okay this
+guy paulon hipple hipple hereon here on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy paulon hipple hipple hereon here on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy paulon hipple hipple hereon here on
+here on here on on here and I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on here on on here and I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on here on on here and I should
+probably if I want to go further read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably if I want to go further read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably if I want to go further read
+something by here this what I'm think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something by here this what I'm think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something by here this what I'm think
+yeah was just more more and more of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah was just more more and more of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah was just more more and more of them
+and um and then also if there's anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and then also if there's anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and then also if there's anybody
+that we recognize from the class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we recognize from the class and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we recognize from the class and
+will you'll be looking at El Sil Fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will you'll be looking at El Sil Fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will you'll be looking at El Sil Fields
+writings today she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writings today she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writings today she's
+awesome I'm going so with this in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome I'm going so with this in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome I'm going so with this in mind
+these are some of the strategies that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are some of the strategies that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are some of the strategies that I
+go through in in looking at it and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through in in looking at it and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through in in looking at it and then
+the other great strategy is talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other great strategy is talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other great strategy is talk to
+people and hopefully um they can give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and hopefully um they can give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and hopefully um they can give
+you the their tape on the article and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the their tape on the article and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the their tape on the article and
+again we can you know be richer for it
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Y9Blo_G-Mvg.txt b/Y9Blo_G-Mvg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..20dff2972a7eff88ce6f4459eff0454f58807b79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Y9Blo_G-Mvg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,819 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's take a quick look at some blunders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a quick look at some blunders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a quick look at some blunders
+that people regularly make in dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people regularly make in dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people regularly make in dealing
+with asymptotic notation in particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with asymptotic notation in particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with asymptotic notation in particularly
+with Big O notation which tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Big O notation which tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Big O notation which tends to
+confuse people so the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confuse people so the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confuse people so the most important
+thing to remember is that this notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to remember is that this notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to remember is that this notation
+something equals o of something else 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something equals o of something else 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something equals o of something else 1
+over x equals o of 1 say is actually to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over x equals o of 1 say is actually to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over x equals o of 1 say is actually to
+be understood as just a not such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be understood as just a not such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be understood as just a not such
+attractive notation misleading notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive notation misleading notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive notation misleading notation
+for a binary relation between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a binary relation between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a binary relation between two
+functions this is supposed to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions this is supposed to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions this is supposed to be a
+function there and there's supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function there and there's supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function there and there's supposed to
+be a function there and this is saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a function there and this is saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a function there and this is saying
+that the there's a relation between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the there's a relation between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the there's a relation between the
+growth rates of these two functions o of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth rates of these two functions o of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth rates of these two functions o of
+F is not quantity and you mustn't treat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F is not quantity and you mustn't treat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F is not quantity and you mustn't treat
+it as such so for example and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as such so for example and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as such so for example and the
+Equality of course is not an equality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equality of course is not an equality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equality of course is not an equality
+once upon a time we tried to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once upon a time we tried to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once upon a time we tried to get the
+Equality replaced by an epsilon which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equality replaced by an epsilon which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equality replaced by an epsilon which
+makes much better sense that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes much better sense that is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes much better sense that is that
+membership symbol but there was a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membership symbol but there was a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membership symbol but there was a sense
+that this notation was so deeply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this notation was so deeply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this notation was so deeply
+embedded in the mathematical culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded in the mathematical culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded in the mathematical culture
+multiple mathematical communities that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple mathematical communities that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple mathematical communities that
+there was no way we're going to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no way we're going to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no way we're going to change
+it okay in particular a confusion with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay in particular a confusion with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay in particular a confusion with
+where you think that that equality sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you think that that equality sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you think that that equality sign
+means some kind of inequality is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means some kind of inequality is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means some kind of inequality is to
+write instead of f equals o of G well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write instead of f equals o of G well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write instead of f equals o of G well if
+F equals o of G by symmetry o of G or to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F equals o of G by symmetry o of G or to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F equals o of G by symmetry o of G or to
+equal f don't write that the reason is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal f don't write that the reason is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal f don't write that the reason is
+that it's a recipe for confusion because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a recipe for confusion because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a recipe for confusion because
+look at this I know that X is o affects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this I know that X is o affects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this I know that X is o affects
+trivially which would suggest that o of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivially which would suggest that o of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivially which would suggest that o of
+X is equal to X if you believe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is equal to X if you believe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is equal to X if you believe in
+symmetry and you think of all of X as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry and you think of all of X as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry and you think of all of X as
+being quantity well remember though that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being quantity well remember though that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being quantity well remember though that
+2 X is also equal to O of X by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 X is also equal to O of X by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 X is also equal to O of X by
+definition of all so what we wind up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of all so what we wind up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of all so what we wind up
+with is combining 2 x equals o of x with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is combining 2 x equals o of x with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is combining 2 x equals o of x with
+o of x equals x is I get 2x is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o of x equals x is I get 2x is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o of x equals x is I get 2x is equal to
+this thing is equal to X I conclude that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is equal to X I conclude that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is equal to X I conclude that
+2x is equal to X which is absurd so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x is equal to X which is absurd so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x is equal to X which is absurd so
+that's nonsense it's the kind of trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's nonsense it's the kind of trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's nonsense it's the kind of trouble
+that you can get into if you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can get into if you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can get into if you start
+thinking of this equality as meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of this equality as meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of this equality as meaning
+equality between two quantities as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality between two quantities as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality between two quantities as
+opposed to just being a part of the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to just being a part of the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to just being a part of the name
+of a relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a relation
+another mistake that people make it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another mistake that people make it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another mistake that people make it's
+less serious but it's sloppy is to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less serious but it's sloppy is to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less serious but it's sloppy is to think
+that Big O corresponds to a lower bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Big O corresponds to a lower bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Big O corresponds to a lower bound
+so that people will say things like F is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that people will say things like F is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that people will say things like F is
+at least oh of N squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least oh of N squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least oh of N squared
+well again at least of N squared is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well again at least of N squared is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well again at least of N squared is
+starting to treat o of N squared like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to treat o of N squared like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to treat o of N squared like a
+quantity you could say that F is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity you could say that F is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity you could say that F is equal
+to o of N squared but that means that N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to o of N squared but that means that N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to o of N squared but that means that N
+squared is an upper bound on F to within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is an upper bound on F to within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is an upper bound on F to within
+a constant factor after a certain point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant factor after a certain point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant factor after a certain point
+if you want to say intuitively that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to say intuitively that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to say intuitively that that
+N squared is a lower bound on F then all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N squared is a lower bound on F then all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N squared is a lower bound on F then all
+you have to do is say that N squared is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do is say that N squared is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do is say that N squared is
+o of F and that is a proper use of O of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o of F and that is a proper use of O of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o of F and that is a proper use of O of
+F of getting a lower bound on a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of getting a lower bound on a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of getting a lower bound on a function
+by saying that the lower bound is o of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by saying that the lower bound is o of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by saying that the lower bound is o of
+the function that's another example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function that's another example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function that's another example of
+the kind of nonsense that you say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of nonsense that you say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of nonsense that you say this
+is a stretch but let's look at it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a stretch but let's look at it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a stretch but let's look at it as a
+reminder of things not to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder of things not to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder of things not to do
+I'm gonna prove to you that the sum from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna prove to you that the sum from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna prove to you that the sum from
+I equals 1 to N of I that is that 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I equals 1 to N of I that is that 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I equals 1 to N of I that is that 1 plus
+2 Plus 3 up to n is of n now of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 Plus 3 up to n is of n now of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 Plus 3 up to n is of n now of course
+it's not we know that the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not we know that the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not we know that the sum of the
+first n integers is n times n plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first n integers is n times n plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first n integers is n times n plus 1
+over 2 which is o of N squared theta of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 which is o of N squared theta of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 which is o of N squared theta of
+N squared actually so I'm gonna prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N squared actually so I'm gonna prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N squared actually so I'm gonna prove
+something false watch carefully how I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something false watch carefully how I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something false watch carefully how I do
+it here's the false proof let's first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here's the false proof let's first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here's the false proof let's first of
+all notice that any constant is o of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all notice that any constant is o of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all notice that any constant is o of 1
+so 0 is o of 1 1 is o of 1 2 is o of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 0 is o of 1 1 is o of 1 2 is o of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 0 is o of 1 1 is o of 1 2 is o of 1
+and so on any constant is any constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on any constant is any constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on any constant is any constant
+function is o of the constant function 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is o of the constant function 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is o of the constant function 1
+ok that's true so that means that each I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok that's true so that means that each I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok that's true so that means that each I
+in this sum is a number so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this sum is a number so that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this sum is a number so that means
+it's you know it might be 1 in my 2 it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know it might be 1 in my 2 it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know it might be 1 in my 2 it
+might be 3 you might be 50 whatever it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be 3 you might be 50 whatever it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be 3 you might be 50 whatever it
+is it's o of 1 and that means that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's o of 1 and that means that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's o of 1 and that means that I
+could think of this sum from I equals 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think of this sum from I equals 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think of this sum from I equals 1
+to N is o of 1 plus o of 1 plus o of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to N is o of 1 plus o of 1 plus o of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to N is o of 1 plus o of 1 plus o of 1
+and that's of course n times o of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's of course n times o of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's of course n times o of 1
+which is oh of n now there's all kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is oh of n now there's all kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is oh of n now there's all kinds
+of weird arithmetic rules and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of weird arithmetic rules and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of weird arithmetic rules and things
+being used here none of which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being used here none of which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being used here none of which are
+justified but you it's just a heads up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justified but you it's just a heads up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justified but you it's just a heads up
+you do see stuff like this from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do see stuff like this from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do see stuff like this from
+inexperienced students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inexperienced students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inexperienced students
+I hope that you won't fall into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope that you won't fall into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope that you won't fall into this
+kind of a sloppy trap all of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a sloppy trap all of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a sloppy trap all of something
+is not a quantity it's part of the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a quantity it's part of the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a quantity it's part of the name
+of a relation
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Yh5bR7X3ch8.txt b/Yh5bR7X3ch8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e810b81a63e22cbae2b92f18ac6fe9b3d628798a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Yh5bR7X3ch8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1147 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this segment we derive and discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this segment we derive and discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this segment we derive and discuss
+the weak law of large numbers it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weak law of large numbers it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weak law of large numbers it is a
+rather simple result but plays a central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather simple result but plays a central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather simple result but plays a central
+role within probability theory the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role within probability theory the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role within probability theory the
+setting is as follows we start with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting is as follows we start with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting is as follows we start with some
+probability distribution that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution that has a
+certain mean and variance which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain mean and variance which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain mean and variance which we
+assume to be finite we then draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume to be finite we then draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume to be finite we then draw
+independent random variables out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent random variables out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent random variables out of this
+distribution so that these x i's are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so that these x i's are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so that these x i's are
+independent and identically distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and identically distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and identically distributed
+iid for short what's going on here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iid for short what's going on here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iid for short what's going on here is
+that we are carrying out a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are carrying out a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are carrying out a long
+experiment during which all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment during which all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment during which all of these
+random variables are drawn once we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables are drawn once we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables are drawn once we have
+drawn n of these random variables we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn n of these random variables we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn n of these random variables we can
+calculate the average of the values that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the average of the values that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the average of the values that
+have been obtained and this gives us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been obtained and this gives us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been obtained and this gives us the
+so called sample mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so called sample mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so called sample mean
+notice that the sample mean is a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the sample mean is a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the sample mean is a random
+variable because it is a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable because it is a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable because it is a function of
+random variables it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables it should be
+distinguished from the true mean mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguished from the true mean mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguished from the true mean mu
+which is the expected value of the x i's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the expected value of the x i's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the expected value of the x i's
+which is a number it is not random and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a number it is not random and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a number it is not random and
+mu is some kind of average over all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu is some kind of average over all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu is some kind of average over all the
+possible outcomes of the random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible outcomes of the random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible outcomes of the random variable
+X I the sample mean is the simplest and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X I the sample mean is the simplest and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X I the sample mean is the simplest and
+most natural way for trying to estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most natural way for trying to estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most natural way for trying to estimate
+the true mean and the weak law of large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true mean and the weak law of large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true mean and the weak law of large
+numbers will provide some support to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers will provide some support to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers will provide some support to
+this notion let us now look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion let us now look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion let us now look at the
+properties of the sample mean let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the sample mean let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the sample mean let us
+calculate its expectation by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate its expectation by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate its expectation by the way
+this object here involves two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this object here involves two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this object here involves two different
+kinds of averaging the sample mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of averaging the sample mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of averaging the sample mean
+averages over the values observed during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages over the values observed during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages over the values observed during
+one long experiment whereas the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one long experiment whereas the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one long experiment whereas the
+expectation averages over all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation averages over all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation averages over all possible
+outcomes of this experiment the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes of this experiment the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes of this experiment the
+expectation is some kind of theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is some kind of theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is some kind of theoretical
+average because we do not get to observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average because we do not get to observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average because we do not get to observe
+all the possible outcomes of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the possible outcomes of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the possible outcomes of this
+experiment but the sample mean is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment but the sample mean is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment but the sample mean is
+something that we actually calculate on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we actually calculate on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we actually calculate on
+the basis of our observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis of our observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis of our observed
+in any case the expected value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any case the expected value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any case the expected value of the
+sample mean by linearity it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample mean by linearity it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample mean by linearity it is the
+expected value of the numerator divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of the numerator divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of the numerator divided
+by the denominator using linearity once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the denominator using linearity once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the denominator using linearity once
+more the expected value of a sum is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more the expected value of a sum is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more the expected value of a sum is the
+sum of the expected values and since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the expected values and since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the expected values and since
+each one of those expected values is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of those expected values is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of those expected values is
+equal to MU we obtain n times mu divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to MU we obtain n times mu divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to MU we obtain n times mu divided
+by n which leaves us with mu so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by n which leaves us with mu so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by n which leaves us with mu so the
+theoretical average the expected value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical average the expected value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical average the expected value
+of the sample mean is equal to the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sample mean is equal to the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sample mean is equal to the true
+mean let us now calculate the variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean let us now calculate the variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean let us now calculate the variance
+of the sample mean the variance of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sample mean the variance of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sample mean the variance of a
+random variable divided by a number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable divided by a number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable divided by a number is
+the variance of that random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance of that random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance of that random variable
+divided by the square of that number now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the square of that number now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the square of that number now
+since the x i's are independent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the x i's are independent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the x i's are independent the
+variance is the sum of the variances and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance is the sum of the variances and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance is the sum of the variances and
+therefore we obtain n times the variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we obtain n times the variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we obtain n times the variance
+of each one of them and after we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each one of them and after we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each one of them and after we
+simplify this leaves us with Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify this leaves us with Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify this leaves us with Sigma
+squared over n we are now in a position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over n we are now in a position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over n we are now in a position
+to apply the chebyshev inequality the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to apply the chebyshev inequality the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to apply the chebyshev inequality the
+chebyshev inequality tells us that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chebyshev inequality tells us that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chebyshev inequality tells us that the
+distance of a random variable from its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance of a random variable from its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance of a random variable from its
+mean being larger than a certain number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean being larger than a certain number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean being larger than a certain number
+has a probability that's bounded above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a probability that's bounded above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a probability that's bounded above
+by the variance of the random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the variance of the random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the variance of the random variable
+of interest divided by the square of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interest divided by the square of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interest divided by the square of the
+number that we have here we have already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that we have here we have already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that we have here we have already
+calculated the variance and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated the variance and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated the variance and so this
+quantity is Sigma squared over n times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity is Sigma squared over n times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity is Sigma squared over n times
+epsilon squared and now if we consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon squared and now if we consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon squared and now if we consider
+epsilon as a fixed number and let n go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon as a fixed number and let n go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon as a fixed number and let n go
+to infinity then what we obtain is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity then what we obtain is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity then what we obtain is a
+limiting value of zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the probability of falling far from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the probability of falling far from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the probability of falling far from
+the mean diminishes to zero as we draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean diminishes to zero as we draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean diminishes to zero as we draw
+more and more samples that's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more samples that's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more samples that's exactly
+what the weak law of large number tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the weak law of large number tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the weak law of large number tells
+us if we fix any particular epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us if we fix any particular epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us if we fix any particular epsilon
+which is a positive constant the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a positive constant the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a positive constant the
+probability that the sample mean falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the sample mean falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the sample mean falls
+away from the true mean by more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the true mean by more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the true mean by more than
+Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon
+that probability becomes smaller and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that probability becomes smaller and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that probability becomes smaller and
+smaller and converges to zero as n goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and converges to zero as n goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and converges to zero as n goes
+to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity
+let us now interpret the weak law of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us now interpret the weak law of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us now interpret the weak law of
+large numbers as I already hinted we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large numbers as I already hinted we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large numbers as I already hinted we
+have to think in terms of one long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think in terms of one long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think in terms of one long
+experiment and during that experiment we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and during that experiment we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and during that experiment we
+draw several independent random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw several independent random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw several independent random
+variables drawn from the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables drawn from the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables drawn from the same
+distribution one way of thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution one way of thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution one way of thinking about
+those random variables is that each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those random variables is that each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those random variables is that each one
+of them is equal to the mean the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them is equal to the mean the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them is equal to the mean the true
+mean plus some measurement noise which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean plus some measurement noise which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean plus some measurement noise which
+is a term that has zero expected value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a term that has zero expected value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a term that has zero expected value
+and all of these noises are independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of these noises are independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of these noises are independent
+so we have a collection of noisy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a collection of noisy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a collection of noisy
+measurements and then we take those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements and then we take those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements and then we take those
+measurements and form the average of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements and form the average of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements and form the average of
+them what the weak law of large numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them what the weak law of large numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them what the weak law of large numbers
+tells us is that the sample mean is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us is that the sample mean is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us is that the sample mean is
+unlikely to be far off from the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlikely to be far off from the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlikely to be far off from the true
+mean and by far off we mean at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and by far off we mean at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and by far off we mean at least
+epsilon distance away so the sample mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon distance away so the sample mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon distance away so the sample mean
+is in some ways a good way of estimating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in some ways a good way of estimating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in some ways a good way of estimating
+the true mean if n is large enough then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true mean if n is large enough then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true mean if n is large enough then
+we have high confidence that the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have high confidence that the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have high confidence that the sample
+mean gives us a value that's close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean gives us a value that's close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean gives us a value that's close to
+the true mean as a special case let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true mean as a special case let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true mean as a special case let us
+consider a probabilistic model in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a probabilistic model in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a probabilistic model in which
+will repeat independently many times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will repeat independently many times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will repeat independently many times the
+same experiment there's a certain event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same experiment there's a certain event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same experiment there's a certain event
+a associated with that experiment that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a associated with that experiment that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a associated with that experiment that
+has a certain probability and each time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a certain probability and each time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a certain probability and each time
+that we carry out the experiment we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we carry out the experiment we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we carry out the experiment we use
+an indicator variable to indicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an indicator variable to indicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an indicator variable to indicate
+whether the outcome was inside the event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the outcome was inside the event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the outcome was inside the event
+or outside the event so X I is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or outside the event so X I is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or outside the event so X I is 1
+a occurs and it is zero otherwise the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a occurs and it is zero otherwise the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a occurs and it is zero otherwise the
+expected value of the X is the true mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of the X is the true mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of the X is the true mean
+in this case is equal to the number P in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case is equal to the number P in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case is equal to the number P in
+this particular example the sample mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular example the sample mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular example the sample mean
+just counts how many times the event a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just counts how many times the event a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just counts how many times the event a
+occurred out of the n experiments that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred out of the n experiments that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred out of the n experiments that
+we carried out so it's the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we carried out so it's the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we carried out so it's the frequency
+with which the event a has occurred and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with which the event a has occurred and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with which the event a has occurred and
+we call it the empirical frequency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it the empirical frequency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it the empirical frequency of
+event a what the weak law of large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event a what the weak law of large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event a what the weak law of large
+numbers tells us is that the empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers tells us is that the empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers tells us is that the empirical
+frequency will be close to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency will be close to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency will be close to the
+probability of that event in this sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of that event in this sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of that event in this sense
+it reinforces or justifies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it reinforces or justifies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it reinforces or justifies the
+interpretation of probabilities as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of probabilities as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of probabilities as
+frequencies
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Z-Ow4zRoI30.txt b/Z-Ow4zRoI30.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3355822164eddb618f75133176eb7f05205f1732
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Z-Ow4zRoI30.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10307 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu I'm Bob field I have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu I'm Bob field I have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu I'm Bob field I have been
+called one of the Grand Old Men of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called one of the Grand Old Men of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called one of the Grand Old Men of
+Spectros uh the reason for that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectros uh the reason for that is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectros uh the reason for that is that
+I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm
+old uh but I also have unconventional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old uh but I also have unconventional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old uh but I also have unconventional
+views of what spectroscopy is and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+views of what spectroscopy is and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+views of what spectroscopy is and what's
+interesting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting in
+spectroscopy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um before we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um before we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um before we get
+started I want to tell you what the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started I want to tell you what the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started I want to tell you what the uh
+the formal requirements for the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formal requirements for the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formal requirements for the course
+will be there will be some occasional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be there will be some occasional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be there will be some occasional
+homeworks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeworks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeworks
+not one a week or maybe not even two a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not one a week or maybe not even two a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not one a week or maybe not even two a
+week but when I come up with a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week but when I come up with a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week but when I come up with a good
+problem I'll assign it there's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I'll assign it there's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I'll assign it there's going to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+frequent five minute quizzes at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequent five minute quizzes at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequent five minute quizzes at the end
+of the hour where the idea is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hour where the idea is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hour where the idea is that
+you'll unwrap a concept and you'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll unwrap a concept and you'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll unwrap a concept and you'll just
+use it to do something really trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it to do something really trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it to do something really trivial
+with it while it's while it's still hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it while it's while it's still hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it while it's while it's still hot
+and I find that that's a good way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I find that that's a good way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I find that that's a good way of
+actually realizing whether you learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually realizing whether you learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually realizing whether you learned
+something something or not and uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something something or not and uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something something or not and uh uh
+it's useful for me also to see whether I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's useful for me also to see whether I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's useful for me also to see whether I
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+successful um I think there will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful um I think there will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful um I think there will be
+depending on how many people are left in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how many people are left in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how many people are left in
+the class by the end there will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class by the end there will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class by the end there will be a
+project at the end where what will I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project at the end where what will I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project at the end where what will I
+will try to do is to get you to use some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will try to do is to get you to use some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will try to do is to get you to use some
+of the concepts in the course to write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the concepts in the course to write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the concepts in the course to write a
+not trivial quasi paper which might even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not trivial quasi paper which might even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not trivial quasi paper which might even
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+publishable um and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publishable um and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publishable um and uh
+um this would be a collaboration among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this would be a collaboration among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this would be a collaboration among
+two or three people because maybe one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or three people because maybe one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or three people because maybe one is
+good at writing code and one is good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at writing code and one is good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at writing code and one is good at
+deriving the equations and one is good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deriving the equations and one is good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deriving the equations and one is good
+at writing or something like that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at writing or something like that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at writing or something like that but
+we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+um the final thing will be a brief oral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the final thing will be a brief oral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the final thing will be a brief oral
+exam oneon-one where I'll ask you a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam oneon-one where I'll ask you a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam oneon-one where I'll ask you a few
+questions and look I have to have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and look I have to have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and look I have to have some
+formal requirements this is a a course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal requirements this is a a course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal requirements this is a a course
+with a grade and so these are all things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a grade and so these are all things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a grade and so these are all things
+that make it possible for me to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make it possible for me to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make it possible for me to take
+this seriously but I'm not going to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this seriously but I'm not going to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this seriously but I'm not going to try
+to humiliate anybody in an oral exam I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to humiliate anybody in an oral exam I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to humiliate anybody in an oral exam I
+mean this would be you kind of I often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this would be you kind of I often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this would be you kind of I often
+to talk to me for a few minutes maybe 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk to me for a few minutes maybe 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk to me for a few minutes maybe 15
+and uh there will be also some reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh there will be also some reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh there will be also some reading
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I have a very unconventional view of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have a very unconventional view of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have a very unconventional view of
+spectroscopy and I hope that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy and I hope that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy and I hope that this is
+well first of all this course is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first of all this course is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first of all this course is a
+version of a course I gave for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of a course I gave for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of a course I gave for the first
+25 years I was at MIT and it does have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 years I was at MIT and it does have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 years I was at MIT and it does have
+in it my unique view of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it my unique view of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it my unique view of
+spectroscopy this book by Peter Bernat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy this book by Peter Bernat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy this book by Peter Bernat
+who was one of my students is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was one of my students is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was one of my students is a very
+convinc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinc
+uh view of spectroscopy and if you feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh view of spectroscopy and if you feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh view of spectroscopy and if you feel
+indigestion from my crazy self you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indigestion from my crazy self you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indigestion from my crazy self you can
+look at this and it'll bring it all down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this and it'll bring it all down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this and it'll bring it all down
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+earth uh there are two other books that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth uh there are two other books that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth uh there are two other books that
+have been extremely important to me in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been extremely important to me in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been extremely important to me in
+my professional development one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my professional development one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my professional development one of them
+is cond shortly which is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cond shortly which is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cond shortly which is just a
+beautiful book about atomic spectrum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful book about atomic spectrum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful book about atomic spectrum and
+everything that I know about electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that I know about electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that I know about electronic
+structure of molecules really comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of molecules really comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of molecules really comes from
+this book and it's a wonderful book when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this book and it's a wonderful book when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this book and it's a wonderful book when
+I was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+postto uh I made the Arrogant statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postto uh I made the Arrogant statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postto uh I made the Arrogant statement
+that this little book by John Hen the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this little book by John Hen the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this little book by John Hen the
+calculation of rotational energy levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation of rotational energy levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation of rotational energy levels
+and rotational line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rotational line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rotational line
+intensity uh in diatomic molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity uh in diatomic molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity uh in diatomic molecules
+contained everything that you needed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained everything that you needed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained everything that you needed to
+know in all three of herzberg's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+books that's ridiculous ulous but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books that's ridiculous ulous but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books that's ridiculous ulous but it's
+not completely ridiculous so here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not completely ridiculous so here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not completely ridiculous so here is
+some 49 Pages which really is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some 49 Pages which really is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some 49 Pages which really is the
+minimal introduction to my kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal introduction to my kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal introduction to my kind of
+spectroscopy this book is now available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy this book is now available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy this book is now available
+online so you don't even have to steal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online so you don't even have to steal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online so you don't even have to steal
+it for me you can just go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for me you can just go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for me you can just go to the
+National Institute nist website and find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National Institute nist website and find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National Institute nist website and find
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh this is my book this is the book on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is my book this is the book on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is my book this is the book on
+small molecule spectroscopy and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small molecule spectroscopy and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small molecule spectroscopy and so
+anything I say is probably good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything I say is probably good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything I say is probably good
+here and this is a telephone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this is a telephone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this is a telephone
+directory and many people feel that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory and many people feel that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory and many people feel that
+spectroscopy is a bunch is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy is a bunch is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy is a bunch is just
+collecting a bunch of numbers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting a bunch of numbers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting a bunch of numbers that
+resemble a telephone directory and small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resemble a telephone directory and small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resemble a telephone directory and small
+molecule spectroscopists are not held in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule spectroscopists are not held in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule spectroscopists are not held in
+very high esteem because people think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high esteem because people think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high esteem because people think
+what what we do is write telephone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what we do is write telephone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what we do is write telephone
+directors and we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directors and we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directors and we don't
+and what I'm going to try to do in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I'm going to try to do in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I'm going to try to do in this
+course is to convince you that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is to convince you that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is to convince you that uh
+there's some beautiful patterns and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some beautiful patterns and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some beautiful patterns and
+there's there's some codes that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's some codes that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's some codes that we can
+break and we'll learn a great deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break and we'll learn a great deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break and we'll learn a great deal
+that's far more interesting than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's far more interesting than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's far more interesting than
+telephone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephone
+directories okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directories okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directories okay
+so the main things that I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the main things that I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the main things that I'm going to
+teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+uh there there's a language of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there there's a language of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there there's a language of
+spectroscopy there's an elaborate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy there's an elaborate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy there's an elaborate
+notation and many people get stopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation and many people get stopped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation and many people get stopped
+either by the telephone directory aspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either by the telephone directory aspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either by the telephone directory aspect
+or by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or by
+this this what appears to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this what appears to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this what appears to be
+impenetrable notation it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impenetrable notation it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impenetrable notation it's very
+concise it's very elegant and it it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concise it's very elegant and it it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concise it's very elegant and it it has
+a a kind of ability to describe things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a kind of ability to describe things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a kind of ability to describe things
+at different levels of how much do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at different levels of how much do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at different levels of how much do we
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+so you know normally you can describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know normally you can describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know normally you can describe
+something if you understand it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something if you understand it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something if you understand it
+perfectly but spectroscopy has a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly but spectroscopy has a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly but spectroscopy has a way of
+describing things at the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing things at the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing things at the beginning of
+understanding all the way up to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding all the way up to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding all the way up to a
+complete picture and so the language is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete picture and so the language is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete picture and so the language is
+not just a boring little thing and and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just a boring little thing and and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just a boring little thing and and I
+will refer to it often there are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will refer to it often there are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will refer to it often there are also
+toy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toy
+models in fact everything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models in fact everything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models in fact everything in
+spectroscopy starts with toy models in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy starts with toy models in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy starts with toy models in
+other words we know about rigid rotors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words we know about rigid rotors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words we know about rigid rotors
+we know about harmonic oscillators we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know about harmonic oscillators we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know about harmonic oscillators we
+know about ridberg the hydrogen atom we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about ridberg the hydrogen atom we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about ridberg the hydrogen atom we
+know about the hydrogen 2+ molecular ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about the hydrogen 2+ molecular ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about the hydrogen 2+ molecular ion
+we have a lot of simple models that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a lot of simple models that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a lot of simple models that we
+use to describe energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to describe energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to describe energy
+levels and spectroscopy really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and spectroscopy really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and spectroscopy really
+involves tying all those models together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves tying all those models together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves tying all those models together
+in some imaginable imaginative way and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some imaginable imaginative way and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some imaginable imaginative way and I
+also want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stress that this is not about the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress that this is not about the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress that this is not about the exact
+hamiltonian that we build an effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian that we build an effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian that we build an effective
+hamiltonian that represents the Spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian that represents the Spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian that represents the Spectrum
+and the Dynamics in the Spectrum which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Dynamics in the Spectrum which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Dynamics in the Spectrum which
+is made out of these toy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is made out of these toy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is made out of these toy
+models and many of you who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and many of you who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and many of you who are
+interested in theory are interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in theory are interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in theory are interested in
+getting uh doing EX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting uh doing EX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting uh doing EX
+calculations but for spectron the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations but for spectron the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations but for spectron the exact
+calculations are often the direct path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations are often the direct path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations are often the direct path
+to the telephone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the telephone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the telephone
+directory because they're numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory because they're numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory because they're numbers
+without mechanism without description I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without mechanism without description I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without mechanism without description I
+their description without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their description without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their description without
+causality often good theorists do uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality often good theorists do uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality often good theorists do uh
+distill from the exact hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distill from the exact hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distill from the exact hamiltonian
+mechanism but the emphasis is usually un
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism but the emphasis is usually un
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism but the emphasis is usually un
+exact and here we're going to be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact and here we're going to be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact and here we're going to be talking
+about toy models that are built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about toy models that are built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about toy models that are built
+from uh that are connected together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh that are connected together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh that are connected together and
+we then use them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we then use them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we then use them
+to uh explain the Spectrum and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh explain the Spectrum and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh explain the Spectrum and of
+course peration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course peration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course peration
+theory is going to be very important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory is going to be very important in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory is going to be very important in
+um this these CL models now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this these CL models now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this these CL models now
+um in peration theory we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in peration theory we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in peration theory we're going to
+have a lot of things we call Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of things we call Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of things we call Matrix
+elements those of you who know about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements those of you who know about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements those of you who know about the
+Matrix picture of quantum mechanics know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix picture of quantum mechanics know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix picture of quantum mechanics know
+what that means can I use the language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means can I use the language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means can I use the language
+of Matrix elements for everybody is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Matrix elements for everybody is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Matrix elements for everybody is
+everybody happy with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody happy with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody happy with
+that okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay uh
+now there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there
+are two ways in which Matrix elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two ways in which Matrix elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two ways in which Matrix elements
+are evaluated one is that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are evaluated one is that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are evaluated one is that we have
+scaling we have rules selection rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling we have rules selection rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling we have rules selection rules
+for which ones are zero and we often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which ones are zero and we often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which ones are zero and we often
+have scaling rules for how one Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have scaling rules for how one Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have scaling rules for how one Matrix
+element is related to another and so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is related to another and so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is related to another and so if
+we know one fact we can generate a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know one fact we can generate a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know one fact we can generate a huge
+number of related facts through those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of related facts through those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of related facts through those
+sorts of things so there's there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of things so there's there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of things so there's there's the
+structure of the Matrix elements and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the Matrix elements and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the Matrix elements and
+then there is the process of evaluating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there is the process of evaluating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there is the process of evaluating
+Matrix elements the value of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix elements the value of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix elements the value of this
+integral accumulates in a very special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral accumulates in a very special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral accumulates in a very special
+region of space and there is great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of space and there is great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of space and there is great
+Insight often in figuring out where does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Insight often in figuring out where does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Insight often in figuring out where does
+a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix
+element uh acquire its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element uh acquire its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element uh acquire its
+value and so the the concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and so the the concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and so the the concept of
+stationary phase is going to play a key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary phase is going to play a key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary phase is going to play a key
+role in all of this okay so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in all of this okay so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in all of this okay so we have
+language toy models we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intensities and when we start talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities and when we start talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities and when we start talking
+about intensities there are several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about intensities there are several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about intensities there are several
+different issues now I do hope you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different issues now I do hope you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different issues now I do hope you'll
+interrupt me and ask me to you know to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrupt me and ask me to you know to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrupt me and ask me to you know to
+amplify out things but right now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplify out things but right now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplify out things but right now I'm
+just making long lists but I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just making long lists but I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just making long lists but I'm going to
+ask you guys a question soon uh fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you guys a question soon uh fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you guys a question soon uh fact
+it's in this little right here okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in this little right here okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in this little right here okay so
+when we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about
+intensities we have the concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities we have the concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities we have the concept of
+bright States and dark States this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright States and dark States this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright States and dark States this is a
+very important Concept in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important Concept in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important Concept in
+spectroscopy and you've probably heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy and you've probably heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy and you've probably heard
+it uh heard the term used but you wonder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh heard the term used but you wonder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh heard the term used but you wonder
+what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is
+there are also things called propensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rules and there are things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules and there are things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules and there are things
+like Frank Condon factors and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Frank Condon factors and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Frank Condon factors and there's
+two kinds of Frank Condon factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two kinds of Frank Condon factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two kinds of Frank Condon factors
+there's evaluate an overlap integral and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's evaluate an overlap integral and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's evaluate an overlap integral and
+square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square
+it and there is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and there is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and there is the
+semiclassical or or the classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiclassical or or the classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiclassical or or the classical
+frankon factor which uh is directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frankon factor which uh is directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frankon factor which uh is directly
+related to this number but most people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to this number but most people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to this number but most people
+don't think about frankc factors as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think about frankc factors as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think about frankc factors as
+classical mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quantities we have the word semi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities we have the word semi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities we have the word semi
+classical the Expressions what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical the Expressions what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical the Expressions what does
+semiclassical mean does anybody want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiclassical mean does anybody want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiclassical mean does anybody want to
+tell me what semi classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+means mean part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+systemically that's not what I mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systemically that's not what I mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systemically that's not what I mean by
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+uh but that I mean that's a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but that I mean that's a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but that I mean that's a very good
+answer uh does anybody else want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer uh does anybody else want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer uh does anybody else want
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+try uh so you take a classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try uh so you take a classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try uh so you take a classical
+formulation and then you add certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation and then you add certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation and then you add certain
+parts to it which resemble things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts to it which resemble things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts to it which resemble things
+from I think you've got almost all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from I think you've got almost all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from I think you've got almost all I
+would have started from quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have started from quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have started from quantum
+mechanics we saying in quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics we saying in quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics we saying in quantum mechanics
+we can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can have
+uh we can specify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can specify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can specify
+coordinates but then you can't specify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates but then you can't specify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates but then you can't specify
+momentum and in the semi-classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and in the semi-classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and in the semi-classical
+approach one one says well we use say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach one one says well we use say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach one one says well we use say
+coordinates and we can then use classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and we can then use classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and we can then use classic
+mechanics to specify what the classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics to specify what the classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics to specify what the classical
+momentum would be at any point or and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum would be at any point or and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum would be at any point or and
+these ideas of bringing in classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ideas of bringing in classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ideas of bringing in classical
+mechanics so and and and and using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics so and and and and using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics so and and and and using this
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+uh explain quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because wave function is going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because wave function is going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because wave function is going to have
+nodes the spacing the spatial spacings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes the spacing the spatial spacings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes the spacing the spatial spacings
+between nodes are related to the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between nodes are related to the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between nodes are related to the uh the
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+momentum but if we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum but if we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum but if we're talking about
+coordinates we're we're not allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates we're we're not allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates we're we're not allowed to
+talk about momentum but we can and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about momentum but we can and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about momentum but we can and the
+the beauty of semiclassical approach is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beauty of semiclassical approach is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beauty of semiclassical approach is
+that we can we can talk about whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can we can talk about whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can we can talk about whatever
+we want by going this classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want by going this classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want by going this classical
+mechanics and then use that for insights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and then use that for insights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and then use that for insights
+or to make important approximations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to make important approximations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to make important approximations of
+key quantities so is one example of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key quantities so is one example of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key quantities so is one example of that
+in a vibration of a molecule that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a vibration of a molecule that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a vibration of a molecule that the
+molecule spends more time here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule spends more time here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule spends more time here is
+turning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning
+points and so things are more likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and so things are more likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and so things are more likely to
+happen there is that an example well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen there is that an example well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen there is that an example well
+that's part of it example of a semi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's part of it example of a semi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's part of it example of a semi
+classical but one of the I would say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical but one of the I would say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical but one of the I would say the
+most important thing is where's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important thing is where's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important thing is where's the
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+node how far do you have to go from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node how far do you have to go from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node how far do you have to go from the
+Turning Point into the first node and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Turning Point into the first node and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Turning Point into the first node and
+how far are the nodes apart and because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far are the nodes apart and because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far are the nodes apart and because
+that's where you discover where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where you discover where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where you discover where
+integrals accumulate you get stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals accumulate you get stationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals accumulate you get stationary
+phase stationary phase is a mixture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase stationary phase is a mixture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase stationary phase is a mixture of
+quantum mechanics and classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics and classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics and classical
+mechanics so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics so okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics so okay
+so we're going to be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to be talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to be talking about
+models for how things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models for how things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models for how things
+work we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work we're going to
+intensities uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I'm going to teach you how to assign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Spectrum now this is something which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum now this is something which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum now this is something which
+those of you who are not in my research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who are not in my research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who are not in my research
+group we're going to wonder why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group we're going to wonder why is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group we're going to wonder why is that
+I've never heard about that yeah no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've never heard about that yeah no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've never heard about that yeah no
+textbook ever talks about how you assign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook ever talks about how you assign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook ever talks about how you assign
+Spectre Spectre are not born with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectre Spectre are not born with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectre Spectre are not born with
+assignments on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments on
+them uh uh there is some trick something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh uh there is some trick something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh uh there is some trick something
+that enables you to say this transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that enables you to say this transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that enables you to say this transition
+has these quantum numbers and we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has these quantum numbers and we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has these quantum numbers and we do
+it well quantum numbers are how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well quantum numbers are how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well quantum numbers are how many
+nodes does the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes does the wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes does the wave function
+have and where are how how are the noal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and where are how how are the noal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and where are how how are the noal
+surfaces organized but there is no way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces organized but there is no way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces organized but there is no way
+experimentally to observe nodes or to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally to observe nodes or to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally to observe nodes or to
+observe the wave function so how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe the wave function so how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe the wave function so how do we
+make a assignments based on things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a assignments based on things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a assignments based on things we
+can't observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't observe
+directly and it's based on the existence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly and it's based on the existence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly and it's based on the existence
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+patterns and the ability to somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns and the ability to somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns and the ability to somehow
+disentangle various patterns and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disentangle various patterns and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disentangle various patterns and so this
+is not a trivial and boring thing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a trivial and boring thing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a trivial and boring thing this
+is the essence of what we do and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the essence of what we do and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the essence of what we do and all
+Insight comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Insight comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Insight comes
+from uh the assignments and often you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh the assignments and often you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh the assignments and often you
+have to design an experiment which makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to design an experiment which makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to design an experiment which makes
+assignments clear so I'm going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments clear so I'm going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments clear so I'm going to talk
+about assigning Spectre and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now in
+574 there is a rigorous treatment of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+574 there is a rigorous treatment of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+574 there is a rigorous treatment of the
+interaction of light with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction of light with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction of light with
+matter I'm not going to talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter I'm not going to talk about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter I'm not going to talk about that
+I'm going to be talking about radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to be talking about radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to be talking about radiation
+as photons like bullets and so I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as photons like bullets and so I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as photons like bullets and so I'm not
+going to be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be talking
+about uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh uh
+experiments or how you rigorously design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments or how you rigorously design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments or how you rigorously design
+an experiment I'm going to be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an experiment I'm going to be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an experiment I'm going to be talking
+mostly about the energy levels the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly about the energy levels the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly about the energy levels the
+hamiltonian and how you interact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian and how you interact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian and how you interact with
+that but not so much how you do clever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but not so much how you do clever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but not so much how you do clever
+things with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things with the
+system so photons as bullets not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so photons as bullets not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so photons as bullets not the
+correct treatment um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct treatment um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct treatment um
+and the last issue is how is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the last issue is how is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the last issue is how is
+Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+encoded in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoded in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoded in
+frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+domain this is an interesting issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain this is an interesting issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain this is an interesting issue
+because in the frequency domain one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the frequency domain one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the frequency domain one is
+looking at I States and igen states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at I States and igen states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at I States and igen states
+don't move so what do we mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't move so what do we mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't move so what do we mean by
+Dynamics but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics but I
+will show you or insist that Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will show you or insist that Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will show you or insist that Dynamics
+anytime you have a data set with a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime you have a data set with a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime you have a data set with a lot
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+structure you can use that to break a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure you can use that to break a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure you can use that to break a
+code and to say oh yeah there the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and to say oh yeah there the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and to say oh yeah there the
+Dynamics is encoded in this complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics is encoded in this complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics is encoded in this complicated
+data set whether it's a Time domain or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set whether it's a Time domain or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set whether it's a Time domain or a
+frequency domain data set and I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency domain data set and I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency domain data set and I will
+show you how to break those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you how to break those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you how to break those
+codes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes
+okay so that's the general out line and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the general out line and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the general out line and
+now I'm going to talk about some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to talk about some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to talk about some of the
+models that you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models that you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models that you're going
+to use rotation well everybody knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use rotation well everybody knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use rotation well everybody knows
+what rotation is that's a rigid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what rotation is that's a rigid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what rotation is that's a rigid
+rotor and the rigid rotor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotor and the rigid rotor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotor and the rigid rotor
+has uh an energy level formula some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has uh an energy level formula some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has uh an energy level formula some
+constant time an integer time integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time an integer time integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time an integer time integer
+plus one that's a very familiar thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one that's a very familiar thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one that's a very familiar thing
+now we can generalize we can do things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can generalize we can do things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can generalize we can do things
+that are more complicated than rigid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are more complicated than rigid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are more complicated than rigid
+rotor we can do symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotor we can do symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotor we can do symmetric
+top or an asymmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top or an asymmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top or an asymmetric
+top but one of the simplest things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top but one of the simplest things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top but one of the simplest things in
+spectroscopy is the rotational degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy is the rotational degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy is the rotational degree of
+freedom I can I can deal with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom I can I can deal with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom I can I can deal with all
+rotation for all conceivable molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation for all conceivable molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation for all conceivable molecules
+in about two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in about two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in about two
+much but rotation is an important part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much but rotation is an important part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much but rotation is an important part
+because that's where we get a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's where we get a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's where we get a lot of the
+patterns and in fact the rotation often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns and in fact the rotation often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns and in fact the rotation often
+provides you some hidden information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides you some hidden information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides you some hidden information
+about the symmetries of things okay then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the symmetries of things okay then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the symmetries of things okay then
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration
+and we are very happy with harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are very happy with harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are very happy with harmonic
+oscillators everything at small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillators everything at small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillators everything at small
+displacements from equilibrium is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements from equilibrium is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements from equilibrium is a
+harmonic oscillator and so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator and so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator and so that's a
+pattern that we're going to use a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern that we're going to use a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern that we're going to use a lot
+even when it's not true even when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even when it's not true even when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even when it's not true even when the
+oscillators are neither harmonic nor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillators are neither harmonic nor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillators are neither harmonic nor
+uncoupled so but we're going to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncoupled so but we're going to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncoupled so but we're going to describe
+vibration in terms of harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration in terms of harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration in terms of harmonic
+oscillators then we're going to couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillators then we're going to couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillators then we're going to couple
+them uh and we'll deal with both we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh and we'll deal with both we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh and we'll deal with both we'll
+deal with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+harmonicity of two types one is within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonicity of two types one is within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonicity of two types one is within
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+oscillator and between oscillators and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator and between oscillators and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator and between oscillators and
+the tool for dealing with that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tool for dealing with that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tool for dealing with that is
+peration now the hardest problem of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peration now the hardest problem of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peration now the hardest problem of all
+is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+electronic but again we have some simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic but again we have some simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic but again we have some simple
+models to describe the electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models to describe the electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models to describe the electronic
+property we have hydrogen we have helium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property we have hydrogen we have helium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property we have hydrogen we have helium
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+h2+ and uh we have the particle in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h2+ and uh we have the particle in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h2+ and uh we have the particle in a
+box all this one this one and this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box all this one this one and this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box all this one this one and this one
+are things that you've all thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things that you've all thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things that you've all thought
+about and so hydrogen at gives us RB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and so hydrogen at gives us RB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and so hydrogen at gives us RB
+stat RB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stat RB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stat RB
+series uh and that actually turns out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series uh and that actually turns out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series uh and that actually turns out to
+be a for electrons scattering off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a for electrons scattering off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a for electrons scattering off of
+something because there are an infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something because there are an infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something because there are an infinite
+number of more or less identical rberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of more or less identical rberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of more or less identical rberg
+States but so hydrogen atom is extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States but so hydrogen atom is extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States but so hydrogen atom is extremely
+important in our understanding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in our understanding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in our understanding of
+electronic structure but it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic structure but it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic structure but it's really
+much less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less
+important than the helium atom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important than the helium atom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important than the helium atom and
+h2+ but the particle in a box is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h2+ but the particle in a box is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h2+ but the particle in a box is also
+really important because it tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important because it tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important because it tells us
+size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size
+effects and so uh if you know how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects and so uh if you know how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects and so uh if you know how the
+energy levels scale with uh the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels scale with uh the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels scale with uh the length
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+box and the mass you know an awful lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box and the mass you know an awful lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box and the mass you know an awful lot
+about well electrons always have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about well electrons always have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about well electrons always have the
+same mass unless you're in solids but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same mass unless you're in solids but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same mass unless you're in solids but
+we're talking about gas phase systems so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about gas phase systems so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about gas phase systems so
+the electron has the same mass but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron has the same mass but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron has the same mass but the
+size uh the space available to it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size uh the space available to it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size uh the space available to it is a
+crucial interpretive thing okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial interpretive thing okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial interpretive thing okay
+so h2+ gives us LCA a linear combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so h2+ gives us LCA a linear combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so h2+ gives us LCA a linear combination
+of atomic orbitals to make molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of atomic orbitals to make molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of atomic orbitals to make molecular
+orbitals and this is an extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals and this is an extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals and this is an extremely
+valuable uh zero order picture for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable uh zero order picture for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable uh zero order picture for
+veence states of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veence states of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veence states of
+molecules this is for ridberg states of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules this is for ridberg states of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules this is for ridberg states of
+Moes and helium provides us with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moes and helium provides us with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moes and helium provides us with
+exchange so helium tells us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange so helium tells us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange so helium tells us the
+beginning of how do electrons talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of how do electrons talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of how do electrons talk to
+each other as well as to the nucleus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other as well as to the nucleus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other as well as to the nucleus and
+so these four paradigms provide us with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these four paradigms provide us with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these four paradigms provide us with
+everything we need to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we need to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we need to deal with
+electronic okay now I have another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question how big is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question how big is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question how big is an
+orbital how do how do we know how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital how do how do we know how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital how do how do we know how how
+what's the size of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the size of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the size of an
+or I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I'm
+sorry well yeah infinite but let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry well yeah infinite but let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry well yeah infinite but let's say
+okay the full width at half maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the full width at half maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the full width at half maximum
+okay so I mean that's that's a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I mean that's that's a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I mean that's that's a very good
+answer but it's not the one I want and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer but it's not the one I want and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer but it's not the one I want and I
+I'm up here and I got control here so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm up here and I got control here so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm up here and I got control here so we
+have some kind of a distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some kind of a distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some kind of a distribution of
+charge and it does go to Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and it does go to Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and it does go to Infinity
+although that's really not important but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although that's really not important but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although that's really not important but
+where is Happ of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it so do we have some simple way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so do we have some simple way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so do we have some simple way of
+estimating the size of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating the size of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating the size of an
+orbital uh I mean the next question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital uh I mean the next question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital uh I mean the next question
+would be well how would we measure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be well how would we measure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be well how would we measure it
+how do you measure a wave function you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you measure a wave function you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you measure a wave function you
+don't measure a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't measure a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't measure a wave
+function so uh having a simple way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so uh having a simple way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so uh having a simple way
+of deciding on how big something is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of deciding on how big something is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of deciding on how big something is is
+really valuable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really valuable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really valuable
+because you can't measure it you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can't measure it you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can't measure it you can
+measure things that are related to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure things that are related to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure things that are related to it
+but how do you so how do we make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how do you so how do we make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how do you so how do we make a
+decision about uh how big an orbital is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision about uh how big an orbital is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision about uh how big an orbital is
+anybody want to tell me I mean we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody want to tell me I mean we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody want to tell me I mean we can
+use one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use one of these
+paradigms to describe how big an orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is this one would be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this one would be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this one would be really
+stupid because its energy levels go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid because its energy levels go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid because its energy levels go to
+it I mean it it's bound all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I mean it it's bound all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I mean it it's bound all the way
+up and we know that an orbital is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and we know that an orbital is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and we know that an orbital is is
+bound up to a certain I mean there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound up to a certain I mean there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound up to a certain I mean there's a
+certain energy that you could add and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain energy that you could add and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain energy that you could add and
+the electron is then free so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron is then free so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron is then free so this is the
+wrong thing this is needlessly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong thing this is needlessly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong thing this is needlessly
+complicated this doesn't have the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated this doesn't have the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated this doesn't have the this
+is not round and so maybe we should use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thisg you got it okay so but it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thisg you got it okay so but it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thisg you got it okay so but it's just
+it's it's really putting together things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's really putting together things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's really putting together things
+that uh you normally wouldn't put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh you normally wouldn't put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh you normally wouldn't put
+together but you get from the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together but you get from the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together but you get from the energy
+below ionization you get the size and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below ionization you get the size and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below ionization you get the size and
+how do you get the size you use these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you get the size you use these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you get the size you use these
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formulas so this is the distance below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas so this is the distance below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas so this is the distance below
+ionization and that's equal to the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization and that's equal to the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization and that's equal to the red
+constant over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n² okay but you don't know what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n² okay but you don't know what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n² okay but you don't know what it
+is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh
+um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+uh we have from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have from
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+the uh the hydrogen atom we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the hydrogen atom we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the hydrogen atom we have the
+formula the four radius over 2 * the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula the four radius over 2 * the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula the four radius over 2 * the
+charge on the uh 3 n 2- L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge on the uh 3 n 2- L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge on the uh 3 n 2- L
++ or you could use a formula from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ or you could use a formula from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ or you could use a formula from the
+bad I mean this is just needlessly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad I mean this is just needlessly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad I mean this is just needlessly
+complicated okay and you solve this now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated okay and you solve this now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated okay and you solve this now
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+uh n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh n
+I'm sorry you solve this one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry you solve this one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry you solve this one for
+n and so you have n isal to the r over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I and we stick so this is a measure this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and we stick so this is a measure this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and we stick so this is a measure this
+is something you measure you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something you measure you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something you measure you know what
+the ionization energy is you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ionization energy is you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ionization energy is you know the
+energy below ionization this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy below ionization this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy below ionization this is a
+constant so this is a way of getting n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so this is a way of getting n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so this is a way of getting n
+which we then put into this formula we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we then put into this formula we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we then put into this formula we
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scks so you have absolutely right if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scks so you have absolutely right if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scks so you have absolutely right if you
+know what the ionization energy is then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the ionization energy is then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the ionization energy is then
+you can say okay from how far you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say okay from how far you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say okay from how far you are
+below it determines the size if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below it determines the size if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below it determines the size if you're
+far below it's small if it's if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far below it's small if it's if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far below it's small if it's if you're
+up high it's big and this is a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up high it's big and this is a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up high it's big and this is a really
+useful thing for finding your way around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful thing for finding your way around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful thing for finding your way around
+and uh uh complicated systems you always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh complicated systems you always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh complicated systems you always
+want to find a way to estimate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find a way to estimate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find a way to estimate a
+Quan or to estimate how something should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quan or to estimate how something should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quan or to estimate how something should
+scale and if and one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale and if and one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale and if and one of the things
+you're always doing is trying to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're always doing is trying to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're always doing is trying to find
+out is this too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out is this too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out is this too
+crude uh and usually uh the most naive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crude uh and usually uh the most naive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crude uh and usually uh the most naive
+Concepts work really well but how is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts work really well but how is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts work really well but how is
+this radius of an orbital related to any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this radius of an orbital related to any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this radius of an orbital related to any
+molecular property do this of a hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular property do this of a hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular property do this of a hydrogen
+atom if you stick two hydrogen atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom if you stick two hydrogen atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom if you stick two hydrogen atoms
+together this well but you still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together this well but you still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together this well but you still have
+how far is the energy how bound is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far is the energy how bound is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far is the energy how bound is that
+electron you're pulling off an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron you're pulling off an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron you're pulling off an electron
+and you're asking well what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're asking well what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're asking well what is the
+lowest ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest ionization
+energy well actually you can be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy well actually you can be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy well actually you can be more
+specific you uh suppose you know the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific you uh suppose you know the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific you uh suppose you know the uh
+ionization energy to the ground state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy to the ground state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy to the ground state of
+the ion and maybe there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ion and maybe there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ion and maybe there's some
+electronically excited state of the ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronically excited state of the ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronically excited state of the ion
+then you can ask okay how big are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can ask okay how big are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can ask okay how big are
+different orbitals not just the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different orbitals not just the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different orbitals not just the highest
+occupied molecular orbital but some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupied molecular orbital but some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupied molecular orbital but some
+other one and all of these work at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one and all of these work at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one and all of these work at least
+qualitatively so it doesn't matter that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitatively so it doesn't matter that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitatively so it doesn't matter that
+it's not around it really matters how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not around it really matters how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not around it really matters how
+far is it below and especially if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far is it below and especially if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far is it below and especially if you're
+up at relatively high energy the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up at relatively high energy the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up at relatively high energy the the
+orbitals are pretty round okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals are pretty round okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals are pretty round okay I
+actually agree with that but I'm saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually agree with that but I'm saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually agree with that but I'm saying
+let's say you have one hydrogen atom yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you have one hydrogen atom yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you have one hydrogen atom yes
+and now we've calculated how big one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we've calculated how big one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we've calculated how big one
+orbital is yeah now I want to make H2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital is yeah now I want to make H2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital is yeah now I want to make H2
+yes does this calculation tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes does this calculation tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes does this calculation tell me
+anything about the H2 molecule yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about the H2 molecule yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about the H2 molecule yeah
+yeah so if I add the two of them if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so if I add the two of them if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so if I add the two of them if I
+add that together does that really tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add that together does that really tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add that together does that really tell
+me Well it it tells you we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me Well it it tells you we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me Well it it tells you we're going to
+make a spherical approximation but uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a spherical approximation but uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a spherical approximation but uh uh
+H2 is pretty pretty spherical and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H2 is pretty pretty spherical and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H2 is pretty pretty spherical and so you
+know maybe you make lithium fluoride but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe you make lithium fluoride but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe you make lithium fluoride but
+but does that tell me anything about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but does that tell me anything about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but does that tell me anything about the
+equilibrium B distance no it tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium B distance no it tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium B distance no it tells you
+how far the electron is away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far the electron is away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far the electron is away from the
+the center of mass or Center of charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of mass or Center of charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of mass or Center of charge
+be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more
+specific but for most molecules the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific but for most molecules the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific but for most molecules the
+center of charge the center of mass are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of charge the center of mass are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of charge the center of mass are
+almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coincident so it's really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincident so it's really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincident so it's really really
+important to make disgustingly gross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to make disgustingly gross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to make disgustingly gross
+approximations because they tell you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations because they tell you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations because they tell you how
+to find your way around in these sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find your way around in these sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find your way around in these sorts
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+problems okay now I'm going to again go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems okay now I'm going to again go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems okay now I'm going to again go
+through and talk about uh the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and talk about uh the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and talk about uh the various
+classes of problems and how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes of problems and how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes of problems and how do we
+approach them and someone want to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach them and someone want to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach them and someone want to tell
+me how far I am from the end of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hour halfway halfway okay I can do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour halfway halfway okay I can do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour halfway halfway okay I can do this
+properly okay so one of the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly okay so one of the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly okay so one of the real
+problems is uh uh many electron systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems is uh uh many electron systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems is uh uh many electron systems
+for electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for electronic
+structure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and
+uh when we when most of us decided to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when we when most of us decided to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when we when most of us decided to be
+chemists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemists
+it was when we saw in freshman chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was when we saw in freshman chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was when we saw in freshman chemistry
+the periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodic
+table and discovered that very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and discovered that very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and discovered that very simple
+Concepts enabled us to make predictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts enabled us to make predictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts enabled us to make predictions
+about the properties of all of the atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the properties of all of the atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the properties of all of the atoms
+in isolation and that is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in isolation and that is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in isolation and that is very
+beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have a periodic table we we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a periodic table we we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a periodic table we we have
+the properties of the isolated atoms as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties of the isolated atoms as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties of the isolated atoms as
+soon as we start looking in details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as we start looking in details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as we start looking in details
+about the Spectra of atoms or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Spectra of atoms or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Spectra of atoms or the
+properties of molecules we lose almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of molecules we lose almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of molecules we lose almost
+all of this but for atoms for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this but for atoms for many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this but for atoms for many
+electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+atoms we have a way of dealing with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms we have a way of dealing with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms we have a way of dealing with this
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+orbitals configurations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lsj electronic states which are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lsj electronic states which are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lsj electronic states which are called
+by spectroscopist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+terms uh and I try to use the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms uh and I try to use the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms uh and I try to use the correct
+language but you know so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language but you know so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language but you know so we have
+orbitals configurations and terms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals configurations and terms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals configurations and terms and
+the orbitals are the things that ought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orbitals are the things that ought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orbitals are the things that ought
+to exhibit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to exhibit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to exhibit
+periodicity but the things we observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity but the things we observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity but the things we observe
+are energy levels and they don't and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are energy levels and they don't and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are energy levels and they don't and so
+so one of the ways in which we recover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the ways in which we recover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the ways in which we recover
+the periodic table is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodic table is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodic table is we
+calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate
+uh electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+properties this is orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties this is orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties this is orbital
+energies this is a spin orbit coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies this is a spin orbit coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies this is a spin orbit coupling
+constant this is a Kum integral these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant this is a Kum integral these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant this is a Kum integral these
+are one electron properties these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are one electron properties these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are one electron properties these are
+two electron properties this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two electron properties this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two electron properties this is an
+exchange integral and so one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange integral and so one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange integral and so one can
+represent the energy levels of the L SJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the energy levels of the L SJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the energy levels of the L SJ
+states that belong to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that belong to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that belong to a
+configuration by looking at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration by looking at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration by looking at these
+quantities and these quantities exhibit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities and these quantities exhibit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities and these quantities exhibit
+periodicity so periodicity goes away but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity so periodicity goes away but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity so periodicity goes away but
+in the effective hamiltonian or in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the effective hamiltonian or in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the effective hamiltonian or in the
+Hamilton that we use to describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamilton that we use to describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamilton that we use to describe the
+energy levels we have the quantities all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels we have the quantities all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels we have the quantities all
+of which show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which show
+periodicity so we haven't lost it now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity so we haven't lost it now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity so we haven't lost it now we
+do have trouble when we start going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have trouble when we start going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have trouble when we start going to
+molecules but that's just interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules but that's just interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules but that's just interesting
+thing and I do I will be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and I do I will be talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and I do I will be talking about
+some of this archaic stuff that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this archaic stuff that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this archaic stuff that you know
+when you have exact Quantum mechanic why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have exact Quantum mechanic why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have exact Quantum mechanic why
+do you bother with thinking about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you bother with thinking about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you bother with thinking about these
+quantities but it's because what I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities but it's because what I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities but it's because what I want
+is not a telephone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a telephone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a telephone
+director so this periodicity that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director so this periodicity that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director so this periodicity that you
+say that you still observe um in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that you still observe um in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that you still observe um in the
+Spectra U or at least in the term the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectra U or at least in the term the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectra U or at least in the term the
+effect of hamiltonian um aren't they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of hamiltonian um aren't they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of hamiltonian um aren't they
+effectively you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively you know
+uh don't they have this periodicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh don't they have this periodicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh don't they have this periodicity
+because you know they follow the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know they follow the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know they follow the same
+trends of the periodic table like these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trends of the periodic table like these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trends of the periodic table like these
+atoms are getting heavier or they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms are getting heavier or they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms are getting heavier or they're
+increasing in their well but there shell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing in their well but there shell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing in their well but there shell
+structure where does this you know just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure where does this you know just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure where does this you know just
+getting heavier isn't enough you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting heavier isn't enough you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting heavier isn't enough you're
+filling shells you have systematics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling shells you have systematics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling shells you have systematics of
+shielding so that the you know you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding so that the you know you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding so that the you know you have
+a charge on the the the ion core and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a charge on the the the ion core and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a charge on the the the ion core and
+certain orbitals Shield more than others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain orbitals Shield more than others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain orbitals Shield more than others
+and so you get you get monotonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you get you get monotonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you get you get monotonic
+behaviors but with big uh big glitches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors but with big uh big glitches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors but with big uh big glitches
+and all of that so that's really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of that so that's really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of that so that's really the
+periodicity you know what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity you know what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity you know what's the
+difference between a a gas and a metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between a a gas and a metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between a a gas and a metal
+or something you know um so it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something you know um so it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something you know um so it's it's
+all of these things and um so that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these things and um so that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these things and um so that's one
+example now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now I
+really uh I I have a DI molecule person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh I I have a DI molecule person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh I I have a DI molecule person
+we do polyatomic molecules in my group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do polyatomic molecules in my group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do polyatomic molecules in my group
+but most of the the the things that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most of the the the things that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most of the the the things that in
+my research group I've gotten credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my research group I've gotten credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my research group I've gotten credit
+for as being surprising and wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for as being surprising and wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for as being surprising and wonderful
+have to do with the vibrations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do with the vibrations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do with the vibrations of
+polyatomic molecule but my first love is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyatomic molecule but my first love is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyatomic molecule but my first love is
+diatomic molecules and I really am one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diatomic molecules and I really am one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diatomic molecules and I really am one
+of the great authorities in the world on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the great authorities in the world on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the great authorities in the world on
+diatomic molecules so uh I have to force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diatomic molecules so uh I have to force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diatomic molecules so uh I have to force
+myself not to say too much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself not to say too much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself not to say too much about
+diatomics um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diatomics um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diatomics um
+so for diatomics we have we describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for diatomics we have we describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for diatomics we have we describe
+them in terms of a rigid rotor and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in terms of a rigid rotor and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in terms of a rigid rotor and a
+harmonic oscillator and then we say oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator and then we say oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator and then we say oh
+well it's not quite rigid and it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's not quite rigid and it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's not quite rigid and it's not
+quite uh harmonic and so we we write an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite uh harmonic and so we we write an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite uh harmonic and so we we write an
+energy level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level
+expression V is vibration J is rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression V is vibration J is rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression V is vibration J is rotation
+uh and we write it as a uh sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we write it as a uh sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we write it as a uh sum
+of uh what are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh what are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh what are called
+constants which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+multiply so we have a polinomial in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply so we have a polinomial in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply so we have a polinomial in the
+vibrational quantum number and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational quantum number and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational quantum number and in the
+rotational quantum numbers this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational quantum numbers this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational quantum numbers this is
+just self-defense this isn't anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just self-defense this isn't anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just self-defense this isn't anything
+significant we just say okay we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant we just say okay we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant we just say okay we have
+energy levels and we're going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels and we're going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels and we're going to have to
+represent them by some kind of a power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent them by some kind of a power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent them by some kind of a power
+series and so we might as well be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and so we might as well be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and so we might as well be
+reasonably intelligent about what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably intelligent about what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably intelligent about what the
+power series is of but these are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power series is of but these are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power series is of but these are just
+numbers that are used to represent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that are used to represent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that are used to represent the
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+level and there is another set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and there is another set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and there is another set of
+numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+where you know for a diatomic molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you know for a diatomic molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you know for a diatomic molecule
+the kinetic energy is pretty simple but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetic energy is pretty simple but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetic energy is pretty simple but
+the potential energy is where every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential energy is where every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential energy is where every
+molecule is different from every other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule is different from every other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule is different from every other
+molecule and we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and we have an
+expression uh in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pols in displacement from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equilibrium this is also D it's saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium this is also D it's saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium this is also D it's saying
+well we can represent anything in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we can represent anything in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we can represent anything in in
+terms of a power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of a power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of a power
+series uh and so we have two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series uh and so we have two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series uh and so we have two different
+representations one of the energy level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations one of the energy level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations one of the energy level
+structure and one of the essential thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and one of the essential thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and one of the essential thing
+that makes one molecule different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes one molecule different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes one molecule different from
+another the potential energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another the potential energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another the potential energy
+curve and what we really like like is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and what we really like like is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and what we really like like is
+some kind of way of relating these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of way of relating these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of way of relating these
+things to these things and Mr Dunham uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to these things and Mr Dunham uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to these things and Mr Dunham uh
+worked that out by doing semi-classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked that out by doing semi-classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked that out by doing semi-classical
+quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum
+mechanics uh and it's really old and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics uh and it's really old and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics uh and it's really old and
+it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really
+archaic uh and there's another way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archaic uh and there's another way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archaic uh and there's another way of
+doing this is and that's using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this is and that's using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this is and that's using
+perturbation Theory and I'll do a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation Theory and I'll do a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation Theory and I'll do a lot of
+that so if you have a spectrum which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so if you have a spectrum which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so if you have a spectrum which
+youve asside and determine the buch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youve asside and determine the buch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youve asside and determine the buch of
+these Dunham con
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Dunham con
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Dunham con
+then you can invert that to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can invert that to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can invert that to a
+potential if you have a potential and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential if you have a potential and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential if you have a potential and
+you say well I'm going to truncate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say well I'm going to truncate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say well I'm going to truncate this
+I'm going to represent it as a qu qu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to represent it as a qu qu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to represent it as a qu qu
+quadratic cubic plus Cordic term forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic cubic plus Cordic term forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic cubic plus Cordic term forget
+quintic and higher well then I can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quintic and higher well then I can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quintic and higher well then I can take
+these and calculate all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and calculate all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and calculate all of
+these just using perturbation Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these just using perturbation Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these just using perturbation Theory
+that's something I love to do and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something I love to do and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something I love to do and some
+Do It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do It
+um but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but for
+diatomics there's also Al a thing called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diatomics there's also Al a thing called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diatomics there's also Al a thing called
+rber M Reese it's a way of taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rber M Reese it's a way of taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rber M Reese it's a way of taking the
+energy levels these things or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels these things or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels these things or more
+specifically the vibrational energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically the vibrational energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically the vibrational energy
+levels and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and the
+rotational constants two expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational constants two expressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational constants two expressions
+again as power series these two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again as power series these two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again as power series these two things
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+get the potential energy curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the potential energy curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the potential energy curve
+numerically uh by another consequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically uh by another consequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically uh by another consequence
+semiclassical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiclassical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiclassical
+Quant the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wkb so for datomic molecules because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wkb so for datomic molecules because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wkb so for datomic molecules because you
+have both G of B and B of B and because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have both G of B and B of B and because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have both G of B and B of B and because
+they're one-dimensional potentials this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're one-dimensional potentials this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're one-dimensional potentials this
+works for polyatomic molecules forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it and so the perturbation theory is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and so the perturbation theory is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and so the perturbation theory is the
+only thing that you can use so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing that you can use so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing that you can use so there's a
+lot of testing of you know how good is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of testing of you know how good is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of testing of you know how good is
+perturbation Theory how good is rkr by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation Theory how good is rkr by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation Theory how good is rkr by
+going back and forth between these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back and forth between these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back and forth between these two
+but the only tool you have for dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the only tool you have for dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the only tool you have for dealing
+with vibrations of polyatomic molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with vibrations of polyatomic molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with vibrations of polyatomic molecules
+is peration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is peration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is peration
+theory and sometimes you use rkr as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and sometimes you use rkr as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and sometimes you use rkr as a
+way of checking or extending but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of checking or extending but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of checking or extending but you
+since you don't have it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since you don't have it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since you don't have it's not
+onedimensional there's no way of getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onedimensional there's no way of getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onedimensional there's no way of getting
+the full inversion and so this gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full inversion and so this gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full inversion and so this gives you
+actually distance is between turning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually distance is between turning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually distance is between turning
+points and this gives you a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and this gives you a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and this gives you a way of
+finding what the actual turning points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding what the actual turning points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding what the actual turning points
+are but that's beside the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are but that's beside the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are but that's beside the point of
+getting into to deep okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have vibrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have vibrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have vibrations
+now diatomic molecules have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now diatomic molecules have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now diatomic molecules have the
+wonderful habit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful habit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful habit of
+not always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not always
+being in singlet Sigma Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being in singlet Sigma Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being in singlet Sigma Plus
+now you know when you see a symbol like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this uh that's called not 3 Pi but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh that's called not 3 Pi but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh that's called not 3 Pi but
+triplet Pi G or G uh but you this is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triplet Pi G or G uh but you this is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triplet Pi G or G uh but you this is how
+you describe a state you multip you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you describe a state you multip you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you describe a state you multip you
+mention its multiplicity 2 s + one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention its multiplicity 2 s + one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention its multiplicity 2 s + one you
+me mention its projection of orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me mention its projection of orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me mention its projection of orbital
+angular momentum on the Symmetry axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum on the Symmetry axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum on the Symmetry axis
+and perhaps some other group theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and perhaps some other group theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and perhaps some other group theoretical
+Arcana like the project the reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arcana like the project the reflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arcana like the project the reflection
+symmetry in a plane that contains the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry in a plane that contains the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry in a plane that contains the
+inter nuclear Axis or inversion at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter nuclear Axis or inversion at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter nuclear Axis or inversion at the
+center of mass so there are extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass so there are extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass so there are extra
+symbols on these things good the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols on these things good the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols on these things good the the the
+formulas that you all expect to be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas that you all expect to be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas that you all expect to be uh
+obeyed by diatomic molecule reflect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obeyed by diatomic molecule reflect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obeyed by diatomic molecule reflect that
+there is no spin or orbital L one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no spin or orbital L one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no spin or orbital L one and
+that you just have a simp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you just have a simp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you just have a simp
+State that's Clos shell is behaving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State that's Clos shell is behaving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State that's Clos shell is behaving
+without any complexity but a triplet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any complexity but a triplet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any complexity but a triplet
+High state is like six of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High state is like six of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High state is like six of
+these but we don't call them Six States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these but we don't call them Six States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these but we don't call them Six States
+we call it one state because there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it one state because there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it one state because there are
+relationships among the components of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships among the components of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships among the components of a
+triplet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triplet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triplet
+pi and they're very easy to impose and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and they're very easy to impose and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and they're very easy to impose and
+the and they they also provide important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and they they also provide important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and they they also provide important
+details on uh what kind of a state is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details on uh what kind of a state is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details on uh what kind of a state is is
+this what I mean from the pattern of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what I mean from the pattern of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what I mean from the pattern of
+States you can determine whether it's Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States you can determine whether it's Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States you can determine whether it's Pi
+whether it's G whether there is a nearby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's G whether there is a nearby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's G whether there is a nearby
+Sigma State there's all sorts of details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma State there's all sorts of details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma State there's all sorts of details
+in the deviations from simple sing Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the deviations from simple sing Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the deviations from simple sing Sigma
+plus like structure that tell you what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus like structure that tell you what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus like structure that tell you what's
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+interesting and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and so
+uh when we have states with nonzero Spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when we have states with nonzero Spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when we have states with nonzero Spin
+and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with
+nonzero projection of the or your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero projection of the or your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero projection of the or your
+momentum then we get into things called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wounds
+cases now H cases uh is second only to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases now H cases uh is second only to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases now H cases uh is second only to
+hyperight structure as a uh uh sleeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperight structure as a uh uh sleeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperight structure as a uh uh sleeping
+pill when people hear hun cases or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pill when people hear hun cases or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pill when people hear hun cases or
+electric quadrio coupling constant they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric quadrio coupling constant they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric quadrio coupling constant they
+immediately know they should go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately know they should go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately know they should go to
+sleep but it turns out that both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep but it turns out that both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep but it turns out that both of
+those things are good for you better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things are good for you better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things are good for you better
+than C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than C
+Li hun cases are just a way of taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Li hun cases are just a way of taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Li hun cases are just a way of taking
+from the Spectrum a simple pattern but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Spectrum a simple pattern but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Spectrum a simple pattern but
+there are several different patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are several different patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are several different patterns
+depending on the relative size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the relative size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the relative size of the
+not roundness of the electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not roundness of the electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not roundness of the electronic
+structure the spin orb coupling constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure the spin orb coupling constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure the spin orb coupling constant
+and the rotation we got three things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rotation we got three things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rotation we got three things and
+they can be arranged in any of uh six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can be arranged in any of uh six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can be arranged in any of uh six
+ways and out of that comes five Inu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways and out of that comes five Inu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways and out of that comes five Inu
+coupling cases because one of them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling cases because one of them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling cases because one of them is
+impossible to achieve uh and so but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible to achieve uh and so but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible to achieve uh and so but what
+you get in the limits of one thing being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get in the limits of one thing being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get in the limits of one thing being
+large compared to another is a regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large compared to another is a regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large compared to another is a regular
+pattern that you can recognize and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern that you can recognize and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern that you can recognize and
+exploit to make sense of the spectrum so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploit to make sense of the spectrum so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploit to make sense of the spectrum so
+these coupling cases are really useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these coupling cases are really useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these coupling cases are really useful
+but often a molecule isn't at one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but often a molecule isn't at one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but often a molecule isn't at one of
+those limits and so you have to build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those limits and so you have to build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those limits and so you have to build a
+model that allows it not to be at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that allows it not to be at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that allows it not to be at that
+limit and still assign the Spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um what was the the third one again that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what was the the third one again that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what was the the third one again that
+was the non roundness of the orbital the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the non roundness of the orbital the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the non roundness of the orbital the
+spin Orit coupling in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin Orit coupling in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin Orit coupling in the in the
+rotational constant so in a rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational constant so in a rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational constant so in a rotational
+hiltonium uh we have a rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiltonium uh we have a rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiltonium uh we have a rotational
+constant times uh the rotation of the be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant times uh the rotation of the be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant times uh the rotation of the be
+I the be uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I the be uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I the be uh uh
+core but so that R is really J - l - s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core but so that R is really J - l - s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core but so that R is really J - l - s
+and so we multiply this out and do all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we multiply this out and do all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we multiply this out and do all
+sorts of things we get things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of things we get things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of things we get things like
+J.L and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J.L and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J.L and
+J.S this is called L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J.S this is called L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J.S this is called L
+uncoupling and this results in mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncoupling and this results in mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncoupling and this results in mixing
+between states of different Lambda this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between states of different Lambda this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between states of different Lambda this
+is Spin uncoupling and this makes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Spin uncoupling and this makes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Spin uncoupling and this makes the
+spin uncoupled from the body frame and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin uncoupled from the body frame and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin uncoupled from the body frame and
+uh so this is so okay this is wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this is so okay this is wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this is so okay this is wonderful
+so we have a term B J + - s- plus that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a term B J + - s- plus that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a term B J + - s- plus that's
+the spin uncoupling term and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spin uncoupling term and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spin uncoupling term and we have
+spin arbit which is uh a lamb LZ s z so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin arbit which is uh a lamb LZ s z so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin arbit which is uh a lamb LZ s z so
+this gets big with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gets big with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gets big with
+j and so it will eventually beat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j and so it will eventually beat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j and so it will eventually beat
+this but at low J this WI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but at low J this WI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but at low J this WI
+and so you start out in H's case a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you start out in H's case a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you start out in H's case a and
+as you go up in rotation you go towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you go up in rotation you go towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you go up in rotation you go towards
+with case b and perturbation Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with case b and perturbation Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with case b and perturbation Theory
+helps you to do this now you know I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps you to do this now you know I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps you to do this now you know I'm
+not expecting you to understand this now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not expecting you to understand this now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not expecting you to understand this now
+but there was a nice question though you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there was a nice question though you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there was a nice question though you
+know and there's always in the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and there's always in the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and there's always in the energy
+level structure of almost every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level structure of almost every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level structure of almost every
+spectroscopic problem there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopic problem there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopic problem there are two
+terms at War One term is trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms at War One term is trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms at War One term is trying to
+destroy the limited case you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy the limited case you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy the limited case you're in
+and the other term is trying to preserve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other term is trying to preserve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other term is trying to preserve
+it and it's really important to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and it's really important to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and it's really important to know
+well what uh for this particular kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what uh for this particular kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what uh for this particular kind of
+state which one am I going which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state which one am I going which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state which one am I going which is
+going to be the winner or which is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the winner or which is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the winner or which is going
+to be the winning term that determines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the winning term that determines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the winning term that determines
+the pattern I'm going to see in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pattern I'm going to see in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pattern I'm going to see in the
+spectrum because that determines how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum because that determines how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum because that determines how you
+begin to look at the Spectrum so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to look at the Spectrum so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to look at the Spectrum so there's
+always these oppositions between a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always these oppositions between a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always these oppositions between a
+pattern preserving and a pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern preserving and a pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern preserving and a pattern
+destroying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroying
+term and that's a useful thing to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and that's a useful thing to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and that's a useful thing to know
+it is true for vibrations as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is true for vibrations as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is true for vibrations as well as
+electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic
+structure why is one of the GL cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure why is one of the GL cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure why is one of the GL cases
+impossible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible
+um let's see which one would it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's see which one would it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's see which one would it be
+uh I don't know I don't remember but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I don't know I don't remember but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I don't know I don't remember but the
+not roundness is usually pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not roundness is usually pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not roundness is usually pretty
+robust and the the spin orbit uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I can't remember which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't remember which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't remember which
+one rotation is usually pretty puny and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one rotation is usually pretty puny and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one rotation is usually pretty puny and
+so it's rare that rotation can overcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's rare that rotation can overcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's rare that rotation can overcome
+the not round us except for rberg States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the not round us except for rberg States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the not round us except for rberg States
+and in rberg States spin orbit is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in rberg States spin orbit is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in rberg States spin orbit is always
+zero and so that's probably why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and so that's probably why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and so that's probably why you
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um so there are other topics that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there are other topics that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there are other topics that I'm
+going to talk about in diatomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about in diatomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about in diatomic
+molecules because that's a good way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules because that's a good way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules because that's a good way of
+illustrating where we're going to go for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrating where we're going to go for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrating where we're going to go for
+polyatomics so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh when you have a diatomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when you have a diatomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when you have a diatomic
+molecule we have a body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+frame and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lab so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab so
+we work in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we work in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we work in the
+laboratory we have radiation sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory we have radiation sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory we have radiation sources
+that we manipulate in the laboratory or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we manipulate in the laboratory or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we manipulate in the laboratory or
+we detect radiation the laboratory but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we detect radiation the laboratory but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we detect radiation the laboratory but
+if the molecule is going to absorb or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the molecule is going to absorb or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the molecule is going to absorb or
+emit radiation there is a handle that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emit radiation there is a handle that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emit radiation there is a handle that
+that radiation grabs in the body frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that radiation grabs in the body frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that radiation grabs in the body frame
+and so we're constantly going between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're constantly going between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're constantly going between
+these two coordinat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two coordinat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two coordinat
+system and uh so this actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and uh so this actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and uh so this actually
+determines rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines rotational
+L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+STS and it's an example of a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+STS and it's an example of a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+STS and it's an example of a kind of
+angular momentum transformation that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum transformation that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum transformation that you
+have to do and we're going to be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do and we're going to be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do and we're going to be doing
+lots of angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Transformations and uh okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so now electronic structure of iomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so now electronic structure of iomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so now electronic structure of iomic
+molecules well if you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules well if you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules well if you don't know
+anything you'll probably use LCA M Mo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you'll probably use LCA M Mo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you'll probably use LCA M Mo
+which is good for uh diatomic molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is good for uh diatomic molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is good for uh diatomic molecules
+which are in the uh the first row of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are in the uh the first row of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are in the uh the first row of the
+periodic table are molecules that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table are molecules that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table are molecules that are
+pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+homonuclear uh and you can make a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homonuclear uh and you can make a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homonuclear uh and you can make a lot of
+progress with this one of the beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress with this one of the beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress with this one of the beautiful
+things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about
+lcao is it tells you what are the states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lcao is it tells you what are the states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lcao is it tells you what are the states
+that are going to be relevant and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going to be relevant and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going to be relevant and how
+bound are things going to be because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound are things going to be because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound are things going to be because you
+have bonding orbitals and antibonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have bonding orbitals and antibonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have bonding orbitals and antibonding
+orbitals and so you can learn a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals and so you can learn a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals and so you can learn a great
+deal about how the electronic structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal about how the electronic structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal about how the electronic structure
+is going to be written into the Spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be written into the Spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be written into the Spectrum
+but there are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unconventional electronic structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconventional electronic structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconventional electronic structure
+models which are are best Illustrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models which are are best Illustrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models which are are best Illustrated
+for diatomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for diatomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for diatomic
+molecules and so there's atom atom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and so there's atom atom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and so there's atom atom and
+molecule that's Lig field Theory that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule that's Lig field Theory that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule that's Lig field Theory that's
+what our inorganic friends do all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what our inorganic friends do all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what our inorganic friends do all the
+time but they don't generally have such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but they don't generally have such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but they don't generally have such
+a simple uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple uh
+U Lian field you have an atom with many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U Lian field you have an atom with many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U Lian field you have an atom with many
+electrons and you have a point charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and you have a point charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and you have a point charge
+remote from it and it splits the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remote from it and it splits the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remote from it and it splits the the
+orbitals and the states in a predictable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals and the states in a predictable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals and the states in a predictable
+and qualitatively useful way and uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and qualitatively useful way and uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and qualitatively useful way and uh uh
+but most of the time we don't do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most of the time we don't do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most of the time we don't do that
+but if you had a molecule like calcium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you had a molecule like calcium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you had a molecule like calcium
+fluide it would be nominally calcium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluide it would be nominally calcium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluide it would be nominally calcium
+plus F minus there's one electron on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus F minus there's one electron on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus F minus there's one electron on
+calcium and this F minus is closed shell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium and this F minus is closed shell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium and this F minus is closed shell
+and you can you can explain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can you can explain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can you can explain the
+electronic structure in an atom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic structure in an atom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic structure in an atom and
+molecule sense or suppose you had uh a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule sense or suppose you had uh a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule sense or suppose you had uh a a
+rare earth like crazy dium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rare earth like crazy dium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rare earth like crazy dium
+oxide now again you have now many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide now again you have now many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide now again you have now many
+electrons in those shells on here being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in those shells on here being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in those shells on here being
+perturbed by this point charge and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbed by this point charge and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbed by this point charge and again
+you make a lot of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make a lot of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make a lot of money
+by representing things in terms of atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by representing things in terms of atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by representing things in terms of atom
+or Atomic ion in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Atomic ion in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Atomic ion in
+molecule the other limit is what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule the other limit is what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule the other limit is what's
+called multi-channel Quantum defect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called multi-channel Quantum defect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called multi-channel Quantum defect
+Theory and this is a representation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and this is a representation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and this is a representation of
+the electronic structure not in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electronic structure not in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electronic structure not in terms of
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+hamiltonian but in terms of scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian but in terms of scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian but in terms of scattering
+an electron off of something and looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron off of something and looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron off of something and looking
+at how is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at how is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at how is that
+electron affected by this object it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron affected by this object it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron affected by this object it's
+the standard thing that physicists do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard thing that physicists do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard thing that physicists do
+you do scattering and you somehow learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do scattering and you somehow learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do scattering and you somehow learn
+something about the structure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the structure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the structure of the
+object that you're scattering on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object that you're scattering on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object that you're scattering on
+and what this is expressed in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what this is expressed in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what this is expressed in terms of
+is how is the scattered wave shifted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how is the scattered wave shifted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how is the scattered wave shifted
+relative to what it would have been if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to what it would have been if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to what it would have been if
+it was hydrogen if it was scattered off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was hydrogen if it was scattered off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was hydrogen if it was scattered off
+of a hydr you get a phase shift that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a hydr you get a phase shift that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a hydr you get a phase shift that's
+called a Quantum defect and this Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a Quantum defect and this Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a Quantum defect and this Quantum
+defect can be off diagonal in orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect can be off diagonal in orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect can be off diagonal in orbital
+angular momentum because if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum because if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum because if you have a
+not round object you scatter electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not round object you scatter electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not round object you scatter electron
+off of it you're going to transfer uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of it you're going to transfer uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of it you're going to transfer uh
+angular momentum uh between the object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum uh between the object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum uh between the object
+and the electron and so this Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the electron and so this Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the electron and so this Quantum
+defect or phase shift is a complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect or phase shift is a complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect or phase shift is a complicated
+Matrix but it expresses Infinities of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix but it expresses Infinities of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix but it expresses Infinities of
+states and uh in a in a uh simple way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and uh in a in a uh simple way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and uh in a in a uh simple way so
+we have these different ways of looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have these different ways of looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have these different ways of looking
+at the electronic structure of diatomics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the electronic structure of diatomics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the electronic structure of diatomics
+and polyatomics by extension and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and polyatomics by extension and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and polyatomics by extension and the
+main justification for looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main justification for looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main justification for looking at
+diatomics is because it enables us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diatomics is because it enables us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diatomics is because it enables us to
+approach reality with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach reality with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach reality with some
+tools uh but I mean I I sort of never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools uh but I mean I I sort of never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools uh but I mean I I sort of never
+got out of second grade so you know diic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got out of second grade so you know diic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got out of second grade so you know diic
+molecules that's more than atoms but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules that's more than atoms but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules that's more than atoms but
+that's what I really love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I really love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I really love
+and okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay so
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+polyatomics so for polyatomics the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyatomics so for polyatomics the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyatomics so for polyatomics the
+rotation is got something new knew that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation is got something new knew that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation is got something new knew that
+we didn't see for atoms for dionic we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't see for atoms for dionic we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't see for atoms for dionic we
+can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have
+symmetric and asymmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tops so instead of just having J as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tops so instead of just having J as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tops so instead of just having J as a
+quantum number we have two additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number we have two additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number we have two additional
+quum numbers K A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quum numbers K A and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quum numbers K A and
+KC and that you know when I first saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KC and that you know when I first saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KC and that you know when I first saw
+that I said that's that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I said that's that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I said that's that's just
+disgusting why do we need so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disgusting why do we need so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disgusting why do we need so many
+quantum numbers it just not fair but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum numbers it just not fair but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum numbers it just not fair but you
+it's not much it's really quite simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not much it's really quite simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not much it's really quite simple
+uh and we vibration we have 3 N - Six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we vibration we have 3 N - Six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we vibration we have 3 N - Six
+normal modes where n is the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal modes where n is the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal modes where n is the number of
+atoms and so we have we have many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms and so we have we have many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms and so we have we have many
+harmonic oscillators and to a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillators and to a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillators and to a very good
+approximation they don't couple to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation they don't couple to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation they don't couple to each
+other they're just coexisting in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other they're just coexisting in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other they're just coexisting in the
+same uh uh outfit but you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same uh uh outfit but you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same uh uh outfit but you could
+introduce anharmonicity both on the DI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce anharmonicity both on the DI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce anharmonicity both on the DI
+and between the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and between the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and between the normal
+modes and perturbation Theory enables us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes and perturbation Theory enables us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes and perturbation Theory enables us
+to understand all that we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand all that we've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand all that we've already
+armed ourselves to deal with this from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+armed ourselves to deal with this from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+armed ourselves to deal with this from
+looking at the relationship between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the relationship between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the relationship between the
+energy levels and the and the uh terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels and the and the uh terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels and the and the uh terms
+in the potential from diatomic molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the potential from diatomic molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the potential from diatomic molecules
+so the only thing that's new here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the only thing that's new here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the only thing that's new here is
+that we have couplings between modes not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have couplings between modes not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have couplings between modes not
+just within modes but that's not a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+deal so so but one of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal so so but one of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal so so but one of the things that
+happens because for vibrations there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens because for vibrations there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens because for vibrations there are
+so many different frequencies you often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many different frequencies you often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many different frequencies you often
+have approximate resonances suppose you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have approximate resonances suppose you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have approximate resonances suppose you
+have a uh symmetric stretch which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a uh symmetric stretch which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a uh symmetric stretch which is
+approximately equal to twice a bending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to twice a bending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to twice a bending
+frequency that's that's called a fairy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency that's that's called a fairy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency that's that's called a fairy
+resonance or suppose you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance or suppose you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance or suppose you have a
+symmetric stretch which is approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric stretch which is approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric stretch which is approximately
+Al to an asymmetric stretch or anti-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Al to an asymmetric stretch or anti-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Al to an asymmetric stretch or anti-
+symmetric stretch I consist on anti-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric stretch I consist on anti-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric stretch I consist on anti-
+symmetric but everybody says asymmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric but everybody says asymmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric but everybody says asymmetric
+anyway if this occurs then there's a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway if this occurs then there's a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway if this occurs then there's a two
+to two resonance and not one by one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two resonance and not one by one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two resonance and not one by one one
+to one and that's called called darling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one and that's called called darling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one and that's called called darling
+n you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+resonance and when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance and when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance and when you have
+resonance you can't use orinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance you can't use orinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance you can't use orinary
+non-generative preservation Theory you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-generative preservation Theory you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-generative preservation Theory you
+have to use uh the generator quasi gen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use uh the generator quasi gen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use uh the generator quasi gen
+perturbation Theory and you get things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation Theory and you get things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation Theory and you get things
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+poads These are groups of states that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poads These are groups of states that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poads These are groups of states that
+are very strongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very strongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very strongly
+coupled it's a low dimensional State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled it's a low dimensional State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled it's a low dimensional State
+space as you go up in energy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space as you go up in energy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space as you go up in energy the
+dimension gets bigger uh the Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension gets bigger uh the Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension gets bigger uh the Dynamics
+gets more complicated but it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets more complicated but it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets more complicated but it's all
+predictable from the lowest realization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable from the lowest realization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable from the lowest realization
+of such a anharmonic coupling and so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of such a anharmonic coupling and so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of such a anharmonic coupling and so it
+provides you with a way of looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides you with a way of looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides you with a way of looking at
+what to be real dynamics because energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to be real dynamics because energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to be real dynamics because energy
+is going from one mode to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going from one mode to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going from one mode to
+another and not only you can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another and not only you can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another and not only you can you
+describe how fast it's going but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe how fast it's going but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe how fast it's going but you can
+describe why it's going and if there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe why it's going and if there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe why it's going and if there are
+competing paths you can understand which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing paths you can understand which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing paths you can understand which
+is going to win and how different paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to win and how different paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to win and how different paths
+might interfere qu mechanically it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might interfere qu mechanically it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might interfere qu mechanically it's all
+very beautiful and it all comes together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very beautiful and it all comes together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very beautiful and it all comes together
+from what we already knew about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what we already knew about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what we already knew about
+accidental degeneracies for datomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental degeneracies for datomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental degeneracies for datomic
+molecules and diagonalizing a a a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and diagonalizing a a a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and diagonalizing a a a a
+larger Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger Matrix
+we would normally do and in the limit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would normally do and in the limit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would normally do and in the limit of
+really complicated stuff we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really complicated stuff we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really complicated stuff we get
+intramolecular vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intramolecular vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intramolecular vibrational
+redistribution where the density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistribution where the density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistribution where the density of
+states and the couplings between modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and the couplings between modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and the couplings between modes
+are so great that uh the energy moves uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so great that uh the energy moves uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so great that uh the energy moves uh
+around in the molecule in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in the molecule in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in the molecule in a very
+complicated way and uh uh it may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated way and uh uh it may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated way and uh uh it may be
+regular by mov only within a polyad or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular by mov only within a polyad or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular by mov only within a polyad or
+the polyads might start interacting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polyads might start interacting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polyads might start interacting with
+each other and you might get for got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and you might get for got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and you might get for got
+here yeah um could you say a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yeah um could you say a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yeah um could you say a little more
+about I guess poly ads and just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I guess poly ads and just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I guess poly ads and just kind of
+describe like what they are and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe like what they are and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe like what they are and maybe
+what they're limitate like is there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're limitate like is there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're limitate like is there a
+certain number of states when you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain number of states when you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain number of states when you would
+say okay this is a polyad description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay this is a polyad description
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay this is a polyad description
+ver to say ivr like if there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ver to say ivr like if there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ver to say ivr like if there a
+distinction okay really ivr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction okay really ivr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction okay really ivr
+is ivr is an is something that is almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ivr is an is something that is almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ivr is an is something that is almost
+completely described by polyad but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely described by polyad but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely described by polyad but
+suppose we have a 2 to1 res where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have a 2 to1 res where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have a 2 to1 res where we
+have one mode which has twice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one mode which has twice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one mode which has twice the
+frequency of another so the lowest state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of another so the lowest state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of another so the lowest state
+would be 0 0 then the next state would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be 0 0 then the next state would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be 0 0 then the next state would
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+01 the next state would be 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 the next state would be 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 the next state would be 1
+Z and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and
+02 these two are the first and as we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+02 these two are the first and as we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+02 these two are the first and as we go
+up there are more and more States in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there are more and more States in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there are more and more States in
+resonance and as long as the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance and as long as the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance and as long as the uh the
+simple anharmonic coupling picture scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple anharmonic coupling picture scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple anharmonic coupling picture scale
+we have membership in the polyad which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have membership in the polyad which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have membership in the polyad which
+scales and we have the coupling Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales and we have the coupling Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales and we have the coupling Matrix
+elements within the polyad which scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements within the polyad which scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements within the polyad which scale
+and everything ought to work but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything ought to work but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything ought to work but
+eventually the density of States gets to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually the density of States gets to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually the density of States gets to
+be so large that we have you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so large that we have you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so large that we have you know a
+block of uh States uh from one polyad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block of uh States uh from one polyad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block of uh States uh from one polyad
+and another block of States from another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another block of States from another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another block of States from another
+polyad and they start to talk to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyad and they start to talk to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyad and they start to talk to each
+other and the polyads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and the polyads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and the polyads
+break and this is one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break and this is one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break and this is one of the things
+things that I'm really interested in how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that I'm really interested in how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that I'm really interested in how
+far can you push this thing and is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far can you push this thing and is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far can you push this thing and is there
+some way you can fix it I mean one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way you can fix it I mean one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way you can fix it I mean one of
+the things that you might have noticed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that you might have noticed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that you might have noticed
+is when I talked about Rus re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when I talked about Rus re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when I talked about Rus re
+re we have a par Series in this quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re we have a par Series in this quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re we have a par Series in this quantity
+well when R is larger than twice re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well when R is larger than twice re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well when R is larger than twice re
+e this can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e this can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e this can't
+converge and so when you have go up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge and so when you have go up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge and so when you have go up to
+high vibrational exitation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high vibrational exitation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high vibrational exitation the
+representation we're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation we're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation we're using
+breaks and so uh there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks and so uh there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks and so uh there's an
+intrinsic death in that uh picture but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic death in that uh picture but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic death in that uh picture but
+there's another parameterization called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another parameterization called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another parameterization called
+Simon power Finland and I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simon power Finland and I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simon power Finland and I think that's
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+uh something like this where we uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh something like this where we uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh something like this where we uh we
+have uh uh the the critical thing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh uh the the critical thing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh uh the the critical thing uh
+over denominator which is larger than it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over denominator which is larger than it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over denominator which is larger than it
+and that's a so if we use this as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a so if we use this as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a so if we use this as the
+coordinate or the um then the conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate or the um then the conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate or the um then the conjugate
+momentum is is more complicated so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum is is more complicated so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum is is more complicated so the
+kinetic energy term gets complicated but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy term gets complicated but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy term gets complicated but
+the the radius of convergence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the radius of convergence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the radius of convergence of the
+potential is similar so so that's there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is similar so so that's there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is similar so so that's there
+are all sorts of little things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all sorts of little things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all sorts of little things like that
+okay so now so just just again so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now so just just again so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now so just just again so the
+polyad then would be the 1 Z and 02 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyad then would be the 1 Z and 02 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyad then would be the 1 Z and 02 that
+would be one polyad right okay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be one polyad right okay and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be one polyad right okay and then
+there' be another one uh and let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there' be another one uh and let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there' be another one uh and let's let's
+just jump up so let's say we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just jump up so let's say we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just jump up so let's say we have two
+zero then we're going to have one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then we're going to have one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then we're going to have one two
+and we're going to have 04 so now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to have 04 so now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to have 04 so now it's
+three of them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of them and
+uh yeah there's three of them and as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah there's three of them and as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah there's three of them and as you
+go up there's more and more all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up there's more and more all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up there's more and more all
+systematically degenerate and uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically degenerate and uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically degenerate and uh but
+this group is split from that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this group is split from that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this group is split from that and
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the last thing I was going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the last thing I was going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the last thing I was going to
+talk about today as a uh to wet your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about today as a uh to wet your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about today as a uh to wet your
+appetite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+dichotomy between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dichotomy between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dichotomy between
+structure and dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Spectrum spectrum is just Lines line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum spectrum is just Lines line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum spectrum is just Lines line
+Spectrum en you know just there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum en you know just there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum en you know just there are
+transitions between energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions between energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions between energy
+levels that makes life a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels that makes life a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels that makes life a little bit
+complicated because it's not telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because it's not telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because it's not telling you
+the level structure it's telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level structure it's telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level structure it's telling you
+some convolution of two level structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some convolution of two level structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some convolution of two level structures
+and so you have to do a lot more work um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you have to do a lot more work um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you have to do a lot more work um
+uh but you can usually be this in tangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but you can usually be this in tangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but you can usually be this in tangle
+so we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the transitions are between I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the transitions are between I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the transitions are between I
+States and I states don't move so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and I states don't move so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and I states don't move so here
+we have a spectrum which is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a spectrum which is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a spectrum which is a little bit
+complicated because it's transitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because it's transitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because it's transitions
+between groups of States but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between groups of States but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between groups of States but the
+spectrum is expressed in terms of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum is expressed in terms of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum is expressed in terms of things
+that aren mov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that aren mov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that aren mov
+so what is this Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is this Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is this Dynamics
+um when we talk about uh structure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when we talk about uh structure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when we talk about uh structure and
+Dynamics we talk about balls and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+springs we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+springs we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+springs we talk about
+motion we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion we have
+mechanism I mean if we have two sets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism I mean if we have two sets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism I mean if we have two sets of
+Springs then you you can see that energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springs then you you can see that energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springs then you you can see that energy
+would go from one ring to another uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go from one ring to another uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go from one ring to another uh we
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+causality and so how do we relate these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality and so how do we relate these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality and so how do we relate these
+things to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things and again it's our old friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and again it's our old friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and again it's our old friend
+peration theory we say we have some zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peration theory we say we have some zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peration theory we say we have some zero
+order term and some coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order term and some coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order term and some coupling
+terms and the patterns the zero order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and the patterns the zero order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and the patterns the zero order
+patterns that uh lead to trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns that uh lead to trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns that uh lead to trivial
+Dynamics in this kind of thing just a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics in this kind of thing just a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics in this kind of thing just a a
+harmonic oscillator or a rigid rotor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator or a rigid rotor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator or a rigid rotor
+that's all in this this is all the ne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all in this this is all the ne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all in this this is all the ne
+stuff all the things that you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff all the things that you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff all the things that you have to
+where you get interesting Dynamics where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you get interesting Dynamics where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you get interesting Dynamics where
+you get a mechanism for energy to flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a mechanism for energy to flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a mechanism for energy to flow
+from one part of the system to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another and the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that the hiloni is of infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Dimension and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension and so
+it's all very trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all very trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all very trivial
+but how do you find the energy levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how do you find the energy levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how do you find the energy levels of
+the I States and I uh I values an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I States and I uh I values an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I States and I uh I values an
+infinite Matrix well you have to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite Matrix well you have to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite Matrix well you have to use
+some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of
+Pras and so most of the work goes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pras and so most of the work goes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pras and so most of the work goes into
+the zero order picture which you choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero order picture which you choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero order picture which you choose
+to be the convenient zero order picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the convenient zero order picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the convenient zero order picture
+the one that's close to the patterns you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that's close to the patterns you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that's close to the patterns you
+expect to see and then this is the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to see and then this is the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to see and then this is the key
+thing that gives you you know makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that gives you you know makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that gives you you know makes it
+worthwhile to do uh a PD thesis to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthwhile to do uh a PD thesis to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthwhile to do uh a PD thesis to
+publish papers to become famous for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish papers to become famous for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish papers to become famous for
+being a grand old man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a grand old man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a grand old man
+spectroscopy uh but in order to do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy uh but in order to do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy uh but in order to do to
+use peration Theory you have to assign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use peration Theory you have to assign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use peration Theory you have to assign
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spectum and so someone's going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectum and so someone's going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectum and so someone's going to have
+to help you to assign the Spectrum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help you to assign the Spectrum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help you to assign the Spectrum and
+so this will be a course in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this will be a course in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this will be a course in
+going the Hamilton to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Spectrum and that's relatively easy easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum and that's relatively easy easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum and that's relatively easy easy
+because if someone gives you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if someone gives you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if someone gives you the
+hamiltonian you can always make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian you can always make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian you can always make
+approximations to predict what spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations to predict what spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations to predict what spectrum
+will be and the other thing is reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be and the other thing is reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be and the other thing is reality
+you go from the Spectrum to the H that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go from the Spectrum to the H that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go from the Spectrum to the H that's
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+hard that's what this course is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard that's what this course is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard that's what this course is about
+so that's what you're uh you're in for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what you're uh you're in for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what you're uh you're in for
+if you stick this out and I there all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you stick this out and I there all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you stick this out and I there all of
+the lectures for this course are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lectures for this course are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lectures for this course are
+online uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online uh in
+um uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh an
+ocw Source called 576 which is until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw Source called 576 which is until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw Source called 576 which is until
+1976 1996 the name of the course and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1976 1996 the name of the course and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1976 1996 the name of the course and
+then it was retired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it was retired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it was retired
+and this is the the first time I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the the first time I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the the first time I've been
+able to teach this since it was retired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to teach this since it was retired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to teach this since it was retired
+and it will be the last time so but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will be the last time so but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will be the last time so but
+there are a lot of problem sets there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of problem sets there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of problem sets there
+are exams there's answered problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are exams there's answered problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are exams there's answered problems
+there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+handouts uh and there it's all there
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Z3-WzUhl9nQ.txt b/Z3-WzUhl9nQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..15727865c6754fe4dbe404b74262ad9d5993fc0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Z3-WzUhl9nQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,531 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this problem we are given a four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this problem we are given a four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this problem we are given a four
+state transition diagram we know that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state transition diagram we know that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state transition diagram we know that it
+represents a Moore machine because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents a Moore machine because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents a Moore machine because the
+output is a function of only the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is a function of only the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is a function of only the current
+state we are also given a partially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state we are also given a partially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state we are also given a partially
+filled out truth table and our first job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled out truth table and our first job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled out truth table and our first job
+is to fill in the missing entries in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to fill in the missing entries in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to fill in the missing entries in the
+truth table in order to do this we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth table in order to do this we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth table in order to do this we need
+to find the correlation between States a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the correlation between States a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the correlation between States a
+through D and their s1 s0 and coding we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through D and their s1 s0 and coding we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through D and their s1 s0 and coding we
+begin by looking at the output column we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin by looking at the output column we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin by looking at the output column we
+know that only state a has an output of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that only state a has an output of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that only state a has an output of
+1 so state a is encoding must be 0 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so state a is encoding must be 0 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so state a is encoding must be 0 0 and
+out equals 1 regardless of the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out equals 1 regardless of the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out equals 1 regardless of the input
+because it is a Moore machine we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is a Moore machine we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is a Moore machine we also
+know that from state a on a one input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that from state a on a one input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that from state a on a one input
+the FSM moves to state B according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FSM moves to state B according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FSM moves to state B according to
+the truth table from state 0 0 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truth table from state 0 0 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truth table from state 0 0 which is
+a on a 1 input we move to state 0 1 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a on a 1 input we move to state 0 1 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a on a 1 input we move to state 0 1 that
+means the state B's encoding is 0 1 we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the state B's encoding is 0 1 we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the state B's encoding is 0 1 we
+continue in this manner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue in this manner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue in this manner
+now following the transitions from state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now following the transitions from state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now following the transitions from state
+B according to the diagram when N equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B according to the diagram when N equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B according to the diagram when N equals
+0 we move to state D so looking up that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 we move to state D so looking up that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 we move to state D so looking up that
+transition in our truth table tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition in our truth table tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition in our truth table tells us
+that state d's encoding is 1 0 we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that state d's encoding is 1 0 we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that state d's encoding is 1 0 we also
+see in our state diagram that's starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in our state diagram that's starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in our state diagram that's starting
+at state B when N equals 1 we move back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at state B when N equals 1 we move back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at state B when N equals 1 we move back
+to state a which we now know to be 0 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to state a which we now know to be 0 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to state a which we now know to be 0 0
+so we can fill in the next missing entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can fill in the next missing entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can fill in the next missing entry
+in our truth table now that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our truth table now that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our truth table now that we have
+determined the encoding for states a B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined the encoding for states a B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined the encoding for states a B
+and D we know that the remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and D we know that the remaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and D we know that the remaining
+encoding is for state C and that is 1 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding is for state C and that is 1 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding is for state C and that is 1 1
+at this point we have all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point we have all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point we have all the
+information we need to complete filling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information we need to complete filling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information we need to complete filling
+out the missing entries in the truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the missing entries in the truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the missing entries in the truth
+table looking at the row where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table looking at the row where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table looking at the row where the
+current state is 1 0 state D and N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current state is 1 0 state D and N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current state is 1 0 state D and N
+equals 1 and the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 and the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 and the corresponding
+transition in the state diagram shows us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition in the state diagram shows us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition in the state diagram shows us
+that in this case we go back to state D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this case we go back to state D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this case we go back to state D
+since the encoding of state D is 1 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the encoding of state D is 1 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the encoding of state D is 1 0
+the s0 Prime entry is 0 because it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the s0 Prime entry is 0 because it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the s0 Prime entry is 0 because it is a
+more machine we also know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more machine we also know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more machine we also know that the
+output associated with current state D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output associated with current state D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output associated with current state D
+regardless of the input is zero so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of the input is zero so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of the input is zero so the
+missing output entry is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing output entry is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing output entry is zero
+finally from state 1 1 which is state C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally from state 1 1 which is state C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally from state 1 1 which is state C
+when N equals 1 we see from the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when N equals 1 we see from the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when N equals 1 we see from the state
+diagram that we transition to state a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram that we transition to state a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram that we transition to state a
+which is state zero zero so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is state zero zero so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is state zero zero so the
+remaining missing s0 prime value is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining missing s0 prime value is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining missing s0 prime value is zero
+we now want to determine whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now want to determine whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now want to determine whether or not
+there are any equivalent States in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are any equivalent States in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are any equivalent States in this
+FSM in a Moore machine equivalent states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FSM in a Moore machine equivalent states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FSM in a Moore machine equivalent states
+have the same output and the same input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same output and the same input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same output and the same input
+transition this rules out state a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition this rules out state a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition this rules out state a
+because is the only one that has a 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because is the only one that has a 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because is the only one that has a 1
+output taking a closer look at States B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output taking a closer look at States B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output taking a closer look at States B
+C and D we can see that both States B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and D we can see that both States B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and D we can see that both States B
+and C transition to state D on a 0 input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C transition to state D on a 0 input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C transition to state D on a 0 input
+and to state a on a 1 input in addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to state a on a 1 input in addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to state a on a 1 input in addition
+the output value is 0 for both of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output value is 0 for both of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output value is 0 for both of them
+this means that States B and C are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that States B and C are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that States B and C are
+equivalent and can be merged into one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent and can be merged into one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent and can be merged into one to
+turn this into a three state FSM
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ZNTBAKAT_WQ.txt b/ZNTBAKAT_WQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..35a713031215166b70a132b5333ab8b77ec18849
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ZNTBAKAT_WQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1139 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+good morning as you know this past July
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good morning as you know this past July
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good morning as you know this past July
+our national council of returned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our national council of returned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our national council of returned
+legislation made in December that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legislation made in December that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legislation made in December that would
+have allowed uranium resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have allowed uranium resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have allowed uranium resources
+incorporated to start mining near Church
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporated to start mining near Church
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporated to start mining near Church
+Rock this is the same church Rock that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rock this is the same church Rock that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rock this is the same church Rock that
+was the site of the largest release of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the site of the largest release of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the site of the largest release of
+radioactive material in US history even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive material in US history even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive material in US history even
+larger than the Three Mile Island
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than the Three Mile Island
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than the Three Mile Island
+accident but with much less media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident but with much less media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident but with much less media
+coverage over 1,000 tons of radioactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coverage over 1,000 tons of radioactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coverage over 1,000 tons of radioactive
+waste and 93 millions of gallons of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste and 93 millions of gallons of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste and 93 millions of gallons of
+radioactive waste water were dumped into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive waste water were dumped into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive waste water were dumped into
+the Parker River that day in 1979 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Parker River that day in 1979 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Parker River that day in 1979 for
+those of you remember that remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you remember that remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you remember that remember the
+warnings came late and in English only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warnings came late and in English only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warnings came late and in English only
+so our people went on with business as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our people went on with business as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our people went on with business as
+usual many of our relatives suffered for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual many of our relatives suffered for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual many of our relatives suffered for
+it to this day the government has not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to this day the government has not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to this day the government has not
+measured the health effects of the spill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured the health effects of the spill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured the health effects of the spill
+now within 35 years of the church Rock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now within 35 years of the church Rock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now within 35 years of the church Rock
+Church Rockville there are members of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Church Rockville there are members of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Church Rockville there are members of
+our community that are willing to open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our community that are willing to open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our community that are willing to open
+up our land to mining again thankfully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up our land to mining again thankfully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up our land to mining again thankfully
+the council's ruling has held off URI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the council's ruling has held off URI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the council's ruling has held off URI
+and others but these mining companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others but these mining companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others but these mining companies
+are waiting with bated breath for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are waiting with bated breath for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are waiting with bated breath for any
+opportunity to mine on our lands the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to mine on our lands the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to mine on our lands the
+voices demanding access to domestic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voices demanding access to domestic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voices demanding access to domestic
+sources of energy are grown we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources of energy are grown we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources of energy are grown we need to
+prepare our community for inevitable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare our community for inevitable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare our community for inevitable
+discussions about uranium mining I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions about uranium mining I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions about uranium mining I'm not
+here today to argue whether or not we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here today to argue whether or not we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here today to argue whether or not we
+should allow mining I know a lot of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should allow mining I know a lot of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should allow mining I know a lot of you
+want the economic growth and the jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the economic growth and the jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the economic growth and the jobs
+I'm here instead to outline a strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm here instead to outline a strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm here instead to outline a strategy
+for integrating our voices into state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for integrating our voices into state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for integrating our voices into state
+and federal policy making and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and federal policy making and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and federal policy making and to
+highlight the challenges that we face so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight the challenges that we face so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight the challenges that we face so
+I'll start first with the challenges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll start first with the challenges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll start first with the challenges
+integrating our knowledge into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating our knowledge into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating our knowledge into the
+broader discourse will be an uphill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader discourse will be an uphill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader discourse will be an uphill
+battle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battle
+first we face major disadvantages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we face major disadvantages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we face major disadvantages
+compared to the mining companies we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the mining companies we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the mining companies we
+don't have an organized constituency we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have an organized constituency we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have an organized constituency we
+can't compete with them in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't compete with them in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't compete with them in terms of
+resources and we don't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources and we don't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources and we don't have the
+influence that they have over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence that they have over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence that they have over
+politicians second many many will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politicians second many many will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politicians second many many will
+dismiss us for not being scientific and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dismiss us for not being scientific and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dismiss us for not being scientific and
+will try to argue that remote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will try to argue that remote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will try to argue that remote
+raided by our own interests and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raided by our own interests and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raided by our own interests and
+therefore not impartial third the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore not impartial third the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore not impartial third the
+scientific data isn't clearly on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific data isn't clearly on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific data isn't clearly on our
+side yet the scientific community has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side yet the scientific community has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side yet the scientific community has
+shown that uranium has made our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown that uranium has made our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown that uranium has made our
+community sick but there hasn't been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community sick but there hasn't been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community sick but there hasn't been
+enough money or time spent on how it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough money or time spent on how it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough money or time spent on how it's
+made us sick so then why is it important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made us sick so then why is it important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made us sick so then why is it important
+for us to be able to clearly share in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us to be able to clearly share in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us to be able to clearly share in a
+narrative about these health impacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative about these health impacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative about these health impacts
+with the government and broader public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the government and broader public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the government and broader public
+and why is it important that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why is it important that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why is it important that we
+ourselves understand the full extent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves understand the full extent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves understand the full extent of
+these impacts because the government and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these impacts because the government and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these impacts because the government and
+corporations have failed is not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations have failed is not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations have failed is not just
+Bayliss they've dismissed and rejected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bayliss they've dismissed and rejected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bayliss they've dismissed and rejected
+us so moving forward what is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us so moving forward what is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us so moving forward what is our
+strategy first we will develop a task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy first we will develop a task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy first we will develop a task
+force they'll be in charge of mobilizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force they'll be in charge of mobilizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force they'll be in charge of mobilizing
+community members and spearheading an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community members and spearheading an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community members and spearheading an
+outreach program to let our community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outreach program to let our community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outreach program to let our community
+know about the efforts to produce local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about the efforts to produce local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about the efforts to produce local
+knowledge about the health impacts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge about the health impacts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge about the health impacts of
+uranium mine second reach out to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium mine second reach out to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium mine second reach out to the
+scientific community for local partners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific community for local partners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific community for local partners
+several institutions such as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several institutions such as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several institutions such as the
+University of New Mexico and Southwest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of New Mexico and Southwest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of New Mexico and Southwest
+Research & Information Center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Research & Information Center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Research & Information Center
+have expressed interest in health data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have expressed interest in health data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have expressed interest in health data
+the task force can work with to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the task force can work with to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the task force can work with to get
+these scientists from different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these scientists from different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these scientists from different
+institutions to partner with us on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions to partner with us on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions to partner with us on this
+third facilitate a conversation around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third facilitate a conversation around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third facilitate a conversation around
+the type of data we should collect with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type of data we should collect with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type of data we should collect with
+members of the scientific community and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members of the scientific community and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members of the scientific community and
+our own community fourth train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our own community fourth train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our own community fourth train
+researchers within our community to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers within our community to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers within our community to
+conduct face-to-face interviews in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduct face-to-face interviews in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduct face-to-face interviews in
+English and Navajo make phone calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English and Navajo make phone calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English and Navajo make phone calls
+organize public forums to collect data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize public forums to collect data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize public forums to collect data
+about community health and the data can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about community health and the data can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about community health and the data can
+then be validated through rental random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then be validated through rental random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then be validated through rental random
+sampling to help ensure validity fifth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling to help ensure validity fifth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling to help ensure validity fifth
+pair community researchers with members
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair community researchers with members
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair community researchers with members
+of the scientific community to analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the scientific community to analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the scientific community to analyze
+and interpret findings in a language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and interpret findings in a language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and interpret findings in a language
+that can be understood within this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be understood within this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be understood within this
+to the community but also within our own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the community but also within our own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the community but also within our own
+community and then hold public meetings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and then hold public meetings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and then hold public meetings
+around this information to facilitate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this information to facilitate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this information to facilitate
+discussion about the health effects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion about the health effects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion about the health effects of
+uranium mining as well as the impacts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium mining as well as the impacts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium mining as well as the impacts of
+the remaining remnants of mining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remaining remnants of mining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remaining remnants of mining
+finally the task force should pair with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally the task force should pair with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally the task force should pair with
+members of the scientific community to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members of the scientific community to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members of the scientific community to
+release findings to local media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release findings to local media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release findings to local media
+environmental organizations and to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental organizations and to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental organizations and to the
+broader public our strategy then is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader public our strategy then is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader public our strategy then is to
+ensure that our own community is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure that our own community is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure that our own community is
+knowledgeable about the impacts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledgeable about the impacts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledgeable about the impacts of
+uranium mining so that we can understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium mining so that we can understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium mining so that we can understand
+the full impact of opening our lands up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full impact of opening our lands up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full impact of opening our lands up
+again and to be able to translate what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and to be able to translate what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and to be able to translate what
+we have suffered in our own language and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have suffered in our own language and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have suffered in our own language and
+in technical language necessary to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in technical language necessary to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in technical language necessary to make
+people sit up and take notice of us so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people sit up and take notice of us so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people sit up and take notice of us so
+I'll leave you with these numbers 29500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll leave you with these numbers 29500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll leave you with these numbers 29500
+21 and 30 a 2000 study showed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 and 30 a 2000 study showed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 and 30 a 2000 study showed that
+Navajo uranium miners are twenty to nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Navajo uranium miners are twenty to nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Navajo uranium miners are twenty to nine
+times more likely than Navajos that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times more likely than Navajos that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times more likely than Navajos that are
+not involved in mining to develop lung
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not involved in mining to develop lung
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not involved in mining to develop lung
+cancer there are now 521 abandoned mines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer there are now 521 abandoned mines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer there are now 521 abandoned mines
+across the Navajo Nation although the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the Navajo Nation although the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the Navajo Nation although the
+federal government is taking the lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal government is taking the lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal government is taking the lead to
+clean up after these mines it will take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean up after these mines it will take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean up after these mines it will take
+billions of dollars and hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billions of dollars and hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billions of dollars and hundreds of
+years it's time that we just don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years it's time that we just don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years it's time that we just don't have
+and the mining has left stars and on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the mining has left stars and on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the mining has left stars and on our
+water and our land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and our land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and our land
+the EPA now estimates that 30 percent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the EPA now estimates that 30 percent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the EPA now estimates that 30 percent of
+our people don't have access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our people don't have access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our people don't have access to
+uncontaminated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncontaminated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncontaminated
+the EPA has been a valuable partner in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the EPA has been a valuable partner in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the EPA has been a valuable partner in
+cleaning up old mines and there's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaning up old mines and there's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaning up old mines and there's still
+much but there's so much to do sorry but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much but there's so much to do sorry but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much but there's so much to do sorry but
+there's so much to do in protecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so much to do in protecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so much to do in protecting
+ourselves so we must convince the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves so we must convince the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves so we must convince the
+government that they cannot stand by and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government that they cannot stand by and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government that they cannot stand by and
+watch as waste from the mining continues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch as waste from the mining continues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch as waste from the mining continues
+to seep into our water land and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to seep into our water land and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to seep into our water land and our
+bodies
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ZaN3W5as42s.txt b/ZaN3W5as42s.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e9d2e3ab83a54d83a7eca8c4c3896ff2ec6f8b86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ZaN3W5as42s.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1710 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: While people
+trickle in--
+
+This slide is my attempt to
+summarize what we said last
+
+time, or you said last
+time, mostly.
+
+So it's basically, the movie
+is making a case for
+
+microfinance.
+
+And the case is all these
+different points.
+
+They're building a case for
+a particular version of
+
+microfinance.
+
+And they're making this
+set of points.
+
+They start with the point
+that poor have
+
+poor access to credit.
+
+That they're reliable
+borrowers.
+
+That maybe group lending has
+something to do with the
+
+reliability.
+
+That microfinance can lift
+people out of poverty.
+
+The way it does it is through
+new businesses.
+
+And the fact that this is these
+new business generate
+
+increased earnings of women.
+
+Has the implication that there
+is then greater investment in
+
+human capital.
+
+And finally, there is a implied
+but also, I think,
+
+important claim that there's
+no conflict between the
+
+commercialization of microcredit
+and an emphasis on
+
+its social role.
+
+So those are the claims
+being made.
+
+So what I want to do today is
+mostly go through the thinking
+
+behind what's the argument
+behind each of these.
+
+And then try to look
+at the data a bit.
+
+So I'm going to now tell you a
+little bit about an evaluation
+
+we did of a program, of an
+organization called Spandana.
+
+It's a very traditional
+program.
+
+Their group liability, mostly
+weekly payment.
+
+Starting loan is about
+10,000 rupees.
+
+Interest rate was about 12%,
+24% per year, really.
+
+The way they calculate
+is funny.
+
+So it's 24% per year.
+
+It was a very large MFI already,
+but it had not
+
+entered the city called
+Hyderabad.
+
+So the deal we had with them
+was, they were going to enter
+
+the city of Hyderabad,
+but not everywhere.
+
+Out of 104 poor neighborhoods
+we selected,
+
+they could enter 52.
+
+And they'll keep the other 52
+for 18 months untouched.
+
+That was the deal.
+
+So that's the Spandana group.
+
+So this data is from 7,200
+people who we surveyed.
+
+7,200 households.
+
+These households were selected
+based on the fact that they
+
+will be eligible for a loan.
+
+It's not interesting
+to compare people--
+
+you could have also have
+done something else.
+
+But it makes sense
+to select people.
+
+Now, we didn't select them just
+in the places which got
+
+microcredit.
+
+Because we wanted to compare
+the places which got
+
+microcredit and which didn't.
+
+So we had equal numbers
+of people.
+
+3,600 people with these
+characteristics where they got
+
+the loan, and 3,600 with these
+characteristics who
+
+didn't get the loan.
+
+Basic idea is to compare people
+who could have got a
+
+loan if there had been a
+microfinance organization in
+
+their neighborhood with people
+who did get a loan.
+
+These people are relatively
+poor.
+
+They have about a family
+of five monthly
+
+expenditure of $125.
+
+Most of their children are
+going to school, though.
+
+They do borrow.
+
+Many of them have loans.
+
+When they borrow, 69% of the
+households have loans.
+
+But a lot of the households
+that have loans from
+
+moneylenders pay about
+4% per month.
+
+So Spandana charges 24% percent
+per year, which is
+
+less than 2% a month.
+
+Because that's simple
+interest.
+
+2% a month simple interest,
+which is substantially less
+
+than half of that.
+
+There's no MFI borrowing
+at the beginning.
+
+Lots of them run businesses,
+31%.
+
+That's a number to note.
+
+Because you take the rich
+country average.
+
+The rich country average
+is something like 12%.
+
+9% run more than one business.
+
+But these businesses are
+extremely basic.
+
+Like, I have a shop.
+
+In the shop, I have bottles.
+
+In the big bottles with
+cookies, matchboxes,
+
+cigarettes, and candy in them.
+
+That's my shop.
+
+I sell that.
+
+Or I have a little push cart and
+I sell vegetables on it.
+
+So these businesses and not high
+skilled, they have very
+
+little capital, and they
+have no employees.
+
+Their profits are about $75
+a month, so very small
+
+businesses.
+
+Like those.
+
+When we asked them in the
+beginning, why do you want to
+
+get a loan?
+
+A lot of them said what you
+had already anticipated.
+
+You might want to get a loan,
+not just to start a business,
+
+but also to repay a loan.
+
+To do something for
+your household.
+
+To buy a fridge or a TV.
+
+So they were quite candid
+about the fact that they
+
+didn't necessarily want
+to start a business.
+
+So, skip that.
+
+So before we get into the
+results, it's worth thinking a
+
+little bit about what we
+should expect to see.
+
+And in particular, should we
+expect people on average to be
+
+consuming more when
+they get a lot?
+
+Yes, no?
+
+Answers, answers.
+
+There, yes.
+
+Go ahead, explain.
+
+AUDIENCE: If they intend to
+start businesses [INAUDIBLE],
+
+then you might expect that
+they would tighten their
+
+belts, or consumption in the
+first two weeks of running it.
+
+Therefore, their consumption
+would go down.
+
+PROFESSOR: You might think their
+consumption would go
+
+down as a result of starting a
+business, because right now
+
+I'm starting a business.
+
+I don't want to start it on the
+smallest possible scale.
+
+I might want to buy
+some inputs for my
+
+business, expand it.
+
+So when I start a business, I
+might actually want to cut
+
+back on consumption for a while
+before I go back to.
+
+Over time, it should
+go back up.
+
+But at the beginning, I might
+very well see a fall in
+
+consumption.
+
+So that's an important thing
+to keep in mind.
+
+That if people are starting
+businesses, they may
+
+actually cut back.
+
+So you may not see a
+big net increase.
+
+You'll see an increase.
+
+If they start the business and
+business is successful, then
+
+two years later you'll
+see an increase.
+
+But not right away.
+
+So here's the first problem we
+had in this evaluation, which
+
+is that despite the fact that
+Spandana said they would not
+
+enter these neighborhoods that
+were put into control, the
+
+loan officers did.
+
+Why?
+
+Because they thought, well,
+that looks like a nice
+
+neighborhood.
+
+We could lend more to people
+and make more money.
+
+So they went in.
+
+And we had to kind of fight
+a lot to stop them.
+
+And so in the end, the
+difference in Spandana loans
+
+was only 13%.
+
+It should have been bigger.
+
+Now, because that happens--
+
+so some of the control
+neighborhoods got the loans--
+
+we're not going to be using the
+actual fact of who got a
+
+loan and who didn't
+get a loan.
+
+We're going to use the
+intention to treat.
+
+We'll compare places that we
+thought should not have a loan
+
+with places which we thought
+should have a loan.
+
+That's something that is
+determined by randomizing.
+
+Whereas who actually got
+a loan was not random.
+
+When the people went into
+control neighborhoods, they
+
+went into the best, in the
+most attractive ones.
+
+So we can't do that.
+
+We need to compare ones which
+actually got the loan.
+
+And even worse than that, where
+Spandana didn't go,
+
+other MFIs went.
+
+Because they wanted to
+fill up the market.
+
+So this difference is small.
+
+So when you see--
+
+why is that relevant?
+
+Well, when you see the
+difference, I'm going to show
+
+you the average difference
+between places that were
+
+intended to get microfinance
+with places that were not
+
+intended to get microfinance.
+
+Notice that that difference
+is only 8%.
+
+The places that were intended to
+get microfinance were only
+
+8% percent.
+
+People there are only 8% more
+likely to have a loan than
+
+places that were intended
+not to get microfinance.
+
+So when I look at the average
+of those places, what will
+
+happen to the magnitude
+of the effect?
+
+It will be very small.
+
+Because only 8% difference--
+
+in either, both places, a
+lot of people got loans.
+
+So the difference was small.
+
+So to get the real sense of the
+magnitude of the effect, I
+
+need to multiply by--
+
+since it's 8% of the people
+generated this difference, to
+
+get the full effect of this,
+what should I do?
+
+To get a sense of the
+magnitude, what
+
+would I need to do?
+
+If 8% generated an effect of 5,
+what would the effect have
+
+been if the difference
+was 100%?
+
+AUDIENCE: You multiply
+by 100, divide by 8.
+
+PROFESSOR: You'd multiply
+by 100, divide by 12.
+
+You would multiply by 12.
+
+AUDIENCE: Isn't it the case that
+you could look up what is
+
+the average--
+
+if there is no microfinance,
+then it's 100% of the people
+
+that [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: So you'll
+do something that.
+
+So when you look at the numbers,
+they look small.
+
+But you have to realize
+that that's a
+
+difference generated by--
+
+the difference is generated
+by a very small
+
+difference in take up.
+
+So these results are look much
+smaller than they really are.
+
+So here's what happened
+in the business space.
+
+There was some increase in
+new businesses, which was
+
+significant.
+
+Some increase in profits, which
+was not significant.
+
+Some increase in revenues, which
+was not significant.
+
+But the new businesses
+was significant.
+
+So think of it this way.
+
+This is the number of
+businesses set up
+
+in 1 and 1/2 years.
+
+So basically, 31% already
+had a business.
+
+Another 7% set up businesses
+in the treatment.
+
+And 5.3% set up business
+in the control.
+
+So that's a 30% increase in the
+number of new businesses.
+
+So it's not small.
+
+It looks small numbers,
+but it's in fact
+
+a significant increase.
+
+In any case, people don't start
+that many new business.
+
+So is there was some effect.
+
+Consumption.
+
+Blue is always control,
+yellow is treatment.
+
+So consumption didn't really
+go up significantly.
+
+But we discussed why
+that might happen.
+
+You do see more durable
+purchases, more business
+
+durable purchases.
+
+And I won't say what temptation
+
+goods are right now.
+
+So less temptation goods.
+
+But you do see more business.
+
+Here's what didn't happen.
+
+Despite the gender nature
+of spending,
+
+apparently nothing changed.
+
+So schooling is hard
+to change, because
+
+everybody goes to school.
+
+So let's say that's difficult
+to change.
+
+But nothing else
+changed either.
+
+Children were just
+as unhealthy.
+
+Women were no more likely to
+have decision power on
+
+spending in the household.
+
+And health expenditures
+didn't go up.
+
+So if you think that women spend
+differently, we didn't
+
+find any evidence of it.
+
+So the gender effect that we had
+discussed doesn't seem to
+
+be in this data.
+
+The next thing we did
+is go back to that
+
+story we were telling.
+
+Me were telling a story where
+some people would invest,
+
+start a new business, and they
+would cut their consumption.
+
+Others will not start
+their business.
+
+And now they have no reason
+to cut their consumption.
+
+So imagine that the two kinds of
+people, one kind of people
+
+are going to start a
+new business and
+
+the other kind wont.
+
+So what we want to do is we
+want to predict who those
+
+people are.
+
+If we went to the treatment
+areas and we looked at who
+
+started a new business.
+
+And we went to the control
+area and we looked at who
+
+started a new business, and we
+compared them, would that be a
+
+valid comparison?
+
+Let me repeat the question.
+
+Suppose I went to the
+treatment areas--
+
+the treatment area and
+the control area
+
+were randomly chosen.
+
+I went to the treatment areas,
+I found people there who had
+
+started a business.
+
+I went to the control areas,
+and I found people who had
+
+already newly started
+a business.
+
+And I compared them.
+
+Would that be a valid
+comparison?
+
+AUDIENCE: May I ask
+a question?
+
+In the first example, when you
+went to the treatment areas
+
+did you study the people newly
+started a business, or people
+
+that had a business?
+
+PROFESSOR: So when I say newly
+started a business, these are
+
+people who started a business in
+the 18 months when we were
+
+observing these areas.
+
+AUDIENCE: No, it wouldn't
+be valid [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Why?
+
+AUDIENCE: And the reason why
+is because, while you are
+
+comparing new businesses
+started, in the treatment
+
+area, without more precise
+information, it's hard to
+
+understand who started the
+business due to the fact that
+
+they got the loan versus just
+due to the fact that they were
+
+starting it anyway.
+
+And yeah, you could compare
+a control area.
+
+But even your control versus
+your treatment area, it's not
+
+necessarily indicative that
+they had the same sort of
+
+basis, [INAUDIBLE]
+
+difference or differences of the
+treatment area before and
+
+after they got the loans.
+
+PROFESSOR: You were
+nodding your head.
+
+Do you have a different
+answer than that?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: So basically, I think
+that's not quite right.
+
+I think you don't ever
+want to do it.
+
+The reason you never
+want to do it is
+
+because you don't actually--
+
+think of people who start a
+business when I can't offer
+
+them a loan.
+
+Versus people who start a
+business when no loans were
+
+available or less loans
+were available.
+
+They're different
+kinds of people.
+
+When a loan is easy to get,
+I might start a business.
+
+But if loans are difficult
+to get, I'm lazy, I
+
+won't start a business.
+
+Whereas somebody who starts a
+loan when loans are not easily
+
+available is probably
+much more committed
+
+to starting a business.
+
+Is much one incentivized.
+
+So you don't want
+to compare them.
+
+So what we had to do, we had to
+think of what could predict
+
+who would start a business?
+
+Then what we could do
+is we could split--
+
+we could look for the kind of
+people would start a business
+
+in treatment.
+
+And look for the same kind
+of people in control.
+
+So we could have a predictive
+model of who
+
+would start a business.
+
+We could compare the things that
+predict whether you start
+
+a business or not.
+
+So we want to divide the
+population based on fixed
+
+characteristics.
+
+And the fixed characteristic
+that worked very well is, if
+
+you own land and if you have a,
+typically a wife, a woman
+
+in the household who is literate
+and doesn't work.
+
+So if you have some assets,
+there's a woman in the
+
+household who is currently
+not working.
+
+But she has skills, skills
+she's literate.
+
+She's actually a
+prime candidate
+
+for starting a business.
+
+So it turns out that if you look
+for families with these
+
+characteristics in treatment and
+control, there were equal
+
+numbers of families in treatment
+and control.
+
+Not accidentally.
+
+That's how you'd expect.
+
+You'd expect randomly chosen.
+
+So they are about the same.
+
+So you take these kinds of
+families, which are available
+
+in treatment and control.
+
+They're identical-- yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+instrumental variable?
+
+PROFESSOR: This is not an
+instrumental variable.
+
+It's just predicting who are
+going to start a business.
+
+Then what I'm going to do
+is I'm going to create--
+
+this is like baseline
+characteristics.
+
+They're just different people.
+
+I can estimate the treatment
+effect for
+
+any subset of people.
+
+I could say what's the effect
+on tall people?
+
+This is just take a subset of
+the population who are with
+
+these characteristics that
+predict a business.
+
+Those people's consumption, does
+it do behave differently
+
+from the consumption
+of everyone else?
+
+That's the question
+I'm asking.
+
+If these are people whose
+characteristics predict that
+
+they will start a business, do
+they behave differently from
+
+everybody else whose
+characteristics predict that
+
+they won't start a business?
+
+So there are three groups
+I'm going to look at.
+
+People who's characteristics
+predict they will start a
+
+business, people who already
+have a business, and people
+
+neither have a business nor
+will start a business.
+
+So that's what I'm trying to.
+
+And if you do it, you do
+see the difference.
+
+In the treatment, the people who
+are who we predict should
+
+start a business are much more
+likely to start a business.
+
+The people who predict shouldn't
+start a businesses
+
+are actually slightly less
+likely to start a business.
+
+So that's sort of what
+you'd expect.
+
+And now you start to see much
+bigger differences.
+
+So the people who start a
+business and people who
+
+already had a business, expand
+their businesses.
+
+Or they buy durables.
+
+The people who didn't have a
+business and don't are not
+
+planning a business-- so
+durables can include, for
+
+example, business assets.
+
+They can repair the house
+where they're
+
+going to have a shop.
+
+So all those things
+are durable.
+
+So they seem to do stuff
+that could be
+
+related to the business.
+
+The people who we predict should
+not start a business,
+
+don't start a business.
+
+And they don't make any
+durable expenditures.
+
+They increase non durable
+expenditures a lot.
+
+So the bottom group increases
+non durable expenditures.
+
+That's like spending on food,
+and things like that.
+
+The middle group, basically
+nothing changes.
+
+And the top group cuts
+non durables.
+
+They're eating less.
+
+These people are spending
+less on food,
+
+they're buying more durables.
+
+The durables are what they
+want for the future.
+
+So they seem to be behaving
+in very different ways.
+
+So finally, this thing
+of temptation goods.
+
+What are temptation goods?
+
+Well we asked people.
+
+This is a beetle leaf cellar.
+
+So people in South Asia and
+Southeast Asia chew these
+
+leaves and these nuts, which
+are called beetle nuts and
+
+beetle leaves.
+
+They have slightly narcotic
+effects, mild narcotic
+
+effects, and a lot of
+people chew them.
+
+And this guy's a vendor.
+
+He's a small business owner.
+
+So we asked people in the
+baseline to tell us, what are
+
+things you want to give
+up on spending?
+
+So we asked them to give us a
+list of things they said they
+
+want to give up.
+
+And that was basically
+very simple.
+
+They want to give up on tea,
+coffee, snacks, beetle nuts,
+
+cigarettes, and alcohol.
+
+That's all they wanted to.
+
+These were the things they
+wanted to give up.
+
+Now we go back two
+years later, and
+
+we look at the data.
+
+And we classify spending
+on these things
+
+versus everything else.
+
+These things we called
+"temptation," because they're
+
+things that they say they don't
+want to do, but they end
+
+up spending on.
+
+And what you see quite
+dramatically is that that's
+
+where you see a big
+difference.
+
+The people who are starting a
+business cut back massively in
+
+their spending on temptation
+goods.
+
+The people who will never start
+a business seem to be
+
+having a party.
+
+They go out and they start
+spending more on those things.
+
+So basically what's going on
+for many of these people is
+
+they're turning their temptation
+expenditures,
+
+they're using that money to
+pay the loan payment.
+
+And then with the money, they're
+buying something else.
+
+So when they get the money, they
+either buy a durable or a
+
+business durable.
+
+They expand their consumption,
+their durable ownership, and
+
+then they pay down by
+cutting back on
+
+their temptation goods.
+
+So they're drinking less tea and
+they're owning more TVs,
+
+if you like.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+less on temptation goods than
+those who were taking loans?
+
+PROFESSOR: Because these people
+
+are starting a business.
+
+They need the money.
+
+AUDIENCE: No, but in the control
+group also they are
+
+starting new businesses?
+
+PROFESSOR: No, they're
+much less likely.
+
+Remember, these people
+have high
+
+propensity to start a business.
+
+Nevertheless, in control,
+they're much less likely to.
+
+They're only half as likely to
+start a business in control as
+
+in treatment.
+
+So these people are much more
+likely to be people who
+
+started businesses
+in treatment.
+
+OK, so that's sort of the--
+
+now, this is a story
+which is--
+
+it depends on the--
+
+So when we published these
+results, the reaction from
+
+microfinance industry was
+very negative, largely.
+
+They thought these results
+were showing
+
+that they had failed.
+
+And it really went ballistic.
+
+There was lots and lots of blogs
+which explained how we
+
+don't understand how to
+analyze microcredit.
+
+On the World Bank's website
+there where dismissive
+
+statements, and all that.
+
+So there were lots of these
+things basically claiming that
+
+microcredit is too subtle
+to be analyzed by us.
+
+So why was the reaction?
+
+We actually didn't think this
+was so negative, in fact.
+
+We thought this was fine.
+
+New businesses went up.
+
+The people we thought would do
+better were doing better.
+
+Some people were doing worse.
+
+That's normal.
+
+If you give people a loan,
+not everybody is
+
+going to use it well.
+
+Some people are going to use it
+in ways that will get them
+
+into trouble.
+
+Others are going to use
+it very well and
+
+do well out of it.
+
+And you're always creating
+some risk when you create
+
+financial products.
+
+But people really hated these
+results, and so we
+
+got some push back.
+
+[INAUDIBLE] went away
+for a sad way.
+
+What happened next was
+that-- so this was
+
+going on through 2009.
+
+When the results came out, there
+was lots of push back.
+
+And then side-by-side
+with that, something
+
+else started happening.
+
+And that's sort of
+unfortunate.
+
+So the next thing that happened
+was that in 2009--
+
+I guess both in 2009, once
+in an organization called
+
+Compartamos in Mexico
+had an IPO.
+
+You know what an IPO is?
+
+An initial public offering.
+
+They sold their stock.
+
+And they made a ton of money.
+
+And an organization called SKS
+in India, which we actually
+
+worked with on something else,
+not microcredit, then went
+
+ahead and they had
+another IPO.
+
+These IPOs raised a lot of
+money, like hundreds of
+
+millions of dollars.
+
+And the reaction to that was
+correctly, this means these
+
+organizations are
+very profitable.
+
+Suddenly, everybody got
+upset with them.
+
+Because they realized that if
+these companies can be sold
+
+for $300 million, then they must
+be making a lot of money.
+
+Now that's a bit unfair.
+
+Because they were making a lot
+of money, but they also had
+
+lots of clients.
+
+And if you have three million
+clients, then making $300
+
+million over the next 20 years,
+or something, is not so
+
+much after all.
+
+It's not that much money.
+
+If you think, I have 3 million
+clients, I'm making $300
+
+million, that's $100 per client
+over the next, let's
+
+say, ten years.
+
+So that's $10 per year per
+client, which is not nearly as
+
+profitable as it sounds when
+you say it's $300 million.
+
+Because these are big
+organizations,
+
+many of them are.
+
+So in any case, that got them
+into lots of trouble.
+
+So first thing that happened was
+that a lot of microfinance
+
+people started getting
+very upset.
+
+Mohammad Yunus, who
+started Grameen
+
+Bank, was really vehement.
+
+He called them the
+new userers.
+
+And basically said that this
+commercialization of
+
+microfinance goes against the
+spirit of microfinance.
+
+So that was already trouble.
+
+Because there was divide
+in the community.
+
+What happened after
+that was even--
+
+so they said.
+
+We have a minute.
+
+So they said what we're trying
+to do, we're doing an IPO
+
+because this is the best
+way to raise capital.
+
+When we raise capital, we have a
+lot of equity, we can now go
+
+and borrow a lot based on
+our equity, and then
+
+we can expand lending.
+
+So instead of 10 million
+people, 100 million
+
+people can get loans.
+
+So they were making the case,
+like in the movie, that we
+
+really need to go in
+this direction.
+
+So this was a fight going on.
+
+Then what happened,
+this goes into the
+
+beginning of 2010 now.
+
+So there is two fights going
+on through 2009.
+
+One is basically against us.
+
+And another set of results by
+Dean [INAUDIBLE], who's at
+
+Yale, also showing small
+positive results.
+
+But microfinance companies
+didn't like the small positive
+
+results and they didn't
+like these IPOs.
+
+Then what happened is
+that a number of
+
+people committed suicide.
+
+A number of people in India, in
+one state of India, which
+
+is called Andhra Pradesh,
+committed suicide.
+
+Some of them claiming that it
+is because their loan burden
+
+was too high.
+
+It turned out that they had
+borrowed from six or seven
+
+different microfinance
+organizations.
+
+And they couldn't repay, and
+they committed suicide.
+
+And at that point, all these
+forces kind of lined up in
+
+exactly the worst possible
+way for the industry.
+
+First, there were these
+suicides, second there was a
+
+fight within the industry, and
+third there were these results
+
+showing that they hadn't done
+something so great.
+
+And the net result was that
+there was an attempt to
+
+basically, there was a political
+attempt, to shut
+
+down microcredit.
+
+And that's still continuing,
+in the sense.
+
+And what I want to end
+on is showing you a
+
+video, which is--
+
+so BBC, as you saw a video that
+was very pro microcredit.
+
+I want to show you a video
+that's more recent and much
+
+less pro microcredit.
+
+Where is it?
+
+So you can see that you can
+have unfair views on
+
+any side you want.
+
+You can make, that's a hatchet
+job, if you've ever seen one.
+
+So main point being that
+I think that--
+
+I only want to end on
+this one point.
+
+Which is that if you look at
+this study, it does exactly
+
+almost the same job
+of very similar.
+
+The [INAUDIBLE]
+
+strategy is very similar.
+
+I go to some person
+in some village,
+
+something bad happened.
+
+That means that this
+thing is bad.
+
+You just look for the people.
+
+And in some ways, I think
+this has been
+
+the industry's problem.
+
+And the reason why that guy
+got nailed so badly is
+
+because, instead of saying that
+this is something that's
+
+useful, and we should find out
+how useful it is, this started
+
+by over selling.
+
+And then they're easy target.
+
+Everybody now is--
+
+it's like, if you oversell,
+people have high expectations.
+
+Then you don't deliver, they
+get very upset with you.
+
+And so that's what they're
+paying for now.
+
+And this is like exactly
+what you'd expect.
+
+It's the reason why we were
+trying to persuade them for at
+
+least seven, eight years that
+they should have a randomized
+
+evaluation.
+
+I remember going to an MFI and
+explaining that they should
+
+have a randomized evacuation.
+
+They should show that they have
+evidence of the impact.
+
+And the guy told me, he was
+an interesting character.
+
+He was a Canadian who had
+started an MFI in rural India.
+
+And he was clearly not doing
+this because he was making
+
+more money.
+
+He was dedicated to the cause.
+
+He was living in rural
+India, lending people
+
+who were buying cows.
+
+But he basically got so
+upset with the idea.
+
+He said, when you buy an apple,
+you don't look at the
+
+evaluation of that.
+
+People are buying credit,
+we are selling it.
+
+What's wrong with that?
+
+And so he just threw us out
+of his office, basically.
+
+But I think that's
+their problem.
+
+Their problem came from
+the beginning.
+
+They just pushed back on any
+possibility that you want to
+
+make a reasoned view
+of these things.
+
+And then, in some ways, that
+creates the problem.
+
+Yeah.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_40zvhkmtM8.txt b/_40zvhkmtM8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fd0e571c38b8bf91d07e404262b81850741ea45c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_40zvhkmtM8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4501 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: So John is going to
+present project three, beta.
+
+JOHN: All right.
+
+So here's the performance
+grades.
+
+In general, the submission went
+a lot better than last
+
+time in that things were on
+time and nobody failed to
+
+build, or forgot to add files
+to their project, or so on.
+
+We did change the scoring
+mechanism a little bit.
+
+In the [? mdriver ?]
+
+that we gave you, if your
+validator failed you on any of
+
+your traces, your
+score is a zero.
+
+In this one, we decided
+to be nicer.
+
+We replaced your validator with
+our correct validator.
+
+And for traces that you failed,
+you get a zero for the
+
+points that those traces
+contribute.
+
+But you did get an overall
+partial score, even if you
+
+failed a couple traces.
+
+So on that note, the reference
+implementation does get a 56
+
+on this score.
+
+And there were people who had
+slower than reference
+
+implementations that
+landed below 56.
+
+So that might be something to
+think about for your final
+
+submission.
+
+The high score was a 96.
+
+And there were actually quite
+a few groups in the 90s.
+
+So overall, people did
+really well on this.
+
+With that said, your validators
+didn't really--
+
+I guess they were OK.
+
+But there's some people whose
+validators failed projects
+
+that were correct, and other
+people whose validators failed
+
+to detect certain situations.
+
+So that's also something to
+work on for the final.
+
+We won't be releasing the
+stock validators.
+
+So it'll be up to you guys to
+find out what's wrong with
+
+your validators and fix them.
+
+And along the same lines of
+correctness, once again, for
+
+the final submission,
+we'll be running--
+
+actually even for the beta,
+I believe, we're going to
+
+Valgrind your projects and
+look for memory errors.
+
+So do that to your own projects
+and investigate any
+
+messages you get.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+JOHN: OK.
+
+So the highlighted column
+number 31 refers to the
+
+reference implementation
+of the validator.
+
+So that's the authority.
+
+If that's green, then your
+implementation is correct.
+
+And so hopefully, a correct
+validator would
+
+agree with column 31.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+JOHN: Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+question.
+
+How can it be that most of--
+
+so an implementation is
+vertical, so tests are
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE]?
+
+JOHN: No.
+
+The implementations are
+horizontal, and
+
+the tests are vertical.
+
+AUDIENCE: So we want our column
+to look like column 31?
+
+Or we want--
+
+JOHN: You want-- your validators
+correctness score
+
+will be determined by whether
+or not your column number
+
+corresponds with column 31.
+
+And then, your implementations
+correctness will purely be
+
+determined by whether 31 marks
+your row red or green.
+
+Does that make sense?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE PHRASE]
+
+columns that are all green,
+our validators are not
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE]?
+
+Is that what you're saying?
+
+PROFESSOR: That's right.
+
+JOHN: That's correct.
+
+PROFESSOR: Whereas the rows that
+are green, that's what we
+
+like to see.
+
+We like green rows.
+
+And then, we like columns
+that match column 31.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE PHRASE].
+
+The first row should
+be all red.
+
+And right now, [INAUDIBLE].
+
+JOHN: Right.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's correct.
+
+JOHN: Whatever error this
+person had, very few
+
+validators seems to
+have caught them.
+
+Which is very surprising,
+because what we did for your
+
+validator.c is that we removed
+the line of code that it
+
+contained, and we added the
+comment that explained in
+
+English exactly what that
+line of code did.
+
+So it was kind of interesting to
+see that not everybody came
+
+up with the validator that's
+identical to reference one.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK--
+
+JOHN:JOHN: Yeah.
+
+So please run Valgrind on your
+code before the final
+
+submission.
+
+And we'll be posting your
+personalized results to your
+
+repose sometime probably by
+the end of the day, either
+
+today or tomorrow.
+
+PROFESSOR: Great.
+
+All right, you can take
+this [UNINTELLIGIBLE].
+
+Or you can [UNINTELLIGIBLE].
+
+Here you go.
+
+You guys can have it here, in
+case you need to chip in.
+
+OK.
+
+So today, we're going to talk
+about programming in parallel.
+
+Parallel programming
+and so forth.
+
+So this is I'm sure what you've
+all been waiting for.
+
+Oops.
+
+Oh, we have no power here.
+
+There we go.
+
+There we go.
+
+Now I've got power.
+
+OK.
+
+Let's see here.
+
+How's that?
+
+Good.
+
+OK.
+
+So we talk about multicore
+programming.
+
+And let me start with a
+little bit of history.
+
+So since the mid
+to late 1960s--
+
+so how many years is that?
+
+50 years.
+
+Wow.
+
+Semiconductor density
+has been increasing
+
+at the rate of about--
+
+it's been doubling about
+every 18 to 24 months.
+
+OK.
+
+So every year, every one to two
+years, every year and a
+
+half to two years, we
+get a doubling of
+
+density on the chips.
+
+And that's a trend that
+still is continuing.
+
+OK.
+
+So that's called Moore's law,
+the doubling of density of
+
+integrated circuits.
+
+And so, this is basically a
+curve showing how transistor
+
+count is rising.
+
+OK.
+
+So all these green things are
+Intel CPUs and what the
+
+transistor count is on them.
+
+Yeah, question?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE PHRASE]
+
+the lines in [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: So there have
+been some technology
+
+changes along the way.
+
+So in particular, the
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE] transition is
+
+back down here I think.
+
+I don't remember which
+one that is.
+
+Well, this is actually
+a different one.
+
+What we're looking at right now
+is the transistors, which
+
+have been very smooth.
+
+OK.
+
+So I'll explain this
+curve in a minute.
+
+So there's two things
+plotted on here.
+
+One is the Intel CPU density,
+and the other is what the
+
+clock speed of those
+processes is.
+
+And so these are the clock
+speed numbers.
+
+And so, the integrated circuit
+technology has been--
+
+the density has been doubling.
+
+And it's really an unbelievable
+sort of social
+
+and economic process, that
+this has basically
+
+been called a law.
+
+Because what happens is if a--
+
+there's so many people that
+contribute to making
+
+integrated circuits be dense.
+
+There's so many pieces of
+technology that go into that.
+
+And what happens is if you
+decide that you're going to
+
+try to jump and try to make
+something that goes faster
+
+than Moore's law, what happens
+is it's more expensive
+
+for you to do it.
+
+And none of the other
+participants in that economy
+
+can keep up.
+
+And you're just going to
+be more expensive.
+
+So people will op for the
+cheapest thing that gets the
+
+factor of two every
+18 to 24 months.
+
+Whereas if you're behind, then
+nobody uses your stuff.
+
+So everybody's got this sort
+of self-fulfilling prophecy
+
+that the rate at which the
+density is increasing has just
+
+been extremely stable
+for over 50 years.
+
+It's remarkable.
+
+Yeah, question?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE PHRASE]
+
+every six months.
+
+And somehow, [INAUDIBLE]
+
+you would have self-replicated?
+
+PROFESSOR: No, I'm
+not saying that.
+
+What I'm saying is that there
+is some amount of everybody
+
+expecting that this
+is the point that
+
+everybody's going to be at.
+
+And so if you try to go more
+aggressively than that, you
+
+can get burned because you'll
+be more expensive.
+
+If you don't go that fast,
+you're going to get burned
+
+because nobody's going to adopt
+your particular piece of
+
+the technology.
+
+And so, what happens is
+everybody sort of settles for
+
+this regular repeating.
+
+It's a remarkable social and
+economic phenomenon.
+
+It's got very little to do at
+some level of technology.
+
+It's just that we know that
+we can improve things.
+
+But what's amazing is this
+growth has gone through many
+
+transitions.
+
+At one point, they said we
+aren't going to be able to
+
+build integrated circuits any
+more densely because all of
+
+the masks that were made--
+
+it's basically, you make
+computers with a photographic
+
+process of exposing and
+using masks that
+
+you shine light through.
+
+It's the way they
+used to do it.
+
+And what happened was the wave
+lengths of light were such
+
+that you were just simply not
+going to be able to get the
+
+resolutions.
+
+So what did they do?
+
+They switched to eBeams.
+
+OK.
+
+Electrons rather than photons
+to expose the silicon wafers
+
+and so forth.
+
+And so, they've gone through a
+whole bunch of transitions and
+
+different technologies.
+
+And yet, throughout all of that,
+it's been just a very
+
+steady progress at about the
+rate of 18 to 24 months per
+
+doubling of density.
+
+And that is still going on,
+and is projected to go on
+
+maybe for 10 years more.
+
+It's going to run out, I
+hope in my lifetime.
+
+And certainly within
+your lifetimes.
+
+So that has been going.
+
+Then, there's second phenomenon
+that has been going
+
+on since about mid-1980s.
+
+And that is that the clock
+speed has actually been
+
+growing on a similar curve,
+where basically, we've been
+
+getting 30% faster
+processors, clock
+
+speed, since the mid-1980s.
+
+But something happened there,
+which was in around 2003, it
+
+flattened out.
+
+And the reason is, as a
+practical matter, clock speed
+
+for air cooled systems
+is bounded at
+
+somewhere around 5 gigahertz.
+
+If you want to liquid cool
+it or nitrogen cool it or
+
+something, you could
+make it go faster.
+
+But basically, the problem is
+that things get too hot.
+
+And they cannot convey
+the heat out.
+
+So for a while, if you have
+greater density, the
+
+transistors get smaller.
+
+They switch faster.
+
+And you can make the clock
+speed go faster.
+
+But at some point, they
+hit the wall.
+
+And so there the vendors were.
+
+People like Intel,
+AMD, Motorola.
+
+A variety of the semiconductor
+manufacturers.
+
+And what's happened is they
+can still make integrated
+
+circuits more and more dense.
+
+But they can't clock
+them any faster.
+
+OK.
+
+So here's what's going
+on in the circuits.
+
+So here's essentially how much
+power was being dissipated by
+
+a variety of Intel processors
+along the way, and what they
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+2000.
+
+They started getting hot and
+hotter, until if they just
+
+continued this trend, they were
+going to be trying to
+
+have junction temperatures that
+are as hot as the surface
+
+of the sun.
+
+Well, they clearly
+couldn't do that.
+
+OK.
+
+So you might say, well, let's
+put it off a few years.
+
+Yeah, but how many years are
+you going to put this off?
+
+And so, what happened
+was they got stuck.
+
+They simply could not make chips
+get clocked in faster.
+
+So what did they decide to do?
+
+They got all the silicon area,
+but they can't make the
+
+processors faster with it.
+
+So their solution was to scale
+performance to put many
+
+processing cores on the
+microprocessor chip.
+
+So this is an example
+of a Core i7.
+
+It's a four core.
+
+One, two, three, four
+cores processor.
+
+We actually have six
+core machines now.
+
+But I didn't update
+the figure.
+
+And what's going to happen now
+is Moore's law is going to
+
+continue for a few more years.
+
+And so it looks like each new
+generation of Moore's law is
+
+going to potentially double the
+number of cores per chip.
+
+So you folks are using
+12 core machines.
+
+Two six core chips.
+
+Well, that's going to basically
+keep increasing.
+
+And so, we're going to get more
+and more cores per chip.
+
+OK.
+
+That's all well and good.
+
+But it turns out that there's
+a major issue.
+
+And that's software.
+
+Everybody has written
+their software.
+
+And there's billions and
+billions and billions of
+
+dollars invested in existing
+legacy software that's written
+
+for how many cores?
+
+One.
+
+And moving it to multicore is a
+
+nightmare for these companies.
+
+OK.
+
+And it's potentially a nightmare
+for these vendors.
+
+Because if people say, gee, you
+can't make the processors
+
+go any faster, why should
+I buy a new processor?
+
+My old processor is as
+good as my new one.
+
+OK.
+
+And so, anyway, so that's
+sometimes been called the
+
+multicore challenge.
+
+The multicore menace.
+
+The multicore revolution.
+
+Whatever.
+
+But that's what it's
+all about.
+
+It's all about the issue of the
+frequency scaling of the
+
+clocks, verses, Moore's law.
+
+Which talks about what
+the density is.
+
+OK.
+
+So their solution is to do--
+
+and so what we're going to talk
+about for a bunch of the
+
+rest of the term is going to
+be, how do you actually
+
+program multicore processors?
+
+We're going to look at some
+fairly new software technology
+
+for doing that.
+
+So here's an abstract multicore
+architecture.
+
+It's not precise.
+
+This is only showing
+one level of cache.
+
+So we have processors connected
+to a cache.
+
+In fact, of course, you
+know that there are
+
+multiple levels of cache.
+
+Yeah, this is the international
+symbol for cache
+
+if you live in the US.
+
+So the processors have
+their cache.
+
+Of course, you know that what
+actually happens is you have
+
+multiple levels of cache.
+
+And it's shared cache
+at some levels.
+
+OK.
+
+So it's more complex
+than this.
+
+But this is sort of an abstract
+way of understanding
+
+a bunch of the issues.
+
+And then, of course, they only
+get more complicated as we
+
+look at reality, as with all
+these hardware related things.
+
+And so, this is a chip
+multiprocessor.
+
+Now there are other ways
+of using the silicon.
+
+So another way of using the
+silicon is building things
+
+like graphics processors and
+using silicon for a very
+
+special purpose thing.
+
+So that instead of saying,
+let's build multiple
+
+processors, you can say, let's
+dedicate some fraction of the
+
+silicon real estate.
+
+Instead of to general purpose
+computing, let's dedicate it
+
+to some specific purpose, like
+graphics, or some kind of
+
+stream processing,
+or what have you.
+
+Sensor processing.
+
+A variety of other things
+you can do.
+
+But one main trend is doing
+chip multiprocessors.
+
+So we're going to talk
+a little bit about
+
+shared memory hardware.
+
+Just enough to get you folks off
+the ground to understand
+
+what's going on underneath
+the system.
+
+And then, we're going to talk
+about four concurrency
+
+platforms, which are not
+the only platforms
+
+one can program in.
+
+But they're ones that you
+should be familiar with.
+
+The last one, Cilk++, is the
+one we're going to do our
+
+programming assignments in.
+
+And then, race conditions, we're
+going to talk about,
+
+because that's the biggest thing
+that comes up when you
+
+do parallel programming compared
+to ordinary serial
+
+programming.
+
+It's the most pernicious
+type of bugs.
+
+And you need to understand race
+conditions and need a way
+
+of handling it.
+
+So here's basically--
+
+so we'll start with shared
+memory hardware.
+
+So the main thing that shared
+memory hardware provides is a
+
+thing called cache coherence.
+
+OK.
+
+And the basic idea is that you
+want every processor to be
+
+able to fetch stuff out
+of local caches
+
+because that's fast.
+
+But at the same time, you want
+them to have a common view of
+
+what is stored in a
+given location.
+
+So let's run through this
+example and see what the
+
+problem is.
+
+And then, I'll show
+you how they solve
+
+it in sketchy detail.
+
+So here's a processor.
+
+Says he wants to load
+the value of x.
+
+And in main memory here,
+x has got the value of
+
+3, up here in DRAM.
+
+OK.
+
+So x moves through
+to the processor,
+
+where it gets consumed.
+
+And it leaves behind the
+fact that x equals 3
+
+in its local cache.
+
+Well, now along comes the
+second processor.
+
+It says, I want x too.
+
+And perhaps the same
+thing happens.
+
+Very good.
+
+So far, no problem.
+
+So two caches may have
+the same value of x.
+
+They may both want to
+use x, and it's both
+
+in their local caches.
+
+Now comes along the
+third processor.
+
+Says load x as well.
+
+Well, it turns out that
+it's actually--
+
+what I showed you on
+the second case is
+
+not the common case.
+
+If these two processors, these
+two processing cores, are on
+
+the same chip, it's generally
+cheaper for this guy to fetch
+
+it out of one of these guys
+caches than it is to fetch it
+
+out of DRAM.
+
+DRAM is slow.
+
+Getting it locally
+is much cheaper.
+
+So basically, in this case, he
+gets it from this processor.
+
+The first processor.
+
+All is well and good.
+
+They're all sharing
+merrily around.
+
+OK.
+
+And then this fella decides
+if he wants
+
+to load it, no problem.
+
+He can just load it.
+
+He loads it locally.
+
+No problem.
+
+OK.
+
+This guy decides, oh,
+he's going to store
+
+some value to x.
+
+In this case, he's going
+to store the value 5.
+
+So he sets x equal to 5.
+
+OK.
+
+fine.
+
+OK, now what?
+
+Now this guy says,
+let me load x.
+
+He gets the value x equals 3.
+
+Uh-oh.
+
+If your parallel program
+expected that this guy had
+
+gone first and it set x value
+x equal to 5, these guys are
+
+now incorrect.
+
+And so, the idea of cache
+coherence is not letting this
+
+happen, making it so that
+whenever a value is changed by
+
+a processor, the other
+processors see that change and
+
+yet, they're still able most
+of the time to execute
+
+effectively out of their
+own local caches.
+
+OK.
+
+So that's the problem.
+
+So do people understand
+basically what the cache
+
+coherence problem is?
+
+Yes, question?
+
+AUDIENCE: If the last processor
+was to store x and
+
+set x equals 5, as soon as that
+happens, wouldn't that
+
+write DRAM x equals 5?
+
+PROFESSOR: Good.
+
+So there's actually two
+types of strategies
+
+that are used in caches.
+
+One is called write through.
+
+And one is called write back.
+
+What you're describing
+is write through.
+
+What right through caches do
+is if you write a value, it
+
+pushes it all the
+way out to DRAM.
+
+These days, nobody uses
+write through.
+
+You're always going to DRAM.
+
+You're always exercising the
+slow DRAM versus being able to
+
+just write it locally.
+
+But you do have to do something
+about these guys
+
+that are going to have
+the shared values.
+
+So here's the mechanism
+that they use.
+
+So what most people do these
+days is write back caches.
+
+Which basically means you only
+write it back when you really
+
+need to evict or
+what have you.
+
+You don't always write it
+all the way through.
+
+And so here's how these
+schemes work.
+
+So, right.
+
+So that's a bogus value for
+that kind to be getting.
+
+So let's take a look.
+
+So what they use is what's
+called-- the simplest is
+
+called an MSI protocol.
+
+There are somewhat more
+complicated ones called MESI
+
+protocols, and ones
+that are MOESI.
+
+"Mo-esi" and "messy".
+
+Anyway, the MESI one is probably
+the one you'll hear
+
+most often.
+
+It's just a little bit more
+complicated than this one.
+
+But it saves you one extra
+access when we do a write.
+
+I'll explain it in
+just a minute.
+
+But let's first understand the
+simplest of these mechanisms.
+
+So what you do is in each cache,
+you're going to label
+
+each cache line with a state.
+
+And basically, it's because
+of these states that you
+
+associate with a cache line that
+cache lines end up having
+
+to be long.
+
+OK?
+
+Because if you think about,
+you'd like cache lines to be
+
+at some level very short, in
+that then you have more
+
+opportunity to have just the
+stuff in cache that you want,
+
+from a temporal locality
+point of view.
+
+It's one thing if you want to
+bring in extra lines, extra
+
+data, for spatial locality.
+
+But to insist that it all be
+there whether you access it or
+
+not, that's not clear how
+helpful that it is.
+
+However, what instead is we have
+things like, on the Intel
+
+architecture, 64 bytes
+of cache line.
+
+And the reason is because
+they're keeping extra data
+
+with each cache line.
+
+And they want the data to be
+the larger fraction of what
+
+they're keeping compared
+to the control
+
+information about the data.
+
+So in this case, they're
+keeping three values.
+
+Three bits.
+
+The M bit says this cache
+block has been modified.
+
+Somebody's written to it.
+
+And what they do is they, in
+this protocol, they guarantee
+
+in the protocol that if somebody
+has it in the M
+
+state, no other caches contain
+this block in either the M
+
+state or S state.
+
+So what are those states?
+
+So the S state is when
+other caches may be
+
+sharing this block.
+
+And the I state is that this
+cache block is invalid.
+
+It's the same as if
+it's not there.
+
+It's empty entry.
+
+So it just marks this entry.
+
+There's no data there.
+
+The cache line that's there is
+not really there, is basically
+
+what it says.
+
+So here, you see for example
+that this fella has x equals
+
+13 in the modified state.
+
+And so, if you look across here,
+oh, nobody else has that
+
+in either the M or
+the S state.
+
+They only have it in the
+I state or not at all.
+
+If you have it in the shared
+state, as these guys have,
+
+well, they all have it in the
+shared state and notice the
+
+values are all the same.
+
+And then, if it's in the invalid
+state, here this guy
+
+once again has it in the
+modified state, which means
+
+these guys don't have it in
+either the S or M state.
+
+So that's the invariant.
+
+So what's the basic idea
+behind the cache?
+
+The MSI protocol?
+
+The idea is that before you can
+write on a location, you
+
+must first invalidate all
+the other copies.
+
+So whenever you try to write
+on something that's shared
+
+across a bunch of things or
+that somebody else has
+
+modified, what happens is over
+the network goes out a
+
+protocol to invalidate
+all the other copies.
+
+So if they're just being shared,
+that's no problem.
+
+Because all you do
+is just have them
+
+drop it from the cache.
+
+If it's modified, then it may
+have to be written back or the
+
+value brought back to you, so
+that you're in a position of
+
+changing it.
+
+If somebody has it modified,
+then you don't have it.
+
+So therefore, you need to
+bring it in and make the
+
+change to it.
+
+Question?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+three states?
+
+PROFESSOR: Three states.
+
+Not three bits.
+
+Two bits.
+
+Right.
+
+OK.
+
+So the idea is you first
+invalidate the other copies.
+
+Therefore, when a processor core
+is changing the value of
+
+some variable, it has
+the only copy.
+
+And by making sure that it only
+has the only copy, you
+
+make sure that you never have
+copies out there that are
+
+anything except copies of
+what everybody else has.
+
+That they're all the same.
+
+OK.
+
+Does everybody follow that?
+
+So there's hardware under
+there doing that.
+
+It's actually pretty
+clever hardware.
+
+In fact, the verification of
+cache protocols is a huge
+
+problem for which there's a lot
+of technology built to try
+
+to verify to make sure these
+cache protocols work the way
+
+they're supposed to work.
+
+Because what happens in practice
+is there are all
+
+these intermediate states.
+
+What happens if this guy starts
+doing this while this
+
+guy is doing that, and these
+protocols start getting mixed,
+
+and so forth?
+
+And you've got to make
+sure that works out.
+
+And that's what's going
+on in the hardware.
+
+The MESI protocol does a
+simple optimization.
+
+It says, look, before I store
+something, I probably
+
+want to read it.
+
+It's likely I'm going
+to read it.
+
+So I can read it in two ways.
+
+I can read it in a way that
+says that it is--
+
+where it's just going
+to be shared.
+
+But if I expect that I'm going
+to write it, let me when I
+
+read it instead of getting a
+shared copy, let me get an
+
+exclusive copy.
+
+And that's where the
+E comes from.
+
+Let me get an exclusive copy.
+
+In other words, go through the
+invalidation protocols on the
+
+read, so that with the
+expectation that when you
+
+write, you don't have to then
+wait for the invalidation to
+
+occur at that point.
+
+So it's a way of reducing the
+latency of the protocol by
+
+getting it exclusively by
+the read that you do
+
+before you do the write.
+
+So rather than doing a
+read, which would go
+
+out and get the value--
+
+but everybody [? has them ?]
+
+shared-- then doing the write,
+and then doing a whole
+
+invalidation protocol, if I
+basically get it in exclusive
+
+mode on the read, then I go out,
+I get the value, and I
+
+invalidate everybody else.
+
+Now I've just saved myself
+half the work
+
+and half the latency.
+
+Or basically saved myself
+some latency.
+
+Not half the latency.
+
+OK?
+
+So basically, what you should
+know is there is invalidation
+
+stuff going on behind when you
+start using shared memory,
+
+behind the scenes which
+can slow down your
+
+processor from executing.
+
+Because it can't do the things
+that it needs to do until it
+
+goes through the protocol.
+
+Any questions about that?
+
+That's basically the level
+we're going to cover the
+
+hardware at.
+
+And so, you'll discover that in
+doing some your problems,
+
+that if you're not careful,
+you're going to create what
+
+are called invalidation storms,
+where you have a whole
+
+bunch of things that are red,
+and they're distributed across
+
+the processor.
+
+And then you go in, and
+you set one value.
+
+And suddenly, vrrrrrruuuum.
+
+Gee, how come that wasn't
+a fast store?
+
+The answer is it's going through
+and invalidating all
+
+those other copies.
+
+Good.
+
+So let's turn to the
+real hard problem.
+
+So it turns out that building
+these things is not
+
+particularly well understood.
+
+But it's understood
+a lot better than
+
+programming these beasts.
+
+OK.
+
+And so, we're going to focus on
+some of the strategies for
+
+programming.
+
+So it turns out that trying to
+program their processor cores
+
+directly is painful.
+
+And you're liable to make a lot
+of errors, as we'll see.
+
+Because we're going to talk
+about races soon.
+
+And so the idea of a current
+currency platform is to do
+
+some level of abstraction of the
+processor cores to handle
+
+synchronization communication
+protocols, and often to do
+
+things like load balancing, so
+that the work that you're
+
+doing can be moved across from
+processor to processor.
+
+And so, here are some examples
+of concurrency platforms.
+
+Pthreads and WinAPI threads,
+we're going to talk more in
+
+detail about.
+
+Pthreads is basically for
+Unix type systems,
+
+like Linux and such.
+
+WinAPI threads is for Windows.
+
+There's threading building
+blocks, TBB, OpenMP, which is
+
+a standard, and Cilk++.
+
+Those are all examples of
+concurrency platforms that
+
+make it easier to program
+these parallel machines.
+
+So I'm going to do, as an
+example, I'm going to use the
+
+Fibonacci numbers, which you
+have seen before I'm sure,
+
+because we've actually even
+used it in this class.
+
+This is Leonardo da Pisa, who
+was also known as Fibonacci.
+
+And he introduced--
+
+he was the most brilliant
+mathematician of his day.
+
+He came basically out of the
+blue, doing all kinds of
+
+beautiful mathematics very
+early in the Renaissance.
+
+You'll recognize 1202 is
+very early Renaissance.
+
+But it turns out, for those of
+you of Indian descent, the
+
+Indian mathematicians
+had already
+
+discovered all this stuff.
+
+But it didn't make it into
+Western culture except for
+
+Leonardo da Pisa.
+
+So here's a program as you might
+write it in C. So Fib
+
+int n says, well, if n is
+less than 2, return n.
+
+So if it's 0 or 1, we return,
+Fib of 0 is 0.
+
+Fib of 1 is 1.
+
+And otherwise, we compute Fib of
+n minus 1, compute Fib of n
+
+minus 2, and return the sum.
+
+Simple recursive program.
+
+Here's the main routine.
+
+We get the argument from the
+command line, compute the
+
+result, and then print
+out Fibonacci
+
+of whatever is whatever.
+
+Pretty simple piece of code.
+
+So what we're going to do is
+take a look at what happens in
+
+each of these four concurrency
+platforms to see how it is
+
+that they make this easy to
+run this in parallel.
+
+Now just a disclaimer here.
+
+This is a really bad way--
+
+I hope you all recognize--
+
+of computing Fibonacci
+numbers.
+
+So this is exponential
+time algorithm.
+
+And you all know the linear
+time algorithm, which is
+
+basically computed up
+from the bottom.
+
+And some of you probably know
+there's a logarithmic time
+
+algorithm based on squaring
+matrices.
+
+Two by two matrices.
+
+So in any case, we're all
+about performance here.
+
+But obviously, this is a really
+poor choice to do
+
+performance on.
+
+But it is a good didactic
+example, because it's so the
+
+structure and the issues that
+you get into in doing this
+
+with a very simple program that
+I can fit on a slide.
+
+OK.
+
+So when you execute Fibonacci,
+when you call Fib of 4, it
+
+calls Fib of 3 and Fib of 2.
+
+And Fib of 3 calls Fib
+of 2 and Fib of 1.
+
+And Fib of 1 just returns Fib
+of 2, calls [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+1, 0, et cetera.
+
+And so basically, you get an
+execution trace that basically
+
+corresponds to walk
+of this tree.
+
+So if you were doing this in C,
+you'd basically call this,
+
+call this, call this.
+
+Get a value return.
+
+Call this.
+
+Add the two values together.
+
+Return here.
+
+Call this.
+
+Add the two values together.
+
+Call the return there.
+
+And so forth.
+
+You walk that using a stack, a
+call stack, in the execution.
+
+The key idea for parallelization
+is, well, gee.
+
+Fib of n minus 1 and fib of n
+minus 2 are really, in this
+
+calculation, completely
+independently calculated.
+
+So let's just do them
+at the same time.
+
+And they can be executed at
+the same time without
+
+interference, because
+all they're doing is
+
+basing it on n.
+
+They're not using any shared
+memory or anything even for
+
+this particular program.
+
+So let's take a look,
+to begin with, how
+
+Pthreads might do this.
+
+So Pthreads is a standard that
+ANSI and the IEEE have
+
+established for--
+
+and I actually believe this is
+a little bit out of date.
+
+I believe there's now
+a 2010 version.
+
+I'm not sure.
+
+But I recall that they were
+working on a new version.
+
+But anyway, this is a recent
+enough standard.
+
+It's a standard that has been
+revised over the years, the
+
+so-called POSIX standard.
+
+So you'll hear, Pthreads is
+basically POSIX threads.
+
+It's basically what you might
+characterize as a do it
+
+yourself concurrency platform.
+
+It's kind of like assembly
+language for parallelism.
+
+It allows you to do the things
+you need to do, but you're
+
+sort of doing it all by hand,
+one step at a time.
+
+It's built as a library of
+functions with special non-C
+
+or C++ semantics.
+
+And we'll look at what some
+of those semantics are.
+
+Each thread implements an
+abstraction of a processor,
+
+which are multiplexed onto the
+machine resources by the
+
+Pthread runtime implementation.
+
+Threads communicate through
+shared memory.
+
+And library functions mask
+the protocols involved in
+
+interthread coordination.
+
+So you can start up threads, et
+cetera, and their library
+
+function for doing that.
+
+So let's just see
+how that works.
+
+So here are, basically, the two
+
+important Pthread functions.
+
+There are actually a whole bunch
+of them, because they
+
+also provide a bunch of
+other facilities.
+
+One is pthread_create, which
+creates Pthread.
+
+And one is pthread_join.
+
+So pthread_create basically
+is return an identifier.
+
+So when you say create a
+Pthread, the Pthread system
+
+says, here's a handle by which
+you can name this thread in
+
+the future.
+
+OK.
+
+So it's a very common thing
+that the implementer says,
+
+here's the name that you get.
+
+It's called a handle.
+
+So it returns a handle.
+
+It then has an object to set
+various thread attributes.
+
+And for most of what we're
+going to need, we're just
+
+going to need NULL
+for default.
+
+We don't need any special
+things like changing the
+
+priority or what have you.
+
+Then what you pass is a void*
+pointer to a function, which
+
+is going to be the routine
+executed after creation.
+
+So you can name the function
+that you want to have it
+
+operate on.
+
+And then you have a single
+pointer to an argument that
+
+you're going to pass
+to the function.
+
+So when you call something with
+Pthreads to create them,
+
+you can't say, and here's
+my list of arguments.
+
+If you have more than one
+argument, you have to pack it
+
+together into a struct
+and pass the
+
+pointer to the struct.
+
+And this function has to be
+smart enough to understand how
+
+to unpack it.
+
+We'll see an example
+in a minute.
+
+And then, it returns
+an error status.
+
+So the most common thing people
+do is they don't bother
+
+to check the error status.
+
+OK.
+
+And yet sometimes, you try to
+create a Pthread, there's a
+
+reason it can't create one.
+
+And now you keep going thinking
+you have one, and
+
+then your program crashes
+and you wonder why.
+
+So when you create things,
+you should check.
+
+I'm not sure in my code here
+whether I checked everywhere.
+
+But you should check.
+
+Do as I say, not as I do.
+
+OK.
+
+So the other key function
+is join.
+
+And basically, what you do is
+you say, you name the thread
+
+that you want to wait for.
+
+This is the name that
+would be returned
+
+by the create function.
+
+And you also give a place where
+it can store the status
+
+of the thread when
+it terminated.
+
+It's allowed to say, I
+terminated normally.
+
+I terminated with a given error
+condition or whatever.
+
+But if you don't care
+what it is, you
+
+just put in NULL there.
+
+And then it returns
+to the error
+
+status of the join function.
+
+So those are the two functions
+that you program with.
+
+Question?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE PHRASE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: It's different.
+
+It's different.
+
+So it's basically, if the error
+status, if it returns
+
+NULL, it just means everything
+went OK.
+
+The handle is you pass a name,
+and basically this is *thread.
+
+It stuffs the name into
+whatever you give it.
+
+OK so you're not saying,
+here's the name.
+
+This is returned as an
+output parameter.
+
+So you're giving it an address
+of some place to put the name.
+
+OK.
+
+Let's see an example.
+
+So here's Fibonacci
+with Pthreads.
+
+So let's just go through that.
+
+So the first part
+is pretty good.
+
+This is your original code
+that does Fibonacci.
+
+And now what we do is
+we have a structure
+
+for the thread arguments.
+
+And so we're going to have an
+input argument and an output
+
+argument in this example.
+
+Because Fib takes an input
+argument in and
+
+returns Fib of n.
+
+So we're going to call those
+input and output.
+
+And we'll call them
+thread_args.
+
+And now, here is my void*
+function, thread_func, which
+
+takes a pointer.
+
+And what it does is
+when it executes--
+
+so what you're going to be able
+to do is, as we'll see in
+
+a minute--.
+
+Let me just go through this.
+
+This is going to be the function
+called when the
+
+thread is created.
+
+So when the thread is created,
+you're just going
+
+to call this function.
+
+And what it's going to get is
+the argument that was passed,
+
+which is this *star thing.
+
+And what it does in this case
+is it's basically going to
+
+cast the pointer to a thread_arg
+struct and
+
+dereference the input, and stick
+that into I. Then going
+
+to compute Fib of I. And then
+it's going to take, once
+
+again, deference the pointer as
+if it's a thread_arg, and
+
+store into the output field
+the result of the Fib.
+
+And then it returns NULL.
+
+So that's basically the function
+that's going to be
+
+called when the thread
+is created.
+
+So in your main routine now,
+what happens is we initialize
+
+a bunch of things.
+
+And now, if argc is less
+than 2, we'll return 1.
+
+That's fine.
+
+Then we're going to get the
+reading that we fail.
+
+That's actually the reading
+of the input.
+
+So then, what we do here is we
+get n from the command line.
+
+And then if n is less than
+30, we're just going to
+
+compute Fib of n.
+
+This is what I evaluated on my
+laptop was a good number.
+
+So the idea is there's no point
+in creating the extra
+
+thread to do the work if it's
+going to be more expensive
+
+than me just doing
+the work myself.
+
+So I looked at the overhead of
+thread creation and discovered
+
+that if it was smaller than 30,
+it's going to be slower to
+
+create another thread
+to help me out.
+
+It's sort of like you folks
+when you're doing pair
+
+programming, which you're
+supposed to be doing, versus
+
+handing it off.
+
+Sometimes, there are some things
+that are too small to
+
+ask somebody else to do.
+
+You might as well just do it,
+by time you explain what it
+
+is, and so forth.
+
+Same thing here.
+
+What's the point in starting
+up a thread to do something
+
+else, because the startup cost
+is rather substantial.
+
+So if it's less than 30, well,
+we'll just be done.
+
+Otherwise, what we do
+is we marshall the
+
+argument to the thread.
+
+We basically set args.input
+to n minus 1.
+
+Because args is going to be
+what I'm going to pass in.
+
+So I say the input number
+is n minus 1.
+
+And now what I do is I create
+the thread by saying, give me
+
+the name of the thread
+that I'm creating.
+
+This was the field that I said
+you could put to be NULL,
+
+which basically lets
+you set some policy
+
+parameters and so forth.
+
+I say, execute the
+thread_func.
+
+This guy here.
+
+And here's the argument list
+that I want to provide it,
+
+which is this args thing.
+
+Once you do the thread_create,
+and this is where you depart
+
+from normal C or
+C++ semantics.
+
+And in fact, we're going to be
+doing more moving in the
+
+direction of C++.
+
+We'll have some tutorials
+on that.
+
+What happens is we
+check the status.
+
+OK, I actually did check the
+status to see whether or not
+
+it created it properly.
+
+But basically now, what's
+happening is after I execute
+
+this, it goes off and all the
+magic in Pthreads starts
+
+another thread doing
+that computation.
+
+And control returns to the
+statement after the
+
+pthread_create.
+
+So when the pthread_create
+returns, that doesn't mean
+
+it's done computing the thing
+you told it to do.
+
+Then, what would be the point?
+
+It returns after it's set up
+to operate in parallel the
+
+other thread.
+
+People follow that?
+
+So now at this point, there
+are two threads operating.
+
+There's the thread we've
+called thread.
+
+And there's whatever the name
+of the thread is that we
+
+started on.
+
+So then we, in our own processor
+here, we compute Fib
+
+of N minus 2.
+
+And now, what we do is we go
+on to join this thread with
+
+the thread that we
+had created.
+
+So let's see here.
+
+And the thing that the join does
+is if the other thread
+
+isn't done, it sits there and
+waits until it is done.
+
+And it does that
+synchronization
+
+automatically for you.
+
+And this is the kind of thing a
+
+concurrency platform provides.
+
+It provides the coordination
+under the covers for you to be
+
+able to synchronize with it
+without you having to
+
+synchronize on your own.
+
+And then, once it does return,
+it adds the results together
+
+by taking the result which came
+from the Fib of n minus 2
+
+and adds to it the value that
+this thread has returned in
+
+the args.output.
+
+And then it prints the result.
+
+So any question about that?
+
+Wouldn't this be fun to write
+a really big system in?
+
+People do.
+
+People do.
+
+Yeah, question?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE PHRASE]
+
+PROFESSOR: That's a
+tuning parameter.
+
+That's a voodoo parameter.
+
+AUDIENCE: Right.
+
+But in this particular case, it
+makes no difference at all.
+
+It would've made a difference
+if it was an actual person
+
+[INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: No, it does
+make a difference.
+
+For how fast it computes this?
+
+Absolutely does.
+
+AUDIENCE: That's
+not recursive?
+
+PROFESSOR: No, that's right.
+
+This is not recursive.
+
+I'm just doing two things
+and then quitting.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] if it's
+less than 30, then it's going
+
+to be [INAUDIBLE], right?
+
+PROFESSOR: If it's less than
+30, it's fast enough that I
+
+might as well just return.
+
+AUDIENCE: Then why
+[INAUDIBLE PHRASE]
+
+to do it.
+
+It would return [INAUDIBLE]
+too.
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+But it would be slower.
+
+It would be wasteful
+of resources.
+
+Maybe somebody--
+
+AUDIENCE: Well, because you're
+using such a bad
+
+algorithm, I guess?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, I see.
+
+Oh, OK.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So in any case, that's Pthread's
+programming.
+
+There are a bunch of issues.
+
+One is that the overhead of
+creating a thread is more than
+
+10,000 cycles.
+
+So it leaves you to only be able
+to do very coarse grain
+
+concurrency.
+
+There are some tricks
+around that.
+
+One is to use what's called
+thread pools.
+
+What I do is I start up, and I
+create a bunch of threads.
+
+And I have their names.
+
+I put them in a link list.
+
+And whenever I need to create
+one, rather than actually
+
+creating one, I take one out of
+the list, much as I would
+
+do memory allocation.
+
+Which you folks are
+familiar with.
+
+OK.
+
+Ha, ha, ha, ha, ha.
+
+[MANIACAL LAUGHTER]
+
+So basically, you can have
+a free list of threads.
+
+And when you need a thread,
+you grab the thread.
+
+The second thing
+is scalability.
+
+So this code gets about a 1.5
+speed up for two cores.
+
+If I want to use three cores
+or four cores, what
+
+do I have to do?
+
+Rewrite the whole program.
+
+This program only works
+for two cores.
+
+It will also work
+for one core.
+
+but basically, it doesn't
+really exploit
+
+three or four cores.
+
+It's really bad for
+modulatary.
+
+The Fibonacci logic is no longer
+neatly encapsulated in
+
+the Fib function.
+
+So where do we see if we
+go back to this code?
+
+Here's the Fib function.
+
+Oh, but now, I've
+kind of got--
+
+well, this is sort of just
+marshaling and calling.
+
+But over here, oh my goodness,
+I've got some arguments here.
+
+If n is less than 30,
+I give a result.
+
+Otherwise, I'm adding
+together--
+
+but wait a minute.
+
+I already specified
+Fib up here.
+
+So I'm specifying my serial
+implementation, and I'm
+
+specifying a parallel
+way of doing it.
+
+And so that's not modular.
+
+If I decided I wanted to change
+the Fib, I've got to
+
+change things in two places.
+
+If Fib were something I did.
+
+Code simplicity.
+
+The programmers for this are
+
+actually marshalling arguments.
+
+This is what I call
+shades of 1958.
+
+What happened in 1958 that's
+relevant to computer science?
+
+What was the big innovation
+in 1958?
+
+Programming language.
+
+Fortran.
+
+So, Fortran.
+
+Before Fortran, people wrote
+in assembly language.
+
+If you wanted to put three
+arguments to a function, you
+
+did a push, push, push, or
+passed them in parameters.
+
+Actually, their machines were
+so much more primitive than
+
+that it was even more
+complicated than you could
+
+imagine, given how complicated
+it is today what the
+
+compilers are doing.
+
+But you had marshal the
+arguments yourself.
+
+What Fortran did was say,
+no, you can actually
+
+write f of a, b, c.
+
+Close paren.
+
+And that it will cause a, b,
+and c all to be marshalled
+
+automatically for you.
+
+Well, Pthreads doesn't have that
+automatic marshalling.
+
+You got to marshall by hand if
+you're going to use pthreads.
+
+And of course, as you can
+imagine, that was error prone.
+
+Because there is
+no type safety.
+
+Are you calling things with the
+right types and so forth?
+
+And so forth.
+
+And also, one of the things here
+is that we've created two
+
+jobs that aren't
+the same size.
+
+So there's no way that they
+have of load balancing.
+
+So this is why pthreads is sort
+of the assembly language
+
+level, so that you can do
+anything you want in pthreads.
+
+But you have to program
+at this kind of very
+
+protocol-laden level.
+
+Next thing I want
+to talk about is
+
+threading building blocks.
+
+This is a technology
+developed by Intel.
+
+It's implemented as a C++
+library that runs on top of
+
+the native Pthreads, typically,
+or WinAPI threads.
+
+So it's basically a layer on
+top of the Pthread layer.
+
+In this case, the program
+specifies
+
+tasks rather than threads.
+
+And tasks are automatically
+load balanced across the
+
+threads using a strategy called
+work-stealing, which
+
+we'll talk about a little
+bit more later.
+
+And the focus for this
+is on performance.
+
+They want to write programs that
+actually perform well.
+
+So here's Fibonacci in TBB.
+
+So as you'll see, it's better.
+
+But maybe not ideal for what
+you might like to express.
+
+So what we do is we declare the
+computer, the computation,
+
+it's going to organized as a
+bunch of explicit tasks.
+
+So you say that it's
+going to be a task.
+
+And FibTask is going to have an
+input parameter, n, and an
+
+output parameters, sum.
+
+And what we're going to do is
+when the task is started, it
+
+automatically executes the
+execute method of this tasking
+
+object here.
+
+And the execute method now
+starts to do something that
+
+looks very much like
+Fibonacci.
+
+It says if n is less than
+2, sum is equal to n.
+
+That's we had before.
+
+And otherwise.
+
+And now what we're going to do
+is recursively create two
+
+child tasks, which we basically
+do with this
+
+function, allocate_task, giving
+it the fib task a name,
+
+where this is basically a method
+for allocating out of a
+
+particular type of the
+pool, which is an
+
+allocate child pool.
+
+And then similarly for b, we
+recursively do for n minus 2.
+
+And then what it does is
+it sets the number of
+
+tasks to wait for.
+
+In this case, it's basically
+two children plus 1 for
+
+bookkeeping.
+
+So this ends up always being one
+more than the things that
+
+you created as subtasks.
+
+And then what we do is we
+say, OK, let's spawn.
+
+So this will only
+set up the task.
+
+It doesn't actually
+say, do it.
+
+So the spawn command says
+actually do this computation
+
+here that I set up.
+
+So it actually does b.
+
+Start task b.
+
+And then itself, it executes a
+and waits for all of the other
+
+tasks, namely both a
+and b, to finish.
+
+And once it's finished, it adds
+the results together to
+
+produce the final output.
+
+So this, notice, has the big
+advantage over the previous
+
+implementation that this
+is actually recursive.
+
+So in doing Fib, you're not
+just getting two tasks.
+
+You're recursively getting each
+of those two more, and
+
+two more, and two more, down
+to the leaves of the
+
+computation.
+
+And then what TBB does is it
+load balances those across the
+
+number of available processors
+by creating these tasks.
+
+And then, it automatically does
+all the load balancing of
+
+the tasks and so forth.
+
+Questions about that?
+
+Any questions?
+
+I don't expect you to be able
+to program a TBB, unless I
+
+gave you a book and said,
+program a TBB.
+
+But I'm not going to do that.
+
+This is mainly to give you a
+flavor of what's in there.
+
+What the alternatives are.
+
+So TBB provides many
+C++ templates that
+
+simplify common patterns.
+
+So rather than having to write
+that kind of thing for
+
+everything, for example, if
+you have loop parallelism.
+
+If you have n things that you
+want to have that operate
+
+parallel, you can do a parallel
+four and not actually
+
+see the tasks.
+
+It covers them over and
+creates the tasks
+
+automatically, so that you can
+just say, for I gets 1 to n,
+
+do this to all I, and do them at
+the same time essentially.
+
+And it then balances
+those and so forth.
+
+It also has to things like
+parallel reduce.
+
+Sometimes what you want to do
+across an array is not just do
+
+something for every element
+of the array.
+
+You may want to add up all the
+elements into a single value.
+
+And so it basically has what's
+called a reduction function.
+
+It does parallel reduce
+to aggregate.
+
+And it's got various other
+things, like pipelining and
+
+filtering for doing what's
+called software pipelining,
+
+where you have one subsystem
+that basically is going to
+
+process the data and pass
+it to the next.
+
+So you're going to process it
+and pass it to the next.
+
+And it allows you to set up a
+software pipeline of things.
+
+It also collides with some
+container classes, such as
+
+hash tables, concurrent hash
+tables, that allow you to have
+
+multiple tasks beating
+on a hash table.
+
+Inserting and deleting from
+the hash table at the same
+
+time and a variety of mutual
+exclusion library functions,
+
+including locks and
+atomic updates.
+
+So it has a bunch of other
+facilities that make it much
+
+easier to use than just using
+the raw task interface.
+
+OpenMP.
+
+So OpenMP is a specification
+produced by an industry
+
+consortium of which the
+principal players--
+
+the original principal player
+was Silicon Graphics, which
+
+essentially has become
+less important in the
+
+industry, let's say.
+
+Put it that way.
+
+And for the most part, recently,
+it's been players
+
+from Intel and Sun, which is now
+no longer Sun, except that
+
+it is Sun part of Oracle, and
+of IBM, and variety of other
+
+industry players.
+
+There's several compilers
+available.
+
+Both open source and
+proprietary, including gcc,
+
+has OpenMP built-in.
+
+And also, Visual Studio
+has OpenMP built-in.
+
+These are a set of linguistic
+extensions to C and C++ or
+
+Fortran in the form of compiler
+practice pragmas.
+
+So who knows what a pragma is?
+
+OK.
+
+Good.
+
+Can you tell us what
+a pragma is?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE PHRASE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, it's kind
+of like a compiler hint.
+
+It's a way of saying to the
+compiler, here's something I
+
+want to tell you about the
+code that I'm writing.
+
+And it basically is a hint.
+
+So technically, it's not
+supposed to have any semantic
+
+impact, but rather suggest how
+something might be implemented
+
+by the compiler.
+
+However, in OpenMP's case, they
+
+actually have a compiler--
+
+it does change the semantics
+in certain cases.
+
+It runs on top of native threads
+and it supports,
+
+especially, loop parallelism.
+
+And then, in the latest version,
+it supports a kind of
+
+task parallelism like
+we saw with TBB.
+
+So, in fact, their
+task parallelism
+
+is fairly to specify.
+
+So here's the Fib code.
+
+So now, this is not
+looking too bad.
+
+We basically inserted
+a few lines here.
+
+And otherwise, we actually
+have the
+
+original Fibonacci code.
+
+So the sharp pragma says, here's
+a compiler directive.
+
+And it says, the OMP
+says it is an
+
+OpenMP compiler directive.
+
+The task says, oh, the following
+things should be
+
+interpreted as an independent
+task.
+
+And now, the sharing of memory
+in OpenMP is managed
+
+explicitly, because they're
+trying to allow for
+
+programming both of distributed
+memory clusters,
+
+as well as shared
+memory machines.
+
+And so, you have to explicitly
+name the shared variables that
+
+you're using.
+
+And here, we're basically
+saying, wait for the two
+
+things that we spawned
+off here to complete.
+
+So pretty simple code.
+
+It provides many pragma
+directives to express common
+
+patterns, such as a parallel
+for parallelization.
+
+It also has reduction.
+
+It also has directives for
+scheduling and data sharing.
+
+And it has a whole bunch
+of synchronization
+
+constructs and so forth.
+
+So it's another interesting
+one to do.
+
+The main downside, I would say,
+of OpenMP is that the
+
+performance is not really
+very composable.
+
+So if you have a program you've
+written with OpenMP
+
+over here, another one here,
+and you want to put them
+
+together, they fight
+with each other.
+
+You have to have your
+concept of what are
+
+going to be the programs.
+
+The task parallelism helps
+a bit with that.
+
+But the basic OpenMP is very
+much of the model, I know how
+
+many cores I'm running on.
+
+I can set that.
+
+And then I can have it
+automatically parse up the
+
+work for those many.
+
+But once you've done that, some
+other job, some other
+
+part of the system that wants to
+do the same thing, then you
+
+get oversubscription and perhaps
+some [UNINTELLIGIBLE].
+
+Nevertheless, a very
+interesting system.
+
+And very accessible, because
+it's in most of the standard
+
+compilers these days.
+
+What we're going to
+look at is Cilk++.
+
+So this is actually a small set
+of linguistics extensions
+
+to C++ to support fork-join
+parallelism.
+
+And it was developed by Cilk
+Arts, which is an MIT
+
+spin-off, which was acquired
+by Intel last year.
+
+So this is now an Intel
+technology.
+
+And the reason I know about it
+is because I was the founder
+
+of Cilk Arts.
+
+It was based on 15 years of
+research at MIT out of my
+
+research group.
+
+And we won a bunch of awards,
+actually, for this work.
+
+In fact, the work-stealing
+scheduler that's in it is
+
+provably efficient.
+
+In other words, it's not just
+a heuristic scheduler.
+
+It's actually got a mathematical
+proof that it's
+
+an effective scheduler.
+
+And in fact, was the inspiration
+for things like
+
+the work-stealing in TBB and the
+new task mechanisms and so
+
+forth in OpenMP, as well as a
+bunch of other people who've
+
+done work-stealing.
+
+It in addition provides a
+hyperobject library for
+
+parallelizing code with global
+variables, which we'll talk
+
+about later.
+
+And it includes two tools that
+you'll come to know and love.
+
+One is the Cilkscreen race
+detector, and the other is the
+
+Cilkview scalability analyzer.
+
+Now, what we're going to be
+using in this class is going
+
+to be the Cilk++ technology
+that was developed at Cilk
+
+Arts and then massaged
+a little bit
+
+when it got to Intel.
+
+There is a brand new Intel
+technology with Cilk built
+
+into their compiler.
+
+And it is due to come out
+in like, two weeks.
+
+So our timing for this was it
+would've been nice to have you
+
+folks on the new Intel
+Cilk+ technology.
+
+But we're going to go with
+this one for now.
+
+It's not going to make too big
+a difference to you folks.
+
+But you should just be aware
+that coming down the pike,
+
+there's actually some much
+more cleanly integrated
+
+technology that you can use
+that's in the Intel compiler.
+
+So here's how we do nested
+parallelism in Cilk++.
+
+So basically, this
+is Fibonacci.
+
+And now, what I have here is,
+if you notice, I've got two
+
+keywords, cilk_spawn
+and cilk_sync.
+
+And this is how you write
+parallel Fibonacci in Cilk.
+
+This is it.
+
+I've inserted two key words,
+and my program is parallel.
+
+The cilk_spawn keyword says that
+the named child function
+
+can execute in parallel with
+the parent caller.
+
+So when you say x equals
+cilk_spawn or Fib of n minus
+
+1, it does the same thing
+that you normally think.
+
+It calls the child.
+
+But after it calls the child,
+rather than waiting for it to
+
+return, it goes on to
+the next statement.
+
+So then, the statement y equals
+Fib of n minus 2 is
+
+going on at the same time
+as the calculation of
+
+Fib of n minus 1.
+
+And then, the cilk_sync says,
+don't go past this point until
+
+all the children you've spawned
+off have returned.
+
+And since this is a recursive
+program, it generates gobs of
+
+parallelism, if it's
+a big thing.
+
+So one of the key things about
+Cilk++, is unlike Pthreads--
+
+Pthreads, when you say,
+pthread_create, it actually
+
+goes and creates a
+piece of work.
+
+In Cilk++, these keywords
+only grant permission.
+
+They say you may execute these
+things in parallel.
+
+It doesn't insist that they
+be executed in parallel.
+
+The program may decide, no, in
+fact, I'm going to just call
+
+this, and then return, and
+then execute this.
+
+So it only grants permission,
+and the Cilk++ runtime system
+
+figures out how to load balance
+it and schedule it.
+
+Cilk++ also supports
+loop parallelism.
+
+So here's an example of an
+in-place matrix transpose.
+
+So I want to take this matrix
+and flip it on its major axis.
+
+And we can do it
+with for loops.
+
+As you know, for loops
+are not the best way
+
+to do matrix transpose.
+
+Right?
+
+It's better to do divide
+and conquer.
+
+But here's how you
+could do it.
+
+And here, I made the indices
+run from 0, not 1, because
+
+that's the way you do
+it in programming.
+
+But if I did it up here, then
+these things get to be n minus
+
+1, n minus 1, and then it gets
+too crowded on the slide.
+
+And I said, OK, I'll just put
+a comment there rather than
+
+try to sort it out.
+
+So here's what I'm saying, is
+this outer loop is parallel.
+
+It's going from 1
+to n minus 1.
+
+And saying, do all those
+things in parallel.
+
+And each one is going through
+a different number of
+
+iterations of j.
+
+So you can see you actually need
+some load balancing here,
+
+because some of these are going
+through just one step,
+
+and some are going through
+n minus 1 steps.
+
+It's basically the amount of
+work in every iteration of the
+
+outer loop here is different.
+
+I'm sorry?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE PHRASE].
+
+PROFESSOR: No. i equals 1 is
+where you want to start.
+
+Because you don't have
+to move the diagonal.
+
+You only have to go across
+the top here.
+
+And for each of those, copy it
+into the appropriate column.
+
+Flip it into the appropriate
+column.
+
+Flip the two things.
+
+Actually, transpose is one
+of these functions.
+
+I remember writing my first
+transpose functions.
+
+And when I was done, I somehow
+had the identity.
+
+Because I basically made the
+loops go from 1 to n and 1 to
+
+n and swapped them.
+
+So I swapped them.
+
+So I said, oh, that
+was a lot of work
+
+to compute the identity.
+
+No, you've got to make sure
+you only go through a
+
+triangular iteration space in
+order to make sure you swap--
+
+and then swap.
+
+This is an in-place swap.
+
+So that's cilk_for.
+
+That's basically it.
+
+There are some more facilities
+we'll talk about.
+
+But that's basically
+it for parallel
+
+programming in Cilk++.
+
+The other part is, how do you
+do it so you get fast code?
+
+Which we'll talk about.
+
+Now, Cilk has serial
+semantics.
+
+And what that means is unlike
+some of the other ones, it's
+
+kind of what OpenMP was
+aspiring to do.
+
+The idea is that if I, for
+example here, delete these two
+
+keywords, I get a C++ code.
+
+And that code is always a legal
+way to execute this
+
+parallel code.
+
+So the parallel code may have
+more behaviors of its
+
+nondeterministic code.
+
+But always, it's legal to
+treat it as if it's just
+
+straight C++.
+
+And the reason for that is
+that, really, we're only
+
+granting permission for
+parallel execution.
+
+So even though I put in these
+keywords, I still can execute
+
+it serially if I wish.
+
+They don't command parallel
+execution.
+
+To obtain this serialization,
+you can do it by hand by just
+
+defining a cilk_for to be for,
+and the cilk_spawn and
+
+cilk_sync to be empty.
+
+Or there's a switch to the
+Cilk++ composite that does
+
+that for you automatically.
+
+And it's probably the preferred
+way of doing it.
+
+But the idea is conceptually,
+you can sprinkle in these
+
+keywords, and if you don't
+want it anymore, fine.
+
+If you want to compile it with
+the straight c compilers, it's
+
+better to use the Cilk++
+compiler to do it.
+
+But if you wanted to ship it
+off to somebody else, you
+
+could just do these sharp
+defines, and they could
+
+compile it with their compilers,
+and it would be the
+
+same as a serial C++ code.
+
+So the Cilk++ concurrency
+platform allows the program to
+
+express potential parallelism
+in application.
+
+So it says, where is
+the parallelism?
+
+It doesn't say how
+to schedule it.
+
+It says, where is it?
+
+And then, it gets mapped onto,
+at runtime, dynamically mapped
+
+onto the processor cores.
+
+And the way that it does the
+mapping is mathematically
+
+provably a good way
+of doing it.
+
+And if you take one of my
+graduate courses, I can teach
+
+you how that works.
+
+We'll do a little bit of study
+of simple scheduling.
+
+But the actual schedule it
+uses is more involved.
+
+But we'll cover it
+a little bit.
+
+Here's the components
+of the Cilk++
+
+platform on a single slide.
+
+So let me just say
+what they are.
+
+The first one is the keywords.
+
+So you get to put
+things in there.
+
+And if you elide or create the
+serialization, then you get
+
+the C++ code or C code, for
+which then you can run your
+
+regression test and demonstrate
+you have some good
+
+single-threaded program.
+
+Alternatively, you can send it
+through the Cilk++ compiler,
+
+which is based on a conventional
+compiler.
+
+In our case, it will be GCC.
+
+You can link that with the
+hyperobject library, which
+
+we'll talk about when we start
+talking about synchronization.
+
+It produces a binary.
+
+If you run that binary on the
+runtime system, you can also
+
+run it to the regression test.
+
+And in particular, if you run
+it on the runtime system,
+
+running on one core, it should
+behave identically to having
+
+run it through this path with
+just the serial code.
+
+And of course, you get
+exceptional performance.
+
+These, I think, were originally
+marketing slides.
+
+However, there's also the fact
+that you may get what are
+
+called races in your code, which
+are bugs that will come
+
+up that won't occur in your
+serial code, but will occur in
+
+your parallel code.
+
+Cilk has a race detector to
+detect those, for which you
+
+can run parallel regression
+tests to produce your reliable
+
+multi-threaded code.
+
+And then, the final piece of
+it is there's this thing
+
+called Cilkview, which allows
+you to analyze the scalability
+
+of your software.
+
+So you can run, in fact, on a
+single core or on a small
+
+number of cores.
+
+And then, you can predict how
+it's going to behave on a
+
+large number of cores.
+
+So let's just, to conclude
+here, talk about races.
+
+Because they're the nasty,
+nasty, nasty thing we get into
+
+parallel programming.
+
+And then next time, we'll
+get deeper into the Cilk
+
+technology itself.
+
+So the most basic kind of race
+there is what's called a
+
+determinacy race.
+
+Because if you have one of these
+things, your program
+
+becomes nondeterministic.
+
+It doesn't do the same
+thing every time.
+
+A determinacy race occurs when
+two logically parallel
+
+instructions access the same
+memory location, and at least
+
+one of the instructions performs
+a write, performs a
+
+store, to that location.
+
+So here's an example.
+
+I have a cilk_for here, both
+branches of which are
+
+incrementing x.
+
+This is basically going.
+
+The index is going.
+
+i equals 0 and i equals 1.
+
+And then, it's asserting
+that x equals 2.
+
+If I run this serially,
+the assertion passes.
+
+But when I run it in parallel,
+it may not produce a 2.
+
+It can produce a 1.
+
+And let's see why that is.
+
+So the way to understand this
+code is to think about its
+
+execution in terms of a
+dependency [? dag ?].
+
+So here I have my initialization
+of x.
+
+Then once that's done, the
+cilk_for loop allows me to do
+
+two things at a time, b and c,
+which are both incrementing x.
+
+And then, I assert that
+x equals 2 when
+
+they're both done.
+
+Because that's the semantics
+of the cilk_for.
+
+So let's see where
+the race occurs.
+
+So remember that it occurs
+when I have two logically
+
+parallel instructions
+that access
+
+the same memory location.
+
+Here, it's going to
+be the location x.
+
+And at least one of them
+performs a write execution.
+
+So if we actually looked closer,
+I want to expand this
+
+into this larger thing.
+
+Because as you know, X++ is not
+done on a memory location.
+
+It's not done as a single
+instruction.
+
+It's done as a load,
+x into a register.
+
+Increment the register, and then
+store the value back in.
+
+And meanwhile, there's another
+register on another processor,
+
+presumably, that's doing
+the same thing.
+
+So this is the one I
+want to look at.
+
+This is just a zooming in, if
+you will, on this dependency
+
+graph to look a little bit finer
+grain at what's actually
+
+happening one step at a time.
+
+So the determinacy race,
+recall, occurs--
+
+this is by something,
+I'm going to say
+
+again, you should memorize.
+
+So you should know
+what this is.
+
+You should be able to say what
+a determinacy race is.
+
+It's when you have two
+instructions that are both
+
+accessing the same location,
+and one of
+
+them performs write.
+
+And here, I have that.
+
+This guy is in parallel.
+
+He's being stored to here.
+
+This is also a race.
+
+He's been reading it, and
+this guy is writing it.
+
+So let's see what can happen
+and what can go wrong here.
+
+So here's my value,
+x, in memory.
+
+And here's my two registers on,
+presumably, two different
+
+processors.
+
+So one thing is that
+you can typically--
+
+and this is not quite the case
+with real hardware-- but an
+
+abstraction of the hardware
+is that you can treat the
+
+parallel execution from a
+logical point of view as if
+
+you're interleaving instructions
+from the
+
+different processors.
+
+OK.
+
+We're going to talk in three or
+four lectures about where
+
+that isn't the right
+abstraction.
+
+But it is close to the
+right abstraction.
+
+So here, basically, we execute
+statement one, which causes x
+
+to become 0.
+
+Now let's execute
+statement two.
+
+That causes r1 to become 0.
+
+Then, I can increment that.
+
+It becomes a 1.
+
+All well and good.
+
+But now if the next logical
+thing that happens is that r2
+
+is set to the value x,
+then it becomes 0.
+
+Then we increment it.
+
+And now, he stores
+back 1 into x.
+
+And now, this guy stores
+1 back into x.
+
+And notice that now,
+we [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+go to the assertion.
+
+And we assert that it's
+2, and it's not the 2.
+
+It's a 1.
+
+Because we lost one
+of the updates.
+
+Now the reason race bugs are
+really pernicious is, notice
+
+that if I had executed this
+whole branch, and then this
+
+whole branch, I get
+the right answer.
+
+Or if I executed this whole
+branch, and then this whole
+
+branch, I get the
+right answer.
+
+The only time I don't get the
+right answer is when those two
+
+things happen to interleave
+just so.
+
+And that's what happens with
+race conditions generally, is
+
+that you can run your code a
+million times and not see the
+
+bug, and then run it once, and
+it crashes out in the field.
+
+Or what's happened is there
+have been race bugs
+
+responsible for failure of
+space shuttle to launch.
+
+You have the North American
+blackout of 2001?
+
+2003?
+
+It wasn't that long ago.
+
+It was like, 10 years ago.
+
+We had big black out caused by
+a race condition in the code
+
+run by the power companies.
+
+There been medical instruments
+that have fried people, killed
+
+them and maimed them, because
+of race conditions.
+
+These are really serious bugs.
+
+Question?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] when you
+said, the only time that that
+
+code is actually execute
+serially?
+
+PROFESSOR: It could execute in
+parallel if it happened that
+
+these guys executed
+before these guys.
+
+If you think of a larger
+context, a whole bunch of
+
+these things, and I have two
+routines where they're both
+
+incrementing x in the middle
+of great big parallel
+
+programs, it could be that
+they're executing perfectly
+
+well in parallel.
+
+But if those two small sections
+of code happen to
+
+execute like this or like this,
+then you're going to end
+
+up with it executing
+correctly.
+
+But if they execute sort of at
+the same time, it would not
+
+necessarily behave correctly.
+
+So there are two types of races
+that people talk about,
+
+a read race and a write race.
+
+So suppose you have two
+instructions that access a
+
+location, x.
+
+And suppose that a
+is parallel to b.
+
+Both a and b are both reads,
+you get no race.
+
+That's good.
+
+Because there's no way.
+
+But if one is a read and one is
+a write, then one of them
+
+is going to see a different
+value, depending upon whether
+
+it occurred before and
+after the write.
+
+Or if they both are writing,
+one can lose a value.
+
+So these are read races.
+
+And this is a write race.
+
+So we say that the two
+sections of code are
+
+independent if they have
+no determinacy
+
+races between them.
+
+So for example, this piece of
+code is incrementing y, and
+
+this is incrementing x.
+
+And y is not equal to x.
+
+Those are independent
+pieces of code.
+
+So to avoid races, you want to
+make sure that the iterations
+
+of your cilk_for are
+independent.
+
+So what's going on in one
+iteration is different from
+
+what's going on in another.
+
+That you're not writing
+something in one that you're
+
+using in the next,
+for example.
+
+Between a cilk_spawn and the
+corresponding cilk_sync, the
+
+code of the spawn child should
+be independent of the code of
+
+the parent.
+
+OK?
+
+Including any code executed
+by additional
+
+spawned or called children.
+
+So it's basically saying, when
+you spawn something off, don't
+
+then go and do something that's
+going to modify the
+
+same locations.
+
+You really want to modify
+different locations.
+
+It's fine if they both read
+the same locations.
+
+But it's not fine for one
+of them to read and
+
+one of them to write.
+
+One thing here to understand
+is that when you spawn a
+
+function, the arguments are
+actually executed serially
+
+before the actual
+spawn occurs.
+
+So you evaluate the arguments,
+and you set it all up, then
+
+you spawn the function.
+
+So the actual spawn
+occurs after the
+
+evaluation of arguments.
+
+So they're evaluated
+in the parent.
+
+Machine word size matters.
+
+So this is generally
+the case for races.
+
+By the way, races are
+not just Cilk stuff.
+
+These races occur in all of
+these concurrency platforms.
+
+I'm illustrating Cilk because
+that's what we're going to be
+
+using in our labs
+and so forth.
+
+So it turns out machine
+word size matters.
+
+And you can have races in
+packed data structures.
+
+So for example, on some
+machines, if you declare a
+
+char a and char b in a struct,
+then updating x and x, b in
+
+parallel may cause a race,
+because they're both actually
+
+operating on a word basis.
+
+Now on the Intel architectures,
+
+that doesn't happen.
+
+Because Intel supports atomic
+updates of single bytes.
+
+So you don't have to
+worry about it.
+
+But if you were accessing bits
+within a word, you could end
+
+up with the same thing.
+
+You access bit five and bit
+three, you think you're acting
+
+independently, but in fact,
+you're reading the whole word
+
+or the whole byte in
+order to access it.
+
+The technology that you're going
+to be using fortunately
+
+comes with a race detector,
+which you will find invaluable
+
+for debugging your stuff.
+
+And so this is kind of like
+a Valgrind for races.
+
+What's good about this race
+detector is it provides a rock
+
+hard guarantee.
+
+If you have a deterministic
+program that on a given input
+
+could possibly behave any
+differently from your serial
+
+program, from the corresponding
+serial program,
+
+if you got rid of the parallel
+keywords, this tool,
+
+Cilkscreen, guarantees to
+report and localize the
+
+offending race.
+
+It'll tell you, you got
+a race between this
+
+location and that location.
+
+And it's up to you to find
+it and fix it, but it
+
+can tell you that.
+
+It employs regression test
+methodology, where the
+
+programmer provides
+test inputs.
+
+So if you don't provide test
+inputs to elicit the race, you
+
+still can have a bug.
+
+But if you have a test input
+that in any way could behave
+
+differently than the serial
+execution, bingo.
+
+It'll tell you.
+
+It identifies a bunch of things
+involving the race,
+
+including a stack trace.
+
+It runs off the binary
+executable using what's called
+
+dynamic instrumentation.
+
+So that's kind of like Valgrind,
+except it actually
+
+does this as it's running.
+
+It uses a technology called PIN,
+which you can read about.
+
+P-I-N, which is a nice platform
+for doing code
+
+rewriting and analysis
+on the fly.
+
+It runs about 20 times slower
+than real time.
+
+So you basically use
+it for debugging.
+
+So the first part of project
+four is basically coming up to
+
+speed with this technology.
+
+And so, there's some
+good things.
+
+And that's going to be
+available tomorrow.
+
+Is that what we said?
+
+Yeah, that will be available
+tomorrow.
+
+So this is actually--
+this is tons of fun.
+
+Most people in most places
+don't get to play with
+
+parallel technology like this.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_HRTdXJgZ0Q.txt b/_HRTdXJgZ0Q.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..950105d6e48ff48691d203dca6890b3b9c069f44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_HRTdXJgZ0Q.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12565 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so last time
+we prove the fundamental theorem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we prove the fundamental theorem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we prove the fundamental theorem of
+calculus and as a consequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus and as a consequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus and as a consequence
+integration by parts formula and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration by parts formula and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration by parts formula and the
+change of variables formula or u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of variables formula or u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of variables formula or u
+substitution so let me just recall for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution so let me just recall for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution so let me just recall for
+integration by parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that if i had two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if i had two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if i had two
+continuously differentiable functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then i can shift the burden of taking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i can shift the burden of taking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i can shift the burden of taking a
+derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative
+f prime times g integrate is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f prime times g integrate is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f prime times g integrate is equal to
+f of b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of b
+g of b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g of b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g of b
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+f of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of a
+g of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus the integral from a to b of g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the integral from a to b of g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the integral from a to b of g
+prime f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime f
+okay so i can shift that derivative over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i can shift that derivative over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i can shift that derivative over
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+from f to g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from f to g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from f to g
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is
+you know apart from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know apart from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know apart from
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+triangle inequality probably uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle inequality probably uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle inequality probably uh
+one of the most useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most useful
+theorems that comes out of calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems that comes out of calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems that comes out of calculus
+other than the fundamental theorem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than the fundamental theorem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than the fundamental theorem of
+calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact
+for those of you who've taken quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those of you who've taken quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those of you who've taken quantum
+mechanics which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics which
+um i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i mean
+you don't have to but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to but
+or you heard of something called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you heard of something called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you heard of something called the
+heisenberg uncertainty principle which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heisenberg uncertainty principle which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heisenberg uncertainty principle which
+says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says
+something like something to the effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like something to the effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like something to the effect
+that you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you cannot
+measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure
+the position of a particle and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position of a particle and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position of a particle and its
+momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+arbitrarily uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily uh
+good degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good degree
+you're bound by if you can measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're bound by if you can measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're bound by if you can measure the
+position of a particle very well then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of a particle very well then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of a particle very well then
+your measurement of the momentum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your measurement of the momentum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your measurement of the momentum is
+going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be
+um not so great and vice versa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not so great and vice versa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not so great and vice versa
+and that's based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's based on
+an inequality and how do you prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inequality and how do you prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inequality and how do you prove that
+inequality integration by parts so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality integration by parts so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality integration by parts so
+integration by parts is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration by parts is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration by parts is is
+in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact
+responsible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for
+one of the great head scratchers from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the great head scratchers from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the great head scratchers from
+quantum mechanics so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics so
+just to back up my claim a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to back up my claim a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to back up my claim a little bit
+um now i'm not going to give that as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now i'm not going to give that as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now i'm not going to give that as an
+application i'm going to give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application i'm going to give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application i'm going to give a
+different application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different application
+related to fourier series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the fourier series what are these so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourier series what are these so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourier series what are these so
+suppose we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have a
+function and i'm not going to say what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and i'm not going to say what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and i'm not going to say what
+type suppose f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type suppose f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type suppose f
+from minus pi to pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from minus pi to pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from minus pi to pi
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+to r is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to r is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to r is
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+two pi periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pi periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pi periodic
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the question that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question that uh
+that arose due to fourier in his study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that arose due to fourier in his study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that arose due to fourier in his study
+of um heat transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um heat transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um heat transfer
+so this is fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um i don't know something like 200 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i don't know something like 200 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i don't know something like 200 years
+ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he made the following claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the function f of x can be expanded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function f of x can be expanded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function f of x can be expanded
+in terms of simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of simpler
+building blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in terms of simpler functions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of simpler functions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of simpler functions so
+you know we haven't talked about taylor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we haven't talked about taylor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we haven't talked about taylor
+series we will in just a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series we will in just a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series we will in just a minute
+or power series which you've come into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or power series which you've come into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or power series which you've come into
+contact with which is a way of if you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact with which is a way of if you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact with which is a way of if you'd
+like expanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like expanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like expanding
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know a function in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a function in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a function in terms of
+polynomials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomials
+and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and
+now or monomials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now or monomials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now or monomials
+now fourier uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now fourier uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now fourier uh
+suggested uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that f x can be expanded as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that f x can be expanded as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that f x can be expanded as
+a superposition of functions which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a superposition of functions which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a superposition of functions which are
+two pi periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pi periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pi periodic
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh and kind of the most basic two pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and kind of the most basic two pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and kind of the most basic two pi
+periodic functions now what is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic functions now what is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic functions now what is so
+special about sine x and cosine x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special about sine x and cosine x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special about sine x and cosine x
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+this is a little bit deeper the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a little bit deeper the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a little bit deeper the fact
+that they satisfy a certain second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they satisfy a certain second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they satisfy a certain second order
+differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation
+and they are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are the
+all of the solutions to the second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the solutions to the second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the solutions to the second order
+differential equation uh that are two pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation uh that are two pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation uh that are two pi
+periodic okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic okay
+so you should think of these as as kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you should think of these as as kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you should think of these as as kind
+of being building blocks another way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being building blocks another way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being building blocks another way to
+think of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know analogous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+if you have a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a vector
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now
+this is not a partition this is a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a partition this is a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a partition this is a vector
+x1 x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 x2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 x2
+xn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn
+then you can expand uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can expand uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can expand uh
+this vector as a sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vector as a sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vector as a sum
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+uh coefficients a sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh coefficients a sub n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh coefficients a sub n
+well a sub j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well a sub j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well a sub j
+j equals 1 to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j equals 1 to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j equals 1 to n
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know what let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what let me
+make this m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this m
+let's make this n let's make this m so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make this n let's make this m so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make this n let's make this m so
+it looks a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks a little
+a sub n e sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub n e sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub n e sub
+n where now e sub n this is the basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n where now e sub n this is the basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n where now e sub n this is the basis
+vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+given by uh you know 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+where this is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in spot
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you can think of this expansion in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can think of this expansion in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can think of this expansion in
+terms of sines and cosines as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of sines and cosines as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of sines and cosines as being
+analogous to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous to
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know expanding a vector in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know expanding a vector in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know expanding a vector in terms of
+basis elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis elements
+or you can think of it as a kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can think of it as a kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can think of it as a kind of a
+different way to expand a function other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way to expand a function other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way to expand a function other
+than taylor series or power series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than taylor series or power series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than taylor series or power series
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+but these equip these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these equip these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these equip these
+you know components arose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know components arose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know components arose
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+sort of a natural way if one were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a natural way if one were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a natural way if one were to
+study the problem of heat transfer which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study the problem of heat transfer which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study the problem of heat transfer which
+is governed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is governed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is governed by
+the equation dtu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation dtu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation dtu
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dx squared u okay and then along with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx squared u okay and then along with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx squared u okay and then along with a
+initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial
+condition that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+u of 0x so i times 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u of 0x so i times 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u of 0x so i times 0
+equals f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals f of x
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now
+just like for um how we expand a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like for um how we expand a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like for um how we expand a vector
+into basis elements there's um a formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into basis elements there's um a formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into basis elements there's um a formula
+for computing these coefficients right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for computing these coefficients right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for computing these coefficients right
+okay so you know they should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you know they should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you know they should be
+a sub n should be x sub n over here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub n should be x sub n over here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub n should be x sub n over here but
+what's a different way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a different way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a different way of
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+obtaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtaining
+these coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is a vector in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a vector in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a vector in
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so how do you obtain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so how do you obtain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so how do you obtain the
+coefficients a sub n well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients a sub n well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients a sub n well
+um if i take the inner product of both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if i take the inner product of both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if i take the inner product of both
+sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides
+the dot product say of e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dot product say of e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dot product say of e
+x dot uh let's say e sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x dot uh let's say e sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x dot uh let's say e sub
+n prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n prime
+let's say okay so i've used m n let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say okay so i've used m n let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say okay so i've used m n let's
+say l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say l
+this is equal to the sum from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to the sum from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to the sum from
+n equals 1 to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals 1 to m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals 1 to m
+of a sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sub n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sub n
+e sub n dot e sub l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e sub n dot e sub l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e sub n dot e sub l
+now i wrote these basis vectors this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i wrote these basis vectors this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i wrote these basis vectors this way
+because that's kind of a standard choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's kind of a standard choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's kind of a standard choice
+for rm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for rm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for rm
+and what makes them standard is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what makes them standard is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what makes them standard is they
+have unit length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have unit length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have unit length
+and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're
+orthogonal to each other okay so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to each other okay so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to each other okay so they
+form an orthonormal basis so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form an orthonormal basis so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form an orthonormal basis so
+when i take the product of e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i take the product of e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i take the product of e
+sub n with e sub l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub n with e sub l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub n with e sub l
+i pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i pick up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i pick up
+what is usually referred to as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is usually referred to as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is usually referred to as
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta
+in l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in l
+we're here delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're here delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're here delta
+in l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in l
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+um one if n equals l and zero if n does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one if n equals l and zero if n does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one if n equals l and zero if n does
+not equal l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and therefore this just reduces to a l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore this just reduces to a l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore this just reduces to a l
+so we see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we see that
+a sub l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh is equal to x dot e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is equal to x dot e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is equal to x dot e
+sub l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub l
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and this is so all of this discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is so all of this discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is so all of this discussion
+was in the setting of you know a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in the setting of you know a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in the setting of you know a finite
+dimensional vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional vector
+uh in our m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in our m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in our m
+and expanding in terms of you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and expanding in terms of you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and expanding in terms of you know the
+standard basis here but um you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard basis here but um you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard basis here but um you know it
+didn't have to be it could have been as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have to be it could have been as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have to be it could have been as
+long as it's an orthonormal basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as it's an orthonormal basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as it's an orthonormal basis
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+then i get this uh relation that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i get this uh relation that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i get this uh relation that the
+coefficient that appears in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient that appears in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient that appears in front of
+that vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vector
+is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+the thing i'm interested in dotted with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing i'm interested in dotted with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing i'm interested in dotted with
+that vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vector
+okay which is written here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's say we try and do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say we try and do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say we try and do the same
+thing now with f of x except now and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing now with f of x except now and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing now with f of x except now and say
+so these are functions so instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are functions so instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are functions so instead of
+taking dot products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking dot products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking dot products
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+which is a sum of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a sum of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a sum of you know
+components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+take an integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an integral
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+if you like dot it with sine of x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like dot it with sine of x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like dot it with sine of x and
+sum which is you can think of as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum which is you can think of as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum which is you can think of as you
+know i said that the integral is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know i said that the integral is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know i said that the integral is you
+should think of as maybe a continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should think of as maybe a continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should think of as maybe a continuous
+sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum
+what do we get assuming that this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we get assuming that this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we get assuming that this um
+expansion holds this is equal to the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion holds this is equal to the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion holds this is equal to the sum
+from n equals zero so let me make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from n equals zero so let me make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from n equals zero so let me make this
+l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l
+um this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the sum from n equals 0 to infinity of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum from n equals 0 to infinity of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum from n equals 0 to infinity of a
+sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub
+n sine in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n sine in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n sine in
+x times sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x times sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x times sine
+so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me
+forgetting to write the integrals here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm skipping a point i want to make as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm skipping a point i want to make as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm skipping a point i want to make as
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sum and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum and uh
+just remember the sum is starting from 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just remember the sum is starting from 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just remember the sum is starting from 0
+to infinity i don't want to keep writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity i don't want to keep writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity i don't want to keep writing
+it a n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a n
+sine and x sine lx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine and x sine lx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine and x sine lx
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+bn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bn
+cosine nx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sine nlx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine nlx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine nlx
+sine lx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then n equals 0 to infinity okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then n equals 0 to infinity okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then n equals 0 to infinity okay
+i'll just write it stop being lazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll just write it stop being lazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll just write it stop being lazy
+now assuming i can do what i'm about to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now assuming i can do what i'm about to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now assuming i can do what i'm about to
+do and that's actually going to be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and that's actually going to be um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and that's actually going to be um
+you know a lot of you know the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a lot of you know the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a lot of you know the the
+motivation for what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation for what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation for what we're going to
+discuss in uh our final chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss in uh our final chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss in uh our final chapter
+um assuming i can take this infinite sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um assuming i can take this infinite sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um assuming i can take this infinite sum
+and interchange it with this integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and interchange it with this integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and interchange it with this integral
+this is the interchanging of two limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the interchanging of two limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the interchanging of two limits
+right a sum is an infinite limit an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a sum is an infinite limit an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a sum is an infinite limit an
+integration is a limit so assuming i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration is a limit so assuming i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration is a limit so assuming i can
+switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these two uh limiting processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two uh limiting processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two uh limiting processes
+processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes
+then i pick up a sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a sub n minus pi pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub n minus pi pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub n minus pi pi
+sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine
+and x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x
+sine and lx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine and lx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine and lx
+sine lx sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine lx sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine lx sorry
+plus b sub n integral minus pi to pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus b sub n integral minus pi to pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus b sub n integral minus pi to pi
+cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine
+and x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x
+sine lx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um
+you can actually sit down and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually sit down and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually sit down and and
+compute this based on based on uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this based on based on uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this based on based on uh you
+know trigonometric identities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know trigonometric identities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know trigonometric identities
+and what you get is that this is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you get is that this is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you get is that this is always
+equal to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that this
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+equals pi times delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals pi times delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals pi times delta
+in l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this equals the sum from n equals 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equals the sum from n equals 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equals the sum from n equals 0 to
+infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity
+a n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a n
+pi delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi delta
+n l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which equals pi times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which equals pi times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which equals pi times
+a l okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we get
+this quantity here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity here
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+assuming everything we've done is kosher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming everything we've done is kosher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming everything we've done is kosher
+equal to pi times a sub l and then to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to pi times a sub l and then to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to pi times a sub l and then to
+pick up the b sub l is the same except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up the b sub l is the same except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up the b sub l is the same except
+now you integrate against cosine of l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you integrate against cosine of l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you integrate against cosine of l
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+x so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly
+pi times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi times
+b sub l is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b sub l is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b sub l is equal to
+the integral from minus pi to pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral from minus pi to pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral from minus pi to pi
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f of x cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x cosine
+lx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lx
+dx okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the b sub l's and ace of l's are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the b sub l's and ace of l's are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the b sub l's and ace of l's are
+referred to as a fourier coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the function f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if f from minus pi to pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if f from minus pi to pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if f from minus pi to pi
+to r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to r
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+2pi periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a sub n equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub n equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub n equals
+1 over pi integral from minus pi to pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over pi integral from minus pi to pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over pi integral from minus pi to pi
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+f of x sine n x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x sine n x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x sine n x
+dx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx
+b sub n equals 1 over pi integral from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b sub n equals 1 over pi integral from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b sub n equals 1 over pi integral from
+minus pi to pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f x cosine index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f x cosine index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f x cosine index
+dx are referred to as the fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx are referred to as the fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx are referred to as the fourier
+coefficients of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um
+just using integration by parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just using integration by parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just using integration by parts
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+what's the first question one should ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the first question one should ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the first question one should ask
+uh if it's even possible or in what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if it's even possible or in what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if it's even possible or in what
+sense uh does f of x equal this infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense uh does f of x equal this infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense uh does f of x equal this infinite
+sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum
+well we haven't even gotten into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we haven't even gotten into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we haven't even gotten into that
+but you know one question you can ask is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know one question you can ask is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know one question you can ask is
+do these coefficients that come in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do these coefficients that come in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do these coefficients that come in front
+of these basic building blocks sign in x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these basic building blocks sign in x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these basic building blocks sign in x
+and cosine nx do they converge to zero i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cosine nx do they converge to zero i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cosine nx do they converge to zero i
+mean if we expect f of x to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if we expect f of x to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if we expect f of x to be
+equal to the sum of these basic parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the sum of these basic parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the sum of these basic parts
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+the contributions from each should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contributions from each should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contributions from each should be
+getting smaller and smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting smaller and smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting smaller and smaller
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so does a n and b n tend to 0 as n goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so does a n and b n tend to 0 as n goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so does a n and b n tend to 0 as n goes
+to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity
+and this is the content of what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the content of what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the content of what's
+usually referred to as the riemann le
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually referred to as the riemann le
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually referred to as the riemann le
+bay lemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bay lemma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bay lemma
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but it's uh usually stated in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's uh usually stated in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's uh usually stated in a
+different way i'm just going to state it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way i'm just going to state it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way i'm just going to state it
+the way uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way uh
+i'm going to state it this way right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to state it this way right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to state it this way right now
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and which is the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if f from a b to r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if f from a b to r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if f from a b to r
+is continuously differentiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+limit as n goes to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as n goes to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as n goes to infinity
+of a sub n equals the limit as n goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sub n equals the limit as n goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sub n equals the limit as n goes to
+infinity a b sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity a b sub n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity a b sub n
+equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero
+now the actual way the riemann labeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the actual way the riemann labeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the actual way the riemann labeling
+limit is typically stated is in fact i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit is typically stated is in fact i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit is typically stated is in fact i
+don't need it to be continuously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need it to be continuously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need it to be continuously
+differentiable i just need it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable i just need it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable i just need it to be
+continuous this is still true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous this is still true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous this is still true
+but we haven't done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we haven't done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we haven't done
+or won't do in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+approximation theorems for continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation theorems for continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation theorems for continuous
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+which says that if you can do this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which says that if you can do this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which says that if you can do this for
+continuously differentiable functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously differentiable functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously differentiable functions
+and basically you can do it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically you can do it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically you can do it for
+continuous functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous functions
+but this will suffice so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this will suffice so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this will suffice so
+so what this says is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this says is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this says is that
+the contributions coming from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contributions coming from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contributions coming from these
+building blocks is getting smaller at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building blocks is getting smaller at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building blocks is getting smaller at
+least in the sense that the coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in the sense that the coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in the sense that the coefficients
+are getting smaller but it says nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are getting smaller but it says nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are getting smaller but it says nothing
+about if uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if uh
+you know that sum up there with the ans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that sum up there with the ans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that sum up there with the ans
+and bn's defined this way actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bn's defined this way actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bn's defined this way actually
+converges to f okay i do want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to f okay i do want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to f okay i do want to
+emphasize that in fact uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize that in fact uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize that in fact uh
+you know trying to straighten out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know trying to straighten out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know trying to straighten out this
+question in what sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question in what sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question in what sense
+this uh series converges to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh series converges to f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh series converges to f
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+is really the motivation for a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really the motivation for a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really the motivation for a lot of
+analysis you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis you know
+developed uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed uh
+past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past
+you know sort of in the the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sort of in the the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sort of in the the first
+part of the last century and the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the last century and the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the last century and the last
+part of the century before that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the century before that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the century before that
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+forms the basis of what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms the basis of what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms the basis of what's called
+harmonic analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+which is a really beautiful subject and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a really beautiful subject and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a really beautiful subject and
+still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still
+an active area of ongoing research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an active area of ongoing research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an active area of ongoing research
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so how do we prove this well i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do we prove this well i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do we prove this well i
+stated the integration by parts formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated the integration by parts formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated the integration by parts formula
+earlier so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier so
+in fact it'll follow pretty easily from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it'll follow pretty easily from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it'll follow pretty easily from
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+let's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+prove that the limit as n goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that the limit as n goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that the limit as n goes to
+infinity of b sub n equals zero the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity of b sub n equals zero the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity of b sub n equals zero the one
+for a sub n is similar there's just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a sub n is similar there's just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a sub n is similar there's just an
+extra piece but i'm gonna be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra piece but i'm gonna be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra piece but i'm gonna be a little
+bit lazy and do the easier one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit lazy and do the easier one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit lazy and do the easier one
+we'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+so let's look at b sub n this is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at b sub n this is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at b sub n this is equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the integral from minus pi to pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral from minus pi to pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral from minus pi to pi
+of f x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f x
+and in fact let me write cosine and x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact let me write cosine and x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact let me write cosine and x
+times f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times f of x
+dx dx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx dx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx dx
+why am i writing dx dx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+now what i do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what i do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what i do is
+cosine in x i can write as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine in x i can write as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine in x i can write as the
+derivative of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of something
+one over n times sine nx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over n times sine nx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over n times sine nx
+if i take the derivative of that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take the derivative of that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take the derivative of that with
+respect to x i get cosine in x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay i didn't actually prove that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i didn't actually prove that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i didn't actually prove that but
+you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+you know uh look back in your calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh look back in your calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh look back in your calculus
+textbooks we've proven enough to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks we've proven enough to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks we've proven enough to be able
+to make that uh precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make that uh precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make that uh precise
+so by integration by parts i can now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by integration by parts i can now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by integration by parts i can now
+shift the blame or shift the burden of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift the blame or shift the burden of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift the blame or shift the burden of
+this derivative onto f but look what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this derivative onto f but look what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this derivative onto f but look what
+i've gained i've gained a 1 over n here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've gained i've gained a 1 over n here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've gained i've gained a 1 over n here
+so now this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now this is equal to
+1 over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over n
+sine in pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine in pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine in pi
+f of pi minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of pi minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of pi minus
+sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n
+minus pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus pi
+times f of pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times f of pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times f of pi
+minus pi sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus 1 over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 over n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 over n
+sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine
+in x minus pi to pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f prime of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f prime of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f prime of x
+dx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and really what this computation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really what this computation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really what this computation is
+showing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+illustrating is the oscillatory nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrating is the oscillatory nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrating is the oscillatory nature
+of what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's going on
+right cosine of nx is oscillating as n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right cosine of nx is oscillating as n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right cosine of nx is oscillating as n
+gets very large between -1 and 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets very large between -1 and 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets very large between -1 and 1 and
+sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+um you know equal footing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know equal footing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know equal footing so
+on average you're getting the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average you're getting the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average you're getting the same
+amount of positive f as minus as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of positive f as minus as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of positive f as minus as
+negative f so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative f so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative f so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+or you're weighting f in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you're weighting f in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you're weighting f in in
+such a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a way that
+it's both positive and negative in equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's both positive and negative in equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's both positive and negative in equal
+amounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now sine of n pi no matter what n is i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now sine of n pi no matter what n is i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now sine of n pi no matter what n is i
+get 0 sine of n minus pi i get 0 so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 0 sine of n minus pi i get 0 so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 0 sine of n minus pi i get 0 so this
+first part drops off so this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first part drops off so this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first part drops off so this is equal to
+minus 1 over n minus pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 over n minus pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 over n minus pi
+pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi
+sine in x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine in x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine in x
+times f prime of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times f prime of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times f prime of x
+dx and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx and therefore
+if i take the absolute value of b sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take the absolute value of b sub n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take the absolute value of b sub n
+this is less than or equal to 1 over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus 5 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 5 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 5 pi
+sine in x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine in x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine in x
+f prime of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f prime of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f prime of x
+dx if i bring the absolute value inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+i can bring the absolute value inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can bring the absolute value inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can bring the absolute value inside
+and still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get this so in fact before when i had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this so in fact before when i had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this so in fact before when i had
+the absolute value outside it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value outside it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value outside it's an
+equality but now it's a less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality but now it's a less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality but now it's a less than or
+equality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+i mean an inequality so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean an inequality so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean an inequality so
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+now sine of nx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now sine of nx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now sine of nx
+is always bounded by one so this is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always bounded by one so this is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always bounded by one so this is less
+than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to
+the integral of f prime of x dx so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of f prime of x dx so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of f prime of x dx so this
+is equal to 1 over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 1 over n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 1 over n
+integral a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral a b
+f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+now this is just f prime this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is just f prime this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is just f prime this is just a
+fixed number times 1 over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed number times 1 over n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed number times 1 over n
+so this converges to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this converges to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this converges to 0
+as n goes to infinity and b sub n an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as n goes to infinity and b sub n an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as n goes to infinity and b sub n an
+absolute value of course it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of course it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of course it's always
+bigger than or equal to 0 and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than or equal to 0 and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than or equal to 0 and it's
+bounded by something converging to 0 as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by something converging to 0 as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by something converging to 0 as
+n goes to infinity so by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n goes to infinity so by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n goes to infinity so by
+the squeeze theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we conclude uh b sub n converges to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we conclude uh b sub n converges to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we conclude uh b sub n converges to zero
+and that's the proof the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the proof the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the proof the uh the
+proof for the ace of bins is similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof for the ace of bins is similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof for the ace of bins is similar
+except now you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+throw away necessarily uh the end points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw away necessarily uh the end points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw away necessarily uh the end points
+but it's still not not a very big deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in fact if we have time i'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact if we have time i'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact if we have time i'll show
+you how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how much
+so in fact um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact um
+you know one can prove and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one can prove and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one can prove and this is
+proven in you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proven in you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proven in you know
+classes on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes on uh
+courses on harmonic analysis that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses on harmonic analysis that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses on harmonic analysis that
+in fact for a function which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact for a function which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact for a function which is
+continuously differentiable um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously differentiable um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously differentiable um
+this and two pi periodic this uh series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and two pi periodic this uh series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and two pi periodic this uh series
+actually does converge uniformly to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually does converge uniformly to f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually does converge uniformly to f
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+this interval and i haven't even said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interval and i haven't even said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interval and i haven't even said
+what uniform convergence means but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uniform convergence means but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uniform convergence means but
+actually does converge to the function f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually does converge to the function f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually does converge to the function f
+of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x
+okay so this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is this is
+um the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the case
+um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for
+continuously differentiable functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously differentiable functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously differentiable functions
+i'll give a proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll give a proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll give a proof
+later that in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later that in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later that in fact
+this series converges uh if f is twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this series converges uh if f is twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this series converges uh if f is twice
+continuously differentiable we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously differentiable we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously differentiable we can
+actually do that using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do that using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do that using
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the fundamental the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integration by parts again essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration by parts again essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration by parts again essentially
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+but you know there are a few things here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know there are a few things here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know there are a few things here
+that that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that are
+behind the scene that i kind of swept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the scene that i kind of swept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the scene that i kind of swept
+away first off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away first off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away first off
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know when we computed these formulas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when we computed these formulas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when we computed these formulas
+formulae i guess um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulae i guess um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulae i guess um
+we interchange summation infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we interchange summation infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we interchange summation infinite
+summation of functions with integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation of functions with integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation of functions with integration
+when can we do that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when can we do that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when can we do that you know
+in what sense does uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what sense does uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what sense does uh
+if the seri if this uh fourier series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the seri if this uh fourier series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the seri if this uh fourier series
+converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges
+in what sense does it converge to f you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what sense does it converge to f you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what sense does it converge to f you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+for convergence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for convergence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for convergence of
+real numbers there was just one sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real numbers there was just one sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real numbers there was just one sense of
+the convergence of real numbers now when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the convergence of real numbers now when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the convergence of real numbers now when
+we have a sequence of functions which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a sequence of functions which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a sequence of functions which is
+now what we're going to turn to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we'll have different notions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have different notions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have different notions of
+convergence to another function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence to another function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence to another function
+and depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know in what sense uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in what sense uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in what sense uh that
+conversion that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion that uh
+uh convergence takes place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh convergence takes place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh convergence takes place
+some of these limiting operations may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these limiting operations may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these limiting operations may
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+uh interchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh interchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh interchange
+okay so now we're gonna move on to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we're gonna move on to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we're gonna move on to the
+the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final
+chapter of this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter of this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter of this class
+and i know it seems like you know we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i know it seems like you know we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i know it seems like you know we're
+kind of hitting a lot of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of hitting a lot of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of hitting a lot of different
+things now towards the end of the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things now towards the end of the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things now towards the end of the class
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+we took it slow during the first part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we took it slow during the first part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we took it slow during the first part of
+class but that's like i said that's i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but that's like i said that's i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but that's like i said that's i
+think i even said this at the start of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think i even said this at the start of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think i even said this at the start of
+class we didn't have very much to go off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we didn't have very much to go off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we didn't have very much to go off
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+uh we built things from the ground up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we built things from the ground up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we built things from the ground up
+and the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the more
+technology you have the more things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology you have the more things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology you have the more things you
+can prove the more interesting questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can prove the more interesting questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can prove the more interesting questions
+you can ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can ask
+so now we're going to go on to sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're going to go on to sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're going to go on to sequences
+of functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you could also put sequences in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could also put sequences in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could also put sequences in
+series because a series is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series because a series is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series because a series is just a
+special type of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special type of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special type of a
+sequence of functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of functions
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+you know i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i
+motivated a little bit of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated a little bit of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated a little bit of uh
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+why we would be interested in um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we would be interested in um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we would be interested in um
+you know functions converging to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know functions converging to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know functions converging to other
+functions or sequences of functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions or sequences of functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions or sequences of functions
+converging to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging to
+a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function
+but you know we could look at something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know we could look at something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know we could look at something
+much more basic so let's look at take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+step back and look at power series okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step back and look at power series okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step back and look at power series okay
+and this should be thought of as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this should be thought of as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this should be thought of as
+motivation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's to come just uh like our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's to come just uh like our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's to come just uh like our
+discussion about fourier series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion about fourier series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion about fourier series
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and again i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again i'm
+you know not gonna ask any deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know not gonna ask any deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know not gonna ask any deep
+questions about fourier series on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about fourier series on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about fourier series on the
+homework or on the exam so you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework or on the exam so you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework or on the exam so you know a
+lot of this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of this is just
+uh this discussion was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this discussion was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this discussion was to
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+motivate this theorem here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivate this theorem here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivate this theorem here
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+but now i'm gonna make uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now i'm gonna make uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now i'm gonna make uh um
+you know kind of a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know kind of a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know kind of a more
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+precise motivation i guess for what's to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise motivation i guess for what's to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise motivation i guess for what's to
+come so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come so
+although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although
+we've had series forever i never brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've had series forever i never brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've had series forever i never brought
+a power series and it's for a reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a power series and it's for a reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a power series and it's for a reason
+it's because i didn't think they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because i didn't think they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because i didn't think they
+belonged anywhere until we got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belonged anywhere until we got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belonged anywhere until we got to
+sequences of functions so a power series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+about a point x naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is a series of the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sum from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from
+j equals 0 to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j equals 0 to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j equals 0 to infinity
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a sub j x minus x naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub j x minus x naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub j x minus x naught
+to the j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the j
+okay so the x naught is given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the x naught is given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the x naught is given
+um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+you know the things that could change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the things that could change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the things that could change
+are the coefficients or this number x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the coefficients or this number x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the coefficients or this number x
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so theorem
+which immediately follows from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which immediately follows from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which immediately follows from
+essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the
+root test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root test
+suppose this number r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is the limit as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the limit as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the limit as
+j goes to infinity of a sub j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j goes to infinity of a sub j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j goes to infinity of a sub j
+1 over j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exists so it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists so it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists so it's a it's a
+finite number positive non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite number positive non-negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite number positive non-negative
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rho to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rho to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rho to be
+1 over r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over r
+if r is bigger than 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if r is bigger than 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if r is bigger than 0
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+infinity r equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+we have the following conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the following conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the following conclusion
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+this power series a sub j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges
+absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x minus x naught is less than rho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and diverges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if x minus x not an absolute value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x minus x not an absolute value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x minus x not an absolute value is
+bigger than rho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than rho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than rho
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and this number row we refer to as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+radius of convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again the proof follows immediately from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the proof follows immediately from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the proof follows immediately from
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+the root test because if we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+limit as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as
+j goes to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j goes to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j goes to infinity
+of a sub j absolute value x minus x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sub j absolute value x minus x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sub j absolute value x minus x
+naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught
+j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j
+one over j this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over j this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over j this is equal to
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+x minus x naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus x naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus x naught
+this kills that j this is just a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kills that j this is just a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kills that j this is just a fixed
+number so this pops out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so this pops out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so this pops out
+of the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the limit
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+and this limit exists so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this limit exists so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this limit exists so
+this equals x minus x naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equals x minus x naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equals x minus x naught
+times r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times r
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+we have two things happening this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have two things happening this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have two things happening this is
+less than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+x minus x naught is less than rho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus x naught is less than rho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus x naught is less than rho
+bigger than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than one
+if x minus x naught is bigger than rho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay this number here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this number here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this number here
+and therefore by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore by
+the root test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the theorem holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we see that this series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that this series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that this series
+where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the
+if you like the what's given are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like the what's given are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like the what's given are the
+coefficients a sub j and x naught and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients a sub j and x naught and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients a sub j and x naught and
+what could change is x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could change is x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could change is x
+um that the series converges as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that the series converges as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that the series converges as long as
+x minus x naught is less than rho so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus x naught is less than rho so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus x naught is less than rho so as
+long as we stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as we stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as we stay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+excuse me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me
+as long as we stay in that interval a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as we stay in that interval a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as we stay in that interval a
+symmetric interval about x naught then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric interval about x naught then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric interval about x naught then
+this series converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this series converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this series converges
+absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely
+okay so we can define a function where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we can define a function where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we can define a function where
+if i take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take
+x in this interval stick it into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x in this interval stick it into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x in this interval stick it into this
+series i get out a number so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+define function f now going from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define function f now going from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define function f now going from this
+interval so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval so
+x naught minus rho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x naught minus rho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x naught minus rho
+x 9 plus rho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to r
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+f of x equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the number that gets uh spat out by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number that gets uh spat out by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number that gets uh spat out by this
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+power series on the j there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's say i take all of the coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say i take all of the coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say i take all of the coefficients
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+let's say x naught is zero and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say x naught is zero and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say x naught is zero and all the
+coefficients are one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients are one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients are one so
+let's say i look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say i look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say i look at
+sum of x sub j then f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of x sub j then f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of x sub j then f of x
+so we've already computed for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've already computed for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've already computed for a
+geometric series this is equal to 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric series this is equal to 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric series this is equal to 1 over
+1 minus x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for x and minus 1 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for x and minus 1 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for x and minus 1 1.
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+in this simple setting 1 over 1 minus x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this simple setting 1 over 1 minus x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this simple setting 1 over 1 minus x
+is equal x to the j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know another example is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know another example is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know another example is
+that if i take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if i take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if i take
+a sub j equals one over j factorial x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub j equals one over j factorial x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub j equals one over j factorial x
+naught equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught equals zero
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you've done this in an exercise that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done this in an exercise that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done this in an exercise that
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+series here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+converges absolutely for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges absolutely for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges absolutely for all
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning
+rho equals infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+this is how we define the exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how we define the exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how we define the exponential
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exponential function exponential of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential function exponential of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential function exponential of x
+to be what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be what
+comes out of this series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then simply from this definition you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then simply from this definition you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then simply from this definition you
+know you can show things that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can show things that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can show things that uh
+an exponential function should satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exponential function should satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exponential function should satisfy
+you know x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know x
+the x e to the n is equal to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x e to the n is equal to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x e to the n is equal to n
+e to the e of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the e of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the e of 1
+to the nth power and so on and so on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the nth power and so on and so on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the nth power and so on and so on so
+that this really does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this really does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this really does
+obey what you believe an exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obey what you believe an exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obey what you believe an exponential
+function should look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function should look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function should look like
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+also it grows faster than any power of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also it grows faster than any power of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also it grows faster than any power of x
+as x goes to infinity it goes to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as x goes to infinity it goes to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as x goes to infinity it goes to zero
+those types of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those types of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those types of things
+but this is how the exponential function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is how the exponential function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is how the exponential function
+is defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is defined
+um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+okay we have these functions this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have these functions this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have these functions this
+function that's defined by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's defined by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's defined by
+um whatever this power series spits out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um whatever this power series spits out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um whatever this power series spits out
+for x inside this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for x inside this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for x inside this uh
+uh interval of uh convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so then i could write f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then i could write f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then i could write f of x
+as the limit as n goes to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the limit as n goes to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the limit as n goes to infinity
+of a sequence of functions because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sequence of functions because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sequence of functions because this
+is just how it's defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just how it's defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just how it's defined
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+fn of x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn of x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn of x is
+the partial sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay it's just a polynomial right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's just a polynomial right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's just a polynomial right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh for power series the limiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for power series the limiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for power series the limiting
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+uh you can write it as the limit of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can write it as the limit of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can write it as the limit of the
+partial sums which are just polynomials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial sums which are just polynomials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial sums which are just polynomials
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+i should say for all x in this interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this
+okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some questions arise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some questions arise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some questions arise
+so what this function is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this function is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this function is equal to the
+limit of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of these
+maybe simpler functions these simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe simpler functions these simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe simpler functions these simpler
+functions are just polynomials for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are just polynomials for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are just polynomials for the
+case of power series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of power series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of power series
+so like i said 1 over 1 minus x is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like i said 1 over 1 minus x is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like i said 1 over 1 minus x is equal
+to the limit of these polynomials some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the limit of these polynomials some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the limit of these polynomials some
+some questions should arise i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some questions should arise i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some questions should arise i mean
+analysis is about limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis is about limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis is about limits
+you can think of that as half the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of that as half the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of that as half the story
+first off what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first off what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first off what
+what is the limit what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the limit what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the limit what are the
+you know important limiting processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know important limiting processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know important limiting processes
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+we consider the second question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how do different limits interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do different limits interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do different limits interact
+so let's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's pose that as a question now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's pose that as a question now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's pose that as a question now
+for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a
+three-parted question for power series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-parted question for power series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-parted question for power series
+and this will motivate and this is again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this will motivate and this is again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this will motivate and this is again
+motivating all of what we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivating all of what we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivating all of what we're going to be
+doing now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing now
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the function
+uh that i get as this limit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that i get as this limit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that i get as this limit of
+polynomials as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomials as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomials as the
+you know output from a power series is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know output from a power series is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know output from a power series is
+it continuous okay the individual pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it continuous okay the individual pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it continuous okay the individual pieces
+that i take a limit to get f of x you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i take a limit to get f of x you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i take a limit to get f of x you
+know these polynomials the partial sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know these polynomials the partial sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know these polynomials the partial sums
+are certainly continuous they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are certainly continuous they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are certainly continuous they're just
+polynomials so is the limiting thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomials so is the limiting thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomials so is the limiting thing
+continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+if so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+is f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+differentiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in particular since f is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular since f is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular since f is equal to
+the limit as n goes to infinity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as n goes to infinity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as n goes to infinity of the
+fns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fns
+is f prime equal to the limit as n goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is f prime equal to the limit as n goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is f prime equal to the limit as n goes
+to infinity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity of
+the fn prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so you know the derivative is a limiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know the derivative is a limiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know the derivative is a limiting
+process so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so
+i'm taking the derivative of the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm taking the derivative of the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm taking the derivative of the limit
+so i'm asking can i take that derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm asking can i take that derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm asking can i take that derivative
+inside the limit can i swap the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the limit can i swap the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the limit can i swap the two
+uh processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh processes
+and the same with integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same with integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same with integration
+if one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the integral of f equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of f equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of f equal
+limit as n goes to infinity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as n goes to infinity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as n goes to infinity of
+the integrals of the fns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so again this is a limiting process that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again this is a limiting process that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again this is a limiting process that
+we're asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're asking
+us to flip because f is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to flip because f is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to flip because f is equal to the
+limit as n goes to infinity of f n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as n goes to infinity of f n and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as n goes to infinity of f n and
+what i'm asking is can i take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm asking is can i take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm asking is can i take this
+integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+inside that limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside that limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside that limit
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+now you can ask these questions not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can ask these questions not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can ask these questions not just
+for power series but uh in a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for power series but uh in a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for power series but uh in a more
+general setting which is what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general setting which is what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general setting which is what we're
+going to turn to now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to turn to now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to turn to now um
+but this should be in the back of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this should be in the back of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this should be in the back of your
+mind as as the motivation for what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind as as the motivation for what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind as as the motivation for what we're
+doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+apart from being just an academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart from being just an academic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart from being just an academic
+question i mean it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question i mean it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question i mean it
+apart from being an academic uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart from being an academic uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart from being an academic uh
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+it's also somehow you know giving you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also somehow you know giving you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also somehow you know giving you
+information over whether the formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information over whether the formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information over whether the formal
+manipulations that you're doing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations that you're doing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations that you're doing with
+fourier series that are actually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourier series that are actually you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourier series that are actually you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+somehow modeling some physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow modeling some physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow modeling some physical
+phenomenon are these formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon are these formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon are these formal
+manipulations even meaningful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations even meaningful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations even meaningful
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+these are the three questions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the three questions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the three questions that
+motivate what we're going to do going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivate what we're going to do going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivate what we're going to do going
+forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+we don't have to just stick to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have to just stick to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have to just stick to the
+setting of being uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting of being uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting of being uh
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+power series this should be a you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power series this should be a you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power series this should be a you know
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+very important example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important example of
+you know function a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know function a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know function a sequence of
+functions converging to a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions converging to a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions converging to a function
+a limiting function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a limiting function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a limiting function
+and then we can ask these questions but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can ask these questions but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can ask these questions but
+we don't have to just stick to power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have to just stick to power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have to just stick to power
+series so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series so let me
+move on to a more general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on to a more general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on to a more general
+setting in which we'll answer these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting in which we'll answer these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting in which we'll answer these
+three questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and two modes of convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for limits of functions or sequences of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for limits of functions or sequences of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for limits of functions or sequences of
+uh functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh functions
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first definition this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first definition this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first definition this is
+in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know what we showed uh or what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what we showed uh or what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what we showed uh or what we
+were talking about before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about before
+um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let fn be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let fn be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let fn be
+a function from s to r s is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function from s to r s is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function from s to r s is some
+non-empty subset of the real numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let f
+be from s to r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the sequence of functions fn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the sequence of functions fn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the sequence of functions fn
+converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges
+pointwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to the function f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the function f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the function f
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+for all x and s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i stick in x into s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for each fixed x and s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for each fixed x and s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for each fixed x and s
+if i stick this into fn of x i get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i stick this into fn of x i get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i stick this into fn of x i get a
+limit and this limit is f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit and this limit is f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit and this limit is f of x
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so for example going back to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example going back to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example going back to um
+uh power series you know if we defined f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh power series you know if we defined f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh power series you know if we defined f
+of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me just rewrite that example that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just rewrite that example that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just rewrite that example that i
+had up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i define f of x equals 1 over 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i define f of x equals 1 over 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i define f of x equals 1 over 1 minus
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+f n of x to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f n of x to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f n of x to be
+sum from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from
+j equals 0 to n of x j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j equals 0 to n of x j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j equals 0 to n of x j
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all x and minus one to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all x and minus one to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all x and minus one to one
+limit as n goes to infinity of f n of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as n goes to infinity of f n of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as n goes to infinity of f n of x
+equals f of x i e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals f of x i e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals f of x i e
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+the sequence of partial sums of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence of partial sums of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence of partial sums of
+corresponding to this power series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to this power series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to this power series
+converges to one over one minus x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to one over one minus x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to one over one minus x
+point wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point wise
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+on minus one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i said whenever you come across a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i said whenever you come across a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i said whenever you come across a
+definition you should negate it but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition you should negate it but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition you should negate it but the
+negation of this definition is not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not too difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too difficult
+a sequence of functions does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence of functions does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence of functions does not
+converge to another function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to another function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to another function
+uh point wise if there exists some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh point wise if there exists some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh point wise if there exists some point
+so that when i stick them into fn of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that when i stick them into fn of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that when i stick them into fn of x
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+f n of x does not converge to f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f n of x does not converge to f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f n of x does not converge to f of x
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's look at another example which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at another example which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at another example which
+is not a power series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a power series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a power series
+let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say
+we take fn of x to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take fn of x to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take fn of x to be
+x to the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+x is in the closed interval 0 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is in the closed interval 0 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is in the closed interval 0 1.
+okay so what's happening here is n gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what's happening here is n gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what's happening here is n gets
+very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large
+there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's i don't know f5 of x and then as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's i don't know f5 of x and then as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's i don't know f5 of x and then as
+n gets very large these guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n gets very large these guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n gets very large these guys are
+dropping down even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping down even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping down even more
+and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+what is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is uh
+are we picking up something in the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we picking up something in the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we picking up something in the limit
+well let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's look
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+well if x equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if x equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if x equals
+and it's pretty clear that the limit as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's pretty clear that the limit as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's pretty clear that the limit as
+n goes to infinity of fn of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n goes to infinity of fn of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n goes to infinity of fn of
+1 this equals 1. right if i stick in 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 this equals 1. right if i stick in 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 this equals 1. right if i stick in 1
+here i get 1 for all n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here i get 1 for all n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here i get 1 for all n
+and therefore the limit as n goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the limit as n goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the limit as n goes to
+infinity of fn of 1 is 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity of fn of 1 is 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity of fn of 1 is 1.
+now if x is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if x is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if x is in
+0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 1
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+i mean we've done this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean we've done this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean we've done this
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+limit before limit as n goes to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit before limit as n goes to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit before limit as n goes to infinity
+of f n of x this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f n of x this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f n of x this is equal to
+the limit as n goes to infinity of x to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as n goes to infinity of x to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as n goes to infinity of x to
+the n now x is less than one so x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n now x is less than one so x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n now x is less than one so x is
+being raised to a higher and higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being raised to a higher and higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being raised to a higher and higher
+power this equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power this equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power this equals zero
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+thus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do we conclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we conclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we conclude
+for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x and 0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and 0 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and 0 1
+this sequence of functions x to the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sequence of functions x to the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sequence of functions x to the n
+converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges
+point wise to the function f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point wise to the function f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point wise to the function f of x
+which is equal to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equal to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equal to 0
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+x is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is in
+0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 1
+and 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if x equals 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x equals 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x equals 1
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+i draw another picture here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i draw another picture here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i draw another picture here
+of what the limit looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and you can kind of start to see this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can kind of start to see this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can kind of start to see this as
+n gets large again this is becoming more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n gets large again this is becoming more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n gets large again this is becoming more
+vertical there but then going to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical there but then going to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical there but then going to zero
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+for any fixed end it's converging to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any fixed end it's converging to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any fixed end it's converging to
+this picture on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture on the right
+all right and so you know we can already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and so you know we can already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and so you know we can already
+pick up something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or at least answer you know one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions if we take them as you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions if we take them as you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions if we take them as you know
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as a question about convergence or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a question about convergence or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a question about convergence or
+functions in the pointwise sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions in the pointwise sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions in the pointwise sense
+so we could have asked this question now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we could have asked this question now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we could have asked this question now
+right after having this definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right after having this definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right after having this definition
+suppose fns are continuous converging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose fns are continuous converging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose fns are continuous converging
+point wise to a function f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point wise to a function f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point wise to a function f
+is the function f continuous and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the function f continuous and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the function f continuous and what
+this definite and what this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this definite and what this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this definite and what this example
+shows is that no that's not the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows is that no that's not the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows is that no that's not the case
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+x to the n is always continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x to the n is always continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x to the n is always continuous
+yet the limit as n goes to infinity the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet the limit as n goes to infinity the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet the limit as n goes to infinity the
+pointwise limit is given by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointwise limit is given by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointwise limit is given by this
+function which is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is zero
+from zero to one and one at x equals one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from zero to one and one at x equals one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from zero to one and one at x equals one
+which is not a continuous function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not a continuous function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not a continuous function
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so already you know we're kind of seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so already you know we're kind of seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so already you know we're kind of seeing
+that point wise convergence which is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point wise convergence which is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point wise convergence which is you
+know this first uh weakest mode of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this first uh weakest mode of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this first uh weakest mode of
+convergence um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence um
+that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we
+as of now can say about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as of now can say about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as of now can say about uh
+power series and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power series and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power series and
+is not good enough to ensure that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not good enough to ensure that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not good enough to ensure that the
+limit is even continuous because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit is even continuous because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit is even continuous because this
+example shows that we have a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example shows that we have a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example shows that we have a sequence of
+continuous functions whose point-wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous functions whose point-wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous functions whose point-wise
+limit is not continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit is not continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit is not continuous
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so as another uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as another uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as another uh
+example you should always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you should always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you should always
+i like this kind of last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i like this kind of last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i like this kind of last
+chapter because you can draw a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter because you can draw a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter because you can draw a lot of
+pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+i'm going to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to draw
+pictures of fn so it's piecewise linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of fn so it's piecewise linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of fn so it's piecewise linear
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+you know i could write down what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i could write down what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i could write down what the
+function is but i don't want to i'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is but i don't want to i'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is but i don't want to i'm just
+going to draw pictures so f n of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to draw pictures so f n of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to draw pictures so f n of x
+from 0 1 to r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 1 to r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 1 to r
+this is how it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how it looks
+so there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's one
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+and what i do is i go to the point one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i do is i go to the point one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i do is i go to the point one
+over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n
+and the function f n of x is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the function f n of x is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the function f n of x is zero
+up until then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up until then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up until then
+and then it's a linear function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's a linear function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's a linear function
+connecting one over n to 2 in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's
+connects this point 2 and 0 so or i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects this point 2 and 0 so or i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects this point 2 and 0 so or i
+should say 1 over 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say 1 over 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say 1 over 2 and
+2n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2n
+connects that to the origin okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects that to the origin okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects that to the origin okay so
+that's f sub n of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's f sub n of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's f sub n of x
+all right it's just piecewise linear so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right it's just piecewise linear so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right it's just piecewise linear so
+for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example
+if i wanted to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f1 f1 would look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f1 f1 would look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f1 f1 would look like
+there's one zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one zero
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+one half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let's say i wanted to draw f 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say i wanted to draw f 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say i wanted to draw f 100
+what does that look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so maybe i should make this one a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe i should make this one a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe i should make this one a little
+bit bigger there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit bigger there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit bigger there's one
+one over a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over a hundred
+and then that should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that should be
+one over two hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over two hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over two hundred
+and then if i go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up to two hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this piecewise linear function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know it's it's zero from one up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's it's zero from one up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's it's zero from one up to
+one over a hundred so it's zero most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over a hundred so it's zero most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over a hundred so it's zero most of
+the time and it's zero at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time and it's zero at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time and it's zero at
+uh the origin but in this in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the origin but in this in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the origin but in this in between
+it's very tall and very slim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very tall and very slim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very tall and very slim
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so
+my claim is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+for all x and zero one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+limit as n goes to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as n goes to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as n goes to infinity
+of f n of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f n of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f n of x
+equals 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0.
+okay so this sequence of functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this sequence of functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this sequence of functions
+converges point wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges point wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges point wise
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so why is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well let's just give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+full proof of this rather than me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full proof of this rather than me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full proof of this rather than me
+talking it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking it out
+i mean i'll talk it out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean i'll talk it out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean i'll talk it out and
+give a full proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+let's look at the easiest spot first um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i don't even need uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i don't even need uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i don't even need uh
+the formula for these guys i just need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula for these guys i just need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula for these guys i just need
+to know you know that they have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know you know that they have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know you know that they have this
+basic characteristic that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic characteristic that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic characteristic that they're
+pointwise linear i mean that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointwise linear i mean that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointwise linear i mean that they're
+piecewise linear uh connecting 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piecewise linear uh connecting 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piecewise linear uh connecting 0 to
+1 over 2n 2n here and then down to 10 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over 2n 2n here and then down to 10 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over 2n 2n here and then down to 10 uh
+1 over n0 and then they're 0 between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over n0 and then they're 0 between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over n0 and then they're 0 between
+that and 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so first off if x equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then all these functions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0 at the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so they equal 0 so that equals 0. so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they equal 0 so that equals 0. so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they equal 0 so that equals 0. so
+that's that's fine so now suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's fine so now suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's fine so now suppose
+x is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1. okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1. okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1. okay
+and so what do we want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we want to show limit as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to show limit as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to show limit as
+n goes to infinity of f n of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n goes to infinity of f n of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n goes to infinity of f n of x
+equals 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and here so what's the point here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here so what's the point here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here so what's the point here
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+there's one there's x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i have to give uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+um i'm not even gonna do an epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i'm not even gonna do an epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i'm not even gonna do an epsilon
+delta epsilon m argument i'm just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta epsilon m argument i'm just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta epsilon m argument i'm just going
+to show you what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you what happens
+so there's x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's x
+between 0 and 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now let's choose a very large integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's choose a very large integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's choose a very large integer
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+so that one over m is less than x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that one over m is less than x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that one over m is less than x
+all right so here's one over m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so here's one over m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so here's one over m
+strictly to the left of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly to the left of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly to the left of x
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+now what does the graph of fn of x look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what does the graph of fn of x look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what does the graph of fn of x look
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for n bigger than or equal to m it's 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for n bigger than or equal to m it's 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for n bigger than or equal to m it's 0
+from x equals 1 to x equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from x equals 1 to x equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from x equals 1 to x equal
+1 over m and then you know shoots up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over m and then you know shoots up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over m and then you know shoots up and
+then comes back down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then comes back down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then comes back down
+over here to zero but here's the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here to zero but here's the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here to zero but here's the point
+it's zero all the way from one to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's zero all the way from one to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's zero all the way from one to one
+over m so in particular at x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over m so in particular at x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over m so in particular at x
+f n of x is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f n of x is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f n of x is zero
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this sequence fn of x which i'm trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sequence fn of x which i'm trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sequence fn of x which i'm trying
+to show converges to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show converges to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show converges to 0
+it is 0 no it is uh f1 of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is 0 no it is uh f1 of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is 0 no it is uh f1 of x
+f2 of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f2 of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f2 of x
+up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to
+fn minus 1 of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn minus 1 of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn minus 1 of x
+and then at f m of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the
+now so this is f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so this is f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so this is f
+m of x spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m of x spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m of x spot
+it's zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this point is only going to the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this point is only going to the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this point is only going to the left
+so for all n bigger than or equal to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for all n bigger than or equal to m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for all n bigger than or equal to m
+now this will be one over n will be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this will be one over n will be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this will be one over n will be to
+the left of x and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left of x and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left of x and therefore
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+f n of x will be zero so this is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f n of x will be zero so this is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f n of x will be zero so this is zero
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+zero and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i have the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have the sequence
+uh is eventually zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is eventually zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is eventually zero
+for all n bigger than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all n bigger than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all n bigger than or equal to
+capital m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and therefore the limit i mean it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the limit i mean it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the limit i mean it's
+pretty easy to take a limit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy to take a limit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy to take a limit of a
+constant sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and which proves that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which proves that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which proves that
+this sequence of functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sequence of functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sequence of functions
+converges point wise to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now i didn't come up with this fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i didn't come up with this fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i didn't come up with this fancy
+example for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for
+just any old reason it'll come back in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just any old reason it'll come back in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just any old reason it'll come back in a
+minute when we start answering some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute when we start answering some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute when we start answering some of
+these questions or asking them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these questions or asking them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these questions or asking them
+again within uh the context of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again within uh the context of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again within uh the context of these two
+um convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um convergence
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know ways of converging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so far i've only given you one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so far i've only given you one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so far i've only given you one
+definition of convergence point wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of convergence point wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of convergence point wise
+convergence of a sequence of functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence of a sequence of functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence of a sequence of functions
+and now i'm going to give a slightly i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i'm going to give a slightly i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i'm going to give a slightly i'm
+going to give a stronger it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give a stronger it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give a stronger it's not
+slightly it's much stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly it's much stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly it's much stronger
+definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of
+convergence of a sequence of functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence of a sequence of functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence of a sequence of functions
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have a sequence of functions and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a sequence of functions and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a sequence of functions and a
+given function from s to r s is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given function from s to r s is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given function from s to r s is a
+non-empty subset of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-empty subset of r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-empty subset of r
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you say the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say the sequence
+f n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh point wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh point wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh point wise
+or uniformly to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uniformly to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uniformly to zero
+uniformly to zero uniformly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly to zero uniformly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly to zero uniformly to
+scene of a day if i start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene of a day if i start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene of a day if i start
+you know mixing up some of my words i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know mixing up some of my words i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know mixing up some of my words i'm
+always going to correct it but the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to correct it but the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to correct it but the first
+word out of my mouth may not be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word out of my mouth may not be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word out of my mouth may not be the
+correct one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct one
+converges uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to f of x
+to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+now we have an epsilon n statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have an epsilon n statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have an epsilon n statement
+for all epsilon positive there exists an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all epsilon positive there exists an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all epsilon positive there exists an
+m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m
+natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+for all n bigger than or equal to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all n bigger than or equal to m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all n bigger than or equal to m
+for all x and s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f n of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f n of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f n of x
+minus f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f of x
+is less than epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now i want to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i want to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i want to make a
+brief comment this looks suspiciously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brief comment this looks suspiciously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brief comment this looks suspiciously
+like pointwise convergence if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like pointwise convergence if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like pointwise convergence if you just
+wrote down what it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote down what it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote down what it means
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+the limit as n goes to infinity of fn of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as n goes to infinity of fn of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as n goes to infinity of fn of
+x goes to f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x goes to f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x goes to f of x
+except there's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except there's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except there's a very
+subtle and important point and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle and important point and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle and important point and that is
+where does the for all x and s appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does the for all x and s appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does the for all x and s appear
+okay for pointwise convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for pointwise convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for pointwise convergence
+you can state pointwise convergence as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can state pointwise convergence as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can state pointwise convergence as
+this being at the start of the line for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this being at the start of the line for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this being at the start of the line for
+all x and s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all x and s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all x and s
+for all epsilon z uh positive blah blah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all epsilon z uh positive blah blah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all epsilon z uh positive blah blah
+blah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah okay
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+it appears at the end of the line of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it appears at the end of the line of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it appears at the end of the line of the
+quantifiers okay and this has a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers okay and this has a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers okay and this has a very
+this makes a very important difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this makes a very important difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this makes a very important difference
+between pointwise convergence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between pointwise convergence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between pointwise convergence and
+uniform convergence point wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform convergence point wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform convergence point wise
+convergence means i take a point x i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence means i take a point x i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence means i take a point x i
+stick it into fn of x that gives me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick it into fn of x that gives me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick it into fn of x that gives me a
+sequence of numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of numbers
+and pointwise convergence says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pointwise convergence says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pointwise convergence says that
+sequence of numbers converges to f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of numbers converges to f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of numbers converges to f of x
+okay for each x i get a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for each x i get a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for each x i get a sequence of
+numbers which converges to f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers which converges to f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers which converges to f of x
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now uniform convergence is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uniform convergence is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uniform convergence is actually
+saying something stronger and i'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying something stronger and i'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying something stronger and i'll say
+that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me
+in fact let me draw a picture that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that goes with this definition okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes with this definition okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes with this definition okay
+let's let's make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's make
+s to be an interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's say my limiting function is f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say my limiting function is f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say my limiting function is f
+is given given by this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given given by this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given given by this graph
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what i'm going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm going to do is
+basically shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+and down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+by epsilon okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by epsilon okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by epsilon okay
+meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning
+this length is epsilon and so is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this length is epsilon and so is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this length is epsilon and so is this
+length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length
+all the way across so let me shade this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way across so let me shade this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way across so let me shade this
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+re-outline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-outline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-outline
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so i get this little if you like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shaded area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaded area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaded area
+around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+my function f so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my function f so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my function f so
+this is f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is f
+f x that's the graph and the shaded part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f x that's the graph and the shaded part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f x that's the graph and the shaded part
+this is the set of all x and y such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f of x minus y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x minus y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x minus y
+is less than epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than epsilon
+okay so i get a little tube snaking with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i get a little tube snaking with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i get a little tube snaking with
+f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+now what uniform convergence says is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what uniform convergence says is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what uniform convergence says is
+that for all n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bigger than or equal to some m so given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than or equal to some m so given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than or equal to some m so given
+epsilon for all n bigger than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon for all n bigger than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon for all n bigger than or equal
+to m if i were to draw the graph of f n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to m if i were to draw the graph of f n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to m if i were to draw the graph of f n
+of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it better fall inside this tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+across all of a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across all of a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across all of a b
+see this tube is defined for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this tube is defined for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this tube is defined for all
+x between a b so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x between a b so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x between a b so
+you know it's making a statement about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's making a statement about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's making a statement about
+how close f n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how close f n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how close f n
+of x is to f of x across the entire set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x is to f of x across the entire set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x is to f of x across the entire set
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+pointwise convergence just says if i put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointwise convergence just says if i put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointwise convergence just says if i put
+an x into fn of x and eventually that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an x into fn of x and eventually that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an x into fn of x and eventually that
+number is those numbers are getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is those numbers are getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is those numbers are getting
+close to f of x uniform convergence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to f of x uniform convergence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to f of x uniform convergence is
+is a global property it's saying across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a global property it's saying across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a global property it's saying across
+the entire set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire set
+as n is getting large the graph of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as n is getting large the graph of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as n is getting large the graph of this
+fn is getting very close to the graph of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn is getting very close to the graph of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn is getting very close to the graph of
+f of x okay not just if i fixed an x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the fn of x at that point are converging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fn of x at that point are converging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fn of x at that point are converging
+to f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to f of x
+so i've said a couple of times that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i've said a couple of times that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i've said a couple of times that
+uniform convergence is stronger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform convergence is stronger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform convergence is stronger than
+point wise convergence let me actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point wise convergence let me actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point wise convergence let me actually
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+prove this now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let me prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me prove that
+the following theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if i have a sequence of functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i have a sequence of functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i have a sequence of functions
+from s to r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+fn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn
+rather than write converges to f point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than write converges to f point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than write converges to f point
+wise or uniformly i'm going to put an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise or uniformly i'm going to put an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise or uniformly i'm going to put an
+arrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow
+and then with the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then with the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then with the the
+description afterwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uniformly on s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then this implies fn converges to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this implies fn converges to f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this implies fn converges to f
+point wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on s
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so it's very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's very simple
+again what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again what is
+the picture that's going on for uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture that's going on for uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture that's going on for uniform
+convergence is that f n is getting close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence is that f n is getting close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence is that f n is getting close
+to f across the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to f across the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to f across the entire
+uh set that we're looking at so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh set that we're looking at so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh set that we're looking at so
+certainly at one point which is all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly at one point which is all you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly at one point which is all you
+need for point wise convergence each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need for point wise convergence each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need for point wise convergence each
+fixed point we should be getting close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed point we should be getting close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed point we should be getting close
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+let epsilon be positive so first off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let epsilon be positive so first off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let epsilon be positive so first off
+let's fix a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's fix a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's fix a number
+and in the set s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now we want to prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the limit as n goes to infinity of f n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as n goes to infinity of f n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as n goes to infinity of f n
+of c equals f of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let epsilon be positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since
+fn converges to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn converges to f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn converges to f
+uniformly uniformly there exists a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly uniformly there exists a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly uniformly there exists a
+natural number m naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number m naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number m naught
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+for all n bigger than or equal to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all n bigger than or equal to m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all n bigger than or equal to m
+naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught
+for all x and s fn of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all x and s fn of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all x and s fn of x
+minus f x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f x
+is less than epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+m to be this m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m to be this m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m to be this m
+naught the m that is for this epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught the m that is for this epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught the m that is for this epsilon
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+we're all in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all in
+bigger than or equal to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's call this equation star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+at the single point x equals at c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the single point x equals at c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the single point x equals at c
+implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies
+fn of c minus f of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn of c minus f of c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn of c minus f of c
+is less than epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than epsilon
+and thus the limit as n goes to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thus the limit as n goes to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thus the limit as n goes to infinity
+of f of c f n of c equals f c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i don't think i have enough time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i don't think i have enough time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i don't think i have enough time to
+do the example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the example
+that i want to do so i'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i want to do so i'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i want to do so i'm just going to
+leave you on the edge of your seat by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave you on the edge of your seat by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave you on the edge of your seat by
+stating the following theorem that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stating the following theorem that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stating the following theorem that in
+fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact
+so this is a one-way street meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a one-way street meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a one-way street meaning
+point-wise convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point-wise convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point-wise convergence
+does not imply uniform convergence so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not imply uniform convergence so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not imply uniform convergence so we
+just proved uniform implies point-wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just proved uniform implies point-wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just proved uniform implies point-wise
+but the converse does not hold and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the converse does not hold and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the converse does not hold and what
+we'll prove next time is for in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll prove next time is for in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll prove next time is for in the
+setting of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting of uh
+you know this simple um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this simple um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this simple um
+example of x to the end so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so what we'll prove next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we'll prove next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we'll prove next time
+is the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i take any b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take any b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take any b
+between 0 and 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 0 and 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 0 and 1
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+f n converges to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f n converges to f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f n converges to f
+uniformly on the set 0 b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly on the set 0 b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly on the set 0 b
+okay so these functions are defined on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these functions are defined on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these functions are defined on
+zero one so they're certainly defined on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero one so they're certainly defined on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero one so they're certainly defined on
+zero b for b less than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero b for b less than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero b for b less than one
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the sequence of functions does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence of functions does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence of functions does not
+converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge
+uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to f
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero one
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so here you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here you know
+this second part since the fn's converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this second part since the fn's converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this second part since the fn's converge
+to f point wise on zero one the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to f point wise on zero one the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to f point wise on zero one the second
+part says that this is a one-way street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part says that this is a one-way street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part says that this is a one-way street
+this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not
+a two-way street these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+modes of convergence uniform convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes of convergence uniform convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes of convergence uniform convergence
+and point-wise are not equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and point-wise are not equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and point-wise are not equivalent
+all right i think we'll stop there
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_XDm2cxC-UU.txt b/_XDm2cxC-UU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..74ea7e7688e935a4352a0763833864f48d3e72f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_XDm2cxC-UU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1635 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+there is an effective potential as its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an effective potential as its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an effective potential as its
+described here yes there is a potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described here yes there is a potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described here yes there is a potential
+the central force but a very angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central force but a very angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central force but a very angular
+momentum is like a centrifugal barrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum is like a centrifugal barrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum is like a centrifugal barrier
+with angular momentum it becomes very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with angular momentum it becomes very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with angular momentum it becomes very
+difficult to reach the origin because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to reach the origin because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to reach the origin because if
+you want to reach the origin you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to reach the origin you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to reach the origin you have to
+spin it faster and faster so it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin it faster and faster so it becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin it faster and faster so it becomes
+very hard to reach the origin and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to reach the origin and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to reach the origin and this
+is like a repulsive potential so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a repulsive potential so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a repulsive potential so you
+have a effective potential you started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a effective potential you started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a effective potential you started
+without just the potential the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without just the potential the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without just the potential the central
+potential but now you have an effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential but now you have an effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential but now you have an effective
+potential potential this whole thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential potential this whole thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential potential this whole thing in
+brackets over there and is sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets over there and is sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets over there and is sometimes
+called effective radio appendage oh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called effective radio appendage oh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called effective radio appendage oh and
+it's this V of R plus h squared over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this V of R plus h squared over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this V of R plus h squared over 2
+and R squared L times L so if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and R squared L times L so if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and R squared L times L so if you have a
+Coulomb potential that would try to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coulomb potential that would try to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coulomb potential that would try to make
+the electron say go all the way to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron say go all the way to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron say go all the way to the
+proton this is attractive well even that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton this is attractive well even that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton this is attractive well even that
+is not problematic for L equal 0 but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not problematic for L equal 0 but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not problematic for L equal 0 but for
+L different from 0 you have to add here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L different from 0 you have to add here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L different from 0 you have to add here
+a potential that diverges and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a potential that diverges and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a potential that diverges and it's
+positive say for some l+ and for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive say for some l+ and for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive say for some l+ and for some
+very fast in the storms of like R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fast in the storms of like R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fast in the storms of like R
+squared this is full of potential falter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared this is full of potential falter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared this is full of potential falter
+are so when you combine the two so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so when you combine the two so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so when you combine the two so this
+is just the central del Barrio but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the central del Barrio but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the central del Barrio but you
+can bind it to is they merges faster as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can bind it to is they merges faster as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can bind it to is they merges faster as
+well so the total potential is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so the total potential is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so the total potential is something
+like that feet and then you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that feet and then you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that feet and then you could have
+bound states and all the theorem should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound states and all the theorem should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound states and all the theorem should
+learn about bound states and eigenstates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about bound states and eigenstates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about bound states and eigenstates
+of one dimensional potential now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one dimensional potential now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one dimensional potential now you
+discover that they're very useful in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover that they're very useful in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover that they're very useful in
+three dimensions many things just carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three dimensions many things just carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three dimensions many things just carry
+through so this is the effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through so this is the effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through so this is the effective
+potential and you know it's good to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and you know it's good to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and you know it's good to
+recap and remember that the solution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recap and remember that the solution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recap and remember that the solution and
+you've written is our E but our e-news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've written is our E but our e-news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've written is our E but our e-news
+our move r over r y ln theta and up what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our move r over r y ln theta and up what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our move r over r y ln theta and up what
+one more thing that I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more thing that I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more thing that I want you to
+realize um thus the function you depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize um thus the function you depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize um thus the function you depend
+on L yes the differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on L yes the differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on L yes the differential equation
+depends on L does the function you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on L does the function you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on L does the function you
+depend on n yes or no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no there's no end in the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no there's no end in the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no there's no end in the differential
+equation so that should be good enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so that should be good enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so that should be good enough
+so what's happened is the N dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's happened is the N dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's happened is the N dependence
+is kind of very simple always very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of very simple always very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of very simple always very
+simple it is they e to the IM phi and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple it is they e to the IM phi and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple it is they e to the IM phi and
+nothing else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing else
+the you doesn't know about on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you doesn't know about on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you doesn't know about on the other
+hand the u depends on L because it shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand the u depends on L because it shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand the u depends on L because it shows
+in the differential equation so I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the differential equation so I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the differential equation so I could
+write here of e and L because it depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write here of e and L because it depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write here of e and L because it depends
+on L and it is the solutions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on L and it is the solutions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on L and it is the solutions of the
+Schrodinger equation in one potential so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation in one potential so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation in one potential so
+there will be one decision of energy or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be one decision of energy or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be one decision of energy or
+there might be stationary States and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be stationary States and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be stationary States and
+depend on the energy so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the energy so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the energy so this is the
+function that knows about L knows about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that knows about L knows about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that knows about L knows about
+the energy and we've been totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy and we've been totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy and we've been totally
+successful with the angular dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful with the angular dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful with the angular dependence
+yes yes Tina and 550 good normalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes Tina and 550 good normalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes Tina and 550 good normalization
+the last thing that has to work out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last thing that has to work out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last thing that has to work out
+nicely let's try to see what does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely let's try to see what does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely let's try to see what does the
+normalization say about this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization say about this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization say about this function
+well we should find that the integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we should find that the integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we should find that the integral of
+size where the cube x is equal to 1 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size where the cube x is equal to 1 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size where the cube x is equal to 1 but
+that integral as you now know it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that integral as you now know it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that integral as you now know it's the
+integral of R squared V R from 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of R squared V R from 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of R squared V R from 0 to
+infinity and how do you integrate over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and how do you integrate over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and how do you integrate over
+volume into weight over R that has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume into weight over R that has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume into weight over R that has the
+right unit I give the grid over solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right unit I give the grid over solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right unit I give the grid over solid
+angle the AMA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle the AMA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle the AMA
+of size square so let's do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size square so let's do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size square so let's do the
+arithmetic here we have a wide L M star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic here we have a wide L M star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic here we have a wide L M star
+of theta and Phi a Y L M Theta Phi we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theta and Phi a Y L M Theta Phi we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theta and Phi a Y L M Theta Phi we
+have au squared and an R squared poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have au squared and an R squared poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have au squared and an R squared poor
+graph but anything you can read now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph but anything you can read now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph but anything you can read now what
+happens is just good stuff R squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is just good stuff R squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is just good stuff R squared
+cancels and this solid angle integral is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels and this solid angle integral is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels and this solid angle integral is
+a perfect integral for our normalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a perfect integral for our normalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a perfect integral for our normalization
+so this gives you 1 and therefore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this gives you 1 and therefore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this gives you 1 and therefore the
+end result for all this integral is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end result for all this integral is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end result for all this integral is just
+the integral from 0 to infinity of D R U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral from 0 to infinity of D R U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral from 0 to infinity of D R U
+of R squared and that must be equal to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of R squared and that must be equal to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of R squared and that must be equal to 1
+so not only is little you a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not only is little you a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not only is little you a nice
+variable that satisfies a 1 dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that satisfies a 1 dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that satisfies a 1 dimensional
+Schrodinger equation but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation but you can
+remember that you're more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that you're more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that you're more complicated
+wave function will be normalized if u is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function will be normalized if u is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function will be normalized if u is
+normalized in the one dimensional sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized in the one dimensional sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized in the one dimensional sense
+if u squared in the width over X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if u squared in the width over X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if u squared in the width over X is
+equal to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1
+yes your normalize so of so let's set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes your normalize so of so let's set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes your normalize so of so let's set up
+to convert the 3 dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to convert the 3 dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to convert the 3 dimensional
+differential equation the 1 dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation the 1 dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation the 1 dimensional
+French equation has been very successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French equation has been very successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French equation has been very successful
+with reducing the one-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with reducing the one-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with reducing the one-dimensional
+problem we'll have to solve those each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we'll have to solve those each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we'll have to solve those each
+time somebody gives you spiritual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time somebody gives you spiritual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time somebody gives you spiritual
+potential you look at that equation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential you look at that equation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential you look at that equation the
+radial equation and try to solve for use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial equation and try to solve for use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial equation and try to solve for use
+if you solve for use then you can append
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you solve for use then you can append
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you solve for use then you can append
+the angular dependence that correspond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular dependence that correspond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular dependence that correspond
+to angular momentum eigenstates we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to angular momentum eigenstates we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to angular momentum eigenstates we call
+this angular momentum eigenstates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this angular momentum eigenstates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this angular momentum eigenstates
+they're the most you can ask from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the most you can ask from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the most you can ask from
+angular momentum and then you have many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum and then you have many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum and then you have many
+solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions
+oh so I want to conclude that part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh so I want to conclude that part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh so I want to conclude that part of
+the analysis by mentioning something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analysis by mentioning something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analysis by mentioning something
+about solutions with them with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about solutions with them with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about solutions with them with the
+appropriate boundary conditions we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate boundary conditions we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate boundary conditions we have
+X in a one dimensional problem called X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X in a one dimensional problem called X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X in a one dimensional problem called X
+and each product of minus infinity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each product of minus infinity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each product of minus infinity to
+infinity the one difference here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity the one difference here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity the one difference here is that
+we have our and our runs from 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have our and our runs from 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have our and our runs from 0 to
+infinity so you may wonder if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity so you may wonder if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity so you may wonder if you have
+some issues with R going to 0 what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some issues with R going to 0 what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some issues with R going to 0 what
+should the wave function do when R goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should the wave function do when R goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should the wave function do when R goes
+to 0 ok the way we think about it is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0 ok the way we think about it is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0 ok the way we think about it is not
+completely general but it's good enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely general but it's good enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely general but it's good enough
+we think of the differential equation as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think of the differential equation as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think of the differential equation as
+we have here and imagine a potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have here and imagine a potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have here and imagine a potential
+that when R goes to 0 the centrifugal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when R goes to 0 the centrifugal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when R goes to 0 the centrifugal
+barrier dominates so a potential of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier dominates so a potential of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier dominates so a potential of the
+form 1 over R to the fourth would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form 1 over R to the fourth would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form 1 over R to the fourth would be
+even more singular than the barrier and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more singular than the barrier and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more singular than the barrier and
+I don't know what happens in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know what happens in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know what happens in that case
+most likely is no good not interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most likely is no good not interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most likely is no good not interesting
+you cannot find solution but if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot find solution but if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot find solution but if the
+potentially the Coulomb potential is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially the Coulomb potential is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially the Coulomb potential is
+weaker than the centrifugal barrier as R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker than the centrifugal barrier as R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker than the centrifugal barrier as R
+goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to
+the set free from the battery dumb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set free from the battery dumb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set free from the battery dumb
+articles zero and this differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles zero and this differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles zero and this differential
+equation as R goes to zero has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation as R goes to zero has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation as R goes to zero has a
+potential infinite term which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential infinite term which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential infinite term which
+corresponds to this additional barrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to this additional barrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to this additional barrier
+so we think of this as R goes to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the differential equation roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential equation roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential equation roughly
+becomes minus H squared over 2m the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes minus H squared over 2m the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes minus H squared over 2m the
+second you the R squared plus h squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second you the R squared plus h squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second you the R squared plus h squared
+L times L plus 1 over R square you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L times L plus 1 over R square you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L times L plus 1 over R square you
+roughly 0 at least a leading behavior of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly 0 at least a leading behavior of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly 0 at least a leading behavior of
+these things should work out correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things should work out correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things should work out correctly
+so of the H squared oh here is a to Emma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of the H squared oh here is a to Emma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of the H squared oh here is a to Emma
+well I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the h square over two ends cancel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the h square over two ends cancel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the h square over two ends cancel and
+you get the second you the R squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the second you the R squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the second you the R squared
+plus naught is equal to L times L plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus naught is equal to L times L plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus naught is equal to L times L plus
+one over R squared u and we're only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over R squared u and we're only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over R squared u and we're only
+interested for this as R goes to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested for this as R goes to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested for this as R goes to zero
+and it's not an exact statement it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not an exact statement it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not an exact statement it's a
+discovery we're trying to discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery we're trying to discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery we're trying to discover
+what's happening with the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening with the wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening with the wave function
+near R equals zero well this has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near R equals zero well this has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near R equals zero well this has two
+kinds of solutions you can try a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of solutions you can try a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of solutions you can try a
+polynomial so this could go like R to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial so this could go like R to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial so this could go like R to
+the L plus one if you take two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L plus one if you take two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L plus one if you take two
+derivatives that works out you get an L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives that works out you get an L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives that works out you get an L
+plus one and L and it solves equation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one and L and it solves equation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one and L and it solves equation or
+R to the minus L also solve the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R to the minus L also solve the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R to the minus L also solve the equation
+as you could imagine this is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you could imagine this is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you could imagine this is going to be
+problematic in general it's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic in general it's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic in general it's two
+divergent it will not be possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergent it will not be possible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergent it will not be possible to
+normalize it in general for arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalize it in general for arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalize it in general for arbitrary
+values of L so this is so this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of L so this is so this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of L so this is so this is a very
+brief analysis of I'm not going to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brief analysis of I'm not going to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brief analysis of I'm not going to all
+the detail that probably this deserves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the detail that probably this deserves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the detail that probably this deserves
+at this moment but this is rule out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this moment but this is rule out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this moment but this is rule out and
+this is ruled in the only thing so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is ruled in the only thing so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is ruled in the only thing so it's
+true that this one is ruled out and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that this one is ruled out and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that this one is ruled out and it
+has problems for normalization which two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has problems for normalization which two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has problems for normalization which two
+divergent as L but for l equals 0 um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergent as L but for l equals 0 um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergent as L but for l equals 0 um is
+not divergent but for l equals 0 under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not divergent but for l equals 0 under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not divergent but for l equals 0 under
+search another reason why this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search another reason why this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search another reason why this is not
+good it turns out that for l equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good it turns out that for l equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good it turns out that for l equals 0
+this doesn't quite solve the Schrodinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doesn't quite solve the Schrodinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doesn't quite solve the Schrodinger
+equation exception or equation so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation exception or equation so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation exception or equation so the
+bottom line of this analysis is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom line of this analysis is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom line of this analysis is that we
+will have U of R behave like R to the L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have U of R behave like R to the L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have U of R behave like R to the L
+plus 1 as R goes to 0 and in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 as R goes to 0 and in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 as R goes to 0 and in particular
+when L is equal to 0 U of R will behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when L is equal to 0 U of R will behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when L is equal to 0 U of R will behave
+like R so it will vanish as R goes to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the only question is how fast it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the only question is how fast it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the only question is how fast it
+vanishes it vanishes as R goes to 0 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanishes it vanishes as R goes to 0 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanishes it vanishes as R goes to 0 for
+l equals 0 and vanishes even faster for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l equals 0 and vanishes even faster for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l equals 0 and vanishes even faster for
+higher L so it always vanishes the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher L so it always vanishes the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher L so it always vanishes the wave
+function at R equals 0 and that's why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function at R equals 0 and that's why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function at R equals 0 and that's why we
+can usually think of it as having an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can usually think of it as having an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can usually think of it as having an
+infinite barrier you know the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite barrier you know the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite barrier you know the wave
+function could not exist for R less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function could not exist for R less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function could not exist for R less than
+0 that physically doesn't exist and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 that physically doesn't exist and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 that physically doesn't exist and the
+boundary conditions are such that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions are such that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions are such that that
+cannot happen all right we finished the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot happen all right we finished the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot happen all right we finished the
+discussion of from the radial equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of from the radial equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of from the radial equation
+now our main interest with a radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now our main interest with a radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now our main interest with a radial
+equation of courses and this one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of courses and this one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of courses and this one the
+hydrogen atom so we're going to turn to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom so we're going to turn to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom so we're going to turn to
+that
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_shuV1tJbTU.txt b/_shuV1tJbTU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3a2b03218f90f9a615d97493126e84baf48ca3c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_shuV1tJbTU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14299 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+today we'll be talking about risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we'll be talking about risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we'll be talking about risk
+stratification after giving you a broad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratification after giving you a broad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratification after giving you a broad
+overview what I mean by risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview what I mean by risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview what I mean by risk
+stratification I'm going to give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratification I'm going to give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratification I'm going to give you a
+case study which you read about in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case study which you read about in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case study which you read about in your
+readings for today's lecture it's coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings for today's lecture it's coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings for today's lecture it's coming
+from early detection of type 2 diabetes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from early detection of type 2 diabetes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from early detection of type 2 diabetes
+and I won't be of course repeating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I won't be of course repeating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I won't be of course repeating the
+same material you heard you write about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same material you heard you write about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same material you heard you write about
+in your readings rather I'll be giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your readings rather I'll be giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your readings rather I'll be giving
+some interesting color around what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some interesting color around what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some interesting color around what are
+some of the questions that we need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the questions that we need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the questions that we need to be
+thinking about as machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about as machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about as machine learning
+people when we try to apply machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people when we try to apply machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people when we try to apply machine
+learning to problems like this then I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning to problems like this then I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning to problems like this then I'll
+talk about some of the subtleties what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about some of the subtleties what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about some of the subtleties what
+can go wrong with machine learning based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go wrong with machine learning based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go wrong with machine learning based
+approaches to risk stratification and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches to risk stratification and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches to risk stratification and
+finally the last half of today's lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally the last half of today's lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally the last half of today's lecture
+is going to be discussion so about 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be discussion so about 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be discussion so about 3
+p.m. you'll see a man walked through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p.m. you'll see a man walked through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p.m. you'll see a man walked through the
+door his name is Leonard DeVoe leo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door his name is Leonard DeVoe leo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door his name is Leonard DeVoe leo
+he is a professor at Brigham Women's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he is a professor at Brigham Women's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he is a professor at Brigham Women's
+Hospital he's also has a startup company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hospital he's also has a startup company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hospital he's also has a startup company
+called sift which is working on applying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called sift which is working on applying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called sift which is working on applying
+risk stratification now and they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk stratification now and they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk stratification now and they have
+lots of clients and they've been really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of clients and they've been really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of clients and they've been really
+deep in the details of how to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep in the details of how to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep in the details of how to make this
+stuff work and so we'll have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff work and so we'll have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff work and so we'll have an
+interview between myself and him and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview between myself and him and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview between myself and him and
+we'll have opportunity for all of you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have opportunity for all of you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have opportunity for all of you to
+ask questions as well and I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask questions as well and I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask questions as well and I think that
+that's what I hope will be the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I hope will be the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I hope will be the most
+exciting part of today's lecture then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting part of today's lecture then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting part of today's lecture then
+going on beyond today's lecture we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on beyond today's lecture we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on beyond today's lecture we are
+now in the beginning of a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in the beginning of a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in the beginning of a sequence of
+three lectures on very similar topics so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three lectures on very similar topics so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three lectures on very similar topics so
+next Thursday we'll be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next Thursday we'll be talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next Thursday we'll be talking about
+survival modeling and you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survival modeling and you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survival modeling and you can think
+about it as an extension of today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it as an extension of today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it as an extension of today's
+lecture talking about what you should do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture talking about what you should do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture talking about what you should do
+if your data has centering which I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your data has centering which I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your data has centering which I'll
+define for you shortly although today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define for you shortly although today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define for you shortly although today's
+lecture is going to be a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is going to be a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is going to be a little bit more
+high-level next Thursday's lecture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-level next Thursday's lecture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-level next Thursday's lecture is
+where we're going to really start to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're going to really start to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're going to really start to get
+into mathematical details about how one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into mathematical details about how one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into mathematical details about how one
+can form should tackle machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can form should tackle machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can form should tackle machine learning
+problems with sensor data and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with sensor data and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with sensor data and then the
+following lecture after that is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following lecture after that is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following lecture after that is going to
+be on physiological data and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on physiological data and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on physiological data and that
+lecture would be much more technical in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture would be much more technical in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture would be much more technical in
+nature compared to the first two first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature compared to the first two first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature compared to the first two first
+couple of weeks of the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what is risk stratification what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is risk stratification what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is risk stratification what a
+high level you think about risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level you think about risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level you think about risk
+stratification as a way of taking in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratification as a way of taking in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratification as a way of taking in a
+patient population and separating out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient population and separating out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient population and separating out
+all of your patients into one of two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of your patients into one of two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of your patients into one of two or
+more categories patients with high-risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more categories patients with high-risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more categories patients with high-risk
+patients with low risk and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients with low risk and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients with low risk and maybe
+patients somewhere in the middle now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients somewhere in the middle now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients somewhere in the middle now the
+reason why we might want to do risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why we might want to do risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why we might want to do risk
+stratification is because we usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratification is because we usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratification is because we usually
+want to try to act on those predictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to try to act on those predictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to try to act on those predictions
+so the goals are often one of coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the goals are often one of coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the goals are often one of coupling
+those predictions with known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those predictions with known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those predictions with known
+interventions so for example patients in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions so for example patients in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions so for example patients in
+the high-risk pool we will attempt to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high-risk pool we will attempt to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high-risk pool we will attempt to do
+something for those patients to prevent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something for those patients to prevent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something for those patients to prevent
+whatever that outcome is of interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever that outcome is of interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever that outcome is of interest
+from occurring now recertification is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from occurring now recertification is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from occurring now recertification is
+quite different from diagnosis diagnosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite different from diagnosis diagnosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite different from diagnosis diagnosis
+often has very very stringent criteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often has very very stringent criteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often has very very stringent criteria
+on performance if you do a misdiagnosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on performance if you do a misdiagnosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on performance if you do a misdiagnosis
+of something that can have very severe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something that can have very severe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something that can have very severe
+consequences in terms of patients being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences in terms of patients being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences in terms of patients being
+treated for conditions that they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated for conditions that they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated for conditions that they didn't
+need to be treated for and patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be treated for and patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be treated for and patients
+dying because they were were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dying because they were were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dying because they were were not
+diagnosed in time now first ratification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosed in time now first ratification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosed in time now first ratification
+you think of as a little bit more fuzzy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of as a little bit more fuzzy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of as a little bit more fuzzy
+in nature we want to do our best job of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in nature we want to do our best job of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in nature we want to do our best job of
+trying to push patients into each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to push patients into each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to push patients into each of
+these categories high risk low risk and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these categories high risk low risk and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these categories high risk low risk and
+so on and as I'll show you throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and as I'll show you throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and as I'll show you throughout
+today's lecture the performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture the performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture the performance
+characteristics that will often care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics that will often care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics that will often care
+about are going to be a bit different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about are going to be a bit different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about are going to be a bit different
+we're going to look a bit more at our at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look a bit more at our at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look a bit more at our at
+quantities such as positive predictive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities such as positive predictive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities such as positive predictive
+value are we finding of the patients we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value are we finding of the patients we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value are we finding of the patients we
+say are high-risk what fraction of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say are high-risk what fraction of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say are high-risk what fraction of them
+are actually high-risk and in that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually high-risk and in that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually high-risk and in that way
+it differs a bit from diagnosis also as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it differs a bit from diagnosis also as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it differs a bit from diagnosis also as
+a result of the goals being different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a result of the goals being different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a result of the goals being different
+the data that's used is often very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data that's used is often very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data that's used is often very
+different in risk verification often we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in risk verification often we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in risk verification often we
+use data which is very diverse so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use data which is very diverse so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use data which is very diverse so you
+might bring in multiple views of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might bring in multiple views of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might bring in multiple views of a
+patient you might use auxilary data such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient you might use auxilary data such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient you might use auxilary data such
+as patients demographics maybe even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as patients demographics maybe even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as patients demographics maybe even
+socioeconomic information about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socioeconomic information about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socioeconomic information about a
+patient all of which very much affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient all of which very much affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient all of which very much affect
+risk profiles but may not be used for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk profiles but may not be used for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk profiles but may not be used for a
+for a unbiased diagnosis of the patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and finally in today's economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally in today's economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally in today's economic
+environment in risk traffic a ssin is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment in risk traffic a ssin is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment in risk traffic a ssin is
+very much targeted towards reducing cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much targeted towards reducing cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much targeted towards reducing cost
+of the US healthcare setting and so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the US healthcare setting and so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the US healthcare setting and so I'll
+give you a few examples of risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a few examples of risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a few examples of risk
+stratification some of which have cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratification some of which have cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratification some of which have cost
+as a major goal others which don't the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a major goal others which don't the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a major goal others which don't the
+first example is that of predicting an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first example is that of predicting an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first example is that of predicting an
+infant's risk of severe morbidity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infant's risk of severe morbidity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infant's risk of severe morbidity so
+this is a premature baby my my niece for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a premature baby my my niece for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a premature baby my my niece for
+example was born three months premature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example was born three months premature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example was born three months premature
+it was really scary for her for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was really scary for her for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was really scary for her for my
+sister and for my whole family and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sister and for my whole family and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sister and for my whole family and the
+outcomes of patients who were born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes of patients who were born
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes of patients who were born
+premature have really changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premature have really changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premature have really changed
+dramatically over the last of a la
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically over the last of a la
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically over the last of a la
+century and now all patients who were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century and now all patients who were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century and now all patients who were
+born three months premature like my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born three months premature like my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born three months premature like my
+niece actually can survive and do really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+niece actually can survive and do really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+niece actually can survive and do really
+well in terms of long-term outcomes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in terms of long-term outcomes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in terms of long-term outcomes but
+of the many different inventions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the many different inventions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the many different inventions that
+led to these improved outcomes one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led to these improved outcomes one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led to these improved outcomes one of
+them was having a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them was having a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them was having a very good
+understanding of how risky a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of how risky a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of how risky a particular
+infant might be so a very common score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infant might be so a very common score
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infant might be so a very common score
+that's used to try to characterize risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's used to try to characterize risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's used to try to characterize risk
+for premature infant for infant birth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for premature infant for infant birth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for premature infant for infant birth
+generally speaking is known as the Apgar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally speaking is known as the Apgar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally speaking is known as the Apgar
+score and for example when my son was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score and for example when my son was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score and for example when my son was
+born I was really excited when a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born I was really excited when a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born I was really excited when a few
+seconds after my son was delivered the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds after my son was delivered the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds after my son was delivered the
+nurse took out a piece of paper and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurse took out a piece of paper and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurse took out a piece of paper and
+computed the Akhdar scores I studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed the Akhdar scores I studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed the Akhdar scores I studied
+that really interesting right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really interesting right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really interesting right
+and then I got back to you some of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I got back to you some of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I got back to you some of other
+things that I had to do but that score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that I had to do but that score
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that I had to do but that score
+isn't actually as accurate as it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't actually as accurate as it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't actually as accurate as it could
+be and there's this paper which we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and there's this paper which we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and there's this paper which we'll
+talk about actually in a week and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about actually in a week and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about actually in a week and a half
+by by Succi seryozha professor at Johns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by Succi seryozha professor at Johns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by Succi seryozha professor at Johns
+Hopkins which looked at how one could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hopkins which looked at how one could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hopkins which looked at how one could
+use a machine learning based approach to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a machine learning based approach to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a machine learning based approach to
+really improve our ability to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really improve our ability to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really improve our ability to predict
+morbidity in infants another example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morbidity in infants another example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morbidity in infants another example
+which I'm pulling from the readings from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'm pulling from the readings from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'm pulling from the readings from
+today's for today's lecture has to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's for today's lecture has to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's for today's lecture has to do
+with for patients who are admitted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with for patients who are admitted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with for patients who are admitted to
+for patients who come into the emergency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for patients who come into the emergency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for patients who come into the emergency
+department with heart with a heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department with heart with a heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department with heart with a heart
+related condition try to understand do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related condition try to understand do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related condition try to understand do
+they need to be admitted to the cordon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need to be admitted to the cordon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need to be admitted to the cordon
+airy care unit or is it safe enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airy care unit or is it safe enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airy care unit or is it safe enough to
+let that patient go home and be managed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let that patient go home and be managed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let that patient go home and be managed
+by their primary care physician or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by their primary care physician or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by their primary care physician or the
+cardiologist outside of the hospital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardiologist outside of the hospital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardiologist outside of the hospital
+setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting
+now that paper you might have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that paper you might have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that paper you might have all
+noticed to us from 1984 right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed to us from 1984 right so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed to us from 1984 right so this
+isn't a new concept and or moreover if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a new concept and or moreover if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a new concept and or moreover if
+you look at the amount of data that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the amount of data that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the amount of data that they
+used in that study it was over 2000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in that study it was over 2000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in that study it was over 2000
+patients they had a non-trivial number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients they had a non-trivial number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients they had a non-trivial number
+of variables 50-something variables and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variables 50-something variables and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variables 50-something variables and
+they used a non-trivial machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they used a non-trivial machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they used a non-trivial machine learning
+algorithm they used logistic regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm they used logistic regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm they used logistic regression
+with a feature selection built-in to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a feature selection built-in to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a feature selection built-in to
+prevent themselves from overfitting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent themselves from overfitting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent themselves from overfitting to
+the data and the goal there was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data and the goal there was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data and the goal there was very
+much cost oriented so so the the premise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much cost oriented so so the the premise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much cost oriented so so the the premise
+was that if one could quickly decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that if one could quickly decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that if one could quickly decide
+these patients who've just come to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these patients who've just come to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these patients who've just come to the
+ER are not high risk and we can send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER are not high risk and we can send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER are not high risk and we can send
+them home then we'll be able to reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them home then we'll be able to reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them home then we'll be able to reduce
+the large amount of cost associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the large amount of cost associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the large amount of cost associated with
+those admissions to coronary care units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those admissions to coronary care units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those admissions to coronary care units
+and a final example I'll give right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a final example I'll give right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a final example I'll give right now
+is that of predicting likelihood of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that of predicting likelihood of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that of predicting likelihood of
+hospital readmission so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital readmission so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital readmission so this is
+something which is getting a real lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is getting a real lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is getting a real lot of
+attention in the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention in the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention in the United States
+healthcare space over the last few years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare space over the last few years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare space over the last few years
+because of penalties which the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of penalties which the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of penalties which the US
+government has imposed on hospitals who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government has imposed on hospitals who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government has imposed on hospitals who
+have a large number of patients who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a large number of patients who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a large number of patients who have
+been released from the hospital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been released from the hospital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been released from the hospital
+and then 30-day within the next 30 days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then 30-day within the next 30 days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then 30-day within the next 30 days
+readmitted to the hospital and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readmitted to the hospital and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readmitted to the hospital and that's
+part of the transition to value-based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the transition to value-based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the transition to value-based
+care which which Pete mentioned in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care which which Pete mentioned in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care which which Pete mentioned in
+earlier lectures and so the premise is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier lectures and so the premise is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier lectures and so the premise is
+that there are many patients who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are many patients who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are many patients who are
+hospitalized but are not managed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitalized but are not managed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitalized but are not managed
+appropriately on discharge or after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately on discharge or after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately on discharge or after
+discharge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discharge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discharge
+for example maybe this patient who has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example maybe this patient who has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example maybe this patient who has a
+heart condition wasn't really clear on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart condition wasn't really clear on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart condition wasn't really clear on
+what they should have done one when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they should have done one when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they should have done one when they
+go home for example what medications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go home for example what medications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go home for example what medications
+should they be taking when should they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should they be taking when should they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should they be taking when should they
+follow up with their cardiologist what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow up with their cardiologist what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow up with their cardiologist what
+things they should be looking out for in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things they should be looking out for in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things they should be looking out for in
+terms of warning signs that they should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of warning signs that they should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of warning signs that they should
+go back to the hospital or call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to the hospital or call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to the hospital or call them
+call their doctor for and as a result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call their doctor for and as a result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call their doctor for and as a result of
+that poor communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that poor communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that poor communication
+it's conjectured that these poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's conjectured that these poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's conjectured that these poor
+outcomes might occur so if we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes might occur so if we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes might occur so if we could
+figure out which of the patients are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out which of the patients are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out which of the patients are
+likely to have those readmissions then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to have those readmissions then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to have those readmissions then
+we could change the wit and if we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could change the wit and if we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could change the wit and if we could
+do those if we could predict that while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do those if we could predict that while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do those if we could predict that while
+the patients are still in the hospital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patients are still in the hospital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patients are still in the hospital
+then we could change the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we could change the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we could change the way that
+discharge is done for example we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discharge is done for example we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discharge is done for example we could
+send we could send a nurse or a social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send we could send a nurse or a social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send we could send a nurse or a social
+worker to talk to the patient and go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker to talk to the patient and go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker to talk to the patient and go
+really slowly through the discharge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really slowly through the discharge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really slowly through the discharge
+instructions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions
+maybe after the patient is discharged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe after the patient is discharged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe after the patient is discharged
+one could have a nurse follow-up at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one could have a nurse follow-up at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one could have a nurse follow-up at the
+patient's home over the next few weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient's home over the next few weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient's home over the next few weeks
+and in this way hopefully reduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this way hopefully reduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this way hopefully reduce the
+likelihood of that readmission so at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood of that readmission so at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood of that readmission so at a
+high level there's the old versus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level there's the old versus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level there's the old versus the
+new and this is going to be really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new and this is going to be really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new and this is going to be really a
+discussion throughout then throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion throughout then throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion throughout then throughout
+the rest of today's lecture what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of today's lecture what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of today's lecture what's
+changed since that 1984 article which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed since that 1984 article which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed since that 1984 article which
+wish you read for today's readings well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish you read for today's readings well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish you read for today's readings well
+the traditional approaches to risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traditional approaches to risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traditional approaches to risk
+gratification are based on scoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gratification are based on scoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gratification are based on scoring
+systems so I mentioned to you minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems so I mentioned to you minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems so I mentioned to you minutes
+ago the Apgar scoring system it's shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago the Apgar scoring system it's shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago the Apgar scoring system it's shown
+here you're going to say for each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you're going to say for each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you're going to say for each of
+these different correct criteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different correct criteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different correct criteria
+activity pulse criminis appearance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity pulse criminis appearance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity pulse criminis appearance
+respiration you look at the baby and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respiration you look at the baby and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respiration you look at the baby and you
+say well activity is absent or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well activity is absent or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well activity is absent or maybe
+their active movement appearance might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their active movement appearance might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their active movement appearance might
+be pale or blue which would get zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pale or blue which would get zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pale or blue which would get zero
+points are completely banqueting it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points are completely banqueting it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points are completely banqueting it's
+two points and for each one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two points and for each one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two points and for each one of these
+answers you add up the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers you add up the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers you add up the corresponding
+point so you got a total number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so you got a total number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so you got a total number of
+points and you look over here and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and you look over here and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and you look over here and you
+say okay well if you have a zero to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay well if you have a zero to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay well if you have a zero to
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+the pay bee is at risk that's at severe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pay bee is at risk that's at severe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pay bee is at risk that's at severe
+risk if they have seven to ten points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk if they have seven to ten points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk if they have seven to ten points
+than the page then the baby is low risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the page then the baby is low risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the page then the baby is low risk
+and there are hundreds of such scoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are hundreds of such scoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are hundreds of such scoring
+rules which have been very carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules which have been very carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules which have been very carefully
+derived through studies not dissimilar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived through studies not dissimilar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived through studies not dissimilar
+to the one that you read in for today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the one that you read in for today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the one that you read in for today's
+readings and which are actually widely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings and which are actually widely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings and which are actually widely
+used in the healthcare system today but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in the healthcare system today but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in the healthcare system today but
+the times had been had been changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the times had been had been changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the times had been had been changing
+quite quite rapidly in the last 5-10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite quite rapidly in the last 5-10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite quite rapidly in the last 5-10
+years and now what most of the industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and now what most of the industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and now what most of the industry
+is moving towards are machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is moving towards are machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is moving towards are machine learning
+based methods that can work with a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based methods that can work with a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based methods that can work with a much
+higher dimensional set of features and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher dimensional set of features and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher dimensional set of features and
+solve a number of key challenges of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve a number of key challenges of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve a number of key challenges of
+these early approaches first and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these early approaches first and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these early approaches first and this is
+perhaps the most important aspect they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps the most important aspect they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps the most important aspect they
+can fit more easily into clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can fit more easily into clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can fit more easily into clinical
+workflows so the scores I showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workflows so the scores I showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workflows so the scores I showed you
+earlier are often done manually so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier are often done manually so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier are often done manually so one
+has to think to do the score one has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to think to do the score one has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to think to do the score one has to
+figure out what the corresponding inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what the corresponding inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what the corresponding inputs
+are and and as a result of that often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and and as a result of that often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and and as a result of that often
+it's not you they're not used as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not you they're not used as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not you they're not used as
+frequently as they should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently as they should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently as they should be
+second the new machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second the new machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second the new machine learning
+approaches can get higher accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches can get higher accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches can get higher accuracy
+potentially due to their ability to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially due to their ability to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially due to their ability to use
+much more of a many more features than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more of a many more features than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more of a many more features than
+the traditional approaches and finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traditional approaches and finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traditional approaches and finally
+they can be much quicker to drive so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can be much quicker to drive so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can be much quicker to drive so all
+the traditional scoring systems had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traditional scoring systems had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traditional scoring systems had a
+very long research and development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long research and development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long research and development
+process that Leela that led to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that Leela that led to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that Leela that led to their
+adoption first you gather the data then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adoption first you gather the data then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adoption first you gather the data then
+you build the models then you suddenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you build the models then you suddenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you build the models then you suddenly
+check the models then you do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check the models then you do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check the models then you do an
+evaluation in one hospital then you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation in one hospital then you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation in one hospital then you do a
+prospective evaluation in many hospitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prospective evaluation in many hospitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prospective evaluation in many hospitals
+and each one of those steps takes a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each one of those steps takes a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each one of those steps takes a lot
+of time now with these machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time now with these machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time now with these machine learning
+based approaches it raises the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based approaches it raises the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based approaches it raises the
+possibility of a research assistant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of a research assistant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of a research assistant
+sitting in a hospital or in a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in a hospital or in a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in a hospital or in a computer
+science department saying oh I I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science department saying oh I I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science department saying oh I I think
+it would be really useful to buy to rise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be really useful to buy to rise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be really useful to buy to rise
+to drive a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drive a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drive a
+score for this problem you take data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score for this problem you take data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score for this problem you take data
+that's available you apply your machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's available you apply your machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's available you apply your machine
+learning algorithm and even if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning algorithm and even if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning algorithm and even if it's a
+condition or an outcome which occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition or an outcome which occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition or an outcome which occurs
+very infrequently if you have access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very infrequently if you have access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very infrequently if you have access to
+a large enough data set you'll be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large enough data set you'll be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large enough data set you'll be able
+to get enough sample in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get enough sample in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get enough sample in order to
+actually predict that somewhat very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually predict that somewhat very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually predict that somewhat very
+narrow outcome and so as a result it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow outcome and so as a result it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow outcome and so as a result it
+really opens the door to rethinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really opens the door to rethinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really opens the door to rethinking
+about the way that risks on vacation can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the way that risks on vacation can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the way that risks on vacation can
+be can be used but as a result there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be can be used but as a result there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be can be used but as a result there are
+some new dangers that are introduced and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some new dangers that are introduced and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some new dangers that are introduced and
+we'll talk about some of those in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about some of those in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about some of those in
+today's lecture and we'll continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture and we'll continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture and we'll continue to
+talk about those in next Thursday's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about those in next Thursday's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about those in next Thursday's
+lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+so these modal's are being widely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these modal's are being widely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these modal's are being widely
+commercialized here's just an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercialized here's just an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercialized here's just an example
+from one of many companies that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one of many companies that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one of many companies that are
+building risk stratification tools this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building risk stratification tools this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building risk stratification tools this
+is from optim and what I'm showing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from optim and what I'm showing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from optim and what I'm showing you
+here is is the output from one of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is is the output from one of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is is the output from one of their
+models which is predicting COPD related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models which is predicting COPD related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models which is predicting COPD related
+hospitalizations and so you'll see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitalizations and so you'll see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitalizations and so you'll see that
+it this is a population level view so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this is a population level view so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this is a population level view so
+for all the patients who are of interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all the patients who are of interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all the patients who are of interest
+to that Hospital they will score the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that Hospital they will score the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that Hospital they will score the
+patients using either one of the scores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients using either one of the scores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients using either one of the scores
+that showed earlier the manual ones or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that showed earlier the manual ones or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that showed earlier the manual ones or
+maybe a machine learning based model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a machine learning based model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a machine learning based model and
+they'll be put into one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll be put into one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll be put into one of these
+different categories depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different categories depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different categories depending on the
+risk level and then one can dig in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk level and then one can dig in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk level and then one can dig in
+deeper so for example you could click on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper so for example you could click on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper so for example you could click on
+one of those buckets and try to see well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those buckets and try to see well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those buckets and try to see well
+who are the patients that are highest at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are the patients that are highest at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are the patients that are highest at
+risk and what are some potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk and what are some potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk and what are some potentially
+impacted pull aspects of those patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacted pull aspects of those patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacted pull aspects of those patients
+health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health
+here I'm showing you four slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm showing you four slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm showing you four slightly
+different problems that are predicting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different problems that are predicting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different problems that are predicting
+high risk diabetes patients and you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high risk diabetes patients and you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high risk diabetes patients and you see
+that for each patient we're listing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for each patient we're listing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for each patient we're listing the
+number of a 1c tests the last time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of a 1c tests the last time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of a 1c tests the last time the
+value of the of the last a 1c test the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the of the last a 1c test the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the of the last a 1c test the
+data was performed and in this way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data was performed and in this way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data was performed and in this way you
+could notice oh hmm this patient is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could notice oh hmm this patient is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could notice oh hmm this patient is at
+high risk of having diabetes but look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high risk of having diabetes but look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high risk of having diabetes but look
+they haven't been tracking their a1c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they haven't been tracking their a1c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they haven't been tracking their a1c
+maybe they have uncontrolled diabetes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they have uncontrolled diabetes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they have uncontrolled diabetes
+maybe we need to get them into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we need to get them into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we need to get them into the
+clinic get their blood tested see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinic get their blood tested see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinic get their blood tested see
+whether maybe they need a change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether maybe they need a change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether maybe they need a change in
+medication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medication
+so in this way we can stratify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this way we can stratify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this way we can stratify the
+patient population and think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient population and think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient population and think about
+interventions that can be done for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions that can be done for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions that can be done for that
+subset of them so I'll moved now into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of them so I'll moved now into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of them so I'll moved now into a
+case study of early detection of type 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case study of early detection of type 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case study of early detection of type 2
+diabetes and that the reason why this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes and that the reason why this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes and that the reason why this
+problem is of importance is because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is of importance is because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is of importance is because it's
+estimated that there are 25 percent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated that there are 25 percent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated that there are 25 percent of
+patients with undiagnosed type 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients with undiagnosed type 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients with undiagnosed type 2
+diabetes in the United States and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes in the United States and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes in the United States and that
+number is equally large as you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is equally large as you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is equally large as you go to
+many other countries internationally so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other countries internationally so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other countries internationally so
+if we can find patients who currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we can find patients who currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we can find patients who currently
+have diabetes or likely to develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have diabetes or likely to develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have diabetes or likely to develop
+diabetes in the future then we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes in the future then we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes in the future then we could
+temp to impact them so for example we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temp to impact them so for example we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temp to impact them so for example we
+could develop new interventions that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could develop new interventions that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could develop new interventions that can
+prevent those patients from worsening in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent those patients from worsening in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent those patients from worsening in
+their diabetes progression for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their diabetes progression for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their diabetes progression for example
+weight loss programs or getting patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight loss programs or getting patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight loss programs or getting patients
+on first-line diabetic treatments like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on first-line diabetic treatments like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on first-line diabetic treatments like
+metformin but the key problem which I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metformin but the key problem which I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metformin but the key problem which I'll
+be talking about today is really how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be talking about today is really how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be talking about today is really how do
+you find that at-risk population so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find that at-risk population so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find that at-risk population so the
+traditional approach to doing that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional approach to doing that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional approach to doing that is
+very similar to a pagar score based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to a pagar score based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to a pagar score based on
+us a score here this is a scoring system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us a score here this is a scoring system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us a score here this is a scoring system
+using in Finland which asks a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using in Finland which asks a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using in Finland which asks a series of
+questions and has point satoshi with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and has point satoshi with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and has point satoshi with
+each answer so what's the age of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each answer so what's the age of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each answer so what's the age of the
+patient what's their body mass index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient what's their body mass index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient what's their body mass index
+do they vegetables fruit have never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they vegetables fruit have never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they vegetables fruit have never
+taken an amp anti-hypertension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken an amp anti-hypertension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken an amp anti-hypertension
+hypertensive medication and so on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypertensive medication and so on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypertensive medication and so on and
+you get a final score out right lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a final score out right lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a final score out right lower
+than 7 would be 100 risk of developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 7 would be 100 risk of developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 7 would be 100 risk of developing
+diabetes type 2 diabetes higher than 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes type 2 diabetes higher than 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes type 2 diabetes higher than 20
+is very high-risk one in two people will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very high-risk one in two people will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very high-risk one in two people will
+develop type 2 diabetes in the next in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop type 2 diabetes in the next in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop type 2 diabetes in the next in
+the next 10 years but as I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next 10 years but as I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next 10 years but as I mentioned
+these scores haven't had the impact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these scores haven't had the impact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these scores haven't had the impact that
+we had hoped that they might have and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had hoped that they might have and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had hoped that they might have and
+and the reason really is because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason really is because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason really is because they
+haven't been actually used nearly as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't been actually used nearly as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't been actually used nearly as
+much as they should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as they should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as they should be
+so what we will be thinking through is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we will be thinking through is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we will be thinking through is
+can we change the way in which risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we change the way in which risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we change the way in which risk
+stratification is done rather than it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratification is done rather than it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratification is done rather than it
+having to be something which is manually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to be something which is manually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to be something which is manually
+done when you think to do it we can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done when you think to do it we can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done when you think to do it we can make
+it now population wide we could for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now population wide we could for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now population wide we could for
+example take data that's already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example take data that's already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example take data that's already
+available from a health insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available from a health insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available from a health insurance
+company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company
+use machine learning maybe we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use machine learning maybe we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use machine learning maybe we don't have
+access to all those features I showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to all those features I showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to all those features I showed
+you earlier like maybe we don't know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you earlier like maybe we don't know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you earlier like maybe we don't know the
+patient's weight but we will use machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient's weight but we will use machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient's weight but we will use machine
+learning on the data that we do have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning on the data that we do have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning on the data that we do have to
+try to find other surrogates of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to find other surrogates of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to find other surrogates of those
+things we don't have which might predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we don't have which might predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we don't have which might predict
+diabetes risk and then we can apply it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes risk and then we can apply it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes risk and then we can apply it
+automatically behind the scenes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically behind the scenes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically behind the scenes for
+millions of different patients and find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of different patients and find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of different patients and find
+the high-risk population and perform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high-risk population and perform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high-risk population and perform
+interventions for those patients and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions for those patients and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions for those patients and by
+the way the work that I'm talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way the work that I'm talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way the work that I'm talking about
+today is work that really came out of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is work that really came out of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is work that really came out of my
+labs research in the last few years so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labs research in the last few years so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labs research in the last few years so
+this is an example going back to the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an example going back to the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an example going back to the set
+of stakeholders which we talked about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stakeholders which we talked about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stakeholders which we talked about in
+the first lecture this is an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first lecture this is an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first lecture this is an example of
+a restorative done at the payer level so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a restorative done at the payer level so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a restorative done at the payer level so
+the data which is going to be used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data which is going to be used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data which is going to be used for
+this problem is administrative data data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem is administrative data data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem is administrative data data
+that you typically find in health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you typically find in health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you typically find in health
+insurance companies so I'm showing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance companies so I'm showing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance companies so I'm showing you
+here a single patient's time line and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a single patient's time line and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a single patient's time line and
+the type of data that you expect to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type of data that you expect to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type of data that you expect to be
+available for that patient across time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available for that patient across time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available for that patient across time
+you in red it's showing their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in red it's showing their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in red it's showing their
+eligibility records you know when have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eligibility records you know when have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eligibility records you know when have
+they been enrolled in that health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they been enrolled in that health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they been enrolled in that health
+insurance and that's really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance and that's really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance and that's really important
+because if they're not enrolled in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if they're not enrolled in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if they're not enrolled in the
+health insurance on some month then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health insurance on some month then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health insurance on some month then the
+lack of data for that patient isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack of data for that patient isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack of data for that patient isn't
+because nothing happened it's because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because nothing happened it's because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because nothing happened it's because we
+just don't have this ability to it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't have this ability to it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't have this ability to it's
+missing in green of showing medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing in green of showing medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing in green of showing medical
+claims which are associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims which are associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims which are associated with
+diagnosis codes that Pete talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis codes that Pete talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis codes that Pete talked about
+last week procedure codes CPT codes we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last week procedure codes CPT codes we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last week procedure codes CPT codes we
+know what the specialist was that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the specialist was that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the specialist was that the
+patient went to to see like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient went to to see like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient went to to see like a
+cardiologist primary care physician and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardiologist primary care physician and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardiologist primary care physician and
+so on we know where the service was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on we know where the service was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on we know where the service was
+performed at we know when it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed at we know when it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed at we know when it was
+performed and then from pharmacy we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed and then from pharmacy we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed and then from pharmacy we have
+access to medication records shown in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to medication records shown in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to medication records shown in
+the top left top right there we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top left top right there we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top left top right there we know
+what medication was prescribed we and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what medication was prescribed we and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what medication was prescribed we and we
+have a it coded to the NDC code national
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a it coded to the NDC code national
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a it coded to the NDC code national
+drug code which P talked about again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug code which P talked about again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug code which P talked about again
+last last last Tuesday we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last last last Tuesday we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last last last Tuesday we know the
+number of days supply of the medication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of days supply of the medication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of days supply of the medication
+the number of refills that that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of refills that that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of refills that that are
+available still and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available still and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available still and so on
+and finally we have access to library
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally we have access to library
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally we have access to library
+tests now traditionally health insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests now traditionally health insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests now traditionally health insurance
+companies only know what tests were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies only know what tests were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies only know what tests were
+performed because they have to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed because they have to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed because they have to pay
+that test to be performed but more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that test to be performed but more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that test to be performed but more and
+more health insurance companies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more health insurance companies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more health insurance companies are
+forming partnerships with with companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming partnerships with with companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming partnerships with with companies
+like quest and LabCorp to actually get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like quest and LabCorp to actually get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like quest and LabCorp to actually get
+access also to the results of those lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access also to the results of those lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access also to the results of those lab
+tests and in the data set that I'll tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests and in the data set that I'll tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests and in the data set that I'll tell
+you about today we actually do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about today we actually do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about today we actually do have
+those lab test results as well so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those lab test results as well so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those lab test results as well so what
+are these elements for this population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these elements for this population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these elements for this population
+this population comes from Philadelphia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this population comes from Philadelphia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this population comes from Philadelphia
+oops so if we look at the top diagnosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops so if we look at the top diagnosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops so if we look at the top diagnosis
+codes for example we'll see that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes for example we'll see that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes for example we'll see that of
+135,000 patients who had laboratory data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+135,000 patients who had laboratory data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+135,000 patients who had laboratory data
+there were over 400,000 different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were over 400,000 different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were over 400,000 different
+diagnosis codes for hypertension you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis codes for hypertension you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis codes for hypertension you'll
+notice that's greater than the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that's greater than the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that's greater than the number of
+people that's because they occurred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that's because they occurred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that's because they occurred
+multiple times across time other common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple times across time other common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple times across time other common
+diagnosis codes included hyperlipidemia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis codes included hyperlipidemia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis codes included hyperlipidemia
+hypertension type 2 diabetes and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypertension type 2 diabetes and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypertension type 2 diabetes and you'll
+notice that there's actually quite a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that there's actually quite a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that there's actually quite a bit
+of interesting detail here even in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interesting detail here even in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interesting detail here even in
+diagnosis codes you'll find things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis codes you'll find things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis codes you'll find things that
+sound more like symptoms like fatigue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound more like symptoms like fatigue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound more like symptoms like fatigue
+which is over here or you you see oh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is over here or you you see oh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is over here or you you see oh so
+you have records of procedures in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have records of procedures in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have records of procedures in many
+cases like they got a vaccination for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases like they got a vaccination for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases like they got a vaccination for
+influenza here's another example this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influenza here's another example this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influenza here's another example this is
+now just telling you something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now just telling you something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now just telling you something about the
+broad statistics of laboratory tests in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad statistics of laboratory tests in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad statistics of laboratory tests in
+this population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this population
+creatinine potassium glucose liver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creatinine potassium glucose liver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creatinine potassium glucose liver
+enzymes are all the most popular lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes are all the most popular lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes are all the most popular lab
+tests and that's not surprising because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests and that's not surprising because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests and that's not surprising because
+often there is a panel called the CBC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often there is a panel called the CBC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often there is a panel called the CBC
+panel which which is what you would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel which which is what you would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel which which is what you would get
+in your annual physical and that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your annual physical and that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your annual physical and that has
+many of these top-top laboratory test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of these top-top laboratory test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of these top-top laboratory test
+results but then as you look down into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results but then as you look down into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results but then as you look down into
+the tail there are many other laboratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tail there are many other laboratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tail there are many other laboratory
+test results that are more specialized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test results that are more specialized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test results that are more specialized
+in nature for example hemoglobin a1c is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in nature for example hemoglobin a1c is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in nature for example hemoglobin a1c is
+used to track roughly three month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to track roughly three month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to track roughly three month
+average of blood glucose and is used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of blood glucose and is used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of blood glucose and is used to
+understand a patient is diabetes status
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand a patient is diabetes status
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand a patient is diabetes status
+so that's just to give you a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's just to give you a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's just to give you a sense of
+what is the data behind the scenes now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the data behind the scenes now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the data behind the scenes now
+let's think about how do we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about how do we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about how do we really
+derive how do we tackle how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive how do we tackle how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive how do we tackle how do we
+formulate this recertification problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulate this recertification problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulate this recertification problem
+is a machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a machine
+any problem well today I'll give you one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any problem well today I'll give you one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any problem well today I'll give you one
+example of how to formulate as a machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of how to formulate as a machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of how to formulate as a machine
+learning problem but in in Tuesday's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning problem but in in Tuesday's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning problem but in in Tuesday's
+lecture I'll tell you several other ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I'll tell you several other ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I'll tell you several other ways
+here we're going to think about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going to think about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going to think about a
+reduction to binary classification and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction to binary classification and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction to binary classification and
+we're going to ask we're going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to ask we're going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to ask we're going to go
+back in time we're gonna pretend it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in time we're gonna pretend it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in time we're gonna pretend it's
+January 1st 2009 and we're gonna say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+January 1st 2009 and we're gonna say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+January 1st 2009 and we're gonna say
+suppose that we had run this risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that we had run this risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that we had run this risk
+stratification algorithm on every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratification algorithm on every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratification algorithm on every single
+patient on January 1st 2009 we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient on January 1st 2009 we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient on January 1st 2009 we're going
+to construct features from the data in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to construct features from the data in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to construct features from the data in
+the past so the past few years we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past so the past few years we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past so the past few years we're
+going to predict something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to predict something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to predict something about the
+future and there many things you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future and there many things you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future and there many things you could
+attempt to predict about the future I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to predict about the future I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to predict about the future I'm
+showing you here three different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you here three different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you here three different
+prediction tasks corresponding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction tasks corresponding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction tasks corresponding to
+different gaps a zero year gap a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different gaps a zero year gap a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different gaps a zero year gap a one
+year gap in a two-year gap and for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year gap in a two-year gap and for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year gap in a two-year gap and for each
+one of these it asks will the patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these it asks will the patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these it asks will the patient
+newly develop type 2 diabetes in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newly develop type 2 diabetes in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newly develop type 2 diabetes in that
+prediction window so for example for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction window so for example for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction window so for example for
+this prediction task we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this prediction task we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this prediction task we're going to
+exclude patients who have developed type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclude patients who have developed type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclude patients who have developed type
+2 diabetes between 2009 and 2011 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 diabetes between 2009 and 2011 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 diabetes between 2009 and 2011 and
+we're only going to count as positives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only going to count as positives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only going to count as positives
+patients who get newly diagnosed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients who get newly diagnosed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients who get newly diagnosed with
+type 2 diabetes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type 2 diabetes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type 2 diabetes
+between 2011 and 2013 and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 2011 and 2013 and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 2011 and 2013 and one of the
+reasons why you might want to include a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why you might want to include a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why you might want to include a
+gap in the model is because often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap in the model is because often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap in the model is because often
+there's label leakage so if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's label leakage so if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's label leakage so if you look at
+the very top set up often what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very top set up often what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very top set up often what happens
+is that a clinician might have a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a clinician might have a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a clinician might have a really
+good idea that the patient might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea that the patient might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea that the patient might be
+diabetic but it's not yet coded in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetic but it's not yet coded in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetic but it's not yet coded in a way
+which our algorithms can pick up and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which our algorithms can pick up and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which our algorithms can pick up and so
+in 2009 in John your first 2009 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2009 in John your first 2009 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2009 in John your first 2009 the
+primary care physician for example for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary care physician for example for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary care physician for example for
+the patient might be well aware that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient might be well aware that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient might be well aware that
+this patient is diabetic might already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this patient is diabetic might already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this patient is diabetic might already
+be doing interventions based on it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be doing interventions based on it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be doing interventions based on it but
+our our algorithm doesn't know that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our algorithm doesn't know that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our algorithm doesn't know that and
+so that patient because of the signals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that patient because of the signals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that patient because of the signals
+that are present in the data is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are present in the data is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are present in the data is going to
+be the very top of our prediction list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the very top of our prediction list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the very top of our prediction list
+we're gonna say this patient is someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna say this patient is someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna say this patient is someone
+you should be going after but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be going after but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be going after but that's
+really not an interesting patient to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not an interesting patient to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not an interesting patient to be
+going after because the clinicians are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going after because the clinicians are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going after because the clinicians are
+probably already doing interventions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably already doing interventions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably already doing interventions
+that are relevant for that patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are relevant for that patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are relevant for that patient
+rather we want to find the patients who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather we want to find the patients who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather we want to find the patients who
+might wear the diabetes might be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might wear the diabetes might be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might wear the diabetes might be more
+unexpected and so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected and so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected and so this is
+one of the subtleties that really rises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the subtleties that really rises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the subtleties that really rises
+when you try to use retrospective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you try to use retrospective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you try to use retrospective
+clinical data to derive your labels to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical data to derive your labels to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical data to derive your labels to
+use within machine learning for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use within machine learning for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use within machine learning for
+recertification so in the result result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recertification so in the result result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recertification so in the result result
+to tell you about I'm going to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you about I'm going to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you about I'm going to use a
+one-year gap another problem is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-year gap another problem is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-year gap another problem is that the
+data is highly censored so what I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is highly censored so what I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is highly censored so what I mean
+by censoring is that we often don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by censoring is that we often don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by censoring is that we often don't have
+full visibility into the the data for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full visibility into the the data for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full visibility into the the data for
+patient for example patients might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient for example patients might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient for example patients might have
+only come into the health insurance in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only come into the health insurance in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only come into the health insurance in
+2013 and so January 1st 2009 we have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2013 and so January 1st 2009 we have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2013 and so January 1st 2009 we have no
+data on them they didn't even exist in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data on them they didn't even exist in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data on them they didn't even exist in
+the system at all so there are two types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system at all so there are two types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system at all so there are two types
+of censoring one type of censoring is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of censoring one type of censoring is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of censoring one type of censoring is
+it's called left censoring it means when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called left censoring it means when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called left censoring it means when
+we don't have data to the left for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have data to the left for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have data to the left for
+example in the feature construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in the feature construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in the feature construction
+window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window
+another type of centering is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another type of centering is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another type of centering is called
+right censoring it's mean it means when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right censoring it's mean it means when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right censoring it's mean it means when
+we don't have data about the patient to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have data about the patient to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have data about the patient to
+the right of that timelined and for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right of that timelined and for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right of that timelined and for each
+one of these in our work here we tackled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these in our work here we tackled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these in our work here we tackled
+in a different way for left centering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a different way for left centering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a different way for left centering
+we're going to we're going to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to we're going to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to we're going to deal with
+it we're going to say okay we might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we're going to say okay we might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we're going to say okay we might have
+limited data on patient but we will use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited data on patient but we will use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited data on patient but we will use
+data whatever data is available from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data whatever data is available from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data whatever data is available from the
+past two years in order to make our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past two years in order to make our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past two years in order to make our
+predictions and for patients who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions and for patients who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions and for patients who have
+less data available that's fine we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less data available that's fine we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less data available that's fine we have
+sort of a more sparse feature vector for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a more sparse feature vector for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a more sparse feature vector for
+right censoring it's a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right censoring it's a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right censoring it's a little bit more
+challenging to deal with in this binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging to deal with in this binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging to deal with in this binary
+reduction because you don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction because you don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction because you don't know what
+the label is it's really hard to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the label is it's really hard to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the label is it's really hard to use
+within for example a supervised machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within for example a supervised machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within for example a supervised machine
+learning approach in Tuesday's lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning approach in Tuesday's lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning approach in Tuesday's lecture
+I'll talk about a way to deal with right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk about a way to deal with right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk about a way to deal with right
+censoring in today's lecture we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+censoring in today's lecture we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+censoring in today's lecture we're going
+to just ignore it and the way that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just ignore it and the way that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just ignore it and the way that we
+ignore it is by changing the inclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore it is by changing the inclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore it is by changing the inclusion
+and exclusion criteria we will exclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exclusion criteria we will exclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exclusion criteria we will exclude
+patients for whom we don't know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients for whom we don't know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients for whom we don't know the
+label and to be clear that can be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label and to be clear that can be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label and to be clear that can be really
+problematic so for example imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic so for example imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic so for example imagine that
+that you if you go back to to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you if you go back to to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you if you go back to to this
+picture here imagine that we're in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture here imagine that we're in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture here imagine that we're in this
+error scenario and imagine that we if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error scenario and imagine that we if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error scenario and imagine that we if a
+patient if we only have data on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient if we only have data on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient if we only have data on a
+patient up to 2011 we remove them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient up to 2011 we remove them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient up to 2011 we remove them
+from the data set okay because we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the data set okay because we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the data set okay because we don't
+have full visibility into the 2010 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have full visibility into the 2010 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have full visibility into the 2010 to
+2012 time window well suppose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly a day before the patient was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly a day before the patient was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly a day before the patient was
+going to be removed from the data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be removed from the data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be removed from the data set
+exactly right before that the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right before that the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right before that the data
+disappears for the patient because for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears for the patient because for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears for the patient because for
+example they might change health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example they might change health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example they might change health
+insurers they were diagnosed with type 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurers they were diagnosed with type 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurers they were diagnosed with type 2
+diabetes and maybe the reason why they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes and maybe the reason why they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes and maybe the reason why they
+changed health insurers had to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed health insurers had to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed health insurers had to do with
+them being diagnosed with type 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them being diagnosed with type 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them being diagnosed with type 2
+diabetes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes
+then we've excluded that patient from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we've excluded that patient from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we've excluded that patient from
+the population and we might be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population and we might be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population and we might be really
+biasing the results of the model by now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biasing the results of the model by now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biasing the results of the model by now
+taking away a whole set of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking away a whole set of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking away a whole set of the
+population where this model would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population where this model would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population where this model would have
+been really important to apply so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been really important to apply so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been really important to apply so
+thinking about how you really do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about how you really do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about how you really do this
+inclusion exclusion how that changes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusion exclusion how that changes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusion exclusion how that changes the
+generalizability of the model you get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizability of the model you get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizability of the model you get is
+something that should be at the top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that should be at the top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that should be at the top of
+your mind so the the machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mind so the the machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mind so the the machine learning
+algorithm used and that paper which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm used and that paper which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm used and that paper which
+you've read is l1 regular Isaac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've read is l1 regular Isaac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've read is l1 regular Isaac
+regression one of the reasons for using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression one of the reasons for using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression one of the reasons for using
+l1 regular just aggression is because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l1 regular just aggression is because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l1 regular just aggression is because it
+provides a way to use a high dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides a way to use a high dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides a way to use a high dimensional
+feature set but at the same time it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature set but at the same time it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature set but at the same time it
+allows one to do feature selection so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows one to do feature selection so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows one to do feature selection so
+I'll go more into detail on that in just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll go more into detail on that in just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll go more into detail on that in just
+a moment I imagine most of you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moment I imagine most of you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moment I imagine most of you have
+sorry all of you should be familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry all of you should be familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry all of you should be familiar with
+the idea of formulating machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of formulating machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of formulating machine learning
+as an optimization problem where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an optimization problem where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an optimization problem where you
+have some loss function and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some loss function and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some loss function and you have
+some regularization term W in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some regularization term W in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some regularization term W in this case
+is the weights of your linear model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the weights of your linear model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the weights of your linear model
+which we're trying to learn for those of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're trying to learn for those of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're trying to learn for those of
+you who've seen support vector machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who've seen support vector machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who've seen support vector machines
+before support vector machines will use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before support vector machines will use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before support vector machines will use
+what's called l2 regularization where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called l2 regularization where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called l2 regularization where
+we'll be putting a penalty on the l2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be putting a penalty on the l2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be putting a penalty on the l2
+norm of the weight vector instead what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of the weight vector instead what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of the weight vector instead what
+we did in this paper is we used l1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did in this paper is we used l1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did in this paper is we used l1
+regularization so this penalty is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization so this penalty is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization so this penalty is
+defined over here at summing over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined over here at summing over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined over here at summing over the
+features and looking at the absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features and looking at the absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features and looking at the absolute
+value of the weight for each for each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the weight for each for each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the weight for each for each of
+the weights and summing those up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so one of the reasons why l1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the reasons why l1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the reasons why l1
+regularization has what's known as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization has what's known as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization has what's known as a
+sparsity benefit can be explained by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparsity benefit can be explained by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparsity benefit can be explained by
+this picture so this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture so this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture so this is just a
+demonstration by sketch suppose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration by sketch suppose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration by sketch suppose that
+we're trying to solve this optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to solve this optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to solve this optimization
+problem here so this is the level set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here so this is the level set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here so this is the level set of
+your loss function it's a quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your loss function it's a quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your loss function it's a quadratic
+function and suppose that instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and suppose that instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and suppose that instead of
+adding on your regularization as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding on your regularization as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding on your regularization as a
+second term to your optimization problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second term to your optimization problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second term to your optimization problem
+you were to instead put in a constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were to instead put in a constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were to instead put in a constraint
+so you might say we're going to minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might say we're going to minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might say we're going to minimize
+the loss subject to the l1 norm of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loss subject to the l1 norm of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loss subject to the l1 norm of your
+weight vector of being less than three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight vector of being less than three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight vector of being less than three
+well then what I'm showing you here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then what I'm showing you here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then what I'm showing you here is
+weight space I'm showing you two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight space I'm showing you two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight space I'm showing you two
+dimensions this x-axis is weight one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions this x-axis is weight one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions this x-axis is weight one
+does y-axis is weight 2 and if you put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does y-axis is weight 2 and if you put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does y-axis is weight 2 and if you put a
+l1 constraint for example you said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l1 constraint for example you said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l1 constraint for example you said that
+the sum of the absolute values of weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the absolute values of weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the absolute values of weight
+1 and weight 2 has to be equal to 1 then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and weight 2 has to be equal to 1 then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and weight 2 has to be equal to 1 then
+the solution space has to be along this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution space has to be along this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution space has to be along this
+diamond another hand if you put in l2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamond another hand if you put in l2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamond another hand if you put in l2
+prior if you put out 2 constraint on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior if you put out 2 constraint on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior if you put out 2 constraint on
+your weight matrix on your on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your weight matrix on your on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your weight matrix on your on your
+weight vector then it would correspond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight vector then it would correspond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight vector then it would correspond
+to this feasibility space for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this feasibility space for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this feasibility space for example
+this would say something like the the l2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would say something like the the l2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would say something like the the l2
+norm over the weight vector has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm over the weight vector has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm over the weight vector has to be
+equal to 1 so would be a ball that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 so would be a ball that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 so would be a ball that
+saying the radius has to always be put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the radius has to always be put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the radius has to always be put
+to one so suppose now you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one so suppose now you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one so suppose now you're trying to
+minimize that objective function subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize that objective function subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize that objective function subject
+to the solution having to be either on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the solution having to be either on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the solution having to be either on
+the ball which is what you would do if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ball which is what you would do if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ball which is what you would do if
+you you were optimizing the l2 norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you were optimizing the l2 norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you were optimizing the l2 norm
+versus living on this diamond which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus living on this diamond which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus living on this diamond which is
+what would happen if you're optimizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would happen if you're optimizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would happen if you're optimizing
+the l1 norm well the solution the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the l1 norm well the solution the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the l1 norm well the solution the
+optimal solution is going to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal solution is going to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal solution is going to be in
+essence the closest point along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence the closest point along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence the closest point along the
+circle which gets as close as also to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle which gets as close as also to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle which gets as close as also to
+the middle of that level set so over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of that level set so over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of that level set so over
+here the closest point is over is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the closest point is over is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the closest point is over is that
+one and you'll see that this point has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and you'll see that this point has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and you'll see that this point has a
+nonzero w1 and w2 over here the closest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero w1 and w2 over here the closest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero w1 and w2 over here the closest
+point is over here notice that that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is over here notice that that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is over here notice that that has
+a zero value of w1 in a non zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zero value of w1 in a non zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zero value of w1 in a non zero
+w-2 thus it's it's found a sparser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w-2 thus it's it's found a sparser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w-2 thus it's it's found a sparser
+solution than this one so this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution than this one so this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution than this one so this is just
+to give you some intuition about why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you some intuition about why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you some intuition about why
+using l1 regularization results in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using l1 regularization results in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using l1 regularization results in
+sparse solutions now at the optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse solutions now at the optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse solutions now at the optimization
+problem and that could be beneficial for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and that could be beneficial for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and that could be beneficial for
+two purposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two purposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two purposes
+first it prevents it can help prevent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first it prevents it can help prevent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first it prevents it can help prevent
+overfitting and settings where the where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overfitting and settings where the where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overfitting and settings where the where
+there exists a very good risk model that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a very good risk model that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a very good risk model that
+uses a small number of features and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses a small number of features and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses a small number of features and to
+notice to point out that's not a crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice to point out that's not a crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice to point out that's not a crazy
+idea that there might exist a risk model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that there might exist a risk model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that there might exist a risk model
+that uses a small number of features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uses a small number of features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uses a small number of features
+right because remember think back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because remember think back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because remember think back to
+that Apgar score or the finned risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Apgar score or the finned risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Apgar score or the finned risk
+which was used to predict diabetes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was used to predict diabetes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was used to predict diabetes in
+finland each of those had only five to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finland each of those had only five to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finland each of those had only five to
+20 questions and based on the answers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 questions and based on the answers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 questions and based on the answers to
+those five or two any questions one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those five or two any questions one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those five or two any questions one
+could get a pretty good idea of what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get a pretty good idea of what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get a pretty good idea of what the
+risk is of that patient right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk is of that patient right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk is of that patient right so the
+fact that there might be a small number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that there might be a small number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that there might be a small number
+of features that are that are together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of features that are that are together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of features that are that are together
+sufficient is actually a very reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient is actually a very reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient is actually a very reasonable
+prior ins one reason why l1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior ins one reason why l1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior ins one reason why l1
+regularization is actually very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization is actually very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization is actually very well
+suited to these types of risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suited to these types of risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suited to these types of risk
+stratification problems on this type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratification problems on this type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratification problems on this type of
+data the second reason is is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data the second reason is is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data the second reason is is one of
+interpretability if one wants to then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretability if one wants to then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretability if one wants to then
+ask well what are the features that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask well what are the features that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask well what are the features that
+actually were used by this model to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually were used by this model to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually were used by this model to make
+predictions when you find only twenty or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions when you find only twenty or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions when you find only twenty or
+a few hundred features you can enumerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few hundred features you can enumerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few hundred features you can enumerate
+all of them look to see what they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them look to see what they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them look to see what they are
+and that way understand what is going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that way understand what is going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that way understand what is going on
+into the predictions that are that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the predictions that are that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the predictions that are that are
+made and that also has a very big impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made and that also has a very big impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made and that also has a very big impact
+when it comes to translation so suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes to translation so suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes to translation so suppose
+you built a model using data from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you built a model using data from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you built a model using data from this
+health insurance company and this health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health insurance company and this health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health insurance company and this health
+insurance going to just happen to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance going to just happen to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance going to just happen to have
+access to a huge number of features but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to a huge number of features but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to a huge number of features but
+now you want to go somewhere else and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you want to go somewhere else and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you want to go somewhere else and
+apply the same model if what you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the same model if what you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the same model if what you've
+learned is a model with only a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned is a model with only a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned is a model with only a few
+hundred features or answer you're to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred features or answer you're to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred features or answer you're to
+able to dwindle it down then it provides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to dwindle it down then it provides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to dwindle it down then it provides
+an opportunity to deploy your model much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an opportunity to deploy your model much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an opportunity to deploy your model much
+more easily the next place you go to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more easily the next place you go to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more easily the next place you go to you
+only need to get access to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only need to get access to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only need to get access to those
+features in order to make your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features in order to make your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features in order to make your
+predictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'll summarize the next I'll finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll summarize the next I'll finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll summarize the next I'll finish
+up in the next five minutes in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the next five minutes in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the next five minutes in order to
+get to our our discussion with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to our our discussion with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to our our discussion with with
+Leonard Leonard but just want to recap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leonard Leonard but just want to recap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leonard Leonard but just want to recap
+what are the features that go into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the features that go into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the features that go into this
+model and what are some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and what are some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and what are some of the
+valuations that we use so the features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuations that we use so the features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuations that we use so the features
+that we used here were ones that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we used here were ones that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we used here were ones that were
+designed to take into consideration that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to take into consideration that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to take into consideration that
+there's a lot of missing data for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of missing data for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of missing data for
+patients so rather than think through do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients so rather than think through do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients so rather than think through do
+we impute this feature do we not impute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we impute this feature do we not impute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we impute this feature do we not impute
+this feature we simply look to see where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this feature we simply look to see where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this feature we simply look to see where
+these features ever Biz served so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these features ever Biz served so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these features ever Biz served so we
+choose our feature space in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose our feature space in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose our feature space in order to
+already count for the fact that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already count for the fact that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already count for the fact that there's
+a lot of missing minutes for example we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of missing minutes for example we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of missing minutes for example we
+look to see what types of specialist has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look to see what types of specialist has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look to see what types of specialist has
+this doctor seen in the past been to in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doctor seen in the past been to in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doctor seen in the past been to in
+the past for every possible specialist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past for every possible specialist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past for every possible specialist
+we put a one in the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put a one in the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put a one in the corresponding
+dimension if the patient has seen that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension if the patient has seen that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension if the patient has seen that
+specialist and that type of specialist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialist and that type of specialist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialist and that type of specialist
+and zero otherwise for the medications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zero otherwise for the medications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zero otherwise for the medications
+for the top 1,000 most common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the top 1,000 most common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the top 1,000 most common
+medications we look to see has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medications we look to see has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medications we look to see has the
+patient ever taken his medication yes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient ever taken his medication yes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient ever taken his medication yes or
+no again zero one in the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no again zero one in the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no again zero one in the corresponding
+dimension for laboratory tests that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension for laboratory tests that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension for laboratory tests that's
+where we do something which is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we do something which is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we do something which is a little
+bit different we look to see first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit different we look to see first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit different we look to see first of
+all was that laboratory test ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all was that laboratory test ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all was that laboratory test ever
+administered and then we say okay if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administered and then we say okay if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administered and then we say okay if it
+was administered was the result ever low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was administered was the result ever low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was administered was the result ever low
+out of bounds on the lower side it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of bounds on the lower side it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of bounds on the lower side it was
+the result ever high was a result ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result ever high was a result ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result ever high was a result ever
+normal is the value increasing is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal is the value increasing is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal is the value increasing is the
+value decreasing is the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value decreasing is the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value decreasing is the value
+fluctuating I noticed that each one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuating I noticed that each one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuating I noticed that each one of
+these quantities is well defined even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these quantities is well defined even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these quantities is well defined even
+for patients who don't ever have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for patients who don't ever have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for patients who don't ever have any
+laboratory test results available right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory test results available right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory test results available right
+the answer would be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer would be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer would be zero
+it was never administered and zero it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was never administered and zero it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was never administered and zero it
+was never Losey Rho is never high end so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was never Losey Rho is never high end so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was never Losey Rho is never high end so
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+okay yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yep
+increasing so increasing here first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing so increasing here first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing so increasing here first of
+all if there were all is only a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all if there were all is only a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all if there were all is only a single
+value observed then it's zero if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value observed then it's zero if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value observed then it's zero if they
+were at least two values observed then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were at least two values observed then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were at least two values observed then
+look to see was there ever any adjacent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look to see was there ever any adjacent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look to see was there ever any adjacent
+pair of observations where the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of observations where the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of observations where the second
+one was higher than the first one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was higher than the first one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was higher than the first one that's
+the way it was defined here Lily because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it was defined here Lily because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it was defined here Lily because
+increase and then decrease correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase and then decrease correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase and then decrease correct
+that's what we did here it's extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we did here it's extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we did here it's extremely
+simple right so there's there are lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple right so there's there are lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple right so there's there are lots
+of better ways that you could do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of better ways that you could do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of better ways that you could do this
+and in fact this is an example which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact this is an example which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact this is an example which
+will come back to perhaps a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come back to perhaps a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come back to perhaps a little bit
+in the next lecture and then more in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next lecture and then more in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next lecture and then more in
+subsequent lectures when we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequent lectures when we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequent lectures when we talk about
+using recurrent neural networks to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using recurrent neural networks to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using recurrent neural networks to try
+to summarize time series data because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to summarize time series data because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to summarize time series data because
+one could imagine that using such an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one could imagine that using such an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one could imagine that using such an
+approach could actually automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach could actually automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach could actually automatically
+learn such features fluctuating is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn such features fluctuating is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn such features fluctuating is
+exactly the scenario that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the scenario that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the scenario that's just
+described you can go up and then it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described you can go up and then it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described you can go up and then it goes
+down pass through both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was the minister of any of the others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the minister of any of the others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the minister of any of the others
+correct so so indeed there's a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct so so indeed there's a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct so so indeed there's a huge
+amount of correlation between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of correlation between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of correlation between these
+teachers if any of these were one then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers if any of these were one then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers if any of these were one then
+this is also going to be one now yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also going to be one now yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also going to be one now yeah
+but you would still want to include this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you would still want to include this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you would still want to include this
+one in here so imagine that all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in here so imagine that all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in here so imagine that all these
+were zero you don't know if they're zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were zero you don't know if they're zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were zero you don't know if they're zero
+because these things didn't happen or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these things didn't happen or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these things didn't happen or
+because the test was never performed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they're just buying your indicators here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just buying your indicators here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just buying your indicators here
+all right start visited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right start visited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right start visited
+well no oh as you're saying as you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well no oh as you're saying as you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well no oh as you're saying as you're
+saying if the result was if the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying if the result was if the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying if the result was if the result
+was ever present then it would be at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was ever present then it would be at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was ever present then it would be at
+least one of these three maybe I gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one of these three maybe I gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one of these three maybe I gets
+into some of the technical details which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into some of the technical details which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into some of the technical details which
+I don't remember right now was a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't remember right now was a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't remember right now was a good
+question and then and this is the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and then and this is the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and then and this is the next
+most really important detail the way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most really important detail the way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most really important detail the way I
+just described this there was no notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just described this there was no notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just described this there was no notion
+of time in that but of course when these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time in that but of course when these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time in that but of course when these
+things happen can be really important so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happen can be really important so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happen can be really important so
+the next thing we do is we recompute all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next thing we do is we recompute all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next thing we do is we recompute all
+of these features for different time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these features for different time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these features for different time
+buckets so we compute them for the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buckets so we compute them for the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buckets so we compute them for the last
+six months of history for the last 24
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six months of history for the last 24
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six months of history for the last 24
+months of history and then for all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months of history and then for all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months of history and then for all of
+past history and we concatenate together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past history and we concatenate together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past history and we concatenate together
+all of those feature vectors and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those feature vectors and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those feature vectors and what
+you get out in this case was something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get out in this case was something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get out in this case was something
+like a forty two thousand dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a forty two thousand dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a forty two thousand dimensional
+feature vector by the way it's 42,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature vector by the way it's 42,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature vector by the way it's 42,000
+dimensional and not higher because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional and not higher because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional and not higher because the
+features that we use for diagnosis codes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features that we use for diagnosis codes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features that we use for diagnosis codes
+for this paper were not temporal in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this paper were not temporal in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this paper were not temporal in
+nature and one could easily make them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature and one could easily make them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature and one could easily make them
+temporal nature in which case it'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal nature in which case it'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal nature in which case it'd be
+more like 60,000 features I'm gonna skip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like 60,000 features I'm gonna skip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like 60,000 features I'm gonna skip
+over the driving labels and get back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the driving labels and get back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the driving labels and get back to
+that and next time just want to briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and next time just want to briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and next time just want to briefly
+talk about about how does one evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about about how does one evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about about how does one evaluate
+these types of models and I'll give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these types of models and I'll give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these types of models and I'll give you
+one view and evaluations and and shortly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one view and evaluations and and shortly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one view and evaluations and and shortly
+we'll hear a very different type of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll hear a very different type of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll hear a very different type of view
+so here what I'm showing you're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here what I'm showing you're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here what I'm showing you're the
+height are the the variables that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height are the the variables that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height are the the variables that have
+that have been selected by the model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been selected by the model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been selected by the model and
+have nonzero weight so for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have nonzero weight so for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have nonzero weight so for example the
+very top you see impaired fasting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very top you see impaired fasting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very top you see impaired fasting
+glucose which is as used by the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose which is as used by the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose which is as used by the model
+and saw surprising because we're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and saw surprising because we're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and saw surprising because we're trying
+to predict that the patient is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to predict that the patient is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to predict that the patient is the
+patient likely to develop type 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient likely to develop type 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient likely to develop type 2
+diabetes now you might ask if a patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes now you might ask if a patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes now you might ask if a patient
+has a diagnosis code for impaired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a diagnosis code for impaired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a diagnosis code for impaired
+fasting glucose aren't they already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fasting glucose aren't they already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fasting glucose aren't they already
+diabetic shouldn't they have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetic shouldn't they have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetic shouldn't they have been
+excluded and the answer is no because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excluded and the answer is no because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excluded and the answer is no because
+there are also patients who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are also patients who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are also patients who are
+pre-diabetic in this data set who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-diabetic in this data set who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-diabetic in this data set who have
+been intentionally included because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been intentionally included because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been intentionally included because we
+don't know which of them are going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know which of them are going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know which of them are going to go
+on to develop type 2 diabetes and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to develop type 2 diabetes and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to develop type 2 diabetes and so
+this is an indicator that a patient has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an indicator that a patient has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an indicator that a patient has
+been previously flagged as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been previously flagged as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been previously flagged as being
+pre-diabetic and it obviously makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-diabetic and it obviously makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-diabetic and it obviously makes
+sense that that would be at the very top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that that would be at the very top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that that would be at the very top
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+of the predictive variables but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the predictive variables but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the predictive variables but there
+are so many things that are a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so many things that are a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so many things that are a little bit
+less obvious for example here we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less obvious for example here we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less obvious for example here we see
+obstructive sleep apnea and esophageal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstructive sleep apnea and esophageal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstructive sleep apnea and esophageal
+reflux as being chosen by the model to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflux as being chosen by the model to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflux as being chosen by the model to
+be predicted that the patient developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be predicted that the patient developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be predicted that the patient developing
+type 2 diabetes we would conjecture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type 2 diabetes we would conjecture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type 2 diabetes we would conjecture is
+that those variables in fact act as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those variables in fact act as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those variables in fact act as
+surrogates for the patient being obese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrogates for the patient being obese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrogates for the patient being obese
+because obesity is very seldom coded in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because obesity is very seldom coded in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because obesity is very seldom coded in
+in commercial health insurance claims
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in commercial health insurance claims
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in commercial health insurance claims
+and so with this variable and despite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so with this variable and despite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so with this variable and despite
+the fact that obesity the patient might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that obesity the patient might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that obesity the patient might
+be obese if this variable is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be obese if this variable is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be obese if this variable is not
+observed then patients who are obese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed then patients who are obese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed then patients who are obese
+often have what's called sleep apnea so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often have what's called sleep apnea so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often have what's called sleep apnea so
+they might stop breathing for short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might stop breathing for short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might stop breathing for short
+periods of time during their sleep and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods of time during their sleep and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods of time during their sleep and
+so that then would be a sign of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that then would be a sign of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that then would be a sign of of
+obesity so I talked about how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obesity so I talked about how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obesity so I talked about how the
+criteria which we use to evaluate risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria which we use to evaluate risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria which we use to evaluate risk
+stratification models are a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratification models are a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratification models are a little bit
+different from the criteria used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the criteria used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the criteria used to
+evaluate diagnosis models here I'll tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate diagnosis models here I'll tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate diagnosis models here I'll tell
+you one of the measures that we often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one of the measures that we often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one of the measures that we often
+use and it's called positive parity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and it's called positive parity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and it's called positive parity
+value so what would do is well look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so what would do is well look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so what would do is well look at
+after you've learned your model look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you've learned your model look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you've learned your model look at
+the top 100 predictions top 1000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top 100 predictions top 1000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top 100 predictions top 1000
+predictions top 10,000 predictions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions top 10,000 predictions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions top 10,000 predictions and
+look to see what fraction of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look to see what fraction of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look to see what fraction of those
+patients went on to actually develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients went on to actually develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients went on to actually develop
+type 2 diabetes and of course this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type 2 diabetes and of course this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type 2 diabetes and of course this is
+done using held up data now the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done using held up data now the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done using held up data now the reason
+why you might be interested in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you might be interested in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you might be interested in different
+levels is because you might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels is because you might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels is because you might want to
+target different interventions depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target different interventions depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target different interventions depending
+on on the risk and cost for example a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on the risk and cost for example a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on the risk and cost for example a
+very low cost intervention one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low cost intervention one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low cost intervention one of the
+ones that that we did was sending a text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that that we did was sending a text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that that we did was sending a text
+message to patients who have who are who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message to patients who have who are who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message to patients who have who are who
+are expected to have high risk of dough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are expected to have high risk of dough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are expected to have high risk of dough
+being touched by these diabetes if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being touched by these diabetes if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being touched by these diabetes if
+they've not been to see their eye doctor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've not been to see their eye doctor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've not been to see their eye doctor
+in the last year we send them a text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last year we send them a text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last year we send them a text
+message saying maybe you want to go see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message saying maybe you want to go see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message saying maybe you want to go see
+your eye doctor remember you get a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your eye doctor remember you get a free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your eye doctor remember you get a free
+I check up and this is a very cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I check up and this is a very cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I check up and this is a very cheap
+intervention and it's a very subtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention and it's a very subtle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention and it's a very subtle
+intervention the reason why it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention the reason why it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention the reason why it can be
+effective is because patients who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective is because patients who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective is because patients who
+develop type 2 diabetes once that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop type 2 diabetes once that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop type 2 diabetes once that
+diabetes progresses it leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes progresses it leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes progresses it leads to
+something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called
+diabetic retinopathy which is often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetic retinopathy which is often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetic retinopathy which is often
+caught in an eye exam and so that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught in an eye exam and so that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught in an eye exam and so that could
+be one mechanism for patients to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one mechanism for patients to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one mechanism for patients to be
+diagnosed and since it's so cheap you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosed and since it's so cheap you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosed and since it's so cheap you
+could do it for 10,000 people so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do it for 10,000 people so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do it for 10,000 people so you
+take the 10,000 most risky people you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the 10,000 most risky people you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the 10,000 most risky people you
+apply the intervention for them and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the intervention for them and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the intervention for them and you
+look to see which of those people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look to see which of those people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look to see which of those people
+actually actually had developed diabetes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually actually had developed diabetes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually actually had developed diabetes
+in the future and the model that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future and the model that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future and the model that I
+showed you 10% of that population went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you 10% of that population went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you 10% of that population went
+on developed type 2 diabetes 1 2 3 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on developed type 2 diabetes 1 2 3 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on developed type 2 diabetes 1 2 3 years
+from that the comparison part I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that the comparison part I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that the comparison part I'm
+showing you here this blue bar is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you here this blue bar is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you here this blue bar is if you
+use a model which is derived using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a model which is derived using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a model which is derived using a
+very small number of features so not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small number of features so not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small number of features so not a
+machine learning based approach and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning based approach and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning based approach and
+they're only 6% of the people went on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're only 6% of the people went on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're only 6% of the people went on to
+develop type 2 diabetes and from the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop type 2 diabetes and from the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop type 2 diabetes and from the top
+10,000 another hand other interventions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 another hand other interventions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 another hand other interventions
+you might want to do a much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to do a much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to do a much more
+expensive so for example you might only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive so for example you might only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive so for example you might only
+be able to do that intervention for 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to do that intervention for 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to do that intervention for 100
+people because it costs too much money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people because it costs too much money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people because it costs too much money
+and you have a limited budget as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have a limited budget as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have a limited budget as a
+health insurer and so for those people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health insurer and so for those people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health insurer and so for those people
+you can ask well what is the predictive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can ask well what is the predictive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can ask well what is the predictive
+positive predictive value of those top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive predictive value of those top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive predictive value of those top
+100 predictions and here that is it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 predictions and here that is it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 predictions and here that is it was
+15% using the machine learning based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15% using the machine learning based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15% using the machine learning based
+model and less than half of that using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and less than half of that using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and less than half of that using
+the more traditional approach so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more traditional approach so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more traditional approach so I'm
+going to stop here there's a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to stop here there's a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to stop here there's a lot more
+that I that I can and will say but I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I that I can and will say but I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I that I can and will say but I'll
+have to get to it in next Thursday's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to get to it in next Thursday's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to get to it in next Thursday's
+lecture because I'd like our guests to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture because I'd like our guests to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture because I'd like our guests to
+come down and and we will have a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come down and and we will have a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come down and and we will have a bit of
+a discussion to be clear this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a discussion to be clear this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a discussion to be clear this is the
+first time that we've ever had this type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time that we've ever had this type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time that we've ever had this type
+of in-class interaction which is why by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in-class interaction which is why by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in-class interaction which is why by
+the way I ran a little bit lake's I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way I ran a little bit lake's I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way I ran a little bit lake's I
+hadn't ever done something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't ever done something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't ever done something like this
+before it's an experiment let's see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it's an experiment let's see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it's an experiment let's see what
+happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so just Harry Leonard learns fun Len
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just Harry Leonard learns fun Len
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just Harry Leonard learns fun Len
+okay so Len could you please introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so Len could you please introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so Len could you please introduce
+yourself sure my name is Linda boyo I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself sure my name is Linda boyo I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself sure my name is Linda boyo I'm
+sister professor at Harvard Medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sister professor at Harvard Medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sister professor at Harvard Medical
+School I'm also the CEO and founder of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School I'm also the CEO and founder of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School I'm also the CEO and founder of a
+company called yeah a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company called yeah a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company called yeah a little bit
+background some be working at VA for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background some be working at VA for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background some be working at VA for
+example yeah it's been over the last 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example yeah it's been over the last 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example yeah it's been over the last 15
+years or so trying to help health care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years or so trying to help health care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years or so trying to help health care
+learn from its data in new ways and up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn from its data in new ways and up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn from its data in new ways and up
+all the fields that need your help I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the fields that need your help I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the fields that need your help I
+would say healthcare you know for both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say healthcare you know for both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say healthcare you know for both
+societal but also just from a where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societal but also just from a where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societal but also just from a where
+we're at with our ability is a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're at with our ability is a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're at with our ability is a great
+place for you guys to invest your time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place for you guys to invest your time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place for you guys to invest your time
+I've been doing this for government in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been doing this for government in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been doing this for government in
+academia as a researcher publishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academia as a researcher publishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academia as a researcher publishing
+papers I've been doing this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers I've been doing this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers I've been doing this for
+nonprofits in this country and a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonprofits in this country and a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonprofits in this country and a few
+others but every single project that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others but every single project that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others but every single project that
+I've been a part of has been an effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been a part of has been an effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been a part of has been an effort
+to bring in data that has always been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring in data that has always been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring in data that has always been
+there but we haven't been able to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but we haven't been able to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but we haven't been able to learn
+from until now and whether that's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from until now and whether that's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from until now and whether that's you
+know the VA building out there genomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the VA building out there genomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the VA building out there genomic
+science infrastructure and recruiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science infrastructure and recruiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science infrastructure and recruiting
+and enrolling a million veterans to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and enrolling a million veterans to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and enrolling a million veterans to
+donate their blood in their EMR or at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donate their blood in their EMR or at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donate their blood in their EMR or at
+ariadni labs over out of Harvard School
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ariadni labs over out of Harvard School
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ariadni labs over out of Harvard School
+of Public Health in the Brigham
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Public Health in the Brigham
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Public Health in the Brigham
+improving childbirth in India it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving childbirth in India it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving childbirth in India it it's
+all about how can we get a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about how can we get a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about how can we get a little bit
+better over and over again to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better over and over again to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better over and over again to make
+healthcare you know a better place for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare you know a better place for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare you know a better place for
+folks so tell me what is risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks so tell me what is risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks so tell me what is risk
+stratification from your perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratification from your perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratification from your perspective
+okay defining that I found to be one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay defining that I found to be one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay defining that I found to be one of
+the most difficult parts of today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most difficult parts of today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most difficult parts of today's
+lecture well thank you for challenging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture well thank you for challenging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture well thank you for challenging
+me with it so it's a rather generic term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me with it so it's a rather generic term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me with it so it's a rather generic term
+and I think it depends entirely on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think it depends entirely on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think it depends entirely on the
+problem you're trying to solve and every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you're trying to solve and every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you're trying to solve and every
+time I I go at this you really have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I I go at this you really have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I I go at this you really have to
+ground yourself in the problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground yourself in the problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground yourself in the problem that
+you're trying to solve risk could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to solve risk could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to solve risk could be
+running out of a medical supply in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running out of a medical supply in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running out of a medical supply in an
+operating room risk could be an Apgar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating room risk could be an Apgar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating room risk could be an Apgar
+score risk could be pre from pre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score risk could be pre from pre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score risk could be pre from pre
+diabetic to diabetic risk could be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetic to diabetic risk could be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetic to diabetic risk could be an
+older person falling down in their home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older person falling down in their home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older person falling down in their home
+so it's really what is it to me I you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's really what is it to me I you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's really what is it to me I you
+know I'm very much caught up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'm very much caught up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'm very much caught up in the
+tools analogy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools analogy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools analogy
+right these are wonderful tools with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right these are wonderful tools with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right these are wonderful tools with
+which a skilled craftsman surrounded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which a skilled craftsman surrounded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which a skilled craftsman surrounded by
+others that have skills could go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others that have skills could go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others that have skills could go ahead
+and solve very specific problems so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and solve very specific problems so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and solve very specific problems so that
+this is a hammer it's one that that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a hammer it's one that that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a hammer it's one that that we
+spend a lot of time refining and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a lot of time refining and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a lot of time refining and
+applying to solve problems in healthcare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying to solve problems in healthcare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying to solve problems in healthcare
+so when you tell us about some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you tell us about some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you tell us about some of the
+areas where where your company has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas where where your company has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas where where your company has been
+applying recertification today at a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying recertification today at a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying recertification today at a very
+high level and then we'll die we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level and then we'll die we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level and then we'll die we'll
+choose one of them to dive a bit deeper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose one of them to dive a bit deeper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose one of them to dive a bit deeper
+into sure so so we do that the way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into sure so so we do that the way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into sure so so we do that the way we
+describe what we do is it's performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe what we do is it's performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe what we do is it's performance
+improvement and and I'm just giving you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement and and I'm just giving you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement and and I'm just giving you
+a little background because it'll tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little background because it'll tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little background because it'll tell
+you which problems I'm focused on so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you which problems I'm focused on so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you which problems I'm focused on so it
+it's performance improvement and and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's performance improvement and and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's performance improvement and and to
+be candid the types of things we like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be candid the types of things we like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be candid the types of things we like to
+improve the performance of our like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the performance of our like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the performance of our like how
+do we keep people out of the hospital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we keep people out of the hospital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we keep people out of the hospital
+I'm not gonna soapbox on this too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not gonna soapbox on this too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not gonna soapbox on this too much
+but I think it matters like the example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think it matters like the example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think it matters like the example
+that you gave that you were employed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you gave that you were employed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you gave that you were employed to
+help solve was by and ensure in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help solve was by and ensure in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help solve was by and ensure in
+insurance your insurance companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance your insurance companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance your insurance companies
+there's probably 30 industries in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's probably 30 industries in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's probably 30 industries in
+healthcare it's not one industry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare it's not one industry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare it's not one industry and
+every one of them has different and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every one of them has different and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every one of them has different and
+often times competing incentives and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often times competing incentives and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often times competing incentives and so
+the the most logical application for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the most logical application for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the most logical application for
+these technologies is to help to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these technologies is to help to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these technologies is to help to
+preventative things but only about but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preventative things but only about but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preventative things but only about but
+depending on your math between eight and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on your math between eight and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on your math between eight and
+twelve percent of of healthcare is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twelve percent of of healthcare is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twelve percent of of healthcare is
+financially incentivized to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financially incentivized to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financially incentivized to do
+preventative things the rest are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preventative things the rest are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preventative things the rest are the
+hospitals and the clinics and the and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitals and the clinics and the and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitals and the clinics and the and
+when you think of health care you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think of health care you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think of health care you
+probably think of those types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably think of those types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably think of those types of
+organizations they don't typically pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations they don't typically pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations they don't typically pay
+to keep you out of those facilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep you out of those facilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep you out of those facilities
+where as a company you you know you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where as a company you you know you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where as a company you you know you've
+got to make a profit of entry so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to make a profit of entry so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to make a profit of entry so you
+need to focus on the ones where there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to focus on the ones where there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to focus on the ones where there's
+a finance focus on where there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finance focus on where there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finance focus on where there's a
+financial incentive and in my case I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial incentive and in my case I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial incentive and in my case I
+wanted to build a company where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to build a company where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to build a company where the
+financial incentive aligned with keeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial incentive aligned with keeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial incentive aligned with keeping
+people healthy so what are some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people healthy so what are some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people healthy so what are some of these
+examples sure so we do a lot with older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples sure so we do a lot with older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples sure so we do a lot with older
+populations and so with older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations and so with older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations and so with older
+populations it becomes very important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations it becomes very important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations it becomes very important to
+understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+who care managers should approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who care managers should approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who care managers should approach
+because the risk levels are rising a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the risk levels are rising a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the risk levels are rising a lot
+of risk stratification the old way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of risk stratification the old way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of risk stratification the old way that
+you describe identifies people that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you describe identifies people that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you describe identifies people that are
+already at their most acute so it's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already at their most acute so it's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already at their most acute so it's sort
+of skating to where the puck has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of skating to where the puck has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of skating to where the puck has been
+you're you're getting attention because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're getting attention because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're getting attention because
+you are at the absolute peak of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are at the absolute peak of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are at the absolute peak of your
+acuity we're trying to help care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acuity we're trying to help care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acuity we're trying to help care
+management organizations find people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management organizations find people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management organizations find people
+that are rising risk and even when we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are rising risk and even when we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are rising risk and even when we do
+that we try to get I mean the power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we try to get I mean the power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we try to get I mean the power of
+these technologies is to move away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these technologies is to move away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these technologies is to move away from
+one-size-fits-all so when we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-size-fits-all so when we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-size-fits-all so when we think about
+rising risk we think about all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rising risk we think about all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rising risk we think about all right so
+in a behavioral health environment it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a behavioral health environment it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a behavioral health environment it is
+the rising risk of an inpatient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rising risk of an inpatient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rising risk of an inpatient
+psychiatric admission that is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychiatric admission that is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychiatric admission that is a very
+specific application there are things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific application there are things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific application there are things we
+can do about it as opposed to risk which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do about it as opposed to risk which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do about it as opposed to risk which
+I mean if you think about what's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean if you think about what's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean if you think about what's being
+done in other industries like Amazon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in other industries like Amazon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in other industries like Amazon
+does not consider us all consumers there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not consider us all consumers there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not consider us all consumers there
+are individuals that are very likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are individuals that are very likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are individuals that are very likely to
+react to certain offers at certain times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react to certain offers at certain times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react to certain offers at certain times
+and so we're trying to bring this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're trying to bring this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're trying to bring this sort
+of more granular approach into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of more granular approach into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of more granular approach into
+healthcare where we sit with teams and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare where we sit with teams and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare where we sit with teams and
+they're used to just having generic risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're used to just having generic risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're used to just having generic risk
+scores we're trying to help them think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scores we're trying to help them think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scores we're trying to help them think
+through which older people are likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through which older people are likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through which older people are likely to
+fall down which we do work in diabetes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall down which we do work in diabetes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall down which we do work in diabetes
+also so which children with type 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also so which children with type 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also so which children with type 1
+diabetes shouldn't just be scheduled for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes shouldn't just be scheduled for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes shouldn't just be scheduled for
+an appointment every three months but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an appointment every three months but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an appointment every three months but
+you should go to them right now so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should go to them right now so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should go to them right now so those
+are some examples but the themes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some examples but the themes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some examples but the themes are
+very consistent it's helping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very consistent it's helping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very consistent it's helping
+organizations move away from rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations move away from rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations move away from rather
+generic rather one-size-fits-all toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic rather one-size-fits-all toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic rather one-size-fits-all toward
+well what are the more actionable so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what are the more actionable so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what are the more actionable so
+even graduation from care management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even graduation from care management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even graduation from care management
+because now you should be having serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now you should be having serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now you should be having serious
+illness conversations because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illness conversations because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illness conversations because you're
+nearing end of life or palliative care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearing end of life or palliative care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearing end of life or palliative care
+referrals or hospice referrals ok so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referrals or hospice referrals ok so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referrals or hospice referrals ok so I
+want to choose a single one to dive into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to choose a single one to dive into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to choose a single one to dive into
+and I want to choose one that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to choose one that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to choose one that you've
+worked on the longest and where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on the longest and where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on the longest and where you're
+already doing at least initial parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already doing at least initial parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already doing at least initial parts of
+an evaluation of it and so I think when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an evaluation of it and so I think when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an evaluation of it and so I think when
+we talked on the phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked on the phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked on the phone
+psych er was one of those examples yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psych er was one of those examples yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psych er was one of those examples yeah
+tell us a bit about that one yeah so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us a bit about that one yeah so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us a bit about that one yeah so um
+I'll just walk you through the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just walk you through the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just walk you through the problem
+to me though yeah sure so sure so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me though yeah sure so sure so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me though yeah sure so sure so we
+work with a large behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with a large behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with a large behave
+health care organization there they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health care organization there they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health care organization there they are
+they are contracted by health plans in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are contracted by health plans in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are contracted by health plans in
+effect to to treat people that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect to to treat people that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect to to treat people that have
+mental health challenges and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental health challenges and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental health challenges and the
+traditional way of identifying anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional way of identifying anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional way of identifying anyone
+for care management is again you you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for care management is again you you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for care management is again you you get
+a risk score because you know when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a risk score because you know when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a risk score because you know when you
+sort your the the highest ranking in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort your the the highest ranking in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort your the the highest ranking in
+terms of odds ratio variables it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of odds ratio variables it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of odds ratio variables it's
+because you were already admitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you were already admitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you were already admitted
+because you're older because you're you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're older because you're you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're older because you're you
+have more medications so they were they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more medications so they were they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more medications so they were they
+were using a similar approach finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were using a similar approach finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were using a similar approach finding
+the most acute people so the very first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most acute people so the very first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most acute people so the very first
+thing we do and all of our engagements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we do and all of our engagements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we do and all of our engagements
+is an understanding where is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an understanding where is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an understanding where is the
+greatest opportunity and this has very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest opportunity and this has very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest opportunity and this has very
+little to do with the machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little to do with the machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little to do with the machine learning
+it's just well what's happening today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just well what's happening today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just well what's happening today
+where are these things happening who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are these things happening who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are these things happening who was
+Karen who is caring for these folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Karen who is caring for these folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Karen who is caring for these folks
+everyone wants to reduce hospital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone wants to reduce hospital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone wants to reduce hospital
+admissions but there's a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admissions but there's a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admissions but there's a difference
+between hospital admissions because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between hospital admissions because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between hospital admissions because
+you're not taking your meds and hospital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not taking your meds and hospital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not taking your meds and hospital
+admissions because you're addicted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admissions because you're addicted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admissions because you're addicted to
+opioids and hospital admissions because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opioids and hospital admissions because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opioids and hospital admissions because
+you have chronic complex bipolar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have chronic complex bipolar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have chronic complex bipolar
+schizophrenia so we wanted to first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schizophrenia so we wanted to first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schizophrenia so we wanted to first
+understand well where is the greatest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand well where is the greatest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand well where is the greatest
+cost where what types of things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost where what types of things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost where what types of things are
+happening most frequently and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening most frequently and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening most frequently and then you
+want to have the clinical team tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have the clinical team tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have the clinical team tell you
+well these are the types of resources we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well these are the types of resources we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well these are the types of resources we
+have we we have people that can address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we we have people that can address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we we have people that can address
+these issues or we have interventions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these issues or we have interventions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these issues or we have interventions
+designed to solve these problems and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to solve these problems and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to solve these problems and so
+you bring together where is the greatest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bring together where is the greatest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bring together where is the greatest
+possible return on on your investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible return on on your investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible return on on your investment
+from both a data standpoint a financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from both a data standpoint a financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from both a data standpoint a financial
+standpoint but also and we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint but also and we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint but also and we can do
+something about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about it
+after you do that it's only then after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you do that it's only then after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you do that it's only then after
+you have full agreement from executive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have full agreement from executive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have full agreement from executive
+teams that this is the very narrow thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams that this is the very narrow thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams that this is the very narrow thing
+that we think we can address then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we think we can address then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we think we can address then we
+begin to apply machine learning to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to apply machine learning to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to apply machine learning to try
+to solve the problems so what what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve the problems so what what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve the problems so what what was
+that what did that funnel lead to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what did that funnel lead to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what did that funnel lead to what
+what did you decide was the thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did you decide was the thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did you decide was the thing to
+address yeah it was tried to reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address yeah it was tried to reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address yeah it was tried to reduce
+inpatient psychiatric admissions and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inpatient psychiatric admissions and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inpatient psychiatric admissions and and
+even then the traditional way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even then the traditional way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even then the traditional way of
+reducing admissions just because it came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing admissions just because it came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing admissions just because it came
+out of this tradition of 30-day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of this tradition of 30-day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of this tradition of 30-day
+readmissions the traditional way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readmissions the traditional way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readmissions the traditional way of
+doing this has always been thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this has always been thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this has always been thought
+in terms of 30 days out but when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of 30 days out but when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of 30 days out but when we
+interviewed the teams they said actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewed the teams they said actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewed the teams they said actually
+for this particular condition it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this particular condition it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this particular condition it takes
+us more like 90 days to be able to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us more like 90 days to be able to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us more like 90 days to be able to have
+an impact and so that you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an impact and so that you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an impact and so that you know that
+clinical understanding mixed with what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical understanding mixed with what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical understanding mixed with what
+we have the resources to address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the resources to address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the resources to address
+that's what steers then the application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what steers then the application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what steers then the application
+of machine learning to solve a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of machine learning to solve a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of machine learning to solve a specific
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+okay so psychiatric inpatient admissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so psychiatric inpatient admissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so psychiatric inpatient admissions
+so these are patients who come to the ER
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are patients who come to the ER
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are patients who come to the ER
+for some psychiatric related problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some psychiatric related problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some psychiatric related problem and
+then when they're in the ER they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when they're in the ER they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when they're in the ER they're
+admitted to the hospital they're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitted to the hospital they're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitted to the hospital they're in the
+hospital for anywhere from a day to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital for anywhere from a day to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital for anywhere from a day to a
+few days and you want to you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few days and you want to you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few days and you want to you want to
+find when are those gonna happen in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find when are those gonna happen in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find when are those gonna happen in the
+future yeah and it could what type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future yeah and it could what type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future yeah and it could what type of
+data is useful for that sure and I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is useful for that sure and I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is useful for that sure and I don't
+you don't have to just get through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to just get through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to just get through the
+IDI though that's the most common any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IDI though that's the most common any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IDI though that's the most common any
+unplanned acute admission got it so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unplanned acute admission got it so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unplanned acute admission got it so so
+what kind of data is most useful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of data is most useful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of data is most useful for
+predicting that oh yeah so every I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting that oh yeah so every I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting that oh yeah so every I think
+a philosophy that you all should take is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a philosophy that you all should take is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a philosophy that you all should take is
+whatever date you have there should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever date you have there should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever date you have there should be
+your competitive advantage in solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your competitive advantage in solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your competitive advantage in solving
+the problem and and that's different the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem and and that's different the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem and and that's different the
+way this has been done where folks are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this has been done where folks are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this has been done where folks are
+they have made an algorithm somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have made an algorithm somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have made an algorithm somewhere
+else and then they're coming and telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else and then they're coming and telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else and then they're coming and telling
+you hey as long as you have claims data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hey as long as you have claims data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hey as long as you have claims data
+then plug in my variables and I can help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then plug in my variables and I can help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then plug in my variables and I can help
+you our approach and this is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you our approach and this is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you our approach and this is sort of
+derived from my interest from the start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived from my interest from the start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived from my interest from the start
+in solving the problem and trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in solving the problem and trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in solving the problem and trying to
+make the tools work faster our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the tools work faster our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the tools work faster our
+approaches whatever data you have we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches whatever data you have we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches whatever data you have we
+will bring it in and consider it what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will bring it in and consider it what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will bring it in and consider it what
+ultimately then wins is dependent on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately then wins is dependent on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately then wins is dependent on the
+problem but you would not be surprised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but you would not be surprised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but you would not be surprised
+to learn that there is some value in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn that there is some value in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn that there is some value in
+claims data but there's a lot about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims data but there's a lot about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims data but there's a lot about you
+put labs up there's a lot of value in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put labs up there's a lot of value in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put labs up there's a lot of value in
+labs when it comes to behavioral health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labs when it comes to behavioral health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labs when it comes to behavioral health
+and this is where you really have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is where you really have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is where you really have to
+understand healthcare it's incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand healthcare it's incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand healthcare it's incredibly
+under diagnosed there's a stigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under diagnosed there's a stigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under diagnosed there's a stigma
+attached to carrying diagnosis codes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to carrying diagnosis codes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to carrying diagnosis codes
+that would describe you as having mental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would describe you as having mental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would describe you as having mental
+health challenges and so claims alone is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health challenges and so claims alone is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health challenges and so claims alone is
+not sufficient for that reason we find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sufficient for that reason we find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sufficient for that reason we find a
+lot of lift from care management so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of lift from care management so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of lift from care management so when
+you have a care manager that care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a care manager that care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a care manager that care
+manager is assessing you and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager is assessing you and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager is assessing you and you're
+filling out forms and surveying you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling out forms and surveying you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling out forms and surveying you and
+giving you different types of sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you different types of sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you different types of sort of
+functional assessments or act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional assessments or act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional assessments or act
+fifties of daily living assessments that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifties of daily living assessments that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifties of daily living assessments that
+data turns out to be very powerful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data turns out to be very powerful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data turns out to be very powerful and
+then it's you know a dark horse that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's you know a dark horse that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's you know a dark horse that
+most people don't aren't used to using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people don't aren't used to using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people don't aren't used to using
+we get a lot of lift out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get a lot of lift out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get a lot of lift out of the
+clinicians whether it's psychiatrists or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinicians whether it's psychiatrists or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinicians whether it's psychiatrists or
+the psychiatrist or care managers notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the psychiatrist or care managers notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the psychiatrist or care managers notes
+so there's there's value in the written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's there's value in the written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's there's value in the written
+descriptions of a nurses or care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptions of a nurses or care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptions of a nurses or care
+managers impressions of what's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managers impressions of what's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managers impressions of what's what's
+wrong what has been done what hasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong what has been done what hasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong what has been done what hasn't
+been done and so on so tell me a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been done and so on so tell me a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been done and so on so tell me a bit
+about the development process so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the development process so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the development process so you
+figure out what you want to predict you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what you want to predict you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what you want to predict you
+know you at least have that in words you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you at least have that in words you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you at least have that in words you
+have your data in one place then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your data in one place then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your data in one place then what
+yeah um well I mean you wouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um well I mean you wouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um well I mean you wouldn't be
+surprised the very first thing we do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised the very first thing we do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised the very first thing we do is
+just try to throw a logistic regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just try to throw a logistic regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just try to throw a logistic regression
+at it to see what you know we want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it to see what you know we want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it to see what you know we want the
+data we want the story to make sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data we want the story to make sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data we want the story to make sense to
+begin with and we're always looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin with and we're always looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin with and we're always looking for
+the simplest solution to the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest solution to the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest solution to the problem
+then the team sort iterates back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the team sort iterates back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the team sort iterates back and
+forth through you know well based on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth through you know well based on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth through you know well based on how
+this data looks let's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data looks let's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data looks let's in the
+characteristics of it the density the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of it the density the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of it the density the
+sparsity based on what we understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparsity based on what we understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparsity based on what we understand
+about this data these guys are in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this data these guys are in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this data these guys are in and
+out of the plan so we may have issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the plan so we may have issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the plan so we may have issues
+with data not existing in the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with data not existing in the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with data not existing in the time
+windows that you would describe then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windows that you would describe then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windows that you would describe then
+they're working their way through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're working their way through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're working their way through
+algorithms and feature selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms and feature selection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms and feature selection
+approaches that seem to fit for the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches that seem to fit for the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches that seem to fit for the data
+that we have but what error metrics do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have but what error metrics do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have but what error metrics do
+you optimize for well you're gonna have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you optimize for well you're gonna have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you optimize for well you're gonna have
+to ask them it's been too long okay I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask them it's been too long okay I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask them it's been too long okay I'm
+10 years out of being allowed to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 years out of being allowed to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 years out of being allowed to write
+code but yeah so uh but and then it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code but yeah so uh but and then it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code but yeah so uh but and then it's an
+iterative process where we have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative process where we have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative process where we have to be
+this is a big deal we have to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a big deal we have to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a big deal we have to be able to
+translate what we do positive predictive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate what we do positive predictive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate what we do positive predictive
+value obviously and I like the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value obviously and I like the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value obviously and I like the way you
+describe that because a lot of folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe that because a lot of folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe that because a lot of folks
+that have been trained in statistics for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been trained in statistics for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been trained in statistics for
+medicine whether it's epidemiology or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine whether it's epidemiology or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine whether it's epidemiology or
+the like are always looking for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like are always looking for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like are always looking for an
+r-squared or an area under ROC and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r-squared or an area under ROC and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r-squared or an area under ROC and we
+have to help them understand that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to help them understand that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to help them understand that in
+order that you can only care for so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order that you can only care for so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order that you can only care for so many
+people so you don't really care what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so you don't really care what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so you don't really care what the
+area under ROC is for a population of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area under ROC is for a population of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area under ROC is for a population of
+you know for this client three hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for this client three hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for this client three hundred
+thousand in the one plan that we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand in the one plan that we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand in the one plan that we were
+serving you really care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serving you really care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serving you really care about
+for the top 100 or 200 and really that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the top 100 or 200 and really that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the top 100 or 200 and really that
+number should be derived based on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number should be derived based on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number should be derived based on your
+capacity yeah so if I can give you seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity yeah so if I can give you seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity yeah so if I can give you seven
+out of ten for 100 you might go knock on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of ten for 100 you might go knock on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of ten for 100 you might go knock on
+their door but for let's say between a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their door but for let's say between a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their door but for let's say between a
+thousand and two thousand that number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand and two thousand that number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand and two thousand that number
+goes down to four out of ten maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down to four out of ten maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down to four out of ten maybe you
+should go with the less expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go with the less expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go with the less expensive
+intervention huge education component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention huge education component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention huge education component
+helping people understand what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping people understand what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping people understand what they're
+seeing and how to interpret it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing and how to interpret it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing and how to interpret it and
+helping them connect it back to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping them connect it back to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping them connect it back to what
+they're going to do with it and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to do with it and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to do with it and then I
+think you're probably and in courses to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you're probably and in courses to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you're probably and in courses to
+follow you'll go into all the challenges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow you'll go into all the challenges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow you'll go into all the challenges
+with interpretability and and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with interpretability and and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with interpretability and and and the
+like but they all exist so it's - tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like but they all exist so it's - tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like but they all exist so it's - tell
+me a bit about how its deployed so once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a bit about how its deployed so once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a bit about how its deployed so once
+you build a model how do you get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you build a model how do you get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you build a model how do you get your
+client to start using it yeah so um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client to start using it yeah so um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client to start using it yeah so um you
+don't you don't start getting them ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you don't start getting them ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you don't start getting them ready
+when the models ready I've learned the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the models ready I've learned the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the models ready I've learned the
+hard way that that's far too late to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard way that that's far too late to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard way that that's far too late to
+involve them in the process and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve them in the process and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve them in the process and in fact
+the one bullet you had up here that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one bullet you had up here that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one bullet you had up here that that
+I didn't completely agree with was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't completely agree with was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't completely agree with was this
+idea that these approaches are easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that these approaches are easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that these approaches are easier to
+plug into a workflow putting a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug into a workflow putting a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug into a workflow putting a number
+into an electronic health record may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into an electronic health record may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into an electronic health record may be
+easier but when I think workflow it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier but when I think workflow it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier but when I think workflow it's
+not just that the number appears at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just that the number appears at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just that the number appears at the
+right time it's the culture of getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right time it's the culture of getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right time it's the culture of getting
+put it this way these care managers have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it this way these care managers have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it this way these care managers have
+spent the last you know 20 30 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent the last you know 20 30 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent the last you know 20 30 years
+learning who needs their help and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning who needs their help and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning who needs their help and
+everything about their training in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything about their training in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything about their training in their
+experience is to care for the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience is to care for the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience is to care for the people
+that are most acute all of the red flags
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are most acute all of the red flags
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are most acute all of the red flags
+are going off and here comes a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going off and here comes a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going off and here comes a bunch of
+you know nerds and computer science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know nerds and computer science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know nerds and computer science
+people that are suggesting that no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that are suggesting that no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that are suggesting that no
+rather than your intuition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than your intuition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than your intuition and
+experience of 30 years you should trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of 30 years you should trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of 30 years you should trust
+what a computer says to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a computer says to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a computer says to do
+so so that two parts I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that two parts I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that two parts I want to
+understand better sure first how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand better sure first how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand better sure first how you
+deal with that problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with that problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with that problem
+yeah and second actually I'm curious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and second actually I'm curious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and second actually I'm curious
+about the technical details do you give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the technical details do you give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the technical details do you give
+them predictions on a piece of paper do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them predictions on a piece of paper do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them predictions on a piece of paper do
+you do you use API is yeah yeah Artorius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do you use API is yeah yeah Artorius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do you use API is yeah yeah Artorius
+or the technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the technique
+one first because it's a faster answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one first because it's a faster answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one first because it's a faster answer
+you remember the beginning of this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember the beginning of this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember the beginning of this I
+said healthcare is pretty immature from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said healthcare is pretty immature from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said healthcare is pretty immature from
+a technical standpoint yeah so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a technical standpoint yeah so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a technical standpoint yeah so we have
+it's never a piece of paper but it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's never a piece of paper but it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's never a piece of paper but it can
+be an Excel spreadsheet delivered via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an Excel spreadsheet delivered via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an Excel spreadsheet delivered via
+secure FTP once a month because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure FTP once a month because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure FTP once a month because that's
+all they're able to take right now based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all they're able to take right now based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all they're able to take right now based
+on their state of affairs it can be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their state of affairs it can be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their state of affairs it can be a
+real-time call to an API what we learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real-time call to an API what we learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real-time call to an API what we learned
+to do in forming a company serving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do in forming a company serving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do in forming a company serving
+healthcare is do not create a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare is do not create a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare is do not create a new
+interface do not create a new login
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface do not create a new login
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface do not create a new login
+accommodate whatever workflow and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodate whatever workflow and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodate whatever workflow and
+systems they already have in place so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems they already have in place so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems they already have in place so
+build for flexibility as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build for flexibility as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build for flexibility as opposed to
+giving them something else to login to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving them something else to login to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving them something else to login to
+for all the reasons I'm sure people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all the reasons I'm sure people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all the reasons I'm sure people are
+flow I mean you have very little time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow I mean you have very little time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow I mean you have very little time
+and the other thing is clinicians hate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other thing is clinicians hate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other thing is clinicians hate
+their information technology for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their information technology for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their information technology for the
+moment they love their phones but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment they love their phones but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment they love their phones but they
+hate what their organization forces them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hate what their organization forces them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hate what their organization forces them
+to use now that may be a gross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use now that may be a gross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use now that may be a gross
+generalization but I don't think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization but I don't think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization but I don't think it's
+too far off data is sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too far off data is sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too far off data is sort of a
+four-letter word so so what over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-letter word so so what over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-letter word so so what over the
+last week the students been learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last week the students been learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last week the students been learning
+about things like fire and so on are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about things like fire and so on are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about things like fire and so on are
+these any of the API that you use no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these any of the API that you use no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these any of the API that you use no
+that's a No those are those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a No those are those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a No those are those are
+technologies with enormous potential you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies with enormous potential you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies with enormous potential you
+put up a paper that described a risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put up a paper that described a risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put up a paper that described a risk
+stratification algorithm from 1984 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratification algorithm from 1984 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratification algorithm from 1984 that
+paper I'm sure was supported with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper I'm sure was supported with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper I'm sure was supported with
+evidence that it could make a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that it could make a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that it could make a big
+difference I'm getting awfully close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference I'm getting awfully close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference I'm getting awfully close to
+standing on a soapbox again but you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing on a soapbox again but you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing on a soapbox again but you have
+to understand that health care is paid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand that health care is paid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand that health care is paid
+for based on delivering care and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for based on delivering care and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for based on delivering care and the
+more complex the care is the more you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complex the care is the more you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complex the care is the more you
+get paid and I'm I'm not telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get paid and I'm I'm not telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get paid and I'm I'm not telling you
+this I'm kind of sharing so the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'm kind of sharing so the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'm kind of sharing so the idea
+that a technology like fire would would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a technology like fire would would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a technology like fire would would
+open up EHRs to allow people to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open up EHRs to allow people to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open up EHRs to allow people to just
+kind of drop things in and out thereby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of drop things in and out thereby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of drop things in and out thereby
+taking away the monopolies that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking away the monopolies that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking away the monopolies that the
+electronic health records have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic health records have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic health records have like
+these are tough investments for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are tough investments for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are tough investments for the
+electronic health record vendor to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic health record vendor to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic health record vendor to make
+there's there being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there being
+by the federal government and they saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the federal government and they saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the federal government and they saw
+the writing on the wall so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the writing on the wall so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the writing on the wall so they're
+moving ahead and there's great examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving ahead and there's great examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving ahead and there's great examples
+coming out of children's and Amanda and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of children's and Amanda and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of children's and Amanda and
+the likes where some progress has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the likes where some progress has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the likes where some progress has been
+made but but I live in like right now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made but but I live in like right now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made but but I live in like right now I
+have to get this done inside of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to get this done inside of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to get this done inside of the
+healthcare of today and very few of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare of today and very few of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare of today and very few of the
+organizations that we not just work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations that we not just work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations that we not just work with
+but would even talk to are in a position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but would even talk to are in a position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but would even talk to are in a position
+to like fire ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like fire ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like fire ready
+I think that's gonna you know in five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's gonna you know in five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's gonna you know in five
+years I think I'll be telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years I think I'll be telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years I think I'll be telling you
+hopefully something different yeah all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully something different yeah all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully something different yeah all
+right so what can you briefly answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what can you briefly answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what can you briefly answer
+that first question about the culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first question about the culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first question about the culture
+know about sort of what do you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about sort of what do you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about sort of what do you have to
+give around a prediction order for it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give around a prediction order for it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give around a prediction order for it to
+be acted upon effectively yes so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be acted upon effectively yes so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be acted upon effectively yes so the
+very first thing you have to do is get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very first thing you have to do is get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very first thing you have to do is get
+so we invite the clinical team to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we invite the clinical team to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we invite the clinical team to be
+part of the project from the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the project from the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the project from the very
+beginning it's just really important if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning it's just really important if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning it's just really important if
+you show up with a prediction you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you show up with a prediction you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you show up with a prediction you've
+lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost
+we know they they don't just they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know they they don't just they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know they they don't just they're
+part of the team I mean remember I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the team I mean remember I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the team I mean remember I say
+we're triangulating what they can and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're triangulating what they can and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're triangulating what they can and
+can't do and what might matter what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do and what might matter what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do and what might matter what
+might not like they're literally part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not like they're literally part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not like they're literally part of
+the team and as we're moving through how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the team and as we're moving through how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the team and as we're moving through how
+would one evaluate whether or not this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would one evaluate whether or not this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would one evaluate whether or not this
+works we show them these are some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works we show them these are some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works we show them these are some of the
+people we found oh yeah that makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people we found oh yeah that makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people we found oh yeah that makes sense
+I know mr. Smith and so it's a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know mr. Smith and so it's a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know mr. Smith and so it's a real
+show-and-tell process from the start so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show-and-tell process from the start so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show-and-tell process from the start so
+once you get closer that after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you get closer that after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you get closer that after
+development phase has been done yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development phase has been done yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development phase has been done yeah
+then what after the development phase if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what after the development phase if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what after the development phase if
+you've done a greatjob you get away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done a greatjob you get away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done a greatjob you get away from
+the show me what variable mattered on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the show me what variable mattered on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the show me what variable mattered on a
+per patient basis so you can show folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per patient basis so you can show folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per patient basis so you can show folks
+what like the odds ratios for on a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what like the odds ratios for on a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what like the odds ratios for on a model
+is easy enough to produce you can show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is easy enough to produce you can show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is easy enough to produce you can show
+people these are the features that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people these are the features that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people these are the features that
+matter matter at the model level where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter matter at the model level where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter matter at the model level where
+this gets tougher is all of healthcare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gets tougher is all of healthcare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gets tougher is all of healthcare
+is used to Apgar scores which are based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is used to Apgar scores which are based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is used to Apgar scores which are based
+on five things we all know what they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on five things we all know what they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on five things we all know what they are
+and the machine learning results you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the machine learning results you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the machine learning results you
+know the models that we have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the models that we have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the models that we have been
+talking about behavioral holland think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about behavioral holland think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about behavioral holland think
+the model that we're using now is over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model that we're using now is over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model that we're using now is over
+3700 variables with at least a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3700 variables with at least a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3700 variables with at least a little
+bit of a contribution yeah so how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a contribution yeah so how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a contribution yeah so how do you
+square up the culture of five to seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square up the culture of five to seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square up the culture of five to seven
+variables and I and in fact I gave you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and I and in fact I gave you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and I and in fact I gave you
+the variables and you ran the hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variables and you ran the hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variables and you ran the hypothesis
+testing algorithm versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing algorithm versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing algorithm versus
+more of an inductive approach where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of an inductive approach where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of an inductive approach where
+thousands of variables are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of variables are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of variables are actually
+contributing incrementally and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributing incrementally and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributing incrementally and it's a
+double-edged sword because you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double-edged sword because you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double-edged sword because you could
+never show somebody 3,700 variables but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never show somebody 3,700 variables but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never show somebody 3,700 variables but
+if you show them three or four and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you show them three or four and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you show them three or four and then
+the answer is well that's obvious I knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is well that's obvious I knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is well that's obvious I knew
+that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right
+like the impaired fasting glucose one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the impaired fasting glucose one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the impaired fasting glucose one
+yes exactly so really I just paid you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes exactly so really I just paid you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes exactly so really I just paid you to
+tell me that somebody who has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me that somebody who has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me that somebody who has been
+admitted is likely to readmit that's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitted is likely to readmit that's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitted is likely to readmit that's you
+know that's the challenge so striking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's the challenge so striking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's the challenge so striking
+that balance between really it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that balance between really it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that balance between really it's
+education more than anything because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education more than anything because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education more than anything because I
+don't think that an algorithm created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think that an algorithm created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think that an algorithm created
+that uses 3,700 variables I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uses 3,700 variables I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uses 3,700 variables I don't think
+it can then be turned into decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can then be turned into decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can then be turned into decision
+support where it can present you two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support where it can present you two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support where it can present you two or
+three that you could rely upon and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three that you could rely upon and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three that you could rely upon and then
+make informed decisions and part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make informed decisions and part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make informed decisions and part of the
+education process is we also say forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education process is we also say forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education process is we also say forget
+about the number if I were to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the number if I were to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the number if I were to give you
+this person what would you do next and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person what would you do next and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person what would you do next and
+the answer is always why I would look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is always why I would look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is always why I would look at
+their chart so if you're going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their chart so if you're going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their chart so if you're going to look
+at the chart anyway then the analogy we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the chart anyway then the analogy we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the chart anyway then the analogy we
+use that we find as helpful is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that we find as helpful is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that we find as helpful is this is
+GPS right this isn't GPS isn't going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GPS right this isn't GPS isn't going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GPS right this isn't GPS isn't going to
+give you like a magic underground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you like a magic underground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you like a magic underground
+highway that we didn't know about I it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highway that we didn't know about I it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highway that we didn't know about I it's
+going to it's going to suggest the roads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to it's going to suggest the roads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to it's going to suggest the roads
+that you're familiar with the advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're familiar with the advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're familiar with the advantage
+it has is that unlike you in the car as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has is that unlike you in the car as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has is that unlike you in the car as
+you're driving it's just aware of more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're driving it's just aware of more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're driving it's just aware of more
+than you are and it can do the math a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you are and it can do the math a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you are and it can do the math a
+little bit faster than you can and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit faster than you can and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit faster than you can and so
+it's going to give you a suggestion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to give you a suggestion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to give you a suggestion and
+it's going to tell you more often than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to tell you more often than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to tell you more often than
+not in your situation I'm gonna save you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in your situation I'm gonna save you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in your situation I'm gonna save you
+a few minutes yeah now you're still the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few minutes yeah now you're still the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few minutes yeah now you're still the
+driver you you can still decide to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver you you can still decide to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver you you can still decide to take
+93 south and and so be it it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+93 south and and so be it it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+93 south and and so be it it could be
+that the GPS is not aware of the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the GPS is not aware of the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the GPS is not aware of the fact
+that you really like the view on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you really like the view on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you really like the view on
+Memorial Drive versus Thoreau and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Memorial Drive versus Thoreau and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Memorial Drive versus Thoreau and so
+you're going to do that and and and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to do that and and and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to do that and and and so
+that we try to help people understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we try to help people understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we try to help people understand
+that it just knows a little it just has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it just knows a little it just has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it just knows a little it just has
+access to a little bit more than than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to a little bit more than than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to a little bit more than than
+you do and it's gonna get you there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do and it's gonna get you there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do and it's gonna get you there a
+little bit faster okay I'm gonna stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit faster okay I'm gonna stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit faster okay I'm gonna stop
+you here yeah because I want to leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you here yeah because I want to leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you here yeah because I want to leave
+some time for some questions for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time for some questions for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time for some questions for the
+audience so I'm gonna ask you the fault
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience so I'm gonna ask you the fault
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience so I'm gonna ask you the fault
+I'll make the follow me across try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll make the follow me across try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll make the follow me across try to
+keep two quick responses so we can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep two quick responses so we can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep two quick responses so we can get
+to as many questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to as many questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to as many questions
+no ya worried that certain demographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no ya worried that certain demographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no ya worried that certain demographic
+groups are under diagnosed to have less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups are under diagnosed to have less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups are under diagnosed to have less
+access to care and then would have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to care and then would have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to care and then would have a
+lower risk stratification and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower risk stratification and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower risk stratification and then
+potentially deep prioritized how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially deep prioritized how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially deep prioritized how do you
+think about addressing that yeah so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about addressing that yeah so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about addressing that yeah so it's
+a great question I'll try to answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great question I'll try to answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great question I'll try to answer is
+very fast if there's something could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fast if there's something could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fast if there's something could you
+repeat the question and as quickly as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat the question and as quickly as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat the question and as quickly as
+possible as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah do you worry about I mean models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah do you worry about I mean models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah do you worry about I mean models
+can be biased by Experian do you worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be biased by Experian do you worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be biased by Experian do you worry
+about smaller size populations being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about smaller size populations being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about smaller size populations being
+overlooked safe to say is that fair and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlooked safe to say is that fair and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlooked safe to say is that fair and
+the question was also about buried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question was also about buried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question was also about buried
+because of the training data that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the training data that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the training data that you
+used well that's what I implied yes okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used well that's what I implied yes okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used well that's what I implied yes okay
+so all right this work we're doing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all right this work we're doing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all right this work we're doing in
+behavioral health and we've done this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral health and we've done this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral health and we've done this in
+a few other environments if there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few other environments if there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few other environments if there is a
+different demographic for which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different demographic for which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different demographic for which you
+would do something different and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do something different and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do something different and they
+may be lost in the shuffle we do bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be lost in the shuffle we do bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be lost in the shuffle we do bring
+that to their attention next question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to their attention next question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to their attention next question
+there's something about however you went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something about however you went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something about however you went
+too fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like be willing to sacrifice to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like be willing to sacrifice to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like be willing to sacrifice to be the
+abc2 I'm gonna repeat the question you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abc2 I'm gonna repeat the question you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abc2 I'm gonna repeat the question you
+talked about how it's really it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about how it's really it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about how it's really it's like
+reading tea leaves to just show a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading tea leaves to just show a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading tea leaves to just show a couple
+of the top features anyway from from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the top features anyway from from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the top features anyway from from a
+linear model yep and so why not just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear model yep and so why not just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear model yep and so why not just get
+rid of all that interpreted altogether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of all that interpreted altogether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of all that interpreted altogether
+it does it does that open the door door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does it does that open the door door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does it does that open the door door
+to that possibility for you ah you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that possibility for you ah you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that possibility for you ah you're
+saying get rid of all the interpret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying get rid of all the interpret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying get rid of all the interpret
+ability I think the question was are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability I think the question was are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability I think the question was are you
+willing to trade performance for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to trade performance for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to trade performance for
+interpretability yes and that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretability yes and that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretability yes and that could be
+an answer to it just throw it out yes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an answer to it just throw it out yes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an answer to it just throw it out yes so
+you know if I can get the if I can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if I can get the if I can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if I can get the if I can get
+our partners to the point where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our partners to the point where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our partners to the point where they
+understand what we're doing here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what we're doing here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what we're doing here and
+they have been part of evaluating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have been part of evaluating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have been part of evaluating the
+model successes when they don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model successes when they don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model successes when they don't need to
+- on a per patient who needs my help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- on a per patient who needs my help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- on a per patient who needs my help
+basis see the 3,000 variables but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis see the 3,000 variables but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis see the 3,000 variables but that
+does mean that as you're building the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does mean that as you're building the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does mean that as you're building the
+model you will show them the patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model you will show them the patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model you will show them the patients
+you will show them the variables so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will show them the variables so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will show them the variables so
+that's what I try to walk them to it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I try to walk them to it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I try to walk them to it's
+about building up trust as you go hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about building up trust as you go hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about building up trust as you go hey
+absolutely that being said in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely that being said in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely that being said in some
+situations depending on whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations depending on whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations depending on whether it's
+clinically appropriate I mean if I'm in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinically appropriate I mean if I'm in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinically appropriate I mean if I'm in
+the hundredth percentile here and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hundredth percentile here and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hundredth percentile here and I'm
+like put interpretability can get me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like put interpretability can get me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like put interpretability can get me
+pretty far I'm willing to make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty far I'm willing to make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty far I'm willing to make that
+trade and that's the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade and that's the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade and that's the difference between
+become like don't fall in love with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become like don't fall in love with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become like don't fall in love with the
+hammer right fall in love with the with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hammer right fall in love with the with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hammer right fall in love with the with
+building the home and then you're easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building the home and then you're easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building the home and then you're easy
+enough to just swap it out next question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to just swap it out next question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to just swap it out next question
+oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they are so actually first we spend time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are so actually first we spend time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are so actually first we spend time
+with the CEO in the CFO and the CMO a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the CEO in the CFO and the CMO a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the CEO in the CFO and the CMO a
+chief medic chief medical chief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chief medic chief medical chief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chief medic chief medical chief
+executive chief financial because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executive chief financial because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executive chief financial because if
+there isn't at least a five to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't at least a five to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't at least a five to one
+financial return for solving this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial return for solving this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial return for solving this
+problem you will never make it all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you will never make it all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you will never make it all the
+way down the the chain to doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way down the the chain to doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way down the the chain to doing
+something that matters and so what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that matters and so what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that matters and so what I
+have learned is the math is fantastic we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have learned is the math is fantastic we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have learned is the math is fantastic we
+can model all sorts of fun things but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can model all sorts of fun things but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can model all sorts of fun things but if
+I can't figure out how it makes them or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't figure out how it makes them or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't figure out how it makes them or
+saves them we also have we have like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saves them we also have we have like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saves them we also have we have like a
+five million dollar mark right for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five million dollar mark right for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five million dollar mark right for the
+size of our company if I can't help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of our company if I can't help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of our company if I can't help you
+make five million I know you won't pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make five million I know you won't pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make five million I know you won't pay
+me so so we start there as soon as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me so so we start there as soon as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me so so we start there as soon as we
+have figured out that there is money to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have figured out that there is money to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have figured out that there is money to
+be made or saved in getting these folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be made or saved in getting these folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be made or saved in getting these folks
+the right care at the right time then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right care at the right time then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right care at the right time then
+yes the clinicians are on the team from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes the clinicians are on the team from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes the clinicians are on the team from
+this we have what's called a working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we have what's called a working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we have what's called a working
+group project manager clinical lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group project manager clinical lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group project manager clinical lead
+someone who's liaison to the data like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who's liaison to the data like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who's liaison to the data like
+we have a team and a communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a team and a communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a team and a communication
+structure that embeds the clinician and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that embeds the clinician and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that embeds the clinician and
+we have clinicians on the team I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have clinicians on the team I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have clinicians on the team I think
+that I think you'll find in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think you'll find in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think you'll find in many
+different settings that that's what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different settings that that's what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different settings that that's what it
+really takes to get machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really takes to get machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really takes to get machine learning
+implemented you have you have to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented you have you have to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented you have you have to you
+have to have working groups of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have working groups of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have working groups of
+administration clinicians users and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administration clinicians users and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administration clinicians users and
+engineers and others over here those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers and others over here those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers and others over here those
+bession actually appreciates questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bession actually appreciates questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bession actually appreciates questions
+for both of you except all the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both of you except all the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both of you except all the data
+collection so I know this but my people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection so I know this but my people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection so I know this but my people
+were tried we try to crack all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were tried we try to crack all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were tried we try to crack all kinds of
+they have a Blue Train a missionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a Blue Train a missionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a Blue Train a missionary
+model but when you have some free memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model but when you have some free memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model but when you have some free memory
+preliminary motor can you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preliminary motor can you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preliminary motor can you have some
+insight - should I - you - like target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight - should I - you - like target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight - should I - you - like target
+certain data so that you can know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain data so that you can know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain data so that you can know that
+those new information to be very funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those new information to be very funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those new information to be very funny
+for prediction that's all human design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for prediction that's all human design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for prediction that's all human design
+batteries repeat the question sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries repeat the question sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries repeat the question sometimes
+we don't already have the data we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't already have the data we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't already have the data we want
+could we use data driven approaches to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we use data driven approaches to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we use data driven approaches to
+find what data we should get yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find what data we should get yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find what data we should get yeah so
+we're doing this right now so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing this right now so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing this right now so this is a
+popular thing in the medical industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular thing in the medical industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular thing in the medical industry
+everyone's really fired up about social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's really fired up about social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's really fired up about social
+determinants of health and so that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants of health and so that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants of health and so that has
+been branded and marketed and sold and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been branded and marketed and sold and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been branded and marketed and sold and
+so now customers are saying to us why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now customers are saying to us why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now customers are saying to us why
+hey do you have social determinants of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey do you have social determinants of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey do you have social determinants of
+health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health
+Dayna and that's interesting to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dayna and that's interesting to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dayna and that's interesting to me
+because they've never looked at anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they've never looked at anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they've never looked at anything
+but claims and now they're suggesting go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but claims and now they're suggesting go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but claims and now they're suggesting go
+by a third-party data set which may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a third-party data set which may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a third-party data set which may not
+add more value than simply having the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add more value than simply having the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add more value than simply having the
+zip code and we say of course we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zip code and we say of course we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zip code and we say of course we can
+bring in new data we bring in weather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring in new data we bring in weather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring in new data we bring in weather
+pattern day we bring in all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern day we bring in all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern day we bring in all kinds of
+funny data when the problem calls for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny data when the problem calls for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny data when the problem calls for it
+that's the easy part the real challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the easy part the real challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the easy part the real challenge
+is will it add value should we invest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is will it add value should we invest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is will it add value should we invest
+our time and energy at doing this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our time and energy at doing this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our time and energy at doing this so
+we'll if you've got all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll if you've got all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll if you've got all kinds of
+fantastic data run with it and then see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic data run with it and then see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic data run with it and then see
+where you fall short there's a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you fall short there's a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you fall short there's a lot more
+than the data just doesn't tell you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the data just doesn't tell you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the data just doesn't tell you now
+go out and get a different type of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go out and get a different type of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go out and get a different type of data
+if the performance is low and clinically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the performance is low and clinically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the performance is low and clinically
+and based on intuition it makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and based on intuition it makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and based on intuition it makes sense
+that another data source may boost then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that another data source may boost then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that another data source may boost then
+we'll try it if it's free we'll try a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll try it if it's free we'll try a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll try it if it's free we'll try a
+quicker but cost money we'll talk to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quicker but cost money we'll talk to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quicker but cost money we'll talk to the
+client about it's intense for both of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client about it's intense for both of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client about it's intense for both of us
+I'll give you my answer to that question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you my answer to that question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you my answer to that question
+which is uh if you have a high high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh if you have a high high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh if you have a high high
+dimensional enough starting place often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional enough starting place often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional enough starting place often
+that can give you hints of where to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can give you hints of where to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can give you hints of where to go
+next so in the example I showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next so in the example I showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next so in the example I showed you
+there you know even though obesity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you know even though obesity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you know even though obesity is
+very seldom coded and claimed as data we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very seldom coded and claimed as data we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very seldom coded and claimed as data we
+saw that it still showed up as a useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw that it still showed up as a useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw that it still showed up as a useful
+feature right so that then hints to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature right so that then hints to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature right so that then hints to us
+well maybe we got higher quality obesity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe we got higher quality obesity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe we got higher quality obesity
+data it would be an even better model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data it would be an even better model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data it would be an even better model
+and so sometimes you can use that type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so sometimes you can use that type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so sometimes you can use that type
+of trick there is a question over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is going to be the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is going to be the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is going to be the last
+question that we're gonna end on and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that we're gonna end on and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that we're gonna end on and it
+really has to do with one of evaluation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really has to do with one of evaluation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really has to do with one of evaluation
+and thinking about about the impact of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thinking about about the impact of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thinking about about the impact of
+an intervention based on the predictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an intervention based on the predictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an intervention based on the predictions
+how much does that causal effect show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much does that causal effect show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much does that causal effect show up
+into in both the way that you formalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into in both the way that you formalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into in both the way that you formalize
+problems then evaluate the fact of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems then evaluate the fact of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems then evaluate the fact of your
+interventions of your predictions yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions of your predictions yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions of your predictions yeah
+so the most important thing you know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the most important thing you know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the most important thing you know is
+no customer will ever pay you for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no customer will ever pay you for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no customer will ever pay you for a
+positive predictive value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive predictive value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive predictive value
+they don't care right they they care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't care right they they care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't care right they they care
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+will you help them save or make money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will you help them save or make money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will you help them save or make money
+solving a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving a problem
+so cost-effectiveness starts at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so cost-effectiveness starts at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so cost-effectiveness starts at the
+beginning but the nice thing about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning but the nice thing about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning but the nice thing about like
+a positive predictive value approach in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive predictive value approach in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive predictive value approach in
+this so much literature that can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so much literature that can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so much literature that can tell
+you what does the average cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what does the average cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what does the average cost of
+certain things having happened so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things having happened so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things having happened so the
+very first part of any engagement for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very first part of any engagement for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very first part of any engagement for us
+is well you guys are here this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well you guys are here this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well you guys are here this is the
+cost of being there if you improve by 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of being there if you improve by 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of being there if you improve by 10
+percent if if we can get approval to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent if if we can get approval to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent if if we can get approval to
+that then we start to model and we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then we start to model and we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then we start to model and we say
+well look I love the top 100 people 70
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well look I love the top 100 people 70
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well look I love the top 100 people 70
+of them are the right people multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are the right people multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are the right people multiply
+that by the potential cost if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by the potential cost if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by the potential cost if you think
+you can prevent 10 of those terrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can prevent 10 of those terrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can prevent 10 of those terrible
+things from occurring that's worth this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things from occurring that's worth this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things from occurring that's worth this
+much so cost-effectiveness data is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much so cost-effectiveness data is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much so cost-effectiveness data is at
+the start it's in the modeling stage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the start it's in the modeling stage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the start it's in the modeling stage and
+then at the end we never show them how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at the end we never show them how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at the end we never show them how
+good we did at predicting we showed them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good we did at predicting we showed them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good we did at predicting we showed them
+the baseline yeah we say baseline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the baseline yeah we say baseline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the baseline yeah we say baseline
+activities outcomes where were you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities outcomes where were you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities outcomes where were you what
+are you doing and then did it make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you doing and then did it make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you doing and then did it make a
+difference and that's always in dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and that's always in dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and that's always in dollars
+the last part is always in dollars in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last part is always in dollars in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last part is always in dollars in
+the sense too now although Len didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense too now although Len didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense too now although Len didn't
+mention it here he also does quite some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention it here he also does quite some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention it here he also does quite some
+work when trying to think through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work when trying to think through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work when trying to think through this
+causal effect miss and we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal effect miss and we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal effect miss and we talked about
+how you use propensity matching for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you use propensity matching for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you use propensity matching for
+example in your work we won't be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in your work we won't be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in your work we won't be able to
+get into that in today's discussion but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into that in today's discussion but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into that in today's discussion but
+we'll come back to those questions we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to those questions we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to those questions we
+talked about causal inference in a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about causal inference in a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about causal inference in a few
+weeks that's all for today thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks that's all for today thanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks that's all for today thanks
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_yJsO5955ZE.txt b/_yJsO5955ZE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..901f41c144f074e86f3a8f7711f014b8ff081df9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_yJsO5955ZE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1555 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+our discussion of random variables so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our discussion of random variables so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our discussion of random variables so
+far has involved nothing but standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far has involved nothing but standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far has involved nothing but standard
+probability calculations other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability calculations other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability calculations other than
+using the PMF notation we have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the PMF notation we have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the PMF notation we have done
+nothing new it is now time to introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing new it is now time to introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing new it is now time to introduce
+a truly new concept that plays a central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a truly new concept that plays a central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a truly new concept that plays a central
+role in probability theory this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in probability theory this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in probability theory this is the
+concept of the expected value or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of the expected value or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of the expected value or
+expectation or mean of a random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation or mean of a random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation or mean of a random variable
+it is a single number that provides some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a single number that provides some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a single number that provides some
+kind of summary of a random variable by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of summary of a random variable by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of summary of a random variable by
+telling us what it is on the average let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling us what it is on the average let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling us what it is on the average let
+us motivate with an example you play a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us motivate with an example you play a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us motivate with an example you play a
+game of chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game of chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game of chance
+over and over let us say a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over let us say a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over let us say a thousand
+times each time that you play you win an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times each time that you play you win an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times each time that you play you win an
+amount of money which is a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of money which is a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of money which is a random
+variable and that random variable takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and that random variable takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and that random variable takes
+the value 1 with probability to tense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value 1 with probability to tense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value 1 with probability to tense
+the value of 2 with probability 5 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of 2 with probability 5 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of 2 with probability 5 times
+the value of 4 with probability 3 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of 4 with probability 3 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of 4 with probability 3 over
+10 you can plot the PMF of this random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 you can plot the PMF of this random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 you can plot the PMF of this random
+variable it takes values 1 2 & 4 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable it takes values 1 2 & 4 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable it takes values 1 2 & 4 and the
+Associated probabilities are 2/10 5/10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated probabilities are 2/10 5/10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated probabilities are 2/10 5/10
+and 3/10 how much do you expect to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 3/10 how much do you expect to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 3/10 how much do you expect to have
+at the end of the day well if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the day well if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the day well if you
+interpret probabilities as frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret probabilities as frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret probabilities as frequencies
+in a thousand plays you expect to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a thousand plays you expect to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a thousand plays you expect to have
+about 200 times this outcome to occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 200 times this outcome to occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 200 times this outcome to occur
+and this outcome about 500 times and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this outcome about 500 times and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this outcome about 500 times and
+this outcome about three hundred times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this outcome about three hundred times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this outcome about three hundred times
+so your average gain is expected to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your average gain is expected to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your average gain is expected to be
+your total gain which is 1 200 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your total gain which is 1 200 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your total gain which is 1 200 times
+plus 2 500 times plus 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2 500 times plus 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2 500 times plus 4
+300 times this is your total gain and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300 times this is your total gain and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300 times this is your total gain and to
+get the average gain you divide by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the average gain you divide by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the average gain you divide by a
+thousand and the expression that you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand and the expression that you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand and the expression that you get
+can also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also be
+written in a simpler form as 1 times 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in a simpler form as 1 times 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in a simpler form as 1 times 2
+tenths plus 2 times 5 tenths plus 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenths plus 2 times 5 tenths plus 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenths plus 2 times 5 tenths plus 4
+times 3 tenths so this is what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 3 tenths so this is what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 3 tenths so this is what you
+expect to get on the average if you keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to get on the average if you keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to get on the average if you keep
+playing that game what have we done we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing that game what have we done we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing that game what have we done we
+have calculated a certain quantity which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have calculated a certain quantity which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have calculated a certain quantity which
+is a sort of average of the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sort of average of the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sort of average of the random
+variable of interest and what we did in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable of interest and what we did in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable of interest and what we did in
+this summation here we took each one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this summation here we took each one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this summation here we took each one of
+the possible values of the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possible values of the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possible values of the random
+variable each possible value corresponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable each possible value corresponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable each possible value corresponds
+to one term in the summation and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one term in the summation and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one term in the summation and what
+we're adding is the numerical value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're adding is the numerical value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're adding is the numerical value of
+the random variable times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random variable times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random variable times the
+probability that this particular value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that this particular value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that this particular value
+is obtained so when X is equal to 1 we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is obtained so when X is equal to 1 we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is obtained so when X is equal to 1 we
+get one here and then the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get one here and then the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get one here and then the probability of
+a 1 when we add the term corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1 when we add the term corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1 when we add the term corresponding
+to x equals to 2 we get little X equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to x equals to 2 we get little X equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to x equals to 2 we get little X equal
+to 2 and next with the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2 and next with the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2 and next with the probability that
+X is equal to 2 and so on so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is equal to 2 and so on so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is equal to 2 and so on so this is
+what we call the expected value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call the expected value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call the expected value of the
+random variable X this is the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable X this is the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable X this is the formula
+that defines it but it's also important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that defines it but it's also important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that defines it but it's also important
+to always keep in mind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to always keep in mind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to always keep in mind the
+interpretation of that formula the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of that formula the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of that formula the
+expected value of a random variable is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of a random variable is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of a random variable is
+to be interpreted as the average that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be interpreted as the average that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be interpreted as the average that
+you expect to see in a large number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you expect to see in a large number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you expect to see in a large number of
+independent repetitions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent repetitions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent repetitions of the
+experiment one small technical caveat if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment one small technical caveat if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment one small technical caveat if
+we're dealing with a random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with a random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with a random variable
+that takes values in a discrete but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes values in a discrete but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes values in a discrete but
+infinite set this sum here is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite set this sum here is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite set this sum here is going to
+be an infinite sum or an infinite series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an infinite sum or an infinite series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an infinite sum or an infinite series
+and there's always a question whether an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's always a question whether an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's always a question whether an
+infinite series has a well-defined limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite series has a well-defined limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite series has a well-defined limit
+or not in order for it to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not in order for it to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not in order for it to have a
+well-defined limit we all we will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-defined limit we all we will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-defined limit we all we will be
+making the assumption that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the assumption that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the assumption that the
+infinite series is as it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite series is as it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite series is as it's called
+absolutely convergent namely that if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely convergent namely that if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely convergent namely that if we
+replace the axis by their absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace the axis by their absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace the axis by their absolute
+values so we're adding positive numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so we're adding positive numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so we're adding positive numbers
+the sum or non-negative numbers the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum or non-negative numbers the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum or non-negative numbers the sum
+of those numbers is going to be finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those numbers is going to be finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those numbers is going to be finite
+so this is a technical condition that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a technical condition that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a technical condition that we
+need in order to make sure that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need in order to make sure that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need in order to make sure that this
+expected value is a well-defined and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value is a well-defined and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value is a well-defined and
+finite quantity let us now calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite quantity let us now calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite quantity let us now calculate the
+expected value of a very simple random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of a very simple random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of a very simple random
+variable the Bernoulli random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable the Bernoulli random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable the Bernoulli random variable
+that takes the value 1 with probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes the value 1 with probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes the value 1 with probability
+P and the value 0 with probability 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P and the value 0 with probability 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P and the value 0 with probability 1
+minus P the expected value consists of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus P the expected value consists of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus P the expected value consists of
+two terms X can take the value 1 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two terms X can take the value 1 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two terms X can take the value 1 this
+happens with probability P or it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens with probability P or it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens with probability P or it can
+take a value of 0 this happens with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a value of 0 this happens with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a value of 0 this happens with
+probability 1 minus P and therefore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability 1 minus P and therefore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability 1 minus P and therefore the
+expected value is just equal to P as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value is just equal to P as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value is just equal to P as a
+special case we may consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case we may consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case we may consider the
+situation where X is the indicator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where X is the indicator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where X is the indicator
+random variable of a certain event a so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable of a certain event a so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable of a certain event a so
+that X is equal to 1 if and only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X is equal to 1 if and only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X is equal to 1 if and only if
+event a occurs in this case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event a occurs in this case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event a occurs in this case the
+probability that x equals to 1 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that x equals to 1 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that x equals to 1 which is
+our parameter P is the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our parameter P is the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our parameter P is the same as the
+probability that event a occurs and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that event a occurs and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that event a occurs and we
+have this relation and so with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this relation and so with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this relation and so with this
+correspondence we readily conclude that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence we readily conclude that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence we readily conclude that
+the expected value of an indicator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value of an indicator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value of an indicator
+random variable is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable is equal to the
+probability of that event let us move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of that event let us move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of that event let us move
+now to the calculation of the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to the calculation of the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to the calculation of the expected
+value of a uniform random variable let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of a uniform random variable let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of a uniform random variable let
+us consider to keep things simple a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us consider to keep things simple a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us consider to keep things simple a
+random variable which is uniform on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable which is uniform on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable which is uniform on the
+set from 0 to n its uniform so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set from 0 to n its uniform so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set from 0 to n its uniform so the
+probability of the value that it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the value that it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the value that it can
+take are all equal to each other it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take are all equal to each other it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take are all equal to each other it can
+take one of n plus 1 possible values and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take one of n plus 1 possible values and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take one of n plus 1 possible values and
+so the probability of each one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the probability of each one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the probability of each one of the
+values is 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values is 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values is 1 over
+plus one we want to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one we want to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one we want to calculate the
+expected value of this random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of this random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of this random variable
+how do we proceed we just recall the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we proceed we just recall the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we proceed we just recall the
+definition of the expectation it's a sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the expectation it's a sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the expectation it's a sum
+where we add over all the possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we add over all the possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we add over all the possible
+values and for each one of the values we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and for each one of the values we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and for each one of the values we
+multiply by its corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by its corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by its corresponding
+probability so we obtain a summation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability so we obtain a summation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability so we obtain a summation of
+this form we can factor out a factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form we can factor out a factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form we can factor out a factor of
+1 over n plus 1 and we are left with 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over n plus 1 and we are left with 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over n plus 1 and we are left with 0
+plus 1 plus all the way up to N and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 plus all the way up to N and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 plus all the way up to N and
+perhaps you remember the formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps you remember the formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps you remember the formula for
+summing those numbers and it is n times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing those numbers and it is n times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing those numbers and it is n times
+n plus 1 over 2 and after doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus 1 over 2 and after doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus 1 over 2 and after doing the
+cancellations we obtain a final answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancellations we obtain a final answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancellations we obtain a final answer
+which is an over 2 incidentally notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an over 2 incidentally notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an over 2 incidentally notice
+that n over 2 is just the midpoint of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that n over 2 is just the midpoint of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that n over 2 is just the midpoint of
+this picture that we have here in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture that we have here in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture that we have here in this
+diagram this is always the case whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram this is always the case whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram this is always the case whenever
+we have a PMF which is symmetric around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a PMF which is symmetric around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a PMF which is symmetric around
+a certain point then the expected value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain point then the expected value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain point then the expected value
+will be the center of symmetry more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the center of symmetry more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the center of symmetry more
+general if you do not have symmetry the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general if you do not have symmetry the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general if you do not have symmetry the
+PF the expected value turns out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PF the expected value turns out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PF the expected value turns out to be
+the center of gravity of the PMF if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of gravity of the PMF if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of gravity of the PMF if you
+think of these bars as having weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of these bars as having weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of these bars as having weight
+where the weight is proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the weight is proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the weight is proportional to
+their height the center of gravity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their height the center of gravity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their height the center of gravity is
+the point at which you should put your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point at which you should put your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point at which you should put your
+finger if you want to balance that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finger if you want to balance that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finger if you want to balance that
+diagram so that it doesn't fall in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram so that it doesn't fall in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram so that it doesn't fall in one
+direction or the other and we now close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction or the other and we now close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction or the other and we now close
+this segment by providing one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this segment by providing one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this segment by providing one more
+interpretation of expectations suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of expectations suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of expectations suppose
+that we have a class consisting of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have a class consisting of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have a class consisting of n
+students and that the ID student has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students and that the ID student has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students and that the ID student has a
+weight which is some number X I we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight which is some number X I we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight which is some number X I we have
+a probabilistic experiment where we pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a probabilistic experiment where we pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a probabilistic experiment where we pick
+one of the students at random and each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the students at random and each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the students at random and each
+student is equally likely to be picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student is equally likely to be picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student is equally likely to be picked
+as any other students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as any other students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as any other students
+and we're interested in the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're interested in the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're interested in the random
+variable X which is the weight of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable X which is the weight of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable X which is the weight of the
+student that was selected to keep things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student that was selected to keep things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student that was selected to keep things
+simple we will assume that the x i's are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple we will assume that the x i's are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple we will assume that the x i's are
+all distinct and we first find the PMF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all distinct and we first find the PMF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all distinct and we first find the PMF
+of this random variable any particular X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this random variable any particular X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this random variable any particular X
+I that is possible is associated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I that is possible is associated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I that is possible is associated to
+exactly one student because we assumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly one student because we assumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly one student because we assumed
+that the x i's are distinct so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the x i's are distinct so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the x i's are distinct so this
+probability would be the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability would be the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability would be the probability of
+selecting the I student and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selecting the I student and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selecting the I student and that
+probability is 1 over N and now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is 1 over N and now we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is 1 over N and now we can
+proceed and calculate the expected value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed and calculate the expected value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed and calculate the expected value
+of the random variable X this random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the random variable X this random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the random variable X this random
+variable X takes values and the values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable X takes values and the values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable X takes values and the values
+that it takes are the x i's and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it takes are the x i's and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it takes are the x i's and the
+particular x i will be associated with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular x i will be associated with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular x i will be associated with a
+probability of 1 over N and we're adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of 1 over N and we're adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of 1 over N and we're adding
+all over all the I's or over all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over all the I's or over all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over all the I's or over all the
+students and so this is the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students and so this is the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students and so this is the expected
+value so what we have here is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so what we have here is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so what we have here is just the
+average of the weight of the students in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of the weight of the students in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of the weight of the students in
+this class so the expected value in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class so the expected value in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class so the expected value in this
+particular experiment can be interpreted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular experiment can be interpreted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular experiment can be interpreted
+as the true average over the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the true average over the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the true average over the entire
+population of the students of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of the students of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of the students of course
+here we're talking about two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're talking about two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're talking about two different
+kinds of averages in some sense we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of averages in some sense we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of averages in some sense we're
+thinking of expected values as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of expected values as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of expected values as the
+average in a large number of repetitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average in a large number of repetitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average in a large number of repetitions
+of experiments but here we have another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experiments but here we have another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experiments but here we have another
+interpretation as the average over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation as the average over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation as the average over a
+particular population
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/aKX5_DucNq8.txt b/aKX5_DucNq8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..861ed820ad525871a20df93373e574c12061dc5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/aKX5_DucNq8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1515 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi welcome back to recitation in lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back to recitation in lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back to recitation in lecture
+you've been learning about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been learning about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been learning about the
+properties of determinants if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of determinants if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of determinants if you
+remember there were three main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember there were three main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember there were three main
+properties and then seven more that fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and then seven more that fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and then seven more that fall
+out of those three I'll tell you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of those three I'll tell you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of those three I'll tell you what
+these three were the first one was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three were the first one was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three were the first one was the
+determinant of the identity Matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of the identity Matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of the identity Matrix is
+always equal to one if you switch two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always equal to one if you switch two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always equal to one if you switch two
+rows in a matrix the determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows in a matrix the determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows in a matrix the determinant
+switches sign and determinant is a fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches sign and determinant is a fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches sign and determinant is a fun
+on of each it's a linear function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on of each it's a linear function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on of each it's a linear function of
+each row separately and there's seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each row separately and there's seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each row separately and there's seven
+more we'll use them here today's problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more we'll use them here today's problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more we'll use them here today's problem
+is about finding the determinants of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about finding the determinants of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about finding the determinants of
+matrices by using these properties so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices by using these properties so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices by using these properties so
+here you have four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you have four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you have four
+matrices a has lots of 100s 200s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices a has lots of 100s 200s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices a has lots of 100s 200s and
+300s numbers B is called a Vander
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300s numbers B is called a Vander
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300s numbers B is called a Vander
+Matrix it has a very nice structure ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix it has a very nice structure ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix it has a very nice structure ones
+and then A B C A square B sare C S it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then A B C A square B sare C S it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then A B C A square B sare C S it
+can be bigger and you'll just have cubes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be bigger and you'll just have cubes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be bigger and you'll just have cubes
+and more letters down here C is given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more letters down here C is given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more letters down here C is given by
+the product of these two and D is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of these two and D is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of these two and D is this
+Matrix all right good luck hit pause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix all right good luck hit pause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix all right good luck hit pause
+work on them and when you're ready come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on them and when you're ready come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on them and when you're ready come
+back and I'll show you how I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it all right did you get some okay let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all right did you get some okay let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all right did you get some okay let's
+do it start with Matrix a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um H well I have lots of big numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um H well I have lots of big numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um H well I have lots of big numbers
+just um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just um
+H I suggest that we do a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H I suggest that we do a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H I suggest that we do a little bit of
+elimination because as you know doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination because as you know doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination because as you know doing
+elimination steps except for permuting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination steps except for permuting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination steps except for permuting
+rows doesn't change the determinant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows doesn't change the determinant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows doesn't change the determinant of
+the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix
+so let's do determinant of a is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's do determinant of a is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's do determinant of a is equal
+to 1 1 1 2 0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 1 1 2 0 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 1 1 2 0 1
+301 then if I subtract off the first row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+301 then if I subtract off the first row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+301 then if I subtract off the first row
+from the second one I'll get one one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the second one I'll get one one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the second one I'll get one one one
+which is very convenient and actually if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is very convenient and actually if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is very convenient and actually if
+you subtract the second row from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you subtract the second row from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you subtract the second row from the
+third one you'll get 1 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third one you'll get 1 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third one you'll get 1 1
+1 here's the property of the determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 here's the property of the determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 here's the property of the determinant
+if you have two equal rows on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have two equal rows on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have two equal rows on your
+Matrix the determinant is automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix the determinant is automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix the determinant is automatically
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+all right all done with one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right all done with one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right all done with one of them
+let's work on the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's work on the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's work on the second
+one determinant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one determinant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one determinant of
+b h well let's try elimination again 1 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b h well let's try elimination again 1 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b h well let's try elimination again 1 a
+a 2 1 - 1 is 0 b -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 2 1 - 1 is 0 b -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 2 1 - 1 is 0 b -
+A and b^ 2 - A 2 b^2 - A 2 let me factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and b^ 2 - A 2 b^2 - A 2 let me factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and b^ 2 - A 2 b^2 - A 2 let me factor
+that into b - A B plus a which will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into b - A B plus a which will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into b - A B plus a which will be
+very convenient in the next step and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very convenient in the next step and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very convenient in the next step and
+then I'm going to subtract the first row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to subtract the first row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to subtract the first row
+again from the third one I'll get Zer C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again from the third one I'll get Zer C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again from the third one I'll get Zer C
+minus a and again I'll get c^ 2 - A 2 c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a and again I'll get c^ 2 - A 2 c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a and again I'll get c^ 2 - A 2 c
+-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-
+a C+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a all right
+H let's use that second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H let's use that second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H let's use that second
+property uh third property that was um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property uh third property that was um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property uh third property that was um
+the determinant is linear on each row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant is linear on each row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant is linear on each row
+separately so what I'm going to do is C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately so what I'm going to do is C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately so what I'm going to do is C
+this factor of B minus a shows up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this factor of B minus a shows up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this factor of B minus a shows up in
+every entry of this row well it's a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every entry of this row well it's a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every entry of this row well it's a zero
+so it's the zero multiple of B minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's the zero multiple of B minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's the zero multiple of B minus a
+so I'm going to pull out this factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to pull out this factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to pull out this factor of
+B minus a and this row is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B minus a and this row is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B minus a and this row is going to
+become 0 1 b + a I will also in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become 0 1 b + a I will also in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become 0 1 b + a I will also in the same
+step do the same thing with the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step do the same thing with the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step do the same thing with the third
+row I'll pull out a factor of C -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row I'll pull out a factor of C -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row I'll pull out a factor of C -
+A and it will become 0 1 C +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and it will become 0 1 C +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and it will become 0 1 C +
+a here's one factor from the second row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a here's one factor from the second row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a here's one factor from the second row
+another factor from the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another factor from the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another factor from the third
+row and one a a 2 0 1 b + a 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and one a a 2 0 1 b + a 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and one a a 2 0 1 b + a 0
+1 C+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a now what well remember you know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a now what well remember you know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a now what well remember you know how to
+do the determinant of upper triangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the determinant of upper triangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the determinant of upper triangular
+matrices because all that you do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices because all that you do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices because all that you do is
+multiply the pivots this is almost upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply the pivots this is almost upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply the pivots this is almost upper
+triangular except there's a one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular except there's a one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular except there's a one over
+here so let's do another elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+step B Min -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step B Min -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step B Min -
+A C -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A C -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A C -
+A 1 a a 2 0 1 b +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A 1 a a 2 0 1 b +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A 1 a a 2 0 1 b +
+a 0 0 C C + a - b + a is c -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 0 0 C C + a - b + a is c -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 0 0 C C + a - b + a is c -
+B right so the Matrix the determinant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B right so the Matrix the determinant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B right so the Matrix the determinant of
+this Matrix is now 1 * 1 * c - B so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Matrix is now 1 * 1 * c - B so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Matrix is now 1 * 1 * c - B so we
+get b -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get b -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get b -
+A C minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A C minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A C minus
+a c minus B which has a really nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a c minus B which has a really nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a c minus B which has a really nice
+formula this is called the vandon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula this is called the vandon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula this is called the vandon
+determinant it's always like this even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant it's always like this even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant it's always like this even
+if your Matrix is bigger than 3x3 if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your Matrix is bigger than 3x3 if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your Matrix is bigger than 3x3 if
+it's 4X 4 or 5x five and so on you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 4X 4 or 5x five and so on you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 4X 4 or 5x five and so on you just
+have more differences of all the letters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more differences of all the letters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more differences of all the letters
+that show up in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that show up in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that show up in your
+Matrix onto Matrix numbers number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix onto Matrix numbers number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix onto Matrix numbers number
+three C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three C
+equals 1 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+3 1 - 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 1 - 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 1 - 4
+5 how did you get the determinant for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 how did you get the determinant for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 how did you get the determinant for
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+one well remember this is a rank one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one well remember this is a rank one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one well remember this is a rank one one
+rank one Matrix because it's a column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank one Matrix because it's a column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank one Matrix because it's a column
+Vector times a row Vector so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector times a row Vector so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector times a row Vector so if you
+write out what the Matrix is it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write out what the Matrix is it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write out what the Matrix is it will be
+a 3X3 Matrix where we can think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 3X3 Matrix where we can think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 3X3 Matrix where we can think about it
+this way the first row will be 1 * 1 - 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way the first row will be 1 * 1 - 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way the first row will be 1 * 1 - 4
+5 the second row will be two * those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 the second row will be two * those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 the second row will be two * those
+numbers and the third row will be three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and the third row will be three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and the third row will be three
+times those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times those
+numbers so all the all the rows are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so all the all the rows are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so all the all the rows are
+going to be linearly dependent or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be linearly dependent or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be linearly dependent or
+another way of saying the Matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of saying the Matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of saying the Matrix is
+singular when the Matrix is singular the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular when the Matrix is singular the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular when the Matrix is singular the
+determinant is always equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant is always equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant is always equal to zero
+that's also one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also one of the
+properties C is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero on to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero on to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero on to the next
+Matrix last one D is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix last one D is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix last one D is equal
+to 0 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0 0
+0 1 - 1 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 1 - 1 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 1 - 1 3
+- 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- 3
+4 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 -
+4 maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 maybe you
+didn't get that from just looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get that from just looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get that from just looking at the
+Matrix in the first time but did you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix in the first time but did you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix in the first time but did you see
+how I wrote it down have zeros down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I wrote it down have zeros down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I wrote it down have zeros down the
+diagonal and then for each entry I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal and then for each entry I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal and then for each entry I have
+minus that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus that
+entry that means that this Matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry that means that this Matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry that means that this Matrix is
+skew symmetric what that means is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skew symmetric what that means is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skew symmetric what that means is if you
+do D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do D
+transpose it will not be equal to D but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose it will not be equal to D but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose it will not be equal to D but
+it will be equal to minus d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be equal to minus d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be equal to minus d
+D is equal D transpose is equal to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+D now what does this give us for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D now what does this give us for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D now what does this give us for
+determinants well if these two matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants well if these two matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants well if these two matrices
+are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same
+Matrix this determinant is equal to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix this determinant is equal to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix this determinant is equal to that
+determinant right one of the properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant right one of the properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant right one of the properties
+is that the determinant the transpose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the determinant the transpose of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the determinant the transpose of
+the Matrix is equal to the determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix is equal to the determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix is equal to the determinant
+of the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the original
+Matrix how about this side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix how about this side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix how about this side
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+first uh Temptation would be to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first uh Temptation would be to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first uh Temptation would be to just
+write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write
+that is that always true no the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that always true no the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that always true no the
+determinant is linear on each row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant is linear on each row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant is linear on each row
+separately that means that you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately that means that you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately that means that you can't
+pull out a factor that is multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull out a factor that is multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull out a factor that is multiplying
+The Matrix you have to pull it out once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Matrix you have to pull it out once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Matrix you have to pull it out once
+for each row of the Matrix so what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each row of the Matrix so what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each row of the Matrix so what I
+should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+written what I should have written was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written what I should have written was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written what I should have written was
+minus one that's my Factor minus how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one that's my Factor minus how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one that's my Factor minus how
+many rows do I have 1 2 3 pull it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many rows do I have 1 2 3 pull it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many rows do I have 1 2 3 pull it out
+once for each row times the determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once for each row times the determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once for each row times the determinant
+of D well fortunately -1 the 3r is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of D well fortunately -1 the 3r is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of D well fortunately -1 the 3r is
+simply equal to minus D minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply equal to minus D minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply equal to minus D minus one
+so here we go it was correct in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we go it was correct in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we go it was correct in fact
+right we have determinant of D is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we have determinant of D is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we have determinant of D is equal
+to minus determinant of D what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minus determinant of D what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minus determinant of D what is the
+only number that is equal to minus that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only number that is equal to minus that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only number that is equal to minus that
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+zero determinant of D is equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero determinant of D is equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero determinant of D is equal to zero
+again let me ask you one last question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again let me ask you one last question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again let me ask you one last question
+is it true that all SK symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it true that all SK symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it true that all SK symmetric
+matrices have the determinant equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices have the determinant equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices have the determinant equal to
+zero it was true for this one is it true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it was true for this one is it true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it was true for this one is it true
+in every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in every
+case well the key factor here was that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case well the key factor here was that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case well the key factor here was that I
+had minus1 to the 3 power and I got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had minus1 to the 3 power and I got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had minus1 to the 3 power and I got a
+minus sign here D determinant of D is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign here D determinant of D is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign here D determinant of D is
+equal to minus determinant of D what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus determinant of D what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus determinant of D what if
+this number had been an even number then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number had been an even number then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number had been an even number then
+I would just have determinant of D is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would just have determinant of D is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would just have determinant of D is
+equal minus1 to an even number D that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal minus1 to an even number D that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal minus1 to an even number D that's
+one so I would have determinant of D is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so I would have determinant of D is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so I would have determinant of D is
+equal to determinant of D there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to determinant of D there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to determinant of D there's
+nothing I can say about that number can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing I can say about that number can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing I can say about that number can
+be your favorite number not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be your favorite number not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be your favorite number not necessarily
+zero all right we're done for today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero all right we're done for today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero all right we're done for today
+thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/aYocdR1m6QQ.txt b/aYocdR1m6QQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fc5b42f8a6fb2881b66f260b1ef95e4c842c9ee9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/aYocdR1m6QQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15283 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+get started just a couple of reminders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get started just a couple of reminders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get started just a couple of reminders
+um homework number four is due today up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um homework number four is due today up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um homework number four is due today up
+up front you can bring that up at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up front you can bring that up at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up front you can bring that up at the
+end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the
+hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour
+um homework number three is going back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um homework number three is going back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um homework number three is going back
+I've got it in the back there in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got it in the back there in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got it in the back there in that
+orange folder so you can pick up your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange folder so you can pick up your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange folder so you can pick up your
+homework before the uh before you leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework before the uh before you leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework before the uh before you leave
+today and there are a couple people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and there are a couple people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and there are a couple people who
+haven't picked up prior homeworks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't picked up prior homeworks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't picked up prior homeworks and
+they're in the back of that orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in the back of that orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in the back of that orange
+folder um we've got one hand handout for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folder um we've got one hand handout for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folder um we've got one hand handout for
+today that's handout 27 um today we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today that's handout 27 um today we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today that's handout 27 um today we're
+going to be talking about the Supreme 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be talking about the Supreme 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be talking about the Supreme 4
+process simulator this is where we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process simulator this is where we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process simulator this is where we are
+November 2nd here on Election Day and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+November 2nd here on Election Day and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+November 2nd here on Election Day and
+you're handing in homework number four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're handing in homework number four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're handing in homework number four
+uh the solutions to homework number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the solutions to homework number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the solutions to homework number
+three you're getting your graded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three you're getting your graded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three you're getting your graded
+homework number three is back the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework number three is back the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework number three is back the
+solutions will be on the web later today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions will be on the web later today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions will be on the web later today
+and I'll bring hard copies um next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll bring hard copies um next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll bring hard copies um next time
+they didn't get printed um or Xerox uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't get printed um or Xerox uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't get printed um or Xerox uh
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+time okay so let's go on to hand out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so let's go on to hand out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so let's go on to hand out
+number 27 which is today's handout for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 27 which is today's handout for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 27 which is today's handout for
+today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lecture the uh this this handout or this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture the uh this this handout or this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture the uh this this handout or this
+lecture is on so-called the quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is on so-called the quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is on so-called the quote
+unquote introduction to the Supreme for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unquote introduction to the Supreme for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unquote introduction to the Supreme for
+process simulator now you've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process simulator now you've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process simulator now you've already
+really been introduced to it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really been introduced to it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really been introduced to it uh
+fortunately you've been using it uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately you've been using it uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately you've been using it uh for
+the last couple of homeworks in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last couple of homeworks in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last couple of homeworks in your
+homework sets and and your ta uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework sets and and your ta uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework sets and and your ta uh
+introduced it uh in in sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced it uh in in sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced it uh in in sort of a
+practical sense uh a number of weeks ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical sense uh a number of weeks ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical sense uh a number of weeks ago
+when she gave uh she gave a lecture when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when she gave uh she gave a lecture when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when she gave uh she gave a lecture when
+you had your first supreme uh homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had your first supreme uh homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had your first supreme uh homework
+but I want to talk about it in a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I want to talk about it in a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I want to talk about it in a little
+more um detail and maybe give you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more um detail and maybe give you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more um detail and maybe give you some
+some examples of what it can do just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples of what it can do just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples of what it can do just to
+give you give you an idea um so um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you give you an idea um so um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you give you an idea um so um the
+fir in the very first lecture lecture we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fir in the very first lecture lecture we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fir in the very first lecture lecture we
+discussed an example of a seamless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed an example of a seamless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed an example of a seamless
+process flow and we drew a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process flow and we drew a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process flow and we drew a series of
+cartoons you know sort of PowerPoint uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoons you know sort of PowerPoint uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoons you know sort of PowerPoint uh
+artist conception of what things would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist conception of what things would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist conception of what things would
+look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+like at this point in the class at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like at this point in the class at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like at this point in the class at this
+point point in in in the class we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point point in in in the class we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point point in in in the class we've
+covered some of the fundamentals and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered some of the fundamentals and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered some of the fundamentals and the
+modeling of of a lot of the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling of of a lot of the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling of of a lot of the key
+processes in that seamless flow we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes in that seamless flow we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes in that seamless flow we've
+talked about thermal oxidation diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about thermal oxidation diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about thermal oxidation diffusion
+of dopant we've just had uh four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dopant we've just had uh four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dopant we've just had uh four
+lectures on iron implantation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures on iron implantation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures on iron implantation and
+Transit enhanced diffusion and we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transit enhanced diffusion and we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transit enhanced diffusion and we've
+talked a little bit about how these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked a little bit about how these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked a little bit about how these
+processes fit together so um today I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes fit together so um today I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes fit together so um today I
+want to review some of these Concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to review some of these Concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to review some of these Concepts
+and some seos processed modules and seos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some seos processed modules and seos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some seos processed modules and seos
+flows now in the context of what we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows now in the context of what we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows now in the context of what we know
+about models and uh in the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about models and uh in the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about models and uh in the context of
+using the Supreme 4 simulator and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the Supreme 4 simulator and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the Supreme 4 simulator and this
+is just an example of uh of of an n n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just an example of uh of of an n n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just an example of uh of of an n n
+mosfet and a p mosfet fabricated on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosfet and a p mosfet fabricated on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosfet and a p mosfet fabricated on a
+wafer uh this was the cartoon that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer uh this was the cartoon that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer uh this was the cartoon that we
+showed um earlier on in the uh in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed um earlier on in the uh in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed um earlier on in the uh in this
+course in the very first lecture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in the very first lecture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in the very first lecture and
+what we can do today is we don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can do today is we don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can do today is we don't need to
+use cartoons anymore as you know you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use cartoons anymore as you know you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use cartoons anymore as you know you can
+use the Supreme Force simulator to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the Supreme Force simulator to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the Supreme Force simulator to
+generate this uh this type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate this uh this type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate this uh this type of
+information uh reasonably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information uh reasonably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information uh reasonably
+accurately so so let's go on to slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately so so let's go on to slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately so so let's go on to slide
+number two and I have a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two and I have a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two and I have a series of
+examples I wanted to go through now some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples I wanted to go through now some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples I wanted to go through now some
+of these things since you've already run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things since you've already run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things since you've already run
+the simulator you may be familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simulator you may be familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simulator you may be familiar with
+but we'll go into some uh some things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll go into some uh some things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll go into some uh some things
+you may not have seen uh the first three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may not have seen uh the first three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may not have seen uh the first three
+are 1D Supreme um Supreme 4 is can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 1D Supreme um Supreme 4 is can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 1D Supreme um Supreme 4 is can be
+run it's a two-dimensional simulator but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run it's a two-dimensional simulator but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run it's a two-dimensional simulator but
+it can be run in a one-dimensional mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be run in a one-dimensional mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be run in a one-dimensional mode
+where you're primarily interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're primarily interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're primarily interested in
+what happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in
+depth uh but in general you'll run it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth uh but in general you'll run it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth uh but in general you'll run it in
+2D mode but to run things quickly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D mode but to run things quickly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D mode but to run things quickly to
+understand basic physics Concepts it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand basic physics Concepts it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand basic physics Concepts it's
+it's often easier to under to run the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's often easier to under to run the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's often easier to under to run the
+simulator in 1D mode and then later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator in 1D mode and then later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator in 1D mode and then later on
+run a two a two-dimensional example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run a two a two-dimensional example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run a two a two-dimensional example
+obviously when you do it into 2D mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously when you do it into 2D mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously when you do it into 2D mode
+you have a lot more calculations to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a lot more calculations to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a lot more calculations to do
+and it's a lot slower so first I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a lot slower so first I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a lot slower so first I'm going
+to talk a little bit about boron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk a little bit about boron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk a little bit about boron
+segregation at at a gate oxide silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregation at at a gate oxide silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregation at at a gate oxide silicon
+interface and and compare a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and and compare a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and and compare a couple
+issues and I'm using this as an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues and I'm using this as an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues and I'm using this as an example
+for you to understand a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to understand a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to understand a little bit about
+griding issues that can take place when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+griding issues that can take place when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+griding issues that can take place when
+you use the simulator it's a very P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use the simulator it's a very P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use the simulator it's a very P
+practical issue of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical issue of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical issue of um
+uh keeping an eye on on the the um how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh keeping an eye on on the the um how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh keeping an eye on on the the um how
+fine your grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine your grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine your grid
+is the second example we talk about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the second example we talk about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the second example we talk about um
+comparing some Arsenic and phosphorous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing some Arsenic and phosphorous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing some Arsenic and phosphorous
+implant profiles uh the different types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implant profiles uh the different types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implant profiles uh the different types
+of profiles um to actual Sims data we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of profiles um to actual Sims data we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of profiles um to actual Sims data we'll
+see which ones do a better job at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see which ones do a better job at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see which ones do a better job at
+actually um simulating uh or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um simulating uh or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um simulating uh or or
+reproducing what the data looks like and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproducing what the data looks like and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproducing what the data looks like and
+then we'll talk about diffusion models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll talk about diffusion models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll talk about diffusion models
+introduce the different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the different types of
+diffusion models uh that are available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion models uh that are available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion models uh that are available
+and these are again these are the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are again these are the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are again these are the three
+are 1D the last example I hope we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 1D the last example I hope we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 1D the last example I hope we have
+time is a 2d example of um kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is a 2d example of um kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is a 2d example of um kind of an
+older technology it's a it's a 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older technology it's a it's a 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older technology it's a it's a 200
+nanometer gate length uh in mosfet just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometer gate length uh in mosfet just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometer gate length uh in mosfet just
+to go through um uh some of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through um uh some of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through um uh some of the uh
+processing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing of
+that so let's go on to slide number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so let's go on to slide number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so let's go on to slide number
+three this is an example and if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three this is an example and if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three this is an example and if you've
+already done the homeworks you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already done the homeworks you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already done the homeworks you've
+probably seen this this's an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably seen this this's an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably seen this this's an example of
+what's called the mesh or the grid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called the mesh or the grid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called the mesh or the grid and
+um Supreme 4 uses a a triangular grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Supreme 4 uses a a triangular grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Supreme 4 uses a a triangular grid
+triangular mesh so it's a series of non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular mesh so it's a series of non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular mesh so it's a series of non
+overlapping triangular elements you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapping triangular elements you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapping triangular elements you see
+each one of these if you look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these if you look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these if you look at it
+carefully it can be uh drawn as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully it can be uh drawn as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully it can be uh drawn as a
+triangle uh the mesh is very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle uh the mesh is very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle uh the mesh is very important
+um because what we do in the mesh or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because what we do in the mesh or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because what we do in the mesh or the
+grid is that we Supreme for tracks the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid is that we Supreme for tracks the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid is that we Supreme for tracks the
+values of all parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of all parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of all parameters
+numerically um along a moving adjustable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically um along a moving adjustable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically um along a moving adjustable
+grid so at these nodes at these grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid so at these nodes at these grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid so at these nodes at these grid
+points is tracking the values of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points is tracking the values of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points is tracking the values of all
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+parameters um the uh interface what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters um the uh interface what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters um the uh interface what the
+material is the interface between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material is the interface between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material is the interface between two
+materials it tracks um the the dope and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials it tracks um the the dope and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials it tracks um the the dope and
+concentration value a lot of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration value a lot of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration value a lot of different
+things are are each are tracked at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are are each are tracked at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are are each are tracked at each
+grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid
+Point uh if you look at this grid so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point uh if you look at this grid so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point uh if you look at this grid so
+this is a grid that belongs to uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a grid that belongs to uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a grid that belongs to uh a
+device structure let me see if I have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device structure let me see if I have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device structure let me see if I have uh
+in the next slide uh oh that's a blowup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next slide uh oh that's a blowup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next slide uh oh that's a blowup
+yeah let's just go a little bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah let's just go a little bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah let's just go a little bit of a
+blow up on on slide number four you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow up on on slide number four you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow up on on slide number four you can
+see the grid a little bit better um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the grid a little bit better um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the grid a little bit better um this
+this belongs to a device structure where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this belongs to a device structure where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this belongs to a device structure where
+uh over here on the on the left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh over here on the on the left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh over here on the on the left hand
+side there's actually a gate there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side there's actually a gate there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side there's actually a gate there's a
+poly silicon gate there's a spacer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly silicon gate there's a spacer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly silicon gate there's a spacer and
+if you can see here's a gate oxide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can see here's a gate oxide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can see here's a gate oxide and
+there's some metal up here and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some metal up here and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some metal up here and this is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Silicon this is an iom planted in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon this is an iom planted in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon this is an iom planted in
+diffused Junction and you say why does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffused Junction and you say why does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffused Junction and you say why does
+the grid look like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grid look like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grid look like it
+does why would it look like this you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does why would it look like this you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does why would it look like this you see
+in this region here near the channel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this region here near the channel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this region here near the channel and
+near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the
+surface um you see a fairly fine grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface um you see a fairly fine grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface um you see a fairly fine grid
+the mesh is very is very um fine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mesh is very is very um fine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mesh is very is very um fine the
+spacing between the grid points is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing between the grid points is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing between the grid points is very
+small whereas you get down here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small whereas you get down here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small whereas you get down here in the
+Silicon substrate and the mesh is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon substrate and the mesh is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon substrate and the mesh is very
+coarse the spacing between points on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coarse the spacing between points on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coarse the spacing between points on
+which you do the solution is very is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you do the solution is very is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you do the solution is very is
+very large so why would that be does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large so why would that be does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large so why would that be does
+anybody have an idea why up here I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody have an idea why up here I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody have an idea why up here I would
+use a fine I have a fine grid and down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a fine I have a fine grid and down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a fine I have a fine grid and down
+here I have a coarse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+grid right because up here this at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid right because up here this at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid right because up here this at the
+junction you probably have some doping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction you probably have some doping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction you probably have some doping
+profiles that are changing very rapidly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiles that are changing very rapidly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiles that are changing very rapidly
+in depth so you need a lot of grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in depth so you need a lot of grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in depth so you need a lot of grid
+points to maintain good accuracy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points to maintain good accuracy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points to maintain good accuracy and
+good Fidelity in reproducing those uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good Fidelity in reproducing those uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good Fidelity in reproducing those uh
+those those profiles down here there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those profiles down here there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those profiles down here there's
+really not much action probably just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not much action probably just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not much action probably just
+constant doping of boron so there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant doping of boron so there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant doping of boron so there's no
+need to have very fine mesh the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have very fine mesh the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have very fine mesh the computer
+even today's computers are only so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even today's computers are only so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even today's computers are only so
+powerful so Supreme tries to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful so Supreme tries to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful so Supreme tries to do
+intelligent griding and not waste and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent griding and not waste and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent griding and not waste and
+put in a lot of grid points where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in a lot of grid points where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in a lot of grid points where you
+don't need it if you used a very fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need it if you used a very fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need it if you used a very fine
+mesh everywhere you'd say well that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesh everywhere you'd say well that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesh everywhere you'd say well that's
+the best right make it fine everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best right make it fine everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best right make it fine everywhere
+problem with that is you'd never be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with that is you'd never be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with that is you'd never be able
+to um it it would take long to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um it it would take long to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um it it would take long to the
+solutions and it's a really a waste of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions and it's a really a waste of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions and it's a really a waste of
+time um so just going back to slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um so just going back to slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um so just going back to slide
+three this exactly what we just said the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three this exactly what we just said the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three this exactly what we just said the
+grid needs to be fine near the active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid needs to be fine near the active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid needs to be fine near the active
+device region near the interface or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device region near the interface or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device region near the interface or
+where anything any quantity of interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where anything any quantity of interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where anything any quantity of interest
+is changing very rapidly depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is changing very rapidly depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is changing very rapidly depending on
+what you're interested in knowing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're interested in knowing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're interested in knowing about
+doping profiles interstitials vacancies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doping profiles interstitials vacancies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doping profiles interstitials vacancies
+wherever they they change rapidly you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever they they change rapidly you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever they they change rapidly you
+need um a fine grid um for diffusion uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need um a fine grid um for diffusion uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need um a fine grid um for diffusion uh
+very often Supreme does a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very often Supreme does a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very often Supreme does a finite
+difference solution for oxidation he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference solution for oxidation he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference solution for oxidation he
+uses a finite element type of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses a finite element type of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses a finite element type of of
+technique again both on on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+grid okay uh let's go on to slide number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid okay uh let's go on to slide number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid okay uh let's go on to slide number
+five actually I probably should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five actually I probably should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five actually I probably should have
+shown this first this is the actual of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown this first this is the actual of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown this first this is the actual of
+that um that mesh that we just showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that mesh that we just showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that mesh that we just showed
+this is the actual device structure uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the actual device structure uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the actual device structure uh
+it's half of an in mosfet and now it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's half of an in mosfet and now it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's half of an in mosfet and now it
+becomes pretty obvious what you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes pretty obvious what you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes pretty obvious what you were
+looking at in terms of the grid the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at in terms of the grid the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at in terms of the grid the
+yellow here is the Silicon this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow here is the Silicon this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow here is the Silicon this is the
+polysilicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polysilicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polysilicon
+gate um the blue is the gate oxide this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate um the blue is the gate oxide this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate um the blue is the gate oxide this
+is an oxide spacer a sidewall spacer on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an oxide spacer a sidewall spacer on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an oxide spacer a sidewall spacer on
+right next to it um there's a metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right next to it um there's a metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right next to it um there's a metal
+contact here to the silicon and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact here to the silicon and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact here to the silicon and this is
+the uh sort of locost region or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh sort of locost region or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh sort of locost region or the
+isolation region uh in between devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation region uh in between devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation region uh in between devices
+this is either the source or the drain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is either the source or the drain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is either the source or the drain
+and you can see Contours here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see Contours here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see Contours here
+corresponding to arsenic um arsenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to arsenic um arsenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to arsenic um arsenic
+doping so this is the actual um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doping so this is the actual um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doping so this is the actual um
+structure very often in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure very often in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure very often in
+Supreme um things are symmetrical so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme um things are symmetrical so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme um things are symmetrical so
+another way besides doing intelligent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way besides doing intelligent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way besides doing intelligent
+griding uh if you have a metrical device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+griding uh if you have a metrical device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+griding uh if you have a metrical device
+you can often only simulate half of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can often only simulate half of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can often only simulate half of it
+and then just project that uh uh about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then just project that uh uh about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then just project that uh uh about
+the Cent about the center line here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cent about the center line here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cent about the center line here
+because the device the mosfets are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the device the mosfets are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the device the mosfets are very
+often um symmetrical in the way they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often um symmetrical in the way they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often um symmetrical in the way they're
+fabricated so sometimes that that helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabricated so sometimes that that helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabricated so sometimes that that helps
+you save save time in the simulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you save save time in the simulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you save save time in the simulations
+again once you start we haven't had may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again once you start we haven't had may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again once you start we haven't had may
+had you do very many two-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had you do very many two-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had you do very many two-dimensional
+simulations but once you start doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations but once you start doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations but once you start doing
+them you'll see how much time it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you'll see how much time it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you'll see how much time it can
+take to uh to simulate all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take to uh to simulate all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take to uh to simulate all these
+diffusion especially if you're doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion especially if you're doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion especially if you're doing the
+most sophisticated models so you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most sophisticated models so you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most sophisticated models so you have to
+take advant of sort of intelligent uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+griding I want to start on slide number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+griding I want to start on slide number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+griding I want to start on slide number
+six uh the first example uh now which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six uh the first example uh now which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six uh the first example uh now which is
+a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple
+one-dimensional um example that looks at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional um example that looks at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional um example that looks at
+the behavior of boron and how it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior of boron and how it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior of boron and how it it
+behaves and segregates at an oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves and segregates at an oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves and segregates at an oxide
+silicon interface and this this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon interface and this this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon interface and this this is a
+supreme 4 input file as you know you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supreme 4 input file as you know you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supreme 4 input file as you know you all
+of you who've done your homework Supreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you who've done your homework Supreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you who've done your homework Supreme
+4 takes text files as input you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 takes text files as input you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 takes text files as input you can
+write the text in any text editor you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the text in any text editor you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the text in any text editor you
+want as long as it doesn't leave a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want as long as it doesn't leave a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want as long as it doesn't leave a lot
+of spous characters that confuse uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spous characters that confuse uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spous characters that confuse uh the
+program and the program has a parser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and the program has a parser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and the program has a parser
+that reads in the text and interprets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reads in the text and interprets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reads in the text and interprets
+the text in terms of the commands that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the text in terms of the commands that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the text in terms of the commands that
+are that that Supreme for knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that that Supreme for knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that that Supreme for knows
+about um whenever you see dollar sign of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um whenever you see dollar sign of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um whenever you see dollar sign of
+course that's just a comment so Supreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that's just a comment so Supreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that's just a comment so Supreme
+ignores that so this is only for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignores that so this is only for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignores that so this is only for your
+own notation so the first um the First
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own notation so the first um the First
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own notation so the first um the First
+Command here is called the mesh command
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Command here is called the mesh command
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Command here is called the mesh command
+and it it tells you that a parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it it tells you that a parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it it tells you that a parameter
+called grid. Equals .004 and grid Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called grid. Equals .004 and grid Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called grid. Equals .004 and grid Factor
+has to do with the finess of the grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with the finess of the grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with the finess of the grid
+the smaller the number uh the finer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smaller the number uh the finer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smaller the number uh the finer the
+mesh um and um so we're defining in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesh um and um so we're defining in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesh um and um so we're defining in this
+one statement uh what we want to make uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one statement uh what we want to make uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one statement uh what we want to make uh
+the default uh sort of mesh size uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the default uh sort of mesh size uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the default uh sort of mesh size uh in
+in a uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a uniform
+sense uh 04 it's not in units um I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense uh 04 it's not in units um I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense uh 04 it's not in units um I think
+it it's a multiplier so I think it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's a multiplier so I think it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's a multiplier so I think it can
+be anything from 1 to 10 to maybe 01 um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be anything from 1 to 10 to maybe 01 um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be anything from 1 to 10 to maybe 01 um
+if you look up in the Supreme manual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look up in the Supreme manual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look up in the Supreme manual
+it'll tell tell you I I don't remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll tell tell you I I don't remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll tell tell you I I don't remember
+the exact definition of grid. but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact definition of grid. but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact definition of grid. but um
+when grid. equals one it gives you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when grid. equals one it gives you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when grid. equals one it gives you a
+certain grid spacing my experience has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain grid spacing my experience has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain grid spacing my experience has
+been that for most modern devices a grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been that for most modern devices a grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been that for most modern devices a grid
+dotf of one it's it's a pretty large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotf of one it's it's a pretty large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotf of one it's it's a pretty large
+spacing larger than we would would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing larger than we would would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing larger than we would would
+probably want to have I think I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably want to have I think I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably want to have I think I have
+some examples where we've varied this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples where we've varied this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples where we've varied this in
+here so we can look for the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we can look for the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we can look for the different
+grid dot facts and you'll see how how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid dot facts and you'll see how how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid dot facts and you'll see how how it
+comes out the next thing is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out the next thing is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out the next thing is pretty
+simple it says an initialized statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple it says an initialized statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple it says an initialized statement
+this says just create the Silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this says just create the Silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this says just create the Silicon
+substrate that's all it does it tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate that's all it does it tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate that's all it does it tells
+you the orientation in the z-axis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the orientation in the z-axis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the orientation in the z-axis is
+one0 0 um so that's the the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one0 0 um so that's the the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one0 0 um so that's the the the the
+orientation of the wafer and it's Boron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation of the wafer and it's Boron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation of the wafer and it's Boron
+doped and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doped and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doped and it's
+one7 uh per cubic centimeter and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one7 uh per cubic centimeter and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one7 uh per cubic centimeter and again
+if you need to know um things like Boron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you need to know um things like Boron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you need to know um things like Boron
+equals 17 you wonder what the units are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 17 you wonder what the units are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 17 you wonder what the units are
+if you go into Supreme form manual it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go into Supreme form manual it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go into Supreme form manual it'll
+it'll tell you what the default units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll tell you what the default units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll tell you what the default units
+are for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are for any
+variable this is an implant statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable this is an implant statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable this is an implant statement
+you you just did a homework um on ION
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you just did a homework um on ION
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you just did a homework um on ION
+implantation uh where we implanting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implantation uh where we implanting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implantation uh where we implanting
+Boron so this is the species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron so this is the species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron so this is the species
+this is the dose number of atoms per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the dose number of atoms per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the dose number of atoms per
+square cenm the energy uh and uh you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square cenm the energy uh and uh you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square cenm the energy uh and uh you're
+specifying a tilt angle of 7° um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifying a tilt angle of 7° um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifying a tilt angle of 7° um
+depending on the dopent there will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the dopent there will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the dopent there will be
+different default models uh a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different default models uh a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different default models uh a lot of the
+dopent default to the Pearson 4 model um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopent default to the Pearson 4 model um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopent default to the Pearson 4 model um
+if you don't other words if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't other words if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't other words if you don't
+say what model to use it automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what model to use it automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what model to use it automatically
+uses default Pearson 4 I think arsonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses default Pearson 4 I think arsonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses default Pearson 4 I think arsonic
+uh defaults the Dual Pearson it you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh defaults the Dual Pearson it you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh defaults the Dual Pearson it you have
+to look up in the Supreme manual and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look up in the Supreme manual and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look up in the Supreme manual and
+figure out what the default is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what the default is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what the default is if you
+don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+specify so remember just because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify so remember just because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify so remember just because you
+didn't say a model Supreme has to assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't say a model Supreme has to assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't say a model Supreme has to assume
+one of the models and so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the models and so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the models and so that's the
+default model you need to become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default model you need to become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default model you need to become
+familiar with what that is um this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with what that is um this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with what that is um this is uh
+this statement here is deposing it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this statement here is deposing it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this statement here is deposing it's a
+deposition statement so it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposition statement so it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposition statement so it's not a
+growth it's not thermal oxidation it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth it's not thermal oxidation it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth it's not thermal oxidation it's
+literally depositing oxide uh just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally depositing oxide uh just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally depositing oxide uh just by
+plunking it on the surface you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plunking it on the surface you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plunking it on the surface you're not
+consuming any silicon and we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consuming any silicon and we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consuming any silicon and we haven't
+talked about this type of process before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this type of process before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this type of process before
+but it's called chemical vapor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's called chemical vapor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's called chemical vapor
+deposition the next several lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposition the next several lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposition the next several lectures
+we'll talk about that so this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about that so this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about that so this is not
+thermal oxidation we're just plunking an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal oxidation we're just plunking an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal oxidation we're just plunking an
+oxide down at a at a certain temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide down at a at a certain temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide down at a at a certain temperature
+600 and we're telling it the thickness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+600 and we're telling it the thickness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+600 and we're telling it the thickness
+in microns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in microns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in microns
+005 uh Micron so it's very thin it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+005 uh Micron so it's very thin it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+005 uh Micron so it's very thin it's
+it's 50 angstroms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 50 angstroms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 50 angstroms
+Dy if you look at a supreme manual um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy if you look at a supreme manual um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy if you look at a supreme manual um
+under the deposition statement for oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the deposition statement for oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the deposition statement for oxide
+Dy tells it the thick the uh the grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy tells it the thick the uh the grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy tells it the thick the uh the grid
+spacing in the y direction that you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing in the y direction that you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing in the y direction that you want
+to use in the oxide so Dy is the grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use in the oxide so Dy is the grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use in the oxide so Dy is the grid
+spacing specific to the oxide and look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing specific to the oxide and look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing specific to the oxide and look
+how small it is it's 0 0 1 well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how small it is it's 0 0 1 well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how small it is it's 0 0 1 well the
+reason it's so small is because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason it's so small is because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason it's so small is because the
+thickness is so small you don't want one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness is so small you don't want one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness is so small you don't want one
+grid point in the oxide you'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid point in the oxide you'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid point in the oxide you'd like to
+have several so we're telling it what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have several so we're telling it what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have several so we're telling it what
+what what the griding to use just in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what the griding to use just in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what the griding to use just in the
+oxide so I have and then there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide so I have and then there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide so I have and then there's a
+simple uh statement in which you select
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple uh statement in which you select
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple uh statement in which you select
+what variable you want to plot in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what variable you want to plot in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what variable you want to plot in this
+case you want to plot the log 10 of Bon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you want to plot the log 10 of Bon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you want to plot the log 10 of Bon
+you can do some fancy you know put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do some fancy you know put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do some fancy you know put in
+titles and all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titles and all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titles and all that
+stuff the save file command uh saves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff the save file command uh saves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff the save file command uh saves the
+file in a format that's Supreme can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file in a format that's Supreme can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file in a format that's Supreme can then
+later use read in and use later on it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later use read in and use later on it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later use read in and use later on it's
+not necessarily a format that you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily a format that you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily a format that you would
+find very useable but Supreme uh uses it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find very useable but Supreme uh uses it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find very useable but Supreme uh uses it
+so save file into an an outd do file is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so save file into an an outd do file is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so save file into an an outd do file is
+uh defines which file you want it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh defines which file you want it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh defines which file you want it to
+write to and this is particular name we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write to and this is particular name we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write to and this is particular name we
+chose b1. inp you can put it wherever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose b1. inp you can put it wherever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose b1. inp you can put it wherever
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+want here you're simulating uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want here you're simulating uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want here you're simulating uh the
+diffusion so this is um uh uh simulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion so this is um uh uh simulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion so this is um uh uh simulating
+diffusion uh for a time of 17 minutes at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion uh for a time of 17 minutes at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion uh for a time of 17 minutes at
+a temperature of 850 and if I specify an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a temperature of 850 and if I specify an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a temperature of 850 and if I specify an
+inner ambient it's just like a diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner ambient it's just like a diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner ambient it's just like a diffusion
+like in argon or nitrogen if I specify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in argon or nitrogen if I specify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in argon or nitrogen if I specify
+dry O2 then you're actually doing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dry O2 then you're actually doing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dry O2 then you're actually doing and
+oxidizing so oxidation is done as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidizing so oxidation is done as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidizing so oxidation is done as you
+know now by using the diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know now by using the diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know now by using the diffusion
+statement and specifying what type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement and specifying what type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement and specifying what type of
+ambient wet O2 dry O2 whichever and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambient wet O2 dry O2 whichever and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambient wet O2 dry O2 whichever and then
+the then uh after this amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the then uh after this amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the then uh after this amount of
+diffusion 850 for 17 minutes you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion 850 for 17 minutes you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion 850 for 17 minutes you're
+going to plot what the profile looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to plot what the profile looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to plot what the profile looks
+like of the Boron after that so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like of the Boron after that so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like of the Boron after that so we have
+an as implanted plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an as implanted plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an as implanted plot
+um and we have a certain line type and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we have a certain line type and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we have a certain line type and
+and color here color number one and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and color here color number one and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and color here color number one and we
+have after diffusion at uh 17 minutes at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have after diffusion at uh 17 minutes at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have after diffusion at uh 17 minutes at
+8:50 so it's a simple file it's the type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8:50 so it's a simple file it's the type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8:50 so it's a simple file it's the type
+of file that you've been uh using that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of file that you've been uh using that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of file that you've been uh using that
+your ta has been creating for you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ta has been creating for you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ta has been creating for you and
+you've been running them now we want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been running them now we want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been running them now we want you
+to start to understand what those files
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start to understand what those files
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start to understand what those files
+do so you can create them and modify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so you can create them and modify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so you can create them and modify
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+yourself and remember you can always go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself and remember you can always go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself and remember you can always go
+to the Supreme form manual to look up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Supreme form manual to look up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Supreme form manual to look up
+any of these commands deposition select
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these commands deposition select
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these commands deposition select
+save file all those are are explained in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save file all those are are explained in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save file all those are are explained in
+the manual so this is the output of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the manual so this is the output of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the manual so this is the output of that
+file on slide number seven uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file on slide number seven uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file on slide number seven uh this is
+what it it looks like of course I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it it looks like of course I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it it looks like of course I've
+doctored it up I've added a little color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctored it up I've added a little color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctored it up I've added a little color
+and things to make it look a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things to make it look a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things to make it look a little
+better but it's the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better but it's the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better but it's the basic
+output what it that file puts out is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output what it that file puts out is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output what it that file puts out is a
+plot on the y axis is the Boron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot on the y axis is the Boron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot on the y axis is the Boron
+concentration um the x- axis is distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration um the x- axis is distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration um the x- axis is distance
+and supreme assumes that zero it puts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and supreme assumes that zero it puts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and supreme assumes that zero it puts
+zero at the original silicon interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero at the original silicon interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero at the original silicon interface
+or Surface I should say so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Surface I should say so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Surface I should say so if you
+deposit um layers on top of that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposit um layers on top of that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposit um layers on top of that they
+will will they will be sort of on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will will they will be sort of on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will will they will be sort of on the
+negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+x-axis uh remember we deposited 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis uh remember we deposited 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis uh remember we deposited 50
+angstroms of oxide that's what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms of oxide that's what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms of oxide that's what I'm
+showing in the yellow here if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing in the yellow here if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing in the yellow here if you go
+back one minute and you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back one minute and you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back one minute and you look at
+deposition oxide thickness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposition oxide thickness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposition oxide thickness of
+0.005 microns that's 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.005 microns that's 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.005 microns that's 50
+angstroms um so that's what this is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms um so that's what this is from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms um so that's what this is from
+here to here in this yellow region and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to here in this yellow region and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to here in this yellow region and
+there are two um profiles uh that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two um profiles uh that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two um profiles uh that are
+shown here the the the black one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here the the the black one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here the the the black one the
+dark one is supreme plotted the Borum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark one is supreme plotted the Borum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark one is supreme plotted the Borum
+profile immediately after ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile immediately after ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile immediately after ion
+implantation so that's the as implanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implantation so that's the as implanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implantation so that's the as implanted
+um and the red one is the Boron profile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the red one is the Boron profile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the red one is the Boron profile
+um after that anal that we did 17
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um after that anal that we did 17
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um after that anal that we did 17
+minutes iner at A50 of course it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes iner at A50 of course it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes iner at A50 of course it's
+diffused the peak has gone down a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffused the peak has gone down a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffused the peak has gone down a little
+it's broadened out and there has been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's broadened out and there has been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's broadened out and there has been a
+little bit of segregation at the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of segregation at the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of segregation at the um
+oxide silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide silicon
+interface uh the diffusion of poron and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface uh the diffusion of poron and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface uh the diffusion of poron and
+oxide is relatively slow it's about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide is relatively slow it's about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide is relatively slow it's about a
+factor of 2,000 roughly factor of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 2,000 roughly factor of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 2,000 roughly factor of a
+thousand slower than diffusion in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand slower than diffusion in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand slower than diffusion in
+silicon so you see a fair amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon so you see a fair amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon so you see a fair amount of
+motion of the B and silicon but when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of the B and silicon but when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of the B and silicon but when it
+hits that wall hits that oxide it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits that wall hits that oxide it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits that wall hits that oxide it
+doesn't diffuse very fast so you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't diffuse very fast so you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't diffuse very fast so you're not
+going to get you you see in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get you you see in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get you you see in the in the
+Silicon there's very little Boron after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon there's very little Boron after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon there's very little Boron after
+17 minutes has actually um diffused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 minutes has actually um diffused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 minutes has actually um diffused
+in if you want to know the segregation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in if you want to know the segregation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in if you want to know the segregation
+coefficient you can look it up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient you can look it up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient you can look it up in the
+appendix they have an appendix in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appendix they have an appendix in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appendix they have an appendix in
+Supreme 4 for each of the dopin um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme 4 for each of the dopin um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme 4 for each of the dopin um for
+Boron segregation which is the ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron segregation which is the ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron segregation which is the ratio of
+the concentration of boron in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration of boron in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration of boron in the
+Silicon to that in the oxide at 850
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon to that in the oxide at 850
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon to that in the oxide at 850
+Supreme calculates it from this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme calculates it from this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme calculates it from this formula
+uh you can modify either one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can modify either one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can modify either one of these
+constants by the way if you want to and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants by the way if you want to and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants by the way if you want to and
+I calculated out about a factor of 10 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I calculated out about a factor of 10 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I calculated out about a factor of 10 to
+one or 0.1 um so that would be this peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or 0.1 um so that would be this peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or 0.1 um so that would be this peak
+value to the value in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value to the value in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value to the value in the
+oxide so that's that's sort of what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide so that's that's sort of what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide so that's that's sort of what that
+simple file puts out now let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple file puts out now let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple file puts out now let's look at
+um uh a couple of other uh special cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh a couple of other uh special cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh a couple of other uh special cases
+so we're going to now do uh something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to now do uh something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to now do uh something
+similar but instead of depositing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar but instead of depositing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar but instead of depositing the
+oxide straight down by deposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide straight down by deposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide straight down by deposition
+uh from chemical vapor deposition we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from chemical vapor deposition we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from chemical vapor deposition we're
+going to form the oxide by thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to form the oxide by thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to form the oxide by thermal
+oxidation uh this is the type of model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation uh this is the type of model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation uh this is the type of model
+that we've talked about uh before and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've talked about uh before and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've talked about uh before and
+we're going to display the output here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to display the output here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to display the output here
+on on slide number um eight I'm showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on slide number um eight I'm showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on slide number um eight I'm showing
+a a new supreme um input file or command
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a new supreme um input file or command
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a new supreme um input file or command
+file and this time instead of saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file and this time instead of saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file and this time instead of saying
+deposition we're going to say to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposition we're going to say to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposition we're going to say to do a
+diffusion time equals 5 that's 5 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion time equals 5 that's 5 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion time equals 5 that's 5 minutes
+at temperature of 850 in dry2 so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at temperature of 850 in dry2 so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at temperature of 850 in dry2 so it's
+it's going to grow 5 minutes worth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to grow 5 minutes worth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to grow 5 minutes worth of
+oxy side at 850 in dry2 and then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxy side at 850 in dry2 and then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxy side at 850 in dry2 and then we're
+going to plot it using color number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to plot it using color number two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to plot it using color number two
+then we're going to do another 5 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to do another 5 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to do another 5 minutes
+and plot it again so we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and plot it again so we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and plot it again so we can do
+sequential so that'll be after after 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequential so that'll be after after 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequential so that'll be after after 10
+minutes um so you can look at it and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes um so you can look at it and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes um so you can look at it and see
+how the oxide grows and see what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the oxide grows and see what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the oxide grows and see what happens
+to the Boron profile as the oxide grows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Boron profile as the oxide grows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Boron profile as the oxide grows
+so we're going to display it at 5 10 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to display it at 5 10 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to display it at 5 10 and
+17 minutes we're going to display the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 minutes we're going to display the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 minutes we're going to display the
+Boron profile in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oxide so this is after UNL slide number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide so this is after UNL slide number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide so this is after UNL slide number
+nine this is after 5 minutes of now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine this is after 5 minutes of now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine this is after 5 minutes of now
+thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal
+oxidation uh we have uh an initial oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation uh we have uh an initial oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation uh we have uh an initial oxide
+that's formed and um this this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's formed and um this this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's formed and um this this is what
+the um the Bor looks like and you notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um the Bor looks like and you notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um the Bor looks like and you notice
+the Boron near the surface has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Boron near the surface has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Boron near the surface has been
+depleted again because of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depleted again because of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depleted again because of that
+segregation and the now you're oxidizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregation and the now you're oxidizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregation and the now you're oxidizing
+so you're consuming silicon so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're consuming silicon so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're consuming silicon so you're
+moving moving into the Silicon uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving moving into the Silicon uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving moving into the Silicon uh this
+interface is moving towards the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface is moving towards the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface is moving towards the right
+and um same segregation as the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um same segregation as the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um same segregation as the previous
+case and now we have a little bit of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and now we have a little bit of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and now we have a little bit of um
+Boron that's been Incorporated in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron that's been Incorporated in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron that's been Incorporated in the
+Silicon not So Much by diffusion because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon not So Much by diffusion because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon not So Much by diffusion because
+again but by consumption because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again but by consumption because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again but by consumption because
+remember we initially implant it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we initially implant it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we initially implant it with
+Boron and then you start oxidizing if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron and then you start oxidizing if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron and then you start oxidizing if
+you go back to the command
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go back to the command
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go back to the command
+file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file
+um uh read in the as implanted structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh read in the as implanted structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh read in the as implanted structure
+so remember um what we we did a save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember um what we we did a save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember um what we we did a save
+file of the inv uh uh of b1. imp how did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file of the inv uh uh of b1. imp how did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file of the inv uh uh of b1. imp how did
+I get that well that save file so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get that well that save file so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get that well that save file so this
+is a way to just keep uh save time after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a way to just keep uh save time after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a way to just keep uh save time after
+we did the As implanted um we saved the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did the As implanted um we saved the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did the As implanted um we saved the
+file in something called b1. inp and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file in something called b1. inp and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file in something called b1. inp and
+then we're going to call it back later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to call it back later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to call it back later
+that same file in a a subsequent uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same file in a a subsequent uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same file in a a subsequent uh uh
+Supreme run so here I'm loading in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme run so here I'm loading in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme run so here I'm loading in a
+file called b1. imp if you didn't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file called b1. imp if you didn't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file called b1. imp if you didn't want
+to do that you could repeat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that you could repeat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that you could repeat the
+simulation of the implant it's not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation of the implant it's not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation of the implant it's not going
+to take very many minutes but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take very many minutes but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take very many minutes but if you
+have a a complex two-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a complex two-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a complex two-dimensional
+simulation you might as well save it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation you might as well save it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation you might as well save it you
+know it takes an hour to run save it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it takes an hour to run save it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it takes an hour to run save it and
+you can always use it again as the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can always use it again as the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can always use it again as the input
+to another Supreme simulation another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another Supreme simulation another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another Supreme simulation another
+diffusion or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oxidation um okay so we are going to in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation um okay so we are going to in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation um okay so we are going to in
+this here on back on um slide number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here on back on um slide number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here on back on um slide number
+eight uh we are going to uh load that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight uh we are going to uh load that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight uh we are going to uh load that in
+take whatever oxide was on there off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take whatever oxide was on there off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take whatever oxide was on there off
+just to make sure it's not there and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to make sure it's not there and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to make sure it's not there and and
+diffuse it at 850 uh for 5 minutes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse it at 850 uh for 5 minutes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse it at 850 uh for 5 minutes in
+dry2 we're going to grow uh grow a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dry2 we're going to grow uh grow a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dry2 we're going to grow uh grow a
+couple different um thicknesses of oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple different um thicknesses of oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple different um thicknesses of oxide
+so I've consumed this and that's how a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've consumed this and that's how a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've consumed this and that's how a
+lot of the born has got in there and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the born has got in there and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the born has got in there and you
+see the segregation from this point from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the segregation from this point from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the segregation from this point from
+here to here that ratio is about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to here that ratio is about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to here that ratio is about a
+factor of 10 that's what we expect uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 10 that's what we expect uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 10 that's what we expect uh
+because we said K not per segregation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we said K not per segregation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we said K not per segregation of
+boron in Supreme 4 is about a factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boron in Supreme 4 is about a factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boron in Supreme 4 is about a factor of
+10 go to the next slide slide number 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 go to the next slide slide number 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 go to the next slide slide number 10
+after another five minutes so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after another five minutes so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after another five minutes so we have
+total of 10 minutes of oxidation um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total of 10 minutes of oxidation um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total of 10 minutes of oxidation um
+again you you see now you you you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you you see now you you you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you you see now you you you've
+grown a little more oxide the yellow is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grown a little more oxide the yellow is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grown a little more oxide the yellow is
+thicker and you've consumed more of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thicker and you've consumed more of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thicker and you've consumed more of the
+Boron and the segregation is causing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron and the segregation is causing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron and the segregation is causing
+this effect uh so this is not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this effect uh so this is not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this effect uh so this is not really
+diffusion because the diffusion look how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion because the diffusion look how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion because the diffusion look how
+rapidly the Bon drops if it were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly the Bon drops if it were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly the Bon drops if it were
+diffusing ra F we're diffusing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusing ra F we're diffusing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusing ra F we're diffusing this
+would go straight through the oxide but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go straight through the oxide but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go straight through the oxide but
+it's not because there was slow Boron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not because there was slow Boron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not because there was slow Boron
+diffusion in this assumption um in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion in this assumption um in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion in this assumption um in the
+oxide you see the Boron profer on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide you see the Boron profer on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide you see the Boron profer on the
+oxide if we finally go um to the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide if we finally go um to the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide if we finally go um to the last
+which is after the full 17 minutes we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is after the full 17 minutes we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is after the full 17 minutes we
+have grown now uh 50 angstroms of gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have grown now uh 50 angstroms of gate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have grown now uh 50 angstroms of gate
+oxide at 8:50 in 17
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide at 8:50 in 17
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide at 8:50 in 17
+minutes um and the the red is what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes um and the the red is what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes um and the the red is what it
+looks like the Boron looks like due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like the Boron looks like due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like the Boron looks like due to
+Thermal oxidation you see a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thermal oxidation you see a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thermal oxidation you see a lot of the
+boron has been incorporated into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boron has been incorporated into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boron has been incorporated into the
+oxide because of segregation effects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide because of segregation effects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide because of segregation effects and
+consumption um the black is as implanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption um the black is as implanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption um the black is as implanted
+so that was how it was as implanted if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was how it was as implanted if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was how it was as implanted if I
+thermally oxidize it I get the red curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermally oxidize it I get the red curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermally oxidize it I get the red curve
+you can see it's depleted at the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it's depleted at the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it's depleted at the surface
+and it's piled up in the oxide if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's piled up in the oxide if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's piled up in the oxide if I
+instead of thermally oxidizing let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of thermally oxidizing let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of thermally oxidizing let's say
+I don't want to grow my gate oxide I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want to grow my gate oxide I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want to grow my gate oxide I
+just deposit it 50 angstroms at 8 50 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just deposit it 50 angstroms at 8 50 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just deposit it 50 angstroms at 8 50 the
+BR profile is quite different it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BR profile is quite different it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BR profile is quite different it's the
+blue so why is that why so there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue so why is that why so there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue so why is that why so there's two
+different cases here in the case of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cases here in the case of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cases here in the case of uh
+if I do an implant and I thermally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I do an implant and I thermally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I do an implant and I thermally
+oxidize it I consume silicon and I suck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidize it I consume silicon and I suck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidize it I consume silicon and I suck
+some of that Boron into the oxide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of that Boron into the oxide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of that Boron into the oxide and
+then it segregates by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it segregates by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it segregates by
+segregation so you see the Boron uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregation so you see the Boron uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregation so you see the Boron uh
+concentration is relatively low at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration is relatively low at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration is relatively low at the
+surface If instead of thermally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface If instead of thermally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface If instead of thermally
+oxidizing I just implant the Boron place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidizing I just implant the Boron place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidizing I just implant the Boron place
+an oxide down there by um a chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oxide down there by um a chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oxide down there by um a chemical
+vapor deposition process um then I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapor deposition process um then I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapor deposition process um then I get
+uh I don't consume any of the Silicon so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I don't consume any of the Silicon so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I don't consume any of the Silicon so
+the Boron stays a lot higher so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Boron stays a lot higher so I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Boron stays a lot higher so I have
+about a factor of two more Boron at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a factor of two more Boron at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a factor of two more Boron at the
+surface so you can imagine you would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface so you can imagine you would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface so you can imagine you would get
+different device characteristics due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different device characteristics due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different device characteristics due to
+these slightly different ways of forming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these slightly different ways of forming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these slightly different ways of forming
+this oxide and because it has an impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this oxide and because it has an impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this oxide and because it has an impact
+on the Boron profile by different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the Boron profile by different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the Boron profile by different
+diffusion Al the diffusion coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion Al the diffusion coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion Al the diffusion coefficient
+is the same but it's really different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same but it's really different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same but it's really different
+segregation and the fact that we're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregation and the fact that we're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregation and the fact that we're in
+one case we're consuming silicon in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one case we're consuming silicon in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one case we're consuming silicon in the
+other case we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other case we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other case we're
+not okay that's just a simple example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not okay that's just a simple example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not okay that's just a simple example
+exle I had to use you see all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exle I had to use you see all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exle I had to use you see all these
+little points I had to use a really fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little points I had to use a really fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little points I had to use a really fine
+Grid in order for you to see this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grid in order for you to see this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grid in order for you to see this uh
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+effect so let me talk a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect so let me talk a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect so let me talk a little bit about
+that grid dot fact uh and the griding uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that grid dot fact uh and the griding uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that grid dot fact uh and the griding uh
+for when you have very shallow profiles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for when you have very shallow profiles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for when you have very shallow profiles
+which is mostly what we what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is mostly what we what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is mostly what we what you're
+doing these days for seos and thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing these days for seos and thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing these days for seos and thin
+oxides oh okay here here we go this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxides oh okay here here we go this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxides oh okay here here we go this
+gives us the answer use if you use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us the answer use if you use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us the answer use if you use the
+default grid um then um it the grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default grid um then um it the grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default grid um then um it the grid
+spacing is about 0.1 mic Micon so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing is about 0.1 mic Micon so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing is about 0.1 mic Micon so
+there's about 0.1 Micron that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's about 0.1 Micron that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's about 0.1 Micron that's that's
+actually uh bigger than a lot of devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh bigger than a lot of devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh bigger than a lot of devices
+so it's it's it's much too uh much too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's it's much too uh much too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's it's much too uh much too
+crude so um uh we can multiply that by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crude so um uh we can multiply that by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crude so um uh we can multiply that by a
+small number like the grid. faac and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number like the grid. faac and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number like the grid. faac and
+make that grid spacing much much smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that grid spacing much much smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that grid spacing much much smaller
+so um in this particular example I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um in this particular example I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um in this particular example I'm
+showing you where we did that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you where we did that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you where we did that same
+implant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implant of
+boron uh and then 850 17 minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boron uh and then 850 17 minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boron uh and then 850 17 minute
+oxidation with a grid. of 04 um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation with a grid. of 04 um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation with a grid. of 04 um it's
+still very coarse you can see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still very coarse you can see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still very coarse you can see this
+doesn't look really have much of a shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look really have much of a shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look really have much of a shape
+to it there's a point here where we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it there's a point here where we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it there's a point here where we've
+solved there's a point here there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved there's a point here there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved there's a point here there's a
+point here but it's just very um very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here but it's just very um very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here but it's just very um very
+Jagged looking because the grid is too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jagged looking because the grid is too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jagged looking because the grid is too
+coarse and in fact in the oxide you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coarse and in fact in the oxide you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coarse and in fact in the oxide you're
+getting almost no detail or information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting almost no detail or information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting almost no detail or information
+at all because you really don't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all because you really don't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all because you really don't have any
+grid points in the oxide you got one at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid points in the oxide you got one at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid points in the oxide you got one at
+the interface and one at the surface uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interface and one at the surface uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interface and one at the surface uh
+so for this particular example a grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for this particular example a grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for this particular example a grid
+fact of 04 is way too crude so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact of 04 is way too crude so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact of 04 is way too crude so this is
+something you always want to check by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you always want to check by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you always want to check by
+doing a quick test what kind of a grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a quick test what kind of a grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a quick test what kind of a grid
+do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I
+want if you go on to the next slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want if you go on to the next slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want if you go on to the next slide
+slide number 13 here's a factor of 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide number 13 here's a factor of 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide number 13 here's a factor of 10
+finer grid grid. of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finer grid grid. of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finer grid grid. of
+0.004 um still it looks pretty good now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.004 um still it looks pretty good now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.004 um still it looks pretty good now
+it's starting to look like a smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's starting to look like a smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's starting to look like a smooth
+curve it's not all Jagged looking and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve it's not all Jagged looking and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve it's not all Jagged looking and it
+has a shape that you would imagine could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a shape that you would imagine could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a shape that you would imagine could
+be associated with diffusion and uh ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be associated with diffusion and uh ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be associated with diffusion and uh ion
+implantation and diffusion but the oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implantation and diffusion but the oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implantation and diffusion but the oxide
+Grid in the oxide is still too coarse uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grid in the oxide is still too coarse uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grid in the oxide is still too coarse uh
+because the oxide's thin it's only on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the oxide's thin it's only on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the oxide's thin it's only on
+the order of 10 to 50 angstroms during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of 10 to 50 angstroms during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of 10 to 50 angstroms during
+this oxidation so I'm only getting what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this oxidation so I'm only getting what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this oxidation so I'm only getting what
+uh one point in the oxide I have one at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one point in the oxide I have one at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one point in the oxide I have one at
+the interface one in the oxide and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interface one in the oxide and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interface one in the oxide and one
+here that's still not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's still not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's still not
+enough um so if we go down to go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough um so if we go down to go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough um so if we go down to go to the
+next slide slide number 14 and as i' had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next slide slide number 14 and as i' had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next slide slide number 14 and as i' had
+mentioned before we use this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned before we use this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned before we use this particular
+statement to make a very fine Grid in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement to make a very fine Grid in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement to make a very fine Grid in
+just inside the oxide we don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just inside the oxide we don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just inside the oxide we don't want to
+make it that fine everywhere uh then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it that fine everywhere uh then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it that fine everywhere uh then we
+use uh this you can you can insert um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use uh this you can you can insert um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use uh this you can you can insert um a
+statement called method dy. oxide equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement called method dy. oxide equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement called method dy. oxide equals
+.005 that puts in a five angstrom Grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+.005 that puts in a five angstrom Grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+.005 that puts in a five angstrom Grid
+in the oxide um which kind of makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the oxide um which kind of makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the oxide um which kind of makes
+sense you have a 50 angstrom g oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense you have a 50 angstrom g oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense you have a 50 angstrom g oxide
+you're growing um you'd like to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're growing um you'd like to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're growing um you'd like to have
+something like a five angstrom grid uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a five angstrom grid uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a five angstrom grid uh
+in that oxide and now you can start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that oxide and now you can start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that oxide and now you can start to
+see what it really looks like remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what it really looks like remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what it really looks like remember
+before I had one point here one point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I had one point here one point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I had one point here one point
+here one here it's a solution look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here one here it's a solution look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here one here it's a solution look
+completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely
+different this is what it would it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different this is what it would it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different this is what it would it
+looked like if you just hadn't bothered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked like if you just hadn't bothered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked like if you just hadn't bothered
+to put in a special grid the oxide you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put in a special grid the oxide you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put in a special grid the oxide you'd
+think it was a triang sort of profile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it was a triang sort of profile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it was a triang sort of profile
+it's not triangular at all the Boron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not triangular at all the Boron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not triangular at all the Boron
+actually looks sort of flat topped in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually looks sort of flat topped in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually looks sort of flat topped in
+the oxide and then goes down very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oxide and then goes down very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oxide and then goes down very
+rapidly so you really need to keep an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly so you really need to keep an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly so you really need to keep an
+eye on your grid and um you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye on your grid and um you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye on your grid and um you know you
+typically want to run problems or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically want to run problems or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically want to run problems or
+solutions for a number of different grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions for a number of different grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions for a number of different grid
+spacings get a feel for what grid is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacings get a feel for what grid is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacings get a feel for what grid is
+appropriate and what grid you know um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate and what grid you know um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate and what grid you know um
+what grid gives you physically realistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what grid gives you physically realistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what grid gives you physically realistic
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+results okay so that's a a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results okay so that's a a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results okay so that's a a little bit of
+a trivial example on oxidation but just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trivial example on oxidation but just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trivial example on oxidation but just
+wanted to make the point of of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to make the point of of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to make the point of of how
+important uh knowing your grid is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important uh knowing your grid is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important uh knowing your grid is
+because you can get a solution you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can get a solution you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can get a solution you look
+at it and you think it shows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it and you think it shows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it and you think it shows you
+something in a fact it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in a fact it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in a fact it could be
+physically not meaningful if you haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically not meaningful if you haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically not meaningful if you haven't
+used the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+grid so let's go on to slide number 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid so let's go on to slide number 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid so let's go on to slide number 15
+and example number two I want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and example number two I want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and example number two I want to talk
+about I implant modeling remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I implant modeling remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I implant modeling remember
+there's a number of different analytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a number of different analytic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a number of different analytic
+models that we t talked about um we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models that we t talked about um we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models that we t talked about um we said
+you can use a gaussin you can use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use a gaussin you can use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use a gaussin you can use a
+Pearson 4 you can use dual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pearson 4 you can use dual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pearson 4 you can use dual
+Pearson um and that there are tables in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pearson um and that there are tables in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pearson um and that there are tables in
+the literature that give the first three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the literature that give the first three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the literature that give the first three
+moments the RP the Delta RP and the skis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments the RP the Delta RP and the skis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments the RP the Delta RP and the skis
+those tables have been C tabulated since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those tables have been C tabulated since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those tables have been C tabulated since
+the 1970s or so and they've been updated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1970s or so and they've been updated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1970s or so and they've been updated
+over time uh of the implant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time uh of the implant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time uh of the implant
+distributions and they've been produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions and they've been produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions and they've been produced
+by Theory and also by fitting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Theory and also by fitting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Theory and also by fitting to
+experiment this is the most common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment this is the most common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment this is the most common
+analytic formulation that you will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic formulation that you will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic formulation that you will see
+in in in simulators it's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in simulators it's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in simulators it's called the
+Pearson 4 we talked about that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pearson 4 we talked about that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pearson 4 we talked about that uh
+distribution and we said it does a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and we said it does a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and we said it does a
+pretty good job of replicating um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good job of replicating um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good job of replicating um uh
+profiles into a morphus case it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiles into a morphus case it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiles into a morphus case it doesn't
+not model channeling all that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not model channeling all that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not model channeling all that well
+Channon requires use of more parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channon requires use of more parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channon requires use of more parameters
+generally by uh curve fitting um so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally by uh curve fitting um so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally by uh curve fitting um so this
+is a Pearson four is a single Pearson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a Pearson four is a single Pearson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a Pearson four is a single Pearson
+distribution if you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution if you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution if you want to do
+channeling you'll often see dual Pearson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channeling you'll often see dual Pearson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channeling you'll often see dual Pearson
+meaning two different Pearson 4 profil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning two different Pearson 4 profil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning two different Pearson 4 profil
+FES are added together uh you and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FES are added together uh you and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FES are added together uh you and and
+lookup tables are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lookup tables are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lookup tables are
+used one of the things you need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used one of the things you need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used one of the things you need to be
+aware of of are in accuracies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of of are in accuracies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of of are in accuracies and
+stopping Powers particularly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping Powers particularly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping Powers particularly the
+electronic stopping at low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic stopping at low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic stopping at low
+energies um and and even nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies um and and even nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies um and and even nuclear
+stopping Powers at very low energies a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping Powers at very low energies a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping Powers at very low energies a
+lot of these stopping powers are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these stopping powers are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these stopping powers are not
+known that well so if you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known that well so if you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known that well so if you're trying to
+simulate energies below say 10 KV 20 K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate energies below say 10 KV 20 K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate energies below say 10 KV 20 K
+depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the
+dopant uh you may not get very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopant uh you may not get very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopant uh you may not get very good
+results uh dopents that are widely used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results uh dopents that are widely used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results uh dopents that are widely used
+in silic and Technology they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in silic and Technology they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in silic and Technology they're
+constantly updating these tables to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly updating these tables to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly updating these tables to try
+to make them a little better more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make them a little better more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make them a little better more
+accurately represent reality in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately represent reality in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately represent reality in
+experiments but some dopents that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments but some dopents that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments but some dopents that are
+not used that often at low energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not used that often at low energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not used that often at low energies
+you'll simulate and you won't get a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll simulate and you won't get a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll simulate and you won't get a very
+good simulation uh compared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good simulation uh compared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good simulation uh compared to the
+actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+data so let's go on to slide number 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so let's go on to slide number 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so let's go on to slide number 16
+and this is an example of a supreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is an example of a supreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is an example of a supreme
+input file where we're using tabulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input file where we're using tabulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input file where we're using tabulated
+moments so Supreme has in its in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments so Supreme has in its in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments so Supreme has in its in its
+database tables of all these moments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database tables of all these moments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database tables of all these moments and
+he's using tabulated moments to evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's using tabulated moments to evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's using tabulated moments to evaluate
+and to plot for you an implant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to plot for you an implant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to plot for you an implant
+distribution so here's an example of ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so here's an example of ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so here's an example of ion
+implanted phosphorus um so we Define our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implanted phosphorus um so we Define our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implanted phosphorus um so we Define our
+mesh here's a grid fact equal 0.1 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesh here's a grid fact equal 0.1 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesh here's a grid fact equal 0.1 so
+it's not all that fine of a mesh um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not all that fine of a mesh um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not all that fine of a mesh um the
+substrate is boron we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate is boron we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate is boron we're going to
+implant phosphorus at a particular dose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implant phosphorus at a particular dose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implant phosphorus at a particular dose
+814 energy not all that low about 30 KB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+814 energy not all that low about 30 KB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+814 energy not all that low about 30 KB
+but you know somewhat low 7 degree tilt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know somewhat low 7 degree tilt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know somewhat low 7 degree tilt
+and we're saying to use a gaussian model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're saying to use a gaussian model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're saying to use a gaussian model
+very very simple model save it in a file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very simple model save it in a file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very simple model save it in a file
+called gum. saved and then plot it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called gum. saved and then plot it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called gum. saved and then plot it um
+and then we're going to plot it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to plot it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to plot it in
+addition to plotting um the phosphorus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to plotting um the phosphorus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to plotting um the phosphorus
+that it calculated um Supreme has a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it calculated um Supreme has a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it calculated um Supreme has a nice
+um way of you can in using a command
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um way of you can in using a command
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um way of you can in using a command
+called profile you can input into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called profile you can input into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called profile you can input into
+Supreme XY data a matrix of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme XY data a matrix of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme XY data a matrix of
+concentration versus depth and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration versus depth and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration versus depth and that's
+called the profile statement it reads in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the profile statement it reads in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the profile statement it reads in
+phosphorus and the name of the file this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus and the name of the file this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus and the name of the file this
+is the particular name is kind of ugly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the particular name is kind of ugly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the particular name is kind of ugly
+but you can call it whatever you want um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can call it whatever you want um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can call it whatever you want um
+and use that to replace to to to plot uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use that to replace to to to plot uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use that to replace to to to plot uh
+the phosphorus um so we can not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phosphorus um so we can not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phosphorus um so we can not only
+plot the Supreme simulation we can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot the Supreme simulation we can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot the Supreme simulation we can also
+plot the actual Sims data so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot the actual Sims data so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot the actual Sims data so this
+happens to be an implant for which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be an implant for which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be an implant for which I
+have actual Sims data that I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have actual Sims data that I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have actual Sims data that I have
+entered into this we're going to compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entered into this we're going to compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entered into this we're going to compare
+that data to the um to the gaussian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data to the um to the gaussian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data to the um to the gaussian
+solution so if you go on to slide number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so if you go on to slide number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so if you go on to slide number
+17 you'll see um this is for that Rel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 you'll see um this is for that Rel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 you'll see um this is for that Rel
+relatively low energy um phosphorus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively low energy um phosphorus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively low energy um phosphorus
+implant um The Sims data here is shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implant um The Sims data here is shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implant um The Sims data here is shown
+in red this is actual data obtained from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in red this is actual data obtained from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in red this is actual data obtained from
+a company called Charles Evans I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a company called Charles Evans I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a company called Charles Evans I think
+we've talked about Evans Associates in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about Evans Associates in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about Evans Associates in
+this class um they use a cesium Beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class um they use a cesium Beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class um they use a cesium Beam
+with a primary beam energy of 2 K to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a primary beam energy of 2 K to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a primary beam energy of 2 K to
+profile and this is what they got and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile and this is what they got and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile and this is what they got and
+the U black line is what Supreme says it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U black line is what Supreme says it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U black line is what Supreme says it
+should look at look like using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should look at look like using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should look at look like using a
+gaussian uh uh simulation and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian uh uh simulation and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian uh uh simulation and these are
+default values that are tabulated inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default values that are tabulated inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default values that are tabulated inside
+the Supreme for simulator using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Supreme for simulator using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Supreme for simulator using the
+standard LSS range parameters RP and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard LSS range parameters RP and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard LSS range parameters RP and
+Delta RP remember you only get two for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta RP remember you only get two for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta RP remember you only get two for a
+galate so compared to the Sims it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galate so compared to the Sims it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galate so compared to the Sims it's not
+all that great not all the the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that great not all the the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that great not all the the uh the
+simulation does not do a very good job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation does not do a very good job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation does not do a very good job
+it's too simplified uh too simplified of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's too simplified uh too simplified of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's too simplified uh too simplified of
+a model the stopping power is apparently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a model the stopping power is apparently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a model the stopping power is apparently
+too small uh and the range is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too small uh and the range is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too small uh and the range is
+overestimated by the um by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overestimated by the um by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overestimated by the um by the
+theoretical calculation compared to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical calculation compared to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical calculation compared to what
+was experimentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was experimentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was experimentally
+observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed
+well we can try another model um same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we can try another model um same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we can try another model um same
+Sims data this time we try the black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sims data this time we try the black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sims data this time we try the black
+model which is um the Dual pieron okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model which is um the Dual pieron okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model which is um the Dual pieron okay
+dual Pearson uses more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dual Pearson uses more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dual Pearson uses more
+parameters um it simulates this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters um it simulates this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters um it simulates this sort of
+Channel tail a little bit better but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel tail a little bit better but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel tail a little bit better but
+again the range and the skewness are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the range and the skewness are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the range and the skewness are
+both overestimated way too much skewness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both overestimated way too much skewness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both overestimated way too much skewness
+um so what does this tell us well this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what does this tell us well this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what does this tell us well this
+this basically tells us that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this basically tells us that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this basically tells us that these
+tabulated um moments are not perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabulated um moments are not perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabulated um moments are not perfect
+Coral doens so take them with a grain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coral doens so take them with a grain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coral doens so take them with a grain of
+spar of salt especially phosphorus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spar of salt especially phosphorus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spar of salt especially phosphorus
+phosph use that much in seamless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosph use that much in seamless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosph use that much in seamless
+technology right shallow Junctions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology right shallow Junctions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology right shallow Junctions for
+in type are typically made by arsenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in type are typically made by arsenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in type are typically made by arsenic
+because phosphorous diffuses too fast so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because phosphorous diffuses too fast so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because phosphorous diffuses too fast so
+not a whole lot of energy and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a whole lot of energy and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a whole lot of energy and and and
+Manpower has gone into you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manpower has gone into you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manpower has gone into you know
+improving the moment tables for phos for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving the moment tables for phos for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving the moment tables for phos for
+shallow phosphorus so if you happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shallow phosphorus so if you happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shallow phosphorus so if you happen to
+be using phosphorus in your experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be using phosphorus in your experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be using phosphorus in your experiments
+um take take it with a grain of salt if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um take take it with a grain of salt if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um take take it with a grain of salt if
+you're using these tabulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using these tabulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using these tabulated
+values according to my data it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values according to my data it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values according to my data it doesn't
+fit that well of course there might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit that well of course there might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit that well of course there might be
+something wrong with my data that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something wrong with my data that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something wrong with my data that's
+another possibility so you know exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another possibility so you know exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another possibility so you know exactly
+what's what's reality was not always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's reality was not always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's reality was not always
+clear but interestingly on the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear but interestingly on the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear but interestingly on the next
+slide exact same data this time compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide exact same data this time compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide exact same data this time compared
+to Monte Carlos simulation now these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Monte Carlos simulation now these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Monte Carlos simulation now these
+Monte Carlos simulations take a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monte Carlos simulations take a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monte Carlos simulations take a lot
+longer it's not an analytic it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer it's not an analytic it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer it's not an analytic it's a
+numerical solution you have to follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical solution you have to follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical solution you have to follow
+each ion into the silicon and see where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each ion into the silicon and see where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each ion into the silicon and see where
+it lands up and then statistically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it lands up and then statistically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it lands up and then statistically
+create a profile and that's what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a profile and that's what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a profile and that's what the
+black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black
+is okay and you can see the black looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay and you can see the black looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay and you can see the black looks
+kind of jaggy because again you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of jaggy because again you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of jaggy because again you're
+statistically creating this profile uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistically creating this profile uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistically creating this profile uh
+but interestingly the the black does a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but interestingly the the black does a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but interestingly the the black does a
+very a reasonably good job um of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very a reasonably good job um of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very a reasonably good job um of
+agreeing with the Sims doesn't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreeing with the Sims doesn't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreeing with the Sims doesn't mean
+they're right but but it it kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're right but but it it kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're right but but it it kind of
+gives me some confidence that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me some confidence that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me some confidence that you know
+when I see a simulation agrees pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I see a simulation agrees pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I see a simulation agrees pretty
+well with the Sims data at least in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well with the Sims data at least in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well with the Sims data at least in
+terms of its range and its um Delta RP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of its range and its um Delta RP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of its range and its um Delta RP
+it's broad its width here that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's broad its width here that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's broad its width here that's
+probably a pretty good sign um so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a pretty good sign um so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a pretty good sign um so that
+that there's enough physics in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's enough physics in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's enough physics in this
+Monte caros simulation to reproduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monte caros simulation to reproduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monte caros simulation to reproduce the
+data um pretty well but notice this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data um pretty well but notice this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data um pretty well but notice this is
+how um how you uh you tell Supreme to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how um how you uh you tell Supreme to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how um how you uh you tell Supreme to do
+a Monte Carl implant you give it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Monte Carl implant you give it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Monte Carl implant you give it the
+implant statement you tell it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implant statement you tell it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implant statement you tell it the
+species the dose the energy now here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species the dose the energy now here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species the dose the energy now here you
+tell it how you want to do it you see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell it how you want to do it you see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell it how you want to do it you see in
+Prior I had said gaussian or dual pieron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prior I had said gaussian or dual pieron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prior I had said gaussian or dual pieron
+or or if you say nothing it defaults to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or if you say nothing it defaults to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or if you say nothing it defaults to
+to probably to to Pearson 4 here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to probably to to Pearson 4 here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to probably to to Pearson 4 here you
+said Monte Carlo now an important thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said Monte Carlo now an important thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said Monte Carlo now an important thing
+when you do mon Carlo is to specify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do mon Carlo is to specify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do mon Carlo is to specify the
+number of ions you want it to shoot into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ions you want it to shoot into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ions you want it to shoot into
+the sample and to follow so this is 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample and to follow so this is 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample and to follow so this is 2
+5,000 ions not very many in tilt in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5,000 ions not very many in tilt in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5,000 ions not very many in tilt in
+rotation you need at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation you need at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation you need at least
+10,000 uh to get good accuracy probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 uh to get good accuracy probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 uh to get good accuracy probably
+100,000 is better because you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100,000 is better because you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100,000 is better because you can see
+here uh after I'm two decades beyond the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh after I'm two decades beyond the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh after I'm two decades beyond the
+peak I start to get a lot of noise so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak I start to get a lot of noise so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak I start to get a lot of noise so
+the noise uh comes in so I'm really only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the noise uh comes in so I'm really only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the noise uh comes in so I'm really only
+getting two get Decades of smooth data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting two get Decades of smooth data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting two get Decades of smooth data
+that's with 25,000 ions in a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's with 25,000 ions in a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's with 25,000 ions in a one
+dimensional simulation this isn't too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional simulation this isn't too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional simulation this isn't too
+bad it might only Take 5 10 minutes no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad it might only Take 5 10 minutes no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad it might only Take 5 10 minutes no
+big deal but now this is just 1 D if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big deal but now this is just 1 D if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big deal but now this is just 1 D if I'm
+doing this in 2D across uh the channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this in 2D across uh the channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this in 2D across uh the channel
+of a mosfit that 5 10 minutes goes to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a mosfit that 5 10 minutes goes to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a mosfit that 5 10 minutes goes to be
+3 or 4 hours or more so um you you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 or 4 hours or more so um you you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 or 4 hours or more so um you you have
+to really uh compromise to a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really uh compromise to a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really uh compromise to a certain
+extent so what people will do sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent so what people will do sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent so what people will do sometimes
+is fit the 1D profile using Monte Carlo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fit the 1D profile using Monte Carlo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fit the 1D profile using Monte Carlo
+and then fit to it an analytic Solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then fit to it an analytic Solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then fit to it an analytic Solution
+by changing some of the default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by changing some of the default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by changing some of the default
+parameters and then use that analytic in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and then use that analytic in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and then use that analytic in
+the two-dimensional uh simulation as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two-dimensional uh simulation as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two-dimensional uh simulation as a
+way of getting around uh spending so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of getting around uh spending so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of getting around uh spending so
+much time so that's just an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time so that's just an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time so that's just an example of
+how actual Supreme um outputs uh compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how actual Supreme um outputs uh compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how actual Supreme um outputs uh compare
+to uh to to data real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to to data real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to to data real
+data let's take another case that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data let's take another case that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data let's take another case that was
+that was phosphorus as I said phosphorus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was phosphorus as I said phosphorus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was phosphorus as I said phosphorus
+is not all that widely used uh here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not all that widely used uh here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not all that widely used uh here's
+the case for 30 kilovolt same energy but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case for 30 kilovolt same energy but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case for 30 kilovolt same energy but
+this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time
+arsenic using the Dual Pearson analytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arsenic using the Dual Pearson analytic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arsenic using the Dual Pearson analytic
+um Again The Sims data is the red uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Again The Sims data is the red uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Again The Sims data is the red uh the
+red line and the calculated is the black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red line and the calculated is the black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red line and the calculated is the black
+and this time with the Dual Pearson it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this time with the Dual Pearson it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this time with the Dual Pearson it
+does a pretty good job you got the range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a pretty good job you got the range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a pretty good job you got the range
+almost just right and even the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost just right and even the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost just right and even the the
+broadening not quite but pretty close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadening not quite but pretty close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadening not quite but pretty close
+the shape are much more accurate than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape are much more accurate than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape are much more accurate than
+for phosphorus I don't know why but my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for phosphorus I don't know why but my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for phosphorus I don't know why but my
+I'm guessing is because shallow orsic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm guessing is because shallow orsic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm guessing is because shallow orsic
+Junctions are the way people make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Junctions are the way people make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Junctions are the way people make
+Junctions these days and so um people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Junctions these days and so um people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Junctions these days and so um people
+have updated in Supreme these tables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have updated in Supreme these tables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have updated in Supreme these tables
+these tables of moments to fit better uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tables of moments to fit better uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tables of moments to fit better uh
+the uh experimental data arsonic is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh experimental data arsonic is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh experimental data arsonic is also
+heavier dominated by nuclear stopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavier dominated by nuclear stopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavier dominated by nuclear stopping
+which is a little better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a little better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a little better
+then uh electronic stopping remember we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh electronic stopping remember we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh electronic stopping remember we
+said electronic stopping Powers always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said electronic stopping Powers always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said electronic stopping Powers always
+have a little bit of fuzziness about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a little bit of fuzziness about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a little bit of fuzziness about
+them phosphorus is going to be lighter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them phosphorus is going to be lighter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them phosphorus is going to be lighter
+it has more electronic stopping maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has more electronic stopping maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has more electronic stopping maybe
+that's why but again take take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why but again take take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why but again take take the
+profiles you get with a grain of salt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiles you get with a grain of salt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiles you get with a grain of salt
+unless you've checked them out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+experimentally uh slide 21 that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally uh slide 21 that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally uh slide 21 that same
+data this time with Monte Carlo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data this time with Monte Carlo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data this time with Monte Carlo
+excellent job uh this looks even better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent job uh this looks even better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent job uh this looks even better
+it's got the broadening a little better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got the broadening a little better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got the broadening a little better
+um uh so it it looks uh looks quite good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh so it it looks uh looks quite good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh so it it looks uh looks quite good
+using Monte Carlo of course Monte Carlo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using Monte Carlo of course Monte Carlo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using Monte Carlo of course Monte Carlo
+took longer uh longer to generate longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took longer uh longer to generate longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took longer uh longer to generate longer
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+simulate what's another advantage of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate what's another advantage of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate what's another advantage of the
+Monte Carlo besides the fact that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monte Carlo besides the fact that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monte Carlo besides the fact that it
+seems to be pretty accurate it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be pretty accurate it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be pretty accurate it has
+pretty good comparison to data um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good comparison to data um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good comparison to data um you
+can generate profiles of silon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can generate profiles of silon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can generate profiles of silon
+interstitials and vacancies and we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials and vacancies and we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials and vacancies and we need
+those profiles if you if you want to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those profiles if you if you want to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those profiles if you if you want to use
+those profiles you can use them in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those profiles you can use them in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those profiles you can use them in in
+subsequent diffusion simulations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequent diffusion simulations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequent diffusion simulations in
+order to get uh to to simulate teed if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to get uh to to simulate teed if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to get uh to to simulate teed if
+you do an implant and you don't tell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do an implant and you don't tell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do an implant and you don't tell the
+simulator to use a damage model it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator to use a damage model it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator to use a damage model it's not
+going to be able to simulate Ted because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to simulate Ted because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to simulate Ted because
+it needs it needs to have some damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it needs it needs to have some damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it needs it needs to have some damage
+model so Monte Carlo is also uh very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so Monte Carlo is also uh very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so Monte Carlo is also uh very
+useful for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+purpose okay so let's go on to slide 22
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose okay so let's go on to slide 22
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose okay so let's go on to slide 22
+so those were a couple of examples of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those were a couple of examples of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those were a couple of examples of um
+simple oxidation simple ion implantation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple oxidation simple ion implantation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple oxidation simple ion implantation
+now we get to the more um uh more a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we get to the more um uh more a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we get to the more um uh more a
+little more exciting models a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more exciting models a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more exciting models a little
+more complicated there are three major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated there are three major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated there are three major
+diffusion models in Supreme 4 and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion models in Supreme 4 and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion models in Supreme 4 and these
+are what they they're called the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what they they're called the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what they they're called the way you
+invoke a different model in Supreme four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invoke a different model in Supreme four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invoke a different model in Supreme four
+is you use the method statement and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you use the method statement and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you use the method statement and
+there are three methods for solving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three methods for solving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three methods for solving the
+differential equations associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations associated with
+the fusion in Supreme for there's PD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fusion in Supreme for there's PD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fusion in Supreme for there's PD
+that's partial differential equation pd.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's partial differential equation pd.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's partial differential equation pd.
+fmy um is a method that takes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fmy um is a method that takes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fmy um is a method that takes into
+account the impact of the fmy level just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account the impact of the fmy level just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account the impact of the fmy level just
+like the name would would suggest on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the name would would suggest on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the name would would suggest on the
+dop and to Fusion coefficient for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dop and to Fusion coefficient for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dop and to Fusion coefficient for
+example this is an equation that Supreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this is an equation that Supreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this is an equation that Supreme
+uses uh for en typed doit you're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses uh for en typed doit you're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses uh for en typed doit you're very
+familiar with this has an N over n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with this has an N over n and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with this has an N over n and
+it may be an N over n s depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may be an N over n s depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may be an N over n s depending on the
+dopent and it has stored in it values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopent and it has stored in it values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopent and it has stored in it values
+for D KN D minus dble minus for all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for D KN D minus dble minus for all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for D KN D minus dble minus for all the
+dopant uh it models concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopant uh it models concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopant uh it models concentration
+dependent diffusion but it does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent diffusion but it does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent diffusion but it does not
+model teed or OED so it's it's quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model teed or OED so it's it's quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model teed or OED so it's it's quite
+simple it's very fast and the nice thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple it's very fast and the nice thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple it's very fast and the nice thing
+is there's only there's relatively few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there's only there's relatively few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there's only there's relatively few
+parameters just a few D parameters um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters just a few D parameters um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters just a few D parameters um
+and you can get your answer so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can get your answer so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can get your answer so that's
+the nice thing about it um and it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nice thing about it um and it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nice thing about it um and it does
+model concentration dependent so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model concentration dependent so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model concentration dependent so this is
+the first thing you would use because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing you would use because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing you would use because
+it's relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's relatively
+fast the next method the next level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast the next method the next level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast the next method the next level of
+complication is pd.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complication is pd.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complication is pd.
+trans um and and it takes into account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans um and and it takes into account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans um and and it takes into account
+the the familymy level so it already has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the familymy level so it already has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the familymy level so it already has
+this model built in the familymy model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model built in the familymy model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model built in the familymy model
+as well as the impact of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as the impact of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as the impact of um
+non-equilibrium uh interstitial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-equilibrium uh interstitial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-equilibrium uh interstitial and
+vacancy profiles on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy profiles on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy profiles on the
+diffusion but not the other way around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion but not the other way around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion but not the other way around
+it will not uh show you the impact of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will not uh show you the impact of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will not uh show you the impact of
+dop and diffusion on the the the on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dop and diffusion on the the the on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dop and diffusion on the the the on the
+motion of interstitials and vacancies um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of interstitials and vacancies um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of interstitials and vacancies um
+so it's not fully coupled but it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not fully coupled but it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not fully coupled but it does
+take into account um the impact of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take into account um the impact of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take into account um the impact of the
+in EnV on on the dop and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in EnV on on the dop and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in EnV on on the dop and
+diffusion it's very useful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion it's very useful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion it's very useful for
+OED so people tend to use it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OED so people tend to use it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OED so people tend to use it for
+oxidation enhanced diffusion or um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation enhanced diffusion or um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation enhanced diffusion or um you
+can use it for Trans enhanced defusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use it for Trans enhanced defusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use it for Trans enhanced defusion
+with relatively low uh doping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with relatively low uh doping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with relatively low uh doping
+concentrations um uh if you have higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations um uh if you have higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations um uh if you have higher
+doping conc concentrations then the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doping conc concentrations then the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doping conc concentrations then the um
+the coupled diffusion of the of the pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coupled diffusion of the of the pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coupled diffusion of the of the pair
+of the dopent plus the point defect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the dopent plus the point defect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the dopent plus the point defect
+actually affects the point defect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually affects the point defect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually affects the point defect
+profile and so you need something more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile and so you need something more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile and so you need something more
+sophisticated than pd. trans and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated than pd. trans and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated than pd. trans and this is
+the model it uses the basic concept that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model it uses the basic concept that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model it uses the basic concept that
+that uh that you should be familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh that you should be familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh that you should be familiar with
+now if you've done your homework is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you've done your homework is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you've done your homework is that
+the diffusivity is the um unperturbed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusivity is the um unperturbed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusivity is the um unperturbed
+diffusivity times some uh something in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity times some uh something in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity times some uh something in
+parentheses where it depends on F subi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses where it depends on F subi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses where it depends on F subi
+so it takes into account the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it takes into account the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it takes into account the um
+enhancement in CI over CI star that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhancement in CI over CI star that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhancement in CI over CI star that can
+happen when you do an oxidation or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen when you do an oxidation or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen when you do an oxidation or the
+enhancement in CV over CV a star if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhancement in CV over CV a star if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhancement in CV over CV a star if you
+do a nitridation uh or if you do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a nitridation uh or if you do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a nitridation uh or if you do an
+implant and these things get uh get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implant and these things get uh get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implant and these things get uh get
+enlarged or suppressed it'll take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlarged or suppressed it'll take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlarged or suppressed it'll take that
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+account the last method you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account the last method you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account the last method you can use
+takes the longest in terms of it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes the longest in terms of it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes the longest in terms of it can be
+very long simulation times pd. full uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long simulation times pd. full uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long simulation times pd. full uh
+the name comes from the fact that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name comes from the fact that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name comes from the fact that it is
+fully coupled diffusion and what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully coupled diffusion and what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully coupled diffusion and what does
+that mean it means that that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean it means that that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean it means that that the
+interstitials and vacancy vacancies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials and vacancy vacancies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials and vacancy vacancies
+impact the flux of AD dopant and vice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact the flux of AD dopant and vice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact the flux of AD dopant and vice
+versa the flux of the dopant impact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa the flux of the dopant impact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa the flux of the dopant impact the
+interstitials and vacancy uh diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials and vacancy uh diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials and vacancy uh diffusion
+um this should be used most of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this should be used most of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this should be used most of the time
+if you are interested in in transit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are interested in in transit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are interested in in transit
+enhanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhanced
+diffusion um and uh in high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion um and uh in high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion um and uh in high
+concentration in general for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration in general for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration in general for instance
+the emitter push effect we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the emitter push effect we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the emitter push effect we talked about
+how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+phosphorus can pair with interstitials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus can pair with interstitials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus can pair with interstitials
+and by diffusion drag the interstial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by diffusion drag the interstial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by diffusion drag the interstial
+into the substrate when when it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the substrate when when it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the substrate when when it goes
+substitutional it releases those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutional it releases those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutional it releases those
+interstitials those interstitials then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials those interstitials then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials those interstitials then
+um cause the Boron base to broaden that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um cause the Boron base to broaden that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um cause the Boron base to broaden that
+was the emitter push effect you'll never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the emitter push effect you'll never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the emitter push effect you'll never
+be able to get that out of the firming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to get that out of the firming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to get that out of the firming
+model there's no way and even the trans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model there's no way and even the trans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model there's no way and even the trans
+model won't have that so you to simulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model won't have that so you to simulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model won't have that so you to simulate
+the things like emitter push effect uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things like emitter push effect uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things like emitter push effect uh
+those types of fully coupled cases you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those types of fully coupled cases you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those types of fully coupled cases you
+need this uh pd.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need this uh pd.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need this uh pd.
+full so those are three different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full so those are three different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full so those are three different
+statements and you can sort of compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements and you can sort of compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements and you can sort of compare
+the results from all three statements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results from all three statements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results from all three statements
+uh for a given situation now one thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for a given situation now one thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for a given situation now one thing I
+should say as you go from here to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say as you go from here to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say as you go from here to here
+to here you're invoking more physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here you're invoking more physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here you're invoking more physics
+more chemistry and also more parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more chemistry and also more parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more chemistry and also more parameters
+that's one problem with this sure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one problem with this sure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one problem with this sure you
+can you can uh do you can model the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can uh do you can model the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can uh do you can model the
+emitter push effect but there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitter push effect but there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitter push effect but there's a lot of
+parameters you need to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters you need to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters you need to know the
+diffusion rates of the of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion rates of the of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion rates of the of the uh
+vacancies and the interstitials their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies and the interstitials their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies and the interstitials their
+recombination interfaces if those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination interfaces if those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination interfaces if those
+parameters are in Supreme they always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters are in Supreme they always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters are in Supreme they always
+have default parameters but they may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have default parameters but they may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have default parameters but they may not
+be accurate so so again take everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be accurate so so again take everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be accurate so so again take everything
+you simulate with a grain of salt if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you simulate with a grain of salt if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you simulate with a grain of salt if
+somebody has input something in there to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody has input something in there to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody has input something in there to
+the best of their knowledge that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best of their knowledge that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best of their knowledge that might
+be the inter interstitial diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the inter interstitial diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the inter interstitial diffusion
+diffusivity but maybe it wasn't well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity but maybe it wasn't well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity but maybe it wasn't well
+characterized at the temperature under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized at the temperature under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized at the temperature under
+the conditions that you're using so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditions that you're using so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditions that you're using so you
+can get lots of different profiles but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get lots of different profiles but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get lots of different profiles but
+how accurate they represent experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how accurate they represent experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how accurate they represent experiment
+is something that that you need to um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that that you need to um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that that you need to um to
+uh to determine for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yourself so here's an example let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself so here's an example let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself so here's an example let's look
+at a couple of examples of diff of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a couple of examples of diff of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a couple of examples of diff of
+different diffusion profiles um here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different diffusion profiles um here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different diffusion profiles um here's
+uh on page 23 this is a simple 1D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on page 23 this is a simple 1D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on page 23 this is a simple 1D
+arsenic implant and then we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arsenic implant and then we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arsenic implant and then we're going to
+do a long time diffusion so the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a long time diffusion so the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a long time diffusion so the simplest
+thing you at is implant arsenic at 30 K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you at is implant arsenic at 30 K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you at is implant arsenic at 30 K
+the certain dose intermediate dose 2.6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the certain dose intermediate dose 2.6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the certain dose intermediate dose 2.6
+e14 and diffuse it in a furnace at 1,00
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e14 and diffuse it in a furnace at 1,00
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e14 and diffuse it in a furnace at 1,00
+degrees for 30 minutes um before we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees for 30 minutes um before we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees for 30 minutes um before we did
+the diffusion we put down an oxide cap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusion we put down an oxide cap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusion we put down an oxide cap
+not by oxidation but by deposition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not by oxidation but by deposition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not by oxidation but by deposition and
+so that oxide cap helps prevent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that oxide cap helps prevent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that oxide cap helps prevent the
+Arsenic from evaporating out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arsenic from evaporating out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arsenic from evaporating out of the
+wafer so um this is the actual um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer so um this is the actual um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer so um this is the actual um this
+is the actual command that was used that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the actual command that was used that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the actual command that was used that
+specifies the point defect model method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifies the point defect model method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifies the point defect model method
+pd. fary so we're using the FY diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pd. fary so we're using the FY diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pd. fary so we're using the FY diffusion
+model and this is the diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and this is the diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and this is the diffusion
+statement th degrees for 30 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement th degrees for 30 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement th degrees for 30 minutes
+inert uh I have some Sims data here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inert uh I have some Sims data here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inert uh I have some Sims data here
+which is shown in the red and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is shown in the red and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is shown in the red and then the
+black dots or the black circles are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black dots or the black circles are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black dots or the black circles are the
+simulation using a gaussian model here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation using a gaussian model here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation using a gaussian model here's
+a gaussian and a fmy and you can see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gaussian and a fmy and you can see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gaussian and a fmy and you can see it
+actually reproduces the data amazingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually reproduces the data amazingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually reproduces the data amazingly
+well that means the uh somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that means the uh somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that means the uh somebody
+calibrated Supreme pretty accurately to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibrated Supreme pretty accurately to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibrated Supreme pretty accurately to
+this particular furnace um seran model's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular furnace um seran model's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular furnace um seran model's
+good enough and you say well how about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good enough and you say well how about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good enough and you say well how about
+all that why didn't you use PD trans or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that why didn't you use PD trans or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that why didn't you use PD trans or
+fully coupled how'd you get away with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully coupled how'd you get away with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully coupled how'd you get away with
+such a simple 30- second simulation well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a simple 30- second simulation well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a simple 30- second simulation well
+the enal is long so there's there's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enal is long so there's there's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enal is long so there's there's not
+going to be any big damage or Ted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be any big damage or Ted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be any big damage or Ted
+effects right after normal diffusion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects right after normal diffusion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects right after normal diffusion is
+going to dominate this you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to dominate this you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to dominate this you need
+concentration dependency how box-like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration dependency how box-like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration dependency how box-like it
+is so you need to use the fmy model for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so you need to use the fmy model for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so you need to use the fmy model for
+fmy level effects but you don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fmy level effects but you don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fmy level effects but you don't need to
+go and invoking necessarily teed or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and invoking necessarily teed or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and invoking necessarily teed or
+anything so if you know you have a case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything so if you know you have a case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything so if you know you have a case
+where teed effects are not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where teed effects are not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where teed effects are not that
+prevalent you might as well use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevalent you might as well use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevalent you might as well use the
+firming model it go a lot faster and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firming model it go a lot faster and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firming model it go a lot faster and in
+a two-dimensional simulation um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two-dimensional simulation um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two-dimensional simulation um that
+could save you a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could save you a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could save you a lot of
+time here's that same simulation here on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time here's that same simulation here on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time here's that same simulation here on
+slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide
+24 but um this time I use the fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 but um this time I use the fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 but um this time I use the fully
+coupled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled
+model um so when we did the simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model um so when we did the simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model um so when we did the simulation
+instead of method pd. faery we said said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of method pd. faery we said said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of method pd. faery we said said
+method pd. full um and the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method pd. full um and the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method pd. full um and the the
+simulation is the black line it agrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation is the black line it agrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation is the black line it agrees
+still very well with the data Maybe not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still very well with the data Maybe not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still very well with the data Maybe not
+quite as well but I mean to within all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite as well but I mean to within all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite as well but I mean to within all
+the experimental uh uncertainties it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experimental uh uncertainties it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experimental uh uncertainties it it
+really does a good job so the fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really does a good job so the fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really does a good job so the fully
+couple model doesn't make much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple model doesn't make much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple model doesn't make much
+difference uh that should say difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference uh that should say difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference uh that should say difference
+not different difference uh because 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not different difference uh because 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not different difference uh because 30
+minutes again is much longer than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes again is much longer than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes again is much longer than the
+time scale for Tedd at 1,000 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time scale for Tedd at 1,000 degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time scale for Tedd at 1,000 degrees
+with this dose I'm guessing Ted time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this dose I'm guessing Ted time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this dose I'm guessing Ted time
+scale is probably uh you know less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale is probably uh you know less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale is probably uh you know less than
+second or so in fact if you go on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second or so in fact if you go on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second or so in fact if you go on to
+slide um 25 we can even figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide um 25 we can even figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide um 25 we can even figure out
+roughly what it is at a th000 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly what it is at a th000 degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly what it is at a th000 degrees
+this was for uh 1 e14 phosphorus at 40 K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was for uh 1 e14 phosphorus at 40 K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was for uh 1 e14 phosphorus at 40 K
+Ted is less than a second um so for 2.6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ted is less than a second um so for 2.6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ted is less than a second um so for 2.6
+c14 it it's again it's 2.6 times that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c14 it it's again it's 2.6 times that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c14 it it's again it's 2.6 times that
+almost the same uh range not much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost the same uh range not much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost the same uh range not much
+different so we're talking on the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so we're talking on the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so we're talking on the order
+of a few seconds so a 30 minute AAL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a few seconds so a 30 minute AAL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a few seconds so a 30 minute AAL
+clearly tdd is not going to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly tdd is not going to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly tdd is not going to be very
+important that's why you get the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that's why you get the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that's why you get the same
+results but this is a sanity check you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results but this is a sanity check you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results but this is a sanity check you
+can do with Supreme make sure you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do with Supreme make sure you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do with Supreme make sure you get
+the same result for that 30-minute meal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same result for that 30-minute meal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same result for that 30-minute meal
+with PD fairy and pd. full if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with PD fairy and pd. full if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with PD fairy and pd. full if you don't
+then you then there's something missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you then there's something missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you then there's something missing
+in your in your in your understanding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your in your in your understanding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your in your in your understanding of
+what Supreme's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Supreme's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Supreme's
+doing so there's there's a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so there's there's a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so there's there's a simple
+example um now let's do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um now let's do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um now let's do something
+different on slide 26 instead of a th000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different on slide 26 instead of a th000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different on slide 26 instead of a th000
+degrees for 30 minutes I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees for 30 minutes I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees for 30 minutes I'm going to do
+10 seconds a th000 degrees for 10 second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 seconds a th000 degrees for 10 second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 seconds a th000 degrees for 10 second
+okay now you're you're in a Range where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now you're you're in a Range where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now you're you're in a Range where
+you can imagine there might be some teed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine there might be some teed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine there might be some teed
+effects um and this is the simulation um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects um and this is the simulation um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects um and this is the simulation um
+uh we're getting the as implanted here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're getting the as implanted here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're getting the as implanted here
+is shown in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is shown in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is shown in the
+black um and I believe this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black um and I believe this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black um and I believe this was
+implanted with a Monte Carlo in fact you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implanted with a Monte Carlo in fact you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implanted with a Monte Carlo in fact you
+can tell it's Monte Carlo because see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell it's Monte Carlo because see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell it's Monte Carlo because see
+all this jaggedness in the as implanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this jaggedness in the as implanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this jaggedness in the as implanted
+you'd never get that out of an analytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd never get that out of an analytic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd never get that out of an analytic
+solution right the jaggedness comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution right the jaggedness comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution right the jaggedness comes from
+the statistical nature of Monte Carlo so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statistical nature of Monte Carlo so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statistical nature of Monte Carlo so
+that's the Monte Carlo as implanted in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the Monte Carlo as implanted in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the Monte Carlo as implanted in
+Black pdfy which does know TD shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Black pdfy which does know TD shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Black pdfy which does know TD shows
+shows not very much motion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows not very much motion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows not very much motion of the
+Arsenic for a 10-second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arsenic for a 10-second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arsenic for a 10-second
+RTA um pd. full you get fair amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RTA um pd. full you get fair amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RTA um pd. full you get fair amount of
+broadening so that's that's got the teed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadening so that's that's got the teed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadening so that's that's got the teed
+built into it now exactly which one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built into it now exactly which one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built into it now exactly which one is
+more accurate I really can't say in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more accurate I really can't say in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more accurate I really can't say in fact
+my experience with arsonic has been on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my experience with arsonic has been on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my experience with arsonic has been on
+our rapid thermal anals that Supreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our rapid thermal anals that Supreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our rapid thermal anals that Supreme
+tends to overestimate a little bit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to overestimate a little bit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to overestimate a little bit the
+amount of motion compared to what we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of motion compared to what we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of motion compared to what we see
+by simps if you actually do a Sims
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by simps if you actually do a Sims
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by simps if you actually do a Sims
+profile of a th000 dee 10c of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile of a th000 dee 10c of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile of a th000 dee 10c of course
+there's always the question of how well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always the question of how well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always the question of how well
+is your RTA calibrated rapid thermal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your RTA calibrated rapid thermal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your RTA calibrated rapid thermal and
+healing machines are extremely difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healing machines are extremely difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healing machines are extremely difficult
+to cap calibrate um they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cap calibrate um they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cap calibrate um they are
+non-equilibrium environments right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-equilibrium environments right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-equilibrium environments right it's
+not like a hot furnace where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like a hot furnace where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like a hot furnace where
+everything's the same temperature the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's the same temperature the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's the same temperature the
+wafer is the only thing that get gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer is the only thing that get gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer is the only thing that get gets
+hot and measuring its temperature is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot and measuring its temperature is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot and measuring its temperature is is
+kind of an art so it's hard to say so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of an art so it's hard to say so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of an art so it's hard to say so so
+you you have to be careful and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you have to be careful and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you have to be careful and you
+typically when you're doing rapid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically when you're doing rapid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically when you're doing rapid
+thermal analing and and simulating teed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal analing and and simulating teed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal analing and and simulating teed
+you want to compare it to a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to compare it to a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to compare it to a couple of
+experimental results uh just to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental results uh just to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental results uh just to make
+sure it makes sense now I can make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure it makes sense now I can make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure it makes sense now I can make this
+pd. full look like whatever I want by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pd. full look like whatever I want by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pd. full look like whatever I want by
+changing in some of the internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing in some of the internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing in some of the internal
+parameters in the Supreme Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters in the Supreme Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters in the Supreme Force
+simulator if I change um uh things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator if I change um uh things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator if I change um uh things like
+um the uh diffusivity of the uh of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh diffusivity of the uh of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh diffusivity of the uh of the
+uh vac of the interstitials and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh vac of the interstitials and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh vac of the interstitials and
+vacancies I can I can change what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies I can I can change what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies I can I can change what this
+profile looks like um so you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile looks like um so you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile looks like um so you have some
+latitude there this is using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latitude there this is using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latitude there this is using
+default um default parameters that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default um default parameters that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default um default parameters that are
+built into Supreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cor let me go on on slide 27 uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cor let me go on on slide 27 uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cor let me go on on slide 27 uh to
+another a related example where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another a related example where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another a related example where we're
+going to talk about how we talked last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about how we talked last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about how we talked last
+time about some clever experiments that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time about some clever experiments that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time about some clever experiments that
+have been done at the iedm where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been done at the iedm where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been done at the iedm where the
+order of the anals we have the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of the anals we have the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of the anals we have the exact
+same anals we're going to reverse the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same anals we're going to reverse the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same anals we're going to reverse the
+order which we do them makes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order which we do them makes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order which we do them makes a
+difference uh because that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference uh because that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference uh because that's going to
+that's going to dissolve a lot of 311
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to dissolve a lot of 311
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to dissolve a lot of 311
+defects we're going to show how Supreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects we're going to show how Supreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects we're going to show how Supreme
+can actually simulate that and in first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually simulate that and in first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually simulate that and in first
+I'm going to just remind you what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to just remind you what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to just remind you what the
+usual order of making a mossed is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual order of making a mossed is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual order of making a mossed is just
+from last time usually you start with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from last time usually you start with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from last time usually you start with a
+wafer you do your isolation this could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer you do your isolation this could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer you do your isolation this could
+be your shallow trench isolation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be your shallow trench isolation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be your shallow trench isolation
+we talked about as oxide o that didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about as oxide o that didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about as oxide o that didn't
+come out very well I'm going to implant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out very well I'm going to implant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out very well I'm going to implant
+um the um the uh Bon profile this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the um the uh Bon profile this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the um the uh Bon profile this is an
+N mosfet I'm going to implant that early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N mosfet I'm going to implant that early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N mosfet I'm going to implant that early
+on uh the super steep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh the super steep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh the super steep
+retrograde uh grow the gate oxide so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrograde uh grow the gate oxide so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrograde uh grow the gate oxide so we
+growing the gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing the gate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing the gate
+oxide form the uh polysilicon gate by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide form the uh polysilicon gate by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide form the uh polysilicon gate by a
+deposition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposition and
+etching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching
+um do the shallow the sour strain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um do the shallow the sour strain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um do the shallow the sour strain
+extensions are now implanted now those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensions are now implanted now those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensions are now implanted now those
+Sor strain extensions bring with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sor strain extensions bring with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sor strain extensions bring with them
+when we talked about the um reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talked about the um reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talked about the um reverse
+short Channel effect they're going to in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short Channel effect they're going to in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short Channel effect they're going to in
+introduce a certain number of uh 311
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a certain number of uh 311
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a certain number of uh 311
+defects that are going to cause teed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects that are going to cause teed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects that are going to cause teed of
+the Boron that's underneath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Boron that's underneath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Boron that's underneath
+here put in the spacers now the spacers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here put in the spacers now the spacers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here put in the spacers now the spacers
+if they're nitride a lot of people today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're nitride a lot of people today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're nitride a lot of people today
+are using nitride not oxide if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are using nitride not oxide if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are using nitride not oxide if they're
+nitride and their LP cvd nitride that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitride and their LP cvd nitride that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitride and their LP cvd nitride that's
+a pretty high temperature process about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty high temperature process about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty high temperature process about
+800° one of the worst temperatures you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+800° one of the worst temperatures you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+800° one of the worst temperatures you
+can possibly possibly use for teed why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can possibly possibly use for teed why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can possibly possibly use for teed why
+is that well we saw that the time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that well we saw that the time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that well we saw that the time the
+teed lasts at 800 it can be quite long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teed lasts at 800 it can be quite long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teed lasts at 800 it can be quite long
+um and and the uh CI over CI star can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and the uh CI over CI star can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and the uh CI over CI star can be
+quite large so uh an hour at 800 can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite large so uh an hour at 800 can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite large so uh an hour at 800 can
+cause a lot of Transit enhanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause a lot of Transit enhanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause a lot of Transit enhanced
+diffusion and then after that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion and then after that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion and then after that uh
+typically after you make the spacers you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically after you make the spacers you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically after you make the spacers you
+do this deep Source drain implant here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this deep Source drain implant here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this deep Source drain implant here
+to to get the for the contact regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to get the for the contact regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to get the for the contact regions
+and then you do a final rapid thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you do a final rapid thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you do a final rapid thermal
+inal usually a, to 1050 uh maybe 10 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inal usually a, to 1050 uh maybe 10 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inal usually a, to 1050 uh maybe 10 to
+30 seconds something in that range so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 seconds something in that range so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 seconds something in that range so
+the important thermal steps are this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important thermal steps are this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important thermal steps are this
+nitride at 900 this nitride uh thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitride at 900 this nitride uh thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitride at 900 this nitride uh thermal
+budget at 800 and then a a rapid thermol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget at 800 and then a a rapid thermol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget at 800 and then a a rapid thermol
+lineal at around a th000 and now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lineal at around a th000 and now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lineal at around a th000 and now we're
+going to compare with Supreme how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to compare with Supreme how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to compare with Supreme how
+Supreme thinks in a 1D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme thinks in a 1D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme thinks in a 1D
+sense um this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense um this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense um this would
+go um so we're going to just look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go um so we're going to just look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go um so we're going to just look at the
+uh effect of teed just on the arsic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh effect of teed just on the arsic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh effect of teed just on the arsic
+diffusion itself I'm not going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion itself I'm not going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion itself I'm not going to look
+at the effect on on the Boron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the effect on on the Boron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the effect on on the Boron
+diffusivity that would require a two-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity that would require a two-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity that would require a two-
+dimensional simulation so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional simulation so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional simulation so this is a
+simulation of an arsic Sor drain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation of an arsic Sor drain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation of an arsic Sor drain
+extension implant and diffusing it using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension implant and diffusing it using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension implant and diffusing it using
+the usual order which is 800° C uh step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual order which is 800° C uh step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual order which is 800° C uh step
+for the nitride deposition followed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the nitride deposition followed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the nitride deposition followed by
+um deep Source strain and then um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um deep Source strain and then um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um deep Source strain and then um uh
+followed by a th degre c5c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by a th degre c5c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by a th degre c5c
+RTA to activate everything so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RTA to activate everything so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RTA to activate everything so here's the
+Arsenic Monte caral implant and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arsenic Monte caral implant and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arsenic Monte caral implant and you can
+see on this scale this is the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see on this scale this is the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see on this scale this is the distance
+in microns and the the um didn't use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in microns and the the um didn't use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in microns and the the um didn't use a
+very fine grid um good enough to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fine grid um good enough to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fine grid um good enough to get
+this to get this profile but for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to get this profile but for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to get this profile but for the
+Asen planted you can see it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asen planted you can see it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asen planted you can see it's kind of
+ugly looking and that's part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ugly looking and that's part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ugly looking and that's part of the
+reason is that the grid was a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is that the grid was a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is that the grid was a little bit
+too coarse but again with Monty Carla we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too coarse but again with Monty Carla we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too coarse but again with Monty Carla we
+were trying to um you know speed up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were trying to um you know speed up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were trying to um you know speed up the
+processing a little so here's 2K very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing a little so here's 2K very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing a little so here's 2K very
+shallow Peaks uh at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shallow Peaks uh at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shallow Peaks uh at
+one5 um and then uh the the blue line is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one5 um and then uh the the blue line is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one5 um and then uh the the blue line is
+800° 30 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+800° 30 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+800° 30 minutes
+Anil uh and then the red line is 800° 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anil uh and then the red line is 800° 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anil uh and then the red line is 800° 30
+minutes followed by by a rapid thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes followed by by a rapid thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes followed by by a rapid thermal
+anal at a th000 for 5 seconds it's a 1D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anal at a th000 for 5 seconds it's a 1D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anal at a th000 for 5 seconds it's a 1D
+simulation so almost all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation so almost all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation so almost all of the
+diffusion really takes place at the 800°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion really takes place at the 800°
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion really takes place at the 800°
+30 minutes and that's because of teed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 minutes and that's because of teed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 minutes and that's because of teed
+that's not ordinary 800° C so in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not ordinary 800° C so in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not ordinary 800° C so in order
+to model this this must be a pd. full so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to model this this must be a pd. full so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to model this this must be a pd. full so
+it must be taking into account the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it must be taking into account the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it must be taking into account the
+transit enhanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit enhanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit enhanced
+diffusion oh this is trans I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion oh this is trans I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion oh this is trans I'm sorry
+this is pd. trans you can either use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is pd. trans you can either use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is pd. trans you can either use
+trans or full this particular one is pd.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans or full this particular one is pd.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans or full this particular one is pd.
+trans uh okay that's what it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans uh okay that's what it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans uh okay that's what it looks like
+very little contribution of the RTA and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little contribution of the RTA and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little contribution of the RTA and
+your Junction depth here is about 0.1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Junction depth here is about 0.1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Junction depth here is about 0.1
+Micron that's what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Micron that's what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Micron that's what this
+predicts um so well why is that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicts um so well why is that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicts um so well why is that if you
+look on slide 29 um this is a plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look on slide 29 um this is a plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look on slide 29 um this is a plot
+Supreme in addition to the dopin you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme in addition to the dopin you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme in addition to the dopin you can
+output the um the interstitials and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output the um the interstitials and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output the um the interstitials and
+vacancies so here's a normalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies so here's a normalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies so here's a normalized
+concentration um versus depth and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration um versus depth and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration um versus depth and the
+blue line here is per CI over CI star at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue line here is per CI over CI star at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue line here is per CI over CI star at
+800° and so you can see CI over CI star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+800° and so you can see CI over CI star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+800° and so you can see CI over CI star
+um after this anal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um after this anal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um after this anal
+um it's uh the 800 degree inal that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's uh the 800 degree inal that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's uh the 800 degree inal that is
+it's pretty large it's somewhere between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty large it's somewhere between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty large it's somewhere between
+20 and 40 near the surface it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 and 40 near the surface it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 and 40 near the surface it's it's
+pretty big uh that's the Blue Line the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty big uh that's the Blue Line the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty big uh that's the Blue Line the
+red line which I apologize you can't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red line which I apologize you can't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red line which I apologize you can't see
+you have to write it in on your it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to write it in on your it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to write it in on your it's
+it's the same as your x-axis basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same as your x-axis basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same as your x-axis basically
+the red line is just about one you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red line is just about one you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red line is just about one you can't
+even see it on the scale so CI over CI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even see it on the scale so CI over CI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even see it on the scale so CI over CI
+star at a th000 degrees for after 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star at a th000 degrees for after 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star at a th000 degrees for after 5
+seconds is one which there isn't much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds is one which there isn't much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds is one which there isn't much
+enhancement left and we saw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhancement left and we saw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhancement left and we saw that
+remember the enhancement time the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the enhancement time the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the enhancement time the amount
+of time uh that it lasts is relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time uh that it lasts is relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time uh that it lasts is relatively
+short so this is after after 5 Seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short so this is after after 5 Seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short so this is after after 5 Seconds
+uh so teed is already the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so teed is already the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so teed is already the the the
+interstitial concentration the 311's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitial concentration the 311's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitial concentration the 311's
+have all dissolved and the interstitial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all dissolved and the interstitial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all dissolved and the interstitial
+concentration have gone back to CI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration have gone back to CI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration have gone back to CI
+star so after 5 Seconds we still have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star so after 5 Seconds we still have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star so after 5 Seconds we still have a
+lot of enhancement at 800 Degrees and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of enhancement at 800 Degrees and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of enhancement at 800 Degrees and
+that's why we get all that Ted in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we get all that Ted in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we get all that Ted in the
+800° C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+800° C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+800° C
+profile so now this on on slide 30 we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile so now this on on slide 30 we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile so now this on on slide 30 we're
+going to do something a little different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do something a little different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do something a little different
+um we're going to um activate the sore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going to um activate the sore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going to um activate the sore
+strain extension implant prior to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strain extension implant prior to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strain extension implant prior to the
+nitride spacer at 800 um so what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitride spacer at 800 um so what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitride spacer at 800 um so what we're
+going to do instead of doing the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do instead of doing the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do instead of doing the usual
+put the nitride down right after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the nitride down right after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the nitride down right after
+implanting we're going to do a 5-second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implanting we're going to do a 5-second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implanting we're going to do a 5-second
+rapid thermal anal after implanting so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid thermal anal after implanting so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid thermal anal after implanting so
+we send it out for Implant we bring it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we send it out for Implant we bring it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we send it out for Implant we bring it
+back we do a 5-second RTA uh first and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back we do a 5-second RTA uh first and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back we do a 5-second RTA uh first and
+then we do another 5 seconds then we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we do another 5 seconds then we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we do another 5 seconds then we do
+U 800° plus 30 minutes we do that second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U 800° plus 30 minutes we do that second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U 800° plus 30 minutes we do that second
+so we're changing the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're changing the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're changing the order
+and you can see um the red line now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see um the red line now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see um the red line now is
+that after the the implant plus uh 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that after the the implant plus uh 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that after the the implant plus uh 5
+Seconds at a th000 you diffuse this far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seconds at a th000 you diffuse this far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seconds at a th000 you diffuse this far
+and then if you add the 830 minutes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you add the 830 minutes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you add the 830 minutes it
+only goes that far it doesn't go very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only goes that far it doesn't go very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only goes that far it doesn't go very
+far because 5 seconds is a thousand is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far because 5 seconds is a thousand is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far because 5 seconds is a thousand is
+really enough to dissolve all the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really enough to dissolve all the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really enough to dissolve all the free
+one on right the enhancement the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one on right the enhancement the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one on right the enhancement the the the
+teed time uh at TH at a th000 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teed time uh at TH at a th000 degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teed time uh at TH at a th000 degrees
+it's only a couple seconds so I dissolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only a couple seconds so I dissolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only a couple seconds so I dissolve
+all the 311's then you put it back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the 311's then you put it back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the 311's then you put it back in
+the furnace at 800 and you don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the furnace at 800 and you don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the furnace at 800 and you don't get
+this this is just normal 800° C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is just normal 800° C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is just normal 800° C
+diffusion there's not money CI over CI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion there's not money CI over CI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion there's not money CI over CI
+star has now been reduced because I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star has now been reduced because I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star has now been reduced because I got
+rid of all those 311's so the junction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of all those 311's so the junction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of all those 311's so the junction
+depth now here instead of being out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth now here instead of being out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth now here instead of being out here
+at 0.1 is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 0.1 is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 0.1 is only
+007 so the exact same amount of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+007 so the exact same amount of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+007 so the exact same amount of time
+that the way for spent uh in the RTA and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the way for spent uh in the RTA and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the way for spent uh in the RTA and
+in the furnace is just that the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the furnace is just that the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the furnace is just that the order of
+the operations was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operations was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operations was
+changed and this is reduced the junction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed and this is reduced the junction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed and this is reduced the junction
+de reduced because CI over CI star is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de reduced because CI over CI star is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de reduced because CI over CI star is
+reduced by about 3x uh during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced by about 3x uh during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced by about 3x uh during the
+thousand degre step um so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand degre step um so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand degre step um so this is
+something now this is these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something now this is these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something now this is these are all
+simulations Supreme can simulate the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations Supreme can simulate the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations Supreme can simulate the the
+the fact that 311's are generated by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that 311's are generated by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that 311's are generated by the
+damage and that they dissolve at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage and that they dissolve at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage and that they dissolve at
+different temperatures at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different temperatures at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different temperatures at different
+rates and then so it can take into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates and then so it can take into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates and then so it can take into
+account these um uh these types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account these um uh these types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account these um uh these types of
+effects again it's using the trans model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects again it's using the trans model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects again it's using the trans model
+uh the accuracy of course you always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the accuracy of course you always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the accuracy of course you always
+take with a grain of salt whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take with a grain of salt whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take with a grain of salt whether the
+junction depth is really 006 04 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction depth is really 006 04 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction depth is really 006 04 I
+wouldn't put my life on it to be honest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't put my life on it to be honest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't put my life on it to be honest
+because there's a lot of parameters in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a lot of parameters in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a lot of parameters in
+supreme but the point is you can fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supreme but the point is you can fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supreme but the point is you can fit
+your data assuming you get some data you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data assuming you get some data you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data assuming you get some data you
+can fit data that shows the effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can fit data that shows the effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can fit data that shows the effect of
+the order of of the different implants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of of the different implants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of of the different implants
+there's enough physics built into it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's enough physics built into it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's enough physics built into it you
+just have to get the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parameters uh so the final process just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters uh so the final process just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters uh so the final process just
+simul just to show um that what what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simul just to show um that what what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simul just to show um that what what we
+did is the extension implant followed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did is the extension implant followed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did is the extension implant followed by
+5sec RTA at a th000 high temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5sec RTA at a th000 high temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5sec RTA at a th000 high temperature
+nitride spacer at 800 and then another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitride spacer at 800 and then another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitride spacer at 800 and then another
+5-second RTA the reason I needed to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5-second RTA the reason I needed to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5-second RTA the reason I needed to add
+the last RTA is to activate the Deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last RTA is to activate the Deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last RTA is to activate the Deep
+Source strain remember the Deep Source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source strain remember the Deep Source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source strain remember the Deep Source
+drain goes in last after the nitride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drain goes in last after the nitride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drain goes in last after the nitride
+spacer so this is 5 Seconds at a th000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacer so this is 5 Seconds at a th000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacer so this is 5 Seconds at a th000
+800 5 Seconds at a th000 this is what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+800 5 Seconds at a th000 this is what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+800 5 Seconds at a th000 this is what it
+would look like the final 5 Seconds at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look like the final 5 Seconds at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look like the final 5 Seconds at a
+th000 really doesn't contribute much to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th000 really doesn't contribute much to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th000 really doesn't contribute much to
+further motion it's already done most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further motion it's already done most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further motion it's already done most of
+its motion um because teed at that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its motion um because teed at that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its motion um because teed at that point
+has been is is completely over and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been is is completely over and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been is is completely over and if
+you done it the the usual order 800
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you done it the the usual order 800
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you done it the the usual order 800
+Degrees 30 minutes spacer plus 5 Seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Degrees 30 minutes spacer plus 5 Seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Degrees 30 minutes spacer plus 5 Seconds
+to inal everything you get this Junction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to inal everything you get this Junction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to inal everything you get this Junction
+depth so uh this this the Supreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth so uh this this the Supreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth so uh this this the Supreme
+predicts that revising the reversing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicts that revising the reversing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicts that revising the reversing the
+order of the anals U makes a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of the anals U makes a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of the anals U makes a difference
+again it's something you'd have to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's something you'd have to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's something you'd have to check
+experimentally uh just to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sure okay so that was a teed example and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure okay so that was a teed example and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure okay so that was a teed example and
+then uh for the fourth example this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh for the fourth example this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh for the fourth example this will
+be the only example I'll do where we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the only example I'll do where we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the only example I'll do where we do
+two-dimensional uh uh a two- dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional uh uh a two- dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional uh uh a two- dimensional
+simulation and this I took this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation and this I took this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation and this I took this right
+from the Supreme manual so you can run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Supreme manual so you can run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Supreme manual so you can run
+this yourself this particular example is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yourself this particular example is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yourself this particular example is
+not one that I made up I took it out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not one that I made up I took it out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not one that I made up I took it out of
+the um example file that and this is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um example file that and this is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um example file that and this is on
+the computer this example is uh one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer this example is uh one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer this example is uh one of
+the canned examples that comes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the canned examples that comes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the canned examples that comes with
+Supreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme
+4 it's a it's a 20 200 nanometer gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 it's a it's a 20 200 nanometer gate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 it's a it's a 20 200 nanometer gate
+length so that's 02 Micron gate length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length so that's 02 Micron gate length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length so that's 02 Micron gate length
+and moset it's kind of oldfashioned now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and moset it's kind of oldfashioned now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and moset it's kind of oldfashioned now
+but it uses something called self-align
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it uses something called self-align
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it uses something called self-align
+silicide and we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicide and we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicide and we're going to talk about
+pilicides in the next few lectures so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilicides in the next few lectures so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilicides in the next few lectures so
+you get an idea and I I've put the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get an idea and I I've put the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get an idea and I I've put the um
+input file in column so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input file in column so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input file in column so this is the
+first uh part of the file and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first uh part of the file and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first uh part of the file and this is
+the second part again if you want to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second part again if you want to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second part again if you want to see
+the active file it's in the Supreme uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the active file it's in the Supreme uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the active file it's in the Supreme uh
+for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um
+directory uh so this is T Supreme Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory uh so this is T Supreme Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory uh so this is T Supreme Force
+so example here's the mesh using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so example here's the mesh using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so example here's the mesh using a
+fairly coarse grid grid.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly coarse grid grid.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly coarse grid grid.
+point9 um you can also Define the mesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point9 um you can also Define the mesh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point9 um you can also Define the mesh
+in different uh directions uh in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different uh directions uh in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different uh directions uh in in the
+in the y direction and the X Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the y direction and the X Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the y direction and the X Direction
+um it's a little more sophisticated um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a little more sophisticated um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a little more sophisticated um
+definition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the
+grid we start out by growing the gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid we start out by growing the gate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid we start out by growing the gate
+oxide so here's 850 25 minutes and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide so here's 850 25 minutes and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide so here's 850 25 minutes and it's
+in Dro 2 plus a little bit of HCL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Dro 2 plus a little bit of HCL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Dro 2 plus a little bit of HCL
+so there's an HCL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's an HCL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's an HCL
+oxidation and then you can plot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation and then you can plot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation and then you can plot the
+structure to see what it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure to see what it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure to see what it looks like
+after gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after gate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after gate
+oxidation um and this says whenever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation um and this says whenever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation um and this says whenever you
+see the word Source what that says is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the word Source what that says is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the word Source what that says is
+and then you have a file name that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have a file name that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have a file name that says
+take all the commands from that file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take all the commands from that file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take all the commands from that file
+name and run them now so T Supreme 4 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name and run them now so T Supreme 4 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name and run them now so T Supreme 4 in
+order to if you could let's say you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to if you could let's say you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to if you could let's say you do
+the same operation in Supreme over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same operation in Supreme over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same operation in Supreme over and
+over again like you always do a plot you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again like you always do a plot you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again like you always do a plot you
+want to do several different plots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do several different plots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do several different plots
+rather than putting all those plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than putting all those plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than putting all those plot
+commands in the main file file over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commands in the main file file over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commands in the main file file over and
+over again you create sub files and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again you create sub files and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again you create sub files and this
+this file called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this file called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this file called
+s410p do input is just a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s410p do input is just a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s410p do input is just a series of
+commands that defines the colors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commands that defines the colors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commands that defines the colors and
+things like that so it enables you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that so it enables you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that so it enables you to
+call this file whenever you want it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this file whenever you want it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this file whenever you want it to
+create a plot so it's a way of cleaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a plot so it's a way of cleaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a plot so it's a way of cleaning
+up uh your Supreme input file so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uh your Supreme input file so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uh your Supreme input file so if you
+want to know what this particular file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know what this particular file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know what this particular file
+does you have to go look at that command
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does you have to go look at that command
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does you have to go look at that command
+file then you deposit uh some materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file then you deposit uh some materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file then you deposit uh some materials
+you're depositing polysilicon you tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're depositing polysilicon you tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're depositing polysilicon you tell
+it the thickness you're etching the poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the thickness you're etching the poly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the thickness you're etching the poly
+silicon to the right and to the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon to the right and to the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon to the right and to the left
+this is to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is to make a
+gate um and here you're calling that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate um and here you're calling that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate um and here you're calling that
+file again that plotting file okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file again that plotting file okay uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file again that plotting file okay uh
+now you one of your homework problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you one of your homework problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you one of your homework problems
+that you just handed in uh was on um or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you just handed in uh was on um or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you just handed in uh was on um or
+we just handed back to you homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just handed back to you homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just handed back to you homework
+three was different methods this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three was different methods this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three was different methods this is
+using the compressed method uh as far as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the compressed method uh as far as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the compressed method uh as far as
+solving for the oxidation rate goes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving for the oxidation rate goes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving for the oxidation rate goes uh
+here's 850 oxidation uh in dro2 and HCL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's 850 oxidation uh in dro2 and HCL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's 850 oxidation uh in dro2 and HCL
+again so this is what we call roox so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so this is what we call roox so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so this is what we call roox so
+you formed the gate now um so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you formed the gate now um so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you formed the gate now um so the
+initial gate oxidation is just to grow a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial gate oxidation is just to grow a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial gate oxidation is just to grow a
+very thin gate oxide you formed the gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very thin gate oxide you formed the gate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very thin gate oxide you formed the gate
+and you etched it and then in the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you etched it and then in the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you etched it and then in the course
+of etching sometimes you introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of etching sometimes you introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of etching sometimes you introduce
+damage right near the corners of where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage right near the corners of where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage right near the corners of where
+the channel is going to be remember this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the channel is going to be remember this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the channel is going to be remember this
+is going to be my channel so you often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be my channel so you often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be my channel so you often
+introduce some plasma damage down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce some plasma damage down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce some plasma damage down here
+you thin up the oxide there you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you thin up the oxide there you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you thin up the oxide there you do
+things that are not necessarily good for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are not necessarily good for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are not necessarily good for
+the gate oxide so people often at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gate oxide so people often at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gate oxide so people often at this
+point will in this technology uh say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point will in this technology uh say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point will in this technology uh say
+0.18 Micron Technology would take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.18 Micron Technology would take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.18 Micron Technology would take the
+wafer at this point put it back in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer at this point put it back in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer at this point put it back in the
+oxidation furnace and do what's called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation furnace and do what's called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation furnace and do what's called a
+gate reox and this looks like we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate reox and this looks like we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate reox and this looks like we're
+doing a reox here um uh at 850 for 25 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a reox here um uh at 850 for 25 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a reox here um uh at 850 for 25 so
+that reox is going to help if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reox is going to help if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reox is going to help if you
+thinned the oxide at all in the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinned the oxide at all in the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinned the oxide at all in the course
+of your etching it's going to help uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your etching it's going to help uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your etching it's going to help uh
+boost that back up and it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boost that back up and it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boost that back up and it's going to
+it's going to grow a little oxide along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to grow a little oxide along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to grow a little oxide along
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+edge here of of of the poly silic so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge here of of of the poly silic so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge here of of of the poly silic so um
+it's a way of deal it was introduced for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a way of deal it was introduced for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a way of deal it was introduced for
+reliability considerations uh rokx as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability considerations uh rokx as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability considerations uh rokx as it
+says take the gate put it back in and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says take the gate put it back in and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says take the gate put it back in and do
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+oxidation um then you form the side wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation um then you form the side wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation um then you form the side wall
+spacer here we're depositing oxide it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacer here we're depositing oxide it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacer here we're depositing oxide it's
+using an oxidation uh a deposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using an oxidation uh a deposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using an oxidation uh a deposition
+process um and then then you do the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process um and then then you do the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process um and then then you do the the
+Deep uh Source drain implant as this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deep uh Source drain implant as this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deep uh Source drain implant as this is
+one um 15 energy of 60 KVs fairly deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um 15 energy of 60 KVs fairly deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um 15 energy of 60 KVs fairly deep
+um then you're going to deposit some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then you're going to deposit some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then you're going to deposit some
+titanium I won't go through the details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titanium I won't go through the details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titanium I won't go through the details
+of this but once in the next few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this but once in the next few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this but once in the next few
+lectures we'll talk about the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures we'll talk about the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures we'll talk about the fact that
+um when we get to the silicide lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when we get to the silicide lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when we get to the silicide lecture
+you can take Metals put them on silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take Metals put them on silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take Metals put them on silicon
+and react them at a certain temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and react them at a certain temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and react them at a certain temperature
+and form a metallic phase it's called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and form a metallic phase it's called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and form a metallic phase it's called a
+pilicide this is titanium disilicide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilicide this is titanium disilicide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilicide this is titanium disilicide
+which forms um a good contact and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which forms um a good contact and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which forms um a good contact and then
+we look at the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at the final
+structure so that's the file and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so that's the file and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so that's the file and you can
+go ahead and run that let me show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead and run that let me show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead and run that let me show you
+some examples of what comes out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples of what comes out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples of what comes out of
+that oh actually this slide number 33
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oh actually this slide number 33
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oh actually this slide number 33
+this is uh remember I was saying you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh remember I was saying you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh remember I was saying you
+want wanted to repeat this over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want wanted to repeat this over and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want wanted to repeat this over and over
+again these commands this was that file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again these commands this was that file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again these commands this was that file
+s410 p. input this is just a plotting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s410 p. input this is just a plotting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s410 p. input this is just a plotting
+sequence file that you you use over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence file that you you use over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence file that you you use over and
+over again that tells it what colors to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again that tells it what colors to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again that tells it what colors to
+use and and how to um label things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and and how to um label things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and and how to um label things
+according to what material is so rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to what material is so rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to what material is so rather
+than type this in every time in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than type this in every time in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than type this in every time in your
+Supreme 4 you can put it in a separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme 4 you can put it in a separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme 4 you can put it in a separate
+file it's just for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file it's just for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file it's just for your
+reference so let's go to slide 34 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference so let's go to slide 34 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference so let's go to slide 34 this
+is from running that example after gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from running that example after gate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from running that example after gate
+oxidation what does it look like well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation what does it look like well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation what does it look like well
+you have an XY structure so Y is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an XY structure so Y is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an XY structure so Y is in
+depth and there's a there's a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth and there's a there's a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth and there's a there's a certain
+gate oxide grown everywhere across uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate oxide grown everywhere across uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate oxide grown everywhere across uh on
+the structure that's relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure that's relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure that's relatively
+simple after gate patterning you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple after gate patterning you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple after gate patterning you have
+deposited this Green Layer everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposited this Green Layer everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposited this Green Layer everywhere
+and then etched it off everywhere to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then etched it off everywhere to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then etched it off everywhere to the
+right of this one line so now that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of this one line so now that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of this one line so now that's
+what the polysilicon gate looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the polysilicon gate looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the polysilicon gate looks like
+with a gate oxide underneath it after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a gate oxide underneath it after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a gate oxide underneath it after
+gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate
+patterning okay and notice it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterning okay and notice it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterning okay and notice it doesn't
+model etching in any sophisticated way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model etching in any sophisticated way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model etching in any sophisticated way
+you just tell it where to cut cut it off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just tell it where to cut cut it off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just tell it where to cut cut it off
+so it's not modeling any shape effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not modeling any shape effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not modeling any shape effects
+of the Ed or anything like that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Ed or anything like that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Ed or anything like that it's not
+that's not that type of a program we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not that type of a program we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not that type of a program we'll
+talk more about that when we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk more about that when we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk more about that when we talk about
+how to model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to model
+itching after gate reacts remember I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itching after gate reacts remember I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itching after gate reacts remember I
+said we're going to put it back in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we're going to put it back in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we're going to put it back in the
+furnace and subject it to a step of 850
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furnace and subject it to a step of 850
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furnace and subject it to a step of 850
+for 25 minutes to oxidize all around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 25 minutes to oxidize all around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 25 minutes to oxidize all around and
+to beef up this oxide but interestingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to beef up this oxide but interestingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to beef up this oxide but interestingly
+look what it's done to the gate oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look what it's done to the gate oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look what it's done to the gate oxide
+you see what it's done there's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see what it's done there's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see what it's done there's like a
+bird speaking effect some of the oxidant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird speaking effect some of the oxidant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird speaking effect some of the oxidant
+has diffused underneath the poly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has diffused underneath the poly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has diffused underneath the poly and
+diffused it and you've got a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffused it and you've got a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffused it and you've got a little
+thicker oxide now here on this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thicker oxide now here on this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thicker oxide now here on this part
+underneath the gate compared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath the gate compared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath the gate compared to the
+center of the gate that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the gate that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the gate that's not
+necessarily a good thing if it's too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily a good thing if it's too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily a good thing if it's too
+thick here because what do we know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick here because what do we know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick here because what do we know about
+the gate oxide thickness determines the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gate oxide thickness determines the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gate oxide thickness determines the
+the threshold voltage of the device so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the threshold voltage of the device so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the threshold voltage of the device so
+if I have a thicker gate oxide here than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a thicker gate oxide here than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a thicker gate oxide here than
+here I'm going to turn on my channel uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm going to turn on my channel uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm going to turn on my channel uh
+um uh um a different uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh um a different uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh um a different uh you know
+different places differently so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different places differently so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different places differently so that's
+not necessarily a good thing we want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily a good thing we want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily a good thing we want a
+uniform gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform gate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform gate
+oxide here of that same structure now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide here of that same structure now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide here of that same structure now
+after I've formed um a spacer here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I've formed um a spacer here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I've formed um a spacer here's the
+oxide spacer and we did um we did a u a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide spacer and we did um we did a u a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide spacer and we did um we did a u a
+source drain extension I'm sorry first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source drain extension I'm sorry first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source drain extension I'm sorry first
+did the 513 Source drain extension and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the 513 Source drain extension and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the 513 Source drain extension and
+you formed the spacer and then you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you formed the spacer and then you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you formed the spacer and then you did
+the Deep Source drain um these Contours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Deep Source drain um these Contours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Deep Source drain um these Contours
+by the way um correspond to uh arsenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way um correspond to uh arsenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way um correspond to uh arsenic
+in the substrate each one is a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the substrate each one is a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the substrate each one is a different
+arsenic concentration you can see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arsenic concentration you can see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arsenic concentration you can see how
+it's shaped this this region here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's shaped this this region here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's shaped this this region here
+corresponds to the extension this region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the extension this region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the extension this region
+to the Deep source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh this particular uh simulation uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this particular uh simulation uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this particular uh simulation uses
+pd. family so the family model very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+simple and then after silicidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and then after silicidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and then after silicidation
+Supreme doesn't necessarily could do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme doesn't necessarily could do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme doesn't necessarily could do a
+very good model of suiciding but you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good model of suiciding but you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good model of suiciding but you see
+it's reacted we'll talk in in subsequent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's reacted we'll talk in in subsequent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's reacted we'll talk in in subsequent
+lectures about what cocation is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures about what cocation is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures about what cocation is all
+about I mostly want you to get a feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I mostly want you to get a feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I mostly want you to get a feel
+for how a two-dimensional simulation um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how a two-dimensional simulation um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how a two-dimensional simulation um
+of such a structure actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of such a structure actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of such a structure actually
+looks there's the final structure um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks there's the final structure um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks there's the final structure um
+here on on slide 39 showing the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on on slide 39 showing the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on on slide 39 showing the the
+Arsenic concentration Contours so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arsenic concentration Contours so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arsenic concentration Contours so here
+this region in between is your channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region in between is your channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region in between is your channel
+um uh here's the polysilicon gate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh here's the polysilicon gate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh here's the polysilicon gate in
+green and this is your gate oxide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green and this is your gate oxide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green and this is your gate oxide and
+because of the reoxidation we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the reoxidation we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the reoxidation we have a
+little bit of the smile effect you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of the smile effect you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of the smile effect you see
+the way the device seems to be smiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way the device seems to be smiling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way the device seems to be smiling
+has a little smile here that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a little smile here that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a little smile here that's actually
+a very happy device but um but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very happy device but um but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very happy device but um but it's not
+actually all that good smiling is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually all that good smiling is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually all that good smiling is not
+very good in fact you want a gate oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good in fact you want a gate oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good in fact you want a gate oxide
+that's perfectly flat has the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's perfectly flat has the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's perfectly flat has the same
+concent same thickness as much as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concent same thickness as much as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concent same thickness as much as
+possible all the way across it it got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible all the way across it it got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible all the way across it it got
+unflat because we did the reox and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unflat because we did the reox and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unflat because we did the reox and a
+little bit of oxidation took place from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of oxidation took place from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of oxidation took place from
+the corners so these days for the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corners so these days for the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corners so these days for the very
+shallow of the very um shortest Channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shallow of the very um shortest Channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shallow of the very um shortest Channel
+devices reoxidation is not such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices reoxidation is not such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices reoxidation is not such a
+popular thing to do uh because it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular thing to do uh because it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular thing to do uh because it does
+create this non-uniformity um in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create this non-uniformity um in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create this non-uniformity um in the
+oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide
+thickness in fact you can go back what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness in fact you can go back what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness in fact you can go back what
+what I did was I went back here on page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I did was I went back here on page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I did was I went back here on page
+40 and said oh okay is there some way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 and said oh okay is there some way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 and said oh okay is there some way we
+can deal with this and and and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can deal with this and and and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can deal with this and and and maybe
+make the RX um have a a little bit less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the RX um have a a little bit less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the RX um have a a little bit less
+effect um uh on on the uh a little less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect um uh on on the uh a little less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect um uh on on the uh a little less
+of this extra oxidation right at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this extra oxidation right at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this extra oxidation right at the
+corner um so this is this is really what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner um so this is this is really what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner um so this is this is really what
+we're talking about just to give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about just to give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about just to give you a
+zoom in on slide 40 here actually here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom in on slide 40 here actually here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom in on slide 40 here actually here's
+a zoom in of what it is this non-uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zoom in of what it is this non-uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zoom in of what it is this non-uniform
+oxide thickness uh took place under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide thickness uh took place under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide thickness uh took place under the
+gate and the the the real origin is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate and the the the real origin is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate and the the the real origin is the
+lateral oxidation under the poly during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral oxidation under the poly during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral oxidation under the poly during
+the gate REO step this is when the gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gate REO step this is when the gate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gate REO step this is when the gate
+reacts was done at 850 for 25 minutes um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacts was done at 850 for 25 minutes um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacts was done at 850 for 25 minutes um
+so there's a um in fact from the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a um in fact from the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a um in fact from the very
+first lecture of class this is this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first lecture of class this is this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first lecture of class this is this is a
+real TM of a real device to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real TM of a real device to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real TM of a real device to show you
+this effect is real see the way this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this effect is real see the way this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this effect is real see the way this
+device is smiling also um so Supreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device is smiling also um so Supreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device is smiling also um so Supreme
+didn't just make that up the oxident did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't just make that up the oxident did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't just make that up the oxident did
+get under here and oxidize in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get under here and oxidize in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get under here and oxidize in this
+region so the the um the uh the VT is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region so the the um the uh the VT is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region so the the um the uh the VT is
+going to be non-uniform sort of across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be non-uniform sort of across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be non-uniform sort of across
+this device so you have to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this device so you have to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this device so you have to actually
+watch out for this this does really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch out for this this does really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch out for this this does really
+happen just show you that Supreme is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen just show you that Supreme is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen just show you that Supreme is
+based in reality with respect to some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based in reality with respect to some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based in reality with respect to some of
+these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um on slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on slide
+43 actually um did a a little uh example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+43 actually um did a a little uh example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+43 actually um did a a little uh example
+um of of how we can change the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of of how we can change the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of of how we can change the amount of
+um the amount of this effect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the amount of this effect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the amount of this effect that
+happens the the amount of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens the the amount of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens the the amount of this
+non-uniformity it may not be very clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-uniformity it may not be very clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-uniformity it may not be very clear
+if I'm looking at this but on on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm looking at this but on on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm looking at this but on on the
+left hand side what was done was um when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side what was done was um when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side what was done was um when
+we did the um the etch we etched all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did the um the etch we etched all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did the um the etch we etched all the
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+down okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down okay
+okay um and then did did reox so on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um and then did did reox so on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um and then did did reox so on the
+left hand side you're etching like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side you're etching like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side you're etching like
+this and uh here's your gate oxide um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and uh here's your gate oxide um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and uh here's your gate oxide um uh
+like this and we're basically etching in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and we're basically etching in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and we're basically etching in
+in the example where we sh told Supreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the example where we sh told Supreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the example where we sh told Supreme
+we we act as as if we etched all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we act as as if we etched all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we act as as if we etched all the way
+down so the oxide prior to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reox so when we put it in the furnace on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reox so when we put it in the furnace on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reox so when we put it in the furnace on
+the left left hand side oh sorry when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left left hand side oh sorry when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left left hand side oh sorry when we
+put it in the furnace for oxidation um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in the furnace for oxidation um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in the furnace for oxidation um
+this oxide was gone uh at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this oxide was gone uh at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this oxide was gone uh at that
+corner uh so that's the and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner uh so that's the and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner uh so that's the and that's what
+you end up with on the left hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up with on the left hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up with on the left hand side
+you can imagine when that oxide is gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine when that oxide is gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine when that oxide is gone
+then you can get a fair amount of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can get a fair amount of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can get a fair amount of you
+know sort of the attack in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sort of the attack in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sort of the attack in here
+laterally uh of uh you know the oxidant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laterally uh of uh you know the oxidant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laterally uh of uh you know the oxidant
+uh getting underneath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh getting underneath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh getting underneath
+there so what what was done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so what what was done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so what what was done
+here on the right hand side instead um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on the right hand side instead um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on the right hand side instead um
+50 of the 70 angstroms were edged so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 of the 70 angstroms were edged so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 of the 70 angstroms were edged so we
+left a lot of the oxide on there um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left a lot of the oxide on there um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left a lot of the oxide on there um and
+then just um oxidized and uh reox was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just um oxidized and uh reox was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just um oxidized and uh reox was
+done at a lower temperature 825 for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done at a lower temperature 825 for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done at a lower temperature 825 for for
+a shorter time 12 minutes um so you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shorter time 12 minutes um so you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shorter time 12 minutes um so you get
+some of the benefits of the reox with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the benefits of the reox with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the benefits of the reox with
+some of that extra so in this in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of that extra so in this in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of that extra so in this in this
+example when we did the the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example when we did the the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example when we did the the uh the
+etching um it didn't remove at all sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching um it didn't remove at all sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching um it didn't remove at all sort
+of it looked like this when it went into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it looked like this when it went into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it looked like this when it went into
+the oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oxidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oxidation
+furnace kind of looked like that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furnace kind of looked like that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furnace kind of looked like that and
+then got oxidized so by sort of refining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then got oxidized so by sort of refining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then got oxidized so by sort of refining
+the etge process we didn't etch all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the etge process we didn't etch all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the etge process we didn't etch all the
+way down um and if you look carefully I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way down um and if you look carefully I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way down um and if you look carefully I
+think on the next slide it'll be maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think on the next slide it'll be maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think on the next slide it'll be maybe a
+little more obvious um this is uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more obvious um this is uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more obvious um this is uh the
+the the lateral non-uniformity is is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the lateral non-uniformity is is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the lateral non-uniformity is is is
+quite a bit reduced this oxide thickness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit reduced this oxide thickness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit reduced this oxide thickness
+is much more uniform going across here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much more uniform going across here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much more uniform going across here
+there's still a little bit of it but a25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still a little bit of it but a25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still a little bit of it but a25
+for 12 minutes um uh there's a lot less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 12 minutes um uh there's a lot less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 12 minutes um uh there's a lot less
+of that lateral non-uniformity so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that lateral non-uniformity so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that lateral non-uniformity so it's
+an example of a process you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of a process you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of a process you can use
+Supreme Ford to optim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Ford to optim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Ford to optim
+reasonably efficiently uh and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably efficiently uh and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably efficiently uh and and
+reasonably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably
+accurately uh in this two-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+model okay so let me let me go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model okay so let me let me go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model okay so let me let me go on
+summarize of this the uh simulators like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize of this the uh simulators like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize of this the uh simulators like
+Supreme 4 which by the way I didn't tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme 4 which by the way I didn't tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme 4 which by the way I didn't tell
+you but Supreme 4 was originally U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but Supreme 4 was originally U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but Supreme 4 was originally U
+written at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written at
+Stanford um and uh sometimes that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanford um and uh sometimes that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanford um and uh sometimes that's
+called s Supreme that's where it came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called s Supreme that's where it came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called s Supreme that's where it came
+out of originally in the 1980s it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of originally in the 1980s it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of originally in the 1980s it was
+then commercialized in a small company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then commercialized in a small company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then commercialized in a small company
+called TM ma that company was bought out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called TM ma that company was bought out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called TM ma that company was bought out
+by another company called Avant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by another company called Avant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by another company called Avant and
+Avant was later later sold uh sold the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Avant was later later sold uh sold the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Avant was later later sold uh sold the
+um technology to a company called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um technology to a company called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um technology to a company called
+synopsis synopsis is a big design house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synopsis synopsis is a big design house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synopsis synopsis is a big design house
+they make a lot of CAD software for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make a lot of CAD software for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make a lot of CAD software for
+Designing um chips but they also support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Designing um chips but they also support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Designing um chips but they also support
+Tu Supreme 4 so if you want to uh have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tu Supreme 4 so if you want to uh have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tu Supreme 4 so if you want to uh have
+questions about the simulator you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about the simulator you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about the simulator you need
+to contact people at this company called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to contact people at this company called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to contact people at this company called
+synopsis there are other simulators out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synopsis there are other simulators out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synopsis there are other simulators out
+there um uh Supreme 4 is one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um uh Supreme 4 is one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um uh Supreme 4 is one of the most
+uh popular but there's another company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh popular but there's another company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh popular but there's another company
+called Sako which makes a competing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Sako which makes a competing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Sako which makes a competing
+product which was called Athena in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product which was called Athena in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product which was called Athena in any
+case these simulators like this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case these simulators like this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case these simulators like this um
+they've been developed over the years to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been developed over the years to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been developed over the years to
+enable what we call physically uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable what we call physically uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable what we call physically uh
+accurate or robust or correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate or robust or correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate or robust or correct
+simulations of complex processes however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations of complex processes however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations of complex processes however
+I've tried to tell you to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've tried to tell you to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've tried to tell you to take
+everything with a grain of salt don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything with a grain of salt don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything with a grain of salt don't
+believe it just because you simulate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe it just because you simulate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe it just because you simulate in
+Supreme and it looks like that one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme and it looks like that one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme and it looks like that one thing
+you might have done it wrong you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have done it wrong you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have done it wrong you might
+have used the wrong grid Factor um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have used the wrong grid Factor um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have used the wrong grid Factor um you
+might have Supreme itself has parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have Supreme itself has parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have Supreme itself has parameters
+in it that are unknown um that somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it that are unknown um that somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it that are unknown um that somebody
+just stuck in there some graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just stuck in there some graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just stuck in there some graduate
+student writing the program said oh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student writing the program said oh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student writing the program said oh I
+don't know exactly what this parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know exactly what this parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know exactly what this parameter
+is I'll put this number and it's rough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I'll put this number and it's rough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I'll put this number and it's rough
+well you need to find out what parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you need to find out what parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you need to find out what parameter
+is in there and if you go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in there and if you go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in there and if you go to the
+appendix in the manual it'll tell you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appendix in the manual it'll tell you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appendix in the manual it'll tell you in
+general what all the numbers are that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general what all the numbers are that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general what all the numbers are that
+it's using and you can decide whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's using and you can decide whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's using and you can decide whether
+those numbers whether you like them or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those numbers whether you like them or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those numbers whether you like them or
+not uh the nice thing about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh the nice thing about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh the nice thing about these
+simulations from Supreme 4 or Athena you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations from Supreme 4 or Athena you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations from Supreme 4 or Athena you
+can feed them into a device simulator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can feed them into a device simulator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can feed them into a device simulator
+such as medich or whatever and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as medich or whatever and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as medich or whatever and then
+predict IV and CV characteristics the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict IV and CV characteristics the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict IV and CV characteristics the
+actual electrical characteristics of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual electrical characteristics of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual electrical characteristics of the
+device so they're designed to be coupled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device so they're designed to be coupled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device so they're designed to be coupled
+with the the the um process simulator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the the the um process simulator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the the the um process simulator
+and the um device simulator uh that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the um device simulator uh that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the um device simulator uh that's a
+very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice
+feature um there's a lot of new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature um there's a lot of new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature um there's a lot of new
+understanding that's being developed uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding that's being developed uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding that's being developed uh
+and issues related to teed and OED and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and issues related to teed and OED and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and issues related to teed and OED and
+other anomalous effects low energy ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other anomalous effects low energy ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other anomalous effects low energy ion
+implants I showed you some low energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implants I showed you some low energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implants I showed you some low energy
+phosphorus where Supreme doesn't do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus where Supreme doesn't do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus where Supreme doesn't do a
+very good job of modeling the data um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good job of modeling the data um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good job of modeling the data um
+highly tilted implants with shadowing um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly tilted implants with shadowing um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly tilted implants with shadowing um
+oxidation of trenches Supreme can handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation of trenches Supreme can handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation of trenches Supreme can handle
+a lot of most of these situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of most of these situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of most of these situations
+because it has the physics built in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has the physics built in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has the physics built in
+exactly the accuracy that's always the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the accuracy that's always the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the accuracy that's always the
+question mark um uh whenever you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question mark um uh whenever you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question mark um uh whenever you're
+running these simulators keep in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running these simulators keep in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running these simulators keep in mind
+the basic physical models uh there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic physical models uh there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic physical models uh there are a
+lot of parameters that must be known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of parameters that must be known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of parameters that must be known
+accurately um and we don't know them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately um and we don't know them all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately um and we don't know them all
+accurately so keep your eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately so keep your eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately so keep your eyes
+open uh a big uh caveat is keep the mesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open uh a big uh caveat is keep the mesh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open uh a big uh caveat is keep the mesh
+or the Grid in mind uh um when your grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the Grid in mind uh um when your grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the Grid in mind uh um when your grid
+is fine enough you should be able to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fine enough you should be able to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fine enough you should be able to get
+the exact same solution with minor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact same solution with minor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact same solution with minor
+changes to the grid so I run it for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes to the grid so I run it for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes to the grid so I run it for a
+certain grid I cut the grid spacing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain grid I cut the grid spacing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain grid I cut the grid spacing in
+half the solution should look identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the solution should look identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the solution should look identical
+if all of a sudden the solution looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if all of a sudden the solution looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if all of a sudden the solution looks
+much smoother when I cut the Grid in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much smoother when I cut the Grid in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much smoother when I cut the Grid in
+half the spacing or much finer then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the spacing or much finer then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the spacing or much finer then
+obviously the original solution didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously the original solution didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously the original solution didn't
+have a fine enough grid so you got to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a fine enough grid so you got to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a fine enough grid so you got to do
+these sanity checks run it once with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sanity checks run it once with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sanity checks run it once with a
+certain grid then use Twice The Grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain grid then use Twice The Grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain grid then use Twice The Grid
+points does it look a lot smoother well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points does it look a lot smoother well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points does it look a lot smoother well
+that means you probably didn't do a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means you probably didn't do a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means you probably didn't do a good
+enough job the first time and then do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough job the first time and then do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough job the first time and then do it
+again and eventually it'll sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and eventually it'll sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and eventually it'll sort of
+converge it has about the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge it has about the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge it has about the same
+smoothness regardless of of your Grid in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothness regardless of of your Grid in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothness regardless of of your Grid in
+which case your grid is probably fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case your grid is probably fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case your grid is probably fine
+enough Your solution should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough Your solution should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough Your solution should be
+independent of the grid otherwise you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of the grid otherwise you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of the grid otherwise you
+know uh that can't that's not physically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh that can't that's not physically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh that can't that's not physically
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+realistic um there's a lot of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic um there's a lot of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic um there's a lot of different
+process integration schemes I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process integration schemes I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process integration schemes I just
+showed you one just changing the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you one just changing the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you one just changing the order
+uh of of the device uh of the anals the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of of the device uh of the anals the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of of the device uh of the anals the
+simulators help us to understand these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulators help us to understand these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulators help us to understand these
+interaction between the various steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between the various steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between the various steps
+and how to overall optimize the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how to overall optimize the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how to overall optimize the overall
+technology in ways that you could never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology in ways that you could never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology in ways that you could never
+do if you just did this by hand so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do if you just did this by hand so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do if you just did this by hand so
+you've used Supreme 4 now you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've used Supreme 4 now you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've used Supreme 4 now you're going
+to use it again in homework number five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use it again in homework number five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use it again in homework number five
+so I think gives you some idea of uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think gives you some idea of uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think gives you some idea of uh the
+how powerful this tool is but if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how powerful this tool is but if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how powerful this tool is but if you are
+going to really use it in your research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to really use it in your research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to really use it in your research
+make sure you read the manual it is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you read the manual it is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you read the manual it is very
+important because there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because there's a lot of
+little things in there you you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little things in there you you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little things in there you you need to
+know about okay that's it for today um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about okay that's it for today um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about okay that's it for today um
+homework number four please bring up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework number four please bring up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework number four please bring up
+front homework number three is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front homework number three is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front homework number three is in the
+orange folder in the back by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange folder in the back by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange folder in the back by the
+TA and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TA and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TA and um
+um I guess that's it we'll meet on uh oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess that's it we'll meet on uh oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess that's it we'll meet on uh oh
+the uh somebody have the um the signup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh somebody have the um the signup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh somebody have the um the signup
+sheet for your final project oh great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet for your final project oh great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet for your final project oh great
+thanks make sure you sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks make sure you sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks make sure you sign
+up
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/aefQ2FYugAY.txt b/aefQ2FYugAY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..be93e6786ae4f608f9978b89acbb51ac59dff92d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/aefQ2FYugAY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,611 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi welcome back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back
+cetacean in lecture you introduced the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cetacean in lecture you introduced the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cetacean in lecture you introduced the
+idea of differentials and learned how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of differentials and learned how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of differentials and learned how to
+compute them so I have a couple examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute them so I have a couple examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute them so I have a couple examples
+here for you to do so compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for you to do so compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for you to do so compute the
+differentials d of seven you to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentials d of seven you to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentials d of seven you to the
+ninth plus 34-5 you to the minus 3rd & D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ninth plus 34-5 you to the minus 3rd & D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ninth plus 34-5 you to the minus 3rd & D
+of sine theta cosine theta so why don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sine theta cosine theta so why don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sine theta cosine theta so why don't
+you take a minute work those out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a minute work those out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a minute work those out and
+we'll come back and we'll work them out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back and we'll work them out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back and we'll work them out
+together alright welcome back so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together alright welcome back so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together alright welcome back so
+hopefully you had some luck with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you had some luck with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you had some luck with these
+let's go through them so right so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go through them so right so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go through them so right so a
+differential differential is really it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential differential is really it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential differential is really it's
+just another notation for something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just another notation for something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just another notation for something you
+already know how to do so it's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know how to do so it's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know how to do so it's another
+way of keeping track of a derivative the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of keeping track of a derivative the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of keeping track of a derivative the
+the thing we don't write is we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing we don't write is we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing we don't write is we don't
+write the over the ver the D the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the over the ver the D the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the over the ver the D the
+variable we're differentiating with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable we're differentiating with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable we're differentiating with
+respect to so we pick that up from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to so we pick that up from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to so we pick that up from from
+what we're taking the differential of so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're taking the differential of so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're taking the differential of so
+in this case we look at this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case we look at this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case we look at this expression
+let's let's do the first one first so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's do the first one first so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's do the first one first so we
+look at d of seven you to the ninth plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at d of seven you to the ninth plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at d of seven you to the ninth plus
+34-5 you to the minus 3rd and we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+34-5 you to the minus 3rd and we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+34-5 you to the minus 3rd and we just
+can distribute that d through in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can distribute that d through in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can distribute that d through in the
+same way that we can with with ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way that we can with with ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way that we can with with ordinary
+derivatives so ok so we so this is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives so ok so we so this is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives so ok so we so this is equal
+to 7 D of U to the 9 + D of 34-5 d you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 7 D of U to the 9 + D of 34-5 d you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 7 D of U to the 9 + D of 34-5 d you
+to the minus 3rd and now we just do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus 3rd and now we just do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus 3rd and now we just do the
+chain rule so here d of you to the ninth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule so here d of you to the ninth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule so here d of you to the ninth
+is nine you to the eighth d you right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nine you to the eighth d you right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nine you to the eighth d you right so
+that that do you comes out of that chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that do you comes out of that chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that do you comes out of that chain
+rule that we're doing so this is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule that we're doing so this is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule that we're doing so this is equal
+to so well seven and we dropped the nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so well seven and we dropped the nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so well seven and we dropped the nine
+down so that's 63 you to the eighth d u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so that's 63 you to the eighth d u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so that's 63 you to the eighth d u
+plus well okay d of 34 34 is a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus well okay d of 34 34 is a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus well okay d of 34 34 is a constant
+it just kills it that's 0-5 d of you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just kills it that's 0-5 d of you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just kills it that's 0-5 d of you to
+the minus 3rd so again you to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus 3rd so again you to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus 3rd so again you to the minus
+3rd that's a just a power of you we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3rd that's a just a power of you we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3rd that's a just a power of you we
+apply our usual rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply our usual rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply our usual rule
+so it's minus three you to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's minus three you to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's minus three you to the minus
+four d you right d you from the chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four d you right d you from the chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four d you right d you from the chain
+rule again and so we have a minus five x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule again and so we have a minus five x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule again and so we have a minus five x
+minus 3 is plus 15 good so I get to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 3 is plus 15 good so I get to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 3 is plus 15 good so I get to keep
+my plus sign + 15 when I say you to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my plus sign + 15 when I say you to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my plus sign + 15 when I say you to the
+minus 4 do you okay and so that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 4 do you okay and so that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 4 do you okay and so that's all
+there is to that now let's do the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is to that now let's do the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is to that now let's do the second
+example here we have sine theta cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here we have sine theta cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here we have sine theta cosine
+theta so same exact idea here we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta so same exact idea here we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta so same exact idea here we have a
+product rule as our first step so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule as our first step so okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule as our first step so okay
+so we take the derivative of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we take the derivative of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we take the derivative of the first
+times the second so the derivative the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the second so the derivative the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the second so the derivative the
+differential of the first I should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential of the first I should say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential of the first I should say
+right so the product rule for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the product rule for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the product rule for
+differentials is just the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentials is just the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentials is just the same as the
+product rule for derivatives except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule for derivatives except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule for derivatives except
+instead of taking derivatives you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of taking derivatives you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of taking derivatives you take
+differentials so the differential of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentials so the differential of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentials so the differential of
+sine theta is cosine theta D theta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine theta is cosine theta D theta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine theta is cosine theta D theta and
+then times the second plus the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then times the second plus the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then times the second plus the first
+sine theta times the differential of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine theta times the differential of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine theta times the differential of the
+second which is minus sine theta D theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second which is minus sine theta D theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second which is minus sine theta D theta
+okay and now if we like we can you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now if we like we can you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now if we like we can you know
+put this all together factor out the D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this all together factor out the D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this all together factor out the D
+theta to the end say and we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta to the end say and we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta to the end say and we could
+rewrite this as cosine squared theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this as cosine squared theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this as cosine squared theta
+minus sine squared theta D theta and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sine squared theta D theta and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sine squared theta D theta and of
+course you could rewrite this a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you could rewrite this a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you could rewrite this a bunch of
+other ways using your trig identities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ways using your trig identities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ways using your trig identities
+just like you could have started by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like you could have started by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like you could have started by
+writing sine theta cosine theta is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing sine theta cosine theta is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing sine theta cosine theta is one
+half sine of two theta before taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half sine of two theta before taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half sine of two theta before taking the
+differential all right so that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential all right so that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential all right so that's really
+all there is to that so there you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all there is to that so there you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all there is to that so there you go
+differentials I'll end there
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/bgMZSJ2rfNc.txt b/bgMZSJ2rfNc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..22674a982de05db686684b1b580208c95360d959
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bgMZSJ2rfNc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1035 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm Tage I'm a grad student in computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm Tage I'm a grad student in computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm Tage I'm a grad student in computer
+science and I worked with a team of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and I worked with a team of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and I worked with a team of
+eight on a game called Snap all of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight on a game called Snap all of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight on a game called Snap all of us
+were course six majors in computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were course six majors in computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were course six majors in computer
+science um we created a game called Snap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science um we created a game called Snap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science um we created a game called Snap
+which the our client who is from the Red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the our client who is from the Red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the our client who is from the Red
+Cross he presented us with this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cross he presented us with this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cross he presented us with this class
+this game in class the game works where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game in class the game works where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game in class the game works where
+you both come up with words two players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you both come up with words two players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you both come up with words two players
+come up with words and whenever you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with words and whenever you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with words and whenever you say
+the same word you snap and you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same word you snap and you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same word you snap and you get a
+point so our task was to create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so our task was to create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so our task was to create a
+digital version of this game both to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital version of this game both to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital version of this game both to
+make the game more engaging and also to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the game more engaging and also to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the game more engaging and also to
+help them collect data on what words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help them collect data on what words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help them collect data on what words
+people were submitting because it's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were submitting because it's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were submitting because it's sort
+of a free association game and helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a free association game and helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a free association game and helps
+them get a sense of what people think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them get a sense of what people think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them get a sense of what people think
+about a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+topic so for snap we actually had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic so for snap we actually had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic so for snap we actually had a
+concrete game that the client gave us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete game that the client gave us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete game that the client gave us
+and we knew exactly what project we'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we knew exactly what project we'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we knew exactly what project we'd be
+working on Snap is also a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on Snap is also a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on Snap is also a little bit
+different in that it's a much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in that it's a much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in that it's a much more
+technical game because you don't have we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical game because you don't have we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical game because you don't have we
+we're not coming up with Sprites we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not coming up with Sprites we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not coming up with Sprites we're
+not coming up with a story it's quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not coming up with a story it's quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not coming up with a story it's quite
+Bare Bones in terms of interface and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bare Bones in terms of interface and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bare Bones in terms of interface and so
+we had a a much more standard coding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a a much more standard coding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a a much more standard coding
+project for our game but at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project for our game but at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project for our game but at the same
+time there were game design aspects to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time there were game design aspects to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time there were game design aspects to
+what we had to do we still had to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we had to do we still had to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we had to do we still had to think
+about how to go beyond what we played uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to go beyond what we played uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to go beyond what we played uh
+in class and go Port over the game to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class and go Port over the game to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class and go Port over the game to a
+digital version that would still be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital version that would still be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital version that would still be
+engaging and didn't rely too much on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging and didn't rely too much on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging and didn't rely too much on the
+human interaction the face Toof face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human interaction the face Toof face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human interaction the face Toof face
+interaction so at first we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction so at first we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction so at first we actually
+thought that our game would be much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that our game would be much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that our game would be much more
+restrictive because we thought that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictive because we thought that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictive because we thought that the
+clients had a lot of existing ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients had a lot of existing ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients had a lot of existing ideas
+about how the game should be played and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how the game should be played and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how the game should be played and
+what works well for getting good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what works well for getting good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what works well for getting good
+feedback out of people as we went on we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback out of people as we went on we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback out of people as we went on we
+were pleasantly surprised to find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were pleasantly surprised to find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were pleasantly surprised to find out
+that we actually had a lot more creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we actually had a lot more creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we actually had a lot more creative
+freedom than we thought and really they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom than we thought and really they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom than we thought and really they
+just wanted something that resembled the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wanted something that resembled the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wanted something that resembled the
+original game and accomplished what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original game and accomplished what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original game and accomplished what we
+needed which was to get people to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed which was to get people to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed which was to get people to give
+words and say what they were thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words and say what they were thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words and say what they were thinking
+so that was really nice for us to to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was really nice for us to to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was really nice for us to to be
+able to really think of what we wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to really think of what we wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to really think of what we wanted
+to um at the same time though the client
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um at the same time though the client
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um at the same time though the client
+was interested in using the game much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was interested in using the game much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was interested in using the game much
+earlier than we expected the goal for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier than we expected the goal for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier than we expected the goal for
+all the projects is that they remain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the projects is that they remain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the projects is that they remain
+open and available for people to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open and available for people to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open and available for people to see
+over the next month we've actually been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the next month we've actually been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the next month we've actually been
+running the game in the past couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running the game in the past couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running the game in the past couple of
+weeks um and that has also required some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks um and that has also required some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks um and that has also required some
+effort on our part to do exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort on our part to do exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort on our part to do exactly what
+the client needs for their specific runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the client needs for their specific runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the client needs for their specific runs
+in the past week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so traditionally this course does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so traditionally this course does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so traditionally this course does not
+allow people to use networking because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow people to use networking because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow people to use networking because
+it tends to be very buggy it tends to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tends to be very buggy it tends to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tends to be very buggy it tends to be
+something that if it doesn't work simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that if it doesn't work simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that if it doesn't work simply
+makes the whole game fall over flat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the whole game fall over flat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the whole game fall over flat and
+we decided to violate this rule very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we decided to violate this rule very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we decided to violate this rule very
+early on the rules are all suggestions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early on the rules are all suggestions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early on the rules are all suggestions
+after all and we did we were a confident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all and we did we were a confident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all and we did we were a confident
+in our ability to do this partly because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our ability to do this partly because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our ability to do this partly because
+we had a lot of experience with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a lot of experience with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a lot of experience with
+networking uh with distributed systems I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networking uh with distributed systems I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networking uh with distributed systems I
+actually work in distributed systems um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually work in distributed systems um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually work in distributed systems um
+and and we also were experienced with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and we also were experienced with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and we also were experienced with
+the technologies that we were using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technologies that we were using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technologies that we were using
+which definitely helped I think that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which definitely helped I think that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which definitely helped I think that the
+learning curve for those uh Technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning curve for those uh Technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning curve for those uh Technologies
+was a little bit more than we could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a little bit more than we could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a little bit more than we could have
+done in these eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+weeks so this this course is nominally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks so this this course is nominally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks so this this course is nominally
+about creating video games but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about creating video games but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about creating video games but in
+reality as the instructors admitted it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality as the instructors admitted it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality as the instructors admitted it's
+about project management and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about project management and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about project management and I think
+that the course does a really good job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the course does a really good job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the course does a really good job
+of teaching you project management by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of teaching you project management by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of teaching you project management by
+example by forcing you to actually do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example by forcing you to actually do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example by forcing you to actually do it
+and I think that's why it's structured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that's why it's structured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that's why it's structured
+as four games as opposed to one big game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as four games as opposed to one big game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as four games as opposed to one big game
+which is what you might expect and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what you might expect and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what you might expect and I
+think that that was really useful for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that that was really useful for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that that was really useful for us
+to learn project management game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn project management game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn project management game
+development was a a nice side benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development was a a nice side benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development was a a nice side benefit
+but I don't think we learned a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't think we learned a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't think we learned a lot of
+game design I think we just tried it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game design I think we just tried it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game design I think we just tried it and
+mostly we were learning how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly we were learning how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly we were learning how do you
+manage a project how do you manage a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage a project how do you manage a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage a project how do you manage a
+software project games are a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software project games are a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software project games are a little bit
+different in that the goal is fun and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in that the goal is fun and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in that the goal is fun and
+not so much coming from a client uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so much coming from a client uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so much coming from a client uh the
+last project notwithstanding mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last project notwithstanding mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last project notwithstanding mostly
+games are about you want to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games are about you want to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games are about you want to create
+something fun I think the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something fun I think the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something fun I think the biggest
+challenge for us in snap was getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge for us in snap was getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge for us in snap was getting
+people engaged getting our our team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people engaged getting our our team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people engaged getting our our team
+engaged in the project uh there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged in the project uh there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged in the project uh there's a lot
+of other classes that people are taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other classes that people are taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other classes that people are taking
+and this is not necessarily the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is not necessarily the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is not necessarily the highest
+priority on everybody's list and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority on everybody's list and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority on everybody's list and that
+was something that you really have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was something that you really have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was something that you really have to
+work around you really have to find ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work around you really have to find ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work around you really have to find ways
+to get people engaged in the topic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get people engaged in the topic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get people engaged in the topic and
+get people to contribute where they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get people to contribute where they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get people to contribute where they can
+um in the number of hours that they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the number of hours that they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the number of hours that they have
+available so I don't know how completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available so I don't know how completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available so I don't know how completely
+successful you are at getting people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful you are at getting people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful you are at getting people to
+contribute as many hours as we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute as many hours as we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute as many hours as we need
+needed but definitely part of it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed but definitely part of it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed but definitely part of it was
+making sure that tasks were very clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sure that tasks were very clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sure that tasks were very clear
+so that not everybody was thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that not everybody was thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that not everybody was thinking about
+the whole game was but instead could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole game was but instead could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole game was but instead could
+think about their specific tasks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about their specific tasks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about their specific tasks and
+what they need to do on their part um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they need to do on their part um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they need to do on their part um
+and that was part of what the project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was part of what the project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was part of what the project
+management was was making sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management was was making sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management was was making sure that
+people have the information they need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have the information they need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have the information they need to
+do the tasks that they need to get done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the tasks that they need to get done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the tasks that they need to get done
+without thinking about the whole project
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/blQBnH1kYZY.txt b/blQBnH1kYZY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5da88da111f29ec7c1b9849005b6215c3e59b931
--- /dev/null
+++ b/blQBnH1kYZY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1283 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+more together as you're well aware how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more together as you're well aware how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more together as you're well aware how
+best to prevent or compensate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best to prevent or compensate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best to prevent or compensate for
+wetland destruction is a crucial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wetland destruction is a crucial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wetland destruction is a crucial and
+contentious debate here in Oregon at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contentious debate here in Oregon at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contentious debate here in Oregon at the
+moment however a local watershed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment however a local watershed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment however a local watershed
+advocacy group currently recommends new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocacy group currently recommends new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocacy group currently recommends new
+methodology for calculating the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology for calculating the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology for calculating the value of
+these wetlands I'm eager to share what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these wetlands I'm eager to share what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these wetlands I'm eager to share what I
+see are the pros and cons to this method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see are the pros and cons to this method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see are the pros and cons to this method
+first I'll explain a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first I'll explain a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first I'll explain a little bit about
+how it compares to our our current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it compares to our our current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it compares to our our current
+tactics that we're using then I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tactics that we're using then I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tactics that we're using then I'll
+discuss some major critiques and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss some major critiques and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss some major critiques and then
+I'll conclude and wrap up with my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll conclude and wrap up with my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll conclude and wrap up with my my
+thoughts and recommendations so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts and recommendations so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts and recommendations so the
+current system we have right now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current system we have right now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current system we have right now we
+require three acres of wetlands to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require three acres of wetlands to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require three acres of wetlands to be
+created for every acre that's destroyed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created for every acre that's destroyed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created for every acre that's destroyed
+people have complained that this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have complained that this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have complained that this really
+hinders development and that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hinders development and that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hinders development and that there's
+little room for creating these new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little room for creating these new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little room for creating these new
+wetlands right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wetlands right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wetlands right now
+landowners particularly farmers have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landowners particularly farmers have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landowners particularly farmers have
+started a system of mitigation baking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started a system of mitigation baking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started a system of mitigation baking
+where they turn acres of their land into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they turn acres of their land into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they turn acres of their land into
+wetlands and then sell these acres to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wetlands and then sell these acres to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wetlands and then sell these acres to
+developers who used as compensatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers who used as compensatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers who used as compensatory
+wetlands are essentially wetlands credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wetlands are essentially wetlands credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wetlands are essentially wetlands credit
+the main problem with the system is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main problem with the system is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main problem with the system is that
+is unclear whether these new wetlands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is unclear whether these new wetlands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is unclear whether these new wetlands
+are really functioning how they should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really functioning how they should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really functioning how they should
+be wetlands execute a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be wetlands execute a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be wetlands execute a number of
+ecosystem services like water storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosystem services like water storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosystem services like water storage
+carbon sequestration water filtration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon sequestration water filtration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon sequestration water filtration
+services that are particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services that are particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services that are particularly
+beneficial for humans as well so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial for humans as well so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial for humans as well so if you
+better approach to look specifically at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better approach to look specifically at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better approach to look specifically at
+these services to recognize what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these services to recognize what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these services to recognize what we
+would have to replace so this new system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to replace so this new system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to replace so this new system
+um would require adding up the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um would require adding up the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um would require adding up the total
+value of what these ecosystems services
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of what these ecosystems services
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of what these ecosystems services
+are worth to humans and monetary terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are worth to humans and monetary terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are worth to humans and monetary terms
+as they aren't currently bought and sold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they aren't currently bought and sold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they aren't currently bought and sold
+on the market this evaluation process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the market this evaluation process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the market this evaluation process
+can be challenging but a mixture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be challenging but a mixture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be challenging but a mixture of
+different processes can be used we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different processes can be used we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different processes can be used we can
+use market goods as a proxy for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use market goods as a proxy for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use market goods as a proxy for example
+flood barriers can cost up to around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flood barriers can cost up to around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flood barriers can cost up to around
+fifteen billion dollars while coral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifteen billion dollars while coral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifteen billion dollars while coral
+reefs do this naturally for free so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reefs do this naturally for free so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reefs do this naturally for free so it
+kind of provides a comparison we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of provides a comparison we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of provides a comparison we can
+look at revealed preferences like seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at revealed preferences like seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at revealed preferences like seeing
+people if they travel to X place to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people if they travel to X place to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people if they travel to X place to see
+nature it kind of gives the sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature it kind of gives the sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature it kind of gives the sense of
+their value but also using hypothetical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their value but also using hypothetical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their value but also using hypothetical
+market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market
+like measuring people's willingness to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like measuring people's willingness to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like measuring people's willingness to
+pay using this process Robert Constanza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay using this process Robert Constanza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay using this process Robert Constanza
+and his team calculated that ecosystem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his team calculated that ecosystem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his team calculated that ecosystem
+services are worth one hundred forty two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services are worth one hundred forty two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services are worth one hundred forty two
+point seven trillion dollars annually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point seven trillion dollars annually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point seven trillion dollars annually
+and 24:14 US dollars which is a profound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 24:14 US dollars which is a profound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 24:14 US dollars which is a profound
+number to really show how these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number to really show how these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number to really show how these
+ecosystems or services are at value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosystems or services are at value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosystems or services are at value
+of course there are many critiques and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course there are many critiques and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course there are many critiques and
+arguments for why this is not a really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments for why this is not a really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments for why this is not a really a
+process pretty specifically to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process pretty specifically to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process pretty specifically to the
+framework a method first of all include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework a method first of all include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework a method first of all include
+that the economic assumptions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the economic assumptions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the economic assumptions are
+usually inappropriate it assumes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually inappropriate it assumes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually inappropriate it assumes
+everyone is always trying to maximize a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone is always trying to maximize a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone is always trying to maximize a
+person personal utility function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person personal utility function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person personal utility function and
+assumes that goods are substitutable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumes that goods are substitutable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumes that goods are substitutable
+which are it's not always the case also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are it's not always the case also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are it's not always the case also
+there's an issue of discounting it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an issue of discounting it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an issue of discounting it's
+problematic to assume that ecosystems in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic to assume that ecosystems in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic to assume that ecosystems in
+the future have diminished value um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future have diminished value um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future have diminished value um
+people also identify that people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people also identify that people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people also identify that people's
+ability to evaluate is flawed people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to evaluate is flawed people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to evaluate is flawed people
+don't necessarily have a complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't necessarily have a complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't necessarily have a complete
+understanding like what a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding like what a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding like what a particular
+soil micro organism will do people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soil micro organism will do people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soil micro organism will do people are
+also asked to put prices on things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also asked to put prices on things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also asked to put prices on things that
+aren't normally priced and so it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't normally priced and so it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't normally priced and so it makes
+it a challenge to judge essential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a challenge to judge essential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a challenge to judge essential
+evaluation methods and market schemes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation methods and market schemes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation methods and market schemes
+are not ideologically neutral so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not ideologically neutral so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not ideologically neutral so they're
+culturally construed so therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culturally construed so therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culturally construed so therefore
+there's a risk of having high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a risk of having high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a risk of having high
+subjectivity zooming out in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjectivity zooming out in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjectivity zooming out in terms of
+these critiques the commodification of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these critiques the commodification of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these critiques the commodification of
+nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature
+people will say in the first place is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will say in the first place is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will say in the first place is
+problematic valuing nature is arguably a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic valuing nature is arguably a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic valuing nature is arguably a
+personal and social value kind of at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal and social value kind of at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal and social value kind of at the
+level of morals and so therefore no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of morals and so therefore no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of morals and so therefore no
+ma-ma amount of money can be effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ma-ma amount of money can be effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ma-ma amount of money can be effectively
+compared others will also argue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared others will also argue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared others will also argue that
+commodification induces competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commodification induces competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commodification induces competition
+which can be counterproductive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can be counterproductive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can be counterproductive
+it basically undermines the moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it basically undermines the moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it basically undermines the moral
+incentives of conservation by making it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives of conservation by making it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives of conservation by making it
+about self-interest instead despite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about self-interest instead despite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about self-interest instead despite
+these critiques in these arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these critiques in these arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these critiques in these arguments
+against it I would still recommend it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against it I would still recommend it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against it I would still recommend it
+though as a valuable exercise although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though as a valuable exercise although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though as a valuable exercise although
+the process itself clearly has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process itself clearly has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process itself clearly has some
+flaws by spelling out all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flaws by spelling out all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flaws by spelling out all of the
+different assumptions we make we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different assumptions we make we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different assumptions we make we can
+perhaps not reduce the subjectivity but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps not reduce the subjectivity but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps not reduce the subjectivity but
+can at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can at least
+transparent about the thinking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent about the thinking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent about the thinking that
+we're flying also in terms of the moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're flying also in terms of the moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're flying also in terms of the moral
+implications currently with the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications currently with the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications currently with the system
+that we have we're already using markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have we're already using markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have we're already using markets
+for ecosystem services with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for ecosystem services with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for ecosystem services with the
+mitigation banking procedure the Army
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigation banking procedure the Army
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigation banking procedure the Army
+Corps of Engineers has cut the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corps of Engineers has cut the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corps of Engineers has cut the cost
+forty five thousand dollars to replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forty five thousand dollars to replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forty five thousand dollars to replace
+or what acre of wetland soon in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what acre of wetland soon in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what acre of wetland soon in a way
+we're already quantifying these wetlands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're already quantifying these wetlands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're already quantifying these wetlands
+instead we would just be valuing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead we would just be valuing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead we would just be valuing the
+services that they provide furthermore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services that they provide furthermore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services that they provide furthermore
+I'd argue that we should focus on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd argue that we should focus on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd argue that we should focus on the
+outcomes regardless of the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes regardless of the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes regardless of the different
+different ethical philosophies economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ethical philosophies economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ethical philosophies economic
+arguments tend to be more salient they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments tend to be more salient they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments tend to be more salient they
+fit with the ideological and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit with the ideological and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit with the ideological and
+institutional structures in place and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional structures in place and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional structures in place and
+thus have shown remarkable success in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus have shown remarkable success in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus have shown remarkable success in
+political recognition and spurring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political recognition and spurring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political recognition and spurring
+policy around ecosystem conservation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy around ecosystem conservation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy around ecosystem conservation
+currently without valuing ecosystems in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently without valuing ecosystems in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently without valuing ecosystems in
+this way informal policy evaluations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way informal policy evaluations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way informal policy evaluations
+like cost-benefit analysis we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like cost-benefit analysis we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like cost-benefit analysis we are
+effectively assigning them a value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively assigning them a value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively assigning them a value of
+zero so instead by illustrating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so instead by illustrating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so instead by illustrating the
+immense value to humans the critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immense value to humans the critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immense value to humans the critical
+need to preserve these services becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to preserve these services becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to preserve these services becomes
+much more salient to both land owners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more salient to both land owners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more salient to both land owners
+and developers although mark Sega shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and developers although mark Sega shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and developers although mark Sega shows
+how the backstory or political rationale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the backstory or political rationale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the backstory or political rationale
+has been Mis portrayed the parable of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been Mis portrayed the parable of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been Mis portrayed the parable of
+Paulo New York chose to restore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paulo New York chose to restore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paulo New York chose to restore the
+Catskills watersheds illustrates this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Catskills watersheds illustrates this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Catskills watersheds illustrates this
+value restoring restoration cost them 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value restoring restoration cost them 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value restoring restoration cost them 1
+billion whereas a new filtration plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion whereas a new filtration plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion whereas a new filtration plant
+on the other hand costs up to 6 billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand costs up to 6 billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand costs up to 6 billion
+which shows the great efficiency in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which shows the great efficiency in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which shows the great efficiency in
+natural ecosystem services the greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural ecosystem services the greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural ecosystem services the greater
+lesson however indicates that we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesson however indicates that we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesson however indicates that we should
+be seeking to preserve rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be seeking to preserve rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be seeking to preserve rather than
+always restore this can save our myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always restore this can save our myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always restore this can save our myself
+money in the long run as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in the long run as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in the long run as this
+methodology makes this message clearer I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology makes this message clearer I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology makes this message clearer I
+see great utility in using an ecosystem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see great utility in using an ecosystem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see great utility in using an ecosystem
+services approach although money is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services approach although money is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services approach although money is not
+the end-all be-all and shouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end-all be-all and shouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end-all be-all and shouldn't be
+putting it in these terms creates great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting it in these terms creates great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting it in these terms creates great
+political agency for conserving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political agency for conserving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political agency for conserving the
+ecosystems depend on
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/bzxoBEh4is8.txt b/bzxoBEh4is8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8579d378e0efd9bcdeb2bf5801e28abbf0a70fd4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bzxoBEh4is8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+Let us discuss how
+successful eHarmony has been.
+
+By 2004, eHarmony has made
+over $100 million in sales,
+
+and by 2009, it has reached
+the $1 billion mark.
+
+In 2005, 90 eHarmony
+members married every day.
+
+In 2007, 236 eHarmony
+members married every day.
+
+And finally 2009, 542 eHarmony
+members married daily.
+
+The following
+statistics demonstrate
+
+the edge that eHarmony has.
+
+It has 14% of the U.S.
+online dating market.
+
+The only competitor
+with a larger portion
+
+is match.com with a 24% share.
+
+Nearly 4% of the US marriages in
+2012 are a result of eHarmony.
+
+Overall, eHarmony
+has successfully
+
+leveraged the power
+of analytics to create
+
+a successful and thriving
+business, and in this case,
+
+analytics is at the
+core of this business.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/cny-1yDbQno.txt b/cny-1yDbQno.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5b4d3a67034a893d763923d0e525d319bb31a9a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cny-1yDbQno.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14352 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so what I want to do in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so what I want to do in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so what I want to do in this
+lecture is to provide a quick overview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is to provide a quick overview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is to provide a quick overview
+of the uh Equity uh business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh Equity uh business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh Equity uh business
+and then talk about a couple of simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then talk about a couple of simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then talk about a couple of simple
+but rather powerful models to price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but rather powerful models to price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but rather powerful models to price
+equities we're using the exact same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equities we're using the exact same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equities we're using the exact same
+tools that we've developed uh and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools that we've developed uh and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools that we've developed uh and then
+talk a bit about uh growth opportunities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a bit about uh growth opportunities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a bit about uh growth opportunities
+and growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and growth
+stocks okay so industry overview what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks okay so industry overview what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks okay so industry overview what is
+equity as I said it's an ownership in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity as I said it's an ownership in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity as I said it's an ownership in a
+corporation and typically when you own a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporation and typically when you own a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporation and typically when you own a
+piece of a corporation you're owning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of a corporation you're owning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of a corporation you're owning
+that sequence of cash flows there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sequence of cash flows there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sequence of cash flows there are
+two components of possible cash flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two components of possible cash flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two components of possible cash flow
+for a piece of equity security one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a piece of equity security one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a piece of equity security one is
+dividends but of course we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividends but of course we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividends but of course we know that
+there are companies that don't pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are companies that don't pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are companies that don't pay
+dividends typically companies that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividends typically companies that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividends typically companies that are
+early stage uh growth companies they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early stage uh growth companies they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early stage uh growth companies they
+want to conserve their cash because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to conserve their cash because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to conserve their cash because
+they've got lots and lots of investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got lots and lots of investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got lots and lots of investment
+ideas that they want to implement and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that they want to implement and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that they want to implement and so
+any cash that's generated internally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any cash that's generated internally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any cash that's generated internally
+they're going to be plowing back into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be plowing back into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be plowing back into
+current operations so growth companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current operations so growth companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current operations so growth companies
+typically don't pay dividends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically don't pay dividends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically don't pay dividends
+but you still get value from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you still get value from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you still get value from the
+security because as the firm grows as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security because as the firm grows as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security because as the firm grows as
+the corporation becomes more valuable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corporation becomes more valuable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corporation becomes more valuable
+that piece of paper that you hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that piece of paper that you hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that piece of paper that you hold
+becomes more valuable so in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes more valuable so in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes more valuable so in other words
+you get capital gains or Price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get capital gains or Price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get capital gains or Price
+appreciation of that piece of paper and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciation of that piece of paper and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciation of that piece of paper and
+if you want to get value out of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to get value out of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to get value out of that
+price appreciation you can always sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price appreciation you can always sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price appreciation you can always sell
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+right so those are the two ways of of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so those are the two ways of of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so those are the two ways of of uh
+getting uh a value it's dividends and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting uh a value it's dividends and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting uh a value it's dividends and by
+the way there are two different forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way there are two different forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way there are two different forms of
+dividends cash cash dividends or stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividends cash cash dividends or stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividends cash cash dividends or stock
+dividends uh both of which provide uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividends uh both of which provide uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividends uh both of which provide uh uh
+additional value uh but also the fact is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional value uh but also the fact is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional value uh but also the fact is
+that you can sell it and so you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can sell it and so you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can sell it and so you can get
+money from capital gains now there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money from capital gains now there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money from capital gains now there are a
+couple of key characteristics of common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of key characteristics of common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of key characteristics of common
+stock that are distinct from bonds the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock that are distinct from bonds the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock that are distinct from bonds the
+cash flows we will be able to analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flows we will be able to analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flows we will be able to analyze
+using the same tools but those tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the same tools but those tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the same tools but those tools
+will ultimately give us different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will ultimately give us different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will ultimately give us different
+answers because the legal structure for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers because the legal structure for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers because the legal structure for
+equities is different than for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equities is different than for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equities is different than for for
+bonds and I have to say that whoever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds and I have to say that whoever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds and I have to say that whoever
+invented equities this is many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented equities this is many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented equities this is many many
+centuries ago really uh was a brilliant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centuries ago really uh was a brilliant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centuries ago really uh was a brilliant
+a brilliant Financial innovator because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a brilliant Financial innovator because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a brilliant Financial innovator because
+equities have uh just an enormously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equities have uh just an enormously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equities have uh just an enormously
+powerful ability to provide proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful ability to provide proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful ability to provide proper
+motivation and incentives for Innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation and incentives for Innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation and incentives for Innovation
+all sorts of innovation and let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of innovation and let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of innovation and let me
+explain what that means first of all one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain what that means first of all one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain what that means first of all one
+aspect of equities that I think you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of equities that I think you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of equities that I think you all
+probably know is that they are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably know is that they are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably know is that they are the
+residual claimant to a corporation's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual claimant to a corporation's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual claimant to a corporation's
+assets after the bond holders in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets after the bond holders in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets after the bond holders in other
+words Bond holders have first dibs on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words Bond holders have first dibs on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words Bond holders have first dibs on
+the assets of the company but their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assets of the company but their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assets of the company but their
+claim on those assets is only equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim on those assets is only equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim on those assets is only equal to
+the face value or promised payments of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the face value or promised payments of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the face value or promised payments of
+that debt right they don't have access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that debt right they don't have access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that debt right they don't have access
+to any more than what the face value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to any more than what the face value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to any more than what the face value of
+that bond is as well as the coupons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bond is as well as the coupons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bond is as well as the coupons
+along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the
+way and to say that Equity holders are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and to say that Equity holders are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and to say that Equity holders are
+the residual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the residual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the residual
+claimant means that they get everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claimant means that they get everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claimant means that they get everything
+else now you might say gee that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else now you might say gee that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else now you might say gee that's not
+really all that interesting because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really all that interesting because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really all that interesting because
+you're second in line well it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're second in line well it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're second in line well it's very
+interesting if being second in line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting if being second in line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting if being second in line
+means that you get access to all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that you get access to all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that you get access to all of the
+upside of a company's growth and success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside of a company's growth and success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside of a company's growth and success
+I'm sure that you've all heard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure that you've all heard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure that you've all heard of
+stories of entrepreneurs that have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories of entrepreneurs that have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories of entrepreneurs that have uh
+made uh you know many hundreds of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made uh you know many hundreds of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made uh you know many hundreds of times
+what they put into a company uh whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they put into a company uh whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they put into a company uh whereas
+the bond holders may have gotten a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bond holders may have gotten a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bond holders may have gotten a a
+handsome return of 10 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handsome return of 10 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handsome return of 10 15
+20% but that's the upper bound as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20% but that's the upper bound as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20% but that's the upper bound as to
+what they can get as a bond holder your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they can get as a bond holder your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they can get as a bond holder your
+upside is capped it's limited okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside is capped it's limited okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside is capped it's limited okay
+whereas as the residual claim it as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas as the residual claim it as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas as the residual claim it as the
+equity holder you have no limit on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity holder you have no limit on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity holder you have no limit on your
+upside right because once the bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside right because once the bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside right because once the bond
+holders get paid you get everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holders get paid you get everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holders get paid you get everything else
+now the other aspect of equity that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the other aspect of equity that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the other aspect of equity that's
+really important is something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important is something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important is something called
+limited liability the fact that as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited liability the fact that as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited liability the fact that as an
+equity holder the most you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity holder the most you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity holder the most you can
+lose is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose is
+everything now that might not seem like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything now that might not seem like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything now that might not seem like
+a good deal but trust me it's an amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good deal but trust me it's an amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good deal but trust me it's an amazing
+deal by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal by
+everything we mean everything that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we mean everything that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we mean everything that you
+put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in
+so it's not literally everything for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not literally everything for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not literally everything for
+example you don't lose your life you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you don't lose your life you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you don't lose your life you
+don't lose your freedom you don't lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't lose your freedom you don't lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't lose your freedom you don't lose
+your pinky you don't lose any other body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your pinky you don't lose any other body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your pinky you don't lose any other body
+parts uh or loved ones all you are at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts uh or loved ones all you are at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts uh or loved ones all you are at
+risk of losing is what you put in to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk of losing is what you put in to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk of losing is what you put in to the
+Venture so that's what limited liability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venture so that's what limited liability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venture so that's what limited liability
+means and the reason that it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means and the reason that it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means and the reason that it's an
+innovation is prior to the modern-day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation is prior to the modern-day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation is prior to the modern-day
+Corporation and Li liability it used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corporation and Li liability it used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corporation and Li liability it used to
+be the case that entrepreneurs faced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the case that entrepreneurs faced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the case that entrepreneurs faced
+unlimited liability or you could be put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlimited liability or you could be put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlimited liability or you could be put
+in prison uh if you were to uh default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in prison uh if you were to uh default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in prison uh if you were to uh default
+on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your
+obligations the fact that there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obligations the fact that there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obligations the fact that there is a
+downside limit to what you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downside limit to what you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downside limit to what you could
+possibly lose is a tremendous Boon to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly lose is a tremendous Boon to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly lose is a tremendous Boon to
+Innovation because now it means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation because now it means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation because now it means that
+each and every one of you can go out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each and every one of you can go out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each and every one of you can go out and
+start your own company and risk whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start your own company and risk whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start your own company and risk whatever
+money you want to put into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money you want to put into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money you want to put into the
+company but no more and if it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company but no more and if it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company but no more and if it doesn't
+work out well you can walk away and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out well you can walk away and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out well you can walk away and do
+it again and I suspect many of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it again and I suspect many of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it again and I suspect many of you know
+of so-called serial entrepreneurs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so-called serial entrepreneurs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so-called serial entrepreneurs that
+just go from one company to another to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go from one company to another to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go from one company to another to
+another uh many years ago when I was at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another uh many years ago when I was at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another uh many years ago when I was at
+the Wharton School I heard a talk by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Wharton School I heard a talk by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Wharton School I heard a talk by the
+um the person who started up Domino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the person who started up Domino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the person who started up Domino
+Pizza I I unfortunately don't remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pizza I I unfortunately don't remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pizza I I unfortunately don't remember
+his his name but he was giving a talk in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his his name but he was giving a talk in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his his name but he was giving a talk in
+one of these CEO series and uh uh he's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these CEO series and uh uh he's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these CEO series and uh uh he's a
+you know a billionaire U you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a billionaire U you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a billionaire U you know
+because of the uh incredible growth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the uh incredible growth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the uh incredible growth of
+uh you know Domino's Pizza in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know Domino's Pizza in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know Domino's Pizza in the
+country and somebody asked this fellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country and somebody asked this fellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country and somebody asked this fellow
+uh how did you know that uh having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how did you know that uh having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how did you know that uh having a
+national Pizza chain was going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national Pizza chain was going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national Pizza chain was going to
+succeed as as well as it did and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed as as well as it did and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed as as well as it did and you
+know he's very honest he said you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know he's very honest he said you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know he's very honest he said you know I
+didn't I didn't know you know this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't I didn't know you know this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't I didn't know you know this was
+my ninth company you know the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my ninth company you know the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my ninth company you know the first
+eight went bankrupt uh and if this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight went bankrupt uh and if this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight went bankrupt uh and if this one
+had gone bankrupt I probably would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had gone bankrupt I probably would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had gone bankrupt I probably would have
+start at 10th and and I mean that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at 10th and and I mean that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at 10th and and I mean that that's
+just a wonderful expression of the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a wonderful expression of the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a wonderful expression of the power
+of modern capitalism and limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of modern capitalism and limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of modern capitalism and limited
+liability because here's an individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liability because here's an individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liability because here's an individual
+that just really wanted to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just really wanted to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just really wanted to do something
+on his own and wanted to make a success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on his own and wanted to make a success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on his own and wanted to make a success
+of it and was willing to work his Hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it and was willing to work his Hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it and was willing to work his Hard
+Out Time After Time After Time until he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Out Time After Time After Time until he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Out Time After Time After Time until he
+hit upon something that was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit upon something that was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit upon something that was really
+valuable and that the power of limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable and that the power of limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable and that the power of limited
+liability think what Innovation would uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liability think what Innovation would uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liability think what Innovation would uh
+would be uh if we decided that if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be uh if we decided that if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be uh if we decided that if you if
+your first company fails from that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your first company fails from that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your first company fails from that point
+on you would never be allowed to start a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you would never be allowed to start a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you would never be allowed to start a
+company ever again think how many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company ever again think how many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company ever again think how many people
+would take the risk or take the plunge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take the risk or take the plunge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take the risk or take the plunge
+to do something like starting up your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something like starting up your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something like starting up your
+own company so the fact that we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own company so the fact that we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own company so the fact that we have a
+security that limits your downside and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security that limits your downside and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security that limits your downside and
+that limits the downside of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that limits the downside of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that limits the downside of other
+investors that want to join you in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors that want to join you in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors that want to join you in your
+venture really allows for Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venture really allows for Capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venture really allows for Capital
+formation to occur uh at a rate and at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation to occur uh at a rate and at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation to occur uh at a rate and at a
+scale that would be impossible uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale that would be impossible uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale that would be impossible uh
+without it now there's also voting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without it now there's also voting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without it now there's also voting
+rights and the ability to access public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights and the ability to access public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights and the ability to access public
+markets what that means is that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets what that means is that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets what that means is that you can
+actually get other people large numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get other people large numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get other people large numbers
+of people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people to
+co-invest with you so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-invest with you so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-invest with you so that's
+particularly important when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly important when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly important when you're
+thinking about taking on very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about taking on very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about taking on very very
+ambitious projects for example uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambitious projects for example uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambitious projects for example uh if you
+want to start up a uh a biotech company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to start up a uh a biotech company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to start up a uh a biotech company
+biotech companies require more than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotech companies require more than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotech companies require more than a
+few hundred, to get started you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few hundred, to get started you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few hundred, to get started you know I
+think the a few hundred, we may buy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the a few hundred, we may buy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the a few hundred, we may buy you
+a quarter of a centrifuge these days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quarter of a centrifuge these days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quarter of a centrifuge these days
+doesn't really help uh for starting up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really help uh for starting up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really help uh for starting up a
+biotech company and so if we didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotech company and so if we didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotech company and so if we didn't have
+the ability to access public markets if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to access public markets if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to access public markets if
+we didn't have the ability to bring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't have the ability to bring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't have the ability to bring the
+power of the public to bear on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of the public to bear on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of the public to bear on a
+particular investment opportunity it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular investment opportunity it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular investment opportunity it
+wouldn't get done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't get done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't get done
+so that combination of limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that combination of limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that combination of limited
+liability and ability to access public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liability and ability to access public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liability and ability to access public
+markets and then voting rights that give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets and then voting rights that give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets and then voting rights that give
+investors some say in how the company is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors some say in how the company is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors some say in how the company is
+run I is really the secret to unlocking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run I is really the secret to unlocking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run I is really the secret to unlocking
+the power of the uh the masses for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power of the uh the masses for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power of the uh the masses for
+development of uh of innovation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of uh of innovation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of uh of innovation and
+capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital
+formation now there's another point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation now there's another point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation now there's another point that
+I wanted to make here which is short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to make here which is short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to make here which is short
+sales I think that by now you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales I think that by now you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales I think that by now you should
+have an appreciation for the importance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an appreciation for the importance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an appreciation for the importance
+of short sales short sales allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of short sales short sales allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of short sales short sales allow
+information to get into the market price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to get into the market price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to get into the market price
+that may not be positive news but is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may not be positive news but is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may not be positive news but is
+nevertheless important for people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless important for people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless important for people to
+have and so the ability to short seller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and so the ability to short seller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and so the ability to short seller
+security is a method for allowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security is a method for allowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security is a method for allowing
+investors to get information into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors to get information into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors to get information into the
+market price as quickly and as easily as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market price as quickly and as easily as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market price as quickly and as easily as
+possible uh those of you who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible uh those of you who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible uh those of you who
+participated in the trading game that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participated in the trading game that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participated in the trading game that we
+did a couple of weeks ago on that Friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a couple of weeks ago on that Friday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a couple of weeks ago on that Friday
+Friday you know when we go over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday you know when we go over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday you know when we go over the
+results towards the end of this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results towards the end of this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results towards the end of this course
+I'll I'll when we talk about efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll I'll when we talk about efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll I'll when we talk about efficient
+markets I'm going to show you that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets I'm going to show you that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets I'm going to show you that the
+prices that occurred in that Marketplace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices that occurred in that Marketplace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices that occurred in that Marketplace
+was not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not very
+efficient part of the reason that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient part of the reason that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient part of the reason that it
+wasn't very efficient is because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't very efficient is because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't very efficient is because we
+didn't allow you to short sell and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't allow you to short sell and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't allow you to short sell and so
+those of you who had the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who had the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who had the information
+that at one point the stock was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at one point the stock was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at one point the stock was
+worthless the most you could have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthless the most you could have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthless the most you could have done
+was to divest yourself of shares that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to divest yourself of shares that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to divest yourself of shares that
+you already owned but once you did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you already owned but once you did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you already owned but once you did that
+that was the end and you're out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the end and you're out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the end and you're out of the
+market you couldn't do anything more if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market you couldn't do anything more if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market you couldn't do anything more if
+on the other hand we allowed you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand we allowed you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand we allowed you to
+short sell you would have driven that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short sell you would have driven that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short sell you would have driven that
+price down to zero where it belonged at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price down to zero where it belonged at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price down to zero where it belonged at
+that point and so the ability to short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point and so the ability to short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point and so the ability to short
+sell is a very very uh important aspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell is a very very uh important aspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell is a very very uh important aspect
+of capital market efficiency and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital market efficiency and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital market efficiency and for
+making prices as informative uh as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making prices as informative uh as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making prices as informative uh as you
+can now there are two markets for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now there are two markets for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now there are two markets for
+equities primary market and secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equities primary market and secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equities primary market and secondary
+Market primary Ary Market means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market primary Ary Market means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market primary Ary Market means the
+market where Securities are issued for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market where Securities are issued for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market where Securities are issued for
+the very first time primary that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very first time primary that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very first time primary that's what
+primary means secondary you could think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary means secondary you could think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary means secondary you could think
+of as the market for used Securities we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of as the market for used Securities we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of as the market for used Securities we
+have a market for used cars you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a market for used cars you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a market for used cars you have a
+market for used homes and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market for used homes and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market for used homes and there's a
+market for used Securities I know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market for used Securities I know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market for used Securities I know you
+don't really think of the New York Stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really think of the New York Stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really think of the New York Stock
+Exchange as such but in fact it is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exchange as such but in fact it is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exchange as such but in fact it is it
+just turns out that used Securities are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just turns out that used Securities are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just turns out that used Securities are
+just as good as new Securities and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as good as new Securities and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as good as new Securities and in
+many ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways
+better um and so the steps for getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better um and so the steps for getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better um and so the steps for getting a
+primary security issued is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary security issued is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary security issued is very
+different than the steps for dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than the steps for dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than the steps for dealing
+with secondary markets for the most part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with secondary markets for the most part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with secondary markets for the most part
+what we're going to be talking about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to be talking about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to be talking about in
+this course is secondary Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course is secondary Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course is secondary Market
+transactions and and uh Dynamics however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions and and uh Dynamics however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions and and uh Dynamics however
+there's obviously a lot more to be said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's obviously a lot more to be said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's obviously a lot more to be said
+about primary markets I'm going to leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about primary markets I'm going to leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about primary markets I'm going to leave
+that to other courses uh in the finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to other courses uh in the finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to other courses uh in the finance
+uh group including uh m&a uh and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh group including uh m&a uh and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh group including uh m&a uh and uh
+Capital budgeting and uh Venture Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital budgeting and uh Venture Capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital budgeting and uh Venture Capital
+those are uh courses that deal with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are uh courses that deal with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are uh courses that deal with the
+Dynamics of the primary market and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics of the primary market and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics of the primary market and these
+are the markets that you would care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the markets that you would care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the markets that you would care
+about if you're doing an IPO launching a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if you're doing an IPO launching a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if you're doing an IPO launching a
+new company uh and issuing Securities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new company uh and issuing Securities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new company uh and issuing Securities
+for the very first time uh so I won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the very first time uh so I won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the very first time uh so I won't
+spend too much time on that if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend too much time on that if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend too much time on that if you're
+interested you're welcome to read the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested you're welcome to read the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested you're welcome to read the uh
+relevant chapters in uh the textbook uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant chapters in uh the textbook uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant chapters in uh the textbook uh
+but what we're going to do is to focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we're going to do is to focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we're going to do is to focus
+on the behavior of secondary markets in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the behavior of secondary markets in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the behavior of secondary markets in
+particular in the price formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular in the price formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular in the price formation
+mechanism for secondary uh Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism for secondary uh Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism for secondary uh Market
+Securities here's a a little bit of a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities here's a a little bit of a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities here's a a little bit of a uh
+summary about how these markets have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary about how these markets have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary about how these markets have
+developed you can see that for primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed you can see that for primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed you can see that for primary
+markets uh the the IPO Market goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets uh the the IPO Market goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets uh the the IPO Market goes
+through Cycles there are periods where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through Cycles there are periods where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through Cycles there are periods where
+the Market's very very active and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Market's very very active and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Market's very very active and there
+are periods where the market is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are periods where the market is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are periods where the market is pretty
+quiet and uh not a lot is going on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiet and uh not a lot is going on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiet and uh not a lot is going on uh
+that has to do a lot with the business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has to do a lot with the business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has to do a lot with the business
+cycle and with the credit cycle how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle and with the credit cycle how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle and with the credit cycle how much
+money there is out there uh and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money there is out there uh and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money there is out there uh and it's
+obviously very important for those of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously very important for those of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously very important for those of
+you who are thinking about doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who are thinking about doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who are thinking about doing
+startups because when you do a startup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startups because when you do a startup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startups because when you do a startup
+and you get funding from a venture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get funding from a venture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get funding from a venture
+capitalist the way the venture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalist the way the venture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalist the way the venture
+capitalist ultimately gets paid is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalist ultimately gets paid is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalist ultimately gets paid is not
+by the satisfaction of being part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the satisfaction of being part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the satisfaction of being part of
+your wonderful company uh but rather by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your wonderful company uh but rather by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your wonderful company uh but rather by
+having your company go public and having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having your company go public and having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having your company go public and having
+Securities be issued so that the venture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities be issued so that the venture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities be issued so that the venture
+capitalist can cash out uh at those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalist can cash out uh at those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalist can cash out uh at those
+public market prices so the venture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public market prices so the venture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public market prices so the venture
+capital and Technology uh uh Industries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital and Technology uh uh Industries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital and Technology uh uh Industries
+are very much caught up in the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very much caught up in the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very much caught up in the uh
+business cycle and credit cycle as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business cycle and credit cycle as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business cycle and credit cycle as well
+and so this gives you a little bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this gives you a little bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this gives you a little bit of a
+picture of how that's changed over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of how that's changed over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of how that's changed over
+time on the other hand the secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on the other hand the secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on the other hand the secondary
+Market uh has a somewhat different set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market uh has a somewhat different set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market uh has a somewhat different set
+of Dynamics it's related but not nearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Dynamics it's related but not nearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Dynamics it's related but not nearly
+as highly correlated as you might uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as highly correlated as you might uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as highly correlated as you might uh
+expect this is an example of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect this is an example of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect this is an example of the uh
+dynamics of public secondary Market it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics of public secondary Market it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics of public secondary Market it's
+than NYSC uh and uh NASDAQ over the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than NYSC uh and uh NASDAQ over the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than NYSC uh and uh NASDAQ over the last
+uh uh few years what this displays is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh few years what this displays is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh few years what this displays is
+the trading volume uh both measured uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trading volume uh both measured uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trading volume uh both measured uh
+in terms of shares uh as well as uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of shares uh as well as uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of shares uh as well as uh in
+uh uh composite fraction on the NYSC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh composite fraction on the NYSC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh composite fraction on the NYSC
+volume and you can see that uh over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and you can see that uh over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and you can see that uh over time
+that the share volume the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the share volume the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the share volume the amount of
+shares traded has just gone up uh year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shares traded has just gone up uh year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shares traded has just gone up uh year
+on year and this year it will be no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on year and this year it will be no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on year and this year it will be no
+different 20 8 will be a tremendously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different 20 8 will be a tremendously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different 20 8 will be a tremendously
+significant year for the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant year for the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant year for the amount of
+shares traded on the exchange lots more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shares traded on the exchange lots more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shares traded on the exchange lots more
+participation in public markets uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation in public markets uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation in public markets uh and
+the volume while there may be little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume while there may be little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume while there may be little
+bits of a dip that are functions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits of a dip that are functions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits of a dip that are functions of
+business Cycles uh not nearly as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business Cycles uh not nearly as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business Cycles uh not nearly as
+sensitive uh as the primary Market is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive uh as the primary Market is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive uh as the primary Market is
+yeah the internet also help more volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the internet also help more volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the internet also help more volume
+oh absolutely well there are a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh absolutely well there are a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh absolutely well there are a number of
+technological innovations that have made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological innovations that have made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological innovations that have made
+this Market uh increase so quickly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Market uh increase so quickly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Market uh increase so quickly so
+the internet is one now now all of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet is one now now all of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet is one now now all of us
+can trade on the internet in fact when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can trade on the internet in fact when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can trade on the internet in fact when I
+was teaching uh Finance uh back in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was teaching uh Finance uh back in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was teaching uh Finance uh back in uh
+let's see was it 2000 or uh 2001 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see was it 2000 or uh 2001 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see was it 2000 or uh 2001 I
+remember uh during the middle of the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember uh during the middle of the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember uh during the middle of the day
+uh one of the undergraduates in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one of the undergraduates in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one of the undergraduates in the
+class uh you know looked at looked at uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class uh you know looked at looked at uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class uh you know looked at looked at uh
+some kind of cell phone device and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of cell phone device and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of cell phone device and then
+ran out and uh it came back in shortly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran out and uh it came back in shortly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran out and uh it came back in shortly
+before the end of class and at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the end of class and at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the end of class and at the end
+of class I asked him you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of class I asked him you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of class I asked him you know if
+everything was all right because he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything was all right because he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything was all right because he
+seemed really distressed uh and then he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed really distressed uh and then he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed really distressed uh and then he
+said that he just had to respond to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that he just had to respond to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that he just had to respond to a
+margin call on his uh Equity position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin call on his uh Equity position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin call on his uh Equity position
+that he had put on the day before this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he had put on the day before this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he had put on the day before this
+was an undergraduate uh he was trading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an undergraduate uh he was trading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an undergraduate uh he was trading
+on his uh little uh cell phone um that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on his uh little uh cell phone um that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on his uh little uh cell phone um that's
+a technological innovation that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a technological innovation that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a technological innovation that has
+actually you know increased uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you know increased uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you know increased uh the
+volume uh in these exchanges but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume uh in these exchanges but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume uh in these exchanges but there
+are other technological innovations as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other technological innovations as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other technological innovations as
+well for example um uh something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well for example um uh something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well for example um uh something called
+ecn electronic communications networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecn electronic communications networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecn electronic communications networks
+these are essentially they started out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are essentially they started out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are essentially they started out
+as bulletin boards where large buyers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as bulletin boards where large buyers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as bulletin boards where large buyers
+and sellers of equities could come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sellers of equities could come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sellers of equities could come
+together anonymously and transact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together anonymously and transact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together anonymously and transact with
+each other at uh relatively uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other at uh relatively uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other at uh relatively uh in
+inexpensive prices they could cut out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inexpensive prices they could cut out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inexpensive prices they could cut out
+the middleman and reduce the bid offer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middleman and reduce the bid offer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middleman and reduce the bid offer
+spread by uh hitting a uh a transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread by uh hitting a uh a transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread by uh hitting a uh a transaction
+price that was right in the middle ecn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price that was right in the middle ecn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price that was right in the middle ecn
+have grown tremendously uh since uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have grown tremendously uh since uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have grown tremendously uh since uh the
+early um the mid 90s when they started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early um the mid 90s when they started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early um the mid 90s when they started
+uh and now account for a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and now account for a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and now account for a pretty
+significant fraction of the volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant fraction of the volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant fraction of the volume
+electronic order routing uh electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic order routing uh electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic order routing uh electronic
+uh trading all of these uh Tech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh trading all of these uh Tech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh trading all of these uh Tech
+technologies have caused this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies have caused this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies have caused this kind of
+increase uh in the equity market trading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase uh in the equity market trading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase uh in the equity market trading
+uh over the last several years so today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh over the last several years so today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh over the last several years so today
+as an individual investor you can trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an individual investor you can trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an individual investor you can trade
+much more quickly you can trade much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more quickly you can trade much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more quickly you can trade much
+more cheaply uh and you can trade much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more cheaply uh and you can trade much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more cheaply uh and you can trade much
+more easily than ever before so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more easily than ever before so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more easily than ever before so so
+consumers have benefited a great deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers have benefited a great deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers have benefited a great deal
+along the way a number of uh hedge funds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the way a number of uh hedge funds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the way a number of uh hedge funds
+and uh other investors have ended up go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh other investors have ended up go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh other investors have ended up go
+going out of business because they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going out of business because they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going out of business because they have
+not been able to compete effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not been able to compete effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not been able to compete effectively
+with these kind of technolog te olical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these kind of technolog te olical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these kind of technolog te olical
+Innovations this is what I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovations this is what I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovations this is what I mentioned
+last time that technology plays a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time that technology plays a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time that technology plays a very
+important role uh in financial markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important role uh in financial markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important role uh in financial markets
+now uh much more so than ever before it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh much more so than ever before it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh much more so than ever before it
+used to be that it mattered you know who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be that it mattered you know who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be that it mattered you know who
+you knew rather than what you knew uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you knew rather than what you knew uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you knew rather than what you knew uh
+that it was the uh old boys network that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was the uh old boys network that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was the uh old boys network that
+mattered instead of the computer network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mattered instead of the computer network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mattered instead of the computer network
+uh and that the graduates of Harvard and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that the graduates of Harvard and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that the graduates of Harvard and
+Yale had an advantage uh over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yale had an advantage uh over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yale had an advantage uh over the
+graduates of MIT and Caltech that's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduates of MIT and Caltech that's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduates of MIT and Caltech that's been
+flipped on its head now over the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipped on its head now over the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipped on its head now over the last
+several years it's what I call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several years it's what I call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several years it's what I call the
+Revenge of the Nerds so uh uh which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revenge of the Nerds so uh uh which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revenge of the Nerds so uh uh which
+bodess well for all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodess well for all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodess well for all of
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so let me now turn to the very first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me now turn to the very first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me now turn to the very first
+valuation model that was ever developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation model that was ever developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation model that was ever developed
+for equities it couldn't be simpler it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for equities it couldn't be simpler it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for equities it couldn't be simpler it's
+a model that I think all of you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a model that I think all of you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a model that I think all of you are
+going to immediately understand uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to immediately understand uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to immediately understand uh and
+yet the implications are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet the implications are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet the implications are going to be
+really far-reaching and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really far-reaching and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really far-reaching and
+profound this is called the dividend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profound this is called the dividend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profound this is called the dividend
+discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount
+model and it starts with the recognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and it starts with the recognition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and it starts with the recognition
+that when you invest in a company what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you invest in a company what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you invest in a company what
+you're getting for that piece of paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting for that piece of paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting for that piece of paper
+this common Equity you're getting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this common Equity you're getting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this common Equity you're getting the
+rights to the flow of cash forever and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights to the flow of cash forever and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights to the flow of cash forever and
+what kind of cash are we talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of cash are we talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of cash are we talking about
+well we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're talking about
+dividends so it's true that not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividends so it's true that not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividends so it's true that not all
+stocks pay dividends but eventually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks pay dividends but eventually you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks pay dividends but eventually you
+would figure the stock will pay dividend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would figure the stock will pay dividend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would figure the stock will pay dividend
+at some point right for years mic moft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point right for years mic moft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point right for years mic moft
+never paid a dividend but about is it 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never paid a dividend but about is it 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never paid a dividend but about is it 5
+years ago or six years ago they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago or six years ago they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago or six years ago they
+announced that they're starting to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announced that they're starting to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announced that they're starting to pay
+dividends why because they accumulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividends why because they accumulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividends why because they accumulated
+so much cash that they didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much cash that they didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much cash that they didn't have
+enough things to invest that cash in so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough things to invest that cash in so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough things to invest that cash in so
+they figured let's give some of it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they figured let's give some of it back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they figured let's give some of it back
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+investors uh in their early days they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors uh in their early days they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors uh in their early days they
+kept every penny of their earnings to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept every penny of their earnings to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept every penny of their earnings to
+reinvest because they had so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinvest because they had so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinvest because they had so many
+different opportunities to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different opportunities to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different opportunities to take
+advantage of but because they became so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of but because they became so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of but because they became so
+mature and they had already a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mature and they had already a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mature and they had already a number of
+investment projects that were quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment projects that were quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment projects that were quite
+valuable and yet were still generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable and yet were still generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable and yet were still generating
+so much cash they decided to return some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much cash they decided to return some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much cash they decided to return some
+of it to investors so at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it to investors so at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it to investors so at some point
+you're going to get dividends uh and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get dividends uh and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get dividends uh and if
+a company never ever pays dividends well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a company never ever pays dividends well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a company never ever pays dividends well
+then it should be worth zero right if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it should be worth zero right if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it should be worth zero right if it
+pays you no cash forever then that seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pays you no cash forever then that seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pays you no cash forever then that seems
+like a very bad asset yeah the board of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a very bad asset yeah the board of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a very bad asset yeah the board of
+directors really sometimes only most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directors really sometimes only most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directors really sometimes only most
+shares from issuing divid just to P well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shares from issuing divid just to P well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shares from issuing divid just to P well
+first of all if they issue to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all if they issue to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all if they issue to pay
+themselves that's fine as long as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves that's fine as long as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves that's fine as long as they
+pay all the other shareholders at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay all the other shareholders at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay all the other shareholders at the
+same time so the answer is in principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time so the answer is in principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time so the answer is in principle
+Nothing Stops them uh but what makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nothing Stops them uh but what makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nothing Stops them uh but what makes
+them decide against that is if they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them decide against that is if they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them decide against that is if they have
+uses for the cash other than paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses for the cash other than paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses for the cash other than paying
+themselves if as a company you have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves if as a company you have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves if as a company you have no
+idea what to do with the money you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea what to do with the money you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea what to do with the money you're
+generating well first of all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating well first of all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating well first of all that
+suggests that maybe you're not doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests that maybe you're not doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests that maybe you're not doing
+your job because as a company you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your job because as a company you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your job because as a company you're
+supposed to be coming up with valuable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be coming up with valuable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be coming up with valuable
+ways of earning money for your investors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of earning money for your investors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of earning money for your investors
+how however it may be that your company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how however it may be that your company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how however it may be that your company
+is very mature stable there's no growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very mature stable there's no growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very mature stable there's no growth
+there's nothing going on and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing going on and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing going on and all the
+cash that you're generating you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash that you're generating you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash that you're generating you don't
+know what to do with in that case you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what to do with in that case you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what to do with in that case you
+may very well return all of that money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may very well return all of that money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may very well return all of that money
+to investors nothing wrong with that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to investors nothing wrong with that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to investors nothing wrong with that the
+idea behind having a vote though is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea behind having a vote though is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea behind having a vote though is that
+you want to make sure that the board of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to make sure that the board of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to make sure that the board of
+directors who typically do own or are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directors who typically do own or are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directors who typically do own or are
+responsible to shareholders that own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible to shareholders that own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible to shareholders that own
+large blocks of shares uh will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large blocks of shares uh will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large blocks of shares uh will be
+deciding in the best interest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding in the best interest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding in the best interest of the
+shareholders and it could be that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shareholders and it could be that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shareholders and it could be that the
+best interest of the shareholders is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best interest of the shareholders is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best interest of the shareholders is to
+give them back their money because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them back their money because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them back their money because we
+the mature company that we are don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mature company that we are don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mature company that we are don't
+have any other uses for the money yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any other uses for the money yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any other uses for the money yeah
+you just mentioned that if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+compan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what well but think about it if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what well but think about it if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what well but think about it if a
+company keeps on appreciating in value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company keeps on appreciating in value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company keeps on appreciating in value
+but never pays out a dividend what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but never pays out a dividend what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but never pays out a dividend what's
+happening to the cash you know when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening to the cash you know when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening to the cash you know when I
+say never I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say never I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say never I mean
+never so I don't just mean like in 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never so I don't just mean like in 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never so I don't just mean like in 10
+years or in 20 years I mean never so can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years or in 20 years I mean never so can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years or in 20 years I mean never so can
+you think of a company that appreciates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of a company that appreciates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of a company that appreciates
+in value all the time but never ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in value all the time but never ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in value all the time but never ever
+ever pays a dividend there's no cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever pays a dividend there's no cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever pays a dividend there's no cash
+you'll never get any cash that's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll never get any cash that's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll never get any cash that's you
+make a profit by selling oh yes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a profit by selling oh yes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a profit by selling oh yes you
+could you could make a profit by selling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you could make a profit by selling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you could make a profit by selling
+but if you sell a security to somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you sell a security to somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you sell a security to somebody
+else and they know for a fact that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else and they know for a fact that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else and they know for a fact that it
+never ever ever ever pays any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never ever ever ever pays any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never ever ever ever pays any
+money well then that's called a Ponzi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money well then that's called a Ponzi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money well then that's called a Ponzi
+scheme right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme right
+in other words you're selling a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words you're selling a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words you're selling a piece of
+paper that's worthless to somebody and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that's worthless to somebody and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that's worthless to somebody and
+hoping that they're a bigger fool than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping that they're a bigger fool than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping that they're a bigger fool than
+you are for having bought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are for having bought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are for having bought
+it so when I say it never pays any cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so when I say it never pays any cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so when I say it never pays any cash
+I really mean it if it never if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really mean it if it never if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really mean it if it never if you know
+for sure that it never ever pays any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sure that it never ever pays any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sure that it never ever pays any
+cash then it can't be worth anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash then it can't be worth anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash then it can't be worth anything
+right if you don't believe that then I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you don't believe that then I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you don't believe that then I I
+have a piece of paper that I would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a piece of paper that I would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a piece of paper that I would like
+you to take a look at and if I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to take a look at and if I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to take a look at and if I would
+like to sell you okay yeah be like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to sell you okay yeah be like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to sell you okay yeah be like a
+coupon if like the company dissolves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupon if like the company dissolves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupon if like the company dissolves
+what's that even if it never pays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that even if it never pays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that even if it never pays
+dividends you could still get something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividends you could still get something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividends you could still get something
+back but the company dissolves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back but the company dissolves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back but the company dissolves and
+returns well well then it does pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns well well then it does pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns well well then it does pay
+something that's a liquidating dividend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's a liquidating dividend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's a liquidating dividend
+then that violates my condition that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that violates my condition that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that violates my condition that it
+never ever ever pays anything right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never ever ever pays anything right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never ever ever pays anything right and
+that's the point if the company is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the point if the company is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the point if the company is
+growing and it has value then you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing and it has value then you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing and it has value then you know
+for a fact that either a it will pay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a fact that either a it will pay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a fact that either a it will pay you
+a dividend at some point or B if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dividend at some point or B if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dividend at some point or B if it
+doesn't and it gets liquidated then when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't and it gets liquidated then when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't and it gets liquidated then when
+it gets liquidated you'll get a prata
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets liquidated you'll get a prata
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets liquidated you'll get a prata
+share of whatever's in the company which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share of whatever's in the company which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share of whatever's in the company which
+case that's a payment so to say that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that's a payment so to say that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that's a payment so to say that a
+company never ever pays a dividend I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company never ever pays a dividend I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company never ever pays a dividend I
+literally mean it will never ever pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally mean it will never ever pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally mean it will never ever pay
+anything okay and in that case it can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything okay and in that case it can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything okay and in that case it can't
+be worth anything if if you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be worth anything if if you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be worth anything if if you know that
+but if you can find somebody who will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you can find somebody who will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you can find somebody who will
+buy it anyway then that's an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy it anyway then that's an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy it anyway then that's an example of
+an Arbitrage that's a free lunch and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Arbitrage that's a free lunch and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Arbitrage that's a free lunch and so
+you can do that a lot uh if you can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do that a lot uh if you can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do that a lot uh if you can find
+people like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like
+that okay so we're going to apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so we're going to apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so we're going to apply the
+very big basic principles of present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very big basic principles of present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very big basic principles of present
+value analysis to a security that pays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value analysis to a security that pays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value analysis to a security that pays
+dividends so let's let the price of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividends so let's let the price of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividends so let's let the price of a
+stock PT today uh be given by that let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock PT today uh be given by that let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock PT today uh be given by that let
+DT be the cash dividend that gets paid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT be the cash dividend that gets paid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT be the cash dividend that gets paid
+at time T and by the way DT could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time T and by the way DT could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time T and by the way DT could be
+zero for many many years and at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for many many years and at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for many many years and at some
+point become positive all right DT can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point become positive all right DT can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point become positive all right DT can
+never be negative right we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never be negative right we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never be negative right we're not
+talking about taking money from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about taking money from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about taking money from
+investors it pays uh either positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors it pays uh either positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors it pays uh either positive
+amount or zero and I'm gonna let e subt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount or zero and I'm gonna let e subt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount or zero and I'm gonna let e subt
+be the expectation operator at time T so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the expectation operator at time T so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the expectation operator at time T so
+now I'm going to explicitly recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to explicitly recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to explicitly recognize
+that these Dividends are not known in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these Dividends are not known in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these Dividends are not known in
+advance unlike bonds where you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance unlike bonds where you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance unlike bonds where you know the
+coupons in advance I don't know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupons in advance I don't know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupons in advance I don't know the
+dividends in advance so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividends in advance so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividends in advance so I'm going to
+have to guess I'm going to have to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to guess I'm going to have to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to guess I'm going to have to make
+a forecast as to what they are and let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a forecast as to what they are and let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a forecast as to what they are and let
+me let R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let R
+subt be the so-called risk adjusted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subt be the so-called risk adjusted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subt be the so-called risk adjusted
+return that is commensurate with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return that is commensurate with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return that is commensurate with the
+risks of the dividends that are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks of the dividends that are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks of the dividends that are there
+I'm going to wave my hands at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to wave my hands at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to wave my hands at this point
+uh as to how we get the dividend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as to how we get the dividend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as to how we get the dividend
+discount return the appropriate risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount return the appropriate risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount return the appropriate risk
+adjusted return but I'll come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusted return but I'll come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusted return but I'll come back to
+that uh in a few lectures when we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh in a few lectures when we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh in a few lectures when we go
+over methods for determining the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over methods for determining the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over methods for determining the
+appropriate risk adjustment okay but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate risk adjustment okay but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate risk adjustment okay but for
+now let's assume that we have it and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's assume that we have it and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's assume that we have it and we
+get it from the marketplace right just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it from the marketplace right just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it from the marketplace right just
+like we got the yield from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we got the yield from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we got the yield from the
+marketplace it's a sum total of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketplace it's a sum total of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketplace it's a sum total of
+everybody's fears uh uh expectations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's fears uh uh expectations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's fears uh uh expectations
+hopes and so on so with these components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopes and so on so with these components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopes and so on so with these components
+defined I'm now going to Simply write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined I'm now going to Simply write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined I'm now going to Simply write
+the price of my instrument as this value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price of my instrument as this value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price of my instrument as this value
+function of the future cash flows right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the future cash flows right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the future cash flows right
+that's the most General expression we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the most General expression we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the most General expression we
+started with on day one and given what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with on day one and given what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with on day one and given what
+we now know about present value and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now know about present value and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now know about present value and
+valuing cash flows that come in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuing cash flows that come in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuing cash flows that come in the
+future it's not a big leap of faith to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future it's not a big leap of faith to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future it's not a big leap of faith to
+put some structure on this valuation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put some structure on this valuation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put some structure on this valuation
+operator okay the value of this sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator okay the value of this sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator okay the value of this sequence
+of future cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of future cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of future cash
+flows is simply equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows is simply equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows is simply equal to the
+expectation today time T of future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation today time T of future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation today time T of future
+dividends out into the infinite future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividends out into the infinite future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividends out into the infinite future
+discounted back by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounted back by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounted back by the
+appropriate risk adjusted rate of return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate risk adjusted rate of return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate risk adjusted rate of return
+now you'll notice that the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you'll notice that the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you'll notice that the rate of
+return this R I've put a subscript t+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return this R I've put a subscript t+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return this R I've put a subscript t+
+one and t plus two and so on I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and t plus two and so on I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and t plus two and so on I'm
+explicitly recognizing the fact that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly recognizing the fact that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly recognizing the fact that the
+appropriate risk adjustment changes over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate risk adjustment changes over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate risk adjustment changes over
+time as market conditions change and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time as market conditions change and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time as market conditions change and as
+the business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the business
+changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes
+Okay so so it could be that the risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so so it could be that the risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so so it could be that the risk
+adjusted return for a one-year cash flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusted return for a one-year cash flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusted return for a one-year cash flow
+is this but the risk adjusted return for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this but the risk adjusted return for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this but the risk adjusted return for
+a two-year cash flow is different just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two-year cash flow is different just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two-year cash flow is different just
+like we have a yield curve for riskless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we have a yield curve for riskless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we have a yield curve for riskless
+bonds we may have a yield curve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds we may have a yield curve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds we may have a yield curve for
+risky cash flows okay and if I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risky cash flows okay and if I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risky cash flows okay and if I really
+wanted to be a masochist when it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to be a masochist when it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to be a masochist when it comes
+to notation what I could do is to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to notation what I could do is to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to notation what I could do is to have a
+double subscript that said say that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double subscript that said say that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double subscript that said say that this
+is the appropriate risk adjusted return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the appropriate risk adjusted return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the appropriate risk adjusted return
+between years T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between years T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between years T and
+t+1 uh and then this is between years T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t+1 uh and then this is between years T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t+1 uh and then this is between years T
+and T plus2 and so on because these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and T plus2 and so on because these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and T plus2 and so on because these
+discount rates may be completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount rates may be completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount rates may be completely
+different tomorrow in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different tomorrow in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different tomorrow in other words
+tomorrow's discount rate for a one-year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow's discount rate for a one-year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow's discount rate for a one-year
+cash flow may be different than today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flow may be different than today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flow may be different than today's
+discount rate for a one-year cash flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount rate for a one-year cash flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount rate for a one-year cash flow
+right so I can have a whole string of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I can have a whole string of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I can have a whole string of
+discount rates for today and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount rates for today and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount rates for today and a
+completely different string of discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different string of discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different string of discount
+rates for tomorrow and for every day in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates for tomorrow and for every day in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates for tomorrow and for every day in
+the future these things change all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future these things change all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future these things change all the
+time I think you'll see now why I told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I think you'll see now why I told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I think you'll see now why I told
+you earlier equities is a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you earlier equities is a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you earlier equities is a lot more
+complicated than fixed income uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than fixed income uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than fixed income uh
+instruments it's because there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments it's because there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments it's because there are two
+sources of uncertainty one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources of uncertainty one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources of uncertainty one is the
+discount rate and the other is the cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount rate and the other is the cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount rate and the other is the cash
+flows and moreover the discount rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows and moreover the discount rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows and moreover the discount rate
+that we're talking about it's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're talking about it's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're talking about it's not the
+risk-free discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk-free discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk-free discount
+rate but it's the risk adjusted discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate but it's the risk adjusted discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate but it's the risk adjusted discount
+rate and if risks change over time as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and if risks change over time as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and if risks change over time as
+certainly they have over the past even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly they have over the past even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly they have over the past even
+few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few
+days then the discount rate should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days then the discount rate should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days then the discount rate should
+change so in addition to the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so in addition to the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so in addition to the term
+structure effect of different yields we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure effect of different yields we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure effect of different yields we
+also have the risk effect of looking out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have the risk effect of looking out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have the risk effect of looking out
+into the future given current market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the future given current market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the future given current market
+conditions so while this expression is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so while this expression is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so while this expression is
+tidy and it looks nice and clean in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tidy and it looks nice and clean in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tidy and it looks nice and clean in
+order to turn this into an actual number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to turn this into an actual number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to turn this into an actual number
+that you can look at and decide gee do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can look at and decide gee do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can look at and decide gee do I
+want to invest in this stock is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to invest in this stock is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to invest in this stock is it
+undervalued or overvalued it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undervalued or overvalued it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undervalued or overvalued it's going to
+take a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a lot of
+work so before we get to that work I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so before we get to that work I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so before we get to that work I
+want to spend some time thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to spend some time thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to spend some time thinking about
+simpler things uh and try to come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler things uh and try to come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler things uh and try to come up
+with relatively simple implications of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with relatively simple implications of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with relatively simple implications of
+this relatively robust model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relatively robust model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relatively robust model
+question RT the riskiness of itself or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question RT the riskiness of itself or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question RT the riskiness of itself or
+is it Market the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it Market the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it Market the answer is
+yes it's both it's the riskiness of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it's both it's the riskiness of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it's both it's the riskiness of the
+company as well as the riskiness of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company as well as the riskiness of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company as well as the riskiness of the
+aggregate set of market conditions it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate set of market conditions it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate set of market conditions it's
+both and so we have to figure out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both and so we have to figure out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both and so we have to figure out how
+that factors into uh into this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that factors into uh into this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that factors into uh into this equation
+that's going to take us a few lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to take us a few lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to take us a few lectures
+to get there but it's the answer is both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get there but it's the answer is both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get there but it's the answer is both
+yeah uh is would you say it's related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh is would you say it's related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh is would you say it's related to
+the riskiness of the expectation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the riskiness of the expectation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the riskiness of the expectation of the
+dividend being whatever it is at time T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividend being whatever it is at time T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividend being whatever it is at time T
+well if I were if I were to know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if I were if I were to know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if I were if I were to know that
+the first dividend is absolutely certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first dividend is absolutely certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first dividend is absolutely certain
+yeah but after that not so much uhhuh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but after that not so much uhhuh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but after that not so much uhhuh
+then could I replace RT with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then could I replace RT with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then could I replace RT with the
+risk-free rate but RT plus two with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk-free rate but RT plus two with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk-free rate but RT plus two with
+something else and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else and so forth
+um yes assuming that that dividend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yes assuming that that dividend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yes assuming that that dividend
+really was risk-free yes that's right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really was risk-free yes that's right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really was risk-free yes that's right so
+the idea behind the discount rate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea behind the discount rate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea behind the discount rate and
+and by the way I'm going to ask you I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way I'm going to ask you I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way I'm going to ask you I'm
+going to ask you to explain this to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ask you to explain this to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ask you to explain this to me
+so I'm going to say I'm going to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to say I'm going to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to say I'm going to make a
+statement and then I'm going to ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement and then I'm going to ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement and then I'm going to ask you
+to justify it okay the statement is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to justify it okay the statement is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to justify it okay the statement is this
+the discount rate that's used in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discount rate that's used in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discount rate that's used in the
+denominator of each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator of each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator of each of these
+fractions that discount rate has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions that discount rate has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions that discount rate has to be
+risk adjusted in a way to reflect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk adjusted in a way to reflect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk adjusted in a way to reflect the
+risks of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks of the
+numerator as well as General market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator as well as General market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator as well as General market
+conditions it has to be commensurate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions it has to be commensurate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions it has to be commensurate it
+with the risks of that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the risks of that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the risks of that particular
+numerator so if this numerator is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator so if this numerator is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator so if this numerator is much
+less risky than this numerator I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less risky than this numerator I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less risky than this numerator I would
+argue that you would have to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that you would have to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that you would have to use a
+different discount rate one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different discount rate one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different discount rate one that's
+higher for the more risky numerator than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher for the more risky numerator than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher for the more risky numerator than
+for the less risky now justify that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the less risky now justify that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the less risky now justify that for
+me why is that a reasonable thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me why is that a reasonable thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me why is that a reasonable thing to
+want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+right that's right you get more return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's right you get more return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's right you get more return
+on your capital for something of greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your capital for something of greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your capital for something of greater
+risk on average because you've got to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk on average because you've got to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk on average because you've got to be
+rewarded for bearing that risk and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewarded for bearing that risk and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewarded for bearing that risk and if
+you're not rewarded you're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not rewarded you're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not rewarded you're not going to
+take on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take on that
+risk how do you know that how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk how do you know that how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk how do you know that how do you
+know that you're going to get rewarded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you're going to get rewarded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you're going to get rewarded
+for taking on that risk where did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for taking on that risk where did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for taking on that risk where did you
+get that from besides me that's just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that from besides me that's just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that from besides me that's just the
+law of the Jungle I don't know you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law of the Jungle I don't know you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law of the Jungle I don't know you're
+you're right you're Absolut it's a law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right you're Absolut it's a law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right you're Absolut it's a law
+of the Jungle but in this case what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Jungle but in this case what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Jungle but in this case what is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+jungle exactly thank you the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jungle exactly thank you the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jungle exactly thank you the market
+excellent the market the market is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent the market the market is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent the market the market is the
+jungle from which you compete for scarce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jungle from which you compete for scarce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jungle from which you compete for scarce
+resources and in order to get your pet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources and in order to get your pet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources and in order to get your pet
+project funded you've got to provide the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project funded you've got to provide the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project funded you've got to provide the
+right incentives for people to buy into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right incentives for people to buy into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right incentives for people to buy into
+your project so that's the logic and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your project so that's the logic and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your project so that's the logic and the
+justification now let me go one step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justification now let me go one step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justification now let me go one step
+further and say suppose that you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further and say suppose that you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further and say suppose that you want to
+replicate these cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicate these cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicate these cash
+flows suppose that you want to create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows suppose that you want to create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows suppose that you want to create a
+portfolio that gives you these kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio that gives you these kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio that gives you these kind of
+cash flows well then you got to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flows well then you got to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flows well then you got to go to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+marketplace and figure out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketplace and figure out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketplace and figure out what the
+appropriate opportunity cost is for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate opportunity cost is for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate opportunity cost is for each
+of those cash flows and then discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those cash flows and then discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those cash flows and then discount
+them because that's what the market is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them because that's what the market is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them because that's what the market is
+charging for those cash flows so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging for those cash flows so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging for those cash flows so that's
+why you have to get the appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you have to get the appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you have to get the appropriate
+discount rate matched to the appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount rate matched to the appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount rate matched to the appropriate
+cash flow right it comes straight out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flow right it comes straight out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flow right it comes straight out of
+what we learned about Bond pricing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we learned about Bond pricing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we learned about Bond pricing but
+now we're adding an extra Dimension risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're adding an extra Dimension risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're adding an extra Dimension risk
+and and I'm I'm not going to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I'm I'm not going to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I'm I'm not going to be able to
+talk about it in any more detail than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about it in any more detail than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about it in any more detail than
+this until we put more quantitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this until we put more quantitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this until we put more quantitative
+structure on what we even mean by risk I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure on what we even mean by risk I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure on what we even mean by risk I
+mean you you all take for granted when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you you all take for granted when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you you all take for granted when I
+say risk you say yes you understand what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say risk you say yes you understand what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say risk you say yes you understand what
+risk is but in order for us to justify a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk is but in order for us to justify a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk is but in order for us to justify a
+particular expression for how to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular expression for how to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular expression for how to make
+that kind of adjustment we have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of adjustment we have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of adjustment we have to be
+very specific about how to measure risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific about how to measure risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific about how to measure risk
+so in about three or four lectures I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in about three or four lectures I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in about three or four lectures I'm
+going to actually propose a method for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to actually propose a method for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to actually propose a method for
+meas ing risk and once we have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meas ing risk and once we have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meas ing risk and once we have that
+method in hand we can then make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method in hand we can then make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method in hand we can then make that
+risk adjustment extremely explicitly I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk adjustment extremely explicitly I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk adjustment extremely explicitly I'm
+going to give you a formula that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you a formula that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you a formula that you can
+actually compute in an Excel spreadsheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually compute in an Excel spreadsheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually compute in an Excel spreadsheet
+that will tell you exactly whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will tell you exactly whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will tell you exactly whether the
+number should be 6.5% or 7.3% or 88.9%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number should be 6.5% or 7.3% or 88.9%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number should be 6.5% or 7.3% or 88.9%
+you're going to actually see how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to actually see how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to actually see how to do
+that yourself yeah this formula isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yourself yeah this formula isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yourself yeah this formula isn't
+implying that there's like a Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implying that there's like a Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implying that there's like a Time
+structure to when out the time between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure to when out the time between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure to when out the time between
+t+1 and T plus2 doesn't have to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t+1 and T plus2 doesn't have to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t+1 and T plus2 doesn't have to be the
+same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as
+correct correct it doesn't have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct correct it doesn't have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct correct it doesn't have to be
+the same uh and if it's not the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same uh and if it's not the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same uh and if it's not the same
+then the difference in Horizon should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the difference in Horizon should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the difference in Horizon should be
+reflected by the implicit uh size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected by the implicit uh size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected by the implicit uh size of
+that discount rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that discount rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that discount rate
+yeah right the compan B you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right the compan B you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right the compan B you
+know dividend well you tell me can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know dividend well you tell me can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know dividend well you tell me can we
+use the company's bond yield to use as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the company's bond yield to use as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the company's bond yield to use as a
+discount rate for the equity well that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount rate for the equity well that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount rate for the equity well that
+depends depends on whether or not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends depends on whether or not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends depends on whether or not the
+equity and the bond are of comparable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity and the bond are of comparable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity and the bond are of comparable
+risk right remember it's not the company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk right remember it's not the company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk right remember it's not the company
+that determines the discount rate it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that determines the discount rate it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that determines the discount rate it's
+not the company or rather it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the company or rather it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the company or rather it's not
+determined by Fiat or by announcement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by Fiat or by announcement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by Fiat or by announcement of
+a company's particular policies what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a company's particular policies what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a company's particular policies what
+determines the yield is the riskiness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines the yield is the riskiness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines the yield is the riskiness of
+that yield and the marketplace the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yield and the marketplace the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yield and the marketplace the
+market determines that particular price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market determines that particular price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market determines that particular price
+not the individual to or not the uses or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the individual to or not the uses or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the individual to or not the uses or
+not the sources of those funds of risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the sources of those funds of risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the sources of those funds of risk
+of the comp's bond yeah not reflect on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the comp's bond yeah not reflect on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the comp's bond yeah not reflect on
+the company Equity of course they do but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the company Equity of course they do but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the company Equity of course they do but
+they reflect in a very specific way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they reflect in a very specific way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they reflect in a very specific way
+we're going to talk about that when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about that when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about that when we
+get to the capital structure companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the capital structure companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the capital structure companies
+that have very high leverage are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have very high leverage are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have very high leverage are going
+to have more risky Equity than companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have more risky Equity than companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have more risky Equity than companies
+with very low leverage so the leverage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with very low leverage so the leverage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with very low leverage so the leverage
+does have an impact on the equity we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does have an impact on the equity we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does have an impact on the equity we're
+going to come to that uh in a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come to that uh in a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come to that uh in a little
+while there is a relationship all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while there is a relationship all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while there is a relationship all right
+but for now let's look at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for now let's look at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for now let's look at these
+Securities in isolation and not worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities in isolation and not worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities in isolation and not worry
+about it and I'm going to keep coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and I'm going to keep coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and I'm going to keep coming
+back to the idea that it's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the idea that it's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the idea that it's not the
+company that gets to determine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company that gets to determine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company that gets to determine the
+discount rate but rather it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount rate but rather it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount rate but rather it's the
+company's riskiness or rather the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company's riskiness or rather the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company's riskiness or rather the
+riskiness of the cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riskiness of the cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riskiness of the cash
+flows and the Market's assessment of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows and the Market's assessment of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows and the Market's assessment of the
+cost of that riskiness that determines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of that riskiness that determines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of that riskiness that determines
+the interest rate a few years ago uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interest rate a few years ago uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interest rate a few years ago uh
+there was a faculty member at um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a faculty member at um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a faculty member at um
+Carnegie melon who won a Nobel Prize and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carnegie melon who won a Nobel Prize and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carnegie melon who won a Nobel Prize and
+uh and you know uh it ended up that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and you know uh it ended up that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and you know uh it ended up that uh
+you know he was one of of the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know he was one of of the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know he was one of of the highest
+paid professors uh at the time and uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid professors uh at the time and uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid professors uh at the time and uh so
+he was being interviewed by the school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was being interviewed by the school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was being interviewed by the school
+newspaper and they said Professor so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspaper and they said Professor so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspaper and they said Professor so and
+so do you think it's appropriate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do you think it's appropriate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do you think it's appropriate that
+even though you've won an elbow prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though you've won an elbow prize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though you've won an elbow prize
+that uh that you should get paid twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh that you should get paid twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh that you should get paid twice
+as much as some of the other faculty who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much as some of the other faculty who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much as some of the other faculty who
+are in you know Nobel prize winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in you know Nobel prize winning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in you know Nobel prize winning
+physicists and Fields medalists in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists and Fields medalists in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists and Fields medalists in the
+math mathematics department and so on I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math mathematics department and so on I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math mathematics department and so on I
+mean do you think it's fair that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean do you think it's fair that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean do you think it's fair that your
+salary is twice as high as uh other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salary is twice as high as uh other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salary is twice as high as uh other
+people in the uh the school and uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the uh the school and uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the uh the school and uh the
+faculty member who is an economist said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty member who is an economist said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty member who is an economist said
+uh you know listen son the university
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know listen son the university
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know listen son the university
+does not determine my equilibrium salary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not determine my equilibrium salary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not determine my equilibrium salary
+uh they only determine what city I work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they only determine what city I work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they only determine what city I work
+in uh in other words the salary of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh in other words the salary of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh in other words the salary of an
+individual is not determined by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual is not determined by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual is not determined by that
+particular institution it's determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular institution it's determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular institution it's determined
+by the marketplace the marketplace bids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the marketplace the marketplace bids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the marketplace the marketplace bids
+on that faculty member and the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that faculty member and the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that faculty member and the highest
+bidder presumably will be able to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bidder presumably will be able to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bidder presumably will be able to get
+that faculty member uh the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that faculty member uh the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that faculty member uh the same thing
+with these cash flows it's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these cash flows it's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these cash flows it's not the
+company's debt or the company's weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company's debt or the company's weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company's debt or the company's weighted
+average cost of capital which we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average cost of capital which we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average cost of capital which we don't
+know what it is yet but I'll Define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what it is yet but I'll Define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what it is yet but I'll Define a
+little later on it's not the company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little later on it's not the company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little later on it's not the company
+that gets to choose what the discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets to choose what the discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets to choose what the discount
+rate is the question is given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is the question is given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is the question is given the
+riskiness of that cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riskiness of that cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riskiness of that cash
+flow what does the market tell me is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow what does the market tell me is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow what does the market tell me is the
+fair rate of return for that cash flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair rate of return for that cash flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair rate of return for that cash flow
+that's the number I want to plug into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the number I want to plug into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the number I want to plug into
+that denominator Yeah question market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that denominator Yeah question market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that denominator Yeah question market
+May determine the discount rate but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+May determine the discount rate but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+May determine the discount rate but the
+company determin the growth rate of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company determin the growth rate of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company determin the growth rate of the
+dividend right they get to decide what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividend right they get to decide what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividend right they get to decide what
+the dividend is well they get to decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dividend is well they get to decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dividend is well they get to decide
+what the dividend is subject to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the dividend is subject to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the dividend is subject to their
+ability to pay that dividend but if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to pay that dividend but if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to pay that dividend but if it
+turns out that they make a bad decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that they make a bad decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that they make a bad decision
+and they pay out all the dividends and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they pay out all the dividends and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they pay out all the dividends and
+they have no more money and they can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have no more money and they can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have no more money and they can't
+grow the company anymore then who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow the company anymore then who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow the company anymore then who
+determines what's worth what's worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines what's worth what's worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines what's worth what's worth
+what ultimately the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what ultimately the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what ultimately the
+market the market is the final Arbiter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market the market is the final Arbiter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market the market is the final Arbiter
+in all of these calculations at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all of these calculations at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all of these calculations at least
+that's the the theory of Finance that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the the theory of Finance that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the the theory of Finance that's
+the basic plain vanilla frictionless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic plain vanilla frictionless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic plain vanilla frictionless
+model okay it's the market that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model okay it's the market that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model okay it's the market that
+determines these interest rates later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines these interest rates later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines these interest rates later on
+after we go through the basics and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we go through the basics and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we go through the basics and you
+understand the frictionless model I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the frictionless model I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the frictionless model I'm
+going to introduce frictions and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to introduce frictions and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to introduce frictions and then
+you'll see what impact corporate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see what impact corporate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see what impact corporate
+policies have uh on these implications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies have uh on these implications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies have uh on these implications
+in some cases corporate directors can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases corporate directors can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases corporate directors can
+actually do a lot of harm uh by making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do a lot of harm uh by making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do a lot of harm uh by making
+suboptimal decisions that go against the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suboptimal decisions that go against the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suboptimal decisions that go against the
+market uh in other cases You could argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market uh in other cases You could argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market uh in other cases You could argue
+that corporate decision makers know more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corporate decision makers know more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corporate decision makers know more
+than the market and are able to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the market and are able to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the market and are able to make
+bets that the market is not capable of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bets that the market is not capable of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bets that the market is not capable of
+doing that's certainly possible because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that's certainly possible because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that's certainly possible because
+who knows the company better than you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows the company better than you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows the company better than you do
+although a markets expert would say it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although a markets expert would say it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although a markets expert would say it's
+not knowing the company that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not knowing the company that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not knowing the company that will
+determine the value of the company it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the value of the company it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the value of the company it's
+knowing how that company compares to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing how that company compares to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing how that company compares to all
+the other companies that are out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other companies that are out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other companies that are out there
+that determines the value of the company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that determines the value of the company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that determines the value of the company
+and you as the corporate Insider may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you as the corporate Insider may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you as the corporate Insider may
+know your business very well but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know your business very well but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know your business very well but you
+don't know how you stack up against the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how you stack up against the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how you stack up against the
+25 other businesses in your industry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 other businesses in your industry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 other businesses in your industry and
+we the market know better than you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we the market know better than you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we the market know better than you the
+individual that that's the argument that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual that that's the argument that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual that that's the argument that
+would be made against that in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be made against that in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be made against that in the case
+of prevalance stocks can I use the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of prevalance stocks can I use the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of prevalance stocks can I use the same
+formula uh we're going to get to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula uh we're going to get to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula uh we're going to get to that
+we're going to talk about preferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about preferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about preferred
+stocks that's separate issue uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks that's separate issue uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks that's separate issue uh
+preferred stocks have a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred stocks have a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred stocks have a different
+priority of claim and that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority of claim and that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority of claim and that's going to
+require uh some uh slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require uh some uh slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require uh some uh slightly different
+modifications to this formula yep so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifications to this formula yep so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifications to this formula yep so I
+had a question about the expected value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a question about the expected value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a question about the expected value
+so yesterday an example yes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yesterday an example yes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yesterday an example yes you
+discounted the, to 900 the E so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounted the, to 900 the E so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounted the, to 900 the E so what
+else do you need to Discount in the r to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else do you need to Discount in the r to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else do you need to Discount in the r to
+account for the risk well I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for the risk well I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for the risk well I mean you
+have to take into account the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to take into account the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to take into account the fact that
+there are other competing opportunities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other competing opportunities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other competing opportunities
+for this particular project in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this particular project in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this particular project in the
+marketplace and so it's not just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketplace and so it's not just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketplace and so it's not just the
+risk of this project but rather how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk of this project but rather how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk of this project but rather how the
+risk of this project Stacks up against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk of this project Stacks up against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk of this project Stacks up against
+the risks of all other possible projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risks of all other possible projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risks of all other possible projects
+that you would be competing for in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would be competing for in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would be competing for in the
+open market let me put it you this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open market let me put it you this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open market let me put it you this way
+let's do a simple thought experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do a simple thought experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do a simple thought experiment
+suppose that instead of of uh these as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that instead of of uh these as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that instead of of uh these as
+being dividend streams for a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being dividend streams for a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being dividend streams for a given
+company let's do the following thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company let's do the following thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company let's do the following thought
+experiment let's imagine doing a strip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment let's imagine doing a strip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment let's imagine doing a strip
+okay you all know what strips are now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you all know what strips are now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you all know what strips are now
+right so let's think about stripping out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's think about stripping out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's think about stripping out
+dividends okay it's a very weird thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividends okay it's a very weird thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividends okay it's a very weird thought
+experiment granted but just bear with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment granted but just bear with me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment granted but just bear with me
+let's suppose that instead of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose that instead of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose that instead of one
+company I generate an Infinity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company I generate an Infinity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company I generate an Infinity of
+companies each company lives only for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies each company lives only for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies each company lives only for
+one dividend payment after which it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dividend payment after which it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dividend payment after which it gets
+liquidated so each of these cash flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidated so each of these cash flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidated so each of these cash flows
+dt+ one DT plus2 each one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt+ one DT plus2 each one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt+ one DT plus2 each one of these
+things is an separate and independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is an separate and independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is an separate and independent
+company that gets liquidated right after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company that gets liquidated right after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company that gets liquidated right after
+it pays the dividend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it pays the dividend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it pays the dividend
+okay now how would you value a portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now how would you value a portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now how would you value a portfolio
+of all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all of these
+companies well you would do this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies well you would do this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies well you would do this right
+for each company you would figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each company you would figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each company you would figure out
+what the appropriate discount rate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the appropriate discount rate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the appropriate discount rate is
+and the appropriate discount rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the appropriate discount rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the appropriate discount rate
+reflects not just the time value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects not just the time value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects not just the time value of
+money but the appropriate riskiness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money but the appropriate riskiness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money but the appropriate riskiness of
+that cash flow for example if I took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cash flow for example if I took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cash flow for example if I took
+that company let let's let's actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that company let let's let's actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that company let let's let's actually do
+a thought experiment of how we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thought experiment of how we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thought experiment of how we do that
+let's go through the motions okay I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go through the motions okay I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go through the motions okay I've
+got a piece of paper that is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a piece of paper that is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a piece of paper that is something
+that funds uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that funds uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that funds uh
+nanotechnology uh in a very specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanotechnology uh in a very specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanotechnology uh in a very specific
+application and this company is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application and this company is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application and this company is going to
+require a certain amount of investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require a certain amount of investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require a certain amount of investment
+and then it'll pay off all of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it'll pay off all of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it'll pay off all of its
+earnings in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnings in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnings in
+2013 December and then it'll liquidate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2013 December and then it'll liquidate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2013 December and then it'll liquidate
+and be done with okay that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be done with okay that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be done with okay that's the
+company how do I figure out the price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company how do I figure out the price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company how do I figure out the price of
+the company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+today anybody how do I figure out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today anybody how do I figure out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today anybody how do I figure out the
+price I have this piece of paper that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price I have this piece of paper that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price I have this piece of paper that
+says in 2013 the company will liquidate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says in 2013 the company will liquidate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says in 2013 the company will liquidate
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+I want to know what the price is what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to know what the price is what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to know what the price is what's
+the first thing you would do with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing you would do with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing you would do with that
+proposal if you got it in the mail what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposal if you got it in the mail what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposal if you got it in the mail what
+would you want to know yeah I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you want to know yeah I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you want to know yeah I want to
+know like if there is a security I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like if there is a security I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like if there is a security I can
+buy in the market not a company but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy in the market not a company but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy in the market not a company but a
+paper which has the same risk return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper which has the same risk return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper which has the same risk return
+profile I look at the Mark price for why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile I look at the Mark price for why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile I look at the Mark price for why
+would you do that because there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you do that because there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you do that because there's no
+reason I would go through the the hassle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I would go through the the hassle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I would go through the the hassle
+and friction as you call it of making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and friction as you call it of making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and friction as you call it of making a
+new company if I could just go online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new company if I could just go online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new company if I could just go online
+and buy it right that's one logic but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and buy it right that's one logic but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and buy it right that's one logic but
+another logic is that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another logic is that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another logic is that you have
+your money looking for a home you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your money looking for a home you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your money looking for a home you can
+put it in this new venture or you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in this new venture or you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in this new venture or you can
+put it in this existing company and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in this existing company and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in this existing company and if
+they're comparable then at least you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're comparable then at least you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're comparable then at least you
+have some sense of what it's worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some sense of what it's worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some sense of what it's worth
+exactly in order to figure out whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly in order to figure out whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly in order to figure out whether
+or not you can get a comparable security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not you can get a comparable security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not you can get a comparable security
+you need to know what the cash flow is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know what the cash flow is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know what the cash flow is
+for that nanotechnology startup right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that nanotechnology startup right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that nanotechnology startup right so
+so you might think first about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might think first about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might think first about
+estimating the expected cash flow in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating the expected cash flow in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating the expected cash flow in the
+liquidating dividend in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidating dividend in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidating dividend in
+2013 okay so you you calc calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2013 okay so you you calc calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2013 okay so you you calc calculate the
+numerator all right and you find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator all right and you find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator all right and you find a
+company out there that has that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company out there that has that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company out there that has that same
+kind of cash flow you have to find one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of cash flow you have to find one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of cash flow you have to find one
+that has the same profile so it does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has the same profile so it does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has the same profile so it does it
+in 2013 at which point it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2013 at which point it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2013 at which point it gets
+liquidated but let's even forget about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidated but let's even forget about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidated but let's even forget about
+suppose we didn't have such a company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we didn't have such a company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we didn't have such a company
+suppose we didn't have an existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we didn't have an existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we didn't have an existing
+security so this is literally a fresh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security so this is literally a fresh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security so this is literally a fresh
+start you've got a piece of paper that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start you've got a piece of paper that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start you've got a piece of paper that
+gives you the claim to a company that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the claim to a company that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the claim to a company that
+liquidates in 2013 with one cash flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidates in 2013 with one cash flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidates in 2013 with one cash flow
+only and now you've estimated that cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only and now you've estimated that cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only and now you've estimated that cash
+flow to be approximately $27
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+million okay so now you've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million okay so now you've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million okay so now you've got the
+numerator a piece of paper that pays $27
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator a piece of paper that pays $27
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator a piece of paper that pays $27
+million how do you figure out its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million how do you figure out its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million how do you figure out its
+price what would you do yeah calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price what would you do yeah calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price what would you do yeah calculate
+the risk that it's going to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risk that it's going to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risk that it's going to go to
+business also the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business also the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business also the the
+time okay and you've done that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay and you've done that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay and you've done that and
+that's the $27 million Val right the $27
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the $27 million Val right the $27
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the $27 million Val right the $27
+million includes the probability that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million includes the probability that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million includes the probability that it
+actually zero so the expected value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually zero so the expected value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually zero so the expected value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million how would you go about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million how would you go about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million how would you go about
+yeah would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah would
+actually 27 milon liquidates value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually 27 milon liquidates value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually 27 milon liquidates value of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+assets the liquidation value is the 27
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets the liquidation value is the 27
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets the liquidation value is the 27
+million on average so no no no it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million on average so no no no it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million on average so no no no it's just
+one payment 27 million on expectation oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one payment 27 million on expectation oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one payment 27 million on expectation oh
+it may be two possibilities maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may be two possibilities maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may be two possibilities maybe you
+either get you know 54 million with 50%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either get you know 54 million with 50%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either get you know 54 million with 50%
+probability or nothing with 50%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability or nothing with 50%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability or nothing with 50%
+probability so the expectation is 27
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability so the expectation is 27
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability so the expectation is 27
+million what would you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah suppose you don't know what to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah suppose you don't know what to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah suppose you don't know what to use
+suppose you want to figure out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you want to figure out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you want to figure out what the
+price is yeah I know what you mean but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price is yeah I know what you mean but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price is yeah I know what you mean but
+suppose that you didn't have that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that you didn't have that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that you didn't have that what
+would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do curve just to get an idea what in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do curve just to get an idea what in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do curve just to get an idea what in
+2010 uh is either a risk-free security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2010 uh is either a risk-free security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2010 uh is either a risk-free security
+or security with that same credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or security with that same credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or security with that same credit
+risk what discount that okay discounted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk what discount that okay discounted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk what discount that okay discounted
+by you could do that but now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by you could do that but now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by you could do that but now we're
+getting more and more complicated isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting more and more complicated isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting more and more complicated isn't
+there an easier way to figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there an easier way to figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there an easier way to figure out what
+the price is exactly you know let's let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price is exactly you know let's let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price is exactly you know let's let
+the market decide auction it off now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market decide auction it off now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market decide auction it off now
+when you auction it off you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you auction it off you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you auction it off you take the
+highest bidder right and you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest bidder right and you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest bidder right and you get a
+number I don't what that number is but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number I don't what that number is but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number I don't what that number is but
+let's just say the number is I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just say the number is I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just say the number is I don't
+know 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 15
+million you've got somebody who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million you've got somebody who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million you've got somebody who's
+willing to pay 15 million today for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to pay 15 million today for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to pay 15 million today for a
+cash flow that gives them expected 27
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flow that gives them expected 27
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flow that gives them expected 27
+million uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million uh in
+2013 with those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2013 with those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2013 with those two
+numbers that gives you R doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that gives you R doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that gives you R doesn't
+it that's how R is established it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's how R is established it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's how R is established it's
+established in the exact same way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established in the exact same way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established in the exact same way that
+we establish R for riskless bonds the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we establish R for riskless bonds the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we establish R for riskless bonds the
+way that us treasuries ended up being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that us treasuries ended up being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that us treasuries ended up being
+three basis points on September 18th was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three basis points on September 18th was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three basis points on September 18th was
+basically tons of people wanted to buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically tons of people wanted to buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically tons of people wanted to buy
+these Securities bidding down the yield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Securities bidding down the yield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Securities bidding down the yield
+and bidding up the price so if we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bidding up the price so if we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bidding up the price so if we had
+this piece of paper that paid only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece of paper that paid only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece of paper that paid only one
+dividend in 2013 and we auctioned it off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividend in 2013 and we auctioned it off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividend in 2013 and we auctioned it off
+we would get a yield the yield would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would get a yield the yield would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would get a yield the yield would be
+a risk adjusted yield I don't know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a risk adjusted yield I don't know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a risk adjusted yield I don't know how
+the risk adjustment got made so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risk adjustment got made so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risk adjustment got made so you
+could be quite right that you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be quite right that you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be quite right that you take the
+base the risk-free yield and you add on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base the risk-free yield and you add on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base the risk-free yield and you add on
+top of that a credit spread and who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of that a credit spread and who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of that a credit spread and who
+knows what the point is the market did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what the point is the market did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what the point is the market did
+it for us okay so what I'm getting after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for us okay so what I'm getting after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for us okay so what I'm getting after
+with this formula is I want to use those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this formula is I want to use those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this formula is I want to use those
+discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount
+rates that are determined by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates that are determined by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates that are determined by the
+marketplace because if ever I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketplace because if ever I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketplace because if ever I have to
+sell my company If Ever I have to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell my company If Ever I have to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell my company If Ever I have to take
+this company and break it apart and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this company and break it apart and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this company and break it apart and get
+rid of it and the market is going to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of it and the market is going to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of it and the market is going to pay
+me for it the way that the market is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me for it the way that the market is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me for it the way that the market is
+going to evaluate the different pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to evaluate the different pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to evaluate the different pieces
+is just the way that I described they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the way that I described they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the way that I described they
+got to look at each cash flow look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to look at each cash flow look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to look at each cash flow look at
+how risky it is look at the opportun un
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how risky it is look at the opportun un
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how risky it is look at the opportun un
+cost of other Investments that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of other Investments that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of other Investments that they
+could get the same risk return profile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get the same risk return profile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get the same risk return profile
+for and they'll pay that amount which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and they'll pay that amount which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and they'll pay that amount which
+will implicitly give me the appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will implicitly give me the appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will implicitly give me the appropriate
+yield yeah implicit in me purchasing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield yeah implicit in me purchasing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield yeah implicit in me purchasing a
+stock with this calculation yeah do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock with this calculation yeah do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock with this calculation yeah do I
+have to assume that this calculation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to assume that this calculation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to assume that this calculation is
+wrong because why would I pay out money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong because why would I pay out money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong because why would I pay out money
+for something that's going to be exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something that's going to be exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something that's going to be exactly
+the same kind of discounted cash flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same kind of discounted cash flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same kind of discounted cash flow
+back to right now so that's a good point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to right now so that's a good point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to right now so that's a good point
+let me repeat the question the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me repeat the question the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me repeat the question the question
+is why in order for you to buy the stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why in order for you to buy the stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why in order for you to buy the stock
+would you have to assume that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you have to assume that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you have to assume that this is
+wrong or rather that the market price is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong or rather that the market price is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong or rather that the market price is
+not equal to this well the answer is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equal to this well the answer is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equal to this well the answer is no
+you don't have to although if you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to although if you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to although if you did
+that would provide a motivation for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would provide a motivation for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would provide a motivation for you
+to want to do want to do that but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to want to do want to do that but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to want to do want to do that but it
+could be that you simply want the risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be that you simply want the risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be that you simply want the risk
+and reward of this particular cash flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reward of this particular cash flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reward of this particular cash flow
+what's wrong with that suppose that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's wrong with that suppose that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's wrong with that suppose that this
+security is fairly priced so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security is fairly priced so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security is fairly priced so this
+equation at the very bottom says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation at the very bottom says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation at the very bottom says that
+the price of the security is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price of the security is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price of the security is equal to
+the present value of all the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the present value of all the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the present value of all the future
+expected cash flows discounted at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected cash flows discounted at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected cash flows discounted at the
+fair rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair rate of
+return that's a perfectly reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return that's a perfectly reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return that's a perfectly reasonable
+thing for somebody to want to invest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for somebody to want to invest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for somebody to want to invest in
+if they like that kind of risk reward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they like that kind of risk reward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they like that kind of risk reward
+combination so some people want to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination so some people want to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination so some people want to put
+their money in Google and some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their money in Google and some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their money in Google and some people
+want to put their money in IBM and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to put their money in IBM and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to put their money in IBM and some
+people want to put their money in US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people want to put their money in US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people want to put their money in US
+steel those are different companies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel those are different companies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel those are different companies that
+have different r of return based upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different r of return based upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different r of return based upon
+their different risks and cash flows and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their different risks and cash flows and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their different risks and cash flows and
+even if those things are fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if those things are fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if those things are fairly
+priced it's not like you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priced it's not like you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priced it's not like you're going to
+make no money you're going to make money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make no money you're going to make money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make no money you're going to make money
+based upon the fair market rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based upon the fair market rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based upon the fair market rate of
+return for that security Now if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return for that security Now if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return for that security Now if you
+think you've got a better mouse trap and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you've got a better mouse trap and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you've got a better mouse trap and
+you can identify mispriced Securities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can identify mispriced Securities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can identify mispriced Securities
+that gives you a whole another reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you a whole another reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you a whole another reason
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+investing but even without any mistakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing but even without any mistakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing but even without any mistakes
+being made even with if market prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being made even with if market prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being made even with if market prices
+are perfectly Fair people want to invest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are perfectly Fair people want to invest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are perfectly Fair people want to invest
+because they want the return that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they want the return that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they want the return that those
+kind of Investments give them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Investments give them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Investments give them
+right okay so let's consider some simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so let's consider some simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so let's consider some simple
+cases in order for us to really make use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases in order for us to really make use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases in order for us to really make use
+of this formula which at this level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this formula which at this level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this formula which at this level of
+generality really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generality really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generality really is
+useless let's try to simplify and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useless let's try to simplify and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useless let's try to simplify and see
+what we get and we're going to simplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we get and we're going to simplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we get and we're going to simplify
+in the ways that we've done before let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ways that we've done before let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ways that we've done before let's
+assume that dividends are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that dividends are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that dividends are
+fixed throughout time and given by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed throughout time and given by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed throughout time and given by a
+number D okay and let's assume that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number D okay and let's assume that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number D okay and let's assume that the
+risks don't change over time and are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks don't change over time and are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks don't change over time and are
+given by a discount rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by a discount rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by a discount rate
+R well if you fix D and you fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R well if you fix D and you fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R well if you fix D and you fix
+R magically what you get is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R magically what you get is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R magically what you get is that the
+price of the security is equal to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of the security is equal to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of the security is equal to our
+old friend the perpetuity formula D over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old friend the perpetuity formula D over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old friend the perpetuity formula D over
+R okay not that surprising if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R okay not that surprising if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R okay not that surprising if you have a
+constant stream of dividends with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant stream of dividends with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant stream of dividends with a
+constant discount rate then the price is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant discount rate then the price is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant discount rate then the price is
+equal to D over R now again this may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to D over R now again this may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to D over R now again this may
+seem totally trivial to you but it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem totally trivial to you but it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem totally trivial to you but it does
+provide a very interesting observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide a very interesting observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide a very interesting observation
+number one the price of common stock is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one the price of common stock is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one the price of common stock is
+an increasing function of the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an increasing function of the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an increasing function of the expected
+cash flows in the form of future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flows in the form of future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flows in the form of future
+dividends so if you expect there to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividends so if you expect there to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividends so if you expect there to be
+higher dividends going forward the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher dividends going forward the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher dividends going forward the price
+should go up and if you expect lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go up and if you expect lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go up and if you expect lower
+dividends going forward the price should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividends going forward the price should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividends going forward the price should
+go down so that's a nice Insight another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down so that's a nice Insight another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down so that's a nice Insight another
+insight though is that the price of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight though is that the price of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight though is that the price of a
+stock is inversely proportional to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock is inversely proportional to its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock is inversely proportional to its
+discount rate if interest rates go up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount rate if interest rates go up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount rate if interest rates go up in
+general if interest rates go up what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general if interest rates go up what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general if interest rates go up what
+should happen to the stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should happen to the stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should happen to the stock
+price exactly it should go down there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price exactly it should go down there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price exactly it should go down there
+are two ways of thinking about it one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two ways of thinking about it one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two ways of thinking about it one is
+that future cash flows are going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that future cash flows are going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that future cash flows are going to have
+to be discounted at a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be discounted at a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be discounted at a higher
+price or two the demand for stocks will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price or two the demand for stocks will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price or two the demand for stocks will
+not be as great because now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be as great because now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be as great because now the
+opportunity for earning higher return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for earning higher return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for earning higher return
+exists in other Securities like bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists in other Securities like bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists in other Securities like bonds
+and so that will reduce the demand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that will reduce the demand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that will reduce the demand for
+stocks the price will come down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks the price will come down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks the price will come down
+right so that's a very nice model but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's a very nice model but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's a very nice model but we
+can make it a little bit nicer by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make it a little bit nicer by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make it a little bit nicer by
+allowing the dividends to grow so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing the dividends to grow so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing the dividends to grow so now
+suppose you have a growth company a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have a growth company a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have a growth company a
+company where the Dividends are expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company where the Dividends are expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company where the Dividends are expected
+to grow at a rate of G every period Well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grow at a rate of G every period Well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grow at a rate of G every period Well
+then once again we have our old friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then once again we have our old friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then once again we have our old friend
+the perpetuity with growing coupons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perpetuity with growing coupons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perpetuity with growing coupons
+right d over R minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right d over R minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right d over R minus
+G and now as I think I alluded to early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G and now as I think I alluded to early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G and now as I think I alluded to early
+on when we went through this formula we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on when we went through this formula we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on when we went through this formula we
+have in this very very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in this very very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in this very very simple
+expression one explanation for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression one explanation for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression one explanation for the
+technology bubble both how it got so big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology bubble both how it got so big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology bubble both how it got so big
+and secondly how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and secondly how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and secondly how it
+burst if R is close to G if the growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burst if R is close to G if the growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burst if R is close to G if the growth
+rate is very large you're going to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is very large you're going to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is very large you're going to get a
+very big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very big
+price and if there are rapid changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and if there are rapid changes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and if there are rapid changes in
+what people expect G to be or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people expect G to be or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people expect G to be or what
+people estimate G to be you can get very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people estimate G to be you can get very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people estimate G to be you can get very
+rapid shocks in the level of prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid shocks in the level of prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid shocks in the level of prices
+including price run-ups and then crashes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including price run-ups and then crashes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including price run-ups and then crashes
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+yeah what kind of confuses me is that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what kind of confuses me is that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what kind of confuses me is that uh
+I mean yeah so is R greater than g i r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean yeah so is R greater than g i r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean yeah so is R greater than g i r
+greater than G is necessary in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than G is necessary in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than G is necessary in order to
+get that closed form expression but is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that closed form expression but is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that closed form expression but is
+that is there any more meaning to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is there any more meaning to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is there any more meaning to that
+or is this just a mathematical thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is this just a mathematical thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is this just a mathematical thing
+there is meaning to that the meaning is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is meaning to that the meaning is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is meaning to that the meaning is
+actually quite simple and we alluded to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite simple and we alluded to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite simple and we alluded to
+it when we first went through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it when we first went through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it when we first went through this
+formula suppose that R were not greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula suppose that R were not greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula suppose that R were not greater
+than G suppose R were less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than G suppose R were less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than G suppose R were less than
+G what that's telling you is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G what that's telling you is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G what that's telling you is that the
+rate of growth of this security or this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of growth of this security or this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of growth of this security or this
+cash flow or this dividend the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flow or this dividend the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flow or this dividend the rate of
+growth is much faster than the interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth is much faster than the interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth is much faster than the interest
+rate right so you've got wealth that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate right so you've got wealth that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate right so you've got wealth that's
+growing over time faster than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing over time faster than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing over time faster than the
+interest rate which means that if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate which means that if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate which means that if it
+really is true that it'll last out into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is true that it'll last out into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is true that it'll last out into
+perpetuity then in very short order you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetuity then in very short order you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetuity then in very short order you
+should become bigger than the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should become bigger than the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should become bigger than the entire
+planet's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet's
+GDP right because you're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GDP right because you're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GDP right because you're going to be
+bigger than the interest rate so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than the interest rate so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than the interest rate so the
+rate at which Assets in the future are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate at which Assets in the future are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate at which Assets in the future are
+being deflated to the present is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being deflated to the present is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being deflated to the present is
+actually less than the rate at which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually less than the rate at which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually less than the rate at which
+you're growing your wealth pretty soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're growing your wealth pretty soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're growing your wealth pretty soon
+you're going to become you know richer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to become you know richer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to become you know richer
+than God himself and uh we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than God himself and uh we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than God himself and uh we know that
+that can't happen but isn't it that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can't happen but isn't it that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can't happen but isn't it that I
+mean so if you so right now the interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so if you so right now the interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so if you so right now the interest
+rate uh the inflation rate is greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate uh the inflation rate is greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate uh the inflation rate is greater
+than the interest rate for example right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the interest rate for example right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the interest rate for example right
+that's right now that's right now but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right now that's right now but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right now that's right now but
+this is out of to perpetuity do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is out of to perpetuity do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is out of to perpetuity do you
+believe that that's sustainable out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that that's sustainable out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that that's sustainable out of
+to perpetuity no well then this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to perpetuity no well then this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to perpetuity no well then this formula
+doesn't work this formula is a Formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work this formula is a Formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work this formula is a Formula
+that's predicated on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's predicated on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's predicated on
+Infinity not 10 years not 20 years you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity not 10 years not 20 years you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity not 10 years not 20 years you
+know as we mentioned when we went over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know as we mentioned when we went over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know as we mentioned when we went over
+the formula China has been growing at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula China has been growing at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula China has been growing at a
+rate of 10% for the last 15 years do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of 10% for the last 15 years do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of 10% for the last 15 years do you
+think 10% growth rate is sustainable if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think 10% growth rate is sustainable if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think 10% growth rate is sustainable if
+China continues to grow at 10% you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China continues to grow at 10% you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China continues to grow at 10% you know
+pretty soon we're all going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty soon we're all going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty soon we're all going to be
+speaking Mandarin I mean you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking Mandarin I mean you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking Mandarin I mean you know it's
+it's just not possible for for a country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just not possible for for a country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just not possible for for a country
+to both be reasonably sized and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to both be reasonably sized and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to both be reasonably sized and not
+totally dominant and to have rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally dominant and to have rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally dominant and to have rate of
+growth so much larger than what can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth so much larger than what can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth so much larger than what can be
+sustained over a long period of time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustained over a long period of time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustained over a long period of time and
+and so that's the key this is a Formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's the key this is a Formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's the key this is a Formula
+that's about Infinity it's not about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about Infinity it's not about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about Infinity it's not about
+five years or 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five years or 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five years or 10
+years okay other question oh okay so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years okay other question oh okay so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years okay other question oh okay so in
+this case the Gordon growth model uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case the Gordon growth model uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case the Gordon growth model uh
+allows us to get an expression that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to get an expression that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to get an expression that
+tells us if there are very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us if there are very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us if there are very very
+significant uh growth opportunities that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant uh growth opportunities that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant uh growth opportunities that
+can actually push up the price of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually push up the price of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually push up the price of a
+stock dramatically if somehow all of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock dramatically if somehow all of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock dramatically if somehow all of us
+decide that those growth opportunities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide that those growth opportunities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide that those growth opportunities
+no longer exist because we have new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer exist because we have new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer exist because we have new
+information then boom it disappears okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information then boom it disappears okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information then boom it disappears okay
+a good example of this is cold fusion I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good example of this is cold fusion I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good example of this is cold fusion I
+don't know how many of you remember uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how many of you remember uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how many of you remember uh
+15 or 20 years ago there was a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 or 20 years ago there was a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 or 20 years ago there was a big
+controversy about the the ponds and fman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversy about the the ponds and fman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversy about the the ponds and fman
+experiment where they did an they did an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment where they did an they did an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment where they did an they did an
+experiment where it seemed like they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment where it seemed like they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment where it seemed like they
+generated heat but heat not from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated heat but heat not from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated heat but heat not from a
+chemical reaction but from a nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reaction but from a nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reaction but from a nuclear
+reaction in a standard laboratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction in a standard laboratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction in a standard laboratory
+setting and typically you need very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting and typically you need very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting and typically you need very very
+unusual conditions to generate uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual conditions to generate uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual conditions to generate uh
+thermonuclear reactions that can that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermonuclear reactions that can that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermonuclear reactions that can that
+can create that kind of heat now in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can create that kind of heat now in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can create that kind of heat now in the
+end they were discredited and apparently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end they were discredited and apparently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end they were discredited and apparently
+although you know it's there's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although you know it's there's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although you know it's there's still
+controversy out there it doesn't seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversy out there it doesn't seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversy out there it doesn't seem
+like it was a nuclear reaction but if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it was a nuclear reaction but if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it was a nuclear reaction but if it
+were if it was possible to to generate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were if it was possible to to generate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were if it was possible to to generate a
+nuclear reaction at room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear reaction at room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear reaction at room
+temperature what that could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature what that could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature what that could have
+meant is that it would eliminate all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant is that it would eliminate all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant is that it would eliminate all of
+the energy problems of the world because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy problems of the world because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy problems of the world because
+you be able to run your car on tap water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you be able to run your car on tap water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you be able to run your car on tap water
+and the amount of energy in an ounce of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the amount of energy in an ounce of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the amount of energy in an ounce of
+tap water is enough to Fu your car for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tap water is enough to Fu your car for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tap water is enough to Fu your car for
+about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a
+year so think about it if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year so think about it if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year so think about it if that
+technology really were to have worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology really were to have worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology really were to have worked
+out what do you think the value of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what do you think the value of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what do you think the value of that
+would be what's the G in that case and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be what's the G in that case and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be what's the G in that case and
+you can understand why people people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can understand why people people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can understand why people people
+would have invested hundreds of billions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have invested hundreds of billions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have invested hundreds of billions
+of dollars into that kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dollars into that kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dollars into that kind of an
+opportunity if it were in fact a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity if it were in fact a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity if it were in fact a real
+opportunity there was a short time where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity there was a short time where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity there was a short time where
+we didn't know and during that time R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't know and during that time R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't know and during that time R
+minus G looked pretty small G looked big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus G looked pretty small G looked big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus G looked pretty small G looked big
+relative to R uh and so that created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to R uh and so that created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to R uh and so that created
+very very large swings in prices of both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very large swings in prices of both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very large swings in prices of both
+traditional energy companies like oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional energy companies like oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional energy companies like oil
+companies you can imagine what oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies you can imagine what oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies you can imagine what oil
+companies would be worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies would be worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies would be worth
+if we figured out how to run cars on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we figured out how to run cars on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we figured out how to run cars on
+water right that would you know maybe be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water right that would you know maybe be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water right that would you know maybe be
+justifiable uh you know in light of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justifiable uh you know in light of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justifiable uh you know in light of how
+much they've made over the years but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much they've made over the years but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much they've made over the years but the
+point is that it creates enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that it creates enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that it creates enormous
+opportunity and potential dislocation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity and potential dislocation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity and potential dislocation so
+that uh the expectations of the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the expectations of the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the expectations of the market
+matter a great deal and this is why this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter a great deal and this is why this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter a great deal and this is why this
+is how it it actually gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how it it actually gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how it it actually gets
+Incorporated now I'm going to take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Incorporated now I'm going to take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Incorporated now I'm going to take that
+equation and turn it around turn it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and turn it around turn it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and turn it around turn it on
+its head and it'll give us another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its head and it'll give us another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its head and it'll give us another
+insight into how to think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight into how to think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight into how to think about the
+discount rate and the value of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount rate and the value of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount rate and the value of uh
+corporations if the price of a stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations if the price of a stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations if the price of a stock
+today is given by D over R minus G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is given by D over R minus G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is given by D over R minus G
+then I can flip things around and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can flip things around and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can flip things around and say
+that R minus G is equal to D over P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that R minus G is equal to D over P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that R minus G is equal to D over P
+right the dividend price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the dividend price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the dividend price
+ratio is equal to R minus G or R the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio is equal to R minus G or R the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio is equal to R minus G or R the
+discount rate that I'm using for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount rate that I'm using for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount rate that I'm using for the
+cash flows is given by the dividend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flows is given by the dividend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flows is given by the dividend
+yield plus the rate of growth implicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield plus the rate of growth implicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield plus the rate of growth implicit
+in that that company's uh investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that that company's uh investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that that company's uh investment
+opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity
+set now why is this interesting well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set now why is this interesting well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set now why is this interesting well in
+order for you to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for you to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for you to understand the
+importance of this expression you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of this expression you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of this expression you have
+to realize that for many years stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to realize that for many years stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to realize that for many years stock
+analysts would look at a company's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysts would look at a company's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysts would look at a company's uh
+discount rate or cost of capital by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount rate or cost of capital by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount rate or cost of capital by
+simply using the dividend yield so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply using the dividend yield so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply using the dividend yield so in
+the exact same way that if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact same way that if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact same way that if you have a
+bond and you see what the coupons are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond and you see what the coupons are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond and you see what the coupons are
+and you take the coupon and divide it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you take the coupon and divide it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you take the coupon and divide it by
+the price that gives you a sense of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price that gives you a sense of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price that gives you a sense of what
+your rate of return is over a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your rate of return is over a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your rate of return is over a given
+period when you look at a stock and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period when you look at a stock and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period when you look at a stock and you
+want to ask the question how much am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to ask the question how much am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to ask the question how much am I
+earning on that stock what what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earning on that stock what what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earning on that stock what what is the
+rate of return on that stock for me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of return on that stock for me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of return on that stock for me the
+investor you take the dividends that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor you take the dividends that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor you take the dividends that you
+get paid every quarter and you take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get paid every quarter and you take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get paid every quarter and you take that
+dividend you divide it by the stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividend you divide it by the stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividend you divide it by the stock
+price and that gives you a sort of rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and that gives you a sort of rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and that gives you a sort of rate
+of return right because if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of return right because if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of return right because if you think
+about buying the stock for for a price p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about buying the stock for for a price p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about buying the stock for for a price p
+and then getting cash flows of D every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then getting cash flows of D every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then getting cash flows of D every
+quarter or every period Then your yield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter or every period Then your yield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter or every period Then your yield
+your rate of return is D over P that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your rate of return is D over P that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your rate of return is D over P that's
+called the dividend price Ratio or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the dividend price Ratio or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the dividend price Ratio or
+dividend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividend
+yield what this expression says is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield what this expression says is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield what this expression says is
+something that every MIT graduate knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that every MIT graduate knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that every MIT graduate knows
+uh in his or her heart which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in his or her heart which is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in his or her heart which is that
+technology adds value above and beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology adds value above and beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology adds value above and beyond
+what You observe in current cash flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what You observe in current cash flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what You observe in current cash flows
+it's not just a dividend that gives a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just a dividend that gives a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just a dividend that gives a
+company value it's the ability for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company value it's the ability for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company value it's the ability for
+companies to grow over time it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies to grow over time it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies to grow over time it's not
+just the company's current plant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the company's current plant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the company's current plant and
+equipment and operations that give it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment and operations that give it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment and operations that give it
+value it is all of the interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value it is all of the interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value it is all of the interesting
+wonderful Innovative creative ideas that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful Innovative creative ideas that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful Innovative creative ideas that
+are locked up in that company that may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are locked up in that company that may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are locked up in that company that may
+one day be implemented and allow it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one day be implemented and allow it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one day be implemented and allow it to
+grow far beyond the founders wildest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow far beyond the founders wildest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow far beyond the founders wildest
+dreams that also has to be factored into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreams that also has to be factored into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreams that also has to be factored into
+the rate of return of the company and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate of return of the company and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate of return of the company and
+this simple little dividend yield model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this simple little dividend yield model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this simple little dividend yield model
+tells us this it says that the required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us this it says that the required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us this it says that the required
+rate of return the risk adjusted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of return the risk adjusted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of return the risk adjusted
+discount rate the cost of capital the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount rate the cost of capital the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount rate the cost of capital the
+user cost whatever you want to call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user cost whatever you want to call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user cost whatever you want to call it
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+R has two pieces to it one is the cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R has two pieces to it one is the cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R has two pieces to it one is the cash
+that you get on a regular basis the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get on a regular basis the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get on a regular basis the
+dividends that the current operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividends that the current operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividends that the current operations
+generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate
+plus plus the growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus plus the growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus plus the growth
+opportunities of those dividends out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities of those dividends out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities of those dividends out
+into the infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the infinite
+future okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future okay
+now remember the way that we structured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remember the way that we structured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remember the way that we structured
+this dividend payment uh the way that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dividend payment uh the way that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dividend payment uh the way that we
+had our formula set up the Dividends are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had our formula set up the Dividends are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had our formula set up the Dividends are
+the dividends that get paid next period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dividends that get paid next period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dividends that get paid next period
+right if you go back and look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you go back and look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you go back and look at the
+formula this is the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula this is the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula this is the price
+today um and it's given by the dividends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today um and it's given by the dividends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today um and it's given by the dividends
+paid at time T plus1 So this price that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid at time T plus1 So this price that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid at time T plus1 So this price that
+I'm using in my notation is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm using in my notation is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm using in my notation is the
+current X dividend price meaning this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current X dividend price meaning this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current X dividend price meaning this
+period's dividend has been paid already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period's dividend has been paid already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period's dividend has been paid already
+and now the value to this piece of paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the value to this piece of paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the value to this piece of paper
+is the future dividend starting next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the future dividend starting next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the future dividend starting next
+period t+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period t+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period t+
+one so this when I say d is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so this when I say d is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so this when I say d is
+fixed it's fixed but it's getting paid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed it's fixed but it's getting paid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed it's fixed but it's getting paid
+next period okay so in this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next period okay so in this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next period okay so in this expression
+this D is actually next periods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this D is actually next periods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this D is actually next periods
+dividend but remember that when I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividend but remember that when I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividend but remember that when I'm
+trying to Value the company today I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to Value the company today I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to Value the company today I I
+don't observe next period's dividend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't observe next period's dividend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't observe next period's dividend
+which is random but I know how much was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is random but I know how much was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is random but I know how much was
+just paid in the most recent period so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just paid in the most recent period so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just paid in the most recent period so
+if I want to use D and there's growth I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want to use D and there's growth I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want to use D and there's growth I
+actually have to take the most recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to take the most recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to take the most recent
+dividend the one that just got paid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividend the one that just got paid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividend the one that just got paid and
+multiply that by 1 plus G to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply that by 1 plus G to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply that by 1 plus G to get the
+value of next period's dividend so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of next period's dividend so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of next period's dividend so
+that's why this expression I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why this expression I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why this expression I've
+corrected not corrected it's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrected not corrected it's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrected not corrected it's not that
+it's wrong it's just I've changed the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's wrong it's just I've changed the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's wrong it's just I've changed the uh
+the expression so that it is d sub Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expression so that it is d sub Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expression so that it is d sub Z
+which is the most recent dividend that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the most recent dividend that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the most recent dividend that
+was just paid multiplied by 1 plus G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just paid multiplied by 1 plus G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just paid multiplied by 1 plus G
+divided by P so I just do that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by P so I just do that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by P so I just do that you know
+when when you if you want to use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when you if you want to use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when you if you want to use this
+formula and by the way you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and by the way you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and by the way you can actually
+go out and use this now I would actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go out and use this now I would actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go out and use this now I would actually
+encourage you to use it go out and take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to use it go out and take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to use it go out and take
+a look at your favorite stock and take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look at your favorite stock and take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look at your favorite stock and take a
+look at it dividend yield you can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it dividend yield you can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it dividend yield you can find
+it on yahoofinance.com as well as other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on yahoofinance.com as well as other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on yahoofinance.com as well as other
+websites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+websites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+websites
+and then you make a guess as to what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you make a guess as to what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you make a guess as to what the
+appropriate growth rate is and try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate growth rate is and try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate growth rate is and try to
+figure out whether it fits this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out whether it fits this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out whether it fits this
+equation okay you can observe dividends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay you can observe dividends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay you can observe dividends
+you can observe today's price and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can observe today's price and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can observe today's price and you
+you have to make an assumption about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to make an assumption about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to make an assumption about
+what you think the growth rate is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you think the growth rate is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you think the growth rate is and
+when you plug that in that will give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you plug that in that will give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you plug that in that will give you
+an estimate of what the cost of capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an estimate of what the cost of capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an estimate of what the cost of capital
+is for that particular company yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for that particular company yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for that particular company yeah so
+like um I did this exercise without this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um I did this exercise without this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um I did this exercise without this
+form but with just the perpetuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form but with just the perpetuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form but with just the perpetuity
+formula over and it turns I mean every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula over and it turns I mean every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula over and it turns I mean every
+stock that I look at seems to be over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock that I look at seems to be over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock that I look at seems to be over
+seems to be more than the dividends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be more than the dividends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be more than the dividends
+divided by uh that's right exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by uh that's right exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by uh that's right exactly
+that's because why why is it if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because why why is it if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because why why is it if you just
+use D overp every single stock looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use D overp every single stock looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use D overp every single stock looks
+like it's overvalued what are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's overvalued what are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's overvalued what are you
+missing yeah exactly right you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing yeah exactly right you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing yeah exactly right you're
+missing G but then G turns out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing G but then G turns out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing G but then G turns out to be
+higher than r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than r
+right well no no no how did you get R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well no no no how did you get R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well no no no how did you get R
+okay okay we don't know we don't know R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay we don't know we don't know R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay we don't know we don't know R
+that's what we're trying to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're trying to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're trying to figure out
+right so if you just said you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you just said you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you just said you're looking
+at D overp and you're trying to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at D overp and you're trying to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at D overp and you're trying to figure
+out implicitly what that implies for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out implicitly what that implies for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out implicitly what that implies for the
+growth rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth rate of
+stocks take a look at this expression in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks take a look at this expression in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks take a look at this expression in
+the in light of future growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in light of future growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in light of future growth
+opportunities and you'll see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities and you'll see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities and you'll see that
+dividend yield is not the only Story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividend yield is not the only Story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividend yield is not the only Story
+You've got to use other Expressions uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You've got to use other Expressions uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You've got to use other Expressions uh
+yeah g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah g
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+dividend payment well it should be on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividend payment well it should be on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividend payment well it should be on an
+annualized well it should be on whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annualized well it should be on whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annualized well it should be on whatever
+cycle the dividends get paid so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle the dividends get paid so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle the dividends get paid so if
+dividends get paid quarterly then it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividends get paid quarterly then it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividends get paid quarterly then it's a
+quarterly growth rate if it's an annual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarterly growth rate if it's an annual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarterly growth rate if it's an annual
+payment then it's an annual growth rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment then it's an annual growth rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment then it's an annual growth rate
+so the the benefit of this expression is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the benefit of this expression is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the benefit of this expression is
+that there is no timing uh that's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is no timing uh that's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is no timing uh that's been
+assumed it's just whatever the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed it's just whatever the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed it's just whatever the the the
+periods are so if it's quarterly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods are so if it's quarterly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods are so if it's quarterly
+dividends use quarterly growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividends use quarterly growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividends use quarterly growth
+rate Yeah question we can't just go out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate Yeah question we can't just go out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate Yeah question we can't just go out
+and use this model on just on any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use this model on just on any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use this model on just on any
+company right doesn't the company have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company right doesn't the company have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company right doesn't the company have
+to I guess pay dividends and use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I guess pay dividends and use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I guess pay dividends and use
+dividends as perhaps a way to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividends as perhaps a way to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividends as perhaps a way to you know
+represent the of the company well yes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the of the company well yes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the of the company well yes so
+if it if it doesn't have dividends then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it if it doesn't have dividends then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it if it doesn't have dividends then
+this formula is not going to be all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula is not going to be all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula is not going to be all that
+interesting right d is going to be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting right d is going to be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting right d is going to be zero
+but remember this is not the current D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but remember this is not the current D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but remember this is not the current D
+this is the the steady state D and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the the steady state D and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the the steady state D and if
+companies are in the early part of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies are in the early part of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies are in the early part of their
+growth phase it's going to be hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth phase it's going to be hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth phase it's going to be hard to
+estimate what that steady state D is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate what that steady state D is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate what that steady state D is so
+there'll be other Expressions that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be other Expressions that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be other Expressions that that
+we're going to derive in a few minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to derive in a few minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to derive in a few minutes
+where we use accounting identities to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we use accounting identities to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we use accounting identities to
+relate dividends to earnings or to cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate dividends to earnings or to cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate dividends to earnings or to cash
+flows it used to be the case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows it used to be the case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows it used to be the case that
+instead of using dividends you would use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of using dividends you would use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of using dividends you would use
+earnings because even though companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnings because even though companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnings because even though companies
+that don't pay out dividends they still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't pay out dividends they still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't pay out dividends they still
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+earnings well that is until the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnings well that is until the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnings well that is until the internet
+came about right then you had companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came about right then you had companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came about right then you had companies
+that actually had no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually had no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually had no
+earnings uh so how do you value how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnings uh so how do you value how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnings uh so how do you value how do
+you valuate a company that has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you valuate a company that has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you valuate a company that has no
+dividends and has no earnings and has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividends and has no earnings and has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividends and has no earnings and has
+negative cash flows in fact if you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative cash flows in fact if you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative cash flows in fact if you use
+those models the more negative the cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those models the more negative the cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those models the more negative the cash
+flow the higher the value so something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow the higher the value so something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow the higher the value so something
+weird is going on it has to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird is going on it has to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird is going on it has to do with the
+fact that These Are Meant To Be steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that These Are Meant To Be steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that These Are Meant To Be steady
+state formulas and not formulas for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state formulas and not formulas for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state formulas and not formulas for
+individual time periods if there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual time periods if there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual time periods if there are
+individual time periods where you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual time periods where you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual time periods where you have
+zero cash flows or negative cash flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero cash flows or negative cash flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero cash flows or negative cash flows
+because of growth you'll have to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of growth you'll have to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of growth you'll have to make
+adjustments in the formulas and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustments in the formulas and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustments in the formulas and I'll
+show you how to do that in a few minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you how to do that in a few minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you how to do that in a few minutes
+yeah do you have to change the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah do you have to change the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah do you have to change the formula
+if say uh the board decides to change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if say uh the board decides to change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if say uh the board decides to change in
+fut period Well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fut period Well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fut period Well
+again this formula is really meant to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this formula is really meant to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this formula is really meant to be
+steady state dividends right so if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state dividends right so if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state dividends right so if they
+change the dividends what you should not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the dividends what you should not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the dividends what you should not
+use is this what you should go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use is this what you should go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use is this what you should go back and
+use which is going to be a bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use which is going to be a bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use which is going to be a bit more
+complicated uh is this the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated uh is this the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated uh is this the bottom
+equation right so this equation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right so this equation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right so this equation is
+always correct because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always correct because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always correct because this is
+completely General dividends at time t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely General dividends at time t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely General dividends at time t
+plus k out into the future and so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus k out into the future and so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus k out into the future and so if you
+know the future path of dividends or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the future path of dividends or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the future path of dividends or you
+have an expectation of what that future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an expectation of what that future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an expectation of what that future
+path is you can use this formula but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path is you can use this formula but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path is you can use this formula but
+look how difficult this is I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look how difficult this is I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look how difficult this is I mean you
+know think about how an equity analyst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know think about how an equity analyst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know think about how an equity analyst
+has to uh make his living they've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to uh make his living they've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to uh make his living they've got to
+figure out not only what the appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out not only what the appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out not only what the appropriate
+discount rate is which is hard enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount rate is which is hard enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount rate is which is hard enough
+but they've got to figure out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they've got to figure out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they've got to figure out what the
+appropriate path of dividends are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate path of dividends are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate path of dividends are not
+just what the dividends will be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what the dividends will be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what the dividends will be in
+steady state because they may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state because they may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state because they may not be
+able to do that they may want to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do that they may want to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do that they may want to figure
+out what the Dividends are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what the Dividends are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what the Dividends are going to be
+next year the year after the year after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next year the year after the year after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next year the year after the year after
+that so they there's a lot of work to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so they there's a lot of work to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so they there's a lot of work to be
+done it's hard it's hard work but more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it's hard it's hard work but more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it's hard it's hard work but more
+importantly it's not just hard work it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly it's not just hard work it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly it's not just hard work it's
+actually very inaccurate work in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very inaccurate work in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very inaccurate work in other
+words it's really hard to estimate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words it's really hard to estimate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words it's really hard to estimate this
+thing with any degree of accuracy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with any degree of accuracy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with any degree of accuracy so
+what do you know you know you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you know you know you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you know you know you're going
+to be wrong most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be wrong most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be wrong most of the
+time imagine a job where you go into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time imagine a job where you go into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time imagine a job where you go into the
+job knowing that if you do really well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job knowing that if you do really well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job knowing that if you do really well
+you're a genius you're the top of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a genius you're the top of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a genius you're the top of your
+class you're the best that's ever been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class you're the best that's ever been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class you're the best that's ever been
+uh that that's ever done this thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that that's ever done this thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that that's ever done this thing and
+in that case you're going to be right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case you're going to be right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case you're going to be right
+52% of the time 52% of the time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+52% of the time 52% of the time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+52% of the time 52% of the time that
+means you're wrong 48% of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you're wrong 48% of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you're wrong 48% of the time
+that's pretty discouraging but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty discouraging but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty discouraging but that's
+really the nature of this task it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the nature of this task it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the nature of this task it's
+really hard you know it's like trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard you know it's like trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard you know it's like trying to
+do weather forecasting but weather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do weather forecasting but weather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do weather forecasting but weather
+forecasting over the next 30 Years and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecasting over the next 30 Years and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecasting over the next 30 Years and
+then taking the sum total of all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then taking the sum total of all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then taking the sum total of all of
+those decisions putting it into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those decisions putting it into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those decisions putting it into a
+portfolio and then investing your life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio and then investing your life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio and then investing your life
+savings in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings in
+that that that's kind of tough right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that's kind of tough right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that's kind of tough right but
+but it's also exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's also exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's also exciting
+uh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah
+question okay oh yes to his question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay oh yes to his question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay oh yes to his question
+though to the EXT to which isable yes um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though to the EXT to which isable yes um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though to the EXT to which isable yes um
+the if if dividend is going to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if if dividend is going to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if if dividend is going to change
+sometime in the future yeah wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometime in the future yeah wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometime in the future yeah wouldn't
+this formula be liken to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula be liken to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula be liken to the
+annity equation to that point in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annity equation to that point in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annity equation to that point in time
+when it changes yes which it would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it changes yes which it would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it changes yes which it would you
+would use the annuity discount formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would use the annuity discount formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would use the annuity discount formula
+uh in pieces so for example if the cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in pieces so for example if the cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in pieces so for example if the cash
+flows for the first 10 years look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows for the first 10 years look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows for the first 10 years look like
+one thing and then the next 20 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing and then the next 20 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing and then the next 20 years
+look like another thing and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like another thing and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like another thing and then the
+next 30 Years look like something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next 30 Years look like something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next 30 Years look like something else
+what you could do is apply the annuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you could do is apply the annuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you could do is apply the annuity
+discount formula to the first 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount formula to the first 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount formula to the first 10
+years and then apply the annuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and then apply the annuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and then apply the annuity
+discount formula with a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount formula with a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount formula with a different
+discount rate and a different cash flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount rate and a different cash flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount rate and a different cash flow
+to the next 20 and then discount that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next 20 and then discount that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next 20 and then discount that
+back and then discount that back 10 more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and then discount that back 10 more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and then discount that back 10 more
+years and then do it to the next 30 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and then do it to the next 30 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and then do it to the next 30 and
+then discount it back to the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then discount it back to the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then discount it back to the very
+beginning so exactly that that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning so exactly that that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning so exactly that that's that's
+the way to do it which is effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to do it which is effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to do it which is effect
+effectively doing it like this but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively doing it like this but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively doing it like this but it's
+hard I mean it's hard enough to estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard I mean it's hard enough to estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard I mean it's hard enough to estimate
+cash flows next year and I can tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flows next year and I can tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flows next year and I can tell you
+that a lot of firms that have forecasted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot of firms that have forecasted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot of firms that have forecasted
+this year's cash flows last year are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this year's cash flows last year are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this year's cash flows last year are
+scratching their heads wondering how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratching their heads wondering how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratching their heads wondering how
+they could be so far off now imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could be so far off now imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could be so far off now imagine
+doing it 30 years hence I I mean it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it 30 years hence I I mean it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it 30 years hence I I mean it's an
+impossible task but at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible task but at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible task but at the end of the
+day it has to be done in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day it has to be done in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day it has to be done in other words
+whether you want to make those forecasts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you want to make those forecasts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you want to make those forecasts
+or not people are going to trade your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not people are going to trade your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not people are going to trade your
+stock and so if you're not making those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock and so if you're not making those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock and so if you're not making those
+forecasts well somebody else is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecasts well somebody else is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecasts well somebody else is going to
+because they got to trade the stock so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they got to trade the stock so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they got to trade the stock so
+what we want to do is to figure out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to do is to figure out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to do is to figure out a
+slightly better Mouse trp of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly better Mouse trp of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly better Mouse trp of
+understanding what those forcasts are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding what those forcasts are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding what those forcasts are
+telling us and if we can literally get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling us and if we can literally get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling us and if we can literally get
+52% correct rates we're going to be rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+52% correct rates we're going to be rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+52% correct rates we're going to be rich
+beyond our wildest expectations that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond our wildest expectations that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond our wildest expectations that's
+really hard to do uh and it's just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard to do uh and it's just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard to do uh and it's just the
+nature of this particular Endeavor it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of this particular Endeavor it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of this particular Endeavor it's
+very difficult to estimate cash flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult to estimate cash flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult to estimate cash flows
+discount rates and risk conditions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount rates and risk conditions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount rates and risk conditions so
+far out into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far out into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far out into the
+future question yes you said we we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future question yes you said we we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future question yes you said we we could
+use this formula to calculate the firm's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this formula to calculate the firm's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this formula to calculate the firm's
+cost of capital yes I wondering why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of capital yes I wondering why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of capital yes I wondering why
+would we do that I mean why do I care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would we do that I mean why do I care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would we do that I mean why do I care
+about the FMS cost I think it's much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the FMS cost I think it's much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the FMS cost I think it's much
+more interesting to to calculate its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting to to calculate its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting to to calculate its
+growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth
+rate well in order to calculate the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate well in order to calculate the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate well in order to calculate the cost
+of capital you need the growth rate okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital you need the growth rate okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital you need the growth rate okay
+but I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well I would I think it's easier to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I would I think it's easier to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I would I think it's easier to get
+the cost of capital and guess the growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of capital and guess the growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of capital and guess the growth
+rate I just don't understand why I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate I just don't understand why I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate I just don't understand why I would
+be interested in getting to know these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interested in getting to know these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interested in getting to know these
+PR in the cost of capital okay well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PR in the cost of capital okay well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PR in the cost of capital okay well
+you're going to have to wait about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have to wait about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have to wait about
+another seven lectures for that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another seven lectures for that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another seven lectures for that because
+there is a reason why you care about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a reason why you care about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a reason why you care about the
+cost of capital and that is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of capital and that is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of capital and that is that if
+you're trying to decide how to spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to decide how to spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to decide how to spend
+your firm's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your firm's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your firm's
+money if you're a CFO and and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money if you're a CFO and and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money if you're a CFO and and you're
+allocating cash across different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocating cash across different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocating cash across different
+activities you need to know what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities you need to know what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities you need to know what your
+firm's cost of capital is so that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm's cost of capital is so that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm's cost of capital is so that that
+you get a sense of what the opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a sense of what the opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a sense of what the opportunity
+cost versus taking that money and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost versus taking that money and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost versus taking that money and
+investing it in other opportunities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing it in other opportunities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing it in other opportunities
+outside the firm so in order to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the firm so in order to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the firm so in order to make
+decisions you need that number if I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions you need that number if I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions you need that number if I mean
+the as an investor outside like looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the as an investor outside like looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the as an investor outside like looking
+at the stock market do I care for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the stock market do I care for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the stock market do I care for that
+well you do in the sense that you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you do in the sense that you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you do in the sense that you want
+to know whether you're going to get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know whether you're going to get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know whether you're going to get your
+money's worth I mean if you're investing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money's worth I mean if you're investing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money's worth I mean if you're investing
+in one company versus another in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one company versus another in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one company versus another in order
+to make that decision you need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make that decision you need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make that decision you need to know
+what the rate of return is right so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the rate of return is right so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the rate of return is right so it's
+actually quite important it's very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite important it's very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite important it's very very
+important for decisionmaking what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for decisionmaking what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for decisionmaking what that
+number is both it's rate of return it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is both it's rate of return it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is both it's rate of return it's
+not C of capital if I look it that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not C of capital if I look it that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not C of capital if I look it that way
+sorry yeah so let's call it the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry yeah so let's call it the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry yeah so let's call it the rate of
+return that's right yeah well and by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return that's right yeah well and by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return that's right yeah well and by the
+way the reason that I always use four or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the reason that I always use four or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the reason that I always use four or
+five names for the same quantity is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five names for the same quantity is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five names for the same quantity is to
+sensitize you to the fact that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitize you to the fact that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitize you to the fact that people
+look at these numbers from different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at these numbers from different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at these numbers from different
+perspectives so when I use the the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspectives so when I use the the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspectives so when I use the the term
+cost of capital I'm thinking about it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of capital I'm thinking about it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of capital I'm thinking about it as
+a corporate manager who has internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a corporate manager who has internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a corporate manager who has internal
+funds that is going to are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds that is going to are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds that is going to are going to be
+deployed in different activities and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployed in different activities and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployed in different activities and the
+cost of that Capital as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of that Capital as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of that Capital as a
+CFO is given by R now as an investor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CFO is given by R now as an investor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CFO is given by R now as an investor
+external to the company I'm thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external to the company I'm thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external to the company I'm thinking
+about how to invest my money I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to invest my money I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to invest my money I want to
+know what my rate of return is and as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what my rate of return is and as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what my rate of return is and as a
+uh a regulator that wants to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a regulator that wants to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a regulator that wants to understand
+what the appropriate Capital charge is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the appropriate Capital charge is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the appropriate Capital charge is
+for different kinds of activities that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for different kinds of activities that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for different kinds of activities that
+are going to be appropriate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be appropriate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be appropriate for
+borrowing and lending I I also need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing and lending I I also need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing and lending I I also need to
+know what the appropriate risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the appropriate risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the appropriate risk
+adjustments are to that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustments are to that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustments are to that particular
+number yeah um I was I was wondering uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number yeah um I was I was wondering uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number yeah um I was I was wondering uh
+how frequently the do companies actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how frequently the do companies actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how frequently the do companies actually
+change their dividend policy is it every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change their dividend policy is it every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change their dividend policy is it every
+year every few years and excuse and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year every few years and excuse and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year every few years and excuse and also
+are there exceptions like uh is there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there exceptions like uh is there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there exceptions like uh is there a
+reason sometimes for a company who's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason sometimes for a company who's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason sometimes for a company who's uh
+like growing to to issue dividends or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like growing to to issue dividends or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like growing to to issue dividends or
+for a company that's got a lot of cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a company that's got a lot of cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a company that's got a lot of cash
+to not do so so that's a great question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not do so so that's a great question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not do so so that's a great question
+the question is how companies set their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is how companies set their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is how companies set their
+dividend policy the short answer is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividend policy the short answer is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividend policy the short answer is that
+companies don't like to pay dividends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies don't like to pay dividends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies don't like to pay dividends
+unless they know for a fact that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless they know for a fact that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless they know for a fact that they
+can maintain the level for a good a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can maintain the level for a good a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can maintain the level for a good a good
+long period of time and the reason is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long period of time and the reason is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long period of time and the reason is
+simple when a company Cuts dividends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple when a company Cuts dividends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple when a company Cuts dividends
+that's considered bad news no matter how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's considered bad news no matter how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's considered bad news no matter how
+you slice it when a company decides to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you slice it when a company decides to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you slice it when a company decides to
+reduce its dividends the typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce its dividends the typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce its dividends the typical
+response is uhoh it's cash strapped or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is uhoh it's cash strapped or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is uhoh it's cash strapped or
+it it's in trouble there's a problem so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's in trouble there's a problem so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's in trouble there's a problem so
+once you know that then as a corporate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you know that then as a corporate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you know that then as a corporate
+Financial Chief Financial Officer you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial Chief Financial Officer you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial Chief Financial Officer you
+will not recommend to the board to cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not recommend to the board to cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not recommend to the board to cut
+dividends unless there's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividends unless there's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividends unless there's a really
+significant issue with the firm and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant issue with the firm and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant issue with the firm and
+therefore as a result you're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore as a result you're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore as a result you're not going
+to either pay or raise dividends unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to either pay or raise dividends unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to either pay or raise dividends unless
+you think you can support that level for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think you can support that level for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think you can support that level for
+a good long time so because of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good long time so because of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good long time so because of that
+reason you're right dividends don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason you're right dividends don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason you're right dividends don't get
+changed very often uh and actually it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed very often uh and actually it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed very often uh and actually it's
+quite costly in some senses to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite costly in some senses to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite costly in some senses to change
+that dividend policy not just from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dividend policy not just from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dividend policy not just from the
+corporate perspective but from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate perspective but from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate perspective but from
+shareholder perception what are about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shareholder perception what are about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shareholder perception what are about
+exceptions like why would a company you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions like why would a company you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions like why would a company you
+know apparently do do something that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know apparently do do something that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know apparently do do something that is
+different from there are exceptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from there are exceptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from there are exceptions
+because of certain circumstances that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of certain circumstances that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of certain circumstances that
+are unique to the company for example a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are unique to the company for example a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are unique to the company for example a
+company could be in a cash crunch like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company could be in a cash crunch like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company could be in a cash crunch like
+right now because of some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now because of some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now because of some kind of
+capital charge due to certain uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital charge due to certain uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital charge due to certain uh you
+know uh underperforming uh Securities in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh underperforming uh Securities in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh underperforming uh Securities in
+which case they may declare a temporary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case they may declare a temporary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case they may declare a temporary
+suspension of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspension of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspension of
+dividends the other side of the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividends the other side of the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividends the other side of the equation
+is that a company may have gotten a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a company may have gotten a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a company may have gotten a big
+windfall they just decided to sell a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windfall they just decided to sell a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windfall they just decided to sell a
+division and they've got a large amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division and they've got a large amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division and they've got a large amount
+of cash they don't know what to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cash they don't know what to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cash they don't know what to do with
+all the cash so what they'll do is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the cash so what they'll do is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the cash so what they'll do is that
+they'll pay out an extraordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll pay out an extraordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll pay out an extraordinary
+dividend extraordinary dividend which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividend extraordinary dividend which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividend extraordinary dividend which
+means that it's a one-time thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that it's a one-time thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that it's a one-time thing and
+then from that point on they'll go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then from that point on they'll go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then from that point on they'll go back
+to a regular dividend policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah and suddenly you realize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and suddenly you realize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and suddenly you realize that
+energy is a de now you want to invest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is a de now you want to invest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is a de now you want to invest
+billions of dollars would you borrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billions of dollars would you borrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billions of dollars would you borrow
+money to invest versus your dividend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to invest versus your dividend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to invest versus your dividend
+invest well it depends on how much money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest well it depends on how much money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest well it depends on how much money
+you have it depends upon you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have it depends upon you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have it depends upon you know what
+your shareholders want to have done I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your shareholders want to have done I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your shareholders want to have done I
+mean that's certainly a decision that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's certainly a decision that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's certainly a decision that a
+corporate Financial Manager would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate Financial Manager would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate Financial Manager would have
+to make in concert with the shh holders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make in concert with the shh holders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make in concert with the shh holders
+as well as the uh the CEO me that's a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as the uh the CEO me that's a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as the uh the CEO me that's a a
+strategic decision but in order to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic decision but in order to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic decision but in order to make
+that decision you've got to have a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that decision you've got to have a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that decision you've got to have a few
+things at your fingertips you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things at your fingertips you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things at your fingertips you got to
+have the opportunity cost of capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the opportunity cost of capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the opportunity cost of capital
+you've got to figure out what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to figure out what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to figure out what your
+borrowing cost is and in order to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing cost is and in order to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing cost is and in order to figure
+out your borrowing cost what do you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out your borrowing cost what do you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out your borrowing cost what do you need
+to know about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+debt how risky and how do we measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debt how risky and how do we measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debt how risky and how do we measure
+risk for corporate debt we just talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk for corporate debt we just talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk for corporate debt we just talked
+about it last class H hint yeah you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it last class H hint yeah you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it last class H hint yeah you need
+a rating right so you you have to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rating right so you you have to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rating right so you you have to to
+figure out whether or not the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out whether or not the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out whether or not the cost of
+funds from internally generated sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds from internally generated sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds from internally generated sources
+is cheaper or more expensive than going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cheaper or more expensive than going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cheaper or more expensive than going
+to the external Capital markets right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the external Capital markets right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the external Capital markets right
+now I would say that it's extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I would say that it's extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I would say that it's extremely
+expensive to go out in the capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive to go out in the capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive to go out in the capital
+markets if you could do it at all if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets if you could do it at all if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets if you could do it at all if
+you're going to raise money uh you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to raise money uh you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to raise money uh you're
+going to be paying up through the nose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be paying up through the nose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be paying up through the nose
+General Electric uh credit default swap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General Electric uh credit default swap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General Electric uh credit default swap
+uh today was priced at 700 basis points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh today was priced at 700 basis points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh today was priced at 700 basis points
+this is triaa rated security at 700
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is triaa rated security at 700
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is triaa rated security at 700
+basis points spread that it's it's crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis points spread that it's it's crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis points spread that it's it's crazy
+but people don't want to lend right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but people don't want to lend right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but people don't want to lend right now
+so if you want to borrow in capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you want to borrow in capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you want to borrow in capital
+markets today good luck
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/cyVXjnFL2Ps.txt b/cyVXjnFL2Ps.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b80d151d9c976d9ad70f8bd502930399dbec544f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cyVXjnFL2Ps.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1846 @@
+[MUSIC PLAYING BY J.S. BACH]
+
+PROFESSOR: The last time we
+began having a look at how
+
+languages are constructed.
+
+Remember the main point that an
+evaluator for, LISP, say,
+
+has two main elements.
+
+There is EVAL, and EVAL's job
+is to take in an expression
+
+and an environment and turn that
+into a procedure and some
+
+arguments and pass that
+off to APPLY.
+
+And APPLY takes the procedure
+in the arguments, turns that
+
+back into, in a general case,
+another expression to be
+
+evaluated in another environment
+and passes that
+
+off to EVAL, which passes it
+to APPLY, and there's this
+
+whole big circle where things
+go around and around and
+
+around until you get either to
+some very primitive data or to
+
+a primitive procedure.
+
+See, what this cycle has to do
+with is unwinding the means of
+
+combination and the means of
+abstraction in the language.
+
+So for instance, you have
+a procedure in LISP-- a
+
+procedure is a general way of
+saying, I want to be able to
+
+evaluate this expression for
+any value of the arguments,
+
+and that's sort of what's
+going on here.
+
+That's what APPLY does.
+
+It says the general thing coming
+in with the arguments
+
+reduces to the expression that's
+the body, and then if
+
+that's a compound expression
+or another procedure
+
+application, the thing will go
+around and around the circle.
+
+Anyway, that's sort of the basic
+structure of gee, pretty
+
+much any interpreter.
+
+The other thing that you saw
+is once you have the
+
+interpreter in your hands, you
+have all this power to start
+
+playing with the language.
+
+So you can make it dynamically
+scoped, or you can put in
+
+normal order evaluation, or you
+can add new forms to the
+
+language, whatever you like.
+
+Or more generally, there's this
+notion of metalinguistic
+
+abstraction, which says that
+part of your perspective as an
+
+engineer, as a software
+engineer, but as an engineer
+
+in general is that you can gain
+control of complexity by
+
+inventing new languages
+sometimes.
+
+See, one way to think about
+computer programming is that
+
+it only incidentally has
+to do with getting a
+
+computer to do something.
+
+Primarily what a computer
+program has to do with, it's a
+
+way of expressing ideas with
+communicating ideas.
+
+And sometimes when you want to
+communicate new kinds of
+
+ideas, you'd like to invent new
+modes of expressing that.
+
+Well, today we're going to apply
+this framework to build
+
+a new language.
+
+See, once we have the basic idea
+of the interpreter, you
+
+can pretty much go build any
+language that you like.
+
+So for example, we can go
+off and build Pascal.
+
+And gee, we would worry about
+syntax and parsing and various
+
+kinds of compiler optimizations,
+and there are
+
+people who make honest livings
+doing that, but at the level
+
+of abstraction that we're
+talking, a Pascal interpreter
+
+would not look very different at
+all from what you saw Gerry
+
+do last time.
+
+Instead of that, we'll spend
+today building a really
+
+different language, a language
+that encourages you to think
+
+about programming not in terms
+of procedures, but in a really
+
+different way.
+
+And the lecture today is going
+to be at two levels
+
+simultaneously.
+
+On the one hand, I'm going to
+show you what this language
+
+looks like, and on the other
+hand, I'll show you how it's
+
+implemented.
+
+And we'll build an
+implementation in LISP and see
+
+how that works.
+
+And you should be drawing
+lessons on two levels.
+
+The first is to realize
+just how different a
+
+language can be.
+
+So if you think that the jump
+from Fortran to LISP is a big
+
+deal, you haven't seen
+anything yet.
+
+And secondly, you'll see that
+even with such a very
+
+different language, which will
+turn out to not have
+
+procedures at all and not talk
+about functions at all, there
+
+will still be this basic cycle
+of eval and apply that's
+
+unwinds the means of combination
+and the means an
+
+abstraction.
+
+And then thirdly, as kind of a
+minor but elegant technical
+
+point, you'll see a nice
+use of streams to avoid
+
+backtracking.
+
+OK, well, I said that this
+language is very different.
+
+To explain that, let's go back
+to the very first idea that we
+
+talked about in this course, and
+that was the idea of the
+
+distinction between the
+declarative knowledge of
+
+mathematics--
+
+the definition of a square root
+as a mathematical truth--
+
+and the idea that computer
+science talks about the how to
+
+knowledge--
+
+contrast that definition of
+square root with a program to
+
+compute a square root.
+
+That's where we started off.
+
+Well, wouldn't it be great if
+you could somehow bridge this
+
+gap and make a programming
+language which sort of did
+
+things, but you talked about
+it in terms of truth, in
+
+declarative terms?
+
+So that would be a programming
+language in
+
+which you specify facts.
+
+You tell it what is.
+
+You say what is true.
+
+And then when you want an
+answer, somehow the language
+
+has built into it automatically
+general kinds of
+
+how to knowledge so it can just
+take your facts and it
+
+can evolve these methods on
+its on using the facts you
+
+gave it and maybe some general
+rules of logic.
+
+So for instance, I might go up
+to this program and start
+
+telling it some things.
+
+So I might tell it that the
+son of Adam is Abel.
+
+And I might tell it that the
+son of Adam is Cain.
+
+And I might tell it that the
+son of Cain is Enoch.
+
+And I might tell it that the son
+of Enoch is Irad, and all
+
+through the rest of our chapter
+whatever of Genesis,
+
+which ends up ending in Adah, by
+the way, and this shows the
+
+genealogy of Adah from Cain.
+
+Anyway, once you tell
+it these facts, you
+
+might ask it things.
+
+You might go up to your language
+and say, who's the
+
+son of Adam?
+
+And you can very easily imagine
+having a little
+
+general purpose search program
+which would be able to go
+
+through and in response to that
+say, oh yeah, there are
+
+two answers: the son of
+Adam is Abel and the
+
+son of Adam is Cain.
+
+Or you might say, based on the
+very same facts, who is Cain
+
+the son of?
+
+And then you can imagine
+generating another slightly
+
+different search program which
+would be able to go through
+
+and checked for who is
+Cain, and son of, and
+
+come up with Adam.
+
+Or you might say, what's
+the relationship
+
+between Cain and Enoch?
+
+And again, a minor variant
+on that search program.
+
+You could figure out that
+it said son of.
+
+But even here in this very
+simple example, what you see
+
+is that a single fact, see, a
+single fact like the son of
+
+Adam is Cain can be
+used to answer
+
+different kinds of questions.
+
+You can say, who's the son of,
+or you can say who's the son
+
+of Adam, or you can say
+what's the relation
+
+between Adam and Cain?
+
+Those are different questions
+being run by different
+
+traditional procedures all
+based on the same fact.
+
+And that's going to be the
+essence of the power of this
+
+programming style, that one
+piece of declarative knowledge
+
+can be used as the basis for
+a lot of different kinds of
+
+how-to knowledge, as opposed
+to the kinds of procedures
+
+we're writing where you sort of
+tell it what input you're
+
+giving it and what
+answer you want.
+
+So for instance, our square
+root program can perfectly
+
+well answer the question, what's
+the square root of 144?
+
+But in principle, the
+mathematical definition of
+
+square root tells you
+other things.
+
+Like it could say, what is
+17 the square root of?
+
+And that would be have
+to be answered
+
+by a different program.
+
+So the mathematical definition,
+or in general, the
+
+facts that you give it are
+somehow unbiased as to what
+
+the question is.
+
+Whereas the programs we tend to
+write specifically because
+
+they are how-to knowledge
+tend to be looking
+
+for a specific answer.
+
+So that's going to be one
+characteristic of what we're
+
+talking about.
+
+We can go on.
+
+We can imagine that we've
+given our language
+
+some sort of facts.
+
+Now let's give it some
+rules of inference.
+
+We can say, for instance,
+if the--
+
+make up some syntax here--
+
+if the son of x is y--
+
+I'll put question marks to
+indicate variables here--
+
+if the son of x is y and the
+son of y is z, then the
+
+grandson of x is z.
+
+So I can imagine telling my
+machine that rule and then
+
+being able to say, for
+instance, who's
+
+the grandson of Adam?
+
+Or who is Irad the
+grandson of?
+
+Or deduce all grandson
+relationships you possibly can
+
+from this information.
+
+We can imagine somehow the
+language knowing how to do
+
+that automatically.
+
+Let me give you maybe a little
+bit more concrete example.
+
+Here's a procedure that merges
+two sorted lists.
+
+So x and y are two, say, lists
+of numbers, lists of distinct
+
+numbers, if you like, that
+are in increasing order.
+
+And what merge does is take
+two such lists and combine
+
+them into a list where
+everything's in increasing
+
+order, and this is a pretty easy
+programs that you ought
+
+to be able to write.
+
+It says, if x is empty,
+the answer is y.
+
+If y is empty, the
+answer is x.
+
+Otherwise, you compare the
+first two elements.
+
+So you pick out the first thing
+in x and the first thing
+
+in y, and then depending on
+which of those first elements
+
+is less, you stick the lower
+one on to the result a
+
+recursively merging, either
+chopping the first one off x
+
+or chopping the first
+one off y.
+
+That's a standard
+kind of program.
+
+Let's look at the logic.
+
+Let's forget about the program
+and look at the logic on which
+
+that procedure is based.
+
+See, there's some logic which
+says, gee, if the first one is
+
+less, then we get the answer by
+sticking something onto the
+
+result of recursively merging
+the rest. So let's try and be
+
+explicit about what that
+logic is that's
+
+making the program work.
+
+So here's one piece.
+
+Here's the piece of the program
+which recursively
+
+chops down x if the first
+thing in x is smaller.
+
+And if you want to be very
+explicit about what the logic
+
+is there, what's really going on
+is a deduction, which says,
+
+if you know that some list, that
+we'll call cdr of x, and
+
+y merged to form z, and you know
+that a is less than the
+
+first thing in y, then you know
+that if you put a onto
+
+the cdr of x, then that result
+and y merge to form a onto z.
+
+And what that is, that's the
+underlying piece of logic--
+
+I haven't written it as a
+program, I wrote it a sort of
+
+deduction that's underneath this
+particular clause that
+
+says we can use the
+recursion there.
+
+And then similar, here's
+the other clause
+
+just to complete it.
+
+The other clause is based on
+this piece of logic, which is
+
+almost the same and I won't go
+through it, and then there's
+
+the n cases where we tested for
+null, and that's based on
+
+the idea that for any x, x and
+the empty list merge to form
+
+an x, or for any y, the empty
+list and y merge to form y.
+
+OK, so there's a piece of
+procedure and the logic on
+
+which it's based.
+
+And notice a big difference.
+
+The procedure looked
+like this: it
+
+said there was a box--
+
+and all the things we've been
+doing have the characteristic
+
+we have boxes and things going
+in and things going out--
+
+there was this box called merge,
+and in came an x and y,
+
+and out came an answer.
+
+That's the character of the
+procedure that we wrote.
+
+These rules don't
+look like that.
+
+These rules talk about
+a relation.
+
+There's some sort of relation
+that in those slides I called
+
+mrege-to-form.
+
+So I said x and y merge
+to form z, and
+
+somehow this is a function.
+
+Right?
+
+The answer is a function of x
+and y, and here what I have is
+
+a relation between
+three things.
+
+And I'm not going to specify
+which is the input and which
+
+is the output.
+
+And the reason I want to say
+that is because in principle,
+
+we could use exactly those same
+logic rules to answer a
+
+lot of different questions.
+
+So we can say, for instance--
+
+imagine giving our machine
+those rules of logic.
+
+Not the program, the underlying
+rules of logic.
+
+Then it ought to be
+able to say--
+
+we could ask it--
+
+1, 3, 7 and 2, 4, 8 merge
+to form what?
+
+And that's a question it ought
+to be able to answer.
+
+That's exactly the same
+question that our list
+
+procedure answered.
+
+But the exact same rules should
+also be able to answer
+
+a question like this: 1, 3, 7
+and what merged to form 1, 2,
+
+3, 4, 7, 8?
+
+The same rules of logic can
+answer this, although the
+
+procedure we wrote can't
+answer that question.
+
+Or we might be able to
+say what and what
+
+else merge to form--
+
+what and what else merge to
+form 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8?
+
+And the thing should be able
+to go through, if it really
+
+can apply that logic, and deduce
+all, whatever is, 2 to
+
+the sixth answers to
+that question.
+
+It could be 1 and the rest, or
+it could be 1, 2 and the rest.
+
+Or it could be 1 and 3 and 7 and
+the rest. There's a whole
+
+bunch of answers.
+
+And in principle, the
+logic should be
+
+enough to deduce that.
+
+So there are going to be two big
+differences in the kind of
+
+program we're going to look
+at and not only list, but
+
+essentially all the programming
+you've probably
+
+done so far in pretty much any
+language you can think of.
+
+The first is, we're not going
+to be computing functions.
+
+We're not going to be talking
+about things that take input
+
+and output.
+
+We're going to be talking
+about relations.
+
+And that means in principle,
+these relations don't have
+
+directionality.
+
+So the knowledge that you
+specify to answer this
+
+question, that same knowledge
+should also allow you to
+
+answer these other questions
+and conversely.
+
+And the second issue is that
+since we're talking about
+
+relations, these
+relations don't
+
+necessarily have one answer.
+
+So that third question down
+there doesn't have a
+
+particular answer, it has a
+whole bunch of answers.
+
+Well, that's where
+we're going.
+
+This style of programming, by
+the way, is called logic
+
+programming, for kind
+of obvious reasons.
+
+And people who do logic
+programming say that-- they
+
+have this little phrase-- they
+say the point of logic
+
+programming is that you use
+logic to express what is true,
+
+you use logic to check whether
+something is true, and you use
+
+logic to find out
+what is true.
+
+The best known logic programming
+language, as you
+
+probably know, is
+called Prolog.
+
+The language that we're going
+to implement this morning is
+
+something we call the query
+language, and it essentially
+
+has the essence of prologue.
+
+It can do about the same stuff,
+although it's a lot
+
+slower because we're going to
+implement it in LISP rather
+
+than building a particular
+compiler.
+
+We're going to interpret it on
+top of the LISP interpreter.
+
+But other than that,
+it can do about the
+
+same stuff as prolog.
+
+It has about the same power
+and about the same
+
+limitations.
+
+All right, let's break
+for question.
+
+STUDENT: Yes, could you please
+repeat what the three things
+
+you use logic programming
+to find?
+
+In other words, to find what is
+true, learn what is true--
+
+what is the?
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+Sort of a logic programmer's
+little catechism.
+
+You use logic to express what
+is true, like these rules.
+
+You use logic to check whether
+something is true, and that's
+
+the kind of question I
+didn't answer here.
+
+I might say--
+
+another question I could put
+down here is to say, is it
+
+true that 1, 3, 7 and 2, 4, 8
+merge to form 1, 2, 6, 10 And
+
+that same logic should
+be enough to say no.
+
+So I use logic to check what is
+true, and then you also use
+
+logic to find out what's true.
+
+All right.
+
+Let's break.
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING BY J.S. BACH]
+
+[MUSIC ENDS]
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING BY J.S. BACH]
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, let's go ahead
+and take a look at this query
+
+language and operation.
+
+The first thing you might
+notice, when I put up that
+
+little biblical database, is
+that it's nice to be able to
+
+ask this language questions
+in relation to some
+
+collection of facts.
+
+So let's start off and make a
+little collection of facts.
+
+This is a tiny fragment of
+personnel records for a Boston
+
+high tech company, and here's
+a piece of the personnel
+
+records of Ben Bitdiddle.
+
+And Ben Bitdiddle is the
+computer wizard in this
+
+company, he's the underpaid
+computer
+
+wizard in this company.
+
+His supervisor is all
+Oliver Warbucks,
+
+and here's his address.
+
+So the format is we're giving
+this information: job, salary,
+
+supervisor, address.
+
+And there are some other
+conventions.
+
+Computer here means that Ben
+works in the computer
+
+division, and his
+position in the
+
+computer division is wizard.
+
+Here's somebody else.
+
+Alyssa, Alyssa P. Hacker is a
+computer programmer, and she
+
+works for Ben, and she
+lives in Cambridge.
+
+And there's another programmer
+who works for Ben
+
+who's Lem E. Tweakit.
+
+And there's a programmer
+trainee, who is Louis
+
+Reasoner, and he works
+for Alyssa.
+
+And the big wheel of the company
+doesn't work for
+
+anybody, right?
+
+That's Oliver Warbucks.
+
+Anyway, what we're going to do
+is ask questions about that
+
+little world.
+
+And that'll be a sample
+world that we're
+
+going to do logic in.
+
+Let me just write up here, for
+probably the last time, what I
+
+said is the very most important
+thing you should get
+
+out of this course, and that
+is, when somebody tells you
+
+about a language,
+you say, fine--
+
+what are the primitives, what
+are the means of combination,
+
+how do you put the primitives
+together, and then how do you
+
+abstract them, how do you
+abstract the compound pieces
+
+so you can use them as pieces
+to make something more
+
+complicated?
+
+And we've said this a whole
+bunch of times already, but
+
+it's worth saying again.
+
+Let's start.
+
+The primitives.
+
+Well, there's really only one
+primitive, and the primitive
+
+in this language is
+called a query.
+
+A primitive query.
+
+Let's look at some primitive
+queries.
+
+Job x.
+
+Who is a computer programmer?
+
+Or find every fact in the
+database that matches job of
+
+the x is computer programmer.
+
+And you see a little
+syntax here.
+
+Things without question marks
+are meant to be literal,
+
+question mark x means that's a
+variable, and this thing will
+
+match, for example, the fact
+that Alyssa P. Hacker is a
+
+computer programmer, or
+x is Alyssa P. Hacker.
+
+Or more generally, I could
+have something with two
+
+variables in it.
+
+I could say, the job of x is
+computer something, and
+
+that'll match computer wizard.
+
+So there's something here: type
+will match wizard, or
+
+type will match programmer,
+or x might match
+
+various certain things.
+
+So there are, in our little
+example, only three facts in
+
+that database that
+match that query.
+
+Let's see, just to show you some
+syntax, the same query,
+
+this query doesn't match the job
+of x, doesn't match Lewis
+
+Reasoner, the reason for that
+is when I write something
+
+here, what I mean is that this
+is going to be a list of two
+
+symbols, of which the first is
+the word computer, and the
+
+second can be anything.
+
+And Lewis's job description here
+has three symbols, so it
+
+doesn't match.
+
+And just to show you a little
+bit of syntax, the more
+
+general thing I might want to
+type is a thing with a dot
+
+here, and this is just standard
+this notation for
+
+saying, this is a list, of which
+the first element is the
+
+word computers, and THE
+REST, is something
+
+that I'll call type.
+
+So this one would match.
+
+Lewis's job is computer
+programmer trainee, and type
+
+here would be the cdr of this
+list. It would be the list
+
+programmer trainee.
+
+And that kind of dot
+processing is done
+
+automatically by the
+LISP reader.
+
+Well, let's actually try this.
+
+The idea is I'm going to type
+in queries in this language,
+
+and answers will come out.
+
+Let's look at this.
+
+I can go up and say, who works
+in the computer division?
+
+Job of x is computer dot y.
+
+Doesn't matter what I call
+the dummy variables.
+
+It says the answers to that, and
+it's found four answers.
+
+Or I can go off and say, tell
+me about everybody's
+
+supervisor.
+
+So I'll put in the query,
+the primitive query, the
+
+supervisor of x is y.
+
+There are all the supervisor
+relationships I know.
+
+Or I could go type in, who
+lives in Cambridge?
+
+So I can say, the address of x
+is Cambridge dot anything.
+
+And only one person lives
+in Cambridge.
+
+OK, so those are primitive
+queries.
+
+And you see what happens to
+basic interaction with the
+
+system is you type in a query,
+and it types out
+
+all possible answers.
+
+Or another way to say that: it
+finds out all the possible
+
+values of those variables x and
+y or t or whatever I've
+
+called them, and it types out
+all ways of taking that query
+
+and instantiating it--
+
+remember that from the rule
+system lecture-- instantiates
+
+the query with all possible
+values for those variables and
+
+then types out all of them.
+
+And there are a lot
+of ways you can
+
+arrange a logic language.
+
+Prolog, for instance, does
+something slightly different.
+
+Rather than typing back your
+query, prolog would type out,
+
+x equals this and y equals that,
+or x sequels this and y
+
+equals that.
+
+And that's a very surface level
+thing, you can decide
+
+what you like.
+
+OK.
+
+All right.
+
+So the primitives in
+this language?
+
+Only one, right?
+
+Primitive query.
+
+OK.
+
+Means of combination.
+
+Let's look at some compound
+queries in this language.
+
+Here's one.
+
+This one says, tell me all the
+people who work in the
+
+computer division.
+
+Tell me all the people who work
+in the computer division
+
+together with their
+supervisors.
+
+The way I write that is
+the query is and.
+
+And the job of the x is computer
+something or other.
+
+And job of x is computer
+dot y.
+
+And the supervisor of x is z.
+
+Tell me all the people in
+the computer division--
+
+that's this-- together with
+their supervisors.
+
+And notice in this query I
+have three variables--
+
+x, y, and z.
+
+And this x is supposed to
+be the same as that x.
+
+So x works in the computer
+division, and the
+
+supervisor of x is z.
+
+Let's try another one.
+
+So one means of combination
+is and.
+
+Who are all the people who
+make more than $30,000?
+
+And the salary of some person
+p is some amount a.
+
+And when I go and look at a,
+a is greater than $30,000.
+
+And LISP value here is a little
+piece of interface that
+
+interfaces the query language
+to the underlying LISP.
+
+And what the LISP value allows
+you to do is call any LISP
+
+predicate inside a query.
+
+So here I'm using the LISP
+predicate greater than, so I
+
+say LISP value.
+
+This I say and.
+
+So all the people whose salary
+is greater than $30,000.
+
+Or here's a more complicated
+one.
+
+Tell me all the people who work
+in the computer division
+
+who do not have a supervisor
+who works in
+
+the computer division.
+
+and x works in the computer
+division.
+
+The job of x is computer
+dot y.
+
+And it's not the case that both
+x has a supervisor z and
+
+the job of z is computer
+something or other.
+
+All right, so again, this x has
+got to be that x, and this
+
+z is going to be that z.
+
+And then you see another means
+a combination, not.
+
+All right, well, let's
+look at that.
+
+It works the same way.
+
+I can go up to the machine and
+say and the job of the x is
+
+computer dot y.
+
+And the supervisor of x is z.
+
+And I typed that in
+like a query.
+
+And what it types back, what
+you see are the queries I
+
+typed in instantiated by
+all possible answers.
+
+And then you see there
+are a lot of answers.
+
+All right.
+
+So the means of combination
+in this language--
+
+and this is why it's called
+a logic language--
+
+are logical operations.
+
+Means of combinations are things
+like AND and NOT and
+
+there's one I didn't show
+you, which is OR.
+
+And then I showed you LISP
+value, which is not logic, of
+
+course, but is a little special
+hack to interface that
+
+to LISP so you can
+get more power.
+
+Those are the means
+of combination.
+
+OK, the means of abstraction.
+
+What we'd like to do--
+
+let's go back for second and
+look at that last slide.
+
+We might like to take very
+complicated thing, the idea
+
+that someone works in a division
+but does not have a
+
+supervisor in the division.
+
+And as before, name that.
+
+Well, if someone works in a
+division and does not have a
+
+supervisor who works in that
+division, that means that
+
+person is a big shot.
+
+So let's make a rule that
+somebody x is a big shot in
+
+some department if x works in
+the department and it's not
+
+the case that x has a supervisor
+who works in the
+
+department.
+
+So this is our means
+of abstraction.
+
+This is a rule.
+
+And a rule has three parts.
+
+The thing that says
+it's a rule.
+
+And then there's the conclusion
+of the rule.
+
+And then there's the
+body of the rule.
+
+And you can read this as a piece
+of logic which says, if
+
+you know that the body of the
+rule is true, then you can
+
+conclude that the conclusion
+is true.
+
+Or in order to deduce that
+x is a big shot in some
+
+department, it's enough
+to verify that.
+
+So that's what rules
+look like.
+
+Let's go back and look at that
+merge example that I did
+
+before the break.
+
+Let's look at how that would
+look in terms of rules.
+
+I'm going to take the logic I
+put up and just change it into
+
+a bunch of rules
+in this format.
+
+We have a rule.
+
+Remember, there was this
+thing merge-to-form.
+
+There is a rule that says,
+the empty list and y
+
+merge to form y.
+
+This is the rule conclusion.
+
+And notice this particular
+rule has no body.
+
+And in this language, a rule
+with no body is something that
+
+is always true.
+
+You can always assume
+that's true.
+
+And there was another piece of
+logic that said anything in
+
+the empty list merged to
+form the anything.
+
+That's this.
+
+A rule y and the empty
+list merge to form y.
+
+Those corresponded to the two
+end cases in our merge
+
+procedure, but now we're talking
+about logic, not about
+
+procedures.
+
+Then we had another rule, which
+said if you know how
+
+shorter things merge, you
+can put them together.
+
+So this says, if you have a list
+x and y and z, and if you
+
+want to deduce that a dot x--
+this means constant a onto x,
+
+or a list whose first thing
+is a and whose rest is x--
+
+so if you want to deduce that
+a dot x and b dot y merge to
+
+form b dot c--
+
+that would say you merge these
+two lists a x and b y and
+
+you're going to get something
+that starts with b--
+
+you can deduce that if you know
+that it's the case both
+
+that a dot x and y merge to form
+z and a is larger than b.
+
+So when I merge them, b will
+come first in the list. That's
+
+a little translation of the
+logic rule that I wrote in
+
+pseudo-English before.
+
+And then just for completeness,
+
+here's the other case.
+
+a dot x and b dot y merge to
+form a dot z if x and b dot y
+
+merged to form z and
+b is larger than a.
+
+So that's a little program that
+I've typed in in this
+
+language, and now let's
+look at it run.
+
+So I typed in the merge rules
+before, and I could use this
+
+like a procedure.
+
+I could say merge to form
+1 and 3 and 2 and 7.
+
+So here I'm using it like
+the LISP procedure.
+
+Now it's going to think about
+that for a while and apply
+
+these rules.
+
+So it found an answer.
+
+Now it's going to see if there
+are any other answers but it
+
+doesn't know a priori there's
+only one answer.
+
+So it's sitting here checking
+all possibilities, and it
+
+says, no more.
+
+Done.
+
+So there I've used those
+rules like a procedure.
+
+Or remember the whole point is
+that I can ask different kinds
+
+of questions.
+
+I could say merge to form, let's
+see, how about 2 and a.
+
+Some list of two elements which
+I know starts with 2,
+
+and the other thing I don't
+know, and x and some other
+
+list merge to form
+a 1, 2, 3 and 4.
+
+So now it's going to
+think about that.
+
+It's got to find--
+
+so it found one possibility.
+
+It said a could be 3, and x
+could be the list 1, 4.
+
+And now, again, it's got to
+check because it doesn't a
+
+priori know that there
+aren't any other
+
+possibilities going on.
+
+Or like I said, I could say
+something like merge to form,
+
+like, what and what else merge
+to form 1, 2, 3, 4, 5?
+
+Now it's going to think
+about that.
+
+And there are a lot of answers
+that it might get.
+
+And what you see is here you're
+really paying the price
+
+of slowness.
+
+And kind of for three reasons.
+
+One is that this language
+is doubly interpreted.
+
+Whereas in a real
+implementation, you would go
+
+compile this down to primitive
+operations.
+
+The other reason is that this
+particular algorithm for
+
+merges is doubly recursive.
+
+So it's going to take
+a very long time.
+
+And eventually, this is going
+to go through and find--
+
+find what?
+
+Two to the fifth possible
+answers.
+
+And you see they come out in
+some fairly arbitrary order,
+
+depending on which order
+it's going to be
+
+trying these rules.
+
+In fact, what we're going
+to do when they edit the
+
+videotape is speed
+all this up.
+
+Don't you like taking
+out these weights?
+
+And don't you wish you could
+do that in your demos?
+
+Anyway, it's still
+grinding there.
+
+Anyway, there are 32
+possibilities--
+
+we won't wait for it to
+print out all of them.
+
+OK, so the needs of abstraction
+in this
+
+language are rules.
+
+So we take some bunch of things
+that are put together
+
+with logic and we name them.
+
+And you can think of
+that as naming a
+
+particular pattern of logic.
+
+Or you can think of that as
+saying, if you want to deduce
+
+some conclusion, you can apply
+those rules of logic.
+
+And those are three elements
+of this language.
+
+Let's break now, and then we'll
+talk about how it's
+
+actually implemented.
+
+STUDENT: Does using LISP value
+primitive or whatever
+
+interfere with your means to go
+both directions on a query?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, that's a--
+
+the question is, does using LISP
+value interfere with the
+
+ability to go both directions
+on the query?
+
+We haven't really talked about
+the implementation yet, but
+
+the answer is, yes, it can.
+
+In general, as we'll
+see at the end--
+
+although I really won't
+to go into details--
+
+it's fairly complicated,
+especially when you use either
+
+not or LISP value--
+
+or actually, if you use anything
+besides only and, it
+
+becomes very complicated
+to say when
+
+these things will work.
+
+They won't work quite
+in all situations.
+
+I'll talk about that at the end
+of the second half today.
+
+But the answer to your question
+is, yes, by dragging
+
+in a lot more power from LISP
+value, you lose some of the
+
+principal power of logic
+programming.
+
+That's a trade-off that
+you have to make.
+
+OK, let's take a break.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/d3ChB1tDMyI.txt b/d3ChB1tDMyI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..56ee59b8ab14d22a67adf38bf5049fc4fb45e047
--- /dev/null
+++ b/d3ChB1tDMyI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6371 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so we're very excited about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so we're very excited about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so we're very excited about
+this class um and excuse me this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class um and excuse me this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class um and excuse me this is the
+only time I get you until after spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only time I get you until after spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only time I get you until after spring
+break so I'm not going to well I'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break so I'm not going to well I'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break so I'm not going to well I'll see
+you maybe but um but in terms of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you maybe but um but in terms of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you maybe but um but in terms of this
+class uh I come on after spring break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class uh I come on after spring break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class uh I come on after spring break
+and then I get you for the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I get you for the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I get you for the rest of the
+semester um and uh and so what I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester um and uh and so what I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester um and uh and so what I want to
+do in the next 20 minutes is just give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in the next 20 minutes is just give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in the next 20 minutes is just give
+you a little preview of what's coming um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a little preview of what's coming um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a little preview of what's coming um
+now did you Professor berer did you talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now did you Professor berer did you talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now did you Professor berer did you talk
+about laptops and stuff so so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about laptops and stuff so so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about laptops and stuff so so let me
+talk about that for a minute um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that for a minute um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that for a minute um um
+I think that um any of you who had me in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that um any of you who had me in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that um any of you who had me in
+3012 knows that um for me uh what what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3012 knows that um for me uh what what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3012 knows that um for me uh what what I
+would prefer is that when I'm lecturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would prefer is that when I'm lecturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would prefer is that when I'm lecturing
+that you don't have your laptops open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't have your laptops open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't have your laptops open
+and you're not pulling your sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're not pulling your sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're not pulling your sort of
+under the table texting unless now there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the table texting unless now there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the table texting unless now there
+is an exception who knows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an exception who knows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an exception who knows the
+exception can anybody remember nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception can anybody remember nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception can anybody remember nobody
+actually took me up on this in last fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually took me up on this in last fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually took me up on this in last fall
+but you know if you really feel so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know if you really feel so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know if you really feel so
+inspired that by what I'm talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspired that by what I'm talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspired that by what I'm talking about
+or what we're talking about that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what we're talking about that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what we're talking about that you
+need to send a tweet right and summarize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to send a tweet right and summarize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to send a tweet right and summarize
+it or you need to broadcast this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or you need to broadcast this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or you need to broadcast this
+information that you're getting in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that you're getting in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that you're getting in the
+class out to more people to bring them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class out to more people to bring them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class out to more people to bring them
+in then that's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in then that's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in then that's okay
+um otherwise I'd really prefer it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um otherwise I'd really prefer it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um otherwise I'd really prefer it
+because you know if you open your laptop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know if you open your laptop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know if you open your laptop
+what you're doing is you're creating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing is you're creating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing is you're creating a
+field of view for all the people behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of view for all the people behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of view for all the people behind
+you to get distracted same with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to get distracted same with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to get distracted same with the
+phone under the table trick right A lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone under the table trick right A lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone under the table trick right A lot
+of people see that it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people see that it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people see that it's a little
+distracting um you know the the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distracting um you know the the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distracting um you know the the point of
+the class is discussion right so um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class is discussion right so um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class is discussion right so um you
+know we're going to have sides we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're going to have sides we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're going to have sides we're
+going to talk about sides but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about sides but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about sides but if you
+don't ask ask questions it's a lot less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't ask ask questions it's a lot less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't ask ask questions it's a lot less
+useful you won't learn as much so um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful you won't learn as much so um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful you won't learn as much so um I
+really like getting interrupted you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like getting interrupted you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like getting interrupted you know
+just like yell out something I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like yell out something I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like yell out something I don't
+know um in in 3012 the the key word was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um in in 3012 the the key word was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um in in 3012 the the key word was
+entropy you could yell at entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy you could yell at entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy you could yell at entropy
+anytime and I'd turn around and we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime and I'd turn around and we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime and I'd turn around and we'd
+talk um here it could be like Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk um here it could be like Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk um here it could be like Quantum
+would be a good one right but I I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a good one right but I I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a good one right but I I really
+want you to ask a question when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to ask a question when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to ask a question when you have
+it because if we have a discussion on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because if we have a discussion on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because if we have a discussion on
+the spot about your question that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spot about your question that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spot about your question that's a
+learning moment right that's a chance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning moment right that's a chance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning moment right that's a chance to
+learn more for everyone so I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn more for everyone so I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn more for everyone so I mean the
+studies are in this is I'm not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies are in this is I'm not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies are in this is I'm not just
+being like you know kind of like touchy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being like you know kind of like touchy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being like you know kind of like touchy
+Fey about learning here there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fey about learning here there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fey about learning here there's a lot of
+rigorous studies about how people learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous studies about how people learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous studies about how people learn
+best and it's in those discussions where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best and it's in those discussions where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best and it's in those discussions where
+you learn the most okay so please uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learn the most okay so please uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learn the most okay so please uh
+interact uh ask questions um now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact uh ask questions um now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact uh ask questions um now I'm
+going to talk about I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about I'm going to
+motivate quantum mechanics and and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivate quantum mechanics and and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivate quantum mechanics and and um
+how many of you have seen quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of you have seen quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of you have seen quantum
+mechanics before how many of you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics before how many of you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics before how many of you have
+never seen quantum mechanics it's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never seen quantum mechanics it's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never seen quantum mechanics it's okay
+okay see the thing is what's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay see the thing is what's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay see the thing is what's going to be
+really so so here's the thing you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really so so here's the thing you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really so so here's the thing you don't
+have to have seen quantum mechanics to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have seen quantum mechanics to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have seen quantum mechanics to
+feel your complete Oneness and total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel your complete Oneness and total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel your complete Oneness and total
+enjoyment of the quantum mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoyment of the quantum mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoyment of the quantum mechanical
+simulations we're going to do this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations we're going to do this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations we're going to do this is
+going to be uh really exciting whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be uh really exciting whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be uh really exciting whether
+you've seen Quantum or not because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen Quantum or not because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen Quantum or not because we're
+going to kind of start slowly and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to kind of start slowly and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to kind of start slowly and then
+we're going to learn how to simulate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to learn how to simulate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to learn how to simulate the
+behavior of quantum mechanics so what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of quantum mechanics so what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of quantum mechanics so what I
+want to do today is just tell you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do today is just tell you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do today is just tell you that
+um sort of why this is exciting and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of why this is exciting and why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of why this is exciting and why
+this is important okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is important okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is important okay
+okay so that's what so and I'll give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's what so and I'll give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's what so and I'll give you
+a more detailed outline when I come on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more detailed outline when I come on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more detailed outline when I come on
+uh for for my part after spring break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for for my part after spring break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for for my part after spring break
+but those are sort of the highlights of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but those are sort of the highlights of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but those are sort of the highlights of
+what we're going to touch on now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to touch on now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to touch on now I
+thought that okay so I think Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that okay so I think Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that okay so I think Professor
+ber may have shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ber may have shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ber may have shown
+this right the but so did did did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right the but so did did did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right the but so did did did you
+show the the computers does anybody know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the the computers does anybody know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the the computers does anybody know
+where where the fastest computer on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where the fastest computer on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where the fastest computer on the
+planet is Right we've gotten a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet is Right we've gotten a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet is Right we've gotten a lot
+faster right so some some of these were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster right so some some of these were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster right so some some of these were
+actually here the Whirlwind was here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually here the Whirlwind was here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually here the Whirlwind was here so
+you can see the number of operations per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the number of operations per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the number of operations per
+second has increased dramatically right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second has increased dramatically right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second has increased dramatically right
+where's the fastest computer in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the fastest computer in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the fastest computer in the
+world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+today good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today good
+guess yeah anybody know who has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess yeah anybody know who has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess yeah anybody know who has
+it it's Google right it's Google so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's Google right it's Google so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's Google right it's Google so that
+so that's um and we keep I keep emailing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's um and we keep I keep emailing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's um and we keep I keep emailing
+them and they don't respond to my emails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and they don't respond to my emails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and they don't respond to my emails
+because I want to get some Cycles on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want to get some Cycles on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want to get some Cycles on
+that machine but they actually need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that machine but they actually need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that machine but they actually need to
+build like power plants for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build like power plants for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build like power plants for those
+computers um and you know Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers um and you know Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers um and you know Professor
+berer showed that there's like one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+berer showed that there's like one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+berer showed that there's like one
+little rack where your simulations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little rack where your simulations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little rack where your simulations are
+going to go well Google has like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go well Google has like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go well Google has like
+thousands of those um now I thought I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of those um now I thought I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of those um now I thought I'd
+share my own personal history here does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share my own personal history here does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share my own personal history here does
+anybody has anybody seen either of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody has anybody seen either of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody has anybody seen either of these
+in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+museum this is this is the good old days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+museum this is this is the good old days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+museum this is this is the good old days
+we used to call it the trash 80 um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used to call it the trash 80 um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used to call it the trash 80 um
+that's a couple years ago but that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a couple years ago but that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a couple years ago but that's how
+I grew up is is working on machines like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I grew up is is working on machines like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I grew up is is working on machines like
+this and then there was this one which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then there was this one which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then there was this one which
+had a cartridge you could put in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a cartridge you could put in you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a cartridge you could put in you
+could save your data to a tape okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could save your data to a tape okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could save your data to a tape okay and
+that to do you remember that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to do you remember that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to do you remember that you know
+you're too young yeah uh so you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're too young yeah uh so you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're too young yeah uh so you know uh
+now uh when you save data to a tape you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh when you save data to a tape you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh when you save data to a tape you
+literally are like you guys think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally are like you guys think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally are like you guys think about
+megabytes gigabytes you would save like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megabytes gigabytes you would save like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megabytes gigabytes you would save like
+a 10K file and it would take you 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 10K file and it would take you 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 10K file and it would take you 10
+minutes okay and it would have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes okay and it would have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes okay and it would have these
+beeps anyway someday you can check it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beeps anyway someday you can check it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beeps anyway someday you can check it
+out in the museum but I love um uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in the museum but I love um uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in the museum but I love um uh I
+love the my favorite is the startup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love the my favorite is the startup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love the my favorite is the startup
+screen right so this one would just come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen right so this one would just come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen right so this one would just come
+on and it would say ready I like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and it would say ready I like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and it would say ready I like that
+right so those are the old days um now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so those are the old days um now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so those are the old days um now
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay so Professor berer talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so Professor berer talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so Professor berer talked about
+this I'm all the way he talked about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'm all the way he talked about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'm all the way he talked about how
+I'm not even on here I'm all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not even on here I'm all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not even on here I'm all the way
+down here hey you know but last but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here hey you know but last but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here hey you know but last but not
+least right bottom but not like but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least right bottom but not like but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least right bottom but not like but
+really important because we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important because we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important because we're talking
+about bottom up materials understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about bottom up materials understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about bottom up materials understanding
+and design and this level understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and design and this level understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and design and this level understanding
+and being able to compute this level is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and being able to compute this level is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and being able to compute this level is
+going to be important for all the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be important for all the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be important for all the rest
+of the levels right now what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the levels right now what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the levels right now what we're going
+to talk about when when I come on in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about when when I come on in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about when when I come on in the
+second half is not just those potentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second half is not just those potentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second half is not just those potentials
+right so qu mechanics gets you those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so qu mechanics gets you those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so qu mechanics gets you those
+potentials between atoms that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials between atoms that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials between atoms that you can
+then feed into there to there to there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then feed into there to there to there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then feed into there to there to there
+to there but also gets you real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to there but also gets you real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to there but also gets you real
+materials behaviors directly that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials behaviors directly that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials behaviors directly that you
+cannot get in any other way somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot get in any other way somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot get in any other way somebody
+tell me a quantum mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me a quantum mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me a quantum mechanical
+object that's just like really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object that's just like really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object that's just like really
+quanty what makes you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quanty what makes you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quanty what makes you think
+Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum
+electrons yes I love that that's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons yes I love that that's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons yes I love that that's another
+word if you want to say electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word if you want to say electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word if you want to say electrons
+anytime in the middle of a sentence say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime in the middle of a sentence say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime in the middle of a sentence say
+electrons scream it out that's that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons scream it out that's that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons scream it out that's that's it
+right electrons are quantum mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right electrons are quantum mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right electrons are quantum mechanical
+objects right that you really need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects right that you really need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects right that you really need
+quantum mechanics to know what an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics to know what an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics to know what an
+electron is doing and it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is doing and it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is doing and it turns out that
+knowing what an electron is doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing what an electron is doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing what an electron is doing is
+really important for a lot of properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important for a lot of properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important for a lot of properties
+okay so let me give you I going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me give you I going to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me give you I going to give
+you a sense of that in this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a sense of that in this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a sense of that in this little
+preview today okay so we're all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preview today okay so we're all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preview today okay so we're all the way
+down there now there are a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down there now there are a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down there now there are a lot of
+quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum
+mechanists um and and some of you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanists um and and some of you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanists um and and some of you may
+recognize some of these people so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize some of these people so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize some of these people so these
+are the people and you can tell in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the people and you can tell in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the people and you can tell in
+contrast to thermodynamics they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast to thermodynamics they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast to thermodynamics they don't
+have mutton chops right but uh um and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have mutton chops right but uh um and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have mutton chops right but uh um and I
+don't know that we could say there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know that we could say there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know that we could say there's a
+trend here I mean they look nice here a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend here I mean they look nice here a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend here I mean they look nice here a
+little less well anyway um they look you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little less well anyway um they look you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little less well anyway um they look you
+know these were some really smart people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know these were some really smart people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know these were some really smart people
+these are revolutionizing um sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are revolutionizing um sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are revolutionizing um sort of the
+way we understand and view the world and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we understand and view the world and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we understand and view the world and
+we'll talk about what their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about what their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about what their
+contributions were as we sort of start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions were as we sort of start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions were as we sort of start
+the quantum part okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantum part okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantum part okay um
+now the pro and and we'll talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the pro and and we'll talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the pro and and we'll talk about the
+problems you see because they had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems you see because they had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems you see because they had this
+thing for a long time right they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for a long time right they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for a long time right they had
+classical physics which described the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical physics which described the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical physics which described the
+world really well did we need quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world really well did we need quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world really well did we need quantum
+mechanics to send people to the Moon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics to send people to the Moon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics to send people to the Moon
+Turns out no right um so we can do a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Turns out no right um so we can do a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Turns out no right um so we can do a lot
+without quantum mechanics but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without quantum mechanics but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without quantum mechanics but there
+started to become these problems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to become these problems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to become these problems that
+classical mechanics couldn't describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical mechanics couldn't describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical mechanics couldn't describe
+okay and so we'll talk about those as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so we'll talk about those as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so we'll talk about those as
+well I'm not going to talk about them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'm not going to talk about them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'm not going to talk about them
+now but those those problems became so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but those those problems became so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but those those problems became so
+great that it it just sort of it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great that it it just sort of it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great that it it just sort of it it
+pushed these great thinkers of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed these great thinkers of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed these great thinkers of the time
+of a hundred years ago into developing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a hundred years ago into developing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a hundred years ago into developing a
+completely new theory for the world for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely new theory for the world for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely new theory for the world for
+the way we view the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we view the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we view the world
+um here's one of the funny things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here's one of the funny things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here's one of the funny things about
+quantum mechanics if you throw this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics if you throw this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics if you throw this is a
+quantum mechanical ball and I just threw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanical ball and I just threw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanical ball and I just threw
+it into a wall right and look at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into a wall right and look at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into a wall right and look at what
+happened now we'll talk about this later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened now we'll talk about this later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened now we'll talk about this later
+a quantum mechanical ball is not a ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quantum mechanical ball is not a ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quantum mechanical ball is not a ball
+it's a spread out thing right it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a spread out thing right it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a spread out thing right it has a
+it has a probability associated with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a probability associated with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a probability associated with it
+but look at what happens there right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but look at what happens there right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but look at what happens there right
+look at this it actually what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this it actually what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this it actually what's going on
+somebody tell me what's happening what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody tell me what's happening what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody tell me what's happening what
+is it tunneling now is tunneling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it tunneling now is tunneling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it tunneling now is tunneling
+something that happens in like real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that happens in like real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that happens in like real
+systems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and
+materials yeah you bet it does electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials yeah you bet it does electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials yeah you bet it does electrons
+do it all the time and if you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it all the time and if you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it all the time and if you can't
+predict this kind of tunneling behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict this kind of tunneling behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict this kind of tunneling behavior
+um correctly then you can't design opto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um correctly then you can't design opto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um correctly then you can't design opto
+electronic materials right at least if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic materials right at least if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic materials right at least if
+you want to know what the elect are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to know what the elect are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to know what the elect are
+going to do which is prettyy important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do which is prettyy important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do which is prettyy important
+okay now um it turns out that okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now um it turns out that okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now um it turns out that okay so
+that's a quantum mechanical ball thrown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a quantum mechanical ball thrown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a quantum mechanical ball thrown
+into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a
+wall okay and then there's this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall okay and then there's this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall okay and then there's this uh
+simple very simple reaction that shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple very simple reaction that shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple very simple reaction that shows
+the behavior of the electrons we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior of the electrons we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior of the electrons we already
+saw that so I'm going to skip that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw that so I'm going to skip that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw that so I'm going to skip that um
+but so this is this can be complex right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so this is this can be complex right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so this is this can be complex right
+things are going like through walls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are going like through walls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are going like through walls
+that's weird isn't that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's weird isn't that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's weird isn't that kind of
+weird I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird I
+mean that's weird if I throw a ball into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's weird if I throw a ball into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's weird if I throw a ball into
+a wall you don't usually expect part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wall you don't usually expect part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wall you don't usually expect part of
+it to keep going right you expect it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to keep going right you expect it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to keep going right you expect it to
+bounce back but if I throw an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounce back but if I throw an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounce back but if I throw an electron
+into that wall some of it will keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that wall some of it will keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that wall some of it will keep
+going right and and this is even weirder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going right and and this is even weirder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going right and and this is even weirder
+if I start mixing materials together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I start mixing materials together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I start mixing materials together and
+reacting them those electrons can behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacting them those electrons can behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacting them those electrons can behave
+really really weirdly um that's quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really weirdly um that's quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really weirdly um that's quantum
+mechanics and we'll we'll we'll come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and we'll we'll we'll come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and we'll we'll we'll come to
+feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel
+our enjoyment and Oneness with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our enjoyment and Oneness with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our enjoyment and Oneness with that
+weirdness it's really fun actually it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weirdness it's really fun actually it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weirdness it's really fun actually it's
+really fun um to to think about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fun um to to think about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fun um to to think about how
+weird it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird it is
+the nice sort of thing and also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nice sort of thing and also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nice sort of thing and also the
+really hard thing about quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard thing about quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard thing about quantum
+mechanics is that there's really only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics is that there's really only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics is that there's really only
+one equation that we're going to care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one equation that we're going to care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one equation that we're going to care
+about this is it right that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is it right that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is it right that's the
+shinger equation um and you can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shinger equation um and you can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shinger equation um and you can you can
+see that it's just a it's just a partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it's just a it's just a partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it's just a it's just a partial
+differential equation shouldn't be so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation shouldn't be so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation shouldn't be so
+bad right um well so it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad right um well so it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad right um well so it turns out that
+this equation tells us everything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation tells us everything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation tells us everything that
+we need to know for quantum mechanics it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to know for quantum mechanics it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to know for quantum mechanics it
+tells us about this thing that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us about this thing that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us about this thing that's the
+wave function okay and the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function okay and the wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function okay and the wave function
+is the the the word we use to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the the the word we use to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the the the word we use to describe
+that ball that quantum mechanical ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ball that quantum mechanical ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ball that quantum mechanical ball
+okay it's that that weird shape right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's that that weird shape right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's that that weird shape right um
+and it turns out that if we can solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out that if we can solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out that if we can solve
+that equation then I can get the shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equation then I can get the shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equation then I can get the shape
+of s and then I know a lot about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s and then I know a lot about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s and then I know a lot about the
+quantum mechanics of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics of the
+system now here's what happens when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system now here's what happens when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system now here's what happens when you
+try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to
+solve that equation here's this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve that equation here's this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve that equation here's this equation
+written in very simple form h s equal e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in very simple form h s equal e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in very simple form h s equal e
+side don't worry about that we'll get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side don't worry about that we'll get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side don't worry about that we'll get to
+that when we talk about um quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we talk about um quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we talk about um quantum
+mechanics in the SEC second half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics in the SEC second half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics in the SEC second half of the
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+um again you don't need to we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again you don't need to we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again you don't need to we're not
+going to do sort of like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do sort of like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do sort of like you know
+Quantum 101 we're going to really give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum 101 we're going to really give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum 101 we're going to really give
+it sort of a um uh we're going to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of a um uh we're going to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of a um uh we're going to really
+talk about the essence the key essence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the essence the key essence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the essence the key essence
+of quantum mechanics okay we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quantum mechanics okay we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quantum mechanics okay we're not
+going to go into great detail of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go into great detail of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go into great detail of
+mathematics of it okay but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics of it okay but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics of it okay but it's
+basically a simple equation that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a simple equation that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a simple equation that you
+need to solve so here's that quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to solve so here's that quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to solve so here's that quantum
+mechanical ball this is just a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical ball this is just a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical ball this is just a a
+representing that wave right this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing that wave right this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing that wave right this is a
+plane wave and I'm throwing it into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane wave and I'm throwing it into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane wave and I'm throwing it into a
+wall and I just happen to put another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall and I just happen to put another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall and I just happen to put another
+wall behind it space like that right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall behind it space like that right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall behind it space like that right now
+how would you solve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation what's the first thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation what's the first thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation what's the first thing you
+might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+try don't say ask Siri actually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try don't say ask Siri actually you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try don't say ask Siri actually you
+could ask Siri right wol from alpha Pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could ask Siri right wol from alpha Pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could ask Siri right wol from alpha Pro
+is coming out now so you could put well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is coming out now so you could put well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is coming out now so you could put well
+so could you put this into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so could you put this into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so could you put this into
+Mathematica right yeah you could right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mathematica right yeah you could right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mathematica right yeah you could right
+it's an equation it's got boundaries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an equation it's got boundaries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an equation it's got boundaries
+it's got initial conditions and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got initial conditions and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got initial conditions and here's
+what you get okay so that's a quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you get okay so that's a quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you get okay so that's a quantum
+mechanical ball it's the simplest one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical ball it's the simplest one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical ball it's the simplest one
+you can you could get it's just a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you could get it's just a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you could get it's just a little
+shape that you throw into two walls and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape that you throw into two walls and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape that you throw into two walls and
+these are the equations you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the equations you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the equations you have to
+solve now the fun part about this which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve now the fun part about this which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve now the fun part about this which
+the students in this class two years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students in this class two years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students in this class two years ago
+did not think was that fun when I gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not think was that fun when I gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not think was that fun when I gave
+this on a homework assignment was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on a homework assignment was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on a homework assignment was that
+um was that wolf from alpha cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um was that wolf from alpha cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um was that wolf from alpha cannot
+handle it wolf from Mathematica mat lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle it wolf from Mathematica mat lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle it wolf from Mathematica mat lab
+you name it chokes right you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you name it chokes right you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you name it chokes right you cannot
+solve these these eight equations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve these these eight equations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve these these eight equations in
+unknowns unless you do some tricks some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns unless you do some tricks some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns unless you do some tricks some
+analytic tricks first I won't give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic tricks first I won't give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic tricks first I won't give
+another problem like this I promise but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another problem like this I promise but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another problem like this I promise but
+what I'm what the point of this was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm what the point of this was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm what the point of this was not
+meant to drive the students crazy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to drive the students crazy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to drive the students crazy that
+really wasn't the point the point was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wasn't the point the point was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wasn't the point the point was
+just to illustrate how hard this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to illustrate how hard this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to illustrate how hard this
+equation actually turns out to be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation actually turns out to be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation actually turns out to be to
+solve okay um it looks simple it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve okay um it looks simple it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve okay um it looks simple it's
+deceivingly simple um we can't solve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deceivingly simple um we can't solve it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deceivingly simple um we can't solve it
+even today without making approximations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even today without making approximations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even today without making approximations
+and the only reason we can solve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the only reason we can solve it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the only reason we can solve it
+today for real materials is because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today for real materials is because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today for real materials is because we
+figured out how to make really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out how to make really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out how to make really important
+algorithmic algorithmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic algorithmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic algorithmic
+approximations okay um the only Nobel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations okay um the only Nobel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations okay um the only Nobel
+Prize given in computation was given for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize given in computation was given for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize given in computation was given for
+that that might be on my next slide um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that might be on my next slide um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that might be on my next slide um
+and computers have gotten really fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and computers have gotten really fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and computers have gotten really fast
+okay so I'm skipping ahead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+myself this is a quote so before that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself this is a quote so before that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself this is a quote so before that
+before we figured out how to solve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we figured out how to solve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we figured out how to solve that
+equation for real materials people like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for real materials people like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for real materials people like
+dur really smart people were feeling a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dur really smart people were feeling a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dur really smart people were feeling a
+little bit hopeless right 1929 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit hopeless right 1929 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit hopeless right 1929 the
+underlying physical law is necessary for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying physical law is necessary for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying physical law is necessary for
+the mathematical theory of a large part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mathematical theory of a large part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mathematical theory of a large part
+of physics and the whole of chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of physics and the whole of chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of physics and the whole of chemistry
+are th completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are th completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are th completely
+known what's he talking about what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known what's he talking about what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known what's he talking about what's
+completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely
+known yeah how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known yeah how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known yeah how how
+come right they had kind of nailed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come right they had kind of nailed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come right they had kind of nailed it
+right like in the late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like in the late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like in the late
+1800s they were they were like looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1800s they were they were like looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1800s they were they were like looking
+at the world and saying why things this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the world and saying why things this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the world and saying why things this
+doesn't compute and then they sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't compute and then they sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't compute and then they sort of
+spent 30 years developing the theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent 30 years developing the theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent 30 years developing the theory of
+quantum mechanics and that's why he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics and that's why he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics and that's why he's
+saying it's kind of completely known and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying it's kind of completely known and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying it's kind of completely known and
+the difficulty is only that the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difficulty is only that the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difficulty is only that the exact
+application of these laws leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of these laws leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of these laws leads to
+equations much too complicated to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations much too complicated to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations much too complicated to be
+soluble right that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soluble right that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soluble right that was
+1929 um he did say later if there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1929 um he did say later if there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1929 um he did say later if there's no
+complete agreement between the results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete agreement between the results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete agreement between the results
+of one's work and the experiment one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one's work and the experiment one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one's work and the experiment one
+should not allow oneself to be too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not allow oneself to be too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not allow oneself to be too
+discouraged I like that quote um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discouraged I like that quote um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discouraged I like that quote um it
+turns out that happens in simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that happens in simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that happens in simulation
+quite a b bit right and that has to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a b bit right and that has to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a b bit right and that has to do
+with the fact that you can't solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the fact that you can't solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the fact that you can't solve the
+equations exactly you have to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations exactly you have to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations exactly you have to make
+approximations and knowing where you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations and knowing where you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations and knowing where you are
+in accuracy phase space is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in accuracy phase space is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in accuracy phase space is something
+that's very important in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very important in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very important in this class
+we'll be talking about that a lot okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be talking about that a lot okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be talking about that a lot okay
+but don't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but don't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but don't be
+discouraged nice words of encouragement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discouraged nice words of encouragement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discouraged nice words of encouragement
+from dur okay so that that Nobel Prize I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from dur okay so that that Nobel Prize I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from dur okay so that that Nobel Prize I
+was talking about was um it was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was talking about was um it was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was talking about was um it was actually
+shared but one of the one of the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared but one of the one of the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared but one of the one of the people
+who won it was Walter con um and he won
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who won it was Walter con um and he won
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who won it was Walter con um and he won
+it because of of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because of of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because of of an
+approximation which um which I'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation which um which I'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation which um which I'll talk
+about a little bit um and when when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a little bit um and when when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a little bit um and when when we
+go into quantum mechanics and it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into quantum mechanics and it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into quantum mechanics and it it
+turns out that you still you can't solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that you still you can't solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that you still you can't solve
+the equations of quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equations of quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equations of quantum mechanics
+without making approximations there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without making approximations there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without making approximations there's
+even with the fastest com how many how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even with the fastest com how many how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even with the fastest com how many how
+many transistors are on the fastest how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many transistors are on the fastest how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many transistors are on the fastest how
+many transistors can we put on a chip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many transistors can we put on a chip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many transistors can we put on a chip
+today does anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know 10 billion that's actually that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 10 billion that's actually that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 10 billion that's actually that's a
+good guess I think three is where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good guess I think three is where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good guess I think three is where we're
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+at and how many neurons in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at and how many neurons in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at and how many neurons in your
+brain 100 billion right so we're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain 100 billion right so we're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain 100 billion right so we're getting
+close we're going to be we're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close we're going to be we're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close we're going to be we're getting
+real close they're catching up man um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real close they're catching up man um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real close they're catching up man um it
+is it is uh it costs as much money to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it is uh it costs as much money to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it is uh it costs as much money to
+make a transistor on a chip with three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a transistor on a chip with three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a transistor on a chip with three
+billion transistors on it as it does to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion transistors on it as it does to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion transistors on it as it does to
+print a single letter in a newspaper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print a single letter in a newspaper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print a single letter in a newspaper
+okay so we are very good at printing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we are very good at printing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we are very good at printing
+lots of transistors right um uh that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of transistors right um uh that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of transistors right um uh that has
+dramatically accelerated how much CPU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically accelerated how much CPU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically accelerated how much CPU
+power we have and it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power we have and it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power we have and it's still
+worthless worthless for the equations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthless worthless for the equations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthless worthless for the equations of
+quantum mechanics unless you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics unless you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics unless you make
+simplifications so we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifications so we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifications so we're going to have
+to talk about those simplifications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about those simplifications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about those simplifications
+because they're still not solvable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're still not solvable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're still not solvable
+unless you make these simplifications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you make these simplifications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you make these simplifications
+and that's why the Nobel Prize was given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why the Nobel Prize was given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why the Nobel Prize was given
+for it that's how important it is okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it that's how important it is okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it that's how important it is okay
+once you do that once you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you do that once you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you do that once you know the
+simulation that once you know the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation that once you know the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation that once you know the the
+model once you develop that model that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model once you develop that model that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model once you develop that model that
+Professor buer talked about for quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor buer talked about for quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor buer talked about for quantum
+mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics
+then you can go ahead and do simulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can go ahead and do simulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can go ahead and do simulations
+and you can get some really interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can get some really interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can get some really interesting
+um properties out like in this case this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um properties out like in this case this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um properties out like in this case this
+is uh lead uh titanate and and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh lead uh titanate and and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh lead uh titanate and and there's
+some really interesting magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some really interesting magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some really interesting magnetic
+properties that have to do with where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that have to do with where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that have to do with where
+those electrons are so I'm going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those electrons are so I'm going to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those electrons are so I'm going to give
+you a couple of sort of motivational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a couple of sort of motivational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a couple of sort of motivational
+slides for why quantum mechanics um why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides for why quantum mechanics um why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides for why quantum mechanics um why
+understanding these electrons is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding these electrons is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding these electrons is so
+important okay and then I'll and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important okay and then I'll and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important okay and then I'll and then
+I'll stop um how many know what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll stop um how many know what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll stop um how many know what this
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+yeah Quantum dots yeah what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Quantum dots yeah what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Quantum dots yeah what's happening
+here why are they different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors
+and okay and somebody said why what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay and somebody said why what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay and somebody said why what's
+the reason for that different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason for that different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason for that different
+sizes different sizes isn't that weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes different sizes isn't that weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes different sizes isn't that weird
+why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that that's a good uh that's a good try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's a good uh that's a good try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's a good uh that's a good try
+not quite right good guess any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite right good guess any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite right good guess any other
+ideas well there's always the go-to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas well there's always the go-to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas well there's always the go-to
+answer Quantum it's quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer Quantum it's quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer Quantum it's quantum mechanics
+right it's quantum mechanics this is red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's quantum mechanics this is red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's quantum mechanics this is red
+and that's blue be Aqua purple I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's blue be Aqua purple I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's blue be Aqua purple I don't
+know because of quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know because of quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know because of quantum
+mechanics right let's break that down um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics right let's break that down um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics right let's break that down um
+it it has to do with this isn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it has to do with this isn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it has to do with this isn't really
+breaking that down but it's no but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking that down but it's no but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking that down but it's no but it's
+related because it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related because it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related because it's it's
+nanotechnology okay so I'm I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanotechnology okay so I'm I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanotechnology okay so I'm I'm going to
+explain that in just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain that in just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain that in just a
+minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute
+nanotechnology well you all know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanotechnology well you all know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanotechnology well you all know about
+nanotechnology the scientist the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanotechnology the scientist the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanotechnology the scientist the
+Spider-Man was a nanotechnologist did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spider-Man was a nanotechnologist did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spider-Man was a nanotechnologist did
+you know that and the Incredible Hulk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that and the Incredible Hulk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that and the Incredible Hulk
+because of nanotechnology right um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of nanotechnology right um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of nanotechnology right um so
+um uh so so so that's that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh so so so that's that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh so so so that's that's how
+the that's how Hollywood views
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's how Hollywood views
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's how Hollywood views
+nanotechnology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanotechnology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanotechnology
+um what why am I telling you about Nano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what why am I telling you about Nano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what why am I telling you about Nano
+well because the effects I'm about to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well because the effects I'm about to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well because the effects I'm about to
+describe is because of Nano you hear a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe is because of Nano you hear a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe is because of Nano you hear a
+lot about nanotechnology and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot about nanotechnology and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot about nanotechnology and there's a
+lot of hype around it there's also a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of hype around it there's also a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of hype around it there's also a lot
+of there there okay and I love this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of there there okay and I love this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of there there okay and I love this in
+case you haven't seen the size scales I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you haven't seen the size scales I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you haven't seen the size scales I
+know you probably all seen too much Nano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you probably all seen too much Nano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you probably all seen too much Nano
+but I love this one where you're sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I love this one where you're sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I love this one where you're sitting
+on top of some random dude and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of some random dude and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of some random dude and then you
+go out have you guys seen this 10 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go out have you guys seen this 10 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go out have you guys seen this 10 times
+100 times a thousand right and you keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 times a thousand right and you keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 times a thousand right and you keep
+going out okay and that's how far you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going out okay and that's how far you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going out okay and that's how far you
+are when you go out by 10 to the 9th and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are when you go out by 10 to the 9th and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are when you go out by 10 to the 9th and
+then you start again again and you go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you start again again and you go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you start again again and you go in
+by the same amount right so that's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the same amount right so that's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the same amount right so that's sort
+of just trying to give you a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just trying to give you a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just trying to give you a sense of
+the scales right so that's um that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scales right so that's um that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scales right so that's um that's
+Nano he's going in by the same amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nano he's going in by the same amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nano he's going in by the same amount
+you'd be going out to get to here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd be going out to get to here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd be going out to get to here right
+it's kind of cool it's small stuff um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of cool it's small stuff um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of cool it's small stuff um
+why is that interesting oh the Press
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that interesting oh the Press
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that interesting oh the Press
+seems to know it's because super cows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to know it's because super cows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to know it's because super cows
+and nanotechnology will make ice cream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nanotechnology will make ice cream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nanotechnology will make ice cream
+healthy that's actually still my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy that's actually still my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy that's actually still my
+favorite article about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite article about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite article about
+nanotechnology it's about healthy ice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanotechnology it's about healthy ice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanotechnology it's about healthy ice
+cream um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cream um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cream um
+actually my favorite part of this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually my favorite part of this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually my favorite part of this is the
+definition I love this definition it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition I love this definition it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition I love this definition it is
+also experimenting with nanotechnology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also experimenting with nanotechnology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also experimenting with nanotechnology
+or the science of invisibly tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the science of invisibly tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the science of invisibly tiny
+things right we just saw them they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things right we just saw them they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things right we just saw them they're
+red and blue They're Not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red and blue They're Not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red and blue They're Not
+Invisible okay um right I highlighted it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Invisible okay um right I highlighted it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Invisible okay um right I highlighted it
+um okay back to that example right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay back to that example right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay back to that example right so
+why am I connecting Nano here well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why am I connecting Nano here well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why am I connecting Nano here well
+because Quantum feels Nano a lot Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Quantum feels Nano a lot Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Quantum feels Nano a lot Quantum
+and Nano very often go hand inand now it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Nano very often go hand inand now it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Nano very often go hand inand now it
+depends how Nano you mean some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends how Nano you mean some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends how Nano you mean some people
+say they're working on Nano and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say they're working on Nano and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say they're working on Nano and they're
+really at like8 microns sort of cheating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really at like8 microns sort of cheating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really at like8 microns sort of cheating
+right but not really it's still it's hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but not really it's still it's hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but not really it's still it's hey
+this is like you know some millions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like you know some millions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like you know some millions of
+nanometers I guess that's working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers I guess that's working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers I guess that's working on
+Nano if I take a bulk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+semiconductor what's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+semiconductor it's this it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor it's this it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor it's this it's this
+picture somebody give me an example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture somebody give me an example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture somebody give me an example of a
+semiconductor material Sil silicon right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor material Sil silicon right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor material Sil silicon right
+what are the properties of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the properties of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the properties of a
+semiconductor somebody tell me one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor somebody tell me one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor somebody tell me one
+property of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of a
+semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah yeah it's got a gap not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah it's got a gap not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah it's got a gap not too
+big not too small just right okay we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big not too small just right okay we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big not too small just right okay we'll
+be coming back to that a lot because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be coming back to that a lot because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be coming back to that a lot because
+that Gap is something you can predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Gap is something you can predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Gap is something you can predict
+using quantum mechanics you have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using quantum mechanics you have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using quantum mechanics you have to have
+quantum mechanics to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics to predict
+it now it turns out that if I look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now it turns out that if I look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now it turns out that if I look at
+this piece P of silicon it's optically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece P of silicon it's optically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece P of silicon it's optically
+not that exciting right it's sort of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that exciting right it's sort of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that exciting right it's sort of you
+have a that's that would go along with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a that's that would go along with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a that's that would go along with
+those different colors right it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those different colors right it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those different colors right it's just
+sort of looks like charcoal actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of looks like charcoal actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of looks like charcoal actually
+unless you process it might be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you process it might be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you process it might be a little
+shiny but it's kind of boring um if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shiny but it's kind of boring um if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shiny but it's kind of boring um if I
+take out my little Nano ice cream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take out my little Nano ice cream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take out my little Nano ice cream
+scooper I'm a theorist right so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scooper I'm a theorist right so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scooper I'm a theorist right so this is
+how I view experiments um and you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I view experiments um and you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I view experiments um and you now
+scoop out a little piece of it we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scoop out a little piece of it we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scoop out a little piece of it we have a
+name for that that's called a quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name for that that's called a quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name for that that's called a quantum
+dot right that's a quantum dot but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot right that's a quantum dot but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot right that's a quantum dot but it's
+nothing more than a little tiny piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing more than a little tiny piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing more than a little tiny piece
+it's a nanop piece right what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a nanop piece right what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a nanop piece right what happens
+what happens is if you do that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is if you do that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is if you do that that's
+when you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get
+this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right
+why back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why back to
+our you know what the answer is quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our you know what the answer is quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our you know what the answer is quantum
+mechanics okay here's the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics okay here's the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics okay here's the reason
+something called Quantum confinement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called Quantum confinement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called Quantum confinement
+okay it turns out that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it turns out that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it turns out that if I
+create an optical exitation in this bulk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create an optical exitation in this bulk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create an optical exitation in this bulk
+semiconductor let's say I shine a laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor let's say I shine a laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor let's say I shine a laser
+on it that's about the worst PowerPoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it that's about the worst PowerPoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it that's about the worst PowerPoint
+Gra graphic I've ever seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gra graphic I've ever seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gra graphic I've ever seen
+um uh anyway uh and but it's a laser and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh anyway uh and but it's a laser and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh anyway uh and but it's a laser and
+you shine light on it well what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shine light on it well what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shine light on it well what happens
+is you see these little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you see these little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you see these little
+objects that I said were very quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects that I said were very quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects that I said were very quantum
+mechanical the electron right what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical the electron right what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical the electron right what
+happens is the light the energy from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is the light the energy from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is the light the energy from the
+light kicks an electron out of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light kicks an electron out of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light kicks an electron out of what
+what's called its ground state oh we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called its ground state oh we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called its ground state oh we're
+going to talk about that I'm getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about that I'm getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about that I'm getting
+really excited myself and when it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really excited myself and when it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really excited myself and when it gets
+kicked out of its ground state it leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicked out of its ground state it leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicked out of its ground state it leaves
+behind a hole or a positive charu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind a hole or a positive charu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind a hole or a positive charu
+okay so now you've got a negative charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now you've got a negative charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now you've got a negative charge
+and a positive charge that have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a positive charge that have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a positive charge that have been
+made in this material they've been made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made in this material they've been made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made in this material they've been made
+by light why might I be excited about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by light why might I be excited about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by light why might I be excited about
+that no pun intended that was that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no pun intended that was that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no pun intended that was that what
+thank you one one person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you one one person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you one one person
+uh why might I if you've suffered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why might I if you've suffered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why might I if you've suffered
+through through me last fall then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through through me last fall then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through through me last fall then you
+know what so why might I be excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what so why might I be excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what so why might I be excited
+about that solar power thank you solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that solar power thank you solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that solar power thank you solar
+power we just made electricity from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power we just made electricity from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power we just made electricity from
+sunlight no now turns out that um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunlight no now turns out that um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunlight no now turns out that um that
+electron that positive and negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron that positive and negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron that positive and negative
+charge like to be a certain distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge like to be a certain distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge like to be a certain distance
+apart right in bulk silic 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart right in bulk silic 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart right in bulk silic 5
+nanometers right it's called the exaton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers right it's called the exaton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers right it's called the exaton
+radius when you create an electron hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius when you create an electron hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius when you create an electron hole
+pair they kind of like each other they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair they kind of like each other they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair they kind of like each other they
+sort of want it well they're very weakly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of want it well they're very weakly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of want it well they're very weakly
+Bound in Silicon but they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bound in Silicon but they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bound in Silicon but they have a
+distance that they like to hang out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance that they like to hang out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance that they like to hang out in
+this case 5 nanometers and what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case 5 nanometers and what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case 5 nanometers and what that
+means is that when I run out of real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is that when I run out of real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is that when I run out of real
+estate in the material and I do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estate in the material and I do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estate in the material and I do the same
+thing well they don't have anywhere to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing well they don't have anywhere to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing well they don't have anywhere to
+be they want to be out here but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be they want to be out here but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be they want to be out here but they
+can't be because there's no material out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be because there's no material out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be because there's no material out
+there right so if I'm less than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right so if I'm less than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right so if I'm less than that
+exaton radius then my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exaton radius then my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exaton radius then my
+exitation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exitation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exitation is
+squeezed we have a name for that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeezed we have a name for that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeezed we have a name for that it's
+actually called Quantum confinement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually called Quantum confinement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually called Quantum confinement
+because why because these are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because why because these are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because why because these are very
+quantum mechanical objects you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanical objects you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanical objects you need
+quantum mechanics to describe them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics to describe them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics to describe them and
+what you've done is you've squeezed them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you've done is you've squeezed them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you've done is you've squeezed them
+you've increased their kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've increased their kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've increased their kinetic energy
+and that is the reason the color changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is the reason the color changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is the reason the color changes
+that's the reason the band Gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reason the band Gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reason the band Gap
+changes and so you can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes and so you can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes and so you can see that the
+physical confinement of this excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical confinement of this excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical confinement of this excited
+state leads to Quantum effect leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state leads to Quantum effect leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state leads to Quantum effect leads to
+this very unique Quantum effect which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very unique Quantum effect which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very unique Quantum effect which is
+that the light emitted depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the light emitted depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the light emitted depends on
+size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size
+right one one example of many of sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one one example of many of sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one one example of many of sort of
+the beauty that comes from understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beauty that comes from understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beauty that comes from understanding
+the quantum mechanics and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantum mechanics and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantum mechanics and we're going to
+be able to simulate this in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to simulate this in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to simulate this in the second
+part of this class okay now that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this class okay now that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this class okay now that is a
+really useful piece of technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really useful piece of technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really useful piece of technology
+Quantum dots are being used does anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum dots are being used does anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum dots are being used does anybody
+know about the uses of quantum dots I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about the uses of quantum dots I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about the uses of quantum dots I
+mean they're already in companies right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean they're already in companies right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean they're already in companies right
+yeah solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah solar
+cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells
+right LED
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right LED
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right LED
+TVs biomarkers it's big in the biotech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TVs biomarkers it's big in the biotech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TVs biomarkers it's big in the biotech
+oh sorry I just stole your answer I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sorry I just stole your answer I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sorry I just stole your answer I
+didn't want to do that any other ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want to do that any other ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want to do that any other ideas
+they're they're they're really useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're they're really useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're they're really useful
+right and they're getting more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and they're getting more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and they're getting more and more
+useful very interesting all quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful very interesting all quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful very interesting all quantum
+mechanics um that gets me really excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics um that gets me really excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics um that gets me really excited
+because I work on energy and I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I work on energy and I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I work on energy and I'm not
+going to do an energy uh talk don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do an energy uh talk don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do an energy uh talk don't
+worry but I work a lot on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry but I work a lot on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry but I work a lot on
+energy and the fact of the excuse me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and the fact of the excuse me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and the fact of the excuse me the
+fact of the matter is that this is a map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact of the matter is that this is a map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact of the matter is that this is a map
+of the US and it shows where there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the US and it shows where there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the US and it shows where there's
+good to excellent resources in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to excellent resources in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to excellent resources in some
+renewable Technologies like PV red and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewable Technologies like PV red and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewable Technologies like PV red and
+right red and uh orange uh biomass green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right red and uh orange uh biomass green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right red and uh orange uh biomass green
+and light green uh wind number one most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and light green uh wind number one most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and light green uh wind number one most
+utilized renewable resource in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilized renewable resource in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilized renewable resource in the world
+today is wind right um so if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is wind right um so if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is wind right um so if you look at
+this there's only a few Pockets where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there's only a few Pockets where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there's only a few Pockets where
+you're sort of you know sorry man it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sort of you know sorry man it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sort of you know sorry man it's
+it's gas or or oil um now but we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gas or or oil um now but we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gas or or oil um now but we don't
+use hardly any of these resources right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use hardly any of these resources right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use hardly any of these resources right
+and the reason as we all know is cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason as we all know is cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason as we all know is cost
+and efficiency but in so many of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and efficiency but in so many of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and efficiency but in so many of these
+Technologies not wind in this case but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies not wind in this case but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies not wind in this case but
+PV biomass and in in a number of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PV biomass and in in a number of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PV biomass and in in a number of other
+Technologies solar fuels the key is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies solar fuels the key is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies solar fuels the key is
+pushing electrons around that's the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing electrons around that's the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing electrons around that's the key
+it's pushing electrons up a hill and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pushing electrons up a hill and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pushing electrons up a hill and
+letting the electrons fall down a hill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letting the electrons fall down a hill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letting the electrons fall down a hill
+right I mean one of the oldest ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean one of the oldest ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean one of the oldest ways to
+store energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store energy is
+what who knows goes way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what who knows goes way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what who knows goes way
+back still really used around the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back still really used around the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back still really used around the world
+including the US yeah steam is is a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the US yeah steam is is a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the US yeah steam is is a way
+that's true think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true think
+older pumping water who said that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older pumping water who said that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older pumping water who said that in the
+back pumping water you pump water up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back pumping water you pump water up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back pumping water you pump water up a
+hill you hold it in a big lake and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hill you hold it in a big lake and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hill you hold it in a big lake and you
+let it come down when you need energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let it come down when you need energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let it come down when you need energy
+right you pump it up when you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you pump it up when you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you pump it up when you have the
+energy and let it come down when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and let it come down when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and let it come down when you
+need it it's a terribly inefficient way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it it's a terribly inefficient way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it it's a terribly inefficient way
+to store energy but it works and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to store energy but it works and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to store energy but it works and
+basically what we need to do for so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what we need to do for so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what we need to do for so many
+of these Energy Technologies is figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these Energy Technologies is figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these Energy Technologies is figure
+out how to more efficiently pump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how to more efficiently pump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how to more efficiently pump
+electrons up a hill that's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons up a hill that's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons up a hill that's basically
+what we're doing right um and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're doing right um and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're doing right um and that's
+quantum mechanics because by definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics because by definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics because by definition
+electrons are Quant they need quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are Quant they need quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are Quant they need quantum
+mechanics to describe right so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics to describe right so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics to describe right so we're
+going to pump electrons uphills and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pump electrons uphills and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pump electrons uphills and
+around um in the second part of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around um in the second part of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around um in the second part of this
+class and you can tell your friends that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and you can tell your friends that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and you can tell your friends that
+and it will impress them I promise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will impress them I promise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will impress them I promise
+you I always like to help you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I always like to help you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I always like to help you make
+conversation you know when you're at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation you know when you're at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation you know when you're at the
+bar um you know because here's a solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar um you know because here's a solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar um you know because here's a solar
+cell how do I have any time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell how do I have any time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell how do I have any time
+left yeah I got a couple minutes I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left yeah I got a couple minutes I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left yeah I got a couple minutes I'm
+almost done I'm really almost done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost done I'm really almost done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost done I'm really almost done
+because we're going to work on solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're going to work on solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're going to work on solar
+cells first we're going to spend sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells first we're going to spend sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells first we're going to spend sort of
+the first half of the quantum um part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first half of the quantum um part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first half of the quantum um part
+learning about Quantum and how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning about Quantum and how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning about Quantum and how to
+simulate that equation right we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate that equation right we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate that equation right we're going
+to do simulations and then we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do simulations and then we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do simulations and then we're going
+to apply those um those simulation tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to apply those um those simulation tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to apply those um those simulation tools
+to to real problems we're going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to real problems we're going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to real problems we're going to look
+we're going to study solar cells for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to study solar cells for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to study solar cells for one
+and look at this here's how a solar cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at this here's how a solar cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at this here's how a solar cell
+works well that's what you see if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works well that's what you see if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works well that's what you see if you
+take like a course six class and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take like a course six class and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take like a course six class and if you
+think about it from the device scale but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it from the device scale but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it from the device scale but
+here's what's happening inside that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what's happening inside that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what's happening inside that
+solar cell sunlight comes in squiggly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell sunlight comes in squiggly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell sunlight comes in squiggly
+lines Z is sunlight right squiggly line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines Z is sunlight right squiggly line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines Z is sunlight right squiggly line
+comes in and there's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in and there's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in and there's that
+electron you can tell actually you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron you can tell actually you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron you can tell actually you can't
+but there it is and it gets promoted up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there it is and it gets promoted up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there it is and it gets promoted up
+because that light has energy with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that light has energy with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that light has energy with it
+that knocks this electron up in energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that knocks this electron up in energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that knocks this electron up in energy
+and look at what it left behind a hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at what it left behind a hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at what it left behind a hole
+just like I showed you in Silicon right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like I showed you in Silicon right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like I showed you in Silicon right
+in those Quantum dots in a solar cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those Quantum dots in a solar cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those Quantum dots in a solar cell
+you don't want them to recombine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want them to recombine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want them to recombine and
+emit light you don't want them to shine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emit light you don't want them to shine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emit light you don't want them to shine
+different colors in a solar cell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different colors in a solar cell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different colors in a solar cell you
+want to get those charges out you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get those charges out you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get those charges out you want
+to get that electron out of one side and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get that electron out of one side and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get that electron out of one side and
+get that hole out of the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that hole out of the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that hole out of the other side
+right every single step here converting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right every single step here converting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right every single step here converting
+the photon into an electron electron and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photon into an electron electron and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photon into an electron electron and
+whole thermalize they couple to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thermalize they couple to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thermalize they couple to the
+solar cell and they waste all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell and they waste all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell and they waste all that
+energy coming back up to the valence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy coming back up to the valence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy coming back up to the valence and
+conduction band they wasted all his heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction band they wasted all his heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction band they wasted all his heat
+right the electron hole pair diffuses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the electron hole pair diffuses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the electron hole pair diffuses
+this thing hello
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing hello
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing hello
+there welcome to 3021 um this thing can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there welcome to 3021 um this thing can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there welcome to 3021 um this thing can
+move around this pair can move around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move around this pair can move around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move around this pair can move around
+and then you got to get them apart right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you got to get them apart right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you got to get them apart right
+and you got to get them out right every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you got to get them out right every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you got to get them out right every
+single step that's critical is a quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single step that's critical is a quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single step that's critical is a quantum
+mechanical step right you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical step right you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical step right you cannot
+describe these processes unless you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe these processes unless you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe these processes unless you can
+solve shorting Earth's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve shorting Earth's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve shorting Earth's
+equation okay so we'll be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay so we'll be talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay so we'll be talking about
+that and how to make solar cells better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and how to make solar cells better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and how to make solar cells better
+for example you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you know in
+Silicon people put charts like this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon people put charts like this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon people put charts like this up
+you know more than 80% of the solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know more than 80% of the solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know more than 80% of the solar
+cells you buy today are this they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells you buy today are this they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells you buy today are this they're
+multicrystal and silicon right um now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multicrystal and silicon right um now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multicrystal and silicon right um now
+the solar cells in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solar cells in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solar cells in your
+calculators are more facil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculators are more facil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculators are more facil
+and the reason is they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason is they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason is they're
+cheap um they're they're very cheap but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap um they're they're very cheap but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap um they're they're very cheap but
+they're very inefficient and so you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very inefficient and so you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very inefficient and so you see
+things and but they could be thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and but they could be thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and but they could be thin
+flexible that's kind of nice but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible that's kind of nice but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible that's kind of nice but they're
+just not that efficient um and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not that efficient um and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not that efficient um and so you
+start seeing things like well here let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start seeing things like well here let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start seeing things like well here let's
+compare these two crystals here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare these two crystals here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare these two crystals here's a
+crystal and here's a morphus there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal and here's a morphus there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal and here's a morphus there's a
+gap difference in energy between those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap difference in energy between those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap difference in energy between those
+states that the electron gets excited to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that the electron gets excited to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that the electron gets excited to
+very different there's absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different there's absorption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different there's absorption
+coefficients very different there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients very different there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients very different there's
+mobilities and this is actually what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobilities and this is actually what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobilities and this is actually what
+kills it those holes are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kills it those holes are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kills it those holes are so
+slow right well how can you compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow right well how can you compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow right well how can you compute
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+things let me hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things let me hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things let me hear
+it thank you quantum mechanics we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it thank you quantum mechanics we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it thank you quantum mechanics we can
+calculate and we will calculate these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate and we will calculate these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate and we will calculate these
+things for these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things for these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things for these kinds of
+materials and maybe you'll find a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and maybe you'll find a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and maybe you'll find a way to
+make a morphos silicon have faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a morphos silicon have faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a morphos silicon have faster
+holes and if you do that please come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes and if you do that please come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes and if you do that please come
+talk to me if you're really interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to me if you're really interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to me if you're really interested
+because I've been working on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I've been working on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I've been working on that
+problem for many years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for many years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for many years
+but these are the kinds of things we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these are the kinds of things we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these are the kinds of things we're
+going to do okay um in this class I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do okay um in this class I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do okay um in this class I was
+at I'll tell you one quick story I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at I'll tell you one quick story I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at I'll tell you one quick story I was
+at a a conference on solar energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a a conference on solar energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a a conference on solar energy and
+they gave out calculators as uh kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they gave out calculators as uh kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they gave out calculators as uh kind of
+solar powered calculators you know solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar powered calculators you know solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar powered calculators you know solar
+energy calculators solar energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy calculators solar energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy calculators solar energy
+conference solar powered calculators and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference solar powered calculators and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference solar powered calculators and
+it and we opened one up and it turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and we opened one up and it turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and we opened one up and it turned
+out it was battery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out it was battery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out it was battery
+powered and this there was a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powered and this there was a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powered and this there was a little
+piece of amorphous silicon solar cell in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of amorphous silicon solar cell in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of amorphous silicon solar cell in
+there but it wasn't wired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but it wasn't wired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but it wasn't wired
+up and and you know the reason is these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and and you know the reason is these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and and you know the reason is these
+are so uh poor in their efficiencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so uh poor in their efficiencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so uh poor in their efficiencies
+right we've all seen it you need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we've all seen it you need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we've all seen it you need to be
+in direct sun and you can't see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in direct sun and you can't see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in direct sun and you can't see it
+anymore and right why we if we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore and right why we if we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore and right why we if we could
+figure out how to boost that whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to boost that whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to boost that whole
+Mobility we could get their efficiencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mobility we could get their efficiencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mobility we could get their efficiencies
+up they cost a lot less we' make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up they cost a lot less we' make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up they cost a lot less we' make a
+gamechanging difference so these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamechanging difference so these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamechanging difference so these are the
+kinds of problems that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of problems that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of problems that we're going to
+work on in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+half
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/d4Auh7uWEjY.txt b/d4Auh7uWEjY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2d3e20d148f4b9f7abd83dbd8410d143a61cee73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/d4Auh7uWEjY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,403 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the goal of this problem is to design a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal of this problem is to design a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal of this problem is to design a
+reliable latch a latch can be designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable latch a latch can be designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable latch a latch can be designed
+using a multiplexer where the G input is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a multiplexer where the G input is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a multiplexer where the G input is
+used to determine whether or not a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to determine whether or not a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to determine whether or not a new
+data value should be loaded into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data value should be loaded into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data value should be loaded into the
+latch the way the latch works is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latch the way the latch works is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latch the way the latch works is that
+when G equals zero the old value of Q is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when G equals zero the old value of Q is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when G equals zero the old value of Q is
+fed back through the multiplexer so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fed back through the multiplexer so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fed back through the multiplexer so it
+retains its old value when G equals 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retains its old value when G equals 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retains its old value when G equals 1
+the multiplexer selects D as the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multiplexer selects D as the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multiplexer selects D as the input
+so Q gets updated to be the value of D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Q gets updated to be the value of D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Q gets updated to be the value of D
+the logic function that describes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the logic function that describes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the logic function that describes the
+operation of the latch is Q equals not G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation of the latch is Q equals not G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation of the latch is Q equals not G
+and Q or G and D we want to build this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Q or G and D we want to build this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Q or G and D we want to build this
+latch using only and or and inverter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latch using only and or and inverter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latch using only and or and inverter
+gates we are given three proposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gates we are given three proposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gates we are given three proposed
+designs for the latch for each proposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs for the latch for each proposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs for the latch for each proposed
+design we want to specify whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design we want to specify whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design we want to specify whether the
+design is bad good or obese bad means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design is bad good or obese bad means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design is bad good or obese bad means
+that the latch does not work reliably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the latch does not work reliably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the latch does not work reliably
+good means that the latch works reliably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good means that the latch works reliably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good means that the latch works reliably
+and obese means that the latch works but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and obese means that the latch works but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and obese means that the latch works but
+uses more gates than necessary latch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses more gates than necessary latch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses more gates than necessary latch
+proposal a is shown here taking a closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposal a is shown here taking a closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposal a is shown here taking a closer
+look at this circuit we see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this circuit we see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this circuit we see that the
+logic function that it implements is Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic function that it implements is Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic function that it implements is Q
+equals G and Q or D this is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals G and Q or D this is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals G and Q or D this is not the
+correct logic equation for a latch so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct logic equation for a latch so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct logic equation for a latch so
+this design is bad next we take a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this design is bad next we take a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this design is bad next we take a look
+at proposals B and C the logic equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at proposals B and C the logic equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at proposals B and C the logic equation
+for proposal B is Q equals not G and Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for proposal B is Q equals not G and Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for proposal B is Q equals not G and Q
+or G and D this is exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or G and D this is exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or G and D this is exactly the same
+logic equation that we specified for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic equation that we specified for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic equation that we specified for our
+latch however this implementation is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latch however this implementation is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latch however this implementation is not
+lenient because it does not guarantee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lenient because it does not guarantee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lenient because it does not guarantee
+that you will not see glitches on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you will not see glitches on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you will not see glitches on your
+output signal when G changes value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output signal when G changes value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output signal when G changes value
+proposals see however includes the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposals see however includes the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposals see however includes the same
+logic function Q equals not G and Q or G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic function Q equals not G and Q or G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic function Q equals not G and Q or G
+and D plus one more term which is the or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and D plus one more term which is the or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and D plus one more term which is the or
+of Q and D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Q and D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Q and D
+if you create a karnaugh map for both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you create a karnaugh map for both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you create a karnaugh map for both of
+these logic functions you see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these logic functions you see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these logic functions you see that the
+QD term is redundant because it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QD term is redundant because it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QD term is redundant because it doesn't
+add any additional ones to the karnaugh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add any additional ones to the karnaugh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add any additional ones to the karnaugh
+map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map
+this means that logically the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that logically the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that logically the two
+functions are equivalent but the effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are equivalent but the effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are equivalent but the effect
+of the extra term is that it makes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the extra term is that it makes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the extra term is that it makes the
+implementation lenient so proposal C is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation lenient so proposal C is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation lenient so proposal C is
+good and proposal B is bad
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/d9ugFckUBcg.txt b/d9ugFckUBcg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..401788daac2160acda8bba9511eed70f5d3678eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/d9ugFckUBcg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,507 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose we have an object and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have an object and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have an object and we're
+applying a constant force in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying a constant force in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying a constant force in the
+horizontal direction we would now like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal direction we would now like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal direction we would now like
+to introduce the concept of work suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to introduce the concept of work suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to introduce the concept of work suppose
+our force starts at a point X I and goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our force starts at a point X I and goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our force starts at a point X I and goes
+to a position X final and we'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a position X final and we'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a position X final and we'll call
+this the I hat direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the I hat direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the I hat direction
+then our force as a vector will write FX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then our force as a vector will write FX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then our force as a vector will write FX
+I had and now what we'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had and now what we'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had and now what we'd like to
+calculate is the product of force with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate is the product of force with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate is the product of force with
+the displacement of the object so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the displacement of the object so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the displacement of the object so our
+displacement vector Delta X is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement vector Delta X is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement vector Delta X is equal to
+Delta X I hat where Delta X is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X I hat where Delta X is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X I hat where Delta X is equal to
+X final minus X initial and for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X final minus X initial and for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X final minus X initial and for our
+constant force for the case where FX is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant force for the case where FX is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant force for the case where FX is
+a constant we would like to define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant we would like to define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant we would like to define the
+work done by this force in displacing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work done by this force in displacing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work done by this force in displacing
+the object from our initial position and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object from our initial position and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object from our initial position and
+we'll mark it like that to the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll mark it like that to the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll mark it like that to the final
+position here is given by the product so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position here is given by the product so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position here is given by the product so
+we'll call work is the product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call work is the product of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call work is the product of the
+force FX times the displacement and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force FX times the displacement and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force FX times the displacement and so
+that's equal to F X times X final minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's equal to F X times X final minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's equal to F X times X final minus
+X initial and this is our definition for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X initial and this is our definition for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X initial and this is our definition for
+work for the special case where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for the special case where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for the special case where the
+force is constant now if we look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force is constant now if we look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force is constant now if we look at this
+our force may in our drive diagram we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our force may in our drive diagram we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our force may in our drive diagram we
+drew it in the positive x-direction but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew it in the positive x-direction but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew it in the positive x-direction but
+if our force F X we're less than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if our force F X we're less than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if our force F X we're less than zero
+and our displacement was in the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our displacement was in the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our displacement was in the positive
+direction positive then you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction positive then you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction positive then you can see that
+the work is negative so if the force is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work is negative so if the force is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work is negative so if the force is
+opposing the displacement and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposing the displacement and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposing the displacement and that's
+what would happen if FX was pointing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would happen if FX was pointing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would happen if FX was pointing in
+the negative direction the work would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative direction the work would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative direction the work would be
+negative if FX is positive and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative if FX is positive and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative if FX is positive and the
+displacement is positive then the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement is positive then the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement is positive then the work
+is positive so we see work is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive so we see work is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive so we see work is a
+scaler that has assigned quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaler that has assigned quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaler that has assigned quantity
+positive or negative now whenever we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or negative now whenever we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or negative now whenever we
+introduce a new quantity we always have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a new quantity we always have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a new quantity we always have
+to be a little bit careful about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a little bit careful about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a little bit careful about the
+units since work is the product of force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units since work is the product of force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units since work is the product of force
+and distance then our SI units for work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and distance then our SI units for work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and distance then our SI units for work
+are the units of force which are newtons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the units of force which are newtons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the units of force which are newtons
+times the units of distance meters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the units of distance meters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the units of distance meters and
+we call this a Joule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call this a Joule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call this a Joule
+so one Joule is equal to one Newton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one Joule is equal to one Newton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one Joule is equal to one Newton
+meter now graphically we can make an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter now graphically we can make an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter now graphically we can make an
+interpretation of this let's draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of this let's draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of this let's draw a
+graph of force the X component of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph of force the X component of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph of force the X component of the
+force and here if we had some origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force and here if we had some origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force and here if we had some origin
+we'll have X and our object is starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have X and our object is starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have X and our object is starting
+at X I and it's going to X final and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at X I and it's going to X final and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at X I and it's going to X final and
+throughout this process we're assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout this process we're assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout this process we're assuming
+that the force is constant so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the force is constant so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the force is constant so what we
+see in this diagram here I'll just shade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in this diagram here I'll just shade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in this diagram here I'll just shade
+in this area that our work which was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this area that our work which was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this area that our work which was the
+product of force times the displacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of force times the displacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of force times the displacement
+corresponds to the area here so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the area here so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the area here so we have
+a geometric interpretation of work as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a geometric interpretation of work as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a geometric interpretation of work as
+the area under the force verse position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area under the force verse position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area under the force verse position
+graph and this is our example of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and this is our example of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and this is our example of work
+for a constant force
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/dHXZ2bFV6EE.txt b/dHXZ2bFV6EE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bdb9d284c445226b5794b38ff44fd05b3941917a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dHXZ2bFV6EE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6651 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know that there is exam tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that there is exam tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that there is exam tomorrow
+night it's very heavily on the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night it's very heavily on the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night it's very heavily on the the the
+particle in a box the harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle in a box the harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle in a box the harmonic
+oscillator and the time-dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator and the time-dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator and the time-dependent
+schrodinger equation it's really quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schrodinger equation it's really quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schrodinger equation it's really quite
+an amazing amount of stuff ok so last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an amazing amount of stuff ok so last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an amazing amount of stuff ok so last
+time we talked about some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we talked about some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we talked about some time
+independent Hamiltonian examples and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent Hamiltonian examples and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent Hamiltonian examples and to
+that I like our the half harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I like our the half harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I like our the half harmonic
+oscillator and the vertical excitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator and the vertical excitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator and the vertical excitation
+the Franck on an excitation now when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Franck on an excitation now when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Franck on an excitation now when
+you're doing time dependent Hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing time dependent Hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing time dependent Hamiltonian
+when you're doing time dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're doing time dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're doing time dependent
+problems for a time independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems for a time independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems for a time independent
+Hamiltonian you always start with start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian you always start with start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian you always start with start
+with the form of the function at T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the form of the function at T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the form of the function at T
+equals 0 and automatically extend it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 and automatically extend it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 and automatically extend it
+using the fact that you have a complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the fact that you have a complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the fact that you have a complete
+set of eigenfunctions of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of eigenfunctions of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of eigenfunctions of the time
+independent Hamiltonian to the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent Hamiltonian to the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent Hamiltonian to the time
+dependent wave function and with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent wave function and with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent wave function and with the
+time dependent wave function you're able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time dependent wave function you're able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time dependent wave function you're able
+to calculate almost anything you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate almost anything you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate almost anything you want
+and I did several examples of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I did several examples of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I did several examples of things
+that you could calculate one is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could calculate one is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could calculate one is the the
+probability density is a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density is a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density is a function of
+time the other is the survival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the other is the survival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the other is the survival
+probability and the survival probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and the survival probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and the survival probability
+is a really neat thing because it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a really neat thing because it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a really neat thing because it says
+we've got some object which is particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got some object which is particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got some object which is particle
+like and the time evolution makes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and the time evolution makes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and the time evolution makes the
+wave function move away from its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function move away from its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function move away from its
+birthplace and that's an easy thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birthplace and that's an easy thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birthplace and that's an easy thing to
+understand but what's surprising is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand but what's surprising is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand but what's surprising is that
+we think about a wave packet as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think about a wave packet as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think about a wave packet as
+localized in position but it also has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized in position but it also has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized in position but it also has
+encoded in it momentum information and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoded in it momentum information and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoded in it momentum information and
+so when the wave packet moves away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when the wave packet moves away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when the wave packet moves away from
+its starting point if it starts at rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its starting point if it starts at rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its starting point if it starts at rest
+the main the the initial fast changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main the the initial fast changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main the the initial fast changes
+are in momentum and the momentum the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in momentum and the momentum the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in momentum and the momentum the
+change of the momentum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of the momentum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of the momentum is
+the gradient of the potential and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient of the potential and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient of the potential and that's
+something you usually want to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you usually want to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you usually want to know the
+gradient of the potential at a turning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of the potential at a turning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of the potential at a turning
+point and it energy you you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and it energy you you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and it energy you you know and
+that's that is a measurable quantity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that is a measurable quantity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that is a measurable quantity and
+it's really a beautiful example of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really a beautiful example of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really a beautiful example of how
+you can find easily observable or easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find easily observable or easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find easily observable or easily
+calculable quantum mechanical things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculable quantum mechanical things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculable quantum mechanical things
+that reflect classical mechanics okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reflect classical mechanics okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reflect classical mechanics okay I
+talked about grand reef basics for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about grand reef basics for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about grand reef basics for
+problems like the harmonic oscillator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems like the harmonic oscillator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems like the harmonic oscillator
+and the rigid rotor and the particle in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rigid rotor and the particle in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rigid rotor and the particle in
+a box you have this fantastic property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a box you have this fantastic property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a box you have this fantastic property
+that all of the energy level differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all of the energy level differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all of the energy level differences
+are integer multiples of a common factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are integer multiples of a common factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are integer multiples of a common factor
+and that guarantees that you will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that guarantees that you will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that guarantees that you will have
+periodic refacing x' @ x related to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic refacing x' @ x related to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic refacing x' @ x related to that
+common factor and and so that enables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common factor and and so that enables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common factor and and so that enables
+you to observe the evolution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to observe the evolution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to observe the evolution of
+something for a very long time and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something for a very long time and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something for a very long time and to
+see whether that rephrasing czar perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see whether that rephrasing czar perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see whether that rephrasing czar perfect
+or not quite perfect and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not quite perfect and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not quite perfect and the
+imperfections are telling you something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfections are telling you something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfections are telling you something
+beyond the simple model they'll telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the simple model they'll telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the simple model they'll telling
+you they're telling you about an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you they're telling you about an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you they're telling you about an
+harmonicity or some other thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonicity or some other thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonicity or some other thing that
+makes the energy levels not quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the energy levels not quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the energy levels not quite
+integer multiples of a common factor now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer multiples of a common factor now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer multiples of a common factor now
+one of the nicest things is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the nicest things is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the nicest things is the
+illustration of tunneling and we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration of tunneling and we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration of tunneling and we don't
+observe tunneling tunneling is a quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe tunneling tunneling is a quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe tunneling tunneling is a quantum
+mechanical thing and it's encoded in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical thing and it's encoded in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical thing and it's encoded in
+what's most easily observed the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's most easily observed the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's most easily observed the energy
+level pattern it's encoded as a level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level pattern it's encoded as a level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level pattern it's encoded as a level
+staggering now we talked about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staggering now we talked about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staggering now we talked about this
+problem where we have a barrier in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem where we have a barrier in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem where we have a barrier in the
+middle and when with a barrier in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle and when with a barrier in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle and when with a barrier in the
+middle had half of the energy levels are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle had half of the energy levels are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle had half of the energy levels are
+almost unaffected and the other half are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost unaffected and the other half are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost unaffected and the other half are
+affected a lot now here is a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected a lot now here is a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected a lot now here is a problem
+that you can understand in the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can understand in the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can understand in the same way
+there's no tunneling here but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no tunneling here but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no tunneling here but there's
+some extra stuff here and the level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some extra stuff here and the level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some extra stuff here and the level
+diagram can tell you the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram can tell you the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram can tell you the difference
+between these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two
+does anybody want to tell me what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody want to tell me what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody want to tell me what's
+different what is the qualitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different what is the qualitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different what is the qualitative
+signature of this yes even symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature of this yes even symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature of this yes even symmetry
+levels are shifted up right and so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels are shifted up right and so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels are shifted up right and so now
+you're ready to answer this this one if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're ready to answer this this one if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're ready to answer this this one if
+the even symmetry levels are shifted up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the even symmetry levels are shifted up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the even symmetry levels are shifted up
+because they feel the barrier what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they feel the barrier what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they feel the barrier what about
+the even symmetry levels here yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the even symmetry levels here yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the even symmetry levels here yes
+right and so you get a level staggering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so you get a level staggering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so you get a level staggering
+where in this case the the lowest level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where in this case the the lowest level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where in this case the the lowest level
+is close to the next higher one and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is close to the next higher one and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is close to the next higher one and in
+this one the lowest level is shifted way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one the lowest level is shifted way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one the lowest level is shifted way
+down and the next one is not shifted and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and the next one is not shifted and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and the next one is not shifted and
+then we get the EE or the paring so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we get the EE or the paring so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we get the EE or the paring so that
+that's that's a kind of intuition that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's a kind of intuition that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's a kind of intuition that
+you get just by looking at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get just by looking at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get just by looking at these
+problems now one thing that is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems now one thing that is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems now one thing that is really
+beautiful is when you have a barrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful is when you have a barrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful is when you have a barrier
+like this since this part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this since this part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this since this part of the
+potential problem is something that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential problem is something that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential problem is something that is
+exactly solved you propagate the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly solved you propagate the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly solved you propagate the wave
+function in from the sides and they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in from the sides and they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in from the sides and they have
+the same phase so there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same phase so there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same phase so there is no
+accumulation of phase under the barrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulation of phase under the barrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulation of phase under the barrier
+and that means the levels that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means the levels that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means the levels that are
+trying to propagate under this barrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to propagate under this barrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to propagate under this barrier
+are shifted up because they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are shifted up because they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are shifted up because they have to
+accumulate enough phase to satisfy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulate enough phase to satisfy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulate enough phase to satisfy the
+boundary conditions at the turning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions at the turning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions at the turning
+points here you're going to accumulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points here you're going to accumulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points here you're going to accumulate
+more phase in this special region phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more phase in this special region phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more phase in this special region phase
+is really important okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so today we're going to talk and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today we're going to talk and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today we're going to talk and this is
+this lecture is basically not on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture is basically not on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture is basically not on the
+exam although it does connect with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam although it does connect with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam although it does connect with
+topics on the exam and makes makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics on the exam and makes makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics on the exam and makes makes it
+possible to understand them better so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to understand them better so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to understand them better so
+instead of learning about the postulates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of learning about the postulates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of learning about the postulates
+in a great abstract way at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a great abstract way at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a great abstract way at the beginning
+before you know what they're for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you know what they're for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you know what they're for now
+we're going to review what we understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to review what we understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to review what we understand
+about them and so one thing is there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them and so one thing is there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them and so one thing is there is
+a wave function and now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wave function and now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wave function and now we're
+considering not just one dimension but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering not just one dimension but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering not just one dimension but
+any number of dimensions so and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any number of dimensions so and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any number of dimensions so and it's
+telling you this is the state function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you this is the state function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you this is the state function
+and it tells you everything you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it tells you everything you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it tells you everything you're
+allowed to know about the system and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to know about the system and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to know about the system and if
+you have this you can calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this you can calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this you can calculate
+everything if you know how observables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything if you know how observables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything if you know how observables
+relate to this well you're fine you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to this well you're fine you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to this well you're fine you can
+then use that to describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then use that to describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then use that to describe the
+Hamiltonian hermitian operators are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian hermitian operators are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian hermitian operators are the
+only kind of operators you can have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only kind of operators you can have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only kind of operators you can have in
+quantum mechanics and they have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics and they have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics and they have the
+wonderful property that they're I ghen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful property that they're I ghen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful property that they're I ghen
+values all of them are real because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values all of them are real because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values all of them are real because they
+correspond to something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to something that's
+observable and when you observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable and when you observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable and when you observe
+something it's a real number it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it's a real number it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it's a real number it's not a
+complex number it's not an imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number it's not an imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number it's not an imaginary
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so why do Hermes oh why what is her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why do Hermes oh why what is her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why do Hermes oh why what is her
+mission and why does that ensure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission and why does that ensure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission and why does that ensure that
+you always get a real number okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you always get a real number okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you always get a real number okay you
+all know in quantum mechanics that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all know in quantum mechanics that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all know in quantum mechanics that if
+you do an experiment and the experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do an experiment and the experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do an experiment and the experiment
+can be represented by some operator you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be represented by some operator you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be represented by some operator you
+get an eigenvalue of that operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an eigenvalue of that operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an eigenvalue of that operator
+nothing else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing else
+one experiment one eigenvalue a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one experiment one eigenvalue a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one experiment one eigenvalue a hundred
+experiments you might get several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments you might get several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments you might get several
+eigenvalues and the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues and the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues and the relative
+probabilities of the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of the different
+eigenvalues by telling you something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues by telling you something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues by telling you something
+about what is this what was the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what is this what was the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what is this what was the initial
+preparation so I've already said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation so I've already said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation so I've already said
+something about this the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about this the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about this the expectation
+value of the wave function for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the wave function for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the wave function for a
+particular operator is related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular operator is related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular operator is related to
+probabilities times eigenvalues okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities times eigenvalues okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities times eigenvalues okay the
+fifth postulate is the time-dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth postulate is the time-dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth postulate is the time-dependent
+schrodinger equation and i don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schrodinger equation and i don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schrodinger equation and i don't need to
+talk much about that because that's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk much about that because that's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk much about that because that's it's
+all the way around us and i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way around us and i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way around us and i'm going to
+talk about some neat stuff where these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about some neat stuff where these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about some neat stuff where these
+we we start using words that are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we start using words that are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we start using words that are very
+instructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructive
+so completeness orthogonality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mutaters simultaneous eigenfunctions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutaters simultaneous eigenfunctions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutaters simultaneous eigenfunctions and
+this is really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really important
+suppose we have an easy operator which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have an easy operator which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have an easy operator which
+commutes with the Hamiltonian and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutes with the Hamiltonian and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutes with the Hamiltonian and it's
+easy for us to find the eigenvalues of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy for us to find the eigenvalues of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy for us to find the eigenvalues of
+that operator eigenfunctions of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that operator eigenfunctions of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that operator eigenfunctions of that
+operator those eigenfunctions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator those eigenfunctions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator those eigenfunctions are
+automatically I confess the heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically I confess the heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically I confess the heart
+operator so we like them and so we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator so we like them and so we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator so we like them and so we are
+interested in can we have simultaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in can we have simultaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in can we have simultaneous
+eigenfunctions of several operators and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenfunctions of several operators and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenfunctions of several operators and
+the answer is yes if the operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is yes if the operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is yes if the operators
+commute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we use the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they sassette to describe the complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sassette to describe the complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sassette to describe the complete
+set of eigenfunctions of some operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of eigenfunctions of some operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of eigenfunctions of some operator
+and we use the words mixing coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and mixing fraction so here we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mixing fraction so here we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mixing fraction so here we have a
+wave function this expressed is a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function this expressed is a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function this expressed is a linear
+combination of basis functions and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of basis functions and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of basis functions and the
+coefficient in front of each one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient in front of each one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient in front of each one is the
+mixing coefficient now if we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing coefficient now if we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing coefficient now if we're talking
+about probabilities we care about mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about probabilities we care about mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about probabilities we care about mixing
+fractions which are basically the mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions which are basically the mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions which are basically the mixing
+coefficients squared or complex and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients squared or complex and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients squared or complex and the
+square modulus so these are words that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square modulus so these are words that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square modulus so these are words that
+are part of the language of a practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are part of the language of a practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are part of the language of a practice
+of someone who uses quantum mechanics to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of someone who uses quantum mechanics to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of someone who uses quantum mechanics to
+understand stuff okay so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand stuff okay so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand stuff okay so I'm going to
+try to develop this and some useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to develop this and some useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to develop this and some useful
+tricks so we have a state function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have a state function which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a state function which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a state function which is a
+function of coordinates and time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of coordinates and time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of coordinates and time and
+this this thing is telling you what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this thing is telling you what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this thing is telling you what is
+the probability of finding the system at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of finding the system at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of finding the system at
+that coordinate at the specified time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that coordinate at the specified time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that coordinate at the specified time
+and the volume element is DX dy and DZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the volume element is DX dy and DZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the volume element is DX dy and DZ
+now often we use an abbreviation D tau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now often we use an abbreviation D tau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now often we use an abbreviation D tau
+for the volume element because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the volume element because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the volume element because we're
+going to be dealing with problems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be dealing with problems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be dealing with problems that
+are knots a single particle but many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are knots a single particle but many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are knots a single particle but many
+particles and so we use this notation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and so we use this notation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and so we use this notation to
+say for the differential associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for the differential associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for the differential associated with
+every coordinate associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every coordinate associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every coordinate associated with the
+problem and we're going to integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and we're going to integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and we're going to integrate
+over those sorts of things or at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over those sorts of things or at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over those sorts of things or at least
+over some of them so this is telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over some of them so this is telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over some of them so this is telling you
+about a probability within a volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a probability within a volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a probability within a volume
+element at a particular point in space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element at a particular point in space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element at a particular point in space
+and time now one of the assertive things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and time now one of the assertive things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and time now one of the assertive things
+that we're told is if the wave functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're told is if the wave functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're told is if the wave functions
+are well-behaved and that says something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are well-behaved and that says something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are well-behaved and that says something
+about the wave functions and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the wave functions and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the wave functions and the
+derivatives of the wave functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of the wave functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of the wave functions
+so what's well-behaved well the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's well-behaved well the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's well-behaved well the wave
+function is normalizable now there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is normalizable now there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is normalizable now there are
+two kinds of normalization normalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two kinds of normalization normalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two kinds of normalization normalization
+- one implying that the system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- one implying that the system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- one implying that the system is
+somewhere within a specified range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere within a specified range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere within a specified range of
+coordinates or there's one particle in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates or there's one particle in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates or there's one particle in
+the system whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system whatever
+and there's normalization to number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's normalization to number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's normalization to number
+density when you have a free particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density when you have a free particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density when you have a free particle
+the free particle is not confined and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free particle is not confined and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free particle is not confined and so
+you can't say I'm in a good I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't say I'm in a good I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't say I'm in a good I'm
+normalizing so there's one particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizing so there's one particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizing so there's one particle
+somewhere because that means there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere because that means there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere because that means there's no
+particle anywhere and so we can extend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle anywhere and so we can extend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle anywhere and so we can extend
+the concept of normalization to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept of normalization to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept of normalization to say
+there's one particle in a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one particle in a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one particle in a particular
+length of the system and that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the system and that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the system and that was a
+problem that got removed from the draft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that got removed from the draft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that got removed from the draft
+of the exam but one thing that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the exam but one thing that happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the exam but one thing that happens
+is if I write a beautiful problem and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if I write a beautiful problem and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if I write a beautiful problem and it
+gets bumped from an exam it might appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets bumped from an exam it might appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets bumped from an exam it might appear
+in the final okay so normalizable is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the final okay so normalizable is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the final okay so normalizable is
+part of well-behaved continuous and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of well-behaved continuous and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of well-behaved continuous and
+single valued we'll talk about all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single valued we'll talk about all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single valued we'll talk about all these
+and square-integrable okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and square-integrable okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and square-integrable okay
+continuous the wave function has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous the wave function has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous the wave function has to be
+continuous everywhere the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous everywhere the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous everywhere the first
+derivative of the wave function with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the wave function with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the wave function with
+respect to coordinate we already know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to coordinate we already know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to coordinate we already know
+from the particle in a box that that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the particle in a box that that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the particle in a box that that is
+not continuous at an infinite wall so an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not continuous at an infinite wall so an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not continuous at an infinite wall so an
+infinite waltz so not just may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite waltz so not just may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite waltz so not just may be
+vertical wall but one that goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical wall but one that goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical wall but one that goes to
+infinity guarantees that this guy is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity guarantees that this guy is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity guarantees that this guy is not
+continuous but that's a pretty dramatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous but that's a pretty dramatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous but that's a pretty dramatic
+thing the second derivative is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the second derivative is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the second derivative is not
+continuous when you have a vertical step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous when you have a vertical step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous when you have a vertical step
+which is not infinite now when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not infinite now when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not infinite now when you have
+problems where you divide read space up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems where you divide read space up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems where you divide read space up
+into regions you're often trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into regions you're often trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into regions you're often trying to
+establish boundary conditions between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish boundary conditions between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish boundary conditions between
+the different regions or at the bout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different regions or at the bout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different regions or at the bout
+borders and the boundary conditions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borders and the boundary conditions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borders and the boundary conditions are
+usually expressed in terms of continuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually expressed in terms of continuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually expressed in terms of continuity
+of the wave function and continuity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wave function and continuity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wave function and continuity of
+the first derivative and we don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first derivative and we don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first derivative and we don't need
+this often but you're entitled if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this often but you're entitled if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this often but you're entitled if the
+problem is sufficiently well-behaved all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is sufficiently well-behaved all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is sufficiently well-behaved all
+of these guys are continuous and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these guys are continuous and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these guys are continuous and you can
+use them all okay so normalizable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use them all okay so normalizable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use them all okay so normalizable
+well normalizable means it's square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well normalizable means it's square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well normalizable means it's square
+integrable and you don't get infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrable and you don't get infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrable and you don't get infinity
+unless we use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless we use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless we use a
+other definition of normalizable so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other definition of normalizable so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other definition of normalizable so one
+of the things that has to happen is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that has to happen is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that has to happen is at
+the coordinate plus and minus infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coordinate plus and minus infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coordinate plus and minus infinity
+the wave function has to go to zero now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function has to go to zero now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function has to go to zero now
+the wave function can be infinite at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function can be infinite at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function can be infinite at a
+very small region of space so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small region of space so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small region of space so there's
+singularities that can be dealt with but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singularities that can be dealt with but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singularities that can be dealt with but
+normally you say the wave folks is never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally you say the wave folks is never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally you say the wave folks is never
+going to be infinite and it's never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be infinite and it's never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be infinite and it's never
+going to be anything but zero at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be anything but zero at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be anything but zero at
+infinity or you're in real trouble now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there is a wonderful example of a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a wonderful example of a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a wonderful example of a kind
+of a problem called the delta function a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a problem called the delta function a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a problem called the delta function a
+delta function is basically an infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta function is basically an infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta function is basically an infinite
+spike infinitely thin infinitely tall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spike infinitely thin infinitely tall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spike infinitely thin infinitely tall
+and what it does is it causes this to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it does is it causes this to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it does is it causes this to be
+discontinuous by an amount related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuous by an amount related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuous by an amount related to
+the value of the derivative at the by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the derivative at the by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the derivative at the by
+amount determined by the value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount determined by the value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount determined by the value of the
+wave function at the Delta function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function at the Delta function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function at the Delta function and
+Delta functions are computationally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta functions are computationally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta functions are computationally
+wonderful because they enable you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful because they enable you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful because they enable you to
+treat certain kinds of problems in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat certain kinds of problems in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat certain kinds of problems in a
+trivial way like if you have a barrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial way like if you have a barrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial way like if you have a barrier
+yes yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's so we have an integral of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's so we have an integral of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's so we have an integral of the
+Delta function at X I times the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function at X I times the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function at X I times the wave
+function and X DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and X DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and X DX
+and that gives you the wave function at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives you the wave function at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives you the wave function at
+X I ok there's there's we're not I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X I ok there's there's we're not I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X I ok there's there's we're not I
+haven't really talked much about Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't really talked much about Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't really talked much about Delta
+functions but be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions but be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions but be
+it acts like a barrier and is a trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it acts like a barrier and is a trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it acts like a barrier and is a trivial
+barrier it enables you to solve barrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier it enables you to solve barrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier it enables you to solve barrier
+problems or at least understand them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems or at least understand them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems or at least understand them in
+a very quick and easy way and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very quick and easy way and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very quick and easy way and you know
+vertical steps are also not physical but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical steps are also not physical but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical steps are also not physical but
+we like vertical steps because it's easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we like vertical steps because it's easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we like vertical steps because it's easy
+to apply boundary conditions and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to apply boundary conditions and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to apply boundary conditions and so
+these are all just computationally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all just computationally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all just computationally
+tricky things that are wonderful and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky things that are wonderful and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky things that are wonderful and we
+don't we don't worry about is there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we don't worry about is there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we don't worry about is there a
+real system that acts like a delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real system that acts like a delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real system that acts like a delta
+function or a vertical step no there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function or a vertical step no there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function or a vertical step no there
+isn't but everything you get easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't but everything you get easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't but everything you get easily
+mathematically from lease simple things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically from lease simple things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically from lease simple things
+is great okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is great okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is great okay
+did I satisfy you on the okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I satisfy you on the okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I satisfy you on the okay and
+there's also a notation where you have X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a notation where you have X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a notation where you have X
+X I or X minus X I and they're basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X I or X minus X I and they're basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X I or X minus X I and they're basically
+all the same sort of thing if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the same sort of thing if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the same sort of thing if you have
+this the argument when the argument is 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the argument when the argument is 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the argument when the argument is 0
+you get the infinite spike and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the infinite spike and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the infinite spike and there's
+just lots of neat things okay so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just lots of neat things okay so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just lots of neat things okay so for
+every classical mechanical observable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there is a quantum mechanical operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a quantum mechanical operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a quantum mechanical operator
+which is hermitian and the main point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is hermitian and the main point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is hermitian and the main point of
+hermitian as I said is that its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hermitian as I said is that its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hermitian as I said is that its
+eigenvalues are real and so what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues are real and so what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues are real and so what is the
+thing that assures that we get real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that assures that we get real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that assures that we get real
+eigenvalues well here is the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues well here is the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues well here is the definition
+in a peculiar form so we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a peculiar form so we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a peculiar form so we have an
+integral from 0 to from minus infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from 0 to from minus infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from 0 to from minus infinity
+to infinity of some function complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity of some function complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity of some function complex
+conjugate a times some other function DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate a times some other function DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate a times some other function DX
+so this could be a wave function in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this could be a wave function in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this could be a wave function in a
+different wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the definition of permission is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the definition of permission is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the definition of permission is this
+abstract definition we have same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract definition we have same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract definition we have same
+integral from minus infinity to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from minus infinity to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from minus infinity to infinity
+G a let's what I had on it star F star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G a let's what I had on it star F star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G a let's what I had on it star F star
+yes well this is kind of fancy so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes well this is kind of fancy so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes well this is kind of fancy so we
+have an operator we can take the complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an operator we can take the complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an operator we can take the complex
+conjugate of the operator we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate of the operator we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate of the operator we have a
+functions we can take the complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions we can take the complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions we can take the complex
+conjugates of the function but here what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugates of the function but here what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugates of the function but here what
+we're seeing is the operator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're seeing is the operator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're seeing is the operator is
+operating on the G function the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating on the G function the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating on the G function the function
+that started out on the left under on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that started out on the left under on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that started out on the left under on
+the right and here what we have is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right and here what we have is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right and here what we have is this
+operator operating on the F function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator operating on the F function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator operating on the F function
+which was operating which was initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was operating which was initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was operating which was initially
+on the left and so this is prescription
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left and so this is prescription
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left and so this is prescription
+for operating on the left and it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for operating on the left and it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for operating on the left and it's also
+an invitation to use a really convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an invitation to use a really convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an invitation to use a really convenient
+and compact notation and that is let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and compact notation and that is let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and compact notation and that is let us
+put two subscripts on a and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put two subscripts on a and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put two subscripts on a and the
+subscript says the first guy is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript says the first guy is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript says the first guy is the
+function over here which is complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function over here which is complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function over here which is complex
+conjugated and the second one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugated and the second one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugated and the second one is the
+function over here which is not complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function over here which is not complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function over here which is not complex
+conjugated and so this equation reduces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugated and so this equation reduces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugated and so this equation reduces
+to a G F star where now this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a G F star where now this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a G F star where now this is a
+wonderful shorthand and this is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful shorthand and this is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful shorthand and this is another
+way of saying that a has to be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of saying that a has to be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of saying that a has to be equal to
+a dagger where now we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dagger where now we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dagger where now we're talking about
+operators and matrix representations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators and matrix representations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators and matrix representations of
+operators because here we have a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators because here we have a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators because here we have a number
+with two indices and that's how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two indices and that's how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two indices and that's how we
+represent elements of a matrix and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent elements of a matrix and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent elements of a matrix and we're
+soon going to be playing with linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon going to be playing with linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon going to be playing with linear
+algebra and talking about matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra and talking about matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra and talking about matrices
+and so this is just saying well we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is just saying well we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is just saying well we can
+take one matrix and it's equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take one matrix and it's equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take one matrix and it's equal to the
+complex conjugate of every term in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex conjugate of every term in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex conjugate of every term in the
+matrix and the order switched so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and the order switched so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and the order switched so this is
+a a warning that we're going to be using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a warning that we're going to be using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a warning that we're going to be using
+a notation which is way simpler than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a notation which is way simpler than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a notation which is way simpler than
+taking these integrals and so once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking these integrals and so once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking these integrals and so once you
+recognize what this symbol means you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize what this symbol means you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize what this symbol means you're
+never going to want to go back okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why real so let's look at a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why real so let's look at a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why real so let's look at a specific
+example where instead of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where instead of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where instead of having
+functions of F two different functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of F two different functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of F two different functions
+let's just look at one so we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just look at one so we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just look at one so we have this
+integral F star a F yes so that's a F F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral F star a F yes so that's a F F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral F star a F yes so that's a F F
+and the definition says well we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the definition says well we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the definition says well we're going
+to get the so it says replace the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the so it says replace the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the so it says replace the
+original thing by taking the complex by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original thing by taking the complex by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original thing by taking the complex by
+moving this over anyway yes and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving this over anyway yes and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving this over anyway yes and this is
+a F F star if you know how then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a F F star if you know how then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a F F star if you know how then this
+notation translates into now you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation translates into now you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation translates into now you can see
+oh well what is this it's just taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh well what is this it's just taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh well what is this it's just taking
+the complex conjugate and these two guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex conjugate and these two guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex conjugate and these two guys
+are equal and so a number is real if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equal and so a number is real if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equal and so a number is real if
+it's equal to its complex conjugate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's equal to its complex conjugate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's equal to its complex conjugate and
+this is just a special case it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a special case it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a special case it's the
+hermitian property is a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hermitian property is a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hermitian property is a little bit more
+powerful than that but the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful than that but the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful than that but the important
+thing is that it guarantees that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that it guarantees that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that it guarantees that if you
+calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate
+the expectation value of an observable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation value of an observable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation value of an observable
+quantity you're going to get a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity you're going to get a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity you're going to get a real
+number if the operator is hermitian and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number if the operator is hermitian and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number if the operator is hermitian and
+it has to be hermitian if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be hermitian if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be hermitian if it's
+observable now it's a very it's often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable now it's a very it's often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable now it's a very it's often
+useful if you have a quantum mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful if you have a quantum mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful if you have a quantum mechanical
+operator I mean a classical mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator I mean a classical mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator I mean a classical mechanical
+operator and you translate it into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and you translate it into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and you translate it into a
+quantum mechanical operator by doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanical operator by doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanical operator by doing the
+usual replacement of X with X and P with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual replacement of X with X and P with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual replacement of X with X and P with
+IH bar the derivative with respect to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IH bar the derivative with respect to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IH bar the derivative with respect to X
+if you do all that sort of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do all that sort of stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do all that sort of stuff
+you might be unlucky and you might get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be unlucky and you might get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be unlucky and you might get a
+non hermitian operator and so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non hermitian operator and so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non hermitian operator and so you can
+generate or reach an operator if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate or reach an operator if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate or reach an operator if you if
+you write that's guaranteed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write that's guaranteed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write that's guaranteed to be
+hermitian so you take classic mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hermitian so you take classic mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hermitian so you take classic mechanics
+you generate something following some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you generate something following some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you generate something following some
+simple rules and you have bad luck it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple rules and you have bad luck it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple rules and you have bad luck it
+doesn't come out to be hermitian this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't come out to be hermitian this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't come out to be hermitian this is
+where you get make it or easy so if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you get make it or easy so if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you get make it or easy so if this
+is not hermitian and this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not hermitian and this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not hermitian and this is not
+hermitian but the we're defining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hermitian but the we're defining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hermitian but the we're defining
+something that is formation so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is formation so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is formation so let's
+let's just put a little twiddle over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just put a little twiddle over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just put a little twiddle over a
+that's the reason okay then that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reason okay then that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reason okay then that we're
+now talking about the third postulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now talking about the third postulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now talking about the third postulate
+and each measurement a gives an eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each measurement a gives an eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each measurement a gives an eigen
+value of a we've talked about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of a we've talked about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of a we've talked about this
+enough but your first encounter of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough but your first encounter of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough but your first encounter of this
+was the two slit experiment in the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the two slit experiment in the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the two slit experiment in the two
+slit experiment the experiment is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slit experiment the experiment is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slit experiment the experiment is an
+operator and you have some initial photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and you have some initial photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and you have some initial photo
+entering this operator and you get dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering this operator and you get dots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering this operator and you get dots
+on the screen those are eigenvalues of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the screen those are eigenvalues of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the screen those are eigenvalues of
+this operator now it may be that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this operator now it may be that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this operator now it may be that the
+operator is continued has continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is continued has continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is continued has continuous
+eigenvalues but they don't have uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues but they don't have uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues but they don't have uniform
+probabilities and so what you observe is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities and so what you observe is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities and so what you observe is
+a whole distribution of dots that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole distribution of dots that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole distribution of dots that
+doesn't look like anything special and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look like anything special and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look like anything special and
+it's not reproducible from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not reproducible from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not reproducible from one
+experiment together but you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment together but you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment together but you have this
+periodic structure that's appearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic structure that's appearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic structure that's appearing
+which is related to the properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is related to the properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is related to the properties of
+the operator and so there is not uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operator and so there is not uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operator and so there is not uniform
+probabilities of each eigenvalue and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of each eigenvalue and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of each eigenvalue and so
+you get that okay it's really these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get that okay it's really these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get that okay it's really these are
+simple but really beautiful okay if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple but really beautiful okay if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple but really beautiful okay if we
+have a normalized state and we can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a normalized state and we can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a normalized state and we can we
+can say okay and we never use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say okay and we never use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say okay and we never use this
+notation but whenever you see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation but whenever you see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation but whenever you see this
+symbol it means the expectation value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol it means the expectation value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol it means the expectation value of
+an operator for some wave function so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an operator for some wave function so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an operator for some wave function so we
+can actually symbolically put that wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually symbolically put that wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually symbolically put that wave
+function down here so some symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function down here so some symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function down here so some symbols
+saying okay which one and that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying okay which one and that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying okay which one and that this is
+equal to si star a so I D tau or DX and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to si star a so I D tau or DX and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to si star a so I D tau or DX and
+if the wave function is normalized we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the wave function is normalized we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the wave function is normalized we
+don't need to divide by a normalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to divide by a normalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to divide by a normalization
+integral if it's not normalized like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral if it's not normalized like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral if it's not normalized like if
+it's a free particle we normalize by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a free particle we normalize by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a free particle we normalize by a
+we divide by some kind of free particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we divide by some kind of free particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we divide by some kind of free particle
+integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now the next topic which is related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now the next topic which is related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now the next topic which is related
+to this is completeness and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this is completeness and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this is completeness and
+orthogonality so we have a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality so we have a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality so we have a particular
+operator there exists some complete set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator there exists some complete set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator there exists some complete set
+of eigenfunctions of that operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of eigenfunctions of that operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of eigenfunctions of that operator
+usually that complete set is infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually that complete set is infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually that complete set is infinite
+but they're related to each other in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're related to each other in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're related to each other in a
+simple way where you know you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple way where you know you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple way where you know you have some
+class of functions and you change it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of functions and you change it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of functions and you change it
+energy to get a new function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to get a new function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to get a new function and
+orthogonality is well if you have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality is well if you have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality is well if you have all
+the eigen functions of an operator if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigen functions of an operator if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigen functions of an operator if
+they belong to different eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they belong to different eigenvalues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they belong to different eigenvalues
+they're guaranteed to be orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're guaranteed to be orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're guaranteed to be orthogonal
+which is convenient because that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is convenient because that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is convenient because that means
+you get lots of zeros from integrals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get lots of zeros from integrals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get lots of zeros from integrals and
+we like that because we don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we like that because we don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we like that because we don't have to
+worry about them and you you want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about them and you you want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about them and you you want to be
+able to recognize the zero integrals so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to recognize the zero integrals so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to recognize the zero integrals so
+that you can move very quickly through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can move very quickly through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can move very quickly through a
+problem completeness means take any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem completeness means take any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem completeness means take any
+function defined on the space of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function defined on the space of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function defined on the space of the
+operator you're interested but you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator you're interested but you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator you're interested but you might
+have an operator that's only operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an operator that's only operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an operator that's only operating
+on a particular coordinate of a many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a particular coordinate of a many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a particular coordinate of a many
+electron atom or molecule there's lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron atom or molecule there's lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron atom or molecule there's lots
+of ways of saying it's not overall space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ways of saying it's not overall space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ways of saying it's not overall space
+but for each operator you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for each operator you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for each operator you know what
+space the operator in question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space the operator in question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space the operator in question is
+dealing with and then it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with and then it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with and then it's always
+possible to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is some general function defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is some general function defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is some general function defined
+in the space of the operator and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the space of the operator and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the space of the operator and this is
+the equation that says well completeness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation that says well completeness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation that says well completeness
+tells us that we can take one of the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that we can take one of the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that we can take one of the sum
+over all of the eigenfunctions with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all of the eigenfunctions with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all of the eigenfunctions with
+mixing coefficients C J and this set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing coefficients C J and this set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing coefficients C J and this set of
+all of the eigenfunctions it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the eigenfunctions it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the eigenfunctions it's called
+the basis set it's a complete basis set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's always true you can do this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's always true you can do this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's always true you can do this so
+you know from other problems that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know from other problems that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know from other problems that if you
+have a finite region of space you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a finite region of space you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a finite region of space you can
+represent any anything within that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent any anything within that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent any anything within that
+finite region via sum over Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite region via sum over Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite region via sum over Fourier
+components that's a discrete sum if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components that's a discrete sum if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components that's a discrete sum if you
+have an infinite space you have to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an infinite space you have to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an infinite space you have to do a
+Fourier integral but it's basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier integral but it's basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier integral but it's basically the
+same thing you're expressing a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing you're expressing a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing you're expressing a function
+anything you want and in terms of simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you want and in terms of simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you want and in terms of simple
+manipulable objects so sometimes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulable objects so sometimes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulable objects so sometimes the
+these things our Fourier components and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things our Fourier components and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things our Fourier components and
+sometimes they're just simple other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they're just simple other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they're just simple other
+simple wave functions okay now suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple wave functions okay now suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple wave functions okay now suppose
+you have two operators a and B if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two operators a and B if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two operators a and B if they
+operate over the same space the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate over the same space the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate over the same space the question
+is can we take ICANN functions of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is can we take ICANN functions of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is can we take ICANN functions of one
+and be sure that their eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay but let's let's deal with something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but let's let's deal with something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but let's let's deal with something
+simpler so suppose we have sy I and sy j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler so suppose we have sy I and sy j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler so suppose we have sy I and sy j
+both belong to a survive so they both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both belong to a survive so they both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both belong to a survive so they both
+have the same eigenvalue well in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same eigenvalue well in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same eigenvalue well in that
+case we cannot be sure that these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we cannot be sure that these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we cannot be sure that these two
+functions are orthogonal so there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are orthogonal so there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are orthogonal so there is a
+handy dandy procedure called Schmitt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+orthogonalization this says take any to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonalization this says take any to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonalization this says take any to
+function at any two functions and let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function at any two functions and let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function at any two functions and let us
+construct an orthogonal pair this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct an orthogonal pair this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct an orthogonal pair this is
+amazingly useful when you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazingly useful when you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazingly useful when you're trying to
+understand a problem using a complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand a problem using a complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand a problem using a complete
+orthonormal basis set we know and I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal basis set we know and I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal basis set we know and I did
+I'm not gonna prove it because I've I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not gonna prove it because I've I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not gonna prove it because I've I
+don't know where that is in my notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know where that is in my notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know where that is in my notes
+what the sequence is I'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the sequence is I'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the sequence is I'm just going to
+forget it that if you have oh I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget it that if you have oh I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget it that if you have oh I think
+I'm going to do it yeah if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do it yeah if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do it yeah if you have
+functions belonging to different eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions belonging to different eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions belonging to different eigen
+values they are automatically orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values they are automatically orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values they are automatically orthogonal
+that's also really valuable because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also really valuable because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also really valuable because you
+don't have to check so you have harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to check so you have harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to check so you have harmonic
+oscillator functions and they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator functions and they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator functions and they're all
+orthogonal to each other you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to each other you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to each other you have
+perhaps one harmonic oscillator and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps one harmonic oscillator and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps one harmonic oscillator and a
+different harmonic oscillator and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different harmonic oscillator and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different harmonic oscillator and the
+functions for these two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions for these two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions for these two different
+harmonic oscillators don't know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillators don't know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillators don't know about
+each other they're not guaranteed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other they're not guaranteed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other they're not guaranteed to be
+orthogonal but any two eigenvalues of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal but any two eigenvalues of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal but any two eigenvalues of
+this guy are orthogonal eigen functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy are orthogonal eigen functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy are orthogonal eigen functions
+of this are orthogonal and any of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this are orthogonal and any of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this are orthogonal and any of those
+are orthogonal but not here okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are orthogonal but not here okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are orthogonal but not here okay so
+let's let's just say we have now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's just say we have now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's just say we have now
+- eigenfunctions of an operator that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- eigenfunctions of an operator that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- eigenfunctions of an operator that
+belong to the same eigenvalue and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong to the same eigenvalue and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong to the same eigenvalue and that
+happens that there are often very many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens that there are often very many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens that there are often very many
+very high degeneracies but we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high degeneracies but we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high degeneracies but we want to
+make sure that we've got two so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that we've got two so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that we've got two so let's
+say here is a number the overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say here is a number the overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say here is a number the overlap
+integral between psy 1 inside - yes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral between psy 1 inside - yes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral between psy 1 inside - yes this
+is a calculable number so you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a calculable number so you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a calculable number so you have two
+original functions which are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original functions which are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original functions which are not
+guaranteed to be orthogonal because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed to be orthogonal because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed to be orthogonal because they
+belong to the same eigenvalue and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong to the same eigenvalue and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong to the same eigenvalue and you
+can calculate this number and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate this number and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate this number and then we
+can say let us now construct something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say let us now construct something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say let us now construct something
+upside - which is guaranteed to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside - which is guaranteed to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside - which is guaranteed to be a
+side to dag prime which is guaranteed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side to dag prime which is guaranteed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side to dag prime which is guaranteed to
+be orthogonal to psi 1 how do we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well we define situ to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we define situ to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we define situ to be a
+normalization factor times side to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization factor times side to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization factor times side to the
+original plus some constant times psy 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original plus some constant times psy 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original plus some constant times psy 1
+and then we say let us calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we say let us calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we say let us calculate the
+overlap integral between Sai Wan and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap integral between Sai Wan and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap integral between Sai Wan and
+situ prime okay so we do that and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situ prime okay so we do that and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situ prime okay so we do that and so we
+have the integral and we have Sai 1 star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the integral and we have Sai 1 star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the integral and we have Sai 1 star
+times Phi 2 plus a by 1 yes so i1 on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times Phi 2 plus a by 1 yes so i1 on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times Phi 2 plus a by 1 yes so i1 on
+site 1 gives 1 so we get an A and Sai 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site 1 gives 1 so we get an A and Sai 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site 1 gives 1 so we get an A and Sai 1
+star x sy 2 gives s so this integral is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star x sy 2 gives s so this integral is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star x sy 2 gives s so this integral is
+this orthogonal this integral which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this orthogonal this integral which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this orthogonal this integral which is
+supposed to be 0 because we want Taiwan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be 0 because we want Taiwan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be 0 because we want Taiwan
+to be orthogonal to this I 2 prime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be orthogonal to this I 2 prime is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be orthogonal to this I 2 prime is
+going to be n times s plus a well how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be n times s plus a well how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be n times s plus a well how do
+we satisfy this we do is make a to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we satisfy this we do is make a to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we satisfy this we do is make a to be
+minus s guaranteed now this is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus s guaranteed now this is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus s guaranteed now this is one of
+the tricks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tricks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tricks
+I use the most when I do derivations I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I use the most when I do derivations I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I use the most when I do derivations I
+want orthogonal functions and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want orthogonal functions and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want orthogonal functions and this
+little schmidt orthogonalization enables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little schmidt orthogonalization enables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little schmidt orthogonalization enables
+me to take my simple idea and propagate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to take my simple idea and propagate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to take my simple idea and propagate
+it into a complicated problem it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into a complicated problem it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into a complicated problem it's very
+valuable you'll probably never use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable you'll probably never use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable you'll probably never use it
+but I love it so if a is equal to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I love it so if a is equal to minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I love it so if a is equal to minus
+s you've got orthogonality and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s you've got orthogonality and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s you've got orthogonality and the
+general formula is sy to I is equal to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general formula is sy to I is equal to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general formula is sy to I is equal to 1
+minus s squared 1 over the square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus s squared 1 over the square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus s squared 1 over the square root
+of that times sy to minus s sy 1 so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that times sy to minus s sy 1 so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that times sy to minus s sy 1 so this
+is a normalized function which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a normalized function which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a normalized function which is
+orthogonal to psi 1 and it doesn't take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to psi 1 and it doesn't take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to psi 1 and it doesn't take
+much work you calculate one integral and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much work you calculate one integral and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much work you calculate one integral and
+is done now later in the course we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is done now later in the course we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is done now later in the course we're
+going to talk we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk we're going to talk about
+a secular determinant that you use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a secular determinant that you use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a secular determinant that you use to
+solve for all the eigenvalues and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for all the eigenvalues and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for all the eigenvalues and
+eigenfunctions of a complicated problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenfunctions of a complicated problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenfunctions of a complicated problem
+and often when you do that you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and often when you do that you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and often when you do that you use
+convenient functions which are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient functions which are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient functions which are not
+guaranteed to be orthogonal and there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed to be orthogonal and there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed to be orthogonal and there is
+a procedure you apply to this secular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a procedure you apply to this secular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a procedure you apply to this secular
+matrix which orthogonalize it first then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix which orthogonalize it first then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix which orthogonalize it first then
+you diagonalize a simple thing and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you diagonalize a simple thing and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you diagonalize a simple thing and then
+you under eyes if you need to do anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you under eyes if you need to do anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you under eyes if you need to do anyway
+so this is terribly valuable especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is terribly valuable especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is terribly valuable especially
+when you're doing quantum chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're doing quantum chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're doing quantum chemistry
+which you're going to see towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you're going to see towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you're going to see towards the
+end ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+often we would like to express a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often we would like to express a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often we would like to express a
+particular eigen function expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular eigen function expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular eigen function expectation
+value as a sum over P I yeah so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value as a sum over P I yeah so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value as a sum over P I yeah so this is
+a probability and so how do we do that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a probability and so how do we do that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a probability and so how do we do that I
+mean certainly the average of sy over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean certainly the average of sy over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean certainly the average of sy over a
+ver egde of this operator or verbs I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ver egde of this operator or verbs I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ver egde of this operator or verbs I can
+be written as the eigen values of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be written as the eigen values of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be written as the eigen values of a
+times the probability of each operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the probability of each operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the probability of each operator
+and what are they well you can show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what are they well you can show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what are they well you can show that
+this is equal to 6 e I I better be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to 6 e I I better be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to 6 e I I better be
+careful here well let's just do it well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful here well let's just do it well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful here well let's just do it well
+I just just write it where this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just just write it where this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just just write it where this is the
+mixing coefficient of the I like and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing coefficient of the I like and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing coefficient of the I like and
+function of a in the original function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of a in the original function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of a in the original function
+so we get probabilities mixing fractions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get probabilities mixing fractions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get probabilities mixing fractions
+and we have mixing coefficients and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have mixing coefficients and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have mixing coefficients and
+these are this is a language we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are this is a language we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are this is a language we're going
+to use to describe many things I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use to describe many things I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use to describe many things I'm sorry
+the probability so the probability oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability so the probability oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability so the probability oh
+yes yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes
+you see when I start lecturing from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see when I start lecturing from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see when I start lecturing from
+what's in my addled brain okay thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now let's do some really neat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's do some really neat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's do some really neat
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have a commutator of two operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a commutator of two operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a commutator of two operators
+if that commutator is zero then all non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that commutator is zero then all non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that commutator is zero then all non
+degenerate eigen functions of a our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate eigen functions of a our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate eigen functions of a our
+eigenfunctions of B if the operator if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenfunctions of B if the operator if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenfunctions of B if the operator if
+this is not equal to 0 then we can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not equal to 0 then we can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not equal to 0 then we can say
+something about the variances of a and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so these quantities are greater than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these quantities are greater than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these quantities are greater than or
+equal to minus 1/4 times the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus 1/4 times the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus 1/4 times the integral
+I'd better write this on the board below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is greater than 0 and real this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is greater than 0 and real this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is greater than 0 and real this
+is the uncertainty principle so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the uncertainty principle so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the uncertainty principle so it's
+possible to prove this and so and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to prove this and so and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to prove this and so and it's
+really strange because we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really strange because we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really strange because we have the
+square of a number here we think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of a number here we think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of a number here we think the
+square of a number is going to be real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of a number is going to be real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of a number is going to be real
+but not if it's imaginary most nonzero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not if it's imaginary most nonzero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not if it's imaginary most nonzero
+commutator 's are imaginary and and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator 's are imaginary and and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator 's are imaginary and and so
+this thing is negative and it's canceled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is negative and it's canceled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is negative and it's canceled
+so yeah the joint uncertainty is related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah the joint uncertainty is related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah the joint uncertainty is related
+to the expectation value of a commutator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the expectation value of a commutator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the expectation value of a commutator
+and this is all traced back to X P X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is all traced back to X P X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is all traced back to X P X is
+equal IH bar which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal IH bar which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal IH bar which
+this commutator is imaginary and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this commutator is imaginary and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this commutator is imaginary and
+everything that appears in here reflects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that appears in here reflects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that appears in here reflects
+back it comes from the non commutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back it comes from the non commutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back it comes from the non commutation
+of coordinate and momentum and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of coordinate and momentum and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of coordinate and momentum and this is
+why this commutator is often regarded as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this commutator is often regarded as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this commutator is often regarded as
+the foundation of quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because all of the strangeness comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all of the strangeness comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all of the strangeness comes
+from it so yes this is surprising it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it so yes this is surprising it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it so yes this is surprising it's
+saying that when we have a non-zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that when we have a non-zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that when we have a non-zero
+commutator this is what determines the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator this is what determines the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator this is what determines the
+joint uncertainty of two properties this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint uncertainty of two properties this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint uncertainty of two properties this
+commutator is always imaginary that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator is always imaginary that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator is always imaginary that is a
+big big surprise and as a result the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big big surprise and as a result the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big big surprise and as a result the
+joint uncertainty is greater than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint uncertainty is greater than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint uncertainty is greater than zero
+if they two operators don't commute it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they two operators don't commute it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they two operators don't commute it's
+because X and P don't commute it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because X and P don't commute it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because X and P don't commute it's
+really scary ok what time is it we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really scary ok what time is it we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really scary ok what time is it we got
+five minutes left and I can do one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five minutes left and I can do one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five minutes left and I can do one more
+thing well I guess I'm going to be just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing well I guess I'm going to be just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing well I guess I'm going to be just
+talking about so the uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about so the uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about so the uncertainty
+principle if we know operator a and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well we we can calculate their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we we can calculate their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we we can calculate their
+commutator this is a property the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator this is a property the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator this is a property the
+operators it doesn't have to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators it doesn't have to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators it doesn't have to do with
+constructing some clever experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing some clever experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing some clever experiment
+where you try to measure two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you try to measure two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you try to measure two things
+simultaneously it says all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously it says all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously it says all of the
+problems with simultaneous observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with simultaneous observations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with simultaneous observations
+of two operators two things comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two operators two things comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two operators two things comes from
+the structure of the operators comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of the operators comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of the operators comes
+from their commutation rule which traces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from their commutation rule which traces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from their commutation rule which traces
+all the way back to the commutator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way back to the commutator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way back to the commutator
+between X and P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so at the beginning I said I don't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at the beginning I said I don't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at the beginning I said I don't like
+these experiments where we we show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these experiments where we we show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these experiments where we we show that
+we try to minute we try to confine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we try to minute we try to confine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we try to minute we try to confine the
+coordinate of the photon or of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate of the photon or of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate of the photon or of the
+electron and it results in uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and it results in uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and it results in uncertainty
+in the measurement of the conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the measurement of the conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the measurement of the conjugate
+property the momentum or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property the momentum or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property the momentum or something like
+that these experiments depend on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these experiments depend on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these experiments depend on your
+cleverness but this doesn't this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleverness but this doesn't this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleverness but this doesn't this is
+fundamental so I like that a lot better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay the last thing I want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the last thing I want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the last thing I want to talk about
+which I have just barely enough time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I have just barely enough time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I have just barely enough time to
+do is suppose we have a wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is suppose we have a wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is suppose we have a wave function
+let's call it situ in quotes of X for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call it situ in quotes of X for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call it situ in quotes of X for
+the particle in a box particle an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle in a box particle an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle in a box particle an
+infinite box this is a wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite box this is a wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite box this is a wave function
+which is not the eigen function but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not the eigen function but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not the eigen function but it's
+constructed to look like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed to look like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed to look like the
+eigenfunction mainly because it has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenfunction mainly because it has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenfunction mainly because it has the
+right number of nodes and so suppose we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right number of nodes and so suppose we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right number of nodes and so suppose we
+call this thing some normalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this thing some normalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this thing some normalization
+factor X X X minus a and X minus a over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor X X X minus a and X minus a over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor X X X minus a and X minus a over
+2 this guarantees you have a node at x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 this guarantees you have a node at x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 this guarantees you have a node at x
+equals 0 this guarantees you have a node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 this guarantees you have a node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 this guarantees you have a node
+at x equals a this guarantees you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at x equals a this guarantees you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at x equals a this guarantees you have a
+node at x equals a over 2 so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node at x equals a over 2 so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node at x equals a over 2 so this is
+that the generic property of the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the generic property of the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the generic property of the second
+eigen function for the particle in a box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so and this is a very clever guess and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and this is a very clever guess and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and this is a very clever guess and
+often you want to make a guess and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often you want to make a guess and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often you want to make a guess and so
+how will you do with a guess and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how will you do with a guess and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how will you do with a guess and so
+you know this this function this part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this this function this part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this this function this part of
+it looks sort of like this between X an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks sort of like this between X an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks sort of like this between X an
+a and this part of it looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and this part of it looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and this part of it looks like this
+and we multiply these two together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we multiply these two together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we multiply these two together and
+we get something that looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get something that looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get something that looks like this
+which is at least a sketch it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is at least a sketch it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is at least a sketch it looks like
+the the N equals 2 eigen function the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the N equals 2 eigen function the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the N equals 2 eigen function the
+particle a box so let's just go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle a box so let's just go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle a box so let's just go through
+and see how well we can do so first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see how well we can do so first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see how well we can do so first of
+all we have to determine n so we do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we have to determine n so we do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we have to determine n so we do the
+normalization integral sorry 2 star psy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization integral sorry 2 star psy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization integral sorry 2 star psy
+- yes that has to be 1 and so that turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- yes that has to be 1 and so that turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- yes that has to be 1 and so that turns
+out so what we do now this is kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so what we do now this is kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so what we do now this is kind of a
+cheat because we do this because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat because we do this because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat because we do this because we
+don't know an eigen function but we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know an eigen function but we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know an eigen function but we do
+know these eigen functions so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know these eigen functions so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know these eigen functions so we can
+expand these functions in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand these functions in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand these functions in terms of the
+harmonic oscillator IV particle in a box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator IV particle in a box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator IV particle in a box
+eigenfunctions so we use these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenfunctions so we use these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenfunctions so we use these things
+but you know - very well now we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know - very well now we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know - very well now we have a
+sine function here that's because I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine function here that's because I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine function here that's because I've
+chosen the box that doesn't have 0 left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen the box that doesn't have 0 left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen the box that doesn't have 0 left
+edge it's symmetric about x equals 0 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge it's symmetric about x equals 0 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge it's symmetric about x equals 0 but
+these are and that would be appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are and that would be appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are and that would be appropriate
+for this kind of function so anyway when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this kind of function so anyway when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this kind of function so anyway when
+we do this we find the mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do this we find the mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do this we find the mixing
+coefficients and I know I just said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and I know I just said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and I know I just said
+something wrong and that's that we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something wrong and that's that we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something wrong and that's that we don't
+have time to correct it because I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time to correct it because I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time to correct it because I said
+the wave function is 0 at x equals 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function is 0 at x equals 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function is 0 at x equals 0 and
+at x equals a and I'm now saying all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at x equals a and I'm now saying all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at x equals a and I'm now saying all of
+a sudden I'm using symmetric box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sudden I'm using symmetric box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sudden I'm using symmetric box
+this does not matter because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this does not matter because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this does not matter because the
+calculation is done correctly and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation is done correctly and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation is done correctly and what
+we end up getting is that the mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we end up getting is that the mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we end up getting is that the mixing
+coefficients for these functions have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients for these functions have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients for these functions have
+the general form 800 hey I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general form 800 hey I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general form 800 hey I'm sorry
+840 this is algebra square root a to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+840 this is algebra square root a to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+840 this is algebra square root a to the
+minus seven halves two over and two over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus seven halves two over and two over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus seven halves two over and two over
+a I think that's a well I'm not sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I think that's a well I'm not sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I think that's a well I'm not sure
+whether that whether that's a or M but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that whether that's a or M but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that whether that's a or M but
+let's just say it's 2 over n square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just say it's 2 over n square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just say it's 2 over n square root
+oh that was going to be two already and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that was going to be two already and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that was going to be two already and
+times this times the integral anyway so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this times the integral anyway so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this times the integral anyway so
+we get C 2 n is equal to sixteen eighty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get C 2 n is equal to sixteen eighty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get C 2 n is equal to sixteen eighty
+square root over six over two pi 2 n PI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cubed and that becomes equal to 0.99 one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed and that becomes equal to 0.99 one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed and that becomes equal to 0.99 one
+for n to the minus three so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for n to the minus three so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for n to the minus three so this is a
+general formula which you can derive I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general formula which you can derive I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general formula which you can derive I
+don't recommend it and I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't recommend it and I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't recommend it and I don't think
+it's really important the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really important the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really important the important
+thing is what I'm about to say and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is what I'm about to say and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is what I'm about to say and I
+have no time this is almost one so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no time this is almost one so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no time this is almost one so when
+we calculate the energy using these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we calculate the energy using these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we calculate the energy using these
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we get that the energy of this 2n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get that the energy of this 2n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get that the energy of this 2n
+function is equal to 4 B 1 times o98 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is equal to 4 B 1 times o98 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is equal to 4 B 1 times o98 3
+integral from what n equals 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from what n equals 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from what n equals 1 to
+infinity times the ends the minus 4 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity times the ends the minus 4 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity times the ends the minus 4 okay
+the first term in this is 1 and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first term in this is 1 and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first term in this is 1 and so we
+have something that looks like 4 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something that looks like 4 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something that looks like 4 times
+e1 now this sum is larger than 1 and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e1 now this sum is larger than 1 and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e1 now this sum is larger than 1 and it
+guaranteed the product of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed the product of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed the product of these two
+things is larger than 1 and so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is larger than 1 and so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is larger than 1 and so what we
+get is that e 2n is larger but only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is that e 2n is larger but only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is that e 2n is larger but only
+slightly larger than the exact results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly larger than the exact results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly larger than the exact results
+so this is sort of a taste of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is sort of a taste of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is sort of a taste of a
+variational calculation we can solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variational calculation we can solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variational calculation we can solve for
+the form of a function by doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form of a function by doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form of a function by doing a
+minimization of the energy of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimization of the energy of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimization of the energy of that
+function and that function will look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and that function will look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and that function will look
+like the true function but its energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the true function but its energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the true function but its energy
+will always be larger than the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will always be larger than the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will always be larger than the true
+function and but it's great because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and but it's great because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and but it's great because the
+bigger the calculation the better you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger the calculation the better you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger the calculation the better you do
+and that's how most of the money and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's how most of the money and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's how most of the money and the
+way the computer time in the world is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the computer time in the world is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the computer time in the world is
+expended doing large variational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expended doing large variational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expended doing large variational
+calculations to find eigenfunctions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations to find eigenfunctions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations to find eigenfunctions of
+complicated problems ok good luck on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated problems ok good luck on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated problems ok good luck on the
+exam I hope you find it fun and I meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam I hope you find it fun and I meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam I hope you find it fun and I meant
+it to be fun
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/dVWKsiaAZ14.txt b/dVWKsiaAZ14.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1b9ae4e82a112ce614822cb558bda8f035e61bad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dVWKsiaAZ14.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1571 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we had a hydrogen atom Hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hamiltonian and that was given by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian and that was given by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian and that was given by the
+kinetic operator for the proton plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic operator for the proton plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic operator for the proton plus the
+kinetic operator for the electron plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic operator for the electron plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic operator for the electron plus
+the potential which was a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential which was a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential which was a function of
+the distance between the proton and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance between the proton and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance between the proton and the
+electron and what we achieved last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and what we achieved last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and what we achieved last time
+was the introduction of two new pairs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the introduction of two new pairs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the introduction of two new pairs of
+canonical variables we had the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical variables we had the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical variables we had the electron
+position momentum that's a pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position momentum that's a pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position momentum that's a pair of
+canonical variables the proton position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical variables the proton position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical variables the proton position
+and momenta that's another pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and momenta that's another pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and momenta that's another pair of
+canonical variables they commute each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical variables they commute each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical variables they commute each
+pair the two operators commute to give I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair the two operators commute to give I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair the two operators commute to give I
+h-bar but the two pairs are independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h-bar but the two pairs are independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h-bar but the two pairs are independent
+so we search for another two pairs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we search for another two pairs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we search for another two pairs of
+variables and we found another two pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and we found another two pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and we found another two pairs
+one was the peak and X associated with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was the peak and X associated with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was the peak and X associated with a
+center of mass motion and then we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass motion and then we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass motion and then we had a
+small p and a small eggs associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small p and a small eggs associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small p and a small eggs associated with
+the relative motion and these four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relative motion and these four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relative motion and these four
+variables were a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables were a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables were a function of the
+original four variables the X and P of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original four variables the X and P of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original four variables the X and P of
+the electron and the X and P of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron and the X and P of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron and the X and P of the
+proton so we define these two pairs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton so we define these two pairs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton so we define these two pairs and
+they were canonical pairs this X with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were canonical pairs this X with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were canonical pairs this X with
+this P gave I h-bar this X with this P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this P gave I h-bar this X with this P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this P gave I h-bar this X with this P
+if I h-bar this piece and XS commute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I h-bar this piece and XS commute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I h-bar this piece and XS commute
+with the any combination of P and X's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the any combination of P and X's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the any combination of P and X's
+over there but not only was that pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there but not only was that pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there but not only was that pretty
+good it simplified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good it simplified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good it simplified
+the Hamiltonian so at the end of the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Hamiltonian so at the end of the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Hamiltonian so at the end of the day
+we had a Hamiltonian which was as if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a Hamiltonian which was as if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a Hamiltonian which was as if the
+center of mass moves like a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass moves like a free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass moves like a free
+particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle
+plus a kinetic energy for the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a kinetic energy for the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a kinetic energy for the relative
+motion with a mass called the reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion with a mass called the reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion with a mass called the reduced
+mass and a potential for the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and a potential for the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and a potential for the relative
+position I mean here the mass Capital m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position I mean here the mass Capital m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position I mean here the mass Capital m
+was the sum of the two masses and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the sum of the two masses and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the sum of the two masses and the
+relative mass was the product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative mass was the product of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative mass was the product of the
+masses over the sum which has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses over the sum which has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses over the sum which has the
+property that if one of the two masses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that if one of the two masses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that if one of the two masses
+is much bigger than the other it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much bigger than the other it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much bigger than the other it gives
+you a mass mu proportional roughly equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a mass mu proportional roughly equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a mass mu proportional roughly equal
+to the lower mass so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the lower mass so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the lower mass so this is the
+hydrogen atom we formulated and now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom we formulated and now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom we formulated and now we
+want to write the Schrodinger equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to write the Schrodinger equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to write the Schrodinger equation
+and just see effectively how the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just see effectively how the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just see effectively how the central
+potential formulation of the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential formulation of the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential formulation of the relative
+motion arises although it starts to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion arises although it starts to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion arises although it starts to be a
+little somewhat clear I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little somewhat clear I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little somewhat clear I think that
+that's going to happen another thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to happen another thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to happen another thing to
+notice of course is that if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice of course is that if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice of course is that if you're
+already thinking of a Schrodinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already thinking of a Schrodinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already thinking of a Schrodinger
+equation in which you will think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in which you will think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in which you will think of the
+momenta as derivative operators the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momenta as derivative operators the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momenta as derivative operators the
+center of mass momenta should be thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass momenta should be thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass momenta should be thought
+as a derivative operator with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a derivative operator with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a derivative operator with respect to
+the center of mass position so think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of mass position so think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of mass position so think of
+the center of mass as three coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of mass as three coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of mass as three coordinates
+and you differentiate with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you differentiate with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you differentiate with respect to
+them similarly for the relative momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them similarly for the relative momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them similarly for the relative momentum
+we'll think of it as a gradient with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll think of it as a gradient with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll think of it as a gradient with
+respect to the relative position because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the relative position because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the relative position because
+that's the canonical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the canonical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the canonical
+or nay that goes along with it that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or nay that goes along with it that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or nay that goes along with it that's
+how we should think of this operators as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we should think of this operators as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we should think of this operators as
+derivative and before we didn't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and before we didn't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and before we didn't have to
+put those subscripts in the nablus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put those subscripts in the nablus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put those subscripts in the nablus
+because we always had just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we always had just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we always had just one
+coordinate to work with but now you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate to work with but now you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate to work with but now you have
+two corners what you've learned hearings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two corners what you've learned hearings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two corners what you've learned hearings
+in doing this analysis was that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in doing this analysis was that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in doing this analysis was that we have
+a wave function that has coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wave function that has coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wave function that has coordinate
+dependence on both of both the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence on both of both the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence on both of both the electron
+and the proton so let's do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the proton so let's do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the proton so let's do the
+separation of variables that shows how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation of variables that shows how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation of variables that shows how
+to deal with the system so we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with the system so we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with the system so we want to
+write a wave function for the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a wave function for the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a wave function for the whole
+system so it depends on the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so it depends on the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so it depends on the center of
+mass and on the relative coordinates now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and on the relative coordinates now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and on the relative coordinates now
+I don't put time because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't put time because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't put time because we're
+discussing time independent Schrodinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing time independent Schrodinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing time independent Schrodinger
+equation where the time you can put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation where the time you can put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation where the time you can put it
+later if you wish with the total energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later if you wish with the total energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later if you wish with the total energy
+e to the minus IET so what we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the minus IET so what we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the minus IET so what we will
+consider is a a simple solution that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider is a a simple solution that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider is a a simple solution that is
+of the product type so there will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the product type so there will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the product type so there will be a
+wave function associated a factor which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function associated a factor which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function associated a factor which
+is a wave function associated with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a wave function associated with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a wave function associated with a
+center of mass and a wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass and a wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass and a wave function
+associated to the relative motion and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated to the relative motion and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated to the relative motion and we
+want to replace this into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to replace this into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to replace this into the
+Schrodinger equation into H sy equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation into H sy equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation into H sy equal
+each side so let's see how it would go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each side so let's see how it would go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each side so let's see how it would go
+each term of the Hamiltonian is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each term of the Hamiltonian is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each term of the Hamiltonian is going to
+act on this product of functions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act on this product of functions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act on this product of functions that
+determines the whole wave function the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines the whole wave function the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines the whole wave function the
+center of mass momentum being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass momentum being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass momentum being the
+relative with respect to this X will act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative with respect to this X will act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative with respect to this X will act
+just on the first term so will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just on the first term so will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just on the first term so will
+P squared over 2m acting on side cm of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P squared over 2m acting on side cm of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P squared over 2m acting on side cm of X
+and the relative wave function in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the relative wave function in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the relative wave function in that
+term just goes for the ride so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term just goes for the ride so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term just goes for the ride so that's
+the first term in the Hamiltonian for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first term in the Hamiltonian for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first term in the Hamiltonian for
+the second term in the Hamiltonian we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second term in the Hamiltonian we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second term in the Hamiltonian we
+would have on P squared over 2 mu we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have on P squared over 2 mu we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have on P squared over 2 mu we
+could add them side relative and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could add them side relative and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could add them side relative and let's
+put even the potential here V of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put even the potential here V of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put even the potential here V of X
+relative we don't put the relative on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative we don't put the relative on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative we don't put the relative on
+the eggs but they'll just it's a small X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eggs but they'll just it's a small X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eggs but they'll just it's a small X
+side relative of X so we've looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side relative of X so we've looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side relative of X so we've looked at
+the second term and the third term um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second term and the third term um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second term and the third term um
+the third term is grouped with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third term is grouped with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third term is grouped with the
+second because it uses the little X not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second because it uses the little X not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second because it uses the little X not
+the big X and then you have sy cm of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big X and then you have sy cm of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big X and then you have sy cm of X
+multiplicatively it doesn't do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicatively it doesn't do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicatively it doesn't do anything
+to it all this is equal to e times size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it all this is equal to e times size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it all this is equal to e times size
+cm of x sy relative of little X okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cm of x sy relative of little X okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cm of x sy relative of little X okay
+that's the Schrodinger equation and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the Schrodinger equation and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the Schrodinger equation and this
+should remind you it's very similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should remind you it's very similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should remind you it's very similar to
+what you did months ago of having motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you did months ago of having motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you did months ago of having motion
+say in two dimensions and you wrote the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in two dimensions and you wrote the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in two dimensions and you wrote the
+wave part of the wave function dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave part of the wave function dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave part of the wave function dependent
+on X part of the wave function depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on X part of the wave function depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on X part of the wave function depending
+on Y and you separate the Schrodinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Y and you separate the Schrodinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Y and you separate the Schrodinger
+equation so the next thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so the next thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so the next thing
+to do is to divide by the total wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is to divide by the total wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is to divide by the total wave
+function by the product so divided by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function by the product so divided by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function by the product so divided by by
+the total wave function so what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total wave function so what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total wave function so what do you
+get from the first term you will get one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from the first term you will get one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from the first term you will get one
+over size CM of capital x times this P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over size CM of capital x times this P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over size CM of capital x times this P
+squared over 2m size CM of capital X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's all what comes of the first term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all what comes of the first term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all what comes of the first term
+from the second you get plus one over sy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the second you get plus one over sy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the second you get plus one over sy
+relative of X and this whole bracket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squared over 2 mu sy relative plus V of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over 2 mu sy relative plus V of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over 2 mu sy relative plus V of
+X sy relative and the whole thing being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X sy relative and the whole thing being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X sy relative and the whole thing being
+equal to e the two wave functions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to e the two wave functions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to e the two wave functions are
+divided there so we have a situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided there so we have a situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided there so we have a situation
+where a number is the sum of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a number is the sum of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a number is the sum of two
+functions now what is funny of course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions now what is funny of course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions now what is funny of course is
+the argument you've heard several times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the argument you've heard several times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the argument you've heard several times
+this first term depends just on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first term depends just on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first term depends just on the
+capital x coordinate the second term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital x coordinate the second term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital x coordinate the second term
+depends just on the lower x-coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends just on the lower x-coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends just on the lower x-coordinates
+small x-coordinates I didn't write them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small x-coordinates I didn't write them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small x-coordinates I didn't write them
+some in some places but here they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some in some places but here they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some in some places but here they are
+and therefore the only way these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the only way these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the only way these two
+things can always be true is if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things can always be true is if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things can always be true is if the
+first term is a number and we'll call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term is a number and we'll call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term is a number and we'll call it
+ECM and not the whole thing must be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ECM and not the whole thing must be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ECM and not the whole thing must be a
+number called ECM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number called ECM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number called ECM
+and the second term should be another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second term should be another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second term should be another
+number and I'll call it a relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and I'll call it a relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and I'll call it a relative
+that's your relative so our conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's your relative so our conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's your relative so our conclusion
+is that if this first term is a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if this first term is a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if this first term is a number
+equal to e CM we can multiply by P I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to e CM we can multiply by P I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to e CM we can multiply by P I see
+em and get P squared over 2m size cm of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+em and get P squared over 2m size cm of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+em and get P squared over 2m size cm of
+X is equal to EC M times size cm of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is equal to EC M times size cm of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is equal to EC M times size cm of X
+which is a time independent schrodinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a time independent schrodinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a time independent schrodinger
+equation for a wave functions I see M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for a wave functions I see M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for a wave functions I see M
+that is moving freely the next equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is moving freely the next equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is moving freely the next equation
+is the one within bracket which is P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one within bracket which is P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one within bracket which is P
+squared over 2 mu sy relative of X plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over 2 mu sy relative of X plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over 2 mu sy relative of X plus
+V of now I can put R where I say that R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V of now I can put R where I say that R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V of now I can put R where I say that R
+is the magnitude of X so I relative of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the magnitude of X so I relative of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the magnitude of X so I relative of x
+equals e relative so I should move this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals e relative so I should move this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals e relative so I should move this
+side relative of X and we said that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was this so the second equation comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this so the second equation comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this so the second equation comes
+from this term identified with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this term identified with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this term identified with your
+relative and the last equation is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative and the last equation is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative and the last equation is to say
+that the total energy is equal to EC M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the total energy is equal to EC M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the total energy is equal to EC M
+plus e relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the whole two-body problem has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the whole two-body problem has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the whole two-body problem has been
+reviews to this three equation this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviews to this three equation this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviews to this three equation this is
+what we aim to show this is a gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we aim to show this is a gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we aim to show this is a gradient
+squared on this wave function the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared on this wave function the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared on this wave function the
+central potential term and the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central potential term and the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central potential term and the rest of
+the Schrodinger equation so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Schrodinger equation so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Schrodinger equation so this is a
+Schrodinger equation for a particle in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation for a particle in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation for a particle in a
+central potential that particle happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central potential that particle happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central potential that particle happens
+to be the relative distance between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the relative distance between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the relative distance between
+these two particles but it abase a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two particles but it abase a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two particles but it abase a
+central equation potential here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central equation potential here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central equation potential here is the
+center of mass solutions of this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass solutions of this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass solutions of this is a
+plane wave momenta plane waves because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane wave momenta plane waves because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane wave momenta plane waves because
+this is like a free particle and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like a free particle and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like a free particle and that's
+our intuition the hydrogen atom can move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our intuition the hydrogen atom can move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our intuition the hydrogen atom can move
+like a free particle as an overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a free particle as an overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a free particle as an overall
+quantum system and then there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum system and then there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum system and then there's the
+relative degrees of freedom the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative degrees of freedom the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative degrees of freedom the total
+energy of the system must be the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the system must be the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the system must be the sum of
+the two so that's it for the system we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two so that's it for the system we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two so that's it for the system we
+are allowed now to consider the hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are allowed now to consider the hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are allowed now to consider the hydrogen
+atom so that's what we'll do next
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/dWNrHmcb4Oo.txt b/dWNrHmcb4Oo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1bcfed8ca18a9da8211c999ea3f9a2854c6d0a22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dWNrHmcb4Oo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,307 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have the daily grid system this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have the daily grid system this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have the daily grid system this is
+so students are supposed to practice you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so students are supposed to practice you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so students are supposed to practice you
+know online exercises by themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know online exercises by themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know online exercises by themselves
+before the class and then so we grade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the class and then so we grade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the class and then so we grade
+their performance in class based and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their performance in class based and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their performance in class based and
+then based on the performance like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then based on the performance like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then based on the performance like the
+best performance is going to be graded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best performance is going to be graded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best performance is going to be graded
+like 10.10 and then if students just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 10.10 and then if students just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 10.10 and then if students just
+come to class without any preparation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to class without any preparation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to class without any preparation
+they may get either six or seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may get either six or seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may get either six or seven
+depending on the instructor so daily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the instructor so daily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the instructor so daily
+grade system is a great incentive for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade system is a great incentive for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade system is a great incentive for
+student to practice outside of the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student to practice outside of the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student to practice outside of the class
+or before the class so we had so called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or before the class so we had so called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or before the class so we had so called
+interview test twice for each semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview test twice for each semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview test twice for each semester
+and what we do is actually one-to-one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we do is actually one-to-one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we do is actually one-to-one
+kind of interview setting usually like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of interview setting usually like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of interview setting usually like
+five to seven minutes again depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five to seven minutes again depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five to seven minutes again depending on
+the level but what we do is teachers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level but what we do is teachers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level but what we do is teachers
+kind of elicit some questions so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of elicit some questions so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of elicit some questions so that
+student can answer you know a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student can answer you know a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student can answer you know a particular
+forms and and grammar patterns so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms and and grammar patterns so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms and and grammar patterns so the
+interview test we do like five to seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview test we do like five to seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview test we do like five to seven
+minutes for each student if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes for each student if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes for each student if you have
+like fifty students having interviewed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like fifty students having interviewed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like fifty students having interviewed
+test itself is actually a lot of work it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test itself is actually a lot of work it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test itself is actually a lot of work it
+we usually spend one day sometimes two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we usually spend one day sometimes two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we usually spend one day sometimes two
+days actually we would like to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days actually we would like to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days actually we would like to give
+individually feedback on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually feedback on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually feedback on their
+performance but that itself again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance but that itself again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance but that itself again
+additional like two to three days we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional like two to three days we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional like two to three days we
+cannot afford it and so we usually give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot afford it and so we usually give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot afford it and so we usually give
+just a point not and then if there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a point not and then if there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a point not and then if there are
+some you know specific issues say like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some you know specific issues say like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some you know specific issues say like
+you know some students are not good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some students are not good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some students are not good at
+pronouncing particular words and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronouncing particular words and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronouncing particular words and then we
+provide specific feedback otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide specific feedback otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide specific feedback otherwise
+usually we just spend we just give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually we just spend we just give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually we just spend we just give the
+point
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/eAHDiT40fkU.txt b/eAHDiT40fkU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..264f2ecb17ef58dedae6d28ba8fc432a58b1c509
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eAHDiT40fkU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2123 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now let's talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's talk about
+how infection spreads from person to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how infection spreads from person to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how infection spreads from person to
+person so until now we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person so until now we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person so until now we've been
+discussing the physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing the physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing the physics
+of droplet transfer by respiration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of droplet transfer by respiration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of droplet transfer by respiration
+between a pair of individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a pair of individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a pair of individuals
+but let's say one infected person does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's say one infected person does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's say one infected person does
+manage to expose and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage to expose and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage to expose and
+infect another susceptible person then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infect another susceptible person then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infect another susceptible person then
+the dynamics of that population within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dynamics of that population within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dynamics of that population within
+the room and more broadly in a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room and more broadly in a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room and more broadly in a whole
+let's say city or country will change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say city or country will change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say city or country will change
+with time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with time
+so there have been many models and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there have been many models and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there have been many models and these
+are central to the field of epidemiology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are central to the field of epidemiology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are central to the field of epidemiology
+to describe the dynamics of disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe the dynamics of disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe the dynamics of disease
+in a population and this work began with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a population and this work began with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a population and this work began with
+the classical paper of kendrick and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classical paper of kendrick and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classical paper of kendrick and
+kermac in 1927
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kermac in 1927
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kermac in 1927
+and these types of models are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these types of models are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these types of models are called
+compartment models because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartment models because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartment models because the
+population is broken into a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population is broken into a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population is broken into a bunch of
+compartments so for example if there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartments so for example if there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartments so for example if there are
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+people in the population then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the population then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the population then the
+original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original
+uh kermit uh kendrick model is an sir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh kermit uh kendrick model is an sir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh kermit uh kendrick model is an sir
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+where there are three compartments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there are three compartments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there are three compartments
+there's the susceptible so those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the susceptible so those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the susceptible so those are
+people that have not yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that have not yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that have not yet
+been exposed to the to the pathogen or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been exposed to the to the pathogen or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been exposed to the to the pathogen or
+not been affected anyway there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not been affected anyway there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not been affected anyway there's an
+infected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected
+group which has become sick from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group which has become sick from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group which has become sick from the
+pathogen and is also able to transmit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathogen and is also able to transmit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathogen and is also able to transmit
+that to others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to others
+and then there's r is the recovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's r is the recovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's r is the recovered
+population that's already had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population that's already had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population that's already had the
+disease but is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease but is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease but is now
+gotten over it or been removed either by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten over it or been removed either by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten over it or been removed either by
+recovering or possibly by dying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovering or possibly by dying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovering or possibly by dying
+or maybe by leaving well i guess they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe by leaving well i guess they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe by leaving well i guess they
+don't leave because we add up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't leave because we add up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't leave because we add up
+to end here although that literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to end here although that literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to end here although that literally
+wouldn't change much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't change much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't change much
+okay so basically the equations then are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so basically the equations then are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so basically the equations then are
+just simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simple
+rate equations that are very similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate equations that are very similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate equations that are very similar to
+those that are written down in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those that are written down in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those that are written down in
+chemical kinetics in chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical kinetics in chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical kinetics in chemical
+engineering where there's no spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering where there's no spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering where there's no spatial
+resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution
+and effective we have the assumption of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and effective we have the assumption of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and effective we have the assumption of
+a well-mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a well-mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a well-mixed
+population so if you don't like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population so if you don't like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population so if you don't like the
+well-mixed room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-mixed room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-mixed room
+this is an even bigger approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an even bigger approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an even bigger approximation
+this is the well-mixed population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the well-mixed population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the well-mixed population
+there's no information here about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no information here about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no information here about how
+people are actually interacting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are actually interacting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are actually interacting with
+each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other
+what their network of contacts is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what their network of contacts is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what their network of contacts is where
+they're physically located
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're physically located
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're physically located
+in certain buildings or sit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in certain buildings or sit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in certain buildings or sit in
+communities everybody sees everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities everybody sees everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities everybody sees everybody
+else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else
+and then there's certain kind of global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's certain kind of global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's certain kind of global
+rates that are written down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates that are written down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates that are written down
+but like the wellmix room for indoor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like the wellmix room for indoor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like the wellmix room for indoor
+situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations
+you know this is a reasonable starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is a reasonable starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is a reasonable starting
+point and that is how people think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and that is how people think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and that is how people think about
+disease spreading so in the simplest sir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease spreading so in the simplest sir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease spreading so in the simplest sir
+model there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model there are two
+rates that we need to use as parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates that we need to use as parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates that we need to use as parameters
+one of them is beta the transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is beta the transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is beta the transmission
+rate which is the same rate they defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate which is the same rate they defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate which is the same rate they defined
+earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier
+and that is the rate at which tran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is the rate at which tran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is the rate at which tran
+infection is passed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection is passed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection is passed
+between a pair of people one of whom is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a pair of people one of whom is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a pair of people one of whom is
+infected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected
+the other one is susceptible so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one is susceptible so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one is susceptible so the
+reaction rate if you will is beta si
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction rate if you will is beta si
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction rate if you will is beta si
+that's the and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the and
+then when that reaction occurs you lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when that reaction occurs you lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when that reaction occurs you lower
+s and you increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and you increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and you increase
+i a second process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i a second process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i a second process
+is the recovery or removal and so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the recovery or removal and so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the recovery or removal and so that's
+accomplished at a rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplished at a rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplished at a rate
+gamma and so when an individual is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma and so when an individual is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma and so when an individual is
+removed by recovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed by recovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed by recovery
+or by death they are removed gamma-i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or by death they are removed gamma-i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or by death they are removed gamma-i
+and then they kind of get added to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they kind of get added to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they kind of get added to the
+recovered pool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovered pool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovered pool
+okay so this is a very simple model but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a very simple model but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a very simple model but
+it's not a trivial model it's non-linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a trivial model it's non-linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a trivial model it's non-linear
+because of the product of s and i so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the product of s and i so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the product of s and i so
+it's not so easy to write down an exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not so easy to write down an exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not so easy to write down an exact
+solution to this full model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to this full model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to this full model
+and in fact you know more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact you know more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact you know more complicated
+models exist and they're even harder to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models exist and they're even harder to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models exist and they're even harder to
+solve analytically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve analytically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve analytically
+but we can still get a lot of insight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can still get a lot of insight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can still get a lot of insight
+from them from the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from them from the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from them from the model
+and the primary insight that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the primary insight that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the primary insight that we can
+obtain even from this simple model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain even from this simple model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain even from this simple model
+is whether or not an epidemic will occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is whether or not an epidemic will occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is whether or not an epidemic will occur
+and so the way to understand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so epidemic will occur if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so epidemic will occur if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so epidemic will occur if
+well d idt is positive so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well d idt is positive so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well d idt is positive so if
+the rate of a number of infected people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate of a number of infected people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate of a number of infected people
+is obviously growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is obviously growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is obviously growing
+but we need that to happen in the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we need that to happen in the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we need that to happen in the early
+stages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages
+so that would be where s is close to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would be where s is close to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would be where s is close to n
+and maybe the very beginning is if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe the very beginning is if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe the very beginning is if we
+really have a discrete population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have a discrete population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have a discrete population
+is that s is n minus 1. so if we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that s is n minus 1. so if we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that s is n minus 1. so if we really
+don't have a huge population i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a huge population i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a huge population i can
+actually count them i might say s is n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually count them i might say s is n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually count them i might say s is n
+minus 1. there's one infected person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1. there's one infected person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1. there's one infected person
+everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone
+else is susceptible maybe more generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else is susceptible maybe more generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else is susceptible maybe more generally
+we'll have an s which is of order n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you know s is maybe a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know s is maybe a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know s is maybe a little bit
+smaller than n but but you know not by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than n but but you know not by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than n but but you know not by a
+lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot
+and in the case i just described here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the case i just described here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the case i just described here
+i've got i equals one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got i equals one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got i equals one
+and then r is of course equal to zero at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then r is of course equal to zero at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then r is of course equal to zero at
+the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning
+um and whereas normally we might say s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and whereas normally we might say s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and whereas normally we might say s
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+it's of order n and i is much much less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's of order n and i is much much less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's of order n and i is much much less
+than n so basically in a situation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than n so basically in a situation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than n so basically in a situation where
+there's very few infected people the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's very few infected people the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's very few infected people the
+question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is
+is the epidemic going to grow and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the epidemic going to grow and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the epidemic going to grow and you
+can see it very clearly from this rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see it very clearly from this rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see it very clearly from this rate
+equation right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right here
+so if um i is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if um i is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if um i is
+a small constant number like for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small constant number like for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small constant number like for example
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+and then the s is near n and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the s is near n and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the s is near n and in
+particular for the case of one effector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular for the case of one effector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular for the case of one effector
+it could be n minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be n minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be n minus one
+then we find that if the falling ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we find that if the falling ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we find that if the falling ratio
+is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive
+for the first infector anyway we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first infector anyway we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first infector anyway we get
+this condition that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this condition that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this condition that when
+beta the transmission rate times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta the transmission rate times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta the transmission rate times the
+number of susceptible people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of susceptible people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of susceptible people
+so i can also write this as sort of s 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i can also write this as sort of s 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i can also write this as sort of s 0
+is n minus 1 is the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n minus 1 is the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n minus 1 is the number of
+susceptible people initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptible people initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptible people initially
+times beta so that factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times beta so that factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times beta so that factor
+if that factor is greater than one then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that factor is greater than one then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that factor is greater than one then
+the epidemic starts growing because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the epidemic starts growing because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the epidemic starts growing because
+basically you're producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you're producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you're producing
+more infected people than you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more infected people than you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more infected people than you are
+removing them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing them
+at a different you know at a faster rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a different you know at a faster rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a different you know at a faster rate
+so it makes sense so then you start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it makes sense so then you start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it makes sense so then you start to
+reach kind of an exponential growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach kind of an exponential growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach kind of an exponential growth
+phase of the epidemic which only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase of the epidemic which only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase of the epidemic which only
+saturates when you start to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturates when you start to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturates when you start to kind of
+run out of people to infect because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run out of people to infect because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run out of people to infect because the
+number of susceptibles is going down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of susceptibles is going down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of susceptibles is going down and
+then it kind of saturates and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it kind of saturates and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it kind of saturates and and the
+epidemic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epidemic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epidemic
+sort of slowly comes to an end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of slowly comes to an end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of slowly comes to an end
+this quantity here is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity here is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity here is called the
+reproductive number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and basically this is the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically this is the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically this is the expected
+number of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people
+that one infected person will infect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one infected person will infect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one infected person will infect
+so you can see here it does include the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see here it does include the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see here it does include the
+whole population this is this well-mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole population this is this well-mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole population this is this well-mixed
+population concept that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population concept that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population concept that
+basically each person is interacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically each person is interacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically each person is interacting
+with everybody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with everybody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with everybody else
+that may or may not be a reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may or may not be a reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may or may not be a reasonable
+approximation but what we can do is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation but what we can do is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation but what we can do is sort
+of lump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lump
+this parameter here and define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this parameter here and define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this parameter here and define
+what may we could call uh beta hat which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what may we could call uh beta hat which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what may we could call uh beta hat which
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+s0 beta or in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s0 beta or in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s0 beta or in the case of
+i 0 equal to 1 that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i 0 equal to 1 that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i 0 equal to 1 that would be
+n minus 1 beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus 1 beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus 1 beta
+and then of course we get that r0 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then of course we get that r0 is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then of course we get that r0 is the
+ratio of beta hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of beta hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of beta hat
+to gamma you'll also find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to gamma you'll also find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to gamma you'll also find the
+reproductive number written that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproductive number written that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproductive number written that way
+where you've kind of lumped kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you've kind of lumped kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you've kind of lumped kind of the
+number of people that are interacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people that are interacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people that are interacting
+with a person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a person
+into a single parameter so it may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a single parameter so it may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a single parameter so it may not be
+that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+you're interacting with the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interacting with the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interacting with the entire
+population maybe you only see some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population maybe you only see some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population maybe you only see some
+subset but in the end there's some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset but in the end there's some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset but in the end there's some kind
+of exposure rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of exposure rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of exposure rate
+which needs to be divided by the removal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which needs to be divided by the removal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which needs to be divided by the removal
+rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate
+okay and what you get from solving this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what you get from solving this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what you get from solving this
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+looks like falling so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like falling so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like falling so
+if this parameter r0 is greater than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this parameter r0 is greater than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this parameter r0 is greater than one
+so if you actually do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a positive reproductive number then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive reproductive number then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive reproductive number then
+if we look at sort of the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look at sort of the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look at sort of the different
+population variables well let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population variables well let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population variables well let's see
+the number of susceptibles starts very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of susceptibles starts very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of susceptibles starts very
+close to n maybe there's one infected or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to n maybe there's one infected or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to n maybe there's one infected or
+a small number of affected people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small number of affected people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small number of affected people
+but over some time scale that starts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but over some time scale that starts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but over some time scale that starts to
+go down and what is that time scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down and what is that time scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down and what is that time scale
+that time scale is beta hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time scale is beta hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time scale is beta hat
+inverse so it's basically the inverse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse so it's basically the inverse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse so it's basically the inverse of
+this right here that's how quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right here that's how quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right here that's how quickly
+new infected people are being created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new infected people are being created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new infected people are being created
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+that's how quickly the susceptibles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how quickly the susceptibles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how quickly the susceptibles are
+going down so this is s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down so this is s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down so this is s
+as s goes down then i goes up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as s goes down then i goes up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as s goes down then i goes up with the
+same rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same rate
+and so uh basically s is just switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh basically s is just switching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh basically s is just switching
+place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+with i so here's i but then i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with i so here's i but then i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with i so here's i but then i
+might not go all the way to the top so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not go all the way to the top so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not go all the way to the top so
+i've sketched it getting pretty close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've sketched it getting pretty close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've sketched it getting pretty close to
+n but doesn't need to go that high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n but doesn't need to go that high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n but doesn't need to go that high
+because it's going to start coming down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's going to start coming down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's going to start coming down
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+s is going to zero right so as s goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s is going to zero right so as s goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s is going to zero right so as s goes to
+zero this rate actually also goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this rate actually also goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this rate actually also goes to
+zero so you're not producing infected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so you're not producing infected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so you're not producing infected
+people as quickly so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people as quickly so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people as quickly so this
+at first is an exponential increase and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at first is an exponential increase and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at first is an exponential increase and
+then it kind of starts to tail off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it kind of starts to tail off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it kind of starts to tail off
+and eventually comes down as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually comes down as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually comes down as
+you run out of people to infect at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run out of people to infect at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run out of people to infect at this
+point the susceptibles are going to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the susceptibles are going to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the susceptibles are going to zero
+and so you're basically infecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you're basically infecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you're basically infecting
+everybody's left and then that curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's left and then that curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's left and then that curve
+starts to drop off as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to drop off as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to drop off as well
+and meanwhile uh when that drop starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and meanwhile uh when that drop starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and meanwhile uh when that drop starts
+happening then the recovered fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening then the recovered fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening then the recovered fraction
+starts to pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to pick up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to pick up
+and in the end you're left with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the end you're left with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the end you're left with all
+recovered people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovered people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovered people
+so this is basically the typical picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is basically the typical picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is basically the typical picture
+of an epidemic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an epidemic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an epidemic
+when r zero is greater than one you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when r zero is greater than one you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when r zero is greater than one you have
+kind of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of this
+uh you know cascade of sort of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know cascade of sort of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know cascade of sort of different
+compartments of the population uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartments of the population uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartments of the population uh
+kind of trading places uh in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of trading places uh in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of trading places uh in terms of
+their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+prevalence in the society and the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevalence in the society and the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevalence in the society and the model
+is governed by sort of very simple you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is governed by sort of very simple you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is governed by sort of very simple you
+know kind of mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know kind of mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know kind of mean
+rates of transfer
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/eHJuAByQf5A.txt b/eHJuAByQf5A.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..989eee6924e46aa7f32db7671f5bf0880961676f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eHJuAByQf5A.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8163 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu uh right now we're uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu uh right now we're uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu uh right now we're uh
+finishing up with this first unit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finishing up with this first unit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finishing up with this first unit and
+I'd like to continue in this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to continue in this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to continue in this lecture
+lecture seven uh with some uh final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture seven uh with some uh final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture seven uh with some uh final
+remarks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exponents so so what I'd like to uh do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponents so so what I'd like to uh do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponents so so what I'd like to uh do
+is just review something that I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just review something that I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just review something that I did
+quickly last time and make a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly last time and make a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly last time and make a few
+philosophical remarks about it I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical remarks about it I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical remarks about it I think
+that the the steps involved were maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the steps involved were maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the steps involved were maybe a
+little tricky and so I'd like to uh go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little tricky and so I'd like to uh go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little tricky and so I'd like to uh go
+through it one more time remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it one more time remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it one more time remember that
+we were talking about this number a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were talking about this number a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were talking about this number a
+which is 1 + 1 K to the K power and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 1 + 1 K to the K power and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 1 + 1 K to the K power and what
+we showed was that the limit as K goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we showed was that the limit as K goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we showed was that the limit as K goes
+to Infinity of a k was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Infinity of a k was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Infinity of a k was
+e so first the first thing that I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e so first the first thing that I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e so first the first thing that I like
+to do is just explain the proof a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is just explain the proof a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is just explain the proof a little
+bit more clearly than I did last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more clearly than I did last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more clearly than I did last time
+with a little bit less uh fewer symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a little bit less uh fewer symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a little bit less uh fewer symbols
+or at least with this abbreviation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least with this abbreviation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least with this abbreviation of
+the symbol here to show you what it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symbol here to show you what it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symbol here to show you what it was
+that we actually did so I'll just remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we actually did so I'll just remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we actually did so I'll just remind
+you what we did last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time and the first observation was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and the first observation was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and the first observation was to
+check rather than the limit of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check rather than the limit of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check rather than the limit of this
+function to take the log first and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to take the log first and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to take the log first and this
+is typically what's done when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is typically what's done when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is typically what's done when you have
+an exponential when you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exponential when you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exponential when you have an
+exponent and what we found was that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent and what we found was that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent and what we found was that the
+limit here was one as K goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit here was one as K goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit here was one as K goes to
+Infinity now so last time this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity now so last time this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity now so last time this is what
+we did and I just wanted to be careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did and I just wanted to be careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did and I just wanted to be careful
+and show you exactly what the next step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show you exactly what the next step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show you exactly what the next step
+is if you exponentiate this fact you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you exponentiate this fact you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you exponentiate this fact you
+take e to this power that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take e to this power that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take e to this power that's going to
+tend to e to the first Power which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to e to the first Power which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to e to the first Power which is
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+e all right and then we just observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e all right and then we just observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e all right and then we just observe
+that this is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is the same as
+AK right so the basic ingredient here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AK right so the basic ingredient here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AK right so the basic ingredient here is
+that e to the log a is equal to a that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that e to the log a is equal to a that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that e to the log a is equal to a that's
+because the log function is the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the log function is the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the log function is the inverse
+of the exponential function yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question because it's K Ln 1 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question because it's K Ln 1 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question because it's K Ln 1 1
+K as K goes to Infinity that's Ln of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K as K goes to Infinity that's Ln of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K as K goes to Infinity that's Ln of one
+right which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which is
+zero um so that wouldn't this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero um so that wouldn't this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero um so that wouldn't this the
+question was wouldn't the log of this be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question was wouldn't the log of this be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question was wouldn't the log of this be
+zero because because AK is tending to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because because AK is tending to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because because AK is tending to
+one but AK isn't tending to one who said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but AK isn't tending to one who said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but AK isn't tending to one who said
+it was K * if you take the logarithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was K * if you take the logarithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was K * if you take the logarithm
+which is what we did last time logarithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what we did last time logarithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what we did last time logarithm
+of a k is indeed K * the log of 1 + 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a k is indeed K * the log of 1 + 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a k is indeed K * the log of 1 + 1
+K that does not tend to zero this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K that does not tend to zero this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K that does not tend to zero this part
+of it tends to zero and this part tends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it tends to zero and this part tends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it tends to zero and this part tends
+to infinity and they balance each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity and they balance each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity and they balance each other
+0 time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 time
+infinity and so we don't really know yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and so we don't really know yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and so we don't really know yet
+from this expression in fact we did some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this expression in fact we did some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this expression in fact we did some
+clever with limits and derivatives to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever with limits and derivatives to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever with limits and derivatives to
+figure out this limit and it was a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out this limit and it was a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out this limit and it was a very
+subtle thing it turned out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle thing it turned out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle thing it turned out to be
+one all right now the thing that I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right now the thing that I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right now the thing that I'd
+like to say I'm sorry I'm gonna I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to say I'm sorry I'm gonna I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to say I'm sorry I'm gonna I'm
+gonna erase this aside here but you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna erase this aside here but you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna erase this aside here but you need
+to go back to your notes and remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back to your notes and remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back to your notes and remember
+that this is what we did last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is what we did last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is what we did last time
+because I want to have room for the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want to have room for the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want to have room for the next
+comment that I want to make on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment that I want to make on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment that I want to make on this
+little Blackboard here what we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Blackboard here what we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Blackboard here what we just
+derived is this property here but then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived is this property here but then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived is this property here but then I
+made a a a a claim yesterday and I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a a a a claim yesterday and I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a a a a claim yesterday and I just
+want to emphasize it again so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to emphasize it again so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to emphasize it again so you
+realize what it is that we're doing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize what it is that we're doing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize what it is that we're doing I
+just reversed the I looked at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just reversed the I looked at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just reversed the I looked at this
+backwards one way you can think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards one way you can think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards one way you can think of this
+is we're evaluating this limit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're evaluating this limit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're evaluating this limit and
+getting an answer but all equalities can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting an answer but all equalities can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting an answer but all equalities can
+be re read both directions and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be re read both directions and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be re read both directions and we can
+write it the other way E equals the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it the other way E equals the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it the other way E equals the
+limit as K goes to Infinity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as K goes to Infinity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as K goes to Infinity of
+this expression here so that's just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression here so that's just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression here so that's just the
+same thing and if we read it backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing and if we read it backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing and if we read it backwards
+what we're saying is that this limmit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're saying is that this limmit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're saying is that this limmit is
+a formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+E so this is very typical of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E so this is very typical of of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E so this is very typical of of of
+mathematics you want to always reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics you want to always reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics you want to always reverse
+your perspective all the time equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your perspective all the time equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your perspective all the time equations
+work both ways and in this case we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work both ways and in this case we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work both ways and in this case we have
+two different things here this e was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different things here this e was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different things here this e was
+what we defined as the base which when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we defined as the base which when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we defined as the base which when
+you graph e to the X you get slope one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you graph e to the X you get slope one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you graph e to the X you get slope one
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+zero and then it turns out to be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then it turns out to be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then it turns out to be equal
+to this limit which we can calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this limit which we can calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this limit which we can calculate
+numerically if you do this on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically if you do this on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically if you do this on your
+calculators you of course will have a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculators you of course will have a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculators you of course will have a a
+way of programming in this number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of programming in this number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of programming in this number and
+evaluating it for each K and you'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating it for each K and you'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating it for each K and you'll have
+another button available to evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another button available to evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another button available to evaluate
+this one so another way of saying it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one so another way of saying it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one so another way of saying it is
+that there's a relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a relationship between
+these two things and all of of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two things and all of of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two things and all of of uh
+calculus is a matter of getting these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus is a matter of getting these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus is a matter of getting these
+relationships so we can look at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships so we can look at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships so we can look at these
+things in several different ways and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in several different ways and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in several different ways and
+indeed that's what we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed that's what we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed that's what we're going to be
+doing at at least at the end of today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing at at least at the end of today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing at at least at the end of today
+and talking about derivatives a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talking about derivatives a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talking about derivatives a lot of
+times when we talk about derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times when we talk about derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times when we talk about derivatives
+we're trying to look at them from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to look at them from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to look at them from
+several perspectives at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several perspectives at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several perspectives at
+once okay so I have to keep on going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once okay so I have to keep on going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once okay so I have to keep on going
+with exponents because I have one loose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with exponents because I have one loose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with exponents because I have one loose
+end one loose end that I did not cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end one loose end that I did not cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end one loose end that I did not cover
+yet uh there's one very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet uh there's one very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet uh there's one very important
+formula that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that's
+left and it's the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and it's the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and it's the derivative of the
+powers we actually didn't do this while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers we actually didn't do this while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers we actually didn't do this while
+we did it for rational numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did it for rational numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did it for rational numbers
+R so this is the formula here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R so this is the formula here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R so this is the formula here
+but now let me sorry let's just stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now let me sorry let's just stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now let me sorry let's just stick
+this in here this is going to we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in here this is going to we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in here this is going to we're
+going to check this for all real numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to check this for all real numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to check this for all real numbers
+R so including all the irrational ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R so including all the irrational ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R so including all the irrational ones
+as well this is also good practice for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well this is also good practice for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well this is also good practice for
+uh using base e and using logarithmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh using base e and using logarithmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh using base e and using logarithmic
+differentiation so so let me do this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation so so let me do this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation so so let me do this by
+our two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our two
+methods that we can use to handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods that we can use to handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods that we can use to handle
+exponent exponential type problems so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent exponential type problems so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent exponential type problems so
+method one was base e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if I just rewrite this Bas e again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I just rewrite this Bas e again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I just rewrite this Bas e again
+that's this formula over here x to the r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this formula over here x to the r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this formula over here x to the r
+is equal to e to the log X to the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to e to the log X to the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to e to the log X to the power
+R which is e to the r log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X okay so now I can differentiate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay so now I can differentiate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay so now I can differentiate this
+so I get that um d by DX x to the r now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I get that um d by DX x to the r now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I get that um d by DX x to the r now
+I'm going to I'm going to use um prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to I'm going to use um prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to I'm going to use um prime
+notation because I don't want to keep on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation because I don't want to keep on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation because I don't want to keep on
+writing that d by DX here e to the r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing that d by DX here e to the r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing that d by DX here e to the r
+logx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Prime and now what I can do is I can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and now what I can do is I can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and now what I can do is I can use
+the chain rule all right the chain rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain rule all right the chain rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain rule all right the chain rule
+says that it's the derivative of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that it's the derivative of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that it's the derivative of this
+times the derivative of the uh the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the derivative of the uh the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the derivative of the uh the of
+the function so the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function so the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function so the derivative of the
+exponential is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+itself and the derivative of this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and the derivative of this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and the derivative of this guy
+here well I'll write it out once it's R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well I'll write it out once it's R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well I'll write it out once it's R
+log X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Prime so what's that equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime so what's that equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime so what's that equal
+to well e to the r logx is just x to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to well e to the r logx is just x to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to well e to the r logx is just x to the
+r and this derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r and this derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r and this derivative
+here is well the derivative of R is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is well the derivative of R is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is well the derivative of R is zero
+right this is a constant Factor it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is a constant Factor it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is a constant Factor it just
+factors out and log X now has derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors out and log X now has derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors out and log X now has derivative
+but what's the derivative of log X 1X so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's the derivative of log X 1X so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's the derivative of log X 1X so
+this is going to be time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be time
+RX and now we rewrite it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RX and now we rewrite it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RX and now we rewrite it in the
+customary form which is R we put the r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customary form which is R we put the r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customary form which is R we put the r
+in front x to the r minus one okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front x to the r minus one okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front x to the r minus one okay so
+this is this is the uh I've just derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is the uh I've just derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is the uh I've just derived
+the formula for you and it didn't now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula for you and it didn't now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula for you and it didn't now
+now matter whether R was rational or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now matter whether R was rational or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now matter whether R was rational or
+irrational it's the same proof okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrational it's the same proof okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrational it's the same proof okay so
+now I have to show you how method two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have to show you how method two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have to show you how method two
+works as well so let's do method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works as well so let's do method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works as well so let's do method
+two which we call log logarithmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+differentiation and so here I'll I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation and so here I'll I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation and so here I'll I'll
+I'll use a symbol say U for x to the r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll use a symbol say U for x to the r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll use a symbol say U for x to the r
+and then I'll take its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'll take its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'll take its
+logarithm that's R log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm that's R log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm that's R log
+X and now I differentiate it I'll leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and now I differentiate it I'll leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and now I differentiate it I'll leave
+that in the middle because I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the middle because I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the middle because I want to
+remember the key property of logarithmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the key property of logarithmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the key property of logarithmic
+differentiation but first I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation but first I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation but first I'll
+differentiate it later on what I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate it later on what I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate it later on what I'm going
+to use is that this is the same as U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use is that this is the same as U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use is that this is the same as U
+Prime over U this is one way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime over U this is one way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime over U this is one way of
+evaluating the logarithmic derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating the logarithmic derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating the logarithmic derivative
+and then the other is to differentiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the other is to differentiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the other is to differentiate
+the explicit function that we have over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the explicit function that we have over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the explicit function that we have over
+here and that is just as we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+RX so now I multiply through and I get U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RX so now I multiply through and I get U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RX so now I multiply through and I get U
+Prime is equal to U * R / X which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime is equal to U * R / X which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime is equal to U * R / X which is
+just x to the r RX which is just what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just x to the r RX which is just what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just x to the r RX which is just what we
+did before it's RX to the r minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did before it's RX to the r minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did before it's RX to the r minus
+one again you can now see by comparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one again you can now see by comparing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one again you can now see by comparing
+these two pieces of arithmetic that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two pieces of arithmetic that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two pieces of arithmetic that
+they're basically the same pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're basically the same pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're basically the same pretty much
+every time you convert to Bas C or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you convert to Bas C or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you convert to Bas C or you
+do logarithmic differentiation it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do logarithmic differentiation it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do logarithmic differentiation it'll
+amount to the same thing provided you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount to the same thing provided you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount to the same thing provided you
+don't get mixed up you generally have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get mixed up you generally have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get mixed up you generally have to
+introduce a new symbol here on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a new symbol here on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a new symbol here on the other
+hand you have you're dealing with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand you have you're dealing with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand you have you're dealing with with
+uh exponents there it it's worth it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh exponents there it it's worth it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh exponents there it it's worth it to
+know both points of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so now I want to make one last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now I want to make one last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now I want to make one last
+remark before we uh finish with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark before we uh finish with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark before we uh finish with
+exponents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponents
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+there I'll try to sell this to you in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I'll try to sell this to you in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I'll try to sell this to you in a
+lot of ways as as the course goes on but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of ways as as the course goes on but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of ways as as the course goes on but
+but one thing that I want to try to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one thing that I want to try to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one thing that I want to try to uh
+emphasize is that the natural logarithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize is that the natural logarithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize is that the natural logarithm
+really is natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is natural
+so so I claim that the natural log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+natural and the example that we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural and the example that we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural and the example that we're going
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+use is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use is
+uh for this illustration is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+economics okay so so let me explain to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics okay so so let me explain to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics okay so so let me explain to
+you why the the the log the natural log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you why the the the log the natural log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you why the the the log the natural log
+is the one that's natural for economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one that's natural for economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one that's natural for economics
+if you are imagining um the price of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are imagining um the price of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are imagining um the price of a
+stock that you own goes down by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock that you own goes down by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock that you own goes down by a
+dollar that's a totally meaningless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar that's a totally meaningless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar that's a totally meaningless
+statement it depends on a lot of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement it depends on a lot of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement it depends on a lot of things
+in particular it depends on whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular it depends on whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular it depends on whether the
+original price was a dollar or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original price was a dollar or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original price was a dollar or
+$100 so there's not much meaning to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 so there's not much meaning to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 so there's not much meaning to
+these absolute numbers it's always the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these absolute numbers it's always the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these absolute numbers it's always the
+ratios that matter so for example I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios that matter so for example I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios that matter so for example I just
+looked up an hour ago the footsy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked up an hour ago the footsy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked up an hour ago the footsy the
+London exchange uh closed and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London exchange uh closed and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London exchange uh closed and it was
+down um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+27.9 which as I said is is is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+27.9 which as I said is is is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+27.9 which as I said is is is pretty
+meaningless unless you know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningless unless you know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningless unless you know what the
+what the uh actual total of this index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the uh actual total of this index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the uh actual total of this index
+is and it turns out it was uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and it turns out it was uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and it turns out it was uh uh
+6432 so the change in the price divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6432 so the change in the price divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6432 so the change in the price divided
+by the price which in this case is 27.9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the price which in this case is 27.9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the price which in this case is 27.9
+/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/
+6432 is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matters and in this case it happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters and in this case it happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters and in this case it happens to
+be uh 43% all right that's what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh 43% all right that's what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh 43% all right that's what happened
+today and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and
+similarly if you take the infinitesimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly if you take the infinitesimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly if you take the infinitesimal
+of this people think of days as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this people think of days as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this people think of days as being
+relatively small increments when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively small increments when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively small increments when you're
+investing in a stock you would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing in a stock you would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing in a stock you would be
+interested in the infinite tmal sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the infinite tmal sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the infinite tmal sense
+you would be interested in P Prime over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would be interested in P Prime over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would be interested in P Prime over
+p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p
+the derivative of p with divided by P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of p with divided by P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of p with divided by P
+that's just the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the natural
+log Prime so this is the let me just put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log Prime so this is the let me just put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log Prime so this is the let me just put
+a little box around it it's just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little box around it it's just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little box around it it's just the
+formula of logarithmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula of logarithmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula of logarithmic
+differentiation but let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation but let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation but let me just
+emphasize that it has an actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize that it has an actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize that it has an actual
+significance and it's the one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance and it's the one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance and it's the one that's
+used by economists and people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used by economists and people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used by economists and people who are
+modeling prices of things all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling prices of things all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling prices of things all the time
+they never use absolute prices when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they never use absolute prices when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they never use absolute prices when
+they're when they're large swings they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're when they're large swings they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're when they're large swings they
+use always use a log of the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use always use a log of the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use always use a log of the price
+and there's no point in using log base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's no point in using log base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's no point in using log base
+10 or log base 2 those give you junk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 or log base 2 those give you junk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 or log base 2 those give you junk
+they give you an extra factor of log two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give you an extra factor of log two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give you an extra factor of log two
+it's the natural log that that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the natural log that that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the natural log that that's the
+obvious one to use it's completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious one to use it's completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious one to use it's completely
+straightforward that this is a simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward that this is a simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward that this is a simpler
+expression than using log base 10 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression than using log base 10 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression than using log base 10 and
+having a factor of log natural log of 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a factor of log natural log of 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a factor of log natural log of 10
+there which would just mess everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there which would just mess everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there which would just mess everything
+up all right so this is just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up all right so this is just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up all right so this is just one
+illustration Lots anything that has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration Lots anything that has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration Lots anything that has to
+do with ratios is going to encounter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with ratios is going to encounter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with ratios is going to encounter
+logarithms all right so that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithms all right so that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithms all right so that's pretty
+much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+it that is that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that is that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that is that's all
+um I want to say uh for now anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I want to say uh for now anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I want to say uh for now anyway
+there's lots more to say but we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots more to say but we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots more to say but we'll be
+saying it when we do applications of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying it when we do applications of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying it when we do applications of
+derivatives in the second unit so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives in the second unit so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives in the second unit so now
+what I'd like to do is is start a review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'd like to do is is start a review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'd like to do is is start a review
+I'm just going to run through what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to run through what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to run through what we
+did in this unit I'll tell you uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did in this unit I'll tell you uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did in this unit I'll tell you uh a
+approximately what I expect from you on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately what I expect from you on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately what I expect from you on
+the uh hour test that's coming up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tomorrow and uh well so let's get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow and uh well so let's get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow and uh well so let's get
+started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that all right so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+review of unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one and I'm going to just put on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and I'm going to just put on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and I'm going to just put on the
+board all of the uh things that you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board all of the uh things that you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board all of the uh things that you need
+to think about anyway keep in your head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about anyway keep in your head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about anyway keep in your head
+and so there are these there are what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there are these there are what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there are these there are what
+are called General formulas for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+derivatives and then there are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and then there are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and then there are the
+specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ones and let me just remind you what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and let me just remind you what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and let me just remind you what the
+general formulas are there's what you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general formulas are there's what you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general formulas are there's what you do
+to differentiate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to differentiate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to differentiate a
+sum a multiple of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum a multiple of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum a multiple of a
+function the product rule the quotient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the product rule the quotient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the product rule the quotient
+rule all right those are those are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule all right those are those are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule all right those are those are uh
+several General formulas and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several General formulas and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several General formulas and then
+there's one more which is the chain rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one more which is the chain rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one more which is the chain rule
+which I'm going to say just a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'm going to say just a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'm going to say just a little bit
+more about so the derivative of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about so the derivative of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about so the derivative of a
+function of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of a
+function is the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is the derivative of the
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+times the derivative of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the derivative of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the derivative of the other
+function so here I've abbreviated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so here I've abbreviated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so here I've abbreviated
+U is uu at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U is uu at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U is uu at
+X all right so this is one of two ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X all right so this is one of two ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X all right so this is one of two ways
+of writing it the other way is also uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of writing it the other way is also uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of writing it the other way is also uh
+one that you can keep in mind and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that you can keep in mind and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that you can keep in mind and you
+might find easier to remember it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might find easier to remember it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might find easier to remember it's
+probably a good idea to remember both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a good idea to remember both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a good idea to remember both
+formulas and then the last type of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas and then the last type of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas and then the last type of of
+general formula that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we did was implicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did was implicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did was implicit
+differentiation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation okay
+so when you do implicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you do implicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you do implicit
+differentiation uh you have an equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation uh you have an equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation uh you have an equation
+and you don't try to solve for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you don't try to solve for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you don't try to solve for the
+unknown function you just put it in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown function you just put it in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown function you just put it in its
+simplest form and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest form and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest form and you
+differentiate so we actually we we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate so we actually we we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate so we actually we we did
+this in particular for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inverses that was a very very key method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses that was a very very key method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses that was a very very key method
+for calculating the inverses of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for calculating the inverses of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for calculating the inverses of
+functions and I it it's also true that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and I it it's also true that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and I it it's also true that
+logarithmic differentiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithmic differentiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithmic differentiation
+is of this type this is a transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of this type this is a transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of this type this is a transformation
+we're differentiating something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're differentiating something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're differentiating something else
+we're transforming the equation by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're transforming the equation by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're transforming the equation by
+taking its logarithm and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking its logarithm and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking its logarithm and then
+differentiating okay so so there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiating okay so so there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiating okay so so there are a
+number of different ways this is applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of different ways this is applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of different ways this is applied
+it can also be it can be applied in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can also be it can be applied in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can also be it can be applied in
+anyway these are two of them so maybe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway these are two of them so maybe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway these are two of them so maybe in
+parenthesis this is these are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis this is these are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis this is these are just
+examples all right I'll try to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples all right I'll try to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples all right I'll try to give
+uh examples at least a few of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh examples at least a few of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh examples at least a few of these
+rules uh later so now the specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+functions uh that you know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions uh that you know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions uh that you know how to
+differentiate well you know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate well you know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate well you know how to
+differentiate now x to the r thanks to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate now x to the r thanks to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate now x to the r thanks to
+what I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I just
+did we have the S and the cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we have the S and the cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we have the S and the cosine
+function which you're responsible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which you're responsible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which you're responsible for
+knowing what their derivatives are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing what their derivatives are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing what their derivatives are and
+then other uh trig functions like tan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then other uh trig functions like tan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then other uh trig functions like tan
+and secant we generally don't bother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and secant we generally don't bother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and secant we generally don't bother
+with cosecant andent because everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with cosecant andent because everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with cosecant andent because everything
+can be expressed in terms of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be expressed in terms of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be expressed in terms of these
+anyway actually you can really express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway actually you can really express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway actually you can really express
+everything in terms of signs and cosin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in terms of signs and cosin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in terms of signs and cosin
+but what you'll find is that it's much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what you'll find is that it's much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what you'll find is that it's much
+more convenient to remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more convenient to remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more convenient to remember the
+derivatives of these as well so memorize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of these as well so memorize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of these as well so memorize
+all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of
+these all right and then we had e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these all right and then we had e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these all right and then we had e to the
+X and log X and we had the inverses of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and log X and we had the inverses of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and log X and we had the inverses of
+the trig functions which were uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trig functions which were uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trig functions which were uh these
+are the two that we did the arct tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the two that we did the arct tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the two that we did the arct tangent
+and the AR sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the AR sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the AR sign
+all right so those are the ones you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so those are the ones you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so those are the ones you're
+responsible for you should uh have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for you should uh have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for you should uh have
+enough time anyway to work out anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough time anyway to work out anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough time anyway to work out anything
+else if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else if you know
+these all right so basically the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these all right so basically the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these all right so basically the idea is
+you have a bunch of special formulas you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a bunch of special formulas you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a bunch of special formulas you
+have a bunch of General formulas you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bunch of General formulas you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bunch of General formulas you put
+them together and you can generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together and you can generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together and you can generate
+pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much
+anything okay so let's do a few examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything okay so let's do a few examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything okay so let's do a few examples
+before um going on with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before um going on with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before um going on with
+uh the review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so I I I just I do want to do a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I I I just I do want to do a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I I I just I do want to do a few
+examples in sort of uh increasing level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples in sort of uh increasing level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples in sort of uh increasing level
+of difficulty in how you would combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of difficulty in how you would combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of difficulty in how you would combine
+these things together so first of all uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things together so first of all uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things together so first of all uh
+you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should
+remember that if you're differentiating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that if you're differentiating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that if you're differentiating
+the secant function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the secant function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the secant function
+that's just oh I just realized I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just oh I just realized I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just oh I just realized I wanted
+to say something else before I yes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say something else before I yes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say something else before I yes so
+forget that we'll do that in a sec I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget that we'll do that in a sec I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget that we'll do that in a sec I
+wanted to make some general remarks uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to make some general remarks uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to make some general remarks uh
+so so there's one rule that uh uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so there's one rule that uh uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so there's one rule that uh uh you
+discussed in my absence which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed in my absence which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed in my absence which is the
+chain Rule and I I do want to make just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain Rule and I I do want to make just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain Rule and I I do want to make just
+a couple of remarks about the chain Rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of remarks about the chain Rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of remarks about the chain Rule
+now to remind you of what it is and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to remind you of what it is and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to remind you of what it is and also
+to uh present some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh present some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh present some
+consequences so a little bit of extra on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences so a little bit of extra on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences so a little bit of extra on
+the Chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rule the first thing that I I I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule the first thing that I I I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule the first thing that I I I want to
+say is that we didn't really fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is that we didn't really fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is that we didn't really fully
+explain why it's true and I I do want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain why it's true and I I do want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain why it's true and I I do want to
+just uh explain it by example okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh explain it by example okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh explain it by example okay so
+imagine that you have a function which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that you have a function which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that you have a function which
+is say 10 X Plus B all right so Y is 10x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is say 10 X Plus B all right so Y is 10x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is say 10 X Plus B all right so Y is 10x
+plus b then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus b then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus b then
+obviously Y is changing 10 times as fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously Y is changing 10 times as fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously Y is changing 10 times as fast
+as B right the the issue is this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as B right the the issue is this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as B right the the issue is this number
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+dydx is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dydx is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dydx is
+10 all right and now if x is a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 all right and now if x is a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 all right and now if x is a function
+of something else say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something else say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something else say
+t shifted by some other constant here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t shifted by some other constant here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t shifted by some other constant here
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dxdt is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dxdt is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dxdt is
+five now all the chain rule is saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five now all the chain rule is saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five now all the chain rule is saying is
+that if Y is going 10 times as fast as T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if Y is going 10 times as fast as T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if Y is going 10 times as fast as T
+I'm sorry as x and x is uh uh X is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry as x and x is uh uh X is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry as x and x is uh uh X is going
+five times as fast as T then Y is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five times as fast as T then Y is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five times as fast as T then Y is going
+50 times as fast as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 times as fast as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 times as fast as
+T and algebraically all this means is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and algebraically all this means is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and algebraically all this means is if
+I plug in and substitute which is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I plug in and substitute which is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I plug in and substitute which is what
+the composition of the two functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the composition of the two functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the composition of the two functions
+amounts to 10 * 5T + A + B and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts to 10 * 5T + A + B and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts to 10 * 5T + A + B and I
+multiply it out I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it out I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it out I get
+50t plus 10 A + B now these terms don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50t plus 10 A + B now these terms don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50t plus 10 A + B now these terms don't
+matter the constant terms don't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter the constant terms don't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter the constant terms don't matter
+the rate is 50 and so the consequence if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate is 50 and so the consequence if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate is 50 and so the consequence if
+we put them together is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put them together is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put them together is that
+dydt is 10 * 50 * 5 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dydt is 10 * 50 * 5 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dydt is 10 * 50 * 5 which is
+50 all right so this is the uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 all right so this is the uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 all right so this is the uh let's
+make that more leg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that more leg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that more leg
+there all right so this is in a nutshell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all right so this is in a nutshell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all right so this is in a nutshell
+why the chain rule works and why these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the chain rule works and why these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the chain rule works and why these
+these rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+multiply the second thing that I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply the second thing that I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply the second thing that I wanted
+to say about the chain rule is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say about the chain rule is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say about the chain rule is that it
+has a few consequences that make some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a few consequences that make some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a few consequences that make some of
+the other rules a little easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other rules a little easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other rules a little easier to
+remember or possibly to avoid the U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember or possibly to avoid the U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember or possibly to avoid the U
+messiest rule in my humble opinion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messiest rule in my humble opinion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messiest rule in my humble opinion is
+the quotient rule which is kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quotient rule which is kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quotient rule which is kind of a
+nuisance to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuisance to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuisance to remember
+and so let me just remind you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let me just remind you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let me just remind you if you
+take just the reciprocal of a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take just the reciprocal of a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take just the reciprocal of a function
+and you differentiate it there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you differentiate it there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you differentiate it there's another
+way of looking at this and it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of looking at this and it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of looking at this and it's actually
+the way that I use so I I I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that I use so I I I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that I use so I I I want to
+encourage you to think about it this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to think about it this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to think about it this way
+too this is the same as V to the^ minus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too this is the same as V to the^ minus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too this is the same as V to the^ minus1
+Prime and now instead of using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and now instead of using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and now instead of using the
+quotient rule which we could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotient rule which we could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotient rule which we could have
+used we can use the chain rule here with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used we can use the chain rule here with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used we can use the chain rule here with
+the function uh the power minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function uh the power minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function uh the power minus one
+which works by the uh by by the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which works by the uh by by the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which works by the uh by by the power
+law so what is this equal to this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law so what is this equal to this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law so what is this equal to this is
+equal to minus vus 2 * V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus vus 2 * V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus vus 2 * V
+Prime okay so here I've applied the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime okay so here I've applied the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime okay so here I've applied the
+chain rule rather than the quotient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Rule and similarly suppose I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rule and similarly suppose I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rule and similarly suppose I wanted to
+differentiate the full derive the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate the full derive the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate the full derive the full
+quotient rule well now this may or may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotient rule well now this may or may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotient rule well now this may or may
+not be easier but this is one way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be easier but this is one way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be easier but this is one way of
+remembering what's going on if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering what's going on if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering what's going on if you
+convert it to V uh U * V theus1 and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert it to V uh U * V theus1 and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert it to V uh U * V theus1 and you
+differentiate that now I can use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate that now I can use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate that now I can use the
+product rule on this of course I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule on this of course I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule on this of course I have to
+use the chain Rule and and this rule as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the chain Rule and and this rule as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the chain Rule and and this rule as
+well so what do I get here I get U Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so what do I get here I get U Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so what do I get here I get U Prime
+V inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V inverse
+plus u and then I have to differentiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus u and then I have to differentiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus u and then I have to differentiate
+the V inverse that's the formula right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the V inverse that's the formula right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the V inverse that's the formula right
+up here that's minus vus 2 V Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here that's minus vus 2 V Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here that's minus vus 2 V Prime
+now so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so
+that's one way of doing it this actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one way of doing it this actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one way of doing it this actually
+explains the funny minus sign when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains the funny minus sign when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains the funny minus sign when you
+differentiate uh V in the formula the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate uh V in the formula the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate uh V in the formula the
+other formula the other way that we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other formula the other way that we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other formula the other way that we did
+it was by putting this over a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was by putting this over a common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was by putting this over a common
+denominator the common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator the common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator the common
+denominator was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator was
+v^2 all right that's it comes from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v^2 all right that's it comes from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v^2 all right that's it comes from this
+V the minus 2 and then the second term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V the minus 2 and then the second term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V the minus 2 and then the second term
+is minus UV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus UV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus UV
+Prime and the first term we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and the first term we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and the first term we have to
+multiply by an extra factor of V because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by an extra factor of V because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by an extra factor of V because
+we have a v^ squ in the denominator so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a v^ squ in the denominator so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a v^ squ in the denominator so
+it's U Prime V all right so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's U Prime V all right so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's U Prime V all right so this is the
+quoti rule as we wrote it down in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quoti rule as we wrote it down in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quoti rule as we wrote it down in
+lecture and this is just another way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and this is just another way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and this is just another way of
+remembering it or deriving it without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering it or deriving it without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering it or deriving it without
+remembering it if you just remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering it if you just remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering it if you just remember the
+chain Rule and the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain Rule and the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain Rule and the product
+rule okay so you'll you'll find that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule okay so you'll you'll find that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule okay so you'll you'll find that in
+many contexts it's uh easier to do one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many contexts it's uh easier to do one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many contexts it's uh easier to do one
+or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other okay so now I'm ready to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other okay so now I'm ready to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other okay so now I'm ready to to
+differentiate theant and a few such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate theant and a few such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate theant and a few such
+functions so we'll do some examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so here's the secant function and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so here's the secant function and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so here's the secant function and I
+wanted to use that formula up there for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to use that formula up there for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to use that formula up there for
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reciprocal this is the way I think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal this is the way I think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal this is the way I think of
+it this is the cosine function to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this is the cosine function to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this is the cosine function to the
+power minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power minus
+one and so uh the formula here is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and so uh the formula here is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and so uh the formula here is just
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+it's just uh - cine x - 2 * - sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just uh - cine x - 2 * - sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just uh - cine x - 2 * - sin
+x all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and that is so now this is usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is so now this is usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is so now this is usually
+written in a different fashion so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in a different fashion so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in a different fashion so that's
+why I'm I'm doing this for a reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I'm I'm doing this for a reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I'm I'm doing this for a reason
+actually which is that although there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually which is that although there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually which is that although there
+are several formulas for things with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are several formulas for things with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are several formulas for things with
+Trigg functions there are usually five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trigg functions there are usually five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trigg functions there are usually five
+ways of writing something so I'm writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of writing something so I'm writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of writing something so I'm writing
+this one down so that you know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one down so that you know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one down so that you know what the
+standard way of presenting it is so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard way of presenting it is so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard way of presenting it is so what
+happens here is we have two minus signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens here is we have two minus signs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens here is we have two minus signs
+canceling and we get sin x over cosine 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canceling and we get sin x over cosine 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canceling and we get sin x over cosine 2
+x that's a perfectly acceptable answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x that's a perfectly acceptable answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x that's a perfectly acceptable answer
+but there's a customary way in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a customary way in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a customary way in which
+it's written it's written 1 / cosine x *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's written it's written 1 / cosine x *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's written it's written 1 / cosine x *
+sin x over cosine X and then we get rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin x over cosine X and then we get rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin x over cosine X and then we get rid
+of the denominators by rewriting it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the denominators by rewriting it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the denominators by rewriting it in
+terms of secant and tangent so secant x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of secant and tangent so secant x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of secant and tangent so secant x
+Tan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tan
+x so this is the form that's generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x so this is the form that's generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x so this is the form that's generally
+used when you see these formulas written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used when you see these formulas written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used when you see these formulas written
+in textbooks and so you know you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in textbooks and so you know you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in textbooks and so you know you need to
+watch out because if you ever want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch out because if you ever want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch out because if you ever want to
+use this kind of calculus you'll have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this kind of calculus you'll have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this kind of calculus you'll have to
+be uh not be put off by all the secants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh not be put off by all the secants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh not be put off by all the secants
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+tangents all right so uh getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangents all right so uh getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangents all right so uh getting
+slightly more complicated how about if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly more complicated how about if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly more complicated how about if
+we differentiate the natural log of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we differentiate the natural log of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we differentiate the natural log of
+secant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secant
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay if you differentiate the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you differentiate the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you differentiate the natural
+log that's just going to be secant x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log that's just going to be secant x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log that's just going to be secant x
+Prime / secant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x and plugging in the formula that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and plugging in the formula that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and plugging in the formula that we
+had before that's secant x Tan x /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had before that's secant x Tan x /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had before that's secant x Tan x /
+secant x which is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secant x which is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secant x which is just
+tanx so this one also has a very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tanx so this one also has a very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tanx so this one also has a very nice
+form and you might say well you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and you might say well you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and you might say well you know
+this is kind of an ugly function but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of an ugly function but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of an ugly function but the
+strange thing is that um the natural log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange thing is that um the natural log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange thing is that um the natural log
+was invented before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was invented before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was invented before the
+exponential by a guy named Napier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential by a guy named Napier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential by a guy named Napier
+exactly in order to evaluate functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly in order to evaluate functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly in order to evaluate functions
+like this these are the functions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this these are the functions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this these are the functions that
+people were cared about a lot uh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were cared about a lot uh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were cared about a lot uh because
+they were used in navigation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were used in navigation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were used in navigation
+you wanted to multiply sign and together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to multiply sign and together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to multiply sign and together
+to do navigation and the multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do navigation and the multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do navigation and the multiplication
+uh he he encoded using the logarithm and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he he encoded using the logarithm and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he he encoded using the logarithm and
+so these were invented long before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these were invented long before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these were invented long before
+people even knew about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people even knew about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people even knew about
+exponents and it was a surprise actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponents and it was a surprise actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponents and it was a surprise actually
+that it was connected to xon so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was connected to xon so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was connected to xon so the
+natural log was invented before the log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural log was invented before the log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural log was invented before the log
+base 10 and everything else exactly for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base 10 and everything else exactly for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base 10 and everything else exactly for
+this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of
+purpose anyway so this is a a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose anyway so this is a a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose anyway so this is a a nice
+function which which uh was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which which uh was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which which uh was very
+important so that your ships wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so that your ships wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so that your ships wouldn't
+crash into the reef
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crash into the reef
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crash into the reef
+and um okay so let's continue here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um okay so let's continue here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um okay so let's continue here so
+now there's there's another kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's there's another kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's there's another kind of
+function that I want to discuss to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that I want to discuss to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that I want to discuss to you
+and these are the kinds in which there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are the kinds in which there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are the kinds in which there's
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+choice as to how to which of these rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice as to how to which of these rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice as to how to which of these rules
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+apply and uh I'll just give a a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply and uh I'll just give a a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply and uh I'll just give a a couple
+of examples of that um there usually is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of examples of that um there usually is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of examples of that um there usually is
+a better and a worse way so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a better and a worse way so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a better and a worse way so let me
+illustrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so here's yet another example and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so here's yet another example and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so here's yet another example and I
+hope you've seen some of these before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you've seen some of these before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you've seen some of these before
+say x 10th + 8x to the 6th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+power all right so it's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power all right so it's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power all right so it's a little bit
+more complicated than what we had before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated than what we had before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated than what we had before
+because there were several more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there were several more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there were several more
+symbols here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh how what should we do at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh how what should we do at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh how what should we do at this
+point there's one choice which I claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point there's one choice which I claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point there's one choice which I claim
+is a bad idea and that is to expand this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bad idea and that is to expand this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bad idea and that is to expand this
+out to the sixth power that's a bad idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to the sixth power that's a bad idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to the sixth power that's a bad idea
+because it's very long and then your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's very long and then your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's very long and then your
+answer will also be very long it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer will also be very long it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer will also be very long it will
+fill the entire exam paper for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill the entire exam paper for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill the entire exam paper for
+instance yeah chain rule that's it we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance yeah chain rule that's it we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance yeah chain rule that's it we
+use the chain rule so fortunately this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the chain rule so fortunately this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the chain rule so fortunately this
+is relatively easy using the chain rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is relatively easy using the chain rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is relatively easy using the chain rule
+we just think think of this box as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just think think of this box as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just think think of this box as being
+the function and we take 6 * this guy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function and we take 6 * this guy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function and we take 6 * this guy to
+the 5th time the derivative of this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 5th time the derivative of this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 5th time the derivative of this guy
+which is 10 x to the 9th +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 10 x to the 9th +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 10 x to the 9th +
+8 and this is filling this in it's X the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 and this is filling this in it's X the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 and this is filling this in it's X the
+10th + 8s and that's it so that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10th + 8s and that's it so that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10th + 8s and that's it so that's all
+you need to do to to differentiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to do to to differentiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to do to to differentiate
+things like this chain rule is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like this chain rule is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like this chain rule is is
+uh very effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very effective
+yes do they mind what form your answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes do they mind what form your answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes do they mind what form your answers
+are in oh that's a good question so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in oh that's a good question so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in oh that's a good question so I'm
+I'm not really willing to answer too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not really willing to answer too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not really willing to answer too
+many questions about of the sort what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many questions about of the sort what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many questions about of the sort what's
+going to be on the exam but this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be on the exam but this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be on the exam but this is the
+ex question that was just asked is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ex question that was just asked is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ex question that was just asked is
+exactly the kind of question that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the kind of question that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the kind of question that I'm
+very happy to answer okay the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very happy to answer okay the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very happy to answer okay the question
+was in what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in what
+form is what form is an acceptable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form is what form is an acceptable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form is what form is an acceptable
+answer now in real life that is a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer now in real life that is a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer now in real life that is a really
+serious question when you ask a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious question when you ask a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious question when you ask a computer
+question and it gives you 500 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and it gives you 500 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and it gives you 500 million
+sheet of print out it's useless and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet of print out it's useless and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet of print out it's useless and you
+really care what form answers are in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really care what form answers are in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really care what form answers are in and
+indeed somebody might really care what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed somebody might really care what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed somebody might really care what
+this thing to the sixth power is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing to the sixth power is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing to the sixth power is and
+then you would have be forced to discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you would have be forced to discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you would have be forced to discuss
+things in terms of that that other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in terms of that that other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in terms of that that other
+functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional
+form for the purposes of this exam this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form for the purposes of this exam this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form for the purposes of this exam this
+is okay form and in fact any correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay form and in fact any correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay form and in fact any correct
+form is an okay form I recommend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form is an okay form I recommend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form is an okay form I recommend
+strongly that you not try to simplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly that you not try to simplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly that you not try to simplify
+things unless we tell you to sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things unless we tell you to sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things unless we tell you to sometimes
+it will be to your advantage to simplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be to your advantage to simplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be to your advantage to simplify
+things all right and sometimes we'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things all right and sometimes we'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things all right and sometimes we'll say
+simplify right but that takes a a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify right but that takes a a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify right but that takes a a good
+deal of experience to know when it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal of experience to know when it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal of experience to know when it's
+really worth it to simplify expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes right so the example uh uh turning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes right so the example uh uh turning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes right so the example uh uh turning
+to this example the question is what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this example the question is what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this example the question is what's
+this derivative and here's an answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this derivative and here's an answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this derivative and here's an answer
+that's the end of the problem this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the end of the problem this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the end of the problem this is
+the more customary form but this answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more customary form but this answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more customary form but this answer
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right same same same issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right same same same issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right same same same issue
+that's exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly the
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes uh the question is um do you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh the question is um do you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh the question is um do you have to
+show the work uh the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the work uh the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the work uh the answer
+is do you have to show the work well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is do you have to show the work well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is do you have to show the work well if
+I ask you what's d by DX of secant of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I ask you what's d by DX of secant of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I ask you what's d by DX of secant of X
+then if you wrote down this answer or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you wrote down this answer or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you wrote down this answer or
+you wrote down this answer showing no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wrote down this answer showing no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wrote down this answer showing no
+work uh that would be acceptable if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh that would be acceptable if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh that would be acceptable if the
+question was derive the formula for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question was derive the formula for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question was derive the formula for this
+from the D the formula for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the D the formula for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the D the formula for the
+derivative of the cosine or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the cosine or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the cosine or something
+like that then it would not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that then it would not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that then it would not be
+acceptable you'd have to carry out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable you'd have to carry out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable you'd have to carry out this
+arithmetic so in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic so in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic so in other
+words typically this this will come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words typically this this will come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words typically this this will come up
+for instance in uh well this will come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance in uh well this will come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance in uh well this will come
+up in various contexts but you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in various contexts but you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in various contexts but you just
+basically have to follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have to follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have to follow
+directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes the next question is are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes the next question is are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes the next question is are you
+expected to be able to prove what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected to be able to prove what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected to be able to prove what the
+derivative of the sign function is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the sign function is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the sign function is and
+the short answer to that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short answer to that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short answer to that is
+yes um so but I I will be getting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes um so but I I will be getting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes um so but I I will be getting to
+that when I when I discuss the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when I when I discuss the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when I when I discuss the rest of
+uh the material here we're we're almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the material here we're we're almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the material here we're we're almost
+there all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all right
+okay so let me let me just uh finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me let me just uh finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me let me just uh finish
+these examples with one last one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these examples with one last one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these examples with one last one and
+then we'll talk about just this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll talk about just this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll talk about just this question
+of things like the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things like the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things like the derivative of the
+sign function and deriving it so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign function and deriving it so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign function and deriving it so the
+last example that I'd like to to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last example that I'd like to to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last example that I'd like to to write
+down is the one that I promised you at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down is the one that I promised you at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down is the one that I promised you at
+the at the in the first lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the at the in the first lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the at the in the first lecture
+namely to differentiate e to the X AR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely to differentiate e to the X AR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely to differentiate e to the X AR
+tangent of X okay basically you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent of X okay basically you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent of X okay basically you're
+supposed to be able to differentiate any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be able to differentiate any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be able to differentiate any
+function so this is the one that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so this is the one that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so this is the one that we
+mentioned uh at the beginning so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned uh at the beginning so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned uh at the beginning so here
+here it is let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is let's do
+it so what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so what is it
+well it's just equal to right it's equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's just equal to right it's equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's just equal to right it's equal
+to I have to differentiate I have to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I have to differentiate I have to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I have to differentiate I have to use
+the chain rule it's equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain rule it's equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain rule it's equal
+to the exponential times the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the exponential times the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the exponential times the derivative
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+this expression here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression here okay
+that's the chain rule at the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the chain rule at the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the chain rule at the first
+step and now I have to apply the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and now I have to apply the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and now I have to apply the product
+rule here so I have e to the X tan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule here so I have e to the X tan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule here so I have e to the X tan
+inverse X and I differentiate the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse X and I differentiate the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse X and I differentiate the first
+Factor so I get tan inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor so I get tan inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor so I get tan inverse
+X add to it what happens when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X add to it what happens when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X add to it what happens when I
+differentiate the second Factor leaving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate the second Factor leaving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate the second Factor leaving
+alone the X so that's x / 1+ x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone the X so that's x / 1+ x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone the X so that's x / 1+ x
+s and that's it that's the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and that's it that's the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and that's it that's the end of the
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+wasn't wasn't that that hard of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't wasn't that that hard of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't wasn't that that hard of course
+it requires you to remember all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it requires you to remember all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it requires you to remember all of the
+rules and a lot of formulas underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules and a lot of formulas underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules and a lot of formulas underlying
+them so that's consistent with what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so that's consistent with what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so that's consistent with what I
+just told you I told you you wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just told you I told you you wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just told you I told you you wanted to
+know this I told you you needed to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this I told you you needed to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this I told you you needed to know
+this product rule and that you needed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this product rule and that you needed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this product rule and that you needed to
+know the chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Rule and I guess there was one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rule and I guess there was one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rule and I guess there was one more
+thing the derivative of e to X came into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the derivative of e to X came into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the derivative of e to X came into
+play there so so of of these formulas we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play there so so of of these formulas we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play there so so of of these formulas we
+used four of them in this one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+calculation okay so now what other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation okay so now what other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation okay so now what other
+things did we talk about in these uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things did we talk about in these uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things did we talk about in these uh in
+unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+main other thing that we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main other thing that we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main other thing that we talked
+about was the the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about was the the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about was the the definition
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and also there was sort of a goal which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also there was sort of a goal which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also there was sort of a goal which
+was to get to the meaning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+derivative so these are the these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so these are the these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so these are the these are
+the the things so so we had we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the things so so we had we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the things so so we had we had a
+couple of ways of looking at it and or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of ways of looking at it and or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of ways of looking at it and or
+at least a couple that I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least a couple that I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least a couple that I'm going to
+emphasize right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize right
+now but first let me remind you what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but first let me remind you what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but first let me remind you what the
+formula is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula is the
+derivative is the limit as Delta X goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is the limit as Delta X goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is the limit as Delta X goes
+to zero of f ofx plus Delta xus FX /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero of f ofx plus Delta xus FX /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero of f ofx plus Delta xus FX /
+Delta X so that's it and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X so that's it and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X so that's it and this is
+certainly going to be a central Focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly going to be a central Focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly going to be a central Focus
+here and you want to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you want to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you want to be able to
+recognize this formula in a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so how did we use this well one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so how did we use this well one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so how did we use this well one thing
+we did was we calculated a bunch of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did was we calculated a bunch of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did was we calculated a bunch of uh
+of these rates of change and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these rates of change and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these rates of change and in fact
+more or less they're the ones which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less they're the ones which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less they're the ones which are
+written right over here this list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written right over here this list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written right over here this list of
+functions here now which ones did we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions here now which ones did we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions here now which ones did we
+start out with just straight from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out with just straight from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out with just straight from the
+definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+here which of these things there were a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which of these things there were a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which of these things there were a
+whole bunch of them so we started out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of them so we started out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of them so we started out
+with a function 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a function 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a function 1
+/x we did x to the N we did uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/x we did x to the N we did uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/x we did x to the N we did uh
+sinx we did cosine X now there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinx we did cosine X now there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinx we did cosine X now there was a
+little bit of subtlety with sinx and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of subtlety with sinx and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of subtlety with sinx and
+cosine X we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine X we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine X we got
+them using something else we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them using something else we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them using something else we didn't
+quite get them all the way we got them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite get them all the way we got them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite get them all the way we got them
+using the case xal 0 we we got them from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the case xal 0 we we got them from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the case xal 0 we we got them from
+the derivative at x equals 0 we got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative at x equals 0 we got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative at x equals 0 we got the
+formulas for the derivatives of s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas for the derivatives of s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas for the derivatives of s and
+cosine but that was an argument which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine but that was an argument which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine but that was an argument which
+involved plugging in sinx plus Delta X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved plugging in sinx plus Delta X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved plugging in sinx plus Delta X
+and running through okay so that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and running through okay so that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and running through okay so that's one
+example we also did a to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+and that may be it oh yeah I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that may be it oh yeah I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that may be it oh yeah I think
+that's about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that may be about it yeah no it isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may be about it yeah no it isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may be about it yeah no it isn't
+okay so let me make a connection here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me make a connection here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me make a connection here
+which you probably haven't yet made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you probably haven't yet made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you probably haven't yet made
+which is that we did it for UV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that we did it for UV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that we did it for UV
+Prime and we also did it for U over V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and we also did it for U over V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and we also did it for U over V
+derivative all right so sorry I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative all right so sorry I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative all right so sorry I
+shouldn't I shouldn't write primes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't I shouldn't write primes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't I shouldn't write primes
+because that's not consistent with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's not consistent with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's not consistent with the
+uh claim there I differentiated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh claim there I differentiated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh claim there I differentiated the
+product I differentiated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product I differentiated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product I differentiated the
+quotient using this same Delta X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotient using this same Delta X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotient using this same Delta X
+notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation
+I guess I forgot that because I wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess I forgot that because I wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess I forgot that because I wasn't
+there when it happened okay so so look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there when it happened okay so so look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there when it happened okay so so look
+these are the ones that you do by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the ones that you do by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the ones that you do by this
+and of course you might have to reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course you might have to reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course you might have to reduce
+them to other things the the these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to other things the the these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to other things the the these
+involve using something else this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve using something else this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve using something else this one
+involves using the slope of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves using the slope of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves using the slope of this
+function at zero just the way the sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function at zero just the way the sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function at zero just the way the sign
+and the cosine did this one involves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cosine did this one involves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cosine did this one involves the
+slopes of the individual functions u and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slopes of the individual functions u and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slopes of the individual functions u and
+v and this one also involves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v and this one also involves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v and this one also involves the
+individual so in other words it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual so in other words it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual so in other words it doesn't
+get you all the way through the end end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you all the way through the end end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you all the way through the end end
+but it expressed in terms of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it expressed in terms of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it expressed in terms of something
+simpler right in each of these cases and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler right in each of these cases and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler right in each of these cases and
+I could you know I could go on we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could you know I could go on we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could you know I could go on we didn't
+do these in class but you're certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do these in class but you're certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do these in class but you're certainly
+uh e to the x is a perfectly okay one on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh e to the x is a perfectly okay one on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh e to the x is a perfectly okay one on
+one of the exams they ask you for 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the exams they ask you for 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the exams they ask you for 1
+overx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overx
+squared in other words I'm not claiming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared in other words I'm not claiming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared in other words I'm not claiming
+that it's going to be one of on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's going to be one of on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's going to be one of on this
+list but certainly can be any one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list but certainly can be any one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list but certainly can be any one of
+these but we're not going to ask you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these but we're not going to ask you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these but we're not going to ask you to
+go all the way through to the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go all the way through to the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go all the way through to the beginning
+in these in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these in these
+formulas there are also some fun mental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas there are also some fun mental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas there are also some fun mental
+limits that I certainly want you to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits that I certainly want you to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits that I certainly want you to know
+about and these you can derive in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and these you can derive in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and these you can derive in
+Reverse so I will describe that now well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reverse so I will describe that now well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reverse so I will describe that now well
+let's leave this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let me also uh emphasize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me also uh emphasize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me also uh emphasize the
+following thing if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you so this I want to read this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so this I want to read this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so this I want to read this
+backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now this is the theme from the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is the theme from the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is the theme from the very
+beginning of this lecture namely if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of this lecture namely if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of this lecture namely if
+you're given the function f you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're given the function f you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're given the function f you can
+figure out its derivative by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out its derivative by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out its derivative by this
+formula here that is the formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula here that is the formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula here that is the formula for
+this in terms of what's on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in terms of what's on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in terms of what's on the right
+hand side on the other hand you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side on the other hand you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side on the other hand you can also
+use the formula in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+direction and if you know the slope of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and if you know the slope of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and if you know the slope of
+something you can figure out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you can figure out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you can figure out what the
+limit is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example so I'll use the letter X here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so I'll use the letter X here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so I'll use the letter X here
+even though it's cheating maybe I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it's cheating maybe I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it's cheating maybe I'll
+call it Delta X so it's clearer to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it Delta X so it's clearer to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it Delta X so it's clearer to you
+so maybe I'll call it maybe I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe I'll call it maybe I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe I'll call it maybe I'm going to
+call it U just so that I'm going to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it U just so that I'm going to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it U just so that I'm going to call
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+U suppose we look at this limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U suppose we look at this limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U suppose we look at this limit
+here well I claim that you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well I claim that you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well I claim that you should
+recognize that this is the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that this is the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that this is the derivative
+with respect to U of the function e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to U of the function e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to U of the function e to
+the U at U equals 0 which of course we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U at U equals 0 which of course we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U at U equals 0 which of course we
+know to be one all right so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to be one all right so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to be one all right so this is
+reading this formula in Reverse it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading this formula in Reverse it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading this formula in Reverse it's
+recognizing that one of these limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing that one of these limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing that one of these limits
+let me rewrite this again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here one of these so-called difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here one of these so-called difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here one of these so-called difference
+quotient limits is a derivative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotient limits is a derivative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotient limits is a derivative and
+since we know a formula for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we know a formula for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we know a formula for that
+derivative we can evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and
+lastly there's one one other type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lastly there's one one other type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lastly there's one one other type of
+thing which I think you should know well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which I think you should know well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which I think you should know well
+so so I I these are these are the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so I I these are these are the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so I I these are these are the ones
+you do with difference quotients there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do with difference quotients there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do with difference quotients there
+are also other formulas that you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also other formulas that you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also other formulas that you want to
+be able to derive you want to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to derive you want to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to derive you want to be able to
+derive um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive um
+formulas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for by uh implicit differentiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in other words you the basic idea is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words you the basic idea is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words you the basic idea is to
+take whatever equation you've got and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take whatever equation you've got and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take whatever equation you've got and
+simplify it as much as possible without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify it as much as possible without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify it as much as possible without
+requiring without insisting right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requiring without insisting right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requiring without insisting right
+without insisting that you solve for y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without insisting that you solve for y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without insisting that you solve for y
+That's not necessarily the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's not necessarily the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's not necessarily the most
+appropriate way to get the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate way to get the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate way to get the rate of
+change the most the much simpler formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the most the much simpler formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the most the much simpler formula
+is sin Y is equal to X and then that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sin Y is equal to X and then that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sin Y is equal to X and then that one
+is easy to differentiate implicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so I should say do this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I should say do this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I should say do this kind of
+thing all right so that's a if you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing all right so that's a if you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing all right so that's a if you like
+a typical derivation that you might see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a typical derivation that you might see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a typical derivation that you might see
+and then there's one last type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's one last type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's one last type of
+problem that you'll face and it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that you'll face and it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that you'll face and it's the
+the other thing I claim that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+discussed and it goes all the way back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed and it goes all the way back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed and it goes all the way back
+to the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lecture so the the last thing that we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so the the last thing that we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so the the last thing that we'll
+be talking about is tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lines all right the geometric point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines all right the geometric point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines all right the geometric point of
+view uh of a derivative and we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view uh of a derivative and we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view uh of a derivative and we'll be
+doing more of this in the in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing more of this in the in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing more of this in the in the next
+unit so first of all you you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit so first of all you you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit so first of all you you'll be
+expected to be able to compute tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lines okay that's often fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines okay that's often fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines okay that's often fairly
+straightforward and this second thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward and this second thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward and this second thing is
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+graph y Prime the derivative of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph y Prime the derivative of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph y Prime the derivative of a
+function okay and the third thing which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay and the third thing which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay and the third thing which
+I'm going to throw in here because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to throw in here because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to throw in here because I
+regard it uh in a sort of a geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regard it uh in a sort of a geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regard it uh in a sort of a geometric
+vein although it's got an analytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vein although it's got an analytic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vein although it's got an analytic
+aspect to it so this is this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect to it so this is this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect to it so this is this is a
+picture this is a computation and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture this is a computation and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture this is a computation and if you
+combine the two together you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine the two together you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine the two together you get
+something else so this is to recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+differentiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+functions all right so how do you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions all right so how do you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions all right so how do you do
+this well we really only have one way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well we really only have one way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well we really only have one way of
+doing we're going to check the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing we're going to check the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing we're going to check the
+left and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tangents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangents
+must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be
+equal so again this is a a a property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal so again this is a a a property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal so again this is a a a property
+that you should be familiar with from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you should be familiar with from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you should be familiar with from
+some of your exercises and the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of your exercises and the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of your exercises and the idea is
+simply that if the tangent line exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply that if the tangent line exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply that if the tangent line exists
+it's the same from the right and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same from the right and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same from the right and from
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+left okay now I'm going to just do one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left okay now I'm going to just do one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left okay now I'm going to just do one
+example here from this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here from this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here from this sort of
+qualitative sketching skill to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative sketching skill to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative sketching skill to give you
+an example here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example here
+and what I'm going to do is I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I'm going to do is I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I'm going to do is I'm going to
+draw a graph of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a graph of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a graph of a
+function like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function like
+this and what I want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and what I want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and what I want to do
+underneath is draw the graph of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath is draw the graph of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath is draw the graph of the
+derivative so this is the function yal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so this is the function yal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so this is the function yal
+FX and here I'm going to draw the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FX and here I'm going to draw the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FX and here I'm going to draw the graph
+of the function yal frime of X right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the function yal frime of X right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the function yal frime of X right
+underneath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it so now let's think about what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so now let's think about what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so now let's think about what it's
+supposed to look like and the one step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to look like and the one step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to look like and the one step
+that you need to make in order to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to make in order to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to make in order to do
+this is to draw a few tangent lines I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is to draw a few tangent lines I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is to draw a few tangent lines I'm
+just going to draw I'm going to draw one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to draw I'm going to draw one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to draw I'm going to draw one
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+here and I'm going to draw one up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I'm going to draw one up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I'm going to draw one up
+here all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+now the tangent lines here notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the tangent lines here notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the tangent lines here notice that
+the slope of these tangent lines they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope of these tangent lines they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope of these tangent lines they're
+all positive so everything I draw down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all positive so everything I draw down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all positive so everything I draw down
+here is going to be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is going to be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is going to be in the
+upper above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper above the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper above the
+xaxis furthermore as I go further to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xaxis furthermore as I go further to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xaxis furthermore as I go further to the
+left they get steeper and steeper so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left they get steeper and steeper so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left they get steeper and steeper so
+they're getting higher and higher so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're getting higher and higher so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're getting higher and higher so the
+function is coming down like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is coming down like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is coming down like
+this all right it starts up there maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all right it starts up there maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all right it starts up there maybe
+I'll draw draw it in green to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll draw draw it in green to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll draw draw it in green to
+illustrate the graph here so that's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate the graph here so that's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate the graph here so that's this
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here all right as we get farther out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right as we get farther out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right as we get farther out
+it's getting flatter and flatter so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's getting flatter and flatter so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's getting flatter and flatter so it's
+leveling off but above the axis like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so one of the things to emphasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so one of the things to emphasize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so one of the things to emphasize
+is you should not expect the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you should not expect the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you should not expect the derivative
+to look like the function it's totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look like the function it's totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look like the function it's totally
+different it's keeping track at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different it's keeping track at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different it's keeping track at each
+point of its tangent line on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of its tangent line on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of its tangent line on the other
+hand you should get some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand you should get some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand you should get some kind of
+physical feel for it and we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical feel for it and we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical feel for it and we'll be
+practicing this more also in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practicing this more also in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practicing this more also in the next
+unit so let me give you an example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit so let me give you an example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit so let me give you an example of a
+function which does exactly this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which does exactly this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which does exactly this
+and it's the function y is equal to log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X if you differentiate it you get y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X if you differentiate it you get y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X if you differentiate it you get y
+Prime is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime is equal to
+1x and this uh plot above is roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1x and this uh plot above is roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1x and this uh plot above is roughly
+speaking the logarithm and this plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking the logarithm and this plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking the logarithm and this plot
+underneath is the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1/x all right we still have time for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/x all right we still have time for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/x all right we still have time for one
+question and so fire away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah uh the question is can you show how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh the question is can you show how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh the question is can you show how
+you derive the inverse tangent of X well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you derive the inverse tangent of X well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you derive the inverse tangent of X well
+so that's in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's in a
+lecture I'm happy to do it right now but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I'm happy to do it right now but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I'm happy to do it right now but
+it's going to take me a whole two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to take me a whole two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to take me a whole two
+minutes so here's how you do it Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes so here's how you do it Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes so here's how you do it Y is
+equal to tan inverse of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to tan inverse of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to tan inverse of x
+and now this is hopeless to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now this is hopeless to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now this is hopeless to
+differentiate so I rewrite it as tan Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate so I rewrite it as tan Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate so I rewrite it as tan Y
+is equal to X and now I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to X and now I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to X and now I have to
+differentiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate
+that okay so when I differentiate it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so when I differentiate it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so when I differentiate it I
+get um the derivative of tan y with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get um the derivative of tan y with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get um the derivative of tan y with
+respect to X so with respect to Y so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X so with respect to Y so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X so with respect to Y so
+that's 1 over 1 + y^ 2 * y Prime so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 1 over 1 + y^ 2 * y Prime so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 1 over 1 + y^ 2 * y Prime so this
+is the hard step that's the chain Rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the hard step that's the chain Rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the hard step that's the chain Rule
+and on the left side I get one so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the left side I get one so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the left side I get one so I'm
+doing this super fast because we have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this super fast because we have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this super fast because we have uh
+30 seconds left all right but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 seconds left all right but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 seconds left all right but this is
+the hard step right here and it needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hard step right here and it needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hard step right here and it needs
+for you to know that Dy tan Y is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to know that Dy tan Y is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to know that Dy tan Y is equal
+to one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one over
+oh bad bad bad secant squared I I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh bad bad bad secant squared I I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh bad bad bad secant squared I I was
+ahead of myself so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fast so that could happen to you on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast so that could happen to you on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast so that could happen to you on an
+exam that's a perfect example here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam that's a perfect example here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam that's a perfect example here okay
+so so here's the identity so you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so here's the identity so you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so here's the identity so you need to
+have known this in advance Advance all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have known this in advance Advance all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have known this in advance Advance all
+right and that's the input into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's the input into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's the input into this
+equation so now what we have is that y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so now what we have is that y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so now what we have is that y
+Prime is equal to 1 / sec^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime is equal to 1 / sec^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime is equal to 1 / sec^2
+y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+okay which is the same thing as cosine 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+right now the last bit of the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now the last bit of the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now the last bit of the problem is
+to rewrite this in terms of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rewrite this in terms of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rewrite this in terms of x
+and that you have to do with a right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that you have to do with a right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that you have to do with a right
+triangle if this is X and this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle if this is X and this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle if this is X and this is one
+then the angle is y because the tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the angle is y because the tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the angle is y because the tangent
+of Y is X so this expresses the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y is X so this expresses the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y is X so this expresses the fact
+that the tangent of Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the tangent of Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the tangent of Y is
+X and then the hypotenuse is the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and then the hypotenuse is the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and then the hypotenuse is the square
+root of 1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X2 and so the cosine is 1 / that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 and so the cosine is 1 / that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 and so the cosine is 1 / that
+so this thing is 1 / the < TK of 1 + x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this thing is 1 / the < TK of 1 + x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this thing is 1 / the < TK of 1 + x^2
+the quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantity
+squared all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared all
+right so uh and then and then the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh and then and then the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh and then and then the last
+little bit here since I'm racing along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit here since I'm racing along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit here since I'm racing along
+is that it's 1 over 1 plus x^2 which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's 1 over 1 plus x^2 which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's 1 over 1 plus x^2 which I
+incorrectly wrote over here okay so good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrectly wrote over here okay so good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrectly wrote over here okay so good
+luck on the test see you tomorrow
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ed-rB3k_56U.txt b/ed-rB3k_56U.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cf3d94b9be529660e4c1b8807d4692668e7c9e98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ed-rB3k_56U.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,915 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi welcome back to recitation you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back to recitation you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back to recitation you've
+been talking about differentials and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about differentials and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about differentials and one
+of the things that you've shown is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that you've shown is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that you've shown is that
+some of the stuff that we've been doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the stuff that we've been doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the stuff that we've been doing
+with derivatives can also be phrased in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with derivatives can also be phrased in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with derivatives can also be phrased in
+terms of differentials that for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of differentials that for many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of differentials that for many
+purposes they form a just a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes they form a just a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes they form a just a different
+language to compute the same things so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language to compute the same things so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language to compute the same things so
+in particular uh one example of that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular uh one example of that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular uh one example of that is
+linear approximation so I have a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear approximation so I have a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear approximation so I have a problem
+here that's a a linear approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's a a linear approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's a a linear approximation
+problem but I'd like you to do it using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but I'd like you to do it using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but I'd like you to do it using
+the method of differentials so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the method of differentials so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the method of differentials so in
+particular I'd like you to approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular I'd like you to approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular I'd like you to approximate
+theun of 21 and the way I'd like you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theun of 21 and the way I'd like you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theun of 21 and the way I'd like you to
+do that is by using a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that is by using a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that is by using a linear
+approximation to the function f ofx =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to the function f ofx =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to the function f ofx =
+the < TK of 10x - x^2 based at the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the < TK of 10x - x^2 based at the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the < TK of 10x - x^2 based at the the
+point 2 at x0 equal 2 so um note that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 2 at x0 equal 2 so um note that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 2 at x0 equal 2 so um note that
+you know why are we using this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know why are we using this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know why are we using this function
+to approximate s < TK of 21 well because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to approximate s < TK of 21 well because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to approximate s < TK of 21 well because
+at at three the function value at three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at three the function value at three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at three the function value at three
+F of three is exactly equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of three is exactly equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of three is exactly equal to the
+Square < t of 21 so to approximate uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square < t of 21 so to approximate uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square < t of 21 so to approximate uh
+square root of 21 means approximate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of 21 means approximate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of 21 means approximate the
+function value at three um and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function value at three um and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function value at three um and so you
+know this function has a nice a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this function has a nice a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this function has a nice a nice
+value at at uh xals 2 so we can we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value at at uh xals 2 so we can we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value at at uh xals 2 so we can we can
+use the linear approximation at two to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the linear approximation at two to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the linear approximation at two to
+try and compute the an approximation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and compute the an approximation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and compute the an approximation to
+the to the function at at xals 3 so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the function at at xals 3 so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the function at at xals 3 so why
+don't you take a couple of minutes work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you take a couple of minutes work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you take a couple of minutes work
+this out H come back and we can work it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out H come back and we can work it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out H come back and we can work it
+out together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right welcome back so we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right welcome back so we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right welcome back so we're doing
+linear approximation here and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear approximation here and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear approximation here and we're
+doing it with differentials so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it with differentials so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it with differentials so in
+general um when we when we use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general um when we when we use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general um when we when we use the
+method of differentials to compute a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of differentials to compute a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of differentials to compute a
+linear approximation what we have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear approximation what we have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear approximation what we have is
+that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y equals F ofx so if Y is given as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y equals F ofx so if Y is given as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y equals F ofx so if Y is given as a
+function of X then we have that so so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X then we have that so so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X then we have that so so if
+we if we want to change x a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we if we want to change x a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we if we want to change x a little bit
+um and figure out what the what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and figure out what the what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and figure out what the what the
+change in y is we have this this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in y is we have this this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in y is we have this this formula
+which is that f of x + DX so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that f of x + DX so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that f of x + DX so the the
+function value at a nearby point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function value at a nearby point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function value at a nearby point is
+approximately equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal
+to y + Dy so this is this is our formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to y + Dy so this is this is our formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to y + Dy so this is this is our formula
+for linear approximation in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for linear approximation in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for linear approximation in terms of
+differentials so in our case we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentials so in our case we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentials so in our case we have
+that our the point we want is x = 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our the point we want is x = 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our the point we want is x = 2 and
+Y = 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y = 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y = 4
+and so we have D we know what DX is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we have D we know what DX is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we have D we know what DX is also
+because we want the approximation at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we want the approximation at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we want the approximation at the
+point three so we want DX to be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point three so we want DX to be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point three so we want DX to be equal to
+one for this approximation and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for this approximation and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for this approximation and so the
+question is what what is dy going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what what is dy going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what what is dy going to be
+so that's that's the value that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's the value that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's the value that we're
+after that tells us how much the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that tells us how much the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that tells us how much the
+function value changes so to compute Dy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function value changes so to compute Dy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function value changes so to compute Dy
+well Dy is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well Dy is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well Dy is the
+differential of the function so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential of the function so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential of the function so this is
+D of the square Ro T of 10 10 x -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D of the square Ro T of 10 10 x -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D of the square Ro T of 10 10 x -
+x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2
+quantity okay so to compute this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity okay so to compute this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity okay so to compute this
+differential now we just use you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential now we just use you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential now we just use you know
+our straightforward rules for doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our straightforward rules for doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our straightforward rules for doing this
+so it's it's we take a derivative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's we take a derivative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's we take a derivative and
+then we have DXs where necessary so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have DXs where necessary so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have DXs where necessary so so
+this is D of square root of 10x - x^2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is D of square root of 10x - x^2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is D of square root of 10x - x^2 so
+the outermost function is the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outermost function is the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outermost function is the square
+root function so this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be2
+* 10 x - x^2 to the- 12 so that's 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 10 x - x^2 to the- 12 so that's 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 10 x - x^2 to the- 12 so that's 1 over
+the < TK of 10x - x^2 and now I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the < TK of 10x - x^2 and now I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the < TK of 10x - x^2 and now I need to
+multiply by the derivative of the inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by the derivative of the inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by the derivative of the inside
+function which is 10 - 2x DX so really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is 10 - 2x DX so really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is 10 - 2x DX so really
+it's 10 DX minus 2x DX but I just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 10 DX minus 2x DX but I just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 10 DX minus 2x DX but I just you
+know pulled that DX out in front so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know pulled that DX out in front so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know pulled that DX out in front so we
+have a differential equal to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a differential equal to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a differential equal to a
+differential okay and so but we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential okay and so but we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential okay and so but we want
+this value at this particular point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this value at this particular point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this value at this particular point in
+question so at this particular point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so at this particular point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so at this particular point in
+question we have x = 2 and DX is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question we have x = 2 and DX is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question we have x = 2 and DX is equal
+to 1 so the value of Dy that we want is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 so the value of Dy that we want is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 so the value of Dy that we want is
+equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+to 12 time well this is again this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 12 time well this is again this okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 12 time well this is again this okay
+10 * 2 - 2^ 2 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 * 2 - 2^ 2 that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 * 2 - 2^ 2 that's
+16 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 to
+Theus 12 times so here x = 2 10 - 4 is 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theus 12 times so here x = 2 10 - 4 is 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theus 12 times so here x = 2 10 - 4 is 6
+time DX is is just this one that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time DX is is just this one that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time DX is is just this one that we're
+interested in okay so 16 to the min-2 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in okay so 16 to the min-2 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in okay so 16 to the min-2 16
+to2 is 4 so 16-2 is one4 so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to2 is 4 so 16-2 is one4 so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to2 is 4 so 16-2 is one4 so this is a
+half * A4 * 6 so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half * A4 * 6 so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half * A4 * 6 so that's
+68 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+68 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+68 which
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+34s so our Dy is 34s so that means our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+34s so our Dy is 34s so that means our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+34s so our Dy is 34s so that means our
+linear approximation that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear approximation that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear approximation that we're
+after is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after is
+just F of three F of X Plus DX is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just F of three F of X Plus DX is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just F of three F of X Plus DX is
+approximately equal to our our value y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to our our value y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to our our value y
+that we at our original point which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we at our original point which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we at our original point which was
+4 plus the Dy so plus 34s so the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 plus the Dy so plus 34s so the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 plus the Dy so plus 34s so the linear
+approximation that we get from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation that we get from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation that we get from this
+method of differentials is exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of differentials is exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of differentials is exactly the
+same approximation that we would get if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same approximation that we would get if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same approximation that we would get if
+we did this the other way but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did this the other way but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did this the other way but I think
+it's kind of nice to do it in this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of nice to do it in this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of nice to do it in this in
+this differential form somehow the it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this differential form somehow the it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this differential form somehow the it
+seems a little more straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems a little more straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems a little more straightforward
+sometimes and okay and so the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes and okay and so the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes and okay and so the the the
+answer that we get out of it is is 4 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that we get out of it is is 4 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that we get out of it is is 4 +
+3/4 all right so that's that
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/f9XFM8YLccg.txt b/f9XFM8YLccg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0cabad399e9aba37eec2116b7b9c689eeebd5e2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/f9XFM8YLccg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10512 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay so good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay so good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay so good
+afternoon and today I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon and today I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon and today I
+will we will review probability Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will we will review probability Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will we will review probability Theory
+so I'll mostly focus on I'll give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll mostly focus on I'll give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll mostly focus on I'll give you
+some distributions so probabilistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some distributions so probabilistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some distributions so probabilistic
+distributions that will be of interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions that will be of interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions that will be of interest
+to us throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to us throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to us throughout the
+course and then I will talk about M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and then I will talk about M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and then I will talk about M
+generating function a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating function a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating function a little bit
+afterwards I will talk about law of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards I will talk about law of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards I will talk about law of
+large numbers and Central limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large numbers and Central limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large numbers and Central limit
+theorem which of which so who heard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem which of which so who heard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem which of which so who heard of
+all of these topics before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these topics before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these topics before
+okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's
+good then I'll try to FOC focus more on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good then I'll try to FOC focus more on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good then I'll try to FOC focus more on
+a little bit more advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more advanced
+stuff but yeah then a big part of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff but yeah then a big part of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff but yeah then a big part of it
+will be a review for you so first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a review for you so first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a review for you so first of all
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+to agree on terminology let's review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to agree on terminology let's review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to agree on terminology let's review
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+definitions so a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variable X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we will talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+discrete and continuous random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variables just to set up the notation I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables just to set up the notation I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables just to set up the notation I
+will write discret at X and continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will write discret at X and continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will write discret at X and continuous
+random variable as y for now so they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable as y for now so they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable as y for now so they are
+given by its probability distribution uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by its probability distribution uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by its probability distribution uh
+discret random variable it's given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discret random variable it's given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discret random variable it's given by
+its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its
+probability MTH function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+F subx I will denote and continuous is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F subx I will denote and continuous is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F subx I will denote and continuous is
+given by probability distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function I will denote by F sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I will denote by F sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I will denote by F sub
+y so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y so
+pmf and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+PDF I mean here I just use a subscript
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF I mean here I just use a subscript
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF I mean here I just use a subscript
+because I want to distinguish F subx and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want to distinguish F subx and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want to distinguish F subx and
+F sub y but when it's clear which random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F sub y but when it's clear which random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F sub y but when it's clear which random
+variable we're talking about I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable we're talking about I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable we're talking about I'll just
+say f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say f
+okay so what is this a probability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what is this a probability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what is this a probability to
+mass function is a function from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass function is a function from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass function is a function from the
+sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space to non- negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space to non- negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space to non- negative
+reals such that the sum over all points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reals such that the sum over all points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reals such that the sum over all points
+in the domain equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the domain equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the domain equals
+one the probability distribution is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the probability distribution is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the probability distribution is very
+similar the function from the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar the function from the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar the function from the sample
+space non- negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space non- negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space non- negative
+reals but now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reals but now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reals but now the
+integration over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+domainal to one so just it's pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domainal to one so just it's pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domainal to one so just it's pretty much
+safe to consider our sample space to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe to consider our sample space to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe to consider our sample space to be
+the real numbers for continuous render
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real numbers for continuous render
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real numbers for continuous render
+variables later in the course you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables later in the course you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables later in the course you will
+see some examples where it's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see some examples where it's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see some examples where it's not the
+real numbers but yeah for now just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real numbers but yeah for now just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real numbers but yeah for now just
+considered as real numbers okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered as real numbers okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered as real numbers okay
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+so yeah so for example probability Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah so for example probability Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah so for example probability Mass
+function if x takes one with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function if x takes one with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function if x takes one with
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+1/3 minus one with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 minus one with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 minus one with
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+1/3 and zero with probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1/3 then our probability Mass function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 then our probability Mass function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 then our probability Mass function
+is FX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is FX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is FX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 that's like that an example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 that's like that an example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 that's like that an example of a
+continuous rendom variable is if let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous rendom variable is if let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous rendom variable is if let's
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+example if f suby is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if f suby is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if f suby is equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+1 for all Y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 for all Y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 for all Y and
+01 then this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 then this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 then this is
+PDF of uni
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF of uni
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF of uni
+for random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variable where the space is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable where the space is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable where the space is
+z so this random variable just picks one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z so this random variable just picks one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z so this random variable just picks one
+out of three numbers with equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of three numbers with equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of three numbers with equal
+probability this picks one out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability this picks one out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability this picks one out of this
+all the real numbers between Z and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the real numbers between Z and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the real numbers between Z and one
+with equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with equal
+probability these are just some basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability these are just some basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability these are just some basic
+stuffs we should be familiar with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuffs we should be familiar with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuffs we should be familiar with this
+but I wrote it down just to so that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I wrote it down just to so that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I wrote it down just to so that we
+agree on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree on the
+okay both of the boards no slid that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay both of the boards no slid that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay both of the boards no slid that's
+good okay then few more stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expectation probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation probability
+first probability of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+event can be computed as probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event can be computed as probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event can be computed as probability of
+a is equal to either sum of all points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is equal to either sum of all points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is equal to either sum of all points
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+a is probility to mass function are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is probility to mass function are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is probility to mass function are
+integral over the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a depending on what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a depending on what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a depending on what we're
+using and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expectation our mean is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation our mean is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation our mean is
+expectation of X is equal to the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of X is equal to the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of X is equal to the sum
+over all x x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all x x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all x x
+* that and expectation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* that and expectation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* that and expectation of
+Y is an integral over Omega oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is an integral over Omega oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is an integral over Omega oh
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay and one more basic not basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and one more basic not basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and one more basic not basic
+concept I want to review is two random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variables X1 X2 are independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables X1 X2 are independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables X1 X2 are independent
+if probability that X1 is in a and X2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if probability that X1 is in a and X2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if probability that X1 is in a and X2 is
+in b equals the product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probabilities for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities for
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+events a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all
+agreed so for Independence I will talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreed so for Independence I will talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreed so for Independence I will talk
+about independence of several random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about independence of several random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about independence of several random
+variables as well there are two concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables as well there are two concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables as well there are two concepts
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+Independents are not two but several but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independents are not two but several but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independents are not two but several but
+two most popular are mutually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two most popular are mutually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two most popular are mutually
+independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+events and parse independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+events can somebody tell me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events can somebody tell me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events can somebody tell me the
+difference between these two for several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between these two for several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between these two for several
+variables let's say X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes so mutually independent means all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so mutually independent means all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so mutually independent means all
+the random variables are independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random variables are independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random variables are independent
+like X1 is independent with every every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like X1 is independent with every every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like X1 is independent with every every
+other but perir wise means X1 and X2 are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other but perir wise means X1 and X2 are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other but perir wise means X1 and X2 are
+independent but X1 X2 and X3 they may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent but X1 X2 and X3 they may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent but X1 X2 and X3 they may
+not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+independent okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent okay
+maybe yeah so that's good so let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe yeah so that's good so let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe yeah so that's good so let's see
+for the example in the example of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the example in the example of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the example in the example of three
+random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variables it might be the case that each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables it might be the case that each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables it might be the case that each
+of them so each pair are independent X4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them so each pair are independent X4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them so each pair are independent X4
+x21 is independent with X2 X1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x21 is independent with X2 X1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x21 is independent with X2 X1 is
+independent with X3 X2 is with X3 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent with X3 X2 is with X3 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent with X3 X2 is with X3 but
+all together is not independent what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all together is not independent what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all together is not independent what
+that means is this type of AR uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is this type of AR uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is this type of AR uh
+statement is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement is not
+true so there are STS A1 A2 A3 for which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so there are STS A1 A2 A3 for which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so there are STS A1 A2 A3 for which
+this does not hold but that's just some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this does not hold but that's just some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this does not hold but that's just some
+technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical
+detail we will mostly just consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail we will mostly just consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail we will mostly just consider
+usually independent events so when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually independent events so when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually independent events so when we
+say that several random variables are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that several random variables are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that several random variables are
+independent it just means whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent it just means whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent it just means whatever
+collection you take they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+independent okay so a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent okay so a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent okay so a little bit more
+fun stuff let's dra over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun stuff let's dra over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun stuff let's dra over
+review okay so we defined random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review okay so we defined random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review okay so we defined random
+variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+and one of the most universal random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the most universal random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the most universal random
+variable are dist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable are dist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable are dist
+distribution is a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribution it's a continuous random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution it's a continuous random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution it's a continuous random
+variable our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable our
+continuous random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous random
+variable has normal distribution is said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable has normal distribution is said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable has normal distribution is said
+to have normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have normal
+distribution if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if the probability distribution function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the probability distribution function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the probability distribution function
+is given as 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given as 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given as 1
+over Sigma 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+eus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s for all reals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mean that's one of the most universal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's one of the most universal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's one of the most universal
+random variables uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables uh
+distributions most important one as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well okay so this distribution how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay so this distribution how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay so this distribution how it
+looks like I'm sure you saw this bell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like I'm sure you saw this bell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like I'm sure you saw this bell
+curve before look like this if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n01 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n01 that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n01 that's
+y okay so it's centered around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y okay so it's centered around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y okay so it's centered around the
+origin and it's symmetric around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin and it's symmetric around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin and it's symmetric around the
+origin okay so now let's look at our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin okay so now let's look at our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin okay so now let's look at our
+purpose let's think about our purpose we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose let's think about our purpose we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose let's think about our purpose we
+want to model a finance Financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to model a finance Financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to model a finance Financial
+product or like a stock the price of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product or like a stock the price of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product or like a stock the price of the
+stock using some random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock using some random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock using some random
+variable the first thing you can try is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable the first thing you can try is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable the first thing you can try is
+to use normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use normal
+distribution normal distribution doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution normal distribution doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution normal distribution doesn't
+make sense but we can say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense but we can say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense but we can say the
+price at Day N minus the price at Day N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price at Day N minus the price at Day N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price at Day N minus the price at Day N
+minus one is normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribution is this a sensible uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is this a sensible uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is this a sensible uh
+definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+that's not really so it's not a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not really so it's not a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not really so it's not a good
+choice you can model it like this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice you can model it like this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice you can model it like this but
+it's not a good choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a good choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a good choice
+because there there might be several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there there might be several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there there might be several
+reasons but one reason is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons but one reason is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons but one reason is that it
+doesn't take into account the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't take into account the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't take into account the order of
+magnitude of the price itself so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the price itself so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the price itself so the
+stock let's say you have a stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock let's say you have a stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock let's say you have a stock
+price I know go something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price I know go something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price I know go something like
+that and say it was $10 here and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and say it was $10 here and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and say it was $10 here and like
+$50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$50
+here then regardless of of where your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then regardless of of where your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then regardless of of where your
+position is at it says that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position is at it says that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position is at it says that the
+increment the absolute value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment the absolute value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment the absolute value of the
+increment is identically distributed at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment is identically distributed at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment is identically distributed at
+this point and at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point and at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point and at this
+point but if you observed like how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but if you observed like how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but if you observed like how how
+it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works
+usually that's not normally distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually that's not normally distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually that's not normally distributed
+what's normally distributed is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's normally distributed is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's normally distributed is the
+percentage of how much it changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of how much it changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of how much it changed
+daily so not this is not a sensible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily so not this is not a sensible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily so not this is not a sensible
+model not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but
+still we can use normal distribution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still we can use normal distribution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still we can use normal distribution to
+come up with a pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+model so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so
+instead we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+difference to be normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distributed that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+percent the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent the question is
+uh what is a distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what is a distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what is a distribution of
+price what does a distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+price okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price okay
+so it's not a very good explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not a very good explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not a very good explanation
+because I'm saying just I'm giving just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm saying just I'm giving just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm saying just I'm giving just
+discrete increments while these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete increments while these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete increments while these are
+continuous random variables and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous random variables and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous random variables and so on
+but what I'm trying to say here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what I'm trying to say here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what I'm trying to say here is that
+normal distribution is not good enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution is not good enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution is not good enough
+instead we want the percentage change to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead we want the percentage change to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead we want the percentage change to
+be normally distributed and if that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be normally distributed and if that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be normally distributed and if that is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+case what will be the distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case what will be the distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case what will be the distribution of
+the random variable of like in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random variable of like in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random variable of like in this case
+what will be the distribution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+price ah so one thing I should mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price ah so one thing I should mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price ah so one thing I should mention
+is in this case if each discr is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in this case if each discr is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in this case if each discr is
+normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally
+distributed then the price at Day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed then the price at Day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed then the price at Day
+N will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N will
+be a still be a normal random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a still be a normal random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a still be a normal random
+variable distribute it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable distribute it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable distribute it like
+that okay so if there's no what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so if there's no what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so if there's no what is it
+tendency if the average increment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tendency if the average increment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tendency if the average increment is
+zero day daily incremented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero day daily incremented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero day daily incremented
+zero then no matter how far you go your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then no matter how far you go your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then no matter how far you go your
+random variable will be normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable will be normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable will be normally
+distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but here that will not be the case so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here that will not be the case so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here that will not be the case so we
+want to come up we want to see what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to come up we want to see what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to come up we want to see what the
+distribution of PN will be in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of PN will be in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of PN will be in this
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay yeah to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+that so let me see let me formally write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so let me see let me formally write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so let me see let me formally write
+down what I want to say what I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down what I want to say what I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down what I want to say what I want to
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is this I want to define a log normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribution why our long number wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution why our long number wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution why our long number wind
+varable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that log of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that log of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that log of
+Y is normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distrib so to derive the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distrib so to derive the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distrib so to derive the probability
+distribution of this from the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of this from the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of this from the normal
+distribution we can use the change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution we can use the change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution we can use the change of
+variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formula which says the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula which says the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula which says the
+following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+suppose X and Y are random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variables such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I should have to find this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X for all X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's try to fit into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's try to fit into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's try to fit into this
+story we want to have a random y who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story we want to have a random y who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story we want to have a random y who
+such that log Y is normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that log Y is normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that log Y is normally
+distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed
+here so if you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so if you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so if you put
+log of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of x
+here if Y is normally distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if Y is normally distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if Y is normally distributed
+X will be the distribution that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X will be the distribution that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X will be the distribution that we're
+interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested
+in so using that for using this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so using that for using this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so using that for using this formula
+we can find probability distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can find probability distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can find probability distribution
+function of the log normal distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the log normal distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the log normal distribution
+using the probability distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the probability distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the probability distribution of
+normal so let's do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes motion right uh yes not not so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes motion right uh yes not not so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes motion right uh yes not not so it's
+not a good choice in locally it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a good choice in locally it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a good choice in locally it might be
+a good choice but if you take it over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good choice but if you take it over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good choice but if you take it over a
+long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long
+time it won't be a good choice because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it won't be a good choice because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it won't be a good choice because
+because it will also take negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it will also take negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it will also take negative
+values for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example so if you just take this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so if you just take this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so if you just take this model
+what's going to happen over a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen over a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen over a long
+period of time is it's going to hit this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time is it's going to hit this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time is it's going to hit this
+Ro of n negative of n line infinitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+often and then it can go up to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often and then it can go up to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often and then it can go up to infinity
+or it can go down to Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it can go down to Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it can go down to Infinity
+eventually so it will take negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually so it will take negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually so it will take negative
+values and positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+values yeah so that's one reason but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values yeah so that's one reason but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values yeah so that's one reason but I
+mean there are several reasons why that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean there are several reasons why that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean there are several reasons why that
+is not a good choice yeah if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a good choice yeah if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a good choice yeah if you look at
+a very small small scale it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very small small scale it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very small small scale it might be
+okay because the base price doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because the base price doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because the base price doesn't
+change that much so if you model it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that much so if you model it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that much so if you model it in
+terms of ratio or if you just model it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of ratio or if you just model it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of ratio or if you just model it
+in an absolute way it doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an absolute way it doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an absolute way it doesn't matter
+that much but if you want to do it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much but if you want to do it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much but if you want to do it in a
+little bit more LGE large scale then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more LGE large scale then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more LGE large scale then
+that's not a very good choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a very good choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a very good choice
+yeah other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah other
+questions do you want to add some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+explanation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let me get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me get this
+right let me make sure what I'm to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let me make sure what I'm to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let me make sure what I'm to do
+y I want X to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be yes so I want X to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be yes so I want X to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be yes so I want X to
+be the log normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribution and I want y to be normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribution or normal random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution or normal random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution or normal random
+variable then probability that X is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable then probability that X is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable then probability that X is at
+most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+xal to probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xal to probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xal to probability
+Y at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+most Sigma y is at most log X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most Sigma y is at most log X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most Sigma y is at most log X
+that's the definition of log normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the definition of log normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the definition of log normal
+distribution then by using this change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution then by using this change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution then by using this change
+of variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formula probability density function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula probability density function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula probability density function of
+X is equal to probability density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is equal to probability density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is equal to probability density
+function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of
+Y at log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y at log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y at log
+X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+times differentiation of log X which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times differentiation of log X which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times differentiation of log X which
+overx so it becomes 1 /x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sigk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigk
+2un
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2un
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2un
+eus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eus
+log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-
+squ so log normal distribution can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ so log normal distribution can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ so log normal distribution can also
+be defined as a distribution which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be defined as a distribution which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be defined as a distribution which has
+probability Mass function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this I mean you can use either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I mean you can use either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I mean you can use either
+definition let me just make sure that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition let me just make sure that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition let me just make sure that I
+didn't mess up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no yes and that only works for X greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no yes and that only works for X greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no yes and that only works for X greater
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+zero okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay
+yes natur uh yeah so all logs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes natur uh yeah so all logs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes natur uh yeah so all logs are
+natural log it should be L Ln yeah thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural log it should be L Ln yeah thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural log it should be L Ln yeah thank
+you okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay so
+question what's the mean of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what's the mean of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what's the mean of
+this this distribution here yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this distribution here yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this distribution here yes
+one uh not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh not
+one might be me is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one might be me is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one might be me is it
+mu oh sorry it might be e to the MU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu oh sorry it might be e to the MU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu oh sorry it might be e to the MU
+because log X uh the normal distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because log X uh the normal distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because log X uh the normal distribution
+had mean mu log X log x equals mu might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had mean mu log X log x equals mu might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had mean mu log X log x equals mu might
+be the center if that's the case X is e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the center if that's the case X is e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the center if that's the case X is e
+to the MU will be the mean is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the MU will be the mean is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the MU will be the mean is that the
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes uh probably right or I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh probably right or I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh probably right or I don't
+remember what there there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what there there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what there there is a
+correcting factor I don't remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correcting factor I don't remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correcting factor I don't remember
+exactly what that is but I think you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what that is but I think you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what that is but I think you're
+right so one very important things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so one very important things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so one very important things to
+remember is log normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember is log normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember is log normal
+distribution are referred to in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution are referred to in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution are referred to in terms of
+the parameters mu and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameters mu and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameters mu and
+sigma because that's a mu and sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma because that's a mu and sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma because that's a mu and sigma
+appearing here coming from the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearing here coming from the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearing here coming from the normal
+distribution but those are not the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution but those are not the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution but those are not the mean
+and variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and variance
+anymore because you skewed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore because you skewed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore because you skewed
+the skew the distribution it's no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the skew the distribution it's no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the skew the distribution it's no longer
+centered at mu log X log X is centered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered at mu log X log X is centered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered at mu log X log X is centered
+at mu but when you take the exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at mu but when you take the exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at mu but when you take the exponential
+like it becomes skewed and we take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it becomes skewed and we take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it becomes skewed and we take the
+average you'll see that it's no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average you'll see that it's no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average you'll see that it's no longer
+the mean is no longer e to the MU so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean is no longer e to the MU so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean is no longer e to the MU so
+that doesn't give the mean that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't give the mean that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't give the mean that doesn't
+imply that the mean is e to Sigma that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imply that the mean is e to Sigma that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imply that the mean is e to Sigma that
+doesn't imply that the variance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't imply that the variance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't imply that the variance is
+something like e to Sigma I fa I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like e to Sigma I fa I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like e to Sigma I fa I mean
+that's totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's totally
+nonsense okay just remember these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsense okay just remember these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsense okay just remember these are
+just parameters some parameters it's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just parameters some parameters it's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just parameters some parameters it's no
+longer mean or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer mean or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer mean or
+variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance
+okay and in your homework you will one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and in your homework you will one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and in your homework you will one
+exercise will ask you to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise will ask you to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise will ask you to compute the
+mean and variance of this random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and variance of this random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and variance of this random
+variable but really just try to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable but really just try to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable but really just try to remember
+try to have it like stick in your mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to have it like stick in your mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to have it like stick in your mind
+that mu and sigma is no longer mean and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mu and sigma is no longer mean and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mu and sigma is no longer mean and
+variance that's only the case for normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance that's only the case for normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance that's only the case for normal
+normal end variables and the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal end variables and the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal end variables and the reason
+we're still still using bu and sigma is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're still still using bu and sigma is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're still still using bu and sigma is
+because of this derivation and it's easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this derivation and it's easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this derivation and it's easy
+to describe it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+okay so this will be these the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this will be these the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this will be these the normal
+distribution and log normal distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and log normal distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and log normal distribution
+will probably be the distribution that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will probably be the distribution that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will probably be the distribution that
+you'll see the most throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see the most throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see the most throughout the
+course but there are some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course but there are some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course but there are some other
+distributions that you'll also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see I need this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I will not talk about it in detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I will not talk about it in detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I will not talk about it in detail
+it will be some exercise questions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be some exercise questions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be some exercise questions for
+example you have pong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribution or exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distributions these are some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions these are some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions these are some other
+distributions that you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions that you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions that you'll
+see and all of these normal noral plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and all of these normal noral plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and all of these normal noral plus
+exponential and a lot more can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and a lot more can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and a lot more can be
+grouped into a family of distributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grouped into a family of distributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grouped into a family of distributions
+called exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+family okay so a distribution is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family okay so a distribution is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family okay so a distribution is called
+to be an in an exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be an in an exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be an in an exponential
+family a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribution belongs Bel ons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution belongs Bel ons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution belongs Bel ons
+to exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if uh there exists a Theta a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vector that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector that
+parameterizes the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that the probability density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the probability density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the probability density
+function for this choice of parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for this choice of parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for this choice of parameter
+Theta can be written as h of x * C of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta can be written as h of x * C of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta can be written as h of x * C of
+theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta
+times exponent of sum from I = 1 to K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes so here when I write only x x should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so here when I write only x x should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so here when I write only x x should
+only depend on X not on Theta and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only depend on X not on Theta and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only depend on X not on Theta and I
+write when I write some function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write when I write some function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write when I write some function of
+theta it should only depend on Theta not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta it should only depend on Theta not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta it should only depend on Theta not
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+X so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so
+HX TX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HX TX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HX TX
+depends only on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends only on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends only on
+X and C Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+AA depends only on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AA depends only on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AA depends only on
+Theta that's some abstract thing it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta that's some abstract thing it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta that's some abstract thing it's
+not clear why this is so useful at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not clear why this is so useful at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not clear why this is so useful at least
+from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+uh you're going to talk about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you're going to talk about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you're going to talk about some
+distributions ofal right yeah so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions ofal right yeah so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions ofal right yeah so you
+will see something about this but one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see something about this but one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see something about this but one
+good thing is they exhibit some good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing is they exhibit some good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing is they exhibit some good
+statistical Behavior the things when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical Behavior the things when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical Behavior the things when you
+group them into all distributions in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group them into all distributions in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group them into all distributions in the
+exponential family have some nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential family have some nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential family have some nice
+statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical
+properties which makes it good so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties which makes it good so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties which makes it good so that's
+two abstract let's see how uh log normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two abstract let's see how uh log normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two abstract let's see how uh log normal
+distribution is actually falls into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is actually falls into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is actually falls into the
+exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+family yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sure uh you went over how the uh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure uh you went over how the uh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure uh you went over how the uh well
+the probability density functions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability density functions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability density functions of
+collections of random variables if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collections of random variables if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collections of random variables if
+they're mutually independent is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're mutually independent is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're mutually independent is the
+product of the uh probability densities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the uh probability densities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the uh probability densities
+of the individual variables and so with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the individual variables and so with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the individual variables and so with
+this exponential family if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exponential family if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exponential family if you have
+random variables from the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables from the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables from the same
+exponential family products of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential family products of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential family products of this
+density function factor out into a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density function factor out into a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density function factor out into a very
+simple form it doesn't get more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple form it doesn't get more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple form it doesn't get more
+complicated as you look at the Joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated as you look at the Joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated as you look at the Joint
+density of many variables and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of many variables and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of many variables and in fact
+simplifies to the same exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifies to the same exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifies to the same exponential
+family so that's where that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family so that's where that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family so that's where that
+becomes so it's designed so that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes so it's designed so that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes so it's designed so that it's
+factors that when it's multiplied it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors that when it's multiplied it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors that when it's multiplied it
+factors that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay
+so uh sorry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh sorry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh sorry about
+that yeah log normal distribution so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah log normal distribution so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah log normal distribution so
+take h of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take h of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take h of X
+1X oh that let's just rewrite that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1X oh that let's just rewrite that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1X oh that let's just rewrite that in a
+different way so 1 /x Sigma 2 pi eus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way so 1 /x Sigma 2 pi eus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way so 1 /x Sigma 2 pi eus
+log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x square can be Rewritten as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x square can be Rewritten as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x square can be Rewritten as
+1X * 1 Sigma piun e to the - log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1X * 1 Sigma piun e to the - log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1X * 1 Sigma piun e to the - log
+x² 2 Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x² 2 Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x² 2 Sigma
+S Plus mu l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x Sig s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+write it like that set of HX = 1 /x C of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it like that set of HX = 1 /x C of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it like that set of HX = 1 /x C of
+theta uh sorry the first slit theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta uh sorry the first slit theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta uh sorry the first slit theta
+equals mu Sigma then C Theta is = 1 Sig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals mu Sigma then C Theta is = 1 Sig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals mu Sigma then C Theta is = 1 Sig
+2un e to Theus ²
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so your par you will parameterize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so your par you will parameterize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so your par you will parameterize
+this family in terms of mu and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this family in terms of mu and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this family in terms of mu and
+sigma your h of X here will be 1 /x your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma your h of X here will be 1 /x your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma your h of X here will be 1 /x your
+C Theta will be this term and the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C Theta will be this term and the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C Theta will be this term and the last
+term here because this doesn't depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term here because this doesn't depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term here because this doesn't depend on
+X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and
+then you have to figure out what w and T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to figure out what w and T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to figure out what w and T
+is you can let W1 of X be log x²
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T1 oh no T1 of X be log x² W1 of theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 oh no T1 of X be log x² W1 of theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 oh no T1 of X be log x² W1 of theta
+be - 1 / 2 Sigma s and similarly you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be - 1 / 2 Sigma s and similarly you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be - 1 / 2 Sigma s and similarly you can
+let t2al log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X and W2 = mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+/ this just it's just some technicality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ this just it's just some technicality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ this just it's just some technicality
+but at least you can see that it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at least you can see that it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at least you can see that it really
+fits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+okay so that's all about distributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's all about distributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's all about distributions
+that I want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want to talk
+about and then let's talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and then let's talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and then let's talk a little bit
+more about more interesting stuff in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about more interesting stuff in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about more interesting stuff in my
+opinion I like these stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+better there are two main things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better there are two main things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better there are two main things that
+we're interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested
+in when we have a random variable at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in when we have a random variable at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in when we have a random variable at
+least for our purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what we want to study is given a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+first we want to study a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+statistics yes so we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics yes so we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics yes so we want to
+study is statistics whatever that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that will be represented by the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will be represented by the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will be represented by the case
+moments of the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variable where case moment is defined as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable where case moment is defined as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable where case moment is defined as
+expectation of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+k and a good way to study it study all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k and a good way to study it study all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k and a good way to study it study all
+the moments together in one function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moments together in one function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moments together in one function is
+a moment generating function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this moment generator function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this moment generator function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this moment generator function
+encodes all the case moments of a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encodes all the case moments of a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encodes all the case moments of a random
+variable so it contains all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so it contains all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so it contains all the
+statistical information of a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical information of a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical information of a random
+variable that's why moment generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that's why moment generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that's why moment generating
+function will be interesting to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function will be interesting to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function will be interesting to us
+because when you want to study it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you want to study it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you want to study it you
+don't have to consider each moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to consider each moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to consider each moment
+separately it gives them unified way it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately it gives them unified way it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately it gives them unified way it
+gives a very good feeling about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives a very good feeling about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives a very good feeling about your
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+that will be our first topic our second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be our first topic our second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be our first topic our second
+to topic will be we want to study its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to topic will be we want to study its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to topic will be we want to study its
+long-term uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term uh
+yeah kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah kind of
+longterm or large scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Behavior so for example assume that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior so for example assume that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior so for example assume that you
+have a normal distribution one random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a normal distribution one random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a normal distribution one random
+variables normal distribution if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables normal distribution if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables normal distribution if you
+just have a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have a single
+single single Le random variables you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single single Le random variables you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single single Le random variables you
+really have no control it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have no control it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have no control it can be
+anywhere the outcome can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anything okay according to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything okay according to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything okay according to that
+distribution but if you have several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution but if you have several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution but if you have several
+independent random variables with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent random variables with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent random variables with the
+exact same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same
+distribution if the number is like super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution if the number is like super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution if the number is like super
+large let's say 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large let's say 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large let's say 100
+million and you plot how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million and you plot how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million and you plot how
+many random variables fall into each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many random variables fall into each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many random variables fall into each
+point into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point into a
+graph you'll knows that it has to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph you'll knows that it has to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph you'll knows that it has to look
+very close to this curve like it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to this curve like it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to this curve like it will be
+more dense here sparer there and sparer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more dense here sparer there and sparer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more dense here sparer there and sparer
+there okay so you don't have individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so you don't have individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so you don't have individual
+control on each of the random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control on each of the random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control on each of the random variables
+but when you look at Large Scale you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you look at Large Scale you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you look at Large Scale you
+know at least with very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know at least with very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know at least with very high
+probability it has to look like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability it has to look like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability it has to look like this
+curve those kind of things are what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve those kind of things are what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve those kind of things are what we
+want to study when we look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to study when we look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to study when we look at this
+long-term Behavior large scale Behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term Behavior large scale Behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term Behavior large scale Behavior
+what can we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can we say
+what kind of events are guaranteed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of events are guaranteed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of events are guaranteed to
+happen with probability let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen with probability let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen with probability let's say
+99.9% and actually some interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99.9% and actually some interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99.9% and actually some interesting
+things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are
+happening as you might already know two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening as you might already know two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening as you might already know two
+theorems typically uh two typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems typically uh two typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems typically uh two typical
+theorems of this type will be in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems of this type will be in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems of this type will be in this
+topic will be law of large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+numbers and Central limit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's start with our first topic the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's start with our first topic the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's start with our first topic the
+moment generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function the moment generating function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the moment generating function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the moment generating function
+of a random variable is defined as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a random variable is defined as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a random variable is defined as I
+write it as m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it as m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it as m
+subx is defined as e to expectation of e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx is defined as e to expectation of e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx is defined as e to expectation of e
+to the T * X where T is some parameter T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the T * X where T is some parameter T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the T * X where T is some parameter T
+can be any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+real you have to be careful it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real you have to be careful it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real you have to be careful it doesn't
+always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+converge so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remark not necessar does not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exist do not do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist do not do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist do not do not
+yeah so for example one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so for example one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so for example one of the
+distributions you already saw does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions you already saw does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions you already saw does not
+have moment generating function the log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have moment generating function the log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have moment generating function the log
+normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribution does not have any moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution does not have any moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution does not have any moment
+gener function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's one thing you have to be careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one thing you have to be careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one thing you have to be careful
+it's not just some theoretical thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just some theoretical thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just some theoretical thing
+which which which this statement is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which which this statement is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which which this statement is not
+something theoretical it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something theoretical it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something theoretical it actually
+happens for some random variables that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens for some random variables that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens for some random variables that
+you encounter in real life okay so be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you encounter in real life okay so be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you encounter in real life okay so be
+careful and that will actually bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful and that will actually bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful and that will actually bring
+something uh show some very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh show some very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh show some very
+interesting thing lat I'll later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing lat I'll later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing lat I'll later
+explain some very interesting facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain some very interesting facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain some very interesting facts
+arise from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fact before going into that first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact before going into that first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact before going into that first of all
+why is it called moment generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it called moment generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it called moment generating
+function it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's
+because if you take the case derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you take the case derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you take the case derivative
+of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+okay then it actually gives a case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then it actually gives a case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then it actually gives a case
+moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of your random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your random
+variable that's where the name comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integers okay okay and that gives a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers okay okay and that gives a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers okay okay and that gives a
+different way of writing a moment gener
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so
+because because of that we might write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because of that we might write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because of that we might write
+we may write the moment gener function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we may write the moment gener function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we may write the moment gener function
+as the sum from K = 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the sum from K = 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the sum from K = 0 to
+Infinity t to the k k factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity t to the k k factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity t to the k k factorial
+times the a case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+moment that's like the tailor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment that's like the tailor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment that's like the tailor
+expansion because you know all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion because you know all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion because you know all the
+derivatives you know what the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives you know what the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives you know what the function
+would be of course only if it exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be of course only if it exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be of course only if it exists
+this might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+converge so if moment generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge so if moment generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge so if moment generating
+function exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function exists
+they pretty much classify your random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variables so if two random variabl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so if two random variabl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so if two random variabl
+XY have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY have the
+same moment generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same moment generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same moment generating
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then X and
+Y have the same distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I will not prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will not prove this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will not prove this
+theorem but it says that moment function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem but it says that moment function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem but it says that moment function
+if it exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it exists
+encodes really all the information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encodes really all the information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encodes really all the information about
+your random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your random
+variables you're not losing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+however be very careful when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however be very careful when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however be very careful when you're
+applying this theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying this theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying this theorem
+because remark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it does not imply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that all random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+identical case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+moments for all K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay has the same distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see
+it if X and Y have a moment Genera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if X and Y have a moment Genera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if X and Y have a moment Genera
+function and they're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and they're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and they're the
+same then they have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same then they have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same then they have the same
+distribution this looks a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution this looks a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution this looks a little bit
+controversial to this theorem it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversial to this theorem it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversial to this theorem it says
+that it's not necessarily the case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not necessarily the case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not necessarily the case that
+two random variables which have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two random variables which have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two random variables which have
+identical moments so all case moments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical moments so all case moments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical moments so all case moments
+are the same for two two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same for two two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same for two two
+variables even if that's the case they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables even if that's the case they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables even if that's the case they
+don't necessarily have to have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't necessarily have to have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't necessarily have to have the same
+distribution which seems like it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution which seems like it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution which seems like it doesn't
+make sense if you look at this theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense if you look at this theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense if you look at this theorem
+because moment generating function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because moment generating function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because moment generating function is
+defined in terms of the moments if two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined in terms of the moments if two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined in terms of the moments if two
+random variables have the same moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables have the same moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables have the same moment
+they have the same moment generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the same moment generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the same moment generating
+function if they have the same moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function if they have the same moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function if they have the same moment
+generary function they have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generary function they have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generary function they have the same
+distribution there's a hole in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution there's a hole in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution there's a hole in this
+argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument
+right even if they have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right even if they have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right even if they have the same
+moments it doesn't necessarily imply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments it doesn't necessarily imply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments it doesn't necessarily imply
+that they have the same moment function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have the same moment function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have the same moment function
+they might not they might both not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might not they might both not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might not they might both not have
+moment functions okay that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment functions okay that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment functions okay that's the
+glitch be careful so that so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glitch be careful so that so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glitch be careful so that so just
+remember that even if they have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that even if they have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that even if they have the same
+moments they necessar don't necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments they necessar don't necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments they necessar don't necessarily
+have the same distribution and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same distribution and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same distribution and the
+reason is because one reason is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is because one reason is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is because one reason is because
+the moment J function might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment J function might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment J function might not
+exist and if you look into Wikipedia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist and if you look into Wikipedia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist and if you look into Wikipedia
+you'll see an example of when it happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see an example of when it happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see an example of when it happens
+of two random variables where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happens okay so that's one thing we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens okay so that's one thing we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens okay so that's one thing we will
+use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+later another thing that we will use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+later it's a statement very similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later it's a statement very similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later it's a statement very similar to
+that but it says something about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but it says something about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but it says something about a
+sequence of random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of random
+variables so if X1 X2 up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so if X1 X2 up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so if X1 X2 up to
+xn is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sequence of random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variables such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that the moment generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the moment generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the moment generating
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+exists and it converges oh it goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists and it converges oh it goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists and it converges oh it goes to
+Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh 10 in to the moment are function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 10 in to the moment are function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 10 in to the moment are function of
+the random variable t x for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random variable t x for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random variable t x for some
+random variable X for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T here we're assuming that all moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T here we're assuming that all moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T here we're assuming that all moment
+gen moment Genera function exists so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gen moment Genera function exists so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gen moment Genera function exists so
+again the situation is you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the situation is you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the situation is you have a
+sequence of random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of random
+variables their moment J function exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables their moment J function exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables their moment J function exists
+and at each point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at each point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at each point
+T it converges to the moment the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T it converges to the moment the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T it converges to the moment the value
+of the momentoring function of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the momentoring function of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the momentoring function of some
+other random varable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other random varable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other random varable
+X and what should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and what should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and what should
+happen Okay in light of this theorem it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen Okay in light of this theorem it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen Okay in light of this theorem it
+should be the case that this sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be the case that this sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be the case that this sequence
+the distribution of this sequence gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution of this sequence gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution of this sequence gets
+closer and closer to the distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer and closer to the distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer and closer to the distribution of
+this random variable X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this random variable X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this random variable X
+okay and to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and to make it
+formal to make that into formal we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal to make that into formal we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal to make that into formal we can
+write or what what we can conclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write or what what we can conclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write or what what we can conclude
+is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+X the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X the
+probability x x i is less than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability x x i is less than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability x x i is less than or equal
+to X tends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X tends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X tends
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+probability at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X so in this sense the distributions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so in this sense the distributions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so in this sense the distributions of
+these random variables converges to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these random variables converges to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these random variables converges to the
+distribution of that random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so it's just technical issue uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's just technical issue uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's just technical issue uh you
+can just think of it as these functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just think of it as these functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just think of it as these functions
+kind of converge to that these random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of converge to that these random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of converge to that these random
+variables converge to that random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables converge to that random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables converge to that random
+variable okay if you take some graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable okay if you take some graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable okay if you take some graduate
+probability course you'll see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability course you'll see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability course you'll see that
+there's several Concepts several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's several Concepts several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's several Concepts several
+possible ways to Define convergence but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible ways to Define convergence but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible ways to Define convergence but
+that's just some technicality and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just some technicality and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just some technicality and the
+spirit here is just really the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit here is just really the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit here is just really the sequence
+converges if its momentary function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges if its momentary function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges if its momentary function
+converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges
+okay so as you can see from these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so as you can see from these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so as you can see from these two
+theorems moment generator and function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems moment generator and function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems moment generator and function
+if if exists is a really powerful tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if exists is a really powerful tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if exists is a really powerful tool
+where you can it allows you to control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can it allows you to control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can it allows you to control
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribution so you'll see some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so you'll see some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so you'll see some
+applications later in central limit Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications later in central limit Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications later in central limit Z
+any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+Z thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z thank
+you you valuated at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero other questions other Corrections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero other questions other Corrections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero other questions other Corrections
+um when you said the moment generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when you said the moment generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when you said the moment generating
+function doesn't exist mean that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function doesn't exist mean that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function doesn't exist mean that it
+isn't analytic or just doesn't conge any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't analytic or just doesn't conge any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't analytic or just doesn't conge any
+it might not converge anywhere so L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might not converge anywhere so L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might not converge anywhere so L
+normal distribution it does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution it does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution it does not
+converge so for all non zero T it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge so for all non zero T it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge so for all non zero T it does
+not converge for long normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribution here yes pointwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution here yes pointwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution here yes pointwise
+conversions implies pointwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversions implies pointwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversions implies pointwise
+conversion no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion no no
+no so because yeah because pointwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so because yeah because pointwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so because yeah because pointwise
+this is conclusion is also rather weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is conclusion is also rather weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is conclusion is also rather weak
+it's kind of it's almost the weakest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of it's almost the weakest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of it's almost the weakest
+convergence in distributions here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay the law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now we're talking about large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we're talking about large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we're talking about large
+scale Behavior let X1 up to xn be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale Behavior let X1 up to xn be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale Behavior let X1 up to xn be
+independent random variables with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent random variables with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent random variables with
+identical distribution we don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical distribution we don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical distribution we don't really
+know what the distribution is but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the distribution is but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the distribution is but we
+know that they're all the same so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that they're all the same so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that they're all the same so in
+short I'll just refer to this condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short I'll just refer to this condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short I'll just refer to this condition
+as IID random variables later okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as IID random variables later okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as IID random variables later okay
+identical independent identically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical independent identically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical independent identically
+distributed random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let mean be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let mean be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let mean be
+mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu
+variance a sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ
+okay let also Define X as the average of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Nomes then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X oh pause one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so whenever you have identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so whenever you have identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so whenever you have identical
+independent distributions when you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent distributions when you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent distributions when you take
+their average when you if you take large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their average when you if you take large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their average when you if you take large
+enough number of samples they will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough number of samples they will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough number of samples they will be
+very close to the mean which makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what's an example of this before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's an example of this before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's an example of this before
+proving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+example of this theorem in practice can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of this theorem in practice can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of this theorem in practice can
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+seen in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+casino so for example if you're playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casino so for example if you're playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casino so for example if you're playing
+blackjack in in a casino from plain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+color when you're playing against a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color when you're playing against a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color when you're playing against a
+casino you have a very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casino you have a very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casino you have a very small
+disadvantage so you're winning if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantage so you're winning if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantage so you're winning if you
+play the optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+strategy you have does anybody know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy you have does anybody know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy you have does anybody know the
+pro I think it's about 48
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro I think it's about 48
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro I think it's about 48
+49% about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+49% about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+49% about like
+48% chance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+winning that means if you bet $1 at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning that means if you bet $1 at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning that means if you bet $1 at the
+beginning of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of each
+round your expected the expected amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round your expected the expected amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round your expected the expected amount
+you will win about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when win is 48 cents the expected amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when win is 48 cents the expected amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when win is 48 cents the expected amount
+that the casino will win is 4 52 cents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the casino will win is 4 52 cents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the casino will win is 4 52 cents
+okay but it's designed so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but it's designed so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but it's designed so that the
+variance is so big that the M uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance is so big that the M uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance is so big that the M uh that
+this expectation is hidden the mean is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expectation is hidden the mean is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expectation is hidden the mean is
+hidden from the player's point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden from the player's point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden from the player's point of view
+you only have a very small sample so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only have a very small sample so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only have a very small sample so it
+looks like the mean doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like the mean doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like the mean doesn't matter
+because the variance takes over in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the variance takes over in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the variance takes over in a
+very short scale but from the casino's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very short scale but from the casino's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very short scale but from the casino's
+point of view they're taking a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view they're taking a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view they're taking a very
+large end there okay so for each round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large end there okay so for each round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large end there okay so for each round
+let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from
+the from the casino's point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+view it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view it's like
+taking uh we're taking they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+taking enormous value of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and here and that means as long as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here and that means as long as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here and that means as long as they
+they have a slightest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a slightest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a slightest
+Advantage they'll be winning money and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advantage they'll be winning money and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advantage they'll be winning money and a
+huge amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge amount of
+money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+okay and most games played in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and most games played in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and most games played in the
+casinos are designed like this it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casinos are designed like this it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casinos are designed like this it looks
+like the mean is really close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the mean is really close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the mean is really close to
+50% but it's hidden because a they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% but it's hidden because a they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% but it's hidden because a they
+designed it so a variance is a big a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed it so a variance is a big a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed it so a variance is a big a
+Varian is big but from the C casino's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Varian is big but from the C casino's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Varian is big but from the C casino's
+point of view they have enough players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view they have enough players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view they have enough players
+to play the game so that the law of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play the game so that the law of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play the game so that the law of
+large numbers just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large numbers just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large numbers just
+takes like makes their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes like makes their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes like makes their
+money so cazino was yeah the moralist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money so cazino was yeah the moralist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money so cazino was yeah the moralist
+don't play black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't play black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't play black
+deck play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deck play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deck play
+poker the reason that poker doesn't the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker the reason that poker doesn't the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker the reason that poker doesn't the
+rule of law of large numbers doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule of law of large numbers doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule of law of large numbers doesn't
+apply at least inist sance to Poker can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply at least inist sance to Poker can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply at least inist sance to Poker can
+anybody explain why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is because poker you're playing against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because poker you're playing against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because poker you're playing against
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+players okay if you have a dis dis if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players okay if you have a dis dis if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players okay if you have a dis dis if
+you have an advantage if your skill if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an advantage if your skill if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an advantage if your skill if
+you believe that there is skill in poker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you believe that there is skill in poker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you believe that there is skill in poker
+if your skill is better than the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your skill is better than the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your skill is better than the other
+player by let's say 5% chance then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player by let's say 5% chance then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player by let's say 5% chance then you
+have an edge over that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an edge over that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an edge over that
+player so you can win money the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player so you can win money the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player so you can win money the only
+problem is that kazino when because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that kazino when because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that kazino when because
+they're not playing against the poker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not playing against the poker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not playing against the poker
+you're not playing against the casino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not play don't play against you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not play don't play against you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not play don't play against you
+know but they still have to make money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but they still have to make money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but they still have to make money
+so what they do instead is they take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what they do instead is they take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what they do instead is they take
+rake so at each for each round that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rake so at each for each round that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rake so at each for each round that the
+players play they pay some fee to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players play they pay some fee to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players play they pay some fee to the
+casino and how the casino makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casino and how the casino makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casino and how the casino makes
+money in the poker table is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in the poker table is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in the poker table is by
+accumulating those fees they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulating those fees they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulating those fees they're not
+Taking Chances there but from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taking Chances there but from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taking Chances there but from the
+Players Point point of view if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Players Point point of view if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Players Point point of view if you're
+good better than the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good better than the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good better than the other
+player and the edge the amount of edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player and the edge the amount of edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player and the edge the amount of edge
+you have over the other player is larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have over the other player is larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have over the other player is larger
+than the fee that the casino charged to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the fee that the casino charged to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the fee that the casino charged to
+you then now you can apply a law of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then now you can apply a law of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then now you can apply a law of
+large number to yourself and win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and if you take an example as poker it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you take an example as poker it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you take an example as poker it
+looks like okay I'm not going to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like okay I'm not going to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like okay I'm not going to play
+poker but if it's like a hedge fund are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker but if it's like a hedge fund are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker but if it's like a hedge fund are
+put for like I don't know if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put for like I don't know if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put for like I don't know if you're
+doing high frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing high frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing high frequency
+trading that's the moral behind it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading that's the moral behind it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading that's the moral behind it so
+that's a belief you should have you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a belief you should have you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a belief you should have you have
+to believe that you have an edge even so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to believe that you have an edge even so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to believe that you have an edge even so
+even if you have a tiny Edge if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you have a tiny Edge if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you have a tiny Edge if you have
+if you can have enough number of Trials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can have enough number of Trials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can have enough number of Trials
+if you can trade enough of times using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can trade enough of times using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can trade enough of times using
+that strategy using some strategy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that strategy using some strategy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that strategy using some strategy that
+you believe is winning over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you believe is winning over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you believe is winning over
+time then law of large number we'll take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time then law of large number we'll take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time then law of large number we'll take
+it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from
+there and we'll bring you money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+profit of course the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is when the variance is Big your belief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when the variance is Big your belief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when the variance is Big your belief
+starts to fall at least that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to fall at least that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to fall at least that was the
+case for me when I was playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case for me when I was playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case for me when I was playing
+poker because I I believe that I had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker because I I believe that I had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker because I I believe that I had an
+edge but when they very when there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge but when they very when there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge but when they very when there's
+really swing it looks like you your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really swing it looks like you your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really swing it looks like you your
+expectation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is
+negative and that's when you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and that's when you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and that's when you have to
+believe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself
+yeah that's when your face in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's when your face in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's when your face in
+mathematics is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics is being
+challenged yeah it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenged yeah it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenged yeah it really
+happened I hope it doesn't happen to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened I hope it doesn't happen to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened I hope it doesn't happen to you
+anyway let's prove all our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway let's prove all our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway let's prove all our
+numbers how do we prove it the proof is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers how do we prove it the proof is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers how do we prove it the proof is
+quite easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite easy
+okay so first of all one observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so first of all one observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so first of all one observation
+expectation of X is just expectation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of X is just expectation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of X is just expectation of
+1 n * sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+XI and that by linearity just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+becomes some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and
+that's yeah okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's yeah okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's yeah okay so that's
+good then the variance what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good then the variance what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good then the variance what's the
+variance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X that's the
+expectation of x - mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of x - mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of x - mu
+s which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s which is the
+expectation sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation sum
+over all I minus mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all I minus mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all I minus mu
+Square yeah that'll group them that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square yeah that'll group them that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square yeah that'll group them that's
+the expectation of 1 / n sum of X i- mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation of 1 / n sum of X i- mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation of 1 / n sum of X i- mu
+s i from 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay what did I do wrong here one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what did I do wrong here one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what did I do wrong here one over
+and is inside the square so if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is inside the square so if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is inside the square so if you take
+it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out
+square and then you're summing n terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and then you're summing n terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and then you're summing n terms
+of Sigma Square so that is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Sigma Square so that is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Sigma Square so that is equal
+to Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+square that means the effect of average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square that means the effect of average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square that means the effect of average
+and nend terms does not affect your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nend terms does not affect your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nend terms does not affect your
+average but it affects your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average but it affects your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average but it affects your
+variance by dividing like it divides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance by dividing like it divides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance by dividing like it divides
+your variance by n so if you take larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your variance by n so if you take larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your variance by n so if you take larger
+and larger n your variance get smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and larger n your variance get smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and larger n your variance get smaller
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+smaller and using that we can prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and using that we can prove this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and using that we can prove this
+statement there's a only one thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement there's a only one thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement there's a only one thing you
+have to notice is the probability that x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to notice is the probability that x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to notice is the probability that x
+- mu is greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- mu is greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- mu is greater than
+Epsilon when you multiply this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon when you multiply this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon when you multiply this by
+Epsilon Square this will be less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon Square this will be less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon Square this will be less than or
+equal to the variance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the variance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the variance of
+X Okay the reason this inequality holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Okay the reason this inequality holds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Okay the reason this inequality holds
+is because variances X is defined as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because variances X is defined as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because variances X is defined as the
+expectation of x - mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of x - mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of x - mu
+s for all the events when you have xus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s for all the events when you have xus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s for all the events when you have xus
+mu at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu at least
+Epsilon your multiplying factor x squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon your multiplying factor x squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon your multiplying factor x squ
+will be at least Epsilon Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be at least Epsilon Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be at least Epsilon Square
+this term this term will be at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term this term will be at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term this term will be at least
+Epsilon Square when you're when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon Square when you're when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon Square when you're when you're
+fall into this event so your variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall into this event so your variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall into this event so your variance
+has to be at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be at
+least and this is known to be Sigma sare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least and this is known to be Sigma sare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least and this is known to be Sigma sare
+n so probability that x - mu greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so probability that x - mu greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so probability that x - mu greater
+than an Epsilon is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than an Epsilon is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than an Epsilon is at
+most Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most Square
+n that means if you take n to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n that means if you take n to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n that means if you take n to go to
+Infinity that goes to zero so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity that goes to zero so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity that goes to zero so the
+probability that you deviates do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you deviates do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you deviates do you
+deviate from the mean by more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviate from the mean by more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviate from the mean by more than
+Epsilon goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon goes to
+zero you can actually read out a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you can actually read out a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you can actually read out a little
+bit more from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+proof it also tells a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof it also tells a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof it also tells a little bit about
+the speed of convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of convergence
+okay so let's say your mean you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's say your mean you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's say your mean you have an
+a random variable X your mean is 50 your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random variable X your mean is 50 your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random variable X your mean is 50 your
+Epsilon is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon is like
+0.1 so you want to know the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.1 so you want to know the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.1 so you want to know the probability
+that you deviate from your mean by more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you deviate from your mean by more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you deviate from your mean by more
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+0.1 let's say you want to be sure 99%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.1 let's say you want to be sure 99%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.1 let's say you want to be sure 99%
+sure want to be 99%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure want to be 99%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure want to be 99%
+sure that x - mu is less than 0.1 or x -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that x - mu is less than 0.1 or x -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that x - mu is less than 0.1 or x -
+50 is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 is less than
+0.1 in that case what you can do is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.1 in that case what you can do is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.1 in that case what you can do is you
+want this to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this to be
+0.01 less to be 0.01
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.01 less to be 0.01
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.01 less to be 0.01
+so plug in that plug in your variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so plug in that plug in your variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so plug in that plug in your variance
+plug in your Epsilon that will give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in your Epsilon that will give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in your Epsilon that will give you
+some bound on N so if you have more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some bound on N so if you have more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some bound on N so if you have more than
+that number of Trials you can be 99%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number of Trials you can be 99%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number of Trials you can be 99%
+sure that you don't deviate from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that you don't deviate from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that you don't deviate from your
+mean by more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by more than
+Epsilon okay so that does give some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon okay so that does give some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon okay so that does give some
+estimate but I should mention that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate but I should mention that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate but I should mention that this
+is a very bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very bad
+estimate there are much more powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate there are much more powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate there are much more powerful
+estimates that can be done here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates that can be done here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates that can be done here that
+will give the order of magnitude I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give the order of magnitude I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give the order of magnitude I
+didn't really calculate here but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really calculate here but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really calculate here but it
+looks like it's close to millions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like it's close to millions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like it's close to millions and
+has to be close to Millions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be close to Millions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be close to Millions
+but in practice if you use a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in practice if you use a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in practice if you use a lot more
+powerful tool of estimating it it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful tool of estimating it it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful tool of estimating it it should
+only be like hundreds or at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thousands so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands so
+yeah and yeah you can use so the tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and yeah you can use so the tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and yeah you can use so the tool
+use there is moment gening functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use there is moment gening functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use there is moment gening functions
+something similar to moment gener
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something similar to moment gener
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something similar to moment gener
+functions but I will not go into it any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions but I will not go into it any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions but I will not go into it any
+questions okay so one more thing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so one more thing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so one more thing for
+those who already saw law of large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who already saw law of large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who already saw law of large
+numbers before there's also the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers before there's also the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers before there's also the name
+suggests there's also something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests there's also something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests there's also something called
+strong law of large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong law of large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong law of large
+numbers those in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers those in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers those in those
+theorems in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems in that
+theorem your conclusion is stronger okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem your conclusion is stronger okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem your conclusion is stronger okay
+so it's a convergence is stronger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a convergence is stronger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a convergence is stronger than
+this type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+convergence and also the conditions I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence and also the conditions I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence and also the conditions I
+gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave
+here is a very strong condition the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a very strong condition the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a very strong condition the same
+conclusion is true even if if you weaken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion is true even if if you weaken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion is true even if if you weaken
+some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the
+conditions so for example the variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so for example the variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so for example the variance
+does not have to exist it can be repl by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not have to exist it can be repl by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not have to exist it can be repl by
+some other condition and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other condition and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other condition and so
+on but here I just want it to be in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on but here I just want it to be in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on but here I just want it to be in a
+simple form so that it's easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple form so that it's easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple form so that it's easy to
+prove and you at least you just get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove and you at least you just get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove and you at least you just get the
+spirit of what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening
+okay now let's move on to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's move on to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's move on to the next
+topic Central limit here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so weak law of large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so weak law of large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so weak law of large
+number we law of large numbers said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number we law of large numbers said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number we law of large numbers said that
+if you have IID random variables 1 / n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have IID random variables 1 / n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have IID random variables 1 / n
+* Su sum over X SI converges to Mu the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* Su sum over X SI converges to Mu the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* Su sum over X SI converges to Mu the
+mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+in some weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sense and the reason it happened was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and the reason it happened was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and the reason it happened was
+because this had mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this had mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this had mean
+mu and variance Sigma Square /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n right and we exploited that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n right and we exploited that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n right and we exploited that the
+exploited the fact that variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploited the fact that variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploited the fact that variance
+vanishes to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanishes to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanishes to get
+this so the question is what happens if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so the question is what happens if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so the question is what happens if
+you replace 1/ n by 1 n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens
+if for the random variable 1/ < TK n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if for the random variable 1/ < TK n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if for the random variable 1/ < TK n
+* x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i the reason this I'm making this choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i the reason this I'm making this choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i the reason this I'm making this choice
+of one / squ Ro n is because if you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one / squ Ro n is because if you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one / squ Ro n is because if you make
+this choice now the average has mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this choice now the average has mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this choice now the average has mean
+mu and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu and
+variance Sigma Square just as in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance Sigma Square just as in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance Sigma Square just as in
+XI so this is same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as x
+i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay then what should it look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then what should it look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then what should it look
+like it's the random variable with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's the random variable with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's the random variable with the
+same mean and same variance as your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same mean and same variance as your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same mean and same variance as your
+original random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original random
+variable should it look like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable should it look like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable should it look like the
+distribution of this should it look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of this should it look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of this should it look like
+the distribution of XI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ah if mean is Mu thank you very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah if mean is Mu thank you very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah if mean is Mu thank you very
+much when the case may mean it's Z yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much when the case may mean it's Z yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much when the case may mean it's Z yeah
+thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you okay for this special case does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay for this special case does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay for this special case does it
+look like will it look like XI or will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like will it look like XI or will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like will it look like XI or will
+it not look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it not look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it not look like
+XI if it doesn't look like XI can we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XI if it doesn't look like XI can we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XI if it doesn't look like XI can we say
+something anything interesting about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something anything interesting about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something anything interesting about the
+distribution of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of this
+and Central limit theorem answers this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Central limit theorem answers this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Central limit theorem answers this
+question and it's actually I when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and it's actually I when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and it's actually I when I
+first saw it I thought it was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first saw it I thought it was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first saw it I thought it was really
+interesting because normal distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because normal distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because normal distribution
+comes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and that's probably one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and that's probably one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and that's probably one of the
+reason that normal distribution is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that normal distribution is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that normal distribution is so
+Universal because when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal because when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal because when you
+take many independent events and take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take many independent events and take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take many independent events and take
+the average in this sense their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average in this sense their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average in this sense their
+distribution converges to a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution converges to a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution converges to a normal
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+yes did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes did
+you oh no I didn't get it it's I assumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you oh no I didn't get it it's I assumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you oh no I didn't get it it's I assumed
+it if x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if x
+again if yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theorem let X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem let X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem let X1
+X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2
+xn be I ID random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variables with mean this type U and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables with mean this type U and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables with mean this type U and
+various Sig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+square and and let V and or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and and let V and or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and and let V and or
+YN YN b n * n x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribution of YN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of YN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of YN
+converges to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to
+that of normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of normal
+distribution with mean zero and variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sig what this means I'll write it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sig what this means I'll write it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sig what this means I'll write it down
+again it means for all X probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it means for all X probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it means for all X probability
+that Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Y
+and less than oral X converges the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and less than oral X converges the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and less than oral X converges the
+probability that normal distribution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that normal distribution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that normal distribution is
+less than equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X what's really interesting here is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X what's really interesting here is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X what's really interesting here is no
+matter what distribution you had in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what distribution you had in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what distribution you had in the
+beginning if you average it out in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning if you average it out in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning if you average it out in this
+sense then you converge to the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribution any questions about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution any questions about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution any questions about the
+statement or any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement or any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement or any
+corrections any mistakes that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrections any mistakes that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrections any mistakes that I
+made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made
+okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+proof I will prove it when the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof I will prove it when the moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof I will prove it when the moment
+generating function exists so assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating function exists so assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating function exists so assume
+that the moment J function exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the moment J function exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the moment J function exists
+so proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so proof
+assuming M of XI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exists okay so remember that theorem try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists okay so remember that theorem try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists okay so remember that theorem try
+to recall that theorem where if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recall that theorem where if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recall that theorem where if you know
+that the moment generating function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the moment generating function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the moment generating function of
+YN converges to the moment J in function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YN converges to the moment J in function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YN converges to the moment J in function
+of the normal they then we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the normal they then we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the normal they then we have the
+statement the distribution convergent so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement the distribution convergent so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement the distribution convergent so
+that's the statement we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the statement we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the statement we're going to
+use that means our goal is to prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that means our goal is to prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that means our goal is to prove that
+the moment Jan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment Jan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment Jan
+function of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of these
+YNS converge to the moment function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YNS converge to the moment function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YNS converge to the moment function of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+normal for all T pointwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+converion okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converion okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converion okay
+and this part is well known I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this part is well known I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this part is well known I'll just
+write it down it's known to be e the t²
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it down it's known to be e the t²
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it down it's known to be e the t²
+sigma s/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 that just can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+computed sare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed sare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed sare
+Square so we want to somehow show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square so we want to somehow show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square so we want to somehow show that
+the moment gener function of this YN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment gener function of this YN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment gener function of this YN
+converges to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to that
+gener function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gener function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gener function of
+YN is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YN is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YN is equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+expectation of e to T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+YN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is T 1un
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is T 1un
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is T 1un
+N sum of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+IUS and then because each of the XI are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IUS and then because each of the XI are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IUS and then because each of the XI are
+independent this sum will split into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent this sum will split into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent this sum will split into
+products okay product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expectation index expectation the sum uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation index expectation the sum uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation index expectation the sum uh
+we didn't use Independence yet sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't use Independence yet sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't use Independence yet sum
+becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes
+product of e of t 1/ n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of e of t 1/ n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of e of t 1/ n
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+okay and then because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then because they're
+independent this product can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out equal to the product from 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out equal to the product from 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out equal to the product from 1 to
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+expectation of e to the T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now they are identically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now they are identically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now they are identically
+distributed so you just have to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed so you just have to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed so you just have to take the
+N power of that that's equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N power of that that's equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N power of that that's equal to the
+expectation of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of t
+n x IUS mu the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n x IUS mu the N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n x IUS mu the N
+power now we'll do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power now we'll do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power now we'll do some
+estimation so use a tailor expansion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation so use a tailor expansion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation so use a tailor expansion of
+this what we get is expectation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what we get is expectation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what we get is expectation of
+one plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one plus
+that t n x i-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that t n x i-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that t n x i-
+mu + 1/ 2 factorial that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu + 1/ 2 factorial that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu + 1/ 2 factorial that's
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+tun x i-^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tun x i-^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tun x i-^
+2 plus 1 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 plus 1 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 plus 1 3
+factorial that cubed plus so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on okay and that's equal to one not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on okay and that's equal to one not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on okay and that's equal to one not to
+the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Power by linearity of expectation one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Power by linearity of expectation one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Power by linearity of expectation one
+comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes
+out second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out second
+term is zero because X I have mean z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is zero because X I have mean z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is zero because X I have mean z
+mean mu that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean mu that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean mu that
+disappears this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+term we have 1/ 2 t^2 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term we have 1/ 2 t^2 /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term we have 1/ 2 t^2 /
+n x i - mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n x i - mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n x i - mu
+s x i - mu sare when you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s x i - mu sare when you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s x i - mu sare when you take
+expectation that will be Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+square and then the terms after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and then the terms after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and then the terms after
+that because we're only interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because we're only interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because we're only interested in
+proving that for fixed T this converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving that for fixed T this converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving that for fixed T this converges
+so we're only proving pointwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're only proving pointwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're only proving pointwise
+convergence we may consider t as a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence we may consider t as a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence we may consider t as a fixed
+number so as n goes to Infinity if n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so as n goes to Infinity if n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so as n goes to Infinity if n is
+really really large these all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really large these all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really large these all these
+terms will be smaller order of magnitud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms will be smaller order of magnitud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms will be smaller order of magnitud
+ude than n one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happens and that's happening because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and that's happening because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and that's happening because
+we're fixed we have fix for each fixed T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're fixed we have fix for each fixed T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're fixed we have fix for each fixed T
+we have to prove this if we're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to prove this if we're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to prove this if we're saying
+something about uniformly about t that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about uniformly about t that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about uniformly about t that's
+no longer true now we go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer true now we go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer true now we go back to the
+exponential form so this is pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential form so this is pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential form so this is pretty much
+just e to the that term 1 2 t^ 2ma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just e to the that term 1 2 t^ 2ma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just e to the that term 1 2 t^ 2ma
+N plus little of 1 over n to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N plus little of 1 over n to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N plus little of 1 over n to the
+N now that n n can be multiplied to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N now that n n can be multiplied to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N now that n n can be multiplied to
+cancel out cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel out cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel out cancel
+out and we see that it's e t^ Sigma over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and we see that it's e t^ Sigma over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and we see that it's e t^ Sigma over
+2 plus the one so if you take n go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 plus the one so if you take n go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 plus the one so if you take n go to
+Infinity that term disappears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we prove that it converges to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we prove that it converges to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we prove that it converges to
+that and then by the theorem that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then by the theorem that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then by the theorem that I
+stated before if we have this we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated before if we have this we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated before if we have this we know
+that the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+converges any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions okay I'll make one final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay I'll make one final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay I'll make one final
+remark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Suppose there is a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X whose mean we do not know whose mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X whose mean we do not know whose mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X whose mean we do not know whose mean
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unknown our goal is to estimate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown our goal is to estimate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown our goal is to estimate the
+mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+okay and one way to do that is by taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and one way to do that is by taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and one way to do that is by taking
+many independent Trials of this brandom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many independent Trials of this brandom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many independent Trials of this brandom
+variable okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable okay so
+take independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trials X1 X2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials X1 X2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials X1 X2 to
+xn and use 1/ X1 + xn as our estimator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then the law of large numbers say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the law of large numbers say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the law of large numbers say that
+this will be very close to the mean so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be very close to the mean so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be very close to the mean so
+if you take n to be large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take n to be large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take n to be large
+enough you'll more than likely have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough you'll more than likely have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough you'll more than likely have some
+value which is very close to the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value which is very close to the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value which is very close to the mean
+and then the central limit theorem tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the central limit theorem tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the central limit theorem tells
+you how the distribution of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how the distribution of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how the distribution of this
+variable is around the mean so we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is around the mean so we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is around the mean so we don't
+know what the real value is but we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the real value is but we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the real value is but we know
+that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+distribution of the value that we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the value that we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the value that we'll
+obtain here is something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain here is something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain here is something like that
+around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me and because what is it normal normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and because what is it normal normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and because what is it normal normal
+distribution have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution have
+very small Tails or tail distribution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small Tails or tail distribution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small Tails or tail distribution is
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+small yeah so we will get really close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small yeah so we will get really close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small yeah so we will get really close
+really fast
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/g0KqIIEjXiM.txt b/g0KqIIEjXiM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..af157fbd14bc83edad2d39f827c11b6a2be69c1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/g0KqIIEjXiM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,475 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+well actually 40 degree around I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well actually 40 degree around I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well actually 40 degree around I really
+like how it like basically everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how it like basically everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how it like basically everything
+within the class yeah guys go ahead you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the class yeah guys go ahead you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the class yeah guys go ahead you
+do everyday I was very personal I also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do everyday I was very personal I also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do everyday I was very personal I also
+like thought like well he said that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like thought like well he said that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like thought like well he said that it
+covered everything in the class which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered everything in the class which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered everything in the class which I
+think it's also important giving that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's also important giving that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's also important giving that
+we're sharing this class to the world so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're sharing this class to the world so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're sharing this class to the world so
+I like to cover everything you say yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like to cover everything you say yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like to cover everything you say yeah
+yeah and we're gonna talk a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and we're gonna talk a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and we're gonna talk a little more
+about like technology and specifically I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like technology and specifically I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like technology and specifically I
+mean I think it was like more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I think it was like more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I think it was like more
+appropriate I also like the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate I also like the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate I also like the fact that
+you like reference readings from weeks I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like reference readings from weeks I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like reference readings from weeks I
+thought it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the first draft I was very worried they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first draft I was very worried they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first draft I was very worried they
+let me do that lots of work between then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me do that lots of work between then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me do that lots of work between then
+and today so I'm very very pleased the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and today so I'm very very pleased the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and today so I'm very very pleased the
+connection a certain and as was said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection a certain and as was said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection a certain and as was said
+before it was a nice way to because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it was a nice way to because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it was a nice way to because you
+know the perfect less impatient because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the perfect less impatient because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the perfect less impatient because
+you did manage to bring lots of threads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did manage to bring lots of threads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did manage to bring lots of threads
+together and you did reference the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and you did reference the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and you did reference the
+readings and andyecosse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings and andyecosse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings and andyecosse
+I wish I did a bit more about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wish I did a bit more about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wish I did a bit more about the
+technology parts but you know ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology parts but you know ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology parts but you know ten
+minutes I think even beyond ten minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes I think even beyond ten minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes I think even beyond ten minutes
+yeah you as much do so which means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you as much do so which means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you as much do so which means that
+maybe I assigned too many meetings for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I assigned too many meetings for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I assigned too many meetings for
+that for that one time so yes it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for that one time so yes it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for that one time so yes it was
+well done and also the personal thoughts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well done and also the personal thoughts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well done and also the personal thoughts
+were well chosen and appropriate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were well chosen and appropriate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were well chosen and appropriate and
+brought extra light on the discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought extra light on the discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought extra light on the discussion
+and and great questions great questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and great questions great questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and great questions great questions
+definitely in fact one could keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely in fact one could keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely in fact one could keep
+thinking about these you know fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about these you know fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about these you know fourth
+yeah for example for a long time we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah for example for a long time we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah for example for a long time we had
+in fact they it's a nice way to go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact they it's a nice way to go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact they it's a nice way to go into
+the world after this class because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world after this class because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world after this class because I
+think they're going to keep coming back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they're going to keep coming back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they're going to keep coming back
+in in your interaction and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in your interaction and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in your interaction and I'm going to
+send you some references on this issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send you some references on this issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send you some references on this issue
+of growth mindset versus fixed mindset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of growth mindset versus fixed mindset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of growth mindset versus fixed mindset
+so actually in black matters we had last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually in black matters we had last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually in black matters we had last
+week we had them actually someone from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week we had them actually someone from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week we had them actually someone from
+digital running a fella man who goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital running a fella man who goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital running a fella man who goes
+with me to Haiti she did do two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me to Haiti she did do two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me to Haiti she did do two
+workshops with the students about growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workshops with the students about growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workshops with the students about growth
+mindset with his fixed mindset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mindset with his fixed mindset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mindset with his fixed mindset
+and she and she yeah and she had some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she and she yeah and she had some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she and she yeah and she had some
+very interesting references which I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting references which I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting references which I will
+share with you because I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share with you because I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share with you because I think we
+connect very interesting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect very interesting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect very interesting to
+instructional of identity who makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructional of identity who makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructional of identity who makes it
+for you and how can you go beyond what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you and how can you go beyond what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you and how can you go beyond what
+was imposed on you for your own self in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was imposed on you for your own self in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was imposed on you for your own self in
+terms of seeing as an asset versus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of seeing as an asset versus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of seeing as an asset versus a
+liability so well done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liability so well done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liability so well done
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+[Applause]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gMmamytjyXI.txt b/gMmamytjyXI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6fbe2028dda3a5365aa610c75b3ee8cd144e8618
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gMmamytjyXI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13481 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu this is the third and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu this is the third and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu this is the third and the
+last of the three models of City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last of the three models of City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last of the three models of City
+form that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form that
+uh I've been putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I've been putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I've been putting
+forward to repeat these models were just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward to repeat these models were just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward to repeat these models were just
+deduced in classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduced in classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduced in classes
+in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between
+1956 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1956 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1956 and
+1980 uh by Kevin Lyn and published in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1980 uh by Kevin Lyn and published in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1980 uh by Kevin Lyn and published in
+theory of good City form I've adapted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of good City form I've adapted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of good City form I've adapted
+them and added enormous amount of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and added enormous amount of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and added enormous amount of them
+subsequently but the basis of the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequently but the basis of the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequently but the basis of the idea
+was to put forward some generalizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to put forward some generalizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to put forward some generalizations
+about the form of cities and try to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the form of cities and try to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the form of cities and try to see
+to what extent they had validity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what extent they had validity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what extent they had validity in
+relation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation to
+current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+urbanism if the cosmic model paid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urbanism if the cosmic model paid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urbanism if the cosmic model paid
+attention to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to the
+regularity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity of
+nature through the study of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature through the study of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature through the study of the
+ecclesiastical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecclesiastical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecclesiastical
+systems if the Machine model preoccupied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems if the Machine model preoccupied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems if the Machine model preoccupied
+it with the speed with which you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with the speed with which you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with the speed with which you could
+build new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build new
+places and started off at the beginnings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places and started off at the beginnings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places and started off at the beginnings
+of modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of modern
+commercialism and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercialism and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercialism and
+colonization the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonization the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonization the
+appreciation of the of nature as a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciation of the of nature as a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciation of the of nature as a model
+for cities is even vager than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for cities is even vager than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for cities is even vager than the
+others Nature has always been difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others Nature has always been difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others Nature has always been difficult
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+Define although it's palpable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define although it's palpable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define although it's palpable and
+existentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate
+it's bread is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's bread is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's bread is so
+large and it's need a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and it's need a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and it's need a lot of
+acquisition in order to transform it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquisition in order to transform it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquisition in order to transform it
+into a viable theory of form of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a viable theory of form of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a viable theory of form of this
+form of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of a
+city not that it hasn't been used in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city not that it hasn't been used in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city not that it hasn't been used in the
+class today we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class today we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class today we look at
+examples of urban urban forms which have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of urban urban forms which have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of urban urban forms which have
+set forth principles of natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+accommodation I start with the a piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodation I start with the a piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodation I start with the a piece
+from a German Town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a German Town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a German Town
+planner post war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planner post war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planner post war
+1948 this man who had been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Nazi a regime architect of the city of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nazi a regime architect of the city of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nazi a regime architect of the city of
+Statin says the following in his 1948
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Statin says the following in his 1948
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Statin says the following in his 1948
+book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book
+Oran Oran B organ cure which in English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oran Oran B organ cure which in English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oran Oran B organ cure which in English
+means organic City Planning organic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means organic City Planning organic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means organic City Planning organic
+architecture organic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+culture forget about the city it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture forget about the city it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture forget about the city it's
+unimportant Statin it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unimportant Statin it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unimportant Statin it's a
+northern city in Germany the importance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+northern city in Germany the importance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+northern city in Germany the importance
+is his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is his
+proposition the metaphysic in his book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition the metaphysic in his book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition the metaphysic in his book
+are familiar the branching of a tree the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are familiar the branching of a tree the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are familiar the branching of a tree the
+structure of a leaf the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of a leaf the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of a leaf the human
+lung he condemns all inorganic City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lung he condemns all inorganic City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lung he condemns all inorganic City
+forms be they simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms be they simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms be they simple
+grids the Machine model or products of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grids the Machine model or products of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grids the Machine model or products of
+the grand Mana the cosmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grand Mana the cosmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grand Mana the cosmic
+model he says they are static which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model he says they are static which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model he says they are static which is
+nonsense he fults Advocates of linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsense he fults Advocates of linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsense he fults Advocates of linear
+cities for presenting this model as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities for presenting this model as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities for presenting this model as a
+complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete
+solution it's in itself the linear city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution it's in itself the linear city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution it's in itself the linear city
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+incomplete City expansion is organic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomplete City expansion is organic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomplete City expansion is organic
+when it occurs along radial lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it occurs along radial lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it occurs along radial lines
+without losing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without losing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without losing
+power a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+radial an organic town is not clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial an organic town is not clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial an organic town is not clearly
+described but City expansion is organic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described but City expansion is organic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described but City expansion is organic
+when it occurs along radial lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it occurs along radial lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it occurs along radial lines
+without losing centripetal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without losing centripetal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without losing centripetal
+power and analogical to the human body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and analogical to the human body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and analogical to the human body
+it would be like the heart being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be like the heart being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be like the heart being able to
+sustain an extension of the arms and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustain an extension of the arms and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustain an extension of the arms and the
+legs in the human body beyond measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legs in the human body beyond measure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legs in the human body beyond measure of
+course it's nonsense nature doesn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it's nonsense nature doesn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it's nonsense nature doesn't work
+that way certainly not in the organicism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way certainly not in the organicism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way certainly not in the organicism
+of the human body the heart is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the human body the heart is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the human body the heart is in the
+place where it is for reasons of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where it is for reasons of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where it is for reasons of
+geometry as well as reasons of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry as well as reasons of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry as well as reasons of
+performance um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+conclude the city will stop growing when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude the city will stop growing when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude the city will stop growing when
+it is filled its natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is filled its natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is filled its natural
+space here again the term natural is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space here again the term natural is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space here again the term natural is
+used Loosely what is the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used Loosely what is the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used Loosely what is the natural
+space of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of a
+city one which is 20 million people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city one which is 20 million people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city one which is 20 million people in
+size or one which is the size of of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size or one which is the size of of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size or one which is the size of of uh
+Springfield Massachusetts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springfield Massachusetts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springfield Massachusetts
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nonsense he ends up by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsense he ends up by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsense he ends up by
+saying the freedom of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the freedom of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the freedom of
+appearance is a precondition of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearance is a precondition of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearance is a precondition of all
+natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beauty we will in discussing the C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauty we will in discussing the C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauty we will in discussing the C
+attributes given to nature which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes given to nature which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes given to nature which are
+beautiful in this crazy phenomenon of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful in this crazy phenomenon of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful in this crazy phenomenon of
+biomorphism in architecture in one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomorphism in architecture in one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomorphism in architecture in one of
+the textbooks published by Yale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the textbooks published by Yale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the textbooks published by Yale
+University press God forbid that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University press God forbid that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University press God forbid that they
+should publish books like that you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should publish books like that you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should publish books like that you are
+instructed to avoid the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructed to avoid the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructed to avoid the
+rectangle because it doesn't perform for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle because it doesn't perform for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle because it doesn't perform for
+human beings as much as the curved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human beings as much as the curved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human beings as much as the curved
+surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface
+does it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it's
+nonsense there are and there are met
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsense there are and there are met
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsense there are and there are met
+metaphors to be gained from or organic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphors to be gained from or organic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphors to be gained from or organic
+material and organic processes which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and organic processes which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and organic processes which are
+close to rectangular form as it is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to rectangular form as it is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to rectangular form as it is to
+Bent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bent
+form what is by and large argued is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form what is by and large argued is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form what is by and large argued is that
+man has the the capacity or should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man has the the capacity or should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man has the the capacity or should
+have the right to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the right to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the right to
+borrow processes and forms which have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow processes and forms which have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow processes and forms which have
+worked in previous conditions this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked in previous conditions this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked in previous conditions this is an
+element of history and an element of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of history and an element of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of history and an element of
+science which we abide by how selective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science which we abide by how selective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science which we abide by how selective
+you are and how much learning it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are and how much learning it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are and how much learning it
+requires to choose a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires to choose a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires to choose a particular
+biomorphic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomorphic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomorphic
+example is open to question it is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is open to question it is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is open to question it is not
+categorical at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all the piece I've handed out to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the piece I've handed out to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the piece I've handed out to you
+today I haven't got a copy myself yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's some examples which and cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's some examples which and cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's some examples which and cases
+which I'm going to go into in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'm going to go into in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'm going to go into in some
+detail at the top of the first page it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail at the top of the first page it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail at the top of the first page it
+tries to set out some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to set out some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to set out some of the
+characteristics of an organic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of an organic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of an organic
+system and then it tries to argue for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and then it tries to argue for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and then it tries to argue for
+the depiction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the depiction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the depiction of
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+protocols in the form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+settlement the diagram below from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement the diagram below from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement the diagram below from the
+regional plan of New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regional plan of New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regional plan of New York
+1923 which says the possible state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1923 which says the possible state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1923 which says the possible state of
+the future in which each part serves its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future in which each part serves its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future in which each part serves its
+logical fun function in support of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical fun function in support of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical fun function in support of a
+holing activity and good living and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holing activity and good living and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holing activity and good living and a
+version of Patrick G is's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of Patrick G is's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of Patrick G is's
+linear Valley section which I'll go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear Valley section which I'll go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear Valley section which I'll go to
+later uh going to later is below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later uh going to later is below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later uh going to later is below
+that what is the appropriate space that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what is the appropriate space that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what is the appropriate space that
+something has in a natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something has in a natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something has in a natural
+system Patrick G is the great Scottish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system Patrick G is the great Scottish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system Patrick G is the great Scottish
+biologist and town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologist and town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologist and town
+planner argues for this in his Valley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planner argues for this in his Valley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planner argues for this in his Valley
+section which is on the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section which is on the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section which is on the next
+part for him there's a natural logic in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part for him there's a natural logic in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part for him there's a natural logic in
+the location of quarrying at a distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the location of quarrying at a distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the location of quarrying at a distance
+from the water that a fishing Village
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the water that a fishing Village
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the water that a fishing Village
+would be next to the water and that c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be next to the water and that c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be next to the water and that c
+farming would be somewhere between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farming would be somewhere between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farming would be somewhere between
+Market gardening and arable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market gardening and arable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market gardening and arable
+farming in the same way he tries to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farming in the same way he tries to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farming in the same way he tries to
+build a section through a town iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a section through a town iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a section through a town iron
+steel are far from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel are far from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel are far from the
+center from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+port what locates a fua between a Woolen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+port what locates a fua between a Woolen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+port what locates a fua between a Woolen
+good store and a think a a Timber and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good store and a think a a Timber and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good store and a think a a Timber and
+paper Merchant it's not explaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper Merchant it's not explaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper Merchant it's not explaining
+it's only explainable according to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only explainable according to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only explainable according to a
+geography of purpose which is assumed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geography of purpose which is assumed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geography of purpose which is assumed by
+this man at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this man at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this man at the
+time as you'll see when we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time as you'll see when we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time as you'll see when we talk about
+more about theories which are derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about theories which are derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about theories which are derived
+from the social sciences from economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the social sciences from economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the social sciences from economics
+they are economic theories one tun and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are economic theories one tun and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are economic theories one tun and
+others which locate things in a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others which locate things in a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others which locate things in a certain
+degree of relationship with other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of relationship with other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of relationship with other things
+to argue that this is a natural state I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to argue that this is a natural state I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to argue that this is a natural state I
+debunk it's not the natural state of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debunk it's not the natural state of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debunk it's not the natural state of a
+shopping center in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shopping center in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shopping center in
+2013 the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2013 the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2013 the United
+States I will show in the case study of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States I will show in the case study of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States I will show in the case study of
+the Tennessee Valley Authority which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Tennessee Valley Authority which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Tennessee Valley Authority which
+I'll do later in this class that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do later in this class that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do later in this class that the
+conception of nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conception of nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conception of nature
+which Roosevelt and Bon McKay and Lewis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Roosevelt and Bon McKay and Lewis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Roosevelt and Bon McKay and Lewis
+mford and others region and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mford and others region and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mford and others region and
+transcendentalist had in mind in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcendentalist had in mind in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcendentalist had in mind in
+1933 for seven American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1933 for seven American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1933 for seven American
+States has been modified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States has been modified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States has been modified
+constantly since then to today when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly since then to today when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly since then to today when they
+protes every few months against the use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protes every few months against the use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protes every few months against the use
+of nuclear power against the manhatton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nuclear power against the manhatton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nuclear power against the manhatton
+project all of which locate within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project all of which locate within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project all of which locate within the
+TVA idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the next page is from a book by Darcy by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next page is from a book by Darcy by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next page is from a book by Darcy by
+an Englishman Darcy Thompson called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Englishman Darcy Thompson called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Englishman Darcy Thompson called
+growth and form which argues that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth and form which argues that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth and form which argues that the
+organic species as these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic species as these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic species as these
+fish do not achieve a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish do not achieve a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish do not achieve a new
+form every time they change change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form every time they change change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form every time they change change
+marginally he shows that Within These
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginally he shows that Within These
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginally he shows that Within These
+parameters of geometry these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters of geometry these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters of geometry these
+Transformations take place however in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations take place however in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations take place however in
+the natural system the you reach a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural system the you reach a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural system the you reach a
+threshold Beyond which if you change you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold Beyond which if you change you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold Beyond which if you change you
+start a new entity you don't keep on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start a new entity you don't keep on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start a new entity you don't keep on
+growing and growing elephants ants don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing and growing elephants ants don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing and growing elephants ants don't
+get to be as large as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+elephants cities do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elephants cities do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elephants cities do
+apparently grow to large sizes without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently grow to large sizes without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently grow to large sizes without
+distinctively or disassociating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctively or disassociating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctively or disassociating
+themselves from smaller new items this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves from smaller new items this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves from smaller new items this
+is the philosophy of New Towns New Town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the philosophy of New Towns New Town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the philosophy of New Towns New Town
+construction follows the organic model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction follows the organic model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction follows the organic model
+model more than generalized Metropolitan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expansion the next page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion the next page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion the next page
+next Pages deal with stages of the T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next Pages deal with stages of the T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next Pages deal with stages of the T
+Tennessee Valley Authority which I'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tennessee Valley Authority which I'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tennessee Valley Authority which I'll go
+through with you in due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through with you in due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through with you in due
+course let's say a few things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course let's say a few things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course let's say a few things
+about the organic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the organic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the organic
+idea and uh Then followed by three major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and uh Then followed by three major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and uh Then followed by three major
+case four major case studies of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case four major case studies of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case four major case studies of his
+application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an organism is an autonomous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an organism is an autonomous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an organism is an autonomous
+individual secondly it has a definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual secondly it has a definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual secondly it has a definite
+boundary thirdly it has a definite size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary thirdly it has a definite size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary thirdly it has a definite size
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shape the enlargement of an organic item
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape the enlargement of an organic item
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape the enlargement of an organic item
+Beyond its normal size and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond its normal size and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond its normal size and
+appropriateness of size incre increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriateness of size incre increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriateness of size incre increase
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+comedic if you enlarge a mouse to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comedic if you enlarge a mouse to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comedic if you enlarge a mouse to the
+size of something that parades down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of something that parades down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of something that parades down the
+street or the Macy's day parade it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street or the Macy's day parade it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street or the Macy's day parade it is
+humorous it is not a mouse any longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humorous it is not a mouse any longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humorous it is not a mouse any longer
+it's the human brain which has activated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the human brain which has activated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the human brain which has activated
+an unnatural premise that of rampant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unnatural premise that of rampant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unnatural premise that of rampant
+enlargement of an item
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlargement of an item
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlargement of an item
+Beyond reduction in natural size and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond reduction in natural size and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond reduction in natural size and
+enlargement enormous enlargement are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlargement enormous enlargement are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlargement enormous enlargement are the
+products of the human brain not of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products of the human brain not of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products of the human brain not of
+nature if the human brain is part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature if the human brain is part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature if the human brain is part of
+nature of course everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+natural it's interesting to argue as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to whether the human being as a super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whether the human being as a super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whether the human being as a super
+organism like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism like
+ants does things in similar ways how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ants does things in similar ways how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ants does things in similar ways how do
+ants find a new sight for their Queen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ants find a new sight for their Queen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ants find a new sight for their Queen
+Mother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an do you know the phenomenon of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an do you know the phenomenon of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an do you know the phenomenon of the
+pheromone what is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pheromone it's what an anrs when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pheromone it's what an anrs when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pheromone it's what an anrs when he
+wishes to make a mark on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ground the way a sight is chosen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground the way a sight is chosen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground the way a sight is chosen is
+through a decision made by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a decision made by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a decision made by the
+community to choose a particular cavity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community to choose a particular cavity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community to choose a particular cavity
+which has the most pheromone secreted on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has the most pheromone secreted on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has the most pheromone secreted on
+it each person has the right to choose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it each person has the right to choose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it each person has the right to choose a
+site but the site which has the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site but the site which has the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site but the site which has the most
+pheromone secreted on it becomes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pheromone secreted on it becomes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pheromone secreted on it becomes the
+maternal site for the lead of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maternal site for the lead of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maternal site for the lead of the
+community the grammaticus in the Roman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community the grammaticus in the Roman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community the grammaticus in the Roman
+argument uses a measuring stick a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument uses a measuring stick a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument uses a measuring stick a
+geometrically measuring nomon for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically measuring nomon for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically measuring nomon for
+casting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casting a
+shadow the astrobiologist in the cosmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadow the astrobiologist in the cosmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadow the astrobiologist in the cosmic
+model uses a system of rules based to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model uses a system of rules based to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model uses a system of rules based to
+derived presumably from nature I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived presumably from nature I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived presumably from nature I think
+fui is a derivation of natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fui is a derivation of natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fui is a derivation of natural
+observation of sun and stars and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation of sun and stars and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation of sun and stars and so
+on so in that sense animals ants which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so in that sense animals ants which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so in that sense animals ants which
+are probably the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are probably the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are probably the most
+sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated
+superorganisms use techniques for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superorganisms use techniques for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superorganisms use techniques for
+locating a new city in similar ways than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locating a new city in similar ways than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locating a new city in similar ways than
+the human beings does we could secrete F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human beings does we could secrete F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human beings does we could secrete F
+pheromones as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+voters and decide on the best site for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voters and decide on the best site for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voters and decide on the best site for a
+new capital for the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new capital for the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new capital for the United States
+unlikely though that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be there's a retention ISM in the notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be there's a retention ISM in the notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be there's a retention ISM in the notion
+of the organic unit which has turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the organic unit which has turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the organic unit which has turned
+over into the organic settlement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over into the organic settlement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over into the organic settlement
+idea it's best explained by an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea it's best explained by an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea it's best explained by an example
+from patri gidis in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+India patri gidis is asked by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India patri gidis is asked by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India patri gidis is asked by the
+Maharaja of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maharaja of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maharaja of
+bahur to do something about the malaria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bahur to do something about the malaria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bahur to do something about the malaria
+in the town of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the town of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the town of
+bampur bampur has water tanks which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bampur bampur has water tanks which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bampur bampur has water tanks which are
+polluted and the primary impulse by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polluted and the primary impulse by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polluted and the primary impulse by the
+maaj is to follow the British example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maaj is to follow the British example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maaj is to follow the British example
+and get rid of the tanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get rid of the tanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get rid of the tanks
+to use what is called Urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+surgery gy says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgery gy says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgery gy says
+no there's something good about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no there's something good about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no there's something good about these
+tanks so he says let us rather employ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tanks so he says let us rather employ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tanks so he says let us rather employ
+old men to clean them every day setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old men to clean them every day setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old men to clean them every day setting
+up a daily Pro ritual of cleaning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a daily Pro ritual of cleaning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a daily Pro ritual of cleaning of
+cleansing which will be picked up by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleansing which will be picked up by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleansing which will be picked up by the
+kids in the town they will IM they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids in the town they will IM they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids in the town they will IM they will
+make uh they will deviate from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make uh they will deviate from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make uh they will deviate from the
+ritual they will increase the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ritual they will increase the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ritual they will increase the size of
+the activity and you will have no more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activity and you will have no more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activity and you will have no more
+malaria so the notion is to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malaria so the notion is to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malaria so the notion is to use the
+organic model to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic model to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic model to
+retain GES does this in his plan for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retain GES does this in his plan for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retain GES does this in his plan for the
+Reconstruction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reconstruction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reconstruction of
+palur he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palur he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palur he
+says narrow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says narrow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says narrow the
+streets create white use this space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streets create white use this space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streets create white use this space
+alongside the buildings to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alongside the buildings to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alongside the buildings to create
+Greenery and trees this will help the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greenery and trees this will help the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greenery and trees this will help the
+health of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health of the
+settlement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement
+so he looks at the choke the traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he looks at the choke the traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he looks at the choke the traditional
+enclosed linear Market inside blocks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enclosed linear Market inside blocks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enclosed linear Market inside blocks and
+he said instead of taking these away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said instead of taking these away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said instead of taking these away
+let's build on them quite the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's build on them quite the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's build on them quite the opposite
+of what kusia does in chandigar in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what kusia does in chandigar in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what kusia does in chandigar in
+1949 where he uses a sector form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1949 where he uses a sector form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1949 where he uses a sector form
+which is derived either from his work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is derived either from his work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is derived either from his work in
+bogot or from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bogot or from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bogot or from
+the work of Henry Claren Stein and Henry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work of Henry Claren Stein and Henry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work of Henry Claren Stein and Henry
+Wright in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wright in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wright in the
+American version of The Organic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+settlement I've said before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement I've said before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement I've said before
+that the organic form reaches limits or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the organic form reaches limits or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the organic form reaches limits or
+thresholds at which time the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thresholds at which time the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thresholds at which time the change in
+form is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form is
+radical the organic idea has differed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radical the organic idea has differed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radical the organic idea has differed
+Parts these parts are in close contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parts these parts are in close contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parts these parts are in close contact
+with who they work together infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with who they work together infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with who they work together infinite
+each other in subtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other in subtle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other in subtle
+ways if I had to improve the human body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways if I had to improve the human body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways if I had to improve the human body
+I would put the heart lower down in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would put the heart lower down in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would put the heart lower down in the
+body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body
+it has as we've grown in size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has as we've grown in size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has as we've grown in size
+particularly American men uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly American men uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly American men uh the
+distance from the heart to the toes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from the heart to the toes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from the heart to the toes
+becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes
+enlarged and one of the phenomenal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlarged and one of the phenomenal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlarged and one of the phenomenal
+problems with diabetes is that the vein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with diabetes is that the vein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with diabetes is that the vein
+system in from the heart down to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in from the heart down to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in from the heart down to the
+legs is at such a large distance that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legs is at such a large distance that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legs is at such a large distance that
+you get problems with your feet and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get problems with your feet and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get problems with your feet and you
+have in severe cases have have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in severe cases have have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in severe cases have have to have
+your feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your feet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your feet
+amputated so nature doesn't always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amputated so nature doesn't always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amputated so nature doesn't always
+work obviously we die which in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work obviously we die which in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work obviously we die which in the
+organic model is something which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic model is something which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic model is something which is
+difficult to take account of but towns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to take account of but towns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to take account of but towns
+stand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand
+die yes in premodern times they did die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die yes in premodern times they did die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die yes in premodern times they did die
+we spoke to our friends who not here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we spoke to our friends who not here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we spoke to our friends who not here uh
+today yes on Tuesday about fat pikri and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today yes on Tuesday about fat pikri and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today yes on Tuesday about fat pikri and
+the towns that did die um uh it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the towns that did die um uh it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the towns that did die um uh it's not
+clear to me that Urban death is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear to me that Urban death is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear to me that Urban death is as
+finite a phenomenon as human death or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite a phenomenon as human death or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite a phenomenon as human death or
+organic death we all know we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic death we all know we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic death we all know we're going to
+die Detroit doesn't know whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die Detroit doesn't know whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die Detroit doesn't know whether it's
+going to die or not it's lingering In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to die or not it's lingering In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to die or not it's lingering In
+Perpetual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Perpetual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Perpetual
+disease Perpetual disease may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease Perpetual disease may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease Perpetual disease may be
+prolongation of the inertia of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prolongation of the inertia of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prolongation of the inertia of the
+settlement ever since its first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement ever since its first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement ever since its first
+form I come back again to Marx's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form I come back again to Marx's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form I come back again to Marx's
+quotation which I said in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotation which I said in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotation which I said in the first
+class where he said one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class where he said one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class where he said one of the things
+about the creation of human settlements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the creation of human settlements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the creation of human settlements
+is for the first time the distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for the first time the distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for the first time the distinction
+between what is outside and what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between what is outside and what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between what is outside and what is
+inside for a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside for a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside for a long
+time what is outside was nature and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time what is outside was nature and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time what is outside was nature and it
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+dangerous who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hun Leones there are lines out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hun Leones there are lines out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hun Leones there are lines out there
+hun there's some Latin phrases which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hun there's some Latin phrases which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hun there's some Latin phrases which
+describe this phenomenon of RA regarding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe this phenomenon of RA regarding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe this phenomenon of RA regarding
+Nature has both beneficial and both uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nature has both beneficial and both uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nature has both beneficial and both uh
+dangerous to survive requires and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous to survive requires and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous to survive requires and this
+understanding of Nature has both Beauty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of Nature has both Beauty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of Nature has both Beauty
+and the Beast when the sun shines after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Beast when the sun shines after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Beast when the sun shines after
+the floods in Egypt of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the floods in Egypt of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the floods in Egypt of the
+Nile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nile
+heliocentricity is is is becomes a major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heliocentricity is is is becomes a major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heliocentricity is is is becomes a major
+form of culture phenomenal you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of culture phenomenal you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of culture phenomenal you get a
+town like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+heliopolis on the other hand if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heliopolis on the other hand if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heliopolis on the other hand if the
+flood destroys half of your settlement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flood destroys half of your settlement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flood destroys half of your settlement
+because you can't predict the flood's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can't predict the flood's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can't predict the flood's
+behavior you're dealing with an untamed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior you're dealing with an untamed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior you're dealing with an untamed
+Beast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beast
+in some strange way we have come at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some strange way we have come at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some strange way we have come at a
+full circle around our appreciation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full circle around our appreciation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full circle around our appreciation of
+nature we are with climate change both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature we are with climate change both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature we are with climate change both
+facing on the products of the wonders of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing on the products of the wonders of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing on the products of the wonders of
+nature but for the first time as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature but for the first time as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature but for the first time as a
+universe perhaps facing the Beast likee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe perhaps facing the Beast likee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe perhaps facing the Beast likee
+qualities of hurricanes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualities of hurricanes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualities of hurricanes and
+floods so human beings have always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floods so human beings have always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floods so human beings have always
+posited in my view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posited in my view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posited in my view
+between a romantic appreciation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a romantic appreciation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a romantic appreciation of
+nature independent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature independent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature independent of
+things the closing of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things the closing of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things the closing of the
+Agricultural uh communal lands in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Agricultural uh communal lands in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Agricultural uh communal lands in
+England prior to the Industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England prior to the Industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England prior to the Industrial
+Revolution in order to make land for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revolution in order to make land for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revolution in order to make land for
+Parks or for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parks or for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parks or for the
+wealthy took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+away the living substance from poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away the living substance from poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away the living substance from poor
+people but cre created the great Pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people but cre created the great Pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people but cre created the great Pro
+provenance of British romantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Parks who decides on nature being good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parks who decides on nature being good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parks who decides on nature being good
+or bad in that respect nature is value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or bad in that respect nature is value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or bad in that respect nature is value
+free that's what makes it so difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free that's what makes it so difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free that's what makes it so difficult
+for one to easily assign value to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one to easily assign value to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one to easily assign value to
+Natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+circumstance let's look very quickly at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstance let's look very quickly at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstance let's look very quickly at
+the phenomenon of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phenomenon of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phenomenon of
+a two more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phenomenon the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon the two
+are the first one is that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the first one is that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the first one is that of
+homeostasis one of the major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeostasis one of the major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeostasis one of the major
+characteristics of the human or of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of the human or of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of the human or of any
+animal organism is its capacity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal organism is its capacity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal organism is its capacity to
+repair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repair
+itself when it's too hot as in this room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself when it's too hot as in this room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself when it's too hot as in this room
+this morning you start sweating to cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this morning you start sweating to cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this morning you start sweating to cool
+down your temperature you don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down your temperature you don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down your temperature you don't need to
+turn on a machine like switch it happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn on a machine like switch it happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn on a machine like switch it happens
+it's built into the OR orgasms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's built into the OR orgasms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's built into the OR orgasms
+performance homeostasis is a important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance homeostasis is a important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance homeostasis is a important
+phenomenon I've used it at times to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon I've used it at times to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon I've used it at times to
+explain Urban Behavior such as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain Urban Behavior such as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain Urban Behavior such as the
+notion that perhaps the return in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion that perhaps the return in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion that perhaps the return in the
+United States to the center of the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States to the center of the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States to the center of the city
+after years of suburban expansion is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after years of suburban expansion is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after years of suburban expansion is a
+homeostatic phenomenon that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeostatic phenomenon that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeostatic phenomenon that there's
+something in the organic model which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the organic model which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the organic model which
+says if you stretch resources too far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says if you stretch resources too far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says if you stretch resources too far
+you will return to an original state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will return to an original state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will return to an original state of
+balance the other one is Optimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance the other one is Optimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance the other one is Optimum
+size the organic model of a of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size the organic model of a of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size the organic model of a of an
+elephant is easily understood by virtue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elephant is easily understood by virtue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elephant is easily understood by virtue
+of its major size as a male El
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is the optimum size of a dinner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the optimum size of a dinner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the optimum size of a dinner
+party what is the optimum size of most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party what is the optimum size of most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party what is the optimum size of most
+social activity you'll recall my using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social activity you'll recall my using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social activity you'll recall my using
+dunbar's theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dunbar's theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dunbar's theory of
+150 people as the appropriate Community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+150 people as the appropriate Community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+150 people as the appropriate Community
+for the increase rapid increase of brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+size what about the history of optimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Aristotle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+30,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Leonardo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+30,000 IA Howard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30,000 IA Howard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30,000 IA Howard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1920 later with and well and Garden City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+30,000 the first of the British New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30,000 the first of the British New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30,000 the first of the British New
+Towns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+30,000 second Mark 2 generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+50,000 next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+100,000 Milton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100,000 Milton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100,000 Milton
+can's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can's
+250,000 is an Optimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do you read that graph is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+saying what determines the optimum size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying what determines the optimum size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying what determines the optimum size
+of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+city come on you must have you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city come on you must have you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city come on you must have you're not
+you you've thought about these things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you've thought about these things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you've thought about these things in
+some way or other before have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guess entity as Geographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+boundaries it started off as the laws of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries it started off as the laws of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries it started off as the laws of
+the Indie Comm small community in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1781 yeah please how we can communicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1781 yeah please how we can communicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1781 yeah please how we can communicate
+or transport each other like so if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or transport each other like so if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or transport each other like so if it's
+if there's technology we can do it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's technology we can do it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's technology we can do it for
+further away and the boundary of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further away and the boundary of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further away and the boundary of the
+city the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city the people
+yes you could do that here and it still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you could do that here and it still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you could do that here and it still
+remain 30,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I don't know how to answer this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know how to answer this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know how to answer this question
+absolutely I can make a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely I can make a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely I can make a couple of
+guesses the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is has to do with Urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Health if you have high rates of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Health if you have high rates of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Health if you have high rates of
+mortality and high and low rates of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortality and high and low rates of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortality and high and low rates of
+birth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birth
+rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate
+accomplishment you probably end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplishment you probably end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplishment you probably end up with
+something like 30,000 people as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 30,000 people as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 30,000 people as being
+the the mo the the largest number you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the mo the the largest number you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the mo the the largest number you
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+secure in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+general I mean he took from Rome at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general I mean he took from Rome at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general I mean he took from Rome at the
+birth of Christ to to London in 1850 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birth of Christ to to London in 1850 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birth of Christ to to London in 1850 for
+a city to be a million people in size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a city to be a million people in size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a city to be a million people in size
+there are guesses that F that Anor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are guesses that F that Anor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are guesses that F that Anor
+reached a couple of hundred thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached a couple of hundred thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached a couple of hundred thousand
+there were cities in India which perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were cities in India which perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were cities in India which perhaps
+did but the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did but the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did but the basic
+proposition might have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with reproduction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+population there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population there's
+also a comparative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a comparative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a comparative
+index the world's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index the world's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index the world's
+population is probably increasing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population is probably increasing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population is probably increasing and
+doing this is this with the Industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this is this with the Industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this is this with the Industrial
+Revolution being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revolution being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revolution being
+here so there's a notion that we con
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so there's a notion that we con
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so there's a notion that we con
+constitute an approximate size at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitute an approximate size at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitute an approximate size at least
+a Optimum size based on the social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Optimum size based on the social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Optimum size based on the social
+context of demography and of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of demography and of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of demography and of other
+cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural
+phenomena yes absolutely you have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena yes absolutely you have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena yes absolutely you have to be
+able to move from one part to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another what is it in our contemporary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another what is it in our contemporary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another what is it in our contemporary
+ethos and Jo and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethos and Jo and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethos and Jo and
+and scientific model of life that allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and scientific model of life that allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and scientific model of life that allows
+us to build cities of 20 million people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+kindell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kindell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kindell
+drugs yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs yeah I
+mean since the Industrial Revolution the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean since the Industrial Revolution the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean since the Industrial Revolution the
+world changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world changed
+phenomenologically in almost every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenologically in almost every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenologically in almost every
+respect that's why I will start teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect that's why I will start teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect that's why I will start teaching
+the second section of this class largely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second section of this class largely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second section of this class largely
+beginning with the Industrial Revolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning with the Industrial Revolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning with the Industrial Revolution
+the rest is a waste of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest is a waste of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest is a waste of
+time not a waste of time I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time not a waste of time I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time not a waste of time I'm
+exaggerating of course but in one class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exaggerating of course but in one class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exaggerating of course but in one class
+one can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can't do
+everything uh my preference is to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything uh my preference is to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything uh my preference is to start
+with the major changes which took place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the major changes which took place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the major changes which took place
+with urbanization and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+industrialization so let's leave optimiz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrialization so let's leave optimiz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrialization so let's leave optimiz
+theory for a moment it's a strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory for a moment it's a strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory for a moment it's a strange
+phenomenon we have a naturally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon we have a naturally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon we have a naturally
+inclination to order our world according
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclination to order our world according
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclination to order our world according
+to certain basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to certain basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to certain basic
+rules in the British New Towns of ebener
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules in the British New Towns of ebener
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules in the British New Towns of ebener
+Howard leworth and Galen Garden City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Howard leworth and Galen Garden City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Howard leworth and Galen Garden City
+Raymond nanan the architect and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Raymond nanan the architect and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Raymond nanan the architect and
+collaborator said 12 units per acre is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborator said 12 units per acre is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborator said 12 units per acre is
+an ideal distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+population what measures 12 units 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population what measures 12 units 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population what measures 12 units 12
+houses per acre as an Optimum for whom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses per acre as an Optimum for whom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses per acre as an Optimum for whom
+under what conditions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under what conditions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under what conditions so
+on so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so just
+some characteristic Form Tools which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some characteristic Form Tools which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some characteristic Form Tools which
+emanate from this model of the organic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+item each Community should be a separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item each Community should be a separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item each Community should be a separate
+social and spatial unit with as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social and spatial unit with as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social and spatial unit with as
+autonomous as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+possible number two the community should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible number two the community should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible number two the community should
+have be balanced the idea of a healthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have be balanced the idea of a healthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have be balanced the idea of a healthy
+Community is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community is
+heterogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneous
+again modeling it off the human being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again modeling it off the human being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again modeling it off the human being
+the heart and the pancreas are not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heart and the pancreas are not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heart and the pancreas are not the
+same thing they have different shapes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing they have different shapes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing they have different shapes
+they have different entities they work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have different entities they work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have different entities they work
+to you can't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you can't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you can't have a
+human you can't have an organic element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human you can't have an organic element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human you can't have an organic element
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+singular it has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular it has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular it has to be
+Multiverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Multiverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Multiverse
+and the nuclear family in many of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the nuclear family in many of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the nuclear family in many of these
+settlements is taken as a model with his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlements is taken as a model with his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlements is taken as a model with his
+differentiate supporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate supporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate supporting
+roles in Sunnyside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Gardens the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gardens the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gardens the
+development which the American Garden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development which the American Garden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development which the American Garden
+City people did in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City people did in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City people did in the
+Bronx they claimed m claims that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bronx they claimed m claims that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bronx they claimed m claims that there
+were 116 mechanics 79 office workers 55
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were 116 mechanics 79 office workers 55
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were 116 mechanics 79 office workers 55
+small Tradesmen six five chaffeur and 49
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small Tradesmen six five chaffeur and 49
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small Tradesmen six five chaffeur and 49
+salesmen plus Architects writers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salesmen plus Architects writers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salesmen plus Architects writers
+intellectuals as well this he was happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectuals as well this he was happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectuals as well this he was happy
+to he lived there he was happy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to he lived there he was happy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to he lived there he was happy to
+classify this as a good Town based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify this as a good Town based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify this as a good Town based on
+its balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seldom does the organic system produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seldom does the organic system produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seldom does the organic system produce
+indefinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+similarity so the argument that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarity so the argument that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarity so the argument that it's
+there is a model in nature for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a model in nature for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a model in nature for
+supportive systems in harmony with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interesting why the nuclear family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting why the nuclear family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting why the nuclear family
+should still be the model for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should still be the model for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should still be the model for
+urbanization given that we have large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urbanization given that we have large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urbanization given that we have large
+numbers of people who are not married
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of people who are not married
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of people who are not married
+people who choose not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who choose not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who choose not to
+marry uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marry uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marry uh for
+example plus if we wish to extend the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example plus if we wish to extend the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example plus if we wish to extend the
+model to a universal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model to a universal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model to a universal
+model what success have we had in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model what success have we had in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model what success have we had in
+nurturing each other as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurturing each other as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurturing each other as a
+universe we cannot in facing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe we cannot in facing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe we cannot in facing the
+fundamental challenge of climate change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental challenge of climate change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental challenge of climate change
+come to agreement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to agreement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to agreement
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suiz one has to remember that it was as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suiz one has to remember that it was as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suiz one has to remember that it was as
+recent as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent as
+1920 that gudra Wilson the American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1920 that gudra Wilson the American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1920 that gudra Wilson the American
+president went to Paris and was received
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president went to Paris and was received
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president went to Paris and was received
+by the largest crowd in the history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the largest crowd in the history of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the largest crowd in the history of
+Paris which is a large crowd because he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paris which is a large crowd because he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paris which is a large crowd because he
+proposed that the world take account of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed that the world take account of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed that the world take account of
+its organization and prevent Wars such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its organization and prevent Wars such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its organization and prevent Wars such
+as is the dastardly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as is the dastardly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as is the dastardly
+19148 War which the world had just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+experienced so the idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced so the idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced so the idea that
+the that there's something organically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that there's something organically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that there's something organically
+Universal about Cooperative systems is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal about Cooperative systems is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal about Cooperative systems is
+not true maybe at a scale of a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not true maybe at a scale of a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not true maybe at a scale of a you
+single family if it works out if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single family if it works out if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single family if it works out if you
+love each other which more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love each other which more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love each other which more and more
+seeing that % of Americans are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing that % of Americans are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing that % of Americans are
+divorced uh no longer seems to me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divorced uh no longer seems to me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divorced uh no longer seems to me the
+model as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model as
+described um by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+organicism The Neighborhood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unit Clarence SP divined a n an organic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit Clarence SP divined a n an organic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit Clarence SP divined a n an organic
+submodel called the neighborhood unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submodel called the neighborhood unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submodel called the neighborhood unit
+for the regional plan of New York in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the regional plan of New York in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the regional plan of New York in
+1923 I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1923 I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1923 I think it
+was the neighborhood unit again is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the neighborhood unit again is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the neighborhood unit again is
+organic in its nature it's it argues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic in its nature it's it argues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic in its nature it's it argues
+that a community should be the size of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a community should be the size of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a community should be the size of a
+quarter mile walk of a child to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter mile walk of a child to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter mile walk of a child to
+school again the organic model comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school again the organic model comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school again the organic model comes in
+what is the species which has the least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the species which has the least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the species which has the least
+protection naturally a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection naturally a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection naturally a
+child so you'll use that as the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child so you'll use that as the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child so you'll use that as the model
+for building a circular Community around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for building a circular Community around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for building a circular Community around
+a primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+school the fact that people take their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school the fact that people take their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school the fact that people take their
+kids to school by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids to school by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids to school by
+automobile the fact that people choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile the fact that people choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile the fact that people choose
+schools in a democracy based upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools in a democracy based upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools in a democracy based upon
+quality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of
+school the Bas based on the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school the Bas based on the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school the Bas based on the fact that
+the linear model doesn't allow one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linear model doesn't allow one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linear model doesn't allow one to
+distinguish to use this model as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish to use this model as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish to use this model as
+distinctive and so on and so on reinders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctive and so on and so on reinders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctive and so on and so on reinders
+this model but Redburn New Jersey was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model but Redburn New Jersey was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model but Redburn New Jersey was
+based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on
+the quarter mile walking distance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quarter mile walking distance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quarter mile walking distance to
+schools as was Green Belt Maryland and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools as was Green Belt Maryland and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools as was Green Belt Maryland and
+the American Green Belt towns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+160 Acres around a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+school the next are growth Optimum size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school the next are growth Optimum size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school the next are growth Optimum size
+the green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green
+belt if you have an Optimum size you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belt if you have an Optimum size you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belt if you have an Optimum size you can
+protect it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect it
+from the forces that work against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the forces that work against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the forces that work against
+optimization nasty forces like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization nasty forces like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization nasty forces like the
+Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market
+developers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+politicians when we were working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chandigar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chandigar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chandigar
+in as recently as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in as recently as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in as recently as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+um we noticed that land was being sold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we noticed that land was being sold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we noticed that land was being sold
+north of the capital complex in the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+north of the capital complex in the path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+north of the capital complex in the path
+of the wonderful diagram that kuszi had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wonderful diagram that kuszi had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wonderful diagram that kuszi had
+always always made of his town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always always made of his town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always always made of his town
+stretching in an untrammeled fashion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretching in an untrammeled fashion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretching in an untrammeled fashion
+towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+malayas what we discovered Were Real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malayas what we discovered Were Real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malayas what we discovered Were Real
+Estate signs for politicians selling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Estate signs for politicians selling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Estate signs for politicians selling
+land illegally in the sanr sacred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land illegally in the sanr sacred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land illegally in the sanr sacred
+area when we did a studio with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area when we did a studio with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area when we did a studio with the
+Cambridge Cambridge University in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge Cambridge University in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge Cambridge University in
+England we found that the green belt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England we found that the green belt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England we found that the green belt
+around Cambridge had of course increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around Cambridge had of course increased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around Cambridge had of course increased
+land values in Cambridge significantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land values in Cambridge significantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land values in Cambridge significantly
+had been pocketed with political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been pocketed with political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been pocketed with political
+development the notion which eah hard so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development the notion which eah hard so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development the notion which eah hard so
+favored in the city of Adelaide for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favored in the city of Adelaide for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favored in the city of Adelaide for
+building parks around the center of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building parks around the center of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building parks around the center of the
+city has not proven to be an although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city has not proven to be an although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city has not proven to be an although
+solution that first of all how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that first of all how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that first of all how do you
+keep the land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+green you need a maintenance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system this is an example a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system this is an example a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system this is an example a small
+example from a mining town in South
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example from a mining town in South
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example from a mining town in South
+Africa gold is discovered gold in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa gold is discovered gold in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa gold is discovered gold in
+uranium there's a Center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium there's a Center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium there's a Center
+built an open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built an open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built an open
+space is left around the center so might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is left around the center so might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is left around the center so might
+grow and housing starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow and housing starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow and housing starts
+here this is a hot climate no money in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is a hot climate no money in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is a hot climate no money in
+the design of the town has been invested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design of the town has been invested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design of the town has been invested
+in maintaining an open space it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in maintaining an open space it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in maintaining an open space it's a
+Dusty horrible Bowl it prevents the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dusty horrible Bowl it prevents the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dusty horrible Bowl it prevents the
+centers from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+growing and it's a silly idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to be a j Junior teacher at Cambridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a j Junior teacher at Cambridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a j Junior teacher at Cambridge
+University if you are married you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University if you are married you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University if you are married you have
+to live beyond the green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to live beyond the green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to live beyond the green
+belt the British have not built enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belt the British have not built enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belt the British have not built enough
+roads to take care of your commutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roads to take care of your commutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roads to take care of your commutation
+every day your wife has to if you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day your wife has to if you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day your wife has to if you've got
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+cars uh which you probably haven't at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars uh which you probably haven't at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars uh which you probably haven't at
+that stage in your career the wife has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stage in your career the wife has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stage in your career the wife has
+to can you can't afford to live in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to can you can't afford to live in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to can you can't afford to live in in
+Cambridge because the university has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge because the university has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge because the university has
+preoccupied most of the land and raised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preoccupied most of the land and raised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preoccupied most of the land and raised
+the rent levels of the rest in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rent levels of the rest in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rent levels of the rest in the
+center to such a degree that you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center to such a degree that you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center to such a degree that you can't
+afford to live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afford to live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afford to live
+there so the green belt has turned out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so the green belt has turned out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so the green belt has turned out
+to be a weak weapon against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a weak weapon against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a weak weapon against
+expansion I'm generalizing there have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion I'm generalizing there have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion I'm generalizing there have
+cases where predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases where predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases where predict
+pred protective legislation has changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pred protective legislation has changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pred protective legislation has changed
+the pattern of growth but the green belt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pattern of growth but the green belt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pattern of growth but the green belt
+as a generalized idea is not sufficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a generalized idea is not sufficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a generalized idea is not sufficient
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+itself there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself there's
+also two other items with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also two other items with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also two other items with these
+settlements there's a fascination with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlements there's a fascination with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlements there's a fascination with
+the organic quality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the organic quality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the organic quality of
+production why we believe that the food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production why we believe that the food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production why we believe that the food
+which we buy on stalls next to the road
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we buy on stalls next to the road
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we buy on stalls next to the road
+outside of town or B and healthier than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of town or B and healthier than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of town or B and healthier than
+food bought in the supermarket is beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food bought in the supermarket is beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food bought in the supermarket is beyond
+me perhaps the cost is less and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me perhaps the cost is less and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me perhaps the cost is less and they
+seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem
+fresher maybe they are sometimes they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fresher maybe they are sometimes they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fresher maybe they are sometimes they
+are directly tilled from The Gardens of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are directly tilled from The Gardens of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are directly tilled from The Gardens of
+the farm next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the farm next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the farm next
+door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door
+but there's something assumed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's something assumed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's something assumed to be
+natural in the conjunction of a producer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural in the conjunction of a producer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural in the conjunction of a producer
+and a purchaser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a purchaser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a purchaser
+this is an archaic form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an archaic form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an archaic form of
+goodness that if you buy from a farmer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodness that if you buy from a farmer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodness that if you buy from a farmer
+without a middleman that a middleman is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without a middleman that a middleman is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without a middleman that a middleman is
+a alien phenomenon in the natural system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a alien phenomenon in the natural system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a alien phenomenon in the natural system
+the heart sends blood directly to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heart sends blood directly to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heart sends blood directly to the
+toes he doesn't need support systems of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toes he doesn't need support systems of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toes he doesn't need support systems of
+maybe I don't know human biology well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I don't know human biology well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I don't know human biology well
+enough maybe there's a some Halfway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough maybe there's a some Halfway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough maybe there's a some Halfway
+House in one's knees which uh take care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+House in one's knees which uh take care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+House in one's knees which uh take care
+of the support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the support
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+um sometimes these things happen through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sometimes these things happen through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sometimes these things happen through
+complex instruments of market and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex instruments of market and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex instruments of market and
+culture there are now 124 farmers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture there are now 124 farmers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture there are now 124 farmers
+markets in the County of Los Angeles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets in the County of Los Angeles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets in the County of Los Angeles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously developed without any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously developed without any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously developed without any
+government intervention without any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government intervention without any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government intervention without any
+government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government
+subsidy just simp rules about where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidy just simp rules about where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidy just simp rules about where you
+may create a weekly Farmers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may create a weekly Farmers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may create a weekly Farmers
+Market the traction of buying at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market the traction of buying at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market the traction of buying at a
+farmer's market as opposed to buying at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farmer's market as opposed to buying at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farmer's market as opposed to buying at
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+supermarket or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+complex have a thesis student at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex have a thesis student at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex have a thesis student at the
+moment working doing a thesis in Soul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment working doing a thesis in Soul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment working doing a thesis in Soul
+where the Advent of the shopping mall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the Advent of the shopping mall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the Advent of the shopping mall
+has caused Havoc with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has caused Havoc with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has caused Havoc with the
+informal market system and this is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informal market system and this is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informal market system and this is true
+also in a case in Hong Kong where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in a case in Hong Kong where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in a case in Hong Kong where
+somebody's trying to replicate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's trying to replicate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's trying to replicate the
+traditional market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional market
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh these are Pointers to elements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these are Pointers to elements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these are Pointers to elements of
+goodness and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodness and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodness and
+of difficulty in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of difficulty in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of difficulty in the
+blatant acceptance of organic system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blatant acceptance of organic system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blatant acceptance of organic system
+one last one is the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one last one is the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one last one is the question
+of social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Equity there's a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tradition of believing that the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition of believing that the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition of believing that the value of
+land or activity in the city is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land or activity in the city is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land or activity in the city is not the
+function of individuals it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of individuals it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of individuals it is the
+function of the community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the community
+activities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities and
+investment therefore a private lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment therefore a private lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment therefore a private lot
+should not be the beneficial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not be the beneficial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not be the beneficial
+beneficiary of uh communal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficiary of uh communal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficiary of uh communal
+growth this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth this a
+philosophy made explicit in this country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy made explicit in this country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy made explicit in this country
+by man called Henry George a middle 19th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by man called Henry George a middle 19th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by man called Henry George a middle 19th
+century economist philosoph wrote a book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century economist philosoph wrote a book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century economist philosoph wrote a book
+called progress and poverty the Lincoln
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called progress and poverty the Lincoln
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called progress and poverty the Lincoln
+Institute here in Lincoln Land Institute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute here in Lincoln Land Institute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute here in Lincoln Land Institute
+here in Cambridge is a follower of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in Cambridge is a follower of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in Cambridge is a follower of the
+hry Georgian view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hry Georgian view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hry Georgian view
+of it raises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it raises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it raises
+difficulties in English town planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties in English town planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties in English town planning
+up up reasonable up reasonably recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up up reasonable up reasonably recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up up reasonable up reasonably recent
+times there was always a conflict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times there was always a conflict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times there was always a conflict
+between the payment of good of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the payment of good of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the payment of good of
+betterment or the penalizing of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betterment or the penalizing of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betterment or the penalizing of people
+for instance if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance if
+I if I have a a gas station on a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I if I have a a gas station on a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I if I have a a gas station on a normal
+arterial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arterial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arterial
+Road and a decision is made to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Road and a decision is made to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Road and a decision is made to build
+a national
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a national
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a national
+highway and I'm given the right to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highway and I'm given the right to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highway and I'm given the right to put
+my gas station on the national highway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my gas station on the national highway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my gas station on the national highway
+I've had contribute nothing to the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've had contribute nothing to the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've had contribute nothing to the world
+to pay me for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay me for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay me for this
+goodness but can I be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodness but can I be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodness but can I be
+penalized can I be given a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalized can I be given a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalized can I be given a negative
+option on its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option on its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option on its
+location it's much like if you decide to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location it's much like if you decide to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location it's much like if you decide to
+wash my car without my permission do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wash my car without my permission do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wash my car without my permission do I
+am I entitled to pay you or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not no
+no you're right no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you're right no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you're right no
+on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other
+hand if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand if I
+own a gas station on an arterial Road
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own a gas station on an arterial Road
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own a gas station on an arterial Road
+and the government decides to close the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the government decides to close the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the government decides to close the
+road am am I entitled to better to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+compensation these are all elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation these are all elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation these are all elements
+in the land chain system that we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the land chain system that we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the land chain system that we now
+have rules about but according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have rules about but according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have rules about but according to
+Patrick Geor and before him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Patrick Geor and before him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Patrick Geor and before him
+even our great Abram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even our great Abram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even our great Abram
+Lincoln has some I won't be able to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lincoln has some I won't be able to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lincoln has some I won't be able to find
+his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his
+quotation has this notion that land is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotation has this notion that land is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotation has this notion that land is
+only a temporary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a temporary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a temporary
+gift and that the communal work done by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gift and that the communal work done by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gift and that the communal work done by
+the government of course Lincoln is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government of course Lincoln is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government of course Lincoln is a
+pray big government sponsor is a strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pray big government sponsor is a strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pray big government sponsor is a strange
+idea seeing he was a Republican but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh the organic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+model in Sunnyside Gardens for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model in Sunnyside Gardens for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model in Sunnyside Gardens for
+instance the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance the
+communal value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communal value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communal value
+increase of the property over a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase of the property over a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase of the property over a certain
+period is returned to the seller of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period is returned to the seller of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period is returned to the seller of the
+of a particular unit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a particular unit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a particular unit of
+land let's carry on and see if we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land let's carry on and see if we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land let's carry on and see if we can
+get through this stuff more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get through this stuff more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get through this stuff more
+quickly there's also in the organic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly there's also in the organic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly there's also in the organic
+Model A as I mentioned before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Model A as I mentioned before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Model A as I mentioned before
+a in an interest in non orthogonal forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in an interest in non orthogonal forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in an interest in non orthogonal forms
+radial patterns bonded units Focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial patterns bonded units Focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial patterns bonded units Focus
+centers anti- geometrical layouts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers anti- geometrical layouts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers anti- geometrical layouts
+irregularly curving organic shapes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irregularly curving organic shapes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irregularly curving organic shapes
+natural material and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on 3 years after he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on 3 years after he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on 3 years after he
+designed Central Park homstead laid out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed Central Park homstead laid out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed Central Park homstead laid out
+a piece of flat Prairie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of flat Prairie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of flat Prairie
+Land a couple of miles outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Land a couple of miles outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Land a couple of miles outside
+Chicago He suggests and I quote from him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chicago He suggests and I quote from him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chicago He suggests and I quote from him
+curved streets suggest and imply Leisure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curved streets suggest and imply Leisure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curved streets suggest and imply Leisure
+contemplativeness and happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tranquility in contrast to straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tranquility in contrast to straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tranquility in contrast to straight
+sheets which imply eagerness to press
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheets which imply eagerness to press
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheets which imply eagerness to press
+forward without looking to the right or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward without looking to the right or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward without looking to the right or
+left Riverside was called a Suburban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left Riverside was called a Suburban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left Riverside was called a Suburban
+Village I'll show you in the slides the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Village I'll show you in the slides the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Village I'll show you in the slides the
+plan of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan of
+Riverside it's separate parts are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Riverside it's separate parts are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Riverside it's separate parts are all
+designated by curved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designated by curved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designated by curved
+roads in a in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roads in a in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roads in a in
+1873 the Northern Pacific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1873 the Northern Pacific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1873 the Northern Pacific
+rer asked elmstead to to do a layout for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rer asked elmstead to to do a layout for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rer asked elmstead to to do a layout for
+New Town of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New Town of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New Town of
+Tacoma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tacoma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tacoma
+Washington a plan that exploited the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington a plan that exploited the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington a plan that exploited the
+Topography of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Topography of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Topography of the
+site According to some reporter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site According to some reporter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site According to some reporter
+armstead's plan was the most fantastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+armstead's plan was the most fantastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+armstead's plan was the most fantastic
+plan of a town that was ever seen there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan of a town that was ever seen there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan of a town that was ever seen there
+wasn't a straight line a right angle or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't a straight line a right angle or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't a straight line a right angle or
+corner lot the blocks were shaped like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner lot the blocks were shaped like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner lot the blocks were shaped like
+melons pears and sweet potatoes one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melons pears and sweet potatoes one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melons pears and sweet potatoes one
+block shaped like a banana with 3,000 ft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block shaped like a banana with 3,000 ft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block shaped like a banana with 3,000 ft
+in length and had 250 plot it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in length and had 250 plot it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in length and had 250 plot it was a
+pretty plan for Park but condemned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty plan for Park but condemned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty plan for Park but condemned
+itself for a town he was never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+built let's look at some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built let's look at some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built let's look at some of these
+individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cases Patrick GES was a young Scottish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases Patrick GES was a young Scottish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases Patrick GES was a young Scottish
+biologist who went to work for the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologist who went to work for the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologist who went to work for the one
+of the great 19th century biologist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the great 19th century biologist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the great 19th century biologist
+Thomas Huxley and according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thomas Huxley and according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thomas Huxley and according to
+Legend uh deciphered the mechanism by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Legend uh deciphered the mechanism by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Legend uh deciphered the mechanism by
+which a frog's eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which a frog's eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which a frog's eye
+operates uh he didn't get the benefit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operates uh he didn't get the benefit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operates uh he didn't get the benefit of
+it so did Huxley did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so did Huxley did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so did Huxley did
+but giddies went on to be interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but giddies went on to be interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but giddies went on to be interested in
+urbanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urbanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urbanism
+he is regarded as one of the great minds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he is regarded as one of the great minds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he is regarded as one of the great minds
+in urbanistic history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in urbanistic history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in urbanistic history
+modernistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modernistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modernistic
+history uh uh Charles Darwin said I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history uh uh Charles Darwin said I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history uh uh Charles Darwin said I have
+read several of your biological papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read several of your biological papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read several of your biological papers
+with very great interest and I AFF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with very great interest and I AFF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with very great interest and I AFF
+formed if you will permit me to say so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed if you will permit me to say so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed if you will permit me to say so I
+opinion your abilities Einstein dadra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion your abilities Einstein dadra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion your abilities Einstein dadra
+tagor Mahatma Gandhi all speak highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tagor Mahatma Gandhi all speak highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tagor Mahatma Gandhi all speak highly
+of leis Mumford says of giddies one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of leis Mumford says of giddies one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of leis Mumford says of giddies one of
+the truly s seminal mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truly s seminal mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truly s seminal mind
+and so on I'm just going to go through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on I'm just going to go through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on I'm just going to go through a
+couple of ideas of GES as that emerg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of ideas of GES as that emerg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of ideas of GES as that emerg
+from our understanding of the best uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our understanding of the best uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our understanding of the best uses
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+nature first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature first of
+all he believes in the Civic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all he believes in the Civic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all he believes in the Civic
+survey he when asked in India to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey he when asked in India to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey he when asked in India to do a
+plan for a new town that has trouble he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan for a new town that has trouble he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan for a new town that has trouble he
+insists on the town first doing a Civic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insists on the town first doing a Civic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insists on the town first doing a Civic
+service survey a Civic survey is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service survey a Civic survey is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service survey a Civic survey is not
+only a method of capturing what exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a method of capturing what exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a method of capturing what exists
+accurately on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately on the
+land it is a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land it is a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land it is a way of
+revealing the possibilities of retaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revealing the possibilities of retaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revealing the possibilities of retaining
+the pieces that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pieces that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pieces that
+work in balur in his plan for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in balur in his plan for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in balur in his plan for
+bampur uh the Civic survey shows what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bampur uh the Civic survey shows what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bampur uh the Civic survey shows what is
+existing in the land he then decides to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing in the land he then decides to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing in the land he then decides to
+extract from those the elements that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract from those the elements that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract from those the elements that
+need Improvement the elements that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need Improvement the elements that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need Improvement the elements that can
+be retained the elements that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be retained the elements that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be retained the elements that can be
+built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+secondly he believes in the synoptic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly he believes in the synoptic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly he believes in the synoptic
+nature of the syop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of the syop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of the syop
+theop synoptic version of nature getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theop synoptic version of nature getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theop synoptic version of nature getting
+multiple Visions to coincide The simul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple Visions to coincide The simul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple Visions to coincide The simul
+simultan Elements of Life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultan Elements of Life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultan Elements of Life
+in nature for him in nature it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in nature for him in nature it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in nature for him in nature it is
+possible for all things to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible for all things to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible for all things to come
+together uh and for us to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together uh and for us to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together uh and for us to understand
+that he uses a diagram from the French
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he uses a diagram from the French
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he uses a diagram from the French
+philosopher Le play which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher Le play which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher Le play which is
+a a right angle Crossing in which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a right angle Crossing in which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a right angle Crossing in which the
+corners are acts Deeds dreams facts if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners are acts Deeds dreams facts if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners are acts Deeds dreams facts if
+you bend this piece of paper along these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bend this piece of paper along these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bend this piece of paper along these
+vertical and horizontal lines each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical and horizontal lines each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical and horizontal lines each of
+them comes into each other he then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them comes into each other he then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them comes into each other he then
+breaks down the components of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks down the components of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks down the components of each
+sector what is it about dreams of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector what is it about dreams of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector what is it about dreams of the
+imagin what is it about the imagination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagin what is it about the imagination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagin what is it about the imagination
+that has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has to do with
+work it's a diagram which a child can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work it's a diagram which a child can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work it's a diagram which a child can
+play with but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play with but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play with but
+it's for me anyway more of indic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's for me anyway more of indic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's for me anyway more of indic
+indication of his notion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indication of his notion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indication of his notion that
+simultaneity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneity
+is a fundamental property of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a fundamental property of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a fundamental property of
+organicism and can be utilized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organicism and can be utilized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organicism and can be utilized
+effectively in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively in
+practice he's asked to do a plan for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice he's asked to do a plan for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice he's asked to do a plan for the
+Hebrew University of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hebrew University of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hebrew University of
+Jerusalem after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem after
+1917 and his son-in-law who narch does a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1917 and his son-in-law who narch does a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1917 and his son-in-law who narch does a
+plan with him again everything about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan with him again everything about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan with him again everything about the
+plan of the universities which I'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan of the universities which I'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan of the universities which I'll show
+you in the slides deals with synoptic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in the slides deals with synoptic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in the slides deals with synoptic
+ISM the sent the at the center of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ISM the sent the at the center of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ISM the sent the at the center of the
+University plan is a d space why does he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University plan is a d space why does he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University plan is a d space why does he
+use the Dome he says the Dome is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the Dome he says the Dome is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the Dome he says the Dome is the
+only architectural form that is reverred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only architectural form that is reverred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only architectural form that is reverred
+by Christian Jews and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Christian Jews and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Christian Jews and
+Muslims so even an architectural form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Muslims so even an architectural form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Muslims so even an architectural form
+which resonates with different often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which resonates with different often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which resonates with different often
+conflicting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicting
+cultures he says there's no reason for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultures he says there's no reason for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultures he says there's no reason for
+these people to kill themselves over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people to kill themselves over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people to kill themselves over
+things like a dome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the fingers which move out from the Dome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fingers which move out from the Dome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fingers which move out from the Dome
+locate aspects of the knowledge system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locate aspects of the knowledge system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locate aspects of the knowledge system
+of the university in sequence one after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the university in sequence one after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the university in sequence one after
+another from you to get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another from you to get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another from you to get from
+architecture to the center you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture to the center you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture to the center you have to
+go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through
+biology much like the folded diagram of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology much like the folded diagram of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology much like the folded diagram of
+a piece of paper which connects dreams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of paper which connects dreams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of paper which connects dreams
+and work and play and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and work and play and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and work and play and
+ideas these the this plan of university
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas these the this plan of university
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas these the this plan of university
+is attempt to resonate along the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is attempt to resonate along the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is attempt to resonate along the same
+system MIT is perhaps closer in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system MIT is perhaps closer in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system MIT is perhaps closer in its
+stupid grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid grid
+system to this synoptic ISM than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to this synoptic ISM than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to this synoptic ISM than
+anything that G's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that G's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that G's
+ever envisioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he built something called the out Tower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he built something called the out Tower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he built something called the out Tower
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+Edinburgh to take people up into the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edinburgh to take people up into the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edinburgh to take people up into the top
+of the tower to look down at the town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the tower to look down at the town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the tower to look down at the town
+for him understanding and learning about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for him understanding and learning about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for him understanding and learning about
+the town was an important element in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the town was an important element in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the town was an important element in
+civic education you needed to know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civic education you needed to know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civic education you needed to know about
+the town in order to fulfill your parole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the town in order to fulfill your parole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the town in order to fulfill your parole
+as a member of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a member of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a member of
+a community which had something to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a community which had something to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a community which had something to do
+with the change of the shape of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the change of the shape of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the change of the shape of the
+place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+he proposed things like Civic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he proposed things like Civic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he proposed things like Civic
+exhibitions he made the Civic exhibition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibitions he made the Civic exhibition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibitions he made the Civic exhibition
+of the ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ideal
+Town it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Town it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Town it
+was damaged and destroyed on route to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was damaged and destroyed on route to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was damaged and destroyed on route to
+India and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India and the
+ship he nevertheless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship he nevertheless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship he nevertheless
+maintained this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintained this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintained this idea
+that fundamental idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fundamental idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fundamental idea of
+of human nature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of human nature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of human nature is
+learning it is what Kevin Lynch stressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning it is what Kevin Lynch stressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning it is what Kevin Lynch stressed
+above all as distinguishing the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above all as distinguishing the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above all as distinguishing the human
+being from other animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being from other animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being from other animal
+species brain size and its capacity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+learn for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn for
+GES the human being was cental as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GES the human being was cental as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GES the human being was cental as a
+humanist but he had observations about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanist but he had observations about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanist but he had observations about
+the way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way in
+which nature could be could accomp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which nature could be could accomp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which nature could be could accomp
+accompany the human learning capacity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accompany the human learning capacity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accompany the human learning capacity in
+the generation of good systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the generation of good systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the generation of good systems
+participation of people is now an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation of people is now an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation of people is now an
+accepted political of creation of modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted political of creation of modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted political of creation of modern
+urbanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the attempt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the attempt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the attempt
+to by some of the people we'll see in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to by some of the people we'll see in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to by some of the people we'll see in a
+few minutes to coordinate and make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few minutes to coordinate and make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few minutes to coordinate and make sense
+of the inner world in the outer world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the inner world in the outer world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the inner world in the outer world
+transcendentalists like Benton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcendentalists like Benton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcendentalists like Benton
+McKay uh in the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McKay uh in the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McKay uh in the United
+States um the notion that you can both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States um the notion that you can both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States um the notion that you can both
+cooperate nature and the economy such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperate nature and the economy such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperate nature and the economy such as
+the Tennessee Valley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Tennessee Valley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Tennessee Valley
+Authority um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authority um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authority um
+the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new
+regionalism God could you imagine in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regionalism God could you imagine in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regionalism God could you imagine in the
+United States today getting seven states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States today getting seven states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States today getting seven states
+in the American South to agree that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the American South to agree that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the American South to agree that the
+central government would make a plan for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central government would make a plan for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central government would make a plan for
+all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of
+them it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them it's
+nonsense this capacity to see re natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsense this capacity to see re natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsense this capacity to see re natural
+regions As Natural phenomena outside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions As Natural phenomena outside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions As Natural phenomena outside of
+political boundaries is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political boundaries is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political boundaries is a
+Gest G easy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+idea the greatest piece of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea the greatest piece of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea the greatest piece of human
+intervention in the in in in our time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention in the in in in our time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention in the in in in our time in
+this country must be the Tennesse of Val
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this country must be the Tennesse of Val
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this country must be the Tennesse of Val
+Authority I'll end up these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authority I'll end up these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authority I'll end up these
+profiles with a quick look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiles with a quick look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiles with a quick look at the
+Tennessee Valley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Authority hi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authority hi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authority hi
+Howard was a young Englishman who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Howard was a young Englishman who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Howard was a young Englishman who
+drifted to the United States at the age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drifted to the United States at the age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drifted to the United States at the age
+of 21 because he had an uncle in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 21 because he had an uncle in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 21 because he had an uncle in
+Nebraska he was a dreamer he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nebraska he was a dreamer he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nebraska he was a dreamer he
+learned raid transcription in Chicago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned raid transcription in Chicago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned raid transcription in Chicago
+came back to England made a living as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came back to England made a living as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came back to England made a living as a
+court
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court
+reporter but had the idea that New Towns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporter but had the idea that New Towns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporter but had the idea that New Towns
+could be the Sal ation of industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be the Sal ation of industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be the Sal ation of industrial
+chaos he was the founder of the garden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaos he was the founder of the garden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaos he was the founder of the garden
+what is called The Garden City movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is called The Garden City movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is called The Garden City movement
+and he built two towns can you imagine a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he built two towns can you imagine a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he built two towns can you imagine a
+man with that economic background being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man with that economic background being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man with that economic background being
+the sponsor of Two Towns L with in 195
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sponsor of Two Towns L with in 195
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sponsor of Two Towns L with in 195
+and about 80 miles from London and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and about 80 miles from London and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and about 80 miles from London and uh
+well in Garden City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in Garden City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in Garden City
+1920 these were towns which followed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1920 these were towns which followed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1920 these were towns which followed
+certain naturalistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain naturalistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain naturalistic
+principles they were meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles they were meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles they were meant
+to take what is best of the center city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take what is best of the center city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take what is best of the center city
+take what is best of the countryside and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take what is best of the countryside and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take what is best of the countryside and
+amalgam the two in a kind of urbanistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amalgam the two in a kind of urbanistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amalgam the two in a kind of urbanistic
+Master mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Master mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Master mix
+machine uh there would be identifiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine uh there would be identifiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine uh there would be identifiable
+parts of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of this
+community uh and so on and so on uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community uh and so on and so on uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community uh and so on and so on uh the
+Garden City move mement had Universal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Garden City move mement had Universal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Garden City move mement had Universal
+appeal mord regards it as the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeal mord regards it as the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeal mord regards it as the most
+extensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensive
+influence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh he says the book Garden cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tomorrow has done more than any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow has done more than any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow has done more than any other
+single book to guide the modern town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single book to guide the modern town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single book to guide the modern town
+planning movement to all its objectives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning movement to all its objectives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning movement to all its objectives
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+we can't pay much more attention to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't pay much more attention to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't pay much more attention to this
+movement in the United States we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement in the United States we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement in the United States we have
+Clarin and Howard wres Henry WS book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clarin and Howard wres Henry WS book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clarin and Howard wres Henry WS book
+towards New Towns for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards New Towns for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards New Towns for
+America the regional plan Planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America the regional plan Planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America the regional plan Planning
+Association of America in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Association of America in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Association of America in
+1923 was a group of Architects planners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1923 was a group of Architects planners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1923 was a group of Architects planners
+exponents of conservation sociologists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponents of conservation sociologists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponents of conservation sociologists
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+economists who came together to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists who came together to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists who came together to
+make greater sense of American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make greater sense of American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make greater sense of American
+urbanism they were influenced by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urbanism they were influenced by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urbanism they were influenced by the
+British patri gys was invited to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British patri gys was invited to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British patri gys was invited to come
+and talk to them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk to them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk to them in
+1923 they mixed a strange kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1923 they mixed a strange kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1923 they mixed a strange kind
+of religious element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of religious element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of religious element
+transcendentalism the movement started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcendentalism the movement started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcendentalism the movement started
+here in Cambridge Massachusetts on the 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in Cambridge Massachusetts on the 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in Cambridge Massachusetts on the 8
+8 September
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 September
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 September
+1836 by people like George putam Ralph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1836 by people like George putam Ralph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1836 by people like George putam Ralph
+wdo Emerson Frederick Henry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wdo Emerson Frederick Henry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wdo Emerson Frederick Henry
+hedge nature was the vehicle which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hedge nature was the vehicle which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hedge nature was the vehicle which
+Associated the mind and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated the mind and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated the mind and
+nature no not nature was the Mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature no not nature was the Mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature no not nature was the Mind
+combining the mind and the body through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining the mind and the body through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining the mind and the body through
+the element of nature was one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the element of nature was one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the element of nature was one of the
+there was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was not
+enough to be argued in the function plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to be argued in the function plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to be argued in the function plan
+of things there had to be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things there had to be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things there had to be some
+transcendental some larger ethos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcendental some larger ethos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcendental some larger ethos
+Associated and this ethos was not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated and this ethos was not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated and this ethos was not in
+conventional theism or religion but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional theism or religion but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional theism or religion but in
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+invented religion without religion a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented religion without religion a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented religion without religion a
+naturalist religion of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturalist religion of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturalist religion of a
+kind and so we go through Sunny said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind and so we go through Sunny said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind and so we go through Sunny said
+Gardens and radburn in New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Jersey I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jersey I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jersey I'm trying to
+another five or 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minutes I'd rather spend the time on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes I'd rather spend the time on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes I'd rather spend the time on
+talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking
+about Tennessee Valley Authority as a as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Tennessee Valley Authority as a as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Tennessee Valley Authority as a as
+a case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+study in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1930 the condition of the region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1930 the condition of the region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1930 the condition of the region
+was as follows 30% of the region was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was as follows 30% of the region was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was as follows 30% of the region was
+afflicted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afflicted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afflicted by
+malaria others by hookworm pelaga and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malaria others by hookworm pelaga and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malaria others by hookworm pelaga and
+black lung disease the income was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black lung disease the income was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black lung disease the income was
+$639 per year per family much of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$639 per year per family much of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$639 per year per family much of the
+Farmland had been eroded or depleted in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Farmland had been eroded or depleted in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Farmland had been eroded or depleted in
+Tennessee alone 14 million Acres needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tennessee alone 14 million Acres needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tennessee alone 14 million Acres needed
+Reclamation 10% of the forests were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reclamation 10% of the forests were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reclamation 10% of the forests were
+being burnt each year and the riv long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being burnt each year and the riv long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being burnt each year and the riv long
+used for transpiration by Native
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for transpiration by Native
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for transpiration by Native
+Americans had been clogged by floods the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans had been clogged by floods the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans had been clogged by floods the
+area covered by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area covered by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area covered by
+the uh over 90% of the people had no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh over 90% of the people had no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh over 90% of the people had no
+electricity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity in
+1930 30% had no toilets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1930 30% had no toilets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1930 30% had no toilets and
+65% had to walk over 250 M to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+water the number of responses to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water the number of responses to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water the number of responses to this
+situation the first was the response by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation the first was the response by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation the first was the response by
+the a group who called themselves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a group who called themselves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a group who called themselves the
+southern agrarians an intellectual group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+southern agrarians an intellectual group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+southern agrarians an intellectual group
+who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who
+claimed that farmers were ancient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claimed that farmers were ancient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claimed that farmers were ancient
+pioneers of Hardy stock capable of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pioneers of Hardy stock capable of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pioneers of Hardy stock capable of
+sustaining themselves and only wanting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustaining themselves and only wanting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustaining themselves and only wanting
+to be left alone Mark Twain had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be left alone Mark Twain had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be left alone Mark Twain had
+eulogized the Great Rivers of the South
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eulogized the Great Rivers of the South
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eulogized the Great Rivers of the South
+in a new language of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a new language of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a new language of
+nature beaten by the North in the Civil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature beaten by the North in the Civil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature beaten by the North in the Civil
+War the South resisted the invasion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War the South resisted the invasion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War the South resisted the invasion of
+their nature by metropolitanization by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their nature by metropolitanization by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their nature by metropolitanization by
+the cow centralized and impersonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cow centralized and impersonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cow centralized and impersonal
+nature of modernism machines and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of modernism machines and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of modernism machines and the
+central government which the TVA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central government which the TVA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central government which the TVA
+represented so here we have a reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented so here we have a reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented so here we have a reaction
+to this kind of condition leave it to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this kind of condition leave it to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this kind of condition leave it to us
+do not intervene do not bring large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not intervene do not bring large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not intervene do not bring large
+scale intervention to bear on us people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale intervention to bear on us people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale intervention to bear on us people
+we have lived through turmoil before and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have lived through turmoil before and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have lived through turmoil before and
+we've managed this is an ethos of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conservation the second perspective was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation the second perspective was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation the second perspective was
+that held by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that held by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that held by
+roseld and his colleagues who led to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roseld and his colleagues who led to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roseld and his colleagues who led to the
+creation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation in
+1933 of an authority which had large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1933 of an authority which had large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1933 of an authority which had large
+rights to change this seven State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights to change this seven State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights to change this seven State
+environment roselt was very influenced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment roselt was very influenced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment roselt was very influenced
+in regionalism by people like Benton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in regionalism by people like Benton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in regionalism by people like Benton
+McKay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McKay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McKay
+Mumford strongly support who me met with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mumford strongly support who me met with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mumford strongly support who me met with
+roselt before he sign TVA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Proclamation the ethos if there was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Proclamation the ethos if there was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Proclamation the ethos if there was one
+in rosal's team was I quote multi-use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in rosal's team was I quote multi-use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in rosal's team was I quote multi-use
+and seamless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and seamless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and seamless
+environments trees in nature are means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments trees in nature are means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments trees in nature are means
+to solve almost any human problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve almost any human problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve almost any human problem
+touching every river and Creek and revet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touching every river and Creek and revet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touching every river and Creek and revet
+in this interet touches and gives life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this interet touches and gives life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this interet touches and gives life
+to all form of human concerns if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all form of human concerns if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all form of human concerns if this
+isn't an naturalistic view I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't an naturalistic view I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't an naturalistic view I don't know
+what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the
+TVA proceeded off to 33 to develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TVA proceeded off to 33 to develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TVA proceeded off to 33 to develop
+fertilizers taught Farmers how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilizers taught Farmers how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilizers taught Farmers how to
+upgrade crop yields and replant forests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgrade crop yields and replant forests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgrade crop yields and replant forests
+controlled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled
+Forest Devastation floods created a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forest Devastation floods created a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forest Devastation floods created a
+navigation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigation
+Channel which carries more than 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel which carries more than 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel which carries more than 50
+million tons of goods on the Tennessee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million tons of goods on the Tennessee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million tons of goods on the Tennessee
+River they built 29 hydroelectric dams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+River they built 29 hydroelectric dams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+River they built 29 hydroelectric dams
+which made the TVA the nation's largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which made the TVA the nation's largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which made the TVA the nation's largest
+power company and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power company and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power company and so
+on a third alternative view of what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a third alternative view of what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a third alternative view of what was
+seen as socialist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen as socialist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen as socialist
+intervention was that proclaimed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention was that proclaimed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention was that proclaimed by
+Henry Ford Henry Ford in 1921 offered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Henry Ford Henry Ford in 1921 offered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Henry Ford Henry Ford in 1921 offered
+Congress $5 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress $5 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress $5 million
+to buy the Wilson Dam and the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buy the Wilson Dam and the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buy the Wilson Dam and the power
+facilities to develop his alternative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities to develop his alternative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities to develop his alternative to
+Roosevelt's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roosevelt's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roosevelt's
+TVA Ford soon saw nature through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TVA Ford soon saw nature through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TVA Ford soon saw nature through the
+lens of Agriculture which he believed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens of Agriculture which he believed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens of Agriculture which he believed
+had been mistakenly ignored in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been mistakenly ignored in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been mistakenly ignored in the
+making of American industrial cities to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making of American industrial cities to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making of American industrial cities to
+create a machine agriculture balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a machine agriculture balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a machine agriculture balance
+that is a machine nature balance Ford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a machine nature balance Ford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a machine nature balance Ford
+proposed to build a city in a town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed to build a city in a town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed to build a city in a town
+called muscle shs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called muscle shs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called muscle shs
+musle muscle like on the human body in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musle muscle like on the human body in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musle muscle like on the human body in
+Charles S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles S
+LS 12 km long and 24 kilm wide made up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LS 12 km long and 24 kilm wide made up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LS 12 km long and 24 kilm wide made up
+of a string of small towns from which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a string of small towns from which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a string of small towns from which
+workers commute to his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+factories Ford was rejected by Congress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factories Ford was rejected by Congress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factories Ford was rejected by Congress
+Le Leed by Senator Senator Norris who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Le Leed by Senator Senator Norris who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Le Leed by Senator Senator Norris who
+claimed this act of revitalizing the TV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claimed this act of revitalizing the TV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claimed this act of revitalizing the TV
+the Tennessee Valley Authority should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Tennessee Valley Authority should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Tennessee Valley Authority should be
+done by the public not by the private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by the public not by the private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by the public not by the private
+sector strange thought these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+days since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days since
+1973 there have been new conceptions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1973 there have been new conceptions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1973 there have been new conceptions of
+nature that have little to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature that have little to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature that have little to do with the
+romance of tradition nor with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romance of tradition nor with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romance of tradition nor with the
+efficiency of relational regionalism nor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency of relational regionalism nor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency of relational regionalism nor
+the Reclamation of Agriculture through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Reclamation of Agriculture through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Reclamation of Agriculture through
+industry in 19 first in 1973 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry in 19 first in 1973 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry in 19 first in 1973 the
+construction of the Telico Dam on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction of the Telico Dam on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction of the Telico Dam on the
+little Tennessee was halted when a rare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Tennessee was halted when a rare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Tennessee was halted when a rare
+9 cm long fish was discovered in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 cm long fish was discovered in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 cm long fish was discovered in his
+Waters the fish which claimed to be uni
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Waters the fish which claimed to be uni
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Waters the fish which claimed to be uni
+which was claimed to be a unique spe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was claimed to be a unique spe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was claimed to be a unique spe
+species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species
+uh and a potential demise became a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and a potential demise became a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and a potential demise became a
+watershed event in the growing American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watershed event in the growing American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watershed event in the growing American
+Environmental movement it was taken to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Environmental movement it was taken to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Environmental movement it was taken to
+the United Supreme Court who upheld the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United Supreme Court who upheld the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United Supreme Court who upheld the
+environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment
+protest this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protest this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protest this was
+in since the controvery the small fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in since the controvery the small fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in since the controvery the small fish
+has been relocated to another in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been relocated to another in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been relocated to another in
+Tennessee where it's thriving the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tennessee where it's thriving the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tennessee where it's thriving the small
+the snail daughter Cony still stands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the snail daughter Cony still stands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the snail daughter Cony still stands
+the interesting thing about a 9 cm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interesting thing about a 9 cm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interesting thing about a 9 cm
+fish is not much interesting about it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish is not much interesting about it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish is not much interesting about it I
+must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must
+admit but what is interesting is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admit but what is interesting is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admit but what is interesting is that
+it's within the amp the the large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's within the amp the the large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's within the amp the the large
+Tennessee Val Authority which we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tennessee Val Authority which we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tennessee Val Authority which we've seen
+in relation to differing views about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in relation to differing views about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in relation to differing views about
+nature here is a microscopic element of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature here is a microscopic element of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature here is a microscopic element of
+nature causing an attempt to stop a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature causing an attempt to stop a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature causing an attempt to stop a
+dam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dam
+the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the
+1950s as the demand for electricity was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1950s as the demand for electricity was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1950s as the demand for electricity was
+outspoken was out stripping the capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outspoken was out stripping the capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outspoken was out stripping the capacity
+of the hydroelectric facilities the TVA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hydroelectric facilities the TVA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hydroelectric facilities the TVA
+began to build cold fir fired electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to build cold fir fired electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to build cold fir fired electric
+plants which now account for for about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants which now account for for about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants which now account for for about
+65% of its trity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+65% of its trity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+65% of its trity
+output what I'm telling you the story is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output what I'm telling you the story is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output what I'm telling you the story is
+to indicate for you in one project over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to indicate for you in one project over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to indicate for you in one project over
+70 years the conflicting and differing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 years the conflicting and differing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 years the conflicting and differing
+ways in which nature is introduced as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways in which nature is introduced as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways in which nature is introduced as
+the basis for the critique and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis for the critique and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis for the critique and for
+revision nobody cared about small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revision nobody cared about small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revision nobody cared about small
+fish in the dams in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish in the dams in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish in the dams in
+1933 a cultural and technological change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1933 a cultural and technological change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1933 a cultural and technological change
+produced a new way of discovering nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced a new way of discovering nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced a new way of discovering nature
+in the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the water
+the original idea to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original idea to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original idea to generate
+electricity through the building of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity through the building of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity through the building of
+hydroelectricity turned out by 1950 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroelectricity turned out by 1950 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroelectricity turned out by 1950 to
+not to be producing enough electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to be producing enough electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to be producing enough electricity
+so that they switched to Coal which now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that they switched to Coal which now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that they switched to Coal which now
+is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+predominant energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predominant energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predominant energy
+source on December the 22nd 2008 an earn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source on December the 22nd 2008 an earn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source on December the 22nd 2008 an earn
+Dyke at one of the plants at Lincoln
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dyke at one of the plants at Lincoln
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dyke at one of the plants at Lincoln
+spilling a spilled bro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spilling a spilled bro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spilling a spilled bro
+spilling a billion gallons of wet cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spilling a billion gallons of wet cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spilling a billion gallons of wet cold
+Ash across 300 acres of land and into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ash across 300 acres of land and into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ash across 300 acres of land and into
+the tributaries the New York Times in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tributaries the New York Times in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tributaries the New York Times in
+the next day called it quote the largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next day called it quote the largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next day called it quote the largest
+environmental environmental disaster of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental environmental disaster of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental environmental disaster of
+its kind in the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States
+sorry in 1943 the US government built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry in 1943 the US government built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry in 1943 the US government built
+the oakrid laboratory in Tennessee as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oakrid laboratory in Tennessee as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oakrid laboratory in Tennessee as
+part of its Manhattan Project to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of its Manhattan Project to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of its Manhattan Project to
+separate and produce uranium to him for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate and produce uranium to him for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate and produce uranium to him for
+use in developing a nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+weapon we start with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem we have reactions to the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we have reactions to the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we have reactions to the problem
+invoking the best use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invoking the best use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invoking the best use of
+nature the idea of nature the level at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature the idea of nature the level at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature the idea of nature the level at
+which it's seen and discriminated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it's seen and discriminated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it's seen and discriminated
+changes over time over 80 years we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes over time over 80 years we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes over time over 80 years we now
+have a completely different view not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a completely different view not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a completely different view not a
+completely different view we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different view we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different view we have a
+different set of tools with which to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different set of tools with which to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different set of tools with which to
+understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nature so it argues as much for there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature so it argues as much for there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature so it argues as much for there
+not being a fixed and determinant view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not being a fixed and determinant view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not being a fixed and determinant view
+of nature superseding almost every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nature superseding almost every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nature superseding almost every
+possible alternative view but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible alternative view but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible alternative view but a
+fluctuating View of nature as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuating View of nature as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuating View of nature as an
+important phenomenon in human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+existence this adds strength to the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence this adds strength to the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence this adds strength to the idea
+that the city is a phenomenon of change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the city is a phenomenon of change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the city is a phenomenon of change
+and we will in our subsequent classes be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will in our subsequent classes be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will in our subsequent classes be
+looking carefully at theories which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking carefully at theories which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking carefully at theories which
+attempt to accommodate these changes how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to accommodate these changes how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to accommodate these changes how
+roselt in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roselt in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roselt in
+1933 could have known about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1933 could have known about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1933 could have known about the
+SN data the snail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SN data the snail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SN data the snail
+daughter uh I don't know well I do know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter uh I don't know well I do know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter uh I don't know well I do know
+he couldn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+known this is forward to ero sarin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known this is forward to ero sarin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known this is forward to ero sarin and
+ilel serin's Father's book on the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ilel serin's Father's book on the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ilel serin's Father's book on the city
+it CHS plans of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it CHS plans of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it CHS plans of
+London there's no evaluation other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London there's no evaluation other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London there's no evaluation other than
+visually it looks like cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that it may be performing better in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it may be performing better in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it may be performing better in in
+terms of social Equity than under Henry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of social Equity than under Henry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of social Equity than under Henry
+VII uh is not an issue he's an architect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VII uh is not an issue he's an architect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VII uh is not an issue he's an architect
+and looks at patterns of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looks at patterns of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looks at patterns of
+architecture and uh deres the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture and uh deres the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture and uh deres the
+observation that not only is this a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation that not only is this a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation that not only is this a more
+complic a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complic a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complic a more
+complex problem to be resolved patent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex problem to be resolved patent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex problem to be resolved patent
+wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise
+he would apply that solution to it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he would apply that solution to it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he would apply that solution to it that
+is identifiable small units either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is identifiable small units either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is identifiable small units either
+neighborhoods or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods or
+idiosyncratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiosyncratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiosyncratic
+environments uh all patented in uh uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments uh all patented in uh uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments uh all patented in uh uh in
+a way which isn't as fragmented and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way which isn't as fragmented and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way which isn't as fragmented and
+difficult as this this is a plan for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult as this this is a plan for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult as this this is a plan for
+Washington DC the Metropolis of Tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington DC the Metropolis of Tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington DC the Metropolis of Tomorrow
+by Victor gruin who simp simplified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Victor gruin who simp simplified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Victor gruin who simp simplified
+things every way he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+could the task is to learn how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could the task is to learn how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could the task is to learn how to
+identify patterns in this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify patterns in this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify patterns in this kind of
+environment which are good and which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment which are good and which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment which are good and which are
+bad as opposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to creating a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to creating a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to creating a new
+geometry which uh for elementary reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry which uh for elementary reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry which uh for elementary reasons
+cannot accept a city form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot accept a city form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot accept a city form
+which is on the bottom on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next Patrick GES the Scottish biologist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next Patrick GES the Scottish biologist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next Patrick GES the Scottish biologist
+in town planner the Le play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in town planner the Le play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in town planner the Le play
+diagram if you f the black lines you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram if you f the black lines you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram if you f the black lines you
+fold acts Deeds thoughts facts all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold acts Deeds thoughts facts all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold acts Deeds thoughts facts all
+together experience and idation work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together experience and idation work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together experience and idation work and
+Synergy all are part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Synergy all are part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Synergy all are part
+of of segments of thought and feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of segments of thought and feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of segments of thought and feeling
+experience uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+emotion EOP poity Synergy and so on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotion EOP poity Synergy and so on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotion EOP poity Synergy and so on the
+whole idea is that everything in The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole idea is that everything in The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole idea is that everything in The
+Human Experience touches on everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Human Experience touches on everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Human Experience touches on everything
+else um it was a kind kind of vision of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else um it was a kind kind of vision of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else um it was a kind kind of vision of
+a synoptic World which could make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a synoptic World which could make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a synoptic World which could make sense
+of everything but particularly in Rel in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of everything but particularly in Rel in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of everything but particularly in Rel in
+the relationship between things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next so one would expect the Hebrew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next so one would expect the Hebrew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next so one would expect the Hebrew
+University plan which he did with his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University plan which he did with his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University plan which he did with his
+son-in-law who was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+son-in-law who was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+son-in-law who was an
+architect the center is a center that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architect the center is a center that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architect the center is a center that is
+a biological constant it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a biological constant it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a biological constant it's it's
+fundamental if you believe Mercy eliad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental if you believe Mercy eliad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental if you believe Mercy eliad
+it's it's built into archaic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's built into archaic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's built into archaic
+man the Dome on the building is a form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man the Dome on the building is a form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man the Dome on the building is a form
+which is the only architectural form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the only architectural form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the only architectural form
+which is accepted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is accepted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is accepted by
+Jews Islam and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jews Islam and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jews Islam and
+Christianity so bringing all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christianity so bringing all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christianity so bringing all these
+things together suggests a form which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things together suggests a form which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things together suggests a form which
+which can deal with all three at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can deal with all three at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can deal with all three at the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the
+ideation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideation
+context the branches of science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context the branches of science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context the branches of science and
+Humanities and the various aspects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Humanities and the various aspects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Humanities and the various aspects of
+knowledge are branched out in Arms from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge are branched out in Arms from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge are branched out in Arms from
+the center in order to go from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center in order to go from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center in order to go from the
+bottom on the left I don't know what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom on the left I don't know what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom on the left I don't know what it
+is in order to get to the center you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in order to get to the center you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in order to get to the center you
+have to pass through other bodies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pass through other bodies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pass through other bodies of
+knowledge the again the whole idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge the again the whole idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge the again the whole idea is
+that what makes a human environment most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what makes a human environment most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what makes a human environment most
+powerful is its capacity to capture more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful is its capacity to capture more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful is its capacity to capture more
+than one element of Human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Experience when I talk today about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Experience when I talk today about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Experience when I talk today about a
+number of social science theories of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of social science theories of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of social science theories of
+City form this aspect will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City form this aspect will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City form this aspect will be
+particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+missing uh the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing uh the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing uh the value
+section there's a natur there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section there's a natur there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section there's a natur there's a
+natural place for things in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural place for things in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural place for things in a
+system he's wrong there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system he's wrong there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system he's wrong there's nothing
+natural about that at all the soil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural about that at all the soil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural about that at all the soil
+condition will determine to some extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition will determine to some extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition will determine to some extent
+the kind of but we'll see another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of but we'll see another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of but we'll see another
+version of this in Von tunin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of this in Von tunin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of this in Von tunin
+diagrams uh in southern Germany in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams uh in southern Germany in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams uh in southern Germany in the
+beginning of the 19th century which also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the 19th century which also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the 19th century which also
+lays out a pattern of dis distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lays out a pattern of dis distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lays out a pattern of dis distribution
+but largely is a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but largely is a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but largely is a function of
+Transportation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transportation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transportation
+costs milk is produced in this close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs milk is produced in this close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs milk is produced in this close to
+the center of the city further out is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of the city further out is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of the city further out is
+cream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cream
+why what is natural about cream being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why what is natural about cream being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why what is natural about cream being
+further from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further from the
+center cream is produced in smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center cream is produced in smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center cream is produced in smaller
+volumes than milk therefore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volumes than milk therefore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volumes than milk therefore the
+transportation costs or less it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation costs or less it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation costs or less it's
+assuming why all transportation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming why all transportation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming why all transportation is
+towards the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the center
+secondly cream perishes more less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly cream perishes more less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly cream perishes more less
+rapidly than milk so trans it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly than milk so trans it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly than milk so trans it's
+resistant to longer Transportation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant to longer Transportation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant to longer Transportation
+possibilities here the valley diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities here the valley diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities here the valley diagram
+just assumes there's a rightness a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just assumes there's a rightness a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just assumes there's a rightness a
+natural rightness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural rightness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural rightness of
+location there is no natural rightness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location there is no natural rightness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location there is no natural rightness
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+location next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that's his work in one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's his work in one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's his work in one of the
+Indian towns this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indian towns this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indian towns this is
+balamur and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balamur and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balamur and he
+uses items such as conservative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses items such as conservative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses items such as conservative
+surgery rather than bulldozing the what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgery rather than bulldozing the what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgery rather than bulldozing the what
+the the Maharaja calls the slum he looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Maharaja calls the slum he looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Maharaja calls the slum he looks
+to the possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the possibilities
+of cosmetic surgery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cosmetic surgery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cosmetic surgery
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+investing energy and money in key items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing energy and money in key items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing energy and money in key items
+but basically the pro the what is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically the pro the what is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically the pro the what is there
+is considered as good in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is considered as good in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is considered as good in
+itself rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself rather
+than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the
+erasing the notion here is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erasing the notion here is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erasing the notion here is that you
+don't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you
+cannot by erasing a system you retain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot by erasing a system you retain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot by erasing a system you retain
+very little of its capacity to introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little of its capacity to introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little of its capacity to introduce
+new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+items it's one of the problems of new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items it's one of the problems of new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items it's one of the problems of new
+settlements they don't have the builtin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlements they don't have the builtin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlements they don't have the builtin
+connection between history and memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection between history and memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection between history and memory
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+newness you can see how G's mind as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newness you can see how G's mind as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newness you can see how G's mind as a
+biologist exerts itself in a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologist exerts itself in a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologist exerts itself in a number
+of items IA Howard on the other end sees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of items IA Howard on the other end sees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of items IA Howard on the other end sees
+the distinction between the Central City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distinction between the Central City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distinction between the Central City
+and the country as the basis of making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the country as the basis of making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the country as the basis of making a
+division between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next he
+postulates that town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postulates that town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postulates that town
+country has low rents High wages plenty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country has low rents High wages plenty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country has low rents High wages plenty
+to do town is bad country is great but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do town is bad country is great but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do town is bad country is great but
+countryes dumb town is too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countryes dumb town is too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countryes dumb town is too
+expensive Town Country brings together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive Town Country brings together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive Town Country brings together
+all the best things no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the best things no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the best things no
+sweating pure air and water cooperation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweating pure air and water cooperation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweating pure air and water cooperation
+no smoke why should they be more more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no smoke why should they be more more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no smoke why should they be more more
+cooperation in a Town Country phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperation in a Town Country phenomenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperation in a Town Country phenomenon
+than in an urban setting you may argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than in an urban setting you may argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than in an urban setting you may argue
+that in fact quite the opposite is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in fact quite the opposite is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in fact quite the opposite is
+probably true that they they higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably true that they they higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably true that they they higher
+propor portion of people likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propor portion of people likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propor portion of people likely to
+cooperate learn to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperate learn to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperate learn to
+cooperate in a dense environment than in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperate in a dense environment than in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperate in a dense environment than in
+a Loosey but that's not issue for Howard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Loosey but that's not issue for Howard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Loosey but that's not issue for Howard
+Howard's a man who learned to be a court
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Howard's a man who learned to be a court
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Howard's a man who learned to be a court
+reporter but in had the Practical Genius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporter but in had the Practical Genius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporter but in had the Practical Genius
+of an of an Englishman to build new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an of an Englishman to build new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an of an Englishman to build new
+towns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next here you can see it again yesterday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next here you can see it again yesterday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next here you can see it again yesterday
+this is Manchester is described by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Manchester is described by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Manchester is described by
+Engles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engles
+today tomorrow living and working in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today tomorrow living and working in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today tomorrow living and working in the
+Sun at Wellen Garden City one of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun at Wellen Garden City one of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun at Wellen Garden City one of the two
+cities that uh IAH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities that uh IAH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities that uh IAH
+proposed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed the
+the the early romanticization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the early romanticization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the early romanticization of
+Suburbia it produces nature in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suburbia it produces nature in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suburbia it produces nature in a
+domesticated form he this benign husband
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domesticated form he this benign husband
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domesticated form he this benign husband
+wife and little daughter sitting in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wife and little daughter sitting in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wife and little daughter sitting in a
+man-made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man-made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man-made
+Garden people are friendly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next the greatest asset the town the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next the greatest asset the town the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next the greatest asset the town the
+Garden City movement became an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Garden City movement became an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Garden City movement became an
+international phenomenon it was taken up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international phenomenon it was taken up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international phenomenon it was taken up
+by the regional plan Association of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the regional plan Association of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the regional plan Association of the
+of New York in 1923 as one of its great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of New York in 1923 as one of its great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of New York in 1923 as one of its great
+uh goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh goals
+um here you can see some of the charm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here you can see some of the charm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here you can see some of the charm
+there's a lot of invention in sight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of invention in sight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of invention in sight
+planning in these towns let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning in these towns let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning in these towns let's
+Skip and go on to some of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next the
+idea this is lit with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea this is lit with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea this is lit with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but there was also the idea that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there was also the idea that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there was also the idea that you
+could break up the facade of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could break up the facade of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could break up the facade of a
+street largely straight because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street largely straight because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street largely straight because of
+mechanical system by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical system by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical system by
+identifying identifying opportunities of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying identifying opportunities of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying identifying opportunities of
+creating uh different relationship to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating uh different relationship to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating uh different relationship to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next you can see some of the items of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next you can see some of the items of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next you can see some of the items of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+in invented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in invented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in invented
+idea first of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea first of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea first of all the
+C traffic should not run along it its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C traffic should not run along it its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C traffic should not run along it its
+clearly identified path it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly identified path it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly identified path it should be
+stopped the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped the
+cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster
+the the road which bends and forms a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the road which bends and forms a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the road which bends and forms a
+curve the the the retention of old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve the the the retention of old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve the the the retention of old
+buildings so to gain these combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings so to gain these combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings so to gain these combination
+of the old and the new and Landscaping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the old and the new and Landscaping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the old and the new and Landscaping
+being an important part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being an important part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being an important part of the
+manifestation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifestation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifestation of
+space different types of landscaping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space different types of landscaping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space different types of landscaping
+inmer large trees small trees this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inmer large trees small trees this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inmer large trees small trees this was a
+this in my view is the major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in my view is the major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in my view is the major
+contribution of Garden City knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next here's a notier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next here's a notier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next here's a notier
+Vini uh Garden City subb in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vini uh Garden City subb in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vini uh Garden City subb in in
+Milano uh they occur in Cape Town they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Milano uh they occur in Cape Town they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Milano uh they occur in Cape Town they
+occur all over the world um the shopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur all over the world um the shopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur all over the world um the shopping
+center in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center in
+uh again uncale in relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh again uncale in relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh again uncale in relation
+to in the United States the ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in the United States the ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in the United States the ratio of
+parking space to floor space would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parking space to floor space would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parking space to floor space would be
+phenomenally larger than here and one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenally larger than here and one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenally larger than here and one of
+the problems with these kinds of towns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems with these kinds of towns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems with these kinds of towns
+has been the increase in car occupant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been the increase in car occupant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been the increase in car occupant
+car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car
+population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next the regional plan Association in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next the regional plan Association in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next the regional plan Association in
+the United States this is again a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States this is again a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States this is again a
+diagram of Victor gring showing how UNS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram of Victor gring showing how UNS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram of Victor gring showing how UNS
+subtle the simultaneous relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle the simultaneous relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle the simultaneous relationship
+which Patrick gy spoke of uh yes there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Patrick gy spoke of uh yes there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Patrick gy spoke of uh yes there
+are people who walk and there people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are people who walk and there people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are people who walk and there people who
+need who travel longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need who travel longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need who travel longer
+distances that they need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances that they need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances that they need to be
+separated is by a mechanical system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated is by a mechanical system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated is by a mechanical system is
+stupid um it involves an introduction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid um it involves an introduction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid um it involves an introduction of
+a new infrastructure which is very which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new infrastructure which is very which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new infrastructure which is very which
+is relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is relatively
+purposeless that you can I you can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposeless that you can I you can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposeless that you can I you can take
+apart all the elements but the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart all the elements but the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart all the elements but the idea of
+cleanliness of a kind of ID didn't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleanliness of a kind of ID didn't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleanliness of a kind of ID didn't you
+the Victor gruin plan the Washington
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Victor gruin plan the Washington
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Victor gruin plan the Washington
+plan has a kind of clarity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan has a kind of clarity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan has a kind of clarity of
+fundamentalism which is supposedly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentalism which is supposedly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentalism which is supposedly
+attractive whereas in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive whereas in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive whereas in fact the
+cancer-like plan of London has has items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer-like plan of London has has items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer-like plan of London has has items
+in it which have a higher degree of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it which have a higher degree of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it which have a higher degree of in
+intelligence than this this is a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence than this this is a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence than this this is a low
+level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of
+intelligence um then the organic model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence um then the organic model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence um then the organic model
+again the possible state of the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the possible state of the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the possible state of the future
+in which each part serves its logical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which each part serves its logical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which each part serves its logical
+function in support of old activity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in support of old activity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in support of old activity in
+good living each part Has Its Right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Place Central Park a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Place Central Park a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Place Central Park a
+model of the insertion of a natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phenomenon uh by Armstead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon uh by Armstead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon uh by Armstead and
+V you know I think it's it's 1859 I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V you know I think it's it's 1859 I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V you know I think it's it's 1859 I'm
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+sure and armad the progenitor much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure and armad the progenitor much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure and armad the progenitor much of
+the idea of the cosmic model sorry cosm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of the cosmic model sorry cosm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of the cosmic model sorry cosm
+organic model planed for Riverside just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic model planed for Riverside just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic model planed for Riverside just
+outside of Chicago the curved surface no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of Chicago the curved surface no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of Chicago the curved surface no
+straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight
+lines uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines uh
+idiosyncratic and speed of movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiosyncratic and speed of movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiosyncratic and speed of movement
+through the complex next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sunnyside Gardens well on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sunnyside Gardens well on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sunnyside Gardens well on the left
+Clarence Perry's neighborhood Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clarence Perry's neighborhood Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clarence Perry's neighborhood Theory
+measuring the walking safe walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the walking safe walking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the walking safe walking
+distance of a child to a school as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance of a child to a school as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance of a child to a school as
+giving a density of an appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving a density of an appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving a density of an appropriate
+walking uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking uh
+sear and uh Sunnyside Gardens Stein and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sear and uh Sunnyside Gardens Stein and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sear and uh Sunnyside Gardens Stein and
+rights complex where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights complex where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights complex where you
+internalize the urban world into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internalize the urban world into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internalize the urban world into a
+safe uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe uh
+environment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and
+uh treated as a communal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh treated as a communal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh treated as a communal
+asset uh with everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset uh with everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset uh with everybody
+contemplating the unity of the social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemplating the unity of the social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemplating the unity of the social
+circumstance which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstance which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstance which
+created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created
+um over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um over
+time each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time each
+owner built started building particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner built started building particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner built started building particular
+private space enclosures eating into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private space enclosures eating into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private space enclosures eating into the
+public space but in recent years there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public space but in recent years there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public space but in recent years there's
+been an attempt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been an attempt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been an attempt
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+reformulate the original open space I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reformulate the original open space I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reformulate the original open space I
+don't know if that's leis Mumford but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if that's leis Mumford but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if that's leis Mumford but he
+lived here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next chattam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next chattam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next chattam
+Village a number of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Village a number of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Village a number of these
+layouts occurred chatt Village in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layouts occurred chatt Village in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layouts occurred chatt Village in
+Pittsburgh uh next the phenomena is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pittsburgh uh next the phenomena is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pittsburgh uh next the phenomena is the
+same the predominance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same the predominance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same the predominance
+of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh
+nature uh the separation of places to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature uh the separation of places to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature uh the separation of places to
+walk and places to drive the capacity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk and places to drive the capacity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk and places to drive the capacity to
+fix things in your own property the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix things in your own property the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix things in your own property the kind
+of control of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of control of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of control of the
+world uh neighborly good neighborly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world uh neighborly good neighborly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world uh neighborly good neighborly
+relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between
+houses uh at least that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses uh at least that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses uh at least that is
+accepted uh without some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted uh without some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted uh without some of the
+community is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community is
+energized by the fact that the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energized by the fact that the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energized by the fact that the whole
+system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is
+made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made
+prumano in some way so it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prumano in some way so it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prumano in some way so it is
+thought a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought a good
+biological system will animate its users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological system will animate its users
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological system will animate its users
+to believe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to believe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to believe in
+it you have no way of not believing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you have no way of not believing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you have no way of not believing in
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+body next that's radin New Jersey on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body next that's radin New Jersey on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body next that's radin New Jersey on the
+left based on walking distance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left based on walking distance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left based on walking distance of
+children U and the externalization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children U and the externalization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children U and the externalization of
+automobiles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next the green Bel tons built under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next the green Bel tons built under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next the green Bel tons built under the
+rosi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rosi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rosi
+administration again the walk distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administration again the walk distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administration again the walk distance
+of children and the use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of children and the use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of children and the use of
+major curv geometries to enhance the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major curv geometries to enhance the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major curv geometries to enhance the
+fact that the buildings and the streets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the buildings and the streets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the buildings and the streets
+are not subject to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not subject to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not subject to
+simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+mechanization but the the pattern of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanization but the the pattern of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanization but the the pattern of the
+streets in themselves would animate or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streets in themselves would animate or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streets in themselves would animate or
+lead to an understanding of the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to an understanding of the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to an understanding of the natural
+quality of this place
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gYgARXwnZTk.txt b/gYgARXwnZTk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2a9428dbba73f983c079934addad483f2553a9b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gYgARXwnZTk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9712 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's H let's continue with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's H let's continue with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's H let's continue with this
+islm model remember in the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+islm model remember in the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+islm model remember in the previous
+lecture we we set up we set it up we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we we set up we set it up we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we we set up we set it up we
+cons we built the eslm model I will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cons we built the eslm model I will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cons we built the eslm model I will go
+over that very quickly in this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over that very quickly in this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over that very quickly in this lecture
+because I think it's very important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think it's very important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think it's very important for
+you and then we're going to use it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and then we're going to use it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and then we're going to use it and
+uh eventually we're going to talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh eventually we're going to talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh eventually we're going to talk a
+little bit about the policy response the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about the policy response the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about the policy response the
+mcro macroeconomic policy response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mcro macroeconomic policy response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mcro macroeconomic policy response
+during the covid-19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the covid-19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the covid-19
+ER shock or recession all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B so the the starting point remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so the the starting point remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so the the starting point remember
+with first thing we did we constructed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with first thing we did we constructed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with first thing we did we constructed
+the relation and the relation was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relation and the relation was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relation and the relation was just
+the same as lecture three but we sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as lecture three but we sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as lecture three but we sort of
+expel out what what is inside that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expel out what what is inside that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expel out what what is inside that
+investment that we had taken as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment that we had taken as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment that we had taken as a
+constant there we said well far more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant there we said well far more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant there we said well far more
+realistic is to make investment itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic is to make investment itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic is to make investment itself
+increasing in output because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing in output because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing in output because it's
+increasing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing in
+sales that in one change analysis that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales that in one change analysis that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales that in one change analysis that
+we had in lecture three all that will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had in lecture three all that will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had in lecture three all that will do
+is change the slope of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is change the slope of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is change the slope of the of the
+aggregate demand curve and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate demand curve and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate demand curve and therefore
+change the multiplier but we could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the multiplier but we could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the multiplier but we could have
+solved everything in terms of lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved everything in terms of lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved everything in terms of lecture
+three what made this a little different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three what made this a little different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three what made this a little different
+from lecture three is that we also said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from lecture three is that we also said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from lecture three is that we also said
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+investment real investment remember this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment real investment remember this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment real investment remember this
+has nothing to do with financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has nothing to do with financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has nothing to do with financial
+investment real investment is also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment real investment is also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment real investment is also a
+decreasing function of the interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing function of the interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing function of the interest rate
+okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+so er and and that led to the is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so er and and that led to the is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so er and and that led to the is
+relationship which essentially says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship which essentially says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship which essentially says
+these are all the is curve traces all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all the is curve traces all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all the is curve traces all
+the combinations of output and interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the combinations of output and interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the combinations of output and interest
+rate that are consistent with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate that are consistent with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate that are consistent with
+equilibrium in the Goods Market that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium in the Goods Market that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium in the Goods Market that's
+the definition of the now of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of the now of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of the now of course
+you know in in in lecture three we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in in in lecture three we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in in in lecture three we were
+able to determine equilibrium output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to determine equilibrium output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to determine equilibrium output
+here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we
+can't why can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we yeah we have two unknowns it's output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we yeah we have two unknowns it's output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we yeah we have two unknowns it's output
+and the interest rate and we have only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the interest rate and we have only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the interest rate and we have only
+one relationship the is LM the curve so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one relationship the is LM the curve so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one relationship the is LM the curve so
+the reason for the LM curve is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason for the LM curve is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason for the LM curve is that we
+need pin down the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need pin down the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need pin down the second
+variable okay and that's what LM will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable okay and that's what LM will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable okay and that's what LM will do
+and it will be sort of very brutal about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will be sort of very brutal about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will be sort of very brutal about
+it in the past remember it was some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the past remember it was some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the past remember it was some
+upward slope in relationship I said in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upward slope in relationship I said in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upward slope in relationship I said in
+previously no that's not what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously no that's not what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously no that's not what the
+central banks do today just set the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central banks do today just set the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central banks do today just set the
+interest rate so if the Central Bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate so if the Central Bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate so if the Central Bank
+sets the interest rate then you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets the interest rate then you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets the interest rate then you can use
+lecture three to pin down equilibrium in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture three to pin down equilibrium in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture three to pin down equilibrium in
+the Goods Market which is what you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Goods Market which is what you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Goods Market which is what you would
+effectively be doing here if you fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively be doing here if you fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively be doing here if you fix
+this interest rate at whatever level the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interest rate at whatever level the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interest rate at whatever level the
+Central Bank wants then now you have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central Bank wants then now you have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central Bank wants then now you have one
+curve for one unknown which is output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve for one unknown which is output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve for one unknown which is output
+and that's exactly what we solve in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's exactly what we solve in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's exactly what we solve in
+lecture three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture three
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+good um so I said you know lecture three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good um so I said you know lecture three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good um so I said you know lecture three
+now this z z Curve will a little steeper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this z z Curve will a little steeper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this z z Curve will a little steeper
+because investment also responds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because investment also responds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because investment also responds
+positively to increases in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively to increases in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively to increases in
+output importantly now we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output importantly now we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output importantly now we have an
+interest rate which is a shifter of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate which is a shifter of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate which is a shifter of this
+aggregate demand in particular if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate demand in particular if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate demand in particular if the
+interest rate goes up what happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate goes up what happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate goes up what happens to
+that curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if the interest rate goes up what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the interest rate goes up what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the interest rate goes up what
+happens to the AG demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+curve I have two candidates here down or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up down yeah because investment drops so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up down yeah because investment drops so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up down yeah because investment drops so
+you can tell me even more by how much if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can tell me even more by how much if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can tell me even more by how much if
+I tell you how much a change in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I tell you how much a change in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I tell you how much a change in the
+interest rate is and I tell you what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate is and I tell you what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate is and I tell you what is
+a sensitivity of investment to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sensitivity of investment to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sensitivity of investment to the
+interest rate you know exactly by how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate you know exactly by how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate you know exactly by how
+much this thing will come down it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much this thing will come down it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much this thing will come down it's
+going to be the change in the interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the change in the interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the change in the interest
+rate time the sensitivity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate time the sensitivity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate time the sensitivity of the
+investment function to to the interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment function to to the interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment function to to the interest
+rate that's not the end of the story as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate that's not the end of the story as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate that's not the end of the story as
+you well know that's the horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you well know that's the horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you well know that's the horizontal
+shift in a great demand but the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift in a great demand but the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift in a great demand but the final
+decline in output will be larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decline in output will be larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decline in output will be larger than
+that initial decline in investment as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that initial decline in investment as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that initial decline in investment as a
+result of the higher interest rate why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of the higher interest rate why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of the higher interest rate why
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+so someone say the fed raises interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so someone say the fed raises interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so someone say the fed raises interest
+rate ER that immediately reduces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate ER that immediately reduces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate ER that immediately reduces
+investment because investment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment because investment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment because investment is
+negative related to the interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative related to the interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative related to the interest rate
+that immediately decreases aggregate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that immediately decreases aggregate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that immediately decreases aggregate
+demand which immediately increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand which immediately increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand which immediately increases
+decreases output because in this part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases output because in this part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases output because in this part of
+the course output is determined by agre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course output is determined by agre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course output is determined by agre
+demand does the adjustment stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand does the adjustment stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand does the adjustment stop
+there no that's what the multiplier was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there no that's what the multiplier was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there no that's what the multiplier was
+about because now with lower income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about because now with lower income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about because now with lower income
+there's lower consumption and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lower consumption and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lower consumption and actually
+lower investment as a result of that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower investment as a result of that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower investment as a result of that and
+we keep going okay so this the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we keep going okay so this the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we keep going okay so this the final
+Decline and output is a lot larger and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Decline and output is a lot larger and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Decline and output is a lot larger and
+doing that kind of experiment moving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that kind of experiment moving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that kind of experiment moving the
+interet around and seeing what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interet around and seeing what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interet around and seeing what happens
+to equilibrium output is that we derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to equilibrium output is that we derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to equilibrium output is that we derive
+we constructed the I curve okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we constructed the I curve okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we constructed the I curve okay that's
+here is for a cutting the inter no oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is for a cutting the inter no oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is for a cutting the inter no oh
+this is exactly the experiment I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is exactly the experiment I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is exactly the experiment I just
+describe so if you raise the interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe so if you raise the interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe so if you raise the interest
+rate then aggre demand comes down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate then aggre demand comes down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate then aggre demand comes down and
+then output declines buy a lot more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then output declines buy a lot more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then output declines buy a lot more than
+the initial decline in investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial decline in investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial decline in investment
+because of the multiplier but eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the multiplier but eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the multiplier but eventually
+we get to another equilibrium output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to another equilibrium output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to another equilibrium output
+which is that so now we know that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that so now we know that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that so now we know that this
+point belongs to the yes curve because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point belongs to the yes curve because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point belongs to the yes curve because
+it's a combination of output y Prime an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a combination of output y Prime an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a combination of output y Prime an
+interest rate I prime that is consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate I prime that is consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate I prime that is consistent
+with equilibrium in the Goods Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with equilibrium in the Goods Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with equilibrium in the Goods Market
+that's what lecture three told us that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what lecture three told us that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what lecture three told us that's
+what equilibrium in the goods markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what equilibrium in the goods markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what equilibrium in the goods markets
+look like that's another point of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like that's another point of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like that's another point of the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+is H because I have higher output here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is H because I have higher output here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is H because I have higher output here
+lower interest rate straight that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower interest rate straight that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower interest rate straight that's
+another point of the as that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another point of the as that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another point of the as that's the
+reason this downward sloping look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason this downward sloping look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason this downward sloping look at
+what I just said I said I have another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I just said I said I have another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I just said I said I have another
+point of the same I how do I know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of the same I how do I know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of the same I how do I know it's
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+as and not some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I you know all that I told you there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I you know all that I told you there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I you know all that I told you there is
+I found two points two combinations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I found two points two combinations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I found two points two combinations of
+output and interest rate that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output and interest rate that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output and interest rate that are
+consistent with equilibrium in the Goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with equilibrium in the Goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with equilibrium in the Goods
+Market but I said a little more I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market but I said a little more I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market but I said a little more I said
+and that's part that's the way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's part that's the way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's part that's the way we
+construct one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is exactly because there is a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly because there is a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly because there is a lot of
+other parameters that we're keeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other parameters that we're keeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other parameters that we're keeping
+constant there you know that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant there you know that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant there you know that's the
+distinction between a movement along and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction between a movement along and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction between a movement along and
+is curve which is when the when the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is curve which is when the when the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is curve which is when the when the only
+thing I move is the interest rate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I move is the interest rate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I move is the interest rate that
+allows me to trace a movement along a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows me to trace a movement along a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows me to trace a movement along a
+single is if I move something else like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single is if I move something else like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single is if I move something else like
+taxes go on expenditure or autonomous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes go on expenditure or autonomous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes go on expenditure or autonomous
+consumption by you know something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption by you know something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption by you know something like
+that then I I will be Shifting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then I I will be Shifting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then I I will be Shifting the
+agregate demand for any given interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agregate demand for any given interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agregate demand for any given interest
+rate and I want to get a different level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and I want to get a different level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and I want to get a different level
+of output for any given interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of output for any given interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of output for any given interest rate
+which means I'm going to be in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means I'm going to be in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means I'm going to be in a
+different I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different I
+okay and that's what we did there no in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's what we did there no in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's what we did there no in
+that case there we would said look I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case there we would said look I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case there we would said look I can
+fix the interest rate any interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix the interest rate any interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix the interest rate any interest rate
+you want let's pick this one but I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want let's pick this one but I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want let's pick this one but I could
+have done it other interest rate here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done it other interest rate here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done it other interest rate here
+there whatever and now I say what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there whatever and now I say what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there whatever and now I say what
+happens if I increase taxes well again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if I increase taxes well again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if I increase taxes well again
+you know from lecture three exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know from lecture three exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know from lecture three exactly what
+happen happens when the interest rate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen happens when the interest rate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen happens when the interest rate is
+constant because there we didn't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant because there we didn't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant because there we didn't even
+talk about the interest rate nothing was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the interest rate nothing was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the interest rate nothing was
+a function of the interest rate and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of the interest rate and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of the interest rate and you
+increase taxes well that will reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase taxes well that will reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase taxes well that will reduce
+disposable income for any level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disposable income for any level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disposable income for any level of
+output and H that um will lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output and H that um will lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output and H that um will lead to
+contraction our great demand output and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contraction our great demand output and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contraction our great demand output and
+so on so forth so that means that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on so forth so that means that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on so forth so that means that for
+this interest rate now I found another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interest rate now I found another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interest rate now I found another
+Point another point that is is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point another point that is is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point another point that is is an
+equilibrium in the Goods Market but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium in the Goods Market but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium in the Goods Market but it
+belongs to a different is because I move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs to a different is because I move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs to a different is because I move
+one of the parameters which is the taxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the parameters which is the taxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the parameters which is the taxes
+okay and now for this higher level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now for this higher level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now for this higher level of
+taxes I can play around with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes I can play around with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes I can play around with the
+interest rate I can say well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate I can say well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate I can say well what
+happens if I cut interest rate well if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if I cut interest rate well if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if I cut interest rate well if I
+cut interest rate I'm going to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut interest rate I'm going to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut interest rate I'm going to find
+another equilibrium say here if I cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another equilibrium say here if I cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another equilibrium say here if I cut
+the interest rate from here to here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interest rate from here to here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interest rate from here to here I'm
+going to find another equilibrium LEL of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to find another equilibrium LEL of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to find another equilibrium LEL of
+output which is consistent with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output which is consistent with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output which is consistent with that
+very same is why is that very same is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very same is why is that very same is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very same is why is that very same is
+well because I haven't moved taxes again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well because I haven't moved taxes again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well because I haven't moved taxes again
+okay so the reason I'm I'm repeating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the reason I'm I'm repeating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the reason I'm I'm repeating
+this is because I I it's very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is because I I it's very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is because I I it's very important
+to understand what what is a movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand what what is a movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand what what is a movement
+along the is versus what shift the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+good then we move to the LM relation no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good then we move to the LM relation no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good then we move to the LM relation no
+and the LM relation is just equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the LM relation is just equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the LM relation is just equilibrium
+in the financial Market this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the financial Market this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the financial Market this is
+combinations of output and interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of output and interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of output and interest rate
+that are consistent with equilibrium in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are consistent with equilibrium in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are consistent with equilibrium in
+financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial
+markets and we constructed from our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets and we constructed from our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets and we constructed from our
+money supply equal to money demand in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money supply equal to money demand in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money supply equal to money demand in
+nominal terms then we divide it by P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal terms then we divide it by P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal terms then we divide it by P
+which is not very interest in this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not very interest in this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not very interest in this part
+of the course because p is constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the course because p is constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the course because p is constant
+we're assuming that P is not moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're assuming that P is not moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're assuming that P is not moving
+that's the price of goods and services
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the price of goods and services
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the price of goods and services
+and then we have a this this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have a this this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have a this this this
+equilibrium here now stated in real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium here now stated in real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium here now stated in real
+terms so real money supply is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms so real money supply is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms so real money supply is equal to
+real money demand and as I said had you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real money demand and as I said had you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real money demand and as I said had you
+taken this course a few years back or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken this course a few years back or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken this course a few years back or
+perhaps in other places I don't know H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps in other places I don't know H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps in other places I don't know H
+that would have been an upward slop in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would have been an upward slop in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would have been an upward slop in
+relationship so the LM would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship so the LM would have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship so the LM would have been
+an upward sloping relationship how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an upward sloping relationship how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an upward sloping relationship how do I
+know it's upward sloping well because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's upward sloping well because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's upward sloping well because if
+if I don't don't change money supply and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I don't don't change money supply and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I don't don't change money supply and
+I increase output then I need to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I increase output then I need to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I increase output then I need to bring
+Li down and since L Prime is negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Li down and since L Prime is negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Li down and since L Prime is negative
+the way to bring L down is by increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to bring L down is by increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to bring L down is by increasing
+the interest rate so that's what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interest rate so that's what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interest rate so that's what would
+have given you an upward sloping LM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have given you an upward sloping LM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have given you an upward sloping LM
+curve I said we don't do that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve I said we don't do that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve I said we don't do that now
+because really Bank central banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because really Bank central banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because really Bank central banks
+abandoned a long time ago in most parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abandoned a long time ago in most parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abandoned a long time ago in most parts
+of the world not everywhere this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world not everywhere this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world not everywhere this idea of
+targeting M what they target directly is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeting M what they target directly is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeting M what they target directly is
+the interest rate and then they give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interest rate and then they give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interest rate and then they give you
+whatever M they you need they need in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever M they you need they need in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever M they you need they need in
+order for the equilibrium in financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for the equilibrium in financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for the equilibrium in financial
+markets to be consistent with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets to be consistent with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets to be consistent with the
+interest rate the Central Bank wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate the Central Bank wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate the Central Bank wants to
+set okay so I said the modern is curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set okay so I said the modern is curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set okay so I said the modern is curve
+really looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really looks like
+that the FED in the US Central Bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the FED in the US Central Bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the FED in the US Central Bank
+anywhere else sets the interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere else sets the interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere else sets the interest rate
+turkey is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turkey is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turkey is a little
+different but sets the interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ER and and and that's a a l now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER and and and that's a a l now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER and and and that's a a l now this
+this particular LM says I you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular LM says I you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular LM says I you know I
+it's a flat curve it's not a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a flat curve it's not a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a flat curve it's not a function of
+output the F sets the interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output the F sets the interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output the F sets the interest
+rate that's it that's the reason you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate that's it that's the reason you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate that's it that's the reason you
+know it's flat it's not upward slope or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's flat it's not upward slope or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's flat it's not upward slope or
+anything so I asked the question what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything so I asked the question what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything so I asked the question what
+shifts the modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+LM only the central bank because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LM only the central bank because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LM only the central bank because the
+central bank is the one that sets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central bank is the one that sets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central bank is the one that sets the
+interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest
+rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate
+certainly well let me not complicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly well let me not complicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly well let me not complicate
+sets the interest rate so if the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets the interest rate so if the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets the interest rate so if the central
+bank doesn't change its mind then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank doesn't change its mind then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank doesn't change its mind then the
+interest rate is whatever it is and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate is whatever it is and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate is whatever it is and the
+LM will remain there okay good so we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LM will remain there okay good so we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LM will remain there okay good so we put
+the two things together and now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two things together and now we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two things together and now we can
+pin down equilibrium output because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pin down equilibrium output because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pin down equilibrium output because
+remember we had when we just look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we had when we just look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we had when we just look at the
+is we had combinations of interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we had combinations of interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we had combinations of interest rate
+and output that were consistent with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and output that were consistent with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and output that were consistent with
+equilibrium in the goods market now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium in the goods market now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium in the goods market now we
+have an an interest rate which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an an interest rate which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an an interest rate which is
+consistent with equilibrium in financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with equilibrium in financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with equilibrium in financial
+markets that's what the central bank is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets that's what the central bank is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets that's what the central bank is
+there to ensure and so at that interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to ensure and so at that interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to ensure and so at that interest
+rate we can look into the yes what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate we can look into the yes what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate we can look into the yes what is
+the level of output that corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level of output that corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level of output that corresponds to
+that that's what we get here okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's what we get here okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's what we get here okay so now
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+found an equilibrium we found a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found an equilibrium we found a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found an equilibrium we found a
+combination of interest and output that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of interest and output that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of interest and output that
+is consistent with equilibrium in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is consistent with equilibrium in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is consistent with equilibrium in both
+Goods markets and financial markets okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods markets and financial markets okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods markets and financial markets okay
+and that's what the eslm model is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what the eslm model is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what the eslm model is about
+it's about finding those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about finding those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about finding those
+combinations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations
+okay good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is this very clear yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this very clear yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this very clear yes
+yes okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay
+good so now we can begin to play with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so now we can begin to play with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so now we can begin to play with
+this stuff we can one of the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff we can one of the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff we can one of the main
+purposes of the islm model is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes of the islm model is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes of the islm model is to
+understand policy macroeconomic policies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand policy macroeconomic policies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand policy macroeconomic policies
+what you what you should do in certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you what you should do in certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you what you should do in certain
+environments or not well before knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments or not well before knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments or not well before knowing
+what you should do in certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you should do in certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you should do in certain
+environments you need to understand what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments you need to understand what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments you need to understand what
+is that the different macroeconomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the different macroeconomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the different macroeconomic
+policies do to equilibrium output and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies do to equilibrium output and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies do to equilibrium output and
+interest rate and so on and so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate and so on and so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate and so on and so that's
+what we began to do and the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we began to do and the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we began to do and the first
+experiment was was one of fiscal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment was was one of fiscal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment was was one of fiscal
+policy so that's an example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy so that's an example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy so that's an example of a
+contractionary fiscal policy that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractionary fiscal policy that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractionary fiscal policy that could
+happen as a contractionary fiscal policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen as a contractionary fiscal policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen as a contractionary fiscal policy
+is essentially increasing taxes like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially increasing taxes like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially increasing taxes like
+like we Illustrated before or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we Illustrated before or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we Illustrated before or a
+reduction in government expenditure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction in government expenditure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction in government expenditure
+either of those H will lead to a shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either of those H will lead to a shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either of those H will lead to a shift
+in the yes to the left okay remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the yes to the left okay remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the yes to the left okay remember
+from lecture three if I increase taxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from lecture three if I increase taxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from lecture three if I increase taxes
+or reduce government expenditure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or reduce government expenditure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or reduce government expenditure
+equilibrium output will fall that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium output will fall that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium output will fall that's
+lecture three remember H and and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture three remember H and and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture three remember H and and and and
+so I can chase using lecture three I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can chase using lecture three I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can chase using lecture three I can
+I tell you well that yes will shift to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I tell you well that yes will shift to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I tell you well that yes will shift to
+the left no we just did that but now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left no we just did that but now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left no we just did that but now we
+know more because we know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know more because we know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know more because we know that the
+central bank is also pinning down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central bank is also pinning down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central bank is also pinning down the
+interest rate and in this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate and in this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate and in this particular
+example here the central bank did not go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here the central bank did not go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here the central bank did not go
+along with the treasury Department and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with the treasury Department and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with the treasury Department and
+say okay I'm going to keep the interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay I'm going to keep the interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay I'm going to keep the interest
+rate whatever it is you do whatever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate whatever it is you do whatever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate whatever it is you do whatever you
+one with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one with
+the fiscal policy so this is an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fiscal policy so this is an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fiscal policy so this is an example
+of a situation where fiscal policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a situation where fiscal policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a situation where fiscal policy
+contractionary and the Central Bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractionary and the Central Bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractionary and the Central Bank
+remains H with its previous Target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains H with its previous Target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains H with its previous Target
+interest rate target okay so as a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate target okay so as a result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate target okay so as a result
+of that a contractionary fiscal policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that a contractionary fiscal policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that a contractionary fiscal policy
+as the word says a then is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the word says a then is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the word says a then is a
+contractionary aggregate demand policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractionary aggregate demand policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractionary aggregate demand policy
+ends up also leading to lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up also leading to lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up also leading to lower
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+output and then I ask I already told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output and then I ask I already told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output and then I ask I already told you
+two things T up or G down but what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things T up or G down but what else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things T up or G down but what else
+would do something similar to this which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do something similar to this which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do something similar to this which
+is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+policy exactly I want anything that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy exactly I want anything that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy exactly I want anything that is a
+shock to aggregate demand different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock to aggregate demand different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock to aggregate demand different from
+interest rate or anything like that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate or anything like that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate or anything like that so
+for example consumer confidence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example consumer confidence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example consumer confidence that
+thing that we put in c0 or wealth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we put in c0 or wealth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we put in c0 or wealth
+something that wasn't in the mold but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that wasn't in the mold but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that wasn't in the mold but
+clearly is what is behind c0 that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly is what is behind c0 that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly is what is behind c0 that would
+lead to a shock like that and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to a shock like that and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to a shock like that and it's
+contraction that's the reason you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contraction that's the reason you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contraction that's the reason you know
+central banks and financial markets are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central banks and financial markets are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central banks and financial markets are
+all the time looking at sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time looking at sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time looking at sort of the
+releases of surveys of consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releases of surveys of consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releases of surveys of consumer
+confidence and things of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence and things of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence and things of that
+kind because these are the implications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind because these are the implications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind because these are the implications
+of of shocks to to to consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of shocks to to to consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of shocks to to to consumer
+confidence and so on okay good so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence and so on okay good so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence and so on okay good so
+what is a what is the mechanism here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a what is the mechanism here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a what is the mechanism here
+well you know it we have discussed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know it we have discussed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know it we have discussed it
+multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple
+times H the contraction in fiscal policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times H the contraction in fiscal policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times H the contraction in fiscal policy
+lowers the aggregate demand down then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowers the aggregate demand down then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowers the aggregate demand down then
+via multiplier you end up lowering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via multiplier you end up lowering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via multiplier you end up lowering
+output a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output a lot
+more and this happens for a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and this happens for a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and this happens for a given
+interest rate I'm having the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate I'm having the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate I'm having the same
+interest rate here and there because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate here and there because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate here and there because I'm
+looking at at two points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at at two points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at at two points
+along for a fixed LM for a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along for a fixed LM for a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along for a fixed LM for a fixed
+interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest
+rate good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate good
+so that's a that's a contractionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a that's a contractionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a that's a contractionary
+monetary policy needless to say an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary policy needless to say an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary policy needless to say an
+expansionary fiscal policy sorry is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansionary fiscal policy sorry is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansionary fiscal policy sorry is just
+a shift in the opposite direction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shift in the opposite direction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shift in the opposite direction so
+what will an expansionary fiscal policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will an expansionary fiscal policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will an expansionary fiscal policy
+do to equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output
+expansionary okay will increase output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansionary okay will increase output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansionary okay will increase output
+okay this was contraction fiscal policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this was contraction fiscal policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this was contraction fiscal policy
+reduce output we'll do the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce output we'll do the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce output we'll do the opposite
+obviously will increase output so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously will increase output so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously will increase output so that's
+expansion in fiscal policy and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion in fiscal policy and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion in fiscal policy and it's a
+very important tool to move output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important tool to move output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important tool to move output
+around when the econom is in a recession
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around when the econom is in a recession
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around when the econom is in a recession
+or so on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so on so
+forth the other canonical macroeconomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth the other canonical macroeconomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth the other canonical macroeconomic
+policies monetary policy and that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies monetary policy and that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies monetary policy and that's an
+example of an expansionary monetary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of an expansionary monetary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of an expansionary monetary
+policy so an expansionary monetary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy so an expansionary monetary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy so an expansionary monetary
+policy Cuts interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy Cuts interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy Cuts interest
+rate why is that expansion well look it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate why is that expansion well look it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate why is that expansion well look it
+is expansion you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is expansion you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is expansion you
+know let me take this as I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know let me take this as I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know let me take this as I'm going to do
+things in a step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in a step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in a step
+so claim first an expansion in monetary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so claim first an expansion in monetary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so claim first an expansion in monetary
+policy is a reduction in the interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy is a reduction in the interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy is a reduction in the interest
+rate so the the central bank now decides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate so the the central bank now decides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate so the the central bank now decides
+to set a lower interest rate than it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set a lower interest rate than it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set a lower interest rate than it
+used to as a result of that no if output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to as a result of that no if output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to as a result of that no if output
+didn't change what would happen in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't change what would happen in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't change what would happen in the
+Goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods
+Market so suppose that the FED cuts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market so suppose that the FED cuts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market so suppose that the FED cuts the
+interest rate and output doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate and output doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate and output doesn't
+change is that an equilibrium in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change is that an equilibrium in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change is that an equilibrium in the
+Goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Market is that an equili in the Goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market is that an equili in the Goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market is that an equili in the Goods
+Market suppose that the the the the FED
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market suppose that the the the the FED
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market suppose that the the the the FED
+cuts the interest rate and now I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuts the interest rate and now I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuts the interest rate and now I say
+okay well nothing will happen here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well nothing will happen here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well nothing will happen here
+output will stay where it is would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output will stay where it is would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output will stay where it is would have
+a lower interest rate that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lower interest rate that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lower interest rate that's
+nice wh why is that's not the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice wh why is that's not the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice wh why is that's not the final
+outcome of of the monetary policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expansion exactly this is an imbalance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion exactly this is an imbalance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion exactly this is an imbalance
+no because aggregate demand now a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no because aggregate demand now a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no because aggregate demand now a lower
+interest rate investment will go up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate investment will go up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate investment will go up this
+physical investment remember purchase of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical investment remember purchase of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical investment remember purchase of
+goods and services by firms for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods and services by firms for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods and services by firms for the
+purpose of building Capital structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of building Capital structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of building Capital structures
+and like that so a aggre demand went up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like that so a aggre demand went up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like that so a aggre demand went up
+so now we have a dise equilibrium there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have a dise equilibrium there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have a dise equilibrium there
+output is less than aggregate demand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is less than aggregate demand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is less than aggregate demand and
+we know that output is determined by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that output is determined by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that output is determined by
+aggre demand and then we go on through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggre demand and then we go on through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggre demand and then we go on through
+all the mechanism okay so this point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the mechanism okay so this point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the mechanism okay so this point is
+not an equilibrium we're going to end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an equilibrium we're going to end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an equilibrium we're going to end up
+with a higher level of output at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a higher level of output at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a higher level of output at that
+lower interest rate we have a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower interest rate we have a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower interest rate we have a lower
+level of output therefore it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of output therefore it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of output therefore it's not
+surprising that we call this an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising that we call this an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising that we call this an
+expansionary monetary policy so when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansionary monetary policy so when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansionary monetary policy so when the
+FED cuts the interest rate that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FED cuts the interest rate that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FED cuts the interest rate that's an
+expansionary monetary policy okay will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansionary monetary policy okay will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansionary monetary policy okay will
+expand aggregate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand aggregate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand aggregate
+demand good so how does the FED
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand good so how does the FED
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand good so how does the FED
+implement this sorry they can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement this sorry they can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement this sorry they can do
+expansionary open market operations yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansionary open market operations yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansionary open market operations yeah
+there you are perfect so what they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you are perfect so what they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you are perfect so what they they
+need to do is do some expansion in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do is do some expansion in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do is do some expansion in
+monetary open market operation no again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary open market operation no again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary open market operation no again
+now it's a little more sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's a little more sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's a little more sophisticated
+than that but but let's stick with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that but but let's stick with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that but but let's stick with this
+that is the first thing they'll do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the first thing they'll do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the first thing they'll do is
+they they'll shift money supply okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they'll shift money supply okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they'll shift money supply okay
+they go out there and start buying bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go out there and start buying bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go out there and start buying bonds
+and and and and giving money to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and and giving money to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and and giving money to
+injecting money into the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injecting money into the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injecting money into the system
+particularly through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly through the
+banks so that's initial response that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks so that's initial response that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks so that's initial response that's
+what we'll cut the interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll cut the interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll cut the interest
+rate what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next this this will allow me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next this this will allow me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next this this will allow me to
+illustrate sort of the modern I yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate sort of the modern I yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate sort of the modern I yes
+remember the f the fed's decision was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the f the fed's decision was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the f the fed's decision was
+not to increase the money supply by you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to increase the money supply by you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to increase the money supply by you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+35% what the FED communicated to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+35% what the FED communicated to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+35% what the FED communicated to the
+market was that it was going to cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market was that it was going to cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market was that it was going to cut
+interest rate by 50 basis points that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate by 50 basis points that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate by 50 basis points that's
+the communication so initially the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the communication so initially the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the communication so initially the way
+it does that overnight is it goes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does that overnight is it goes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does that overnight is it goes out
+and does exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+so what it did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what it did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what it did
+is what we have there no we had some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we have there no we had some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we have there no we had some
+interest rate I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero the FED now wanted to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i1 okay so in order to do that well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1 okay so in order to do that well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1 okay so in order to do that well you
+have to look at this money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to look at this money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to look at this money
+demand and increase money supply to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand and increase money supply to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand and increase money supply to get
+to achieve the lower interest rate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to achieve the lower interest rate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to achieve the lower interest rate the
+question I'm asking you now does it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I'm asking you now does it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I'm asking you now does it a
+stop there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the the FED say okay I did my job you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the FED say okay I did my job you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the FED say okay I did my job you
+know I want to lower the interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I want to lower the interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I want to lower the interest rate
+I'm going to increase m i increase M and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to increase m i increase M and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to increase m i increase M and
+now I manag to bring the interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I manag to bring the interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I manag to bring the interest rate
+down to that point and that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to that point and that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to that point and that they
+intervene in overnight market so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervene in overnight market so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervene in overnight market so that
+happens very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens very
+quickly do you think that the FED now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly do you think that the FED now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly do you think that the FED now
+can sleep for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+while why not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there are many reasons why the F cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many reasons why the F cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many reasons why the F cannot
+sleep for a long time but but but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep for a long time but but but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep for a long time but but but in
+this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case okay yes money demand will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case okay yes money demand will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case okay yes money demand will
+increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why no so the first shock was an increas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why no so the first shock was an increas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why no so the first shock was an increas
+in money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in money
+supply the point that I think you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply the point that I think you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply the point that I think you want
+to say is that because now the interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say is that because now the interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say is that because now the interest
+rate is lower equilibrium output will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is lower equilibrium output will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is lower equilibrium output will go
+up but if equilibrium go output goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up but if equilibrium go output goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up but if equilibrium go output goes up
+then what happens in this diagram well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what happens in this diagram well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what happens in this diagram well
+the money demand goes up because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money demand goes up because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money demand goes up because
+remember one of the parameters in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember one of the parameters in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember one of the parameters in this
+curve was output remember this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve was output remember this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve was output remember this was
+output times Li that's that that curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output times Li that's that that curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output times Li that's that that curve
+there when in this manone demand I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there when in this manone demand I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there when in this manone demand I had
+output fixed at y zero but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output fixed at y zero but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output fixed at y zero but now
+equilibrium output is higher so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium output is higher so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium output is higher so this
+Curve will also shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Curve will also shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Curve will also shift
+out okay now you're going to have y1 l i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay now you're going to have y1 l i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay now you're going to have y1 l i
+there so what what will the FED
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so what what will the FED
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so what what will the FED
+do see the FED doesn't do anything and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do see the FED doesn't do anything and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do see the FED doesn't do anything and
+it stops here then the interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it stops here then the interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it stops here then the interest rate
+goes back up not necessarily to the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back up not necessarily to the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back up not necessarily to the old
+level but will go up so what the FED
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level but will go up so what the FED
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level but will go up so what the FED
+will have to do is keep expanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have to do is keep expanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have to do is keep expanding
+money no sorry ugly diagram but it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money no sorry ugly diagram but it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money no sorry ugly diagram but it will
+keep expanding money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep expanding money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep expanding money
+up to so it can preserve the interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to so it can preserve the interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to so it can preserve the interest
+rate so that's you know in the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate so that's you know in the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate so that's you know in the old
+analysis you would have stopped in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis you would have stopped in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis you would have stopped in the
+first shot but nowadays that's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first shot but nowadays that's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first shot but nowadays that's not the
+FED says look I'm going to provide money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FED says look I'm going to provide money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FED says look I'm going to provide money
+and I know it takes time for output to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I know it takes time for output to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I know it takes time for output to
+expand and all that so I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand and all that so I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand and all that so I will
+accommodate all that comes it will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodate all that comes it will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodate all that comes it will not
+come overnight all this extra demand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come overnight all this extra demand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come overnight all this extra demand for
+money but I know there will be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money but I know there will be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money but I know there will be more
+demand coming along if I'm successful at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand coming along if I'm successful at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand coming along if I'm successful at
+expanding economic activity okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding economic activity okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding economic activity okay so the
+the Central Bank knows that if this ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Central Bank knows that if this ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Central Bank knows that if this ends
+up happening then that they will have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up happening then that they will have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up happening then that they will have to
+provide more money than than initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide more money than than initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide more money than than initially
+just to preserve the interest at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to preserve the interest at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to preserve the interest at the
+lower rate again we don't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower rate again we don't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower rate again we don't have any
+concept of time in this course and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of time in this course and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of time in this course and I
+don't think that well we'll do a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think that well we'll do a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think that well we'll do a little
+bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+later but things happen in reality in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later but things happen in reality in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later but things happen in reality in
+the financial markets they happen very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the financial markets they happen very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the financial markets they happen very
+quickly and then they take time the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and then they take time the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and then they take time the real
+side is much slower I mean this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is much slower I mean this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is much slower I mean this
+expansion in output takes a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion in output takes a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion in output takes a couple of
+years for example it's slower the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years for example it's slower the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years for example it's slower the
+reaction of interest rate asset price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction of interest rate asset price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction of interest rate asset price
+and so on happens overnight instantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on happens overnight instantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on happens overnight instantly
+when people do analysis of the impact of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people do analysis of the impact of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people do analysis of the impact of
+monetary policy on on financial assets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary policy on on financial assets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary policy on on financial assets
+prices you look at the small Windows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices you look at the small Windows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices you look at the small Windows the
+minutes around an announcement or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes around an announcement or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes around an announcement or
+something like that to understand what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that to understand what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that to understand what
+is the impact when you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the impact when you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the impact when you look at the
+impact of monetary policies or prices on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact of monetary policies or prices on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact of monetary policies or prices on
+real activity you look over the span of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real activity you look over the span of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real activity you look over the span of
+quarters that's your unit of and and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarters that's your unit of and and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarters that's your unit of and and you
+begin to see effects a quarter later and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to see effects a quarter later and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to see effects a quarter later and
+you keep seeing effects you know eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you keep seeing effects you know eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you keep seeing effects you know eight
+quarters later so so different time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarters later so so different time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarters later so so different time
+scale in this course we're not worrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale in this course we're not worrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale in this course we're not worrying
+about that but but everything happens at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that but but everything happens at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that but but everything happens at
+once so so really what will happen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once so so really what will happen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once so so really what will happen in
+this course is that it won't be enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course is that it won't be enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course is that it won't be enough
+to increase money supply to this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to increase money supply to this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to increase money supply to this point
+in order to have an interest rate at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to have an interest rate at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to have an interest rate at the
+final equilibrium level of output at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final equilibrium level of output at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final equilibrium level of output at
+this level I'm going to have to expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this level I'm going to have to expand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this level I'm going to have to expand
+money supply a lot more okay that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money supply a lot more okay that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money supply a lot more okay that's what
+I'm saying good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so again I can always go back to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again I can always go back to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again I can always go back to my
+lecture three remember I always I told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture three remember I always I told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture three remember I always I told
+you that that diagram in lecture three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that that diagram in lecture three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that that diagram in lecture three
+was going to be very important the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to be very important the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to be very important the
+expansionary effects of an expansionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansionary effects of an expansionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansionary effects of an expansionary
+monetary policy can be analyzed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary policy can be analyzed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary policy can be analyzed in the
+lecture three diagram because there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture three diagram because there we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture three diagram because there we
+take as given an interest rate and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take as given an interest rate and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take as given an interest rate and now
+we know that when I have a a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that when I have a a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that when I have a a higher
+interest rate a lower interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate a lower interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate a lower interest rate
+we'll bring this aggregate demand up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll bring this aggregate demand up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll bring this aggregate demand up and
+then we get them multiplied and blah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we get them multiplied and blah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we get them multiplied and blah
+blah blah blah blah okay that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah blah blah blah okay that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah blah blah blah okay that's that's
+what so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so
+this is a movement in the when when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a movement in the when when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a movement in the when when
+monetary policy changes that's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary policy changes that's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary policy changes that's another
+thing that is very important when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that is very important when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that is very important when you do
+islm analysis whenever you ask a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+islm analysis whenever you ask a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+islm analysis whenever you ask a
+question the first thing you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question the first thing you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question the first thing you need to
+think about is which curve is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about is which curve is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about is which curve is this
+policy moving or which curve is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy moving or which curve is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy moving or which curve is this
+shock moving okay and what I know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock moving okay and what I know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock moving okay and what I know is
+that monetary policy fiscal policy will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that monetary policy fiscal policy will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that monetary policy fiscal policy will
+always move the is will it move the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always move the is will it move the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always move the is will it move the
+LM no it has nothing to do with things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LM no it has nothing to do with things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LM no it has nothing to do with things
+that happen in financial Market that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happen in financial Market that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happen in financial Market that
+doesn't mean that the FED may not wish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean that the FED may not wish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean that the FED may not wish
+wish to respond to the fiscal expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish to respond to the fiscal expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish to respond to the fiscal expansion
+or whatever but but but but that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever but but but but that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever but but but but that's a
+response that the FED decize is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response that the FED decize is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response that the FED decize is not a
+direct consequence to the fiscal policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct consequence to the fiscal policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct consequence to the fiscal policy
+it's not fiscal policy not bandle with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not fiscal policy not bandle with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not fiscal policy not bandle with
+with interventions in the financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with interventions in the financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with interventions in the financial
+Market contrary to that is monetary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market contrary to that is monetary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market contrary to that is monetary
+policy I tell you the FED decides to cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy I tell you the FED decides to cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy I tell you the FED decides to cut
+interest rate that's a movement of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate that's a movement of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate that's a movement of the
+LM has nothing to do with the is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LM has nothing to do with the is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LM has nothing to do with the is
+so anything that happens in the is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anything that happens in the is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anything that happens in the is is
+going to be a movement along the is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a movement along the is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a movement along the is not
+a shift of the is so that's that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shift of the is so that's that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shift of the is so that's that's what
+we saw here no when when the FED cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw here no when when the FED cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw here no when when the FED cut
+interest rate we end up with higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate we end up with higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate we end up with higher
+output but that was a result of a shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output but that was a result of a shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output but that was a result of a shift
+along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along
+the because monetary policy is not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the because monetary policy is not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the because monetary policy is not an
+policy it's an LM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy it's an LM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy it's an LM
+policy fiscal policy is an as policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy fiscal policy is an as policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy fiscal policy is an as policy
+that is something that shift the is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is something that shift the is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is something that shift the is and
+not the LM so that is very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the LM so that is very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the LM so that is very important
+to to understand again what moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to understand again what moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to understand again what moves
+what okay so let's look at at the anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what okay so let's look at at the anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what okay so let's look at at the anyway
+so let me pause here because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me pause here because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me pause here because if you
+understand sort of what I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand sort of what I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand sort of what I just
+said it's two third of your quiz so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it's two third of your quiz so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it's two third of your quiz so so
+make sure that you understand it okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that you understand it okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that you understand it okay I
+mean if you really understand it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if you really understand it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if you really understand it
+obviously we're not going to ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously we're not going to ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously we're not going to ask you
+exactly this but there small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly this but there small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly this but there small
+perturbations around what I just said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations around what I just said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations around what I just said
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so now we can use this stuff even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we can use this stuff even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we can use this stuff even more
+now we understand what the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we understand what the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we understand what the basic
+monetary policy does we understand what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary policy does we understand what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary policy does we understand what
+basic fiscal policy does to the economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic fiscal policy does to the economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic fiscal policy does to the economy
+H let's look at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H let's look at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H let's look at some
+scenarios this I'm calling all in what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios this I'm calling all in what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios this I'm calling all in what
+what what am I representing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there in that diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'm saying all that you see in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm saying all that you see in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm saying all that you see in that
+diagram is a result of policy decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram is a result of policy decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram is a result of policy decision
+macroeconomic policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+decision exactly that's the reason I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision exactly that's the reason I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision exactly that's the reason I'm
+calling it all in you know that's a case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling it all in you know that's a case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling it all in you know that's a case
+in which both want to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which both want to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which both want to be very
+expansionary okay and so you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansionary okay and so you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansionary okay and so you see that
+the mon the expansionary monetary policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mon the expansionary monetary policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mon the expansionary monetary policy
+already sort of increase equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already sort of increase equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already sort of increase equilibrium
+output but then you add to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output but then you add to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output but then you add to it
+expansionary fiscal policy which moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansionary fiscal policy which moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansionary fiscal policy which moves
+theas to the right and you further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theas to the right and you further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theas to the right and you further
+increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase
+output okay so you end up with a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output okay so you end up with a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output okay so you end up with a big
+increase in output as a result of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in output as a result of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in output as a result of this
+powerful policy package when do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful policy package when do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful policy package when do you
+think you may see situations like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that sometimes you see it out of pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sometimes you see it out of pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sometimes you see it out of pure
+responsibility I mean yes people go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility I mean yes people go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility I mean yes people go to
+Argentina this happens all the time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Argentina this happens all the time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Argentina this happens all the time for
+the wrong reasons but but if if if if H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong reasons but but if if if if H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong reasons but but if if if if H
+in normal times normal environments when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in normal times normal environments when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in normal times normal environments when
+do you think that I should have said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think that I should have said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think that I should have said
+normal times in normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal times in normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal times in normal
+environments sort of with sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments sort of with sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments sort of with sound
+macroeconomic policy when do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroeconomic policy when do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroeconomic policy when do you think
+you would see something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this recessions you know and the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this recessions you know and the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this recessions you know and the biggest
+during recessions you you need to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during recessions you you need to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during recessions you you need to get
+the economy out of the of the whole and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economy out of the of the whole and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economy out of the of the whole and
+then you you'll probably you'll first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you you'll probably you'll first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you you'll probably you'll first
+try monetary policy because that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try monetary policy because that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try monetary policy because that's the
+most direct and quick I mean that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most direct and quick I mean that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most direct and quick I mean that's a
+decision that can be made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision that can be made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision that can be made
+overnight no but often when the rec is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overnight no but often when the rec is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overnight no but often when the rec is
+officially deep that's not enough and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officially deep that's not enough and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officially deep that's not enough and
+you need more and that's what you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need more and that's what you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need more and that's what you do
+with fiscal policy there other reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with fiscal policy there other reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with fiscal policy there other reasons
+there are differen between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are differen between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are differen between the two
+policies because we're not looking under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies because we're not looking under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies because we're not looking under
+the hood here but for example in Co it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hood here but for example in Co it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hood here but for example in Co it
+was very certain group of people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very certain group of people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very certain group of people were
+much more affected than others I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more affected than others I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more affected than others I mean
+people that work in restaurants those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that work in restaurants those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that work in restaurants those
+guys just lost their job there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys just lost their job there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys just lost their job there was
+nothing they could do so there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing they could do so there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing they could do so there was a
+reason to Target the transfers when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to Target the transfers when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to Target the transfers when you
+use rate is very Bland policy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use rate is very Bland policy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use rate is very Bland policy to
+everyone when when you use a fiscal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone when when you use a fiscal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone when when you use a fiscal
+policy you can also it's not only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy you can also it's not only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy you can also it's not only the
+amount you spend but you can also Target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount you spend but you can also Target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount you spend but you can also Target
+the expenditure in certain directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expenditure in certain directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expenditure in certain directions
+and and so there other reasons why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so there other reasons why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so there other reasons why you
+may want to use the two tools but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may want to use the two tools but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may want to use the two tools but the
+main one is the first ordered one is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main one is the first ordered one is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main one is the first ordered one is if
+you're in a deep recession you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in a deep recession you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in a deep recession you need
+everything to try to lift the economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything to try to lift the economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything to try to lift the economy
+out of that and so that's the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of that and so that's the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of that and so that's the kind of
+packages you see in big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packages you see in big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packages you see in big
+recessions now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recessions now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recessions now
+there's a there's a slide that I that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's a slide that I that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's a slide that I that I
+think I have pending from from two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I have pending from from two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I have pending from from two
+lectures ago and and this is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures ago and and this is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures ago and and this is a good
+opportunity to to bring it back remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to to bring it back remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to to bring it back remember
+when we look at equilibrium in financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we look at equilibrium in financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we look at equilibrium in financial
+markets we we came up with this H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets we we came up with this H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets we we came up with this H
+downward sloping demand money demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward sloping demand money demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward sloping demand money demand
+then we said well you lower the interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we said well you lower the interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we said well you lower the interest
+rate there's more more money demand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate there's more more money demand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate there's more more money demand and
+so on so forth and we said therefore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on so forth and we said therefore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on so forth and we said therefore the
+way the FED lowers interest rate or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the FED lowers interest rate or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the FED lowers interest rate or the
+Central Bank lowers the interest rate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central Bank lowers the interest rate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central Bank lowers the interest rate is
+by increasing money supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by increasing money supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by increasing money supply
+the point of this picture is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of this picture is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of this picture is that
+there's a limit to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a limit to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a limit to
+that and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and the
+limit is more or less when the interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit is more or less when the interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit is more or less when the interest
+rate reaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate reaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate reaches
+zero because when the interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because when the interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because when the interest rate
+reaches the nominal interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches the nominal interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches the nominal interest rate
+reaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches
+zero then there's no cost in holding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then there's no cost in holding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then there's no cost in holding
+bonds remember the the in holding money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds remember the the in holding money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds remember the the in holding money
+sorry the only reason for you not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the only reason for you not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the only reason for you not to
+hold all your wealth in the form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold all your wealth in the form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold all your wealth in the form of
+money because you were giving up some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money because you were giving up some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money because you were giving up some
+opportunity cost of investing in bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity cost of investing in bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity cost of investing in bonds
+which were inconvenient Financial assets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which were inconvenient Financial assets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which were inconvenient Financial assets
+because you couldn't transact with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you couldn't transact with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you couldn't transact with them
+but they pay you higher interest that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they pay you higher interest that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they pay you higher interest that's
+the reason you want to go there but once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason you want to go there but once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason you want to go there but once
+you reach zero interest rate then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reach zero interest rate then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reach zero interest rate then you're
+indifferent and you might as well hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent and you might as well hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent and you might as well hold
+if the Central Bank goes out there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the Central Bank goes out there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the Central Bank goes out there and
+doesn't man open market operation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't man open market operation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't man open market operation you
+don't need to be compensated for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to be compensated for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to be compensated for that
+because you you're totally willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you you're totally willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you you're totally willing to
+hold your wealth in the form of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold your wealth in the form of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold your wealth in the form of money
+and so monetary policy is no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so monetary policy is no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so monetary policy is no longer
+effective when you when you reach the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective when you when you reach the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective when you when you reach the
+what is called the zero lower bound and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is called the zero lower bound and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is called the zero lower bound and
+that's what we call the liquidity TR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we call the liquidity TR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we call the liquidity TR
+okay it's called the liquidity trap let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's called the liquidity trap let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's called the liquidity trap let
+me not get into why but but essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me not get into why but but essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me not get into why but but essentially
+is is that is said you can inject more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is that is said you can inject more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is that is said you can inject more
+and more liquidity but you cannot move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more liquidity but you cannot move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more liquidity but you cannot move
+the interest rate so you lost a policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interest rate so you lost a policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interest rate so you lost a policy
+tool this was the tragedy of Japan for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool this was the tragedy of Japan for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool this was the tragedy of Japan for
+many decades okay they they they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many decades okay they they they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many decades okay they they they were
+stuck against the zero lower bound the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck against the zero lower bound the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck against the zero lower bound the
+liquidity trap and so they had to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidity trap and so they had to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidity trap and so they had to go
+through massive fiscal expansions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through massive fiscal expansions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through massive fiscal expansions
+because they didn't have they were in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they didn't have they were in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they didn't have they were in
+recession chronic recessions and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recession chronic recessions and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recession chronic recessions and they
+didn't have powerful monetary policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have powerful monetary policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have powerful monetary policy
+tool because they were against the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool because they were against the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool because they were against the zero
+lower B so why did I use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower B so why did I use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower B so why did I use this
+opportunity to bring this about because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to bring this about because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to bring this about because
+that's for the reason I just described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's for the reason I just described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's for the reason I just described
+the case of Japan but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of Japan but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of Japan but
+but I asked the question here what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I asked the question here what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I asked the question here what would
+you advise the government to do when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you advise the government to do when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you advise the government to do when I
+already told you the answer if if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already told you the answer if if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already told you the answer if if you
+have an economy is and a recession and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an economy is and a recession and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an economy is and a recession and
+and this means you use all the monetary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this means you use all the monetary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this means you use all the monetary
+policy that you had conventional mon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy that you had conventional mon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy that you had conventional mon
+monetary policy that you have now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary policy that you have now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary policy that you have now we
+have UNC conventional monetary but I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have UNC conventional monetary but I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have UNC conventional monetary but I'll
+tell you a little bit more about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you a little bit more about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you a little bit more about that
+later but once you run out of this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later but once you run out of this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later but once you run out of this and
+you're still in a recession what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're still in a recession what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're still in a recession what would
+you tell the government to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do use fiscal policy that's the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do use fiscal policy that's the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do use fiscal policy that's the other
+tool you are so that's a typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool you are so that's a typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool you are so that's a typical
+situation you see when countries are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation you see when countries are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation you see when countries are the
+interest rate are already very low they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate are already very low they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate are already very low they
+tend to use much more actively fiscal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to use much more actively fiscal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to use much more actively fiscal
+policy because it's the only policy they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy because it's the only policy they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy because it's the only policy they
+have left and that has been the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have left and that has been the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have left and that has been the case of
+Japan again since the crash of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan again since the crash of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan again since the crash of their
+financial bubble in the late 80s early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial bubble in the late 80s early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial bubble in the late 80s early
+90s so look at the covid-19 response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90s so look at the covid-19 response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90s so look at the covid-19 response
+something happened to my figure here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something happened to my figure here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something happened to my figure here but
+anyways this is zero essentially so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways this is zero essentially so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways this is zero essentially so this
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+covid okay the covid shock happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covid okay the covid shock happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covid okay the covid shock happened
+clearly the economy was imploding into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly the economy was imploding into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly the economy was imploding into
+recession the FED immediately reacted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recession the FED immediately reacted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recession the FED immediately reacted
+and cut interest very very aggressively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cut interest very very aggressively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cut interest very very aggressively
+to zero and then we were stack there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero and then we were stack there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero and then we were stack there
+this is effectively zero I mean they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is effectively zero I mean they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is effectively zero I mean they're
+Technic things why thing moves a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technic things why thing moves a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technic things why thing moves a little
+but but this is effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but this is effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but this is effectively
+zero so the US was during that period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so the US was during that period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so the US was during that period
+against really a a a liquidity against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against really a a a liquidity against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against really a a a liquidity against
+the zero lower bound there was no more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero lower bound there was no more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero lower bound there was no more
+power for the kind of monetary policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power for the kind of monetary policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power for the kind of monetary policy
+that we have describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have describe
+here so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so let
+me so so that tells you that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me so so that tells you that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me so so that tells you that that
+there's going to have to be a lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to have to be a lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to have to be a lots of
+fiscal policy if you want to get out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiscal policy if you want to get out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiscal policy if you want to get out of
+that and I'll show you that later there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I'll show you that later there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I'll show you that later there
+was a lot of fiscal policy but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a lot of fiscal policy but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a lot of fiscal policy but but
+before getting there I'm going to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before getting there I'm going to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before getting there I'm going to show
+you something that you don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you something that you don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you something that you don't need to
+really know for the quiz But but so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know for the quiz But but so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know for the quiz But but so you
+can understand what is going on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can understand what is going on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can understand what is going on the
+newspapers a little better the FED that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspapers a little better the FED that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspapers a little better the FED that
+was not the only precisely because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not the only precisely because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not the only precisely because
+because the situation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the situation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the situation of
+Japan was so chronic people began to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan was so chronic people began to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan was so chronic people began to
+develop lots of tools alternative tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop lots of tools alternative tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop lots of tools alternative tools
+for central banks to use when you your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for central banks to use when you your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for central banks to use when you your
+interest rate this the main interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate this the main interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate this the main interest
+rate you use is stuck against zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate you use is stuck against zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate you use is stuck against zero
+against the zero lower bound and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the zero lower bound and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the zero lower bound and that's
+what you may have heard is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you may have heard is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you may have heard is called
+sometimes unconventional monetary policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes unconventional monetary policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes unconventional monetary policy
+QE quantitative easing all those kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QE quantitative easing all those kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QE quantitative easing all those kind of
+things they represent essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things they represent essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things they represent essentially
+policies that are like monetary policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies that are like monetary policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies that are like monetary policy
+but they're not exactly the way we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're not exactly the way we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're not exactly the way we have
+because they don't they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they don't they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they don't they're not
+interventions in very shortterm bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions in very shortterm bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions in very shortterm bonds
+there interventions in other assets out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there interventions in other assets out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there interventions in other assets out
+there in this course we have it very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in this course we have it very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in this course we have it very
+simple we have only one interest rate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple we have only one interest rate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple we have only one interest rate in
+reality there are multiple bonds they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality there are multiple bonds they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality there are multiple bonds they
+are risky bonds they are spread somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are risky bonds they are spread somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are risky bonds they are spread somebody
+asked about risky Bonds in a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked about risky Bonds in a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked about risky Bonds in a few
+lectures ago there are Express there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures ago there are Express there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures ago there are Express there
+lots of of interest rates floating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of of interest rates floating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of of interest rates floating
+around so in principle a central bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around so in principle a central bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around so in principle a central bank
+could intervene in those other rates as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could intervene in those other rates as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could intervene in those other rates as
+well in fact in Japan they have even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in fact in Japan they have even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in fact in Japan they have even
+intervened in the stock market that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervened in the stock market that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervened in the stock market that
+tells you how far they can go okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you how far they can go okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you how far they can go okay so
+you so in a richer environment with more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so in a richer environment with more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so in a richer environment with more
+financial Assets in principle the FED
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial Assets in principle the FED
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial Assets in principle the FED
+could go beyond the standard short-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go beyond the standard short-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go beyond the standard short-term
+bonds that they go for for their open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds that they go for for their open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds that they go for for their open
+market operation and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market operation and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market operation and that's
+exactly what they have been doing a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what they have been doing a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what they have been doing a way
+of thinking about that is remember when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thinking about that is remember when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thinking about that is remember when
+when we look at a Monet expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we look at a Monet expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we look at a Monet expansion
+conventional monetary policy we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional monetary policy we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional monetary policy we start
+with a balance sheet like that remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a balance sheet like that remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a balance sheet like that remember
+we said the the central bank has bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said the the central bank has bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said the the central bank has bonds
+and then money if he wants to have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then money if he wants to have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then money if he wants to have an
+expansion in monetary policy goes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion in monetary policy goes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion in monetary policy goes out
+there it buys more bonds and gives them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it buys more bonds and gives them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it buys more bonds and gives them
+the gives the banks money okay and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gives the banks money okay and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gives the banks money okay and that
+expands the balance sheet you end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expands the balance sheet you end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expands the balance sheet you end up
+with more the balance sheet of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with more the balance sheet of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with more the balance sheet of the
+Central Bank ends up with more bonds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central Bank ends up with more bonds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central Bank ends up with more bonds and
+also with more liabilities because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also with more liabilities because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also with more liabilities because it
+gave more money to people out Banks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave more money to people out Banks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave more money to people out Banks and
+so on so he owes more money so monetary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on so he owes more money so monetary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on so he owes more money so monetary
+policy naturally expansion and monetary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy naturally expansion and monetary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy naturally expansion and monetary
+policy naturally leads to an expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy naturally leads to an expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy naturally leads to an expansion
+of the balance sheet now for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the balance sheet now for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the balance sheet now for
+years outside of Japan nobody really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years outside of Japan nobody really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years outside of Japan nobody really
+cared too much about that because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cared too much about that because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cared too much about that because this
+effect relative to what you saw in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect relative to what you saw in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect relative to what you saw in the
+interet was very small I mean yeah the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interet was very small I mean yeah the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interet was very small I mean yeah the
+balance sheet was moving a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance sheet was moving a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance sheet was moving a little bit
+but it was mild no so here we hit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was mild no so here we hit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was mild no so here we hit the
+zero lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero lower
+bound and essentially the FED went out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound and essentially the FED went out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound and essentially the FED went out
+and bought all sort of things first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bought all sort of things first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bought all sort of things first of
+all the when you hear QE quantitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the when you hear QE quantitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the when you hear QE quantitative
+easing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easing
+that means mostly that the FED goes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means mostly that the FED goes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means mostly that the FED goes out
+there and buys not only shortterm US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and buys not only shortterm US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and buys not only shortterm US
+Treasury bonds but long-term BS okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Treasury bonds but long-term BS okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Treasury bonds but long-term BS okay
+because there something called the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there something called the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there something called the term
+spread typically interest rates in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread typically interest rates in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread typically interest rates in the
+long run are higher than than interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long run are higher than than interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long run are higher than than interest
+rate in the short right typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate in the short right typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate in the short right typically
+controlling for a bunch of things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling for a bunch of things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling for a bunch of things and
+that's called the term premium well they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called the term premium well they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called the term premium well they
+went and bought those kind of bones they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went and bought those kind of bones they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went and bought those kind of bones they
+also bought bought bones issued by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also bought bought bones issued by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also bought bought bones issued by
+frenan f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frenan f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frenan f
+what is Freddy ma no Freddy and Fanny H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is Freddy ma no Freddy and Fanny H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is Freddy ma no Freddy and Fanny H
+mortgage back Securities a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgage back Securities a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgage back Securities a bunch of
+stuff even loans in fact they created a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff even loans in fact they created a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff even loans in fact they created a
+facility to buy corporate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility to buy corporate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility to buy corporate
+bonds and at some point they created a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds and at some point they created a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds and at some point they created a
+facility to buy Fallen Angels Bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility to buy Fallen Angels Bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility to buy Fallen Angels Bond
+initially it was only investment great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially it was only investment great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially it was only investment great
+bonds all the companies that have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds all the companies that have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds all the companies that have the
+best possible rating but that wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best possible rating but that wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best possible rating but that wasn't
+enough so they went out there and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough so they went out there and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough so they went out there and and
+created a facility to buy Fallen angin B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a facility to buy Fallen angin B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a facility to buy Fallen angin B
+Fallen were essentially companies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fallen were essentially companies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fallen were essentially companies that
+were Prime companies before covid but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were Prime companies before covid but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were Prime companies before covid but
+you know but after covid they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know but after covid they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know but after covid they didn't
+look so good Airlines you know cruises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look so good Airlines you know cruises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look so good Airlines you know cruises
+and stuff like that hotels and so on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff like that hotels and so on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff like that hotels and so on so
+that was a massive expansion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a massive expansion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a massive expansion of the
+balance sheet so in terms of this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance sheet so in terms of this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance sheet so in terms of this this
+guy grew a lot okay but the purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy grew a lot okay but the purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy grew a lot okay but the purpose
+that's like monetary policy that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like monetary policy that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like monetary policy that's what
+we call unconvention it's different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call unconvention it's different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call unconvention it's different from
+the standard one but they were doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard one but they were doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard one but they were doing
+trying to operate very much like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to operate very much like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to operate very much like
+monetary policy operates here you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary policy operates here you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary policy operates here you see
+the balance sheet of the fed you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the balance sheet of the fed you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the balance sheet of the fed you see
+before the the the global financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the the the global financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the the the global financial
+crisis or the Great Recession of 2008
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis or the Great Recession of 2008
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis or the Great Recession of 2008
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER the balance sheet wasn't an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER the balance sheet wasn't an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER the balance sheet wasn't an
+interesting thing to look at as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing to look at as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing to look at as the
+central bank because the idea they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central bank because the idea they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central bank because the idea they did
+the regular open market operations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regular open market operations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regular open market operations and
+you know for for anti-al policy but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for for anti-al policy but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for for anti-al policy but you
+would see small Wiggles in the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see small Wiggles in the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see small Wiggles in the size of
+the balance sheet relative to the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the balance sheet relative to the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the balance sheet relative to the size
+of the balance sheet in the global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the balance sheet in the global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the balance sheet in the global
+financial crisis they hit the zero lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial crisis they hit the zero lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial crisis they hit the zero lower
+Bound for the first time the US and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bound for the first time the US and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bound for the first time the US and so
+there you saw massive expansion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you saw massive expansion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you saw massive expansion of the
+bance this is the number of assets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bance this is the number of assets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bance this is the number of assets the
+same happen to liabilities they out side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same happen to liabilities they out side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same happen to liabilities they out side
+of it is they're injecting massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it is they're injecting massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it is they're injecting massive
+amount of money into the economy okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of money into the economy okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of money into the economy okay so
+there use a big expansion the recovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there use a big expansion the recovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there use a big expansion the recovery
+from the global fin was hard because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the global fin was hard because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the global fin was hard because the
+financial sector was very compromised so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial sector was very compromised so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial sector was very compromised so
+it took them a while they kept doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it took them a while they kept doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it took them a while they kept doing
+these kind of policies then they began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of policies then they began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of policies then they began
+to unwind the balance sheet and then Co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to unwind the balance sheet and then Co
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to unwind the balance sheet and then Co
+came and that's what I was showing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came and that's what I was showing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came and that's what I was showing you
+before massive they send the interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before massive they send the interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before massive they send the interest
+rate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate to
+zero that wasn't enough and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that wasn't enough and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that wasn't enough and then they
+went out and bought lots of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went out and bought lots of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went out and bought lots of other
+Financial assets which work very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial assets which work very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial assets which work very much
+like monetary policy big thing and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like monetary policy big thing and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like monetary policy big thing and now
+they're unwinding the thing now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're unwinding the thing now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're unwinding the thing now we're
+we're in the opposite process we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in the opposite process we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in the opposite process we have
+inflation we want to get out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation we want to get out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation we want to get out of this
+situation they unwinding but you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation they unwinding but you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation they unwinding but you can see
+the size of that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of that is
+huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge
+huge I mean this is you know the balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge I mean this is you know the balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge I mean this is you know the balance
+sheet that a couple of decades ago had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet that a couple of decades ago had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet that a couple of decades ago had
+was was when the of the order $1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was when the of the order $1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was when the of the order $1
+trillion which is more or less the money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion which is more or less the money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion which is more or less the money
+that is circulating around ER now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is circulating around ER now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is circulating around ER now it's
+$9 trillion massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$9 trillion massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$9 trillion massive
+theion and all central banks major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theion and all central banks major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theion and all central banks major
+central banks look like this I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central banks look like this I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central banks look like this I mean the
+ACB also looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ACB also looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ACB also looks like
+this the bank of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the bank of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the bank of
+Japan H looks like this but actually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan H looks like this but actually you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan H looks like this but actually you
+don't see this blips that much because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see this blips that much because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see this blips that much because
+they began to do them here okay so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they began to do them here okay so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they began to do them here okay so they
+have been accumulating for a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been accumulating for a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been accumulating for a long
+time they have been using this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time they have been using this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time they have been using this kind of
+policy what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy what about
+so coming back now to the course what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so coming back now to the course what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so coming back now to the course what
+about fiscal policy well I'm showing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about fiscal policy well I'm showing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about fiscal policy well I'm showing you
+different countries around the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different countries around the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different countries around the world
+massive fix fiscal expansion during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive fix fiscal expansion during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive fix fiscal expansion during the
+covid episode massive I mean this is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covid episode massive I mean this is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covid episode massive I mean this is you
+know the US the fiscal expansion if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the US the fiscal expansion if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the US the fiscal expansion if you
+combine all the packages so the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine all the packages so the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine all the packages so the order of
+20% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20% of
+GDP that's huge for fiscal you don't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GDP that's huge for fiscal you don't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GDP that's huge for fiscal you don't see
+things like this and this happen almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like this and this happen almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like this and this happen almost
+everywhere okay now you don't see things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere okay now you don't see things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere okay now you don't see things
+like that outside of Wars this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that outside of Wars this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that outside of Wars this was
+really like a war there's no doubt of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like a war there's no doubt of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like a war there's no doubt of
+that the kind amount of expansion in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the kind amount of expansion in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the kind amount of expansion in
+fiscal policy we saw was comparable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiscal policy we saw was comparable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiscal policy we saw was comparable to
+what you see in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+war so there you have it big recession
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war so there you have it big recession
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war so there you have it big recession
+huge recession massive policy response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge recession massive policy response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge recession massive policy response
+both monetary of a conventional and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both monetary of a conventional and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both monetary of a conventional and
+unconventional kind and fiscal and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconventional kind and fiscal and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconventional kind and fiscal and again
+this was not unique to the US it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was not unique to the US it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was not unique to the US it
+happened essentially everywhere China is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened essentially everywhere China is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened essentially everywhere China is
+a little different for reasons I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little different for reasons I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little different for reasons I think I
+mentioned uh in the first lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned uh in the first lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned uh in the first lecture
+but I may talk more about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I may talk more about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I may talk more about that
+later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later
+good okay so another policy mix this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay so another policy mix this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay so another policy mix this is
+different so what do we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so what do we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so what do we have
+there that's another policy mix that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's another policy mix that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's another policy mix that we
+see fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see fairly
+frequently so what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently so what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently so what is
+that LM going down that's expansion in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that LM going down that's expansion in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that LM going down that's expansion in
+monetary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary
+policy I going to the left that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy I going to the left that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy I going to the left that's
+contractionary fiscal policy okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractionary fiscal policy okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractionary fiscal policy okay so
+when do you think you would do such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing or countries would engage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing or countries would engage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing or countries would engage and
+things like this again what if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like this again what if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like this again what if you want
+to like reduce like government spending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like reduce like government spending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like reduce like government spending
+you want to off a recession exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to off a recession exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to off a recession exactly
+that's that's exactly the the conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's exactly the the conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's exactly the the conditions
+when you want to do this it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you want to do this it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you want to do this it's called
+consolidation of the fiscal deficit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consolidation of the fiscal deficit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consolidation of the fiscal deficit
+sometimes you you you know you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you you you know you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you you you know you have a
+large fiscal deficit that's leading to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large fiscal deficit that's leading to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large fiscal deficit that's leading to
+accumulation of public debt that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulation of public debt that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulation of public debt that doesn't
+look so good so the the the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look so good so the the the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look so good so the the the government
+the central the treasur in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central the treasur in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central the treasur in the case of
+the US may may decide that he wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US may may decide that he wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US may may decide that he wants to
+reduce fiscal policy but he's afraid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce fiscal policy but he's afraid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce fiscal policy but he's afraid
+because and doing so is going to cause a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because and doing so is going to cause a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because and doing so is going to cause a
+recession and the purpose and there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recession and the purpose and there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recession and the purpose and there is
+no problem of output being overheating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no problem of output being overheating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no problem of output being overheating
+that it's just that the fiscal accounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's just that the fiscal accounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's just that the fiscal accounts
+look look they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look look they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look look they
+weak so if that's a situation that is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak so if that's a situation that is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak so if that's a situation that is if
+the economy is not going is not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economy is not going is not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economy is not going is not going
+through an overheating period perod and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through an overheating period perod and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through an overheating period perod and
+so on and you want to reduce the fiscal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and you want to reduce the fiscal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and you want to reduce the fiscal
+deficit in some places it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficit in some places it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficit in some places it will be
+explicit in some places implicit but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit in some places implicit but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit in some places implicit but you
+know the central because the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the central because the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the central because the central
+bank has a goal to keep prices stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank has a goal to keep prices stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank has a goal to keep prices stable
+and an output close to the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an output close to the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an output close to the potential
+output so even if there's no explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output so even if there's no explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output so even if there's no explicit
+coordination if the if the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination if the if the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination if the if the government
+announce a massive fiscal consolation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announce a massive fiscal consolation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announce a massive fiscal consolation
+package say reduce going expenditure by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package say reduce going expenditure by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package say reduce going expenditure by
+10% the Central Bank knows that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% the Central Bank knows that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% the Central Bank knows that that's
+going to cause a recession and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cause a recession and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cause a recession and so the
+Central Bank naturally will respond by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central Bank naturally will respond by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central Bank naturally will respond by
+cutting interest rate to that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting interest rate to that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting interest rate to that because
+the recession is not needed if if the if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recession is not needed if if the if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recession is not needed if if the if
+the US announced today a a fiscal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US announced today a a fiscal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US announced today a a fiscal
+contraction of 5% I'm not sure the FED
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contraction of 5% I'm not sure the FED
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contraction of 5% I'm not sure the FED
+would do anything just stay there put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do anything just stay there put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do anything just stay there put
+okay because we have an economy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because we have an economy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because we have an economy is
+overheating but but so that's what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overheating but but so that's what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overheating but but so that's what you
+would do in a situation in which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do in a situation in which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do in a situation in which you
+want to fix the fiscal account and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to fix the fiscal account and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to fix the fiscal account and the
+economy is more or less at the at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy is more or less at the at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy is more or less at the at the
+normal time it's not it's not over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+heating when would you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+opposite or when it's not when would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite or when it's not when would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite or when it's not when would you
+do the opposite is when are you likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the opposite is when are you likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the opposite is when are you likely
+to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+opposite so first of all what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite so first of all what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite so first of all what is the
+opposite the opposite is a combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite the opposite is a combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite the opposite is a combination
+of a fiscal expansion with a Monet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+contraction okay when do you think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contraction okay when do you think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contraction okay when do you think you
+would see such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing either maybe when government has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing either maybe when government has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing either maybe when government has a
+budging maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budging maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budging maybe
+when rates are too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when rates are too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when rates are too
+high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high
+yeah okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay that's
+true but but I'm not sure that's yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true but but I'm not sure that's yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true but but I'm not sure that's yeah
+but that requires a to concerted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that requires a to concerted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that requires a to concerted
+decision and so on H it's true yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision and so on H it's true yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision and so on H it's true yeah
+valid question it's not the one I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid question it's not the one I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid question it's not the one I wanted
+I wanted something more interesting but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted something more interesting but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted something more interesting but
+more exciting but but those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more exciting but but those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more exciting but but those
+are valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answers War you know War typically is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers War you know War typically is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers War you know War typically is
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in no okay let me not I know it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in no okay let me not I know it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in no okay let me not I know it's a
+strange question but but I know where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange question but but I know where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange question but but I know where
+I'm heading a um suppose that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm heading a um suppose that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm heading a um suppose that the
+government decides to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government decides to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government decides to
+spend for whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend for whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend for whatever
+reason and the Central Bank says Whoa We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason and the Central Bank says Whoa We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason and the Central Bank says Whoa We
+don't need that expenditure now so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need that expenditure now so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need that expenditure now so you
+know we don't need this exp fiscal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we don't need this exp fiscal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we don't need this exp fiscal
+expansion now because we're on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion now because we're on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion now because we're on the
+margin of overheating and now I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin of overheating and now I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin of overheating and now I'm going
+to get this big fiscal expansion then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get this big fiscal expansion then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get this big fiscal expansion then
+the fed the central bank is likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fed the central bank is likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fed the central bank is likely to
+react to that and high interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react to that and high interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react to that and high interest rate
+that will will make very upset the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will will make very upset the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will will make very upset the
+government it always happens the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government it always happens the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government it always happens the
+government gets very upset guy say look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government gets very upset guy say look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government gets very upset guy say look
+I'm trying to span the economy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to span the economy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to span the economy and
+you're fighting me okay but that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're fighting me okay but that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're fighting me okay but that's the
+nature of the that's the reason central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of the that's the reason central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of the that's the reason central
+banks are meant to be independent so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks are meant to be independent so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks are meant to be independent so
+they can they can offset that and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can they can offset that and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can they can offset that and the
+reason I wanted to highlight the example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I wanted to highlight the example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I wanted to highlight the example
+is I think some of that and somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I think some of that and somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I think some of that and somebody
+asked that question I think in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked that question I think in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked that question I think in the
+previous lecture ER happened to the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous lecture ER happened to the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous lecture ER happened to the US
+economy one of the reasons we are in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy one of the reasons we are in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy one of the reasons we are in an
+overheating situation right now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overheating situation right now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overheating situation right now is
+because the US had a big fiscal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the US had a big fiscal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the US had a big fiscal
+expansion early in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion early in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion early in
+2021 and that fiscal expansion was at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2021 and that fiscal expansion was at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2021 and that fiscal expansion was at
+the time in which there wasn't much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time in which there wasn't much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time in which there wasn't much
+spare capacity in the economy so we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spare capacity in the economy so we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spare capacity in the economy so we were
+very close to Full Employment the supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to Full Employment the supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to Full Employment the supply
+side was very constrained and so on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side was very constrained and so on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side was very constrained and so on and
+so there may have been good reasons for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there may have been good reasons for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there may have been good reasons for
+the fiscal package transfers to people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fiscal package transfers to people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fiscal package transfers to people
+that you need to transfer and so on but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to transfer and so on but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to transfer and so on but
+the macroeconomic consequence of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the macroeconomic consequence of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the macroeconomic consequence of that
+very naturally was going to lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very naturally was going to lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very naturally was going to lead to
+overheating and and the and the FED did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overheating and and the and the FED did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overheating and and the and the FED did
+not respond to that and I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not respond to that and I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not respond to that and I think that's
+one of the reasons people think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the reasons people think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the reasons people think
+sometimes that the fed well there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes that the fed well there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes that the fed well there's no
+doubt exposed that the Fed was behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubt exposed that the Fed was behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubt exposed that the Fed was behind
+the curve but one of the reasons they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve but one of the reasons they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve but one of the reasons they
+were behind the curve is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were behind the curve is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were behind the curve is
+that they there was this big fiscal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they there was this big fiscal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they there was this big fiscal
+expansion which naturally was going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion which naturally was going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion which naturally was going to
+span output and they did not react to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span output and they did not react to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span output and they did not react to
+it and eventually they reacted but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and eventually they reacted but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and eventually they reacted but it
+took them a long time and by then we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took them a long time and by then we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took them a long time and by then we had
+inflation and all that okay so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation and all that okay so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation and all that okay so that's a
+situation in which we should have seen a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation in which we should have seen a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation in which we should have seen a
+picture like the opposite of this but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture like the opposite of this but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture like the opposite of this but we
+didn't see the picture we didn't see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't see the picture we didn't see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't see the picture we didn't see the
+monetary part and that's the reason we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary part and that's the reason we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary part and that's the reason we
+end up ended up with an economy that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up ended up with an economy that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up ended up with an economy that is
+overheating okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I mean it's always it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean it's always it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean it's always it's a very
+uncertain environment here yeah they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertain environment here yeah they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertain environment here yeah they
+thought this was going to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought this was going to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought this was going to be very
+transitory that that that there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitory that that that there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitory that that that there was
+enough inflationary Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough inflationary Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough inflationary Dynamics
+disinflationary dynamics that that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disinflationary dynamics that that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disinflationary dynamics that that would
+have settled that Expos is obviously it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have settled that Expos is obviously it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have settled that Expos is obviously it
+was a mistake but it's exposed I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a mistake but it's exposed I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a mistake but it's exposed I mean
+there was a lot of noise and so on then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a lot of noise and so on then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a lot of noise and so on then
+it cames the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cames the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cames the
+the Russian war that sort of increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Russian war that sort of increased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Russian war that sort of increased
+the price of oil dramatically and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price of oil dramatically and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price of oil dramatically and that
+sort of created lots of bad Dynamic so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of created lots of bad Dynamic so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of created lots of bad Dynamic so
+they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were
+unlucky that part is a part that I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlucky that part is a part that I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlucky that part is a part that I think
+that that again they thought we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that again they thought we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that again they thought we were
+going through a temporary situation they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through a temporary situation they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through a temporary situation they
+didn't think that it was going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't think that it was going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't think that it was going to be
+strong enough they thought the supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong enough they thought the supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong enough they thought the supply
+side was going to expand a lot faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side was going to expand a lot faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side was going to expand a lot faster
+than it did ER so they may have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it did ER so they may have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it did ER so they may have been
+right in not fighting it but over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in not fighting it but over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in not fighting it but over a
+horizon of three years and they found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizon of three years and they found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizon of three years and they found
+everything very compressing to three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything very compressing to three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything very compressing to three
+months and that led to to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months and that led to to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months and that led to to a
+problem uh so the last thing I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh so the last thing I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh so the last thing I want to
+show you is is is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you is is is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you is is is is
+um that this mod how this mod Works in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that this mod how this mod Works in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that this mod how this mod Works in
+practice if you if you I mean obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice if you if you I mean obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice if you if you I mean obviously
+you're not going to estimate exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to estimate exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to estimate exactly the
+model I show you if you have a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model I show you if you have a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model I show you if you have a real
+model we have Dynamics and many more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model we have Dynamics and many more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model we have Dynamics and many more
+things but the the the the more complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but the the the the more complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but the the the the more complete
+version of what I just show you the islm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of what I just show you the islm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of what I just show you the islm
+show you many people have estimated sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you many people have estimated sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you many people have estimated sort
+of you know how do for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know how do for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know how do for
+example I've estimated the response of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I've estimated the response of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I've estimated the response of
+of of the economy to monetary shocks or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the economy to monetary shocks or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the economy to monetary shocks or
+to fiscal expansion and so on and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fiscal expansion and so on and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fiscal expansion and so on and they
+trace out different Dynamics different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace out different Dynamics different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace out different Dynamics different
+variables and and you know and check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and and you know and check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and and you know and check
+whether that's consistent with the slm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that's consistent with the slm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that's consistent with the slm
+framework or not and the point of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework or not and the point of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework or not and the point of this
+figure is that it's is very consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure is that it's is very consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure is that it's is very consistent
+with that but let me show you a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that but let me show you a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that but let me show you a little
+bit all time so this is the effect on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit all time so this is the effect on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit all time so this is the effect on
+different variable of a surprise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different variable of a surprise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different variable of a surprise
+increase in the in the federal funds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in the in the federal funds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in the in the federal funds
+rate that's the monetary policy rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate that's the monetary policy rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate that's the monetary policy rate
+okay federal funds rate is the is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay federal funds rate is the is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay federal funds rate is the is the
+interest rate that the FED sets and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate that the FED sets and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate that the FED sets and what
+you see that in practice what what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that in practice what what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that in practice what what you
+see is um this is the impact on retail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is um this is the impact on retail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is um this is the impact on retail
+sales on sales out really more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales on sales out really more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales on sales out really more or less
+and yeah in practice the output doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah in practice the output doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah in practice the output doesn't
+respond immediately it takes a while it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond immediately it takes a while it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond immediately it takes a while it
+takes several quarters but eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes several quarters but eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes several quarters but eventually
+hits you and that's one of the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits you and that's one of the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits you and that's one of the big
+issues with monetary policy today that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues with monetary policy today that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues with monetary policy today that
+is that clearly inflation is not under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that clearly inflation is not under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that clearly inflation is not under
+control but they have done a lot and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control but they have done a lot and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control but they have done a lot and we
+know that that it takes time for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that that it takes time for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that that it takes time for the
+economy to really perceive the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy to really perceive the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy to really perceive the full
+impact of a monetary policy and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact of a monetary policy and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact of a monetary policy and so
+that's a tension now because lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a tension now because lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a tension now because lots of
+people pushing the FED to do more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people pushing the FED to do more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people pushing the FED to do more
+because we still have 6% inflation but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we still have 6% inflation but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we still have 6% inflation but
+they have done a lot and they know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have done a lot and they know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have done a lot and they know the
+monetary policy works with lags with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary policy works with lags with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary policy works with lags with
+long and variable lags is a famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long and variable lags is a famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long and variable lags is a famous
+sentence and so you know it takes about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence and so you know it takes about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence and so you know it takes about
+six quarters to really see the mess how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six quarters to really see the mess how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six quarters to really see the mess how
+much mess has been cost right now it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much mess has been cost right now it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much mess has been cost right now it
+will take a while so I have to see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take a while so I have to see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take a while so I have to see you
+see output well it's more like sales the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see output well it's more like sales the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see output well it's more like sales the
+same thing initially declines slowly but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing initially declines slowly but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing initially declines slowly but
+but it takes a while but it does have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it takes a while but it does have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it takes a while but it does have a
+very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large
+effect this is employment same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect this is employment same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect this is employment same
+thing something this these diagrams you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing something this these diagrams you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing something this these diagrams you
+don't you don't well this unemployment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you don't well this unemployment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you don't well this unemployment
+naturally the other side of it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally the other side of it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally the other side of it is
+unemployment also will build up slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment also will build up slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment also will build up slowly
+so unemployment is very low now but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so unemployment is very low now but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so unemployment is very low now but we
+don't know when you the economy really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know when you the economy really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know when you the economy really
+feels the impact of all the monetary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels the impact of all the monetary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels the impact of all the monetary
+policy has been done in the last eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy has been done in the last eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy has been done in the last eight
+months or so where will unemployment end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months or so where will unemployment end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months or so where will unemployment end
+and the big problem for the FED today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the big problem for the FED today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the big problem for the FED today is
+something that you don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you don't need to
+understand until the second part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand until the second part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand until the second part of the
+course is that prices do decline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is that prices do decline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is that prices do decline
+eventually but it takes a long time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually but it takes a long time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually but it takes a long time so
+to control inflation with monetary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to control inflation with monetary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to control inflation with monetary
+policy takes a while a long time let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy takes a while a long time let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy takes a while a long time let's
+see whether the economy consumers and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see whether the economy consumers and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see whether the economy consumers and so
+on have the patience to to hang in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on have the patience to to hang in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on have the patience to to hang in
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay e
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/guW98--0D74.txt b/guW98--0D74.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6c4265c1a6face8594cc730b5a33aa39239902ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guW98--0D74.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+All knowledge of the Force can be found for free on OpenCourseWare.
+
+OCW
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gxgV_oOG7Zc.txt b/gxgV_oOG7Zc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9037e636e727008bb3ad08b17cbe07ba47ce2ba9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gxgV_oOG7Zc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8384 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu hello and welcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu hello and welcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu hello and welcome
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+as before as you might be expecting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as before as you might be expecting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as before as you might be expecting the
+big new news is of course well it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big new news is of course well it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big new news is of course well it's not
+new news the big news is exam tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new news the big news is exam tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new news the big news is exam tomorrow
+night this should be very familiar stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night this should be very familiar stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night this should be very familiar stuff
+to you I apologize a couple people asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you I apologize a couple people asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you I apologize a couple people asked
+me right before lecture about forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me right before lecture about forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me right before lecture about forier
+because there was forier on one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there was forier on one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there was forier on one of the
+previous exams there is no forier I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous exams there is no forier I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous exams there is no forier I
+should have probably asked that problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have probably asked that problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have probably asked that problem
+so in my head I was trying to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in my head I was trying to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in my head I was trying to be
+complete disclosure this is what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete disclosure this is what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete disclosure this is what the
+exam looked like I didn't mean to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam looked like I didn't mean to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam looked like I didn't mean to to
+send the false message that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send the false message that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send the false message that there is
+forier there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier there is no
+Fier next time we'll have lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fier next time we'll have lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fier next time we'll have lots of
+opportunities to ask forier questions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities to ask forier questions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities to ask forier questions so
+no forier this time on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no forier this time on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no forier this time on the other hand
+yes bod root Locust that kind of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes bod root Locust that kind of stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes bod root Locust that kind of stuff
+yes so that kind of stuff you should get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so that kind of stuff you should get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so that kind of stuff you should get
+on top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top
+of questions or comments about the exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of questions or comments about the exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of questions or comments about the exam
+I guess the one thing to remember is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess the one thing to remember is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess the one thing to remember is
+it's in Walker it's not on the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in Walker it's not on the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in Walker it's not on the third
+floor of 26 other than that uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor of 26 other than that uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor of 26 other than that uh you
+should be kind of in a good position to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be kind of in a good position to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be kind of in a good position to
+know roughly what to expect yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when so the idea is if you made one8 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when so the idea is if you made one8 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when so the idea is if you made one8 and
+1 half by 11 front and back for the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 half by 11 front and back for the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 half by 11 front and back for the last
+exam please just bring that don't bother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam please just bring that don't bother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam please just bring that don't bother
+making a new one but you might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a new one but you might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a new one but you might want to
+make a new one that contains stuff that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a new one that contains stuff that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a new one that contains stuff that
+we've done since then that's the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done since then that's the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done since then that's the idea
+but we of course don't care what you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we of course don't care what you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we of course don't care what you do
+micro you know if you want to bring so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro you know if you want to bring so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro you know if you want to bring so
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+electronics but Optical magnification is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronics but Optical magnification is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronics but Optical magnification is
+fine if you want to bring a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine if you want to bring a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine if you want to bring a little
+microscope it's fine we don't mind uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope it's fine we don't mind uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope it's fine we don't mind uh if
+you can have an all Optics No Electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have an all Optics No Electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have an all Optics No Electronic
+microfish reader fine um so the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microfish reader fine um so the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microfish reader fine um so the idea is
+just to uh send the message that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to uh send the message that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to uh send the message that you
+shouldn't be spending a lot of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be spending a lot of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be spending a lot of time
+leafing through 300 Pages that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leafing through 300 Pages that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leafing through 300 Pages that's what we
+don't want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want you to
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+yes can you bring your Abus abacuses are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes can you bring your Abus abacuses are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes can you bring your Abus abacuses are
+welcome in fact I would love to raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome in fact I would love to raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome in fact I would love to raise
+somebody with an abacus I take you on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody with an abacus I take you on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody with an abacus I take you on
+with a slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a slide
+rule okay so I learned with a slide rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule okay so I learned with a slide rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule okay so I learned with a slide rule
+and the question was well no you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question was well no you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question was well no you don't
+want to know that I I don't want to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know that I I don't want to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know that I I don't want to tell
+you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that
+actually okay other questions comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually okay other questions comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually okay other questions comments
+Abus is fine um non-electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices
+okay so today is the final lecture on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so today is the final lecture on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so today is the final lecture on
+feedback what we've done over the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback what we've done over the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback what we've done over the course
+of the last week and a half or so is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the last week and a half or so is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the last week and a half or so is
+looked at a variety of applications last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at a variety of applications last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at a variety of applications last
+time we looked at how to perform how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we looked at how to perform how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we looked at how to perform how to
+improve performance with feedback we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve performance with feedback we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve performance with feedback we
+looked at how you could increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at how you could increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at how you could increase the
+bandwidth of an opam increase the speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth of an opam increase the speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth of an opam increase the speed
+of an opam uh change a motor so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an opam uh change a motor so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an opam uh change a motor so that
+it's natural output which is a voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's natural output which is a voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's natural output which is a voltage
+controlled velocity could be perturbed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled velocity could be perturbed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled velocity could be perturbed
+into a voltage controlled position today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a voltage controlled position today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a voltage controlled position today
+I want to just do a few more examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to just do a few more examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to just do a few more examples
+because what I want you to do is leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what I want you to do is leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what I want you to do is leave
+this place thinking feedback is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this place thinking feedback is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this place thinking feedback is really
+useful okay it's not just torture I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful okay it's not just torture I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful okay it's not just torture I mean
+it is torture we we do torture you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is torture we we do torture you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is torture we we do torture you and
+you're supposed to figure out how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're supposed to figure out how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're supposed to figure out how it
+works quantitatively and all that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works quantitatively and all that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works quantitatively and all that but
+it's not just torture it's actually very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just torture it's actually very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just torture it's actually very
+useful and that's what I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful and that's what I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful and that's what I want you to
+take away so uh first application today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take away so uh first application today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take away so uh first application today
+that I want to think about is reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want to think about is reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want to think about is reducing
+unwanted parameter variation so the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unwanted parameter variation so the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unwanted parameter variation so the idea
+that I want you to think about is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want you to think about is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want you to think about is what
+do you have in a power amplifier of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have in a power amplifier of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have in a power amplifier of the
+type that you would drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type that you would drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type that you would drive
+speakers of the type that you would use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers of the type that you would use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers of the type that you would use
+to drive speakers okay that's a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drive speakers okay that's a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drive speakers okay that's a kind of
+a complicated electronic device it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complicated electronic device it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complicated electronic device it's
+kind of hard to make high power you end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of hard to make high power you end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of hard to make high power you end
+up having to generate high power in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up having to generate high power in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up having to generate high power in
+order to make um a loudspeaker that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to make um a loudspeaker that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to make um a loudspeaker that
+fills this hall for example um and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fills this hall for example um and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fills this hall for example um and if
+you were to try to do something bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were to try to do something bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were to try to do something bigger
+like a a concert it's even harder and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a a concert it's even harder and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a a concert it's even harder and
+the problem with those kinds of devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem with those kinds of devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem with those kinds of devices
+is that they are active they generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they are active they generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they are active they generate
+signals that are bigger that generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals that are bigger that generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals that are bigger that generate
+more power at their output than their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more power at their output than their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more power at their output than their
+was available at the input and the we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was available at the input and the we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was available at the input and the we're
+very good at such things unfortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good at such things unfortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good at such things unfortunately
+such things AR intrinsically nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such things AR intrinsically nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such things AR intrinsically nonlinear
+so we actually take advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we actually take advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we actually take advantage of
+nonlinearities in materials in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearities in materials in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearities in materials in order to
+do that the result though is that at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that the result though is that at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that the result though is that at a
+high level the thing still nonlinear and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level the thing still nonlinear and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level the thing still nonlinear and
+we can see some of that uh not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see some of that uh not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see some of that uh not only
+nonlinear but other things they can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear but other things they can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear but other things they can be
+temperature dependent so if you were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature dependent so if you were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature dependent so if you were to
+make a high power amplifier it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a high power amplifier it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a high power amplifier it's very
+likely that the performance would depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely that the performance would depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely that the performance would depend
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+temperature uh who cares it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature uh who cares it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature uh who cares it's always
+room temperature no not inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room temperature no not inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room temperature no not inside the
+amplifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier
+it may start out at room temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may start out at room temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may start out at room temperature
+every time you turn it on but within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you turn it on but within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you turn it on but within a
+few minutes it's going to be much higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few minutes it's going to be much higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few minutes it's going to be much higher
+than room temperature and if you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than room temperature and if you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than room temperature and if you didn't
+do something about it the gain would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something about it the gain would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something about it the gain would
+change if you didn't do something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change if you didn't do something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change if you didn't do something about
+it in your car it would track the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in your car it would track the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in your car it would track the
+weather which you know may be good maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather which you know may be good maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather which you know may be good maybe
+it would provide a distraction and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would provide a distraction and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would provide a distraction and and
+provide utility to winter but a short of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide utility to winter but a short of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide utility to winter but a short of
+that I mean normally we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I mean normally we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I mean normally we don't
+want the sound level that comes out of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the sound level that comes out of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the sound level that comes out of a
+stereo system to depend on temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereo system to depend on temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereo system to depend on temperature
+so how do you take a device that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do you take a device that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do you take a device that
+intrinsically depends on temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsically depends on temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsically depends on temperature
+here I'm imagining that I have a power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm imagining that I have a power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm imagining that I have a power
+amplifier whose gain can go between 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier whose gain can go between 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier whose gain can go between 8
+and 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 12
+say depending on what the temperature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say depending on what the temperature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say depending on what the temperature is
+how could you fix that so that Its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could you fix that so that Its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could you fix that so that Its
+Behavior was more um consistent from day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior was more um consistent from day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior was more um consistent from day
+to day from hour to hour and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to day from hour to hour and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to day from hour to hour and of course
+not too surprisingly the answer is use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too surprisingly the answer is use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too surprisingly the answer is use
+feedback so how do you do that so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback so how do you do that so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback so how do you do that so you
+want to connect the amplifier to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to connect the amplifier to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to connect the amplifier to the
+speaker after all it's inside the amplif
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker after all it's inside the amplif
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker after all it's inside the amplif
+that you have all the transistors that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have all the transistors that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have all the transistors that
+are able to drive the speaker so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are able to drive the speaker so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are able to drive the speaker so you
+don't want to perturb that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to perturb that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to perturb that
+connection but what you can do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection but what you can do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection but what you can do with
+feedback is Monitor what was the voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback is Monitor what was the voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback is Monitor what was the voltage
+that actually got produced and try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually got produced and try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually got produced and try to
+rig the feedback system to coers it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rig the feedback system to coers it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rig the feedback system to coers it to
+the voltage you wish it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage you wish it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage you wish it
+were so the way you can do that is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were so the way you can do that is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were so the way you can do that is to
+generate a feedback loop precede the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a feedback loop precede the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a feedback loop precede the
+power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+amplifier with a voltage amplifier that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier with a voltage amplifier that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier with a voltage amplifier that
+does not necessarily significantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not necessarily significantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not necessarily significantly
+increase the power that makes that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the power that makes that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the power that makes that kind
+of an amplifier somewhat easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an amplifier somewhat easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an amplifier somewhat easier to
+make so imagine that this power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make so imagine that this power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make so imagine that this power
+amplifier has big chunky transistors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier has big chunky transistors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier has big chunky transistors
+because it has to generate amps in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has to generate amps in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has to generate amps in order
+to make your speakers work this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make your speakers work this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make your speakers work this by
+comparison could be a much less power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison could be a much less power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison could be a much less power
+hungry kind of amplifier and it's easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry kind of amplifier and it's easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry kind of amplifier and it's easier
+to make and in particular it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make and in particular it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make and in particular it would be
+easy to make it with a gain of 10 or 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to make it with a gain of 10 or 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to make it with a gain of 10 or 100
+or a th000 or 10,000 we're very good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a th000 or 10,000 we're very good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a th000 or 10,000 we're very good at
+doing that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that kind of
+stuff then uh the idea of feedback is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff then uh the idea of feedback is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff then uh the idea of feedback is to
+compare the signal that you generated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare the signal that you generated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare the signal that you generated to
+the signal that you might have desired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal that you might have desired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal that you might have desired
+so here's the signal you generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the signal you generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the signal you generated
+here's the signal you desired I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the signal you desired I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the signal you desired I'm
+comparing it through a monitor that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing it through a monitor that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing it through a monitor that's
+feeding back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeding back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeding back
+beta times the output voltage the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta times the output voltage the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta times the output voltage the reason
+I do that can be seen if you just work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do that can be seen if you just work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do that can be seen if you just work
+through the math so if I just write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the math so if I just write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the math so if I just write the
+closed loop transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed loop transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed loop transfer
+function for X goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for X goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for X goes to
+Y the easy way to think about that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y the easy way to think about that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y the easy way to think about that's
+Black's formula of course right so think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Black's formula of course right so think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Black's formula of course right so think
+about the forward path K *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the forward path K *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the forward path K *
+fot divided by one plus the loop gain so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fot divided by one plus the loop gain so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fot divided by one plus the loop gain so
+one plus the the gain around the loop is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one plus the the gain around the loop is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one plus the the gain around the loop is
+beta KF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta KF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta KF
+knot and now just think about what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot and now just think about what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot and now just think about what would
+happen if I coerced it so that I made K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen if I coerced it so that I made K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen if I coerced it so that I made K
+the thing that's under my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that's under my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that's under my
+control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+big if I make K big enough then I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big if I make K big enough then I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big if I make K big enough then I can
+arrange so that beta K fot independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrange so that beta K fot independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrange so that beta K fot independent
+of beta and K I can always choose K so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of beta and K I can always choose K so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of beta and K I can always choose K so
+that the product is Big compared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the product is Big compared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the product is Big compared to the
+one if I do that I can ignore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if I do that I can ignore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if I do that I can ignore the
+one if I ignore the one the K is cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if I ignore the one the K is cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if I ignore the one the K is cancel
+the fots cancel and I'm left with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fots cancel and I'm left with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fots cancel and I'm left with one
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+beta beta didn't depend on fot that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta beta didn't depend on fot that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta beta didn't depend on fot that's
+what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I
+wanted it didn't even depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted it didn't even depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted it didn't even depend on
+K other than K had to be big enough so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K other than K had to be big enough so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K other than K had to be big enough so
+that the division worked okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the division worked okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the division worked okay so the
+result is uh that you can make uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is uh that you can make uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is uh that you can make uh a
+stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable
+gain by incorporating an amplifier with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain by incorporating an amplifier with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain by incorporating an amplifier with
+an unstable gain unstable meaning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unstable gain unstable meaning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unstable gain unstable meaning that
+it varies in time not that it's unstable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it varies in time not that it's unstable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it varies in time not that it's unstable
+in the sense that we often use the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that we often use the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that we often use the word
+unstable I should avoid that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable I should avoid that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable I should avoid that the
+parameter of the gain changes it changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter of the gain changes it changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter of the gain changes it changes
+between 8 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 8 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 8 and
+12 and I can illustrate that with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 and I can illustrate that with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 and I can illustrate that with this
+kind of a picture if I plot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a picture if I plot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a picture if I plot the
+variation at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation at
+fnot I've showed a range here from 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fnot I've showed a range here from 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fnot I've showed a range here from 0 to
+20 I'm imagining that in a practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 I'm imagining that in a practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 I'm imagining that in a practical
+situation it could vary between 8 and 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation it could vary between 8 and 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation it could vary between 8 and 12
+and then in red I'm showing the gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in red I'm showing the gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in red I'm showing the gain
+that would result if there were no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would result if there were no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would result if there were no
+feedback and uh as you can see that over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback and uh as you can see that over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback and uh as you can see that over
+the range of 8 to 12 the output uh gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range of 8 to 12 the output uh gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range of 8 to 12 the output uh gain
+the total gain of the system varies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total gain of the system varies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total gain of the system varies
+between 8 and 12 not surprisingly that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 8 and 12 not surprisingly that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 8 and 12 not surprisingly that's
+what it would mean to have no feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it would mean to have no feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it would mean to have no feedback
+but if I crank in feedback if I set the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I crank in feedback if I set the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I crank in feedback if I set the
+K to 100 and the feedback ratio to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K to 100 and the feedback ratio to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K to 100 and the feedback ratio to
+1110th the 100 is sufficient to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1110th the 100 is sufficient to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1110th the 100 is sufficient to make the
+one negligible which means that my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one negligible which means that my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one negligible which means that my
+overall gain is 1 over 10 determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall gain is 1 over 10 determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall gain is 1 over 10 determined
+only by the feedback ratio beta and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only by the feedback ratio beta and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only by the feedback ratio beta and so
+the result is and here's this line shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result is and here's this line shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result is and here's this line shows
+the solution to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution to that
+equation and you can see that it's ruler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and you can see that it's ruler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and you can see that it's ruler
+straight through the interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight through the interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight through the interesting
+region okay that make sense so what I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region okay that make sense so what I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region okay that make sense so what I've
+been able to do is use feedback in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been able to do is use feedback in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been able to do is use feedback in order
+to control the value of a parameter that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to control the value of a parameter that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to control the value of a parameter that
+was otherwise variable or sens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was otherwise variable or sens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was otherwise variable or sens to
+something off in temperature do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something off in temperature do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something off in temperature do that
+does that all clear that kind of a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that all clear that kind of a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that all clear that kind of a thing
+oh okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh okay so
+question I got rid of all the variations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I got rid of all the variations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I got rid of all the variations
+except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except
+beta what about variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beta right the premise was I couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta right the premise was I couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta right the premise was I couldn't
+control this it was going to vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control this it was going to vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control this it was going to vary
+between 8 and 12 what if beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 8 and 12 what if beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 8 and 12 what if beta
+changes what if beta went from 1/ 18 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes what if beta went from 1/ 18 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes what if beta went from 1/ 18 to
+112th would that affect things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another you could put in another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another you could put in another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another you could put in another
+feedback loop that doesn't sound like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback loop that doesn't sound like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback loop that doesn't sound like
+it's going to converge quickly uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+right that's right we want to control it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's right we want to control it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's right we want to control it
+is there any reason we and but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there any reason we and but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there any reason we and but that's
+what we wanted to do with f.2 we wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we wanted to do with f.2 we wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we wanted to do with f.2 we wanted
+to control that we'd like that to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to control that we'd like that to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to control that we'd like that to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes depend
+on ches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if it changes from 18 to 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it changes from 18 to 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it changes from 18 to 1 over
+8,000 then you may want to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8,000 then you may want to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8,000 then you may want to think about
+so what do you think will happen you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do you think will happen you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do you think will happen you
+think it will vary a lot or a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it will vary a lot or a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it will vary a lot or a little
+compared to 8 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to 8 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to 8 to
+12 probably not that much why because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 probably not that much why because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 probably not that much why because
+the K is already 18 and 112 is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K is already 18 and 112 is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K is already 18 and 112 is not
+really much of a difference in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really much of a difference in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really much of a difference in terms of
+so why do I think about beta differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why do I think about beta differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why do I think about beta differently
+from the way I think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the way I think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the way I think about
+fnot is there a good reason for that or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fnot is there a good reason for that or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fnot is there a good reason for that or
+is that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that just
+uh wishful thinking right engineering by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh wishful thinking right engineering by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh wishful thinking right engineering by
+wishful thinking I wish I could get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wishful thinking I wish I could get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wishful thinking I wish I could get a
+beta that was exactly right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes resist it's very big temper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes resist it's very big temper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes resist it's very big temper
+precisely so the problem is getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely so the problem is getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely so the problem is getting
+gain in a stable and reliable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain in a stable and reliable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain in a stable and reliable
+fashion not in getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion not in getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion not in getting
+attenuation we can control the value the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuation we can control the value the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuation we can control the value the
+value of a resistor with great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of a resistor with great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of a resistor with great
+Precision okay and so it's easy by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Precision okay and so it's easy by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Precision okay and so it's easy by
+comparison It's relatively easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison It's relatively easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison It's relatively easy to
+control the the gain of a resistor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the the gain of a resistor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the the gain of a resistor
+Network and much harder to control the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network and much harder to control the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network and much harder to control the
+gain of a transistor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain of a transistor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain of a transistor
+Network transistors have gain gain is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network transistors have gain gain is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network transistors have gain gain is
+hard to make in a non-temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to make in a non-temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to make in a non-temperature
+dependent fashion division by a resistor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent fashion division by a resistor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent fashion division by a resistor
+it's not hard to make a resistor I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not hard to make a resistor I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not hard to make a resistor I mean
+it's not trivial but it's not hard even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not trivial but it's not hard even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not trivial but it's not hard even
+in the dark old ages um even in the Dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the dark old ages um even in the Dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the dark old ages um even in the Dark
+Ages resistors were made by winding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ages resistors were made by winding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ages resistors were made by winding
+wires and they were very stable with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires and they were very stable with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires and they were very stable with
+temperature or could be made to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature or could be made to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature or could be made to be very
+stable with temperatures that's so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable with temperatures that's so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable with temperatures that's so one
+of the tricks in feedback is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the tricks in feedback is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the tricks in feedback is that we
+usually um so we move the temper we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually um so we move the temper we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually um so we move the temper we we
+move the uh parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the uh parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the uh parameter
+dependence out of the forward path and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence out of the forward path and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence out of the forward path and
+into the feedback path with the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the feedback path with the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the feedback path with the idea
+that we're moving it out of the part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're moving it out of the part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're moving it out of the part
+that has active Parts like transistors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has active Parts like transistors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has active Parts like transistors
+and into the part that we can build with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and into the part that we can build with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and into the part that we can build with
+passive parts and we almost always do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive parts and we almost always do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive parts and we almost always do
+feedback that way not always but almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback that way not always but almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback that way not always but almost
+always okay another important point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always okay another important point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always okay another important point is
+that this could work at a very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this could work at a very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this could work at a very high
+speed as an illustration of that I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed as an illustration of that I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed as an illustration of that I want
+to think about how what would be inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about how what would be inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about how what would be inside
+of that fnot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that fnot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that fnot
+box here's a very simple idea of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box here's a very simple idea of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box here's a very simple idea of what
+you could put in there that's based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could put in there that's based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could put in there that's based on
+two power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two power
+transistors this is not of course in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistors this is not of course in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistors this is not of course in
+power trans transistors I am not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power trans transistors I am not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power trans transistors I am not going
+to give you a very good model for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a very good model for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a very good model for a
+transistor there's other courses that do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor there's other courses that do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor there's other courses that do
+much better Justice to that topic but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better Justice to that topic but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better Justice to that topic but
+what I do want to say is that the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I do want to say is that the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I do want to say is that the idea
+would be that turning those transistors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be that turning those transistors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be that turning those transistors
+on and off represents a significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and off represents a significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and off represents a significant
+source of distortion or potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of distortion or potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of distortion or potentially
+source of distortion so for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of distortion so for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of distortion so for example the
+simplest possible model I could think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest possible model I could think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest possible model I could think
+about would say that in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about would say that in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about would say that in order to
+generate in order to push this voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate in order to push this voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate in order to push this voltage
+to a higher number what I want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a higher number what I want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a higher number what I want to do is
+turn this transistor on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn this transistor on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn this transistor on
+because this will pull this voltage up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this will pull this voltage up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this will pull this voltage up
+toward the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward the positive
+rail so if the input is such that I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rail so if the input is such that I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rail so if the input is such that I'd
+like this to go up what I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this to go up what I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this to go up what I would like to
+have happen is that this transistor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have happen is that this transistor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have happen is that this transistor
+would come on and conduct currents this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would come on and conduct currents this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would come on and conduct currents this
+way which would suck this voltage up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way which would suck this voltage up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way which would suck this voltage up to
+there to do that the voltage here has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to do that the voltage here has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to do that the voltage here has to
+exceed the voltage there for a BJT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceed the voltage there for a BJT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceed the voltage there for a BJT
+that's not the only kind of transistor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the only kind of transistor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the only kind of transistor
+I'm just illustrating one particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just illustrating one particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just illustrating one particular
+kind of example for for a um uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of example for for a um uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of example for for a um uh a
+bipolar transistor of this type the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipolar transistor of this type the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipolar transistor of this type the way
+you would turn that transistor on would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would turn that transistor on would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would turn that transistor on would
+be to have this voltage exceed this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to have this voltage exceed this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to have this voltage exceed this
+voltage by at least some threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage by at least some threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage by at least some threshold
+voltage nominally 0.6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage nominally 0.6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage nominally 0.6
+volts which means that the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts which means that the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts which means that the kind of
+relationship between V out and VN that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between V out and VN that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between V out and VN that
+you would get is Illustrated here if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would get is Illustrated here if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would get is Illustrated here if the
+input voltage differed from the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input voltage differed from the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input voltage differed from the output
+voltage by less than plus or minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage by less than plus or minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage by less than plus or minus the
+threshold voltage then nothing would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold voltage then nothing would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold voltage then nothing would
+happen because neither transistor would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen because neither transistor would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen because neither transistor would
+be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if the input exceeded the what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the input exceeded the what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the input exceeded the what was
+desired for the output by more than 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired for the output by more than 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired for the output by more than 6
+the transistor on the top would start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transistor on the top would start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transistor on the top would start to
+come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come
+on and you would get roughly linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and you would get roughly linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and you would get roughly linear
+growth in the output voltage in relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth in the output voltage in relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth in the output voltage in relation
+to the input voltage similarly with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the input voltage similarly with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the input voltage similarly with
+negative if you make the voltage at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative if you make the voltage at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative if you make the voltage at the
+input sufficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input sufficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input sufficiently
+negative you can cause the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative you can cause the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative you can cause the bottom
+transistor to come on and suck the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor to come on and suck the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor to come on and suck the
+voltage down toward minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage down toward minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage down toward minus
+50 but again you have to exceed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 but again you have to exceed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 but again you have to exceed the
+difference the difference to exceed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference the difference to exceed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference the difference to exceed
+something like the threshold voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like the threshold voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like the threshold voltage
+like normally about 0.6 volts which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like normally about 0.6 volts which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like normally about 0.6 volts which
+means then that you get this uh pie wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means then that you get this uh pie wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means then that you get this uh pie wise
+linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear
+approximation to the relation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to the relation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to the relation between
+the input and the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input and the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input and the output
+voltage okay the problem with that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage okay the problem with that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage okay the problem with that is
+that it distorts the waveform so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it distorts the waveform so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it distorts the waveform so if I
+imagine a purely sinusoidal input what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine a purely sinusoidal input what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine a purely sinusoidal input what I
+get at the output then is not a purely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get at the output then is not a purely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get at the output then is not a purely
+sinusoidal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoidal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoidal
+output and in fact that's quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output and in fact that's quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output and in fact that's quite
+objectionable for many purposes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objectionable for many purposes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objectionable for many purposes in
+particular in the example where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular in the example where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular in the example where we're
+listening to a sound if we were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening to a sound if we were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening to a sound if we were to
+listen to this sound it would sound very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to this sound it would sound very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to this sound it would sound very
+different from uh the way a sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from uh the way a sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from uh the way a sign
+wave would sound so the way I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave would sound so the way I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave would sound so the way I can do
+that is not surprisingly fix it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not surprisingly fix it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not surprisingly fix it with
+feedback again imagine that this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback again imagine that this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback again imagine that this is the
+complicated part the fnot followed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated part the fnot followed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated part the fnot followed by
+the speaker put some gain in front of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speaker put some gain in front of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speaker put some gain in front of it
+gain's cheap we can do that relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain's cheap we can do that relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain's cheap we can do that relatively
+well and put in feedback so that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and put in feedback so that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and put in feedback so that I can
+directly compare what's the how's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly compare what's the how's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly compare what's the how's the
+speaker voltage compared comp to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker voltage compared comp to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker voltage compared comp to the
+voltage that I'd like to listen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage that I'd like to listen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage that I'd like to listen
+to the result then uh is that depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the result then uh is that depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the result then uh is that depending
+on how big is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how big is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how big is the
+gain I can change how big is this dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain I can change how big is this dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain I can change how big is this dead
+zone the zone of input voltages that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zone the zone of input voltages that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zone the zone of input voltages that
+produce no change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce no change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce no change in
+output so if I turn up the gain here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output so if I turn up the gain here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output so if I turn up the gain here I'm
+illustrating k equals 1 if I turn it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrating k equals 1 if I turn it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrating k equals 1 if I turn it up
+to k equals 2 The Dead Zone gets smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to k equals 2 The Dead Zone gets smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to k equals 2 The Dead Zone gets smaller
+k equal 4 8 10 whatever so the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equal 4 8 10 whatever so the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equal 4 8 10 whatever so the idea is
+that by adjust ing the gain I control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by adjust ing the gain I control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by adjust ing the gain I control
+how much feedback there is and I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much feedback there is and I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much feedback there is and I can
+control how distorted the waveform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control how distorted the waveform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control how distorted the waveform
+looks so and I can illustrate how bad it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks so and I can illustrate how bad it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks so and I can illustrate how bad it
+is to not do that by comparing an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to not do that by comparing an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to not do that by comparing an
+original clip of music to different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original clip of music to different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original clip of music to different
+values of feedback so what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of feedback so what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of feedback so what I'm going to
+do is play this many Clips some original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is play this many Clips some original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is play this many Clips some original
+some so the original that came off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some so the original that came off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some so the original that came off the
+MP3 put it through the system with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MP3 put it through the system with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MP3 put it through the system with no
+feedack back that is to say there isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedack back that is to say there isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedack back that is to say there isn't
+a k here there's no feedback loop you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a k here there's no feedback loop you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a k here there's no feedback loop you
+just put V in and V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put V in and V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put V in and V
+out then K of 248 16 and then back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out then K of 248 16 and then back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out then K of 248 16 and then back to
+the original and if you listen you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original and if you listen you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original and if you listen you
+should be able to hear the effects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to hear the effects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to hear the effects of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Distortion okay ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion okay ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion okay ready
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+can you hear it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you hear it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you hear it
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+okay everybody could hear it so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay everybody could hear it so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay everybody could hear it so the
+point although the Acoustics in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point although the Acoustics in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point although the Acoustics in this
+room are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room are
+terrible but even somebody with as old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible but even somebody with as old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible but even somebody with as old
+ears as mine I can hear a very big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ears as mine I can hear a very big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ears as mine I can hear a very big
+difference even between k equal 16 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference even between k equal 16 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference even between k equal 16 and
+the original if I listen to it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original if I listen to it over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original if I listen to it over
+headphones or if I listen to it in a in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headphones or if I listen to it in a in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headphones or if I listen to it in a in
+a better environment so the point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a better environment so the point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a better environment so the point is
+that we're very sensitive to it in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're very sensitive to it in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're very sensitive to it in fact
+16 isn't even close I mean in a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 isn't even close I mean in a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 isn't even close I mean in a real
+kind of an amplifier you would use gains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of an amplifier you would use gains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of an amplifier you would use gains
+of at least a thousand in order to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of at least a thousand in order to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of at least a thousand in order to make
+it acceptable so the point is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it acceptable so the point is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it acceptable so the point is that we
+can use feedback so the the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use feedback so the the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use feedback so the the overall
+point is to try to illustrate the kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is to try to illustrate the kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is to try to illustrate the kinds
+of things we can do with feedback here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things we can do with feedback here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things we can do with feedback here
+what we're doing is making a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're doing is making a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're doing is making a system
+that's intrinsically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's intrinsically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's intrinsically
+nonlinear more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear more
+linear okay questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear okay questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear okay questions
+comments left turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments left turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments left turn
+approaching so what I want to close with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching so what I want to close with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching so what I want to close with
+then so is two more examples that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so is two more examples that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so is two more examples that are
+much more fun they're uh examples of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more fun they're uh examples of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more fun they're uh examples of the
+use of feedback to stabilize unstable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of feedback to stabilize unstable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of feedback to stabilize unstable
+systems this is kind of connecting back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems this is kind of connecting back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems this is kind of connecting back
+to the very first lecture in this series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the very first lecture in this series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the very first lecture in this series
+that Russ gave where he did some very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Russ gave where he did some very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Russ gave where he did some very
+complicated control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated control
+Problems by doing feedback I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Problems by doing feedback I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Problems by doing feedback I'm going to
+do some slightly simpler ones but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some slightly simpler ones but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some slightly simpler ones but uh
+they're they're hard enough to be clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're hard enough to be clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're hard enough to be clear
+that they were a hard problem and easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were a hard problem and easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were a hard problem and easy
+enough that every one of you should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that every one of you should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that every one of you should be
+able to write the equations and figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to write the equations and figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to write the equations and figure
+out what I'm about to do okay uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what I'm about to do okay uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what I'm about to do okay uh if you
+are interested to do the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interested to do the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interested to do the more
+complicated things like having owls com
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated things like having owls com
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated things like having owls com
+in and swoop uh that's a research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and swoop uh that's a research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and swoop uh that's a research
+project okay so this is supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project okay so this is supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project okay so this is supposed to be
+in the Middle Ground between um research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Middle Ground between um research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Middle Ground between um research
+and trivial right so I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trivial right so I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trivial right so I'm going to do
+some examples now of some unstable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples now of some unstable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples now of some unstable
+systems to illustrate how you would use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems to illustrate how you would use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems to illustrate how you would use
+feedback for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback for
+stability first example is magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability first example is magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability first example is magnetic
+levitation you've probably heard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levitation you've probably heard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levitation you've probably heard of
+magnetic levitation magnetic levitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic levitation magnetic levitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic levitation magnetic levitation
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+hard it's been we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard it's been we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard it's been we've talked about
+magnetic levitation since the 70s at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic levitation since the 70s at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic levitation since the 70s at
+least perhaps the 60s it's hard because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least perhaps the 60s it's hard because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least perhaps the 60s it's hard because
+magnetic systems tend to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic systems tend to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic systems tend to be
+intrinsically unstable not always but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsically unstable not always but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsically unstable not always but uh
+the easy ways you can imagine using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easy ways you can imagine using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easy ways you can imagine using a
+magnet to levitate things I mean we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet to levitate things I mean we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet to levitate things I mean we'd
+all like to make anti-grav right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all like to make anti-grav right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all like to make anti-grav right
+anti-grav would be a really good thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-grav would be a really good thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-grav would be a really good thing
+uh and it seems like you ought to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it seems like you ought to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it seems like you ought to be
+able to do that with a magnet right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do that with a magnet right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do that with a magnet right so
+the idea is I would like to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is I would like to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is I would like to do is
+levitate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levitate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levitate a
+mass with a magnet anti-grav right we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass with a magnet anti-grav right we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass with a magnet anti-grav right we've
+had that since Star Trek right it's time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had that since Star Trek right it's time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had that since Star Trek right it's time
+somebody built it but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody built it but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody built it but it's
+hard even though we can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard even though we can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard even though we can make
+magnets even though we can make things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnets even though we can make things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnets even though we can make things
+that seem like they would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seem like they would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seem like they would do
+it it's hard because it's intrinsically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's hard because it's intrinsically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's hard because it's intrinsically
+unstable this particular system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable this particular system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable this particular system is
+intrinsically unstable in the sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsically unstable in the sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsically unstable in the sense that
+if the mass let's say the it was at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the mass let's say the it was at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the mass let's say the it was at
+equilibrium by which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium by which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium by which I
+mean in the absence of somebody touching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean in the absence of somebody touching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean in the absence of somebody touching
+it it would stay exactly the way it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it would stay exactly the way it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it would stay exactly the way it is
+that's what I mean by equilibrium let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I mean by equilibrium let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I mean by equilibrium let's
+say it was at equilibrium so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it was at equilibrium so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it was at equilibrium so that the
+magnetic force FM was just sufficient to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic force FM was just sufficient to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic force FM was just sufficient to
+hold up the weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mg if I came over and just very gently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mg if I came over and just very gently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mg if I came over and just very gently
+bumped the mass up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bumped the mass up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bumped the mass up a
+little what would happen to the force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+force will go up so you're supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force will go up so you're supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force will go up so you're supposed to
+remember this from some subject you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this from some subject you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this from some subject you
+before right uh yes no yes started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before right uh yes no yes started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before right uh yes no yes started with
+an eight yes so the idea is something to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an eight yes so the idea is something to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an eight yes so the idea is something to
+do with if you have a magnet of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with if you have a magnet of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with if you have a magnet of that
+type you generate field uh magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type you generate field uh magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type you generate field uh magnetic
+fields right you remember diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields right you remember diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields right you remember diagram
+they're not supposed to cross right one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not supposed to cross right one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not supposed to cross right one
+of the rules is they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the rules is they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the rules is they don't
+cross uh but the idea is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross uh but the idea is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross uh but the idea is that the
+density of flux lines decreases as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of flux lines decreases as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of flux lines decreases as you
+leave the magnet and the force that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the magnet and the force that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the magnet and the force that's
+generated has something to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated has something to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated has something to do with the
+change in the density of flux lines if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the density of flux lines if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the density of flux lines if
+you move an object through a region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you move an object through a region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you move an object through a region
+where the number of flux lines doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the number of flux lines doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the number of flux lines doesn't
+change it takes no Force if you move an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it takes no Force if you move an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it takes no Force if you move an
+object into a region that has fewer or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object into a region that has fewer or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object into a region that has fewer or
+more flux lines it requires Force to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more flux lines it requires Force to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more flux lines it requires Force to
+make that move that's the idea so since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that move that's the idea so since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that move that's the idea so since
+the flux lines are thinning As you move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flux lines are thinning As you move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flux lines are thinning As you move
+away if I push up it will generate I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away if I push up it will generate I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away if I push up it will generate I'm
+moving the mass into a place where a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving the mass into a place where a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving the mass into a place where a
+greater density of flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater density of flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater density of flux
+lines that will generate Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines that will generate Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines that will generate Force
+up on the mass okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on the mass okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on the mass okay that's
+bad right I had the force exactly where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad right I had the force exactly where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad right I had the force exactly where
+I needed it to be in order to levitate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I needed it to be in order to levitate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I needed it to be in order to levitate
+the mass if the force goes up what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happens it accelerates up well okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens it accelerates up well okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens it accelerates up well okay so
+it accelerates up then what well it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it accelerates up then what well it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it accelerates up then what well it gets
+closer then what it accelerates faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer then what it accelerates faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer then what it accelerates faster
+okay it's kind of the bad WR so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's kind of the bad WR so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's kind of the bad WR so the
+problem is that the uh position is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that the uh position is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that the uh position is
+unstable or we might say quasi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable or we might say quasi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable or we might say quasi
+stable so what we can do is make a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable so what we can do is make a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable so what we can do is make a model
+of this to try to understand how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this to try to understand how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this to try to understand how we
+could fix it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could fix it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could fix it with
+feedback imagine that I represent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback imagine that I represent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback imagine that I represent the
+magnet by a function that maps for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet by a function that maps for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet by a function that maps for every
+value of the position of the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the position of the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the position of the mass
+y it generates a force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y it generates a force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y it generates a force
+FM then because of the shape of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FM then because of the shape of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FM then because of the shape of the
+field lines I'm expecting that the force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field lines I'm expecting that the force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field lines I'm expecting that the force
+increases on the right of the curve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases on the right of the curve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases on the right of the curve and
+decreases on the left of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases on the left of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases on the left of the
+curve if I'm sitting for y equals z at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve if I'm sitting for y equals z at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve if I'm sitting for y equals z at
+equilibrium what matters is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium what matters is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium what matters is the
+difference between Y and the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between Y and the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between Y and the equilibrium
+place and the the important force is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and the the important force is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and the the important force is the
+difference between the magnetic force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the magnetic force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the magnetic force
+and mg the weight so I get a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mg the weight so I get a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mg the weight so I get a simple
+relationship that says that this Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship that says that this Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship that says that this Force
+this vertical line f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vertical line f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vertical line f
+should be uh ma FAL ma which is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be uh ma FAL ma which is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be uh ma FAL ma which is my
+double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double
+dot okay so having generated that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot okay so having generated that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot okay so having generated that kind
+of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+model I can now imagine putting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model I can now imagine putting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model I can now imagine putting that
+into a feedback system so now I put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a feedback system so now I put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a feedback system so now I put the
+model into the feedback system and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model into the feedback system and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model into the feedback system and this
+junk over here this is f equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junk over here this is f equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junk over here this is f equals
+ma F gets multiplied by 1/ m that's a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ma F gets multiplied by 1/ m that's a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ma F gets multiplied by 1/ m that's a a
+is y double dot integrated to get y dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is y double dot integrated to get y dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is y double dot integrated to get y dot
+integrated again to get y but y was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated again to get y but y was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated again to get y but y was the
+thing that controlled the magnet in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that controlled the magnet in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that controlled the magnet in the
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+place so I'm trying to cast magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place so I'm trying to cast magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place so I'm trying to cast magnetic
+levitation into a frame for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levitation into a frame for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levitation into a frame for
+understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+feedback okay so now uh if I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback okay so now uh if I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback okay so now uh if I want to
+further simplify things I can replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further simplify things I can replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further simplify things I can replace
+the magnet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnet
+model at least for small deviations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model at least for small deviations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model at least for small deviations in
+position by a linear gain so I'm making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position by a linear gain so I'm making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position by a linear gain so I'm making
+a straight line approximation to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a straight line approximation to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a straight line approximation to this
+curvy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvy
+line and then we have something that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and then we have something that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and then we have something that we
+analyze all the time a simple feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze all the time a simple feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze all the time a simple feedback
+system that has integrators gains that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that has integrators gains that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that has integrators gains that
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+stuff it's surprisingly similar to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff it's surprisingly similar to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff it's surprisingly similar to uh
+the mass spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass spring
+dashpot Springs by contrast to magnets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dashpot Springs by contrast to magnets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dashpot Springs by contrast to magnets
+Springs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springs
+levitate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levitate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levitate
+stably what happens if I push so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stably what happens if I push so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stably what happens if I push so I'm
+suspending a mass from a spring if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspending a mass from a spring if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspending a mass from a spring if I
+push up on the mass how does the force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push up on the mass how does the force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push up on the mass how does the force
+in the spring change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the spring change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the spring change
+gets less that's what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets less that's what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets less that's what you
+want it's no longer sufficient to hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it's no longer sufficient to hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it's no longer sufficient to hold
+the mass up so the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass up so the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass up so the mass
+Falls push up the mass tries to fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Falls push up the mass tries to fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Falls push up the mass tries to fall
+pull down on the mass it tries to pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull down on the mass it tries to pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull down on the mass it tries to pull
+up Spring levitates stably magnet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up Spring levitates stably magnet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up Spring levitates stably magnet
+levitates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levitates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levitates
+unstably okay almost the same system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstably okay almost the same system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstably okay almost the same system
+though here's a way of thinking about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though here's a way of thinking about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though here's a way of thinking about uh
+the magnetic levitation like we just saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic levitation like we just saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic levitation like we just saw
+here's an equivalent diagram for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an equivalent diagram for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an equivalent diagram for the
+spring levitation almost the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring levitation almost the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring levitation almost the same thing
+the critical thing is that minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the critical thing is that minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the critical thing is that minus sign
+and that plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that plus
+sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign
+so how what's the relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how what's the relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how what's the relationship between
+the poles of the spring and mass system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poles of the spring and mass system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poles of the spring and mass system
+and the poles of the levitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the poles of the levitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the poles of the levitation
+system look at your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system look at your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system look at your
+neighbor say the word poles right we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor say the word poles right we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor say the word poles right we say
+that a lot in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot in this
+class how do the poles relate in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class how do the poles relate in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class how do the poles relate in those
+two systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so draw the poles in the air for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so draw the poles in the air for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so draw the poles in the air for
+the two systems how do they relate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two systems how do they relate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two systems how do they relate
+excellent excellent I saw one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent excellent I saw one right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent excellent I saw one right
+answer somebody else Draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer somebody else Draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer somebody else Draw
+Something I'm not sure if I got that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Something I'm not sure if I got that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Something I'm not sure if I got that
+one so how do the PO relate come on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so how do the PO relate come on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so how do the PO relate come on
+somebody draw it in the air I got one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody draw it in the air I got one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody draw it in the air I got one
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+answer okay your air drawings are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer okay your air drawings are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer okay your air drawings are a
+little cryptic so um here's a not so air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little cryptic so um here's a not so air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little cryptic so um here's a not so air
+drawing so here's a picture of what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing so here's a picture of what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing so here's a picture of what they
+look like for a spring in Mass system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like for a spring in Mass system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like for a spring in Mass system
+and all you do is uh think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all you do is uh think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all you do is uh think about the
+differential equation turn it into um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation turn it into um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation turn it into um
+system function there's two poles Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system function there's two poles Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system function there's two poles Factor
+the denominator you find that the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the denominator you find that the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the denominator you find that the two
+poles are on the J Mega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles are on the J Mega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles are on the J Mega
+axis J Omega axis that sounds bad yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis J Omega axis that sounds bad yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis J Omega axis that sounds bad yeah
+it is bad right what happens if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is bad right what happens if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is bad right what happens if they're
+under J Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under J Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under J Omega
+axis oscillate if they're right on the J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis oscillate if they're right on the J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis oscillate if they're right on the J
+axis it oscillates forever that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis it oscillates forever that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis it oscillates forever that's
+exactly what a mass spring dashpot does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what a mass spring dashpot does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what a mass spring dashpot does
+if you have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have no
+damping okay it's bad but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping okay it's bad but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping okay it's bad but it's not
+nearly as bad as magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly as bad as magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly as bad as magnetic
+levitation magnetic Lev ation you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levitation magnetic Lev ation you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levitation magnetic Lev ation you get
+the same distance from the origin but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same distance from the origin but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same distance from the origin but
+it's turned to plus and minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's turned to plus and minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's turned to plus and minus
+something okay that one I like that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something okay that one I like that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something okay that one I like that one
+I don't like right that one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't like right that one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't like right that one is
+unstable so the question is how could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable so the question is how could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable so the question is how could
+you make a magnetic levitation system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make a magnetic levitation system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make a magnetic levitation system
+how can you make a system that use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you make a system that use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you make a system that use a
+magnet to levitate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet to levitate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet to levitate a
+mass when the physics are intrinsically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass when the physics are intrinsically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass when the physics are intrinsically
+stable and the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable and the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable and the answer
+is feedback of course yes so uh the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is feedback of course yes so uh the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is feedback of course yes so uh the idea
+is that here is our system that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that here is our system that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that here is our system that was
+intrinsically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsically
+unstable what we'd like to do is somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable what we'd like to do is somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable what we'd like to do is somehow
+change the physics one of the ways we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the physics one of the ways we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the physics one of the ways we
+could change the physics is by modifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could change the physics is by modifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could change the physics is by modifying
+the current that runs through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current that runs through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current that runs through the
+magnet if we change the current from I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet if we change the current from I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet if we change the current from I
+KN to 1.1 time I KN then the forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN to 1.1 time I KN then the forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN to 1.1 time I KN then the forces
+everywhere would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere would be
+bigger we could use that idea to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger we could use that idea to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger we could use that idea to
+introduce a second feedback path there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a second feedback path there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a second feedback path there's
+the intrinsic one that comes just from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intrinsic one that comes just from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intrinsic one that comes just from
+the physical layout but I'm going to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical layout but I'm going to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical layout but I'm going to add
+a a path that senses the position of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a path that senses the position of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a path that senses the position of the
+mass and feeds back a change in current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and feeds back a change in current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and feeds back a change in current
+and if I do this carefully I can arrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I do this carefully I can arrange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I do this carefully I can arrange
+that this path the intrinsic one has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this path the intrinsic one has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this path the intrinsic one has
+positive feedback that was bad but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive feedback that was bad but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive feedback that was bad but the
+one I add has negative feedback which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I add has negative feedback which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I add has negative feedback which is
+good then the overall system looks more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good then the overall system looks more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good then the overall system looks more
+like this where I've got K which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this where I've got K which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this where I've got K which I
+cannot affect that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot affect that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot affect that's
+physics but I've got K2 that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+affect and what's showed here is a root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect and what's showed here is a root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect and what's showed here is a root
+Locus as I change K2 what happens to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Locus as I change K2 what happens to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Locus as I change K2 what happens to the
+poles and what you can see is since they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles and what you can see is since they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles and what you can see is since they
+were equally disposed on the two sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were equally disposed on the two sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were equally disposed on the two sides
+of the J Omega axis as I turn up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the J Omega axis as I turn up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the J Omega axis as I turn up the
+gain you can do this just by doing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain you can do this just by doing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain you can do this just by doing uh
+Factor the polinomial right so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor the polinomial right so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor the polinomial right so I
+factored this uh uh to generate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factored this uh uh to generate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factored this uh uh to generate this
+plot as you increase K2 the poles go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot as you increase K2 the poles go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot as you increase K2 the poles go
+toward each other and then they split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward each other and then they split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward each other and then they split
+and they become uh complex complex is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they become uh complex complex is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they become uh complex complex is
+good but it still has the problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but it still has the problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but it still has the problem that
+the massing dashpot had if it didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the massing dashpot had if it didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the massing dashpot had if it didn't
+have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any
+damping so it's better because at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping so it's better because at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping so it's better because at least
+it's stable oh well no it's not stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's stable oh well no it's not stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's stable oh well no it's not stable
+it's marginally stable it's now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's marginally stable it's now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's marginally stable it's now
+oscillatory it no longer has igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillatory it no longer has igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillatory it no longer has igen
+functions that grow with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that grow with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that grow with
+time the problem is they don't shrink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the problem is they don't shrink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the problem is they don't shrink
+either they stay constant in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either they stay constant in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either they stay constant in
+amplitude but you can fix that and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude but you can fix that and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude but you can fix that and I
+what I'll do now is show a demo that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'll do now is show a demo that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'll do now is show a demo that was
+done by Professor James rur where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by Professor James rur where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by Professor James rur where the
+idea was you don't have to just put an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea was you don't have to just put an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea was you don't have to just put an
+extra gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra gain
+in what Jim did was put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what Jim did was put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what Jim did was put a
+zero2 so these are the intrinsic poles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero2 so these are the intrinsic poles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero2 so these are the intrinsic poles
+from the magnetic levitation this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the magnetic levitation this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the magnetic levitation this is a
+zero introduced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero introduced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero introduced by
+Electronics the zero has the effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electronics the zero has the effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electronics the zero has the effect of
+bending the poles the closed loop poles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending the poles the closed loop poles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending the poles the closed loop poles
+around so that you can then make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around so that you can then make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around so that you can then make it
+stable so the Renzo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable so the Renzo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable so the Renzo
+so here's Jim's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+device and the goal now is to smash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device and the goal now is to smash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device and the goal now is to smash
+Fingers um because we'll try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fingers um because we'll try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fingers um because we'll try to
+levitate so this is a hunky ma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levitate so this is a hunky ma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levitate so this is a hunky ma
+magnet this is a hunky power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet this is a hunky power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet this is a hunky power
+supply and that is well this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply and that is well this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply and that is well this is the
+power supply this generates um uh DC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power supply this generates um uh DC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power supply this generates um uh DC
+voltage that drives the amplifier that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage that drives the amplifier that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage that drives the amplifier that's
+inside this box okay so the idea then is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside this box okay so the idea then is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside this box okay so the idea then is
+we have this metal ball so we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this metal ball so we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this metal ball so we have this
+metal ball is kind of heavy right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal ball is kind of heavy right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal ball is kind of heavy right so
+it's not you know it's not like uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not you know it's not like uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not you know it's not like uh um
+some nuclear it's not uranium or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some nuclear it's not uranium or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some nuclear it's not uranium or
+anything but it's it's heavy and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything but it's it's heavy and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything but it's it's heavy and the
+idea is going to be to use the hunky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is going to be to use the hunky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is going to be to use the hunky
+magnet let's see can we see oh yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet let's see can we see oh yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet let's see can we see oh yeah okay
+so you can see it up there so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see it up there so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see it up there so you can
+see maybe that uh here is the pole of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see maybe that uh here is the pole of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see maybe that uh here is the pole of
+the magnet which is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnet which is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnet which is right
+there so there's the pole a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so there's the pole a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so there's the pole a different
+kind of pole not to be confused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of pole not to be confused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of pole not to be confused
+um so that's the iron core of the magnet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's the iron core of the magnet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's the iron core of the magnet
+and you can see the turns up here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see the turns up here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see the turns up here and
+here you can see uh some light so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can see uh some light so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can see uh some light so what's
+going on here is a source of light is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here is a source of light is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here is a source of light is
+being aimed toward a photo uh sensor so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being aimed toward a photo uh sensor so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being aimed toward a photo uh sensor so
+that when the mass the ball is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when the mass the ball is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when the mass the ball is
+levitating at exactly the right place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levitating at exactly the right place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levitating at exactly the right place
+there's a signal that gets fed back into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a signal that gets fed back into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a signal that gets fed back into
+the control box to do the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control box to do the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control box to do the thing that
+I've Illustrated here okay everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've Illustrated here okay everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've Illustrated here okay everybody
+knows what's going on okay I'll smash my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what's going on okay I'll smash my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what's going on okay I'll smash my
+fingers now and then ask Lorenzo to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers now and then ask Lorenzo to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers now and then ask Lorenzo to do
+it correctly so what what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it correctly so what what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it correctly so what what I'm going to
+do now is try to move the mass into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now is try to move the mass into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now is try to move the mass into
+there so it levitates right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so it levitates right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so it levitates right so
+successful would be you're watching up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful would be you're watching up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful would be you're watching up
+there and there's going to be a ball up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and there's going to be a ball up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and there's going to be a ball up
+here and it'll levitate unsuccessful is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it'll levitate unsuccessful is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it'll levitate unsuccessful is
+I'll have a black and white I'll have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll have a black and white I'll have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll have a black and white I'll have a
+black and blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black and blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black and blue
+fingernail so let's see so we um let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see Lorenzo is laughing at me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see your hand can't move okay nope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see your hand can't move okay nope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see your hand can't move okay nope
+that's not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not going to
+work you don't have a way to move yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work you don't have a way to move yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work you don't have a way to move yes
+yes now okay this will work better if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes now okay this will work better if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes now okay this will work better if I
+get coached enough I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+yeah almost okay it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+close no no no failing once is fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close no no no failing once is fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close no no no failing once is fine
+failing twice no that's not acceptable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failing twice no that's not acceptable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failing twice no that's not acceptable
+wonderful okay so that's magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful okay so that's magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful okay so that's magnetic
+levitation made possible by feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levitation made possible by feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levitation made possible by feedback
+that's the point okay everybody sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the point okay everybody sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the point okay everybody sort of
+knows what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on okay so to redeem myself we'll leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on okay so to redeem myself we'll leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on okay so to redeem myself we'll leave
+the demo set up and after a lecture you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demo set up and after a lecture you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demo set up and after a lecture you
+can come down and you can do it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can come down and you can do it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can come down and you can do it and
+smash your fingers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smash your fingers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smash your fingers
+okay okay questions comments you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay questions comments you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay questions comments you
+everybody knows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody knows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody knows the
+point so we'll leave it there just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so we'll leave it there just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so we'll leave it there just for
+entertainment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertainment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertainment
+value oh okay okay you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value oh okay okay you don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value oh okay okay you don't want to
+burn it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn it up
+huh okay so good thank you thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you so the next demo is the famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so the next demo is the famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so the next demo is the famous
+inverted pendulum the idea is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverted pendulum the idea is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverted pendulum the idea is that if
+you have a pendulum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a pendulum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a pendulum
+Yesa Al correct correct uh so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yesa Al correct correct uh so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yesa Al correct correct uh so that's a
+good question okay so did I screw up ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question okay so did I screw up ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question okay so did I screw up ah
+not a chance right uh or for those of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a chance right uh or for those of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a chance right uh or for those of
+you who know me uh what would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who know me uh what would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who know me uh what would you
+conclude if it was oscillating and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude if it was oscillating and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude if it was oscillating and I
+told you I thought I built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this I screwed up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I screwed up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I screwed up the
+circuit I screwed up the root Locus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit I screwed up the root Locus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit I screwed up the root Locus
+diagram everything's hunky dory and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram everything's hunky dory and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram everything's hunky dory and I
+did everything right none of the above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes position Okay so flaky Hardware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes position Okay so flaky Hardware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes position Okay so flaky Hardware
+Universal solution right could be could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal solution right could be could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal solution right could be could
+be could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be could
+be there's a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be there's a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be there's a different
+explanation which is possible but your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation which is possible but your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation which is possible but your
+explanation may be right what's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation may be right what's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation may be right what's another
+explanation besides flaky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation besides flaky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation besides flaky
+Hardware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hardware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hardware
+yes complex poles but didn't I stabilize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them leading
+question didn't I stabilize them leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question didn't I stabilize them leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question didn't I stabilize them leading
+question the answer is didn't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question the answer is didn't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question the answer is didn't I
+stabilize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them yes
+no completely cryptic he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is they could have comp why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they could have comp why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they could have comp why
+how so what depend what what determines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how so what depend what what determines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how so what depend what what determines
+where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they
+are what determines what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are okay
+yeah exactly so I I get to control this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly so I I get to control this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly so I I get to control this
+K2 thing and as I change K2 the PO start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2 thing and as I change K2 the PO start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2 thing and as I change K2 the PO start
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+here they go toward each other so if k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they go toward each other so if k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they go toward each other so if k
+equals zero they're here as K gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero they're here as K gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero they're here as K gets
+bigger they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so it's possible that they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so it's possible that they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so it's possible that they're just
+simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply
+here right the poll could still be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right the poll could still be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right the poll could still be
+complex if that were true you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex if that were true you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex if that were true you would
+expect the oscillations to die with time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect the oscillations to die with time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect the oscillations to die with time
+right if the oscillations didn't die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if the oscillations didn't die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if the oscillations didn't die
+with time it's still possible well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with time it's still possible well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with time it's still possible well if
+they don't die with time then I guess I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't die with time then I guess I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't die with time then I guess I
+screwed something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screwed something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screwed something
+up right because even if they just come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up right because even if they just come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up right because even if they just come
+here they're oscillating but they're on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they're oscillating but they're on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they're oscillating but they're on
+the the left part of the axis so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the left part of the axis so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the left part of the axis so they
+should Decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should Decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should Decay
+eventually so I guess to the extent that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually so I guess to the extent that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually so I guess to the extent that
+they didn't die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't die
+eventually something screwed up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually something screwed up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually something screwed up with the
+analysis the hardware screwed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis the hardware screwed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis the hardware screwed up
+something yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something yes
+K2 K2 you can draw root Locus for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2 K2 you can draw root Locus for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2 K2 you can draw root Locus for
+anything you can change any parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you can change any parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you can change any parameter
+and sketch the locus of points where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sketch the locus of points where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sketch the locus of points where the
+roots move to hence the name root Locus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots move to hence the name root Locus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots move to hence the name root Locus
+this is for K2 so z0 was fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is for K2 so z0 was fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is for K2 so z0 was fixed
+here held constant and K2 was modified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here held constant and K2 was modified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here held constant and K2 was modified
+to trace out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop
+okay okay the SEC the next example is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay the SEC the next example is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay the SEC the next example is
+pendulum so just like spring Mass system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum so just like spring Mass system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum so just like spring Mass system
+spring levitated mass in a stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring levitated mass in a stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring levitated mass in a stable
+fashion although perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion although perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion although perhaps
+oscillatory so pendulum is also stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillatory so pendulum is also stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillatory so pendulum is also stable
+in that same sense might be oscillatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that same sense might be oscillatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that same sense might be oscillatory
+but it'll eventually stop of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it'll eventually stop of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it'll eventually stop of course
+pendula are not very interesting what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendula are not very interesting what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendula are not very interesting what's
+interesting is inverted pendula right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is inverted pendula right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is inverted pendula right
+where the rule is what I have to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the rule is what I have to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the rule is what I have to do is
+stabilize this by moving my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilize this by moving my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilize this by moving my
+hand right to comp to compensate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand right to comp to compensate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand right to comp to compensate so
+let's say that it starts to move this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that it starts to move this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that it starts to move this
+way right I've got positive feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way right I've got positive feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way right I've got positive feedback
+that tends to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tends to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tends to make it
+continue so if I started at equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue so if I started at equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue so if I started at equilibrium
+by which I mean a state that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by which I mean a state that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by which I mean a state that would
+persist if nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persist if nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persist if nothing
+changed so if I started at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed so if I started at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed so if I started at
+equilibrium uh but then perturbed it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium uh but then perturbed it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium uh but then perturbed it by
+breathing or whatever or by just not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing or whatever or by just not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing or whatever or by just not
+being at quite equilibrium it'll move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being at quite equilibrium it'll move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being at quite equilibrium it'll move
+and then I have to do something to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I have to do something to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I have to do something to
+compensate otherwise it'll fall down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensate otherwise it'll fall down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensate otherwise it'll fall down
+right and uh there are people who can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh there are people who can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh there are people who can do
+this better than me but we don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this better than me but we don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this better than me but we don't need to
+have I don't need to be coordinated I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I don't need to be coordinated I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I don't need to be coordinated I
+can build a system that's coordinated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can build a system that's coordinated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can build a system that's coordinated
+instead right that's the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead right that's the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead right that's the value of
+feedback okay so I can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback okay so I can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback okay so I can be
+uncoordinated uh before I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncoordinated uh before I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncoordinated uh before I do
+that uh uh no let's do this first so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh uh no let's do this first so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh uh no let's do this first so
+here is a mechanical system that uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a mechanical system that uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a mechanical system that uses
+feedback to stabilize I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback to stabilize I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback to stabilize I'm not going to
+break anything right so so here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break anything right so so here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break anything right so so here's a
+pendulum an inverted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum an inverted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum an inverted
+pendulum there's some stuff down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum there's some stuff down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum there's some stuff down here
+there's no active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no active
+Parts this stuff is a potentiometer just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parts this stuff is a potentiometer just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parts this stuff is a potentiometer just
+like the potentiometer on the back of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the potentiometer on the back of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the potentiometer on the back of
+the motor that I demonstrated and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motor that I demonstrated and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motor that I demonstrated and what
+it's doing is providing a signal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's doing is providing a signal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's doing is providing a signal to
+electronics that will let the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronics that will let the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronics that will let the
+electronics say oh it's moving this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronics say oh it's moving this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronics say oh it's moving this
+way now the cart is on Wheels and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way now the cart is on Wheels and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way now the cart is on Wheels and the
+wheels are connected to a hunky motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheels are connected to a hunky motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheels are connected to a hunky motor
+motor if the weight starts to move this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor if the weight starts to move this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor if the weight starts to move this
+way what should the hunky motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way what should the hunky motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way what should the hunky motor
+do push the cart that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do push the cart that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do push the cart that
+way right so that's the idea so I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way right so that's the idea so I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way right so that's the idea so I've got
+a one-dimensional inverted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one-dimensional inverted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one-dimensional inverted
+pendulum and I'm explicitly modeling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum and I'm explicitly modeling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum and I'm explicitly modeling the
+idea that I'm that the base is moving so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that I'm that the base is moving so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that I'm that the base is moving so
+over here is an outline of the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here is an outline of the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here is an outline of the way you
+think about that the way you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that the way you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that the way you can think
+about that I got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that I got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that I got the
+car and it's in a non- invert the car is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car and it's in a non- invert the car is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car and it's in a non- invert the car is
+supporting a pendulum the pendulum is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting a pendulum the pendulum is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting a pendulum the pendulum is in
+in a non-inertial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a non-inertial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a non-inertial
+frame because the mass let's say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame because the mass let's say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame because the mass let's say that
+I'm approximating the pendulum is having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm approximating the pendulum is having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm approximating the pendulum is having
+all of its mass at the end that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of its mass at the end that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of its mass at the end that's an
+approximation but it's not a a critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation but it's not a a critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation but it's not a a critical
+approximation so I can imagine now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation so I can imagine now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation so I can imagine now that
+I've got an input variable which is X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got an input variable which is X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got an input variable which is X
+the position of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position of the
+car and I've got a um feedback signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car and I've got a um feedback signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car and I've got a um feedback signal
+that's trying to feed back to me how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's trying to feed back to me how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's trying to feed back to me how
+much does is Theta the Ang go that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much does is Theta the Ang go that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much does is Theta the Ang go that the
+pendulum is making and so what I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum is making and so what I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum is making and so what I want
+you to do now so if you just write um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do now so if you just write um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do now so if you just write um uh
+801 kinds of stuff right you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+801 kinds of stuff right you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+801 kinds of stuff right you can imagine
+that the if so first off you've got um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the if so first off you've got um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the if so first off you've got um
+uh instead of fals ma you have torque
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh instead of fals ma you have torque
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh instead of fals ma you have torque
+equals I Omega right everybody's happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals I Omega right everybody's happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals I Omega right everybody's happy
+about torque equals I Omega right and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about torque equals I Omega right and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about torque equals I Omega right and if
+I want to be in a non-inertial frame one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to be in a non-inertial frame one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to be in a non-inertial frame one
+way to account for the fact that the car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to account for the fact that the car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to account for the fact that the car
+is moving is to compute torqus about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is moving is to compute torqus about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is moving is to compute torqus about the
+point of insertion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of insertion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of insertion
+then I can represent the effect of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can represent the effect of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can represent the effect of the
+moving car as a pseudo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving car as a pseudo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving car as a pseudo
+force on the mass that pseudo force is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force on the mass that pseudo force is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force on the mass that pseudo force is
+in proportion to the acceleration of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in proportion to the acceleration of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in proportion to the acceleration of the
+car and I've got the the uh weight of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car and I've got the the uh weight of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car and I've got the the uh weight of
+the inverted pendulum trying to pull it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverted pendulum trying to pull it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverted pendulum trying to pull it
+in the other direction and if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the other direction and if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the other direction and if you think
+about all this stuff you get this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all this stuff you get this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all this stuff you get this kind
+of an equation so this is uh I Omega dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an equation so this is uh I Omega dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an equation so this is uh I Omega dot
+I Omega dot equals and then I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I Omega dot equals and then I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I Omega dot equals and then I have to
+worry about torqus there's the torque
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about torqus there's the torque
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about torqus there's the torque
+that's duee to the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's duee to the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's duee to the uh
+weight and there's the torque that's due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight and there's the torque that's due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight and there's the torque that's due
+to the cart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the cart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the cart
+movement okay so the question then is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement okay so the question then is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement okay so the question then is
+what are the polls of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the polls of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the polls of this
+system okay we want to think about all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay we want to think about all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay we want to think about all
+of these kinds of systems using dou3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these kinds of systems using dou3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these kinds of systems using dou3
+because it's such a powerful thing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's such a powerful thing right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's such a powerful thing right
+so what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are the
+polls of the of the inverted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pendulum look at your neighbor say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum look at your neighbor say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum look at your neighbor say the
+word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what are the polls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bump the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+car okay so where's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+poles sketch them in the air no that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles sketch them in the air no that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles sketch them in the air no that
+didn't work at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't work at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't work at
+all so the to think about where are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all so the to think about where are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all so the to think about where are the
+poles you can think of the hard part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles you can think of the hard part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles you can think of the hard part is
+just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this
+sinusoidal uh trigonometric nonlinearity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoidal uh trigonometric nonlinearity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoidal uh trigonometric nonlinearity
+so what do I do with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+throw it away absolutely so I'll assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw it away absolutely so I'll assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw it away absolutely so I'll assume
+that the S of theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the S of theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the S of theta
+is Theta and the co of theta is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Theta and the co of theta is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Theta and the co of theta is one
+right for small angular deflections just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for small angular deflections just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for small angular deflections just
+make a small angle approximation when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a small angle approximation when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a small angle approximation when
+you do that it comes out surprisingly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that it comes out surprisingly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that it comes out surprisingly to
+look just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look just
+like the levitated mass problem you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the levitated mass problem you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the levitated mass problem you get
+real poles on each side of the J Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real poles on each side of the J Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real poles on each side of the J Omega
+axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis
+so in fact you have to do a similar kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact you have to do a similar kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact you have to do a similar kind
+of stability thing to make this work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stability thing to make this work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stability thing to make this work and
+so that's what we'll demonstrate now so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what we'll demonstrate now so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what we'll demonstrate now so
+the idea is going to be to turn on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is going to be to turn on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is going to be to turn on
+electronics to stabilize the inverted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronics to stabilize the inverted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronics to stabilize the inverted
+pendulum so that I don't need to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum so that I don't need to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum so that I don't need to do it
+with my hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work it always works he does it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work it always works he does it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work it always works he does it really
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's a little more stable than me but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a little more stable than me but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a little more stable than me but
+not you know not much I mean I'm pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you know not much I mean I'm pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you know not much I mean I'm pretty
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+right right so I can keep it going too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right so I can keep it going too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right so I can keep it going too
+right all sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all sort
+of so is it any better than I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so can you show that it's better or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can you show that it's better or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can you show that it's better or
+worse than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse than
+me it's better than it's better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me it's better than it's better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me it's better than it's better than
+me prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ahead so you want to do this so this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead so you want to do this so this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead so you want to do this so this guy
+so can somebody think of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can somebody think of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can somebody think of something
+that's different about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's different about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's different about
+this from the magnetic levitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem but it it's doing a really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but it it's doing a really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but it it's doing a really good
+thing it's converging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it's converging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it's converging
+around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+here what would happen if I was doing my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what would happen if I was doing my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what would happen if I was doing my
+thing and it started to fall this way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and it started to fall this way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and it started to fall this way so
+I started to follow it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's actually very complicated so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually very complicated so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually very complicated so
+there's actually another feedback loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually another feedback loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually another feedback loop
+inside here that's trying to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside here that's trying to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside here that's trying to make it
+stay in the center so if I try to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay in the center so if I try to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay in the center so if I try to uh
+pull that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out WAP okay so there's many feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out WAP okay so there's many feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out WAP okay so there's many feedback
+loops going on here right there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops going on here right there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops going on here right there's the
+one that you can see but then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that you can see but then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that you can see but then there's
+also a slow feedback loop trying to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a slow feedback loop trying to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a slow feedback loop trying to keep
+the whole thing oscillating in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing oscillating in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing oscillating in the
+Everybody follow that right so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everybody follow that right so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everybody follow that right so there's
+the primary feedback loop which is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primary feedback loop which is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primary feedback loop which is very
+analogous to that guy but then there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous to that guy but then there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous to that guy but then there's a
+slow feedback loop saying wait a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow feedback loop saying wait a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow feedback loop saying wait a minute
+you're spending too much time to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're spending too much time to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're spending too much time to the
+left I'm going to move it a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left I'm going to move it a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left I'm going to move it a little bit
+in the wrong way so that you migrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the wrong way so that you migrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the wrong way so that you migrate
+toward the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward the
+right okay but the result then is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay but the result then is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay but the result then is very
+stable how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable how
+stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out so I didn't put a battery on the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so I didn't put a battery on the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so I didn't put a battery on the top
+of mine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mine
+I could have well I could have put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could have well I could have put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could have well I could have put it
+there so now we put the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+volunteer everybody in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteer everybody in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteer everybody in
+favor it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favor it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favor it's
+overwhelming okay so that's for today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelming okay so that's for today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelming okay so that's for today
+the idea is that we can use feedback to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that we can use feedback to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that we can use feedback to
+do a whole bunch of things and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a whole bunch of things and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a whole bunch of things and maybe
+even more tomorrow well no that's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more tomorrow well no that's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more tomorrow well no that's just a
+joke so see you tomorrow at the exam no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joke so see you tomorrow at the exam no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joke so see you tomorrow at the exam no
+recitation we'll stick around for two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation we'll stick around for two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation we'll stick around for two or
+three minutes you can look at these if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three minutes you can look at these if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three minutes you can look at these if
+you want to
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hCBoml34QS4.txt b/hCBoml34QS4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a144c783288995188e25621374b59f9d21c21ff3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hCBoml34QS4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16227 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so there are two handouts for today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there are two handouts for today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there are two handouts for today
+that are in the back there there is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are in the back there there is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are in the back there there is the
+um the lecture notes uh handout eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the lecture notes uh handout eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the lecture notes uh handout eight
+and also uh problem set number two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also uh problem set number two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also uh problem set number two or
+homework number two is going out today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework number two is going out today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework number two is going out today
+uh your homework ones are graded and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh your homework ones are graded and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh your homework ones are graded and
+I'll have them back uh next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll have them back uh next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll have them back uh next
+time so this um this handout is a fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so this um this handout is a fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so this um this handout is a fairly
+long discussion there's there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long discussion there's there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long discussion there's there's two
+major areas I want to cover in today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major areas I want to cover in today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major areas I want to cover in today's
+lecture uh I want to finish up chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture uh I want to finish up chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture uh I want to finish up chapter
+four there was a section in chapter 4 we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four there was a section in chapter 4 we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four there was a section in chapter 4 we
+didn't get to talk about yet which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get to talk about yet which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get to talk about yet which is
+about characterizing we talked all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about characterizing we talked all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about characterizing we talked all about
+impurities and how how they can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impurities and how how they can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impurities and how how they can be
+issues and problems going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues and problems going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues and problems going to talk about
+how we characterize those impurities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we characterize those impurities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we characterize those impurities and
+then uh we're going to skip chapter five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh we're going to skip chapter five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh we're going to skip chapter five
+remember chapter five is on mythography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember chapter five is on mythography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember chapter five is on mythography
+and we have a whole one semester course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have a whole one semester course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have a whole one semester course
+here at MIT on lithography so I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at MIT on lithography so I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at MIT on lithography so I'm I'm
+Hank Smith's class I'm going to skip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hank Smith's class I'm going to skip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hank Smith's class I'm going to skip
+that you're welcome to read it of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're welcome to read it of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're welcome to read it of course
+but uh if you don't you should go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh if you don't you should go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh if you don't you should go ahead
+and and start reading chapter six on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and start reading chapter six on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and start reading chapter six on
+thermal o oxidation I'm going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal o oxidation I'm going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal o oxidation I'm going to start
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um in fact the next three lectures are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in fact the next three lectures are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in fact the next three lectures are
+going to be on thermal oxidation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be on thermal oxidation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be on thermal oxidation and
+I've listed here I won't go through them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've listed here I won't go through them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've listed here I won't go through them
+all you can read them later some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you can read them later some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you can read them later some of the
+major uh topics from chapter six that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major uh topics from chapter six that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major uh topics from chapter six that
+we're going to discuss so let's go on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to discuss so let's go on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to discuss so let's go on uh
+to talk about finish up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about finish up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about finish up the
+characterization on on slide number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterization on on slide number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterization on on slide number
+two this um this slide is supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two this um this slide is supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two this um this slide is supposed to
+give you uh an idea of the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you uh an idea of the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you uh an idea of the different
+surface analysis techniques and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface analysis techniques and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface analysis techniques and their
+detection sensitivity how how low of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection sensitivity how how low of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection sensitivity how how low of a
+level how how of an impurity can they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level how how of an impurity can they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level how how of an impurity can they
+detect and I apologize right off the bat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect and I apologize right off the bat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect and I apologize right off the bat
+because uh uh not all of these acronyms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh uh not all of these acronyms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh uh not all of these acronyms
+are defined and it's quite it's hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are defined and it's quite it's hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are defined and it's quite it's hard
+when you haven't seen these before to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you haven't seen these before to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you haven't seen these before to
+just see all these ridiculous looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just see all these ridiculous looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just see all these ridiculous looking
+acronyms OJ O A we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acronyms OJ O A we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acronyms OJ O A we're going to talk
+about o in this lecture um Raman ftir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about o in this lecture um Raman ftir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about o in this lecture um Raman ftir
+we'll talk about a few of these um these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about a few of these um these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about a few of these um these
+are techniques you can see uh just based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are techniques you can see uh just based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are techniques you can see uh just based
+on where they lie um on this vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on where they lie um on this vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on where they lie um on this vertical
+bar the vertical bar is uh atoms per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar the vertical bar is uh atoms per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar the vertical bar is uh atoms per
+cubic centimeter so here 100% would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic centimeter so here 100% would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic centimeter so here 100% would be
+51 22 that that's 100% of silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+51 22 that that's 100% of silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+51 22 that that's 100% of silicon
+lattice Atomic density um if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice Atomic density um if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice Atomic density um if you want to
+measure an impurity on the level of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure an impurity on the level of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure an impurity on the level of one
+to 0.1 Atomic percent that level you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0.1 Atomic percent that level you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0.1 Atomic percent that level you
+would use OJ or eser one of these types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would use OJ or eser one of these types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would use OJ or eser one of these types
+of techniques most of the time that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of techniques most of the time that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of techniques most of the time that's
+not going to be nearly adequate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be nearly adequate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be nearly adequate it
+depends on what you're making but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on what you're making but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on what you're making but we
+talked about needing to know impurity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about needing to know impurity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about needing to know impurity
+levels uh much much uh lower than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels uh much much uh lower than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels uh much much uh lower than that
+in the uh 10 to the 10th or so atoms per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uh 10 to the 10th or so atoms per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uh 10 to the 10th or so atoms per
+square this is if you integrate over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square this is if you integrate over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square this is if you integrate over
+some depth so uh or 10 the 15th per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some depth so uh or 10 the 15th per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some depth so uh or 10 the 15th per
+cubic centimeter on the left here so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic centimeter on the left here so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic centimeter on the left here so the
+types of techniques people use for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of techniques people use for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of techniques people use for that
+are are listed here in this lower shaded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are listed here in this lower shaded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are listed here in this lower shaded
+bar X x-ray fluoresence which we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar X x-ray fluoresence which we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar X x-ray fluoresence which we'll talk
+about and surface Sims these are the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and surface Sims these are the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and surface Sims these are the two
+most common techniques for measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most common techniques for measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most common techniques for measuring
+impurities and you can see they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impurities and you can see they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impurities and you can see they they
+measure them down to the uh uh something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure them down to the uh uh something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure them down to the uh uh something
+like T of parts per billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like T of parts per billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like T of parts per billion
+range so those are some of the options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range so those are some of the options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range so those are some of the options
+available to us this is um uh next slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to us this is um uh next slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to us this is um uh next slide
+on on slide three shows uh gives you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on slide three shows uh gives you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on slide three shows uh gives you a
+rough estimate of the depth of analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rough estimate of the depth of analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rough estimate of the depth of analysis
+the depth from the from the surface of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the depth from the from the surface of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the depth from the from the surface of
+some of these techniques and i' I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these techniques and i' I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these techniques and i' I've
+circled the ones that will be of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circled the ones that will be of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circled the ones that will be of
+interest for this lecture so x-ray uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest for this lecture so x-ray uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest for this lecture so x-ray uh
+fluoresence which is um the acronym is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence which is um the acronym is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence which is um the acronym is
+txrf uh it samples uh typically uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+txrf uh it samples uh typically uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+txrf uh it samples uh typically uh you
+know the very the near surface region uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the very the near surface region uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the very the near surface region uh
+depending on how it's done but it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how it's done but it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how it's done but it's it's
+in the near surface region say uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the near surface region say uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the near surface region say uh the
+top 100 angstroms or so roughly maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top 100 angstroms or so roughly maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top 100 angstroms or so roughly maybe a
+little less than that there's a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little less than that there's a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little less than that there's a special
+technique called surface Sims secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique called surface Sims secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique called surface Sims secondary
+ion Mass spectrometry we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion Mass spectrometry we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion Mass spectrometry we'll talk about
+that um that's designed to to again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that's designed to to again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that's designed to to again
+sample just the top 100 100 anstrom just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample just the top 100 100 anstrom just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample just the top 100 100 anstrom just
+the the surface region um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the surface region um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the surface region um and then
+there's a standard Sims or depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a standard Sims or depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a standard Sims or depth
+profiling Sims uh you can profile pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiling Sims uh you can profile pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiling Sims uh you can profile pretty
+much as as deep as you need to typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as as deep as you need to typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as as deep as you need to typically
+uh you profile here in in the th to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you profile here in in the th to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you profile here in in the th to
+10,000 angstroms or 0.1 Micron to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 angstroms or 0.1 Micron to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 angstroms or 0.1 Micron to one
+micron is is and this is a depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micron is is and this is a depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micron is is and this is a depth
+profiling type of of Sims whereas this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiling type of of Sims whereas this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiling type of of Sims whereas this
+measures surface Sims as the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures surface Sims as the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures surface Sims as the name
+suggest measures just what's on in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest measures just what's on in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest measures just what's on in the
+very near surface region so those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very near surface region so those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very near surface region so those are
+some those three are three important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some those three are three important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some those three are three important
+techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques
+um this is uh slide four is meant to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is uh slide four is meant to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is uh slide four is meant to be
+sort of a generic uh View and I took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a generic uh View and I took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a generic uh View and I took
+this out of your text of um how surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out of your text of um how surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out of your text of um how surface
+contaminants are measured in Silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contaminants are measured in Silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contaminants are measured in Silicon
+Wafers a lot of the time what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wafers a lot of the time what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wafers a lot of the time what you're
+doing is you're taking a silicon wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is you're taking a silicon wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is you're taking a silicon wafer
+which is shown schematically on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is shown schematically on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is shown schematically on the
+bottom with some surface layer however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom with some surface layer however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom with some surface layer however
+deep it might be with some contamination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep it might be with some contamination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep it might be with some contamination
+uh level in it and we interact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh level in it and we interact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh level in it and we interact that
+surface with some kind of beam uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface with some kind of beam uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface with some kind of beam uh it
+could be an incident Electron Beam as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be an incident Electron Beam as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be an incident Electron Beam as
+shown on the left and we look at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown on the left and we look at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown on the left and we look at what
+comes off we could it could be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes off we could it could be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes off we could it could be an
+incident x-ray beam or an incident iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident x-ray beam or an incident iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident x-ray beam or an incident iron
+beam as in rather for back scattering or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam as in rather for back scattering or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam as in rather for back scattering or
+Sims so so a lot of these These are beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sims so so a lot of these These are beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sims so so a lot of these These are beam
+techniques where we interact we we shoot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques where we interact we we shoot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques where we interact we we shoot
+a beam into the surface it has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beam into the surface it has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beam into the surface it has some
+energetic interaction something comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetic interaction something comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetic interaction something comes
+comes off could be an x-ray could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes off could be an x-ray could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes off could be an x-ray could be
+electron could be an ion and we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron could be an ion and we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron could be an ion and we we
+analyze what comes off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze what comes off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze what comes off
+that's the basic idea very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the basic idea very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the basic idea very
+schematically let's go on to slide five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematically let's go on to slide five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematically let's go on to slide five
+and and Slide Five is is about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and Slide Five is is about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and Slide Five is is about what
+happens when we um bombard the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when we um bombard the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when we um bombard the surface
+of silicon with electrons and what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of silicon with electrons and what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of silicon with electrons and what it
+shows very uh schematically is a plot on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows very uh schematically is a plot on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows very uh schematically is a plot on
+the vertical axis of the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertical axis of the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertical axis of the number of
+electrons coming off uh as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons coming off uh as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons coming off uh as a function of
+their energy and you can see various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their energy and you can see various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their energy and you can see various
+humps here uh at very low energies there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humps here uh at very low energies there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humps here uh at very low energies there
+are a large number of electrons coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a large number of electrons coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a large number of electrons coming
+off these are called secondary electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off these are called secondary electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off these are called secondary electrons
+maybe they're in the the 5 EV sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they're in the the 5 EV sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they're in the the 5 EV sort of
+range these are the electrons that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range these are the electrons that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range these are the electrons that are
+coming off that are forming images when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming off that are forming images when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming off that are forming images when
+you if you look at a scanning electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you look at a scanning electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you look at a scanning electron
+micrograph I've shown a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micrograph I've shown a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micrograph I've shown a couple of
+scanning SC micrographs in fact last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning SC micrographs in fact last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning SC micrographs in fact last
+time we had that gettering picture with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we had that gettering picture with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we had that gettering picture with
+all those little dots in it and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those little dots in it and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those little dots in it and you can
+see throughout the wafer see all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see throughout the wafer see all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see throughout the wafer see all those
+um those dots which were the oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um those dots which were the oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um those dots which were the oxygen
+precipitates that was a scanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitates that was a scanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitates that was a scanning
+electron micrograph so that was using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron micrograph so that was using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron micrograph so that was using
+looking at at at these secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at at at these secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at at at these secondary
+electrons at the very highest energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons at the very highest energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons at the very highest energies
+are back scattered electrons basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are back scattered electrons basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are back scattered electrons basically
+the incoming ones just bounce off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incoming ones just bounce off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incoming ones just bounce off the
+atoms and get reflected back with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms and get reflected back with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms and get reflected back with some
+energy similar to which which you shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy similar to which which you shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy similar to which which you shot
+the electron in um they don't tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron in um they don't tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron in um they don't tell you
+much neither the lowest energies or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much neither the lowest energies or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much neither the lowest energies or the
+highest ones tell you much about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest ones tell you much about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest ones tell you much about what
+you bounced off of but there is a region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bounced off of but there is a region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bounced off of but there is a region
+of intermediate energies here called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of intermediate energies here called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of intermediate energies here called the
+OJ electrons which is shown in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OJ electrons which is shown in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OJ electrons which is shown in here
+there aren't that many as many of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't that many as many of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't that many as many of them
+that give very specific information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that give very specific information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that give very specific information
+about the species that they hit or that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the species that they hit or that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the species that they hit or that
+they interacted with uh because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they interacted with uh because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they interacted with uh because they
+interact with the atoms in the substrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with the atoms in the substrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with the atoms in the substrate
+with the core electrons of those atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the core electrons of those atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the core electrons of those atoms
+that are more tightly bound to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are more tightly bound to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are more tightly bound to the
+nucleus so here at these inter mediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus so here at these inter mediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus so here at these inter mediate
+energies as well we can get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies as well we can get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies as well we can get some
+information about what it was that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about what it was that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about what it was that the
+electron interacted with what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron interacted with what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron interacted with what
+element so we go to um slide uh slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element so we go to um slide uh slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element so we go to um slide uh slide
+six uh again this is a very schematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six uh again this is a very schematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six uh again this is a very schematic
+illustration of the energies the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration of the energies the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration of the energies the energy
+levels involved in this type of process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels involved in this type of process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels involved in this type of process
+so let's just go through the schematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just go through the schematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just go through the schematic
+what what's shown up here in the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what's shown up here in the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what's shown up here in the upper
+Center uh dot is a primary electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center uh dot is a primary electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center uh dot is a primary electron
+which is this black dot it's coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this black dot it's coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this black dot it's coming in
+and it's interacting uh in energy space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's interacting uh in energy space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's interacting uh in energy space
+um it's interacting with um an an atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's interacting with um an an atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's interacting with um an an atom
+let's say down here that has a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say down here that has a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say down here that has a certain
+energy level uh and and what happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level uh and and what happens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level uh and and what happens is
+basically um it knocks these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically um it knocks these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically um it knocks these are the
+energy levels this EK el1 el2 these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels this EK el1 el2 these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels this EK el1 el2 these are
+rep meant to represent the core uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rep meant to represent the core uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rep meant to represent the core uh
+energy levels of the the electrons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels of the the electrons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels of the the electrons that
+are bound closer to the nucleus in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bound closer to the nucleus in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bound closer to the nucleus in the
+core we've been talking all about veence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core we've been talking all about veence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core we've been talking all about veence
+electrons up here in the Val band and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons up here in the Val band and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons up here in the Val band and
+electrons in the conduction band it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in the conduction band it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in the conduction band it
+doesn't interact with those but it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't interact with those but it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't interact with those but it goes
+into the atomic core and interacts with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the atomic core and interacts with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the atomic core and interacts with
+the electrons that are there okay um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons that are there okay um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons that are there okay um and
+basically um it kicks out one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically um it kicks out one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically um it kicks out one of these
+core level electrons from this EK energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core level electrons from this EK energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core level electrons from this EK energy
+where this becomes a secondary electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this becomes a secondary electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this becomes a secondary electron
+now you have um an open energy level and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have um an open energy level and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have um an open energy level and
+one of the higher level electrons this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the higher level electrons this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the higher level electrons this
+one at e can drop down into that level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one at e can drop down into that level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one at e can drop down into that level
+and the spacing of this level between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the spacing of this level between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the spacing of this level between
+the L1 and the K level is very much a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L1 and the K level is very much a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L1 and the K level is very much a
+characteristic spacing of the atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic spacing of the atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic spacing of the atom
+depends on the element okay so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the element okay so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the element okay so you can
+imagine that this energy here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that this energy here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that this energy here this
+transition energy is very specific to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition energy is very specific to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition energy is very specific to
+the atom that transition energy is then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atom that transition energy is then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atom that transition energy is then
+in this particular case given off to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this particular case given off to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this particular case given off to uh
+as kinetic energy to uh an ejected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as kinetic energy to uh an ejected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as kinetic energy to uh an ejected
+electron which is called an OJ electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron which is called an OJ electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron which is called an OJ electron
+that ejected electron then has an energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ejected electron then has an energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ejected electron then has an energy
+that's characteristic of this level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's characteristic of this level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's characteristic of this level
+spacing so it has it by measuring its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing so it has it by measuring its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing so it has it by measuring its
+the energy spectrum of those outgoing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy spectrum of those outgoing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy spectrum of those outgoing uh
+o electrons it tells me something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o electrons it tells me something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o electrons it tells me something about
+the atoms that were in the substrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atoms that were in the substrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atoms that were in the substrate
+what those spacings were and as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what those spacings were and as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what those spacings were and as long as
+you know you have a fingerprint for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you have a fingerprint for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you have a fingerprint for what
+those spacings should be you can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those spacings should be you can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those spacings should be you can tell
+what Atom the electron interacted with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Atom the electron interacted with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Atom the electron interacted with
+so that's the OJ electron uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the OJ electron uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the OJ electron uh
+spectroscopy there's another way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy there's another way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy there's another way to do
+it where instead of releasing an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it where instead of releasing an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it where instead of releasing an
+electron uh um an OJ electron you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron uh um an OJ electron you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron uh um an OJ electron you may
+may actually release an x-ray this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may actually release an x-ray this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may actually release an x-ray this
+energy spacing between L el1 and EK can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy spacing between L el1 and EK can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy spacing between L el1 and EK can
+be given off to um eject an x-ray so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be given off to um eject an x-ray so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be given off to um eject an x-ray so you
+may also look for heavier elements at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may also look for heavier elements at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may also look for heavier elements at
+the x-rays coming off uh and that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x-rays coming off uh and that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x-rays coming off uh and that will
+give you some spey specific information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you some spey specific information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you some spey specific information
+so you're going to get the qualitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're going to get the qualitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're going to get the qualitative
+idea here I'm I'm putting in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea here I'm I'm putting in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea here I'm I'm putting in some
+energetic particle I watch transitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetic particle I watch transitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetic particle I watch transitions
+that happen at the in the in the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happen at the in the in the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happen at the in the in the core
+levels and then I look at what comes off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and then I look at what comes off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and then I look at what comes off
+either um another electron or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either um another electron or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either um another electron or an
+x-ray so that was an incident in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray so that was an incident in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray so that was an incident in that
+last slide uh slide uh six that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last slide uh slide uh six that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last slide uh slide uh six that the
+incident particle was was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident particle was was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident particle was was an
+electron uh you don't have to electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron uh you don't have to electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron uh you don't have to electrons
+as it turns out you just need something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it turns out you just need something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it turns out you just need something
+that can bring some energy into the into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can bring some energy into the into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can bring some energy into the into
+the uh Atomic core uh so here on slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh Atomic core uh so here on slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh Atomic core uh so here on slide
+seven you can imagine the incident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven you can imagine the incident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven you can imagine the incident
+energy might be provided by an x-ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy might be provided by an x-ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy might be provided by an x-ray
+doesn't have to be electron so you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be electron so you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be electron so you may
+bombard the surface with x-rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bombard the surface with x-rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bombard the surface with x-rays
+instead uh and there are a couple of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead uh and there are a couple of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead uh and there are a couple of two
+different categories here XPS x-ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different categories here XPS x-ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different categories here XPS x-ray
+photo electron spectroscopy where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo electron spectroscopy where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo electron spectroscopy where you
+bring an x-ray in and that provides the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring an x-ray in and that provides the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring an x-ray in and that provides the
+energy and electron comes out or x-ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and electron comes out or x-ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and electron comes out or x-ray
+fluorescence where you bring an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence where you bring an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence where you bring an electron
+uh um uh an x-ray in and another x-ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um uh an x-ray in and another x-ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um uh an x-ray in and another x-ray
+is emitted with a characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is emitted with a characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is emitted with a characteristic
+wavelength so um and what what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength so um and what what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength so um and what what's
+happening here in this xrf this x-ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening here in this xrf this x-ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening here in this xrf this x-ray
+fluoresence is pictured schematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence is pictured schematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence is pictured schematically
+here on the left for um an element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on the left for um an element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on the left for um an element
+that's relatively light Rel has has uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's relatively light Rel has has uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's relatively light Rel has has uh
+fewer um shells in its uh electrons uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer um shells in its uh electrons uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer um shells in its uh electrons uh
+in its core levels and one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in its core levels and one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in its core levels and one that's
+relatively um heavy on the right which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively um heavy on the right which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively um heavy on the right which
+has lot of core levels so um you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has lot of core levels so um you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has lot of core levels so um you can
+imagine an incident x-ray coming in um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine an incident x-ray coming in um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine an incident x-ray coming in um
+it's knocking an an El electron out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's knocking an an El electron out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's knocking an an El electron out and
+you get a transition energy between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a transition energy between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a transition energy between two
+core levels and that what comes off is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core levels and that what comes off is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core levels and that what comes off is
+an electron with uh is an x-ray with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron with uh is an x-ray with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron with uh is an x-ray with
+some energy H new with a characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some energy H new with a characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some energy H new with a characteristic
+wavelength the problem with doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength the problem with doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength the problem with doing this
+with a light element is there aren't too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a light element is there aren't too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a light element is there aren't too
+many electron shells so um this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many electron shells so um this process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many electron shells so um this process
+is is U not that uh favored and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is U not that uh favored and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is U not that uh favored and it
+becomes difficult uh to do uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes difficult uh to do uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes difficult uh to do uh for
+heavier elements it's much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavier elements it's much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavier elements it's much more
+practical uh heavier elements being uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical uh heavier elements being uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical uh heavier elements being uh
+the transition metals or things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transition metals or things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transition metals or things that are
+heavy like Silicon um there are lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy like Silicon um there are lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy like Silicon um there are lots of
+these core levels you bring an x-ray in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these core levels you bring an x-ray in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these core levels you bring an x-ray in
+it has a high probability of interacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a high probability of interacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a high probability of interacting
+producing an x-ray coming out that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing an x-ray coming out that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing an x-ray coming out that has a
+characteristic Spectrum so you see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic Spectrum so you see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic Spectrum so you see if
+you plot the X-ray um density or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you plot the X-ray um density or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you plot the X-ray um density or
+intensity coming out versus energy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity coming out versus energy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity coming out versus energy you
+see these Peaks and this this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see these Peaks and this this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see these Peaks and this this this
+spectrum becomes a fingerprint of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum becomes a fingerprint of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum becomes a fingerprint of what
+um what elements um uh the uh Ray has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what elements um uh the uh Ray has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what elements um uh the uh Ray has
+interacted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacted
+with so if we go on to slide eight this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so if we go on to slide eight this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so if we go on to slide eight this
+is a um a very common technique that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a um a very common technique that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a um a very common technique that's
+used in semiconductor um uh analysis uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in semiconductor um uh analysis uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in semiconductor um uh analysis uh
+I'm showing here a typical what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm showing here a typical what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm showing here a typical what's called
+total x-ray fluorescence txrf spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total x-ray fluorescence txrf spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total x-ray fluorescence txrf spectrum
+and the plot shows on the y- axis the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the plot shows on the y- axis the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the plot shows on the y- axis the
+intensity of the of the uh x-rays coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of the of the uh x-rays coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of the of the uh x-rays coming
+off in counts per second uh detected as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off in counts per second uh detected as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off in counts per second uh detected as
+a function of the X-ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of the X-ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of the X-ray
+energy so that h or whatever you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so that h or whatever you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so that h or whatever you want to
+call it uh that's coming off and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it uh that's coming off and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it uh that's coming off and again
+these energies are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these energies are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these energies are going to be
+characteristic of the core levels uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic of the core levels uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic of the core levels uh of
+the atom so uh next to each Peak the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atom so uh next to each Peak the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atom so uh next to each Peak the
+person who did the Spectrum actually is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who did the Spectrum actually is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who did the Spectrum actually is
+familiar enough that they were able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar enough that they were able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar enough that they were able to
+identify the Peaks for instance this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the Peaks for instance this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the Peaks for instance this
+peak right here a little above to Kev
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak right here a little above to Kev
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak right here a little above to Kev
+corresponds to chlorine and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to chlorine and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to chlorine and you can
+integrate that the area under that Peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate that the area under that Peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate that the area under that Peak
+and get a rough estimate of the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get a rough estimate of the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get a rough estimate of the amount
+of chlorine atoms per square centimeter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chlorine atoms per square centimeter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chlorine atoms per square centimeter
+that that that exists on that surface um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that exists on that surface um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that exists on that surface um
+there's uh silicon of course is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's uh silicon of course is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's uh silicon of course is going to
+be large because it's a silicon surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be large because it's a silicon surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be large because it's a silicon surface
+um there's a lot of chromium on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a lot of chromium on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a lot of chromium on this
+sample look at the peak labeled chromium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample look at the peak labeled chromium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample look at the peak labeled chromium
+and a fair amount of iron so this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a fair amount of iron so this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a fair amount of iron so this the
+nice thing it gives you a broad spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice thing it gives you a broad spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice thing it gives you a broad spectrum
+you can just shoot the X-ray onto the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just shoot the X-ray onto the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just shoot the X-ray onto the
+surface in about a 1 cimeter area and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface in about a 1 cimeter area and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface in about a 1 cimeter area and
+you can immediately survey in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can immediately survey in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can immediately survey in the
+transition metals uh what's on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition metals uh what's on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition metals uh what's on that
+surface very useful and commonly used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface very useful and commonly used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface very useful and commonly used
+technique so let's go on to slide um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique so let's go on to slide um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique so let's go on to slide um
+nine so this txrf what are some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine so this txrf what are some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine so this txrf what are some of the
+big uh the good things about it well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big uh the good things about it well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big uh the good things about it well I
+just showed you it's a survey technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just showed you it's a survey technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just showed you it's a survey technique
+you get a broad idea of what different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a broad idea of what different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a broad idea of what different
+elements are on the wafer and um it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are on the wafer and um it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are on the wafer and um it can
+be automated it's reasonably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be automated it's reasonably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be automated it's reasonably
+quantitative we can integrate those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative we can integrate those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative we can integrate those
+Peaks and compare them to standards uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peaks and compare them to standards uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peaks and compare them to standards uh
+it doesn't destroy the wafer you notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't destroy the wafer you notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't destroy the wafer you notice
+the X-ray just comes in interacts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X-ray just comes in interacts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X-ray just comes in interacts and
+and goes out it's not like I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and goes out it's not like I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and goes out it's not like I have to
+sputter off or or I don't even have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sputter off or or I don't even have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sputter off or or I don't even have to
+break the wafer you can do it on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break the wafer you can do it on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break the wafer you can do it on an
+entire wafer they have machines for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire wafer they have machines for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire wafer they have machines for
+12-in wafers you can put in there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12-in wafers you can put in there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12-in wafers you can put in there and
+they'll it'll tell you what impurities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll it'll tell you what impurities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll it'll tell you what impurities
+are on that wafer surface um so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on that wafer surface um so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on that wafer surface um so that's
+really nice a weakness it does detect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice a weakness it does detect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice a weakness it does detect
+low z elements because the physics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low z elements because the physics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low z elements because the physics of
+there aren't enough X um core level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't enough X um core level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't enough X um core level
+shells so aluminum uh potassium which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shells so aluminum uh potassium which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shells so aluminum uh potassium which is
+uh and sodium both of which are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and sodium both of which are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and sodium both of which are very
+nasty in Silicon um can't be detected so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasty in Silicon um can't be detected so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasty in Silicon um can't be detected so
+that's that's a major limitation it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's a major limitation it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's a major limitation it
+doesn't tell you about how it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't tell you about how it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't tell you about how it's
+distributed in depth doesn't tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed in depth doesn't tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed in depth doesn't tell you
+anything about the depth resol uh depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about the depth resol uh depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about the depth resol uh depth
+distribution and it's pretty big spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and it's pretty big spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and it's pretty big spot
+about 10 millimeters is the smallest you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 millimeters is the smallest you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 millimeters is the smallest you
+can focus the beam down so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can focus the beam down so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can focus the beam down so you're
+looking at large spots that's okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at large spots that's okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at large spots that's okay but
+if you want to look let's say inside an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to look let's say inside an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to look let's say inside an
+individual device and see what imper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual device and see what imper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual device and see what imper
+were in a bad device if you had a failed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in a bad device if you had a failed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in a bad device if you had a failed
+device txrf is not the way to go because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device txrf is not the way to go because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device txrf is not the way to go because
+devices are much bigger than that's much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices are much bigger than that's much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices are much bigger than that's much
+smaller than 10 mm that's the whole die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than 10 mm that's the whole die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than 10 mm that's the whole die
+on that on that wafer being passed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that on that wafer being passed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that on that wafer being passed
+around and the surface has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and the surface has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and the surface has to be
+specular and Polished if the surface is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specular and Polished if the surface is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specular and Polished if the surface is
+patterned like like on this wafer here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterned like like on this wafer here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterned like like on this wafer here
+you see some patterns it's not perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see some patterns it's not perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see some patterns it's not perfectly
+specular uh you're going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specular uh you're going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specular uh you're going to have a
+problem because you're not going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because you're not going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because you're not going to get
+the kind of reflection so it's typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of reflection so it's typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of reflection so it's typically
+done uh in an area that's relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done uh in an area that's relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done uh in an area that's relatively
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+polished okay okay there is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polished okay okay there is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polished okay okay there is an
+alternative technique which um actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative technique which um actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative technique which um actually
+is quite complimentary uh where txrf has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quite complimentary uh where txrf has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quite complimentary uh where txrf has
+weaknesses surface Sims has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaknesses surface Sims has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaknesses surface Sims has some
+strengths uh so people often use both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengths uh so people often use both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengths uh so people often use both of
+them U this is this is an example of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them U this is this is an example of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them U this is this is an example of an
+ion Bean technique so instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion Bean technique so instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion Bean technique so instead of
+bringing an x-rays I'm bringing in ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing an x-rays I'm bringing in ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing an x-rays I'm bringing in ions
+and the ions that come in are called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ions that come in are called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ions that come in are called the
+primary ions the primary particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary ions the primary particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary ions the primary particles
+typically are used the two typical ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically are used the two typical ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically are used the two typical ones
+to use are either cesium ions or oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use are either cesium ions or oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use are either cesium ions or oxygen
+ions so so you have a primary Bean of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions so so you have a primary Bean of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions so so you have a primary Bean of
+particles uh energy varies this says 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles uh energy varies this says 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles uh energy varies this says 10
+Kev in some cases you can bring this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kev in some cases you can bring this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kev in some cases you can bring this
+energy all the way down to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy all the way down to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy all the way down to one
+KV um and there's an advantage in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KV um and there's an advantage in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KV um and there's an advantage in
+bringing the primary energy down because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing the primary energy down because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing the primary energy down because
+what you'll uh lower what you see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you'll uh lower what you see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you'll uh lower what you see is
+this primary beam comes in and what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this primary beam comes in and what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this primary beam comes in and what does
+it do well it interacts with the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it do well it interacts with the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it do well it interacts with the the
+solid the surface um and of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid the surface um and of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid the surface um and of course the
+atoms the ions penetrate in and they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms the ions penetrate in and they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms the ions penetrate in and they get
+implanted some depth uh they penetrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implanted some depth uh they penetrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implanted some depth uh they penetrate
+in some depth that depth that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some depth that depth that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some depth that depth that they
+penetrate depends on their energy so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penetrate depends on their energy so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penetrate depends on their energy so if
+I'm at 10 K I may go down up to 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm at 10 K I may go down up to 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm at 10 K I may go down up to 100
+angstroms um now the ions that come off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms um now the ions that come off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms um now the ions that come off
+uh the atoms that are sputtered off uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the atoms that are sputtered off uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the atoms that are sputtered off uh
+are some of them are ionized and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some of them are ionized and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some of them are ionized and that's
+what we analyze in the machine and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we analyze in the machine and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we analyze in the machine and we
+measure the atoms that come off they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the atoms that come off they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the atoms that come off they
+only come off the top 10 anrs or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only come off the top 10 anrs or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only come off the top 10 anrs or so
+because that's sort of the Escape depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's sort of the Escape depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's sort of the Escape depth
+of which these they have enough energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which these they have enough energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which these they have enough energy
+these other particles that come off can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other particles that come off can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other particles that come off can
+get out so that's good we can sample the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out so that's good we can sample the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out so that's good we can sample the
+top 10 anrs but notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top 10 anrs but notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top 10 anrs but notice
+I Disturbed in doing the measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I Disturbed in doing the measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I Disturbed in doing the measurement
+like Heisenberg in doing the measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Heisenberg in doing the measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Heisenberg in doing the measurement
+I Disturbed the crystal I shot a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I Disturbed the crystal I shot a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I Disturbed the crystal I shot a bunch
+of ions in here and now they're down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ions in here and now they're down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ions in here and now they're down
+here at 100 anstrom Steep and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at 100 anstrom Steep and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at 100 anstrom Steep and they
+knocked things around in the substrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knocked things around in the substrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knocked things around in the substrate
+so whatever atoms were down there they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so whatever atoms were down there they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so whatever atoms were down there they
+Disturbed them they moved them around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Disturbed them they moved them around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Disturbed them they moved them around
+they might have knocked them in deeper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might have knocked them in deeper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might have knocked them in deeper
+so you know if I can lower this primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know if I can lower this primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know if I can lower this primary
+particle energy down to 1 KV they won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle energy down to 1 KV they won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle energy down to 1 KV they won't
+be knocked in so deep and they won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be knocked in so deep and they won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be knocked in so deep and they won't
+disturb as much of the crystals so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturb as much of the crystals so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturb as much of the crystals so you
+get better depth resolution in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get better depth resolution in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get better depth resolution in general
+as you bring the primary ion beam energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you bring the primary ion beam energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you bring the primary ion beam energy
+down basic idea is you have a primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down basic idea is you have a primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down basic idea is you have a primary
+ion beam it comes in it sputters off uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion beam it comes in it sputters off uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion beam it comes in it sputters off uh
+a certain number of monol layers in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain number of monol layers in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain number of monol layers in a
+certain period and you measure the ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain period and you measure the ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain period and you measure the ions
+that come off the substrate and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come off the substrate and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come off the substrate and you
+count how many ions are of silicon how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count how many ions are of silicon how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count how many ions are of silicon how
+many coming off are or copper how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many coming off are or copper how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many coming off are or copper how many
+are gold whatever and you get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are gold whatever and you get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are gold whatever and you get an
+estimate you can get a spectrum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate you can get a spectrum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate you can get a spectrum of
+what's coming off uh you count can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's coming off uh you count can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's coming off uh you count can't
+count too many because it has to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count too many because it has to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count too many because it has to go
+through a spectrometer and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a spectrometer and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a spectrometer and the
+spectrometer can only count so many at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrometer can only count so many at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrometer can only count so many at
+one time but that's the basic um idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one time but that's the basic um idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one time but that's the basic um idea of
+of secondary iron Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of secondary iron Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of secondary iron Mass
+spectrometry if we go on to slide 11 um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrometry if we go on to slide 11 um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrometry if we go on to slide 11 um
+I actually took this off the web site um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I actually took this off the web site um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I actually took this off the web site um
+one of the commercial places that does a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the commercial places that does a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the commercial places that does a
+lot of this analysis uh uh commercially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of this analysis uh uh commercially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of this analysis uh uh commercially
+is called Charles Evanson Associates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called Charles Evanson Associates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called Charles Evanson Associates and
+if you go on to their website you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go on to their website you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go on to their website you just
+search on Google you can get to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search on Google you can get to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search on Google you can get to their
+website they have a lot of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website they have a lot of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website they have a lot of information
+on these techniques uh I won't go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these techniques uh I won't go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these techniques uh I won't go into
+slide 11 any great detail I'll let you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide 11 any great detail I'll let you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide 11 any great detail I'll let you
+read it later I just put it up there to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it later I just put it up there to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it later I just put it up there to
+show that these companies companies have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that these companies companies have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that these companies companies have
+done a lot of work in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done a lot of work in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done a lot of work in order to
+quantitatively be able to measure in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitatively be able to measure in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitatively be able to measure in the
+top say 10 to 20 nanm or 100 to 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top say 10 to 20 nanm or 100 to 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top say 10 to 20 nanm or 100 to 200
+angstroms quantitatively measure uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms quantitatively measure uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms quantitatively measure uh the
+the the um the contaminants in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the um the contaminants in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the um the contaminants in that
+surface region it wasn't always possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface region it wasn't always possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface region it wasn't always possible
+to do that but they have they have nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that but they have they have nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that but they have they have nice
+techniques to do that now and if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques to do that now and if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques to do that now and if you're
+interested you can do more detailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested you can do more detailed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested you can do more detailed
+study on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study on the
+web let's go on to slide 12 which lists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web let's go on to slide 12 which lists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web let's go on to slide 12 which lists
+um some of the key features of surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some of the key features of surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some of the key features of surface
+simps uh well it's been approved bym for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simps uh well it's been approved bym for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simps uh well it's been approved bym for
+measuring some of the elements and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring some of the elements and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring some of the elements and
+exactly some of the elements that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly some of the elements that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly some of the elements that the
+txrf can't measure so that's nice it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+txrf can't measure so that's nice it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+txrf can't measure so that's nice it can
+quantitatively measure contamination for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitatively measure contamination for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitatively measure contamination for
+sodium aluminum uh potassium iron uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium aluminum uh potassium iron uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium aluminum uh potassium iron uh on
+on insky silicon and it can measure lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on insky silicon and it can measure lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on insky silicon and it can measure lots
+of the element but it's actually been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the element but it's actually been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the element but it's actually been
+approved as being a standardized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approved as being a standardized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approved as being a standardized
+technique uh it's quite accurate it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique uh it's quite accurate it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique uh it's quite accurate it can
+detect many elements and Isotopes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect many elements and Isotopes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect many elements and Isotopes but
+detection limits is quite low look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection limits is quite low look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection limits is quite low look at
+this look at these numbers 10 of the eth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this look at these numbers 10 of the eth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this look at these numbers 10 of the eth
+to 10 of the 9th atoms per square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 10 of the 9th atoms per square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 10 of the 9th atoms per square
+centimeter for most metals now why do We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter for most metals now why do We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter for most metals now why do We
+Care well what was on the itrs when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Care well what was on the itrs when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Care well what was on the itrs when you
+read your itrs in your homework the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read your itrs in your homework the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read your itrs in your homework the
+number of atoms per square centimeter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of atoms per square centimeter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of atoms per square centimeter
+that people were interested in was what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people were interested in was what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people were interested in was what
+order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of
+magnitude 10 of the 10th exactly so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude 10 of the 10th exactly so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude 10 of the 10th exactly so you
+better be able to measure below that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better be able to measure below that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better be able to measure below that
+otherwise you can't even tell what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you can't even tell what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you can't even tell what you
+have so it's right in the range where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so it's right in the range where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so it's right in the range where
+where we need to be measuring for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we need to be measuring for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we need to be measuring for the
+itrs um it it it also can give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itrs um it it it also can give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itrs um it it it also can give you
+information about the profile in depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the profile in depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the profile in depth
+uh and that's kind of nice if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that's kind of nice if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that's kind of nice if you go
+back if we go back a couple slides to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back if we go back a couple slides to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back if we go back a couple slides to um
+slide 10 what happens is you collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide 10 what happens is you collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide 10 what happens is you collect
+these ions as they come off and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ions as they come off and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ions as they come off and you
+measure them as a function of time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure them as a function of time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure them as a function of time in
+the first couple seconds you sputter off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first couple seconds you sputter off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first couple seconds you sputter off
+the first few monol layers the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first few monol layers the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first few monol layers the second
+few seconds you sputter deeper so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few seconds you sputter deeper so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few seconds you sputter deeper so as
+you're constantly sputtering the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're constantly sputtering the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're constantly sputtering the surface
+off at a constant rate and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off at a constant rate and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off at a constant rate and you're
+measuring what comes off as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring what comes off as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring what comes off as a function
+of time so you know you can you know by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time so you know you can you know by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time so you know you can you know by
+collecting this as a function of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting this as a function of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting this as a function of time
+pretty much exactly what depth those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much exactly what depth those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much exactly what depth those
+ions came from so if you want to sputter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions came from so if you want to sputter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions came from so if you want to sputter
+a little deeper you know you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little deeper you know you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little deeper you know you can get
+some information about the profile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some information about the profile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some information about the profile
+um and finally going back to slide 12 it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and finally going back to slide 12 it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and finally going back to slide 12 it
+has a relatively small detection area uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a relatively small detection area uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a relatively small detection area uh
+say 50 x 50 Micron still not that small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say 50 x 50 Micron still not that small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say 50 x 50 Micron still not that small
+compared to the size of a device but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the size of a device but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the size of a device but
+it's better than you know 10 millimeters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's better than you know 10 millimeters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's better than you know 10 millimeters
+so you can get in there certain you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can get in there certain you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can get in there certain you can
+put special structures on the mask um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put special structures on the mask um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put special structures on the mask um
+with this kind of size area that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this kind of size area that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this kind of size area that are
+dedicated for um device characterization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicated for um device characterization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicated for um device characterization
+if you're doing research and you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're doing research and you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're doing research and you want to
+be able to measure um on the CH on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to measure um on the CH on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to measure um on the CH on the
+chip measure the uh characterization the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip measure the uh characterization the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip measure the uh characterization the
+um contamin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um contamin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um contamin
+mination let's go on to slide 13 what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mination let's go on to slide 13 what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mination let's go on to slide 13 what
+I'm showing here again I took this off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm showing here again I took this off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm showing here again I took this off
+of the Charles Evans Associates website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Charles Evans Associates website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Charles Evans Associates website
+um it's a little bit dated it's a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a little bit dated it's a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a little bit dated it's a few
+years old but it gives you a rough idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years old but it gives you a rough idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years old but it gives you a rough idea
+of comparing total x-ray fluorescence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of comparing total x-ray fluorescence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of comparing total x-ray fluorescence
+txrf in these columns on the left to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+txrf in these columns on the left to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+txrf in these columns on the left to
+surface Sims in terms of its detection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface Sims in terms of its detection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface Sims in terms of its detection
+limit so the detection limit is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit so the detection limit is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit so the detection limit is the
+lowest concentration which this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest concentration which this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest concentration which this uh
+Techni either technique can measure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Techni either technique can measure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Techni either technique can measure and
+so you can get a rough idea let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can get a rough idea let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can get a rough idea let's say
+just uh from comparison let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh from comparison let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh from comparison let's look at
+pottassium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pottassium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pottassium
+here um txrf doesn't measure it very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um txrf doesn't measure it very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um txrf doesn't measure it very
+well the lowest it can measure here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the lowest it can measure here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the lowest it can measure here is
+about 20 time 10 the 10th or 2 10 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 20 time 10 the 10th or 2 10 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 20 time 10 the 10th or 2 10 the
+11th not all that sensitive um at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11th not all that sensitive um at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11th not all that sensitive um at least
+a few years ago that was the limit maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few years ago that was the limit maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few years ago that was the limit maybe
+they've improved it but look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've improved it but look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've improved it but look at the
+detection limit um using surface Sims 01
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection limit um using surface Sims 01
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection limit um using surface Sims 01
+* 10 10th or 10 to the uh 10 the E per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 10 10th or 10 to the uh 10 the E per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 10 10th or 10 to the uh 10 the E per
+square much more sensitive so gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square much more sensitive so gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square much more sensitive so gives you
+an idea of what the detection limit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea of what the detection limit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea of what the detection limit is
+so if I know that I'm concerned about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I know that I'm concerned about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I know that I'm concerned about
+potassium I'll shoot for T I would shoot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium I'll shoot for T I would shoot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium I'll shoot for T I would shoot
+for simps not txrf so it's a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for simps not txrf so it's a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for simps not txrf so it's a nice
+quantitative comparison for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative comparison for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative comparison for the
+different um different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+elements so that was um I went through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements so that was um I went through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements so that was um I went through
+that relatively quickly I I I uh admit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that relatively quickly I I I uh admit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that relatively quickly I I I uh admit
+but you can read in your textbook on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can read in your textbook on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can read in your textbook on the
+characterization techniques in chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterization techniques in chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterization techniques in chapter
+four they're covered and I would also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four they're covered and I would also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four they're covered and I would also
+encourage you if you're doing research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you if you're doing research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you if you're doing research
+in this area and you need to know more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this area and you need to know more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this area and you need to know more
+uh go to the Charles Evans website they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh go to the Charles Evans website they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh go to the Charles Evans website they
+are a commercial uh vendor they do sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a commercial uh vendor they do sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a commercial uh vendor they do sell
+characterization for a business but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterization for a business but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterization for a business but
+they're they're the world's experts as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're the world's experts as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're the world's experts as a
+result on that so it's a it's a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result on that so it's a it's a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result on that so it's a it's a nice
+place to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to get
+information so I want to move on now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so I want to move on now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so I want to move on now um
+starting with slide 14 and talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with slide 14 and talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with slide 14 and talk about
+oxides and the IC industry um and we I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxides and the IC industry um and we I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxides and the IC industry um and we I
+think we hinted at this in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we hinted at this in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we hinted at this in the first
+lecture or two but really it's silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture or two but really it's silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture or two but really it's silicon
+silicon dioxide interface and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon dioxide interface and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon dioxide interface and its
+perfect properties that is the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect properties that is the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect properties that is the number
+one reason uh why silicon dominates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reason uh why silicon dominates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reason uh why silicon dominates
+integrated circuits today compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated circuits today compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated circuits today compared to
+Germanium compared to Gallum arsenide or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germanium compared to Gallum arsenide or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germanium compared to Gallum arsenide or
+any of the other semiconductors um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the other semiconductors um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the other semiconductors um and
+these are some very these are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are some very these are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are some very these are some
+properties here listed in this bullet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties here listed in this bullet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties here listed in this bullet
+list of silicon dioxide that are that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of silicon dioxide that are that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of silicon dioxide that are that
+are quite desirable it's it's easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are quite desirable it's it's easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are quite desirable it's it's easily
+easy to selectively etch silicon dioxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to selectively etch silicon dioxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to selectively etch silicon dioxide
+and and to pattern it um it also masks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and to pattern it um it also masks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and to pattern it um it also masks
+the diffusion of a lot of common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusion of a lot of common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusion of a lot of common
+impurities which is a great really great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impurities which is a great really great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impurities which is a great really great
+thing you can put down sio2 and pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you can put down sio2 and pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you can put down sio2 and pattern
+it and some impurities uh will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and some impurities uh will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and some impurities uh will not
+diffuse through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse through
+it it has great electrical properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it has great electrical properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it has great electrical properties
+it's a very good insulator at least when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very good insulator at least when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very good insulator at least when
+it's thick enough um it has a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's thick enough um it has a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's thick enough um it has a high
+breakdown field it tends to passivate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdown field it tends to passivate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdown field it tends to passivate
+Junctions very well um it has a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Junctions very well um it has a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Junctions very well um it has a very
+stable and re reproducible interface uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable and re reproducible interface uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable and re reproducible interface uh
+for any of you have ever tried to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any of you have ever tried to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any of you have ever tried to make
+oxides of this quality on other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxides of this quality on other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxides of this quality on other
+semiconductors like germanium or gallium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductors like germanium or gallium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductors like germanium or gallium
+arenite you immediately appreciate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arenite you immediately appreciate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arenite you immediately appreciate the
+properties of silicon dioxide because on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of silicon dioxide because on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of silicon dioxide because on
+those other semiconductors you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those other semiconductors you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those other semiconductors you know it's
+it's 10 PhD thesis to try to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 10 PhD thesis to try to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 10 PhD thesis to try to get a
+decent uh passivation of those uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decent uh passivation of those uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decent uh passivation of those uh of
+those semiconductors so silicon is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those semiconductors so silicon is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those semiconductors so silicon is
+really uh we were very very lucky coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh we were very very lucky coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh we were very very lucky coming
+upon silicon silicon dioxide interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon silicon silicon dioxide interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon silicon silicon dioxide interface
+it's it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's really
+unique on slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique on slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique on slide
+15 um you you get uh this is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 um you you get uh this is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 um you you get uh this is a little
+bit dated but this just shows some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit dated but this just shows some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit dated but this just shows some of
+the uses of silicon dioxide in ic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uses of silicon dioxide in ic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uses of silicon dioxide in ic
+technology uh and there are two columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology uh and there are two columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology uh and there are two columns
+here on the left I'm showing thermally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on the left I'm showing thermally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on the left I'm showing thermally
+grown oxides and we'll talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grown oxides and we'll talk about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grown oxides and we'll talk about that
+process in the next few day in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process in the next few day in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process in the next few day in the next
+few lectures on the right are deposited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few lectures on the right are deposited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few lectures on the right are deposited
+oxide layers this these are these are um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide layers this these are these are um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide layers this these are these are um
+put on the wafer rather than growing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on the wafer rather than growing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on the wafer rather than growing and
+consuming the wafer by a process called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consuming the wafer by a process called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consuming the wafer by a process called
+chemical vapor deposition and we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical vapor deposition and we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical vapor deposition and we'll talk
+about these a little bit later in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these a little bit later in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these a little bit later in the
+class in the course um uh later on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class in the course um uh later on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class in the course um uh later on and
+these deposited oxides um are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these deposited oxides um are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these deposited oxides um are are
+different they're usually not used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different they're usually not used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different they're usually not used for
+layers below about 10 nanometers they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers below about 10 nanometers they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers below about 10 nanometers they're
+it's harder to control and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's harder to control and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's harder to control and the
+properties of the Silicon silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the Silicon silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the Silicon silicon
+dioxide interface for a deposited as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide interface for a deposited as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide interface for a deposited as
+opposed to a grown oxide are not nearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to a grown oxide are not nearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to a grown oxide are not nearly
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+good uh but you still need them you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good uh but you still need them you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good uh but you still need them you need
+them in the back end between metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the back end between metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the back end between metal
+layers and you need them to do masking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers and you need them to do masking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers and you need them to do masking
+so they're very important but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're very important but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're very important but we're
+going to focus now on thermal oxides uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to focus now on thermal oxides uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to focus now on thermal oxides uh
+and this just shows thickness and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this just shows thickness and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this just shows thickness and the
+type of oxides that are used the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of oxides that are used the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of oxides that are used the
+thickest oxides are used in the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickest oxides are used in the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickest oxides are used in the field
+the field surrounds the active device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field surrounds the active device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field surrounds the active device
+regions so it and it isolates uh sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions so it and it isolates uh sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions so it and it isolates uh sort of
+uh individual devices um thinner oxides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh individual devices um thinner oxides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh individual devices um thinner oxides
+like 100 anstrom are used for Gates or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 100 anstrom are used for Gates or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 100 anstrom are used for Gates or
+pad oxides in fact I I I I put a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pad oxides in fact I I I I put a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pad oxides in fact I I I I put a little
+arrow here and showed it going down in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow here and showed it going down in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow here and showed it going down in
+fact gate oxides today in the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact gate oxides today in the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact gate oxides today in the highest
+performance devices are quite a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance devices are quite a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance devices are quite a lot
+thinner than when this textbook was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinner than when this textbook was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinner than when this textbook was
+written so they're actually more like 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written so they're actually more like 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written so they're actually more like 20
+anstrom so that they're actually down in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anstrom so that they're actually down in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anstrom so that they're actually down in
+this range of tunneling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this range of tunneling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this range of tunneling
+oxides um and then finally the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxides um and then finally the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxides um and then finally the very
+thinnest oxides are those chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinnest oxides are those chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinnest oxides are those chemical
+oxides that result from RCA clean as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxides that result from RCA clean as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxides that result from RCA clean as we
+talked about last time that are grown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about last time that are grown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about last time that are grown
+chemically rather than in in a hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemically rather than in in a hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemically rather than in in a hot
+furnace let's go on to slide 16 this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furnace let's go on to slide 16 this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furnace let's go on to slide 16 this is
+just a um the the quality didn't come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a um the the quality didn't come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a um the the quality didn't come
+out all that well but this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all that well but this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all that well but this is a
+cross-section a high resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section a high resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section a high resolution
+cross-section transmission electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section transmission electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section transmission electron
+micrograph uh and what we're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micrograph uh and what we're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micrograph uh and what we're looking at
+here on the top is polysilicon gate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on the top is polysilicon gate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on the top is polysilicon gate this
+very thin layer right here um labeled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very thin layer right here um labeled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very thin layer right here um labeled
+gate oxide is 1.2 NM thick or 12 anrs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate oxide is 1.2 NM thick or 12 anrs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate oxide is 1.2 NM thick or 12 anrs
+that's the uh that's the gate oxide um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the uh that's the gate oxide um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the uh that's the gate oxide um
+that's been thermally grown and at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been thermally grown and at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been thermally grown and at the
+bottom is the silicon and in fact it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom is the silicon and in fact it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom is the silicon and in fact it's
+the formation of these gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formation of these gate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formation of these gate
+insulators really is is probably the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulators really is is probably the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulators really is is probably the
+most critical application of the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most critical application of the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most critical application of the process
+of silicon thermal oxidation in icc's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of silicon thermal oxidation in icc's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of silicon thermal oxidation in icc's
+today we'll talk about thermal oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we'll talk about thermal oxidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we'll talk about thermal oxidation
+to grow thicker oxides field oxide Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grow thicker oxides field oxide Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grow thicker oxides field oxide Etc
+uh which is of course of interest but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is of course of interest but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is of course of interest but in
+terms of the the most critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the the most critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the the most critical
+application of thermal oxidation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of thermal oxidation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of thermal oxidation is
+really to try to form the gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+insulator however uh remember we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulator however uh remember we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulator however uh remember we said
+that that silicon dioxide is a is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that silicon dioxide is a is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that silicon dioxide is a is a
+perfect uh insulator if we go on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect uh insulator if we go on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect uh insulator if we go on to
+slide 18 uh 17 um there's some basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide 18 uh 17 um there's some basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide 18 uh 17 um there's some basic
+physics though that we can't get around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics though that we can't get around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics though that we can't get around
+uh which is uh has nothing to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is uh has nothing to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is uh has nothing to do with
+silicon dioxide it's just the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon dioxide it's just the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon dioxide it's just the fact that
+um there's there's something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's there's something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's there's something called
+quantum mechanical tunneling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanical tunneling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanical tunneling
+if you have two regions one on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have two regions one on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have two regions one on the left
+and one on the right in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one on the right in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one on the right in the middle
+there's an insulator there's a barrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an insulator there's a barrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an insulator there's a barrier
+an energy barrier if you've taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an energy barrier if you've taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an energy barrier if you've taken
+quantum mechanics you know that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics you know that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics you know that when
+that energy barrier becomes thin enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that energy barrier becomes thin enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that energy barrier becomes thin enough
+depending on its height but when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on its height but when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on its height but when it
+becomes thin enough there's a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes thin enough there's a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes thin enough there's a finite
+probability that electrons will find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that electrons will find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that electrons will find
+their way through that barrier they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their way through that barrier they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their way through that barrier they will
+tunnel through they don't go over they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunnel through they don't go over they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunnel through they don't go over they
+go through um and this isn't the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through um and this isn't the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through um and this isn't the problem
+when you're thicker but when you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're thicker but when you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're thicker but when you get
+down to this regime for example below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to this regime for example below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to this regime for example below
+about 30 anrs you can have direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 30 anrs you can have direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 30 anrs you can have direct
+tunneling right through from the gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunneling right through from the gate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunneling right through from the gate
+electrode into the into the channel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode into the into the channel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode into the into the channel and
+this constitutes a gate current which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this constitutes a gate current which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this constitutes a gate current which
+again the whole idea of seos is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the whole idea of seos is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the whole idea of seos is that the
+current there's no current through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current there's no current through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current there's no current through the
+gate gate insulator uh that's not true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate gate insulator uh that's not true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate gate insulator uh that's not true
+anymore there is current throwing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore there is current throwing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore there is current throwing
+flowing through these gate insulators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing through these gate insulators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing through these gate insulators
+because they're so thin uh and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're so thin uh and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're so thin uh and this is
+just a um a diagram I took from an older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a um a diagram I took from an older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a um a diagram I took from an older
+paper now but on the vertical axis is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper now but on the vertical axis is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper now but on the vertical axis is a
+log scale shows the gate current density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log scale shows the gate current density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log scale shows the gate current density
+so that's how much current is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's how much current is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's how much current is going
+through that insulator as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that insulator as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that insulator as a function of
+gate voltage as I increase the gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate voltage as I increase the gate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate voltage as I increase the gate
+voltage of course that goes up and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage of course that goes up and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage of course that goes up and the
+different parameters shown here are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parameters shown here are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parameters shown here are the
+um thickness of the sio2 layer so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um thickness of the sio2 layer so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um thickness of the sio2 layer so here
+in the bottom it's showing for 36 anrs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bottom it's showing for 36 anrs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bottom it's showing for 36 anrs
+you see and you see it goes up um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see and you see it goes up um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see and you see it goes up um
+exponentially below about 30 anrs we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially below about 30 anrs we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially below about 30 anrs we're
+going up exponentially here I'm only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up exponentially here I'm only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up exponentially here I'm only
+going from 29 to 25 to 20 anstrom we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from 29 to 25 to 20 anstrom we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from 29 to 25 to 20 anstrom we're
+going up five orders of magnitude in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up five orders of magnitude in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up five orders of magnitude in
+just five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just five
+angstroms in the amount of current that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms in the amount of current that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms in the amount of current that
+flows through that oxide so it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows through that oxide so it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows through that oxide so it's an
+exponential process uh it's very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential process uh it's very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential process uh it's very very
+highly dependent on toox and as we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly dependent on toox and as we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly dependent on toox and as we go
+thinner as we go here to say to 15 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinner as we go here to say to 15 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinner as we go here to say to 15 uh
+angstrum really getting quite a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstrum really getting quite a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstrum really getting quite a bit of
+current chunneling through that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current chunneling through that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current chunneling through that and
+that's that's a major issue uh in modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's a major issue uh in modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's a major issue uh in modern
+technology so as a result if we go on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology so as a result if we go on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology so as a result if we go on to
+slide 18 what are people doing well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide 18 what are people doing well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide 18 what are people doing well you
+have a couple of options one is don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a couple of options one is don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a couple of options one is don't
+scale the oxide don't make it so thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale the oxide don't make it so thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale the oxide don't make it so thin
+stop scaling it well it turns out that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop scaling it well it turns out that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop scaling it well it turns out that's
+an issue because we need to get higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an issue because we need to get higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an issue because we need to get higher
+current drives and one way we do that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current drives and one way we do that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current drives and one way we do that is
+to make the oxide thinner so if we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the oxide thinner so if we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the oxide thinner so if we want
+higher performance we want to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher performance we want to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher performance we want to make the
+oxide thin thinner on the other hand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide thin thinner on the other hand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide thin thinner on the other hand the
+gate is no longer a perfect insulator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate is no longer a perfect insulator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate is no longer a perfect insulator
+the gate insulator so there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gate insulator so there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gate insulator so there's another
+idea to achieve higher current Drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea to achieve higher current Drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea to achieve higher current Drive
+well we need to increase the capacitance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we need to increase the capacitance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we need to increase the capacitance
+usually we we just decrease toox in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually we we just decrease toox in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually we we just decrease toox in this
+formula shown on on the slide well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula shown on on the slide well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula shown on on the slide well the
+other thing you can do is increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing you can do is increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing you can do is increase the
+dialectric constant chox of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialectric constant chox of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialectric constant chox of the
+insulator um so that's the the name of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulator um so that's the the name of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulator um so that's the the name of
+the game that people have been looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game that people have been looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game that people have been looking
+at and doing research for the last five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at and doing research for the last five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at and doing research for the last five
+or 10 years what other inst insulators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 10 years what other inst insulators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 10 years what other inst insulators
+can we make besides sio2 that have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we make besides sio2 that have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we make besides sio2 that have all
+the great properties but they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great properties but they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great properties but they have a
+slightly somewhat higher dialectric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly somewhat higher dialectric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly somewhat higher dialectric
+constant K new which is shown in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant K new which is shown in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant K new which is shown in this
+formula here um so I try to increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula here um so I try to increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula here um so I try to increase the
+dialectric constant by one way is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialectric constant by one way is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialectric constant by one way is by
+adding a little nitrogen to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding a little nitrogen to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding a little nitrogen to the
+insulator and people use oxy nitrides or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulator and people use oxy nitrides or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulator and people use oxy nitrides or
+you might go to a whole new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might go to a whole new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might go to a whole new
+material so um what people refer to is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so um what people refer to is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so um what people refer to is
+for the same gate capacitance uh what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the same gate capacitance uh what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the same gate capacitance uh what we
+typically do is we Define an equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically do is we Define an equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically do is we Define an equivalent
+gate oxide thickness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate oxide thickness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate oxide thickness
+called to Ox equivalent according to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called to Ox equivalent according to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called to Ox equivalent according to the
+formula on the bottom so what is T Ox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula on the bottom so what is T Ox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula on the bottom so what is T Ox
+equivalent to Ox equivalent is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to Ox equivalent is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to Ox equivalent is equal to
+just K the dialectric constant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just K the dialectric constant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just K the dialectric constant of
+silicon dioxide um which is at 3.9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon dioxide um which is at 3.9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon dioxide um which is at 3.9
+divided by the dialectric constant of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the dialectric constant of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the dialectric constant of my
+new gate insulator my high K so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new gate insulator my high K so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new gate insulator my high K so this
+let's let's say you went from uh four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's say you went from uh four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's say you went from uh four
+here to eight okay times the thickness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to eight okay times the thickness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to eight okay times the thickness
+so what that means is basically um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what that means is basically um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what that means is basically um you
+can actually increase the thickness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually increase the thickness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually increase the thickness
+go to a higher slightly higher thickness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to a higher slightly higher thickness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to a higher slightly higher thickness
+of the high K and get the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the high K and get the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the high K and get the same
+capacitance so I I'm upping K here K new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitance so I I'm upping K here K new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitance so I I'm upping K here K new
+so I can increase thickness which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can increase thickness which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can increase thickness which means
+your quantum mechanical tunneling is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your quantum mechanical tunneling is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your quantum mechanical tunneling is
+going to go down you'll still get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go down you'll still get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go down you'll still get the
+high capacitance and the high Gate Drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high capacitance and the high Gate Drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high capacitance and the high Gate Drive
+so it sounds like a perfect from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it sounds like a perfect from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it sounds like a perfect from a
+mathematical point of view physics will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical point of view physics will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical point of view physics will
+look at this say hey perfect increase K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this say hey perfect increase K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this say hey perfect increase K
+increase T everybody's happy uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase T everybody's happy uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase T everybody's happy uh the
+problem is it's hard to come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is it's hard to come up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is it's hard to come up with a
+material that has a higher dialectric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that has a higher dialectric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that has a higher dialectric
+constant that has all the perfect and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant that has all the perfect and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant that has all the perfect and
+ideal properties of the Silicon silic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal properties of the Silicon silic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal properties of the Silicon silic
+dioxide interface in fact such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide interface in fact such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide interface in fact such a
+material has not been discovered yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material has not been discovered yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material has not been discovered yet
+despite millions and millions of dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite millions and millions of dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite millions and millions of dollars
+that's been spent in trying to to comb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been spent in trying to to comb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been spent in trying to to comb
+the periodic chart for such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodic chart for such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodic chart for such a
+material um so if we go on to slide 19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material um so if we go on to slide 19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material um so if we go on to slide 19
+um let's look at what uh what some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's look at what uh what some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's look at what uh what some of
+the future projections are for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future projections are for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future projections are for the
+scaling of the gate insulator uh and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling of the gate insulator uh and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling of the gate insulator uh and I
+said I should say gate insulator in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I should say gate insulator in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I should say gate insulator in in
+this slide because we're not sure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slide because we're not sure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slide because we're not sure it
+won't be S2 it'll be an oxy nitride or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be S2 it'll be an oxy nitride or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be S2 it'll be an oxy nitride or
+with a higher K or maybe material that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a higher K or maybe material that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a higher K or maybe material that
+is yet to be uh to be figured out uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yet to be uh to be figured out uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yet to be uh to be figured out uh and
+what I'm showing here these are um each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm showing here these are um each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm showing here these are um each
+column corresponds to a different year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column corresponds to a different year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column corresponds to a different year
+just like we usually do on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like we usually do on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like we usually do on the
+itrs and what I wanted to focus on is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itrs and what I wanted to focus on is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itrs and what I wanted to focus on is a
+couple of uh interesting rows uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of uh interesting rows uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of uh interesting rows uh this
+row right here if I um highlight this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row right here if I um highlight this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row right here if I um highlight this
+row that says equivalent physical oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row that says equivalent physical oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row that says equivalent physical oxide
+thickness for uh microprocessor units so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness for uh microprocessor units so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness for uh microprocessor units so
+this is be for high performance so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is be for high performance so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is be for high performance so this
+is TX equivalent in 2004 uh for high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is TX equivalent in 2004 uh for high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is TX equivalent in 2004 uh for high
+performance devices it's supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance devices it's supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance devices it's supposed to be
+about 1.2 nanom or 12 angstroms so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1.2 nanom or 12 angstroms so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1.2 nanom or 12 angstroms so the
+high performance technology is supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high performance technology is supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high performance technology is supposed
+to be about 90 nanomer technology 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be about 90 nanomer technology 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be about 90 nanomer technology 12
+anstrom that's how thin we are and look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anstrom that's how thin we are and look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anstrom that's how thin we are and look
+at the current the gate dialectric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the current the gate dialectric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the current the gate dialectric
+leakage the maximum current tolerable in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leakage the maximum current tolerable in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leakage the maximum current tolerable in
+such a device is about 170 nanoamps per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a device is about 170 nanoamps per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a device is about 170 nanoamps per
+per Micron so it's it's pretty high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per Micron so it's it's pretty high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per Micron so it's it's pretty high
+current so that's that's for the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current so that's that's for the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current so that's that's for the highest
+performance device and if we go out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance device and if we go out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance device and if we go out in
+that same row and we work to higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same row and we work to higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same row and we work to higher
+years look what happens by 2006 we end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years look what happens by 2006 we end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years look what happens by 2006 we end
+up in yellow yellow means people have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in yellow yellow means people have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in yellow yellow means people have an
+idea how do it but maybe not totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea how do it but maybe not totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea how do it but maybe not totally
+manufacturable but there's some ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturable but there's some ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturable but there's some ideas
+and if we go beyond that 2007 it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we go beyond that 2007 it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we go beyond that 2007 it's all
+red so we want to achieve equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red so we want to achieve equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red so we want to achieve equivalent
+oxide thicknesses of 0.98 and and and 08
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide thicknesses of 0.98 and and and 08
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide thicknesses of 0.98 and and and 08
+by 2008 people just don't know don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 2008 people just don't know don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 2008 people just don't know don't
+really have the right material at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have the right material at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have the right material at this
+point so there's a lot of research in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so there's a lot of research in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so there's a lot of research in
+this area so what people do instead all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this area so what people do instead all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this area so what people do instead all
+right we we can't we haven't figured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we we can't we haven't figured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we we can't we haven't figured
+that out yet is they make different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out yet is they make different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out yet is they make different
+types to reduce the total amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types to reduce the total amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types to reduce the total amount of
+power that's burned on the chip they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power that's burned on the chip they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power that's burned on the chip they
+make different types of devices you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make different types of devices you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make different types of devices you you
+have a very high performance device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very high performance device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very high performance device
+that's quite fast but it has um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's quite fast but it has um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's quite fast but it has um
+reasonably thin physical gate oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably thin physical gate oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably thin physical gate oxide
+thickness uh but then you can also at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness uh but then you can also at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness uh but then you can also at
+the same on the same ship going down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same on the same ship going down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same on the same ship going down
+here in this region that I've circled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in this region that I've circled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in this region that I've circled
+down here where it says equivalent pH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here where it says equivalent pH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here where it says equivalent pH
+physical oxide thickness for low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical oxide thickness for low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical oxide thickness for low
+operating power so this is a device with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating power so this is a device with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating power so this is a device with
+Burns less power notice the oxide is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Burns less power notice the oxide is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Burns less power notice the oxide is
+thicker it's 1.5 nmet instead of 1.2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thicker it's 1.5 nmet instead of 1.2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thicker it's 1.5 nmet instead of 1.2 and
+and and the maximum tolerable gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the maximum tolerable gate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the maximum tolerable gate
+leakage is is on the order of one uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leakage is is on the order of one uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leakage is is on the order of one uh one
+uh nanoamp per Micron instead of 170 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nanoamp per Micron instead of 170 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nanoamp per Micron instead of 170 so
+this this this device is supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this this device is supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this this device is supposed to be
+lower operating power you make it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower operating power you make it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower operating power you make it a
+little thicker and you change the the VT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little thicker and you change the the VT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little thicker and you change the the VT
+to achieve that finally if you go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to achieve that finally if you go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to achieve that finally if you go down
+to this column for the low uh standby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this column for the low uh standby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this column for the low uh standby
+power device it has even thicker oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power device it has even thicker oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power device it has even thicker oxide
+so on the same chip you might have a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on the same chip you might have a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on the same chip you might have a two
+nanometer or 2.1 21 anstrom oxide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometer or 2.1 21 anstrom oxide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometer or 2.1 21 anstrom oxide and
+the leakage current much lower through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leakage current much lower through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leakage current much lower through
+the gate for this device about three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gate for this device about three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gate for this device about three
+Pico amps per Micron so three orders of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pico amps per Micron so three orders of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pico amps per Micron so three orders of
+magnitude lower than for the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude lower than for the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude lower than for the other
+device and five orders of magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device and five orders of magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device and five orders of magnitude
+lower than for this so so quite a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower than for this so so quite a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower than for this so so quite a bit
+quite a bit different uh on the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit different uh on the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit different uh on the same
+chip this is the solution people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip this is the solution people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip this is the solution people are
+coming up with only the fastest devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up with only the fastest devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up with only the fastest devices
+have to have the very thinnest oxides uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have the very thinnest oxides uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have the very thinnest oxides uh
+nevertheless in a couple years we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless in a couple years we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless in a couple years we will
+be hitting the red brick wall so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be hitting the red brick wall so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be hitting the red brick wall so there's
+a lot of work to be done on alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of work to be done on alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of work to be done on alternative
+um gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um gate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um gate
+insulators go to the next slide um I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulators go to the next slide um I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulators go to the next slide um I've
+also taken this from the 2003 itrs it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also taken this from the 2003 itrs it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also taken this from the 2003 itrs it's
+a little bit uh complicated and somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit uh complicated and somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit uh complicated and somewhat
+um you know not the most pretty plot in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know not the most pretty plot in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know not the most pretty plot in
+the world but um what it does show is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world but um what it does show is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world but um what it does show is a
+couple of interesting things it's a plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of interesting things it's a plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of interesting things it's a plot
+of the leakage current density JG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the leakage current density JG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the leakage current density JG
+through the gate so this is the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the gate so this is the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the gate so this is the current
+going through the gate oxide as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through the gate oxide as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through the gate oxide as a
+function of year um and on the left axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of year um and on the left axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of year um and on the left axis
+and you can see that um the uh this red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that um the uh this red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that um the uh this red
+line represents the JG limit this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line represents the JG limit this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line represents the JG limit this is
+what device designers would like no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what device designers would like no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what device designers would like no
+higher than this amount of gate current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than this amount of gate current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than this amount of gate current
+is what they can tolerate for a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what they can tolerate for a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what they can tolerate for a high
+performance device uh this black curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance device uh this black curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance device uh this black curve
+is actually what people think a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually what people think a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually what people think a
+dialectric called oxy nitride so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialectric called oxy nitride so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialectric called oxy nitride so this is
+not sio2 but it's S2 sio where a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sio2 but it's S2 sio where a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sio2 but it's S2 sio where a certain
+amount of nitrogen has been added and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of nitrogen has been added and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of nitrogen has been added and
+you can see the gate Uh current on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the gate Uh current on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the gate Uh current on the
+left that it's being projected it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left that it's being projected it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left that it's being projected it looks
+something like this black curve it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this black curve it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this black curve it's
+increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing
+exponentially and somewhere around 2006
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially and somewhere around 2006
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially and somewhere around 2006
+2007 these curves cross so beyond that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2007 these curves cross so beyond that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2007 these curves cross so beyond that
+oxy nitride you cannot stay on the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxy nitride you cannot stay on the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxy nitride you cannot stay on the same
+scaling curve it won't satisfy the gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling curve it won't satisfy the gate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling curve it won't satisfy the gate
+leakage current it will leak too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leakage current it will leak too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leakage current it will leak too much
+through the gate so beyond 2007 it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the gate so beyond 2007 it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the gate so beyond 2007 it's not
+clear people can use oxy nitrit they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear people can use oxy nitrit they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear people can use oxy nitrit they
+have to come up with something else this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to come up with something else this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to come up with something else this
+brown curve up here that's marked eot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brown curve up here that's marked eot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brown curve up here that's marked eot
+the equivalent oxide thickness it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equivalent oxide thickness it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equivalent oxide thickness it's
+referenced to the right hand vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referenced to the right hand vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referenced to the right hand vertical
+axis which shows in angstroms the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis which shows in angstroms the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis which shows in angstroms the
+equivalent oxide thickness so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent oxide thickness so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent oxide thickness so this is
+just the exactly the data I showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the exactly the data I showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the exactly the data I showed you
+going down so starting in 2003 we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down so starting in 2003 we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down so starting in 2003 we have
+an eot of 13 angstroms on the right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an eot of 13 angstroms on the right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an eot of 13 angstroms on the right and
+it's going down and down so that by 2007
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going down and down so that by 2007
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going down and down so that by 2007
+or so here the eot is nominally nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so here the eot is nominally nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so here the eot is nominally nine
+anstrom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anstrom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anstrom
+so this is what the way people would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what the way people would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what the way people would
+like to uh like to scale but clearly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to uh like to scale but clearly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to uh like to scale but clearly in
+the next few years um oxy nitrid is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next few years um oxy nitrid is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next few years um oxy nitrid is not
+going to work you're going to need some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work you're going to need some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work you're going to need some
+other material like haum oxide or one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other material like haum oxide or one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other material like haum oxide or one of
+the silicates that people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the silicates that people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the silicates that people are
+studying and so one more uh go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying and so one more uh go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying and so one more uh go to the
+next slide on slide 21 one more thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next slide on slide 21 one more thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next slide on slide 21 one more thing I
+just wanted to point out about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wanted to point out about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wanted to point out about
+alternative gate dielectrics is uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative gate dielectrics is uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative gate dielectrics is uh this
+I took from iedm uh International
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I took from iedm uh International
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I took from iedm uh International
+electron devices meeting uh publication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron devices meeting uh publication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron devices meeting uh publication
+from two two years ago uh there's been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from two two years ago uh there's been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from two two years ago uh there's been a
+lot of data I don't mean that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of data I don't mean that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of data I don't mean that people
+have searched the entire Periodic Chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have searched the entire Periodic Chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have searched the entire Periodic Chart
+but there's a lot of work that's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a lot of work that's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a lot of work that's been
+done uh by different people to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done uh by different people to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done uh by different people to study
+different materials and this is just a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different materials and this is just a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different materials and this is just a a
+way of summarizing them uh one parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of summarizing them uh one parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of summarizing them uh one parameter
+people look at is the current density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people look at is the current density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people look at is the current density
+that leaks through the gate as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leaks through the gate as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leaks through the gate as a
+function of the eot equivalent oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the eot equivalent oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the eot equivalent oxide
+thickness uh and I won't go through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness uh and I won't go through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness uh and I won't go through it
+in detail but just just the point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in detail but just just the point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in detail but just just the point is
+that a number of different materials are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a number of different materials are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a number of different materials are
+under consideration I think right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under consideration I think right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under consideration I think right now
+the most popular are haum oxides and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most popular are haum oxides and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most popular are haum oxides and
+haum silicates HFS n um but this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haum silicates HFS n um but this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haum silicates HFS n um but this is an
+example of a topic if you're interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a topic if you're interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a topic if you're interested
+um in doing some of the library research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in doing some of the library research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in doing some of the library research
+for your final report of a topic you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your final report of a topic you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your final report of a topic you
+might want to consider looking at is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to consider looking at is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to consider looking at is is
+high dialectric what some of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high dialectric what some of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high dialectric what some of their
+properties are and how they're formed um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties are and how they're formed um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties are and how they're formed um
+is is an interesting thing to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is an interesting thing to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is an interesting thing to to
+study so given that background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study so given that background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study so given that background
+information I want to go on to page um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information I want to go on to page um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information I want to go on to page um
+page 22 or slide 22 here and uh even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page 22 or slide 22 here and uh even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page 22 or slide 22 here and uh even
+though I've just finished telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though I've just finished telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though I've just finished telling you
+that that in the future pure si2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that in the future pure si2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that in the future pure si2
+probably won't be used it's still um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably won't be used it's still um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably won't be used it's still um the
+most important there's nothing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important there's nothing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important there's nothing that's
+ever beaten it so it's the standard so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever beaten it so it's the standard so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever beaten it so it's the standard so
+we're going to study um the process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to study um the process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to study um the process of
+thermal oxidation in this in this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal oxidation in this in this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal oxidation in this in this course
+and this this shows schematically very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this this shows schematically very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this this shows schematically very
+very schematically the basic process we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very schematically the basic process we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very schematically the basic process we
+have an oxide that's growing at a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an oxide that's growing at a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an oxide that's growing at a high
+temperature on a silicon wafer and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature on a silicon wafer and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature on a silicon wafer and what
+happens is an oxidant such as oxygen or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is an oxidant such as oxygen or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is an oxidant such as oxygen or
+or water diffuses through that oxide has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or water diffuses through that oxide has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or water diffuses through that oxide has
+to react at the surface and new o side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to react at the surface and new o side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to react at the surface and new o side
+is formed right at this interface right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is formed right at this interface right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is formed right at this interface right
+here so we have a chemical reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we have a chemical reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we have a chemical reaction
+taking place at the interface this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking place at the interface this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking place at the interface this is
+these are examples of the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are examples of the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are examples of the chemical
+reactions silicon plus oxygen going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions silicon plus oxygen going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions silicon plus oxygen going to
+S2 or silicon plus moisture going to S2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 or silicon plus moisture going to S2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 or silicon plus moisture going to S2
+these are the reactions that take place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the reactions that take place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the reactions that take place
+um at that interface and we'll spend not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at that interface and we'll spend not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at that interface and we'll spend not
+this lecture but probably next lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture but probably next lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture but probably next lecture
+talking in detail about uh mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking in detail about uh mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking in detail about uh mathematical
+models models for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+process but rather before we get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process but rather before we get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process but rather before we get into
+all the mathematical detail model models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the mathematical detail model models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the mathematical detail model models
+and the deal Grove model uh there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the deal Grove model uh there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the deal Grove model uh there are a
+few basic properties about the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few basic properties about the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few basic properties about the process
+we should think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should think
+about um that in fact when the Silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um that in fact when the Silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um that in fact when the Silicon
+surface is oxidized there is a volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface is oxidized there is a volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface is oxidized there is a volume
+expansion associated with that and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion associated with that and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion associated with that and uh
+this upper schematic picture shown here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this upper schematic picture shown here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this upper schematic picture shown here
+in the upper right is something I took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the upper right is something I took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the upper right is something I took
+from chapter 6 Figure 6-39 what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from chapter 6 Figure 6-39 what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from chapter 6 Figure 6-39 what it
+represents is a cross-section in depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents is a cross-section in depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents is a cross-section in depth
+of the crystal where these Open Circles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the crystal where these Open Circles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the crystal where these Open Circles
+here are are meant to represent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are are meant to represent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are are meant to represent the
+Silicon atoms in a lattice this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon atoms in a lattice this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon atoms in a lattice this
+interface right here is meant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface right here is meant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface right here is meant to
+represent the Silicon silicon dioxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the Silicon silicon dioxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the Silicon silicon dioxide
+interface and this upper region here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and this upper region here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and this upper region here
+that has both black atoms which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has both black atoms which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has both black atoms which are
+oxygen and uh and the white Open Circles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen and uh and the white Open Circles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen and uh and the white Open Circles
+which are silicon in it that's the S2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are silicon in it that's the S2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are silicon in it that's the S2 so
+here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the
+interface so uh and what it shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface so uh and what it shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface so uh and what it shows
+schematically is that in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematically is that in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematically is that in order to
+oxidize this surface what has to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidize this surface what has to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidize this surface what has to happen
+is the Silicon bonds have to be broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Silicon bonds have to be broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Silicon bonds have to be broken
+because the Silicon is bonded to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the Silicon is bonded to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the Silicon is bonded to each
+other they have to be broken oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other they have to be broken oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other they have to be broken oxygen
+these little black atoms have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little black atoms have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little black atoms have to be
+inserted in between the Silicon uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserted in between the Silicon uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserted in between the Silicon uh to
+form SI bonds such as shown here and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form SI bonds such as shown here and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form SI bonds such as shown here and um
+and so the the volume that that whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the the volume that that whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the the volume that that whole
+area has to expand to a certain extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area has to expand to a certain extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area has to expand to a certain extent
+because of the room taken up by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the room taken up by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the room taken up by the
+oxygen atoms so there is a volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen atoms so there is a volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen atoms so there is a volume
+expansion associated with it and um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion associated with it and um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion associated with it and um the
+lower uh cartoons show sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower uh cartoons show sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower uh cartoons show sort of
+schematically what that expansion looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematically what that expansion looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematically what that expansion looks
+like so let's say I take a unit volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so let's say I take a unit volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so let's say I take a unit volume
+of a substrate that's a cube that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a substrate that's a cube that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a substrate that's a cube that's one
+by one by one cube in all three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one by one cube in all three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one by one cube in all three
+dimensions it's shown schematically here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions it's shown schematically here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions it's shown schematically here
+on the left and and just take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left and and just take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left and and just take that
+square that um Cube and expand it 30% in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square that um Cube and expand it 30% in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square that um Cube and expand it 30% in
+all three directions so this is a bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all three directions so this is a bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all three directions so this is a bigger
+Cube this blue cube in the center is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cube this blue cube in the center is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cube this blue cube in the center is
+bigger by 30% so this would be if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger by 30% so this would be if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger by 30% so this would be if it
+were unconstrained there were no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were unconstrained there were no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were unconstrained there were no
+constraints just in free space but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints just in free space but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints just in free space but
+actually the substrate restricts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the substrate restricts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the substrate restricts the
+expansion to one dimension right I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion to one dimension right I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion to one dimension right I can't
+just take the cube and expand it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take the cube and expand it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take the cube and expand it in the
+XY plane because I've got the substrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY plane because I've got the substrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY plane because I've got the substrate
+um holding on to it so in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um holding on to it so in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um holding on to it so in fact the
+expansion only takes place in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion only takes place in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion only takes place in the
+vertical um Direction so for every one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical um Direction so for every one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical um Direction so for every one
+unit consumed in the vert of silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit consumed in the vert of silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit consumed in the vert of silicon
+consumed in the vertical direction we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumed in the vertical direction we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumed in the vertical direction we
+have um basically a height here of of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um basically a height here of of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um basically a height here of of uh
+2.2 units um when it actually uh when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.2 units um when it actually uh when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.2 units um when it actually uh when it
+actually grows the sio2 so the substrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually grows the sio2 so the substrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually grows the sio2 so the substrate
+restricts this uh to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricts this uh to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricts this uh to one
+dimension so what does it look like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension so what does it look like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension so what does it look like what
+does an oxide look like grown especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does an oxide look like grown especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does an oxide look like grown especially
+an oxide grown in a in a complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oxide grown in a in a complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oxide grown in a in a complicated
+two-dimensional fashion we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional fashion we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional fashion we're going to
+spend a lecture talking about this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a lecture talking about this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a lecture talking about this but
+this is a uh a pretty picture it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a uh a pretty picture it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a uh a pretty picture it's a
+scanning electron micr graph of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning electron micr graph of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning electron micr graph of
+something called Locos I think the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called Locos I think the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called Locos I think the first
+lecture we talk about local oxidation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we talk about local oxidation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we talk about local oxidation of
+silicon where we would put a nitride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon where we would put a nitride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon where we would put a nitride
+mask down on the Chip And we and where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask down on the Chip And we and where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask down on the Chip And we and where
+we don't want the oxide to grow and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want the oxide to grow and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want the oxide to grow and
+everywhere outside the nitride mask is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere outside the nitride mask is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere outside the nitride mask is
+where the field oxidation takes place so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the field oxidation takes place so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the field oxidation takes place so
+this is an actual example of field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an actual example of field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an actual example of field
+oxidation that's taking place um and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation that's taking place um and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation that's taking place um and and
+what it looks like this um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it looks like this um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it looks like this um this
+rectangular bar marked the location of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular bar marked the location of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular bar marked the location of
+the Silicon nitride mask that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Silicon nitride mask that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Silicon nitride mask that's the
+region on the chip where the nitride was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region on the chip where the nitride was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region on the chip where the nitride was
+there protecting the surface against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there protecting the surface against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there protecting the surface against
+oxidation the re the gray region down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation the re the gray region down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation the re the gray region down
+here is a silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a silicon
+substrate this region marked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate this region marked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate this region marked
+si2 um you can see the volume expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+si2 um you can see the volume expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+si2 um you can see the volume expansion
+is expanded uh compared to the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is expanded uh compared to the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is expanded uh compared to the the
+original silicon surface is shown by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original silicon surface is shown by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original silicon surface is shown by
+this white dash line because we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this white dash line because we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this white dash line because we know
+oxidation involves the volume expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation involves the volume expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation involves the volume expansion
+by about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by about
+2.2x um so this this occupies about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.2x um so this this occupies about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.2x um so this this occupies about
+twice 2.2 times uh the volume of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice 2.2 times uh the volume of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice 2.2 times uh the volume of the
+Silicon from here to here that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon from here to here that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon from here to here that was
+actually consumed so you're consuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually consumed so you're consuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually consumed so you're consuming
+the substrate when you're doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the substrate when you're doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the substrate when you're doing this
+interestingly though um in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly though um in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly though um in two
+dimensions and these threedimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and these threedimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and these threedimensional
+structures stress plays an important uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures stress plays an important uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures stress plays an important uh
+dominant role we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant role we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant role we're going to talk about
+that in this course so look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this course so look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this course so look at this
+little bird's beak they call this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bird's beak they call this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bird's beak they call this a
+bird's beak that that's squeezing out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird's beak that that's squeezing out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird's beak that that's squeezing out
+like this because it looks like a bird's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this because it looks like a bird's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this because it looks like a bird's
+beak uh and sometimes they call this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beak uh and sometimes they call this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beak uh and sometimes they call this the
+bird's head gets a little you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird's head gets a little you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird's head gets a little you have to
+have a good imagination in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a good imagination in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a good imagination in order to
+understand that but the bird's beak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that but the bird's beak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that but the bird's beak
+shape is actually due to lateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape is actually due to lateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape is actually due to lateral
+oxidation some of the oxidant diffusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation some of the oxidant diffusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation some of the oxidant diffusing
+in here under the nitride mask and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here under the nitride mask and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here under the nitride mask and also
+its shape is controlled by the nitride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its shape is controlled by the nitride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its shape is controlled by the nitride
+mask pushing down on it so the oxide's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask pushing down on it so the oxide's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask pushing down on it so the oxide's
+trying to grow it has to push up on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to grow it has to push up on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to grow it has to push up on the
+nitride that takes some Force so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitride that takes some Force so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitride that takes some Force so this
+this whole shape and the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole shape and the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole shape and the amount of
+lateral encroachment is very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral encroachment is very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral encroachment is very much
+dependent on the stress effects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on the stress effects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on the stress effects and
+we'll we'll talk about that uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll talk about that uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll talk about that uh in the
+next couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next couple of
+lectures so complex shapes um can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures so complex shapes um can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures so complex shapes um can be
+formed by local oxidation but going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed by local oxidation but going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed by local oxidation but going on
+to to slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to slide
+25 um this is a very highresolution uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 um this is a very highresolution uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 um this is a very highresolution uh
+transmission electron micro gra and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission electron micro gra and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission electron micro gra and
+again on your handouts it probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again on your handouts it probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again on your handouts it probably
+doesn't look very very uh good but all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look very very uh good but all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look very very uh good but all
+these little dots you see them in rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little dots you see them in rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little dots you see them in rows
+correspond to uh pairs of atoms in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to uh pairs of atoms in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to uh pairs of atoms in the
+Silicon l so these are planes here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon l so these are planes here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon l so these are planes here and
+they're all very regular because silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all very regular because silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all very regular because silicon
+is a crystal material right single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a crystal material right single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a crystal material right single
+Crystal perfect structure sio2 however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal perfect structure sio2 however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal perfect structure sio2 however
+is a morphous it has no long range order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a morphous it has no long range order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a morphous it has no long range order
+it has some short range order but no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has some short range order but no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has some short range order but no
+long range order even though it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long range order even though it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long range order even though it's
+growing on a single Crystal so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing on a single Crystal so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing on a single Crystal so this is
+an amorphous material even though it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an amorphous material even though it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an amorphous material even though it's
+growing on a single Crystal substrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing on a single Crystal substrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing on a single Crystal substrate
+it's a glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a glass
+if we go on to slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we go on to slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we go on to slide
+26 um there are no Crystal crystalline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+26 um there are no Crystal crystalline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+26 um there are no Crystal crystalline
+forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of
+sio2 that match the lattice size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sio2 that match the lattice size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sio2 that match the lattice size of
+silicon U there is a little bit of short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon U there is a little bit of short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon U there is a little bit of short
+range order in thermally Grown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range order in thermally Grown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range order in thermally Grown
+sio2 um and in fact if you look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sio2 um and in fact if you look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sio2 um and in fact if you look at this
+uh schematic on the left this this shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh schematic on the left this this shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh schematic on the left this this shows
+that there there's a tetrahedral type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there there's a tetrahedral type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there there's a tetrahedral type of
+structure um on the you see a silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure um on the you see a silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure um on the you see a silicon
+atom in the center and four oxygen atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom in the center and four oxygen atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom in the center and four oxygen atoms
+bonded to it uh nearby forming some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonded to it uh nearby forming some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonded to it uh nearby forming some sort
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+tetrahedron these tetrahedron Al though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedron these tetrahedron Al though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedron these tetrahedron Al though
+are are not actually Bound in any real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are not actually Bound in any real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are not actually Bound in any real
+structure they may form a ring structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure they may form a ring structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure they may form a ring structure
+a little bit uh by sharing oxygen atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit uh by sharing oxygen atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit uh by sharing oxygen atoms
+but you notice this lattice does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you notice this lattice does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you notice this lattice does not
+repeat itself throughout space to form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat itself throughout space to form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat itself throughout space to form
+some uh uh some single Crystal so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh uh some single Crystal so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh uh some single Crystal so there
+is short range order in the tetrahedra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is short range order in the tetrahedra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is short range order in the tetrahedra
+but it is an open network and it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is an open network and it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is an open network and it's not
+uh it's not doesn't have longrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's not doesn't have longrange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's not doesn't have longrange
+order so let's go on to slide 27 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order so let's go on to slide 27 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order so let's go on to slide 27 and
+just just um talk for a few minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just um talk for a few minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just um talk for a few minutes
+about stress and oxide we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about stress and oxide we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about stress and oxide we're going to
+spend more a lot more time talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend more a lot more time talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend more a lot more time talking about
+it in the next lecture but just to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the next lecture but just to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the next lecture but just to make
+the point that when oxide layers grow on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point that when oxide layers grow on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point that when oxide layers grow on
+Silicon they're um in compressive uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon they're um in compressive uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon they're um in compressive uh
+they're under uh compressive stress and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're under uh compressive stress and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're under uh compressive stress and
+it's it's for a couple different reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's for a couple different reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's for a couple different reasons
+but basically because the growing oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically because the growing oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically because the growing oxide
+uh is constrained by the interface that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is constrained by the interface that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is constrained by the interface that
+it's growing on it's constrained by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's growing on it's constrained by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's growing on it's constrained by the
+the uh the substrate this interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the substrate this interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the substrate this interface
+right down here so it can only expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right down here so it can only expand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right down here so it can only expand
+upward um and and this gives you an idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upward um and and this gives you an idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upward um and and this gives you an idea
+510 of n th per square centimeter uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+510 of n th per square centimeter uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+510 of n th per square centimeter uh for
+the amount of compressive stress uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of compressive stress uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of compressive stress uh that
+this oxide is feeling when it's grown on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this oxide is feeling when it's grown on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this oxide is feeling when it's grown on
+the wafer um now at temperatures at high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wafer um now at temperatures at high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wafer um now at temperatures at high
+enough temperatures say if you put it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough temperatures say if you put it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough temperatures say if you put it in
+the furnace to oxidize above a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the furnace to oxidize above a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the furnace to oxidize above a thousand
+or an heal it the oxide can relieve some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or an heal it the oxide can relieve some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or an heal it the oxide can relieve some
+of the stress that the oxide can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stress that the oxide can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stress that the oxide can
+actually flow a little bit um uh by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually flow a little bit um uh by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually flow a little bit um uh by a
+viscous flow but that's only at a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viscous flow but that's only at a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viscous flow but that's only at a high
+enough temperature where where the glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough temperature where where the glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough temperature where where the glass
+starts to soften a little bit at lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to soften a little bit at lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to soften a little bit at lower
+temperatures um it's just too viscous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures um it's just too viscous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures um it's just too viscous
+for in for it to flow so the stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for in for it to flow so the stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for in for it to flow so the stress
+stays built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays built
+in so there's these intrinsic stresses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so there's these intrinsic stresses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so there's these intrinsic stresses
+just because of of the volume expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because of of the volume expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because of of the volume expansion
+um there's also differences in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's also differences in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's also differences in the
+thermal expansion coefficients of S2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal expansion coefficients of S2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal expansion coefficients of S2 and
+silicon and that leads to a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon and that leads to a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon and that leads to a certain
+amount of intrinsic stress um both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of intrinsic stress um both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of intrinsic stress um both of
+these effects are going to put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these effects are going to put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these effects are going to put the
+Silicon in tension so the Silicon wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon in tension so the Silicon wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon in tension so the Silicon wafer
+at the surface is sort of being pulled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the surface is sort of being pulled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the surface is sort of being pulled
+uh by the oxide which is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by the oxide which is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by the oxide which is being
+compressed so if you were to to grow an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed so if you were to to grow an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed so if you were to to grow an
+oxide on both W sides of a wafer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide on both W sides of a wafer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide on both W sides of a wafer and
+strip it off the back the wafer would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strip it off the back the wafer would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strip it off the back the wafer would
+actually be slightly bowed very so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be slightly bowed very so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be slightly bowed very so
+slightly I mean nothing that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly I mean nothing that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly I mean nothing that you could
+see by eye but you can actually measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see by eye but you can actually measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see by eye but you can actually measure
+it in a special laser apparatus called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a special laser apparatus called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a special laser apparatus called a
+wafer Cur curvature measurement so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer Cur curvature measurement so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer Cur curvature measurement so there
+are ways of actually detecting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are ways of actually detecting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are ways of actually detecting the
+amount of of stress uh just by measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of of stress uh just by measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of of stress uh just by measuring
+the curvature of the wafer when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curvature of the wafer when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curvature of the wafer when you
+remove the oxide from one side and leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove the oxide from one side and leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove the oxide from one side and leave
+it on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on the other
+side that's how people determine some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side that's how people determine some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side that's how people determine some of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+stress let's go on to slide 28 this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress let's go on to slide 28 this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress let's go on to slide 28 this is a
+very schematic and I apologize for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very schematic and I apologize for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very schematic and I apologize for this
+cartoon if you've ever actually been in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon if you've ever actually been in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon if you've ever actually been in
+a Fab clean room and you know what a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Fab clean room and you know what a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Fab clean room and you know what a an
+oxidation furnace looks like doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation furnace looks like doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation furnace looks like doesn't
+look exactly like this but it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look exactly like this but it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look exactly like this but it's an
+artist conception um the the the um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist conception um the the the um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist conception um the the the um the
+equipment is actually relatively simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment is actually relatively simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment is actually relatively simple
+in concept it's essentially a quartz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in concept it's essentially a quartz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in concept it's essentially a quartz
+tube which is shown here by this black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube which is shown here by this black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube which is shown here by this black
+line so it's a cylinder it's a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line so it's a cylinder it's a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line so it's a cylinder it's a long
+quartz tube into which um one can push a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quartz tube into which um one can push a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quartz tube into which um one can push a
+boat of a quartz carrier with Wafers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat of a quartz carrier with Wafers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat of a quartz carrier with Wafers
+standing up in it so all these Wafers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing up in it so all these Wafers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing up in it so all these Wafers
+are put um vertically in the boat in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are put um vertically in the boat in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are put um vertically in the boat in
+little slots and you have a whole bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little slots and you have a whole bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little slots and you have a whole bunch
+of them sitting right next to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them sitting right next to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them sitting right next to each other
+with a few millim of each other you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a few millim of each other you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a few millim of each other you have
+the whole stack of Wafers so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole stack of Wafers so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole stack of Wafers so you can
+oxidize 25 or 50 or 100 wafers in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidize 25 or 50 or 100 wafers in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidize 25 or 50 or 100 wafers in a
+furnace at a time uh you essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furnace at a time uh you essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furnace at a time uh you essentially
+just flow in oxidants like oxygen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just flow in oxidants like oxygen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just flow in oxidants like oxygen and
+hydrogen um to create water vapor or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen um to create water vapor or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen um to create water vapor or
+moisture you heat the whole thing by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moisture you heat the whole thing by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moisture you heat the whole thing by
+resistant heater so the quartz gets very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant heater so the quartz gets very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant heater so the quartz gets very
+hot and the Wafers get very hot uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot and the Wafers get very hot uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot and the Wafers get very hot uh and
+then the oxident goes out the back side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the oxident goes out the back side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the oxident goes out the back side
+so it's it's relatively simple um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's relatively simple um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's relatively simple um in
+practice though there are some Modern uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice though there are some Modern uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice though there are some Modern uh
+furnaces that are or oxidation systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furnaces that are or oxidation systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furnaces that are or oxidation systems
+that are quite uh a little bit different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are quite uh a little bit different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are quite uh a little bit different
+they also have vertical furnaces these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also have vertical furnaces these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also have vertical furnaces these
+days where the Wafers sit sort of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days where the Wafers sit sort of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days where the Wafers sit sort of um
+vertically uh like this to help avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertically uh like this to help avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertically uh like this to help avoid
+warpage and things like that um there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warpage and things like that um there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warpage and things like that um there
+are rapid thermal oxidation systems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are rapid thermal oxidation systems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are rapid thermal oxidation systems and
+and fast transparent furnaces in fact I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fast transparent furnaces in fact I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fast transparent furnaces in fact I
+think on the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think on the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think on the next
+slide slide 29 there is an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide slide 29 there is an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide slide 29 there is an example
+nothing like an oxidation furnace but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing like an oxidation furnace but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing like an oxidation furnace but a
+system in which people do grow sio2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in which people do grow sio2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in which people do grow sio2 and
+oxy nitrites by a process called rapid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxy nitrites by a process called rapid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxy nitrites by a process called rapid
+thermal processing or rapid thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal processing or rapid thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal processing or rapid thermal
+oxidation uh this is a a photograph I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation uh this is a a photograph I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation uh this is a a photograph I
+took it off the apply materials website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took it off the apply materials website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took it off the apply materials website
+it's a little bit fuzzy cuz I blew it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit fuzzy cuz I blew it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit fuzzy cuz I blew it up
+but um this is a particular system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um this is a particular system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um this is a particular system
+called the centur rapid thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the centur rapid thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the centur rapid thermal
+processing system and what it's a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing system and what it's a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing system and what it's a single
+wafer system and you can see it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer system and you can see it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer system and you can see it's kind
+of like a clamshell the clamp Shell's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like a clamshell the clamp Shell's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like a clamshell the clamp Shell's
+been open opened up um a wafer goes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been open opened up um a wafer goes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been open opened up um a wafer goes in
+sits here in fact you can see where a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sits here in fact you can see where a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sits here in fact you can see where a
+wafer might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer might
+sit um the clamshell would be down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit um the clamshell would be down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit um the clamshell would be down and
+these the infrared lamps you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these the infrared lamps you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these the infrared lamps you can see
+them glowing infrared lamps heat up very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them glowing infrared lamps heat up very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them glowing infrared lamps heat up very
+rapid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid
+heat up the waer within within a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat up the waer within within a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat up the waer within within a few
+seconds um there's flowing it's it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds um there's flowing it's it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds um there's flowing it's it's in
+a little quartz chamber where there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little quartz chamber where there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little quartz chamber where there's
+flowing oxygen or whatever uh Heats it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing oxygen or whatever uh Heats it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing oxygen or whatever uh Heats it
+up the reaction takes place and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the reaction takes place and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the reaction takes place and then
+cools it down um so this is a so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cools it down um so this is a so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cools it down um so this is a so-called
+single W for Rapid thermal processing um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single W for Rapid thermal processing um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single W for Rapid thermal processing um
+a method of making oxides so you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a method of making oxides so you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a method of making oxides so you don't
+have to necessarily do gate oxides in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to necessarily do gate oxides in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to necessarily do gate oxides in an
+oldfashioned furnace anymore you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oldfashioned furnace anymore you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oldfashioned furnace anymore you can
+also do it in these new pieces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also do it in these new pieces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also do it in these new pieces of
+equipment so I want to go on to slide 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment so I want to go on to slide 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment so I want to go on to slide 30
+uh now and and um I want to talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now and and um I want to talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now and and um I want to talk a
+little bit now about a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit now about a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit now about a little more
+theoretical things which is to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical things which is to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical things which is to talk
+about the Silicon silicon dioxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Silicon silicon dioxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Silicon silicon dioxide
+interface uh this is important from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface uh this is important from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface uh this is important from the
+point of view of understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view of understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view of understanding
+electrically the quality of what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrically the quality of what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrically the quality of what it is
+that you've what you've produced um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've what you've produced um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've what you've produced um and
+it does feed into uh how we actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does feed into uh how we actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does feed into uh how we actually do
+the processes uh for to grow uh thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the processes uh for to grow uh thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the processes uh for to grow uh thermal
+oxides so this is a a cross-section here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxides so this is a a cross-section here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxides so this is a a cross-section here
+in pink on the bottom is supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in pink on the bottom is supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in pink on the bottom is supposed to be
+the silicon and the white region is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the silicon and the white region is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the silicon and the white region is the
+sio2 and back in the 1980s uh Bruce deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sio2 and back in the 1980s uh Bruce deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sio2 and back in the 1980s uh Bruce deal
+suggested that this picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested that this picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested that this picture of
+electrical defects uh that might exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical defects uh that might exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical defects uh that might exist
+that that had the evidence of which have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that had the evidence of which have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that had the evidence of which have
+been observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been observed
+experimentally uh and so um there are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally uh and so um there are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally uh and so um there are uh
+different types of charges here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of charges here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of charges here that
+we're going to talk about uh qit qf qot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about uh qit qf qot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about uh qit qf qot
+and qm on the next slide I'll sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and qm on the next slide I'll sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and qm on the next slide I'll sort of
+Define those uh one point to make though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define those uh one point to make though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define those uh one point to make though
+is that to first order the interface is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that to first order the interface is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that to first order the interface is
+perfect we're going to focus on defects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect we're going to focus on defects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect we're going to focus on defects
+because we're all neurotic and we're you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're all neurotic and we're you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're all neurotic and we're you
+know we're interested in defects but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're interested in defects but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're interested in defects but
+just to stand back for a moment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to stand back for a moment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to stand back for a moment and
+think it's perfect in that um only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's perfect in that um only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's perfect in that um only one
+in about 10 of the fifth atoms has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in about 10 of the fifth atoms has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in about 10 of the fifth atoms has a
+defect so if you were to go on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect so if you were to go on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect so if you were to go on that
+surface and walk around at the interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and walk around at the interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and walk around at the interface
+and just count the number of atoms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just count the number of atoms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just count the number of atoms that
+were where there was an unsatisfied or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were where there was an unsatisfied or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were where there was an unsatisfied or
+broken bond you would count one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken bond you would count one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken bond you would count one for
+every 10 to the 5ifth so that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every 10 to the 5ifth so that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every 10 to the 5ifth so that's pretty
+darn perfect still not perfect you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darn perfect still not perfect you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darn perfect still not perfect you know
+it's not as perfect as we like to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not as perfect as we like to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not as perfect as we like to make
+it we always want better uh but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we always want better uh but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we always want better uh but it's
+it's pretty darn good compared to any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty darn good compared to any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty darn good compared to any
+other semiconductor Ox insulator system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other semiconductor Ox insulator system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other semiconductor Ox insulator system
+so as a result the defect densities uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as a result the defect densities uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as a result the defect densities uh
+at the interface we measure are in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the interface we measure are in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the interface we measure are in this
+range per square centimeter um 10 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range per square centimeter um 10 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range per square centimeter um 10 the
+9th to 10 11th defects on a on a per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9th to 10 11th defects on a on a per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9th to 10 11th defects on a on a per
+square centimeter basis remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square centimeter basis remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square centimeter basis remember the
+surface atom density is about 10 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface atom density is about 10 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface atom density is about 10 the
+15th so again it's about one and 10 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15th so again it's about one and 10 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15th so again it's about one and 10 the
+5 something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so let's go on to slide 20 uh slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so let's go on to slide 20 uh slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so let's go on to slide 20 uh slide
+31 rather and talk about these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+31 rather and talk about these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+31 rather and talk about these different
+uh these different charges so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these different charges so first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these different charges so first
+first there basically four types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first there basically four types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first there basically four types of
+charges associated with the um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges associated with the um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges associated with the um the
+insulator itself or the semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulator itself or the semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulator itself or the semiconductor
+insulator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulator
+interface the first one you may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface the first one you may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface the first one you may have
+heard of called qf or Q subf it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of called qf or Q subf it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of called qf or Q subf it's the
+fixed oxide charge it is represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed oxide charge it is represented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed oxide charge it is represented
+here by these little positive plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here by these little positive plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here by these little positive plus
+signs um it's a sheet of positive charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs um it's a sheet of positive charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs um it's a sheet of positive charge
+and it's supposed to be within about 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's supposed to be within about 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's supposed to be within about 2
+nanometers of the interface so you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers of the interface so you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers of the interface so you might
+ask me well what happens when you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask me well what happens when you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask me well what happens when you make
+an oxide that's less than 2 nanometers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oxide that's less than 2 nanometers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oxide that's less than 2 nanometers
+well that's a good question what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's a good question what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's a good question what
+happened to that fixed charge so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to that fixed charge so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to that fixed charge so it's
+not it's not exactly clear but the fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's not exactly clear but the fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's not exactly clear but the fixed
+charge is um it has a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge is um it has a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge is um it has a very
+characteristic uh unique characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic uh unique characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic uh unique characteristic
+to it and it's always positive and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it and it's always positive and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it and it's always positive and we'll
+talk about why people think that is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about why people think that is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about why people think that is um
+and you can reduce its concentration by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can reduce its concentration by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can reduce its concentration by
+heat treating the oxide after it's grown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat treating the oxide after it's grown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat treating the oxide after it's grown
+heat treating it uh at at a certain uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat treating it uh at at a certain uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat treating it uh at at a certain uh
+certain temperature so we put into our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain temperature so we put into our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain temperature so we put into our
+recipes after we grow an oxide very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipes after we grow an oxide very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipes after we grow an oxide very
+often and an Neal to reduce the fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often and an Neal to reduce the fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often and an Neal to reduce the fixed
+charge to as low as we can as it can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge to as low as we can as it can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge to as low as we can as it can go
+that's qf it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's qf it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's qf it's always
+positive qit and it's a fixed number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive qit and it's a fixed number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive qit and it's a fixed number
+it's fixed in the sense of after you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fixed in the sense of after you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fixed in the sense of after you've
+done the the process you have the chip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done the the process you have the chip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done the the process you have the chip
+uh depending on how you bias the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh depending on how you bias the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh depending on how you bias the the the
+chip it doesn't change um that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip it doesn't change um that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip it doesn't change um that's not
+true of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true of
+qit interface trap charge qit can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qit interface trap charge qit can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qit interface trap charge qit can be
+either as pictured here by the little x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either as pictured here by the little x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either as pictured here by the little x
+x meaning it we don't know its sign it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x meaning it we don't know its sign it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x meaning it we don't know its sign it
+can be either plus it can be neutral or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be either plus it can be neutral or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be either plus it can be neutral or
+negative and it may change during normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and it may change during normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and it may change during normal
+device operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device operation
+as you change the bias because electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you change the bias because electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you change the bias because electrons
+or holes can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or holes can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or holes can be
+captured um so uh it has a sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured um so uh it has a sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured um so uh it has a sort of a
+behavior similar to bulk deep levels the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior similar to bulk deep levels the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior similar to bulk deep levels the
+way they can iron and nickel can trap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they can iron and nickel can trap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they can iron and nickel can trap
+electrons and holes the way that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and holes the way that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and holes the way that's
+discussed in chapters one and four so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed in chapters one and four so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed in chapters one and four so
+qit is is is not fixed it changes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qit is is is not fixed it changes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qit is is is not fixed it changes with
+time depending on how we bias and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time depending on how we bias and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time depending on how we bias and we'll
+talk about how it changes uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about how it changes uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about how it changes uh with
+bias third type qm mobile charge well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias third type qm mobile charge well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias third type qm mobile charge well as
+the name suggests these ions are mobile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name suggests these ions are mobile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name suggests these ions are mobile
+um that is they can move in the oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that is they can move in the oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that is they can move in the oxide
+from the top surface to the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the top surface to the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the top surface to the bottom
+surface bottom interface they can move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface bottom interface they can move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface bottom interface they can move
+up and down upon application of electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and down upon application of electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and down upon application of electric
+field they're ionized so if you heat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field they're ionized so if you heat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field they're ionized so if you heat the
+oxide say to 100 200 300 degrees and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide say to 100 200 300 degrees and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide say to 100 200 300 degrees and you
+put electric field on it you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put electric field on it you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put electric field on it you can
+actually cause these sodium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually cause these sodium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually cause these sodium and
+potassium to move from here to here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium to move from here to here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium to move from here to here and
+back um mobile LS are less important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back um mobile LS are less important in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back um mobile LS are less important in
+modern manufacturing because clean rooms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern manufacturing because clean rooms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern manufacturing because clean rooms
+are so clean people are never allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so clean people are never allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so clean people are never allowed to
+touch anything um unless you're in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch anything um unless you're in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch anything um unless you're in a
+research lab where people are sloppy or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research lab where people are sloppy or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research lab where people are sloppy or
+something like that you don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that you don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that you don't really
+worry about mobiles uh we do worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about mobiles uh we do worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about mobiles uh we do worry about
+them of course because we you know here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them of course because we you know here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them of course because we you know here
+at MIT we're in a research Fab we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT we're in a research Fab we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT we're in a research Fab we have a
+lot of students but in a real fab um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of students but in a real fab um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of students but in a real fab um
+people are are manufacturing sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are are manufacturing sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are are manufacturing sense
+they're very very careful about mobile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very very careful about mobile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very very careful about mobile
+ions so usually the mobile ion Conant uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions so usually the mobile ion Conant uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions so usually the mobile ion Conant uh
+charge is is relatively small unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge is is relatively small unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge is is relatively small unless
+you've made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've made a
+mistake fourth type qot oxide trap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake fourth type qot oxide trap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake fourth type qot oxide trap
+charge this is um represented right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge this is um represented right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge this is um represented right here
+it's it's in the bulk of the oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's in the bulk of the oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's in the bulk of the oxide
+notice it's drawn up here it's not at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice it's drawn up here it's not at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice it's drawn up here it's not at
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+interface um it may be created by other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface um it may be created by other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface um it may be created by other
+processes that the oxide was subjected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes that the oxide was subjected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes that the oxide was subjected
+to after it was grown the oxide might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to after it was grown the oxide might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to after it was grown the oxide might
+have been subjected to plasma etching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been subjected to plasma etching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been subjected to plasma etching
+plasma could put traps in because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma could put traps in because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma could put traps in because the
+plasma has energetic ions um going into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma has energetic ions um going into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma has energetic ions um going into
+this thing um or it may capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing um or it may capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing um or it may capture
+electrons that are holes that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that are holes that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that are holes that are
+injected into the oxide during device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injected into the oxide during device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injected into the oxide during device
+operation so energetic electrons may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation so energetic electrons may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation so energetic electrons may be
+coming along the surface and get po up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming along the surface and get po up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming along the surface and get po up
+by some scattering event and create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some scattering event and create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some scattering event and create
+oxide trap charge so it's in the bulk uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide trap charge so it's in the bulk uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide trap charge so it's in the bulk uh
+and it may depend not only on how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it may depend not only on how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it may depend not only on how the
+oxide was grown but what happen to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide was grown but what happen to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide was grown but what happen to the
+oxide afterwards so those are the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide afterwards so those are the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide afterwards so those are the the
+kind of the four characteristic types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the four characteristic types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the four characteristic types
+and we can see their signature um by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can see their signature um by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can see their signature um by
+doing certain types of electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+measurements so let's let's uh take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements so let's let's uh take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements so let's let's uh take a
+look at chat at um at slide 32 there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at chat at um at slide 32 there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at chat at um at slide 32 there are
+a lot of different measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of different measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of different measurement
+techniques and your book talks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques and your book talks about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques and your book talks about
+them to understand the properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to understand the properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to understand the properties of
+oxide you can do physical measurements a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide you can do physical measurements a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide you can do physical measurements a
+very simple physical measurement any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple physical measurement any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple physical measurement any of
+you can do in the lab take an oxide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do in the lab take an oxide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do in the lab take an oxide and
+etch it with hydrochloric acid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etch it with hydrochloric acid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etch it with hydrochloric acid and
+measure its edch rate and it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure its edch rate and it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure its edch rate and it turns out
+the edge rate in HF so how quickly it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge rate in HF so how quickly it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge rate in HF so how quickly it
+gets it gets removed by HF is a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets it gets removed by HF is a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets it gets removed by HF is a function
+of the density and and the index of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the density and and the index of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the density and and the index of
+refraction the the density oxide so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction the the density oxide so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction the the density oxide so it
+gives you an idea of the density um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you an idea of the density um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you an idea of the density um you
+can do scanning electron micrograph or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do scanning electron micrograph or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do scanning electron micrograph or
+or AFM Atomic Force to see how rough the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or AFM Atomic Force to see how rough the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or AFM Atomic Force to see how rough the
+surface is um a very common measure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface is um a very common measure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface is um a very common measure is
+called ellipsometry uh this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called ellipsometry uh this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called ellipsometry uh this is a
+technique where you you put a laser beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique where you you put a laser beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique where you you put a laser beam
+into the oxide and you have You Look At
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the oxide and you have You Look At
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the oxide and you have You Look At
+Its Reflection and you measure actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Its Reflection and you measure actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Its Reflection and you measure actually
+it's a polarized beam you measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a polarized beam you measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a polarized beam you measure the
+shift in the polarization um and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift in the polarization um and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift in the polarization um and it's a
+very nice method of measuring accurately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice method of measuring accurately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice method of measuring accurately
+the thickness of the oxide and its index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thickness of the oxide and its index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thickness of the oxide and its index
+of refraction which tells you about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of refraction which tells you about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of refraction which tells you about the
+density so almost every Fab and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density so almost every Fab and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density so almost every Fab and and and
+even the research F Labs have ellip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the research F Labs have ellip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the research F Labs have ellip
+ellipsometers where you can take your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipsometers where you can take your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipsometers where you can take your
+wafer You' be able to take this wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer You' be able to take this wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer You' be able to take this wafer
+here from Intel uh stick it on on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here from Intel uh stick it on on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here from Intel uh stick it on on the
+ellipsometer to come back and say 5,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipsometer to come back and say 5,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipsometer to come back and say 5,000
+angstroms or something tell or 532
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms or something tell or 532
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms or something tell or 532
+angstroms it can tell you the oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms it can tell you the oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms it can tell you the oxide
+thickness uh what we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness uh what we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness uh what we're going to talk
+about a little bit here is um electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a little bit here is um electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a little bit here is um electrical
+measurements and um some of you may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements and um some of you may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements and um some of you may be
+familiar with these but there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with these but there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with these but there's a
+measurement called a capacitor voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement called a capacitor voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement called a capacitor voltage
+um technique is probably the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um technique is probably the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um technique is probably the most
+powerful measurement technique that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful measurement technique that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful measurement technique that you
+can subject an oxide to uh if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can subject an oxide to uh if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can subject an oxide to uh if you look
+in the text section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the text section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the text section
+6.4.3 there's two or three pages on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.4.3 there's two or three pages on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.4.3 there's two or three pages on it
+you can I suggest you want to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can I suggest you want to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can I suggest you want to read
+through that especially if you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that especially if you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that especially if you're not
+familiar with CV because it has a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with CV because it has a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with CV because it has a lot
+more detail than than what we can do um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail than than what we can do um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail than than what we can do um
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+lecture so let's just go through some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so let's just go through some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so let's just go through some of
+these CV measurements uh uh if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these CV measurements uh uh if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these CV measurements uh uh if you've
+had basic courses in electronics you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had basic courses in electronics you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had basic courses in electronics you'll
+be quite familiar with this and it' be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be quite familiar with this and it' be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be quite familiar with this and it' be
+boring in a review if you haven't it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring in a review if you haven't it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring in a review if you haven't it'll
+probably seem a little bit mysterious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably seem a little bit mysterious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably seem a little bit mysterious
+but bear with bear with us and again if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but bear with bear with us and again if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but bear with bear with us and again if
+and you go back and you read through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you go back and you read through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you go back and you read through
+that section it hopefully will help the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that section it hopefully will help the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that section it hopefully will help the
+main point it will make though hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main point it will make though hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main point it will make though hopefully
+is that by doing a simple measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that by doing a simple measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that by doing a simple measurement
+which doesn't cost that much time time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which doesn't cost that much time time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which doesn't cost that much time time
+or money you can learn a tremendous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or money you can learn a tremendous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or money you can learn a tremendous
+amount about how that oxide was grown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount about how that oxide was grown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount about how that oxide was grown
+and what what happened to it in its life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what what happened to it in its life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what what happened to it in its life
+um so I'm going to talk about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I'm going to talk about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I'm going to talk about a
+technique called high frequency um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique called high frequency um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique called high frequency um
+capacitance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitance
+voltage and in order to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and in order to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and in order to do this
+measurement you do do need to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement you do do need to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement you do do need to make a
+device a very simple one it's fact it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device a very simple one it's fact it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device a very simple one it's fact it's
+the simplest device probably that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest device probably that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest device probably that you
+can even make ever make on Silicon what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can even make ever make on Silicon what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can even make ever make on Silicon what
+what you have is you take a silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have is you take a silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have is you take a silicon
+wafer uh this case it's end type it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer uh this case it's end type it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer uh this case it's end type it's
+doped with donors and you grow an oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doped with donors and you grow an oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doped with donors and you grow an oxide
+you take it into the clean room put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take it into the clean room put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take it into the clean room put in
+at 9 de in an oxygen ambient for half an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 9 de in an oxygen ambient for half an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 9 de in an oxygen ambient for half an
+hour you grow a certain oxide thickness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour you grow a certain oxide thickness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour you grow a certain oxide thickness
+you put metal down just evaporate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put metal down just evaporate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put metal down just evaporate
+aluminum and pattern into little dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum and pattern into little dots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum and pattern into little dots
+and then you you make a contact to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you you make a contact to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you you make a contact to the
+back of the wafer and you put a probe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of the wafer and you put a probe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of the wafer and you put a probe
+down on the front of the wafer so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down on the front of the wafer so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down on the front of the wafer so
+relatively simple measurement we we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively simple measurement we we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively simple measurement we we do
+this here at MIT in a class called 6152
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here at MIT in a class called 6152
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here at MIT in a class called 6152
+J very simple you make an MLs capacitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J very simple you make an MLs capacitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J very simple you make an MLs capacitor
+in the lab this is physically what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lab this is physically what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lab this is physically what it
+looks like it's got silicon oxide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like it's got silicon oxide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like it's got silicon oxide and
+metal this little symbol in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal this little symbol in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal this little symbol in the middle
+is me meant to represent from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is me meant to represent from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is me meant to represent from the
+circuit engine or the electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit engine or the electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit engine or the electrical
+engineers or physics point of view what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers or physics point of view what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers or physics point of view what
+it looks like it's a capacitor it's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like it's a capacitor it's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like it's a capacitor it's two
+electrodes um with contacts on either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes um with contacts on either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes um with contacts on either
+side and what I'm showing in this plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and what I'm showing in this plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and what I'm showing in this plot
+here is the capacitance on the y- axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the capacitance on the y- axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the capacitance on the y- axis
+as measured as a function of the gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as measured as a function of the gate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as measured as a function of the gate
+voltage so the amount of voltage put on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage so the amount of voltage put on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage so the amount of voltage put on
+this the gate is referred to as that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the gate is referred to as that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the gate is referred to as that
+little aluminum dot on the surface of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little aluminum dot on the surface of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little aluminum dot on the surface of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+wafer and we've biased this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer and we've biased this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer and we've biased this particular
+wafer in such a way um that it's got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer in such a way um that it's got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer in such a way um that it's got a
+positive bias on the on the aluminum dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive bias on the on the aluminum dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive bias on the on the aluminum dot
+in that case electrons from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case electrons from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case electrons from the
+substrate will be attracted to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate will be attracted to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate will be attracted to the
+surface and we we we do what we call we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and we we we do what we call we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and we we we do what we call we
+accumulate the substrate the surface uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulate the substrate the surface uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulate the substrate the surface uh
+this the um the the primary majority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the um the the primary majority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the um the the primary majority
+carrier in the Silicon is electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier in the Silicon is electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier in the Silicon is electrons
+anyway but I get more of them right at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway but I get more of them right at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway but I get more of them right at
+that silicon silicon dioxide interface I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that silicon silicon dioxide interface I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that silicon silicon dioxide interface I
+accumulate them and so if I were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulate them and so if I were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulate them and so if I were to
+measure the capacitance of this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the capacitance of this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the capacitance of this thing
+well I have it looks just like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I have it looks just like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I have it looks just like a
+parallel PL from basic physics I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel PL from basic physics I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel PL from basic physics I have
+aluminum I have an electric I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum I have an electric I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum I have an electric I have
+another sheet of electrons acts like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another sheet of electrons acts like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another sheet of electrons acts like
+sort of metallic that's called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of metallic that's called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of metallic that's called a
+capacitor the capacitance you measure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor the capacitance you measure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor the capacitance you measure is
+the dialectric capacitance related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dialectric capacitance related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dialectric capacitance related to
+the dialectric constant and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dialectric constant and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dialectric constant and the
+thickness seox so as long as I bias it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness seox so as long as I bias it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness seox so as long as I bias it
+with sufficiently positive voltage I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sufficiently positive voltage I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sufficiently positive voltage I get
+a constant the capacitance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant the capacitance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant the capacitance is
+independent of the gate bias that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of the gate bias that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of the gate bias that's
+accumulation now we start taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulation now we start taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulation now we start taking the
+gate bias and start making it negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate bias and start making it negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate bias and start making it negative
+so this VG now goes to zero and then to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this VG now goes to zero and then to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this VG now goes to zero and then to
+a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negative
+number well when that happens we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number well when that happens we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number well when that happens we get
+something actually calling depletion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something actually calling depletion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something actually calling depletion and
+depletion as the name suggests means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depletion as the name suggests means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depletion as the name suggests means
+that the surface region is now instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the surface region is now instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the surface region is now instead
+of accumulated it's depleted of free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of accumulated it's depleted of free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of accumulated it's depleted of free
+electrons the free carriers are now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons the free carriers are now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons the free carriers are now
+pushed away from the surface shown sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed away from the surface shown sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed away from the surface shown sort
+of schematically by this Arrow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of schematically by this Arrow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of schematically by this Arrow the
+electrons going away and we form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons going away and we form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons going away and we form a
+region here of a certain thickness X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region here of a certain thickness X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region here of a certain thickness X
+subd where there are no electrons there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subd where there are no electrons there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subd where there are no electrons there
+are no majority carriers it's depleted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no majority carriers it's depleted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no majority carriers it's depleted
+of free carriers uh and this x subd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of free carriers uh and this x subd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of free carriers uh and this x subd
+region is called the depletion region it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region is called the depletion region it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region is called the depletion region it
+has a certain thickness and in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a certain thickness and in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a certain thickness and in fact the
+thickness of that depleted region this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness of that depleted region this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness of that depleted region this
+thickness of XD depends on the bias as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness of XD depends on the bias as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness of XD depends on the bias as I
+make it more negative XD grows um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it more negative XD grows um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it more negative XD grows um in
+fact what we have electrically if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact what we have electrically if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact what we have electrically if you if
+you want to look at the circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to look at the circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to look at the circuit
+schematic we have two capacitors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematic we have two capacitors in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematic we have two capacitors in
+series we have an oxide capacitor from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series we have an oxide capacitor from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series we have an oxide capacitor from
+here to here and we have a depletion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to here and we have a depletion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to here and we have a depletion
+capacitance uh in the semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitance uh in the semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitance uh in the semiconductor
+which is is a variable and it depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is is a variable and it depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is is a variable and it depends on
+the voltage so in fact if you measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage so in fact if you measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage so in fact if you measure
+the capacitor it starts to goes down it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacitor it starts to goes down it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacitor it starts to goes down it
+starts to go down you're sweeping out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to go down you're sweeping out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to go down you're sweeping out a
+curve as you make it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve as you make it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve as you make it more
+negative so if you go on to slide 34 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so if you go on to slide 34 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so if you go on to slide 34 and
+you continue on making it more negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you continue on making it more negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you continue on making it more negative
+you finally hit a point called V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you finally hit a point called V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you finally hit a point called V
+threshold and right at that point um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold and right at that point um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold and right at that point um
+you're at something called inversion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're at something called inversion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're at something called inversion and
+in fact what's happened you've put so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact what's happened you've put so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact what's happened you've put so
+much negative charge on the gate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much negative charge on the gate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much negative charge on the gate that
+you actually start getting positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually start getting positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually start getting positive
+holes attracted to that interface to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes attracted to that interface to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes attracted to that interface to
+that that top interface so you've now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that top interface so you've now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that top interface so you've now
+formed an inversion layer this if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed an inversion layer this if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed an inversion layer this if you're
+a circuit design person right at VT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a circuit design person right at VT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a circuit design person right at VT
+that's where the device turns on for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the device turns on for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the device turns on for a
+mosfet that's where you've just formed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosfet that's where you've just formed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosfet that's where you've just formed a
+conducting conducting Channel this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting conducting Channel this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting conducting Channel this
+bright red region here is the holes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright red region here is the holes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright red region here is the holes in
+the inversion layer uh so in an N type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inversion layer uh so in an N type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inversion layer uh so in an N type
+semiconductor inversion you have a ptype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor inversion you have a ptype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor inversion you have a ptype
+uh layer of of of of holes at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh layer of of of of holes at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh layer of of of of holes at the
+interface this XD which I said was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface this XD which I said was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface this XD which I said was
+expanding it stops expanding it reaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding it stops expanding it reaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding it stops expanding it reaches
+its maximum and all of a sudden you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its maximum and all of a sudden you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its maximum and all of a sudden you get
+a constant capacitance you notice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant capacitance you notice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant capacitance you notice the
+capacitance curve now is flattened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitance curve now is flattened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitance curve now is flattened
+out which is just a series capacitance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out which is just a series capacitance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out which is just a series capacitance
+of this seox and this C depletion region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this seox and this C depletion region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this seox and this C depletion region
+um the where the depletion region is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the where the depletion region is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the where the depletion region is
+maxed out so you traced out a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxed out so you traced out a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxed out so you traced out a very
+simple looking curve um which we we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple looking curve um which we we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple looking curve um which we we'll
+see how the the properties of this oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how the the properties of this oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how the the properties of this oxide
+affect this curve but the basic idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect this curve but the basic idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect this curve but the basic idea is
+that all regions do matter where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all regions do matter where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all regions do matter where you're
+operating this device the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating this device the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating this device the amount of
+charge that's on the gate here on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge that's on the gate here on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge that's on the gate here on the
+aluminum has to be balanced by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum has to be balanced by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum has to be balanced by the
+charge that's in the substrate and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge that's in the substrate and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge that's in the substrate and the
+charge that's in the substrate will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge that's in the substrate will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge that's in the substrate will be
+either the depletion charge consisting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the depletion charge consisting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the depletion charge consisting
+of the charge associated with the donors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the charge associated with the donors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the charge associated with the donors
+in the depletion region or the inversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the depletion region or the inversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the depletion region or the inversion
+charge which is also positive which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge which is also positive which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge which is also positive which are
+these holes in this region so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these holes in this region so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these holes in this region so that's
+kind of a basic charge neutrality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a basic charge neutrality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a basic charge neutrality
+overall that has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hold so let's go on to slide 36 briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold so let's go on to slide 36 briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold so let's go on to slide 36 briefly
+um um this is a little more detailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um this is a little more detailed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um this is a little more detailed
+solid state physics than most of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid state physics than most of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid state physics than most of you
+need to get into if you're familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get into if you're familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get into if you're familiar with
+it again it'll be a reminder if not you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it again it'll be a reminder if not you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it again it'll be a reminder if not you
+have to sort of take it as as as a truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to sort of take it as as as a truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to sort of take it as as as a truth
+um the the question is is you know once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the question is is you know once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the question is is you know once
+I've I've formed this inversion layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've I've formed this inversion layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've I've formed this inversion layer
+and I have this q subi and I add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have this q subi and I add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have this q subi and I add
+additional charge to the gate it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional charge to the gate it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional charge to the gate it's
+balanced by more inversion charge you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced by more inversion charge you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced by more inversion charge you
+might say well why does an XD just keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say well why does an XD just keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say well why does an XD just keep
+growing people always wonder about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing people always wonder about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing people always wonder about that
+why why do they always get more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why do they always get more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why do they always get more
+inversion charge instead well it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion charge instead well it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion charge instead well it turns
+out it's just a lot easier at that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out it's just a lot easier at that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out it's just a lot easier at that point
+to create inversion charge to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create inversion charge to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create inversion charge to create
+these these holes at the interface in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these holes at the interface in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these holes at the interface in
+fact U if you're taking the solid state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact U if you're taking the solid state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact U if you're taking the solid state
+physic class you know that that whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physic class you know that that whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physic class you know that that whole
+density looks something like this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density looks something like this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density looks something like this in
+fact it has an exponential dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it has an exponential dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it has an exponential dependence
+uh on on that voltage on how we move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on on that voltage on how we move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on on that voltage on how we move
+that potential up and down so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that potential up and down so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that potential up and down so
+exponential means we only have to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential means we only have to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential means we only have to move
+the potential just a little bit and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential just a little bit and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential just a little bit and we
+can get exponentially more carriers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get exponentially more carriers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get exponentially more carriers so
+it's a lot easier to create this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lot easier to create this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lot easier to create this
+inversion charge at this point than it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion charge at this point than it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion charge at this point than it
+is to create more depletion charge so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to create more depletion charge so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to create more depletion charge so
+that's kind of a reason uh why that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of a reason uh why that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of a reason uh why that
+happens if you're familiar with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if you're familiar with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if you're familiar with it
+that'll just remind you how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll just remind you how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll just remind you how that
+works so let's go on to slide 36 and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so let's go on to slide 36 and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so let's go on to slide 36 and now
+we I've traced out again this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we I've traced out again this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we I've traced out again this is a very
+uh schematic sort of view but I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh schematic sort of view but I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh schematic sort of view but I've
+traced out a plot of capacitance on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traced out a plot of capacitance on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traced out a plot of capacitance on the
+vertical axis and the xaxis um is DC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical axis and the xaxis um is DC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical axis and the xaxis um is DC
+gate voltage and we just traced out for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate voltage and we just traced out for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate voltage and we just traced out for
+you this black curve where we started at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this black curve where we started at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this black curve where we started at
+seox a constant number as I sweep down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seox a constant number as I sweep down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seox a constant number as I sweep down
+through zero I go in depletion and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through zero I go in depletion and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through zero I go in depletion and it
+goes down and then the capacitance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down and then the capacitance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down and then the capacitance
+reaches a minimum and that's what an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches a minimum and that's what an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches a minimum and that's what an
+ideal high frequency capacitance would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal high frequency capacitance would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal high frequency capacitance would
+curve would look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve would look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve would look
+like um now um the basically um so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um now um the basically um so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um now um the basically um so why
+why is what happens and we go to lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is what happens and we go to lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is what happens and we go to lower
+frequency well I have another curve here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency well I have another curve here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency well I have another curve here
+where we swept through this region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we swept through this region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we swept through this region
+through depletion and then all of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through depletion and then all of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through depletion and then all of a
+sudden the curve right after threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden the curve right after threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden the curve right after threshold
+in inversion in at low frequencies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in inversion in at low frequencies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in inversion in at low frequencies the
+capacitor goes back up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor goes back up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor goes back up to
+seax well it's because if I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seax well it's because if I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seax well it's because if I have a
+signal that's going at low enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal that's going at low enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal that's going at low enough
+frequencies the inversion layer carriers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies the inversion layer carriers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies the inversion layer carriers
+can actually follow that signal so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually follow that signal so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually follow that signal so
+instead of just getting this minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just getting this minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just getting this minimum
+capacitance of these these two in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitance of these these two in in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitance of these these two in in in
+capacitors in series it actually goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitors in series it actually goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitors in series it actually goes
+back up to look like a normal uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up to look like a normal uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up to look like a normal uh uh
+parallel plate capacitor with capacitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel plate capacitor with capacitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel plate capacitor with capacitor
+seox in fact if we go to the next slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seox in fact if we go to the next slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seox in fact if we go to the next slide
+I think it explains it a little bit uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it explains it a little bit uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it explains it a little bit uh
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+physically on slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically on slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically on slide
+37 the different regions so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+37 the different regions so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+37 the different regions so in
+accumulation remember we said we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulation remember we said we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulation remember we said we just
+had a regular parallel plate capacitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a regular parallel plate capacitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a regular parallel plate capacitor
+capacitor seox I wiggle charge here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor seox I wiggle charge here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor seox I wiggle charge here um
+um on on the metal gate and you wiggle a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on on the metal gate and you wiggle a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on on the metal gate and you wiggle a
+little bit equal amount of charge in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit equal amount of charge in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit equal amount of charge in the
+substrate um in depletion what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate um in depletion what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate um in depletion what's
+happening your wiggling charge on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening your wiggling charge on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening your wiggling charge on the
+gate and instead of accumulating you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate and instead of accumulating you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate and instead of accumulating you're
+actually depleting and you're wiggling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually depleting and you're wiggling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually depleting and you're wiggling
+charge at the back end of the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge at the back end of the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge at the back end of the space
+charge region which is sweeping out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge region which is sweeping out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge region which is sweeping out and
+that's why the capacitance goes down now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why the capacitance goes down now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why the capacitance goes down now
+if I'm at low frequency and I'm inverted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm at low frequency and I'm inverted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm at low frequency and I'm inverted
+I've created this inversion layer here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've created this inversion layer here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've created this inversion layer here
+of positive charge if I wiggle charge on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of positive charge if I wiggle charge on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of positive charge if I wiggle charge on
+the gate you actually it's low enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gate you actually it's low enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gate you actually it's low enough
+frequency that I can actually wiggle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency that I can actually wiggle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency that I can actually wiggle
+charge in the inversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge in the inversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge in the inversion
+layer however if I'm at a bias where I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer however if I'm at a bias where I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer however if I'm at a bias where I'm
+in inversion but I'm doing at a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in inversion but I'm doing at a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in inversion but I'm doing at a very
+high frequency say megahertz or uh 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequency say megahertz or uh 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequency say megahertz or uh 100
+kilohertz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilohertz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilohertz
+um the inversion layer can't respond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the inversion layer can't respond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the inversion layer can't respond
+that fast but but the depletion region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fast but but the depletion region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fast but but the depletion region
+actually can so you actually get um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually can so you actually get um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually can so you actually get um that
+the series uh capacitance of both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series uh capacitance of both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series uh capacitance of both the
+inversion layer and the depletion layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion layer and the depletion layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion layer and the depletion layer
+so this is all reasonably well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is all reasonably well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is all reasonably well
+understood U if you want to read in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood U if you want to read in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood U if you want to read in in
+pere's book uh has a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pere's book uh has a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pere's book uh has a little more
+detailed um explanation of of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed um explanation of of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed um explanation of of these
+different regimes or regions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+curve so uh there's another region that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so uh there's another region that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so uh there's another region that
+tells us something of of the of the CV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us something of of the of the CV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us something of of the of the CV
+curve which is going to end up telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve which is going to end up telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve which is going to end up telling
+us something about the quality of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us something about the quality of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us something about the quality of the
+oxide it's called Deep depletion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide it's called Deep depletion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide it's called Deep depletion and
+I've marked that region here on a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've marked that region here on a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've marked that region here on a high
+frequency curve where it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency curve where it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency curve where it actually
+instead of being flat going straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of being flat going straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of being flat going straight
+across it actually starts to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across it actually starts to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across it actually starts to go
+down and what we've done in deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and what we've done in deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and what we've done in deep
+depletion remember in this regime we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depletion remember in this regime we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depletion remember in this regime we
+have um two capacitors in series The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um two capacitors in series The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um two capacitors in series The
+oxide and the depletion region um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide and the depletion region um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide and the depletion region um is
+that we sweep the DC voltage very fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we sweep the DC voltage very fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we sweep the DC voltage very fast
+so that the inversion layer carriers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the inversion layer carriers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the inversion layer carriers
+can't follow it so XD ends up expanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't follow it so XD ends up expanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't follow it so XD ends up expanding
+a little bit um and in fact um if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit um and in fact um if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit um and in fact um if you
+see deep depletion it's a sign that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see deep depletion it's a sign that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see deep depletion it's a sign that you
+have a very high minority care lifetime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very high minority care lifetime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very high minority care lifetime
+you have very few traps you you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have very few traps you you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have very few traps you you don't
+have much iron and things like that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have much iron and things like that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have much iron and things like that so
+people will often take capacitors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will often take capacitors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will often take capacitors and
+try to intentionally sweep the CV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to intentionally sweep the CV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to intentionally sweep the CV
+quickly see if they can get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly see if they can get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly see if they can get this
+lowering this deep depletion the faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowering this deep depletion the faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowering this deep depletion the faster
+you sweep it the further down it goes if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sweep it the further down it goes if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sweep it the further down it goes if
+you don't see that lowering you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't see that lowering you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't see that lowering you don't
+have very good minority care lifetime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very good minority care lifetime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very good minority care lifetime
+you probably have a lot of traps or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably have a lot of traps or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably have a lot of traps or
+things somewhere at that interface so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things somewhere at that interface so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things somewhere at that interface so
+this is a way of of getting a rough idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a way of of getting a rough idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a way of of getting a rough idea
+of what kind of quality interface have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what kind of quality interface have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what kind of quality interface have
+you produced can you deep deplete the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you produced can you deep deplete the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you produced can you deep deplete the
+capacitor or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not so basically um from looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so basically um from looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so basically um from looking at
+these capacitor voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these capacitor voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these capacitor voltage
+measurements we can extract a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements we can extract a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements we can extract a lot of
+quantitative information in fact we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative information in fact we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative information in fact we can
+get the oxide thickness remember we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the oxide thickness remember we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the oxide thickness remember we had
+seox seox just goes depends on um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seox seox just goes depends on um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seox seox just goes depends on um the
+dialectric constant and the oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialectric constant and the oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialectric constant and the oxide
+thickness so once I get that number I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness so once I get that number I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness so once I get that number I
+know the area I can calculate the oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the area I can calculate the oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the area I can calculate the oxide
+thickness I can get the substrate doping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness I can get the substrate doping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness I can get the substrate doping
+from the depletion uh capacitance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the depletion uh capacitance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the depletion uh capacitance and
+you can get all these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get all these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get all these different
+interface charges qf qit the mobile and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface charges qf qit the mobile and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface charges qf qit the mobile and
+the oxide trap charts all those just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oxide trap charts all those just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oxide trap charts all those just by
+doing CV measurements and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing CV measurements and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing CV measurements and their
+different configurations and frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different configurations and frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different configurations and frequencies
+we can we can get this information which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can we can get this information which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can we can get this information which
+tells you about the electrical quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you about the electrical quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you about the electrical quality
+uh of of the uh of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+device so in fact on slide 40 what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device so in fact on slide 40 what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device so in fact on slide 40 what I'm
+showing are some quote unquote realistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing are some quote unquote realistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing are some quote unquote realistic
+capacitance voltage curves much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitance voltage curves much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitance voltage curves much more
+like you would measure in the lab what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you would measure in the lab what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you would measure in the lab what
+what we've shown so far on a CD plot it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've shown so far on a CD plot it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've shown so far on a CD plot it
+looks like this so we have this curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this so we have this curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this so we have this curve
+here um here in accumulation where at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um here in accumulation where at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um here in accumulation where at
+seox it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seox it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seox it comes
+down and sweeps out like this so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and sweeps out like this so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and sweeps out like this so that's
+the ideal high frequency curve in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideal high frequency curve in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideal high frequency curve in fact
+that's not what you would measure in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not what you would measure in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not what you would measure in a
+real device you would measure that curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real device you would measure that curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real device you would measure that curve
+but shift it over to the left so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but shift it over to the left so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but shift it over to the left so if you
+look at this curve right here you see um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this curve right here you see um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this curve right here you see um
+it's shifted um and in fact it's The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's shifted um and in fact it's The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's shifted um and in fact it's The
+High Frequency curve but shifted by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High Frequency curve but shifted by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High Frequency curve but shifted by two
+terms and the terms look like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and the terms look like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and the terms look like this
+there's one term that goes like the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one term that goes like the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one term that goes like the the
+kobic charge little Q times qf the fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kobic charge little Q times qf the fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kobic charge little Q times qf the fixed
+charge divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge divided by
+seox so this is the qf term this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seox so this is the qf term this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seox so this is the qf term this is just
+do remember qf is positive so it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do remember qf is positive so it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do remember qf is positive so it just
+literally takes the threshold voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally takes the threshold voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally takes the threshold voltage
+and shifts it by qf over seox so you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shifts it by qf over seox so you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shifts it by qf over seox so you see
+this shift because of this positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shift because of this positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shift because of this positive
+fixed charge the bigger the fixed charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed charge the bigger the fixed charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed charge the bigger the fixed charge
+the bigger that shift and in fact it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bigger that shift and in fact it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bigger that shift and in fact it's
+the shift from the ideal curve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shift from the ideal curve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shift from the ideal curve that
+people use that's a way people use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use that's a way people use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use that's a way people use to
+measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure
+qf um FS is the metal semiconductor uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qf um FS is the metal semiconductor uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qf um FS is the metal semiconductor uh
+work function difference which is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work function difference which is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work function difference which is just
+sort of a property of the metal that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a property of the metal that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a property of the metal that you
+use whether you use aluminum or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use whether you use aluminum or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use whether you use aluminum or what
+what you use um so there's also a shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you use um so there's also a shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you use um so there's also a shift
+associated with that and that's a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with that and that's a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with that and that's a fixed
+number depending on the polysilicon gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number depending on the polysilicon gate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number depending on the polysilicon gate
+that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you
+used so with this positive fixed charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used so with this positive fixed charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used so with this positive fixed charge
+shifts the CV to the left and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts the CV to the left and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts the CV to the left and you get
+this curve that's a good sign now most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve that's a good sign now most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve that's a good sign now most
+of you would actually if you were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you would actually if you were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you would actually if you were to
+measure your devices you'd get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure your devices you'd get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure your devices you'd get a
+distorted curve instead of looking just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorted curve instead of looking just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorted curve instead of looking just
+like this with this abrupt drop off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this with this abrupt drop off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this with this abrupt drop off
+you'd see it looks a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd see it looks a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd see it looks a little bit
+distorted from what you calculated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorted from what you calculated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorted from what you calculated in
+the ideal case um and in fact this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideal case um and in fact this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideal case um and in fact this
+Distortion is due to the fact that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion is due to the fact that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion is due to the fact that there
+is variable interface trap charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is variable interface trap charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is variable interface trap charge
+remember we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we talked about
+qit and we said that the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qit and we said that the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qit and we said that the amount of
+charge in qit depends on the the bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge in qit depends on the the bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge in qit depends on the the bias
+voltage so as I'm sweeping from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage so as I'm sweeping from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage so as I'm sweeping from here
+from right to left I'm uncovering or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from right to left I'm uncovering or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from right to left I'm uncovering or or
+causing extra U my ability to see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing extra U my ability to see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing extra U my ability to see you
+know to charge an uncharge qit and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to charge an uncharge qit and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to charge an uncharge qit and that
+ends up Shifting The Curve by variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up Shifting The Curve by variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up Shifting The Curve by variable
+amounts so it gets distorted so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts so it gets distorted so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts so it gets distorted so the
+amount of distortion is a way of telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of distortion is a way of telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of distortion is a way of telling
+how much qit you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have and in fact if you look on slide 41
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and in fact if you look on slide 41
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and in fact if you look on slide 41
+this is sort of pictured uh for you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of pictured uh for you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of pictured uh for you if
+you are if you've had solid state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are if you've had solid state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are if you've had solid state
+physics class and you know about energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics class and you know about energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics class and you know about energy
+band diagrams um and States then this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band diagrams um and States then this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band diagrams um and States then this is
+a way of thinking about um that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way of thinking about um that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way of thinking about um that if you
+haven't again it's the type of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't again it's the type of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't again it's the type of thing
+you'll have to to um to take with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have to to um to take with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have to to um to take with a
+grain of salt or study up on it so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grain of salt or study up on it so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grain of salt or study up on it so what
+what we have pictorially here up in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have pictorially here up in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have pictorially here up in this
+upper band diagram is the conduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper band diagram is the conduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper band diagram is the conduction
+Band Here shown of the silicon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Band Here shown of the silicon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Band Here shown of the silicon and
+here's the valance band so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the valance band so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the valance band so here's the
+band gap between those two this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band gap between those two this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band gap between those two this is the
+semiconductor of the silicon and on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor of the silicon and on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor of the silicon and on the
+left is the oxide and notice right at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left is the oxide and notice right at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left is the oxide and notice right at
+the interface there's a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interface there's a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interface there's a whole bunch of
+little levels each little bar here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little levels each little bar here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little levels each little bar here
+represents an energy level that electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents an energy level that electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents an energy level that electron
+can occupy and you notice that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can occupy and you notice that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can occupy and you notice that there are
+energy levels within the entire band Gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels within the entire band Gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels within the entire band Gap
+there are certain Den of States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are certain Den of States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are certain Den of States
+throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the
+banget um and we're going to assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banget um and we're going to assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banget um and we're going to assume
+their donor type they're distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their donor type they're distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their donor type they're distributed
+somehow their donor type meaning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow their donor type meaning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow their donor type meaning that
+they're positive when they they're empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're positive when they they're empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're positive when they they're empty
+so if there's no electron in there this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if there's no electron in there this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if there's no electron in there this
+is has a positive charge if it captures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is has a positive charge if it captures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is has a positive charge if it captures
+an electron it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron it's
+neutral okay so now we look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral okay so now we look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral okay so now we look at this
+energy band diagram in the in the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy band diagram in the in the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy band diagram in the in the center
+set of Curves for for different bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of Curves for for different bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of Curves for for different bias
+conditions so we can look at it under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so we can look at it under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so we can look at it under
+inversion so when the surface is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion so when the surface is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion so when the surface is
+inverted um turns out the qit is large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverted um turns out the qit is large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverted um turns out the qit is large
+and it's positive it's mostly empty we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's positive it's mostly empty we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's positive it's mostly empty we
+have the bands bent none of these have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the bands bent none of these have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the bands bent none of these have
+any um electrons in them so I have now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any um electrons in them so I have now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any um electrons in them so I have now a
+lot of positive charge at that interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of positive charge at that interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of positive charge at that interface
+under that bias condition okay so here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under that bias condition okay so here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under that bias condition okay so here I
+am an inversion Region C on this bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am an inversion Region C on this bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am an inversion Region C on this bottom
+curve and lo and behold I have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and lo and behold I have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and lo and behold I have a lot of
+positive charge that means I am shifted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive charge that means I am shifted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive charge that means I am shifted
+from the ideal case quite a bit to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the ideal case quite a bit to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the ideal case quite a bit to the
+left and you see why in Region C of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and you see why in Region C of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and you see why in Region C of this
+realistic curve I'm shifted quite quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic curve I'm shifted quite quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic curve I'm shifted quite quite
+a far over so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a far over so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a far over so I'm
+distorted so now let's go to region B of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorted so now let's go to region B of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorted so now let's go to region B of
+that curve so that's here under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that curve so that's here under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that curve so that's here under
+depletion in the center when I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depletion in the center when I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depletion in the center when I'm
+depleted the bias voltage again is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depleted the bias voltage again is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depleted the bias voltage again is a
+little bit closer to zero um I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit closer to zero um I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit closer to zero um I don't
+have as much band bending and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have as much band bending and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have as much band bending and in fact
+some of these density of interface traps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these density of interface traps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these density of interface traps
+is now filled with electrons maybe about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now filled with electrons maybe about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now filled with electrons maybe about
+half of them so the amount of qit that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of them so the amount of qit that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of them so the amount of qit that's
+uncovered at that interface now in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncovered at that interface now in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncovered at that interface now in this
+bias condition is less so I have less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias condition is less so I have less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias condition is less so I have less
+interface trap charge so indeed if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface trap charge so indeed if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface trap charge so indeed if you
+look at the ideal curve or and you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the ideal curve or and you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the ideal curve or and you look
+at the distorted curve at point B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the distorted curve at point B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the distorted curve at point B
+there's less of a shift than there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's less of a shift than there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's less of a shift than there was
+at Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Point
+C because there's less charge at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C because there's less charge at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C because there's less charge at that
+interface less positive charge and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface less positive charge and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface less positive charge and now
+let's finally go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's finally go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's finally go to
+accumulation I've bent things uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulation I've bent things uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulation I've bent things uh the
+voltage now is such that all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage now is such that all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage now is such that all of these
+traps are occupied by electrons so qit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traps are occupied by electrons so qit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traps are occupied by electrons so qit
+has its minimum value they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has its minimum value they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has its minimum value they're all
+occupied so qit is low and so in region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupied so qit is low and so in region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupied so qit is low and so in region
+a where we're in accumulation in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a where we're in accumulation in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a where we're in accumulation in fact
+the shift from the ideal is very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shift from the ideal is very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shift from the ideal is very very
+small it's a small shift so as I sweep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small it's a small shift so as I sweep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small it's a small shift so as I sweep
+here from inversion I get the curve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here from inversion I get the curve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here from inversion I get the curve a
+lot of shift to depletion not so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of shift to depletion not so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of shift to depletion not so much
+shift accumulation very little shift so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift accumulation very little shift so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift accumulation very little shift so
+very so the Distortion of the curve has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very so the Distortion of the curve has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very so the Distortion of the curve has
+to do with these traps that depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with these traps that depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with these traps that depend on
+the bias uh level and the fact that qit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bias uh level and the fact that qit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bias uh level and the fact that qit
+varies with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies with
+bias so how do people measure qit well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias so how do people measure qit well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias so how do people measure qit well
+this there's one way of doing it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there's one way of doing it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there's one way of doing it um
+there there are a couple different ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are a couple different ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are a couple different ones
+but what what people do is they measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what what people do is they measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what what people do is they measure
+a curve under high frequency and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a curve under high frequency and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a curve under high frequency and they
+choose the frequency such that the traps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the frequency such that the traps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the frequency such that the traps
+that the qits can't respond so they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the qits can't respond so they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the qits can't respond so they get
+a kind of an ideal like curve shown here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of an ideal like curve shown here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of an ideal like curve shown here
+or you can calculate the ideal curve if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can calculate the ideal curve if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can calculate the ideal curve if
+you're if you're a more theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're if you're a more theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're if you're a more theoretical
+person you can calculate it uh and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person you can calculate it uh and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person you can calculate it uh and then
+they do a low frequency curve and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do a low frequency curve and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do a low frequency curve and they
+choose low enough so the traps can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose low enough so the traps can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose low enough so the traps can
+respond and in fact they see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond and in fact they see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond and in fact they see a
+difference at a given in a certain bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference at a given in a certain bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference at a given in a certain bias
+regime um you can see a difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime um you can see a difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime um you can see a difference in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+capacitance and that difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitance and that difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitance and that difference in
+capacitance can be related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitance can be related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitance can be related to the
+density of the traps um that are in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of the traps um that are in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of the traps um that are in a
+certain region of the band Gap uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain region of the band Gap uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain region of the band Gap uh
+because sort of where you are and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because sort of where you are and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because sort of where you are and the
+band Gap corresponds to where you are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band Gap corresponds to where you are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band Gap corresponds to where you are in
+bias so people can take you could give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias so people can take you could give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias so people can take you could give
+someone this data who is familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone this data who is familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone this data who is familiar with
+it and they could plot then for you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and they could plot then for you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and they could plot then for you the
+density of traps uh in the band Gap at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of traps uh in the band Gap at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of traps uh in the band Gap at
+the uh at that incate face between silic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh at that incate face between silic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh at that incate face between silic
+and silicon dioxide as a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and silicon dioxide as a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and silicon dioxide as a function of the
+energy in the band Gap and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in the band Gap and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in the band Gap and you can see
+it has this familiar u-shaped profile in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has this familiar u-shaped profile in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has this familiar u-shaped profile in
+the center it has some number midgap and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center it has some number midgap and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center it has some number midgap and
+typically 510 the 10th traps per square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically 510 the 10th traps per square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically 510 the 10th traps per square
+centimeter as you go closer to the edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter as you go closer to the edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter as you go closer to the edges
+it goes up um sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes up um sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes up um sort of
+dramatically but this is a way by CV of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically but this is a way by CV of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically but this is a way by CV of
+measuring uh dit or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring uh dit or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring uh dit or or
+qit um and in fact we want to keep it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qit um and in fact we want to keep it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qit um and in fact we want to keep it as
+low as possible so our threshold voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low as possible so our threshold voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low as possible so our threshold voltage
+isn't moving all over the place and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't moving all over the place and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't moving all over the place and
+we're getting ideal characteristics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting ideal characteristics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting ideal characteristics and
+what we do is after we do an oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do is after we do an oxidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do is after we do an oxidation
+the the uh last high temperature step is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh last high temperature step is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh last high temperature step is
+typically some kind of forming gas anal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically some kind of forming gas anal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically some kind of forming gas anal
+and after kneeling this dit goes down by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after kneeling this dit goes down by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after kneeling this dit goes down by
+about two orders of magnitude so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two orders of magnitude so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two orders of magnitude so you
+notice the last step in a mosfet or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice the last step in a mosfet or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice the last step in a mosfet or in
+an MOS flow if you've done it is to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an MOS flow if you've done it is to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an MOS flow if you've done it is to do
+an analing in forming gas which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an analing in forming gas which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an analing in forming gas which has
+hydrogen in it at about 450 or 500 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen in it at about 450 or 500 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen in it at about 450 or 500 and
+that takes this dit from up here all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes this dit from up here all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes this dit from up here all the
+way down to here to a level a level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way down to here to a level a level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way down to here to a level a level
+that's tolerable for the device to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operate so I know I went through a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate so I know I went through a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate so I know I went through a lot
+of that CV stuff fairly rapidly and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that CV stuff fairly rapidly and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that CV stuff fairly rapidly and and
+I apologize for that but I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I apologize for that but I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I apologize for that but I wanted to
+give you more than the details give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you more than the details give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you more than the details give you
+a slav for it um if if you've had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slav for it um if if you've had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slav for it um if if you've had
+courses in electrical or solid state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses in electrical or solid state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses in electrical or solid state
+physics you'll recognize some of it if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics you'll recognize some of it if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics you'll recognize some of it if
+you haven't you can go through in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't you can go through in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't you can go through in the
+text in more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text in more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text in more
+detail so but just to summarize um on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail so but just to summarize um on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail so but just to summarize um on
+the oxidation it it's really uh probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oxidation it it's really uh probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oxidation it it's really uh probably
+one of the most critical processes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most critical processes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most critical processes for
+seos um thermal oxides that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seos um thermal oxides that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seos um thermal oxides that are
+thermally grown are used for a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermally grown are used for a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermally grown are used for a lot of
+different things um tunnel insulators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things um tunnel insulators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things um tunnel insulators
+masking oxide field oxides if if nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masking oxide field oxides if if nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masking oxide field oxides if if nothing
+else you should remember that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else you should remember that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else you should remember that the
+electrical properties of silicon silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical properties of silicon silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical properties of silicon silicon
+dioxide are the best and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide are the best and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide are the best and they're
+Superior to all other cases and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Superior to all other cases and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Superior to all other cases and that's
+why it's taking so many years for us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's taking so many years for us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's taking so many years for us to
+find another insulator another high K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find another insulator another high K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find another insulator another high K
+people just you really it's tough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people just you really it's tough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people just you really it's tough to
+beat or it's tough even to equal it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat or it's tough even to equal it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat or it's tough even to equal it um
+there are charges though it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are charges though it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are charges though it's not
+perfect remember nobody's perfect one 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect remember nobody's perfect one 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect remember nobody's perfect one 10
+the 5th is a problem at the interface uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 5th is a problem at the interface uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 5th is a problem at the interface uh
+but there are charges that exist and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are charges that exist and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are charges that exist and
+things like fixed charge which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like fixed charge which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like fixed charge which is
+positive dit or qit mobile charge you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive dit or qit mobile charge you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive dit or qit mobile charge you
+don't have mobile charg if you're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have mobile charg if you're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have mobile charg if you're really
+clean um and qot these charges do exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean um and qot these charges do exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean um and qot these charges do exist
+but they can be characterized by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they can be characterized by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they can be characterized by
+relatively simple techniques like MOS CV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively simple techniques like MOS CV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively simple techniques like MOS CV
+so um we'll go on next time and talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um we'll go on next time and talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um we'll go on next time and talk
+about the physics or the the sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the physics or the the sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the physics or the the sort of the
+kinetics of how this process of thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics of how this process of thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics of how this process of thermal
+oxidation takes place but that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation takes place but that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation takes place but that's uh
+please go ahead and start reading um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please go ahead and start reading um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please go ahead and start reading um
+chapter six also um your handout uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter six also um your handout uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter six also um your handout uh
+problem uh homework number two was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh homework number two was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh homework number two was
+handed out so you can go ahead and start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handed out so you can go ahead and start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handed out so you can go ahead and start
+working on that that's due next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on that that's due next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on that that's due next
+Thursday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hNR3WTboo_U.txt b/hNR3WTboo_U.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..da49542520c14f9a1f93e563b50c0a9e63615069
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hNR3WTboo_U.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10915 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+last class I talked about payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last class I talked about payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last class I talked about payment
+channels and Lightning Network so today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels and Lightning Network so today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels and Lightning Network so today
+will be today we'll talk about a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be today we'll talk about a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be today we'll talk about a bit
+more about payment channels we'll recap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about payment channels we'll recap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about payment channels we'll recap
+a little bit we'll talk about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit we'll talk about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit we'll talk about some
+optimizations one of which is key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizations one of which is key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizations one of which is key
+addition the other is hash trees and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition the other is hash trees and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition the other is hash trees and
+then we'll talk about cross chain swaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll talk about cross chain swaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll talk about cross chain swaps
+or cross chain atomic swaps ok so last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or cross chain atomic swaps ok so last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or cross chain atomic swaps ok so last
+time the the sort of main idea of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the the sort of main idea of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the the sort of main idea of these
+payment channels as you've got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment channels as you've got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment channels as you've got this
+commitment transaction and each party
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment transaction and each party
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment transaction and each party
+holds a sort of different transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds a sort of different transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds a sort of different transaction
+that has you know the same amounts but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has you know the same amounts but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has you know the same amounts but
+slightly different scripts so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different scripts so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different scripts so it's
+spending from a shared funding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending from a shared funding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending from a shared funding
+transaction and it's sending out to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction and it's sending out to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction and it's sending out to you
+know the one that's held by Alice on her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the one that's held by Alice on her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the one that's held by Alice on her
+hard drive sends to Bob in the clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard drive sends to Bob in the clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard drive sends to Bob in the clear
+right Bob just gets his eight coins with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Bob just gets his eight coins with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Bob just gets his eight coins with
+no ifs ands or buts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no ifs ands or buts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no ifs ands or buts
+however when Alice broadcasts this she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however when Alice broadcasts this she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however when Alice broadcasts this she
+needs to wait a hundred blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to wait a hundred blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to wait a hundred blocks
+she needs to wait a day and if she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she needs to wait a day and if she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she needs to wait a day and if she
+reveals this key to Bob now Bob can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveals this key to Bob now Bob can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveals this key to Bob now Bob can use
+Bob's key in this revocable key and Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob's key in this revocable key and Bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob's key in this revocable key and Bob
+can get these coins immediately and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get these coins immediately and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get these coins immediately and the
+opposite is for Bob right so when Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite is for Bob right so when Bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite is for Bob right so when Bob
+has his transaction it's got analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has his transaction it's got analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has his transaction it's got analysis
+signature he doesn't store his own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature he doesn't store his own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature he doesn't store his own
+because he can just create compute it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he can just create compute it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he can just create compute it
+quickly the two coins that go to Alice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly the two coins that go to Alice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly the two coins that go to Alice
+go to her in the clear however the eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to her in the clear however the eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to her in the clear however the eight
+coins that Bob guessed for himself he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins that Bob guessed for himself he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins that Bob guessed for himself he
+has to wait a hundred blocks and during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to wait a hundred blocks and during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to wait a hundred blocks and during
+the hundred bucks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hundred bucks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hundred bucks
+Alice can sign if she has Bob's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice can sign if she has Bob's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice can sign if she has Bob's
+revocation key okay so that's the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revocation key okay so that's the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revocation key okay so that's the basic
+idea of these outputs and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of these outputs and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of these outputs and then you
+construct these so when I say you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct these so when I say you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct these so when I say you know
+Alice one Bitcoin Bob nine Bitcoin it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice one Bitcoin Bob nine Bitcoin it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice one Bitcoin Bob nine Bitcoin it's
+of the format in these right the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the format in these right the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the format in these right the person
+who holds that transaction has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who holds that transaction has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who holds that transaction has a
+transaction where the other party gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction where the other party gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction where the other party gets
+the coins immediately and their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coins immediately and their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coins immediately and their own
+coins have this lock lock up period and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins have this lock lock up period and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins have this lock lock up period and
+can be grabbed by the other party
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be grabbed by the other party
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be grabbed by the other party
+if they revoke them so initially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they revoke them so initially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they revoke them so initially the
+state is Alice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is Alice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is Alice
+one bitcoin bob has nine there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one bitcoin bob has nine there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one bitcoin bob has nine there's two
+different statement transactions one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different statement transactions one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different statement transactions one
+held by us one held by bomb they build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held by us one held by bomb they build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held by us one held by bomb they build a
+new transaction together where Alice has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new transaction together where Alice has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new transaction together where Alice has
+five coins and Bob has five points and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five coins and Bob has five points and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five coins and Bob has five points and
+then they revoke the old one by sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they revoke the old one by sharing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they revoke the old one by sharing
+these secrets right so now since they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these secrets right so now since they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these secrets right so now since they
+both has handed each other these revoke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both has handed each other these revoke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both has handed each other these revoke
+a ssin private keys both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ssin private keys both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ssin private keys both of these
+parties cannot broadcast this if they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties cannot broadcast this if they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties cannot broadcast this if they do
+the other party takes all the money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other party takes all the money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other party takes all the money
+right and then you can build these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then you can build these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then you can build these
+indefinitely okay so any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indefinitely okay so any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indefinitely okay so any questions about
+that that was covered last time but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that was covered last time but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that was covered last time but it's
+kind of in the complicated questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of in the complicated questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of in the complicated questions
+good okay so some optimizations we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay so some optimizations we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay so some optimizations we'd
+want to make yeah so basically either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make yeah so basically either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make yeah so basically either
+party broadcast and has to wait Alice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party broadcast and has to wait Alice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party broadcast and has to wait Alice
+gives Bob the alice our private key Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives Bob the alice our private key Bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives Bob the alice our private key Bob
+use Alice the Bravo our private key they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use Alice the Bravo our private key they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use Alice the Bravo our private key they
+broadcast the counter party takes all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcast the counter party takes all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcast the counter party takes all
+the funds so what are some optimizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the funds so what are some optimizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the funds so what are some optimizations
+here the basic idea of the script is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the basic idea of the script is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the basic idea of the script is
+okay key a can you know you can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay key a can you know you can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay key a can you know you can have a
+signature from key a and you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature from key a and you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature from key a and you have to
+wait a day or two or five or whatever or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait a day or two or five or whatever or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait a day or two or five or whatever or
+you can have a signature from key B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have a signature from key B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have a signature from key B and
+the signature from key C so what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signature from key C so what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signature from key C so what are
+some optimizations here the revealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some optimizations here the revealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some optimizations here the revealing
+part anyway to make that smaller more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part anyway to make that smaller more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part anyway to make that smaller more
+efficient so one idea is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient so one idea is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient so one idea is you know
+preimage instead of a signature right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preimage instead of a signature right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preimage instead of a signature right
+you're just you're just revealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just you're just revealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just you're just revealing
+something you're not actually committing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you're not actually committing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you're not actually committing
+to any data so Bob could when Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to any data so Bob could when Bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to any data so Bob could when Bob
+reveals his secret he could just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveals his secret he could just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveals his secret he could just be
+here's a here's a pre-image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a here's a pre-image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a here's a pre-image
+and you can get instead of like 70 bytes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can get instead of like 70 bytes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can get instead of like 70 bytes
+for a signature you get down to like 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a signature you get down to like 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a signature you get down to like 20
+bytes for a hash and a pre-image right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bytes for a hash and a pre-image right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bytes for a hash and a pre-image right
+because so how would it work you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because so how would it work you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because so how would it work you just
+say okay Alice signs if Alice knows Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay Alice signs if Alice knows Bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay Alice signs if Alice knows Bob
+R's preimage right the Bob our Bob our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R's preimage right the Bob our Bob our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R's preimage right the Bob our Bob our
+doesn't have to actually sign she can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to actually sign she can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to actually sign she can
+just know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just know it
+that would work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would work
+so actually that was sort of the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually that was sort of the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually that was sort of the initial
+idea I think that's what's written in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea I think that's what's written in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea I think that's what's written in
+the paper but you can do even saw so an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper but you can do even saw so an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper but you can do even saw so an
+even smaller way to do it is combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even smaller way to do it is combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even smaller way to do it is combine
+keys so in the elliptic curve that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys so in the elliptic curve that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys so in the elliptic curve that we're
+using and you know all these groups all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using and you know all these groups all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using and you know all these groups all
+these signature schemes if you add two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these signature schemes if you add two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these signature schemes if you add two
+keys together you can get a third key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys together you can get a third key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys together you can get a third key
+and it's using the addition operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's using the addition operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's using the addition operator
+operation that's defined on this group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation that's defined on this group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation that's defined on this group
+so in the case where you have you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the case where you have you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the case where you have you know
+key B and key C and you add them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key B and key C and you add them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key B and key C and you add them
+together to get say key are what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to get say key are what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to get say key are what's the
+private key four key are anyone you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private key four key are anyone you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private key four key are anyone you've
+got TV private key key C which has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got TV private key key C which has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got TV private key key C which has a
+private key you add the two public keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private key you add the two public keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private key you add the two public keys
+up together yeah it's the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up together yeah it's the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up together yeah it's the sum of the
+private keys right so public key B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private keys right so public key B is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private keys right so public key B is
+just private key B times the generator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just private key B times the generator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just private key B times the generator
+Point G but in this you know C times G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point G but in this you know C times G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point G but in this you know C times G
+equals R times G and then you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals R times G and then you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals R times G and then you can just
+you know put the move the parenthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know put the move the parenthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know put the move the parenthesis
+around so B plus C the private keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around so B plus C the private keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around so B plus C the private keys
+added together times the generator point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added together times the generator point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added together times the generator point
+it's still the same so this is a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still the same so this is a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still the same so this is a really
+nice property actually it's sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice property actually it's sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice property actually it's sort of the
+main property that we use for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main property that we use for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main property that we use for all
+signatures and all this stuff but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures and all this stuff but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures and all this stuff but what
+that means is you can say here I you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is you can say here I you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is you can say here I you
+know I take your public key I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I take your public key I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I take your public key I'm gonna
+compute you know come up with my own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute you know come up with my own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute you know come up with my own
+private key compute the public key for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private key compute the public key for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private key compute the public key for
+that add them together and say hey we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that add them together and say hey we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that add them together and say hey we've
+got this new shared public key and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this new shared public key and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this new shared public key and
+neither of us can sign with it yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither of us can sign with it yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither of us can sign with it yet
+because we don't know each other's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't know each other's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't know each other's
+private keys but if either of us reveals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private keys but if either of us reveals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private keys but if either of us reveals
+the private key then the other party can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the private key then the other party can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the private key then the other party can
+sign with it right so if this is Bob's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign with it right so if this is Bob's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign with it right so if this is Bob's
+and this is Alice's they can both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is Alice's they can both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is Alice's they can both
+compute little R times G by doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute little R times G by doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute little R times G by doing this
+operation right they both share public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation right they both share public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation right they both share public
+keys and compute the shared public key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys and compute the shared public key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys and compute the shared public key
+but they cannot sign because neither of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they cannot sign because neither of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they cannot sign because neither of
+them knows little R and then let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them knows little R and then let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them knows little R and then let's say
+Alice says okay Bob here's here's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice says okay Bob here's here's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice says okay Bob here's here's this
+little C gives it to Bob Bob says okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little C gives it to Bob Bob says okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little C gives it to Bob Bob says okay
+now I know a little R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I know a little R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I know a little R
+but Alex doesn't right so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Alex doesn't right so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Alex doesn't right so this is a
+really nice way to do it because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice way to do it because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice way to do it because it
+saves a lot of space so instead the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saves a lot of space so instead the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saves a lot of space so instead the
+script is now just keyd oh I should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script is now just keyd oh I should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script is now just keyd oh I should have
+put our oops he D or key a in time right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put our oops he D or key a in time right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put our oops he D or key a in time right
+so instead of having this this key and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead of having this this key and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead of having this this key and
+time passes or these other two keys both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time passes or these other two keys both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time passes or these other two keys both
+sign you just have a single key that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign you just have a single key that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign you just have a single key that can
+sign immediately or another key that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign immediately or another key that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign immediately or another key that can
+sign after a period of time so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign after a period of time so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign after a period of time so the
+actual script used is this you say up if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual script used is this you say up if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual script used is this you say up if
+the key are op else delay op check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key are op else delay op check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key are op else delay op check
+sequence verify op drop then the key a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence verify op drop then the key a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence verify op drop then the key a
+and then the end if did not check sake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the end if did not check sake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the end if did not check sake
+so I'll walk through this because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll walk through this because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll walk through this because it's a
+little confusing the OP if takes an item
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little confusing the OP if takes an item
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little confusing the OP if takes an item
+off the stack and it's either true or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the stack and it's either true or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the stack and it's either true or
+false so the first thing you have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false so the first thing you have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false so the first thing you have to do
+is you have to indicate which of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you have to indicate which of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you have to indicate which of these
+two paths you're going to use right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two paths you're going to use right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two paths you're going to use right
+either you're gonna put key are on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either you're gonna put key are on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either you're gonna put key are on the
+stack or you're going to put this delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack or you're going to put this delay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack or you're going to put this delay
+number which is say a hundred blocks put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number which is say a hundred blocks put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number which is say a hundred blocks put
+an option sequence verify to verify that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an option sequence verify to verify that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an option sequence verify to verify that
+it has been 100 blocks since you created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has been 100 blocks since you created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has been 100 blocks since you created
+the transaction you're spending and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transaction you're spending and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transaction you're spending and then
+you have to drop the delay this was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to drop the delay this was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to drop the delay this was to
+ensure compatibility since it's a soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure compatibility since it's a soft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure compatibility since it's a soft
+work so old knows would see this old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so old knows would see this old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so old knows would see this old
+ones would see this they would see a no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones would see this they would see a no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones would see this they would see a no
+op and then they would see the drop to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+op and then they would see the drop to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+op and then they would see the drop to
+get rid of this whole thing so the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of this whole thing so the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of this whole thing so the old
+nodes wouldn't see it at all then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes wouldn't see it at all then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes wouldn't see it at all then you
+have a key a put on the stack and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a key a put on the stack and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a key a put on the stack and then
+you end the if statement and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end the if statement and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end the if statement and then you
+check signatures so really the if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check signatures so really the if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check signatures so really the if
+statement is just determining which key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement is just determining which key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement is just determining which key
+gets pushed onto the stack and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets pushed onto the stack and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets pushed onto the stack and then the
+after the if statement there's a check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the if statement there's a check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the if statement there's a check
+sig you know to check the signature from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sig you know to check the signature from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sig you know to check the signature from
+that key so for example if you're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that key so for example if you're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that key so for example if you're using
+the revocation key the key that has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the revocation key the key that has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the revocation key the key that has been
+combined and revealed to you you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined and revealed to you you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined and revealed to you you just
+put a 1 on the stack and then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a 1 on the stack and then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a 1 on the stack and then a
+signature from R and the OP if results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature from R and the OP if results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature from R and the OP if results
+the true so it executes this by just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true so it executes this by just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true so it executes this by just
+pushing the key onto the stack then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing the key onto the stack then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing the key onto the stack then it
+executes soph else skips to op end it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executes soph else skips to op end it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executes soph else skips to op end it
+and then just stop checks it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then just stop checks it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then just stop checks it
+right so basically you say one execute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so basically you say one execute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so basically you say one execute
+off if PR skip to check sig so it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off if PR skip to check sig so it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off if PR skip to check sig so it's just
+you need to sign with this key or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to sign with this key or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to sign with this key or you
+say zero and signature form a and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say zero and signature form a and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say zero and signature form a and then
+so the Optive takes a zero it skips to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Optive takes a zero it skips to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Optive takes a zero it skips to
+op else because it's you know not true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+op else because it's you know not true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+op else because it's you know not true
+it performs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it performs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it performs
+you know pushes delay on to the on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know pushes delay on to the on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know pushes delay on to the on to
+the stack performs check sequence verify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stack performs check sequence verify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stack performs check sequence verify
+to make sure that enough time has passed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that enough time has passed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that enough time has passed
+drops the delay number off the stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops the delay number off the stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops the delay number off the stack
+which is a little ugly it would be nicer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a little ugly it would be nicer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a little ugly it would be nicer
+if object sequence verified did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if object sequence verified did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if object sequence verified did that
+itself but it doesn't then pushes key a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself but it doesn't then pushes key a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself but it doesn't then pushes key a
+on to the stack you know ends the if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to the stack you know ends the if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to the stack you know ends the if
+statement and checks the signature so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement and checks the signature so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement and checks the signature so
+it's a little more complicated than like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little more complicated than like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little more complicated than like
+in C where you just can say like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in C where you just can say like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in C where you just can say like you
+know PD or key a and time but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know PD or key a and time but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know PD or key a and time but this is
+stack based and it's it's not too hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack based and it's it's not too hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack based and it's it's not too hard
+when you get these things work so any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get these things work so any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get these things work so any
+questions about this setup yes drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about this setup yes drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about this setup yes drop
+takes the topmost item on the stack and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes the topmost item on the stack and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes the topmost item on the stack and
+deletes it and all the little lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deletes it and all the little lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deletes it and all the little lower
+items come back up yeah it it's just so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items come back up yeah it it's just so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items come back up yeah it it's just so
+that compatibility wise there would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that compatibility wise there would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that compatibility wise there would be
+ways to since objects weakens verify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to since objects weakens verify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to since objects weakens verify
+basically this used to be a no op where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this used to be a no op where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this used to be a no op where
+it did nothing and then the soft fork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it did nothing and then the soft fork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it did nothing and then the soft fork
+was okay we're redefining no op three I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was okay we're redefining no op three I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was okay we're redefining no op three I
+believe two objects check sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe two objects check sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe two objects check sequence
+verify where it looks at basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify where it looks at basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify where it looks at basically the
+age of your inputs and how you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age of your inputs and how you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age of your inputs and how you know how
+many confirmations your inputs have had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many confirmations your inputs have had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many confirmations your inputs have had
+or really the specific input you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or really the specific input you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or really the specific input you're
+spending in this case old nodes would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending in this case old nodes would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending in this case old nodes would
+just see it as a no op and so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just see it as a no op and so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just see it as a no op and so you could
+put something like delay options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put something like delay options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put something like delay options
+sequence verify and then an opcode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence verify and then an opcode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence verify and then an opcode
+around here that says make sure the type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around here that says make sure the type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around here that says make sure the type
+top item on the stack is greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top item on the stack is greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top item on the stack is greater than
+five and if this consumed the delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and if this consumed the delay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and if this consumed the delay
+value I mean by taking it off the stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value I mean by taking it off the stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value I mean by taking it off the stack
+the old nodes might say oh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old nodes might say oh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old nodes might say oh this is
+invalid even though this is a no op the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invalid even though this is a no op the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invalid even though this is a no op the
+the subsequent op code causes this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subsequent op code causes this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subsequent op code causes this to
+fail whereas in the new version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail whereas in the new version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail whereas in the new version
+it would be like no this is good because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be like no this is good because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be like no this is good because
+this consumes that value and that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this consumes that value and that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this consumes that value and that would
+actually make it a hard fork because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make it a hard fork because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make it a hard fork because
+then there would be transactions where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there would be transactions where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there would be transactions where
+the old nodes thought it was not good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old nodes thought it was not good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old nodes thought it was not good
+and the new nodes thought yes this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the new nodes thought yes this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the new nodes thought yes this is
+okay so to ensure that this only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so to ensure that this only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so to ensure that this only
+restricts the the validity of scripts it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricts the the validity of scripts it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricts the the validity of scripts it
+doesn't pop that off so you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't pop that off so you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't pop that off so you have to
+manually drop it and drop is there from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manually drop it and drop is there from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manually drop it and drop is there from
+before so to an old old node it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so to an old old node it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so to an old old node it would
+just say delay no op drop and was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say delay no op drop and was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say delay no op drop and was like
+okay you put something in the stack you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you put something in the stack you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you put something in the stack you
+do nothing and then you take it off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do nothing and then you take it off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do nothing and then you take it off the
+stack fine so that's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack fine so that's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack fine so that's just a
+compatibility thing if you are gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatibility thing if you are gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatibility thing if you are gonna
+make it from scratch you'd probably do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it from scratch you'd probably do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it from scratch you'd probably do
+it different other questions about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it different other questions about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it different other questions about this
+okay cool so okay so then you reveal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay cool so okay so then you reveal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay cool so okay so then you reveal
+keys right you keep revealing things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys right you keep revealing things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys right you keep revealing things
+each time you make a new state and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time you make a new state and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time you make a new state and you
+can do these several times a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do these several times a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do these several times a second
+right you can do it ten times a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can do it ten times a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can do it ten times a second
+something like that so you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that so you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that so you can have
+millions billions of different old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions billions of different old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions billions of different old
+transactions the problem is you do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions the problem is you do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions the problem is you do have
+to remember all of these old private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember all of these old private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember all of these old private
+keys that your counterparty is given to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys that your counterparty is given to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys that your counterparty is given to
+you because if you forget one they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you because if you forget one they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you because if you forget one they might
+broadcast a transaction where you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcast a transaction where you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcast a transaction where you really
+need to know that private key in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know that private key in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know that private key in order
+to grab the money immediately right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grab the money immediately right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grab the money immediately right so
+if you forget for example you forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you forget for example you forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you forget for example you forget
+this was revoked but you forgot about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was revoked but you forgot about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was revoked but you forgot about it
+and you're Alice and then Bob broadcasts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're Alice and then Bob broadcasts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're Alice and then Bob broadcasts
+this you really need to know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you really need to know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you really need to know that
+private key so you can grab bombs five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private key so you can grab bombs five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private key so you can grab bombs five
+coins with your you know combined key so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins with your you know combined key so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins with your you know combined key so
+you need to keep track of all these old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to keep track of all these old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to keep track of all these old
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+so it's 32 bytes each it's not great for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's 32 bytes each it's not great for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's 32 bytes each it's not great for
+scalability so there's actually a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalability so there's actually a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalability so there's actually a couple
+ways you could do this how can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways you could do this how can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways you could do this how can you
+remember a chain of 32 byte secrets a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember a chain of 32 byte secrets a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember a chain of 32 byte secrets a
+Merkle tree itself would have a root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Merkle tree itself would have a root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Merkle tree itself would have a root
+here and then a bunch of little hashes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then a bunch of little hashes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then a bunch of little hashes
+that go up to the tree that the trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go up to the tree that the trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go up to the tree that the trees
+root so if these were secrets you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root so if these were secrets you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root so if these were secrets you can't
+go back down right so you feel like okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back down right so you feel like okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back down right so you feel like okay
+I got secret zero secret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got secret zero secret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got secret zero secret
+secret - secret three well I've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret - secret three well I've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret - secret three well I've got the
+parents of these two things but I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents of these two things but I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents of these two things but I can't
+actually remember them any better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually remember them any better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually remember them any better
+so the simple at like a real simple way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the simple at like a real simple way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the simple at like a real simple way
+say okay I've got and you can construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay I've got and you can construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay I've got and you can construct
+it however you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it however you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it however you want
+right obviously if your counterparty is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right obviously if your counterparty is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right obviously if your counterparty is
+not cooperating and these these secret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not cooperating and these these secret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not cooperating and these these secret
+numbers are just completely random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are just completely random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are just completely random
+there's nothing you can do right if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing you can do right if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing you can do right if you
+just says hey I'm gonna give you secret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just says hey I'm gonna give you secret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just says hey I'm gonna give you secret
+zero secret one secret - there's no you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero secret one secret - there's no you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero secret one secret - there's no you
+know special properties about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know special properties about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know special properties about these
+things I can't do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I can't do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I can't do anything
+the simplest way what's what's a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest way what's what's a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest way what's what's a real
+simple way to say okay I'm gonna reveal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple way to say okay I'm gonna reveal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple way to say okay I'm gonna reveal
+secrets sequentially and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secrets sequentially and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secrets sequentially and then you can
+store fewer of them it's sort of like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store fewer of them it's sort of like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store fewer of them it's sort of like a
+blockchain right so you could just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain right so you could just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain right so you could just say
+okay well I create secret three secret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well I create secret three secret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well I create secret three secret
+two is the hash of secret three secret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is the hash of secret three secret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is the hash of secret three secret
+one is the hash of secret - and so now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the hash of secret - and so now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the hash of secret - and so now I
+reveal one you don't know what two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveal one you don't know what two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveal one you don't know what two is
+you know and so on so 0 equals hash of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and so on so 0 equals hash of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and so on so 0 equals hash of 1
+so you can just have a linear chain like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can just have a linear chain like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can just have a linear chain like
+this right so 0 1 2 3 if you remember 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right so 0 1 2 3 if you remember 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right so 0 1 2 3 if you remember 3
+you can compute 2 & 1 & 0 if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can compute 2 & 1 & 0 if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can compute 2 & 1 & 0 if you
+remember - you can compute 1 & 0 but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember - you can compute 1 & 0 but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember - you can compute 1 & 0 but not
+3 so you can do that that would actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 so you can do that that would actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 so you can do that that would actually
+probably work fine but we always want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably work fine but we always want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably work fine but we always want to
+make unnecessary complex optimizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make unnecessary complex optimizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make unnecessary complex optimizations
+to things so this would be the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to things so this would be the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to things so this would be the problem
+with this is if you've got a billion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this is if you've got a billion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this is if you've got a billion of
+them and you need to go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and you need to go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and you need to go back to the
+first one you need to compute a billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one you need to compute a billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one you need to compute a billion
+hash operations that's kind of slow so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash operations that's kind of slow so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash operations that's kind of slow so
+what we do or what the basic idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do or what the basic idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do or what the basic idea
+there's like multiple implementations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like multiple implementations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like multiple implementations
+slight variations yeah but hash tree so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight variations yeah but hash tree so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight variations yeah but hash tree so
+you reveal secrets one at a time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reveal secrets one at a time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reveal secrets one at a time you
+store only log n secrets and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store only log n secrets and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store only log n secrets and you
+recompute any secret you want with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recompute any secret you want with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recompute any secret you want with
+something around login operation I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something around login operation I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something around login operation I
+called it L chrome I think there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it L chrome I think there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it L chrome I think there's an
+actual paper that basically is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual paper that basically is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual paper that basically is this
+called GG M that's like I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called GG M that's like I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called GG M that's like I think we
+written by people at MIT but I called it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written by people at MIT but I called it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written by people at MIT but I called it
+L chrome because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L chrome because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L chrome because it
+Merkle tree backwards because the arrows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Merkle tree backwards because the arrows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Merkle tree backwards because the arrows
+point the other direction so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the other direction so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the other direction so in this
+case if you want you start with a root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case if you want you start with a root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case if you want you start with a root
+you start with some you start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start with some you start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start with some you start with
+something up here and you say okay if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something up here and you say okay if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something up here and you say okay if I
+want to descend to the left I append a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to descend to the left I append a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to descend to the left I append a
+zero to the value of this you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to the value of this you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to the value of this you know the
+hash value in this root and I hash to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash value in this root and I hash to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash value in this root and I hash to
+get that and if I want to go right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that and if I want to go right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that and if I want to go right I
+append a one at the end hash that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+append a one at the end hash that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+append a one at the end hash that I'm
+gonna go down here so what that lets you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna go down here so what that lets you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna go down here so what that lets you
+do is there's a sender and a receiver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is there's a sender and a receiver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is there's a sender and a receiver
+the sender just computes a root and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sender just computes a root and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sender just computes a root and
+stores that you know they make a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores that you know they make a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores that you know they make a random
+root up story and then they also keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root up story and then they also keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root up story and then they also keep
+track of okay how many secrets have I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of okay how many secrets have I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of okay how many secrets have I've
+given the receiver just receives the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the receiver just receives the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the receiver just receives the
+first one you know number zero I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one you know number zero I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one you know number zero I can't
+do anything they received one okay still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do anything they received one okay still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do anything they received one okay still
+can't do anything they received two now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do anything they received two now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do anything they received two now
+they can say okay well I can throw away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can say okay well I can throw away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can say okay well I can throw away
+0 and 1 because if I want to compute 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and 1 because if I want to compute 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and 1 because if I want to compute 0
+and 1 I can just store too and if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1 I can just store too and if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1 I can just store too and if I
+won't understand to the left append a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't understand to the left append a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't understand to the left append a
+zero and hash if I want to send it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and hash if I want to send it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and hash if I want to send it right
+so you know I don't store these but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know I don't store these but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know I don't store these but I
+know they're still computable for me if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're still computable for me if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're still computable for me if
+I ever want to grab them back again I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I ever want to grab them back again I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I ever want to grab them back again I
+received 3 can't do anything or a suit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received 3 can't do anything or a suit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received 3 can't do anything or a suit
+for can't do anything receive 5 now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for can't do anything receive 5 now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for can't do anything receive 5 now I
+can do the same thing with 3 & 4 remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do the same thing with 3 & 4 remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do the same thing with 3 & 4 remove
+those from the disk and only store 2 & 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those from the disk and only store 2 & 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those from the disk and only store 2 & 5
+so if I get a request for 3 I can easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I get a request for 3 I can easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I get a request for 3 I can easily
+compute it and then I receive 6 and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute it and then I receive 6 and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute it and then I receive 6 and I
+can delete those 2 as well right so as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can delete those 2 as well right so as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can delete those 2 as well right so as I
+go up the tree sometimes they only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up the tree sometimes they only have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up the tree sometimes they only have
+to store one thing sometimes I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to store one thing sometimes I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to store one thing sometimes I have to
+store 3 things because that's the height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store 3 things because that's the height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store 3 things because that's the height
+of the tree well it's basically you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the tree well it's basically you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the tree well it's basically you have
+to store at most one on every level and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to store at most one on every level and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to store at most one on every level and
+then sometimes two for there two leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then sometimes two for there two leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then sometimes two for there two leaves
+so basically log in storage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically log in storage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically log in storage and
+computing hashes is pretty quick too so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing hashes is pretty quick too so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing hashes is pretty quick too so
+that's a fun way to only have to store a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a fun way to only have to store a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a fun way to only have to store a
+very you know small amount of data okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very you know small amount of data okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very you know small amount of data okay
+any questions about this okay so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about this okay so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about this okay so we're
+going quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going quick
+hmm okay we need an intermission it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hmm okay we need an intermission it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hmm okay we need an intermission it's
+quick okay so we'll talk about cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick okay so we'll talk about cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick okay so we'll talk about cross
+chain squats for most the bulk of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain squats for most the bulk of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain squats for most the bulk of this
+day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day
+so there are alt coins I mostly work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are alt coins I mostly work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are alt coins I mostly work on
+Bitcoin I think a lot of the research is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin I think a lot of the research is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin I think a lot of the research is
+on Vic one but there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Vic one but there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Vic one but there's a lot of
+different coins - people saw the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different coins - people saw the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different coins - people saw the idea of
+Bitcoin and said hey let's copy it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin and said hey let's copy it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin and said hey let's copy it so
+initially most of them were just copies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially most of them were just copies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially most of them were just copies
+right there was a site called coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there was a site called coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there was a site called coin
+gendai so like 2012 there started to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gendai so like 2012 there started to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gendai so like 2012 there started to be
+a lot of all coins like litecoin and - :
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of all coins like litecoin and - :
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of all coins like litecoin and - :
+and things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that
+and most of them were like real small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most of them were like real small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most of them were like real small
+changes where they took the the Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes where they took the the Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes where they took the the Bitcoin
+source code on github and they changed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source code on github and they changed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source code on github and they changed a
+couple numbers here and there and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple numbers here and there and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple numbers here and there and they
+said okay well it's a new coin and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said okay well it's a new coin and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said okay well it's a new coin and then
+blue map made a site called coin Ginetta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue map made a site called coin Ginetta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue map made a site called coin Ginetta
+yo where you could do it all very easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yo where you could do it all very easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yo where you could do it all very easily
+for people who work programming savvy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people who work programming savvy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people who work programming savvy
+they could just make their own altcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could just make their own altcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could just make their own altcoin
+buy menus like there's a website you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy menus like there's a website you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy menus like there's a website you say
+I want it to be called touch going I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want it to be called touch going I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want it to be called touch going I
+want there to be 25 coins every three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want there to be 25 coins every three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want there to be 25 coins every three
+minutes and I want that you know just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and I want that you know just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and I want that you know just a
+bunch of things you could upload a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of things you could upload a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of things you could upload a
+little picture and it would make a it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little picture and it would make a it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little picture and it would make a it
+would make a program for you based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would make a program for you based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would make a program for you based on
+those things and then I think he sold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things and then I think he sold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things and then I think he sold
+the site it was I think it was like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the site it was I think it was like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the site it was I think it was like the
+first blockchain technology companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first blockchain technology companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first blockchain technology companies
+Farzin okay so then recent ones are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Farzin okay so then recent ones are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Farzin okay so then recent ones are very
+different people trade all coins for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different people trade all coins for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different people trade all coins for
+bitcoins and trade all coins for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoins and trade all coins for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoins and trade all coins for all
+coins and they use exchanges I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins and they use exchanges I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins and they use exchanges I don't
+know if have have people hear used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if have have people hear used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if have have people hear used
+exchanges to trade alt coins some okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges to trade alt coins some okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges to trade alt coins some okay I
+actually have I hadn't until last year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have I hadn't until last year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have I hadn't until last year
+but there was these like sort of hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there was these like sort of hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there was these like sort of hard
+Forks from Bitcoin like the coin cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forks from Bitcoin like the coin cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forks from Bitcoin like the coin cash
+and becoming gold and making whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and becoming gold and making whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and becoming gold and making whatever
+and so I actually open an accountant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I actually open an accountant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I actually open an accountant and
+sold them and got more bitcoins how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold them and got more bitcoins how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold them and got more bitcoins how do
+you trade well use an exchange and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you trade well use an exchange and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you trade well use an exchange and so
+the current exchange model pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current exchange model pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current exchange model pretty much
+without fail is give us all your coins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without fail is give us all your coins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without fail is give us all your coins
+post orders on our site to swap with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post orders on our site to swap with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post orders on our site to swap with
+other users and then ask for your coins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other users and then ask for your coins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other users and then ask for your coins
+back so we give us all your coins part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so we give us all your coins part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so we give us all your coins part
+it works fine right they give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works fine right they give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works fine right they give you an
+address you send your coins to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address you send your coins to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address you send your coins to their
+address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address
+and you know it'll appear on their site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know it'll appear on their site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know it'll appear on their site
+generally but but you definitely can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally but but you definitely can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally but but you definitely can
+send your coins the ask for your coins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send your coins the ask for your coins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send your coins the ask for your coins
+back is where the model tends to fail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back is where the model tends to fail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back is where the model tends to fail
+there's many many cases where they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's many many cases where they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's many many cases where they don't
+give them back and and there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them back and and there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them back and and there's a lot of
+reasons for this that just so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons for this that just so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons for this that just so you know
+Mount GOx is one of the one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mount GOx is one of the one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mount GOx is one of the one of the most
+prominent early ones but it certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prominent early ones but it certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prominent early ones but it certainly
+wasn't the first well there was a okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't the first well there was a okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't the first well there was a okay
+probably one of the first was called my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably one of the first was called my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably one of the first was called my
+bitcoins calm and then it was sort of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoins calm and then it was sort of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoins calm and then it was sort of it
+I don't know if it was intentional but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if it was intentional but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if it was intentional but
+the joke after was like well it's his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the joke after was like well it's his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the joke after was like well it's his
+bitcoins now it's just it was more of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoins now it's just it was more of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoins now it's just it was more of a
+web wallet that had private keys than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web wallet that had private keys than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web wallet that had private keys than a
+actual exchange but a lot of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual exchange but a lot of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual exchange but a lot of these
+exchanges you know they're really easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges you know they're really easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges you know they're really easy
+to set up you just write some software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set up you just write some software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set up you just write some software
+and people start sending you coins and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people start sending you coins and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people start sending you coins and
+then a lot of either there's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a lot of either there's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a lot of either there's like
+internal problems where you've got some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal problems where you've got some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal problems where you've got some
+rogue employee or the rogue employee is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rogue employee or the rogue employee is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rogue employee or the rogue employee is
+the only employee and someone just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only employee and someone just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only employee and someone just
+realizes hey this computer in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizes hey this computer in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizes hey this computer in front of
+me has 20 million dollars worth of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me has 20 million dollars worth of stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me has 20 million dollars worth of stuff
+on it like I think I'll just unplug it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it like I think I'll just unplug it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it like I think I'll just unplug it
+and keep all the money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and keep all the money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and keep all the money
+also hackers right because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also hackers right because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also hackers right because they're
+probably the best targets for you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the best targets for you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the best targets for you know
+trying to intrude and hack into a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to intrude and hack into a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to intrude and hack into a system
+that you can find because there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can find because there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can find because there's a
+whole ton of money on this computer it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole ton of money on this computer it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole ton of money on this computer it's
+not like data or oh I get some ones you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like data or oh I get some ones you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like data or oh I get some ones you
+know Facebook pictures or I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Facebook pictures or I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Facebook pictures or I get
+someone's credit card numbers like yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone's credit card numbers like yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone's credit card numbers like yeah
+that's nice but bitcoins are you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's nice but bitcoins are you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's nice but bitcoins are you know
+sort of money and you steal okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of money and you steal okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of money and you steal okay so
+other problems with the exchange model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other problems with the exchange model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other problems with the exchange model
+is that people tend to trust it a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that people tend to trust it a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that people tend to trust it a lot
+and they think well this is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they think well this is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they think well this is you know
+they assume that it's like a bank and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they assume that it's like a bank and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they assume that it's like a bank and
+banks are very trustworthy because in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks are very trustworthy because in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks are very trustworthy because in
+recent memory there haven't really been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent memory there haven't really been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent memory there haven't really been
+big failures at least in this country so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big failures at least in this country so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big failures at least in this country so
+they sort of carry that trust forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sort of carry that trust forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sort of carry that trust forward
+bad things happen so the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad things happen so the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad things happen so the idea is
+wouldn't it be cool if we could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't it be cool if we could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't it be cool if we could have
+cross chain swaps where we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross chain swaps where we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross chain swaps where we have some
+kind of way where I've got a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of way where I've got a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of way where I've got a bunch of
+coin a you've got a bunch of coin B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin a you've got a bunch of coin B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin a you've got a bunch of coin B and
+we can swap between them without giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can swap between them without giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can swap between them without giving
+custody to some third party or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+custody to some third party or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+custody to some third party or even
+giving custody to each other so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving custody to each other so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving custody to each other so you can
+do this using hash time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this using hash time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this using hash time
+contracts just like in the lightning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts just like in the lightning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts just like in the lightning
+Network right so you get this coin if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network right so you get this coin if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network right so you get this coin if
+and only if I get this other coin you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if I get this other coin you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if I get this other coin you
+want them to be atomic you don't even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want them to be atomic you don't even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want them to be atomic you don't even if
+it's very quick you don't want any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very quick you don't want any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very quick you don't want any
+period of time in which one party has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time in which one party has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time in which one party has
+all the assets or more of the assets so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the assets or more of the assets so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the assets or more of the assets so
+the interesting thing is about this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interesting thing is about this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interesting thing is about this is
+the Lightning Network sort of does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lightning Network sort of does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lightning Network sort of does this
+already right the Lightning Network is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already right the Lightning Network is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already right the Lightning Network is a
+way to make atomic payments between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to make atomic payments between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to make atomic payments between
+different channels and then if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different channels and then if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different channels and then if you look
+at these channels and say well does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these channels and say well does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these channels and say well does the
+channel do the channels have to be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel do the channels have to be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel do the channels have to be on
+the same coin do they have to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same coin do they have to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same coin do they have to be the
+same blockchain and basically no not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same blockchain and basically no not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same blockchain and basically no not
+much difference has to happen for they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much difference has to happen for they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much difference has to happen for they
+used to be different for it for them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be different for it for them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be different for it for them to
+be different block chains okay so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be different block chains okay so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be different block chains okay so it's
+this is the hdl-c slide from last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the hdl-c slide from last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the hdl-c slide from last time
+it's similar in that you have these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's similar in that you have these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's similar in that you have these two
+outputs right the same as in a regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs right the same as in a regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs right the same as in a regular
+lightning payment channel that's at rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightning payment channel that's at rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightning payment channel that's at rest
+Alice gets so for example Bob holds this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice gets so for example Bob holds this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice gets so for example Bob holds this
+where if you broadcast this Alice gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if you broadcast this Alice gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if you broadcast this Alice gets
+two coins right off the bat Bob needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two coins right off the bat Bob needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two coins right off the bat Bob needs to
+wait a hundred blocks or two no or Alice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait a hundred blocks or two no or Alice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait a hundred blocks or two no or Alice
+can know Bob's replication key and she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can know Bob's replication key and she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can know Bob's replication key and she
+can get seven coins or he gets the seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get seven coins or he gets the seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get seven coins or he gets the seven
+coins and then you've got this hdl-c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins and then you've got this hdl-c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins and then you've got this hdl-c
+hash time lock contract where alice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash time lock contract where alice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash time lock contract where alice
+needs to know a pre-image or say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to know a pre-image or say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to know a pre-image or say well
+yeah Alice needs to know R this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Alice needs to know R this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Alice needs to know R this this
+receipt and or Bob has to wait but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receipt and or Bob has to wait but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receipt and or Bob has to wait but the
+difference in waiting is this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in waiting is this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in waiting is this is a
+relative time lock so that Bob has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative time lock so that Bob has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative time lock so that Bob has to
+wait a hundred blocks after he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait a hundred blocks after he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait a hundred blocks after he
+broadcasts this transaction right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcasts this transaction right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcasts this transaction right
+whereas in this case Bob has to wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas in this case Bob has to wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas in this case Bob has to wait
+until height 500000 regardless of when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until height 500000 regardless of when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until height 500000 regardless of when
+he broadcasts this transaction so it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he broadcasts this transaction so it may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he broadcasts this transaction so it may
+be that he can broadcast this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that he can broadcast this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that he can broadcast this
+transaction and immediately spent by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction and immediately spent by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction and immediately spent by
+signing here because that that time has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signing here because that that time has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signing here because that that time has
+passed so it seems like a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed so it seems like a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed so it seems like a small
+distinction but it's actually pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction but it's actually pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction but it's actually pretty
+important for this to be just absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for this to be just absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for this to be just absolute
+time so that's how an HPLC works right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so that's how an HPLC works right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so that's how an HPLC works right
+this this output this outputs Alice's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this output this outputs Alice's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this output this outputs Alice's no
+no question this output should be Bob's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no question this output should be Bob's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no question this output should be Bob's
+and by should I mean like something's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by should I mean like something's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by should I mean like something's
+gone wrong something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone wrong something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone wrong something
+pretty seriously wrong if Alice takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty seriously wrong if Alice takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty seriously wrong if Alice takes
+this money right this only is due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this money right this only is due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this money right this only is due to
+fraud and fraud is not like an illegal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraud and fraud is not like an illegal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraud and fraud is not like an illegal
+to find sense but we sort of can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find sense but we sort of can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find sense but we sort of can think
+of you know basically this is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know basically this is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know basically this is always
+gonna be Alice's this is approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be Alice's this is approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be Alice's this is approximately
+always going to be Bob's this one we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to be Bob's this one we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to be Bob's this one we're
+really not sure right this can fail and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not sure right this can fail and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not sure right this can fail and
+it's not due to any malice this good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not due to any malice this good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not due to any malice this good
+this can this can sort of it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can this can sort of it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can this can sort of it should be
+Alice's right you're trying to pay Alice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice's right you're trying to pay Alice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice's right you're trying to pay Alice
+here but it may well be the case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but it may well be the case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but it may well be the case that
+Bob takes it back and that's not due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob takes it back and that's not due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob takes it back and that's not due to
+fraud that's just due to computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraud that's just due to computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraud that's just due to computers
+crashing or networks not working right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crashing or networks not working right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crashing or networks not working right
+or something like that you know this can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that you know this can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that you know this can
+sort of innocently be broadcast and go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of innocently be broadcast and go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of innocently be broadcast and go
+back to Bob where's this can't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to Bob where's this can't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to Bob where's this can't really
+any questions about the hdl-c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about the hdl-c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about the hdl-c
+basic idea okay so you need you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic idea okay so you need you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic idea okay so you need you know
+Alice needs to know this secret or bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice needs to know this secret or bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice needs to know this secret or bob
+has to wait until a certain time okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to wait until a certain time okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to wait until a certain time okay so
+the cross chain swaps is basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cross chain swaps is basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cross chain swaps is basically the
+same as a route in payment in lightning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as a route in payment in lightning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as a route in payment in lightning
+right before we said okay Alice has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right before we said okay Alice has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right before we said okay Alice has a
+channel with Bob Bob has a channel with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel with Bob Bob has a channel with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel with Bob Bob has a channel with
+Carol and now Alice wants to pay Carol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carol and now Alice wants to pay Carol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carol and now Alice wants to pay Carol
+without opening a new channel in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without opening a new channel in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without opening a new channel in the
+case of lightning where it's all on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of lightning where it's all on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of lightning where it's all on the
+same block chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same block chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same block chain
+Alice could open a payment channel to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice could open a payment channel to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice could open a payment channel to
+Carol and spend directly that way in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carol and spend directly that way in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carol and spend directly that way in the
+case where these two are different block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where these two are different block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where these two are different block
+chains you can't actually do that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains you can't actually do that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains you can't actually do that right
+you can't say oh I'm going to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't say oh I'm going to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't say oh I'm going to you know
+there's no define the channel that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no define the channel that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no define the channel that will
+link to different block chains okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link to different block chains okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link to different block chains okay the
+other aspect is although this can work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other aspect is although this can work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other aspect is although this can work
+with three parties in the case of swaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with three parties in the case of swaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with three parties in the case of swaps
+you're generally not saying hey Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're generally not saying hey Bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're generally not saying hey Bob
+I will pay you five dos coins if you pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will pay you five dos coins if you pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will pay you five dos coins if you pay
+Carol 100 Verte cones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carol 100 Verte cones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carol 100 Verte cones
+you're usually saying if you pay me on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're usually saying if you pay me on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're usually saying if you pay me on
+advert clients right so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advert clients right so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advert clients right so yeah
+usually it's Alice sending to Bob who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually it's Alice sending to Bob who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually it's Alice sending to Bob who's
+sending back to Alice it still works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending back to Alice it still works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending back to Alice it still works
+if this is the third party Carol but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is the third party Carol but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is the third party Carol but it
+sort of doesn't make as much sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of doesn't make as much sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of doesn't make as much sense
+because generally you're saying hey I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because generally you're saying hey I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because generally you're saying hey I'll
+give you this if you give me that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you this if you give me that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you this if you give me that okay
+so in this case we have two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case we have two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case we have two different
+blocks you know we've actually reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks you know we've actually reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks you know we've actually reduced
+the number of parties where it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of parties where it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of parties where it's just
+Alice and Bob but we've got two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice and Bob but we've got two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice and Bob but we've got two
+different block chains we got dos going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different block chains we got dos going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different block chains we got dos going
+which i think is like yellow right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i think is like yellow right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i think is like yellow right and
+then Bert cone is like green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can't Oh cuz they don't up segue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't Oh cuz they don't up segue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't Oh cuz they don't up segue
+well say dogecoin upgrades pretty soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well say dogecoin upgrades pretty soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well say dogecoin upgrades pretty soon
+so you could but it's you'd have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could but it's you'd have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could but it's you'd have to
+write a lot of code to deal with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a lot of code to deal with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a lot of code to deal with that
+yeah to us it's way easier to just merge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah to us it's way easier to just merge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah to us it's way easier to just merge
+it yeah just upgrades who who's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah just upgrades who who's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah just upgrades who who's in
+charge of doge tell them the upgrade so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge of doge tell them the upgrade so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge of doge tell them the upgrade so
+a lot of these all coins they sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of these all coins they sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of these all coins they sort of
+you can they've sort of archaeological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can they've sort of archaeological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can they've sort of archaeological
+aspects to them where you can see where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects to them where you can see where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects to them where you can see where
+they branched off of the main Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they branched off of the main Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they branched off of the main Bitcoin
+code base because a lot of times they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code base because a lot of times they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code base because a lot of times they
+don't get updated because no one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get updated because no one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get updated because no one's
+really working on them this fight no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really working on them this fight no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really working on them this fight no one
+really working on them or looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really working on them or looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really working on them or looking at
+them they can still be worth a billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they can still be worth a billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they can still be worth a billion
+dollars as I think Doge was a few months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars as I think Doge was a few months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars as I think Doge was a few months
+ago but so sometimes they catch up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago but so sometimes they catch up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago but so sometimes they catch up and
+you're like oh let's let's take all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're like oh let's let's take all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're like oh let's let's take all the
+code from Bitcoin that they've developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code from Bitcoin that they've developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code from Bitcoin that they've developed
+from the last few years and apply it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the last few years and apply it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the last few years and apply it
+sometimes the opposite happens where an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the opposite happens where an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the opposite happens where an
+altcoin will make something cool and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altcoin will make something cool and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altcoin will make something cool and
+people in Bitcoin will merge it in but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in Bitcoin will merge it in but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in Bitcoin will merge it in but
+it's generally the opposite direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's generally the opposite direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's generally the opposite direction
+okay so you've got these two channels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you've got these two channels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you've got these two channels
+that have been set up and Alice wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been set up and Alice wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been set up and Alice wants to
+sell her dogecoin and by berkland so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell her dogecoin and by berkland so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell her dogecoin and by berkland so you
+have the same hdl-c construction where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same hdl-c construction where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same hdl-c construction where
+alice what's interesting in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alice what's interesting in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alice what's interesting in this case
+that it's the same person on the both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's the same person on the both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's the same person on the both
+sides so there's actually some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides so there's actually some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides so there's actually some
+optimizations you can do but forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizations you can do but forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizations you can do but forget
+those for a second Alice computes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those for a second Alice computes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those for a second Alice computes a
+random number R hashes it to make H she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random number R hashes it to make H she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random number R hashes it to make H she
+sends it to herself which doesn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sends it to herself which doesn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sends it to herself which doesn't really
+make any sense in this case so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make any sense in this case so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make any sense in this case so you can
+skip that stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip that stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip that stuff
+Alice already knows H and already knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice already knows H and already knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice already knows H and already knows
+are so yeah but but Alice doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so yeah but but Alice doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so yeah but but Alice doesn't have
+to be Alice right it could be Carol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be Alice right it could be Carol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be Alice right it could be Carol
+so there's optimizations that you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's optimizations that you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's optimizations that you can do
+when they're the same person but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're the same person but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're the same person but anyway
+okay so she constructs an HDL C to Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so she constructs an HDL C to Bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so she constructs an HDL C to Bob
+it says okay if Bob knows our he gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says okay if Bob knows our he gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says okay if Bob knows our he gets
+this money otherwise Alice gets it after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this money otherwise Alice gets it after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this money otherwise Alice gets it after
+five o'clock Bob says okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five o'clock Bob says okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five o'clock Bob says okay
+I don't know R so I can't get these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know R so I can't get these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know R so I can't get these
+douche ones Bob then forwards it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+douche ones Bob then forwards it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+douche ones Bob then forwards it to
+Alice and saying okay if Alice knows our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice and saying okay if Alice knows our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice and saying okay if Alice knows our
+she gets the coins if Bob waits till
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she gets the coins if Bob waits till
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she gets the coins if Bob waits till
+after four o'clock he gets the coins so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after four o'clock he gets the coins so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after four o'clock he gets the coins so
+it's sort of like why make this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of like why make this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of like why make this this
+construction it actually still makes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction it actually still makes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction it actually still makes a
+sense because even though Bob knows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense because even though Bob knows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense because even though Bob knows that
+Alice knows our Alice we'll have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice knows our Alice we'll have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice knows our Alice we'll have to
+reveal our in order to take the coins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveal our in order to take the coins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveal our in order to take the coins
+right so it's saying okay you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's saying okay you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's saying okay you need to
+know our and you need to not just know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know our and you need to not just know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know our and you need to not just know
+our but you have to show everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our but you have to show everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our but you have to show everyone
+because the the actual script says okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the the actual script says okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the the actual script says okay
+you need to know the preimage of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know the preimage of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know the preimage of this
+20-byte hash and when you actually spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20-byte hash and when you actually spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20-byte hash and when you actually spend
+you have to put that preimage in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to put that preimage in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to put that preimage in the
+blockchain right you have to put it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain right you have to put it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain right you have to put it in
+your input for your transaction and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your input for your transaction and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your input for your transaction and then
+bob can see it so the idea is if alice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bob can see it so the idea is if alice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bob can see it so the idea is if alice
+closes this channel invert coin takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closes this channel invert coin takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closes this channel invert coin takes
+the coins by using our Bob we'll know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coins by using our Bob we'll know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coins by using our Bob we'll know
+our and Bob will know it's the same R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our and Bob will know it's the same R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our and Bob will know it's the same R
+that he can use to take the coins on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he can use to take the coins on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he can use to take the coins on the
+dogecoin network okay so you add these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogecoin network okay so you add these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogecoin network okay so you add these
+two H DLCs you then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two H DLCs you then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two H DLCs you then
+clear them out so Alice instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear them out so Alice instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear them out so Alice instead of
+instead of revealing our on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of revealing our on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of revealing our on the
+blockchain I also can just real reveal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain I also can just real reveal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain I also can just real reveal
+our directly to Bob I'm saying okay I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our directly to Bob I'm saying okay I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our directly to Bob I'm saying okay I'm
+clearing out this hdl-c because here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearing out this hdl-c because here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearing out this hdl-c because here's
+our you know that I can do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our you know that I can do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our you know that I can do this
+so just give me the coins you also know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just give me the coins you also know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just give me the coins you also know
+R so you can take the coins yourself if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R so you can take the coins yourself if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R so you can take the coins yourself if
+I don't cooperate on that end but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't cooperate on that end but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't cooperate on that end but
+hopefully she does so then you get rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully she does so then you get rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully she does so then you get rid
+of the hdl-c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hdl-c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hdl-c
+now it's back down to two outputs there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's back down to two outputs there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's back down to two outputs there
+and then Bob says okay I've I've lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then Bob says okay I've I've lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then Bob says okay I've I've lost
+the Verte coin and I haven't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Verte coin and I haven't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Verte coin and I haven't really
+gotten the the dogecoin yet but I know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten the the dogecoin yet but I know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten the the dogecoin yet but I know I
+can close the channel I'm taking it if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can close the channel I'm taking it if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can close the channel I'm taking it if
+need be and then Bob goes to Alice she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need be and then Bob goes to Alice she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need be and then Bob goes to Alice she
+already knows are but look like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already knows are but look like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already knows are but look like you know
+that I know R let's clear this and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I know R let's clear this and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I know R let's clear this and then
+Alice can just send the coins that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so any questions about this setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so any questions about this setup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so any questions about this setup
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah well that's why you have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well that's why you have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well that's why you have different
+times here right so so yes that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times here right so so yes that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times here right so so yes that is
+possible that you could get to this step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that you could get to this step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that you could get to this step
+and then Alice goes offline and shuts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then Alice goes offline and shuts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then Alice goes offline and shuts
+the channels down you know closes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the channels down you know closes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the channels down you know closes the
+channels but the idea is that bob has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels but the idea is that bob has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels but the idea is that bob has
+Bob can can grab these coins back after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob can can grab these coins back after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob can can grab these coins back after
+4 p.m.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 p.m.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 p.m.
+whereas Alice has to wait until 5:00
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas Alice has to wait until 5:00
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas Alice has to wait until 5:00
+p.m. to grab these coins back so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p.m. to grab these coins back so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p.m. to grab these coins back so if
+Alice closes and tries to wait till
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice closes and tries to wait till
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice closes and tries to wait till
+right at right before 4 p.m. and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at right before 4 p.m. and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at right before 4 p.m. and then
+immediately grab these coins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately grab these coins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately grab these coins
+Bob's actually okay because Bob says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob's actually okay because Bob says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob's actually okay because Bob says
+okay well you grab the rare coins but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well you grab the rare coins but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well you grab the rare coins but I
+actually have another hour until I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have another hour until I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have another hour until I have
+to you know I have an hour to reveal our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know I have an hour to reveal our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know I have an hour to reveal our
+where you're not able to get these coins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're not able to get these coins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're not able to get these coins
+back so that so having this incrementing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so that so having this incrementing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so that so having this incrementing
+time can help against that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time can help against that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time can help against that there's
+there's it's it's um yeah an hour is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's it's it's um yeah an hour is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's it's it's um yeah an hour is
+probably not enough there's the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not enough there's the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not enough there's the the
+trade-offs to having these times is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-offs to having these times is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-offs to having these times is if
+you have it very far in the future with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have it very far in the future with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have it very far in the future with
+very large gaps those hdl-c you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large gaps those hdl-c you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large gaps those hdl-c you can get
+stuck there and if Alice just says look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck there and if Alice just says look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck there and if Alice just says look
+I'm leaving this third output in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm leaving this third output in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm leaving this third output in the
+transaction that can be annoying or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction that can be annoying or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction that can be annoying or if
+it you know get stuck on chain it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know get stuck on chain it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know get stuck on chain it might
+take a long time to get it back but so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a long time to get it back but so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a long time to get it back but so
+you want it long enough times that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want it long enough times that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want it long enough times that you
+don't worry about these timing attacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry about these timing attacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry about these timing attacks
+where someone you know immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where someone you know immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where someone you know immediately
+broadcasts and now you only have an hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcasts and now you only have an hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcasts and now you only have an hour
+and maybe the blockchain is congested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe the blockchain is congested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe the blockchain is congested
+versus the annoyance of oh it closed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the annoyance of oh it closed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the annoyance of oh it closed and
+now I have to wait until 5:00 p.m. so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have to wait until 5:00 p.m. so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have to wait until 5:00 p.m. so
+those are the trade-offs there any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the trade-offs there any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the trade-offs there any other
+questions okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cross-chain swaps right H can reveal be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-chain swaps right H can reveal be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-chain swaps right H can reveal be
+revealed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revealed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revealed
+sorry R well H this goes into either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry R well H this goes into either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry R well H this goes into either
+chain ours then revealed on either chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain ours then revealed on either chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain ours then revealed on either chain
+so that both parties needs to watch both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that both parties needs to watch both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that both parties needs to watch both
+both parties need to watch both block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both parties need to watch both block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both parties need to watch both block
+chains this sort of makes sense right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains this sort of makes sense right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains this sort of makes sense right in
+that the channels are on two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the channels are on two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the channels are on two different
+block chains and both parties have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block chains and both parties have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block chains and both parties have a
+channel on each so the receiver doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel on each so the receiver doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel on each so the receiver doesn't
+need to be initiator so like it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be initiator so like it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be initiator so like it doesn't
+have to be Alice on both sides but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be Alice on both sides but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be Alice on both sides but in
+most cases I think it probably will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most cases I think it probably will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most cases I think it probably will be
+so yeah you know Alice has a vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah you know Alice has a vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah you know Alice has a vertical
+channels also has doeskin dogecoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels also has doeskin dogecoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels also has doeskin dogecoin
+channel as does Bob so they need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel as does Bob so they need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel as does Bob so they need to be
+operating on both networks there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating on both networks there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating on both networks there are
+possibilities where if you've had say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities where if you've had say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities where if you've had say
+this was Carol and she sent to Dave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was Carol and she sent to Dave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was Carol and she sent to Dave
+using litecoin so if you have Alice Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using litecoin so if you have Alice Bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using litecoin so if you have Alice Bob
+Carol dave doge Verte coin litecoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carol dave doge Verte coin litecoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carol dave doge Verte coin litecoin
+alice would not have to know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alice would not have to know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alice would not have to know about
+anything but those coin right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything but those coin right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything but those coin right so you
+actually only have to worry about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually only have to worry about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually only have to worry about the
+networks that you're you have channels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks that you're you have channels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks that you're you have channels
+in even though there are secrets that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in even though there are secrets that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in even though there are secrets that
+could appear in other well no sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could appear in other well no sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could appear in other well no sorry
+that's not true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not true
+you'll have to so if this is Carol Alice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have to so if this is Carol Alice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have to so if this is Carol Alice
+does have to look at vertically because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does have to look at vertically because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does have to look at vertically because
+the vertical network could good sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertical network could good sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertical network could good sure
+thing so you have to look at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so you have to look at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so you have to look at one
+additional chain right so that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional chain right so that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional chain right so that's that's
+one of the issues with cross chain swaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the issues with cross chain swaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the issues with cross chain swaps
+where you may you know you may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you may you know you may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you may you know you may be
+routing through a network that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routing through a network that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routing through a network that you're
+not aware of essentially I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not aware of essentially I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not aware of essentially I don't think
+that's that likely in practice right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that likely in practice right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that likely in practice right so
+like it could be I'll send you five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it could be I'll send you five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it could be I'll send you five
+Jewish coins if you send her 20 light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jewish coins if you send her 20 light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jewish coins if you send her 20 light
+coins and then you send back douche
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins and then you send back douche
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins and then you send back douche
+coins to this other place but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins to this other place but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins to this other place but it's
+possible yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes and then if that's Carol let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and then if that's Carol let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and then if that's Carol let's say
+Alice hey Carol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah right Carol receives very :
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right Carol receives very :
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right Carol receives very :
+Alice loses those points there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice loses those points there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice loses those points there's an
+exchange okay yeah so like you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange okay yeah so like you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange okay yeah so like you go to
+some other kind you know you go to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other kind you know you go to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other kind you know you go to you
+know England you pay with your credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know England you pay with your credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know England you pay with your credit
+card you lose dollars but they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card you lose dollars but they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card you lose dollars but they get
+pounds and there's some somehow there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pounds and there's some somehow there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pounds and there's some somehow there's
+an exchanger in the middle right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exchanger in the middle right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exchanger in the middle right and so
+from Bob's perspective it works the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Bob's perspective it works the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Bob's perspective it works the same
+either way he's getting more dogecoins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either way he's getting more dogecoins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either way he's getting more dogecoins
+and losing for clothes right right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and losing for clothes right right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and losing for clothes right right so
+it's possible that you set up this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible that you set up this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible that you set up this by
+initially funding it so Alice says I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially funding it so Alice says I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially funding it so Alice says I
+have a ton of dogecoins Alice creates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a ton of dogecoins Alice creates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a ton of dogecoins Alice creates
+this channel and she has like 100 doge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this channel and she has like 100 doge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this channel and she has like 100 doge
+coins and bob has zero and same with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins and bob has zero and same with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins and bob has zero and same with
+vertical bob could have a lot of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical bob could have a lot of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical bob could have a lot of them
+and say okay I have 20 Verdeans and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say okay I have 20 Verdeans and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say okay I have 20 Verdeans and
+Alice has zero and then we can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice has zero and then we can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice has zero and then we can make
+those payments in that direction you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those payments in that direction you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those payments in that direction you can
+pay them you know so so actually in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay them you know so so actually in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay them you know so so actually in all
+the software now I think there's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the software now I think there's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the software now I think there's only
+single funded channels because having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single funded channels because having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single funded channels because having
+both parties funded at the same time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both parties funded at the same time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both parties funded at the same time is
+kind of its software-wise a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of its software-wise a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of its software-wise a little
+harder and it's also like interface why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder and it's also like interface why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder and it's also like interface why
+it's gonna become complicated because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna become complicated because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna become complicated because
+how do you know when to match someone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you know when to match someone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you know when to match someone's
+funding right so so usually what you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding right so so usually what you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding right so so usually what you do
+is you say I'm an Alice hey Bob what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you say I'm an Alice hey Bob what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you say I'm an Alice hey Bob what's
+your public key you know give me a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your public key you know give me a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your public key you know give me a new
+public key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key
+okay I'm gonna construct this channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm gonna construct this channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm gonna construct this channel
+here sign this and Bob's like okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here sign this and Bob's like okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here sign this and Bob's like okay and
+Bob has like nothing no money at stake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob has like nothing no money at stake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob has like nothing no money at stake
+when this process happens and then Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this process happens and then Bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this process happens and then Bob
+also creates the channel with Alice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also creates the channel with Alice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also creates the channel with Alice
+saying okay I'm gonna put a bunch of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying okay I'm gonna put a bunch of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying okay I'm gonna put a bunch of our
+coin in this channel and they usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin in this channel and they usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin in this channel and they usually
+start with all the money on one side so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with all the money on one side so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with all the money on one side so
+they can then trade another question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can then trade another question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can then trade another question
+that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good
+yeah so they have to look at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so they have to look at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so they have to look at these
+different channels on different block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different channels on different block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different channels on different block
+chains in order to make sure this works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains in order to make sure this works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains in order to make sure this works
+there's still a lot of open questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still a lot of open questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still a lot of open questions
+here how do you actually trade like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here how do you actually trade like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here how do you actually trade like this
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+really good for trade execution but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good for trade execution but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good for trade execution but what
+about discovery so the current exchanges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about discovery so the current exchanges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about discovery so the current exchanges
+they're not just you know put all your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not just you know put all your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not just you know put all your
+money in here there's and then ask for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in here there's and then ask for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in here there's and then ask for
+it back there's that middle step where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back there's that middle step where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back there's that middle step where
+like you find all the other parties so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you find all the other parties so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you find all the other parties so
+post the orders on the blockchain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post the orders on the blockchain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post the orders on the blockchain and
+maybe there's problems I mean it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there's problems I mean it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there's problems I mean it's it's
+not too crazy an idea but there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too crazy an idea but there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too crazy an idea but there's some
+problems with it right if you just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with it right if you just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with it right if you just say
+hey I want to sell dogecoins and I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey I want to sell dogecoins and I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey I want to sell dogecoins and I want
+to buy Bourke wins and you sort of put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buy Bourke wins and you sort of put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buy Bourke wins and you sort of put
+that in an opera turn on the blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in an opera turn on the blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in an opera turn on the blockchain
+well it's non-binding right you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's non-binding right you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's non-binding right you don't
+have to actually do anything they can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to actually do anything they can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to actually do anything they can be
+front-running where the orders can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front-running where the orders can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front-running where the orders can go
+and you know the wrong sequence are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know the wrong sequence are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know the wrong sequence are in
+time and it's not scalable because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and it's not scalable because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and it's not scalable because if
+everyone's posting orders on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's posting orders on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's posting orders on the
+blockchain that can take up a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain that can take up a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain that can take up a lot of
+space probably more so than actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space probably more so than actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space probably more so than actual
+transactions I don't know what I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions I don't know what I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions I don't know what I mean
+I'm sure it may be like total number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure it may be like total number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure it may be like total number of
+orders placed on a order book versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders placed on a order book versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders placed on a order book versus
+total number of actual order executions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number of actual order executions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number of actual order executions
+usually it's there's a lot more orders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually it's there's a lot more orders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually it's there's a lot more orders
+that then end up getting canceled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then end up getting canceled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then end up getting canceled
+because in most exchanges that I've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in most exchanges that I've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in most exchanges that I've seen
+and I believe this is the case in like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I believe this is the case in like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I believe this is the case in like
+you know regular New York Stock Exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know regular New York Stock Exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know regular New York Stock Exchange
+kind of things you can say hey I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of things you can say hey I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of things you can say hey I want to
+sell this at this price and then a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell this at this price and then a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell this at this price and then a few
+minutes later you say yeah I changed my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes later you say yeah I changed my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes later you say yeah I changed my
+mind I don't want to sell it at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind I don't want to sell it at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind I don't want to sell it at that
+price anymore the price has moved and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price anymore the price has moved and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price anymore the price has moved and
+I've changed my mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've changed my mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've changed my mind
+and a lot of times yeah yeah about 1% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of times yeah yeah about 1% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of times yeah yeah about 1% of
+the actual trades getting it executed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual trades getting it executed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual trades getting it executed
+yeah that sounds probably about the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that sounds probably about the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that sounds probably about the same
+as in a lot of Bitcoin exchanges usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in a lot of Bitcoin exchanges usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in a lot of Bitcoin exchanges usually
+in the Bitcoin exchanges they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Bitcoin exchanges they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Bitcoin exchanges they don't
+charge you to you know post it post at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge you to you know post it post at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge you to you know post it post at
+you know an order and then take it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know an order and then take it back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know an order and then take it back
+that's free whereas the trade actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's free whereas the trade actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's free whereas the trade actually
+executing usually they have some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executing usually they have some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executing usually they have some kind of
+fee so posting the orders themselves on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee so posting the orders themselves on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee so posting the orders themselves on
+the blockchain seems like a cool idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blockchain seems like a cool idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blockchain seems like a cool idea
+but but you know you've got now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but you know you've got now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but you know you've got now the
+scalability problem with all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalability problem with all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalability problem with all these
+transactions now it's probably a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions now it's probably a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions now it's probably a hundred
+times worse because you're all and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times worse because you're all and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times worse because you're all and
+front-running could also be tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front-running could also be tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front-running could also be tricky
+because the blockchain does provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the blockchain does provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the blockchain does provide
+sequence and timing but it's up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and timing but it's up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and timing but it's up to the
+miners so if you have a ten minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miners so if you have a ten minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miners so if you have a ten minute
+window during that 10 minute the window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window during that 10 minute the window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window during that 10 minute the window
+the miners can basically shuffle things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the miners can basically shuffle things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the miners can basically shuffle things
+around however they want and so if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around however they want and so if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around however they want and so if the
+miner is also trading they can see oh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miner is also trading they can see oh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miner is also trading they can see oh I
+see all these different orders I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see all these different orders I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see all these different orders I will
+match these orders and let those happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match these orders and let those happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match these orders and let those happen
+afterwards so this is an issue so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards so this is an issue so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards so this is an issue so
+there's a bunch of different models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bunch of different models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bunch of different models
+people are looking at and to be clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are looking at and to be clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are looking at and to be clear
+here this is not something that really I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is not something that really I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is not something that really I
+don't to say it doesn't exist yet it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't to say it doesn't exist yet it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't to say it doesn't exist yet it
+sort of does there are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of does there are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of does there are these
+decentralized exchanges popping up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized exchanges popping up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized exchanges popping up
+mostly on the etherium network right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly on the etherium network right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly on the etherium network right now
+because then it's not actually cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then it's not actually cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then it's not actually cross
+chain you can have cross asset because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain you can have cross asset because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain you can have cross asset because
+there's all these ERC 20 tokens but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all these ERC 20 tokens but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all these ERC 20 tokens but the
+cross chain swaps themselves are a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross chain swaps themselves are a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross chain swaps themselves are a bit
+more complicated to program so I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated to program so I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated to program so I don't
+know of any like you know live not main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know of any like you know live not main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know of any like you know live not main
+net operation like this so one model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net operation like this so one model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net operation like this so one model
+would be you have a central order book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be you have a central order book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be you have a central order book
+and a central counterparty so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a central counterparty so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a central counterparty so the
+exchange says okay we're still the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange says okay we're still the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange says okay we're still the
+exchange we still have a website we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange we still have a website we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange we still have a website we
+still have order you know buys and sells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have order you know buys and sells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have order you know buys and sells
+and stuff like that and not only that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff like that and not only that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff like that and not only that
+but the exchange is one side of every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the exchange is one side of every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the exchange is one side of every
+trade so they say okay open a channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade so they say okay open a channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade so they say okay open a channel
+with us put all your verticals in put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with us put all your verticals in put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with us put all your verticals in put
+all your dogecoins in and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all your dogecoins in and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all your dogecoins in and then we'll
+open a different channel with you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open a different channel with you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open a different channel with you and
+we'll put like coins in it and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll put like coins in it and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll put like coins in it and if you
+you trade with us but then what they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you trade with us but then what they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you trade with us but then what they can
+do is they can say well we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is they can say well we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is they can say well we're not
+actually going to trade unless there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to trade unless there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to trade unless there's
+some someone else performing a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some someone else performing a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some someone else performing a similar
+you know opposite trade and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know opposite trade and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know opposite trade and then they
+can keep the spread so they say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can keep the spread so they say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can keep the spread so they say okay
+we're selling vert corn at this rate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're selling vert corn at this rate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're selling vert corn at this rate and
+buying it at this other slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying it at this other slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying it at this other slightly
+different rate so that seems the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different rate so that seems the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different rate so that seems the most
+feasible I would venture that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible I would venture that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible I would venture that that's
+going to happen first because it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen first because it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen first because it's not
+too crazy but it has similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too crazy but it has similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too crazy but it has similar
+centralization to the current model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralization to the current model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralization to the current model
+right but there is less counterparty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but there is less counterparty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but there is less counterparty
+risk so if you are worried about an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk so if you are worried about an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk so if you are worried about an
+exchange shutting down and running off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange shutting down and running off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange shutting down and running off
+with all your dogecoin this can help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all your dogecoin this can help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all your dogecoin this can help
+right say okay well I have a channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right say okay well I have a channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right say okay well I have a channel
+with my doge going in it and a channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my doge going in it and a channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my doge going in it and a channel
+with my vert point in it and I can sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my vert point in it and I can sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my vert point in it and I can sell
+some Deutsch going get some berkland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Deutsch going get some berkland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Deutsch going get some berkland
+from the exchange and I still have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the exchange and I still have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the exchange and I still have a
+nice order but it doesn't solve any kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice order but it doesn't solve any kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice order but it doesn't solve any kind
+of front-running problem right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of front-running problem right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of front-running problem right the
+exchange can still order things how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange can still order things how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange can still order things how they
+want and the exchange can still shut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and the exchange can still shut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and the exchange can still shut
+down but it's much more difficult for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but it's much more difficult for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but it's much more difficult for
+the exchange to somehow steal your coins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exchange to somehow steal your coins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exchange to somehow steal your coins
+which is a problem in another model you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a problem in another model you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a problem in another model you
+say well we have a central order book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well we have a central order book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well we have a central order book
+right so the exchange still exists and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the exchange still exists and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the exchange still exists and
+aggregates all the orders of everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregates all the orders of everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregates all the orders of everyone
+who wants to buy and sell but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who wants to buy and sell but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who wants to buy and sell but there's
+multiple counterparties that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple counterparties that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple counterparties that you
+interact with directly so the exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with directly so the exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with directly so the exchange
+says okay i'm ii and i will tell Alice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says okay i'm ii and i will tell Alice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says okay i'm ii and i will tell Alice
+about Bob right Alice says hey I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Bob right Alice says hey I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Bob right Alice says hey I want to
+sell those going in by vertical at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell those going in by vertical at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell those going in by vertical at this
+rate and then the exchange tells Alice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and then the exchange tells Alice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and then the exchange tells Alice
+and Bob okay you guys matched right Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Bob okay you guys matched right Bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Bob okay you guys matched right Bob
+you wanna you want to sell vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanna you want to sell vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanna you want to sell vertical
+analysis performed this trade this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis performed this trade this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis performed this trade this is
+cooler but there's questions in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooler but there's questions in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooler but there's questions in that
+like if you're connecting to many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you're connecting to many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you're connecting to many
+counterparties it's costly right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparties it's costly right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparties it's costly right you
+have to open a new channel and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to open a new channel and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to open a new channel and that is
+on chain also how do you enforce trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on chain also how do you enforce trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on chain also how do you enforce trade
+execution right if it's if it's a trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution right if it's if it's a trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution right if it's if it's a trade
+on a current exchange and you say okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a current exchange and you say okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a current exchange and you say okay I
+want to buy bitcoins and you click OK it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to buy bitcoins and you click OK it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to buy bitcoins and you click OK it
+just happened right there aren't they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just happened right there aren't they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just happened right there aren't they
+aren't even your bitcoins you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't even your bitcoins you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't even your bitcoins you don't
+really have control of them so when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have control of them so when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have control of them so when you
+say you want to do something they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you want to do something they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you want to do something they
+actually execute it in this case if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually execute it in this case if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually execute it in this case if they
+don't have a channel with you they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a channel with you they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a channel with you they just
+are observing the trade occur right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are observing the trade occur right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are observing the trade occur right so
+they're they're saying okay I'll you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're saying okay I'll you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're saying okay I'll you
+know Alice and Bob do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Alice and Bob do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Alice and Bob do this
+why not it might not even be possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not it might not even be possible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not it might not even be possible to
+enforce you'd have to have some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforce you'd have to have some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforce you'd have to have some kind of
+penalties if Bob says hey Alice said she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalties if Bob says hey Alice said she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalties if Bob says hey Alice said she
+was going to sell but then didn't or Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to sell but then didn't or Bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to sell but then didn't or Bob
+complaints things like that so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complaints things like that so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complaints things like that so this
+there's a lot of ideas here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of ideas here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of ideas here right
+another is okay if you're if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another is okay if you're if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another is okay if you're if you're
+building channels each channel that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building channels each channel that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building channels each channel that you
+builds has these Unchained costs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+builds has these Unchained costs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+builds has these Unchained costs and
+takes quite a bit of time so maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes quite a bit of time so maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes quite a bit of time so maybe you
+could have a multi hop network from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have a multi hop network from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have a multi hop network from
+different coins right so instead of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different coins right so instead of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different coins right so instead of just
+Alice Bob Alice you've got you know Dave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice Bob Alice you've got you know Dave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice Bob Alice you've got you know Dave
+and Carol and and as long as I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Carol and and as long as I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Carol and and as long as I'm
+connected to someone in this network I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to someone in this network I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to someone in this network I
+can route payments to them and they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can route payments to them and they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can route payments to them and they can
+route payments to me via different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route payments to me via different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route payments to me via different
+channels so I'm connected to this like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels so I'm connected to this like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels so I'm connected to this like
+multi coin Network kind of mesh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi coin Network kind of mesh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi coin Network kind of mesh that
+would be really cool it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be really cool it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be really cool it's not
+implemented it's not even really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented it's not even really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented it's not even really
+researched that well yet so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researched that well yet so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researched that well yet so these are
+these are sort of ideas but that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are sort of ideas but that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are sort of ideas but that would
+be really cool then you wouldn't need as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be really cool then you wouldn't need as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be really cool then you wouldn't need as
+much liquidity so one of the issues with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much liquidity so one of the issues with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much liquidity so one of the issues with
+the central counterparty model is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central counterparty model is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central counterparty model is the
+exchange still needs to have a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange still needs to have a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange still needs to have a bunch of
+money they still need to have a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money they still need to have a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money they still need to have a bunch of
+dogecoins invert coins in order to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogecoins invert coins in order to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogecoins invert coins in order to be a
+counterparty to every trade and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparty to every trade and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparty to every trade and then the
+question is well where do those come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is well where do those come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is well where do those come
+from right and if they say if you say oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from right and if they say if you say oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from right and if they say if you say oh
+well it comes from customers well now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it comes from customers well now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it comes from customers well now
+that's back into the custodial model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's back into the custodial model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's back into the custodial model
+where they still have coins that aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they still have coins that aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they still have coins that aren't
+really theirs you can say well they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really theirs you can say well they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really theirs you can say well they
+probably and what I'm guessing is gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably and what I'm guessing is gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably and what I'm guessing is gonna
+happen is they're gonna say well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is they're gonna say well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is they're gonna say well we
+charge a spread and will accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge a spread and will accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge a spread and will accept
+investors and so if you want to invest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors and so if you want to invest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors and so if you want to invest
+in this exchange you know give us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this exchange you know give us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this exchange you know give us a
+bunch of dogecoin give us a bunch of her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of dogecoin give us a bunch of her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of dogecoin give us a bunch of her
+coin we will then use it to trade with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin we will then use it to trade with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin we will then use it to trade with
+different parties and then we'll keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parties and then we'll keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parties and then we'll keep
+some kind of spread and then hey you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of spread and then hey you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of spread and then hey you got
+like a return on your invested dogecoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a return on your invested dogecoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a return on your invested dogecoin
+you get more dogecoin at the end and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get more dogecoin at the end and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get more dogecoin at the end and
+then you couldn't withdraw it I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you couldn't withdraw it I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you couldn't withdraw it I think
+this is still better than the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is still better than the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is still better than the current
+model where you leave a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model where you leave a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model where you leave a whole bunch of
+coins on the exchange and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins on the exchange and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins on the exchange and you get
+nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing
+now you can choose okay do I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can choose okay do I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can choose okay do I want to
+give them my coins and take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them my coins and take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them my coins and take that
+counterparty risk but I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparty risk but I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparty risk but I get
+return in order in exchange for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return in order in exchange for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return in order in exchange for that
+risk or do I just want to trade without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk or do I just want to trade without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk or do I just want to trade without
+comic party risk so another problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comic party risk so another problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comic party risk so another problem with
+that model but it's probably what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that model but it's probably what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that model but it's probably what this
+doesn't have that issue in that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have that issue in that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have that issue in that there is
+no central counterparty who needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no central counterparty who needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no central counterparty who needs to
+have a bunch of coins I'm trading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bunch of coins I'm trading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bunch of coins I'm trading
+directly with the people who want who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly with the people who want who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly with the people who want who
+owned the coins and want to say so yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owned the coins and want to say so yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owned the coins and want to say so yes
+over the not even long term medium term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the not even long term medium term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the not even long term medium term
+these as a use user interface they look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these as a use user interface they look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these as a use user interface they look
+the same right because whether it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same right because whether it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same right because whether it's the
+exchange itself saying okay I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange itself saying okay I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange itself saying okay I'm
+aggravated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggravated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggravated
+you know everyone deposit I've got a ton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know everyone deposit I've got a ton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know everyone deposit I've got a ton
+of capital I'm gonna be a counterparty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital I'm gonna be a counterparty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital I'm gonna be a counterparty
+of these trades and market maker versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these trades and market maker versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these trades and market maker versus
+oh there's no defined market maker but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh there's no defined market maker but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh there's no defined market maker but
+the people with a lot of money or who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people with a lot of money or who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people with a lot of money or who
+are really trying to do this end up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really trying to do this end up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really trying to do this end up in
+that position I guess the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that position I guess the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that position I guess the only
+difference is in this case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is in this case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is in this case the
+counterparty is also running the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparty is also running the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparty is also running the order
+book and in this case they may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and in this case they may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and in this case they may be
+different right there's there's an order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different right there's there's an order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different right there's there's an order
+book server and then there's this big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book server and then there's this big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book server and then there's this big
+counterparty who has a ton of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparty who has a ton of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparty who has a ton of money
+who's doing all the trades so does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's doing all the trades so does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's doing all the trades so does that
+difference does that make much a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference does that make much a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference does that make much a
+difference yes first model has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference yes first model has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference yes first model has the
+centralized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralized
+rats because they're centralized which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rats because they're centralized which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rats because they're centralized which
+is kind of interesting yeah yeah so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of interesting yeah yeah so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of interesting yeah yeah so this
+this probably ends up with a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this probably ends up with a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this probably ends up with a small
+number of pretty big notes because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of pretty big notes because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of pretty big notes because
+mostly because the efficiency right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly because the efficiency right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly because the efficiency right if
+you're connecting to a hundred different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're connecting to a hundred different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're connecting to a hundred different
+counterparties and you never actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparties and you never actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparties and you never actually
+trade with any of them it's very costly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade with any of them it's very costly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade with any of them it's very costly
+to build those channels and which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build those channels and which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build those channels and which I
+probably has analogies to in real life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably has analogies to in real life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably has analogies to in real life
+it's costly to maintain these you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's costly to maintain these you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's costly to maintain these you know
+relationships with all these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships with all these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships with all these different
+companies and stuff it's much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies and stuff it's much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies and stuff it's much more
+efficient if we just all meet under this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient if we just all meet under this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient if we just all meet under this
+button wintry it's different issue in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button wintry it's different issue in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button wintry it's different issue in
+that you know enforcing trade execution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know enforcing trade execution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know enforcing trade execution
+you might not have legal you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might not have legal you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might not have legal you know you
+might not know who any of these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not know who any of these people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not know who any of these people
+are legally so you have some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are legally so you have some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are legally so you have some kind of
+penalties or some kind of proofs that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalties or some kind of proofs that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalties or some kind of proofs that a
+trade occurred the correct way things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade occurred the correct way things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade occurred the correct way things
+like that the example is before you okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that the example is before you okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that the example is before you okay
+so the ampoules Alice says Alice goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the ampoules Alice says Alice goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the ampoules Alice says Alice goes to
+a server right so so you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a server right so so you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a server right so so you have an
+exchange but this exchange is only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange but this exchange is only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange but this exchange is only the
+order book right so there's a little buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order book right so there's a little buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order book right so there's a little buy
+and sell kind of things and then Alice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sell kind of things and then Alice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sell kind of things and then Alice
+says okay I want to I want to buy veetc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says okay I want to I want to buy veetc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says okay I want to I want to buy veetc
+and then this is Alice Bob says okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this is Alice Bob says okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this is Alice Bob says okay I
+want to buy what was it that was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then the exchange says oh you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the exchange says oh you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the exchange says oh you guys
+crossed right you want to buy veut Quine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossed right you want to buy veut Quine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossed right you want to buy veut Quine
+at a rate that he's willing to sell at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a rate that he's willing to sell at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a rate that he's willing to sell at
+or slightly higher or whatever so trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or slightly higher or whatever so trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or slightly higher or whatever so trade
+right so the exchange tells both people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the exchange tells both people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the exchange tells both people
+hey you matched now you have to trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey you matched now you have to trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey you matched now you have to trade
+and then as soon as a sees oh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as soon as a sees oh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as soon as a sees oh you
+matched you have to trade Alice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matched you have to trade Alice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matched you have to trade Alice
+disappears it says oh I didn't want I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears it says oh I didn't want I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears it says oh I didn't want I
+didn't mean to right so so the exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't mean to right so so the exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't mean to right so so the exchange
+only can provide information they can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only can provide information they can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only can provide information they can't
+actually force Alice and Bob to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually force Alice and Bob to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually force Alice and Bob to do the
+trade is the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that yeah in this at least in Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that yeah in this at least in Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that yeah in this at least in Bitcoin
+I don't know how to do that because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know how to do that because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know how to do that because you
+need to know who your counterparty is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know who your counterparty is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know who your counterparty is in
+order to either use these channels or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to either use these channels or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to either use these channels or
+even if it were on chain right you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it were on chain right you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it were on chain right you have
+to share these secret you know like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to share these secret you know like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to share these secret you know like it's
+interactive with your counterparty so at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive with your counterparty so at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive with your counterparty so at
+least in Bitcoin I don't know a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in Bitcoin I don't know a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in Bitcoin I don't know a way to
+say Alice's posting her by Verte coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Alice's posting her by Verte coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Alice's posting her by Verte coin
+you know order in a way that anyone can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know order in a way that anyone can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know order in a way that anyone can
+then go and fill it without additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then go and fill it without additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then go and fill it without additional
+interactivity from Alice there might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactivity from Alice there might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactivity from Alice there might be
+I think there's ways to do that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think there's ways to do that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think there's ways to do that in
+aetherium for aetherium tokens and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aetherium for aetherium tokens and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aetherium for aetherium tokens and and
+there are people who've written software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are people who've written software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are people who've written software
+like that but in the Bitcoin model there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that but in the Bitcoin model there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that but in the Bitcoin model there
+might be a way to do it we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a way to do it we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a way to do it we haven't
+figured it out so so it's sort of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured it out so so it's sort of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured it out so so it's sort of you
+know you put in your orders they return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you put in your orders they return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you put in your orders they return
+and say okay trade and now yeah now they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say okay trade and now yeah now they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say okay trade and now yeah now they
+have to continue to interact so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to continue to interact so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to continue to interact so it's
+pretty straightforward for Bob or I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty straightforward for Bob or I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty straightforward for Bob or I'll
+you know I'll so just unplug her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I'll so just unplug her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I'll so just unplug her
+computer right at that point and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer right at that point and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer right at that point and that
+that introduces timing sort of issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that introduces timing sort of issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that introduces timing sort of issues
+where Alice just puts in all these fake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Alice just puts in all these fake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Alice just puts in all these fake
+trades maybe they're kind of out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trades maybe they're kind of out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trades maybe they're kind of out there
+but sometimes the market moves during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sometimes the market moves during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sometimes the market moves during
+the time between I put my trade in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time between I put my trade in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time between I put my trade in and
+the the execution comes back and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the execution comes back and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the execution comes back and so I
+unplugged most of them you know I ignore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unplugged most of them you know I ignore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unplugged most of them you know I ignore
+most of them but the ones that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of them but the ones that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of them but the ones that are
+beneficial actually go through with well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial actually go through with well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial actually go through with well
+yeah so yeah so it's I don't yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+executable another step yeah beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executable another step yeah beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executable another step yeah beautiful
+right so this is a new form of spoofing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is a new form of spoofing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is a new form of spoofing
+of the US right it's I guess so hot in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the US right it's I guess so hot in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the US right it's I guess so hot in
+this case would be if Bob gets Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case would be if Bob gets Bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case would be if Bob gets Bob
+if Alice's offer contains all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Alice's offer contains all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Alice's offer contains all the
+information needed by Bob to execute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information needed by Bob to execute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information needed by Bob to execute the
+trade then it would be sort of hot in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade then it would be sort of hot in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade then it would be sort of hot in
+that sense and that Bob doesn't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sense and that Bob doesn't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sense and that Bob doesn't have to
+interact with Alice anymore to execute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with Alice anymore to execute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with Alice anymore to execute
+with these construction you know with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these construction you know with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these construction you know with
+the the cross chain and swaps using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the cross chain and swaps using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the cross chain and swaps using
+these channels you still have to talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these channels you still have to talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these channels you still have to talk to
+each other right Bob needs to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other right Bob needs to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other right Bob needs to you know
+Alice Bob generates no Alice generates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice Bob generates no Alice generates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice Bob generates no Alice generates
+the r-value shares the hash with Bob you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the r-value shares the hash with Bob you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the r-value shares the hash with Bob you
+know they're talking to each other so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're talking to each other so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're talking to each other so we
+don't know if someone figures out a cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if someone figures out a cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if someone figures out a cool
+way to do it then great that will solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it then great that will solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it then great that will solve
+this issue but yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or are they believed zero SX is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or are they believed zero SX is from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or are they believed zero SX is from
+what I've read I don't know about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've read I don't know about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've read I don't know about how
+real our raid remember that is radar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real our raid remember that is radar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real our raid remember that is radar
+relay works but zero X yeah the you post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relay works but zero X yeah the you post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relay works but zero X yeah the you post
+you use basically your order is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use basically your order is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use basically your order is
+executable by any party without further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executable by any party without further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executable by any party without further
+input from you but it also has scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input from you but it also has scaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input from you but it also has scaling
+issues so that's a good segue to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues so that's a good segue to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues so that's a good segue to the
+next part which is having some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next part which is having some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next part which is having some kind of
+distributed order book where there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed order book where there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed order book where there is no
+central order book there is no central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central order book there is no central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central order book there is no central
+counterparty the whole thing is a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparty the whole thing is a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparty the whole thing is a big
+mesh network kind of thing that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesh network kind of thing that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesh network kind of thing that would be
+really cool that seems the furthest out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool that seems the furthest out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool that seems the furthest out
+in terms of how do you do this I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of how do you do this I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of how do you do this I mean
+people are working on it but it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are working on it but it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are working on it but it seems
+hard to make practical in that how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to make practical in that how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to make practical in that how do
+you ensure fairness right who's ordering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ensure fairness right who's ordering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ensure fairness right who's ordering
+these things and you could say well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things and you could say well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things and you could say well the
+blockchain is ordering things these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain is ordering things these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain is ordering things these
+things but that ends up being that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but that ends up being that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but that ends up being that the
+miners order it so if alice is by Verte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miners order it so if alice is by Verte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miners order it so if alice is by Verte
+coin she's like okay I'm buying Burgoyne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin she's like okay I'm buying Burgoyne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin she's like okay I'm buying Burgoyne
+at a price of five and then he says okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a price of five and then he says okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a price of five and then he says okay
+I'll buy dosh at a price of whatever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll buy dosh at a price of whatever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll buy dosh at a price of whatever you
+know basically you cross and you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know basically you cross and you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know basically you cross and you have an
+order where there's some kind of overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order where there's some kind of overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order where there's some kind of overlap
+the miner can say okay well I'll instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the miner can say okay well I'll instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the miner can say okay well I'll instead
+ignore this order execute my own and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore this order execute my own and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore this order execute my own and
+then execute that with this guy and take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then execute that with this guy and take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then execute that with this guy and take
+the spread because the miner really gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spread because the miner really gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spread because the miner really gets
+to sequence things however they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sequence things however they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sequence things however they want
+right the blockchain does provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the blockchain does provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the blockchain does provide
+ordering but at the block level within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering but at the block level within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering but at the block level within a
+block it's totally up to the miner so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block it's totally up to the miner so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block it's totally up to the miner so
+the miners could swap things around but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the miners could swap things around but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the miners could swap things around but
+yeah how do you ensure fairness in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah how do you ensure fairness in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah how do you ensure fairness in terms
+of timing how do you enforce trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of timing how do you enforce trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of timing how do you enforce trade
+execution and probably the biggest for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution and probably the biggest for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution and probably the biggest for a
+distributor or a book is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributor or a book is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributor or a book is just the
+scalability of the orders you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalability of the orders you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalability of the orders you probably
+don't want to put all the orders on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to put all the orders on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to put all the orders on the
+blockchain because it just ends up being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain because it just ends up being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain because it just ends up being
+a ton of data so you have to have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ton of data so you have to have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ton of data so you have to have some
+kind of broadcast network where you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of broadcast network where you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of broadcast network where you've
+got these orders they probably should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got these orders they probably should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got these orders they probably should
+have some way to expire but an x3 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some way to expire but an x3 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some way to expire but an x3 is
+also an issue in that how do you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also an issue in that how do you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also an issue in that how do you make
+how do you ensure that hey I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you ensure that hey I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you ensure that hey I'm
+cancelling this order how do you ensure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancelling this order how do you ensure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancelling this order how do you ensure
+that the cancellation actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the cancellation actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the cancellation actually
+propagates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagates
+if if someone can say okay I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if someone can say okay I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if someone can say okay I've got
+pretty good control the network and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good control the network and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good control the network and I
+can just block these order cancellations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just block these order cancellations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just block these order cancellations
+and wait and then execute so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wait and then execute so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wait and then execute so this is
+sort of there's papers there's ideas but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of there's papers there's ideas but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of there's papers there's ideas but
+it's kind of out there okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of out there okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of out there okay so that's
+basically you know that was it a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you know that was it a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you know that was it a little
+earlier but yeah this was basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier but yeah this was basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier but yeah this was basically the
+stuff for today um the idea works right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff for today um the idea works right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff for today um the idea works right
+the cross stream swaps but there's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cross stream swaps but there's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cross stream swaps but there's still
+a lot of issues in terms of okay how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of issues in terms of okay how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of issues in terms of okay how do
+you actually get these to work how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually get these to work how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually get these to work how do
+you build a scalable trading platform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you build a scalable trading platform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you build a scalable trading platform
+and there aren't really any yet there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there aren't really any yet there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there aren't really any yet there
+are some some things on aetherium that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some some things on aetherium that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some some things on aetherium that
+work okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work okay
+the fees end up being kind of high and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fees end up being kind of high and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fees end up being kind of high and
+that's also aetherium where it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also aetherium where it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also aetherium where it's it's
+not between different block chains right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not between different block chains right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not between different block chains right
+it's all running on the etherium network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all running on the etherium network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all running on the etherium network
+and the etherium network allows you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the etherium network allows you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the etherium network allows you to
+specify well this is actually something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify well this is actually something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify well this is actually something
+else this isn't ether you can do that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else this isn't ether you can do that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else this isn't ether you can do that in
+Bitcoin but so there there are protocols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin but so there there are protocols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin but so there there are protocols
+in Bitcoin like Omni and master coins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Bitcoin like Omni and master coins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Bitcoin like Omni and master coins
+and things where you could sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things where you could sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things where you could sort of
+create different assets by using up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create different assets by using up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create different assets by using up
+return and basically all of those have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return and basically all of those have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return and basically all of those have
+moved to aetherium now because it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved to aetherium now because it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved to aetherium now because it was
+mutton he theorems a much nicer design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutton he theorems a much nicer design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutton he theorems a much nicer design
+for those things and most of the Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those things and most of the Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those things and most of the Bitcoin
+developers are sort of like great now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers are sort of like great now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers are sort of like great now
+all these non Bitcoin transaction data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these non Bitcoin transaction data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these non Bitcoin transaction data
+are have left and Bitcoin is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are have left and Bitcoin is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are have left and Bitcoin is just
+focused on moving Bitcoin around yes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on moving Bitcoin around yes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on moving Bitcoin around yes so
+the basic idea works there's still a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic idea works there's still a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic idea works there's still a lot
+of unsolved questions further research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unsolved questions further research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unsolved questions further research
+required which is great to hear when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required which is great to hear when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required which is great to hear when
+you're a researcher and there's people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a researcher and there's people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a researcher and there's people
+working on this here I'm working with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on this here I'm working with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on this here I'm working with a
+MN student on cross chain swaps this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MN student on cross chain swaps this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MN student on cross chain swaps this
+semester there's other people working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester there's other people working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester there's other people working on
+all sorts of decentralized exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of decentralized exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of decentralized exchange
+things Mei how it's also very interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things Mei how it's also very interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things Mei how it's also very interested
+in it so if you want to work with me huh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it so if you want to work with me huh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it so if you want to work with me huh
+that's a chance and yeah I think it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a chance and yeah I think it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a chance and yeah I think it'll
+be big right because if you if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be big right because if you if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be big right because if you if you look
+at these exchanges there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these exchanges there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these exchanges there's a lot of
+profit so like I don't know a year or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit so like I don't know a year or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit so like I don't know a year or
+two ago you look at like Polonia X they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ago you look at like Polonia X they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ago you look at like Polonia X they
+were making like a million dollars a day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were making like a million dollars a day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were making like a million dollars a day
+just there's so much volume and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just there's so much volume and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just there's so much volume and they
+have very few employees so and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very few employees so and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very few employees so and and
+they're likely like I think that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're likely like I think that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're likely like I think that the
+market is getting sort of more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market is getting sort of more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market is getting sort of more
+established now in terms of it's gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established now in terms of it's gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established now in terms of it's gonna
+be larger players and stuff like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be larger players and stuff like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be larger players and stuff like that
+but it was pretty much like wild wild
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was pretty much like wild wild
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was pretty much like wild wild
+west a few years ago we're just like I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+west a few years ago we're just like I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+west a few years ago we're just like I'm
+gonna open the exchange and I don't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna open the exchange and I don't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna open the exchange and I don't even
+need a bank account the the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a bank account the the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a bank account the the big
+exchanges that have bank accounts I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges that have bank accounts I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges that have bank accounts I feel
+like are less profitable so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like are less profitable so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like are less profitable so like
+coinbase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coinbase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coinbase
+makes a lot of revenue but they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a lot of revenue but they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a lot of revenue but they have a
+lot of fees like a lot of costs they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of fees like a lot of costs they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of fees like a lot of costs they
+have a ton of employees they have a ton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a ton of employees they have a ton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a ton of employees they have a ton
+of lawyers they have to worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lawyers they have to worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lawyers they have to worry about
+banks whereas if you're like Polonia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks whereas if you're like Polonia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks whereas if you're like Polonia
+Axwell Polonius is now yeah it lasted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Axwell Polonius is now yeah it lasted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Axwell Polonius is now yeah it lasted
+for like a year to where they could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like a year to where they could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like a year to where they could do
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+but if you're just some random altcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you're just some random altcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you're just some random altcoin
+exchange you don't need a bank account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange you don't need a bank account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange you don't need a bank account
+right you say look I just I'm an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you say look I just I'm an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you say look I just I'm an
+exchange where you can trade dogecoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange where you can trade dogecoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange where you can trade dogecoin
+invert claim and that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invert claim and that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invert claim and that's it
+there's no dollars involved so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no dollars involved so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no dollars involved so they
+those kind of places they can open up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those kind of places they can open up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those kind of places they can open up on
+any server anywhere in the world they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any server anywhere in the world they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any server anywhere in the world they
+don't even need to be companies they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even need to be companies they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even need to be companies they can
+just be someone server and that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be someone server and that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be someone server and that you know
+the fact that they have custody means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that they have custody means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that they have custody means
+they keep you know getting shut down or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they keep you know getting shut down or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they keep you know getting shut down or
+just running off with money like crypts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just running off with money like crypts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just running off with money like crypts
+Eatwell cripsy was that guy right so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eatwell cripsy was that guy right so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eatwell cripsy was that guy right so and
+then he like said I remember there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he like said I remember there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he like said I remember there was a
+blog post where he just sort of said he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blog post where he just sort of said he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blog post where he just sort of said he
+did that and it was just like it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that and it was just like it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that and it was just like it was
+just an amazing blog post where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an amazing blog post where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an amazing blog post where it's
+like wait you're just admitting to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like wait you're just admitting to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like wait you're just admitting to like
+a whole bunch of crimes here like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole bunch of crimes here like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole bunch of crimes here like you
+probably shouldn't have written this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably shouldn't have written this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably shouldn't have written this and
+then he like fled to China but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he like fled to China but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he like fled to China but I think
+they got him he's in jail now or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got him he's in jail now or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got him he's in jail now or
+something anyway so so there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something anyway so so there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something anyway so so there's a lot of
+you know pretty bad actors in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know pretty bad actors in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know pretty bad actors in the
+exchange space it's not well-run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange space it's not well-run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange space it's not well-run
+generally but but it there's enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally but but it there's enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally but but it there's enormous
+amounts of profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of profit
+which to me seems like in an efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which to me seems like in an efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which to me seems like in an efficiency
+right wait why are these people making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right wait why are these people making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right wait why are these people making a
+million dollars a day for something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million dollars a day for something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million dollars a day for something that
+you know it's sort of just running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's sort of just running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's sort of just running
+automatically on this computer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically on this computer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically on this computer that
+seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like
+you know right for disruption and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know right for disruption and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know right for disruption and so
+there's a lot of people interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of people interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of people interested in
+okay how do we decentralize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how do we decentralize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how do we decentralize the
+exchanges make them like less you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges make them like less you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges make them like less you know
+less trust involved less risk involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less trust involved less risk involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less trust involved less risk involved
+and probably make less money than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and probably make less money than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and probably make less money than
+baloney acts or okay coin or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baloney acts or okay coin or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baloney acts or okay coin or whatever
+but that's sort of better because in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's sort of better because in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's sort of better because in
+exchange where there's less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange where there's less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange where there's less
+profitability means more people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitability means more people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitability means more people are
+gonna want to trade on it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna want to trade on it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna want to trade on it because
+there's lower fees so there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lower fees so there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lower fees so there's a lot of
+research into this I think it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research into this I think it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research into this I think it's pretty
+cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool
+I actually so next to next class on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I actually so next to next class on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I actually so next to next class on
+Wednesday I'll talk about discrete log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday I'll talk about discrete log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday I'll talk about discrete log
+contracts which share some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts which share some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts which share some of these
+issues in that you know you know it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues in that you know you know it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues in that you know you know it's a
+different way to execute a trade but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way to execute a trade but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way to execute a trade but it
+doesn't really define how you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really define how you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really define how you find
+people to execute that trade I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to execute that trade I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to execute that trade I
+personally am more interested in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally am more interested in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally am more interested in the
+discrete log contract stuff probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete log contract stuff probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete log contract stuff probably
+because I you know came up with it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I you know came up with it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I you know came up with it but
+also because I'm not that excited about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also because I'm not that excited about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also because I'm not that excited about
+all coins in general I don't know people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all coins in general I don't know people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all coins in general I don't know people
+like all coins but they I don't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all coins but they I don't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all coins but they I don't like
+really feel the like oh we need to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really feel the like oh we need to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really feel the like oh we need to have
+like all these different all coins that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all these different all coins that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all these different all coins that
+sort of act like money I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of act like money I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of act like money I don't know
+which is mostly what cross chain swaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is mostly what cross chain swaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is mostly what cross chain swaps
+let you do so the discrete log contracts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let you do so the discrete log contracts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let you do so the discrete log contracts
+so has the same issues with how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so has the same issues with how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so has the same issues with how do you
+find each other and in it it's mostly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find each other and in it it's mostly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find each other and in it it's mostly a
+scalability thing right you can do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalability thing right you can do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalability thing right you can do this
+sort of OTC where you talk in a chatroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of OTC where you talk in a chatroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of OTC where you talk in a chatroom
+and you sort of know each other and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you sort of know each other and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you sort of know each other and you
+trade that way and that's the level it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade that way and that's the level it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade that way and that's the level it
+is right now but how to scale it up it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right now but how to scale it up it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right now but how to scale it up it's
+another question
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/jANZxzetPaQ.txt b/jANZxzetPaQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cbb085ddbcac645bd019819384d289cd181c2a2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/jANZxzetPaQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1995 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+very good so it's time to start so today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good so it's time to start so today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good so it's time to start so today
+I want to talk about general features of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to talk about general features of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to talk about general features of
+quantum mechanics quantum mechanics is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics quantum mechanics is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics quantum mechanics is
+something that takes some time to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that takes some time to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that takes some time to learn
+and we're going to be doing some of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to be doing some of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to be doing some of that
+learning this semester but I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning this semester but I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning this semester but I want to
+give you a perspective of where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a perspective of where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a perspective of where we're
+going what are the basic features how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going what are the basic features how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going what are the basic features how
+quantum mechanics looks what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics looks what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics looks what's
+surprising about it and introduce some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising about it and introduce some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising about it and introduce some
+ideas that will be relevant throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that will be relevant throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that will be relevant throughout
+this semester and some that will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this semester and some that will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this semester and some that will be
+relevant for later courses as well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant for later courses as well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant for later courses as well so
+it's an overview of quantum mechanics so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an overview of quantum mechanics so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an overview of quantum mechanics so
+quantum mechanics at this moment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics at this moment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics at this moment is
+almost a hundred years old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+officially and we will here you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officially and we will here you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officially and we will here you know
+this year we're celebrating 2016 we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this year we're celebrating 2016 we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this year we're celebrating 2016 we're
+celebrating a centenary of general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrating a centenary of general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrating a centenary of general
+relativity and when will the centenary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity and when will the centenary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity and when will the centenary
+of quantum mechanics be I'm pretty sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quantum mechanics be I'm pretty sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quantum mechanics be I'm pretty sure
+we'll be in 2025 because in 1925
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be in 2025 because in 1925
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be in 2025 because in 1925
+shredding there and Heisenberg pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shredding there and Heisenberg pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shredding there and Heisenberg pretty
+much wrote down the equations of quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much wrote down the equations of quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much wrote down the equations of quantum
+mechanics but quantum mechanics really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics but quantum mechanics really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics but quantum mechanics really
+begins earlier their roots that led to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins earlier their roots that led to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins earlier their roots that led to
+quantum mechanics began in the late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics began in the late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics began in the late
+years of the 19th century with work of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of the 19th century with work of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of the 19th century with work of
+Planck and then at the beginning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Planck and then at the beginning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Planck and then at the beginning of the
+century with work of Einstein and others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century with work of Einstein and others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century with work of Einstein and others
+of as we will see today and in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of as we will see today and in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of as we will see today and in the next
+few lecture so they thought the puzzles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few lecture so they thought the puzzles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few lecture so they thought the puzzles
+the ideas that led to quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideas that led to quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideas that led to quantum mechanics
+begin before 1925 and in 1925 it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin before 1925 and in 1925 it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin before 1925 and in 1925 it
+suddenly happens so what is quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly happens so what is quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly happens so what is quantum
+mechanics quantum mechanics is really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics quantum mechanics is really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics quantum mechanics is really a
+framework to do physics as we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework to do physics as we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework to do physics as we will
+understand so quantum physics has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand so quantum physics has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand so quantum physics has
+replaced classical physics as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced classical physics as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced classical physics as the
+correct description of fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct description of fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct description of fundamental
+theory so classical physics may be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory so classical physics may be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory so classical physics may be a
+good approximation but we know that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good approximation but we know that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good approximation but we know that at
+some point is not quite right it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point is not quite right it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point is not quite right it's not
+only not perfectly accurate it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only not perfectly accurate it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only not perfectly accurate it's
+conceptually very different from the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually very different from the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually very different from the way
+things really work so quantum physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things really work so quantum physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things really work so quantum physics
+has replaced classical physics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has replaced classical physics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has replaced classical physics and
+quantum physics is the principles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum physics is the principles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum physics is the principles of
+quantum mechanics applied to different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics applied to different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics applied to different
+physical phenomena so you have for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical phenomena so you have for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical phenomena so you have for
+example quantum electrodynamics which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example quantum electrodynamics which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example quantum electrodynamics which is
+quantum mechanics apply to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics apply to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics apply to
+electromagnetism you have quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetism you have quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetism you have quantum
+chromodynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromodynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromodynamics
+which is quantum mechanics apply to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is quantum mechanics apply to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is quantum mechanics apply to the
+strong interaction you have quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong interaction you have quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong interaction you have quantum
+optics when you apply quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optics when you apply quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optics when you apply quantum mechanics
+to photons you have quantum gravity when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to photons you have quantum gravity when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to photons you have quantum gravity when
+you try to apply quantum mechanics to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to apply quantum mechanics to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to apply quantum mechanics to
+gravitation and I why laughs and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitation and I why laughs and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitation and I why laughs and that's
+what gives rise to string theory which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what gives rise to string theory which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what gives rise to string theory which
+is presumably a quantum theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is presumably a quantum theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is presumably a quantum theory of
+gravity and in fact the quantum theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity and in fact the quantum theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity and in fact the quantum theory
+of all interactions if it is correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all interactions if it is correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all interactions if it is correct
+because not only describes gravity but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because not only describes gravity but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because not only describes gravity but
+it describes all other forces so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it describes all other forces so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it describes all other forces so so
+quantum mechanics is the framework and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics is the framework and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics is the framework and
+we apply to many things so what are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we apply to many things so what are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we apply to many things so what are we
+going to cover today what are we going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cover today what are we going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cover today what are we going
+to review essentially five topics one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to review essentially five topics one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to review essentially five topics one
+the linearity of quantum mechanics to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linearity of quantum mechanics to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linearity of quantum mechanics to
+the necessity of complex numbers three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the necessity of complex numbers three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the necessity of complex numbers three
+the loss of determinism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quar for the unusual features of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quar for the unusual features of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quar for the unusual features of
+superposition is and finally what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition is and finally what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition is and finally what is
+entanglement so that's what we aim to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entanglement so that's what we aim to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entanglement so that's what we aim to
+discuss today so we will begin with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss today so we will begin with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss today so we will begin with the
+number one linearity and that's of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one linearity and that's of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one linearity and that's of a
+very fundamental aspect of quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fundamental aspect of quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fundamental aspect of quantum
+mechanics something that we have to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics something that we have to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics something that we have to pay
+a lot of attention to so whenever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of attention to so whenever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of attention to so whenever you
+have a theory you have some dynamical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a theory you have some dynamical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a theory you have some dynamical
+variables these are the variables you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables these are the variables you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables these are the variables you
+want to find their values because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find their values because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find their values because they
+are connected with observation if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are connected with observation if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are connected with observation if you
+have dynamical variables you can compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have dynamical variables you can compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have dynamical variables you can compare
+the values of those variables or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values of those variables or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values of those variables or some
+values produced from those variables to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values produced from those variables to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values produced from those variables to
+the results of an experiment so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results of an experiment so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results of an experiment so you have
+equations of motion so linearity we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion so linearity we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion so linearity we
+we're talking linearity you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking linearity you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking linearity you have some
+equations of motion e o m and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion e o m and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion e o m and you have
+dynamical variables if you have a theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamical variables if you have a theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamical variables if you have a theory
+you have some equations that you have so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some equations that you have so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some equations that you have so
+for those dynamical variables and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those dynamical variables and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those dynamical variables and the
+most famous example of a theory that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most famous example of a theory that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most famous example of a theory that
+this linear is Maxwell's theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this linear is Maxwell's theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this linear is Maxwell's theory of
+electromagnetism Maxwell's theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetism Maxwell's theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetism Maxwell's theory of
+electromagnetism is a linear theory what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetism is a linear theory what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetism is a linear theory what
+does that mean well first practically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean well first practically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean well first practically
+what it means is that if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means is that if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means is that if you have a
+solution for example a plane wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for example a plane wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for example a plane wave
+propagating in this direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating in this direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating in this direction
+and you have another solution a plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have another solution a plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have another solution a plane
+wave propagating towards you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave propagating towards you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave propagating towards you
+then you can form a third solution which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can form a third solution which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can form a third solution which
+is two plane waves propagating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is two plane waves propagating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is two plane waves propagating
+simultaneously and you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously and you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously and you don't have to
+change anything you can just put them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change anything you can just put them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change anything you can just put them
+together and you get a new solution the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and you get a new solution the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and you get a new solution the
+two waves propagate without touching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two waves propagate without touching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two waves propagate without touching
+each other without affecting each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other without affecting each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other without affecting each other
+and together they form a new solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and together they form a new solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and together they form a new solution
+this is extraordinary useful in practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is extraordinary useful in practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is extraordinary useful in practice
+because the air around us is filled with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the air around us is filled with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the air around us is filled with
+electromagnetic waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic waves
+all your cell phones send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all your cell phones send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all your cell phones send
+electromagnetic waves up the sky to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic waves up the sky to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic waves up the sky to
+satellites and radio stations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellites and radio stations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellites and radio stations and
+transmitting stations and they millions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitting stations and they millions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitting stations and they millions
+of phone calls go simultaneously without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of phone calls go simultaneously without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of phone calls go simultaneously without
+affecting each other a transatlantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting each other a transatlantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting each other a transatlantic
+cable contain that millions of phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cable contain that millions of phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cable contain that millions of phone
+calls at the same time as much and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls at the same time as much and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls at the same time as much and as
+much data in video and internet it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much data in video and internet it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much data in video and internet it's all
+superposition all these millions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition all these millions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition all these millions of
+conversations go simultaneously through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations go simultaneously through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations go simultaneously through
+the cable without interfering with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cable without interfering with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cable without interfering with each
+other mathematically we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other mathematically we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other mathematically we have the
+following situation in Maxwell's theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following situation in Maxwell's theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following situation in Maxwell's theory
+you have an electric field a magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an electric field a magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an electric field a magnetic
+field a charge density and a current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field a charge density and a current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field a charge density and a current
+density that's charge per unit area per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density that's charge per unit area per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density that's charge per unit area per
+unit time that's the current density and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit time that's the current density and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit time that's the current density and
+this set of data correspond to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set of data correspond to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set of data correspond to a
+solution if they satisfy Maxwell's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution if they satisfy Maxwell's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution if they satisfy Maxwell's
+equations which is a set of equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations which is a set of equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations which is a set of equations
+for the electromagnetic field charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the electromagnetic field charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the electromagnetic field charge
+densities and current density so suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities and current density so suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities and current density so suppose
+this is a solution that you verify that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a solution that you verify that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a solution that you verify that
+it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so
+Maxwell's equation then linearity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+implies that the following you multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that the following you multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that the following you multiply
+this by alpha alpha e alpha B alpha Rho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by alpha alpha e alpha B alpha Rho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by alpha alpha e alpha B alpha Rho
+and alpha J and think of this as the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and alpha J and think of this as the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and alpha J and think of this as the new
+electric field the new magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field the new magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field the new magnetic field
+the new charge density and the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new charge density and the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new charge density and the new
+current is also a solution if this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is also a solution if this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is also a solution if this is a
+solution linearity implies that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution linearity implies that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution linearity implies that you can
+multiply those values by a number a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply those values by a number a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply those values by a number a
+constant number a alpha being a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant number a alpha being a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant number a alpha being a real
+number and this is still a solution it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and this is still a solution it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and this is still a solution it
+also implies more linearity means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also implies more linearity means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also implies more linearity means
+another thing as well it means that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing as well it means that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing as well it means that if
+you have two solutions a 1 B 1 Rho 1 J 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two solutions a 1 B 1 Rho 1 J 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two solutions a 1 B 1 Rho 1 J 1
+and E 2 B 2 Rho 2 J 2 if these are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and E 2 B 2 Rho 2 J 2 if these are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and E 2 B 2 Rho 2 J 2 if these are two
+solutions then linearity implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions then linearity implies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions then linearity implies that
+the sum P 1 plus e 2 B 1 plus B 2 Row 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum P 1 plus e 2 B 1 plus B 2 Row 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum P 1 plus e 2 B 1 plus B 2 Row 1
+plus Row 2 and J 1 plus J 2 is also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Row 2 and J 1 plus J 2 is also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Row 2 and J 1 plus J 2 is also a
+solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution so that's the meaning the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so that's the meaning the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so that's the meaning the
+technical meaning of linearity we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical meaning of linearity we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical meaning of linearity we have
+two solutions we can add them we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two solutions we can add them we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two solutions we can add them we have a
+single solution you can scale it by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single solution you can scale it by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single solution you can scale it by a
+number now I have not shown you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number now I have not shown you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number now I have not shown you the
+equations and what makes them linear but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and what makes them linear but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and what makes them linear but
+I can explain this a little more as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can explain this a little more as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can explain this a little more as to
+what does it mean to have a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it mean to have a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it mean to have a linear
+equation precisely what do we mean by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation precisely what do we mean by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation precisely what do we mean by a
+linear equation so a linear equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we write it schematically we try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we write it schematically we try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we write it schematically we try to
+avoid details we try to get across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid details we try to get across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid details we try to get across the
+concept a linear equation we write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept a linear equation we write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept a linear equation we write this
+L u equal zero where u is your unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L u equal zero where u is your unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L u equal zero where u is your unknown
+and L is what is called the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and L is what is called the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and L is what is called the linear
+operator something that acts on you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator something that acts on you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator something that acts on you and
+that thing equation is of the form L on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing equation is of the form L on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing equation is of the form L on
+u equals 0 now you might say okay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u equals 0 now you might say okay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u equals 0 now you might say okay that
+already looks to me a little strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already looks to me a little strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already looks to me a little strange
+because you have just one unknown and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have just one unknown and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have just one unknown and
+here we have several unknowns so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have several unknowns so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have several unknowns so this is
+not very general and you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very general and you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very general and you could have
+several equations well that won't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several equations well that won't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several equations well that won't change
+much we can have several linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much we can have several linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much we can have several linear
+operators if you have several equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators if you have several equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators if you have several equations
+like L 1 on something L 2 on something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like L 1 on something L 2 on something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like L 1 on something L 2 on something
+all this one's equal to zero as you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this one's equal to zero as you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this one's equal to zero as you have
+several equations or you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several equations or you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several equations or you can have
+several use or several unknowns and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several use or several unknowns and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several use or several unknowns and you
+could say something like you have L on U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say something like you have L on U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say something like you have L on U
+V W equals 0 or you have several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V W equals 0 or you have several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V W equals 0 or you have several
+unknowns but it's easier to just think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns but it's easier to just think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns but it's easier to just think
+of this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this first
+once you understand this you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you understand this you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you understand this you can think
+about the case we have many equations so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the case we have many equations so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the case we have many equations so
+what is a linear equation is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a linear equation is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a linear equation is something
+in which this L the unknown can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which this L the unknown can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which this L the unknown can be
+anything but L must have important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything but L must have important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything but L must have important
+properties as being a linear operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties as being a linear operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties as being a linear operator
+will mean that L on a times u where a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will mean that L on a times u where a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will mean that L on a times u where a
+said number should be equal to a L U and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said number should be equal to a L U and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said number should be equal to a L U and
+L on u1 plus u2 on two unknowns is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L on u1 plus u2 on two unknowns is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L on u1 plus u2 on two unknowns is equal
+to L u 1 plus L u 2 this is what we mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to L u 1 plus L u 2 this is what we mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to L u 1 plus L u 2 this is what we mean
+by the operator being linear so if an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the operator being linear so if an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the operator being linear so if an
+operator is linear you also have L on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is linear you also have L on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is linear you also have L on
+alpha u 1 plus beta u 2 you apply first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha u 1 plus beta u 2 you apply first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha u 1 plus beta u 2 you apply first
+the second property L on the first plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second property L on the first plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second property L on the first plus
+L on the second so this is L of alpha u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L on the second so this is L of alpha u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L on the second so this is L of alpha u
+1 plus L of beta u 2 and then using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus L of beta u 2 and then using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus L of beta u 2 and then using the
+first property this is alpha L of U 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first property this is alpha L of U 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first property this is alpha L of U 1
+plus beta L of U 2 and then you realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus beta L of U 2 and then you realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus beta L of U 2 and then you realize
+that if u 1 and u 2 are solutions which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if u 1 and u 2 are solutions which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if u 1 and u 2 are solutions which
+means L u 1 equal L u 2 equals 0 if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means L u 1 equal L u 2 equals 0 if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means L u 1 equal L u 2 equals 0 if they
+solve the equation then alpha u 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the equation then alpha u 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the equation then alpha u 1 plus
+beta u 2 is a solution because if L u 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta u 2 is a solution because if L u 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta u 2 is a solution because if L u 1
+is 0 and L u 2 0 L of alpha u 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0 and L u 2 0 L of alpha u 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0 and L u 2 0 L of alpha u 1 plus
+beta u 2 is 0 and it is a solution so up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta u 2 is 0 and it is a solution so up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta u 2 is 0 and it is a solution so up
+this is how we write a linear equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how we write a linear equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how we write a linear equation
+now an example probably would help if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now an example probably would help if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now an example probably would help if I
+have the differential equation D u D T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the differential equation D u D T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the differential equation D u D T
+plus 1 over tau u equals 0 I can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 over tau u equals 0 I can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 over tau u equals 0 I can write
+it as a equation of the form L u equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a equation of the form L u equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a equation of the form L u equals
+0 by taking L on you to be defined to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 by taking L on you to be defined to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 by taking L on you to be defined to be
+be u VT plus 1 over tau u now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be u VT plus 1 over tau u now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be u VT plus 1 over tau u now it's
+pretty much I haven't done much here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much I haven't done much here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much I haven't done much here
+I've just said look let's define L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've just said look let's define L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've just said look let's define L
+active on you to be this and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active on you to be this and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active on you to be this and then
+certainly this equation is just L u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly this equation is just L u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly this equation is just L u
+equals 0 the question would be maybe if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 the question would be maybe if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 the question would be maybe if
+somebody would tell you how do you write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody would tell you how do you write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody would tell you how do you write
+L alone well L alone probably we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L alone well L alone probably we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L alone well L alone probably we should
+write it as B DT without anything here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it as B DT without anything here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it as B DT without anything here
+plus 1 over tau now that's a way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 over tau now that's a way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 over tau now that's a way you
+would write it to try to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would write it to try to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would write it to try to understand
+yourself what's going on and you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself what's going on and you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself what's going on and you say
+well think when L ax or the variable U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well think when L ax or the variable U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well think when L ax or the variable U
+the first term takes the derivative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first term takes the derivative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first term takes the derivative and
+the second term which is a number just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second term which is a number just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second term which is a number just
+multiplies it so you could write L as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies it so you could write L as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies it so you could write L as
+this thing and now it is straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing and now it is straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing and now it is straightforward
+to check that this is a linear operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check that this is a linear operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check that this is a linear operator
+L is linear and for that you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L is linear and for that you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L is linear and for that you have to
+check the two properties there so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check the two properties there so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check the two properties there so for
+example L on a you would be V DT of au
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example L on a you would be V DT of au
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example L on a you would be V DT of au
+plus 1 over tau au which is a times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 over tau au which is a times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 over tau au which is a times the
+u D tau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u D tau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u D tau
+plus one over tau u which is a lu and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one over tau u which is a lu and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one over tau u which is a lu and
+you can check i've asked you to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can check i've asked you to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can check i've asked you to check
+the other property l on u 1 plus u 2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other property l on u 1 plus u 2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other property l on u 1 plus u 2 is
+equal l u 1 plus L u2 please do it
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/jDnoR7IF_eY.txt b/jDnoR7IF_eY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5f0c36fd74197cadaa5bb742a72880c61c8b6570
--- /dev/null
+++ b/jDnoR7IF_eY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2867 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+mitopencourseware@ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: All right.
+
+Let's get started.
+
+Today we are going to talk
+about competition.
+
+Just, once again, I want you
+guys to try to have in mind a
+
+flowchart of where the
+course is all going.
+
+Where does this fit in?
+
+We talked last time about how
+firms decide on the cost
+
+minimizing way to produce a
+given level of output through
+
+the tangency of the isoquant and
+the isocost. And we talked
+
+about how if we were consumers,
+we'd be done then.
+
+Consumers just find the tangency
+and indifference
+
+curve in the budget constraint,
+and they're done.
+
+But firms aren't done.
+
+Because the level of output,
+unlike the budget which is
+
+given to you as a consumer,
+the level of output is not
+
+given to the firm.
+
+They get to choose it.
+
+So with firms, we have to
+go one step further.
+
+We actually have to choose
+the level of
+
+output that we produce.
+
+We don't just choose the way to
+produce it but actually how
+
+much to produce.
+
+So, for consumers, it would
+be sort of like consumers
+
+choosing what their budget
+constraint is.
+
+And the way we do that is we
+bring in-- since we now have a
+
+third variable, which is
+how much to produce--
+
+we have to bring in
+a third equation.
+
+And that equation we bring in
+is essentially the market.
+
+Essentially, we say the market
+imposes conditions on the firm
+
+which helps them figure out
+how much to produce.
+
+So we take all the stuff
+we did before.
+
+We then take that and put
+that in a market.
+
+And the market interacts
+with the firm.
+
+And from that market
+setting, the firm
+
+derives how much to produce.
+
+So, basically, the level of
+production for a given firm,
+
+little q, will be derived from
+how firms behave in different
+
+market settings.
+
+And the market setting we're
+going to start with today is
+
+the classic starting point for
+economics which is the market
+
+setting of perfect
+competition.
+
+We're going to start talking
+about perfectly competitive
+
+markets, a benchmark of
+perfect competition.
+
+With perfect competition, this
+is basically a case where many
+
+firms are selling goods
+to many consumers.
+
+We're then going to, in the next
+few lectures, talk about
+
+more realistic alternatives like
+monopoly which is not a
+
+game but rather a market
+structure.
+
+It is basically a case
+where one firm
+
+sells to many consumers.
+
+Or oligopoly, my favorite word
+in all of economics, not
+
+because I like the
+topic so much, I
+
+think it's a cool word.
+
+This is when several firms sell
+to a large market, which
+
+is probably the most realistic
+setting of all.
+
+And we're going to come
+to talk about those.
+
+But, today, we're going to start
+with our benchmark of
+
+perfect competition.
+
+Now, what is perfect
+competition?
+
+I can give you a technical
+definition.
+
+Technically, perfect competition
+exists whenever
+
+firms are price takers on both
+the output and input markets.
+
+They're price takers on both the
+output and input markets.
+
+So perfectly competitive
+firms are price takers.
+
+That is no action that they
+take can affect either the
+
+price at which they sell their
+goods or the price that they
+
+pay for their inputs.
+
+They're price takers.
+
+They're not price makers.
+
+No action they take affects
+either the price at which they
+
+sell their good.
+
+No action the individual firm
+takes affects either the price
+
+at which they sell their goods
+or the price they pay for
+
+their inputs.
+
+Well, when will this be true?
+
+Go back to lecture one.
+
+Technically this would be true
+if a firm faced perfectly
+
+elastic demand for their
+goods, and if they had
+
+perfectly elastic supply
+of inputs.
+
+Under those conditions, firms
+will be perfectly competitive
+
+if they face perfectly elastic
+demand for their goods and
+
+perfectly elastic supply
+of inputs.
+
+OK.
+
+So let's focus on the first of
+those which is perfectly
+
+elastic demand.
+
+Let's take a look
+at Figure 10-1.
+
+These should be little
+q's by the way.
+
+This isn't a market.
+
+This is a firm.
+
+These should be little q's.
+
+So, basically, what you have
+here is that you have a firm
+
+facing a perfectly
+elastic demand.
+
+What that means is the firm's
+quantity is pegged by their
+
+supply curve.
+
+Or, in other words, the point is
+the firm cannot change the
+
+price one iota from that level
+P. So, in other words, if this
+
+is a supply shift, say the price
+of the firm's inputs go
+
+up, the firm doesn't
+get to charge any
+
+more for their goods.
+
+They just sell fewer goods.
+
+So the supply shift from S1 to
+S2, the firm is going to be--
+
+it should be little
+q1 to little q2.
+
+They're going to reduce the
+quantity they sell, but they
+
+cannot change the price.
+
+They face perfectly
+elastic demand.
+
+So when does this make sense as
+a description of the world?
+
+Well, it makes sense as a
+description of the world under
+
+four conditions.
+
+So there's four conditions
+under which perfect
+
+competition will exist.
+
+The first condition is
+identical products.
+
+In a perfectly competitive
+market, when the firms in that
+
+market sell identical products,
+now let's be clear.
+
+They don't have to literally
+be identical.
+
+They have to be perceived by
+consumers as identical.
+
+So when I say identical
+products, they don't have to
+
+literally be identical.
+
+But consumers have to consider
+them identical for purposes of
+
+their demand across firms.
+
+So firms have to sell identical
+products for there
+
+to be perfect competition.
+
+Because if products aren't
+identical, then firms will be
+
+able to charge different prices
+from each other because
+
+they have something
+different to sell.
+
+So firms need to be identical.
+
+Second of all, consumers have
+to have full information on
+
+all prices.
+
+Well, let me write down the next
+two conditions, because
+
+they're related.
+
+And the third is low transaction
+or shopping costs.
+
+OK, these two are critical.
+
+Because the way perfect
+competition is going to work,
+
+its consumers are going to
+shop across firms selling
+
+identical goods.
+
+And they're going to buy
+from the cheapest one.
+
+And if there's any failure of
+either of these, the consumers
+
+might not know if you're the
+cheapest. And, therefore, you
+
+might be able to charge extra.
+
+So perfectly elastic demand,
+once again we're getting to
+
+the microfoundation of something
+we discussed in the
+
+second lecture.
+
+We discussed perfectly
+elastic demand.
+
+Now we're talking about
+where that comes from.
+
+What conditions do you need?
+
+Perfectly elastic demand is
+going to require that
+
+consumers know all the prices
+and can cautiously shop across
+
+all the options.
+
+Otherwise, firms might have
+some opportunity to charge
+
+different prices.
+
+And finally-- and we'll come
+back to why this is
+
+important--
+
+there needs to be free entry and
+exit of firms. This one I
+
+can't really give you
+intuition for yet.
+
+Just take my word for it.
+
+We'll come back to why
+that's important.
+
+So, basically, what you want for
+an example of a perfectly
+
+competitive market, you want a
+market where producers are
+
+selling homogeneous goods in
+an easily informed, easily
+
+shocked arena.
+
+So I think the best example of a
+perfectly competitive market
+
+is those guys selling like
+shlocky touristy things around
+
+Port Authority in New York or in
+any large open air market.
+
+Basically, in that area, these
+guys all sell the same crap.
+
+You can go from one to
+one quite easily.
+
+And it's quite easy to find
+out what the prices are.
+
+That's not perfectly easy, but
+it's quite easy to find out
+
+what the prices are.
+
+That is a condition for a
+perfectly competitive market.
+
+It's easy to shop, because
+they're all in the same area.
+
+Prices are pretty easy to
+observe, and the products are
+
+all, basically, identical.
+
+There are only so many
+little Statues of
+
+Liberty you can buy.
+
+So, basically, that's an
+example of a perfectly
+
+competitive market.
+
+Now, in reality, no perfectly
+competitive market exists.
+
+There's never been a perfectly
+competitive market.
+
+But this is sort of as
+close as we can get.
+
+Questions about that?
+
+Now that provides a good moment
+to pause and talk about
+
+Peter Diamond who just won the
+Nobel Prize in Economics.
+
+This is my MIT economics Peter
+Diamond, MIT Econ Peter
+
+Diamond shirt.
+
+Peter Diamond just won the
+Nobel Prize in Economics.
+
+Peter Diamond is the greatest
+economic theorist of his
+
+generation, sort of the heir
+of the Paul Samuelson, Bob
+
+Solow generation that founded
+this economics department and
+
+made it great.
+
+Peter Diamond was sort of the
+next generation that led this
+
+economics department forward
+and kept it great.
+
+And Peter has made contributions
+throughout
+
+economic theory.
+
+He should have won the
+Nobel 10 times over.
+
+What they finally gave it to
+him on Monday for was for
+
+search theory.
+
+And search theory is essentially
+about what happens
+
+when markets don't work like
+these vendors around Port
+
+Authority in New York, when
+markets aren't perfectly
+
+competitive.
+
+Where, basically, you have
+markets where there is some
+
+mismatch and some search costs
+that sellers have to pay to
+
+find the right buyers, and
+buyers have to pay to find the
+
+right sellers.
+
+So the best example here, and
+the example of which they
+
+really gave him the Nobel Prize,
+was the labor market.
+
+It was about search costs
+in the labor market.
+
+And what Peter Diamond and his
+fellow co-winners talked about
+
+was about how in the
+labor market,
+
+your firms have vacancies.
+
+They have jobs they
+want to fill.
+
+Individuals have labor supply.
+
+They want to provide themselves
+to these jobs.
+
+And so there's unemployment.
+
+There's people out of jobs
+looking for jobs.
+
+But there's vacancies.
+
+There's jobs that are empty.
+
+And both exist at
+the same time.
+
+And how can that be?
+
+In a perfectly competitive
+market, that couldn't be.
+
+You couldn't have both jobs
+looking for people and people
+
+looking for jobs.
+
+But what Diamond wrote down,
+and these other theorists
+
+developed in their models, is
+basically how you get these
+
+frictions in the labor market.
+
+Where since these jobs have
+specific characteristics
+
+employers are looking for,
+you can't quite match the
+
+vacancies to the unemployed
+workers.
+
+There's a sorting process where
+some are easy to match.
+
+You can take the high school
+dropout and put him in
+
+McDonald's.
+
+That's easy.
+
+But the job which requires some
+computer skills, you have
+
+to find the right guy
+to take that.
+
+And, basically, it's these
+frictions that lead to what we
+
+call the natural rate of
+unemployment in our economy,
+
+which is the notion that no
+economy would ever get down to
+
+0 unemployment.
+
+That's impossible.
+
+And the reason is because there
+will always be some
+
+frictions and some mismatch.
+
+There will always be some
+inability of people to find
+
+the right people to fill
+their vacancies.
+
+Now, we don't know what
+the natural rate is.
+
+When I was in grad school, we
+learned that the rate was 7%.
+
+In the 1990s, the natural rate
+seemed to fall to about 4%.
+
+That is we got to about a
+4% unemployment rate.
+
+Now who the heck knows what the
+natural rate is anymore.
+
+And a big debate right now among
+economists in macro is
+
+how much of our 9.6% is an
+increase in the natural rate,
+
+which is something the
+government can't really fix
+
+very well, versus short-term
+demand reductions, which the
+
+government could fix by pumping
+more resources into
+
+the economy.
+
+And all that is informed,
+theoretically, by the work
+
+that Peter Diamond did.
+
+Now, I hope what I just
+described sounded pretty
+
+obvious to you.
+
+And that's good, because that's
+what great theory does.
+
+Great theory ex-post
+sounds obvious.
+
+It's just ex-ante, before Peter
+Diamond did this, people
+
+always said, well,
+we have these
+
+perfectly competitive markets.
+
+This is how they should
+function.
+
+And he's the guy who really
+taught us how real markets
+
+should function like this.
+
+And that's why he gets
+to go to Stockholm.
+
+So that's very exciting for our
+economics department, very
+
+exciting for the profession.
+
+And it's just a great moment,
+really, in taking economics--
+
+I saw it described very
+well in one article--
+
+these last few Nobel Prizes
+are the beginning of
+
+recognizing that economics is
+not what we teach in this
+
+course anymore.
+
+You need what we teach in this
+course to go on in economics.
+
+But probably the first couple
+dozen Nobel Prizes were for
+
+about what we teach
+in this course.
+
+And the last few have been about
+what you teach in the
+
+subsequent courses.
+
+And that's a real evolution of
+Freakonomics, to understand
+
+that we need to mature as a
+science and move beyond the
+
+basics that you learn in
+14.01 and move beyond
+
+to these other things.
+
+So we're giving you
+the basics here.
+
+But the excitement happens
+elsewhere.
+
+So it's a very exciting time for
+our department and for the
+
+profession as a whole.
+
+Now with that little diatribe
+aside, let's go back.
+
+So we have these.
+
+So now, having said all
+that, forget it.
+
+Forget Peter Diamond existed.
+
+We're now going back to
+perfect competition.
+
+And, once again, as I said
+in the first lecture--
+
+and Peter would be the first guy
+to say it, this is how he
+
+taught me to do economic
+theory-- you've got to make
+
+simplifying assumptions if
+you want to get anywhere.
+
+So we're going to make a
+simplifying assumption of
+
+perfect competition.
+
+We'll weaken that
+as we go along.
+
+But, for now, imagine it's
+perfect competition.
+
+And we have the situation of
+perfectly competitive firms.
+
+Now a very important distinction
+to draw-- and
+
+that's why it's important to
+remember that these are little
+
+q's not big Q's--
+
+is the distinction between firm
+demand and market demand,
+
+firm versus market.
+
+And this is something
+which is confusing.
+
+It confuses me at times.
+
+I may even get it
+wrong at times.
+
+I'll need you to correct me.
+
+Even if a given firm faces
+perfectly elastic demand, it
+
+doesn't necessarily mean
+that market demand
+
+is perfectly elastic.
+
+That is the overall demand for
+little, fake Statues of
+
+Liberty around Port Authority
+in New York is
+
+not perfectly elastic.
+
+As the price goes up, fewer
+people will buy them.
+
+As the prices goes down, more
+people will buy them.
+
+But for any given vendor
+selling them, it
+
+is perfectly elastic.
+
+Because there's always
+someplace next
+
+door you can go.
+
+So it's very important to
+distinguish between the demand
+
+facing the firm being perfectly
+elastic and the
+
+demand facing the market not
+being perfectly elastic.
+
+And the way to think about this
+is to think about the
+
+concept of residual demand.
+
+We have a demand function
+for market D of p.
+
+We have a demand function for a
+market which is that as the
+
+price goes up demand
+goes down.
+
+Now the demand function for a
+given firm, we'll call the
+
+residual demand D super r
+of p, is equal to what?
+
+It's equal to the demand for
+the market minus the supply
+
+that all other firms in the
+market provide, S super 0 of
+
+p, the supply that all other
+firms in the market provide.
+
+So the demand for my
+product as a firm
+
+is my residual demand.
+
+It's the market demand minus
+what other firms supply.
+
+Well, if you differentiate this
+with respect to price,
+
+you'll see that dDr/dp equals
+dD/dp minus dS0/dp.
+
+This first one is the
+market demand curve.
+
+We know that's a negative
+number, because demand curves
+
+slope down.
+
+We're not assuming
+Giffen goods.
+
+We know that's a negative
+number.
+
+But this is a positive number.
+
+Supply curves slope up.
+
+The amount that other firms in
+the market will supply as the
+
+prices goes up is positive.
+
+Supply curves slope up.
+
+So this is a negative number.
+
+But this is a positive number
+which means, by definition,
+
+this is a very negative
+number.
+
+The firm's residual demand
+responds more to price than
+
+the market's demand does.
+
+Because the firm's residual
+demand is after all the supply
+
+of other firms.
+
+So we can rewrite this in
+terms of elasticities.
+
+So let's assume, for a second,
+that all firms are identical.
+
+Assume, for one second, that
+we're in a market where all
+
+firms are identical, that little
+q equals big Q over N.
+
+Assume that all firms
+are identical.
+
+And so, therefore, the amount
+produced by other firms, Q
+
+super 0 is (n - 1) x q.
+
+So, basically, the amount that's
+produced by other firms
+
+is (n - 1) x q.
+
+So the last is demand facing a
+given firm, epsilon sub i is n
+
+times the elasticity of demand
+for the entire market minus (n
+
+- 1) times the elasticity of
+supply for the market.
+
+So, for example, let's say
+you've got a market with 100
+
+firms in it.
+
+It's a big market but not
+outrageously big.
+
+We have plenty of markets with
+more firms than that.
+
+And let's say that the
+elasticity of demand for this
+
+market equals minus 1.
+
+So it's in between elastic and
+inelastic, not a crazy number.
+
+And the elasticity
+of supply is 1.
+
+Let's just say that's
+the example.
+
+Then what you get is that for a
+given firm, if you used this
+
+formula, the elasticity of
+demand facing a given
+
+firm is minus 199.
+
+It's a huge negative number.
+
+So even though the market demand
+is modestly elastic,
+
+minus 1-- it's elastic
+but not crazy--
+
+the demand facing the given
+firm is crazy elastic.
+
+So, basically, the point is that
+even if a market does not
+
+have super elastic demand, a
+given firm can face very
+
+elastic demand.
+
+And that's what can lead
+to perfect competition.
+
+It's very important to
+keep those distinct.
+
+When we talk about demand, think
+about demand at the firm
+
+level versus demand at
+the market level.
+
+Demand at the market level,
+that's about substitutability
+
+with other goods and the things
+we've talked about
+
+deriving demand curves.
+
+When we derive demand
+curves, we're not
+
+deriving firm demand curves.
+
+We're deriving market
+demand curves.
+
+And so the demand curve was a
+function of elasticities and
+
+substitutability across goods.
+
+The firm demand curve is a
+function of all that but also
+
+how many firms are
+in the market.
+
+If there are a lot of firms in
+the market, it's going to be
+
+very elastic in a perfectly
+competitive market.
+
+Questions about that?
+
+It's an important distinction
+to keep in mind.
+
+Now, with that as background,
+let's now come to profit
+
+maximization which is what
+this is all about.
+
+Remember I said we assume that
+every decision consumers make
+
+is driven by utility
+maximization.
+
+Every decision producers make
+is driven by profit
+
+maximization.
+
+So let's talk about profit
+maximization in the short run.
+
+How do firms maximize profits
+in the short run?
+
+Now, the first question
+we have to
+
+ask is what is profits?
+
+Well, that seems pretty
+straightforward.
+
+I defined those already.
+
+I said, the profits were equal
+to revenue minus costs.
+
+Profits are equal to revenue
+minus costs.
+
+Well, the trick is that there's
+two different types of
+
+people who measure costs.
+
+Revenue is revenue.
+
+It's just, basically,
+the money you make.
+
+And anybody can measure that.
+
+But there's two different
+ways of measuring costs.
+
+There's accounting costs, and
+there's economic costs.
+
+And these are different
+concepts.
+
+Accounting costs are cash flow
+costs what you actually pay.
+
+So your accounting costs are
+what you actually pay.
+
+So if you buy something for
+x dollars, that's your
+
+accounting costs.
+
+The economic costs are about
+opportunity costs, which is
+
+not about what you lay out in
+cash, but what you could have
+
+done with that cash.
+
+It's not just about what you
+lay out, but what you could
+
+have done with that cash.
+
+So to give you an
+example, let's
+
+just do a simple example.
+
+Imagine that you graduate.
+
+You're going to graduate.
+
+I don't mean that.
+
+You're going to graduate.
+
+Imagine that after you graduate,
+you decide you're
+
+going to start a website design
+firm on the side.
+
+You're going to do this while
+you decide what to do with the
+
+rest your life.
+
+You're trying to figure
+out where to go to
+
+grad school or whatever.
+
+You'll start a website
+design firm.
+
+That seems easy.
+
+Basically, how does the website
+design firm work?
+
+Basically, you work full-time,
+and you hire some slave
+
+programmer who works for you.
+
+He does all of the grunt work.
+
+And let's say that you have
+to pay him $40,000 a year.
+
+So it's going to be you working
+full-time plus some
+
+slave programmer you're going
+to pay $40,000 a year.
+
+And let's say that you have
+a computer that's like six
+
+months old, a year old.
+
+It's still in pretty
+good shape.
+
+It's not brand new, but it's
+still in pretty good shape.
+
+And you just let the slave
+programmer use that.
+
+So you don't have to
+buy a new one.
+
+So you've got the programmer,
+you're paying him $40,000.
+
+You're letting him use
+your computer.
+
+You buy some new computer
+you're working on.
+
+So you do your work,
+and he does work.
+
+You put it together.
+
+At the end of the year, you
+tally up all the receipts
+
+you've had from your
+website design,
+
+and you've made $60,000.
+
+So you sit back and say, well,
+that's pretty good.
+
+I put in $40,000.
+
+I paid $40,000.
+
+I brought home $60,000.
+
+That's $20,000 in profit.
+
+That's not a bad profit.
+
+If we think about profit
+margins, we'll often think
+
+about profit relative
+to revenue.
+
+Well that's $20,000 of profit
+on $60,000 of revenue.
+
+It's a 33% profit margin.
+
+Most companies would
+kill for that.
+
+So you say, that's not bad.
+
+I made a 33% profit margin.
+
+But what opportunity costs did
+this calculation miss?
+
+So if you were an accountant,
+you'd stop there.
+
+That's why accountants don't
+make as much as economists.
+
+Because we're better.
+
+If you're an accountant,
+you'd stop there.
+
+But if you were an economist,
+what do you recognize?
+
+What did this calculation
+miss?
+
+What opportunity costs were
+involved in running this firm
+
+that the cash flow calculation
+didn't capture?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: If you plot your
+grunt worker and your
+
+computer, you might have been
+able to do more work, because
+
+the computer might be
+more efficient.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+OK.
+
+That's sort of a different
+issue.
+
+That's sort of about the fact
+that you might not have
+
+produced as efficiently
+as possible.
+
+I'm not asking that question.
+
+I'm asking, given the numbers I
+gave you, why did I misstate
+
+your economic profit?
+
+Yeah, in the back.
+
+AUDIENCE: You could have
+gotten another
+
+job that paid more.
+
+PROFESSOR: I could have gotten
+another job that paid more.
+
+Here's another thing about it.
+
+I just spent an entire freaking
+
+year, and I made $20,000.
+
+You're hoping you do better than
+that with an MIT degree.
+
+At least your parents are hoping
+you do better than that
+
+with an MIT degree.
+
+So, basically, the first source
+of opportunity cost
+
+that this has missed is the
+value of your time.
+
+That doesn't show up as an
+accounting cost. But it's a
+
+real opportunity cost,
+because you could
+
+have had another job.
+
+So let's say you could
+have gone out and
+
+made $60,000 a year.
+
+You could have easily
+found a job making
+
+$60,000 as an MIT graduate.
+
+Well, then that's a cost of
+running this website.
+
+By spending the year setting
+this up, you forgo--
+
+I don't know what the past
+tense of forgo is--
+
+forgoed?
+
+$60,000 in income you
+could've earned.
+
+You've forgone $60,000 you
+could have earned.
+
+That's a real cost. It's not an
+accounting cost. It didn't
+
+show up on anybody's books.
+
+But it's an opportunity
+cost. What else?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Also the $40,000 that
+you gave the program, you
+
+could have invested
+it somewhere else.
+
+And it could be growing.
+
+PROFESSOR: You could have
+invested the $40,000.
+
+You gave him the $40,000.
+
+You paid it.
+
+It's gone.
+
+If you put it in the bank, you
+could've earned interest on
+
+that money.
+
+That's an opportunity cost. And
+we'll come back and talk
+
+about capital markets
+and interest later.
+
+But that's opportunity
+cost. What else?
+
+There's one more.
+
+AUDIENCE: You could have
+sold the computer.
+
+PROFESSOR: I could have
+sold the computer.
+
+I gave it to him, and
+he used it for free.
+
+But if I could have sold that
+for $1,000, that's an
+
+opportunity cost as well.
+
+So, in fact, if I could have
+worked for $60,000.
+
+On the $40,000, I could have
+made $2,000 of interest. And I
+
+could have sold the computer
+for $1,000.
+
+Then, actually, my opportunity
+costs were $63,000 plus the
+
+$40,000 I paid the guy.
+
+So, actually, the entire cost of
+the operation was $103,000.
+
+So I actually lost more than
+$40,000 running my little
+
+website business.
+
+So opportunity costs represent
+the fact that you could have
+
+done other things with
+your resources.
+
+It's not just the fact
+that your cash flow
+
+said positive $20,000.
+
+Your economic flow said
+minus $43,000.
+
+Because while you're plus
+$20,000, you were minus
+
+$60,000 that you could
+have earned.
+
+Now you're down to
+minus $40,000.
+
+You're minus $2,000 that you
+could have earned in interest
+
+on the money you paid
+the programmer.
+
+Now you're down to
+minus $42,000.
+
+And you're down another minus
+$1,000 you could have made by
+
+selling that computer.
+
+So you're at minus $43,000.
+
+So you actually lost money.
+
+So when we talk about profit,
+we want to think about
+
+economic profit, not
+accounting profit.
+
+Now, I'm not going to make that
+distinction much now.
+
+But I want you to keep that in
+mind as you go out and think
+
+about starting your business or
+think about whether firms
+
+are profitable, remember we use
+an economic concept which
+
+accounts for opportunity cost,
+not just an accounting concept
+
+which follows the dollars.
+
+Question about that?
+
+OK.
+
+Now, armed with this, we now
+say, OK, how does a firm
+
+maximize profits?
+
+Well, that's easy.
+
+We say that profits is a
+function of quantity produced.
+
+Revenues is a function of
+quantity produced minus cost
+
+as a function of quantity
+produced.
+
+Remember, what was our goal when
+we laid out the start of
+
+this lecture?
+
+It was to figure out what
+little q a firm chooses.
+
+Well, what little q a firm
+chooses is dictated by
+
+maximizing this equation.
+
+So a firm will choose little q
+such that dR/dq equals dC/dq.
+
+That's the profit maximizing
+equation.
+
+A firm will choose its quantity
+such that dR/dq
+
+equals dC/dq or, to put it in
+economic terms, where marginal
+
+revenue equals marginal costs.
+
+The firm will choose to produce
+a quantity q where its
+
+marginal revenue, which is the
+revenue made from selling the
+
+next unit, equals it's marginal
+cost, which is the
+
+cost incurred by making
+the next unit.
+
+Well, in a competitive market,
+we know what dR/dq is.
+
+Because remember in a
+competitive market, dR/dq is
+
+given to the firm
+by the market.
+
+In a competitive market, dR/dq,
+or marginal revenue,
+
+equals the price.
+
+The price is given
+to the firm.
+
+It comes from God in the
+competitive market.
+
+We'll talk later about
+where it comes from.
+
+But, for now, let's
+consider it God.
+
+They're price takers.
+
+They just get some price
+handed to them.
+
+So in a competitive market, we
+know what marginal revenue is,
+
+it is price.
+
+So what this says is that in a
+competitive market, the profit
+
+maximizing equation is price
+equals marginal cost. Memorize
+
+it, put it under your pillow.
+
+In a competitive market, price
+equals marginal cost is the
+
+profit maximizing condition.
+
+You will produce until the
+marginal cost of producing the
+
+next unit is equal to the price
+you can sell that unit
+
+for in the market.
+
+So, to see that further, let's
+look at an example.
+
+Let's go to the next figure,
+Figure 10-2a.
+
+For the next few examples,
+I'm going to use a
+
+particular cost function.
+
+The cost function I'm going to
+use to make this all concrete
+
+is C equals 10 plus
+0.5q squared.
+
+That's the cost function
+I'm going to use.
+
+So armed with that cost
+function, let's say the price
+
+in the market is 6.
+
+Let's say the price
+in the market 6.
+
+I just pulled that
+out of my hat.
+
+It's a market for whatever.
+
+We're just doing an example.
+
+Now, what we have on this graph,
+we have a cost curve
+
+and a revenue curve.
+
+The cost curve literally
+graphs that function.
+
+So, in other words, if you
+produce two units, then your
+
+cost is 10 plus half
+of 2 squared or 12.
+
+If you produce 2 units, your
+costs are 12, and so on.
+
+You've got this cost curve.
+
+You've also got a
+revenue curve.
+
+Well, the revenue curve is just
+6 times the number of
+
+units produced.
+
+Because the price
+per unit is 6.
+
+So it's just a straight line
+with a slope of 6.
+
+So each unit you produce,
+you make 6.
+
+Now, what you'll see here is
+that for this cost curve,
+
+what's marginal cost?
+
+Well, if we differentiate this,
+we see that marginal
+
+cost equals q.
+
+I made this an easy example.
+
+If you differentiate that,
+you'll see that
+
+marginal cost equals q.
+
+That is just differentiate
+this cost equation.
+
+Marginal cost equals q.
+
+So what that says is that the
+profit maximizing point is
+
+going to be to set marginal
+cost equal to price.
+
+So that says set
+q equal with 6.
+
+And you're done.
+
+That's how much the firm
+should produce.
+
+The firm should produce six
+units, because it's marginal
+
+cost function is q.
+
+It's a linear function.
+
+The price is six.
+
+That's a horizontal line.
+
+So they only intersect in one
+point where quantity equals 6.
+
+Now, what you notice in this
+graph is that this happens to
+
+be the point where the gap
+between the revenue curve and
+
+the cost curve is largest. These
+are not marginal curves.
+
+This is revenue and cost. But
+notice that at 6 that's
+
+exactly where the revenue curve
+and the cost curve have
+
+the largest gap between them.
+
+I think a more intuitive way
+to see this is to flip to
+
+Figure 10-2b.
+
+This shows the marginal profit
+that you make on
+
+every unit you sell.
+
+So, in other words, if you sell
+fewer than 2 units, you
+
+lose money.
+
+Why?
+
+Because if you sell 1 unit, your
+costs are 10 plus 10.5.
+
+If you sell 1 unit, your
+costs are 10.5.
+
+Your revenues are 6.
+
+You lose money.
+
+You lose 4.5.
+
+If you sell 2 units,
+you make 0.
+
+Your costs are 12, your
+revenues are 12.
+
+You make 0.
+
+If you sell 3 units, your
+costs are 14.5, 10
+
+plus half of 9.
+
+Your revenues are 18.
+
+So you make money.
+
+So each unit, you can calculate
+how much you're
+
+making on that next unit.
+
+On the 3rd unit,
+you made money.
+
+4th unit, you make
+even more money.
+
+5th unit, even more.
+
+6th unit, you make the most
+money you can make.
+
+In the 6th unit, your costs
+are 10 plus half of
+
+36, or 18, so 28.
+
+Your costs are 28.
+
+Your revenues are 36.
+
+So you make a profit of 8.
+
+You make a profit of
+8 on that 6th unit.
+
+Think of yourself as
+climbing this hill.
+
+In economics, optimization is
+a hill climbing exercise.
+
+Think of yourself as climbing
+up this hill and asking
+
+yourself, should I make
+the next unit?
+
+Does the hill keep going up?
+
+Yes, it keeps going up.
+
+Make that next unit.
+
+Then you get to the top.
+
+And now you say, well, should
+I make the 7th unit?
+
+Well if I make a 7th unit,
+my costs are 10 plus
+
+half of 49, so 34.5.
+
+My revenues are 42.
+
+So my profits are only 7.5.
+
+I make less profit
+on that 7th unit.
+
+So I shouldn't make it.
+
+Now, you might say,
+wait a second.
+
+Why wouldn't you make it?
+
+You still make profits.
+
+Why wouldn't you go ahead and
+make all units all the way
+
+down to 10?
+
+You still make profits
+on those units.
+
+And the answer is because of
+opportunity cost. The answer
+
+is that yes, you make profits.
+
+But given where your marginal
+cost curve is, you could do
+
+better by that point going and
+producing other goods.
+
+That's why I care about
+accounting costs versus
+
+opportunity costs.
+
+Accounting costs says look,
+you're going to make money
+
+until you go to 10 units.
+
+But opportunity cost says, no.
+
+At that point, the opportunity
+cost has gotten high enough
+
+that you could do
+better devoting
+
+your resources elsewhere.
+
+And that's why you want to stop
+at the point where you're
+
+at the top of the hill, where
+the price equals the marginal
+
+cost.
+
+So what are the profits you make
+at the top of this hill?
+
+Well, if you go to the next
+diagram, we can see what the
+
+profits you make are.
+
+So this next diagram,
+Figure 10-3,
+
+illustrates this example.
+
+So what we have here is an
+example with cost curves for
+
+this cost function, once again,
+10 plus 0.5q squared.
+
+Average costs is that line
+in the middle there.
+
+That's the average costs.
+
+You have an average variable
+cost that's a line, that's
+
+linear, an average variable cost
+that has a slope of one.
+
+You have an average fixed cost
+that's everywhere declining,
+
+because your fixed costs of 10
+is everywhere declining.
+
+As you produce more
+and more, your
+
+fixed costs are declining.
+
+And, as I said, you have
+a marginal cost of q.
+
+So your marginal cost
+of 1 unit is 1.
+
+Your marginal cost of 2
+units is 2, et cetera.
+
+So this draws out the cost
+curves that correspond to that
+
+cost function.
+
+You see them drawn out here.
+
+Now, we also, on this diagram,
+have a demand curve.
+
+The demand curve is perfectly
+elastic facing this firm.
+
+It's a perfectly competitive
+market.
+
+And that perfectly elastic
+demand curve is horizontal at
+
+price equals 6.
+
+So what does the firm do?
+
+It chooses to produce where
+marginal cost equals price.
+
+When it produces where marginal
+cost equals price,
+
+then what profits
+does it make?
+
+On each unit, it makes a
+difference of the profits
+
+between the price and average
+cost. Now it's an important
+
+distinction.
+
+We went over this in lecture
+and section.
+
+But let me go through
+it again.
+
+Marginal cost is the cost
+of the next unit.
+
+Average cost is the average
+cost of all the
+
+units you've made.
+
+So if I make 6 units, what
+profit do I make?
+
+Well, on that 6th unit, I
+make a profit of 1 and
+
+1/8 or 1 and 1/4.
+
+I make profits of 1 and
+1/4 on that 6th unit.
+
+But I make those profits
+on all 8 units I sell.
+
+So what that means is, in total,
+I'm going to make a
+
+profit of 8.
+
+The area of this rectangle
+is eight.
+
+Here's the key.
+
+You cannot choose a production
+level that produces a bigger
+
+rectangle than this.
+
+So if you produce 7, your
+rectangle will be longer.
+
+But the gap between price and
+average cost will be smaller.
+
+So your total rectangle
+size would fall.
+
+The largest rectangle
+is produced at a
+
+production level of 6.
+
+That's the most efficient use of
+your resources is when you
+
+produce at a point where
+marginal cost equals price.
+
+Because when you produce at
+marginal cost equals price,
+
+that causes the maximum gap
+between price and average
+
+cost.
+
+Flip back for a second
+to the first figure.
+
+Not the first figure,
+I'm sorry, 10-2.
+
+This relates back to 10-2.
+
+As I noted, the largest
+difference between your
+
+revenue and your cost curve
+was that 6 units.
+
+That's where the gap is large
+between revenue and cost.
+
+That's where you produce.
+
+Now we flip forward again
+to Figure 10-3.
+
+You see that corresponds to the
+point of the largest gap
+
+between price and average cost,
+I'm sorry, the largest
+
+of the points on the marginal
+cost curve between price and
+
+average cost. So if you produce
+on the marginal cost
+
+curve, if you produce 7 units,
+then you're going to have a
+
+smaller gap between price and
+average cost. And, therefore,
+
+even though you produced 1
+more unit and are making
+
+profit on it, your total
+profits will fall.
+
+The key point is that yes,
+climbing back down that hill I
+
+still make money.
+
+But I make less and
+less money.
+
+And that, as a result, that
+rectangle is being reduced as
+
+I climb down that hill.
+
+That rectangle is maximized
+at the top of that hill.
+
+That's the point at which
+I make the most money.
+
+So that's why we say profit
+maximization occurs at the
+
+point where price equals
+marginal cost. Because that is
+
+the point of greatest gap
+between revenues and costs.
+
+Where price equals marginal cost
+is one of the greatest
+
+gaps between revenues
+and costs.
+
+That's the profit maximizing
+point where that rectangle is
+
+largest. And you can demonstrate
+for yourself, and
+
+you should, that at any other
+production level, that
+
+rectangle will be smaller.
+
+Questions about that?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: What do you
+do if you have
+
+a linear cost function.
+
+So that means marginal
+cost is a constant.
+
+Then how do you determine
+the line?
+
+PROFESSOR: You don't.
+
+It's an indeterminacy.
+
+That's right.
+
+I'll try to avoid giving
+you problems like that.
+
+Basically you get a
+corner solution.
+
+In a perfectly competitive
+market, you'd get an
+
+indeterminate solution.
+
+In a nonperfectly competitive
+market, you will have a
+
+determinant solution.
+
+But in a perfectly competitive
+market with a linear marginal
+
+cost, you'd have an
+indeterminate solution.
+
+Either you produce
+0 or infinity.
+
+So you'd have an indeterminate
+solution.
+
+Now, just a further drill this
+in, imagine, for a second,
+
+there was a cost shock
+to the firm.
+
+Imagine there was a cost
+shock to the firm.
+
+Imagine that there's a tax on
+the firm where the firm has to
+
+pay a tax of an amount t.
+
+Let's say t is $1.
+
+The firm has to pay a tax of $1
+on every unit they produce.
+
+Well, what is their
+new cost curve?
+
+Somebody tell me what the
+new cost curve is.
+
+If you have a tax of $1 on
+every unit you produce,
+
+someone tell me the equation
+for the cost curve.
+
+I didn't write it down
+here, did I?
+
+No.
+
+OK, what's the equation
+for the cost curve.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Just add plus
+tq to the top thing.
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly C equals 10
+plus 0.5q squared plus tq.
+
+Because for every unit you
+produce q you pay a tax t.
+
+And since t is $1, it would
+just be plus q.
+
+If t is $1, it would
+just be plus q.
+
+So the cost function
+has now shifted.
+
+So what we see is that it has
+shifted average cost and
+
+marginal cost both upwards.
+
+Average cost has shifted
+upwards by that amount.
+
+And average cost has
+shifted upwards.
+
+And marginal cost has shifted
+upwards by precisely $1.
+
+It's just a linear shift of
+marginal cost. Because
+
+marginal cost is now q plus 1.
+
+If you differentiate this with
+respect to q assuming t is 1--
+
+t is now $1--
+
+if you differentiate this with
+respect to q, marginal
+
+cost is q plus 1.
+
+So your marginal cost curve has
+shifted up by $1 or by t,
+
+in this case, in the
+more general case.
+
+Well, what does that do to the
+first production decision.
+
+Well, now it doesn't change
+their maximization formula.
+
+They still want to set marginal
+cost equal to price.
+
+So now they say, set q plus
+1 equal to price.
+
+Well, the price is 6.
+
+So it says set q equal to 5.
+
+Now the profit maximizing
+level is 5 units.
+
+The profit maximizing
+level is 5 units.
+
+What this is saying is because
+the tax increases your
+
+marginal cost, you are
+now producing less.
+
+And what we can see now, if we
+flip to Figure 10-4, we can
+
+see what that's done
+to your profits.
+
+Your profits have now fallen to
+the dotted rectangle, the
+
+much smaller dotted rectangle.
+
+Your profits used to be
+that entire slashed
+
+rectangle plus the dots.
+
+Now your profits are just
+where the price exceeds
+
+average cost which is just that
+smaller dotted rectangle.
+
+Your profits have fallen
+dramatically.
+
+So by imposing a tax on this
+firm, we've dramatically
+
+reduced their profits.
+
+Now, this is the economics
+behind why taxes can lower
+
+production.
+
+Now, you might say,
+wait a second.
+
+In reality, if we tax a
+firm, the don't have
+
+to lower their profits.
+
+They just pass it on and charge
+consumers higher prices
+
+but not in a competitive
+market.
+
+In a competitive market,
+they can't do that.
+
+If you tax a firm in a
+competitive market, it comes
+
+out of their profits.
+
+Because they face a perfectly
+elastic demand, so they can't
+
+raise the price.
+
+All they can do is just say,
+well, the price is the same.
+
+My marginal cost has gone up.
+
+I'm going to produce less, and
+I'm going to make less profit.
+
+And that's life.
+
+So a tax in a market like this
+is just going to lower the
+
+firm's profits, and it's going
+to lower their level of
+
+production from 6 to 5.
+
+In noncompetitive markets,
+different things can happen.
+
+We'll talk about that.
+
+But in a competitive market,
+this is what
+
+happens with the tax.
+
+You basically set the new
+marginal cost equal to price,
+
+and you get that they produce
+5 units instead of 6 at a
+
+lower profit level.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Would that
+be a good cause for
+
+entering the market--
+
+PROFESSOR: You're right.
+
+That's an excellent point that
+I should have pointed out.
+
+What do I mean by short run?
+
+What I mean by short run is
+remember, labor is variable.
+
+Capital is fixed.
+
+What do I mean in
+this context?
+
+Think about the short run as
+being the period over time
+
+over which firms cannot
+enter and exit.
+
+When we talk about competitive
+markets in the short run, we
+
+talked about short run
+being the time in
+
+which capital is fixed.
+
+Now we're going to add
+another condition.
+
+We're going to say the short run
+is the period of time in
+
+which there's no firm
+entry or exit.
+
+That's the short run.
+
+We'll come back and talk about
+what entry and exit does.
+
+And that's going to have
+some funky effects.
+
+We'll talk about
+that next time.
+
+But what we mean by short
+run here is no
+
+firm entry and exit.
+
+Whichever firms are in the
+market at the beginning of the
+
+short run people are in the
+market at the end of the short
+
+run period.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: But in your
+conditions, you had like free
+
+and fluid entry and
+exit of firms.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right, exactly.
+
+And that's why I said, don't
+pay attention to that yet.
+
+In some sense, those are the
+conditions of perfect
+
+competition.
+
+I didn't say if that was
+short run or long run.
+
+Those are the full long
+run set of conditions.
+
+That's why I said we're going
+to ignore four for now and
+
+just focus on the first three.
+
+In the short run, only the
+first three are relevant.
+
+Because in the short run there's
+no firm entry or exit.
+
+In the long run, which we'll
+talk about next time, that
+
+fourth one will be relevant.
+
+Good question.
+
+That's a good point.
+
+Thank you for pointing
+that out.
+
+Other questions or comments?
+
+One other thing I want to cover
+before we stop which
+
+relates to the long run, is that
+in the long run, this is
+
+sort of the transition,
+the bridge to talking
+
+about the long run.
+
+We also have to decide,
+ultimately, whether or not we
+
+want to shut the firm down.
+
+So, in other words, we want to
+set price equal to marginal
+
+cost. That's one condition.
+
+But, actually, short run profit
+maximization has a
+
+second condition.
+
+Short run profit maximization
+has two conditions.
+
+The first is to set price equal
+to marginal cost. The
+
+second condition of short run
+profit maximization is to
+
+check whether the firm
+wants to shut down.
+
+Why would a firm want
+to shut down?
+
+It might want to shut down if
+it actually loses money by
+
+continuing to produce.
+
+And that's because firms may
+lose money but not shut down.
+
+Firms may lose money
+but not shut down.
+
+Or firms may lose so much
+money they shut down.
+
+And we need to consider that.
+
+Let's get rid of the tax.
+
+Let's go back to the marginal
+cost with the tax.
+
+Imagine the price in this
+market suddenly
+
+fell from 6 to 3.
+
+The price of the market is
+now $3 per unit you sell.
+
+Well what would the
+firm's profits be?
+
+Well, if the price fell to 3,
+the firm would choose to
+
+produce 3 units.
+
+You would still have this
+condition, marginal cost
+
+equals price.
+
+Price is 3, and marginal
+cost is q.
+
+So q is 3.
+
+You still produce 3 units.
+
+If you produce 3 units,
+its costs are 10 plus
+
+4.5 which is 14.5.
+
+At a price of 3, it makes 9.
+
+So its profits are
+negative 5.5.
+
+It would lose money from
+this production.
+
+Remember marginal cost
+equals price.
+
+That doesn't vary with what
+the price is or anything.
+
+This is a maximizing
+condition.
+
+If a price changed, it's not
+like you change which equation
+
+you follow.
+
+You always follow
+this equation.
+
+The efficient production level
+is always marginal cost equals
+
+price regardless of
+what the price is.
+
+So if the price is 3, the
+efficient thing to do would be
+
+to produce 3 units
+and lose money.
+
+Now, you might say, well,
+then that's stupid.
+
+If that goes negative, wouldn't
+they just shut down?
+
+And the answer, is in
+the short run, no.
+
+And the reason you wouldn't shut
+down in the short run is
+
+what I talked about last time
+which is about the notion of
+
+sunk costs.
+
+In the short run, the fixed
+costs that you paid
+
+to produce are sunk.
+
+They're unchangeable
+in the short run.
+
+In the long run, they're
+changeable.
+
+You can just leave.
+
+But in the short run, you've
+invested fixed costs of 10 in
+
+being in this market.
+
+You've paid a fixed cost of 10
+to produce in this market.
+
+Given you're in this market, and
+you've paid 10 to produce,
+
+you will not exit unless
+you lose more than $10.
+
+You will not shut down unless
+you lose more than $10.
+
+You will not shut down unless
+you're losing so much money
+
+that you can't cover
+your fixed costs.
+
+Because you've paid those fixed
+cost. In the short run,
+
+they're sunk.
+
+So unless you're actually losing
+more than your fixed
+
+costs, you will not shut
+down your firm.
+
+OK.
+
+This is actually pretty
+confusing, and
+
+we're out of time.
+
+So what I'm going to do is we'll
+pick it up on Monday
+
+exactly at this point.
+
+And I'll go through some more
+of the intuition for this.
+
+And that will be our segue for
+talking long run profit
+
+maximization which we'll
+talk about on Monday.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/jQM_gpIXBFs.txt b/jQM_gpIXBFs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..35fd2d332d6f1b9515dc9c07f3fd5d6c83be927e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/jQM_gpIXBFs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9139 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a creative commons license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a creative commons license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a creative commons license
+your support will help mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help mit
+opencourseware continue to offer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware continue to offer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware continue to offer
+high quality educational resources for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high quality educational resources for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high quality educational resources for
+free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+visit mit opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we're going to continue talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to continue talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to continue talking about
+lti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lti
+systems and how to work with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and how to work with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and how to work with them
+we're thinking of an lti model for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're thinking of an lti model for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're thinking of an lti model for a
+channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something with input xn output yn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we've seen that the output can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've seen that the output can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've seen that the output can be
+obtained from the input through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained from the input through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained from the input through this
+convolution operation right so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution operation right so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution operation right so for
+instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this was one way to write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the shorthand notation here was h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the shorthand notation here was h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the shorthand notation here was h
+star x evaluated at time n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star x evaluated at time n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star x evaluated at time n
+the m here in general goes from minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the m here in general goes from minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the m here in general goes from minus
+infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity
+to plus infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh in general you put a unit sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh in general you put a unit sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh in general you put a unit sample
+function at the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function at the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function at the input
+the response can extend from minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response can extend from minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response can extend from minus
+infinity to infinity if you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to infinity if you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to infinity if you've got
+a non-causal system if you've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a non-causal system if you've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a non-causal system if you've got a
+causal system and you put a unit sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal system and you put a unit sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal system and you put a unit sample
+in then the response starts from zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in then the response starts from zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in then the response starts from zero
+and goes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and goes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and goes on
+to the future but it's often useful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the future but it's often useful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the future but it's often useful to
+be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to
+represent and analyze non-causal systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent and analyze non-causal systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent and analyze non-causal systems
+i mean if you have all the data stored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean if you have all the data stored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean if you have all the data stored
+in your computer then you can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your computer then you can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your computer then you can look
+forward and back from the time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward and back from the time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward and back from the time that
+you're at and therefore you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're at and therefore you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're at and therefore you can
+do things that can be uh looked at as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do things that can be uh looked at as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do things that can be uh looked at as
+non-causal or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-causal or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-causal or
+analyzed as non-causal now there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzed as non-causal now there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzed as non-causal now there's one
+issue that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue that we
+we've kind of swept under the rug which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've kind of swept under the rug which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've kind of swept under the rug which
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+um you can write nice looking formulas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can write nice looking formulas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can write nice looking formulas
+but do they mean anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but do they mean anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but do they mean anything
+so we went through a plausible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we went through a plausible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we went through a plausible
+derivation but if you end up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation but if you end up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation but if you end up with a
+summation from minus infinity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation from minus infinity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation from minus infinity to
+infinity then you've got to ask yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity then you've got to ask yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity then you've got to ask yourself
+when does this make sense okay because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when does this make sense okay because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when does this make sense okay because
+you know that adding an infinite number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that adding an infinite number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that adding an infinite number
+of things can cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things can cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things can cause
+problems so you need conditions for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so you need conditions for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so you need conditions for all
+of this to make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this to make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this to make sense
+for instance if h was one for all time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance if h was one for all time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance if h was one for all time
+and x was one for all time there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x was one for all time there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x was one for all time there's no
+way this is going to make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this is going to make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this is going to make sense
+because it's going to blow up at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's going to blow up at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's going to blow up at every
+value of n right so you clearly need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of n right so you clearly need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of n right so you clearly need
+conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what we're looking for is conditions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're looking for is conditions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're looking for is conditions for
+convolution to be well behaved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i'm going to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one important condition well actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one important condition well actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one important condition well actually
+let me give you two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's one
+suppose we have a causal system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have a causal system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have a causal system
+and an input that starts from zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at time zero when i say starts at i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time zero when i say starts at i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time zero when i say starts at i mean
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+for all prior times the input is zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all prior times the input is zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all prior times the input is zero so
+we've got an input that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is zero for all negative times and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at n equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at n equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at n equals zero
+we start to get some action okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's see what happens to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see what happens to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see what happens to this
+infinite sum in this particular case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i have a causal system that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have a causal system that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have a causal system that means
+that h of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that h of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that h of n
+is zero for n less than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero for n less than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero for n less than zero
+right that's what you should think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's what you should think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's what you should think of
+right away when you're told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away when you're told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away when you're told
+the system is causal the unit sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system is causal the unit sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system is causal the unit sample
+response can only extend from zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response can only extend from zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response can only extend from zero
+onwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onwards
+so if uh the unit sample response is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if uh the unit sample response is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if uh the unit sample response is
+zero for a negative time and the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for a negative time and the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for a negative time and the input
+starts at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts at
+time zero what simplifications can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time zero what simplifications can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time zero what simplifications can you
+make to that convolution representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+somebody yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero to infinity does it okay so the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to infinity does it okay so the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to infinity does it okay so the um
+the answer was that instead of starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer was that instead of starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer was that instead of starting
+at minus infinity you only need to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at minus infinity you only need to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at minus infinity you only need to start
+the summation at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the summation at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the summation at
+m equals zero because the h of m is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m equals zero because the h of m is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m equals zero because the h of m is
+going to be zero for all negative values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be zero for all negative values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be zero for all negative values
+of m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of m
+right so you can start that summation at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you can start that summation at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you can start that summation at
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then where does the summation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then where does the summation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then where does the summation where
+can the summation end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+m n yeah because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m n yeah because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m n yeah because
+this x here is zero for negative values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this x here is zero for negative values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this x here is zero for negative values
+of the argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the argument
+negative values of the argument are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative values of the argument are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative values of the argument are
+values of m greater than n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of m greater than n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of m greater than n
+right so this only needs to extend over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this only needs to extend over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this only needs to extend over
+a finite region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finite region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finite region
+well if you have a finite sum then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you have a finite sum then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you have a finite sum then
+you're happy nothing's going to blow up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're happy nothing's going to blow up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're happy nothing's going to blow up
+so this is certainly one case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is certainly one case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is certainly one case where
+everything works fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything works fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything works fine
+there's another case which i'll describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another case which i'll describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another case which i'll describe
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where your input is bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where your input is bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where your input is bounded
+and what we mean by that is that your xn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we mean by that is that your xn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we mean by that is that your xn
+has an absolute value that's less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an absolute value that's less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an absolute value that's less than
+or equal to some maximum value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to some maximum value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to some maximum value
+some finite maximum value for all time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some finite maximum value for all time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some finite maximum value for all time
+so no matter what n you pick you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no matter what n you pick you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no matter what n you pick you're
+always within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always within
+this interval okay so your input is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's your n here's your plus m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's your n here's your plus m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's your n here's your plus m
+here's your minus m and your input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's your minus m and your input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's your minus m and your input
+is constrained for all time to just lie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is constrained for all time to just lie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is constrained for all time to just lie
+between these limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these limits
+okay so that's a bounded input and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a bounded input and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a bounded input and
+here's the other part of the condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+absolute value of h hm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of h hm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of h hm
+summed over all m is finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we say that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that h is absolutely summable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+absolutely summable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what does that do for us well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does that do for us well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does that do for us well it
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+allows us to bound the output so now it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to bound the output so now it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to bound the output so now it
+turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out
+y of n that's the absolute value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y of n that's the absolute value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y of n that's the absolute value of the
+output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output
+well that's less than or equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's less than or equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's less than or equal to the
+absolute value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of
+this convolution expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is in turn less than well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in turn less than well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in turn less than well it's
+equal to that right isn't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to that right isn't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to that right isn't it
+it's equal to that but it's less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's equal to that but it's less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's equal to that but it's less than or
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right absolute value of a sum is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right absolute value of a sum is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right absolute value of a sum is less
+than or equal to the sum of the absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to the sum of the absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to the sum of the absolute
+values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values
+and that's less than or equal to capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's less than or equal to capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's less than or equal to capital
+m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m
+this is the max value that we allowed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the max value that we allowed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the max value that we allowed up
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+times summation hm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and so this whole thing is finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so this whole thing is finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so this whole thing is finite
+so basically you can bound the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically you can bound the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically you can bound the output
+you can guarantee that the output is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can guarantee that the output is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can guarantee that the output is
+bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded
+provided these two conditions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided these two conditions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided these two conditions are
+satisfied so this is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied so this is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied so this is actually a
+very important pair of conditions it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important pair of conditions it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important pair of conditions it's
+one that we encounter all the time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that we encounter all the time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that we encounter all the time in
+in practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and because of this result we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because of this result we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because of this result we actually
+refer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to
+an lti system that satisfies this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an lti system that satisfies this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an lti system that satisfies this
+absolute solubility condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we say that the lti system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is bounded input bounded output stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bounded input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded input
+bounded output stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i've run out of space for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i've run out of space for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i've run out of space for my
+stable there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so if somebody tells you they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if somebody tells you they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if somebody tells you they have
+a bounded input bounded output stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bounded input bounded output stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bounded input bounded output stable
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+we're talk if we're talking about an lti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talk if we're talking about an lti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talk if we're talking about an lti
+system what they mean is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system what they mean is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system what they mean is that
+um that condition is satisfied so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that condition is satisfied so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that condition is satisfied so that's
+an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important
+condition okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition okay
+i have all that on the slide but if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have all that on the slide but if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have all that on the slide but if i
+race it past you on a slide then it's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race it past you on a slide then it's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race it past you on a slide then it's um
+hard to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to uh
+to track but this is something that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to track but this is something that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to track but this is something that we
+want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do
+okay so for instance if i had an lti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for instance if i had an lti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for instance if i had an lti
+system whose unit sample response was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system whose unit sample response was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system whose unit sample response was
+the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's say it's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero for all times up to and including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for all times up to and including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for all times up to and including
+times zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times zero
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it takes the value one over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from then on okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's see one way to write this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see one way to write this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see one way to write this is
+one over n u of n minus 1 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over n u of n minus 1 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over n u of n minus 1 right
+if i tell you that the h of n is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that automatically takes care of zeroing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that automatically takes care of zeroing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that automatically takes care of zeroing
+out everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out everything
+from zero backwards and then putting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from zero backwards and then putting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from zero backwards and then putting in
+one over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over n
+from then on okay so is that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from then on okay so is that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from then on okay so is that a
+bebo stable system bounded input bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bebo stable system bounded input bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bebo stable system bounded input bounded
+output stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes how many think yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you'd like to think it's stable because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like to think it's stable because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like to think it's stable because
+a unit sample response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a unit sample response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a unit sample response
+is decaying but actually it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is decaying but actually it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is decaying but actually it doesn't
+satisfy the absolute solubility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the absolute solubility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the absolute solubility
+condition the sum of one over n from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition the sum of one over n from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition the sum of one over n from one
+to infinity is ac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity is ac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity is ac
+it actually blows up right doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually blows up right doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually blows up right doesn't
+converge if it falls off any faster than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge if it falls off any faster than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge if it falls off any faster than
+that then you're in good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then you're in good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then you're in good
+shape but this is this is actually bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape but this is this is actually bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape but this is this is actually bad
+uh if you had something that was um one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you had something that was um one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you had something that was um one
+over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n
+squared okay so this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared okay so this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared okay so this is not
+be both stable but if you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be both stable but if you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be both stable but if you had
+one over n squared u of n minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over n squared u of n minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over n squared u of n minus one
+uh it is b both stable if you had um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it is b both stable if you had um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it is b both stable if you had um
+let's say one third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say one third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say one third
+to the n u of n minus 1 well we'll say u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the n u of n minus 1 well we'll say u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the n u of n minus 1 well we'll say u
+of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's bibo stable okay so this falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's bibo stable okay so this falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's bibo stable okay so this falls
+off as one over n squared that's fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off as one over n squared that's fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off as one over n squared that's fast
+enough for the sum to converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough for the sum to converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough for the sum to converge
+this falls off exponentially faster it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this falls off exponentially faster it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this falls off exponentially faster it
+says the geometric series right it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says the geometric series right it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says the geometric series right it's a
+discrete time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete time
+exponential so that's fast enough so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential so that's fast enough so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential so that's fast enough so
+that's also vivo stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so this is time domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this is time domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this is time domain
+we know how to analyze any lti system uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know how to analyze any lti system uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know how to analyze any lti system uh
+with this you tell me what the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this you tell me what the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this you tell me what the unit
+sample response is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample response is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample response is
+and i can tell you what the output is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i can tell you what the output is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i can tell you what the output is
+for any given input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any given input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any given input
+but this would be a nightmare if we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this would be a nightmare if we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this would be a nightmare if we had
+to do design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do design
+with this because convolution is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this because convolution is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this because convolution is not
+uh it's simple enough to implement for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's simple enough to implement for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's simple enough to implement for a
+particular case but it's not a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case but it's not a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case but it's not a simple
+operation to think in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation to think in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation to think in terms of the
+reason is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is that
+the output at any one time is obtained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output at any one time is obtained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output at any one time is obtained
+by scrambling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by scrambling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by scrambling
+all the inputs for all time combining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the inputs for all time combining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the inputs for all time combining
+them in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in this
+weighted linear fashion and then if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted linear fashion and then if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted linear fashion and then if you
+move to the next time step you're again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to the next time step you're again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to the next time step you're again
+scrambling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrambling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrambling
+all the inputs but with the weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the inputs but with the weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the inputs but with the weights
+shifted a little bit so you've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted a little bit so you've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted a little bit so you've got to
+start from scratch again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start from scratch again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start from scratch again
+so it's very hard to know what you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's very hard to know what you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's very hard to know what you can
+say in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in general
+using the time domain it's not clear at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the time domain it's not clear at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the time domain it's not clear at
+all how you how you'll do design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all how you how you'll do design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all how you how you'll do design
+for instance of filters to filter out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance of filters to filter out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance of filters to filter out
+noise and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise and so on
+so this is actually it's important it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is actually it's important it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is actually it's important it's
+a full characterization of lti systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a full characterization of lti systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a full characterization of lti systems
+but if we had to stop there it's a fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we had to stop there it's a fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we had to stop there it's a fair
+bet that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet that
+we wouldn't be anywhere near where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wouldn't be anywhere near where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wouldn't be anywhere near where we
+are for uh engineered systems certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are for uh engineered systems certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are for uh engineered systems certainly
+not in digital communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in digital communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in digital communication
+so the key um the key thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the key um the key thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the key um the key thing
+is actually to start thinking in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually to start thinking in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually to start thinking in terms
+of frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of frequencies
+okay so we're going to look we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're going to look we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're going to look we're going
+to spend the next several lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend the next several lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend the next several lectures
+looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at
+the frequency domain and so what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency domain and so what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency domain and so what is the
+frequency domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency domain
+well we're going to be focusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're going to be focusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're going to be focusing
+essentially on sinusoidal inputs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially on sinusoidal inputs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially on sinusoidal inputs and
+inputs that are related to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs that are related to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs that are related to them
+but let me actually just start back with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me actually just start back with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me actually just start back with
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's my question and i hope the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my question and i hope the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my question and i hope the answer
+isn't already on the slides maybe it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't already on the slides maybe it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't already on the slides maybe it is
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+is it true that if my input was periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it true that if my input was periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it true that if my input was periodic
+so for instance if i had an input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for instance if i had an input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for instance if i had an input
+that let's say did this it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let's say did this it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let's say did this it
+ramped up over maybe four time steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramped up over maybe four time steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramped up over maybe four time steps
+and then started again ramping up over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then started again ramping up over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then started again ramping up over
+four time steps and continued that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four time steps and continued that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four time steps and continued that
+indefinitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indefinitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indefinitely
+okay so here's my x of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's my x of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's my x of n
+um it's an x of n that has some basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's an x of n that has some basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's an x of n that has some basic
+period that then repeats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period that then repeats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period that then repeats
+periodically so it satisfies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodically so it satisfies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodically so it satisfies that
+condition x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition x
+n equals x n plus capital p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals x n plus capital p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals x n plus capital p
+for some number capital p that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some number capital p that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some number capital p that's the
+period what is capital p in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so every four this repeats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so every four this repeats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so every four this repeats
+is it true that if i had a periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it true that if i had a periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it true that if i had a periodic
+input to an lti system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input to an lti system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input to an lti system
+that i'll get a periodic output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any reason i should expect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah could you speak up a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah could you speak up a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah could you speak up a little
+it depends on the system i'm telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends on the system i'm telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends on the system i'm telling
+it's lti but nothing more so it depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's lti but nothing more so it depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's lti but nothing more so it depends
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+which particular lti system that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which particular lti system that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which particular lti system that would
+be my intuition too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well uh but that's an average that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh but that's an average that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh but that's an average that's one
+number what i'm asking you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number what i'm asking you is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number what i'm asking you is
+could this output as a function of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could this output as a function of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could this output as a function of time
+also be periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be periodic
+can you guarantee it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm not exactly understanding your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not exactly understanding your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not exactly understanding your
+prescription so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescription so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescription so
+are you telling me how to prove that y n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you telling me how to prove that y n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you telling me how to prove that y n
+equals y n plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals y n plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals y n plus
+something for all n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+according to this um well i i raised the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to this um well i i raised the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to this um well i i raised the
+convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution
+expression but the convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression but the convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression but the convolution
+expression requires us to take x's from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression requires us to take x's from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression requires us to take x's from
+minus infinity to plus infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity to plus infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity to plus infinity
+right in general the output at time n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in general the output at time n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in general the output at time n
+depends on all the inputs so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on all the inputs so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on all the inputs so it's not
+clear how you can block things off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear how you can block things off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear how you can block things off
+you had another idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay good um this is a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good um this is a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good um this is a time
+time-invariant system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-invariant system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-invariant system
+right so if i shifted the input by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if i shifted the input by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if i shifted the input by
+capital p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital p
+the output should also get shifted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output should also get shifted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output should also get shifted by
+capital p but shifting the input by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital p but shifting the input by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital p but shifting the input by
+capital p gives me the same input back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital p gives me the same input back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital p gives me the same input back
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+so the response that i get for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the response that i get for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the response that i get for that
+shifted input must be the old response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted input must be the old response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted input must be the old response
+that i had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i had
+which tells me that the output also has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tells me that the output also has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tells me that the output also has
+the property that if i shifted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the property that if i shifted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the property that if i shifted by
+capital p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital p
+i get the same thing again so so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get the same thing again so so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get the same thing again so so this is
+guaranteed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed to be
+period capital p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now actually there's a little twist to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now actually there's a little twist to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now actually there's a little twist to
+that because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because it's
+we usually think of the period as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we usually think of the period as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we usually think of the period as being
+the smallest interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest interval
+for which you can repeat uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which you can repeat uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which you can repeat uh it's
+conceivable that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceivable that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceivable that this
+output has a smaller interval and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output has a smaller interval and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output has a smaller interval and
+therefore the period is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the period is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the period is some
+integer fraction of this capital p but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer fraction of this capital p but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer fraction of this capital p but
+this is the general idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the general idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the general idea
+so you see that just knowing that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see that just knowing that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see that just knowing that the
+system is lti you can already tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is lti you can already tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is lti you can already tell
+a lot about what the response will look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot about what the response will look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot about what the response will look
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one of our favorite periodic inputs well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of our favorite periodic inputs well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of our favorite periodic inputs well
+if i ask you to tell me what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i ask you to tell me what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i ask you to tell me what your
+favorite periodic input is what might it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite periodic input is what might it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite periodic input is what might it
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any sorry constant is good that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sorry constant is good that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sorry constant is good that's
+periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic
+uh a little less trivial and constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a little less trivial and constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a little less trivial and constant
+sinusoid right so here's the nice thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoid right so here's the nice thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoid right so here's the nice thing
+about sinusoids it turns out for an lti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sinusoids it turns out for an lti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sinusoids it turns out for an lti
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+if i put in a sinusoid not only is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i put in a sinusoid not only is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i put in a sinusoid not only is the
+output periodic with the same period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output periodic with the same period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output periodic with the same period
+it's also a sinusoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also a sinusoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also a sinusoid
+so that's a an even greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a an even greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a an even greater
+restriction here you see in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction here you see in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction here you see in this
+particular case i have an input that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case i have an input that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case i have an input that's
+periodic i'm guaranteed the output is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic i'm guaranteed the output is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic i'm guaranteed the output is
+periodic with the same period but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic with the same period but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic with the same period but the
+actual shape of the waveform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual shape of the waveform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual shape of the waveform
+can be all messed up relative to this it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be all messed up relative to this it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be all messed up relative to this it
+may have no obvious visual relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have no obvious visual relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have no obvious visual relationship
+to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this
+but if you have a sinusoidal input then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you have a sinusoidal input then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you have a sinusoidal input then
+it turns out that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that um
+that more is true okay so it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that more is true okay so it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that more is true okay so it turns out
+um if you put a sinusoid in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you put a sinusoid in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you put a sinusoid in
+what you get out is a sinusoid at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you get out is a sinusoid at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you get out is a sinusoid at the
+same frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same frequency
+what might change is the amplitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what might change is the amplitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what might change is the amplitude of
+the sinusoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sinusoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sinusoid
+and the phase angle on the sinusoid but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the phase angle on the sinusoid but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the phase angle on the sinusoid but
+it'll be the same frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be the same frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be the same frequency
+sinusoid that comes out so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoid that comes out so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoid that comes out so that's a
+fairly dramatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly dramatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly dramatic
+restriction and that's actually key to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction and that's actually key to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction and that's actually key to
+frequency domain methods what it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency domain methods what it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency domain methods what it means
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+we can focus on what an lti system does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can focus on what an lti system does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can focus on what an lti system does
+one frequency at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one frequency at a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one frequency at a time
+i'll look to see what how it behaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll look to see what how it behaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll look to see what how it behaves
+when i excited with a particular value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i excited with a particular value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i excited with a particular value
+of this big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this big
+big omega here that's the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big omega here that's the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big omega here that's the frequency
+look at the response i know the response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the response i know the response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the response i know the response
+will be exactly at that frequency so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be exactly at that frequency so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be exactly at that frequency so all
+i have to capture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have to capture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have to capture is
+how much did this input get scaled by in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much did this input get scaled by in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much did this input get scaled by in
+other words how much did the amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words how much did the amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words how much did the amplitude
+change by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change by
+and how much did the phase get changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how much did the phase get changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how much did the phase get changed
+by i just need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by i just need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by i just need to know
+the magnitude and phase transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude and phase transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude and phase transformation
+of a cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a cosine
+at each frequency if i know that i know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each frequency if i know that i know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each frequency if i know that i know
+everything about the lti system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything about the lti system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything about the lti system
+and it decouples my design it allows me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it decouples my design it allows me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it decouples my design it allows me
+to think frequency by frequency when i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think frequency by frequency when i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think frequency by frequency when i
+uh design with an lti system so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh design with an lti system so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh design with an lti system so this is
+actually a great simplification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a great simplification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a great simplification
+one other remark i've made here by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one other remark i've made here by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one other remark i've made here by the
+way it's certainly the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it's certainly the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it's certainly the case
+in continuous time if i gave you x of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equals cosine let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+omega naught t plus theta uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega naught t plus theta uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega naught t plus theta uh this is
+always periodic right this is periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always periodic right this is periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always periodic right this is periodic
+with period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh two pi over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+little omega a little omega naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little omega a little omega naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little omega a little omega naught
+because any time i increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because any time i increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because any time i increase
+t by an integer multiple of this i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t by an integer multiple of this i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t by an integer multiple of this i'm
+going to get an integer multiple of 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get an integer multiple of 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get an integer multiple of 2 pi
+added into the argument of the cosine so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added into the argument of the cosine so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added into the argument of the cosine so
+i'll be back where i started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll be back where i started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll be back where i started
+right so this is always periodic but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is always periodic but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is always periodic but
+with a discrete time sequence you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a discrete time sequence you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a discrete time sequence you
+actually have to be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to be a little
+more careful we can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some particular discrete time sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some particular discrete time sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some particular discrete time sequence
+we refer to the omega in the continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we refer to the omega in the continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we refer to the omega in the continuous
+time case as the angular frequency in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time case as the angular frequency in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time case as the angular frequency in
+radians per second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radians per second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radians per second
+uh here we're thinking of this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here we're thinking of this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here we're thinking of this as
+angular frequency in radians per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular frequency in radians per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular frequency in radians per
+sample for instance because the thing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample for instance because the thing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample for instance because the thing it
+multiplies is n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies is n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies is n
+but basically the units of big omega are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically the units of big omega are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically the units of big omega are
+angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle
+well it turns out that this may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it turns out that this may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it turns out that this may not be
+strictly periodic in the sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly periodic in the sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly periodic in the sense that
+shifting it by an integer will get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting it by an integer will get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting it by an integer will get you
+exactly the same waveform and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same waveform and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same waveform and that's
+all related to whether this frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whether 2 pi over omega the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether 2 pi over omega the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether 2 pi over omega the thing that
+you would like to compute as a period is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would like to compute as a period is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would like to compute as a period is
+rational or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational or not
+okay it turns out if 2 pi over big omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it turns out if 2 pi over big omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it turns out if 2 pi over big omega
+is rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is rational
+then the period is the numerator of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the period is the numerator of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the period is the numerator of that
+rational but otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational but otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational but otherwise
+it's not rational but you can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not rational but you can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not rational but you can think of
+it as being samples taken from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as being samples taken from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as being samples taken from
+some periodic quantity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some periodic quantity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some periodic quantity so
+there's an underlying time varying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an underlying time varying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an underlying time varying
+oh sorry there's an underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sorry there's an underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sorry there's an underlying
+continuous time periodic waveform and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time periodic waveform and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time periodic waveform and
+you take samples of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take samples of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take samples of it
+and depending on the frequency of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and depending on the frequency of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and depending on the frequency of the
+underlying sinusoid the sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying sinusoid the sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying sinusoid the sequence of
+samples may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples may be
+exactly periodic or maybe close to it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly periodic or maybe close to it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly periodic or maybe close to it in
+the sense that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that they're
+samples taken from a periodic uh signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples taken from a periodic uh signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples taken from a periodic uh signal
+in either case actually we tend to not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in either case actually we tend to not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in either case actually we tend to not
+fuss about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuss about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuss about that
+we talk about a cosine like this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about a cosine like this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about a cosine like this as
+a sinusoid of frequency omega radians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sinusoid of frequency omega radians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sinusoid of frequency omega radians
+per sample and we'll talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per sample and we'll talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per sample and we'll talk about the
+period as being 2 pi over omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period as being 2 pi over omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period as being 2 pi over omega
+even when it's not strictly periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even when it's not strictly periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even when it's not strictly periodic
+okay so 2 pi over omega is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so 2 pi over omega is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so 2 pi over omega is our
+notion of period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh so a couple of examples here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so a couple of examples here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so a couple of examples here
+you can i'll leave you to look through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can i'll leave you to look through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can i'll leave you to look through
+those on the slides but you can easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those on the slides but you can easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those on the slides but you can easily
+construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct
+examples where 2 pi over omega is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples where 2 pi over omega is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples where 2 pi over omega is
+rational and draw a picture and convince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational and draw a picture and convince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational and draw a picture and convince
+yourself that it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself that it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself that it's actually
+periodic so in this case for instance if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic so in this case for instance if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic so in this case for instance if
+big omega is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big omega is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big omega is
+big omega is whatever multiplies n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big omega is whatever multiplies n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big omega is whatever multiplies n
+so it's going to be three pi over four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going to be three pi over four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going to be three pi over four
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+3 pi over 4 is big omega so now i need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 pi over 4 is big omega so now i need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 pi over 4 is big omega so now i need
+to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 pi over omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi over omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi over omega
+and so that's equal to 8 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's equal to 8 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's equal to 8 over
+the numerator of that is what the period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numerator of that is what the period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numerator of that is what the period
+is so if you were to actually sketch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so if you were to actually sketch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so if you were to actually sketch
+this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out
+you would find that every 8 samples it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would find that every 8 samples it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would find that every 8 samples it
+repeats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats
+whereas if you look at this example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if you look at this example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if you look at this example the
+thing that multiplies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that multiplies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that multiplies
+n is 3 over 4 so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the period 2 pi over omega is 2 pi over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the period 2 pi over omega is 2 pi over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the period 2 pi over omega is 2 pi over
+3 over 4 so now we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 over 4 so now we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 over 4 so now we're talking about
+8 pi over 3 that's not rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 pi over 3 that's not rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 pi over 3 that's not rational
+you're not going to get a periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to get a periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to get a periodic
+sequence but we still refer to 8 pi over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence but we still refer to 8 pi over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence but we still refer to 8 pi over
+3 as the period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 as the period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 as the period
+of this discrete time signal okay just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this discrete time signal okay just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this discrete time signal okay just
+because it comes from sampling an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it comes from sampling an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it comes from sampling an
+underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying
+continuous time periodic signal all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time periodic signal all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time periodic signal all
+right that's a detail i just don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's a detail i just don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's a detail i just don't want
+you to trip up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to trip up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to trip up on
+on that later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's the um the basic statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the um the basic statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the um the basic statement
+what i said earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i said earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i said earlier
+if you have an lti system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have an lti system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have an lti system
+uh by the way i i like to represent this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by the way i i like to represent this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by the way i i like to represent this
+with an h dot so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an h dot so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an h dot so that
+slipped past there um i think i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slipped past there um i think i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slipped past there um i think i've
+talked about this before let me not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this before let me not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this before let me not
+spend time on it notation notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend time on it notation notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend time on it notation notation
+um so if the input is a sinusoid of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if the input is a sinusoid of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if the input is a sinusoid of some
+frequency and amplitude and phase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and amplitude and phase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and amplitude and phase the
+output is guaranteed to be a sinusoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is guaranteed to be a sinusoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is guaranteed to be a sinusoid
+of the same frequency potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the same frequency potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the same frequency potentially
+different amplitude and different phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different amplitude and different phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different amplitude and different phase
+okay so what i want to do is establish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what i want to do is establish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what i want to do is establish
+that for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for you
+starting with our time domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with our time domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with our time domain
+characterization which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterization which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterization which is
+lti convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it turns out actually sinusoids are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out actually sinusoids are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out actually sinusoids are not
+the only things that have this property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only things that have this property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only things that have this property
+in fact it might be good for me to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it might be good for me to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it might be good for me to show
+you another example too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you another example too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you another example too
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me give you another example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give you another example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give you another example of a
+waveform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that you can put at the input or signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can put at the input or signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can put at the input or signal
+that you can put in the input to an lti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can put in the input to an lti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can put in the input to an lti
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+and it comes out the same shape despite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it comes out the same shape despite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it comes out the same shape despite
+all the convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the convolution
+so here's the example suppose xn is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the example suppose xn is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the example suppose xn is what
+i think of as a discrete time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think of as a discrete time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think of as a discrete time
+exponential so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential so this is
+r to the n for some real number r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r to the n for some real number r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r to the n for some real number r
+uh so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe r is a half so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe r is a half so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe r is a half so this is
+okay so this is xn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a discrete time exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a discrete time exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a discrete time exponential
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you're used to thinking of that as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're used to thinking of that as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're used to thinking of that as a
+geometric series but when you talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric series but when you talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric series but when you talk about
+signals and systems you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals and systems you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals and systems you
+like to think of that as a discrete time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to think of that as a discrete time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to think of that as a discrete time
+exponential it does have an exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential it does have an exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential it does have an exponential
+falloff what if that goes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falloff what if that goes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falloff what if that goes in
+to this system well the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this system well the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this system well the output
+is given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this expression always for an lti system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression always for an lti system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression always for an lti system
+so let's just plug in what x is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just plug in what x is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just plug in what x is that
+summation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation
+over all m h m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all m h m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all m h m
+r to the n minus m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r to the n minus m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r to the n minus m
+right i'm just substituting in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i'm just substituting in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i'm just substituting in this
+expression for x of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for x of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for x of n
+uh the end piece of this doesn't depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the end piece of this doesn't depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the end piece of this doesn't depend
+on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+summation index so i can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation index so i can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation index so i can actually
+simplify this further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify this further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify this further
+and here's what i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so look what's happened i sent in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so look what's happened i sent in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so look what's happened i sent in a
+discrete time exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete time exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete time exponential
+and out comes the same discrete time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and out comes the same discrete time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and out comes the same discrete time
+exponential but scaled by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential but scaled by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential but scaled by
+some number this is just a number right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number this is just a number right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number this is just a number right
+it's an infinite sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an infinite sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an infinite sum
+it's just a number works out to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a number works out to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a number works out to be a
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+you'll have to look for conditions under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have to look for conditions under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have to look for conditions under
+which it's guaranteed to exist and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it's guaranteed to exist and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it's guaranteed to exist and
+certainly if the system is bibo stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly if the system is bibo stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly if the system is bibo stable
+and well if the system is causal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and well if the system is causal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and well if the system is causal
+and the exponential is decaying then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the exponential is decaying then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the exponential is decaying then
+this is guaranteed to exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is guaranteed to exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is guaranteed to exist
+okay so here's an example of another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's an example of another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's an example of another
+kind of signal related to the sinusoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of signal related to the sinusoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of signal related to the sinusoid
+as we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we'll see
+that has the property that you put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has the property that you put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has the property that you put it
+through the lti system despite all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the lti system despite all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the lti system despite all this
+convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution
+stuff that's going on i don't even have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that's going on i don't even have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that's going on i don't even have
+to know what that h is i can tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what that h is i can tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what that h is i can tell you
+right away that what comes out is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away that what comes out is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away that what comes out is
+the same exponential but scaled okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now we're going to try and establish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're going to try and establish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're going to try and establish
+the property for sinusoids and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the property for sinusoids and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the property for sinusoids and um
+the way to do that the efficient way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to do that the efficient way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to do that the efficient way to
+do that is actually to work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that is actually to work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that is actually to work with
+exponentials again except they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials again except they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials again except they're not
+exponentials of the type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials of the type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials of the type
+that i have there there complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i have there there complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i have there there complex
+exponentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now when you learn complex numbers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when you learn complex numbers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when you learn complex numbers in
+high school maybe you thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school maybe you thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school maybe you thought
+you wouldn't have to deal with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wouldn't have to deal with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wouldn't have to deal with them
+again and then you came to calculus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and then you came to calculus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and then you came to calculus and
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+had complex numbers and you thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had complex numbers and you thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had complex numbers and you thought
+maybe after that you don't have to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe after that you don't have to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe after that you don't have to deal
+with them again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them again
+so i'm here to tell you that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm here to tell you that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm here to tell you that you're
+always going to have to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to have to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to have to deal with
+complex numbers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers so
+you have to get comfortable with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we're talking about essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're talking about essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're talking about essentially
+points on the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points on the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points on the plane
+point with the real part and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point with the real part and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point with the real part and an
+imaginary part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part
+so here's the complex number c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's the real part here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the real part here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the real part here's the
+imaginary part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i never thought i'd need to define j but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i never thought i'd need to define j but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i never thought i'd need to define j but
+actually it turns out that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it turns out that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it turns out that um
+if not everyone in the room is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if not everyone in the room is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if not everyone in the room is an
+electrical engineer then maybe you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical engineer then maybe you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical engineer then maybe you're
+used to thinking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to thinking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to thinking of
+i as being the square root of minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i as being the square root of minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i as being the square root of minus one
+electrical engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical engineers
+like j because they reserve i for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like j because they reserve i for um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like j because they reserve i for um
+currents right so j is the square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents right so j is the square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents right so j is the square root
+of minus one in all electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minus one in all electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minus one in all electrical
+engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the key identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that you need is euler's identity okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need is euler's identity okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need is euler's identity okay
+let me actually write it on the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me actually write it on the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me actually write it on the board
+and leave it there because we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and leave it there because we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and leave it there because we'll be
+coming back to it multiple times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well actually i can have it on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well actually i can have it on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well actually i can have it on this
+board because it's really the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's really this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really this picture
+e to the j theta is some complex number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the j theta is some complex number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the j theta is some complex number
+its real part is cosine theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and its imaginary part is sine theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's all that euler's identity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all that euler's identity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all that euler's identity is
+saying right here's a complex number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+its real part is cosine theta its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its real part is cosine theta its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its real part is cosine theta its
+imaginary part is sine theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what's the magnitude of e to the j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the magnitude of e to the j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the magnitude of e to the j
+theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+every complex number has a magnitude e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every complex number has a magnitude e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every complex number has a magnitude e
+to the j theta has magnitude what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the j theta has magnitude what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the j theta has magnitude what
+1 because it's cosine squared plus sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 because it's cosine squared plus sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 because it's cosine squared plus sine
+squared right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared right
+and the angle of e to the j theta the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the angle of e to the j theta the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the angle of e to the j theta the
+angle of a complex number is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of a complex number is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of a complex number is just the
+angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle
+from the real axis up to this vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the real axis up to this vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the real axis up to this vector
+so the angle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um i'm hearing more complicated answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i'm hearing more complicated answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i'm hearing more complicated answers
+than i expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than i expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than i expected
+theta right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you're right it's arctan sine theta over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right it's arctan sine theta over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right it's arctan sine theta over
+cos theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cos theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cos theta
+which is theta right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so this is euler's identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this is euler's identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this is euler's identity
+and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is
+really critical and if you can remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really critical and if you can remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really critical and if you can remember
+this then you can remember all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then you can remember all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then you can remember all sorts of
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+identities that might trip you up from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities that might trip you up from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities that might trip you up from
+time to time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to time
+so for instance let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i have e to the j theta 1 times e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have e to the j theta 1 times e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have e to the j theta 1 times e to
+the j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the j
+theta 2 does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta 2 does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta 2 does that
+simplify to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this that's okay right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's okay right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's okay right
+that's just combining the exponents well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just combining the exponents well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just combining the exponents well
+expand this out using euler's identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand this out using euler's identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand this out using euler's identity
+expand this out using euler's identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand this out using euler's identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand this out using euler's identity
+expand this out using euler's identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand this out using euler's identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand this out using euler's identity
+and you discover for instance that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you discover for instance that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you discover for instance that
+cosine theta 1 plus theta 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equals cosine theta 1 cosine theta 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals cosine theta 1 cosine theta 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals cosine theta 1 cosine theta 2
+minus sine 1 sine theta 1 sine theta 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sine 1 sine theta 1 sine theta 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sine 1 sine theta 1 sine theta 2.
+okay you know all these identities but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you know all these identities but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you know all these identities but
+uh if you're ever pressed to derive them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you're ever pressed to derive them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you're ever pressed to derive them
+the place to start is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place to start is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place to start is
+euler's identity if you're pressed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+euler's identity if you're pressed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+euler's identity if you're pressed to
+derive euler's identity then maybe go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive euler's identity then maybe go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive euler's identity then maybe go
+back to taylor series but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to taylor series but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to taylor series but uh
+if you want to carry one thing in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to carry one thing in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to carry one thing in your
+head carry euler's identity all the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head carry euler's identity all the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head carry euler's identity all the rest
+follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so here's the well actually let me make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the well actually let me make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the well actually let me make
+that point a little later um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these are easy e to the j 0 is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are easy e to the j 0 is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are easy e to the j 0 is just
+this unit length vector line along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this unit length vector line along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this unit length vector line along the
+real axis is just a number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real axis is just a number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real axis is just a number one
+e to the j pi it's the unit vector lying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the j pi it's the unit vector lying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the j pi it's the unit vector lying
+along the negative real axis so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the negative real axis so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the negative real axis so that's
+the number minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's how we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's how we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's how we use
+complex exponentials to prove the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex exponentials to prove the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex exponentials to prove the result
+that i uh claimed earlier and they mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i uh claimed earlier and they mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i uh claimed earlier and they mean
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+sinusoids in gives you sinusoids out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoids in gives you sinusoids out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoids in gives you sinusoids out
+sinusoid of a given frequency and gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoid of a given frequency and gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoid of a given frequency and gives
+you a sinusoid of the same frequency out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a sinusoid of the same frequency out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a sinusoid of the same frequency out
+what we're going to do is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do is actually
+combine sines and cosines into one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine sines and cosines into one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine sines and cosines into one
+calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation
+this may look a little funny because now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this may look a little funny because now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this may look a little funny because now
+we're suddenly putting a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're suddenly putting a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're suddenly putting a complex
+input into this lti system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input into this lti system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input into this lti system
+but if you think about the math that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you think about the math that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you think about the math that we
+did for lti it didn't really care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did for lti it didn't really care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did for lti it didn't really care
+whether we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we were
+feeding in real numbers or complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeding in real numbers or complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeding in real numbers or complex
+numbers so we could have a signal that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so we could have a signal that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so we could have a signal that
+has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+a real part and a complex part at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real part and a complex part at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real part and a complex part at each
+time convolution would work exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time convolution would work exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time convolution would work exactly the
+same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way
+we arrived at convolution through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we arrived at convolution through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we arrived at convolution through
+linearity and time and variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearity and time and variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearity and time and variance
+arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments
+and all those work for complex signals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all those work for complex signals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all those work for complex signals
+so we could actually be putting in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we could actually be putting in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we could actually be putting in a
+signal of this type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal of this type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal of this type
+and seeing what comes out all right well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and seeing what comes out all right well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and seeing what comes out all right well
+this is very close to the calculation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very close to the calculation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very close to the calculation we
+did earlier with a real exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did earlier with a real exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did earlier with a real exponential
+the only difference now is it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only difference now is it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only difference now is it's a
+complex exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but here's the computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right we start as always with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we start as always with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we start as always with the
+time domain representation that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time domain representation that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time domain representation that's
+convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution
+substitute in for x of n minus m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute in for x of n minus m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute in for x of n minus m
+x of n is this signal here i should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x of n is this signal here i should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x of n is this signal here i should have
+labeled it as x of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled it as x of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled it as x of n
+so just stick x of n minus m here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just stick x of n minus m here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just stick x of n minus m here
+and then you discover that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you discover that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you discover that there's a
+part of this that doesn't depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this that doesn't depend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this that doesn't depend on the
+summation index so you pull that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation index so you pull that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation index so you pull that out
+so you're left with this summation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're left with this summation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're left with this summation
+inside and this piece out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside and this piece out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside and this piece out
+so look what's happened you've put in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so look what's happened you've put in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so look what's happened you've put in a
+complex exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex exponential
+and out comes the same complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and out comes the same complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and out comes the same complex
+exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential
+scaled by something what is this complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled by something what is this complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled by something what is this complex
+exponential well it's it's real part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential well it's it's real part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential well it's it's real part is
+a cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cosine
+signal and the imaginary part is a sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal and the imaginary part is a sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal and the imaginary part is a sine
+signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal
+all right so this object is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this object is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this object is something
+that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will
+encounter and use a lot it's referred to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter and use a lot it's referred to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter and use a lot it's referred to
+as the frequency response of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the frequency response of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the frequency response of the system
+you've heard the term used undoubtedly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've heard the term used undoubtedly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've heard the term used undoubtedly
+in other settings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other settings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other settings
+but here's the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here's the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here's the definition
+it's a function only of big omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a function only of big omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a function only of big omega
+because once you've summed over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because once you've summed over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because once you've summed over
+uh m little m uh everything else has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh m little m uh everything else has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh m little m uh everything else has
+gone away so only depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone away so only depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone away so only depends on
+big omega and here's what it is it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big omega and here's what it is it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big omega and here's what it is it's the
+summation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation
+over all values of m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+h of m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+e to the minus j omega m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right that's the frequency response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you give me the unit sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you give me the unit sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you give me the unit sample
+response of a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of a system
+i can find for you what the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can find for you what the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can find for you what the frequency
+responses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's actually do an example maybe um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's actually do an example maybe um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's actually do an example maybe um
+let's see let's take one of your let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see let's take one of your let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see let's take one of your let's
+take an averaging filter that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an averaging filter that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an averaging filter that you've
+looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to make it easy and you'll sketch it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it easy and you'll sketch it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it easy and you'll sketch it as
+a function of m it doesn't matter what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of m it doesn't matter what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of m it doesn't matter what
+that's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called
+so here's one third one third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's one third one third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's one third one third
+one third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we've we've come to recognize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we've we've come to recognize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we've we've come to recognize this
+as a the unit sample response of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a the unit sample response of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a the unit sample response of
+a three point averaging filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a causal three point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+averaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what's the frequency response of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what's the frequency response of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what's the frequency response of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+uh system well it's h of big omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh system well it's h of big omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh system well it's h of big omega
+and then i just follow this prescription
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i just follow this prescription
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i just follow this prescription
+so the only values of h that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the only values of h that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the only values of h that are
+non-zero are for m equals 0 1 and 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-zero are for m equals 0 1 and 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-zero are for m equals 0 1 and 2.
+so it's going to be 1 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 plus e to the minus j omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus e to the minus j omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus e to the minus j omega
+plus e to the minus j 2 omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus e to the minus j 2 omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus e to the minus j 2 omega
+and i'm done right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now to actually get a feel for this what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to actually get a feel for this what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to actually get a feel for this what
+you want to do is write it in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do is write it in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do is write it in different
+forms for instance a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms for instance a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms for instance a very
+useful way to write this is in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful way to write this is in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful way to write this is in terms of
+the magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude
+and the angle so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the angle so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the angle so here's
+here's a way to represent any complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a way to represent any complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a way to represent any complex
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+this is a complex number right i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a complex number right i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a complex number right i can
+write it as magnitude times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it as magnitude times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it as magnitude times
+e to the j angle um so that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the j angle um so that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the j angle um so that will
+actually turn out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually turn out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually turn out to be
+a much more efficient way to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much more efficient way to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much more efficient way to think about
+frequency responses this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency responses this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency responses this is the
+magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the frequency response and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the frequency response and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the frequency response and this is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so how does that bring us back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how does that bring us back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how does that bring us back to
+sines and cosines um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me actually go a little bit out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me actually go a little bit out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me actually go a little bit out of
+order here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's the basic statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from the result that we have up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the result that we have up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the result that we have up there
+and i'll show you on the next slide how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll show you on the next slide how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll show you on the next slide how
+to derive it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to derive it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to derive it
+what you can show is that if you put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can show is that if you put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can show is that if you put a
+cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine
+into the system what comes out is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the system what comes out is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the system what comes out is the
+same cosine except its amplitude is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same cosine except its amplitude is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same cosine except its amplitude is
+scaled by the magnitude of the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled by the magnitude of the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled by the magnitude of the frequency
+response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+and the phase angle is increased by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the phase angle is increased by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the phase angle is increased by the
+angle of the frequency response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of the frequency response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of the frequency response
+okay so this is really if you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is really if you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is really if you know this
+as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function
+of frequency if you know the magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of frequency if you know the magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of frequency if you know the magnitude
+and phase angle of the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and phase angle of the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and phase angle of the frequency
+response as a function of frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response as a function of frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response as a function of frequency
+you can describe the response of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can describe the response of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can describe the response of the
+system to any cosine input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what if the cosine was a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if the cosine was a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if the cosine was a little more
+complicated than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than
+the one there suppose i had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose i had cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+omega naught n plus let's say pi over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega naught n plus let's say pi over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega naught n plus let's say pi over
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+going in what comes out what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in what comes out what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in what comes out what do you
+think comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i showed you a particular case here how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i showed you a particular case here how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i showed you a particular case here how
+much new work would you have to do if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much new work would you have to do if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much new work would you have to do if it
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+actually a slightly shifted cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+take a guess yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah you just you just change this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you just you just change this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you just you just change this by
+adding in an extra pi over four so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding in an extra pi over four so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding in an extra pi over four so what
+comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out
+that's what you said right so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you said right so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you said right so what you
+said okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said okay
+sometimes i'm guessing because i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes i'm guessing because i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes i'm guessing because i don't
+hear that well but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's plus the angle and then plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's plus the angle and then plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's plus the angle and then plus
+the additional pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the additional pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the additional pi
+over four and this actually will follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over four and this actually will follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over four and this actually will follow
+just from time and variance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from time and variance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from time and variance of the
+system so you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so you can actually
+so this is actually pretty general if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is actually pretty general if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is actually pretty general if
+you're going to remember one thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to remember one thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to remember one thing about
+frequency response in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response in terms of
+what the operational significance is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the operational significance is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the operational significance is for
+instance in the laboratory experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance in the laboratory experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance in the laboratory experiment
+this is the result to remember this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the result to remember this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the result to remember this is
+why frequency response is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why frequency response is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why frequency response is important
+okay and the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the proof
+very easy once you have the basic result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy once you have the basic result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy once you have the basic result
+with exponential inputs the proof is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with exponential inputs the proof is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with exponential inputs the proof is
+easy because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy because
+a cosine can be written as the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cosine can be written as the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cosine can be written as the sum of
+these two exponentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two exponentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two exponentials
+how do i get that just from euler's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do i get that just from euler's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do i get that just from euler's
+identity right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity right
+use euler's identity for each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use euler's identity for each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use euler's identity for each of these
+for e to the j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for e to the j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for e to the j
+e to the minus j when you add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the minus j when you add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the minus j when you add
+euler's for this and euler's for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+euler's for this and euler's for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+euler's for this and euler's for this
+the sine terms cancel out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sine terms cancel out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sine terms cancel out
+because you get two cosine in the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you get two cosine in the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you get two cosine in the new
+numerator and you divide by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator and you divide by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator and you divide by two
+so if you're stuck for a derivation of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're stuck for a derivation of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're stuck for a derivation of a
+result like this go back to euler's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result like this go back to euler's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result like this go back to euler's
+so cosine be written this way so when i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so cosine be written this way so when i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so cosine be written this way so when i
+feed a cosine big omega naught n at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed a cosine big omega naught n at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed a cosine big omega naught n at the
+input what i'm actually feeding in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input what i'm actually feeding in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input what i'm actually feeding in
+is a linear combination of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a linear combination of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a linear combination of two
+exponentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials
+but i know how to write the response to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i know how to write the response to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i know how to write the response to
+an exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exponential
+if this exponential this sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this exponential this sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this exponential this sum of
+exponential goes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential goes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential goes in
+what comes out is the corresponding sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what comes out is the corresponding sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what comes out is the corresponding sum
+of responses so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of responses so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of responses so
+it will be this exponential times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be this exponential times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be this exponential times the
+half there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half there
+scaled by the frequency response okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled by the frequency response okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled by the frequency response okay
+that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what
+frequency response does to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response does to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response does to an
+exponential and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and
+this exponential comes out the same but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exponential comes out the same but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exponential comes out the same but
+scaled by the frequency response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled by the frequency response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled by the frequency response
+evaluated at the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at the frequency
+of that exponential okay so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that exponential okay so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that exponential okay so um
+maybe you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you're having trouble visualizing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're having trouble visualizing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're having trouble visualizing the
+result that i'm invoking but it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result that i'm invoking but it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result that i'm invoking but it's the
+one that we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that we just
+proved if you have e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved if you have e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved if you have e to the
+a e to the j omega n going in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's say at some particular frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say at some particular frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say at some particular frequency
+omega naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to a system with frequency response h of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a system with frequency response h of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a system with frequency response h of
+omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what comes out is the same exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what comes out is the same exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what comes out is the same exponential
+that went in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scaled by the frequency response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled by the frequency response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled by the frequency response
+evaluated at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at
+the frequency that we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency that we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency that we're talking about
+omega naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega naught
+okay so when i label the system with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when i label the system with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when i label the system with the
+frequency response this is a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response this is a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response this is a general
+omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega
+but the value of it that i'm interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the value of it that i'm interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the value of it that i'm interested
+in is the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in is the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in is the value of
+at the frequency of the input so if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the frequency of the input so if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the frequency of the input so if the
+input is e to the j omega naught n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input is e to the j omega naught n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input is e to the j omega naught n
+um what comes out is that same e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what comes out is that same e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what comes out is that same e to the
+j omega not n but scaled by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j omega not n but scaled by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j omega not n but scaled by the
+frequency response at that frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response at that frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response at that frequency
+so that's what i'm invoking here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what i'm invoking here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what i'm invoking here okay
+invoking it twice uh well this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invoking it twice uh well this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invoking it twice uh well this is just
+the real part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real part of
+this quantity because it's a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity because it's a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity because it's a complex
+number and it's complex conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and it's complex conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and it's complex conjugate
+and so on so you put it all together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so you put it all together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so you put it all together and
+you actually very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually very
+directly have this result so we're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly have this result so we're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly have this result so we're using
+complex inputs is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex inputs is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex inputs is just a
+trick for getting the results that we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick for getting the results that we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick for getting the results that we'd
+really like to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like to get
+uh for real inputs if you didn't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for real inputs if you didn't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for real inputs if you didn't want to
+do that you could actually just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that you could actually just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that you could actually just
+put in the cosine omega naught n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in the cosine omega naught n and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in the cosine omega naught n and
+crank it all the way through and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crank it all the way through and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crank it all the way through and you
+would get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get it
+so you could say y n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could say y n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could say y n
+equals summation over all m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals summation over all m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals summation over all m
+h of m then we have x of n minus m here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h of m then we have x of n minus m here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h of m then we have x of n minus m here
+right so it's going to be cosine omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's going to be cosine omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's going to be cosine omega
+naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught
+n minus m going in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus m going in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus m going in
+and now use appropriate algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now use appropriate algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now use appropriate algebraic
+identities and you get the same result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities and you get the same result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities and you get the same result
+so we didn't have to use complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we didn't have to use complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we didn't have to use complex
+exponential inputs to get the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential inputs to get the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential inputs to get the result
+it's just a convenient way of getting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a convenient way of getting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a convenient way of getting it
+okay again if you're going to carry one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay again if you're going to carry one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay again if you're going to carry one
+result in your head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result in your head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result in your head
+in the complex case this is the one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the complex case this is the one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the complex case this is the one to
+carry all right it's very simple it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry all right it's very simple it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry all right it's very simple it says
+complex exponential n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex exponential n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex exponential n
+you get the same exponential out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's play a little more with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's play a little more with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's play a little more with
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+particular filter since we see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular filter since we see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular filter since we see that
+magnitude and angle are so important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're talking we're back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking we're back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking we're back to this
+three-point averaging right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-point averaging right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-point averaging right
+here's the frequency response and i'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the frequency response and i'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the frequency response and i'd
+like to get the magnitude out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to get the magnitude out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to get the magnitude out
+and you could certainly use euler's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could certainly use euler's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could certainly use euler's
+identity on each of these pieces group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity on each of these pieces group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity on each of these pieces group
+all the real parts all the imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the real parts all the imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the real parts all the imaginary
+parts and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts and so on
+it ends up actually being a bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ends up actually being a bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ends up actually being a bit of a
+mess to try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess to try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess to try and
+write down cleanly so let me just show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down cleanly so let me just show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down cleanly so let me just show
+you a trick that works for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a trick that works for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a trick that works for
+this kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it'll give you some practice in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll give you some practice in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll give you some practice in
+thinking about these complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about these complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about these complex
+exponentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do you agree that i've just rewritten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you agree that i've just rewritten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you agree that i've just rewritten
+the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing
+as i had above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i had above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i had above
+right okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay um
+does this simplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can you write it as something real we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you write it as something real we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you write it as something real we've
+we've got a complex quantity and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got a complex quantity and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got a complex quantity and it's
+complex conjugate there so we should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex conjugate there so we should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex conjugate there so we should be
+able to collapse them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to collapse them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to collapse them
+into real right the way you recognize a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into real right the way you recognize a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into real right the way you recognize a
+complex conjugate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex conjugate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex conjugate is
+that the j has gone to a minus j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what is this whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is this whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is this whole thing
+somebody where did that come from can i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody where did that come from can i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody where did that come from can i
+have a hand just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a hand just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a hand just
+oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so let's say one plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 cosine omega right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's simplified nicely um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's simplified nicely um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's simplified nicely um
+okay so are we in a position to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so are we in a position to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so are we in a position to
+say what the magnitude of h is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i've got an h that is represented as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got an h that is represented as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got an h that is represented as the
+product of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of this
+oh by the way sorry this should just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh by the way sorry this should just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh by the way sorry this should just be
+a three here right not a one-third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a three here right not a one-third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a three here right not a one-third
+everyone shook their head in agreement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone shook their head in agreement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone shook their head in agreement
+when i wrote that down but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's the magnitude of the product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the magnitude of the product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the magnitude of the product of
+two complex numbers is it the product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two complex numbers is it the product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two complex numbers is it the product of
+the individual ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the magnitude of h is going to be let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of h is going to be let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of h is going to be let's
+see one third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see one third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see one third
+magnitude e minus j omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times magnitude one plus two cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times magnitude one plus two cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times magnitude one plus two cosine
+omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the magnitude of a product of complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of a product of complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of a product of complex
+numbers is just the product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers is just the product of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers is just the product of the
+individual magnitudes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual magnitudes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual magnitudes
+what's the magnitude of this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the magnitude of this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the magnitude of this one
+so we're actually done we actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're actually done we actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're actually done we actually have
+a very simple expression for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very simple expression for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very simple expression for the
+magnitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+frequency response of this moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response of this moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response of this moving
+average filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average filter
+that's all it is oh well sorry i need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all it is oh well sorry i need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all it is oh well sorry i need
+the absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value
+okay so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's
+see um i think i have that sketched out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see um i think i have that sketched out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see um i think i have that sketched out
+in one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i actually have three moving average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i actually have three moving average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i actually have three moving average
+filters drawn out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters drawn out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters drawn out here
+the one that i've just worked out is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that i've just worked out is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that i've just worked out is
+this case this is a three-point moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case this is a three-point moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case this is a three-point moving
+average filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average filter
+a height of one-third for each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a height of one-third for each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a height of one-third for each of these
+at zero one and two and everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at zero one and two and everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at zero one and two and everything else
+is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero
+here is the frequency response magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the frequency response magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the frequency response magnitude
+the notation that's used on the figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notation that's used on the figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notation that's used on the figure
+is slightly different so some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is slightly different so some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is slightly different so some people
+including me and the next course i teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including me and the next course i teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including me and the next course i teach
+will write the frequency response as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will write the frequency response as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will write the frequency response as
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+instead of h of omega but that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of h of omega but that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of h of omega but that's really
+unnecessarily fussy it's important when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnecessarily fussy it's important when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnecessarily fussy it's important when
+you're talking about z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about z
+transforms at the same time that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms at the same time that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms at the same time that you're
+talking about fourier transforms but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about fourier transforms but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about fourier transforms but for
+us it's not important so you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us it's not important so you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us it's not important so you'll see
+slightly different notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different notation
+probably in the notes as well but just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably in the notes as well but just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably in the notes as well but just
+think of that as just h of omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of that as just h of omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of that as just h of omega
+okay so here's the filter we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's the filter we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's the filter we were
+talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+here supposedly is the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here supposedly is the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here supposedly is the frequency
+response magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response magnitude
+what we should be seeing is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we should be seeing is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we should be seeing is the
+magnitude of this quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of this quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of this quantity
+and let me see if you believe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what we have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we have is
+um so what i have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what i have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what i have is
+at omega equals zero i've got something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at omega equals zero i've got something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at omega equals zero i've got something
+that starts at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then when i get out to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when i get out to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when i get out to uh
+minus pi or pi this has come down to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus pi or pi this has come down to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus pi or pi this has come down to the
+value minus a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value minus a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value minus a third
+and so this is what i have for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is the quantity within the absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the quantity within the absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the quantity within the absolute
+sign right before i take an absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign right before i take an absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign right before i take an absolute
+value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+and when i take the absolute value this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when i take the absolute value this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when i take the absolute value this
+flips over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's really what you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's really what you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's really what you're looking at
+you're looking at frequency response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at frequency response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at frequency response
+magnitude which is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and you've got to figure out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you've got to figure out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you've got to figure out the
+phase accordingly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase accordingly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase accordingly and
+that i'll leave you to do in recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i'll leave you to do in recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i'll leave you to do in recitation
+but i want to ask you one last thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i want to ask you one last thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i want to ask you one last thing
+why do i not bother to plot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do i not bother to plot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do i not bother to plot the
+frequency response beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response beyond
+minus pi to pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the reason is that the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the reason is that the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the reason is that the frequency
+response tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response tells
+us what the response is to inputs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us what the response is to inputs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us what the response is to inputs of
+this type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type
+right the frequency response says if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the frequency response says if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the frequency response says if
+this goes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goes in
+how much you get scaled by when it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much you get scaled by when it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much you get scaled by when it comes
+out well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out well
+if i increase omega naught by an integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i increase omega naught by an integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i increase omega naught by an integer
+multiple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of
+2 pi i get the same exponential back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi i get the same exponential back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi i get the same exponential back
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+right so there's no new information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there's no new information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there's no new information
+outside of minus pi to pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of minus pi to pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of minus pi to pi
+another way to think of it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're really talking about complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're really talking about complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're really talking about complex
+numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+and their angles once you've made a full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their angles once you've made a full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their angles once you've made a full
+circle from minus pi to pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle from minus pi to pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle from minus pi to pi
+there's no new space to cover okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no new space to cover okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no new space to cover okay so
+you'll see frequency responses only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see frequency responses only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see frequency responses only
+plotted from minus pi to pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted from minus pi to pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted from minus pi to pi
+all the interesting action is there all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the interesting action is there all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the interesting action is there all
+right we'll develop more intuition for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we'll develop more intuition for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we'll develop more intuition for
+this in recitation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in recitation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in recitation and
+in the next couple of lectures
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/k8-xSeYO44c.txt b/k8-xSeYO44c.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..949d67d6d85e37bce7e7f5fd09077b4752d809f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/k8-xSeYO44c.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9987 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome everyone thank you for joining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome everyone thank you for joining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome everyone thank you for joining
+us today from all around the world for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us today from all around the world for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us today from all around the world for
+what will be a terrific conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will be a terrific conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will be a terrific conversation
+with our special guest June odongo on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our special guest June odongo on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our special guest June odongo on
+how opening up learning can close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how opening up learning can close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how opening up learning can close
+knowledge gaps my name is Chris cazola
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge gaps my name is Chris cazola
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge gaps my name is Chris cazola
+and here at MIT I'm our senior associate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here at MIT I'm our senior associate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here at MIT I'm our senior associate
+Dean at open learning and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dean at open learning and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dean at open learning and this is the
+first in a new open conversation series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first in a new open conversation series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first in a new open conversation series
+that focuses on the experiences and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that focuses on the experiences and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that focuses on the experiences and
+impact of open learning for empowering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact of open learning for empowering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact of open learning for empowering
+people to improve their lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to improve their lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to improve their lives
+communities and the world and as we set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities and the world and as we set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities and the world and as we set
+out to craft this new open conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to craft this new open conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to craft this new open conversation
+series one person we really wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series one person we really wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series one person we really wanted to
+talk to is June odongo Jun is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to is June odongo Jun is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to is June odongo Jun is an
+Innovative entrepreneur a founder and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovative entrepreneur a founder and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovative entrepreneur a founder and
+now the CEO of SGA Technologies a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the CEO of SGA Technologies a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the CEO of SGA Technologies a
+logistic software and services company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistic software and services company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistic software and services company
+in Kenya catering to businesses that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Kenya catering to businesses that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Kenya catering to businesses that
+ship in Africa today she'll share her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship in Africa today she'll share her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship in Africa today she'll share her
+insights on learning entrepreneurship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights on learning entrepreneurship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights on learning entrepreneurship
+and the role of open education in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the role of open education in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the role of open education in
+upskilling and changing our world so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upskilling and changing our world so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upskilling and changing our world so
+June thank you so much for speaking with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+June thank you so much for speaking with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+June thank you so much for speaking with
+me and our audience today your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and our audience today your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and our audience today your
+experience is truly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience is truly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience is truly
+inspiring thank you so much I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiring thank you so much I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiring thank you so much I didn't
+know I was your first thank you it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I was your first thank you it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I was your first thank you it's an
+honor yes yes no uh it's been great to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honor yes yes no uh it's been great to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honor yes yes no uh it's been great to
+sort of hear and and learn about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of hear and and learn about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of hear and and learn about the
+work that you've been doing over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that you've been doing over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that you've been doing over the
+last few years and I wanted to just kick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last few years and I wanted to just kick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last few years and I wanted to just kick
+it off by asking you to tell us tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it off by asking you to tell us tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it off by asking you to tell us tell us
+about your personal Learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Journey um well let me tell you a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Journey um well let me tell you a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Journey um well let me tell you a little
+bit about my background uh which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about my background uh which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about my background uh which
+actually connects somehow with um ocw um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually connects somehow with um ocw um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually connects somehow with um ocw um
+so um in terms of my education I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um in terms of my education I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um in terms of my education I have a
+computer science degree from UMAS Lo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science degree from UMAS Lo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science degree from UMAS Lo
+which is about 40 minutes or so from MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is about 40 minutes or so from MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is about 40 minutes or so from MIT
+uh many of my University professors were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh many of my University professors were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh many of my University professors were
+actually MIT computer science graduates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually MIT computer science graduates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually MIT computer science graduates
+um and I also have an MBA from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I also have an MBA from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I also have an MBA from the
+Harvard Business School um in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard Business School um in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard Business School um in terms of
+how summarize my Learning Journey um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how summarize my Learning Journey um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how summarize my Learning Journey um I
+mean a combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean a combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean a combination
+of uh formal education as I've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh formal education as I've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh formal education as I've just
+described and then just you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described and then just you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described and then just you know
+complimenting my education here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complimenting my education here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complimenting my education here and
+there uh I think because of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh I think because of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh I think because of these
+lectures that I had who had been at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures that I had who had been at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures that I had who had been at MIT
+um and we were a lot of our CK was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we were a lot of our CK was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we were a lot of our CK was
+actually mimicking MIT classes right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually mimicking MIT classes right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually mimicking MIT classes right so
+when it came to studying I and I by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it came to studying I and I by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it came to studying I and I by the
+way I went to if I can date myself I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I went to if I can date myself I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I went to if I can date myself I was
+in undergrad I graduated in 2005 so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in undergrad I graduated in 2005 so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in undergrad I graduated in 2005 so a
+long time quite a long time ago um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time quite a long time ago um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time quite a long time ago um and
+that's actually how I Came Upon um open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually how I Came Upon um open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually how I Came Upon um open
+learning um effectively to complement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning um effectively to complement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning um effectively to complement
+what I knew the MIT students were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I knew the MIT students were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I knew the MIT students were
+studying um to help me perform better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying um to help me perform better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying um to help me perform better
+you've you started by taking some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've you started by taking some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've you started by taking some
+courses on uh MIT open courseware but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses on uh MIT open courseware but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses on uh MIT open courseware but
+you you certainly didn't stop right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you certainly didn't stop right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you certainly didn't stop right and
+so you know you've you've definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know you've you've definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know you've you've definitely
+been engaged in sort of online learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been engaged in sort of online learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been engaged in sort of online learning
+continuous learning uh upskilling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous learning uh upskilling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous learning uh upskilling
+throughout your career even after sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout your career even after sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout your career even after sort
+of two really significant degrees so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two really significant degrees so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two really significant degrees so
+what what motivates you to keep learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what motivates you to keep learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what motivates you to keep learning
+right um you're a busy professional how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um you're a busy professional how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um you're a busy professional how
+do you you know how do you make the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you you know how do you make the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you you know how do you make the time
+why why is it important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why is it important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why is it important to
+you oh I almost feel like there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you oh I almost feel like there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you oh I almost feel like there's no
+choice right I mean like in our company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice right I mean like in our company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice right I mean like in our company
+for example I mean we're trying to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example I mean we're trying to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example I mean we're trying to apply
+technology to some very complex um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology to some very complex um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology to some very complex um you
+know you know comp Computing problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know comp Computing problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know comp Computing problems
+that would say or mathematics problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would say or mathematics problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would say or mathematics problems
+in um in logistics right um so I also by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um in logistics right um so I also by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um in logistics right um so I also by
+the way I should say this I happen to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way I should say this I happen to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way I should say this I happen to be
+one of those people who um I apply so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those people who um I apply so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those people who um I apply so
+much of what I learned in uni both in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of what I learned in uni both in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of what I learned in uni both in
+undergrad and graduate school like often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergrad and graduate school like often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergrad and graduate school like often
+times people say oh whatever I learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times people say oh whatever I learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times people say oh whatever I learned
+you know I'm not using I am the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I'm not using I am the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I'm not using I am the exact
+opposite of that right so building on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite of that right so building on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite of that right so building on
+that is you know context right you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is you know context right you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is you know context right you know
+the way we think about I think the way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we think about I think the way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we think about I think the way I
+fundamentally think about solving uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally think about solving uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally think about solving uh
+problem solving is the same but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem solving is the same but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem solving is the same but the
+context is constantly changing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context is constantly changing right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context is constantly changing right
+there's new ways of solving some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's new ways of solving some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's new ways of solving some of the
+same problems or if you're if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same problems or if you're if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same problems or if you're if you're
+getting to if you're encountering a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to if you're encountering a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to if you're encountering a new
+problem you need a new way to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you need a new way to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you need a new way to think
+about it right and the solution can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it right and the solution can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it right and the solution can
+either come from you it can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either come from you it can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either come from you it can you can
+borrow from other people right and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow from other people right and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow from other people right and if
+you're borrowing from other people it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're borrowing from other people it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're borrowing from other people it
+could be traditional it could be new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be traditional it could be new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be traditional it could be new
+right and the the way to get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the the way to get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the the way to get that
+information is to insert yourself you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is to insert yourself you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is to insert yourself you
+know into materials talking about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know into materials talking about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know into materials talking about what
+you know how other people are thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how other people are thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how other people are thinking
+about these things or even enhancing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these things or even enhancing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these things or even enhancing
+your own knowledge if you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own knowledge if you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own knowledge if you're trying to
+come up with your own solution so for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with your own solution so for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with your own solution so for me
+I you know I just think I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I you know I just think I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I you know I just think I have
+absolutely no choice but to continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely no choice but to continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely no choice but to continue
+learning and in our company we have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and in our company we have our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and in our company we have our
+team members are quite young um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team members are quite young um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team members are quite young um you know
+often times they recent University
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often times they recent University
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often times they recent University
+graduates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduates
+um I do not write software anymore I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I do not write software anymore I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I do not write software anymore I
+used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used
+to I I just don't one of the things for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I I just don't one of the things for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I I just don't one of the things for
+example I'm trying to do is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I'm trying to do is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I'm trying to do is you know
+we're using languages that I didn't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using languages that I didn't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using languages that I didn't use
+you know when I was a student like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when I was a student like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when I was a student like I
+think we used C or something in computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we used C or something in computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we used C or something in computer
+science by using Ruby I need to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science by using Ruby I need to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science by using Ruby I need to learn
+how to use Ruby on Rails but more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to use Ruby on Rails but more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to use Ruby on Rails but more
+importantly we're also trying to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly we're also trying to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly we're also trying to apply
+um technologies that have advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um technologies that have advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um technologies that have advanced
+significantly in the two decades since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly in the two decades since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly in the two decades since
+our I've been outside of school right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our I've been outside of school right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our I've been outside of school right
+whether it's things around machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's things around machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's things around machine
+learning artificial intelligence and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning artificial intelligence and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning artificial intelligence and so
+on so some of the work I have to do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so some of the work I have to do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so some of the work I have to do in
+terms of learning is relearning what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of learning is relearning what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of learning is relearning what I
+learned in school so I'm actually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned in school so I'm actually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned in school so I'm actually I
+actually go through some of my old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually go through some of my old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually go through some of my old
+curricula and then introducing new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curricula and then introducing new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curricula and then introducing new
+Concepts you know on top of that so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts you know on top of that so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts you know on top of that so it's
+I I I it's just embedded in I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I it's just embedded in I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I it's just embedded in I think
+learning has to be embedded in what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning has to be embedded in what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning has to be embedded in what
+we're trying to do and what I'm trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to do and what I'm trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to do and what I'm trying
+to accomplish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accomplish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accomplish
+yeah that's a that's a fantastic story I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's a that's a fantastic story I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's a that's a fantastic story I
+think it reminds us that um that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it reminds us that um that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it reminds us that um that the
+education that we get with our degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education that we get with our degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education that we get with our degrees
+for those of us who have had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those of us who have had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those of us who have had the
+opportunity to study right um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to study right um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to study right um is
+sometimes very a set of concrete skills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes very a set of concrete skills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes very a set of concrete skills
+but it's really just an investment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's really just an investment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's really just an investment in
+our future right but if you don't keep H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our future right but if you don't keep H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our future right but if you don't keep H
+it's if you don't keep investing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's if you don't keep investing right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's if you don't keep investing right
+if you don't sort of keep watering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't sort of keep watering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't sort of keep watering the
+plant right it it won't continue to grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant right it it won't continue to grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant right it it won't continue to grow
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that's that's really that's really neat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's really that's really neat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's really that's really neat
+so you've talked a little bit about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've talked a little bit about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've talked a little bit about some
+of the work that your company does right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the work that your company does right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the work that your company does right
+uh SGA Technologies um and um and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh SGA Technologies um and um and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh SGA Technologies um and um and the
+ways that technology and software um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that technology and software um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that technology and software um and
+software solutions to Logistics problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software solutions to Logistics problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software solutions to Logistics problems
+um are part of the work that everyone in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um are part of the work that everyone in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um are part of the work that everyone in
+your company does but um uh you've also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your company does but um uh you've also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your company does but um uh you've also
+in in other discussions that that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in other discussions that that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in other discussions that that we've
+had um sort of reflected that it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had um sort of reflected that it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had um sort of reflected that it's been
+difficult to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to come
+by software developers right to to hire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by software developers right to to hire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by software developers right to to hire
+recruit train retain them um so tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recruit train retain them um so tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recruit train retain them um so tell us
+a little bit more um about how you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more um about how you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more um about how you've
+managed not only to sort of continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed not only to sort of continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed not only to sort of continue
+your own education um but to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own education um but to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own education um but to kind of
+build this up um for your all the all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build this up um for your all the all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build this up um for your all the all
+the people who are part of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who are part of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who are part of your
+team so it's less an issue of finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team so it's less an issue of finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team so it's less an issue of finding
+software developers because there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software developers because there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software developers because there are
+actually plenty of them here but more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually plenty of them here but more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually plenty of them here but more
+about finding software developers we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about finding software developers we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about finding software developers we can
+afford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afford
+in you know in an era where software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you know in an era where software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you know in an era where software
+Engineers are such a hot commodity right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineers are such a hot commodity right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineers are such a hot commodity right
+and you know you bring them up and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know you bring them up and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know you bring them up and you
+know Google Microsoft or whatever comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Google Microsoft or whatever comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Google Microsoft or whatever comes
+and snaps them um so for us it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and snaps them um so for us it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and snaps them um so for us it was
+actually more the issue was more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually more the issue was more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually more the issue was more
+resource constraint right um not be you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource constraint right um not be you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource constraint right um not be you
+know when I started this company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when I started this company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when I started this company
+initially I was bootstrapping it using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially I was bootstrapping it using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially I was bootstrapping it using
+my savings and then when we got got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my savings and then when we got got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my savings and then when we got got
+initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial
+funding um it wasn't a super substantial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding um it wasn't a super substantial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding um it wasn't a super substantial
+amount so we've had to run a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount so we've had to run a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount so we've had to run a really
+really lean company right and that meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really lean company right and that meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really lean company right and that meant
+we couldn't afford senior developers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we couldn't afford senior developers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we couldn't afford senior developers and
+and so on and then even if we could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and then even if we could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and then even if we could you
+know there's um because of how hot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's um because of how hot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's um because of how hot the
+market was for engineers they wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market was for engineers they wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market was for engineers they wouldn't
+they likely wouldn't have lasted because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they likely wouldn't have lasted because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they likely wouldn't have lasted because
+you know there's always somebody who pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's always somebody who pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's always somebody who pay
+them more so the approach I took was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them more so the approach I took was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them more so the approach I took was to
+hire um very high potential um younger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hire um very high potential um younger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hire um very high potential um younger
+people right so fresh um computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people right so fresh um computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people right so fresh um computer
+science graduates you know folks who'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science graduates you know folks who'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science graduates you know folks who'
+been who were just grad uating been out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been who were just grad uating been out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been who were just grad uating been out
+of school for no more than three years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of school for no more than three years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of school for no more than three years
+um yeah so so that's that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so so that's that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so so that's that was the
+fundamental problem um and then the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental problem um and then the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental problem um and then the way
+ocw actually came into the SAA story it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw actually came into the SAA story it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw actually came into the SAA story it
+it was not intentional um at all so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was not intentional um at all so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was not intentional um at all so what
+happened was there was a candidate um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened was there was a candidate um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened was there was a candidate um
+who had been recommended by one of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who had been recommended by one of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who had been recommended by one of our
+Engineers um she was an electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineers um she was an electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineers um she was an electrical
+engineer and she was very very green and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer and she was very very green and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer and she was very very green and
+we initially rejected her application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we initially rejected her application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we initially rejected her application
+right so um her name is Cynthia and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so um her name is Cynthia and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so um her name is Cynthia and um
+the person who had recommended Cynthia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person who had recommended Cynthia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person who had recommended Cynthia
+is called Warren um so I got back to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called Warren um so I got back to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called Warren um so I got back to I
+did so I reject her and she doesn't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did so I reject her and she doesn't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did so I reject her and she doesn't say
+anything um much like how I used to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything um much like how I used to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything um much like how I used to be
+when I was a candidate I I don't take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was a candidate I I don't take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was a candidate I I don't take
+rejection very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejection very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejection very
+well maybe I don't maybe she was lunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe I don't maybe she was lunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe I don't maybe she was lunch
+lunch who knows but um in any case I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lunch who knows but um in any case I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lunch who knows but um in any case I I
+get back to Warren and I'm like hey so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back to Warren and I'm like hey so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back to Warren and I'm like hey so
+this is the feedback on your friend you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the feedback on your friend you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the feedback on your friend you
+know um she's just too green and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um she's just too green and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um she's just too green and you
+know he says she's really high potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know he says she's really high potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know he says she's really high potential
+like you need to just think about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you need to just think about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you need to just think about that
+again so we go back and I you know I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so we go back and I you know I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so we go back and I you know I I
+talk to Cynthia and and she was working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to Cynthia and and she was working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to Cynthia and and she was working
+she was designing some kind of Hardware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was designing some kind of Hardware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was designing some kind of Hardware
+uh board somewhere and I was like okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh board somewhere and I was like okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh board somewhere and I was like okay
+that's pretty cool for someone who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty cool for someone who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty cool for someone who's
+barely out of school um and I just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely out of school um and I just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely out of school um and I just you
+know and I thought okay she was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and I thought okay she was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and I thought okay she was very
+very bright what she didn't have was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very bright what she didn't have was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very bright what she didn't have was a
+computer science um degree which for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science um degree which for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science um degree which for us
+is very very critical in our company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very very critical in our company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very very critical in our company
+because we are applying algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we are applying algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we are applying algorithms
+complicated Al algorithms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated Al algorithms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated Al algorithms and
+complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+math um and I just thought well you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math um and I just thought well you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math um and I just thought well you know
+when I was a student there was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was a student there was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was a student there was this
+resource mod ocw that I used um where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource mod ocw that I used um where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource mod ocw that I used um where
+you could learn some of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could learn some of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could learn some of these things
+right they were complimentary to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they were complimentary to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they were complimentary to these
+textbooks you know so I just suggested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks you know so I just suggested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks you know so I just suggested
+to her hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to her hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to her hey
+um you could join s if you're willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you could join s if you're willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you could join s if you're willing to
+quit your job and do this for six months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quit your job and do this for six months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quit your job and do this for six months
+and I created a curriculum for her which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I created a curriculum for her which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I created a curriculum for her which
+actually mimicked the last two years of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually mimicked the last two years of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually mimicked the last two years of
+um the computer science program and she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the computer science program and she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the computer science program and she
+said yes and some and then we ended up F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said yes and some and then we ended up F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said yes and some and then we ended up F
+finding this path of um bringing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding this path of um bringing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding this path of um bringing on
+board you know otherwise talented um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board you know otherwise talented um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board you know otherwise talented um
+individuals who for one reason or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals who for one reason or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals who for one reason or
+another do not have the education we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another do not have the education we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another do not have the education we
+need right so as of today we've done so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need right so as of today we've done so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need right so as of today we've done so
+Cynthia she did that program in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+202 was it last year maybe a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+202 was it last year maybe a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+202 was it last year maybe a little bit
+I think she started um end of 2022
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think she started um end of 2022
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think she started um end of 2022
+true no no no end of 2023 because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true no no no end of 2023 because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true no no no end of 2023 because this
+is our first full year actually as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our first full year actually as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our first full year actually as an
+engineer at Sanger um and then we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer at Sanger um and then we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer at Sanger um and then we've
+since put two other individuals through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since put two other individuals through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since put two other individuals through
+that program right um one the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that program right um one the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that program right um one the second
+person we put through is actually not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person we put through is actually not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person we put through is actually not a
+full University graduate is someone who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full University graduate is someone who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full University graduate is someone who
+comes from an other resource
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from an other resource
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from an other resource
+background um but had the desire to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background um but had the desire to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background um but had the desire to be
+an engineer had gone to a coding boot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an engineer had gone to a coding boot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an engineer had gone to a coding boot
+camp coding boot camps for us to not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camp coding boot camps for us to not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camp coding boot camps for us to not
+give uh folks what they need uh at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give uh folks what they need uh at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give uh folks what they need uh at least
+for what works in our company uh we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what works in our company uh we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what works in our company uh we put
+him through that and then we've since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him through that and then we've since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him through that and then we've since
+put in someone else who has a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in someone else who has a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in someone else who has a similar
+has sort of like a similar skill set so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has sort of like a similar skill set so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has sort of like a similar skill set so
+we've been able to complement you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been able to complement you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been able to complement you know
+so we've been able to complement our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've been able to complement our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've been able to complement our
+team so half our team um is from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team so half our team um is from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team so half our team um is from this
+program wow yeah yeah so that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program wow yeah yeah so that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program wow yeah yeah so that's really
+interesting um and that's exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting um and that's exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting um and that's exactly the
+kind of story that makes us excited at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of story that makes us excited at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of story that makes us excited at
+open learning um it's the kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open learning um it's the kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open learning um it's the kind of thing
+that motivates the staff who work here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that motivates the staff who work here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that motivates the staff who work here
+and certainly the faculty at MIT who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and certainly the faculty at MIT who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and certainly the faculty at MIT who
+share these materials they don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share these materials they don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share these materials they don't have to
+do that they don't uh they don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that they don't uh they don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that they don't uh they don't get
+paid to do that um they sort of sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid to do that um they sort of sharing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid to do that um they sort of sharing
+these materials in order for other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these materials in order for other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these materials in order for other
+people to use them now it sounds like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to use them now it sounds like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to use them now it sounds like
+the special sauce right that comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the special sauce right that comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the special sauce right that comes from
+from s Technologies from June odongo is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from s Technologies from June odongo is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from s Technologies from June odongo is
+that is your work in identifying from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is your work in identifying from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is your work in identifying from
+this big curriculum of materials exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this big curriculum of materials exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this big curriculum of materials exactly
+what's valuable for you and your firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's valuable for you and your firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's valuable for you and your firm
+and your team um so that's some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your team um so that's some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your team um so that's some some
+really amazing work uh it does raise for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really amazing work uh it does raise for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really amazing work uh it does raise for
+me another question um you know i' I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me another question um you know i' I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me another question um you know i' I've
+I've taken courses watched videos and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've taken courses watched videos and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've taken courses watched videos and
+lectures from from open courseware um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures from from open courseware um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures from from open courseware um
+and some of them are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of them are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of them are really
+hard um and some of those problem sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard um and some of those problem sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard um and some of those problem sets
+that we that we share with the world are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we that we share with the world are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we that we share with the world are
+are really difficult um so I'm curious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really difficult um so I'm curious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really difficult um so I'm curious
+you know uh your the staff who who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh your the staff who who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh your the staff who who
+you've kind of shared this curriculum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've kind of shared this curriculum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've kind of shared this curriculum
+with do they do they think it's too hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with do they do they think it's too hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with do they do they think it's too hard
+do they think it's hard and fun what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they think it's hard and fun what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they think it's hard and fun what's
+what's been their reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+hard I mean they're very complex courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard I mean they're very complex courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard I mean they're very complex courses
+I mean you know you know networking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you know you know networking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you know you know networking
+Theory you know algorithms you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory you know algorithms you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory you know algorithms you know I
+don't know if they consider it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if they consider it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if they consider it
+fun um no one's told me they find it fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun um no one's told me they find it fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun um no one's told me they find it fun
+uh but one thing that's Universal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but one thing that's Universal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but one thing that's Universal
+amongst them is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amongst them is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amongst them is that
+um the amount of learning they get is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the amount of learning they get is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the amount of learning they get is so
+so so significant you know just in a in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so significant you know just in a in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so significant you know just in a in
+a span of six months right um so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a span of six months right um so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a span of six months right um so I think
+they feel better about themselves you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they feel better about themselves you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they feel better about themselves you
+know in terms of what they're capable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in terms of what they're capable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in terms of what they're capable
+even from a learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+perspective there must be at a moment um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective there must be at a moment um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective there must be at a moment um
+in in their work or or even in your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in their work or or even in your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in their work or or even in your own
+um where that light bulb goes off right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where that light bulb goes off right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where that light bulb goes off right
+where you're just dealing with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're just dealing with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're just dealing with some
+really tricky work problem right um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really tricky work problem right um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really tricky work problem right um and
+then suddenly you know you realize you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then suddenly you know you realize you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then suddenly you know you realize you
+have the tools right um because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the tools right um because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the tools right um because of
+because of a course that you took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of a course that you took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of a course that you took
+through open courseware or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through open courseware or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through open courseware or something
+else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else
+right you reminded me of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you reminded me of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you reminded me of
+something um so the team member who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something um so the team member who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something um so the team member who
+recommended Cynthia um was also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommended Cynthia um was also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommended Cynthia um was also
+mentoring her um during that process and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentoring her um during that process and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentoring her um during that process and
+one of the courses is um you know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the courses is um you know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the courses is um you know is
+something called automata I forgot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called automata I forgot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called automata I forgot the
+full name of the course um and whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full name of the course um and whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full name of the course um and whatever
+problem he was working on at the time he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem he was working on at the time he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem he was working on at the time he
+was like oh goodness like you know there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like oh goodness like you know there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like oh goodness like you know there
+was something in the automata class that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was something in the automata class that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was something in the automata class that
+he was helping Cynthia with that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was helping Cynthia with that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was helping Cynthia with that he
+recognized could help him solve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized could help him solve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized could help him solve a
+problem that he was working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that he was working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that he was working
+on yeah so it's almost like yeah it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on yeah so it's almost like yeah it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on yeah so it's almost like yeah it's
+almost like this extended hook in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost like this extended hook in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost like this extended hook in the
+learning right it's not just for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning right it's not just for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning right it's not just for the
+person who's going through it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who's going through it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who's going through it because
+what we also do is we want them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we also do is we want them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we also do is we want them to
+present to us something um at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present to us something um at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present to us something um at the end of
+the coursework right on some topic so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coursework right on some topic so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coursework right on some topic so in
+Cynthia's case for example it was graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cynthia's case for example it was graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cynthia's case for example it was graph
+Theory right like could you tell us what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory right like could you tell us what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory right like could you tell us what
+you learned on on you know on in graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learned on on you know on in graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learned on on you know on in graph
+Theory right so what happens is there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory right so what happens is there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory right so what happens is there's
+a relearning also for someone like me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relearning also for someone like me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relearning also for someone like me
+and then um I remember there some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then um I remember there some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then um I remember there some
+algorith I forget which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorith I forget which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorith I forget which
+algorithm she presented and I was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm she presented and I was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm she presented and I was like
+oh my God this is an Insight I had in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh my God this is an Insight I had in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh my God this is an Insight I had in
+terms of you know these kinds of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of you know these kinds of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of you know these kinds of like
+nodes I was thinking about in in sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes I was thinking about in in sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes I was thinking about in in sort of
+the network design for the logistics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network design for the logistics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network design for the logistics and
+I couldn't remember that you know I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I couldn't remember that you know I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I couldn't remember that you know I had
+been taught this I don't even know if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been taught this I don't even know if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been taught this I don't even know if I
+was taught it but I was like you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was taught it but I was like you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was taught it but I was like you know it
+was very validating for me because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very validating for me because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very validating for me because I'm
+like oh wow I recognized something by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh wow I recognized something by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh wow I recognized something by
+myself that is in that is in a textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself that is in that is in a textbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself that is in that is in a textbook
+yeah you know yeah yeah no it feels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you know yeah yeah no it feels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you know yeah yeah no it feels
+pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+great I I love it I love it it's um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great I I love it I love it it's um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great I I love it I love it it's um and
+that's a part of the joy of teaching and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a part of the joy of teaching and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a part of the joy of teaching and
+learning right and some of that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning right and some of that happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning right and some of that happens
+in the classroom but it but it happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the classroom but it but it happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the classroom but it but it happens
+our whole lives right um so let me turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our whole lives right um so let me turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our whole lives right um so let me turn
+now and ask um sort of the the bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and ask um sort of the the bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and ask um sort of the the bigger
+question you know we've I've shared a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you know we've I've shared a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you know we've I've shared a
+little bit about why MIT does this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about why MIT does this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about why MIT does this you
+know the big so what question right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the big so what question right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the big so what question right and
+I want to hear from you a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to hear from you a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to hear from you a little bit
+about about the kind of impact that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about the kind of impact that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about the kind of impact that that
+you try to have I mean you have not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to have I mean you have not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to have I mean you have not just
+developed a company you've also uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed a company you've also uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed a company you've also uh
+you've been involved in and starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been involved in and starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been involved in and starting
+nonprofits um you know you've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonprofits um you know you've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonprofits um you know you've been
+trying to make an impact um in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make an impact um in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make an impact um in the world
+and I wonder what advice you would give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I wonder what advice you would give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I wonder what advice you would give
+to to other people right um to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to other people right um to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to other people right um to the
+younger version of yourself right um or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger version of yourself right um or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger version of yourself right um or
+someone who's out there today um for how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who's out there today um for how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who's out there today um for how
+they could you know how they can make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could you know how they can make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could you know how they can make a
+difference I think the impact question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference I think the impact question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference I think the impact question
+is Big um I don't know what I would tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Big um I don't know what I would tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Big um I don't know what I would tell
+my younger self but I think I I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my younger self but I think I I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my younger self but I think I I can
+think of what to tell other folks which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of what to tell other folks which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of what to tell other folks which
+is um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me there are certain kinds of oh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me there are certain kinds of oh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me there are certain kinds of oh the
+ideas or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas or
+problems that latch onto me so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that latch onto me so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that latch onto me so
+viscerally that I feel I have no choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viscerally that I feel I have no choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viscerally that I feel I have no choice
+but to get involved in solving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to get involved in solving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to get involved in solving the
+problem or addressing the problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem or addressing the problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem or addressing the problem and
+when I have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I have that
+emotion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotion
+um I just pursue the emotion you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I just pursue the emotion you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I just pursue the emotion you know I
+think that's sort of behind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's sort of behind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's sort of behind the
+nonprofit the nonprofit We have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonprofit the nonprofit We have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonprofit the nonprofit We have is
+called Zoom Memorial found foundation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Zoom Memorial found foundation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Zoom Memorial found foundation
+and what we do is we equip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we do is we equip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we do is we equip
+um community centers and schools in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um community centers and schools in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um community centers and schools in in
+very rural underserved places with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rural underserved places with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rural underserved places with
+computers and Computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers and Computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers and Computing
+education and that is linked to my dad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and that is linked to my dad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and that is linked to my dad
+so my dad was an electrical engineer um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my dad was an electrical engineer um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my dad was an electrical engineer um
+unfortunately he died when I was quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately he died when I was quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately he died when I was quite
+young like uh more than 20 years ago but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young like uh more than 20 years ago but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young like uh more than 20 years ago but
+I would hear stories of folks saying oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would hear stories of folks saying oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would hear stories of folks saying oh
+he showed me my first computer or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he showed me my first computer or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he showed me my first computer or you
+know the first time I touched with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the first time I touched with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the first time I touched with a
+computer was with your dad or he taught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer was with your dad or he taught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer was with your dad or he taught
+me this or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me this or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me this or whatever
+and um and I wanted to do something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and I wanted to do something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and I wanted to do something you
+know to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to
+continue you know let's call it his work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue you know let's call it his work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue you know let's call it his work
+and that's how and you know a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's how and you know a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's how and you know a little
+tiny story um I worked for this company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny story um I worked for this company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny story um I worked for this company
+called EMC in hopkington a data storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called EMC in hopkington a data storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called EMC in hopkington a data storage
+company that's now um acquired by Dell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company that's now um acquired by Dell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company that's now um acquired by Dell
+and it was Earth day and they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was Earth day and they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was Earth day and they were
+recycling computers like there was some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycling computers like there was some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycling computers like there was some
+email where computers were being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email where computers were being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email where computers were being
+recycled and can I just say I was crying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycled and can I just say I was crying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycled and can I just say I was crying
+at my desk had broken up with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at my desk had broken up with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at my desk had broken up with some
+person and I see this email I'm like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and I see this email I'm like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and I see this email I'm like
+wait I sto crying and I'm like I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait I sto crying and I'm like I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait I sto crying and I'm like I know
+what we could do with those computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we could do with those computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we could do with those computers
+and those computers end up um long story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those computers end up um long story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those computers end up um long story
+short we end up kicking off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short we end up kicking off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short we end up kicking off the
+nonprofit that way by refurbishing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonprofit that way by refurbishing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonprofit that way by refurbishing these
+things uh with the company in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh with the company in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh with the company in terms of
+how I got interested in logistics it's I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I got interested in logistics it's I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I got interested in logistics it's I
+just was so frustrated I was moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just was so frustrated I was moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just was so frustrated I was moving
+quite a bit in a short period and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit in a short period and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit in a short period and just
+moving was so awful and I was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving was so awful and I was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving was so awful and I was like
+people have been moving since time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have been moving since time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have been moving since time in
+Memorial like why does moving suck so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Memorial like why does moving suck so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Memorial like why does moving suck so
+much and I just got sucked into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much and I just got sucked into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much and I just got sucked into
+Logistics not that I had necessarily a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logistics not that I had necessarily a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logistics not that I had necessarily a
+passion for Logistics but it was a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passion for Logistics but it was a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passion for Logistics but it was a a
+nagging problem and then I'm also very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nagging problem and then I'm also very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nagging problem and then I'm also very
+big on not regretting things I'm very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big on not regretting things I'm very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big on not regretting things I'm very
+big on the regret Min minimization thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big on the regret Min minimization thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big on the regret Min minimization thing
+um so I tend to just ask myself at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I tend to just ask myself at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I tend to just ask myself at any
+given point like if life ended today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given point like if life ended today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given point like if life ended today
+like would this would I feel okay about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like would this would I feel okay about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like would this would I feel okay about
+where my life has reached and sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where my life has reached and sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where my life has reached and sometimes
+the answer is yes and sometimes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is yes and sometimes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is yes and sometimes the
+answer is no and I find it's yes when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is no and I find it's yes when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is no and I find it's yes when I
+feel I've done something that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel I've done something that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel I've done something that was
+meaning meaningful to me and seen it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning meaningful to me and seen it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning meaningful to me and seen it
+through completion or a good outcome or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through completion or a good outcome or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through completion or a good outcome or
+something that could continue and I find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that could continue and I find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that could continue and I find
+that it's new and I'm in the middle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's new and I'm in the middle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's new and I'm in the middle of
+something I'm like oh wait I have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I'm like oh wait I have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I'm like oh wait I have this
+thing to do um yeah so for me yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do um yeah so for me yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do um yeah so for me yeah I
+just I just move with um what grips me I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I just move with um what grips me I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I just move with um what grips me I
+think or I would say man no that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think or I would say man no that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think or I would say man no that's a
+fantastic story that I I appreciate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic story that I I appreciate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic story that I I appreciate that
+you know those kind of personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know those kind of personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know those kind of personal
+connections that whether it's with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections that whether it's with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections that whether it's with you
+know with a family with a just a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know with a family with a just a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know with a family with a just a moment
+that hits you um that uh that that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hits you um that uh that that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hits you um that uh that that you
+know we feel things and and then we re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we feel things and and then we re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we feel things and and then we re
+you know we reach out right and and act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we reach out right and and act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we reach out right and and act
+on them um and build you know either as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on them um and build you know either as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on them um and build you know either as
+individuals or or with others um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals or or with others um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals or or with others um is
+there a role for open education um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a role for open education um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a role for open education um in
+that in moving from that that visceral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in moving from that that visceral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in moving from that that visceral
+feeling to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling to the
+doing I mean for sure but I would just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing I mean for sure but I would just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing I mean for sure but I would just
+add just one point to my earlier one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add just one point to my earlier one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add just one point to my earlier one is
+to also just go for it even if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to also just go for it even if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to also just go for it even if you don't
+know how it's going to end up so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how it's going to end up so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how it's going to end up so in the
+story of the nonprofit what I did was I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story of the nonprofit what I did was I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story of the nonprofit what I did was I
+just wrote the company back and I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wrote the company back and I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wrote the company back and I said
+could you give me those computers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you give me those computers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you give me those computers and
+then before I knew it they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then before I knew it they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then before I knew it they were
+interested in the idea then the me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the idea then the me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the idea then the me and
+my colleagues were refurbishing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my colleagues were refurbishing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my colleagues were refurbishing the
+computers and then they were donating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers and then they were donating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers and then they were donating
+money like I just never foresaw that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money like I just never foresaw that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money like I just never foresaw that I
+was just like give me the computer so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just like give me the computer so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just like give me the computer so
+folks should just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks should just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks should just
+start um and then in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start um and then in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start um and then in terms of
+um with open learning you know so after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with open learning you know so after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with open learning you know so after
+I um at some point I think earlier in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I um at some point I think earlier in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I um at some point I think earlier in
+the year late last year maybe a year ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the year late last year maybe a year ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the year late last year maybe a year ago
+I posted I did a LinkedIn post about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I posted I did a LinkedIn post about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I posted I did a LinkedIn post about the
+coursework um and the response was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coursework um and the response was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coursework um and the response was
+pretty good in that folks said you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good in that folks said you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good in that folks said you
+know we didn't know we could learn this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we didn't know we could learn this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we didn't know we could learn this
+way or you know can you show me um where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way or you know can you show me um where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way or you know can you show me um where
+I could complement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could complement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could complement
+this where I could mine courses um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this where I could mine courses um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this where I could mine courses um for
+my company so a friend of mine for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my company so a friend of mine for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my company so a friend of mine for
+example runs a um a rose Farm in Kenya
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example runs a um a rose Farm in Kenya
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example runs a um a rose Farm in Kenya
+and she's in agriculture so her problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she's in agriculture so her problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she's in agriculture so her problems
+are different um and you know and she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different um and you know and she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different um and you know and she
+asked if I could help figure out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked if I could help figure out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked if I could help figure out how
+they could also use um open learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could also use um open learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could also use um open learning
+right in her come in her case it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in her come in her case it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in her come in her case it's a
+company of 800 800 people many of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company of 800 800 people many of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company of 800 800 people many of them
+are firm workers right so how one would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are firm workers right so how one would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are firm workers right so how one would
+think about um what kinds of lessons one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about um what kinds of lessons one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about um what kinds of lessons one
+could glean from something such as open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could glean from something such as open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could glean from something such as open
+Lear learning it's you know very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lear learning it's you know very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lear learning it's you know very
+different it's a very very wide scope um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different it's a very very wide scope um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different it's a very very wide scope um
+so for me I think it's it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for me I think it's it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for me I think it's it's pretty
+applicable in just about every scenario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicable in just about every scenario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicable in just about every scenario
+right their classes on how to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right their classes on how to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right their classes on how to think
+making decisions for example like for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making decisions for example like for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making decisions for example like for me
+I I have this deep interest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I have this deep interest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I have this deep interest in
+behavioral um economics just how one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral um economics just how one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral um economics just how one
+thinks about you know when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks about you know when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks about you know when you're
+Building Technology but the behavior of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building Technology but the behavior of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building Technology but the behavior of
+folks you know which is always not how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks you know which is always not how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks you know which is always not how
+we think about things rationally like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think about things rationally like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think about things rationally like
+how do you like how do you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you like how do you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you like how do you think about
+this so for me um in almost every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so for me um in almost every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so for me um in almost every
+setting I think somebody can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting I think somebody can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting I think somebody can find
+something in open learning that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in open learning that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in open learning that's going
+to um complement that thinking you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um complement that thinking you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um complement that thinking you know
+whether it's something pretty basic or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's something pretty basic or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's something pretty basic or
+something pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something pretty
+Advanced right okay no that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advanced right okay no that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advanced right okay no that's that's
+inspiring and I'll I'll borrow that line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiring and I'll I'll borrow that line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiring and I'll I'll borrow that line
+just start um know we'll sort of I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just start um know we'll sort of I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just start um know we'll sort of I think
+a lot of people will take that away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people will take that away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people will take that away from
+our conversation and and speaking of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our conversation and and speaking of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our conversation and and speaking of all
+those other people um it's time now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those other people um it's time now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those other people um it's time now I
+think to to to Pivot and now I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think to to to Pivot and now I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think to to to Pivot and now I think it
+would be a great chance for us to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a great chance for us to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a great chance for us to take
+some questions from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+audience all right so June I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience all right so June I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience all right so June I wanted to
+just uh start with one question that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh start with one question that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh start with one question that
+came in from the audience um from one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came in from the audience um from one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came in from the audience um from one of
+our online from Mary um who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our online from Mary um who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our online from Mary um who was
+listening in and hearing about the ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening in and hearing about the ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening in and hearing about the ways
+in which you've talked about how you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which you've talked about how you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which you've talked about how you've
+upskilled your workers um and yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upskilled your workers um and yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upskilled your workers um and yourself
+uh on the technical front um but one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the technical front um but one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the technical front um but one
+thing that Mary's asking is um how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that Mary's asking is um how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that Mary's asking is um how how
+or what recommendations you would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what recommendations you would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what recommendations you would have
+for helping people develop their their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for helping people develop their their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for helping people develop their their
+social skills in communication in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social skills in communication in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social skills in communication in
+leadership um in networking um have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership um in networking um have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership um in networking um have you
+found resources to do that and have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found resources to do that and have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found resources to do that and have you
+done that in your own work and have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done that in your own work and have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done that in your own work and have you
+helped people in s Technologies do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped people in s Technologies do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped people in s Technologies do that
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well okay so I think um hi Mary first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay so I think um hi Mary first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay so I think um hi Mary first
+thank you for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for your
+question um so for communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think many of my colleagues used to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think many of my colleagues used to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think many of my colleagues used to do
+Toast Masters and that worked for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toast Masters and that worked for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toast Masters and that worked for them
+so if Toast Masters is around you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if Toast Masters is around you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if Toast Masters is around you
+somewhere I I would recommend that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere I I would recommend that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere I I would recommend that
+because I think many people can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think many people can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think many people can write
+well or communicate um through writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well or communicate um through writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well or communicate um through writing
+um and it's sort of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's sort of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's sort of you know
+communicating verbally or in public uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicating verbally or in public uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicating verbally or in public uh
+spaces or in meetings um that tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces or in meetings um that tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces or in meetings um that tends to
+be difficult maybe because of confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be difficult maybe because of confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be difficult maybe because of confidence
+or that kind of a thing so I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that kind of a thing so I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that kind of a thing so I would
+recommend something as simple as Toast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend something as simple as Toast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend something as simple as Toast
+Masters um something that was useful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Masters um something that was useful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Masters um something that was useful to
+me was um learning tips on something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me was um learning tips on something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me was um learning tips on something
+called executive presence I remember um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called executive presence I remember um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called executive presence I remember um
+looking at executive presence tips uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at executive presence tips uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at executive presence tips uh
+very early in my career things like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very early in my career things like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very early in my career things like you
+know sit up you know when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sit up you know when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sit up you know when you're
+talking um you know how you should stand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking um you know how you should stand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking um you know how you should stand
+and and things like that for me um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and things like that for me um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and things like that for me um I
+found those to be super super super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found those to be super super super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found those to be super super super
+valuable um especially in the early days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable um especially in the early days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable um especially in the early days
+when trying to establish my career um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when trying to establish my career um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when trying to establish my career um
+for my team um I think the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my team um I think the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my team um I think the current
+generation is facing I think a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation is facing I think a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation is facing I think a different
+set of communication problems I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of communication problems I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of communication problems I think
+that that we used to face you know for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that we used to face you know for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that we used to face you know for
+us it used to be a lot about public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us it used to be a lot about public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us it used to be a lot about public
+speaking but I I think because of a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking but I I think because of a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking but I I think because of a lot
+of social media and so on I you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of social media and so on I you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of social media and so on I you know
+what I see commonly is um writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I see commonly is um writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I see commonly is um writing
+writing challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing challenge
+Alles right um or being very Curt in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alles right um or being very Curt in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alles right um or being very Curt in
+writing you know very very brief um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing you know very very brief um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing you know very very brief um so
+for our team the thing that I'm usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our team the thing that I'm usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our team the thing that I'm usually
+pushing on is just written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing on is just written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing on is just written
+communication right um no you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication right um no you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication right um no you know I
+don't like to see slides or that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like to see slides or that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like to see slides or that sort of
+a thing I want someone to express their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thing I want someone to express their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thing I want someone to express their
+idea in writing and I with the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea in writing and I with the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea in writing and I with the correct
+spelling and things like that and I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spelling and things like that and I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spelling and things like that and I will
+send it back um if it is not if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send it back um if it is not if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send it back um if it is not if it
+doesn't meet that standard yeah so so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't meet that standard yeah so so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't meet that standard yeah so so I
+I think it just depends on you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it just depends on you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it just depends on you know
+where someone is in the career what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where someone is in the career what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where someone is in the career what
+their background is and so on um and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their background is and so on um and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their background is and so on um and and
+just also observing if the someone who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just also observing if the someone who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just also observing if the someone who
+one admires who speak well speaks well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one admires who speak well speaks well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one admires who speak well speaks well I
+think there's nothing wrong in emulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's nothing wrong in emulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's nothing wrong in emulating
+that yeah yeah no I think that um among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah yeah no I think that um among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah yeah no I think that um among
+other things one of our most popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things one of our most popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things one of our most popular
+videos on MIT open courseware is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos on MIT open courseware is from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos on MIT open courseware is from
+the late professor Patrick Winston um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the late professor Patrick Winston um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the late professor Patrick Winston um
+entitled how to speak um and um and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entitled how to speak um and um and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entitled how to speak um and um and it's
+been picked up you know millions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been picked up you know millions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been picked up you know millions of
+times millions of views and I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times millions of views and I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times millions of views and I think it's
+just an indication of the importance not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an indication of the importance not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an indication of the importance not
+only of mastering technical content um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only of mastering technical content um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only of mastering technical content um
+or business content or other things but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or business content or other things but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or business content or other things but
+actually being able to express it and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually being able to express it and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually being able to express it and to
+share it right I I'll look for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share it right I I'll look for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share it right I I'll look for it
+now but you had you had mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but you had you had mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but you had you had mentioned
+actually um you know the importance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um you know the importance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um you know the importance of
+emulating a public speaker um uh as As
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emulating a public speaker um uh as As
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emulating a public speaker um uh as As
+One path toward developing someone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One path toward developing someone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One path toward developing someone's
+personal public speaking skill skills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal public speaking skill skills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal public speaking skill skills
+and that brings me to another question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that brings me to another question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that brings me to another question
+this came in uh from Rodrigo um who has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this came in uh from Rodrigo um who has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this came in uh from Rodrigo um who has
+also joined us uh and online and sent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also joined us uh and online and sent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also joined us uh and online and sent
+this via email um who asked who who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this via email um who asked who who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this via email um who asked who who was
+your most influential Professor right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your most influential Professor right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your most influential Professor right um
+so who you know who most influenced you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so who you know who most influenced you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so who you know who most influenced you
+as you were learning and whether that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you were learning and whether that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you were learning and whether that
+was in the classroom or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+outside H hi Rodrigo oh that that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside H hi Rodrigo oh that that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside H hi Rodrigo oh that that is a
+difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult
+question I I got along so well with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I I got along so well with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I I got along so well with my
+professors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors
+and and even professors in my school who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and even professors in my school who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and even professors in my school who
+were not teaching me directly like one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not teaching me directly like one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not teaching me directly like one
+of the people I think who was most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the people I think who was most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the people I think who was most
+impactful to me was this guy called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impactful to me was this guy called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impactful to me was this guy called
+Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor
+Maloney uh who worked at EMC which I end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maloney uh who worked at EMC which I end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maloney uh who worked at EMC which I end
+I ended up joining he was not my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I ended up joining he was not my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I ended up joining he was not my
+professor but we got along and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor but we got along and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor but we got along and then I
+you know I got an internship at EMC that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I got an internship at EMC that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I got an internship at EMC that
+I ended up um not taking and then I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I ended up um not taking and then I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I ended up um not taking and then I got
+a full-time position and you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a full-time position and you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a full-time position and you know I
+don't think I would have gotten that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think I would have gotten that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think I would have gotten that
+without him because I had not imagined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without him because I had not imagined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without him because I had not imagined
+working for a company like that or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working for a company like that or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working for a company like that or an
+industry like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry like that
+um yeah I think Fred Martin is someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah I think Fred Martin is someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah I think Fred Martin is someone
+who stands out to me he oh my goodness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who stands out to me he oh my goodness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who stands out to me he oh my goodness
+he was an MIT grad actually I think now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was an MIT grad actually I think now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was an MIT grad actually I think now
+he is a he might be dean of the Cs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he is a he might be dean of the Cs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he is a he might be dean of the Cs
+Department of University of Texas at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department of University of Texas at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department of University of Texas at
+Austin yeah so I I I didn't really enjoy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Austin yeah so I I I didn't really enjoy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Austin yeah so I I I didn't really enjoy
+very much my Hardware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much my Hardware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much my Hardware
+courses but he was my professor and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses but he was my professor and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses but he was my professor and he
+made it fun and I and I did well and I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it fun and I and I did well and I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it fun and I and I did well and I I
+think I purely really did well because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I purely really did well because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I purely really did well because
+he was great um you know uh yeah so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was great um you know uh yeah so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was great um you know uh yeah so yeah
+I don't know I love I love Academia I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know I love I love Academia I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know I love I love Academia I I
+love many people so I really cannot pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love many people so I really cannot pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love many people so I really cannot pick
+just one person I cannot no that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one person I cannot no that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one person I cannot no that's a
+great point in many ways part of the joy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great point in many ways part of the joy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great point in many ways part of the joy
+of learning is learning from different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of learning is learning from different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of learning is learning from different
+people in different ways right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in different ways right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in different ways right and so
+sometimes there is one individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes there is one individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes there is one individual
+teacher or Professor who makes that huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher or Professor who makes that huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher or Professor who makes that huge
+difference but sometimes it's that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference but sometimes it's that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference but sometimes it's that it's
+the the range of them that makes all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the range of them that makes all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the range of them that makes all the
+difference in the world world and why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in the world world and why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in the world world and why we
+need to kind of keep learning and keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to kind of keep learning and keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to kind of keep learning and keep
+finding new new voices new mentors as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding new new voices new mentors as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding new new voices new mentors as we
+move in different parts in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move in different parts in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move in different parts in our
+lives nice um so one thing um another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives nice um so one thing um another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives nice um so one thing um another
+question that that has come in and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that that has come in and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that that has come in and I
+think this is really important for uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is really important for uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is really important for uh a
+valuable sort of insight that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable sort of insight that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable sort of insight that might be
+valuable to other people who are looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable to other people who are looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable to other people who are looking
+to use sort of mit's open resources in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use sort of mit's open resources in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use sort of mit's open resources in
+training employees and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training employees and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training employees and their
+organization um which is the question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization um which is the question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization um which is the question of
+of assessing the impact right and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of assessing the impact right and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of assessing the impact right and and
+the learning right so a lot of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the learning right so a lot of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the learning right so a lot of our
+course offerings particularly on MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course offerings particularly on MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course offerings particularly on MIT
+open course whereare they're you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open course whereare they're you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open course whereare they're you know
+they're open they're self-paced um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're open they're self-paced um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're open they're self-paced um
+there's no sort of necessarily metrics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no sort of necessarily metrics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no sort of necessarily metrics
+of whether you've passed or failed right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of whether you've passed or failed right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of whether you've passed or failed right
+our mitx courses do have assessments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our mitx courses do have assessments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our mitx courses do have assessments
+they do have uh you know certificates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do have uh you know certificates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do have uh you know certificates
+for people who complete them but for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people who complete them but for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people who complete them but for you
+um as manager and as the CEO um how did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as manager and as the CEO um how did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as manager and as the CEO um how did
+you how did you know um you know how did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how did you know um you know how did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how did you know um you know how did
+you measure or or did you um that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you measure or or did you um that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you measure or or did you um that your
+employees when they were using mit's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees when they were using mit's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees when they were using mit's
+open resources were were mastering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open resources were were mastering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open resources were were mastering the
+material that they were learning to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that they were learning to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that they were learning to
+apply it and they actually really were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply it and they actually really were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply it and they actually really were
+making a difference in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work well in our case you know I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work well in our case you know I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work well in our case you know I would
+say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the
+measure there were three kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure there were three kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure there were three kinds of
+measures though I I think one well one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures though I I think one well one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures though I I think one well one
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+not you know I don't know how useful it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you know I don't know how useful it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you know I don't know how useful it
+was which was you know do the exercises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was which was you know do the exercises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was which was you know do the exercises
+in the course you know don't just listen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the course you know don't just listen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the course you know don't just listen
+to the classes do the exercises and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the classes do the exercises and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the classes do the exercises and then
+report it was self-reporting which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report it was self-reporting which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report it was self-reporting which is
+why you know I don't know how you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you know I don't know how you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you know I don't know how you know I
+don't know what we can say about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what we can say about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what we can say about that
+but self-report on how you performed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but self-report on how you performed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but self-report on how you performed you
+know you know because at some point you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know because at some point you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know because at some point you
+know answers are given and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know answers are given and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know answers are given and you can see
+whether you got something correct right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you got something correct right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you got something correct right
+so that was one um and then the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was one um and then the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was one um and then the second
+measure um was actually the pace of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure um was actually the pace of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure um was actually the pace of
+learning right um one can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning right um one can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning right um one can tell
+how one is doing you know based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how one is doing you know based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how one is doing you know based on
+whether somebody is like taking too long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether somebody is like taking too long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether somebody is like taking too long
+or something like that you know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that you know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that you know like
+just like what's going on and then also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like what's going on and then also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like what's going on and then also
+ask asking questions because we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask asking questions because we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask asking questions because we are
+familiar with the material you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with the material you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with the material you know
+because we are technologists and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we are technologists and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we are technologists and then
+also asking the the um team member who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also asking the the um team member who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also asking the the um team member who's
+going through it to present on a key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through it to present on a key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through it to present on a key
+Topic at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Topic at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Topic at the end of
+it right um so to present well you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right um so to present well you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right um so to present well you need
+to at least Master at a theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to at least Master at a theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to at least Master at a theoretical
+level what it is you're going to present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level what it is you're going to present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level what it is you're going to present
+oh right because we you know all of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh right because we you know all of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh right because we you know all of us
+gather together and you need to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gather together and you need to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gather together and you need to make a
+case and we're learning and answering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and we're learning and answering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and we're learning and answering
+asking questions that we you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking questions that we you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking questions that we you know we
+want answers from um so those are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want answers from um so those are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want answers from um so those are those
+were some of the ways to measure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were some of the ways to measure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were some of the ways to measure and
+then the last one I would say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the last one I would say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the last one I would say is
+just you know application because our um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know application because our um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know application because our um
+ultimate intention is that the way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimate intention is that the way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimate intention is that the way of
+thinking about a problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about a problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about a problem is
+reshaped um so then the proof of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reshaped um so then the proof of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reshaped um so then the proof of the
+learning is in the pudding right which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning is in the pudding right which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning is in the pudding right which
+is your actual output once you start um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your actual output once you start um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your actual output once you start um
+solving problems within the team yeah no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving problems within the team yeah no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving problems within the team yeah no
+I think and I just just want to I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think and I just just want to I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think and I just just want to I just
+want to add something on this so one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to add something on this so one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to add something on this so one of
+my very close friends is a um I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my very close friends is a um I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my very close friends is a um I was
+about to say he's a CTO but he's now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to say he's a CTO but he's now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to say he's a CTO but he's now a
+CEO at this financial technology firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CEO at this financial technology firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CEO at this financial technology firm
+here that's doing really well and he has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's doing really well and he has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's doing really well and he has
+helped recruit just about every engineer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped recruit just about every engineer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped recruit just about every engineer
+in our company and we've been talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our company and we've been talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our company and we've been talking
+about recruitment a lot uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about recruitment a lot uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about recruitment a lot uh
+because of um you know these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of um you know these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of um you know these uh
+gpts that help people um you know answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gpts that help people um you know answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gpts that help people um you know answer
+questions you know like once upon a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions you know like once upon a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions you know like once upon a time
+you could give a coding exam and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could give a coding exam and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could give a coding exam and you
+know you know and and you know you watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know and and you know you watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know and and you know you watch
+somebody do it and now you know somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody do it and now you know somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody do it and now you know somebody
+can do it online and you know and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it online and you know and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it online and you know and then
+credentials like you know I've mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credentials like you know I've mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credentials like you know I've mentioned
+before I think even earlier in this chat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I think even earlier in this chat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I think even earlier in this chat
+that you know having a computer science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know having a computer science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know having a computer science
+degree is very important to us like he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree is very important to us like he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree is very important to us like he
+challenged me on that actually quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenged me on that actually quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenged me on that actually quite a
+bit and he is someone who also holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and he is someone who also holds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and he is someone who also holds
+like a masters and you know bachelor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a masters and you know bachelor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a masters and you know bachelor and
+Masters in computer science um we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Masters in computer science um we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Masters in computer science um we're
+changing the way we hire to test problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the way we hire to test problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the way we hire to test problem
+solving right and yeah so it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving right and yeah so it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving right and yeah so it's actually
+a long about credentials because we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long about credentials because we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long about credentials because we have
+had experience and I think many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had experience and I think many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had experience and I think many
+employers have had this where folks can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employers have had this where folks can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employers have had this where folks can
+have the most amazing credentials they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the most amazing credentials they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the most amazing credentials they
+still can't do the work MH right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still can't do the work MH right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still can't do the work MH right and
+what I'm finding also is folks who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm finding also is folks who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm finding also is folks who are
+self-directed and have um a lot of deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-directed and have um a lot of deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-directed and have um a lot of deep
+interest and I think this was true too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest and I think this was true too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest and I think this was true too
+when I was an engineer myself the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was an engineer myself the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was an engineer myself the best
+Engineers ended up being folks who just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineers ended up being folks who just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineers ended up being folks who just
+for whatever reason they chose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for whatever reason they chose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for whatever reason they chose that
+career and they didn't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career and they didn't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career and they didn't actually
+necessarily go through a machine like me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily go through a machine like me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily go through a machine like me
+for you know learning right they for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you know learning right they for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you know learning right they for
+whatever reason they just had this like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever reason they just had this like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever reason they just had this like
+deep passion and they opted in right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep passion and they opted in right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep passion and they opted in right and
+you know I I think that's where some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I I think that's where some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I I think that's where some
+such as open learning uh becomes very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as open learning uh becomes very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as open learning uh becomes very
+powerful and actually someone added me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful and actually someone added me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful and actually someone added me
+on LinkedIn um and when I looked at his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on LinkedIn um and when I looked at his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on LinkedIn um and when I looked at his
+profile he had switched his career into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile he had switched his career into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile he had switched his career into
+Finance or something just from open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance or something just from open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance or something just from open
+learning like I literally just looked up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning like I literally just looked up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning like I literally just looked up
+his profile yesterday right complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his profile yesterday right complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his profile yesterday right complete
+switch of a career right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch of a career right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch of a career right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um I people people see good work you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I people people see good work you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I people people see good work you
+know people see good work work um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know people see good work work um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know people see good work work um the
+world is changing it's hard to argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is changing it's hard to argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is changing it's hard to argue
+with uh folks who work hard yeah yeah no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh folks who work hard yeah yeah no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh folks who work hard yeah yeah no
+I think those are great points and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think those are great points and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think those are great points and I
+think it U the the proof is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it U the the proof is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it U the the proof is in the
+pudding as you say right um and and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pudding as you say right um and and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pudding as you say right um and and I
+would also pull out the importance of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would also pull out the importance of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would also pull out the importance of of
+pres knowing that someone has learned it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pres knowing that someone has learned it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pres knowing that someone has learned it
+by having them present on it right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by having them present on it right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by having them present on it right I
+always say right the best way to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always say right the best way to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always say right the best way to to
+learn something is to teach it right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn something is to teach it right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn something is to teach it right and
+to be able to teach it to others um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to teach it to others um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to teach it to others um and
+also um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also um that
+sort of self-pacing self- ownership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of self-pacing self- ownership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of self-pacing self- ownership
+right um so it's so the you know in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um so it's so the you know in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um so it's so the you know in some
+ways you're opening learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways you're opening learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways you're opening learning
+opportunities to people in your firm um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities to people in your firm um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities to people in your firm um
+but it's really up to them right to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's really up to them right to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's really up to them right to to
+to track their progress to to apply it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to track their progress to to apply it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to track their progress to to apply it
+and and that that's the best way for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that that's the best way for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that that's the best way for
+them to learn it but I think the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to learn it but I think the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to learn it but I think the number
+one thing I'll take from what you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing I'll take from what you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing I'll take from what you just
+said is that phrase opt in you know sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said is that phrase opt in you know sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said is that phrase opt in you know sort
+of just opting in to to learning to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just opting in to to learning to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just opting in to to learning to
+curiosity um is is really key to what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curiosity um is is really key to what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curiosity um is is really key to what it
+means to be an agile work worker in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means to be an agile work worker in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means to be an agile work worker in in
+the 21st century right these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 21st century right these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 21st century right these
+Technologies are are changing so rapidly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies are are changing so rapidly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies are are changing so rapidly
+um and that any even the best degrees um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that any even the best degrees um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that any even the best degrees um
+won't last anyone for a lifetime anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't last anyone for a lifetime anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't last anyone for a lifetime anymore
+if if they ever did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if they ever did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if they ever did
+right and okay so let's um I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and okay so let's um I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and okay so let's um I want to
+switch now to a little bit um uh some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch now to a little bit um uh some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch now to a little bit um uh some of
+the questions that have been coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the questions that have been coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the questions that have been coming in
+are really about you um and and and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really about you um and and and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really about you um and and and your
+work and and your your journey so so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and and your your journey so so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and and your your journey so so I'm
+going to sort of turn turn some of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sort of turn turn some of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sort of turn turn some of those
+to you right now um and so one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you right now um and so one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you right now um and so one of the
+things that that comes from from Mark um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that that comes from from Mark um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that that comes from from Mark um
+along the way is a question about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the way is a question about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the way is a question about um
+what's the most valuable lesson that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the most valuable lesson that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the most valuable lesson that
+you've learned as as an entrepreneur um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've learned as as an entrepreneur um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've learned as as an entrepreneur um
+you've reflected a little bit um in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've reflected a little bit um in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've reflected a little bit um in our
+conversation about um you know sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation about um you know sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation about um you know sort of
+be being an entrepreneur um what's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be being an entrepreneur um what's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be being an entrepreneur um what's a
+what's you know what's one that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's you know what's one that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's you know what's one that you
+would share with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would share with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would share with
+Mark oh Mark hi that is a tough tough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mark oh Mark hi that is a tough tough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mark oh Mark hi that is a tough tough
+tough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough
+question um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+most valuable so first I I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+entrepreneurship is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more for me it's like a it's a career of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more for me it's like a it's a career of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more for me it's like a it's a career of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+heart uh because it's just so difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart uh because it's just so difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart uh because it's just so difficult
+to be an entrepreneur like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be an entrepreneur like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be an entrepreneur like you know
+everyone's read about you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's read about you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's read about you know the
+roller coaster emotions and you you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roller coaster emotions and you you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roller coaster emotions and you you know
+the you know difficulty in maybe getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know difficulty in maybe getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know difficulty in maybe getting
+financing and you know product Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing and you know product Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing and you know product Market
+fit and all these things the I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit and all these things the I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit and all these things the I mean the
+reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality
+is is much much much tougher um than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is much much much tougher um than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is much much much tougher um than one
+we'll ever read anywhere or even if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll ever read anywhere or even if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll ever read anywhere or even if you
+have friends who are entrepreneurs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have friends who are entrepreneurs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have friends who are entrepreneurs and
+you are observing them there it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are observing them there it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are observing them there it's just
+one of those things where you you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those things where you you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those things where you you can't
+actually explain what it's like to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually explain what it's like to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually explain what it's like to be an
+entrepreneur you just have to experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneur you just have to experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneur you just have to experience
+said and and that's why I think like my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said and and that's why I think like my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said and and that's why I think like my
+mom my mom is a businesswoman and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mom my mom is a businesswoman and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mom my mom is a businesswoman and
+there's a time she had told me you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a time she had told me you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a time she had told me you know
+like the way the things she's pursued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the way the things she's pursued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the way the things she's pursued
+it's when she can't sleep over something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's when she can't sleep over something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's when she can't sleep over something
+right and it's persistent and she just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it's persistent and she just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it's persistent and she just
+cannot run away from you know an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot run away from you know an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot run away from you know an
+idea and you know I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and you know I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and you know I think
+entrepreneurship you know is or should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurship you know is or should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurship you know is or should
+be should be um driven by that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be should be um driven by that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be should be um driven by that kind of
+thing a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing a kind of
+obsession uh because it's there's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obsession uh because it's there's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obsession uh because it's there's so
+many things that are happening to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many things that are happening to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many things that are happening to make
+you want to quit right and just to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to quit right and just to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to quit right and just to give
+you an idea like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an idea like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an idea like I
+know I know very many entrepreneurs I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I know very many entrepreneurs I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I know very many entrepreneurs I
+know entrepreneurs who do not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know entrepreneurs who do not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know entrepreneurs who do not have
+resources who have a lot of resources uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources who have a lot of resources uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources who have a lot of resources uh
+but all of them sort of suffer the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all of them sort of suffer the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all of them sort of suffer the same
+the kinds of emotions they suffer are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinds of emotions they suffer are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinds of emotions they suffer are
+Universal right so I think if it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal right so I think if it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal right so I think if it's not
+driven by something inter colel um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven by something inter colel um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven by something inter colel um it
+can be very challenging I mean of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be very challenging I mean of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be very challenging I mean of course
+there people who are just super rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there people who are just super rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there people who are just super rational
+about it and they have a Time plan and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and they have a Time plan and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and they have a Time plan and
+you know in three years they're out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in three years they're out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in three years they're out and
+you know they've sold the company and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they've sold the company and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they've sold the company and
+whatever they know how to do it like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever they know how to do it like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever they know how to do it like an
+assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly
+line um but yeah i' would say yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line um but yeah i' would say yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line um but yeah i' would say yeah I
+think the heart piece is probably the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the heart piece is probably the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the heart piece is probably the
+for me it's the thing that's kept me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me it's the thing that's kept me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me it's the thing that's kept me
+going and therefore I would say you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going and therefore I would say you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going and therefore I would say you know
+that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the
+lesson well that's fantastic that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesson well that's fantastic that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesson well that's fantastic that that
+sticking to it right is is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking to it right is is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking to it right is is really
+important and that um so that's also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and that um so that's also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and that um so that's also a
+question that comes in from uh from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that comes in from uh from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that comes in from uh from
+YouTube from Christopher who asks um how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YouTube from Christopher who asks um how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YouTube from Christopher who asks um how
+do you stick to your learning goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you stick to your learning goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you stick to your learning goals
+right um so in some ways it's it's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um so in some ways it's it's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um so in some ways it's it's that
+related question right um is the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related question right um is the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related question right um is the answer
+is the answer they the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+same um hi Chris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I I think let me talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I think let me talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I think let me talk a little bit
+about my Primary Learning right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about my Primary Learning right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about my Primary Learning right now
+which is um reading a lot of biographies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is um reading a lot of biographies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is um reading a lot of biographies
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+Founders okay and found a podcast like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Founders okay and found a podcast like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Founders okay and found a podcast like I
+love love love this podcast called um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love love love this podcast called um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love love love this podcast called um
+Founders you know which is and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Founders you know which is and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Founders you know which is and and and
+in the definition founder is um not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the definition founder is um not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the definition founder is um not just
+someone who started an Enterprise but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who started an Enterprise but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who started an Enterprise but
+you know historical people who've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know historical people who've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know historical people who've just
+done enormous things so it's anyone from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done enormous things so it's anyone from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done enormous things so it's anyone from
+a Rockefeller to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Rockefeller to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Rockefeller to
+Oprah um just stand outs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oprah um just stand outs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oprah um just stand outs and
+um so I'm I'm a bit obsessed with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I'm I'm a bit obsessed with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I'm I'm a bit obsessed with that
+um and you know so basically this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know so basically this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know so basically this guy
+called David SRA just summarizes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called David SRA just summarizes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called David SRA just summarizes this
+book so I end up buying some of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book so I end up buying some of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book so I end up buying some of those
+books and then subscribing to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books and then subscribing to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books and then subscribing to something
+called Founders notes which is a summary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Founders notes which is a summary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Founders notes which is a summary
+of the books you know and I literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the books you know and I literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the books you know and I literally
+have like five of those like up on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like five of those like up on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like five of those like up on my
+screen um all the time just refer to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen um all the time just refer to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen um all the time just refer to um
+I'm not measuring my learning right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not measuring my learning right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not measuring my learning right now
+as something around breath right so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as something around breath right so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as something around breath right so it's
+not I don't need to have like a a wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not I don't need to have like a a wide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not I don't need to have like a a wide
+scope for me it's like the depth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope for me it's like the depth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope for me it's like the depth of
+something and sometimes it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and sometimes it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and sometimes it's just a
+singular concept that I'm sticking on um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular concept that I'm sticking on um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular concept that I'm sticking on um
+and that and then that concept is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that and then that concept is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that and then that concept is
+changing because sometimes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing because sometimes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing because sometimes it's
+something about like you know what makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about like you know what makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about like you know what makes
+a great team but sometimes it's how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great team but sometimes it's how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great team but sometimes it's how you
+know how do you apply technology like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how do you apply technology like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how do you apply technology like
+you know like in our case even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like in our case even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like in our case even
+internally not just externally for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally not just externally for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally not just externally for our
+customers um and then you know I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers um and then you know I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers um and then you know I've
+mentioned you know for example I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned you know for example I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned you know for example I like
+something like behavioral economics so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like behavioral economics so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like behavioral economics so I
+have Richard T book right and then there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Richard T book right and then there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Richard T book right and then there
+just a set of books that I just keep in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a set of books that I just keep in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a set of books that I just keep in
+front of me even if I haven't read them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of me even if I haven't read them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of me even if I haven't read them
+sometimes I'll just pick and try to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes I'll just pick and try to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes I'll just pick and try to go
+and see if it's referring to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see if it's referring to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see if it's referring to something
+um so I don't have a specific goal I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I don't have a specific goal I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I don't have a specific goal I I
+would say for me it's a moving Target um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say for me it's a moving Target um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say for me it's a moving Target um
+and then I just find that at any time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I just find that at any time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I just find that at any time
+when I'm struggling with a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm struggling with a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm struggling with a particular
+concept for whatever reason something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept for whatever reason something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept for whatever reason something
+you know if something pulls me to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if something pulls me to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if something pulls me to it
+like we we're building some kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we we're building some kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we we're building some kind of a
+document reader um using something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document reader um using something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document reader um using something
+called Clover AI I think I saw someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Clover AI I think I saw someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Clover AI I think I saw someone
+post on LinkedIn like this paper by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post on LinkedIn like this paper by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post on LinkedIn like this paper by
+these students you know and I was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these students you know and I was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these students you know and I was like
+oh let me just read this you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh let me just read this you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh let me just read this you know and
+then it ends up being this thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it ends up being this thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it ends up being this thing that's
+now very a very very key part of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now very a very very key part of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now very a very very key part of what
+we're offering as a company so yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're offering as a company so yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're offering as a company so yeah so
+sometimes like it's just clicking now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes like it's just clicking now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes like it's just clicking now
+now I don't have a calendar I don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I don't have a calendar I don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I don't have a calendar I don't have
+a list of things I have to learn yeah um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a list of things I have to learn yeah um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a list of things I have to learn yeah um
+that's good to know that's good to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good to know that's good to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good to know that's good to know
+because I think for someone um who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think for someone um who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think for someone um who's
+hearing your story story right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing your story story right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing your story story right um
+imagines that um you know that it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagines that um you know that it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagines that um you know that it's all
+very all very disciplined all very by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very all very disciplined all very by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very all very disciplined all very by
+the book so it's proba so it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book so it's proba so it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book so it's proba so it's very
+heartening um to know that sometimes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heartening um to know that sometimes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heartening um to know that sometimes you
+just fall down a rabbit hole right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just fall down a rabbit hole right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just fall down a rabbit hole right um
+and just uh and just Discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just uh and just Discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just uh and just Discover
+right and that's good because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's good because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's good because that's
+actually one of the questions that came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually one of the questions that came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually one of the questions that came
+in um on YouTube um from a um was asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um on YouTube um from a um was asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um on YouTube um from a um was asking
+about whether it's better to be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether it's better to be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether it's better to be more
+more uh you know more systematic or to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh you know more systematic or to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh you know more systematic or to
+uh or to go down these new nous rabbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or to go down these new nous rabbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or to go down these new nous rabbit
+holes um and I think you know I'll take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes um and I think you know I'll take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes um and I think you know I'll take
+a stab at answering that question that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stab at answering that question that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stab at answering that question that
+um I think it's important to to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think it's important to to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think it's important to to do a
+little bit of both right that sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of both right that sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of both right that sometimes
+um there is a a need if there's a if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there is a a need if there's a if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there is a a need if there's a if you
+know that there's a particular skill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that there's a particular skill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that there's a particular skill
+right that you need to master right to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that you need to master right to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that you need to master right to
+try to find a path to doing that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to find a path to doing that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to find a path to doing that right
+and here in open learning we're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here in open learning we're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here in open learning we're sort of
+developing and we'll be rolling out sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing and we'll be rolling out sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing and we'll be rolling out sort
+of new tools for people who come to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of new tools for people who come to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of new tools for people who come to our
+website to actually find guided pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website to actually find guided pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website to actually find guided pathways
+through our learning you know through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through our learning you know through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through our learning you know through
+their own learning Journeys right so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own learning Journeys right so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own learning Journeys right so if
+they say I want to you know understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say I want to you know understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say I want to you know understand
+um you know this corner of data science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know this corner of data science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know this corner of data science
+where I really need for my work to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I really need for my work to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I really need for my work to be
+able to understand you know how vacines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to understand you know how vacines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to understand you know how vacines
+work right and that'll be coming over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work right and that'll be coming over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work right and that'll be coming over
+the course of the next year so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course of the next year so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course of the next year so I
+encourage people to come back you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage people to come back you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage people to come back you know
+early and often over the next few months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early and often over the next few months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early and often over the next few months
+as we roll those things out um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we roll those things out um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we roll those things out um but
+there's also you know I think what um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also you know I think what um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also you know I think what um
+you know in our our YouTube viewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in our our YouTube viewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in our our YouTube viewer
+described as a a rabbit hole another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described as a a rabbit hole another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described as a a rabbit hole another
+term for that is Serendipity right is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term for that is Serendipity right is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term for that is Serendipity right is
+you never quite know and you gave an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you never quite know and you gave an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you never quite know and you gave an
+example of that you know you stumbled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of that you know you stumbled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of that you know you stumbled
+across a post on LinkedIn you followed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across a post on LinkedIn you followed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across a post on LinkedIn you followed
+you followed the links and it and it led
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you followed the links and it and it led
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you followed the links and it and it led
+you in a new direction right and so um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in a new direction right and so um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in a new direction right and so um I
+wish you know for my answer to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish you know for my answer to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish you know for my answer to that
+question to um to our friend on YouTube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question to um to our friend on YouTube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question to um to our friend on YouTube
+is I I wish I knew um you know which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I I wish I knew um you know which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I I wish I knew um you know which
+things were um were serendipitous door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things were um were serendipitous door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things were um were serendipitous door
+opening transformative experiences which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening transformative experiences which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening transformative experiences which
+are just rabbit holes um and I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just rabbit holes um and I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just rabbit holes um and I'm not
+sure you know it until you see it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you know it until you see it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you know it until you see it is
+that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your
+experience saradipity is my favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience saradipity is my favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience saradipity is my favorite
+word oh great yeah yeah yeah it's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word oh great yeah yeah yeah it's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word oh great yeah yeah yeah it's my
+it's it's I feel that that's what gu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's I feel that that's what gu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's I feel that that's what gu
+that's what guides me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what guides me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what guides me
+personally and so when do you turn from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally and so when do you turn from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally and so when do you turn from
+Serendipity to structure that's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Serendipity to structure that's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Serendipity to structure that's probably
+what you know what people who are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know what people who are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know what people who are you
+know the difference between between uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the difference between between uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the difference between between uh a
+creative person with entrepreneurial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative person with entrepreneurial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative person with entrepreneurial
+Ambitions and an entrepreneur like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ambitions and an entrepreneur like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ambitions and an entrepreneur like
+yourself so how do you turn from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself so how do you turn from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself so how do you turn from
+Serendipity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+structure I I don't even know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure I I don't even know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure I I don't even know how to
+answer that question because I I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that question because I I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that question because I I feel
+like these things go hand in hand okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like these things go hand in hand okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like these things go hand in hand okay
+you know you've heard those saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you've heard those saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you've heard those saying
+around you know like opportunity comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around you know like opportunity comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around you know like opportunity comes
+when you're ready and you know um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're ready and you know um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're ready and you know um and
+and things like that so I I I see it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that so I I I see it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that so I I I see it I
+see it very much like that I mean day to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it very much like that I mean day to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it very much like that I mean day to
+day as a company for example we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day as a company for example we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day as a company for example we have a
+plan you know that needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan you know that needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan you know that needs to be
+structured right um but I also typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured right um but I also typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured right um but I also typically
+say that we have you know an emergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that we have you know an emergent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that we have you know an emergent
+strategy right which is yes we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy right which is yes we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy right which is yes we have this
+plan and we're supposed to we what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan and we're supposed to we what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan and we're supposed to we what we
+think we should do is go down this path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we should do is go down this path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we should do is go down this path
+but at the same time we're taking in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at the same time we're taking in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at the same time we're taking in
+information you know to see if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you know to see if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you know to see if there's
+new data that says maybe there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new data that says maybe there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new data that says maybe there's
+something we can change right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we can change right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we can change right um
+sometimes the thing that makes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the thing that makes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the thing that makes you
+change that strategy is what we can call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that strategy is what we can call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that strategy is what we can call
+certainity because you you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainity because you you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainity because you you know
+something catches you and then it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something catches you and then it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something catches you and then it you
+know brings together this other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know brings together this other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know brings together this other thing
+that you had learned but it allows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you had learned but it allows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you had learned but it allows you
+to see it in a new way or it opens up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see it in a new way or it opens up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see it in a new way or it opens up a
+path for you to go further that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path for you to go further that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path for you to go further that you
+wouldn't even have foreseen yourself so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't even have foreseen yourself so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't even have foreseen yourself so
+I I don't think it's about you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I don't think it's about you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I don't think it's about you know
+turning from structure to Serendipity I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning from structure to Serendipity I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning from structure to Serendipity I
+mean I think these things coexist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I think these things coexist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I think these things coexist
+right oh fantastic that's great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right oh fantastic that's great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right oh fantastic that's great
+advice so another this is related in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice so another this is related in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice so another this is related in
+some ways to a question that came in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways to a question that came in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways to a question that came in
+from Neema um and so Nema is asking um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Neema um and so Nema is asking um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Neema um and so Nema is asking um
+in today's sort of World um sort of fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in today's sort of World um sort of fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in today's sort of World um sort of fast
+moving high-tech world right um how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving high-tech world right um how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving high-tech world right um how how
+can someone best learn quickly right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can someone best learn quickly right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can someone best learn quickly right um
+and then maybe I'd also ask you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then maybe I'd also ask you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then maybe I'd also ask you to
+reflect on what are the things that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect on what are the things that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect on what are the things that you
+think people need need to be learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think people need need to be learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think people need need to be learning
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now that's a good question Sima yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's a good question Sima yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's a good question Sima yeah and
+I think they're kind of related so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think they're kind of related so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think they're kind of related so how
+do you learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you learn
+quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly
+um I think you learn quickly by training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think you learn quickly by training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think you learn quickly by training
+yourself to learn in the first place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself to learn in the first place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself to learn in the first place
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+yeah um like I just noticed something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um like I just noticed something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um like I just noticed something
+this this week like I was in a I was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this week like I was in a I was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this week like I was in a I was in
+a board meeting and I hadn't read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a board meeting and I hadn't read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a board meeting and I hadn't read the
+board pack on time and I felt very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board pack on time and I felt very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board pack on time and I felt very very
+guilty because that's a very bad thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guilty because that's a very bad thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guilty because that's a very bad thing
+and I open up it was like 46 pages and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I open up it was like 46 pages and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I open up it was like 46 pages and I
+was able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was able
+to go through all the pages in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through all the pages in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through all the pages in a
+relatively short time and I ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively short time and I ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively short time and I ended up
+asking the most questions um in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking the most questions um in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking the most questions um in that
+particular meeting and I I was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular meeting and I I was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular meeting and I I was actually
+surprised by myself and I realized oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised by myself and I realized oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised by myself and I realized oh
+once upon a time when I was in grad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once upon a time when I was in grad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once upon a time when I was in grad
+school I was reading you know 100 Pages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school I was reading you know 100 Pages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school I was reading you know 100 Pages
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+night right and because I used to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night right and because I used to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night right and because I used to read
+100 Pages a night now I can go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 Pages a night now I can go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 Pages a night now I can go through
+you know half of that in a very quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know half of that in a very quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know half of that in a very quick
+period um so I think learning fastest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period um so I think learning fastest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period um so I think learning fastest
+just training yourself training yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just training yourself training yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just training yourself training yourself
+to learn and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn and you know
+creating maybe environments of focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating maybe environments of focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating maybe environments of focus
+while you're learning so that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while you're learning so that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while you're learning so that you can
+absorb what you're learning because then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb what you're learning because then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb what you're learning because then
+you're going to feel better and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to feel better and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to feel better and you're
+going to notice that you're learning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to notice that you're learning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to notice that you're learning and
+then it's just going to get easier and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's just going to get easier and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's just going to get easier and
+easier I think it's learning is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier I think it's learning is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier I think it's learning is just a
+muscle like you know like anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle like you know like anything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle like you know like anything else
+that's what that's what I would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what that's what I would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what that's what I would say
+absolutely um yeah and you also need of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely um yeah and you also need of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely um yeah and you also need of
+course like things like a clear mind and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course like things like a clear mind and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course like things like a clear mind and
+that sort of a thing you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of a thing you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of a thing you know so
+understanding the kinds of environments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the kinds of environments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the kinds of environments
+that allow you to learn better because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allow you to learn better because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allow you to learn better because
+for example if you if you if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if you if you if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if you if you if you've
+slept well you're going to learn quicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slept well you're going to learn quicker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slept well you're going to learn quicker
+you know things like that or maybe if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know things like that or maybe if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know things like that or maybe if
+you had coffee I don't know um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had coffee I don't know um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had coffee I don't know um and then
+and then I drink a lot of coffee um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I drink a lot of coffee um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I drink a lot of coffee um and
+then um so the other question was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um so the other question was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um so the other question was uh
+what should people learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should people learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should people learn
+now um I have sort of two reactions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um I have sort of two reactions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um I have sort of two reactions to
+that and I think even something on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I think even something on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I think even something on the
+on the previous question so I'm not one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the previous question so I'm not one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the previous question so I'm not one
+of these people who is a fan of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these people who is a fan of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these people who is a fan of like
+learning fads like I just I am anti them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning fads like I just I am anti them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning fads like I just I am anti them
+you know like in this last decade when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like in this last decade when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like in this last decade when
+when folks that were just like everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when folks that were just like everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when folks that were just like everyone
+should learn how to code you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should learn how to code you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should learn how to code you know the
+last 10 to 15 years I'm like come on you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 10 to 15 years I'm like come on you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 10 to 15 years I'm like come on you
+know we need people who are creative we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we need people who are creative we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we need people who are creative we
+need people who can Market we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need people who can Market we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need people who can Market we need
+people who understand philosophy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who understand philosophy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who understand philosophy and
+psychology and and and so on like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology and and and so on like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology and and and so on like
+they're very very important um even in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very very important um even in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very very important um even in
+in very very technical areas um so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in very very technical areas um so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in very very technical areas um so I
+it's so so when I say that I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so so when I say that I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so so when I say that I think it's
+difficult for me to pick what someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult for me to pick what someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult for me to pick what someone
+should learn because I you know I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should learn because I you know I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should learn because I you know I think
+people should learn the things that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people should learn the things that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people should learn the things that that
+they enjoy um otherwise you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they enjoy um otherwise you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they enjoy um otherwise you know it's
+not I mean you can know a lot and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not I mean you can know a lot and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not I mean you can know a lot and do
+nothing with it right um and but then if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing with it right um and but then if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing with it right um and but then if
+I had to um pick something to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had to um pick something to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had to um pick something to learn
+right now it's you know I really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now it's you know I really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now it's you know I really really
+dislike this Buzz of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislike this Buzz of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislike this Buzz of
+AI especially as a as a CS person um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI especially as a as a CS person um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI especially as a as a CS person um the
+term is misused and that sort of a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is misused and that sort of a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is misused and that sort of a thing
+but we cannot deny the super fast pace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we cannot deny the super fast pace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we cannot deny the super fast pace
+of things like we just cannot deny it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things like we just cannot deny it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things like we just cannot deny it
+right so if there's anything I I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if there's anything I I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if there's anything I I would
+say somebody needs to learn now is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say somebody needs to learn now is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say somebody needs to learn now is about
+the technologies that are completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technologies that are completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technologies that are completely
+reshaping our landscape because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reshaping our landscape because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reshaping our landscape because there
+are affecting us and will affect us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are affecting us and will affect us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are affecting us and will affect us
+whether we like it or not um and we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we like it or not um and we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we like it or not um and we just
+have to get on board with them and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to get on board with them and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to get on board with them and and
+it's it's it's a simple as that yeah no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's a simple as that yeah no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's a simple as that yeah no
+I think I think you're right and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I think you're right and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I think you're right and I think
+those those are going to transform every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those are going to transform every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those are going to transform every
+workplace right at the same time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workplace right at the same time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workplace right at the same time I
+couldn't agree more right the importance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't agree more right the importance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't agree more right the importance
+um that you've identified of of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that you've identified of of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that you've identified of of you know
+people learning in all different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people learning in all different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people learning in all different
+directions right and following their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions right and following their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions right and following their
+passions and you know whether they're uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passions and you know whether they're uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passions and you know whether they're uh
+in Psychology and economics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Psychology and economics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Psychology and economics and
+marketing all those fields that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing all those fields that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing all those fields that you
+mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned
+so this brings us I think to the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this brings us I think to the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this brings us I think to the final
+question um which is directed at at you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question um which is directed at at you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question um which is directed at at you
+U what will you be looking to learn um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U what will you be looking to learn um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U what will you be looking to learn um
+the next time you visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next time you visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next time you visit MIT open
+courseware well outside of the um how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware well outside of the um how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware well outside of the um how to
+speak that's the immediate thing I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak that's the immediate thing I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak that's the immediate thing I'm
+going to look for great that's fantastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look for great that's fantastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look for great that's fantastic
+um yeah yeah yeah uh so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah yeah yeah uh so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah yeah yeah uh so that's the
+immediate thing I'm going to look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate thing I'm going to look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate thing I'm going to look for
+but outside of that um still very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but outside of that um still very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but outside of that um still very
+interested in the sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the sort of like
+Behavior the behavior of things and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior the behavior of things and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior the behavior of things and then
+um I need to use statistics and I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I need to use statistics and I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I need to use statistics and I did
+not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like
+statistics once upon a time I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics once upon a time I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics once upon a time I need to
+brush up so just brushing up on you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brush up so just brushing up on you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brush up so just brushing up on you know
+on on on previous previous knowledge uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on on previous previous knowledge uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on on previous previous knowledge uh
+still just because of my day-to-day work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still just because of my day-to-day work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still just because of my day-to-day work
+right okay well that's fantastic um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay well that's fantastic um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay well that's fantastic um and
+I hope you um have some good experiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope you um have some good experiences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope you um have some good experiences
+the next time you visit I might open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next time you visit I might open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next time you visit I might open
+course whereare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course whereare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course whereare
+always always so um uh this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always always so um uh this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always always so um uh this was a
+wonderful conversation with you June and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful conversation with you June and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful conversation with you June and
+I just want to um thank all of you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to um thank all of you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to um thank all of you um
+who've joined uh online or elsewhere um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who've joined uh online or elsewhere um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who've joined uh online or elsewhere um
+for for joining at this conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for joining at this conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for joining at this conversation
+sharing your experiences either now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing your experiences either now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing your experiences either now um
+or or in in other formats um and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or in in other formats um and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or in in other formats um and I think
+you know we all share uh the enthusiasm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we all share uh the enthusiasm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we all share uh the enthusiasm
+that that June brings to to learning um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that June brings to to learning um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that June brings to to learning um
+to uh her creativity that she brings to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh her creativity that she brings to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh her creativity that she brings to
+her work and and I'm really glad that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her work and and I'm really glad that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her work and and I'm really glad that
+that we've been able to share this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've been able to share this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've been able to share this um
+with with the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with the world
+um and I welcome you uh on behalf of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I welcome you uh on behalf of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I welcome you uh on behalf of all
+of open learning to to stay in touch and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of open learning to to stay in touch and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of open learning to to stay in touch and
+to keep learning with MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep learning with MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep learning with MIT open
+courseware um and all of our open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware um and all of our open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware um and all of our open
+learning offerings um and we and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning offerings um and we and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning offerings um and we and
+encourage you to consider supporting our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to consider supporting our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to consider supporting our
+work um by sharing uh the resources that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work um by sharing uh the resources that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work um by sharing uh the resources that
+you encounter with your friends and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you encounter with your friends and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you encounter with your friends and
+family and colleagues um by sharing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family and colleagues um by sharing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family and colleagues um by sharing your
+own experiences and your story um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own experiences and your story um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own experiences and your story um
+directly with us um the the ways that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly with us um the the ways that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly with us um the the ways that
+mit's open learning resources have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit's open learning resources have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit's open learning resources have
+transformed your personal Journey um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed your personal Journey um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed your personal Journey um to
+learning and into career transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and into career transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and into career transformation
+and finally um for those of you who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally um for those of you who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally um for those of you who are
+in a position to do so we encourage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a position to do so we encourage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a position to do so we encourage and
+invite you um to consider making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invite you um to consider making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invite you um to consider making a
+donation uh that would that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donation uh that would that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donation uh that would that would
+support our efforts um and help us bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support our efforts um and help us bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support our efforts um and help us bring
+these uh to the rest of the world as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh to the rest of the world as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh to the rest of the world as
+effectively as we possibly can um so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively as we possibly can um so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively as we possibly can um so for
+now um I'm going to just say a final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um I'm going to just say a final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um I'm going to just say a final
+thank you to June adongo and to everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you to June adongo and to everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you to June adongo and to everyone
+who joined us online um until our next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who joined us online um until our next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who joined us online um until our next
+conversation keep learning thanks very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation keep learning thanks very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation keep learning thanks very
+much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+but
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/l5x9qAVUK7s.txt b/l5x9qAVUK7s.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..71df78312959e6edbc60edd5e4c7ff80521ff8e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/l5x9qAVUK7s.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7411 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+um I'd like to go now so this next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'd like to go now so this next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'd like to go now so this next
+segment of the course we I think maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment of the course we I think maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment of the course we I think maybe
+you can maybe probably maybe appreciate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can maybe probably maybe appreciate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can maybe probably maybe appreciate
+a little bit better this triangle that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit better this triangle that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit better this triangle that I
+had on before where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had on before where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had on before where I
+was talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was talking
+about how what biochemists did was they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how what biochemists did was they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how what biochemists did was they
+tended to break cells open and look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tended to break cells open and look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tended to break cells open and look at
+the component parts and there other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the component parts and there other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the component parts and there other
+things in there than proteins but an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in there than proteins but an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in there than proteins but an
+awful lot of having to do with function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awful lot of having to do with function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awful lot of having to do with function
+is proteins and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is proteins and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is proteins and
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+geneticist the scci the discipline of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geneticist the scci the discipline of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geneticist the scci the discipline of
+genetics would do which made mutants of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetics would do which made mutants of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetics would do which made mutants of
+living organisms and then looked at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living organisms and then looked at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living organisms and then looked at what
+how function was affected by m mutating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how function was affected by m mutating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how function was affected by m mutating
+uh individual genes how those were both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh individual genes how those were both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh individual genes how those were both
+very powerful approaches genetics told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very powerful approaches genetics told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very powerful approaches genetics told
+you what was really important and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what was really important and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what was really important and the
+biochemistry told you how it worked at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry told you how it worked at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry told you how it worked at a
+at a molecular level but the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a molecular level but the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a molecular level but the real
+problem was knowing whether this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem was knowing whether this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem was knowing whether this thing
+had doing something in the test tube was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had doing something in the test tube was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had doing something in the test tube was
+actually the one that did it in life and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the one that did it in life and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the one that did it in life and
+I think I told you when Arthur cornberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I told you when Arthur cornberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I told you when Arthur cornberg
+isolated the very first DNA plase that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated the very first DNA plase that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated the very first DNA plase that
+was able to copy DNA and he got a Nobel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was able to copy DNA and he got a Nobel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was able to copy DNA and he got a Nobel
+Prize and it was the first enzyme that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize and it was the first enzyme that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize and it was the first enzyme that
+could copy DNA and then John Kens made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could copy DNA and then John Kens made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could copy DNA and then John Kens made a
+mutant that was lacking the enzyme and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutant that was lacking the enzyme and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutant that was lacking the enzyme and
+the organism was still alive so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the organism was still alive so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the organism was still alive so
+therefore it couldn't have been the DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it couldn't have been the DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it couldn't have been the DNA
+plase that was copying the chromosome it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plase that was copying the chromosome it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plase that was copying the chromosome it
+actually turned out to be a DNA repair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually turned out to be a DNA repair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually turned out to be a DNA repair
+enzyme so if you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme so if you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme so if you can actually
+unite genetics and biochemistry if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unite genetics and biochemistry if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unite genetics and biochemistry if you
+can take a mutant that's broken in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take a mutant that's broken in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take a mutant that's broken in a
+function and you found your protein was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and you found your protein was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and you found your protein was
+missing or vice versa then you had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing or vice versa then you had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing or vice versa then you had a
+very very powerful Insight because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very powerful Insight because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very powerful Insight because you
+connect your knowledge of what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect your knowledge of what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect your knowledge of what was
+physiologically important to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiologically important to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiologically important to the
+biochemistry that you were doing but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry that you were doing but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry that you were doing but it
+was really really hard for years and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really really hard for years and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really really hard for years and
+only in very rare occasions did some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only in very rare occasions did some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only in very rare occasions did some
+geneticist have a mutant that suggested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geneticist have a mutant that suggested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geneticist have a mutant that suggested
+so strongly that some biochemist would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so strongly that some biochemist would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so strongly that some biochemist would
+look or some biochemist would would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look or some biochemist would would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look or some biochemist would would have
+such a powerful result that they'd talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a powerful result that they'd talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a powerful result that they'd talk
+to a geneticist and seen if anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a geneticist and seen if anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a geneticist and seen if anybody
+found the result and the power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found the result and the power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found the result and the power of
+recombinant DNA although it started a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombinant DNA although it started a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombinant DNA although it started a
+Biotech Industry and it made possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Biotech Industry and it made possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Biotech Industry and it made possible
+the sequencing of the genome there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequencing of the genome there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequencing of the genome there's
+another other level up one Higher of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another other level up one Higher of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another other level up one Higher of
+conceptual understanding and what it did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual understanding and what it did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual understanding and what it did
+was it let you go back and forth between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it let you go back and forth between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it let you go back and forth between
+here and here you wouldn't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and here you wouldn't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and here you wouldn't have any
+problem now if I gave you the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem now if I gave you the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem now if I gave you the sequence
+of a gene you could order it you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a gene you could order it you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a gene you could order it you could
+have it synthesized you could stick it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it synthesized you could stick it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it synthesized you could stick it
+in a cell and make massive amounts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a cell and make massive amounts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a cell and make massive amounts of
+the protein and you purify it 20 fold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein and you purify it 20 fold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein and you purify it 20 fold
+and it would be pure whereas before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it would be pure whereas before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it would be pure whereas before you
+might have had to purify it 15,000 fold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have had to purify it 15,000 fold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have had to purify it 15,000 fold
+out of a th000 grams of cells and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of a th000 grams of cells and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of a th000 grams of cells and you
+would have had to been a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have had to been a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have had to been a very good
+biochemist with 15 Steps in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemist with 15 Steps in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemist with 15 Steps in order to
+purify it so you can go from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purify it so you can go from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purify it so you can go from the
+sequence of the gene to the protein or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of the gene to the protein or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of the gene to the protein or
+if we got a protein and we wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we got a protein and we wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we got a protein and we wanted to
+know its gene we just sequence a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know its gene we just sequence a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know its gene we just sequence a bit of
+the protein use that genetic code work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein use that genetic code work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein use that genetic code work
+ourselves backwards to some possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves backwards to some possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves backwards to some possible
+sequences then go looking for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences then go looking for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences then go looking for those
+sequences and and uh find the Gene and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences and and uh find the Gene and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences and and uh find the Gene and
+so what recombinant DNA allows us to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what recombinant DNA allows us to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what recombinant DNA allows us to do
+is close that Loop you can go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is close that Loop you can go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is close that Loop you can go from
+genetics to biochemistry back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetics to biochemistry back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetics to biochemistry back and forth
+and now everybody does everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now everybody does everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now everybody does everything
+instead of it being isolated disciplines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of it being isolated disciplines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of it being isolated disciplines
+which it was when I entered the field so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it was when I entered the field so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it was when I entered the field so
+but all of so all of this stuff depended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all of so all of this stuff depended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all of so all of this stuff depended
+on the development to to clone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the development to to clone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the development to to clone
+particular pieces of DNA and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular pieces of DNA and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular pieces of DNA and I want to
+make clear right at the beginning as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make clear right at the beginning as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make clear right at the beginning as a
+couple of uses of cloning that are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of uses of cloning that are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of uses of cloning that are in
+popular usage right now what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular usage right now what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular usage right now what we're
+talking about in this lecture is cloning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about in this lecture is cloning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about in this lecture is cloning
+a piece of DNA what that means is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of DNA what that means is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of DNA what that means is I'm
+going to take a particular segment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take a particular segment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take a particular segment of
+DNA say cut it here and cut it there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA say cut it here and cut it there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA say cut it here and cut it there and
+I'm going to take that piece and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to take that piece and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to take that piece and I'm
+going to do something to it that lets me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do something to it that lets me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do something to it that lets me
+amplify and make many many copies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplify and make many many copies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplify and make many many copies of
+that piece of DNA and cloning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that piece of DNA and cloning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that piece of DNA and cloning of
+anything else you make a whole lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else you make a whole lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else you make a whole lot of
+copies so that's one word use of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies so that's one word use of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies so that's one word use of the
+word cloning the other use which you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word cloning the other use which you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word cloning the other use which you see
+in the popular press all the time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the popular press all the time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the popular press all the time is
+cloning an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloning an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloning an
+individual the thought being there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual the thought being there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual the thought being there you
+take the nucleus or from uh from a cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the nucleus or from uh from a cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the nucleus or from uh from a cell
+of the individual you put that nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the individual you put that nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the individual you put that nucleus
+into an egg that didn't have that had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into an egg that didn't have that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into an egg that didn't have that had
+its own nucleus removed and now you hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own nucleus removed and now you hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own nucleus removed and now you hope
+what you get out of that is uh a uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you get out of that is uh a uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you get out of that is uh a uh an
+an organism that has all the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an organism that has all the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an organism that has all the same
+genetic content as the as the starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic content as the as the starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic content as the as the starting
+individual and in fact although it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual and in fact although it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual and in fact although it
+sounds very good in paper as you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds very good in paper as you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds very good in paper as you're
+probably beginning to see it's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably beginning to see it's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably beginning to see it's not the
+Panacea that pum people thought it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Panacea that pum people thought it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Panacea that pum people thought it was
+or that you know we'd have to worry that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that you know we'd have to worry that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that you know we'd have to worry that
+all of in 10 years all of my MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of in 10 years all of my MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of in 10 years all of my MIT
+students would be clones of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students would be clones of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students would be clones of the
+brightest person in the class or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brightest person in the class or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brightest person in the class or
+anything like that because other stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like that because other stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like that because other stuff
+happens you wouldn't get to to um unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens you wouldn't get to to um unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens you wouldn't get to to um unless
+you go on Advanced biology courses but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go on Advanced biology courses but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go on Advanced biology courses but
+they're modifications of DNA there's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're modifications of DNA there's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're modifications of DNA there's all
+sorts of stuff that happens to it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of stuff that happens to it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of stuff that happens to it so
+that it's not identical and uh so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not identical and uh so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not identical and uh so many
+of these cloned organisms like Dolly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these cloned organisms like Dolly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these cloned organisms like Dolly the
+sheep that was famous died early with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheep that was famous died early with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheep that was famous died early with
+her I forget arthritis and things so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her I forget arthritis and things so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her I forget arthritis and things so
+there a lot of problems on that score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a lot of problems on that score
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a lot of problems on that score
+but that's the other use of the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's the other use of the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's the other use of the word
+cloning and that's not what I'm these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloning and that's not what I'm these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloning and that's not what I'm these
+next three lectures we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next three lectures we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next three lectures we're talking about
+cloning a piece of DNA and that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloning a piece of DNA and that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloning a piece of DNA and that was the
+big problem uh that faced the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big problem uh that faced the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big problem uh that faced the field
+certainly when I was an undergrad and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly when I was an undergrad and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly when I was an undergrad and
+even when I was a grad student I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even when I was a grad student I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even when I was a grad student I was
+trying to interest in synthesizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to interest in synthesizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to interest in synthesizing
+pieces of DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of DNA
+and it was one of those things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was one of those things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was one of those things that
+people said why are you doing it well CU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people said why are you doing it well CU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people said why are you doing it well CU
+you could try to do it what if you got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could try to do it what if you got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could try to do it what if you got a
+piece of DNA like Goin caran who's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of DNA like Goin caran who's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of DNA like Goin caran who's my
+colleague who got the Nobel Prize for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague who got the Nobel Prize for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague who got the Nobel Prize for
+synthesizing the first Gene he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesizing the first Gene he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesizing the first Gene he
+synthesized that it was a TRNA Gene and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesized that it was a TRNA Gene and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesized that it was a TRNA Gene and
+it was 28 nucleotides base pairs long or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was 28 nucleotides base pairs long or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was 28 nucleotides base pairs long or
+something he' synthesized it he'd shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something he' synthesized it he'd shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something he' synthesized it he'd shown
+you could do it but you couldn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do it but you couldn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do it but you couldn't do
+anything with it and there were sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything with it and there were sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything with it and there were sort of
+two big problems one was the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two big problems one was the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two big problems one was the fact that
+this DNA although it's not a monotonous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this DNA although it's not a monotonous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this DNA although it's not a monotonous
+tetranucleotide it's pretty hard to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetranucleotide it's pretty hard to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetranucleotide it's pretty hard to tell
+I mean this is each one of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean this is each one of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean this is each one of these things
+as a base pair and human DNA has three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a base pair and human DNA has three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a base pair and human DNA has three
+billion of those and the bit down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion of those and the bit down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion of those and the bit down here
+doesn't look very different than the bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look very different than the bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look very different than the bit
+up there and certainly wouldn't look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there and certainly wouldn't look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there and certainly wouldn't look
+very different than the bit of DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different than the bit of DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different than the bit of DNA
+that's two billion base pairs over on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's two billion base pairs over on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's two billion base pairs over on
+the other side of Campus or something so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side of Campus or something so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side of Campus or something so
+there was no way to take DNA and cut it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no way to take DNA and cut it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no way to take DNA and cut it
+reproducibly so you could get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproducibly so you could get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproducibly so you could get
+fragments what you could see from first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragments what you could see from first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragments what you could see from first
+principles was what you would need was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles was what you would need was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles was what you would need was
+magic scissors and what what would the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic scissors and what what would the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic scissors and what what would the
+scissors look like well it would have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scissors look like well it would have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scissors look like well it would have to
+be scissors that could read a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be scissors that could read a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be scissors that could read a sequence
+because there's nothing else different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's nothing else different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's nothing else different
+you know it's a regular back regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's a regular back regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's a regular back regular
+backbone and it's only four nucleotides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backbone and it's only four nucleotides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backbone and it's only four nucleotides
+so if you wanted to cut DNA in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you wanted to cut DNA in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you wanted to cut DNA in
+particular places you had to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular places you had to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular places you had to have
+scissors that could see a sequence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scissors that could see a sequence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scissors that could see a sequence and
+furthermore you can see they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore you can see they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore you can see they they
+couldn't just look at they're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't just look at they're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't just look at they're the
+hydrogen bonding parts of a and t or G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bonding parts of a and t or G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bonding parts of a and t or G
+and C because those are stuck together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C because those are stuck together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C because those are stuck together
+they're in the middle of the DNA so You'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in the middle of the DNA so You'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in the middle of the DNA so You'
+need scissors that could somehow find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need scissors that could somehow find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need scissors that could somehow find a
+sequence and make a cut and those were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and make a cut and those were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and make a cut and those were
+found and I'm going to tell you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found and I'm going to tell you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found and I'm going to tell you about
+those they're called restriction enzymes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those they're called restriction enzymes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those they're called restriction enzymes
+so that was part of the the thing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was part of the the thing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was part of the the thing the
+other thing was let's imagine that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing was let's imagine that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing was let's imagine that I
+could cut out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could cut out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could cut out this
+fragment and I gave it to you I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragment and I gave it to you I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragment and I gave it to you I said
+great now I've got it would you make me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great now I've got it would you make me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great now I've got it would you make me
+a lot of copies of this DNA could you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of copies of this DNA could you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of copies of this DNA could you do
+that if I just let's say you know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I just let's say you know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I just let's say you know how to
+trans you know how to transform the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans you know how to transform the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans you know how to transform the
+principle we saw back with Avery we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle we saw back with Avery we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle we saw back with Avery we
+could take naked DNA and put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take naked DNA and put this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take naked DNA and put this
+fragment into a cell would it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragment into a cell would it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragment into a cell would it
+replicate what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+think anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think anybody
+remember we talked about no okay we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we talked about no okay we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we talked about no okay we
+talked about some other languages right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about some other languages right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about some other languages right
+but one of the things that in the DNA is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one of the things that in the DNA is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one of the things that in the DNA is
+uh the genetic code with all the genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the genetic code with all the genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the genetic code with all the genes
+and we can find the reading frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can find the reading frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can find the reading frame
+remember when we talked about an origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when we talked about an origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when we talked about an origin
+of replication I said that was sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of replication I said that was sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of replication I said that was sort of a
+a one word at least for E coli there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one word at least for E coli there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one word at least for E coli there's
+one origin in UK carots there's Origins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one origin in UK carots there's Origins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one origin in UK carots there's Origins
+are spaced out along the DNA and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are spaced out along the DNA and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are spaced out along the DNA and that's
+every time you have a round of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you have a round of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you have a round of
+replication it starts at one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication it starts at one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication it starts at one of those
+Origins and then goes so the chances of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Origins and then goes so the chances of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Origins and then goes so the chances of
+that this piece of DNA by Chance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this piece of DNA by Chance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this piece of DNA by Chance is
+going to have an origin is pretty small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have an origin is pretty small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have an origin is pretty small
+small so if I put it into an organism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small so if I put it into an organism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small so if I put it into an organism
+it's going to sit there if you're lucky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to sit there if you're lucky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to sit there if you're lucky
+you might get degraded because it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might get degraded because it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might get degraded because it's got
+n open just blend ends or even if I made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n open just blend ends or even if I made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n open just blend ends or even if I made
+it into a circle it probably wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into a circle it probably wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into a circle it probably wouldn't
+replicate because it probably doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicate because it probably doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicate because it probably doesn't
+have the word in the DNA that says start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the word in the DNA that says start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the word in the DNA that says start
+a round of DNA replication so the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a round of DNA replication so the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a round of DNA replication so the other
+overarching principle of DNA replication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overarching principle of DNA replication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overarching principle of DNA replication
+is you somehow have to take the fragment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you somehow have to take the fragment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you somehow have to take the fragment
+of DNA that you're looking at and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DNA that you're looking at and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DNA that you're looking at and you
+have to attach it to An Origin of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to attach it to An Origin of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to attach it to An Origin of
+replication now if you have an origin of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication now if you have an origin of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication now if you have an origin of
+replication and you have a fragment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication and you have a fragment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication and you have a fragment of
+DNA and you put it in the cell now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA and you put it in the cell now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA and you put it in the cell now
+you'll get a lot of copies of that piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get a lot of copies of that piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get a lot of copies of that piece
+of DNA so that's what recombinant DNA is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DNA so that's what recombinant DNA is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DNA so that's what recombinant DNA is
+all about in a really really simple form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about in a really really simple form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about in a really really simple form
+I'm just going to take you now into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to take you now into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to take you now into
+increasing sort of levels of of detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing sort of levels of of detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing sort of levels of of detail
+so let me first give you uh just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me first give you uh just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me first give you uh just sort of
+a really broad view of this cloning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really broad view of this cloning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really broad view of this cloning and
+then we'll sort of start to to dive in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll sort of start to to dive in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll sort of start to to dive in
+and then to dive into some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then to dive into some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then to dive into some of the
+fancier techniques that have come out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancier techniques that have come out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancier techniques that have come out of
+this we'll talk about DNA sequencing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we'll talk about DNA sequencing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we'll talk about DNA sequencing and
+PCR and stuff in the next uh in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCR and stuff in the next uh in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCR and stuff in the next uh in the next
+lecture so the first thing the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so the first thing the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so the first thing the first
+principle here is to cut the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle here is to cut the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle here is to cut the
+DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA
+with and and I know you may think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and and I know you may think this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and and I know you may think this
+is sort of baby talk but this is how I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of baby talk but this is how I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of baby talk but this is how I
+think if you really think about um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think if you really think about um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think if you really think about um this
+stuff this is what it really is these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff this is what it really is these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff this is what it really is these
+are with sequence specific molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scissors these have the rather odd name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scissors these have the rather odd name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scissors these have the rather odd name
+they're called restriction enzymes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called restriction enzymes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called restriction enzymes I
+don't know if any of you know why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if any of you know why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if any of you know why
+they're called restriction enzymes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called restriction enzymes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called restriction enzymes
+although I'm sure that some of you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I'm sure that some of you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I'm sure that some of you have
+have used them in Europe to cut up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have used them in Europe to cut up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have used them in Europe to cut up
+pieces of DNA but what that does is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of DNA but what that does is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of DNA but what that does is it
+it these are enzymes as they tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it these are enzymes as they tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it these are enzymes as they tell you
+that recognize a particular sequence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that recognize a particular sequence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that recognize a particular sequence and
+they always cut at that sequence so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they always cut at that sequence so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they always cut at that sequence so the
+value of that is you can reproducibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of that is you can reproducibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of that is you can reproducibly
+cut de DNA at exactly the same spot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut de DNA at exactly the same spot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut de DNA at exactly the same spot and
+the spots are Rec are specified by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spots are Rec are specified by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spots are Rec are specified by
+whatever sequence that particular pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever sequence that particular pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever sequence that particular pair
+of scissors knows how to read then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scissors knows how to read then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scissors knows how to read then the
+next thing we have to do is we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next thing we have to do is we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next thing we have to do is we need to
+join the piece of DNA to An Origin of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+join the piece of DNA to An Origin of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+join the piece of DNA to An Origin of
+replication so the thing that carries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication so the thing that carries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication so the thing that carries
+the origin of replication is called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin of replication is called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin of replication is called a
+vector and usually not always these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and usually not always these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and usually not always these are
+circles we'll consider one that grows is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles we'll consider one that grows is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles we'll consider one that grows is
+the ones that grow in Inc coli are most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that grow in Inc coli are most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that grow in Inc coli are most
+of the time or in bacteria mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time or in bacteria mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time or in bacteria mostly
+circles and they're the ones that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles and they're the ones that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles and they're the ones that are
+broadly used for most cloning so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly used for most cloning so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly used for most cloning so we'll
+talk about those so they have on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about those so they have on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about those so they have on what
+makes a vector what it has to have is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a vector what it has to have is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a vector what it has to have is an
+origin of DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+replication and they usually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication and they usually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication and they usually have
+something else we would we could call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else we would we could call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else we would we could call it
+a selectable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+marker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but something like a drug resistance if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but something like a drug resistance if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but something like a drug resistance if
+any of you have done cloning in a europ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of you have done cloning in a europ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of you have done cloning in a europ
+usually it's something like ampil a gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually it's something like ampil a gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually it's something like ampil a gene
+for making the cell ampicilin resistant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for making the cell ampicilin resistant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for making the cell ampicilin resistant
+or tetracycline resistant some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or tetracycline resistant some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or tetracycline resistant some
+antibiotic that would normally kill the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotic that would normally kill the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotic that would normally kill the
+cell so you can tell does a cell have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell so you can tell does a cell have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell so you can tell does a cell have
+that vector or not because the cell is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vector or not because the cell is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vector or not because the cell is
+either ampicillin starts at ampicillin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either ampicillin starts at ampicillin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either ampicillin starts at ampicillin
+sensitive it acquires the the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive it acquires the the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive it acquires the the vector
+that's replicating it also acquires the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's replicating it also acquires the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's replicating it also acquires the
+gene that gives it the drug resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene that gives it the drug resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene that gives it the drug resistance
+but if we're going to cut that uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we're going to cut that uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we're going to cut that uh if
+we're going to join a piece of DNA to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to join a piece of DNA to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to join a piece of DNA to
+that we can't join it to a circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can't join it to a circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can't join it to a circle
+without breaking it so we need to cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the we cut the vector at a unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+site and we would use a restriction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site and we would use a restriction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site and we would use a restriction
+enzyme for that and you can also see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme for that and you can also see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme for that and you can also see in
+designing a vector you'd want something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing a vector you'd want something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing a vector you'd want something
+it only has one site so what we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it only has one site so what we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it only has one site so what we would
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+achieved from this conceptually is we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved from this conceptually is we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved from this conceptually is we've
+now got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now got
+this this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is the
+vector with its origin of replication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector with its origin of replication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector with its origin of replication
+here and let's say ampicillin resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and let's say ampicillin resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and let's say ampicillin resistance
+for example as a selectable marker the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example as a selectable marker the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example as a selectable marker the
+gene for that could be encoded here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene for that could be encoded here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene for that could be encoded here and
+we have the the fragment of um if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the the fragment of um if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the the fragment of um if you
+want to put that down on just put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to put that down on just put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to put that down on just put it
+down on the floor I think we've made the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down on the floor I think we've made the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down on the floor I think we've made the
+point at this stage thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point at this stage thanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point at this stage thanks
+um what one has to do is to join this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what one has to do is to join this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what one has to do is to join this
+piece of DNA to that and we'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of DNA to that and we'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of DNA to that and we'll go
+through the molecular uh details of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the molecular uh details of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the molecular uh details of this
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but we'll join the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fragment to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragment to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragment to the
+vector and actually this was something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and actually this was something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and actually this was something
+that was already in molecular biologist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was already in molecular biologist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was already in molecular biologist
+toolkits had been studying DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toolkits had been studying DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toolkits had been studying DNA
+replication that's DNA liaye when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication that's DNA liaye when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication that's DNA liaye when we
+finish an okazaki fragment we had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish an okazaki fragment we had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish an okazaki fragment we had to
+seal NX and the the enzyme that did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seal NX and the the enzyme that did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seal NX and the the enzyme that did that
+is an enzyme called DNA liay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an enzyme called DNA liay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an enzyme called DNA liay so
+molecular biologists basically had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular biologists basically had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular biologists basically had the
+Scotch tape or the glue to join stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scotch tape or the glue to join stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scotch tape or the glue to join stuff
+back together what they were missing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back together what they were missing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back together what they were missing for
+many many years were the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many years were the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many years were the sequence
+specific molecular scissors so at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific molecular scissors so at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific molecular scissors so at this
+stage if we were doing recombinant DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage if we were doing recombinant DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage if we were doing recombinant DNA
+we now have a vector we now have a piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now have a vector we now have a piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now have a vector we now have a piece
+of DNA joined to it in fact we probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DNA joined to it in fact we probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DNA joined to it in fact we probably
+have a whole other mess of things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a whole other mess of things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a whole other mess of things that
+happened along the way but uh at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened along the way but uh at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened along the way but uh at the
+moment they're in a test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment they're in a test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment they're in a test
+tube so if we want to have this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube so if we want to have this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube so if we want to have this thing
+grow what do we have to do next then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow what do we have to do next then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow what do we have to do next then
+we're going to have to get the DNA from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have to get the DNA from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have to get the DNA from
+outside the cell inside the cell that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the cell inside the cell that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the cell inside the cell that's
+the word we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transform the DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+into a cell again the word transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a cell again the word transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a cell again the word transform
+that goes back to those transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes back to those transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes back to those transformation
+experiments with the streptococus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments with the streptococus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments with the streptococus
+pneumoni going from smooth to rough and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pneumoni going from smooth to rough and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pneumoni going from smooth to rough and
+you were taking stuff from the cell that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were taking stuff from the cell that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were taking stuff from the cell that
+transform them from rough rough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform them from rough rough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform them from rough rough to
+smooth whatever that's where the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth whatever that's where the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth whatever that's where the word
+came from but we now know it's getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from but we now know it's getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from but we now know it's getting
+naked DNA into inside the cell where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naked DNA into inside the cell where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naked DNA into inside the cell where it
+can be replicated and then the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be replicated and then the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be replicated and then the next
+thing we know we need to know is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we know we need to know is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we know we need to know is what
+cells have AC acquired this Vector that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells have AC acquired this Vector that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells have AC acquired this Vector that
+has the the at least has has the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the the at least has has the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the the at least has has the vector
+we'll settle for that in the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll settle for that in the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll settle for that in the beginning
+and we can do that you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+select for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+marker on the vector in the case of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marker on the vector in the case of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marker on the vector in the case of this
+one we would we would start with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we would we would start with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we would we would start with a
+strain that's killed by ampicillin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strain that's killed by ampicillin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strain that's killed by ampicillin and
+then we just played out and ask for guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we just played out and ask for guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we just played out and ask for guys
+that are ampicillin res resistant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are ampicillin res resistant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are ampicillin res resistant and
+and uh you can see there's another class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you can see there's another class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you can see there's another class
+of problem because if we had uncut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problem because if we had uncut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problem because if we had uncut
+vector and there would probably be for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and there would probably be for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and there would probably be for
+sure some of that in our mix that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure some of that in our mix that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure some of that in our mix that would
+make the cells ampicillin and if we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the cells ampicillin and if we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the cells ampicillin and if we had
+an insert it would also be ampicillin so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an insert it would also be ampicillin so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an insert it would also be ampicillin so
+if we really wanted to get into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we really wanted to get into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we really wanted to get into this
+we'd have to do some more work to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd have to do some more work to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd have to do some more work to sort
+out what's on there but that's I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what's on there but that's I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what's on there but that's I mean
+that's the basic stuff I suspect most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the basic stuff I suspect most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the basic stuff I suspect most of
+you know this practically since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this practically since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this practically since
+kindergarten but that's the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kindergarten but that's the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kindergarten but that's the overall
+framework into which now I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework into which now I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework into which now I'm going to
+start layering different pieces of um of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start layering different pieces of um of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start layering different pieces of um of
+detail tail and the the next part again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail tail and the the next part again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail tail and the the next part again
+some of you may know I don't think will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you may know I don't think will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you may know I don't think will
+be a totally foreign concept you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a totally foreign concept you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a totally foreign concept you're
+probably familiar with this that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably familiar with this that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably familiar with this that what
+what what are these restriction enzymes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what are these restriction enzymes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what are these restriction enzymes
+what their actual word is a restriction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+endonuclease they often usually just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endonuclease they often usually just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endonuclease they often usually just
+called restriction enzymes in lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called restriction enzymes in lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called restriction enzymes in lab
+parlons nucleas is something that cuts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parlons nucleas is something that cuts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parlons nucleas is something that cuts
+the nucleic acid and endonucleases one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleic acid and endonucleases one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleic acid and endonucleases one
+that doesn't need a free end so it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't need a free end so it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't need a free end so it can
+cut in the middle of a sequence instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut in the middle of a sequence instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut in the middle of a sequence instead
+of nibbling in from an end which would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nibbling in from an end which would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nibbling in from an end which would
+make that would be an exonuclease so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that would be an exonuclease so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that would be an exonuclease so
+these things have names that tend to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things have names that tend to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things have names that tend to be
+something like Eco R1 which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like Eco R1 which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like Eco R1 which has
+something to do with the where they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to do with the where they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to do with the where they're
+derived from and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived from and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived from and
+um uh a typical one one of the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh a typical one one of the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh a typical one one of the very
+first ones that use and still in really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first ones that use and still in really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first ones that use and still in really
+wide use is Eco R1 and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide use is Eco R1 and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide use is Eco R1 and this
+recognizes the sequence GA a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizes the sequence GA a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizes the sequence GA a
+TTC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now you'll notice that if you read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you'll notice that if you read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you'll notice that if you read the
+sequence in this way it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence in this way it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence in this way it's the same
+sequence and you read it on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and you read it on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and you read it on the other
+strand that's it's called a palindrome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand that's it's called a palindrome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand that's it's called a palindrome
+but be careful we have palindromes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but be careful we have palindromes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but be careful we have palindromes in
+English and those are words that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English and those are words that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English and those are words that if you
+read them from the front to the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read them from the front to the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read them from the front to the back
+they're the same but in in an English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the same but in in an English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the same but in in an English
+letter uh doesn't matter whether it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter uh doesn't matter whether it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter uh doesn't matter whether it's an
+a here or an A there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a here or an A there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a here or an A there
+but you guys know something about DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you guys know something about DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you guys know something about DNA
+structure there's a 5 to3 Prime polarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure there's a 5 to3 Prime polarity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure there's a 5 to3 Prime polarity
+so if you're reading this way reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're reading this way reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're reading this way reading
+this way doesn't look at all the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way doesn't look at all the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way doesn't look at all the same
+totally different but reading on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally different but reading on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally different but reading on this
+strand so you say if that was five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand so you say if that was five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand so you say if that was five
+that's 5 to three then the thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 5 to three then the thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 5 to three then the thing that's
+identical is the reciprocal sequence on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical is the reciprocal sequence on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical is the reciprocal sequence on
+the other side so there is this you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side so there is this you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side so there is this you see
+GAA and GAA but it's not like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GAA and GAA but it's not like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GAA and GAA but it's not like the
+English word palindrome so don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English word palindrome so don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English word palindrome so don't get
+yourself mixed up by that anyway what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself mixed up by that anyway what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself mixed up by that anyway what
+this this will then uh what this enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this will then uh what this enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this will then uh what this enzyme
+then does is it cuts just to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then does is it cuts just to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then does is it cuts just to the
+side here it cuts symmetrically and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side here it cuts symmetrically and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side here it cuts symmetrically and what
+it generates then is a g with a thre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it generates then is a g with a thre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it generates then is a g with a thre
+Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime
+hydroxl remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxl remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxl remember the
+ribos if we have say an a there uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribos if we have say an a there uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribos if we have say an a there uh this
+is the thre Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the thre Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the thre Prime
+position and that's the five Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and that's the five Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and that's the five Prime
+position of the sugar so it leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the sugar so it leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the sugar so it leaves
+a thre Prime hydroxy and it also then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thre Prime hydroxy and it also then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thre Prime hydroxy and it also then
+leaves a five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves a five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves a five
+Prime phosphate so we'd have a a TT C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime phosphate so we'd have a a TT C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime phosphate so we'd have a a TT C
+here and then on the other side we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then on the other side we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then on the other side we would
+get um the the reciprocal thing so we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get um the the reciprocal thing so we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get um the the reciprocal thing so we'd
+have G with a three prime hydroxy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have G with a three prime hydroxy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have G with a three prime hydroxy and
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+uh pull it over a a t T C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so like that so now we've we've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like that so now we've we've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like that so now we've we've got a
+break here we can pull those apart but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break here we can pull those apart but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break here we can pull those apart but
+this one of the nice things you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one of the nice things you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one of the nice things you can see
+right from this is that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right from this is that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right from this is that we've
+generating uh five Prime single stranded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating uh five Prime single stranded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating uh five Prime single stranded
+ends and this one is the sequence a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends and this one is the sequence a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends and this one is the sequence a a
+TTC this is a a TTC here and these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TTC this is a a TTC here and these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TTC this is a a TTC here and these guys
+if they could get together and line up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they could get together and line up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they could get together and line up
+as they were here they'd be able to form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they were here they'd be able to form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they were here they'd be able to form
+hydrogen bonds so if you take an enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bonds so if you take an enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bonds so if you take an enzyme
+like E1 and we took let's say a circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like E1 and we took let's say a circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like E1 and we took let's say a circle
+that had a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had a single
+GTC Eco R1 site GA a TTC if we cut it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GTC Eco R1 site GA a TTC if we cut it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GTC Eco R1 site GA a TTC if we cut it
+with the Restriction enzyme we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Restriction enzyme we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Restriction enzyme we would
+make Nix and if we kept it cold the nxs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make Nix and if we kept it cold the nxs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make Nix and if we kept it cold the nxs
+might even all that we'd have was DNA NX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might even all that we'd have was DNA NX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might even all that we'd have was DNA NX
+and if we warmed things up a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we warmed things up a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we warmed things up a little bit
+there's only four hydrogen bonds that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only four hydrogen bonds that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only four hydrogen bonds that
+are holding that together so the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are holding that together so the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are holding that together so the thing
+would would linearize and just flop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would would linearize and just flop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would would linearize and just flop
+around the breeze but if we cooled it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the breeze but if we cooled it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the breeze but if we cooled it
+slowly the thermodynamically most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly the thermodynamically most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly the thermodynamically most
+favorable State the lowest energy state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorable State the lowest energy state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorable State the lowest energy state
+would be with those ends coming back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be with those ends coming back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be with those ends coming back
+together so we could then add DNA ligase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so we could then add DNA ligase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so we could then add DNA ligase
+if we line these up and added DNA liaye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we line these up and added DNA liaye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we line these up and added DNA liaye
+we could reverse the process we go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could reverse the process we go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could reverse the process we go back
+and forth Eco R1 to cut it DNA toate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth Eco R1 to cut it DNA toate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth Eco R1 to cut it DNA toate it
+and then the beauty of recombinant DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the beauty of recombinant DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the beauty of recombinant DNA
+is this rejoining part doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this rejoining part doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this rejoining part doesn't
+see what's out here or what's out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what's out here or what's out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what's out here or what's out there
+all it sees is the little ends that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it sees is the little ends that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it sees is the little ends that are
+joined by uh that are generated by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joined by uh that are generated by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joined by uh that are generated by an
+eco1 site so if I take some of my DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eco1 site so if I take some of my DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eco1 site so if I take some of my DNA
+I'll cut it up I'll get a zillion eco1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll cut it up I'll get a zillion eco1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll cut it up I'll get a zillion eco1
+fragments but they'll all have this same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragments but they'll all have this same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragments but they'll all have this same
+little overhanging bit that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little overhanging bit that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little overhanging bit that's
+complimentary to the vector so if I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complimentary to the vector so if I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complimentary to the vector so if I take
+a cut Vector I've cut with Eco R1 and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cut Vector I've cut with Eco R1 and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cut Vector I've cut with Eco R1 and I
+take some of my own DNA and I mix them I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take some of my own DNA and I mix them I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take some of my own DNA and I mix them I
+can get a little fragment get in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get a little fragment get in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get a little fragment get in between
+the vector and it does exactly that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector and it does exactly that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector and it does exactly that
+joining that I would was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joining that I would was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joining that I would was
+diagramming diagramming right here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagramming diagramming right here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagramming diagramming right here so
+again that uh that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that uh that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that uh that was
+the the it was the discovery of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the it was the discovery of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the it was the discovery of these
+restriction enzymes that made possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction enzymes that made possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction enzymes that made possible
+all the almost all the stuff that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the almost all the stuff that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the almost all the stuff that's
+happened in biology since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in biology since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in biology since
+1975 that was a the the development of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1975 that was a the the development of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1975 that was a the the development of
+restriction enzymes was essentially 75 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction enzymes was essentially 75 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction enzymes was essentially 75 I
+was a postto at Berkeley at that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a postto at Berkeley at that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a postto at Berkeley at that point
+and uh the let the labs Stan Cohen at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the let the labs Stan Cohen at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the let the labs Stan Cohen at
+Stanford her Boyer at UCSF and a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanford her Boyer at UCSF and a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanford her Boyer at UCSF and a couple
+of a few others around the group around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a few others around the group around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a few others around the group around
+the uh country were working on this they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh country were working on this they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh country were working on this they
+were almost all Labs that had worked on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were almost all Labs that had worked on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were almost all Labs that had worked on
+pla bacterial plasmids and plasmids are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pla bacterial plasmids and plasmids are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pla bacterial plasmids and plasmids are
+little Circles of DNA so the labs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Circles of DNA so the labs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Circles of DNA so the labs that
+started were ones who'd been busy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started were ones who'd been busy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started were ones who'd been busy
+studying little Circles of DNA that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying little Circles of DNA that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying little Circles of DNA that
+usually carried drug resistances between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually carried drug resistances between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually carried drug resistances between
+cells and so uh that was happening while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and so uh that was happening while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and so uh that was happening while
+I was a postto and when I got to MIT in'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was a postto and when I got to MIT in'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was a postto and when I got to MIT in'
+76 the technology was just beginning I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+76 the technology was just beginning I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+76 the technology was just beginning I
+was one of the first Labs trying to cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one of the first Labs trying to cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one of the first Labs trying to cut
+pieces of DNA and join them back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of DNA and join them back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of DNA and join them back
+together so it's a pretty recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so it's a pretty recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so it's a pretty recent
+development at that point DNA sequencing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development at that point DNA sequencing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development at that point DNA sequencing
+hadn't been invented the idea you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't been invented the idea you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't been invented the idea you could
+pull out a piece of DNA and do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull out a piece of DNA and do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull out a piece of DNA and do something
+with it or produce a protein it was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it or produce a protein it was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it or produce a protein it was just
+a thought it didn't it didn't exist so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thought it didn't it didn't exist so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thought it didn't it didn't exist so
+it's hard to under emphas overemphasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to under emphas overemphasize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to under emphas overemphasize
+how critical the discuss the discovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how critical the discuss the discovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how critical the discuss the discovery
+these restriction enzymes were now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these restriction enzymes were now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these restriction enzymes were now the
+one thing I just want to tell you where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing I just want to tell you where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing I just want to tell you where
+they came from or how people found them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came from or how people found them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came from or how people found them
+and I'll try and do this quickly because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll try and do this quickly because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll try and do this quickly because
+you know some of you get a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some of you get a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some of you get a little
+impatient with history but um this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impatient with history but um this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impatient with history but um this is
+really important because it's very easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important because it's very easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important because it's very easy
+to make fun of basic research you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make fun of basic research you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make fun of basic research you can
+ridicule anything uh pretty easily and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridicule anything uh pretty easily and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridicule anything uh pretty easily and
+you might just ask as I'm telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might just ask as I'm telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might just ask as I'm telling you
+this story if somebody proposed doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this story if somebody proposed doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this story if somebody proposed doing
+this I'm going to tell you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'm going to tell you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'm going to tell you the
+experiment that basically is the basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that basically is the basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that basically is the basis
+of the Biotech Industry and would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Biotech Industry and would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Biotech Industry and would you
+have been smart enough to recognize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been smart enough to recognize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been smart enough to recognize that
+the phen it was the discovery of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phen it was the discovery of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phen it was the discovery of a
+phenomenon called called restriction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon called called restriction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon called called restriction
+restriction of bacterial phage growth on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction of bacterial phage growth on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction of bacterial phage growth on
+bacteria and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria and it was
+um see here here actually a couple of em
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um see here here actually a couple of em
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um see here here actually a couple of em
+of these little plasmas I just this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these little plasmas I just this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these little plasmas I just this is
+an electron micrograph one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron micrograph one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron micrograph one of these
+little circles it's been shadowed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little circles it's been shadowed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little circles it's been shadowed and
+this is actually artificially colored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually artificially colored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually artificially colored
+but you know that was the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know that was the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know that was the kind of
+plasmas that people were cutting up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasmas that people were cutting up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasmas that people were cutting up so
+you know as I said trying to get through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know as I said trying to get through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know as I said trying to get through
+this DNA and the stuff had what's made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this DNA and the stuff had what's made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this DNA and the stuff had what's made
+possible the sequencing at the Whitehead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible the sequencing at the Whitehead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible the sequencing at the Whitehead
+gen Center and stuff that I'll tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gen Center and stuff that I'll tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gen Center and stuff that I'll tell you
+about uh is going on I I didn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh is going on I I didn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh is going on I I didn't really
+set this one up but that's Eric Lander
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set this one up but that's Eric Lander
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set this one up but that's Eric Lander
+who teaches 701 in the uh in the fall I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who teaches 701 in the uh in the fall I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who teaches 701 in the uh in the fall I
+told you a picture from that DNA 50th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you a picture from that DNA 50th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you a picture from that DNA 50th
+they had a banquet that at the end of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had a banquet that at the end of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had a banquet that at the end of it
+and I was there this is svan Pabo from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I was there this is svan Pabo from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I was there this is svan Pabo from
+Europe who is sequencing the chimp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe who is sequencing the chimp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe who is sequencing the chimp
+genome and uh that's Francis Collins who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome and uh that's Francis Collins who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome and uh that's Francis Collins who
+was headed the entire Human Genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was headed the entire Human Genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was headed the entire Human Genome
+Project this is Evelyn Witkin who was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Project this is Evelyn Witkin who was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Project this is Evelyn Witkin who was a
+big discoverer of early d in a repair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big discoverer of early d in a repair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big discoverer of early d in a repair
+events and I just I put that one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events and I just I put that one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events and I just I put that one in
+because it was sort of interesting they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was sort of interesting they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was sort of interesting they
+they were Eric and sanii and and Francis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were Eric and sanii and and Francis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were Eric and sanii and and Francis
+were talking about what would happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about what would happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about what would happened
+when they knew the sequence of the chimp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they knew the sequence of the chimp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they knew the sequence of the chimp
+genome which wasn't done and there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome which wasn't done and there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome which wasn't done and there was
+an advertisement advert uh a poster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an advertisement advert uh a poster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an advertisement advert uh a poster
+advertising Jim Watson's latest book and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising Jim Watson's latest book and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising Jim Watson's latest book and
+they ripped that in half and were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they ripped that in half and were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they ripped that in half and were
+writing all notes on the back all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing all notes on the back all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing all notes on the back all the
+way through dinner so if you want to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way through dinner so if you want to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way through dinner so if you want to see
+what you know scientists on The Cutting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know scientists on The Cutting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know scientists on The Cutting
+Edge including someone who teaches 71 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge including someone who teaches 71 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge including someone who teaches 71 in
+the fall looks like when they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fall looks like when they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fall looks like when they're not
+teaching 7 of1 there's a picture so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching 7 of1 there's a picture so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching 7 of1 there's a picture so
+anyway the discovery of restriction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway the discovery of restriction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway the discovery of restriction
+enzymes with Salvador Lauria who I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes with Salvador Lauria who I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes with Salvador Lauria who I've
+mentioned he was a member of the biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned he was a member of the biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned he was a member of the biology
+Department of one of our Nobel Prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department of one of our Nobel Prize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department of one of our Nobel Prize
+winners he started the cancer center he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winners he started the cancer center he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winners he started the cancer center he
+also trained Jim Watson when I showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also trained Jim Watson when I showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also trained Jim Watson when I showed
+you that picture there was this is Salva
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that picture there was this is Salva
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that picture there was this is Salva
+standing over here a bit younger a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing over here a bit younger a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing over here a bit younger a few
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+you U another thing that Salva did he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you U another thing that Salva did he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you U another thing that Salva did he
+was a Nobel Prize winner but he taught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a Nobel Prize winner but he taught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a Nobel Prize winner but he taught
+introductory biology so I am basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory biology so I am basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory biology so I am basically
+following in the footsteps of of Salva
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following in the footsteps of of Salva
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following in the footsteps of of Salva
+he wrote a book called even though he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wrote a book called even though he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wrote a book called even though he's
+a Nobel Prize winner a book called 36
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Nobel Prize winner a book called 36
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Nobel Prize winner a book called 36
+lectures in introductory biology and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures in introductory biology and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures in introductory biology and
+that some some universities intro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some some universities intro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some some universities intro
+biology is taught by who was ever at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology is taught by who was ever at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology is taught by who was ever at the
+bottom of the food chain the the newest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of the food chain the the newest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of the food chain the the newest
+most Junior professor gets stuck with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most Junior professor gets stuck with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most Junior professor gets stuck with
+intro biology and here it's the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intro biology and here it's the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intro biology and here it's the other
+way I mean getting Eric and Bob for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I mean getting Eric and Bob for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I mean getting Eric and Bob for
+example Weinberg to teach in the in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example Weinberg to teach in the in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example Weinberg to teach in the in this
+fall tells you that um and really where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall tells you that um and really where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall tells you that um and really where
+that comes from is fact that Salvador
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes from is fact that Salvador
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes from is fact that Salvador
+laa had such an interest in replication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laa had such an interest in replication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laa had such an interest in replication
+so he trained Jim Watson he started the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he trained Jim Watson he started the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he trained Jim Watson he started the
+cancer center he started here and J and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer center he started here and J and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer center he started here and J and
+he also carried out this um phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he also carried out this um phenomenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he also carried out this um phenomenon
+of restriction and he did this working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of restriction and he did this working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of restriction and he did this working
+with bacteria Fage and I know a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with bacteria Fage and I know a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with bacteria Fage and I know a couple
+you wrote you didn't like to see old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wrote you didn't like to see old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wrote you didn't like to see old
+guys on porches so I got freaked out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys on porches so I got freaked out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys on porches so I got freaked out and
+I took this next picture out but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I took this next picture out but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I took this next picture out but this
+morning oh I got to show it you anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning oh I got to show it you anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning oh I got to show it you anyway
+for two reasons this is solva sitting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two reasons this is solva sitting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two reasons this is solva sitting on
+a porch at Cold Spring Harbor with Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a porch at Cold Spring Harbor with Max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a porch at Cold Spring Harbor with Max
+delbrook who started really much of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delbrook who started really much of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delbrook who started really much of the
+work on bacteria Fage that gave us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on bacteria Fage that gave us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on bacteria Fage that gave us the
+underpinnings for molecular biology and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underpinnings for molecular biology and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underpinnings for molecular biology and
+I put it partly on a because it shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put it partly on a because it shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put it partly on a because it shows
+the informality of the molecular biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the informality of the molecular biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the informality of the molecular biology
+culture which persists to this day and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture which persists to this day and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture which persists to this day and
+also because Sala had such an impish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also because Sala had such an impish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also because Sala had such an impish
+sense of humor you would have really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of humor you would have really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of humor you would have really
+enjoyed had he been teaching this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoyed had he been teaching this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoyed had he been teaching this course
+but anyway Sala was studying just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway Sala was studying just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway Sala was studying just
+bacteria phage remember we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria phage remember we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria phage remember we talked about
+them they're basically a syringe they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they're basically a syringe they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they're basically a syringe they
+inject their day DNA into the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inject their day DNA into the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inject their day DNA into the cell
+there's an electron micrograph I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an electron micrograph I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an electron micrograph I'm not
+making it up there the DNA is up top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it up there the DNA is up top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it up there the DNA is up top
+there it goes in and uh then the DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it goes in and uh then the DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it goes in and uh then the DNA
+takes over the cell reprograms it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes over the cell reprograms it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes over the cell reprograms it makes
+baby Fage and I showed you how we make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby Fage and I showed you how we make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby Fage and I showed you how we make
+plaques so that was what Salvo was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plaques so that was what Salvo was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plaques so that was what Salvo was
+studying and it's a little like um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying and it's a little like um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying and it's a little like um what
+we were talking about with mendal he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were talking about with mendal he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were talking about with mendal he
+didn't have very many techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have very many techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have very many techniques
+available to him at the time he couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to him at the time he couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to him at the time he couldn't
+sequence DNA he couldn't do a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence DNA he couldn't do a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence DNA he couldn't do a lot of
+things but he could plate Fage and count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but he could plate Fage and count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but he could plate Fage and count
+things like that and what uh Salvo was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that and what uh Salvo was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that and what uh Salvo was
+looking at he he had uh he had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at he he had uh he had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at he he had uh he had a
+bacteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Fage and he had two strains of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bacteria I'll call them A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria I'll call them A and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria I'll call them A and
+B okay here comes the experiment that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay here comes the experiment that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay here comes the experiment that
+founded the Biotech Industry you ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founded the Biotech Industry you ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founded the Biotech Industry you ready
+you going to fund me all right so what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you going to fund me all right so what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you going to fund me all right so what I
+propose doing is I'm going to grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the the Fage on strain a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Fage on strain a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Fage on strain a
+and now I'm going to plate on strain a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I'm going to plate on strain a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I'm going to plate on strain a
+and strain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and strain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and strain
+B it's lay awake all last week thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B it's lay awake all last week thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B it's lay awake all last week thinking
+of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+experiment so what I get I got a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment so what I get I got a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment so what I get I got a lot of
+plaques on strain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a probably something like 10 the 9th or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a probably something like 10 the 9th or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a probably something like 10 the 9th or
+10 the 10th per Mill because that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 the 10th per Mill because that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 the 10th per Mill because that's what
+a Fage late usually looks like once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Fage late usually looks like once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Fage late usually looks like once
+you've grown them up and if I plate them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've grown them up and if I plate them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've grown them up and if I plate them
+over on strain B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over on strain B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over on strain B
+no Fage maybe an occasional Fage so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no Fage maybe an occasional Fage so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no Fage maybe an occasional Fage so
+obviously the bacteria Fage can grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously the bacteria Fage can grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously the bacteria Fage can grow
+fine on strain a it can't grow on strain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine on strain a it can't grow on strain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine on strain a it can't grow on strain
+B most of the time but some variant has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B most of the time but some variant has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B most of the time but some variant has
+managed to figure out how to grow on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed to figure out how to grow on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed to figure out how to grow on
+strain B given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strain B given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strain B given
+our uh for a in genetics I think many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our uh for a in genetics I think many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our uh for a in genetics I think many of
+you would think probably as I suspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would think probably as I suspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would think probably as I suspect
+Salva did at the time the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Salva did at the time the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Salva did at the time the things
+mutated it's learned it's made some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutated it's learned it's made some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutated it's learned it's made some
+change in its genome that's allowed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in its genome that's allowed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in its genome that's allowed it
+to grow on strain B so I wonder if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grow on strain B so I wonder if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grow on strain B so I wonder if it
+learned to grow on strain B could it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned to grow on strain B could it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned to grow on strain B could it
+grow on uh still grow on strain a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so basically what he took was the Fage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically what he took was the Fage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically what he took was the Fage
+from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that
+uh from that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from that uh
+experiment and then he plated them on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and then he plated them on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and then he plated them on
+strain a and strain B and well as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strain a and strain B and well as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strain a and strain B and well as you
+might guess since it was growing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might guess since it was growing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might guess since it was growing in
+strain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strain
+B lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B lots of
+plaques and there were lots of plaques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plaques and there were lots of plaques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plaques and there were lots of plaques
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here okay so didn't forget how to grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so didn't forget how to grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so didn't forget how to grow
+on strain a so better check over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on strain a so better check over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on strain a so better check over here
+too need a control experiment so take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too need a control experiment so take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too need a control experiment so take
+this guy PL it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy PL it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy PL it
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+stra a strain B lots of plaques over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stra a strain B lots of plaques over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stra a strain B lots of plaques over
+here that's not a surprise of going in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's not a surprise of going in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's not a surprise of going in
+strain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a back to where we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from doesn't sound like a mutant does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from doesn't sound like a mutant does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from doesn't sound like a mutant does it
+if it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it was a
+mutant everybody should have been the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutant everybody should have been the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutant everybody should have been the
+same instead it looked like the cell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same instead it looked like the cell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same instead it looked like the cell the
+when you grew a Fage on strain a it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you grew a Fage on strain a it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you grew a Fage on strain a it it
+it didn't have the ability to grow on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't have the ability to grow on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't have the ability to grow on
+strain B but if you gave it a chance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strain B but if you gave it a chance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strain B but if you gave it a chance to
+grow on strain B most of them wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow on strain B most of them wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow on strain B most of them wouldn't
+make it but if ever did it had now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it but if ever did it had now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it but if ever did it had now
+acquired the ability to grow on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquired the ability to grow on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquired the ability to grow on on
+strain B so it could still could grow on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strain B so it could still could grow on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strain B so it could still could grow on
+both but if you took somebody who'd been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both but if you took somebody who'd been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both but if you took somebody who'd been
+growing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing on
+um on uh something who' been growing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on uh something who' been growing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on uh something who' been growing on
+strain a it it it lost it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strain a it it it lost it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strain a it it it lost it and
+so um the idea there was then that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um the idea there was then that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um the idea there was then that it
+wasn't a mutation something was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't a mutation something was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't a mutation something was
+happening in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in the
+um in the in the strain B that enabled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the in the strain B that enabled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the in the strain B that enabled
+to gr grow in strain B and if it ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to gr grow in strain B and if it ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to gr grow in strain B and if it ever
+got away from that environment it lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got away from that environment it lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got away from that environment it lost
+it so the phenomena was called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so the phenomena was called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so the phenomena was called
+restriction it wasn't a wasn't a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction it wasn't a wasn't a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction it wasn't a wasn't a
+mutation it was something else and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation it was something else and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation it was something else and it
+turned out then that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+restriction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction
+was due to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was due to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was due to an
+enzyme an example of this kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme an example of this kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme an example of this kind of thing
+then would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then would be
+this Eco
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Eco
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Eco
+R1 uh activity that's able to cut at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 uh activity that's able to cut at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 uh activity that's able to cut at a
+very specific sequence now if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific sequence now if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific sequence now if you were
+going to have a set of molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a set of molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a set of molecular
+scissors inside of you that could cut a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scissors inside of you that could cut a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scissors inside of you that could cut a
+gatc sequences you'd have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gatc sequences you'd have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gatc sequences you'd have a
+problem unless you did something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem unless you did something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem unless you did something else
+because every one of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because every one of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because every one of your
+G um GC sequences would be cut by the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G um GC sequences would be cut by the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G um GC sequences would be cut by the uh
+would be cut by the restriction enzymes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be cut by the restriction enzymes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be cut by the restriction enzymes
+so what there the cells that have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what there the cells that have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what there the cells that have a
+restriction enzyme have is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction enzyme have is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction enzyme have is a
+modification enzyme that recognizes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modification enzyme that recognizes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modification enzyme that recognizes the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sequence and then modifies it in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and then modifies it in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and then modifies it in some
+way way that makes it resistant to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way way that makes it resistant to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way way that makes it resistant to the
+um uh makes it resistant to the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh makes it resistant to the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh makes it resistant to the um
+restriction enzyme and in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction enzyme and in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction enzyme and in the case of
+the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+E1 it puts on a methyl group on this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 it puts on a methyl group on this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 it puts on a methyl group on this a
+you might have thought that that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have thought that that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have thought that that would
+interfere with base pairing but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere with base pairing but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere with base pairing but it
+doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+because adenine looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+like this these are the guys that do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this these are the guys that do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this these are the guys that do the
+base pair with thyine if you look back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base pair with thyine if you look back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base pair with thyine if you look back
+and you'll see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll see that
+the the methyl group you could put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the methyl group you could put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the methyl group you could put a
+methyl group in there it wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl group in there it wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl group in there it wouldn't
+interfere with the with the base pairing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere with the with the base pairing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere with the with the base pairing
+but it would allow this to go so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it would allow this to go so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it would allow this to go so that
+was it was this discovery of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it was this discovery of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it was this discovery of this
+phenomenon of restriction that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon of restriction that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon of restriction that a
+bacteria phage grew on one strain not on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria phage grew on one strain not on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria phage grew on one strain not on
+another could learn to grow in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another could learn to grow in the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another could learn to grow in the other
+strain could lose that acquisition it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strain could lose that acquisition it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strain could lose that acquisition it
+was that phenomena that people they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that phenomena that people they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that phenomena that people they
+didn't have any reason other than it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have any reason other than it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have any reason other than it was
+an interesting problem in biology to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting problem in biology to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting problem in biology to
+understand it once they understod the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it once they understod the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it once they understod the
+basis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis of
+it Just A Whole New World opened up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Just A Whole New World opened up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Just A Whole New World opened up
+because you could see from basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you could see from basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you could see from basic
+principles now I could cut any piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles now I could cut any piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles now I could cut any piece of
+DNA I could generate these little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA I could generate these little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA I could generate these little
+overhanging sticky ends I could take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhanging sticky ends I could take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhanging sticky ends I could take a
+plasmid people knew about those I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasmid people knew about those I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasmid people knew about those I could
+find one that only has one restriction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find one that only has one restriction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find one that only has one restriction
+site I could stick things in now I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site I could stick things in now I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site I could stick things in now I've
+attached An Origin a replication to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached An Origin a replication to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached An Origin a replication to each
+of those pieces and I'm in business I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those pieces and I'm in business I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those pieces and I'm in business I
+can now for the first time ever take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now for the first time ever take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now for the first time ever take a
+particular piece of DNA and make as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular piece of DNA and make as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular piece of DNA and make as many
+copies as I want and that was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies as I want and that was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies as I want and that was an
+absolute uh transformation to the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute uh transformation to the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute uh transformation to the way
+people were able to think about biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were able to think about biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were able to think about biology
+so I'm going to just kind of give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to just kind of give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to just kind of give you an
+idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of
+how people would start so the the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how people would start so the the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how people would start so the the way
+people began and still began most things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people began and still began most things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people began and still began most things
+is they call it the usual term as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they call it the usual term as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they call it the usual term as you
+call constructing a recombinant DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+library and there are a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library and there are a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library and there are a variety of
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh uh ways of doing this but this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh ways of doing this but this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh ways of doing this but this the
+principle is is the same we take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DNA from whatever organism you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA from whatever organism you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA from whatever organism you're
+interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested
+in in cutting and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in cutting and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in cutting and in
+studying and we cut with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying and we cut with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying and we cut with some
+restriction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+enzyme and this restriction enzyme will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme and this restriction enzyme will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme and this restriction enzyme will
+cut wherever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut wherever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut wherever
+the there happen to be um sites they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the there happen to be um sites they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the there happen to be um sites they
+might be close together they might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be close together they might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be close together they might be
+far apart but whatever they'll generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far apart but whatever they'll generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far apart but whatever they'll generate
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+characteristic set of fragments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic set of fragments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic set of fragments and
+we'll now have in this case like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll now have in this case like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll now have in this case like
+fragment number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragment number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragment number
+one fragment number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one fragment number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one fragment number
+two fragment number three fragment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two fragment number three fragment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two fragment number three fragment
+number four and so on and if it's my DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number four and so on and if it's my DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number four and so on and if it's my DNA
+there's a lot of fragments and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of fragments and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of fragments and of course
+they're all mixed up I can't tell where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all mixed up I can't tell where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all mixed up I can't tell where
+any of them are they're just all mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of them are they're just all mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of them are they're just all mixed
+together in the test tube and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in the test tube and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in the test tube and then we'll
+take that Vector that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that Vector that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that Vector that we've
+opened and now we'll mix all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opened and now we'll mix all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opened and now we'll mix all of these
+fragments together with this vector and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragments together with this vector and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragments together with this vector and
+now we and then we join it just the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we and then we join it just the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we and then we join it just the wave
+to the sky and now we'll get is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the sky and now we'll get is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the sky and now we'll get is a
+collection of plasmids that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of plasmids that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of plasmids that have
+different inserts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so one of the plasmids will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the plasmids will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the plasmids will
+have that fragment number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that fragment number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that fragment number
+one another one of them we'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one another one of them we'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one another one of them we'll have
+fragment number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragment number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragment number
+two number three so on then this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing is what's known as a library and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is what's known as a library and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is what's known as a library and
+you can see if it's someone with if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see if it's someone with if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see if it's someone with if it's
+DNA from me there were three billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA from me there were three billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA from me there were three billion
+base pairs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base pairs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base pairs to
+start you given the in human DNA gatc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start you given the in human DNA gatc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start you given the in human DNA gatc
+sequences are pretty common you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences are pretty common you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences are pretty common you can
+calculate the frequency yourself for how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the frequency yourself for how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the frequency yourself for how
+many sites on average there would be for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many sites on average there would be for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many sites on average there would be for
+a restriction enzyme within a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a restriction enzyme within a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a restriction enzyme within a piece of
+DNA and figure out roughly how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA and figure out roughly how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA and figure out roughly how many
+fragments there would be in a library of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragments there would be in a library of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragments there would be in a library of
+human DNA so we're partway there we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human DNA so we're partway there we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human DNA so we're partway there we can
+now uh make a library we can make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh make a library we can make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh make a library we can make it
+from bacterial DNA we can make it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from bacterial DNA we can make it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from bacterial DNA we can make it from
+human DNA U but the next thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human DNA U but the next thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human DNA U but the next thing that
+people had to learn how to do was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people had to learn how to do was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people had to learn how to do was to
+figure out how to find a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to find a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to find a particular
+fragment that had the gene that you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragment that had the gene that you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragment that had the gene that you were
+interested in and there's a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in and there's a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in and there's a whole
+variety of things I mean ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of things I mean ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of things I mean ultimately
+today since the human genome is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today since the human genome is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today since the human genome is
+sequenced you go on the computer and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequenced you go on the computer and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequenced you go on the computer and you
+type and you find it because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type and you find it because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type and you find it because the
+sequence is all known but the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is all known but the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is all known but the only
+reason we can do that is because of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason we can do that is because of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason we can do that is because of all
+the work that was done in between so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work that was done in between so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work that was done in between so
+I'll give you a several ways of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you a several ways of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you a several ways of doing
+this but one of the ways I think you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but one of the ways I think you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but one of the ways I think you can
+see very easily and it's actually going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see very easily and it's actually going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see very easily and it's actually going
+back to the term complementation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the term complementation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the term complementation
+remember complementation we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember complementation we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember complementation we had
+something that was mutant and we put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that was mutant and we put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that was mutant and we put in
+a wild type Gene and it fixed it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wild type Gene and it fixed it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wild type Gene and it fixed it up
+again so for example suppose I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so for example suppose I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so for example suppose I was
+studying histadine biosynthesis in eoli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying histadine biosynthesis in eoli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying histadine biosynthesis in eoli
+and I wanted to find the gene that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I wanted to find the gene that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I wanted to find the gene that uh
+encoded the the um enzyme that I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoded the the um enzyme that I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoded the the um enzyme that I had
+just disabled in my in my histadine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just disabled in my in my histadine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just disabled in my in my histadine
+minus mutant so if I have a his oxit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus mutant so if I have a his oxit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus mutant so if I have a his oxit
+let's call it a I'll call it a his G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call it a I'll call it a his G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call it a I'll call it a his G
+Gene for example that's one of the genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gene for example that's one of the genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gene for example that's one of the genes
+involved in making histadine so um since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in making histadine so um since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in making histadine so um since
+since it's a histadine oxit trro if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it's a histadine oxit trro if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it's a histadine oxit trro if I
+have it on just minimal glucose plates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it on just minimal glucose plates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it on just minimal glucose plates
+and I streak it out it's not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I streak it out it's not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I streak it out it's not going to
+grow uh but if I grow it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow uh but if I grow it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow uh but if I grow it on
+minimal glucose plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+histadine then it will be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histadine then it will be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histadine then it will be able to
+grow right so I've got a variant of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow right so I've got a variant of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow right so I've got a variant of this
+organism it's got a single mutation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism it's got a single mutation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism it's got a single mutation in
+it it's affecting one gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's affecting one gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's affecting one gene
+and because I don't have that Gene I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because I don't have that Gene I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because I don't have that Gene I
+can't grow in minimal if I made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't grow in minimal if I made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't grow in minimal if I made a
+library of eoli DNA which is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library of eoli DNA which is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library of eoli DNA which is going to
+have a lot of fragments as well and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of fragments as well and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of fragments as well and I
+took that library and I put it into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took that library and I put it into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took that library and I put it into this
+mutant I'm going to get a big mess of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutant I'm going to get a big mess of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutant I'm going to get a big mess of
+things all the different plasmas with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things all the different plasmas with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things all the different plasmas with
+all the different fragments will go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the different fragments will go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the different fragments will go into
+that mutant how am I going to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mutant how am I going to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mutant how am I going to find the
+one that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that I
+want anybody see that it's not that hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I can't grow on I'm the mutant I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't grow on I'm the mutant I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't grow on I'm the mutant I can't
+grow on minimal because I can't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow on minimal because I can't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow on minimal because I can't make
+this enzyme therefore I can't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this enzyme therefore I can't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this enzyme therefore I can't make
+histadine what do I need how could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histadine what do I need how could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histadine what do I need how could you
+fix me up if you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doctor what's the gene we want out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor what's the gene we want out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor what's the gene we want out of
+here the one that makes that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the one that makes that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the one that makes that that
+particular enzyme that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular enzyme that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular enzyme that makes
+histadine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and yeah take the whole Library stick it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah take the whole Library stick it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah take the whole Library stick it
+in this mutant if if the gene coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this mutant if if the gene coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this mutant if if the gene coming in
+has encodes DNA polymerase not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has encodes DNA polymerase not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has encodes DNA polymerase not going to
+help this guy it still won't grow in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help this guy it still won't grow in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help this guy it still won't grow in
+minimal take a gene involved in making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal take a gene involved in making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal take a gene involved in making
+part of the cell wall won't help but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the cell wall won't help but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the cell wall won't help but if
+I put in the I get a fragment of DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put in the I get a fragment of DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put in the I get a fragment of DNA
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+includes the hist G Plus Gene and I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes the hist G Plus Gene and I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes the hist G Plus Gene and I put
+it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in
+here it's going to grow up if it has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's going to grow up if it has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's going to grow up if it has the
+plasmid that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasmid that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasmid that has
+has or let's say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vector that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector that
+has the his G Plus Gene so what you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the his G Plus Gene so what you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the his G Plus Gene so what you've
+done is a really sort of you've used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done is a really sort of you've used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done is a really sort of you've used
+that principle of complementation which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that principle of complementation which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that principle of complementation which
+some of you were sort of wondering about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you were sort of wondering about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you were sort of wondering about
+when we were doing genetics you break a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were doing genetics you break a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were doing genetics you break a
+copy of a gene and in our in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy of a gene and in our in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy of a gene and in our in in the
+things we talked about we bring in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we talked about we bring in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we talked about we bring in a
+whole chromosome that included in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole chromosome that included in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole chromosome that included in it
+just the wild type copy of the gene with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the wild type copy of the gene with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the wild type copy of the gene with
+recombinant DNA we can really narrow it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombinant DNA we can really narrow it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombinant DNA we can really narrow it
+down in in in the extreme we can bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in in in the extreme we can bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in in in the extreme we can bring
+in a piece of DNA that is only the gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a piece of DNA that is only the gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a piece of DNA that is only the gene
+that's broken and we can take the gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's broken and we can take the gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's broken and we can take the gene
+back to the wild type but one thing just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the wild type but one thing just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the wild type but one thing just
+to close you'll see if you remember back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to close you'll see if you remember back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to close you'll see if you remember back
+when I talked about languages that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I talked about languages that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I talked about languages that are
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+Universal although the genetic code is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal although the genetic code is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal although the genetic code is
+universal promoters and things are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal promoters and things are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal promoters and things are not
+so I could never do this with the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I could never do this with the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I could never do this with the human
+DNA could I because it wouldn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA could I because it wouldn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA could I because it wouldn't get
+expressed so we need some other ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed so we need some other ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed so we need some other ways of
+finding those we'll talk about those on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding those we'll talk about those on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding those we'll talk about those on
+next lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next lecture
+okay
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lKX4aGOzNvo.txt b/lKX4aGOzNvo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..236d8b7dc3c9984dff923f174380243519bb36b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lKX4aGOzNvo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,723 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hey so we are going to be going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hey so we are going to be going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hey so we are going to be going through
+the role of all tutorial day today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the role of all tutorial day today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the role of all tutorial day today
+this is one of the unity provided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of the unity provided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of the unity provided
+tutorials and it is extremely good like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tutorials and it is extremely good like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tutorials and it is extremely good like
+I was going to try to create something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was going to try to create something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was going to try to create something
+and I did and it wasn't anywhere near as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I did and it wasn't anywhere near as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I did and it wasn't anywhere near as
+clear so it is here on this web page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear so it is here on this web page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear so it is here on this web page
+which if you could write down cow that'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which if you could write down cow that'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which if you could write down cow that'd
+be great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe still it I learn / tutorials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+/ projects / rollerball tutorial or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ projects / rollerball tutorial or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ projects / rollerball tutorial or you
+can just google roll a ball it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just google roll a ball it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just google roll a ball it will be
+the first result okay so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first result okay so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first result okay so this is the
+Unity game editor don't really worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unity game editor don't really worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unity game editor don't really worry
+about like what it looks like like right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like what it looks like like right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like what it looks like like right
+now it will introduce that to you when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it will introduce that to you when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it will introduce that to you when
+you guys go off into your small groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys go off into your small groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys go off into your small groups
+to start going through it but here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start going through it but here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start going through it but here is
+the end goal this is what the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end goal this is what the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end goal this is what the camera
+sees by the way and so you can move your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees by the way and so you can move your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees by the way and so you can move your
+ball around with the arrow keys and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball around with the arrow keys and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball around with the arrow keys and
+collect a bunch of pick up items I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect a bunch of pick up items I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect a bunch of pick up items I need
+to lower these I need to lower the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lower these I need to lower the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lower these I need to lower the
+acceleration values than that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration values than that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration values than that I've
+played around with it a bit and yeah one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played around with it a bit and yeah one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played around with it a bit and yeah one
+quick side note before you start going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick side note before you start going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick side note before you start going
+through the unity editor has a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the unity editor has a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the unity editor has a bunch of
+different layouts so sometimes when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different layouts so sometimes when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different layouts so sometimes when you
+see these tutorials it's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see these tutorials it's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see these tutorials it's going to be a
+different looking editor let's see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different looking editor let's see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different looking editor let's see this
+one I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I think
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+so everybody has their own layout of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everybody has their own layout of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everybody has their own layout of the
+unity editor that they like best the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unity editor that they like best the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unity editor that they like best the
+default one is not like this and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default one is not like this and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default one is not like this and it's
+not like mine and how you can change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like mine and how you can change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like mine and how you can change
+that is through window and layouts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is through window and layouts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is through window and layouts
+I'd suggest experimenting with all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd suggest experimenting with all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd suggest experimenting with all of
+them find which one you like most they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them find which one you like most they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them find which one you like most they
+all offer the same functionality the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all offer the same functionality the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all offer the same functionality the
+panels correspond to each other so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panels correspond to each other so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panels correspond to each other so when
+they you see the hierarchy panel within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they you see the hierarchy panel within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they you see the hierarchy panel within
+the tutorial it's the same as this panel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tutorial it's the same as this panel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tutorial it's the same as this panel
+even though it's not the same shape you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it's not the same shape you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it's not the same shape you
+know yeah is there anything else I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know yeah is there anything else I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know yeah is there anything else I
+should go through yeah they have yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go through yeah they have yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go through yeah they have yeah so
+they have a bunch of videos and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a bunch of videos and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a bunch of videos and these
+videos have the corresponding code down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos have the corresponding code down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos have the corresponding code down
+below if you need to examine it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below if you need to examine it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below if you need to examine it more
+closely they used to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely they used to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely they used to have the
+corresponding code in Java and Python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding code in Java and Python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding code in Java and Python
+also but now they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also but now they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also but now they don't
+unity is largely a c-sharp based but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unity is largely a c-sharp based but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unity is largely a c-sharp based but you
+don't need to know c-sharp really going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to know c-sharp really going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to know c-sharp really going
+into it it's very simple they do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it it's very simple they do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it it's very simple they do a
+fairly good job of explaining it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do have to mention the reference even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have to mention the reference even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have to mention the reference even if
+you don't yeah so they do talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't yeah so they do talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't yeah so they do talk about the
+reference but so you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference but so you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference but so you don't have to
+program pretty much anything and unity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program pretty much anything and unity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program pretty much anything and unity
+unless you want to do something custom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you want to do something custom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you want to do something custom
+and then you add a little script and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you add a little script and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you add a little script and the
+script has a bunch of functions that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script has a bunch of functions that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script has a bunch of functions that are
+pre-built in the unity and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-built in the unity and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-built in the unity and there's a
+website that has all of those functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website that has all of those functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website that has all of those functions
+on it and if you need to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it and if you need to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it and if you need to do something
+you go and look on here and this is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go and look on here and this is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go and look on here and this is kind
+of intimidating right now but everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of intimidating right now but everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of intimidating right now but everything
+is gathered in classes and they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gathered in classes and they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gathered in classes and they'll
+explain these to you and each component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain these to you and each component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain these to you and each component
+you want to access is going to be within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to access is going to be within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to access is going to be within
+a sub class and so you know unity engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub class and so you know unity engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub class and so you know unity engine
+dot windows and then you can access your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot windows and then you can access your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot windows and then you can access your
+windows functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windows functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windows functions
+it's like speech recognition or getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like speech recognition or getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like speech recognition or getting
+files etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or similar stuff okay so if you see some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or similar stuff okay so if you see some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or similar stuff okay so if you see some
+crazy function you're like what then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy function you're like what then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy function you're like what then
+it's probably here and you can go read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably here and you can go read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably here and you can go read
+about it here and there's a handy search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it here and there's a handy search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it here and there's a handy search
+bar up here yeah so when you come across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar up here yeah so when you come across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar up here yeah so when you come across
+something come up here search for it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something come up here search for it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something come up here search for it and
+you can read it in a little more detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can read it in a little more detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can read it in a little more detail
+about how it works and what it does yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how it works and what it does yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how it works and what it does yeah
+and like similarly if you see a command
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like similarly if you see a command
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like similarly if you see a command
+like rigidbody add force you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like rigidbody add force you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like rigidbody add force you can see
+okay well this is what it's expecting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well this is what it's expecting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well this is what it's expecting a
+vector and then a force mode and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and then a force mode and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and then a force mode and that's
+it and if you don't have those arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and if you don't have those arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and if you don't have those arguments
+it's not really happy
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lWW54ts9Ubo.txt b/lWW54ts9Ubo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..36ab83cc1c0abfd2813127f04092eb1b4801aa34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lWW54ts9Ubo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8800 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+opencourseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so I apologize my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so I apologize my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so I apologize my
+voice is not uh 100% so if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice is not uh 100% so if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice is not uh 100% so if you don't
+understand uh what I'm saying thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand uh what I'm saying thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand uh what I'm saying thing
+please ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please ask
+me um so we're going to be analyzing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me um so we're going to be analyzing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me um so we're going to be analyzing
+actually not really analyzing uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not really analyzing uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not really analyzing uh we
+described a second order method to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described a second order method to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described a second order method to
+optimize the log likelihood in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize the log likelihood in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize the log likelihood in a
+generalized linear model when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized linear model when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized linear model when the
+parameter of Interest was beta okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter of Interest was beta okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter of Interest was beta okay so
+here I'm going to rewrite the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm going to rewrite the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm going to rewrite the whole
+thing as a beta so that's the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as a beta so that's the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as a beta so that's the equation
+you see but we really have this beta in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see but we really have this beta in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see but we really have this beta in
+iteration k + One beta is given by Beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration k + One beta is given by Beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration k + One beta is given by Beta
+K and then I have a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and then I have a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and then I have a plus
+F and the plus uh if you think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F and the plus uh if you think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F and the plus uh if you think of the
+Fisher information that beta K as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fisher information that beta K as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fisher information that beta K as being
+some number if you were to say whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number if you were to say whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number if you were to say whether
+it's a positive or negative number it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a positive or negative number it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a positive or negative number it's
+actually going to be a positive number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to be a positive number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to be a positive number
+because it's a positive semi-definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a positive semi-definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a positive semi-definite
+Matrix so since we're doing gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so since we're doing gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so since we're doing gradient
+Ascent we have a plus sign here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ascent we have a plus sign here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ascent we have a plus sign here and then
+the direction is basically gradient Ln
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction is basically gradient Ln
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction is basically gradient Ln
+at beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at beta
+K okay so this is the iterations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K okay so this is the iterations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K okay so this is the iterations that
+we're trying to implement M then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to implement M then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to implement M then we
+could just do this at it's duration we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just do this at it's duration we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just do this at it's duration we
+compute the Fisher information and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the Fisher information and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the Fisher information and then
+we do it again and again right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do it again and again right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do it again and again right that's
+called the Fisher coring algorithm and U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the Fisher coring algorithm and U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the Fisher coring algorithm and U
+I told you that this was going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I told you that this was going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I told you that this was going to
+converge and what we're going to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge and what we're going to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge and what we're going to try to
+do this uh in this lecture is to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this uh in this lecture is to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this uh in this lecture is to show
+how we can reimplement this using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we can reimplement this using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we can reimplement this using
+iteratively reweighted Le squares so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteratively reweighted Le squares so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteratively reweighted Le squares so
+that each step of this algorithm is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each step of this algorithm is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each step of this algorithm is
+consists simply of solving a weighted Le
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists simply of solving a weighted Le
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists simply of solving a weighted Le
+Square problem all right so uh let's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square problem all right so uh let's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square problem all right so uh let's uh
+go back quickly and uh remind ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back quickly and uh remind ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back quickly and uh remind ourselves
+uh that we are in the um uh Galan uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that we are in the um uh Galan uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that we are in the um uh Galan uh
+sorry we're in the uh exponential family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry we're in the uh exponential family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry we're in the uh exponential family
+so if I look at the log likelihood for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I look at the log likelihood for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I look at the log likelihood for
+one observation so uh here it's Ln sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one observation so uh here it's Ln sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one observation so uh here it's Ln sorry
+this is the sum from I = 1 to n of Yi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the sum from I = 1 to n of Yi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the sum from I = 1 to n of Yi
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+um okay so it's Yi times Theta I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so it's Yi times Theta I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so it's Yi times Theta I
+sorry minus B of theta I then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry minus B of theta I then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry minus B of theta I then there's
+going to be some parameter and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be some parameter and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be some parameter and then I
+have plus c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have plus c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have plus c
+of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y
+I5 okay so just the exponential one away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I5 okay so just the exponential one away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I5 okay so just the exponential one away
+when I took the log of the likelihood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I took the log of the likelihood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I took the log of the likelihood
+and I have n observations so I'm summing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have n observations so I'm summing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have n observations so I'm summing
+over all n observations all right then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all n observations all right then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all n observations all right then
+we had a bunch of formulas that we came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a bunch of formulas that we came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a bunch of formulas that we came
+up to be so if I look at the at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to be so if I look at the at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to be so if I look at the at the
+expectation of Yi so that's really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of Yi so that's really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of Yi so that's really the
+conditional of Yi given XI uh but like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional of Yi given XI uh but like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional of Yi given XI uh but like
+here it is really doesn't matter it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is really doesn't matter it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is really doesn't matter it's
+just going to be different for each I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to be different for each I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to be different for each I
+this is denoted by mui and we showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is denoted by mui and we showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is denoted by mui and we showed
+that this was beta Prime of theta I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this was beta Prime of theta I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this was beta Prime of theta I
+then uh the other equation that we found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh the other equation that we found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh the other equation that we found
+was that so what we want to model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that so what we want to model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that so what we want to model is
+this thing we want it to be equal to X I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing we want it to be equal to X I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing we want it to be equal to X I
+transpose beta sorry G of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing all right so that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing all right so that's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing all right so that's our
+model um and then uh we had that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model um and then uh we had that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model um and then uh we had that the
+variance was also given by the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance was also given by the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance was also given by the second
+derivative I'm not going to go into it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative I'm not going to go into it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative I'm not going to go into it
+what's actually interesting is to see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's actually interesting is to see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's actually interesting is to see if
+we want to express Theta I as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to express Theta I as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to express Theta I as a function
+of x x i what we get uh going from X I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x x i what we get uh going from X I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x x i what we get uh going from X I
+um to through to mui by G inverse and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to through to mui by G inverse and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to through to mui by G inverse and
+then to Theta I by B inverse we get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to Theta I by B inverse we get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to Theta I by B inverse we get that
+um Theta I is equal to H of X I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Theta I is equal to H of X I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Theta I is equal to H of X I
+transpose beta sorry yeah h of X I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose beta sorry yeah h of X I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose beta sorry yeah h of X I
+transpose beta where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose beta where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose beta where
+H is the inverse uh so which order is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H is the inverse uh so which order is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H is the inverse uh so which order is
+this uh is the inverse of G and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh is the inverse of G and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh is the inverse of G and uh
+composed with B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composed with B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composed with B
+Prime okay so we we remembered that last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime okay so we we remembered that last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime okay so we we remembered that last
+time those are all uh computations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time those are all uh computations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time those are all uh computations that
+we've made they're going to be useful in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've made they're going to be useful in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've made they're going to be useful in
+our derivation and the first thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our derivation and the first thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our derivation and the first thing we
+did last time is to show that if I look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did last time is to show that if I look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did last time is to show that if I look
+now at the derivative of the log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now at the derivative of the log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now at the derivative of the log
+likelihood with respect to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood with respect to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood with respect to one
+coordinate of beta which is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate of beta which is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate of beta which is going to
+give me the gradient if I do that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me the gradient if I do that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me the gradient if I do that for
+all the coordinates what we ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the coordinates what we ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the coordinates what we ended up
+finding is that we can rewrite it uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding is that we can rewrite it uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding is that we can rewrite it uh in
+this form sum of Yi Tia minus mu Tilda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form sum of Yi Tia minus mu Tilda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form sum of Yi Tia minus mu Tilda
+so let's remind ourselves that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's remind ourselves that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's remind ourselves that uh
+um so y Tilda is just y divided well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so y Tilda is just y divided well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so y Tilda is just y divided well
+okay y Tia I is y i is it times or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay y Tia I is y i is it times or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay y Tia I is y i is it times or
+divided times G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided times G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided times G
+Prime of mui mulda is I is mui time glda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime of mui mulda is I is mui time glda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime of mui mulda is I is mui time glda
+time G Prime of mu I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time G Prime of mu I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time G Prime of mu I
+and uh and then uh that was just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and then uh that was just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and then uh that was just an
+artificial thing so that we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial thing so that we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial thing so that we could
+actually divide the weights by G Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually divide the weights by G Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually divide the weights by G Prime
+but the real thing that builds the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the real thing that builds the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the real thing that builds the
+weights are this H Prime and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights are this H Prime and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights are this H Prime and there's
+this normalization factor and so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this normalization factor and so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this normalization factor and so if we
+write it like that so if I also write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it like that so if I also write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it like that so if I also write
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+Wii is H Prime of X I transpose beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wii is H Prime of X I transpose beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wii is H Prime of X I transpose beta
+divided by G Prime of mui *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by G Prime of mui *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by G Prime of mui *
+pi then I could actually rewrite my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi then I could actually rewrite my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi then I could actually rewrite my
+gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient
+which is a vector in the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a vector in the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a vector in the following
+Matrix form the gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Ln at beta so the gradient of my log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ln at beta so the gradient of my log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ln at beta so the gradient of my log
+likelihood at beta took the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood at beta took the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood at beta took the following
+form it was X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form it was X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form it was X
+transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose
+W and then yld minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W and then yld minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W and then yld minus
+mulda and here W was just the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mulda and here W was just the Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mulda and here W was just the Matrix
+with W1 W2 all the way way to w n on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with W1 W2 all the way way to w n on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with W1 W2 all the way way to w n on the
+diagonal and zero on the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal and zero on the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal and zero on the of
+diagonals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonals
+okay so that was just taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that was just taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that was just taking the
+derivative and doing a slight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and doing a slight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and doing a slight
+manipulations that said well let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations that said well let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations that said well let's just
+divide whatever is here by G Prime and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide whatever is here by G Prime and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide whatever is here by G Prime and
+multiply whatever is here by G Prime so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply whatever is here by G Prime so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply whatever is here by G Prime so
+today we'll see why we make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we'll see why we make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we'll see why we make this
+Division and and multiplication by G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Division and and multiplication by G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Division and and multiplication by G
+Prime which seems to make no sense but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime which seems to make no sense but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime which seems to make no sense but
+it actually comes from the hen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually comes from the hen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually comes from the hen
+computations so the hen computations uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations so the hen computations uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations so the hen computations uh
+are going to be a little more annoying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be a little more annoying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be a little more annoying
+actually let me start directly with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually let me start directly with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually let me start directly with the
+coordinate wise derivative right so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate wise derivative right so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate wise derivative right so to
+build this gradient what we used in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build this gradient what we used in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build this gradient what we used in the
+end was that the partial derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end was that the partial derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end was that the partial derivative of
+Ln with respect to the jth coordinate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ln with respect to the jth coordinate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ln with respect to the jth coordinate of
+beta was equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta was equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta was equal to the
+sum over I of Yi cha minus mui
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over I of Yi cha minus mui
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over I of Yi cha minus mui
+cha time w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cha time w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cha time w
+i times the J coordinate of x i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i times the J coordinate of x i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i times the J coordinate of x i
+okay so now let's just take another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let's just take another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let's just take another
+derivative and that's going to give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and that's going to give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and that's going to give us
+the entries of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entries of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entries of the
+hhen okay so we're doing we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hhen okay so we're doing we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hhen okay so we're doing we're going to
+the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second
+derivative so what I want to compute is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so what I want to compute is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so what I want to compute is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+derivative with respect to Beta J and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to Beta J and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to Beta J and
+beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K okay so where does beta J so here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K okay so where does beta J so here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K okay so where does beta J so here I
+already took the derivative with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already took the derivative with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already took the derivative with respect
+to Beta J so this is just the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Beta J so this is just the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Beta J so this is just the derivative
+with respect to to Beta K of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to to Beta K of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to to Beta K of the
+derivative with respect to Beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+J so what I need to do is to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J so what I need to do is to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J so what I need to do is to take the
+derivative of this guy with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this guy with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this guy with respect to
+Beta K where does beta K show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here it's set in in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+places no it's not in the Y's the Y's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places no it's not in the Y's the Y's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places no it's not in the Y's the Y's
+are my are my data right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are my are my data right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are my are my data right
+but I mean it's in the white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I mean it's in the white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I mean it's in the white
+tias yeah because it's in mu right mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tias yeah because it's in mu right mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tias yeah because it's in mu right mu
+depends on beta mu is uh G inverse of XI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on beta mu is uh G inverse of XI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on beta mu is uh G inverse of XI
+transpose beta and it's also in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose beta and it's also in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose beta and it's also in the in
+the wi actually everything that you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wi actually everything that you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wi actually everything that you see
+is directly well okay W depends on mu uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is directly well okay W depends on mu uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is directly well okay W depends on mu uh
+n of on beta explicitly and uh but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n of on beta explicitly and uh but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n of on beta explicitly and uh but the
+rest depends only on mu and so uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest depends only on mu and so uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest depends only on mu and so uh we
+might want to be a little uh well we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to be a little uh well we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to be a little uh well we can
+actually use the did we did I use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually use the did we did I use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually use the did we did I use the
+chin roll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chin roll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chin roll
+already uh yeah it's here uh but uh okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already uh yeah it's here uh but uh okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already uh yeah it's here uh but uh okay
+well let's uh let's go for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so oh yeah okay sorry I should not write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so oh yeah okay sorry I should not write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so oh yeah okay sorry I should not write
+it like that because that was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like that because that was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like that because that was actually
+right so I make my life miserable by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I make my life miserable by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I make my life miserable by
+just multiplying and dividing by uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just multiplying and dividing by uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just multiplying and dividing by uh this
+G Prime of of me I should not do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G Prime of of me I should not do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G Prime of of me I should not do this
+right so what I should just write is say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what I should just write is say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what I should just write is say
+that this guy here I'm actually going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this guy here I'm actually going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this guy here I'm actually going to
+remove the MU Prime the G Prime of new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove the MU Prime the G Prime of new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove the MU Prime the G Prime of new
+because I just make something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I just make something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I just make something that
+depends on Theta appear when it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on Theta appear when it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on Theta appear when it really
+should not so let's just look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not so let's just look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not so let's just look at the
+last but one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equality okay so that's the one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality okay so that's the one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality okay so that's the one over
+there and then I have x i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then I have x i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then I have x i
+j okay so here it makees my life much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j okay so here it makees my life much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j okay so here it makees my life much
+more sense because Yi does not depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sense because Yi does not depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sense because Yi does not depend on
+beta but this guy depends on beta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta but this guy depends on beta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta but this guy depends on beta and
+this guy depends on beta right so when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy depends on beta right so when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy depends on beta right so when I
+take the derivative I'm going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the derivative I'm going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the derivative I'm going to have to
+be a little more careful now but I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little more careful now but I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little more careful now but I just
+have a derivative of a product nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a derivative of a product nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a derivative of a product nothing
+more complicated so this is what well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated so this is what well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated so this is what well
+the sum is going to be linear so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum is going to be linear so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum is going to be linear so it's
+going to come out then I'm going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come out then I'm going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come out then I'm going to have
+to take the derivative of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the derivative of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the derivative of this
+term uh so it's just going to be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term uh so it's just going to be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term uh so it's just going to be one
+over P then the derivative of mu I with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over P then the derivative of mu I with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over P then the derivative of mu I with
+respect to Beta K which I we'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Beta K which I we'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Beta K which I we'll just
+write like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this times H Prime of X I transpose beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this times H Prime of X I transpose beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this times H Prime of X I transpose beta
+x i j and then I'm going to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i j and then I'm going to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i j and then I'm going to have the
+other one which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one which is
+Mu y i minus mu I over 5 times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mu y i minus mu I over 5 times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mu y i minus mu I over 5 times the
+second derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+H of X transpose X I transpose beta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H of X transpose X I transpose beta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H of X transpose X I transpose beta and
+then I'm going to take the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to take the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to take the derivative of
+this guy with respect to Beta J with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy with respect to Beta J with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy with respect to Beta J with
+beta k which is just x i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta k which is just x i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta k which is just x i
+k so I have XI J * x i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k so I have XI J * x i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k so I have XI J * x i
+k okay so I still need to compute this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k okay so I still need to compute this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k okay so I still need to compute this
+guy so what is the partial derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy so what is the partial derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy so what is the partial derivative
+with respect to Beta K of G uh so mu is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to Beta K of G uh so mu is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to Beta K of G uh so mu is
+G of sorry is G inverse of X I transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta
+okay so what do I get well I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what do I get well I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what do I get well I'm going to
+get definitely the second derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get definitely the second derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get definitely the second derivative of
+G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh well okay that's actually not a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well okay that's actually not a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well okay that's actually not a bad
+idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea
+um well no that's okay I can make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well no that's okay I can make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well no that's okay I can make the
+second what makes my life easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second what makes my life easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second what makes my life easier
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's no one that actually makes my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no one that actually makes my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no one that actually makes my
+life so much easier uh let's just write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life so much easier uh let's just write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life so much easier uh let's just write
+it let's go with this guy so it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it let's go with this guy so it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it let's go with this guy so it's going
+to be G prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be G prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be G prime
+prime of X I transpose beta times x i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+okay so now what do I have if I collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now what do I have if I collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now what do I have if I collect
+my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+terms I have that this whole thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms I have that this whole thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms I have that this whole thing here
+the second derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is well I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well I have the
+sum from yal 1 to n then I have terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from yal 1 to n then I have terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from yal 1 to n then I have terms
+that I can factor out right both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can factor out right both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can factor out right both of
+these guys have X IJ and this guy pulls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys have X IJ and this guy pulls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys have X IJ and this guy pulls
+out an x i k and it's also here XI J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out an x i k and it's also here XI J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out an x i k and it's also here XI J
+time x i k right so everybody here is x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time x i k right so everybody here is x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time x i k right so everybody here is x
+i j x i k and now I just have to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i j x i k and now I just have to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i j x i k and now I just have to take
+the terms that I have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terms that I have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terms that I have here
+the one over five I can actually pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one over five I can actually pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one over five I can actually pull
+out in front and I'm left with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in front and I'm left with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in front and I'm left with the
+second derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+G times the first derivative of h both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G times the first derivative of h both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G times the first derivative of h both
+taken at X I transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken at X I transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken at X I transpose
+beta and then I have this y i minus mu I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta and then I have this y i minus mu I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta and then I have this y i minus mu I
+* the second derivative of H taken at X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* the second derivative of H taken at X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* the second derivative of H taken at X
+I transpose beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay but here I'm looking at Fisher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but here I'm looking at Fisher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but here I'm looking at Fisher
+scoring I'm not looking at uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scoring I'm not looking at uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scoring I'm not looking at uh um
+Newton's method which means that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's method which means that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's method which means that I can
+actually take the expectation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually take the expectation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually take the expectation of the
+second derivative so when I start taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative so when I start taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative so when I start taking
+the expectation what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation what's going to
+happen so if I take the expectation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so if I take the expectation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so if I take the expectation of
+this whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole thing
+here well this guy is not and when I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well this guy is not and when I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well this guy is not and when I say
+expectation it's always conditionally on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation it's always conditionally on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation it's always conditionally on
+XI so let's write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XI so let's write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XI so let's write
+it X1 xn so I I take conditional this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it X1 xn so I I take conditional this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it X1 xn so I I take conditional this is
+just deterministic but what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just deterministic but what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just deterministic but what is the
+conditional expectation of Yi minus mui
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation of Yi minus mui
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation of Yi minus mui
+times this guy conditionally on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+XI zero right because this is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XI zero right because this is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XI zero right because this is just the
+conditional expectation of Yi and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation of Yi and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation of Yi and
+everything else depends on X I only so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else depends on X I only so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else depends on X I only so I
+can push it out of the conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can push it out of the conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can push it out of the conditional
+expectation so I'm left only with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation so I'm left only with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation so I'm left only with this
+term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now um so now I need to uh sorry and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um so now I need to uh sorry and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um so now I need to uh sorry and I
+have x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have x
+ixj x i k XI x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ixj x i k XI x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ixj x i k XI x
+i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I want
+um I want to go to something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I want to go to something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I want to go to something that's
+slightly more convenient for me so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly more convenient for me so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly more convenient for me so maybe
+we can skip that part here because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can skip that part here because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can skip that part here because this
+is not going to be convenient for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not going to be convenient for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not going to be convenient for me
+anyway so I just want to go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so I just want to go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so I just want to go back to
+something that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looks
+eventually like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually like
+this okay that's what I'm going to want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay that's what I'm going to want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay that's what I'm going to want
+so I need to have my XI show up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I need to have my XI show up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I need to have my XI show up with
+some weight somehow and the WID should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some weight somehow and the WID should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some weight somehow and the WID should
+involve H Prime divided by G Prime okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve H Prime divided by G Prime okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve H Prime divided by G Prime okay
+and the reason why I want to see G Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason why I want to see G Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason why I want to see G Prime
+coming back is because I had G Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming back is because I had G Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming back is because I had G Prime
+coming in the original W this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in the original W this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in the original W this is
+actually the same definition as the W's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the same definition as the W's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the same definition as the W's
+that I used when I was uh Computing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I used when I was uh Computing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I used when I was uh Computing the
+gradients right those are exactly this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients right those are exactly this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients right those are exactly this
+W's those guys so I need to have G Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W's those guys so I need to have G Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W's those guys so I need to have G Prime
+that shows up and that's where I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows up and that's where I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows up and that's where I'm going
+to have to make a little bit of uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to make a little bit of uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to make a little bit of uh of
+computation here and uh it's coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation here and uh it's coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation here and uh it's coming from
+this kind of uh from this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of uh from this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of uh from this kind of
+considerations okay so um this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here oh actually I'm missing the FI over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here oh actually I'm missing the FI over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here oh actually I'm missing the FI over
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+right there should be a f here okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there should be a f here okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there should be a f here okay so
+we have exactly this thing because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have exactly this thing because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have exactly this thing because this
+tells me that if I look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hashen so this was entrywise and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashen so this was entrywise and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashen so this was entrywise and this is
+exactly the form of something of the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the form of something of the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the form of something of the for
+of the C the this is exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the C the this is exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the C the this is exactly the
+J Cas entry of X ixi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J Cas entry of X ixi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J Cas entry of X ixi
+transpose right we've used that before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose right we've used that before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose right we've used that before
+so if I want to write this in a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I want to write this in a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I want to write this in a vector
+form this is just going to be the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form this is just going to be the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form this is just going to be the sum of
+something in that depends on I times x i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in that depends on I times x i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in that depends on I times x i
+x i transpose so this is 1 over 5 sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i transpose so this is 1 over 5 sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i transpose so this is 1 over 5 sum
+from I = 1 to n of G prime prime X I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from I = 1 to n of G prime prime X I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from I = 1 to n of G prime prime X I
+transpose beta H Prime XI transpose beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose beta H Prime XI transpose beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose beta H Prime XI transpose beta
+XI XI transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XI XI transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XI XI transpose
+okay and that's for the entire Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's for the entire Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's for the entire Matrix
+here that was just the JK entries of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that was just the JK entries of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that was just the JK entries of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Matrix and you can just check that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and you can just check that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and you can just check that if I
+take this Matrix the J JK entry is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this Matrix the J JK entry is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this Matrix the J JK entry is just
+the product of the J coordinate and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of the J coordinate and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of the J coordinate and the
+case coordinate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case coordinate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case coordinate of
+XI all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XI all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XI all
+right so uh now I need to do my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh now I need to do my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh now I need to do my
+rewriting can I write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so I missing something here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right oh I know where it's coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right oh I know where it's coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right oh I know where it's coming
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+uh mu is not g Prime of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mu is not g Prime of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mu is not g Prime of X
+beta mu is G inverse of X beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so derivative of
+X Prime is not uh uh it's not g prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Prime is not uh uh it's not g prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Prime is not uh uh it's not g prime
+prime it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh is like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guy no uh one over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy no uh one over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy no uh one over this
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+uh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay the derivative of G inverse is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the derivative of G inverse is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the derivative of G inverse is one
+over G Prime of G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inverse I I need you guys okay I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse I I need you guys okay I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse I I need you guys okay I'm not
+uh all right so now I'm gonna have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all right so now I'm gonna have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all right so now I'm gonna have to
+rewrite this this guy is still going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this this guy is still going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this this guy is still going to
+go away it doesn't matter but now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go away it doesn't matter but now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go away it doesn't matter but now this
+thing is becoming H Prime over G Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is becoming H Prime over G Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is becoming H Prime over G Prime
+of G in inverse of X I transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of G in inverse of X I transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of G in inverse of X I transpose
+beta which is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here which is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here okay everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay everybody
+approves all right but now it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approves all right but now it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approves all right but now it's actually
+much nicer what is g inverse of X I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much nicer what is g inverse of X I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much nicer what is g inverse of X I
+transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beta well that was exactly the mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta well that was exactly the mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta well that was exactly the mistake
+that I just made right it's mui
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I just made right it's mui
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I just made right it's mui
+itself so this guy is really G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so this guy is really G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so this guy is really G
+Prime of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime of
+mui this sorry just the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so now I have something which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now I have something which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now I have something which
+looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is sum from I = 1 to n of H Prime of X I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sum from I = 1 to n of H Prime of X I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sum from I = 1 to n of H Prime of X I
+transpose beta divided by G Prime of mui
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose beta divided by G Prime of mui
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose beta divided by G Prime of mui
+F time x i x i transpose which I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F time x i x i transpose which I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F time x i x i transpose which I can
+certainly write in Matrix form as X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly write in Matrix form as X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly write in Matrix form as X
+transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose
+WX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WX
+where uh W is exactly the same as before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh W is exactly the same as before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh W is exactly the same as before
+so it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's uh
+W1 w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W1 w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W1 w
+n and w i is H Prime of xit transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and w i is H Prime of xit transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and w i is H Prime of xit transpose
+beta divided by G Prime of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta divided by G Prime of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta divided by G Prime of
+mui there's a prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mui there's a prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mui there's a prime
+here times five which is the same that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here times five which is the same that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here times five which is the same that
+we had here and it's supposed to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had here and it's supposed to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had here and it's supposed to be the
+same that we have here except that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same that we have here except that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same that we have here except that the
+FI is in white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's not there okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um all right so it's actually simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right so it's actually simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right so it's actually simpler
+than what's on the slides I guess all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what's on the slides I guess all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what's on the slides I guess all
+right so now if you pay attention I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now if you pay attention I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now if you pay attention I
+actually never forced this G Prime of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually never forced this G Prime of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually never forced this G Prime of
+mui to be here actually I even tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mui to be here actually I even tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mui to be here actually I even tried to
+make a mistake to not have it and uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a mistake to not have it and uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a mistake to not have it and uh uh
+so this G Prime of shows up completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this G Prime of shows up completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this G Prime of shows up completely
+naturally if I had started with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally if I had started with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally if I had started with with
+this you would have never questioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you would have never questioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you would have never questioned
+the the why actually multiply by G Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the why actually multiply by G Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the why actually multiply by G Prime
+and divided by G Prime completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and divided by G Prime completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and divided by G Prime completely
+artificially here it just shows up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificially here it just shows up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificially here it just shows up
+naturally in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally in the
+weights but it's just more natural for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights but it's just more natural for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights but it's just more natural for
+me to compute the first derivative first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to compute the first derivative first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to compute the first derivative first
+and the second derivative second okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second derivative second okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second derivative second okay
+and so and so we just did it the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so and so we just did it the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so and so we just did it the other
+way around but now let's assume we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way around but now let's assume we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way around but now let's assume we
+forgot about everything we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot about everything we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot about everything we have this
+this is a natural way of writing it X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a natural way of writing it X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a natural way of writing it X
+transpose w x if I want something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose w x if I want something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose w x if I want something that
+involves some weights I have to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves some weights I have to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves some weights I have to sort of
+force them in by dividing by G Prime of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force them in by dividing by G Prime of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force them in by dividing by G Prime of
+mui and therefore multiplying y i n mui
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mui and therefore multiplying y i n mui
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mui and therefore multiplying y i n mui
+by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this
+wi okay so now if we recap what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wi okay so now if we recap what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wi okay so now if we recap what we've
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+found we got that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found we got that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found we got that
+um let me write it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we also have that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also have that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also have that the
+expectation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of
+HLN of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beta X transpose x w so if I go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta X transpose x w so if I go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta X transpose x w so if I go back to
+my iterations over there I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my iterations over there I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my iterations over there I should
+actually update beta k +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually update beta k +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually update beta k +
+one to be equal to Beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to be equal to Beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to be equal to Beta
+K plus the inverse so that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K plus the inverse so that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K plus the inverse so that's actually
+equal to negative I of beta K uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to negative I of beta K uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to negative I of beta K uh
+well uh yeah that's negative I of beta I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh yeah that's negative I of beta I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh yeah that's negative I of beta I
+guess so uh so that's going to be oh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess so uh so that's going to be oh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess so uh so that's going to be oh and
+beta here shows up in in W right W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta here shows up in in W right W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta here shows up in in W right W
+depends on beta so that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on beta so that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on beta so that's going to be
+beta K so let me call it w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+k so that's the diagonal of H Prime X I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k so that's the diagonal of H Prime X I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k so that's the diagonal of H Prime X I
+transpose beta K this time divided by G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose beta K this time divided by G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose beta K this time divided by G
+Prime of mu i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime of mu i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime of mu i
+k f okay so this mu indu this beta K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k f okay so this mu indu this beta K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k f okay so this mu indu this beta K
+induces a mu by looking at G inverse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induces a mu by looking at G inverse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induces a mu by looking at G inverse of
+X I transpose beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X I transpose beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X I transpose beta
+K right so mu i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K right so mu i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K right so mu i
+k is G inverse of X I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k is G inverse of X I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k is G inverse of X I
+transpose beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose beta
+K that's to sorry that's an iteration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K that's to sorry that's an iteration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K that's to sorry that's an iteration
+and so now if I actually write these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now if I actually write these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now if I actually write these
+things together I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things together I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things together I get
+minus X transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus X transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus X transpose
+WX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WX
+inverse so that's w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+k and then I have my uh gr my gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k and then I have my uh gr my gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k and then I have my uh gr my gradient
+here that I have to apply at K which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that I have to apply at K which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that I have to apply at K which is
+X transpose w k and then I have y tlda k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X transpose w k and then I have y tlda k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X transpose w k and then I have y tlda k
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+mulda K where again the indices I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mulda K where again the indices I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mulda K where again the indices I mean
+the superscript k are pretty natural y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the superscript k are pretty natural y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the superscript k are pretty natural y
+Tilda K just means that so that's just y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda K just means that so that's just y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda K just means that so that's just y
+i that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i that's just
+y i times G Prime of mu i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y i times G Prime of mu i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y i times G Prime of mu i
+k and mu well and mulda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k and mu well and mulda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k and mu well and mulda
+K is uh if I look at the I coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is uh if I look at the I coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is uh if I look at the I coordinate
+it's just going to be mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just going to be mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just going to be mu
+I times G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I times G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I times G
+Prime of mui
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so I just add superscripts K to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I just add superscripts K to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I just add superscripts K to
+everything so I know that those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything so I know that those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything so I know that those things
+get updated real time right every time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get updated real time right every time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get updated real time right every time I
+have I make one iteration I get a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I make one iteration I get a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I make one iteration I get a new
+value for beta I get a new value for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value for beta I get a new value for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value for beta I get a new value for me
+and therefore I get a new value for w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes uh yeah that's a good point uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh yeah that's a good point uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh yeah that's a good point uh so
+that's definitely a plus because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's definitely a plus because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's definitely a plus because this is
+a positive semi-definite Matrix so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive semi-definite Matrix so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive semi-definite Matrix so this
+is a plus and uh where did I uh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a plus and uh where did I uh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a plus and uh where did I uh well
+that's probably where I erased it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably where I erased it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably where I erased it
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um okay let's see where I uh made my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mistake so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake so
+this there should be a minus here here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there should be a minus here here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there should be a minus here here
+there should be a minus here there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be a minus here there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be a minus here there
+should be a minus even at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a minus even at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a minus even at the beginning
+I believe so that means that what is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe so that means that what is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe so that means that what is my
+oh yeah um yeah so you see um when we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah um yeah so you see um when we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah um yeah so you see um when we go
+back to the first so what I erased was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the first so what I erased was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the first so what I erased was
+basically this thing here Yi minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this thing here Yi minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this thing here Yi minus
+mui and when I took the first derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mui and when I took the first derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mui and when I took the first derivative
+so there was the derivative with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there was the derivative with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there was the derivative with respect
+to H Prime so the derivative with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to H Prime so the derivative with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to H Prime so the derivative with
+respect to the second term I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the second term I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the second term I mean the
+derivative of the second term was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the second term was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the second term was
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+killed because we took the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed because we took the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed because we took the expectation
+of this guy when we took the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this guy when we took the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this guy when we took the derivative
+of the first term which is the only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first term which is the only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first term which is the only one
+that stayed this guy went away but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stayed this guy went away but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stayed this guy went away but there
+there was a negative sign from this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a negative sign from this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a negative sign from this guy
+because that's the thing we did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the thing we did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the thing we did the
+negative off so it's really when I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative off so it's really when I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative off so it's really when I take
+my second derivative I should carry out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my second derivative I should carry out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my second derivative I should carry out
+some minus signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere
+okay so it's just I had I forgot this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's just I had I forgot this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's just I had I forgot this
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+throughout so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout so if you
+uh right then you see that the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right then you see that the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right then you see that the first
+term went away on the first line there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term went away on the first line there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term went away on the first line there
+the first term went away because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first term went away because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first term went away because the
+conditional expectation of Yi given XI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation of Yi given XI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation of Yi given XI
+is zero and then I had this minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero and then I had this minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero and then I had this minus sign
+in front of everyone and I forgot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of everyone and I forgot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of everyone and I forgot
+it all right any other mistake that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+made good all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made good all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made good all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so now this is what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+XK so sorry that uh um beta k + one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XK so sorry that uh um beta k + one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XK so sorry that uh um beta k + one is
+equal to Beta K plus this thing okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Beta K plus this thing okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Beta K plus this thing okay and
+if you look at this thing it sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at this thing it sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at this thing it sort of
+reminds us of something it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminds us of something it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminds us of something it's sort of
+remember the Le squares estimator so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the Le squares estimator so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the Le squares estimator so
+here I'm going to actually deviate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm going to actually deviate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm going to actually deviate
+slightly from the slides and I will tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly from the slides and I will tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly from the slides and I will tell
+you how the slides take beta K and put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how the slides take beta K and put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how the slides take beta K and put
+it in here which is one way to go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in here which is one way to go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in here which is one way to go and
+just think of this as a big Le Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think of this as a big Le Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think of this as a big Le Square
+solution or you can keep the beta K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution or you can keep the beta K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution or you can keep the beta K
+solve another Sol solve another Le
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve another Sol solve another Le
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve another Sol solve another Le
+squares and then add it to the beta K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares and then add it to the beta K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares and then add it to the beta K
+that you have it's the same thing so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have it's the same thing so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have it's the same thing so I
+will take the different routes so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take the different routes so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take the different routes so you
+have the two options all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so when we did the Le squar so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parenthesis Le
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squares we had uh y = x beta plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares we had uh y = x beta plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares we had uh y = x beta plus
+Epsilon and our estimator beta hat was X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon and our estimator beta hat was X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon and our estimator beta hat was X
+transpose X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose X
+inverse X transpose y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse X transpose y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse X transpose y
+right and that was just solving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that was just solving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that was just solving the
+first order condition and that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order condition and that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order condition and that's what we
+found now look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found now look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found now look at
+this x transpose b x inverse X transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this x transpose b x inverse X transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this x transpose b x inverse X transpose
+bleep something okay so this looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bleep something okay so this looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bleep something okay so this looks like
+if this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is the
+same as the left board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if w k is equal to the identity Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if w k is equal to the identity Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if w k is equal to the identity Matrix
+meaning we don't see it and Y is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning we don't see it and Y is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning we don't see it and Y is equal
+to yld K minus muld
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yld K minus muld
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yld K minus muld
+K so those similarities the fact that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so those similarities the fact that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so those similarities the fact that we
+just squeeze in so the fact that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just squeeze in so the fact that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just squeeze in so the fact that the
+response variable is different is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response variable is different is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response variable is different is really
+not a problem we just have to pretend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a problem we just have to pretend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a problem we just have to pretend
+that this is equal to Y Tilda minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is equal to Y Tilda minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is equal to Y Tilda minus
+mulda I mean that's just the least words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mulda I mean that's just the least words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mulda I mean that's just the least words
+when you call a software it does le
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you call a software it does le
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you call a software it does le
+squares for you you just tell it what Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares for you you just tell it what Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares for you you just tell it what Y
+is you tell it what x is and it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you tell it what x is and it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you tell it what x is and it makes
+the computation so you would just lie to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computation so you would just lie to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computation so you would just lie to
+it and say oh the actual y I want is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and say oh the actual y I want is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and say oh the actual y I want is
+this thing and then we need to somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing and then we need to somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing and then we need to somehow
+incorporate those weights and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate those weights and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate those weights and so the
+question is is that easy to do and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is is that easy to do and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is is that easy to do and the
+answer is yes because this is a setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is yes because this is a setup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is yes because this is a setup
+where you would this would actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you would this would actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you would this would actually
+arise a lot so one of the thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise a lot so one of the thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise a lot so one of the thing that's
+very specific to what we did here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific to what we did here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific to what we did here in
+with Le squares we assume that Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Le squares we assume that Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Le squares we assume that Epsilon
+when we did at least the inference we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we did at least the inference we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we did at least the inference we
+assumed that Epsilon was normal zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed that Epsilon was normal zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed that Epsilon was normal zero and
+the ciance Matrix was the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ciance Matrix was the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ciance Matrix was the identity
+right what if the cence Matrix is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what if the cence Matrix is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what if the cence Matrix is not
+the identity if the cence Matrix is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity if the cence Matrix is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity if the cence Matrix is not
+the identity then your maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity then your maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity then your maximum
+likelihood is not exactly this Le
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood is not exactly this Le
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood is not exactly this Le
+squares if the cence Matrix is any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares if the cence Matrix is any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares if the cence Matrix is any
+Matrix you have another solution which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix you have another solution which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix you have another solution which
+involves the inverse of the cence Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves the inverse of the cence Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves the inverse of the cence Matrix
+that you have but if your cence Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have but if your cence Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have but if your cence Matrix
+in particular is diagonal which would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular is diagonal which would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular is diagonal which would
+mean that each observations that you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that each observations that you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that each observations that you get
+in the system of equations is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the system of equations is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the system of equations is still
+independent but the variances can change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent but the variances can change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent but the variances can change
+from one line to another from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one line to another from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one line to another from one
+observation to another then it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation to another then it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation to another then it's called
+heteroskedastic hetero means you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heteroskedastic hetero means you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heteroskedastic hetero means you know
+not the same sastic is scale and uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the same sastic is scale and uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the same sastic is scale and uh uh
+heteroskedastic case you would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heteroskedastic case you would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heteroskedastic case you would have
+slightly something slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly something slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly something slightly different
+and it sort it sort of makes sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it sort it sort of makes sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it sort it sort of makes sense that
+if you know that some observations have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know that some observations have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know that some observations have
+much less variance than others you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less variance than others you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less variance than others you might
+want to give them more weight okay so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give them more weight okay so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give them more weight okay so if
+you think about your you know usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+drawing and maybe you have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing and maybe you have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing and maybe you have something
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+this and you know and but the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and you know and but the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and you know and but the actual
+line is really okay let's see you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is really okay let's see you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is really okay let's see you have
+this guy as well okay just a few here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy as well okay just a few here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy as well okay just a few here
+like if you start drawing this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you start drawing this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you start drawing this thing
+it's going to be the if you do Le
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be the if you do Le
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be the if you do Le
+squares you're going to see something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares you're going to see something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares you're going to see something
+that looks like this on those points but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like this on those points but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like this on those points but
+now if I tell you that on this side the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if I tell you that on this side the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if I tell you that on this side the
+variance is equal to 100 meaning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance is equal to 100 meaning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance is equal to 100 meaning that
+those points are actually really far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those points are actually really far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those points are actually really far
+from from the true one and here on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from the true one and here on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from the true one and here on this
+side the variance is equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side the variance is equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side the variance is equal to one
+meaning that those points are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that those points are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that those points are actually
+close to the line you're looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the line you're looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the line you're looking for
+then the line you should be fitting is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the line you should be fitting is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the line you should be fitting is
+probably this guy meaning do not trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably this guy meaning do not trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably this guy meaning do not trust
+the guys that have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guys that have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guys that have a lot of
+variance and so you need somehow to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance and so you need somehow to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance and so you need somehow to
+incorporate that if you know that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate that if you know that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate that if you know that those
+things have much more variance than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things have much more variance than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things have much more variance than this
+guys you want to weight this and the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys you want to weight this and the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys you want to weight this and the way
+you do it is by using weighted Le
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it is by using weighted Le
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it is by using weighted Le
+squares okay so we're going to open in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares okay so we're going to open in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares okay so we're going to open in
+parenthesis on WE these squares it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis on WE these squares it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis on WE these squares it's not
+a fundamental statistical question but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fundamental statistical question but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fundamental statistical question but
+it's useful for us because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's useful for us because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's useful for us because this is
+exactly what's going to spit out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what's going to spit out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what's going to spit out
+something that looks like this with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looks like this with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looks like this with this
+Matrix W in there okay so let's uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix W in there okay so let's uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix W in there okay so let's uh you
+know go back in time for a second assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know go back in time for a second assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know go back in time for a second assume
+we're still covering Le sares regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're still covering Le sares regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're still covering Le sares regression
+so now I'm going to assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I'm going to assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I'm going to assume that
+Y is X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is X
+beta plus Epsilon but this time Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta plus Epsilon but this time Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta plus Epsilon but this time Epsilon
+is a multivariate Galan uh in say p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a multivariate Galan uh in say p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a multivariate Galan uh in say p
+Dimensions with mean zero and cience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions with mean zero and cience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions with mean zero and cience
+Matrix I will write it as W inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix I will write it as W inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix I will write it as W inverse
+because W is going to be the one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because W is going to be the one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because W is going to be the one that's
+going to show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show up
+okay so this is the so-call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the so-call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the so-call
+heteroskedastic that's how it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heteroskedastic that's how it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heteroskedastic that's how it's
+spelled um and uh you know yet another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spelled um and uh you know yet another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spelled um and uh you know yet another
+name that you can pick for your soccer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name that you can pick for your soccer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name that you can pick for your soccer
+team or you know a capella group uh all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team or you know a capella group uh all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team or you know a capella group uh all
+right so uh the maximum likelihood in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh the maximum likelihood in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh the maximum likelihood in
+this case so actually let's compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case so actually let's compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case so actually let's compute the
+maximum likelihood for this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum likelihood for this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum likelihood for this problem
+right so the lock likelihood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the lock likelihood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the lock likelihood
+is what well we're going to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what well we're going to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what well we're going to have the
+term uh that tells us that it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term uh that tells us that it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term uh that tells us that it's going to
+be so okay what is the density of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so okay what is the density of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so okay what is the density of a
+multivariate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gan so it's going to be a multivariate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gan so it's going to be a multivariate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gan so it's going to be a multivariate
+gan in P Dimension with mean X beta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gan in P Dimension with mean X beta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gan in P Dimension with mean X beta and
+ciance Matrix W inverse right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ciance Matrix W inverse right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ciance Matrix W inverse right so that's
+the density that we want well it's of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density that we want well it's of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density that we want well it's of
+the form one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form one
+over um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over um
+determinant of w inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time 2
+pi to the p/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi to the p/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi to the p/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh uh times exponential and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh uh times exponential and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh uh times exponential and now
+what I have is x minus X beta transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I have is x minus X beta transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I have is x minus X beta transpose
+W so that's the inverse of w inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W so that's the inverse of w inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W so that's the inverse of w inverse
+xus X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xus X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xus X
+beta / 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta / 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta / 2
+okay so this is xus Mu transpose Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is xus Mu transpose Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is xus Mu transpose Sigma
+inverse x - mu / 2 and if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse x - mu / 2 and if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse x - mu / 2 and if you want to
+sanity check just assume that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sanity check just assume that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sanity check just assume that uh
+um Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah well you know if you want this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well you know if you want this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well you know if you want this to
+be y then this is y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be y then this is y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be y then this is y
+right sure yeah maybe it's less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right sure yeah maybe it's less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right sure yeah maybe it's less
+confusing so if you do uh p is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing so if you do uh p is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing so if you do uh p is equal to
+one then what does it mean it means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then what does it mean it means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then what does it mean it means that
+you have this mean here so let's forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this mean here so let's forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this mean here so let's forget
+about what it is but this guy is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what it is but this guy is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what it is but this guy is going
+to be just one Sigma squar right so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be just one Sigma squar right so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be just one Sigma squar right so what
+you see here is the inverse of Sigma squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see here is the inverse of Sigma squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see here is the inverse of Sigma squ
+so that's going to be two over two Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's going to be two over two Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's going to be two over two Sigma
+square like we usually see it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square like we usually see it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square like we usually see it the
+determinant of w inverse is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of w inverse is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of w inverse is just the
+product of the entry of the one by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the entry of the one by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the entry of the one by one
+Matrix which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix which is
+just one over uh which is just uh Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one over uh which is just uh Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one over uh which is just uh Sigma
+Square okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square okay
+so that should be actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that should be actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that should be actually
+uh yeah no that's actually yeah that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah no that's actually yeah that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah no that's actually yeah that's
+Sigma square and then I have the 2 pi so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma square and then I have the 2 pi so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma square and then I have the 2 pi so
+square root of this because p is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of this because p is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of this because p is equal
+to one I get Sigma root 2 pi which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one I get Sigma root 2 pi which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one I get Sigma root 2 pi which is
+the normalization that I get this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normalization that I get this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normalization that I get this is not
+going to matter because when I look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to matter because when I look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to matter because when I look at
+the log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log
+likelihood as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood as a function of
+beta so I'm assuming that W is known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta so I'm assuming that W is known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta so I'm assuming that W is known
+what I get is something which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I get is something which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I get is something which is a
+constant so it's minus P - n * P / 2 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so it's minus P - n * P / 2 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so it's minus P - n * P / 2 *
+log de
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log de
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log de
+W inverse * 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W inverse * 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W inverse * 2
+pi okay so this is just going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi okay so this is just going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi okay so this is just going to be a
+constant it won't matter when I do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant it won't matter when I do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant it won't matter when I do the
+maximum likelihood and then I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum likelihood and then I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum likelihood and then I'm going to
+have what I'm going to have plus2 of y -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have what I'm going to have plus2 of y -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have what I'm going to have plus2 of y -
+x beta transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x beta transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x beta transpose
+w y - x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beta so if I want to take the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta so if I want to take the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta so if I want to take the minimum
+the maximum of this guy sorry there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum of this guy sorry there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum of this guy sorry there's a
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+here so if I want to take the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so if I want to take the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so if I want to take the maximum
+maximum of this guy I'm going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum of this guy I'm going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum of this guy I'm going to have to
+take the minimum of this thing and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the minimum of this thing and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the minimum of this thing and the
+minimum of this thing if you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum of this thing if you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum of this thing if you take the
+derivatives you get to see so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives you get to see so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives you get to see so that's the
+that's what we have right we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we have right we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we have right we need to
+compute the minimum of Y minus X beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the minimum of Y minus X beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the minimum of Y minus X beta
+transpose W minus X Yus X beta and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose W minus X Yus X beta and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose W minus X Yus X beta and the
+solution that you get I mean you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that you get I mean you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that you get I mean you can
+actually check this uh uh for yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually check this uh uh for yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually check this uh uh for yourself
+the way you can see this is by doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you can see this is by doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you can see this is by doing the
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+following if you're lazy and you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following if you're lazy and you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following if you're lazy and you don't
+want to redo the entire thing uh maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to redo the entire thing uh maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to redo the entire thing uh maybe I
+should keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that W is diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that W is diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that W is diagonal
+right I'm going to assume that so w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm going to assume that so w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm going to assume that so w
+inverse is diagonal and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse is diagonal and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse is diagonal and I'm going to
+assume that no variance is equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that no variance is equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that no variance is equal to zero
+and no variance is equal to Infinity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no variance is equal to Infinity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no variance is equal to Infinity so
+that both W inverse and W have only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that both W inverse and W have only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that both W inverse and W have only a
+positive entries on the diagonal all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive entries on the diagonal all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive entries on the diagonal all
+right so in particular I can talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in particular I can talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in particular I can talk about
+the square root of w which is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of w which is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of w which is just the
+Matrix the diagonal matrix with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix the diagonal matrix with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix the diagonal matrix with the
+square roots on the diagonal okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square roots on the diagonal okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square roots on the diagonal okay and so
+I want to minimize in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to minimize in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to minimize in
+beta y- X beta transpose w y - x beta so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta y- X beta transpose w y - x beta so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta y- X beta transpose w y - x beta so
+I'm going to write w as square root of w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to write w as square root of w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to write w as square root of w
+time sare root of w which I can because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time sare root of w which I can because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time sare root of w which I can because
+W and it's just the simplest thing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W and it's just the simplest thing right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W and it's just the simplest thing right
+if W is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if W is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if W is
+W1 w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W1 w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W1 w
+n so that's my w then square root of w W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so that's my w then square root of w W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so that's my w then square root of w W
+is just square otk of W1 < TK of w n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just square otk of W1 < TK of w n and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just square otk of W1 < TK of w n and
+then Zer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Zer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Zer
+elsewhere okay so the product of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere okay so the product of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere okay so the product of those
+two matrices gives me definitely back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two matrices gives me definitely back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two matrices gives me definitely back
+what I want and that's the usual matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want and that's the usual matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want and that's the usual matrix
+product now what I'm going to do is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product now what I'm going to do is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product now what I'm going to do is I'm
+going to push one on one side and push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to push one on one side and push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to push one on one side and push
+the other one on the other side so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one on the other side so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one on the other side so that
+gives me that this is really the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me that this is really the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me that this is really the minimum
+over beta of well here I have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over beta of well here I have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over beta of well here I have this
+transpose so I have to put it on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose so I have to put it on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose so I have to put it on the
+other side W is clearly symmetric and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side W is clearly symmetric and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side W is clearly symmetric and
+square root so is square root of w so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root so is square root of w so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root so is square root of w so
+the transpose doesn't matter and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transpose doesn't matter and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transpose doesn't matter and so what
+I'm left with is < TK of w Yus < TK of w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm left with is < TK of w Yus < TK of w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm left with is < TK of w Yus < TK of w
+x beta transpose and then times itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x beta transpose and then times itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x beta transpose and then times itself
+so that's Square < TK w y minus Square <
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's Square < TK w y minus Square <
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's Square < TK w y minus Square <
+TK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TK
+W I don't have enough space X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W I don't have enough space X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W I don't have enough space X
+beta okay and that stops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta okay and that stops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta okay and that stops
+here but this is the same thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but this is the same thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but this is the same thing that
+we've been doing before this is a new y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been doing before this is a new y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been doing before this is a new y
+let's call it y Prime this is a new X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call it y Prime this is a new X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call it y Prime this is a new X
+let's call it X Prime and now this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call it X Prime and now this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call it X Prime and now this is
+just the Le squares estimator Associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the Le squares estimator Associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the Le squares estimator Associated
+to a response y Prime and a design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a response y Prime and a design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a response y Prime and a design
+Matrix X Prime so I know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix X Prime so I know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix X Prime so I know that the
+solution is X Prime transpose X Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is X Prime transpose X Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is X Prime transpose X Prime
+inverse X Prime transpose y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse X Prime transpose y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse X Prime transpose y
+Prime and now I'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and now I'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and now I'm just going to
+substitute again what my X Prime is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute again what my X Prime is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute again what my X Prime is in
+terms of ter of X and what my y Prime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of ter of X and what my y Prime is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of ter of X and what my y Prime is
+in terms of Y and that gives me exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of Y and that gives me exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of Y and that gives me exactly
+x wunk w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+WX inverse and then I have X transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WX inverse and then I have X transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WX inverse and then I have X transpose
+square root W for this guy and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root W for this guy and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root W for this guy and then I
+have square root w y for that guy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have square root w y for that guy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have square root w y for that guy and
+that's exactly what I wanted I'm left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly what I wanted I'm left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly what I wanted I'm left
+with X transpose w x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with X transpose w x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with X transpose w x
+inverse X transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Wy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's a simple way to take into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a simple way to take into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a simple way to take into
+account the W that we had before and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account the W that we had before and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account the W that we had before and you
+could actually do it with any Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually do it with any Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually do it with any Matrix
+that's positive semi-definite because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's positive semi-definite because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's positive semi-definite because
+you can actually talk about the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually talk about the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually talk about the square
+root of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of those
+matrices it's just the square root of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices it's just the square root of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices it's just the square root of a
+matrix is just a matrix such that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is just a matrix such that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is just a matrix such that when
+you multiply it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you multiply it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you multiply it
+by itself it gives you the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by itself it gives you the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by itself it gives you the original
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+okay so here that was just a shortcut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here that was just a shortcut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here that was just a shortcut
+into that consisted in saying okay maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that consisted in saying okay maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that consisted in saying okay maybe
+I don't want to recompute the gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want to recompute the gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want to recompute the gradient
+of this quantity set it equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this quantity set it equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this quantity set it equal to zero
+and see what beta hat should be I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what beta hat should be I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what beta hat should be I
+instead I I'm going to assume that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead I I'm going to assume that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead I I'm going to assume that I
+already know that if I did not have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know that if I did not have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know that if I did not have the
+W I would know how to solve it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W I would know how to solve it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W I would know how to solve it and
+that's exactly what I did I said well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly what I did I said well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly what I did I said well
+let's I know that that this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's I know that that this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's I know that that this is the
+minimum of something that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum of something that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum of something that looks like
+this when I have the primes and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this when I have the primes and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this when I have the primes and then I
+just substitute back my w in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just substitute back my w in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just substitute back my w in
+there all right so that's just the lazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all right so that's just the lazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all right so that's just the lazy
+computation but again if you don't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation but again if you don't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation but again if you don't like
+it you can always take the gradient of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you can always take the gradient of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you can always take the gradient of
+this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes because there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes because there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes because there's a
+mistake yeah there's a mistake on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake yeah there's a mistake on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake yeah there's a mistake on the
+slides uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how did I make that one I'm actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did I make that one I'm actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did I make that one I'm actually
+trying to parse it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to parse it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to parse it
+back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I mean it's clearly wrong right oh no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean it's clearly wrong right oh no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean it's clearly wrong right oh no
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not no it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not no it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not no it
+is uh so it's not clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh so it's not clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh so it's not clearly
+wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong
+uh actually it is clearly wrong because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh actually it is clearly wrong because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh actually it is clearly wrong because
+if I put the identity here those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I put the identity here those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I put the identity here those are
+still associative right so this product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still associative right so this product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still associative right so this product
+is actually not compatible so it's wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually not compatible so it's wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually not compatible so it's wrong
+there's just this extra thing that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just this extra thing that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just this extra thing that I
+probably copy pasted from some place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably copy pasted from some place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably copy pasted from some place
+since this is one of my latest slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since this is one of my latest slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since this is one of my latest slide
+I'll just color it in white and uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just color it in white and uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just color it in white and uh but
+yeah sorry there's a this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sorry there's a this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sorry there's a this this
+parenthesis is not here thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis is not here thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis is not here thank
+you yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay because I have two of them I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because I have two of them I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because I have two of them I have
+one that comes from the X Prime that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that comes from the X Prime that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that comes from the X Prime that's
+here this guy and I have one that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this guy and I have one that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this guy and I have one that comes
+from the this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the this guy
+here okay so the solution uh let's rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so the solution uh let's rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so the solution uh let's rate
+it in some place that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lital which is the correction for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lital which is the correction for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lital which is the correction for this
+thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is
+Xpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Xpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Xpose
+WX inverse Xpose w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WX inverse Xpose w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WX inverse Xpose w
+y okay so you just squeez in this W in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y okay so you just squeez in this W in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y okay so you just squeez in this W in
+there and that's exactly what we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and that's exactly what we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and that's exactly what we had
+before X transpose w x inverse X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before X transpose w x inverse X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before X transpose w x inverse X
+transpose W some y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose W some y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose W some y
+okay and what I claim is that this is R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what I claim is that this is R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what I claim is that this is R
+routinely implemented as you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routinely implemented as you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routinely implemented as you can imagine
+heteroscedastic linear regression is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heteroscedastic linear regression is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heteroscedastic linear regression is
+something that's very common uh so every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's very common uh so every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's very common uh so every
+time you have a Le squares uh formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you have a Le squares uh formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you have a Le squares uh formula
+you also have a way to put in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also have a way to put in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also have a way to put in some
+weights you can you don't have to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights you can you don't have to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights you can you don't have to put
+diagonal weights but here that's all we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal weights but here that's all we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal weights but here that's all we
+need and uh so here on the slides again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need and uh so here on the slides again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need and uh so here on the slides again
+I took the beta K and I put it in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I took the beta K and I put it in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I took the beta K and I put it in there
+so that I have only one Le Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that I have only one Le Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that I have only one Le Square
+solution to to to formulate but uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to to to formulate but uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to to to formulate but uh let's
+do it slightly differently what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it slightly differently what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it slightly differently what I'm
+going to do here now is I'm going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do here now is I'm going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do here now is I'm going to say
+okay let's feed to some Le squares so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's feed to some Le squares so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's feed to some Le squares so
+let's do weighted Le squares on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do weighted Le squares on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do weighted Le squares on
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+response y being uh y k minus mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response y being uh y k minus mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response y being uh y k minus mu
+K and uh design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and uh design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and uh design
+Matrix being well just X itself so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix being well just X itself so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix being well just X itself so that
+doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+change and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+weights oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the weights are what the weights are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the weights are what the weights are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the weights are what the weights are
+the w k that I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the w k that I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the w k that I had
+here so w k i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so w k i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so w k i
+is uh H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh H
+Prime of X I transpose beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K divided by G Prime of mui at time K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K divided by G Prime of mui at time K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K divided by G Prime of mui at time K
+Time 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and so I this if I solve it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so I this if I solve it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so I this if I solve it will
+spit out something that I will call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spit out something that I will call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spit out something that I will call a
+solution I will call it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution I will call it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution I will call it um
+uh U hat k + one and to get beta hat k +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh U hat k + one and to get beta hat k +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh U hat k + one and to get beta hat k +
+one all I need to do is to do beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all I need to do is to do beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all I need to do is to do beta
+K plus u had k +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one sorry beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sorry beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sorry beta
+yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay
+and that's because so here that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's because so here that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's because so here that's not
+clear but I started from there remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear but I started from there remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear but I started from there remember
+I started from U this guy here so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I started from U this guy here so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I started from U this guy here so I'm
+just solving a Le Square that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just solving a Le Square that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just solving a Le Square that's a
+weighted Le Square that's going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted Le Square that's going to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted Le Square that's going to give
+me this thing that's what I called U hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me this thing that's what I called U hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me this thing that's what I called U hat
+k + one then I add it to Beta K and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k + one then I add it to Beta K and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k + one then I add it to Beta K and that
+gives me beta K minus one so I just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me beta K minus one so I just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me beta K minus one so I just have
+this intermediate step which is removed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this intermediate step which is removed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this intermediate step which is removed
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+slides okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides okay
+so then you can repeat until convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you can repeat until convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you can repeat until convergence
+what does it mean to repeat until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+convergence yeah exactly so you just set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence yeah exactly so you just set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence yeah exactly so you just set
+some threshold and you say I I promise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some threshold and you say I I promise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some threshold and you say I I promise
+you that this will converge right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that this will converge right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that this will converge right so you
+know that at some point you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that at some point you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that at some point you're going to
+be there but uh you're going to go there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be there but uh you're going to go there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be there but uh you're going to go there
+but you're never going to be exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're never going to be exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're never going to be exactly
+there and so you just say Okay I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and so you just say Okay I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and so you just say Okay I want
+this accuracy on my Beta actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this accuracy on my Beta actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this accuracy on my Beta actually the
+machine is a little uh uh strong right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine is a little uh uh strong right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine is a little uh uh strong right
+especially if you have 10 of obervations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if you have 10 of obervations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if you have 10 of obervations
+to start with you know you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with you know you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with you know you're going to
+have something that's um uh going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something that's um uh going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something that's um uh going to be
+that's going to have some statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to have some statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to have some statistical
+error so that should actually guide you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error so that should actually guide you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error so that should actually guide you
+into what kind of error you want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into what kind of error you want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into what kind of error you want to be
+making so for example A good rule of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making so for example A good rule of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making so for example A good rule of
+thumb is that if you have uh n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thumb is that if you have uh n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thumb is that if you have uh n
+observations you just take some within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations you just take some within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations you just take some within
+if you want the L2 distance between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want the L2 distance between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want the L2 distance between the
+beta the two consecutive beta to be less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta the two consecutive beta to be less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta the two consecutive beta to be less
+than one over n you should be good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one over n you should be good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one over n you should be good
+enough it doesn't have to be the prec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough it doesn't have to be the prec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough it doesn't have to be the prec
+mission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission
+Precision uh and uh uh so is it clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Precision uh and uh uh so is it clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Precision uh and uh uh so is it clear
+how we do this right so here I have I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we do this right so here I have I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we do this right so here I have I
+just have to maintain a bunch of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to maintain a bunch of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to maintain a bunch of things
+right so remember when I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so remember when I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so remember when I want to
+recompute every at every step I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recompute every at every step I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recompute every at every step I have to
+recompute a bunch of things so I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recompute a bunch of things so I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recompute a bunch of things so I have to
+recompute the weights but if I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recompute the weights but if I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recompute the weights but if I want to
+recompute the weights not only do I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recompute the weights not only do I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recompute the weights not only do I need
+the previous iterate but I need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous iterate but I need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous iterate but I need to know
+how the previous iterate impacts my um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the previous iterate impacts my um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the previous iterate impacts my um
+my means so at each step I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my means so at each step I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my means so at each step I have to
+recalculate mu by doing G Prime right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recalculate mu by doing G Prime right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recalculate mu by doing G Prime right
+remember mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember mu
+K was just G Prime uh G uh inverse of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K was just G Prime uh G uh inverse of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K was just G Prime uh G uh inverse of X
+I transpose beta K right so I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I transpose beta K right so I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I transpose beta K right so I have to
+recompute that and then I use this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recompute that and then I use this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recompute that and then I use this to
+compute my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute my
+weights I also use this uh to compute my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights I also use this uh to compute my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights I also use this uh to compute my
+y right so my y depends also on G Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y right so my y depends also on G Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y right so my y depends also on G Prime
+of mu k i feed that to my weighted Le
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mu k i feed that to my weighted Le
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mu k i feed that to my weighted Le
+squares uh uh engine it spits out the U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares uh uh engine it spits out the U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares uh uh engine it spits out the U
+had k that I add to my previous beta K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had k that I add to my previous beta K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had k that I add to my previous beta K
+and that gives me my new beta K plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one okay so here's the pseudo code if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so here's the pseudo code if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so here's the pseudo code if
+you want to take some time uh to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to take some time uh to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to take some time uh to uh
+parse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parse
+it all right so here again the trick is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all right so here again the trick is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all right so here again the trick is
+not much it's just saying if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not much it's just saying if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not much it's just saying if you don't
+feel like implementing uh fisser scoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like implementing uh fisser scoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like implementing uh fisser scoring
+or inverting your hessen at every step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or inverting your hessen at every step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or inverting your hessen at every step
+then awaited Le squares is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then awaited Le squares is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then awaited Le squares is actually
+going to do it for you automatically all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do it for you automatically all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do it for you automatically all
+right then and that's just a numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then and that's just a numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then and that's just a numerical
+trick there's nothing really statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick there's nothing really statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick there's nothing really statistical
+about this except the fact that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this except the fact that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this except the fact that you know
+this close firm solution for each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this close firm solution for each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this close firm solution for each of the
+step reminded us of um reminded us of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step reminded us of um reminded us of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step reminded us of um reminded us of
+some Le squares and except that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Le squares and except that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Le squares and except that there
+was some extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+weights okay so uh to conclude uh for to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights okay so uh to conclude uh for to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights okay so uh to conclude uh for to
+we only need to know of course X Y the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only need to know of course X Y the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only need to know of course X Y the
+link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link
+function uh why do we need the variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh why do we need the variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh why do we need the variance
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm not sure we actually need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure we actually need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure we actually need the
+variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance
+function no I don't know why I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function no I don't know why I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function no I don't know why I say
+this uh you need Fi not the variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh you need Fi not the variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh you need Fi not the variance
+function so where do you start actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so where do you start actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so where do you start actually
+right so clearly if you start very close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so clearly if you start very close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so clearly if you start very close
+to your solution you're actually going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your solution you're actually going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your solution you're actually going
+to do much better and one good way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do much better and one good way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do much better and one good way to
+start so for the beta itself it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start so for the beta itself it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start so for the beta itself it's not
+clear what it's going to be but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear what it's going to be but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear what it's going to be but you can
+actually get a good idea of what beta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get a good idea of what beta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get a good idea of what beta is
+by just having a good idea of what mu is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by just having a good idea of what mu is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by just having a good idea of what mu is
+because mu is G inverse of X I transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because mu is G inverse of X I transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because mu is G inverse of X I transpose
+Beta And so what you could do is to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beta And so what you could do is to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beta And so what you could do is to try
+to set mu to be the actual observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set mu to be the actual observations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set mu to be the actual observations
+that you have because you know that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have because you know that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have because you know that's
+the best guess that you have for their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best guess that you have for their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best guess that you have for their
+expected value and then you just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value and then you just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value and then you just say
+okay once I have my me I know that my mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay once I have my me I know that my mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay once I have my me I know that my mu
+is a function of this thing so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function of this thing so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function of this thing so I can
+write G of mu and solve it using a least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write G of mu and solve it using a least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write G of mu and solve it using a least
+squares estimator right so G of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mu is of the form X beta so you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu is of the form X beta so you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu is of the form X beta so you just
+solve um for once you have your mu you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve um for once you have your mu you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve um for once you have your mu you
+pass it through G and then you solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass it through G and then you solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass it through G and then you solve for
+the beta that you want and then that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beta that you want and then that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beta that you want and then that's
+the beta that you initialize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+okay and uh actually this was your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh actually this was your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh actually this was your
+question from last time as soon as I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question from last time as soon as I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question from last time as soon as I use
+the canonical link Fisher scoring and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the canonical link Fisher scoring and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the canonical link Fisher scoring and uh
+uh Newton rapson are the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Newton rapson are the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Newton rapson are the same thing
+because the uh hen is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the uh hen is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the uh hen is actually
+deterministic in that case just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic in that case just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic in that case just because
+when we took this when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we took this when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we took this when the
+H in um when you use the canonical link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H in um when you use the canonical link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H in um when you use the canonical link
+H is the identity which means that its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H is the identity which means that its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H is the identity which means that its
+second derivative is equal to zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative is equal to zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative is equal to zero so
+this term goes away even without taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term goes away even without taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term goes away even without taking
+the expectation right so remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation right so remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation right so remember the
+term that went away was of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that went away was of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that went away was of the
+form y IUS mu I / 5 * H prime prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form y IUS mu I / 5 * H prime prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form y IUS mu I / 5 * H prime prime
+of X I transpose beta right that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X I transpose beta right that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X I transpose beta right that's the
+term that we said oh the conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that we said oh the conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that we said oh the conditional
+expectation of this guy is zero but if H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of this guy is zero but if H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of this guy is zero but if H
+prime prime is already equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime prime is already equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime prime is already equal to zero
+then there's nothing that changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's nothing that changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's nothing that changes
+there's nothing that goes away it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing that goes away it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing that goes away it was
+already equal to zero and that always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already equal to zero and that always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already equal to zero and that always
+happen when you have the canonical link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen when you have the canonical link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen when you have the canonical link
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+H is G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H is G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H is G
+Prime uh is G uh B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime uh is G uh B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime uh is G uh B
+Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime
+inverse and G is equal to B the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse and G is equal to B the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse and G is equal to B the
+canonical link is B Prime inverse so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical link is B Prime inverse so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical link is B Prime inverse so
+this thing is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is the
+identity so the second derivative of y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity so the second derivative of y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity so the second derivative of y
+of f ofx is equal to X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f ofx is equal to X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f ofx is equal to X is
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+okay my screen says end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay my screen says end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay my screen says end of
+show uh so we can start with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions Reed Le
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squares that's an implementation that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares that's an implementation that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares that's an implementation that's
+just making calls to weighted Le squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just making calls to weighted Le squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just making calls to weighted Le squares
+oracles it's called an oracle sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oracles it's called an oracle sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oracles it's called an oracle sometimes
+an oracle is what you assume the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oracle is what you assume the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oracle is what you assume the machine
+can do easily for you so if you assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do easily for you so if you assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do easily for you so if you assume
+that your machine is very good at you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your machine is very good at you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your machine is very good at you
+know multiplying by the inverse of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know multiplying by the inverse of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know multiplying by the inverse of a
+matrix you might as well just do Fisher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix you might as well just do Fisher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix you might as well just do Fisher
+and scoring yourself right it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and scoring yourself right it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and scoring yourself right it's just a
+way so that you don't have to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so that you don't have to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so that you don't have to actually
+do it and those things usually um those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it and those things usually um those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it and those things usually um those
+things are implemented and I just said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are implemented and I just said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are implemented and I just said
+routinely in statistical software but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routinely in statistical software but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routinely in statistical software but
+they're implemented very efficiently in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're implemented very efficiently in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're implemented very efficiently in
+statistical software so this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical software so this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical software so this is going to
+be one of the fastest ways you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one of the fastest ways you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one of the fastest ways you're going
+to have to solve uh to to to to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to solve uh to to to to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to solve uh to to to to do this
+step especially for large scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem so if you were to do this uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so if you were to do this uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so if you were to do this uh in
+the simplest possible way right your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest possible way right your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest possible way right your
+iterations for the uh weighted for say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations for the uh weighted for say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations for the uh weighted for say
+fissure scoring is uh just multiply by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fissure scoring is uh just multiply by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fissure scoring is uh just multiply by
+the inverse of the Fisher information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse of the Fisher information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse of the Fisher information
+right yeah so it takes a bit of time uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah so it takes a bit of time uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah so it takes a bit of time uh
+whereas uh since you know you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas uh since you know you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas uh since you know you're going
+to multiply directly by something uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to multiply directly by something uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to multiply directly by something uh if
+you just say those things are not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just say those things are not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just say those things are not as
+optimized as solving Le squares actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimized as solving Le squares actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimized as solving Le squares actually
+the way it's typically done is by doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it's typically done is by doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it's typically done is by doing
+some Le squares so you might as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Le squares so you might as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Le squares so you might as well
+just do the Le squares that you like and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do the Le squares that you like and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do the Le squares that you like and
+there's also less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also less
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh well no there's no well there is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well no there's no well there is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well no there's no well there is less
+Rec recalculation right here your Fisher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rec recalculation right here your Fisher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rec recalculation right here your Fisher
+you would have to recompute the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have to recompute the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have to recompute the entire
+Matrix of Fisher information whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix of Fisher information whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix of Fisher information whereas
+here you don't have to right you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you don't have to right you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you don't have to right you really
+just have to compute like some vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to compute like some vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to compute like some vectors
+and the vector of weights right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the vector of weights right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the vector of weights right so the
+Fisher information Matrix has say n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fisher information Matrix has say n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fisher information Matrix has say n
+choose two entries that you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose two entries that you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose two entries that you need to
+compute right it's symmetric so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute right it's symmetric so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute right it's symmetric so it's
+order n squar entries but here the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order n squar entries but here the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order n squar entries but here the only
+things you update if you think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you update if you think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you update if you think about it
+are this weights Matrix so there's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are this weights Matrix so there's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are this weights Matrix so there's only
+the diagonal elements that you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagonal elements that you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagonal elements that you need to
+update and this vectors in there also so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update and this vectors in there also so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update and this vectors in there also so
+those are size there's two n versus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are size there's two n versus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are size there's two n versus n
+squ so that's much less thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ so that's much less thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ so that's much less thing to
+actually put in there it does it for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually put in there it does it for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually put in there it does it for you
+somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other
+question all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can well not exactly right because the G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can well not exactly right because the G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can well not exactly right because the G
+also shows up in this correction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also shows up in this correction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also shows up in this correction that
+you have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have here
+right I mean I don't know what you mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean I don't know what you mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean I don't know what you mean
+by I'm just trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean
+uh well okay there's the heteroskedastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well okay there's the heteroskedastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well okay there's the heteroskedastic
+case for sure so if you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case for sure so if you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case for sure so if you can actually
+compute those things and you know more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute those things and you know more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute those things and you know more
+generally I don't think you should think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally I don't think you should think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally I don't think you should think
+of those as being weights you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those as being weights you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those as being weights you should
+really think of those as being matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really think of those as being matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really think of those as being matrices
+that you invert and don't think of it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you invert and don't think of it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you invert and don't think of it as
+being diagonal but really think of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being diagonal but really think of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being diagonal but really think of them
+as being like full matrices so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being like full matrices so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being like full matrices so if you
+have right when we wrote uh weed Le
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have right when we wrote uh weed Le
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have right when we wrote uh weed Le
+squares here uh this was really the W I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares here uh this was really the W I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares here uh this was really the W I
+said is diagonal but all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said is diagonal but all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said is diagonal but all the
+computations really never really use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations really never really use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations really never really use the
+fact that it's diagonal so this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that it's diagonal so this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that it's diagonal so this is what
+you what shows up here is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what shows up here is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what shows up here is just the
+inverse of your convenience Matrix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of your convenience Matrix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of your convenience Matrix and
+so if you have data that's correlated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have data that's correlated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have data that's correlated
+this is where it's going to show up
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lZ3bPUKo5zc.txt b/lZ3bPUKo5zc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..808d0d597fa6c1ae15feb4f46676f5b5d7eb1061
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lZ3bPUKo5zc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4550 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+ALLAN ADAMS: Hi everyone.
+
+Welcome to 804 for spring 2013.
+
+This is the fourth, and
+presumably final time
+
+that I will be
+teaching this class.
+
+So I'm pretty excited about it.
+
+So my name is Allan Adams.
+
+I'll be lecturing the course.
+
+I'm an assistant
+professor in Course 8.
+
+I study string theory
+and its applications
+
+to gravity, quantum gravity,
+and condensed matter physics.
+
+Quantum mechanics, this is a
+course in quantam mechanics.
+
+Quantam mechanics Is
+my daily language.
+
+Quantum mechanics
+is my old friend.
+
+I met quantum
+mechanics 20 years ago.
+
+I just realized that last night.
+
+It was kind of depressing.
+
+So, old friend.
+
+It's also my most powerful tool.
+
+So I'm pretty psyched about it.
+
+Our recitation instructors
+are Barton Zwiebach, yea!
+
+And Matt Evans-- yea!
+
+Matt's new to the
+department, so welcome him.
+
+Hi.
+
+So he just started
+his faculty position,
+
+which is pretty awesome.
+
+And our TA is Paolo Glorioso.
+
+Paolo, are you here?
+
+Yea!
+
+There you go.
+
+OK, so he's the person to
+send all complaints to.
+
+So just out of curiosity, how
+many of you all are Course 8?
+
+Awesome.
+
+How many of you all
+are, I don't know, 18?
+
+Solid.
+
+6?
+
+Excellent.
+
+9?
+
+No one?
+
+This is the first year we
+haven't had anyone Course 9.
+
+That's a shame.
+
+Last year one of
+the best students
+
+was a Course 9 student.
+
+So two practical things to know.
+
+The first thing is
+everything that we put out
+
+will be on the Stellar website.
+
+Lecture notes, homeworks,
+exams, everything
+
+is going to be done through
+Stellar, including your grades.
+
+The second thing
+is that as you may
+
+notice there are rather
+more lights than usual.
+
+I'm wearing a mic.
+
+And there are these signs up.
+
+We're going to be
+videotaping this course
+
+for the lectures for OCW.
+
+And if you're happy
+with that, cool.
+
+If not, just sit on
+the sides and you
+
+won't appear anywhere on video.
+
+Sadly, I can't do that.
+
+But you're welcome
+to if you like.
+
+But hopefully that should
+not play a meaningful role
+
+in any of the lectures.
+
+So the goal of 804 is for you
+to learn quantum mechanics.
+
+And by learn
+quantum mechanics, I
+
+don't mean to learn
+how to do calculations,
+
+although that's an important
+and critical thing.
+
+I mean learn some intuition.
+
+I want you to develop
+some intuition
+
+for quantum phenomena.
+
+Now, quantam
+mechanics is not hard.
+
+It has a reputation
+for being a hard topic.
+
+It is not a super hard topic.
+
+So in particular,
+everyone in this room,
+
+I'm totally positive, can
+learn quantum mechanics.
+
+It does require
+concerted effort.
+
+It's not a trivial topic.
+
+And in order to really
+develop a good intuition,
+
+the essential thing
+is to solve problems.
+
+So the way you develop
+a new intuition
+
+is by solving problems
+and by dealing
+
+with new situations, new
+context, new regimes, which
+
+is what we're
+going to do in 804.
+
+It's essential that you work
+hard on the problem sets.
+
+So your job is to devote
+yourself to the problem sets.
+
+My job is to convince you
+at the end of every lecture
+
+that the most interesting
+thing you could possibly
+
+do when you leave
+is the problem set.
+
+So you decide who
+has the harder job.
+
+So the workload is not so bad.
+
+So we have problem
+sets due, they're
+
+due in the physics box in
+the usual places, by lecture,
+
+by 11 AM sharp on
+Tuesdays every week.
+
+Late work, no, not so much.
+
+But we will drop one
+problem set to make up
+
+for unanticipated events.
+
+We'll return the
+graded problem sets
+
+a week later in recitation.
+
+Should be easy.
+
+I strongly, strongly
+encourage you
+
+to collaborate with other
+students on your problem sets.
+
+You will learn more,
+they will learn more,
+
+it will be more efficient.
+
+Work together.
+
+However, write your
+problem sets yourself.
+
+That's the best way for
+you to develop and test
+
+your understanding.
+
+There will be two midterms,
+dates to be announced,
+
+and one final.
+
+I guess we could have
+multiple, but that
+
+would be a little exciting.
+
+We're going to use clickers,
+and clickers will be required.
+
+We're not going to
+take attendance,
+
+but they will give
+a small contribution
+
+to your overall grade.
+
+And we'll use them
+most importantly
+
+for non-graded but just
+participation concept questions
+
+and the occasional in class
+quiz to probe your knowledge.
+
+This is mostly so that
+you have a real time
+
+measure of your own conceptual
+understanding of the material.
+
+This has been
+enormously valuable.
+
+And something I want
+to say just right off
+
+is that the way I've
+organized this class
+
+is not so much based on
+the classes I was taught.
+
+It's based to the degree
+possible on empirical lessons
+
+about what works
+in teaching, what
+
+actually makes you learn better.
+
+And clickers are an
+excellent example of that.
+
+So this is mostly a
+standard lecture course,
+
+but there will be clickers used.
+
+So by next week I need
+you all to have clickers,
+
+and I need you to register
+them on the TSG website.
+
+I haven't chosen a
+specific textbook.
+
+And this is discussed
+on the Stellar web page.
+
+There are a set of textbooks,
+four textbooks that I strongly
+
+recommend, and a set of others
+that are nice references.
+
+The reason for this is twofold.
+
+First off, there
+are two languages
+
+that are canonically used
+for quantum mechanics.
+
+One is called wave
+mechanics, and the language,
+
+the mathematical language is
+partial differential equations.
+
+The other is a matrix mechanics.
+
+They have big names.
+
+And the language there
+is linear algebra.
+
+And different books
+emphasize different aspects
+
+and use different languages.
+
+And they also try to aim
+at different problems.
+
+Some books are
+aimed towards people
+
+who are interested in materials
+science, some books that
+
+are aimed towards people
+interested in philosophy.
+
+And depending on
+what you want, get
+
+the book that's suited to you.
+
+And every week I'll be providing
+with your problem sets readings
+
+from each of the
+recommended texts.
+
+So what I really encourage you
+to do is find a group of people
+
+to work with every
+week, and make sure
+
+that you've got all the
+books covered between you.
+
+This'll give you as
+much access to the texts
+
+as possible without forcing
+you to buy four books, which
+
+I would discourage
+you from doing.
+
+So finally I guess
+the last thing to say
+
+is if this stuff
+were totally trivial,
+
+you wouldn't need to be here.
+
+So ask questions.
+
+If you're confused
+about something,
+
+lots of other
+people in the class
+
+are also going to be confused.
+
+And if I'm not answering your
+question without you asking,
+
+then no one's getting
+the point, right?
+
+So ask questions.
+
+Don't hesitate to interrupt.
+
+Just raise your hand, and I
+will do my best to call on you.
+
+And this is true
+for both in lecture,
+
+also go to office
+hours and recitations.
+
+Ask questions.
+
+I promise, there's no such
+thing as a terrible question.
+
+Someone else will
+also be confused.
+
+So it's a very valuable
+to me and everyone else.
+
+So before I get going
+on the actual physics
+
+content of the class, are there
+any other practical questions?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: You said there
+was a lateness policy.
+
+ALLAN ADAMS: Lateness policy.
+
+No late work is
+accepted whatsoever.
+
+So the deal is given that
+every once in a while,
+
+you know, you'll be
+walking to school
+
+and your leg is
+going to fall off,
+
+or a dog's going to jump out
+and eat your person standing
+
+next to you, whatever.
+
+Things happen.
+
+So we will drop your
+lowest problem set score
+
+without any questions.
+
+At the end of the
+semester, we'll
+
+just dropped your lowest score.
+
+And if you turn
+them all in, great,
+
+whatever your lowest
+score was, fine.
+
+If you missed one, then gone.
+
+On the other hand, if
+you know next week, I'm
+
+going to be attacked
+by a rabid squirrel,
+
+it's going to be
+horrible, I don't
+
+want to have to worry
+about my problem set.
+
+Could we work this out?
+
+So if you know ahead
+of time, come to us.
+
+But you need to do that
+well ahead of time.
+
+The night before doesn't count.
+
+OK?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Will we be
+able to watch the videos?
+
+ALLAN ADAMS: You know,
+that's an excellent question.
+
+I don't know.
+
+I don't think so.
+
+I think it's going to happen
+at the end of the semester.
+
+Yeah.
+
+OK.
+
+So no, you'll be able to watch
+them later on the OCW website.
+
+Other questions.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Are there
+any other videos
+
+that you'd recommend, just
+like other courses on YouTube?
+
+ALLAN ADAMS: Oh.
+
+That's an interesting question.
+
+I don't off the top of my head,
+but if you send me an email,
+
+I'll pursue it.
+
+Because I do know several
+other lecture series
+
+that I like very
+much, but I don't
+
+know if they're available
+on YouTube or publicly.
+
+So send me an email
+and I'll check.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: So how about
+the reading assignments?
+
+ALLAN ADAMS: Reading assignments
+on the problem set every week
+
+will be listed.
+
+There will be equivalent
+reading from every textbook.
+
+And if there is
+something missing,
+
+like if no textbook
+covers something,
+
+I'll post a separate reading.
+
+Every once in a while, I'll
+post auxiliary readings,
+
+and they'll be available
+on the Stellar website.
+
+So for example, in your problem
+set, first one was posted,
+
+will be available
+immediately after lecture
+
+on the Stellar website.
+
+There are three papers
+that it refers to, or two,
+
+and they are posted
+on the Stellar website
+
+and linked from the problem set.
+
+Others?
+
+OK.
+
+So the first lecture.
+
+The content of the physics
+of the first lecture
+
+is relatively standalone.
+
+It's going to be an introduction
+to a basic idea then is
+
+going to haunt,
+plague, and charm us
+
+through the rest
+of the semester.
+
+The logic of this
+lecture is based
+
+on a very beautiful discussion
+in the first few chapters
+
+of a book by David Albert
+called Quantum Mechanics
+
+and Experience.
+
+It's a book for philosophers.
+
+But the first few chapters,
+a really lovely introduction
+
+at a non-technical level.
+
+And I encourage you to
+take a look at them,
+
+because they're very lovely.
+
+But it's to be sure
+straight up physics.
+
+Ready?
+
+I love this stuff.
+
+today I want to describe
+to you a particular set
+
+of experiments.
+
+Now, to my mind, these are the
+most unsettling experiments
+
+ever done.
+
+These experiments
+involve electrons.
+
+They have been performed,
+and the results
+
+as I will describe
+them are true.
+
+I'm going to focus on two
+properties of electrons.
+
+I will call them
+color and hardness.
+
+And these are not
+the technical names.
+
+We'll learn the technical
+names for these properties
+
+later on in the semester.
+
+But to avoid distracting you
+by preconceived notions of what
+
+these things mean, I'm going
+to use ambiguous labels, color
+
+and hardness.
+
+And the empirical fact is that
+every electron, every electron
+
+that's ever been observed
+is either black or white
+
+and no other color.
+
+We've never seen
+a blue electron.
+
+There are no green electrons.
+
+No one has ever found
+a fluorescent electron.
+
+They're either black,
+or they are white.
+
+It is a binary property.
+
+Secondly, their hardness
+is either hard or soft.
+
+They're never squishy.
+
+No one's ever found
+one that dribbles.
+
+They are either hard,
+or they are soft.
+
+Binary properties.
+
+OK?
+
+Now, what I mean
+by this is that it
+
+is possible to
+build a device which
+
+measures the color
+and the hardness.
+
+In particular, it
+is possible to build
+
+a box, which I will call a color
+box, that measures the color.
+
+And the way it works is this.
+
+It has three apertures,
+an in port and two out
+
+ports, one which sends
+out black electrons
+
+and one which sends
+out white electrons.
+
+And the utility of this
+box is that the color
+
+can be inferred
+from the position.
+
+If you find the particle,
+the electron over here,
+
+it is a white electron.
+
+If you find the electron
+here, it is a black electron.
+
+Cool?
+
+Similarly, we can
+build a hardness box,
+
+which again has three
+apertures, an in port.
+
+And hard electrons
+come out this port,
+
+and soft electrons
+come out this port.
+
+Now, if you want, you're free
+to imagine that these boxes are
+
+built by putting
+a monkey inside.
+
+And you send in an
+electron, and the monkey,
+
+you know, with the ears,
+looks at the electron,
+
+and says it's a hard electron,
+it sends it out one way,
+
+or it's a soft electron,
+it sends it out the other.
+
+The workings inside
+do not matter.
+
+And in particular,
+later in the semester
+
+I will describe in
+considerable detail
+
+the workings inside
+this apparatus.
+
+And here's something I
+want to emphasize to you.
+
+It can be built in
+principle using monkeys,
+
+hyper intelligent monkeys
+that can see electrons.
+
+It could also be built using
+magnets and silver atoms.
+
+It could be done with neutrons.
+
+It could be done with all sorts
+of different technologies.
+
+And they all give
+precisely the same results
+
+as I'm about to describe.
+
+They all give precisely
+the same results.
+
+So it does not
+matter what's inside.
+
+But if you want a
+little idea, you
+
+could imagine putting a monkey
+inside, a hyper intelligent
+
+monkey.
+
+I know, it sounds good.
+
+So a key property of these
+hardness boxes and color boxes
+
+is that they are repeatable.
+
+And here's what I mean by that.
+
+If I send in an electron,
+and I find that it comes out
+
+of a color box black, and
+then I send it in again,
+
+then if I send it into
+another color box,
+
+it comes out black again.
+
+So in diagrams, if I send
+in some random electron
+
+to a color box, and I discover
+that it comes out, let's say,
+
+the white aperture.
+
+And so here's dot dot dot, and
+I take the ones that come out
+
+the white aperture, and I send
+them into a color box again.
+
+Then with 100% confidence,
+100% of the time, the electron
+
+coming out of the white port
+incident on the color box
+
+will come out the
+white aperture again.
+
+And 0% of the time will it
+come out the black aperture.
+
+So this is a
+persistent property.
+
+You notice that it's white.
+
+You measure it again,
+it's still white.
+
+Do a little bit later,
+it's still white.
+
+OK?
+
+It's a persistent property.
+
+Ditto the hardness.
+
+If I send in a bunch of
+electrons in to a hardness box,
+
+here is an important thing.
+
+Well, send them
+into a hardness box,
+
+and I take out the ones
+that come out soft.
+
+And I send them again
+into a hardness box,
+
+and they come out soft.
+
+They will come
+out soft with 100%
+
+confidence, 100% of the time.
+
+Never do they come
+out the hard aperture.
+
+Any questions at this point?
+
+So here's a natural question.
+
+Might the color and the hardness
+of an electron be related?
+
+And more precisely,
+might they be correlated?
+
+Might knowing the color infer
+something about the hardness?
+
+So for example, so being
+male and being a bachelor
+
+are correlated properties,
+because if you're male,
+
+you don't know if you're
+a bachelor or not,
+
+but if you're a
+bachelor, you're male.
+
+That's the definition
+of the word.
+
+So is it possible that
+color and hardness
+
+are similarly correlated?
+
+So, I don't know, there
+are lots of good examples,
+
+like wearing a red shirt and
+beaming down to the surface
+
+and making it back
+to the Enterprise
+
+later after the
+away team returns.
+
+Correlated, right?
+
+Negatively, but correlated.
+
+So the question
+is, suppose, e.g.,
+
+suppose we know that
+an electron is white.
+
+Does that determine
+the hardness?
+
+So we can answer this
+question by using our boxes.
+
+So here's what I'm going to do.
+
+I'm going to take some
+random set of electrons.
+
+That's not random.
+
+Random.
+
+And I'm going to send
+them in to a color box.
+
+And I'm going to take
+the electrons that
+
+come out the white aperture.
+
+And here's a useful fact.
+
+When I say random, here's
+operationally what I mean.
+
+I take some piece of
+material, I scrape it,
+
+I pull off some electrons,
+and they're totally
+
+randomly chosen
+from the material.
+
+And I send them in.
+
+If I send a random pile of
+electrons into a color box,
+
+useful thing to know, they
+come out about half and half.
+
+It's just some
+random assortment.
+
+Some of them are white,
+some of them come out black.
+
+Suppose I send some random
+collection of electrons
+
+into a color box.
+
+And I take those which come
+out the white aperture.
+
+And I want to know, does
+white determine hardness.
+
+So I can do that, check, by then
+sending these white electrons
+
+into a hardness box and
+seeing what comes out.
+
+Hard, soft.
+
+And what we find is that 50%
+of those electrons incident
+
+on the hardness box come out
+hard, and 50% come out soft.
+
+OK?
+
+And ditto if we reverse this.
+
+If we take hardness, and take,
+for example, a soft electron
+
+and send it into a color
+box, we again get 50-50.
+
+So if you take a white
+electron, you send it
+
+into a hardness box,
+you're at even odds,
+
+you're at chance
+as to whether it's
+
+going to come out hard or soft.
+
+And similarly, if you
+send a soft electron
+
+into a color box,
+even odds it's going
+
+to come out black or white.
+
+So knowing the hardness
+does not give you
+
+any information about the
+color, and knowing the color
+
+does not give you any
+information about the hardness.
+
+cool?
+
+These are independent facts,
+independent properties.
+
+They're not correlated
+in this sense,
+
+in precisely this
+operational sense.
+
+Cool?
+
+Questions?
+
+OK.
+
+So measuring the color
+give zero predictive power
+
+for the hardness, and
+measuring the hardness
+
+gives zero predictive
+power for the color.
+
+And from that, I will
+say that these properties
+
+are correlated.
+
+So H, hardness, and color are
+in this sense uncorrelated.
+
+So using these properties of
+the color and hardness boxes,
+
+I want to run a few
+more experiment's.
+
+I want to probe these
+properties of color and hardness
+
+a little more.
+
+And in particular,
+knowing these results
+
+allows us to make predictions,
+to predict the results
+
+for set a very
+simple experiments.
+
+Now, what we're going to
+do for the next bit is
+
+we're going to run some
+simple experiments.
+
+And we're going to
+make predictions.
+
+And then those
+simple experiments
+
+are going to lead us to more
+complicated experiments.
+
+But let's make sure we
+understand the simple ones
+
+first.
+
+So for example, let's take
+this last experiment, color
+
+and hardness, and
+let's add a color box.
+
+One more monkey.
+
+So color in, and
+we take those that
+
+come out the white aperture.
+
+And we send them
+into a hardness box.
+
+Hard, soft.
+
+And we take those
+electrons which
+
+come out the soft aperture.
+
+And now let's send these
+again into a color box.
+
+So it's easy to see
+what to predict.
+
+Black, white.
+
+So you can imagine a monkey
+inside this, going, aha.
+
+You look at it, you
+inspect, it comes out white.
+
+Here you look at it and
+inspect, it comes out soft.
+
+And you send it
+into the color box,
+
+and what do you
+expect to happen?
+
+Well, let's think
+about the logic here.
+
+Anything reaching
+the hardness box
+
+must have been
+measured to be white.
+
+And we just did the
+experiment that if you
+
+send a white electron
+into a hardness box,
+
+50% of the time it comes
+out a hard aperture and 50%
+
+of the time it comes
+out the soft aperture.
+
+So now we take that
+50% of electrons
+
+that comes out the soft
+aperture, which had previously
+
+been observed to
+be white and soft.
+
+And then we send them into a
+color box, and what happens?
+
+Well, since colors
+are repeatable,
+
+the natural expectation is that,
+of course, it comes out white.
+
+So our prediction,
+our natural prediction
+
+here is that of those electrons
+that are incident on this color
+
+box, 100% should come out white,
+and 0% should come out black.
+
+That seem like a reasonable--
+let's just make sure
+
+that we're all agreeing.
+
+So let's vote.
+
+How many people think
+this is probably correct?
+
+OK, good.
+
+How many people think
+this probably wrong?
+
+OK, good.
+
+That's reassuring.
+
+Except you're all wrong.
+
+Right?
+
+In fact, what happens is
+half of these electrons exit
+
+white, 50%.
+
+And 50% percent exit black.
+
+So let's think about
+what's going on here.
+
+This is really
+kind of troubling.
+
+We've said already
+that knowing the color
+
+doesn't predict the hardness.
+
+And yet, this electron,
+which was previously
+
+measured to be white, now when
+subsequently measured sometimes
+
+it comes out white,
+sometimes it comes out
+
+black, 50-50% of the time.
+
+So that's surprising.
+
+What that tells you is you
+can't think of the electron
+
+as a little ball that has black
+and soft written on it, right?
+
+You can't, because apparently
+that black and soft
+
+isn't a persistent
+thing, although it's
+
+persistent in the sense
+that once it's black,
+
+it stays black.
+
+So what's going on here?
+
+Now, I should emphasize
+that the same thing happens
+
+if I had changed this to
+taking the black electrons
+
+and throwing in a hardness and
+picking soft and then measuring
+
+the color, or if I had
+used the hard electrons.
+
+Any of those combinations,
+any of these ports
+
+would have given the
+same results, 50-50.
+
+Is not persistent in this sense.
+
+Apparently the presence
+of the hardness box
+
+tampers with the color somehow.
+
+So it's not quite as trivial is
+that hyper intelligent monkey.
+
+Something else is going on here.
+
+So this is suspicious.
+
+So here's the
+first natural move.
+
+The first natural move
+is, oh, look, surely
+
+there's some additional
+property of the electron
+
+that we just
+haven't measured yet
+
+that determines whether it
+comes out the second color
+
+box black or white.
+
+There's got be some property
+that determines this.
+
+And so people have spent
+a tremendous amount
+
+of time and energy looking
+at these initial electrons
+
+and looking with great
+care to see whether there's
+
+any sort of feature of
+these incident electrons
+
+which determines which
+port they come out of.
+
+And the shocker is no one's
+ever found such a property.
+
+No one has ever found
+a property which
+
+determines which
+port it comes out of.
+
+As far as we can tell,
+it is completely random.
+
+Those that flip and
+those that don't are
+
+indistinguishable at beginning.
+
+And let me just emphasize, if
+anyone found such a-- it's not
+
+like we're not looking, right?
+
+If anyone found such a
+property, fame, notoriety,
+
+subverting quantum
+mechanics, Nobel Prize.
+
+People have looked.
+
+And there is none that
+anyone's been able to find.
+
+And as we'll see later on,
+using Bell's inequality,
+
+we can more or less nail
+that such things don't exist,
+
+such a fact doesn't exist.
+
+But this tells us something
+really disturbing.
+
+This tells us, and this
+is the first real shocker,
+
+that there is something
+intrinsically unpredictable,
+
+non-deterministic, and random
+about physical processes
+
+that we observe in a laboratory.
+
+There's no way to determine
+a priori whether it
+
+will come out black or
+white from the second box.
+
+Probability in this
+experiment, it's
+
+forced upon us by observations.
+
+OK, well, there's another
+way to come at this.
+
+You could say, look, you ran
+this experiment, that's fine.
+
+But look, I've met the
+guy who built these boxes,
+
+and look, he's just
+some guy, right?
+
+And he just didn't
+do a very good job.
+
+The boxes are just badly built.
+
+So here's the way to
+defeat that argument.
+
+No, we've built these things
+out of different materials,
+
+using different technologies,
+using electrons, using
+
+neutrons, using bucky-balls,
+C60, seriously, it's been done.
+
+We've done this experiment, and
+this property does not change.
+
+It is persistent.
+
+And the thing that's most
+upsetting to me is that not
+
+only do we get the same results
+independent of what objects we
+
+use to run the experiment, we
+cannot change the probability
+
+away from 50-50 at all.
+
+Within experimental
+tolerances, we cannot change,
+
+no matter how we
+build the boxes,
+
+we cannot change the
+probability by part in 100.
+
+50-50.
+
+And to anyone who grew up
+with determinism from Newton,
+
+this should hurt.
+
+This should feel wrong.
+
+But it's a property
+of the real world.
+
+And our job is going
+to be to deal with it.
+
+Rather, your job is going to
+be to deal with it, because I
+
+went through this already.
+
+So here's a curious
+consequence-- oh,
+
+any questions before I cruise?
+
+OK.
+
+So here's a curious consequence
+of this series of experiments.
+
+Here's something you can't do.
+
+Are you guys old enough for you
+can't do this on television?
+
+This is so sad.
+
+OK, so here's
+something you can't do.
+
+We cannot build, it is
+impossible to build,
+
+a reliable color
+and hardness box.
+
+We've built a box that
+tells you what color it is.
+
+We've built a box that tells
+you what hardness it is.
+
+But you cannot build a
+meaningful box that tells you
+
+what color and hardness
+an electron is.
+
+So in particular, what
+would this magical box be?
+
+It would have four ports.
+
+And its ports would say,
+well, one is white and hard,
+
+and one is white and soft,
+one is black and hard,
+
+and one is black and soft.
+
+So you can imagine
+how you might try
+
+to build a color
+and hardness box.
+
+So for example, here's
+something you might imagine.
+
+Take your incident
+electrons, and first
+
+send them into a color box.
+
+And take those white
+electrons, and send them
+
+into a hardness box.
+
+And take those
+electrons, and this
+
+is going to be white
+and hard, and this
+
+is going to be white and soft.
+
+And similarly, send
+these black electrons
+
+into the hardness box,
+and here's hard and black,
+
+and here's soft and back.
+
+Everybody cool with that?
+
+So this seems to do
+the thing I wanted.
+
+It measures both the
+hardness and the color.
+
+What's the problem with it?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+ALLAN ADAMS: Yeah, exactly.
+
+So the color is not persistent.
+
+So you tell me this is a soft
+and black electron, right?
+
+That's what you told me.
+
+Here's the box.
+
+But if I put a color
+box here, that's
+
+the experiment we just ran.
+
+And what happens?
+
+Does this come out black?
+
+No, this is a crappy
+source of black electrons.
+
+It's 50/50 black and white.
+
+So this box can't be built.
+
+And the reason, and I
+want to emphasize this,
+
+the reason we cannot
+build this box is not
+
+because our
+experiments are crude.
+
+And it's not because
+I can't build things,
+
+although that's true.
+
+I was banned from a lab one
+day after joining it, actually.
+
+So I really can't build,
+but other people can.
+
+And that's not why.
+
+We can't because of something
+much more fundamental,
+
+something deeper,
+something in principle,
+
+which is encoded in
+this awesome experiment.
+
+This can be done.
+
+It does not mean anything,
+as a consequence.
+
+It does not mean anything
+to say this electron is
+
+white and hard, because if you
+tell me it's white and hard,
+
+and I measure the white,
+well, I know if it's hard,
+
+it's going to come out 50-50.
+
+It does not mean anything.
+
+So this is an important idea.
+
+This is an idea which
+is enshrined in physics
+
+with a term which
+comes with capital
+
+letters, the
+Uncertainty Principle.
+
+And the Uncertainty Principle
+says basically that, look,
+
+there's some observable,
+measurable properties
+
+of a system which
+are incompatible
+
+with each other in
+precisely this way,
+
+incompatible with each
+other in the sense
+
+not that you can't know, because
+you can't know whether it's
+
+hard and soft
+simultaneously, deeper.
+
+It is not hard and
+white simultaneously.
+
+It cannot be.
+
+It does not mean
+anything to say it
+
+is hard and white
+simultaneously.
+
+That is uncertainty.
+
+And again,
+uncertainty is an idea
+
+we're going to come back to
+over and over in the class.
+
+But every time you
+think about it,
+
+this should be the
+first place you
+
+start for the next few weeks.
+
+Yeah.
+
+Questions.
+
+No questions?
+
+OK.
+
+So at this point,
+it's really tempting
+
+to think yeah, OK, this
+is just about the hardness
+
+and the color of electrons.
+
+It's just a weird
+thing about electrons.
+
+It's not a weird thing
+about the rest of the world.
+
+The rest of the world's
+completely reasonable.
+
+And no, that's absolutely wrong.
+
+Every object in the world
+has the same properties.
+
+If you take bucky-balls,
+and you send them
+
+through the analogous
+experiment--
+
+and I will show you the
+data, I think tomorrow,
+
+but soon, I will
+show you the data.
+
+When you take
+bucky-balls and run it
+
+through a similar experiment,
+you get the same effect.
+
+Now, bucky-balls are huge,
+right, 60 carbon atoms.
+
+But, OK, OK, at
+that point, you're
+
+saying, dude, come on,
+huge, 60 carbon atoms.
+
+So there is a
+pendulum, depending
+
+on how you define building, in
+this building, a pendulum which
+
+is used, in principle which
+is used to improve detectors
+
+to detect gravitational waves.
+
+There's a pendulum with a,
+I think it's 20 kilo mirror.
+
+And that pendulum exhibits
+the same sort of effects here.
+
+We can see these quantum
+mechanical effects
+
+in those mirrors.
+
+And this is in breathtakingly
+awesome experiments
+
+done by Nergis Malvalvala, whose
+name I can never pronounce,
+
+but who is totally awesome.
+
+She's an amazing physicist.
+
+And she can get these kind of
+quantum effects out of a 20
+
+kilo mirror.
+
+So before you say something
+silly, like, oh, it's
+
+just electrons, it's
+20 kilo mirrors.
+
+And if I could put you on
+a pendulum that accurate,
+
+it would be you.
+
+OK?
+
+These are properties of
+everything around you.
+
+The miracle is not that
+electrons behave oddly.
+
+The miracle is that when you
+take 10 to the 27 electrons,
+
+they behave like cheese.
+
+That's the miracle.
+
+This is the underlying
+correct thing.
+
+OK, so this is so far so good.
+
+But let's go deeper.
+
+Let's push it.
+
+And to push it, I
+want to design for you
+
+a slightly more elaborate
+apparatus, a slightly more
+
+elaborate experimental
+apparatus.
+
+And for this, I want you to
+consider the following device.
+
+I'm going to need to introduce a
+couple of new features for you.
+
+Here's a hardness box.
+
+And it has an in port.
+
+And the hardness box
+has a hard aperture,
+
+and it has a soft aperture.
+
+And now, in addition
+to this hardness box,
+
+I'm going to introduce
+two elements.
+
+First, mirrors.
+
+And what these mirrors do
+is they take the incident
+
+electrons and,
+nothing else, they
+
+change the direction of motion,
+change the direction of motion.
+
+And here's what I mean
+by doing nothing else.
+
+If I take one of these
+mirrors, and I take,
+
+for example, a color box.
+
+And I take the white
+electrons that come out,
+
+and I bounce it off
+the mirror, and then
+
+I send these into
+a color box, then
+
+they come out white
+100% of the time.
+
+It does not change
+the observable color.
+
+Cool?
+
+All it does is
+change the direction.
+
+Similarly, with
+the hardness box,
+
+it doesn't change the hardness.
+
+It just changes the
+direction of motion.
+
+And every experiment we've
+ever done on these, guys,
+
+changes in no way
+whatsoever the color
+
+or the hardness by
+subsequent measurement.
+
+Cool?
+
+Just changes the
+direction of motion.
+
+And then I'm going to
+add another mirror.
+
+It's actually a slightly
+fancy set of mirrors.
+
+All they do is they join
+these beams together
+
+into a single beam.
+
+And again, this doesn't
+change the color.
+
+You send in a white
+electron, you get out,
+
+and you measure the
+color on the other side,
+
+you get a white electron.
+
+You send in a black
+electron from here,
+
+and you measure the color, you
+get a black electron again out.
+
+Cool?
+
+So here's my apparatus.
+
+And I'm going to put
+this inside a big box.
+
+And I want to run
+some experiments
+
+with this apparatus.
+
+Everyone cool with
+the basic design?
+
+Any questions
+before I cruise on?
+
+This part's fun.
+
+So what I want to
+do now is I want
+
+to run some simple experiments
+before we get to fancy stuff.
+
+And the simple experiments
+are just going to warm you up.
+
+They're going to
+prepare you to make
+
+some predictions and
+some calculations.
+
+And eventually we'd like
+to lead back to this guy.
+
+So the first
+experiment, I'm going
+
+to send in white electrons.
+
+Whoops.
+
+Im.
+
+I'm going to send
+in white electrons.
+
+And I'm going to
+measure at the end,
+
+and in particular at the
+output, the hardness.
+
+So I'm going to send
+in white electrons.
+
+And I'm going to
+measure the hardness.
+
+So this is my apparatus.
+
+I'm going to measure the
+hardness at the output.
+
+And what I mean by
+measure the hardness
+
+is I throw these electrons
+into a hardness box
+
+and see what comes out.
+
+So this is experiment 1.
+
+And let me draw this, let
+me biggen the diagram.
+
+So you send white into-- so the
+mechanism is a hardness box.
+
+Mirror, mirror,
+mirrors, and now we're
+
+measuring the hardness out.
+
+And the question I want to ask
+is how many electrons come out
+
+the hard aperture, and how
+many electrons come out
+
+the soft aperture of
+this final hardness box.
+
+So I'd like to know what
+fraction come out hard,
+
+and what fraction come out soft.
+
+I send an initial
+white electron,
+
+for example I took a color
+box and took the white output,
+
+send them into the hardness
+box, mirror, mirror,
+
+hard, hard, soft.
+
+And what fraction come out
+hard, and what fraction
+
+come out soft.
+
+So just think about
+it for a minute.
+
+And when you have a prediction
+in your head, raise your hand.
+
+All right, good.
+
+Walk me through your prediction.
+
+AUDIENCE: I think
+it should be 50-50.
+
+ALLAN ADAMS: 50-50.
+
+How come?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+color doesn't
+
+have any bearing on hardness.
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+ALLAN ADAMS: Awesome.
+
+So let me say that again.
+
+So we've done the experiment,
+you send a white electron
+
+into the hardness
+box, and we know
+
+that it's non-predictive, 50-50.
+
+So if you take a white
+electron and you send it
+
+into the hardness
+box, 50% of the time
+
+it will come out the hard
+aperture, and 50% of the time
+
+it will come out
+the soft aperture.
+
+Now if you take the one that
+comes out the hard aperture,
+
+then you send it up
+here or send it up here,
+
+we know that these
+mirrors do nothing
+
+to the hardness of
+the electron except
+
+change the direction of motion.
+
+We've already done
+that experiment.
+
+So you measure the hardness at
+the output, what do you get?
+
+Hard, because it came out hard,
+mirror, mirror, hardness, hard.
+
+But it only came out
+hard 50% of the time
+
+because we sent in
+initially white electron.
+
+Yeah?
+
+What about the other 50%?
+
+Well, the other 50% of the time,
+it comes out the soft aperture
+
+and follows what I'll
+call the soft path
+
+to the mirror, mirror, hardness.
+
+And with soft, mirror,
+mirror, hardness,
+
+you know it comes out soft.
+
+50% of the time it
+comes out this way,
+
+and then it will come out hard.
+
+50% it follows the soft path,
+and then it will come out soft.
+
+Was this the logic?
+
+Good.
+
+How many people agree with this?
+
+Solid.
+
+How many people disagree?
+
+No abstention.
+
+OK.
+
+So here's a prediction.
+
+Oh, yep.
+
+AUDIENCE: Just a question.
+
+Could you justify
+that prediction
+
+without talking about oh,
+well, half the electrons were
+
+initially measured to be
+hard, and half were initially
+
+measured to be soft,
+by just saying, well,
+
+we have a hardness box, and
+then we joined these electrons
+
+together again, so we don't
+know anything about it.
+
+So it's just like
+sending white electrons
+
+into one hardness
+box instead of two.
+
+ALLAN ADAMS: Yeah, that's
+a really tempting argument,
+
+isn't it?
+
+So let's see.
+
+We're going to see
+in a few minutes
+
+whether that kind of an
+argument is reliable or not.
+
+But so far we've been given two
+different arguments that lead
+
+to the same prediction, 50-50.
+
+Yeah?
+
+Question.
+
+AUDIENCE: Are the electrons
+interacting between themselves?
+
+Like when you get
+them to where--
+
+ALLAN ADAMS: Yeah.
+
+This is a very good question.
+
+So here's a question look you're
+sending a bunch of electrons
+
+into this apparatus.
+
+But if I take--
+look, I took 802.
+
+You take two
+electrons and you put
+
+them close to each
+other, what do they do?
+
+Pyewww.
+
+Right?
+
+They interact with each other
+through a potential, right?
+
+So yeah, we're being a
+little bold here, throwing
+
+a bunch of electrons
+in and saying,
+
+oh, they're independent.
+
+So I'm going to do one better.
+
+I will send them
+in one at a time.
+
+One electron through
+the apparatus.
+
+And then I will
+wait for six weeks.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+See, you guys laugh,
+you think that's funny.
+
+But there's a famous
+story about a guy
+
+who did a similar experiment
+with photons, French guy.
+
+And, I mean, the French,
+they know what they're doing.
+
+So he wanted to do the same
+experiment with photons.
+
+But the problem is
+if you take a laser
+
+and you shined it
+into your apparatus,
+
+there there are like, 10
+to the 18 photons in there
+
+at any given moment.
+
+And the photons, who knows what
+they're doing with each other,
+
+right?
+
+So I want to send in one
+photon, but the problem
+
+is, it's very hard to get
+a single photon, very hard.
+
+So what he did, I kid you not,
+he took an opaque barrier,
+
+I don't remember what it
+was, it was some sort of film
+
+on top of glass, I think it
+was some sort of oil-tar film.
+
+Barton, do you
+remember what he used?
+
+So he takes a film, and it
+has this opaque property,
+
+such that the photons that are
+incident upon it get absorbed.
+
+Once in a blue moon
+a photon manages
+
+to make its way through.
+
+Literally, like once
+every couple of days,
+
+or a couple of hours, I think.
+
+So it's going to
+take a long time
+
+to get any sort of statistics.
+
+But he this advantage, that
+once every couple of hours
+
+or whatever a photon
+makes its way through.
+
+That means inside
+the apparatus, if it
+
+takes a pico-second to
+cross, triumph, right?
+
+That's the week I
+was talking about.
+
+So he does this experiment.
+
+But as you can tell, you start
+the experiment, you press go,
+
+and then you wait
+for six months.
+
+Side note on this guy, liked
+boats, really liked yachts.
+
+So he had six months
+to wait before doing
+
+a beautiful experiment
+and having the results.
+
+So what did he do?
+
+Went on a world
+tour in his yacht.
+
+Comes back, collects the
+data, and declares victory,
+
+because indeed, he saw
+the effect he wanted.
+
+So I was not kidding.
+
+We really do wait.
+
+So I will take your challenge.
+
+And single electron,
+throw it in,
+
+let it go through the
+apparatus, takes mere moments.
+
+Wait for a week, send
+in another electron.
+
+No electrons are
+interacting with each other.
+
+Just a single electron at a time
+going through this apparatus.
+
+Other complaints?
+
+AUDIENCE: More stories?
+
+ALLAN ADAMS: Sorry?
+
+AUDIENCE: More stories?
+
+ALLAN ADAMS: Oh,
+you'll get them.
+
+I have a hard time resisting.
+
+So here's a prediction, 50-50.
+
+We now have two
+arguments for this.
+
+So again, let's vote
+after the second argument.
+
+50-50, how many people?
+
+You sure?
+
+Positive?
+
+How many people don't think so?
+
+Very small dust.
+
+OK.
+
+It's correct.
+
+Yea.
+
+So, good.
+
+I like messing with you guys.
+
+So remember, we're going to
+go through a few experiments
+
+first where it's
+going to be very
+
+easy to predict the results.
+
+We've got four experiments
+like this to do.
+
+And then we'll go on to
+the interesting examples.
+
+But we need to go through
+them so we know what happens,
+
+so we can make an empirical
+argument rather than an in
+
+principle argument.
+
+So there's the first experiment.
+
+Now, I want to run
+the second experiment.
+
+And the second experiment,
+same as the first,
+
+a little bit louder,
+a little bit worse.
+
+Sorry.
+
+The second experiment,
+we're going
+
+to send in hard
+electrons, and we're
+
+going to measure color at out.
+
+So again, let's look
+at the apparatus.
+
+We send in hard electrons.
+
+And our apparatus
+is hardness box
+
+with a hard and a soft aperture.
+
+And now we're going to measure
+the color at the output.
+
+Color, what have I been doing?
+
+And now I want to know what
+fraction come out black,
+
+and what fraction
+come out white.
+
+We're using lots of
+monkeys in this process.
+
+OK, so this is not
+rocket science.
+
+Rocket science isn't
+that complicated.
+
+Neuroscience is much harder.
+
+This is not neuroscience.
+
+So let's figure
+out what this is.
+
+Predictions.
+
+So again, think
+about your prediction
+
+your head, come to
+a conclusion, raise
+
+your hand when you have an idea.
+
+And just because you
+don't raise your hand
+
+doesn't mean I
+won't call on you.
+
+AUDIENCE: 50-50 black and white.
+
+ALLAN ADAMS: 50-50
+black and white.
+
+I like it.
+
+Tell me why.
+
+AUDIENCE: It's gone through
+a hardness box, which
+
+scrambled the color, and
+therefore has to be [INAUDIBLE]
+
+ALLAN ADAMS: Great.
+
+So the statement, I'm going to
+say that slightly more slowly.
+
+That was an excellent argument.
+
+We have a hard electron.
+
+We know that hardness
+boxes are persistent.
+
+If you send a hard electron
+in, it comes out hard.
+
+So every electron incident
+upon our apparatus
+
+will transit across
+the hard trajectory.
+
+It will bounce, it will
+bounce, but it is still hard,
+
+because we've already
+done that experiment.
+
+The mirrors do nothing
+to the hardness.
+
+So we send a hard electron
+into the color box,
+
+and what comes out?
+
+Well, we've done
+that experiment, too.
+
+Hard into color, 50-50.
+
+So the prediction is 50-50.
+
+This is your prediction.
+
+Is that correct?
+
+Awesome.
+
+OK, let us vote.
+
+How many people think
+this is correct?
+
+Gusto, I like it.
+
+How many people think it's not?
+
+All right.
+
+Yay, this is correct.
+
+Third experiment,
+slightly more complicated.
+
+But we have to go through
+these to get to the good stuff,
+
+so humor me for a moment.
+
+Third, let's send
+in white electrons,
+
+and then measure the
+color at the output port.
+
+So now we send in white
+electrons, same beast.
+
+And our apparatus
+is a hardness box
+
+with a hard path
+and a soft path.
+
+Do-do-do, mirror,
+do-do-do, mirror, box,
+
+join together into our out.
+
+And now we send those out
+electrons into a color box.
+
+And our color box,
+black and white.
+
+And now the question is
+how many come out black,
+
+and how many come out white.
+
+Again, think through the
+logic, follow the electrons,
+
+come up with a prediction.
+
+Raise your hand when
+you have a prediction.
+
+AUDIENCE: Well, earlier
+we showed that [INAUDIBLE]
+
+so it'll take those
+paths equally--
+
+ALLAN ADAMS: With
+equal probability.
+
+Good.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+And then it'll go back
+into the color box.
+
+But earlier when we
+did the same thing
+
+without the weird path-changing,
+it came out 50-50 still.
+
+So I would say still 50-50.
+
+ALLAN ADAMS: Great.
+
+So let me say that
+again, out loud.
+
+And tell me if
+this is an accurate
+
+extension of what you said.
+
+I'm just going to
+use more words.
+
+But it's, I think,
+the same logic.
+
+We have a white electron,
+initially white electron.
+
+We send it into a hardness box.
+
+When we send a white
+electron into a hardness box,
+
+we know what happens.
+
+50% of the time it comes
+out hard, the hard aperture,
+
+50% of the time it comes
+out the soft aperture.
+
+Consider those electrons that
+came out the hard aperture.
+
+Those electrons that came
+out the hard aperture
+
+will then transit
+across the system,
+
+preserving their hardness
+by virtue of the fact
+
+that these mirrors preserve
+hardness, and end up
+
+at a color box.
+
+When they end at
+the color box, when
+
+that electron, the single
+electron in the system
+
+ends at this color
+box, then we know
+
+that a hard electron
+entering a color box
+
+comes out black or
+white 50% of the time.
+
+We've done that experiment, too.
+
+So for those 50% that came
+out hard, we get 50/50.
+
+Now consider the other 50%.
+
+The other half of the time, the
+single electron in the system
+
+will come out the soft aperture.
+
+It will then proceed along
+the soft trajectory, bounce,
+
+bounce, not changing
+its hardness,
+
+and is then a soft electron
+incident on the color box.
+
+But we've also done
+that experiment,
+
+and we get 50-50
+out, black and white.
+
+So those electrons that came
+out hard come out 50-50,
+
+and those electrons that
+come out soft come out 50/50.
+
+And the logic then leads
+to 50-50, twice, 50-50.
+
+Was that an accurate statement?
+
+Good.
+
+It's a pretty
+reasonable extension.
+
+OK, let's vote.
+
+How many people
+agree with this one?
+
+OK, and how many
+people disagree?
+
+Yeah, OK.
+
+So vast majority agree.
+
+And the answer is
+no, this is wrong.
+
+In fact, all of these, 100% come
+out white and 0 come out black.
+
+Never ever does an electron
+come out the black aperture.
+
+I would like to quote
+what a student just
+
+said, because it's actually the
+next line in my notes, which
+
+is what the hell is going on?
+
+So let's the series of
+follow up experiments
+
+to tease out what's
+going on here.
+
+So something very
+strange, let's just
+
+all agree, something very
+strange just happened.
+
+We sent a single electron in.
+
+And that single electron
+comes out the hardness box,
+
+well, it either came
+out the hard aperture
+
+or the soft aperture.
+
+And if it came out the
+hard, we know what happens,
+
+if it came out the soft,
+we know what happens.
+
+And it's not 50-50.
+
+So we need to improve
+the situation.
+
+Hold on a sec.
+
+Hold on one sec.
+
+Well, OK, go ahead.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah, it's just
+a question about the setup.
+
+So with the second
+hardness box, are we
+
+collecting both the
+soft and hard outputs?
+
+ALLAN ADAMS: The second, you
+mean the first hardness box?
+
+AUDIENCE: The one-- are
+we getting-- no, the--
+
+ALLAN ADAMS: Which one, sorry?
+
+This guy?
+
+Oh, that's a mirror,
+not a hardness box.
+
+Oh, thanks for asking.
+
+Yeah, sorry.
+
+I wish I had a better notation
+for this, but I don't.
+
+There's a classic-- well,
+I'm not going to go into it.
+
+Remember that thing
+where I can't stop myself
+
+from telling stories?
+
+So all this does, it's
+just a set of mirrors.
+
+It's a set of fancy mirrors.
+
+And all it does is it
+takes an electron coming
+
+this way or an electron coming
+this way, and both of them
+
+get sent out in
+the same direction.
+
+It's like a beam joiner, right?
+
+It's like a y junction.
+
+That's all it is.
+
+So if you will, imagine
+the box is a box,
+
+and you take, I don't
+know, Professor Zwiebach,
+
+and you put him inside.
+
+And every time an electron
+comes up this way,
+
+he throws it out that
+way, and every time
+
+it comes in this way, he
+throws it out that way.
+
+And he'd be really ticked at
+you for putting him in a box,
+
+but he'd do the job well.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: And this also works if
+you go one electron at a time?
+
+ALLAN ADAMS: This works if
+you go one electron at a time,
+
+this works if you go 14
+electrons at a time, it works.
+
+It works reliably.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Just,
+maybe [INAUDIBLE]
+
+but what's the difference
+between this experiment
+
+and that one?
+
+ALLAN ADAMS: Yeah, I know.
+
+Right?
+
+Right?
+
+So the question was,
+what's the difference
+
+between this experiment
+and the last one.
+
+Yeah, good question.
+
+So we're going to
+have to answer that.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Well, you're
+mixing again the hardness.
+
+So it's like as you weren't
+measuring it at all, right?
+
+ALLAN ADAMS: Apparently it's
+a lot we weren't measuring it,
+
+right?
+
+Because we send in the white
+electron, and at the end
+
+we get out that
+it's still white.
+
+So somehow this is like
+not doing anything.
+
+But how does that work?
+
+So that's an
+excellent observation.
+
+And I'm going to build you now
+a couple of experiments that
+
+tease out what's going on.
+
+And you're not going
+to like the answer.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: How were
+the white electrons
+
+generated in this experiment?
+
+ALLAN ADAMS: The
+white electrons were
+
+generated in the following way.
+
+I take a random
+source of electrons,
+
+I rub a cat against a balloon
+and I charge up the balloon.
+
+And so I take those
+random electrons,
+
+and I send them
+into a color box.
+
+And we have previously
+observed that if you
+
+take random electrons and
+throw them into a color box
+
+and pull out the electrons that
+come out the white aperture,
+
+if you then send
+them into a color box
+
+again, they're still white.
+
+So that's how I've
+generated them.
+
+I could have done it by
+rubbing the cat against glass,
+
+or rubbing it against me,
+right, just stroke the cat.
+
+Any randomly selected
+set of electrons
+
+sent into a color box,
+and then from which
+
+you take the white electrons.
+
+AUDIENCE: So how is it different
+from the experiment up there?
+
+ALLAN ADAMS: Yeah.
+
+Uh-huh.
+
+Exactly.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is the difference
+that you never actually know
+
+whether the electron's
+hard or soft?
+
+ALLAN ADAMS: That's a
+really good question.
+
+So here's something I'm
+going to be very careful not
+
+to say in this class
+to the degree possible.
+
+I'm not going to use
+the word to know.
+
+AUDIENCE: Well, to
+measure. [INAUDIBLE]
+
+ALLAN ADAMS: Good.
+
+Measure is a very
+slippery word, too.
+
+I've used it here
+because I couldn't really
+
+get away with not using it.
+
+But we'll talk about
+that in some detail
+
+later on in the course.
+
+For the moment, I
+want to emphasize
+
+that it's tempting but dangerous
+at this point to talk about
+
+whether you know or don't
+know, or whether someone knows
+
+or doesn't know, for
+example, the monkey
+
+inside knows or doesn't know.
+
+So let's try to
+avoid that, and focus
+
+on just operational questions of
+what are the things that go in,
+
+what are the things that
+come out, and with what
+
+probabilities.
+
+And the reason
+that's so useful is
+
+that it's something
+that you can just do.
+
+There's no ambiguity
+about whether you've
+
+caught a white electron
+in a particular spot.
+
+Now in particular,
+the reason these boxes
+
+are such a powerful tool is that
+you don't measure the electron,
+
+you measure the position
+of the electron.
+
+You get hit by the
+electron or you don't.
+
+And by using these boxes we
+can infer from their position
+
+the color or the hardness.
+
+And that's the reason
+these boxes are so useful.
+
+So we're inferring from
+the position, which
+
+is easy to measure,
+you get beaned
+
+or you don't, we're
+inferring the property
+
+that we're interested in.
+
+It's a really good
+question, though.
+
+Keep it in the
+back of your mind.
+
+And we'll talk about it
+on and off for the rest
+
+of the semester.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: So what happens
+if you have this setup,
+
+and you just take away
+the bottom right mirror?
+
+ALLAN ADAMS: Perfect question.
+
+This leads me into
+the next experiment.
+
+So here's the modification.
+
+But thank you, that's
+a great question.
+
+Here's the modification
+of this experiment.
+
+So let's rig up a
+small-- hold on,
+
+I want to go through the
+next series of experiments,
+
+and then I'll come
+back to questions.
+
+And these are great questions.
+
+So I want to rig up a small
+movable wall, a small movable
+
+barrier.
+
+And here's what this
+movable barrier will do.
+
+If I put the barrier in, so
+this would be in the soft path,
+
+when I put the barrier
+in the soft path,
+
+it absorbs all electrons
+incident upon it
+
+and impedes them
+from proceeding.
+
+So you put a barrier in here,
+put a barrier in the soft path,
+
+no electrons continue through.
+
+An electron incident
+cannot continue through.
+
+When I say that the
+barrier is out, what I mean
+
+is it's not in the way.
+
+I've moved it out of the way.
+
+Cool?
+
+So I want to run
+the same experiment.
+
+And I want to run this
+experiment using the barriers
+
+to tease out how the electrons
+transit through our apparatus.
+
+So experiment four.
+
+Let's send in a
+white electron again.
+
+I want to do the same
+experiment we just did.
+
+And color at out, but now with
+the wall in the soft path.
+
+Wall in soft.
+
+So that's this experiment.
+
+So we send in white
+electrons, and at the output
+
+we measure the color as before.
+
+And the question is what
+fraction come out black,
+
+and what fraction
+come out white.
+
+So again, everyone think
+through it for a second.
+
+Just take a second.
+
+And this one's a little sneaky.
+
+So feel free to discuss it with
+the person sitting next to you.
+
+[CHATTER]
+
+ALLAN ADAMS: All right.
+
+All right, now that everyone
+has had a quick second
+
+to think through
+this one, let me just
+
+talk through what I'd
+expect from the point
+
+of these experiments.
+
+And then we'll talk about
+whether this is reasonable.
+
+So the first thing I
+expect is that, look,
+
+if I send in a white
+electron and I put it
+
+into a hardness pass, I know
+that 50% of the time it goes
+
+out hard, and 50% of the
+time it goes out soft.
+
+If it goes out
+the soft aperture,
+
+it's going to get eaten
+by the barrier, right?
+
+It's going to get
+eaten by the barrier.
+
+So first thing I predict
+is that the output
+
+should be down by 50%.
+
+However, here's an
+important bit of physics.
+
+And this comes to
+the idea of locality.
+
+I didn't tell you
+this, but these
+
+armlinks in the experiment I
+did, 3,000 kilometers long.
+
+3,000 kilometers long.
+
+That's too minor.
+
+10 million kilometers long.
+
+Really long.
+
+Very long.
+
+Now, imagine an
+electron that enters
+
+this, an initially
+white electron.
+
+If we had the barriers out,
+if the barrier was out,
+
+what do we get?
+
+100% white, right?
+
+We just did this
+experiment, to our surprise.
+
+So if we did this, we get 100%.
+
+And that means an
+electron, any electron,
+
+going along the soft
+path comes out white.
+
+Any electron going along the
+hard path goes out white.
+
+They all come out white.
+
+So now, imagine I do this.
+
+Imagine we put a barrier in
+here 2 million miles away
+
+from this path.
+
+How does a hard
+electron along this path
+
+know that I put
+the barrier there?
+
+And I'm going to make it
+even more sneaky for you.
+
+I'm going to insert the
+barrier along the path
+
+after I launched the
+electron into the apparatus.
+
+And when I send in the electron,
+I will not know at that moment,
+
+nor will the electron
+know, because, you
+
+know, they're not very
+smart, whether the barrier is
+
+in place.
+
+And this is going to be millions
+of miles away from this guy.
+
+So an electron out
+here can't know.
+
+It hasn't been there.
+
+It just hasn't been there.
+
+It can't know.
+
+But we know that when
+we ran this apparatus
+
+without the barrier in there,
+they came out 100% white.
+
+But it can't possibly know
+whether the barrier's in
+
+there or not, right?
+
+It's over here.
+
+So what this tells us is that
+we should expect the output
+
+to be down by 50%.
+
+But all the electrons
+that do make
+
+it through must come
+out white, because they
+
+didn't know that there
+was a barrier there.
+
+They didn't go along that path.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Not trying
+to be wise, but why
+
+are you using the word know?
+
+ALLAN ADAMS: Oh,
+sorry, thank you.
+
+Thank you, thank you, thank you,
+that was a slip of the tongue.
+
+I was making fun
+of the electron.
+
+So in that particular
+case, I was not
+
+referring to my
+or your knowledge.
+
+I was referring
+to the electron's
+
+tragically
+impoverished knowledge.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: But if they come
+out one at a time white,
+
+then wouldn't we know
+then with certainty
+
+that that electron is
+both hard and white,
+
+which is like a violation?
+
+ALLAN ADAMS: Well, here's
+the more troubling thing.
+
+Imagine it didn't
+come out 100% white.
+
+Then the electron would
+have demonstrably not
+
+go along the soft path.
+
+It would have demonstrably
+gone through the hard path,
+
+because that's the only
+path available to it.
+
+And yet, it would still have
+known that millions of miles
+
+away, there's a barrier
+on a path it didn't take.
+
+So which one's more
+upsetting to you?
+
+And personally, I find this one
+the less upsetting of the two.
+
+So the prediction is our
+output should down by 50%,
+
+because a half of
+them get eaten.
+
+But they should
+all come out white,
+
+because those that
+didn't get eaten
+
+can't possibly know that
+there was a barrier here,
+
+millions of miles away.
+
+So we run this experiment.
+
+And here's the
+experimental result.
+
+In fact, the experimental
+result is yes, the output
+
+is down by 50%.
+
+But no, not 100%
+white, 50% white.
+
+50% white.
+
+The barrier, if we put the
+barrier in the hardness path.
+
+If we put the barrier
+in the hardness path,
+
+still down by 50%, and
+it's at odds, 50-50.
+
+How could the electron know?
+
+I'm making fun of it.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: So I
+guess my question is
+
+before we ask how it
+knows that there's
+
+a block in one of the paths,
+how does it know, before,
+
+over there, that there were
+two paths, and combine again?
+
+ALLAN ADAMS: Excellent.
+
+Exactly.
+
+So actually, this
+problem was there already
+
+in the experiment we did.
+
+All we've done here
+is tease out something
+
+that was existing in the
+experiment, something
+
+that was disturbing.
+
+The presence of those
+mirrors, and the option
+
+of taking two paths,
+somehow changed
+
+the way the electron behaved.
+
+How is that possible?
+
+And here, we're seeing
+that very sharply.
+
+Thank you for that
+excellent observation.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: What if you
+replaced the two mirrors
+
+with color boxes, so that
+both color boxes [INAUDIBLE]
+
+ALLAN ADAMS: Yeah.
+
+So the question is basically,
+let's take this experiment,
+
+and let's make it even more
+intricate by, for example,
+
+replacing these
+mirrors by color boxes.
+
+So here's the thing
+I want to emphasize.
+
+I strongly encourage you to
+think through that example.
+
+And in particular, think through
+that example, come to my office
+
+hours, and ask me about it.
+
+So that's going to be setting
+a different experiment.
+
+And different
+experiments are going
+
+to have different results.
+
+So we're going to have to
+deal with that on a case
+
+by case basis.
+
+It's an interesting
+example, but it's
+
+going to take us a bit afar
+from where we are right now.
+
+But after we get to the
+punchline from this,
+
+come to my office hours and
+ask me exactly that question.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: So we had a color
+box, we put in white electrons
+
+and we got 50-50, like random.
+
+How do you know the boxes work?
+
+ALLAN ADAMS: How do I
+know the boxes work?
+
+These are the same boxes
+we used from the beginning.
+
+We tested them over and over.
+
+AUDIENCE: How did you first
+check that it was working?
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+ALLAN ADAMS: How
+to say-- there's
+
+no other way to build a box
+that does the properties that we
+
+want, which is that you send
+in color and it comes out color
+
+again, and the mirrors
+behave this way.
+
+Any box that does those
+first set of things, which
+
+is what I will call a
+color box, does this, too.
+
+There's no other way to do it.
+
+I don't mean just because
+like, no one's tested--
+
+AUDIENCE: Because you
+can't actually check it,
+
+you can't actually [INAUDIBLE]
+you know which one is white.
+
+ALLAN ADAMS: Oh, sure, you can.
+
+You take the electron that
+came out of the color box.
+
+That's what we mean
+by saying it's white.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+ALLAN ADAMS: But
+that's what it means
+
+to say the electron is white.
+
+It's like, how do you know
+that my name is Allan?
+
+You say, Allan, and I go, what?
+
+Right?
+
+But you're like, look that's
+not a test of whether I'm Allan.
+
+It's like, well,
+what is the test?
+
+That's how you test.
+
+What's your name?
+
+I'm Allan.
+
+Oh, great, that's your name.
+
+So that's what I mean by white.
+
+Now you might quibble
+that that's a stupid thing
+
+to call an electron.
+
+And I grant you that.
+
+But it is nonetheless a property
+that I can empirically engage.
+
+OK, so I've been told
+that I never ask questions
+
+from the people on the right.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is it important
+whether the experimenter
+
+knows if the wall
+is there or not?
+
+ALLAN ADAMS: No.
+
+This experiment has been done
+again by some French guys.
+
+The French, look, dude.
+
+So there's this guy,
+Alain Aspect, ahh,
+
+great experimentalist,
+great physicist.
+
+And he's done lots of
+beautiful experiments
+
+on exactly this topic.
+
+And send me an email, and
+I'll post some example papers
+
+and reviews by him-- and he's a
+great writer-- on the web page.
+
+So just send me an email
+to remind me of that.
+
+OK, so we're lowish on
+time, so let me move on.
+
+So what I want to
+do now is I want
+
+to take the lesson of this
+experiment and the observation
+
+that was made a minute ago, that
+in fact the same problem was
+
+present when we ran this
+experiment and go 100%.
+
+We should have been
+freaked out already.
+
+And I want to think through
+what that's telling us
+
+about the electron,
+the single electron,
+
+as it transits the apparatus.
+
+The thing is, at this point
+we're in real trouble.
+
+And here's the reason.
+
+Consider a single electron
+inside the apparatus.
+
+And I want to think about the
+electron inside the apparatus
+
+while all walls are out.
+
+So it's this experiment.
+
+Consider the single electron.
+
+We know, with total confidence,
+with complete reliability,
+
+that every electron
+will exit this color box
+
+out the white aperture.
+
+We've done this experiment.
+
+We know it will come out white.
+
+Yes?
+
+Here's my question.
+
+Which route did it take?
+
+AUDIENCE: Spoiler.
+
+ALLAN ADAMS: Not a spoiler.
+
+Which route did it take?
+
+AUDIENCE: Why do
+we care what route?
+
+ALLAN ADAMS: I'm asking
+you the question.
+
+That's why you care.
+
+I'm the professor here.
+
+What is this?
+
+Come on.
+
+Which route did it take?
+
+OK, let's think through
+the possibilities.
+
+Grapple with this
+question in your belly.
+
+Let's think through
+the possibilities.
+
+First off, did it take
+the hardness path?
+
+So as it transits through,
+the single electron
+
+transiting through
+this apparatus,
+
+did it take the hard path
+or did it take the soft?
+
+These are millions of miles
+long, millions of miles apart.
+
+This is not a
+ridiculous question.
+
+Did it go millions of
+miles in that direction,
+
+or millions of miles
+in that direction?
+
+Did it take the hardness path?
+
+Ladies and gentlemen, did
+it take the hard path?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes.
+
+ALLAN ADAMS: Well, we
+ran this experiment
+
+by putting a wall
+in the soft path.
+
+And if we put a wall
+in the soft path,
+
+then we know it
+took the hard path,
+
+because no other
+electrons come out
+
+except those that went
+through the hard path.
+
+Correct?
+
+On the other hand, if it
+went through the hard path,
+
+it would come out
+50% of the time white
+
+and 50% of the time black.
+
+But in fact, in this apparatus
+it comes out always 100% white.
+
+It cannot have
+taken the hard path.
+
+No.
+
+Did it take the soft path?
+
+Same argument,
+different side, right?
+
+No.
+
+Well, this is not looking good.
+
+Well, look, this was suggested.
+
+Maybe it took both.
+
+Maybe electrons are
+sneaky little devils
+
+that split in two, and part of
+it goes one way and part of it
+
+goes the other.
+
+Maybe it took both paths.
+
+So this is easy.
+
+We can test this one.
+
+And here is how I'm
+going to test this one.
+
+Oh, sorry.
+
+Actually, I'm not
+going to do that yet.
+
+So we can test this one.
+
+So if it took both paths, here's
+what you should be able to do.
+
+You should be able to put
+a detector along each path,
+
+and you'd be able
+to follow, if you've
+
+got half an electron on one
+side and half an electron
+
+on the other, or
+maybe two electrons,
+
+one on each side and
+one on the other.
+
+So this is the thing
+that you'd predict
+
+if you said it went both.
+
+So here's what we'll do.
+
+We will take detectors.
+
+We will put one along
+the hard path and one
+
+along the soft path.
+
+We will run the experiment
+and then observe
+
+whether, and ask whether,
+we see two electrons,
+
+we see half and
+half, what do we see.
+
+The answer is you always,
+always see one electron on one
+
+of the paths.
+
+You never see half an electron.
+
+You never see a
+squishy electron.
+
+You see one electron
+on one path, period.
+
+It did not take both.
+
+You never see an electron split
+in two, divided, confused.
+
+No.
+
+Well, it didn't
+take the hard path,
+
+didn't take the soft
+path, it didn't take both.
+
+There's one option left.
+
+Neither.
+
+Well, I say neither.
+
+But what about neither?
+
+And that's easy.
+
+Let's put a barrier
+in both paths.
+
+And then what happens?
+
+Nothing comes out.
+
+So no.
+
+So now, to repeat an
+earlier prescient remark
+
+from one of the
+students, what the hell?
+
+So here's the
+world we're facing.
+
+I want you to think about this.
+
+Take this seriously.
+
+Here's the world we're facing.
+
+And when I say, here's
+the world we're facing,
+
+I don't mean just
+these experiments.
+
+I mean the world around you,
+20 kilo mirrors, bucky-balls,
+
+here is what they do.
+
+When you send them through
+an apparatus like this,
+
+every single object that
+goes through this apparatus
+
+does not take the hard path,
+it does not take the soft path,
+
+it doesn't take both, and
+it does not take neither.
+
+And that pretty much
+exhausts the set
+
+of logical possibilities.
+
+So what are electrons doing when
+they're inside the apparatus?
+
+How do you describe that
+electron inside the apparatus?
+
+You can't say it's
+on one path, you
+
+can't say it's on the
+other, it's not on both,
+
+and it's not on neither.
+
+What is it doing halfway
+through this experiment?
+
+So if our experiments
+are accurate,
+
+and to the best of our
+ability to determine,
+
+they are, and if our arguments
+are correct, and that's on me,
+
+then they're doing
+something, these electrons
+
+are doing something we've
+just never thought of before,
+
+something we've never
+dreamt of before,
+
+something for which
+we don't really
+
+have good words in
+the English language.
+
+Apparently, empirically,
+electrons have a way of moving,
+
+electrons have a way of being
+which is unlike anything
+
+that we're used
+to thinking about.
+
+And so do molecules.
+
+And so do bacteria.
+
+So does chalk.
+
+It's just harder to
+detect in those objects.
+
+So physicists have a name
+for this new mode of being.
+
+And we call it superposition.
+
+Now, at the moment,
+superposition
+
+is code for I have no
+idea what's going on.
+
+Usage of the word superposition
+would go something like this.
+
+An initially white electron
+inside this apparatus
+
+with the walls out is
+neither hard, nor soft,
+
+nor both, nor neither.
+
+It is, in fact, in a
+superposition of being hard
+
+and of being soft.
+
+This is why we
+can't meaningfully
+
+say this electron is some
+color and some hardness.
+
+Not because our boxes are crude,
+and not because we're ignorant,
+
+though our boxes are
+crude and we are ignorant.
+
+It's deeper.
+
+Having a definite color means
+not having a definite hardness,
+
+but rather being in a
+superposition of being hard
+
+and being soft.
+
+Every electron exits a hardness
+box either hard or soft.
+
+But not every electron
+is hard or soft.
+
+It can also be a superposition
+of being hard or being soft.
+
+The probability
+that we subsequently
+
+measure it to be
+hard or soft depends
+
+on precisely what
+superposition it is.
+
+For example, we know
+that if an electron is
+
+in the superposition
+corresponding to being white
+
+then there are even odds
+of it being subsequently
+
+measured be hard or to be soft.
+
+So to build a better
+definition of superposition
+
+than I have no idea
+what's going on
+
+is going to require
+a new language.
+
+And that language is
+quantum mechanics.
+
+And the underpinnings
+of this language
+
+are the topic of the course.
+
+And developing a
+better understanding
+
+of this idea of
+superposition is what
+
+you have to do over
+the next three months.
+
+Now, if all of this
+troubles your intuition,
+
+well, that shouldn't
+be too surprising.
+
+Your intuition was developed
+by throwing spears, and running
+
+from tigers, and catching
+toast as it jumps out
+
+of the toaster, all of
+which involves things so big
+
+and with so much energy that
+quantum effects are negligible.
+
+As a friend of
+mine likes to say,
+
+you don't need to know quantum
+mechanics to make chicken soup.
+
+However, when we work in
+very different regimes, when
+
+we work with atoms, when we work
+with molecules, when we work
+
+in the regime of very
+low energies and very
+
+small objects, your intuition
+is just not a reasonable guide.
+
+It's not that the electrons--
+and I cannot emphasize this
+
+strongly enough-- it is not
+that the electrons are weird.
+
+The electrons do
+what electrons do.
+
+This is what they do.
+
+And it violates your
+intuition, but it's true.
+
+The thing that's surprising
+is that lots of electrons
+
+behave like this.
+
+Lots of electrons behave
+like cheese and chalk.
+
+And that's the goal
+of 804, to step
+
+beyond your daily experience
+and your familiar intuition
+
+and to develop an intuition
+for this idea of superposition.
+
+And we'll start in
+the next lecture.
+
+I'll see you on Thursday.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lhKse0vIbqo.txt b/lhKse0vIbqo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ea1ca04ddce15fe408b224136e3abbef777a1c3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lhKse0vIbqo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1195 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in thinking about how to how the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in thinking about how to how the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in thinking about how to how the course
+has to evolve given the availability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to evolve given the availability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to evolve given the availability of
+all this of all this new technology uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this of all this new technology uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this of all this new technology uh
+one thing I've especially thought about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing I've especially thought about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing I've especially thought about
+worried about actually is is uh how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about actually is is uh how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about actually is is uh how much
+of my own lecture material which I now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my own lecture material which I now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my own lecture material which I now
+have on video to make available to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have on video to make available to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have on video to make available to them
+as against my live performance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as against my live performance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as against my live performance and
+whether my live performance is even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether my live performance is even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether my live performance is even
+necessary at all how do is it differ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary at all how do is it differ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary at all how do is it differ
+from and I'm still not I still haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and I'm still not I still haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and I'm still not I still haven't
+worked that out uh for two semesters now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked that out uh for two semesters now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked that out uh for two semesters now
+I have taught the course with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have taught the course with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have taught the course with a
+combination of live lectures and video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of live lectures and video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of live lectures and video
+lectures and I've asked the students to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures and I've asked the students to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures and I've asked the students to
+tell me uh in commentaries uh whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me uh in commentaries uh whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me uh in commentaries uh whether
+they saw much difference and whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they saw much difference and whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they saw much difference and whether
+they preferred one to the other or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they preferred one to the other or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they preferred one to the other or
+whether they had strong feelings and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they had strong feelings and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they had strong feelings and so
+far the the testimony has been me uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far the the testimony has been me uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far the the testimony has been me uh
+they don't seem too interested in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't seem too interested in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't seem too interested in the
+question uh and which makes me a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh and which makes me a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh and which makes me a little
+nervous actually uh so my feeling is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous actually uh so my feeling is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous actually uh so my feeling is
+that it's still an open question uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's still an open question uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's still an open question uh one
+thing I definitely have decided I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I definitely have decided I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I definitely have decided I will
+be able to do with this video material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to do with this video material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to do with this video material
+is use it in other courses if I teach an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is use it in other courses if I teach an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is use it in other courses if I teach an
+advanced course in film and students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced course in film and students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced course in film and students
+haven't taken my earlier film course I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't taken my earlier film course I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't taken my earlier film course I
+can send them to this material and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can send them to this material and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can send them to this material and have
+them use it so it's immensely valuable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them use it so it's immensely valuable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them use it so it's immensely valuable
+as a teaching uh uh tool but how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a teaching uh uh tool but how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a teaching uh uh tool but how to
+integrate it into the existing course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate it into the existing course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate it into the existing course
+remains a conundrum I haven't quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains a conundrum I haven't quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains a conundrum I haven't quite
+figured out as I've begun to work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out as I've begun to work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out as I've begun to work on
+this now it's been some years since I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now it's been some years since I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now it's been some years since I've
+started to have some video lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to have some video lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to have some video lectures
+available I think I I realized that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available I think I I realized that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available I think I I realized that I
+was naive in imagining that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was naive in imagining that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was naive in imagining that the
+transition would be easy that moving to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition would be easy that moving to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition would be easy that moving to
+a video format was simply the matter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a video format was simply the matter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a video format was simply the matter of
+transferring what I say because in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferring what I say because in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferring what I say because in fact
+the live environment turns out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the live environment turns out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the live environment turns out to be
+more Central and more important and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more Central and more important and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more Central and more important and my
+feelings as I'm in the live environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings as I'm in the live environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings as I'm in the live environment
+turn out to be more entral and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn out to be more entral and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn out to be more entral and more
+important than they might otherwise be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important than they might otherwise be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important than they might otherwise be
+uh there's something about being in a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's something about being in a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's something about being in a a
+live environment uh that affects me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live environment uh that affects me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live environment uh that affects me and
+I think other teachers not maybe not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think other teachers not maybe not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think other teachers not maybe not all
+teachers but other teachers very deeply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers but other teachers very deeply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers but other teachers very deeply
+uh I I used to have the fantasy when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I I used to have the fantasy when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I I used to have the fantasy when I
+was be in front of a large audience of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was be in front of a large audience of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was be in front of a large audience of
+students maybe as many as 100 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students maybe as many as 100 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students maybe as many as 100 or
+150 I had the delusion or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+150 I had the delusion or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+150 I had the delusion or
+Illusion that I that I was in touch with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Illusion that I that I was in touch with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Illusion that I that I was in touch with
+every student in the class and that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every student in the class and that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every student in the class and that I
+actually UND and that every single one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually UND and that every single one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually UND and that every single one
+of them was paying attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them was paying attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them was paying attention
+and that when they didn't I could feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that when they didn't I could feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that when they didn't I could feel
+it and then I could see there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then I could see there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then I could see there was a
+student who'd stop paying attention I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student who'd stop paying attention I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student who'd stop paying attention I
+would somehow find walk in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would somehow find walk in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would somehow find walk in that
+direction of the class or get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the class or get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the class or get that
+student's attent now I'm sure it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student's attent now I'm sure it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student's attent now I'm sure it was a
+fantasy because how can you be aware of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantasy because how can you be aware of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantasy because how can you be aware of
+a hundred students but I had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred students but I had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred students but I had the
+illusion that I was aware of them I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illusion that I was aware of them I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illusion that I was aware of them I was
+certainly aware of many of them I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly aware of many of them I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly aware of many of them I was
+aware of them as individuals I was aware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of them as individuals I was aware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of them as individuals I was aware
+of whether and I I felt I had them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of whether and I I felt I had them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of whether and I I felt I had them
+wrapped and when I when I felt I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrapped and when I when I felt I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrapped and when I when I felt I was
+losing them I would change Pace I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing them I would change Pace I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing them I would change Pace I was
+aware I maybe it has something to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware I maybe it has something to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware I maybe it has something to do
+with a theatric iCal aspect to me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a theatric iCal aspect to me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a theatric iCal aspect to me that
+really doesn't help much with being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really doesn't help much with being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really doesn't help much with being a
+good teacher but is but maybe it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good teacher but is but maybe it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good teacher but is but maybe it does
+help with being a good teacher and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help with being a good teacher and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help with being a good teacher and that
+maybe maybe good teachers do have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe good teachers do have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe good teachers do have to
+have a bit of the ham in them and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bit of the ham in them and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bit of the ham in them and and
+like being in front of audiences this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like being in front of audiences this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like being in front of audiences this is
+a special problem for the Western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a special problem for the Western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a special problem for the Western
+because it celebrates American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it celebrates American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it celebrates American
+individualism so powerfully the iconic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individualism so powerfully the iconic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individualism so powerfully the iconic
+scene of the Western in which two men uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene of the Western in which two men uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene of the Western in which two men uh
+wearing guns square off against each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearing guns square off against each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearing guns square off against each
+other and the quicker one survives that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and the quicker one survives that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and the quicker one survives that
+scene of the Quick Draw and of the death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene of the Quick Draw and of the death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene of the Quick Draw and of the death
+and the dusty street is a could could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the dusty street is a could could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the dusty street is a could could be
+said to be a kind of embodiment of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said to be a kind of embodiment of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said to be a kind of embodiment of these
+values in which you have to rely on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values in which you have to rely on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values in which you have to rely on
+yourself you can't and you can't rely on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself you can't and you can't rely on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself you can't and you can't rely on
+someone else you can't rely on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else you can't rely on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else you can't rely on the
+government you can't rely on the sheriff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government you can't rely on the sheriff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government you can't rely on the sheriff
+you can't rely on the police you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't rely on the police you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't rely on the police you can't
+rely on your neighbors you have to trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely on your neighbors you have to trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely on your neighbors you have to trust
+yourself and in fact one of the ways you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself and in fact one of the ways you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself and in fact one of the ways you
+can see the power of these Western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the power of these Western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the power of these Western
+mythologies operating is it seems to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythologies operating is it seems to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythologies operating is it seems to me
+in some sense one of the great divides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense one of the great divides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense one of the great divides
+in the United States today over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the United States today over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the United States today over the
+question of guns and gun control is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of guns and gun control is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of guns and gun control is
+partly grounded in these myths of indiv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly grounded in these myths of indiv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly grounded in these myths of indiv
+visualism that Western that the Western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualism that Western that the Western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualism that Western that the Western
+mythology has been propagating since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythology has been propagating since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythology has been propagating since the
+since before the Advent of the movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since before the Advent of the movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since before the Advent of the movies
+and I think part of what makes my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think part of what makes my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think part of what makes my
+teaching good is that I I'm in a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching good is that I I'm in a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching good is that I I'm in a kind of
+Trance when I'm in front of a class in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trance when I'm in front of a class in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trance when I'm in front of a class in
+the sense that I am utterly obliv I I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that I am utterly obliv I I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that I am utterly obliv I I'm
+oblivious to what I look like I know for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblivious to what I look like I know for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblivious to what I look like I know for
+one thing I I have done teachers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing I I have done teachers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing I I have done teachers
+nightmare kinds of things like having my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nightmare kinds of things like having my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nightmare kinds of things like having my
+shirt unbuttoned without realizing it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shirt unbuttoned without realizing it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shirt unbuttoned without realizing it or
+coming in with my hair incredibly a skew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in with my hair incredibly a skew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in with my hair incredibly a skew
+without knowing about it uh um once I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without knowing about it uh um once I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without knowing about it uh um once I
+gave a lecture at Yale I had young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave a lecture at Yale I had young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave a lecture at Yale I had young
+children at the time and I had a child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children at the time and I had a child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children at the time and I had a child
+my wife was with the two other children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my wife was with the two other children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my wife was with the two other children
+I had to take a child to a doctor I took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had to take a child to a doctor I took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had to take a child to a doctor I took
+him out I took him to the doctor but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him out I took him to the doctor but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him out I took him to the doctor but I
+had to go to give my lecture so I took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to go to give my lecture so I took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to go to give my lecture so I took
+him into the lecture hall and I sat him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him into the lecture hall and I sat him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him into the lecture hall and I sat him
+down in the corner of the lecture and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in the corner of the lecture and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in the corner of the lecture and he
+was about seven years old and he sat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was about seven years old and he sat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was about seven years old and he sat
+nicely in the seat for a little while I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely in the seat for a little while I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely in the seat for a little while I
+wasn't paying attention to him then he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't paying attention to him then he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't paying attention to him then he
+climbed up I was lecturing on a stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climbed up I was lecturing on a stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climbed up I was lecturing on a stage
+and he climbed up on the stage and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he climbed up on the stage and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he climbed up on the stage and he
+went behind me and he sat in a big chair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went behind me and he sat in a big chair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went behind me and he sat in a big chair
+behind me and he made faces and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind me and he made faces and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind me and he made faces and the
+student the students began to laugh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student the students began to laugh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student the students began to laugh and
+I couldn't understand what was going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I couldn't understand what was going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I couldn't understand what was going on
+but it taught me a great lesson in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it taught me a great lesson in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it taught me a great lesson in the
+in the theatrical reality of of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the theatrical reality of of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the theatrical reality of of of the
+lecture of the lecture hall so I've come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture of the lecture hall so I've come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture of the lecture hall so I've come
+more fully to understand that things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fully to understand that things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fully to understand that things
+that are hard to articulate or or that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are hard to articulate or or that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are hard to articulate or or that I
+at least had not much thought about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least had not much thought about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least had not much thought about
+certainly have not been written about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly have not been written about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly have not been written about in
+pedagogical literature about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedagogical literature about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedagogical literature about the
+ambience of the live classroom has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambience of the live classroom has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambience of the live classroom has some
+effect on lecturing I mean it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect on lecturing I mean it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect on lecturing I mean it should
+have effect in smaller classrooms even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have effect in smaller classrooms even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have effect in smaller classrooms even
+more fully I think but in among Le for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fully I think but in among Le for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fully I think but in among Le for
+lecturers I think it's important too and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecturers I think it's important too and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecturers I think it's important too and
+the transition to purely video lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transition to purely video lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transition to purely video lectures
+loses that how big a loss that is or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loses that how big a loss that is or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loses that how big a loss that is or
+whether that loss can be compensated for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that loss can be compensated for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that loss can be compensated for
+in other ways is a good question
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lniF6ys2CIk.txt b/lniF6ys2CIk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..85059cf0841e7379af13d9eeaf5f612fdcdedb3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lniF6ys2CIk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so I'm creating a variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so I'm creating a variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so I'm creating a variable
+called pie at time and I'm assigning it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called pie at time and I'm assigning it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called pie at time and I'm assigning it
+to be the value 15 I'm creating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the value 15 I'm creating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the value 15 I'm creating a
+variable named sleep time I'm assigning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable named sleep time I'm assigning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable named sleep time I'm assigning
+it to be the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be the value
+eight I'm going to print the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight I'm going to print the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight I'm going to print the value
+of this expression here and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this expression here and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this expression here and the
+expression is a conditional that says is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression is a conditional that says is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression is a conditional that says is
+sleep time greater than P at time so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep time greater than P at time so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep time greater than P at time so in
+Python you're just going to replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python you're just going to replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python you're just going to replace
+these values these these variables with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these values these these variables with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these values these these variables with
+their values so is eight greater greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their values so is eight greater greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their values so is eight greater greater
+than 15 and that's false so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 15 and that's false so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 15 and that's false so
+perfect and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect and then
+couple of operations on or one operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of operations on or one operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of operations on or one operation
+on on booleans derive is true drink is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on booleans derive is true drink is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on booleans derive is true drink is
+false I'm using the and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false I'm using the and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false I'm using the and
+operator to figure out if I should drink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator to figure out if I should drink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator to figure out if I should drink
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+derive and I'm going to print out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive and I'm going to print out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive and I'm going to print out
+false so perfect people are getting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false so perfect people are getting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false so perfect people are getting it
+great job guys
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/m0Yce2rtZJ8.txt b/m0Yce2rtZJ8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0eaf5a51d3150c6a7ff87d4b7e9a27f3aefb02e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/m0Yce2rtZJ8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+Let us examine what we
+learned in this lecture.
+
+We built an expert-trained
+model by a physician
+
+that can accurately identify
+diabetic patients receiving
+
+low quality care.
+
+We have observed that the out
+of sample accuracy of the model
+
+was 78%.
+
+But most importantly, the
+model identifies most patients
+
+receiving poor care, which
+is the major objective
+
+in the study.
+
+Logistic regression
+models provide
+
+probabilities of somebody
+receiving poor quality care.
+
+These probabilities can be
+used to prioritize patients
+
+for intervention, a particularly
+useful outcome from the study.
+
+While the accuracy is
+reasonably high, 78%,
+
+it can be, of course,
+further improved.
+
+In that respect, I expect that
+electronic medical records, not
+
+only claims, could
+be used in the future
+
+to enhance the predictive
+capability of such models.
+
+So a model like the
+one we built can
+
+be used to analyze literally
+millions of records.
+
+Whereas a human can only
+accurately analyze rather small
+
+amounts of information.
+
+So clearly such a model
+allows significantly larger
+
+scalability.
+
+Of course models do not
+replace expert judgement.
+
+However, models provide a way
+to translate expert judgement
+
+to a reproducible, testable
+prediction methodology that
+
+has significantly higher
+scalability, as we discussed.
+
+And of course experts can
+continuously improve and refine
+
+the model, as we have
+seen in this lecture.
+
+Finally, and quite
+importantly, models
+
+can integrate assessments
+of multiple experts
+
+into one final, unbiased,
+and unemotional prediction.
+
+And such methods of combining
+assessments and combining
+
+models is a tool
+that we will use
+
+later in the class
+on multiple occasions
+
+as a way of enhancing and
+improving quantitative models.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/mImHCY0A3a0.txt b/mImHCY0A3a0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d06a521ee1b042637fef52508889272028efaf91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mImHCY0A3a0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,683 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we now discuss how to come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now discuss how to come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now discuss how to come up with
+confidence intervals when we try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence intervals when we try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence intervals when we try to
+estimate the unknown mean of some random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the unknown mean of some random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the unknown mean of some random
+variable or of some distribution using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable or of some distribution using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable or of some distribution using
+the sample mean as our estimator so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample mean as our estimator so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample mean as our estimator so here
+x1 up to xn are independent identically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 up to xn are independent identically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 up to xn are independent identically
+distributed random variables that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed random variables that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed random variables that are
+drawn from a distribution that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn from a distribution that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn from a distribution that has a
+certain mean theta the quantity that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain mean theta the quantity that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain mean theta the quantity that we
+want to estimate and some variance Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to estimate and some variance Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to estimate and some variance Sigma
+squared let us say that we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared let us say that we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared let us say that we want to
+construct a 95% confidence interval our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a 95% confidence interval our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a 95% confidence interval our
+starting point will be the fact that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point will be the fact that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point will be the fact that the
+sample mean according to the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample mean according to the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample mean according to the central
+limit theorem can be described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit theorem can be described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit theorem can be described
+approximately using normal distributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately using normal distributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately using normal distributions
+and we look up at the normal table and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we look up at the normal table and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we look up at the normal table and
+we observe the following that if we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we observe the following that if we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we observe the following that if we take
+a standard normal random variable then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a standard normal random variable then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a standard normal random variable then
+there is probability 97.5% of falling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is probability 97.5% of falling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is probability 97.5% of falling
+below this number 1.96 which means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below this number 1.96 which means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below this number 1.96 which means that
+there is probability two-and-a-half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is probability two-and-a-half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is probability two-and-a-half
+percent of falling above that number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of falling above that number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of falling above that number and
+by symmetry the probability of falling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by symmetry the probability of falling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by symmetry the probability of falling
+below minus 1.96 is also two and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below minus 1.96 is also two and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below minus 1.96 is also two and a half
+percent this means that this middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent this means that this middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent this means that this middle
+interval here has probability 95% and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval here has probability 95% and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval here has probability 95% and we
+exploit this fact as follows if we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploit this fact as follows if we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploit this fact as follows if we take
+the sample mean subtract the true mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample mean subtract the true mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample mean subtract the true mean
+and then divide by the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then divide by the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then divide by the standard
+deviation of the sample mean then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation of the sample mean then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation of the sample mean then we
+obtain a random variable which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain a random variable which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain a random variable which is
+approximately a standard normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately a standard normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately a standard normal
+therefore what we have here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore what we have here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore what we have here is the
+probability of an approximately standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of an approximately standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of an approximately standard
+normal random variable or actually it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal random variable or actually it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal random variable or actually it's
+absolute value falling below 1.96 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value falling below 1.96 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value falling below 1.96 this
+is just the event that our standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the event that our standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the event that our standard
+normal falls inside this middle interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal falls inside this middle interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal falls inside this middle interval
+here according to this entry from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here according to this entry from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here according to this entry from the
+normal tables and the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal tables and the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal tables and the previous
+discussion this probability is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion this probability is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion this probability is going to
+be approximately 95%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now we take this statement send this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we take this statement send this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we take this statement send this
+term to the other side of the inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term to the other side of the inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term to the other side of the inequality
+and then interpret what it means for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then interpret what it means for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then interpret what it means for an
+absolute value to be less than something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value to be less than something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value to be less than something
+and we obtain an equivalent statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we obtain an equivalent statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we obtain an equivalent statement
+this event here is algebraically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this event here is algebraically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this event here is algebraically
+identical to the event that we have up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to the event that we have up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to the event that we have up
+there and this provides us with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and this provides us with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and this provides us with a
+desired confidence interval we think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired confidence interval we think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired confidence interval we think of
+this quantity here as the lower end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity here as the lower end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity here as the lower end of
+the confidence interval this quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the confidence interval this quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the confidence interval this quantity
+here is the upper end of the confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the upper end of the confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the upper end of the confidence
+interval and this statement tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval and this statement tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval and this statement tells us
+that there is probability approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is probability approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is probability approximately
+equal to 95% that the confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 95% that the confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 95% that the confidence
+interval constructed this way contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval constructed this way contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval constructed this way contains
+the true value of the unknown parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true value of the unknown parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true value of the unknown parameter
+so this is how we obtain a 95%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is how we obtain a 95%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is how we obtain a 95%
+confidence interval if instead we wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval if instead we wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval if instead we wanted
+a 90% confidence interval we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 90% confidence interval we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 90% confidence interval we would
+proceed in more or less the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed in more or less the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed in more or less the same way
+here we would want to have the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we would want to have the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we would want to have the number
+zero point 95 why is that we want this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero point 95 why is that we want this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero point 95 why is that we want this
+middle interval to have probability 90%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle interval to have probability 90%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle interval to have probability 90%
+which means that we want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that we want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that we want to have
+probability 5% at each one of the tails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability 5% at each one of the tails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability 5% at each one of the tails
+and then we look up at the normal tables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we look up at the normal tables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we look up at the normal tables
+and we find that the entry that gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we find that the entry that gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we find that the entry that gives us
+probability 95% of being below that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability 95% of being below that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability 95% of being below that
+value is 1.645
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is 1.645
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is 1.645
+so if we use 1.645 in place of 1.96 we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we use 1.645 in place of 1.96 we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we use 1.645 in place of 1.96 we
+obtain a 90% confidence interval and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain a 90% confidence interval and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain a 90% confidence interval and
+similarly for other choices for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly for other choices for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly for other choices for example
+if we want a 99% confidence interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want a 99% confidence interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want a 99% confidence interval
+there is only one issue that's left to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is only one issue that's left to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is only one issue that's left to
+discuss and this is the following in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss and this is the following in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss and this is the following in
+order to obtain numerical values for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to obtain numerical values for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to obtain numerical values for the
+endpoints of the confidence interval we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endpoints of the confidence interval we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endpoints of the confidence interval we
+need to know Sigma the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know Sigma the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know Sigma the standard
+deviation of the random variables that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation of the random variables that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation of the random variables that
+we are observing but if we do not know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are observing but if we do not know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are observing but if we do not know
+the value of Sigma then we may have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of Sigma then we may have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of Sigma then we may have to
+do some additional work
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/mJhgkUWLtX8.txt b/mJhgkUWLtX8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f133140c70a62212e59a9f4356e423f4f2d8e67f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mJhgkUWLtX8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7611 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so today uh we're going to continue uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today uh we're going to continue uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today uh we're going to continue uh
+our focus on DNA which I'm personally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our focus on DNA which I'm personally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our focus on DNA which I'm personally
+enthusiastic about at least in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthusiastic about at least in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthusiastic about at least in terms of
+being such a a fascinating molecule and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being such a a fascinating molecule and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being such a a fascinating molecule and
+I told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I told
+you um this the story last time of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um this the story last time of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um this the story last time of how
+we actually came to understand that DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually came to understand that DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually came to understand that DNA
+was was the genetic material and I still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was the genetic material and I still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was the genetic material and I still
+see comments that oh God you know all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see comments that oh God you know all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see comments that oh God you know all
+this stuff is not relevant to the exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff is not relevant to the exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff is not relevant to the exam
+we're trying to construct the exams in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to construct the exams in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to construct the exams in
+way that test whether you got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that test whether you got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that test whether you got the
+concepts and not just whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts and not just whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts and not just whether you
+memorized every term that you rent into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorized every term that you rent into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorized every term that you rent into
+in in the textbook so I'm hoping that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the textbook so I'm hoping that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the textbook so I'm hoping that
+that uh you will see some greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh you will see some greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh you will see some greater
+purpose in why I'm trying to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose in why I'm trying to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose in why I'm trying to talk about
+some of this and also I'm sure some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this and also I'm sure some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this and also I'm sure some of
+you will forget the details of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will forget the details of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will forget the details of
+transformation of DNA replication we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation of DNA replication we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation of DNA replication we're
+going to go into as we dve sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go into as we dve sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go into as we dve sort of
+burrow into it over the next lecture or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burrow into it over the next lecture or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burrow into it over the next lecture or
+so but I'm what I am hoping you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but I'm what I am hoping you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but I'm what I am hoping you may
+remember 10 years from now even those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember 10 years from now even those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember 10 years from now even those
+who don't go in biology is H how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who don't go in biology is H how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who don't go in biology is H how
+experiments are done how real people do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments are done how real people do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments are done how real people do
+them and that was partly what I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and that was partly what I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and that was partly what I was
+trying to tell you and you guys were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to tell you and you guys were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to tell you and you guys were
+pretty good at figuring out the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good at figuring out the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good at figuring out the basic
+principle that someone had to somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle that someone had to somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle that someone had to somehow
+show that a DNA molecule in one organism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that a DNA molecule in one organism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that a DNA molecule in one organism
+could change some organism to have a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could change some organism to have a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could change some organism to have a new
+characteristic and as I sort of told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic and as I sort of told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic and as I sort of told you
+with the work from Frederick Griffith
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the work from Frederick Griffith
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the work from Frederick Griffith
+and then his initial stuff wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then his initial stuff wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then his initial stuff wasn't
+devoted at that at all I was trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devoted at that at all I was trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devoted at that at all I was trying to
+solve a very pressing problem which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve a very pressing problem which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve a very pressing problem which was
+dealing with uh pneumonia in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with uh pneumonia in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with uh pneumonia in a
+pre-antibiotic era and then the finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-antibiotic era and then the finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-antibiotic era and then the finding
+that he got that this odd result that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he got that this odd result that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he got that this odd result that
+something in a heat killed extract could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in a heat killed extract could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in a heat killed extract could
+be transferred to a live bacterium uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be transferred to a live bacterium uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be transferred to a live bacterium uh
+sort of set things up for Avery and his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of set things up for Avery and his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of set things up for Avery and his
+colleagues after number of years of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues after number of years of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues after number of years of work
+to to make uh a very powerful uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to make uh a very powerful uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to make uh a very powerful uh
+argument that DNA was the genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that DNA was the genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that DNA was the genetic
+material but as I said at the end of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material but as I said at the end of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material but as I said at the end of of
+last lecture that paper was published in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture that paper was published in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture that paper was published in
+the 1940s and people immedi didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1940s and people immedi didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1940s and people immedi didn't
+immediately say oh wow DNA is the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately say oh wow DNA is the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately say oh wow DNA is the uh the
+genetic material um often and we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic material um often and we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic material um often and we'll see
+it again with genetics there sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it again with genetics there sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it again with genetics there sometimes
+sort of the the body of science the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the the body of science the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the the body of science the
+average person average person thinks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average person average person thinks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average person average person thinks
+about science needs to reached a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about science needs to reached a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about science needs to reached a certain
+State before an idea can take hold even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State before an idea can take hold even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State before an idea can take hold even
+if there's evidence supporting it part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's evidence supporting it part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's evidence supporting it part
+of the problem was that chemists had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the problem was that chemists had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the problem was that chemists had
+um isolated DNA and the way they used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um isolated DNA and the way they used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um isolated DNA and the way they used to
+isolate DNA was really rough on it crack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolate DNA was really rough on it crack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolate DNA was really rough on it crack
+the cells open and what happened it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells open and what happened it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells open and what happened it
+would all get broken down into little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would all get broken down into little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would all get broken down into little
+pieces of of DNA and people had worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of of DNA and people had worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of of DNA and people had worked
+out the basic chemical structure that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the basic chemical structure that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the basic chemical structure that it
+was the deoxy ribos and how how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the deoxy ribos and how how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the deoxy ribos and how how the
+things were join together but nobody had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things were join together but nobody had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things were join together but nobody had
+ever seen anything more than just these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever seen anything more than just these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever seen anything more than just these
+little these little pieces of DNA and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little these little pieces of DNA and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little these little pieces of DNA and
+there was a a widely held conception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a a widely held conception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a a widely held conception
+that it was a just a monot monotonous um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was a just a monot monotonous um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was a just a monot monotonous um
+tetranucleotide of G8 T and C wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetranucleotide of G8 T and C wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetranucleotide of G8 T and C wasn't
+clear why the cells made it but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear why the cells made it but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear why the cells made it but it
+didn't look like anything that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't look like anything that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't look like anything that could
+encode information whereas they said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encode information whereas they said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encode information whereas they said
+something like proteins those seem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like proteins those seem to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like proteins those seem to be
+very different and so the world wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different and so the world wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different and so the world wasn't
+quite ready for it um another thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite ready for it um another thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite ready for it um another thing and
+this came from one of the comments here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this came from one of the comments here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this came from one of the comments here
+was uh someone said they didn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh someone said they didn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh someone said they didn't know
+bacteria could take up DNA in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria could take up DNA in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria could take up DNA in the
+environment in fact most bacteria can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment in fact most bacteria can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment in fact most bacteria can't
+uh it happens that strepto the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it happens that strepto the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it happens that strepto the
+streptococus coxy and some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streptococus coxy and some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streptococus coxy and some other
+bacteria at certain phases in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria at certain phases in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria at certain phases in their
+lifetime develop this capacity to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime develop this capacity to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime develop this capacity to take
+up DNA from from the outside given what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up DNA from from the outside given what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up DNA from from the outside given what
+I've told you about a membrane how hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've told you about a membrane how hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've told you about a membrane how hard
+it is to get things across it you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is to get things across it you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is to get things across it you could
+imagine it's not trivial to get a DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine it's not trivial to get a DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine it's not trivial to get a DNA
+molecule which is huge from one side to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule which is huge from one side to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule which is huge from one side to
+the other so it doesn't normally happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other so it doesn't normally happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other so it doesn't normally happen
+and what happens if you go into a lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what happens if you go into a lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what happens if you go into a lab
+and you're cloning something or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're cloning something or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're cloning something or other
+and you've just we'll talk about how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've just we'll talk about how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've just we'll talk about how to
+take a piece of couple of pieces DNA and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a piece of couple of pieces DNA and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a piece of couple of pieces DNA and
+join them together in a test tube and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+join them together in a test tube and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+join them together in a test tube and
+then put them back into a bacterium if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then put them back into a bacterium if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then put them back into a bacterium if
+we put it into uh eoli uh that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put it into uh eoli uh that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put it into uh eoli uh that doesn't
+normally take up DNA you'll find it sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally take up DNA you'll find it sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally take up DNA you'll find it sort
+of basically black magic you cook them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of basically black magic you cook them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of basically black magic you cook them
+up with some divalent cats at very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with some divalent cats at very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with some divalent cats at very high
+concentrations you do temperature shifts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations you do temperature shifts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations you do temperature shifts
+and various things and or you give them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and various things and or you give them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and various things and or you give them
+a big jolt of electricity and the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big jolt of electricity and the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big jolt of electricity and the next
+thing you know you get some DNA inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you know you get some DNA inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you know you get some DNA inside
+and it's not a very efficient process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not a very efficient process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not a very efficient process
+but all you need is one molecule to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all you need is one molecule to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all you need is one molecule to get
+in one bacterium and then then you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one bacterium and then then you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one bacterium and then then you're in
+business so that was another reason that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business so that was another reason that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business so that was another reason that
+um this wasn't accepted right away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this wasn't accepted right away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this wasn't accepted right away
+because this was not a phenomenon that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this was not a phenomenon that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this was not a phenomenon that
+could easily be repeated with other with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could easily be repeated with other with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could easily be repeated with other with
+other bacteria so it looked like perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other bacteria so it looked like perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other bacteria so it looked like perhaps
+it was something perhaps special to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was something perhaps special to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was something perhaps special to to
+strep the caucus and what what did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strep the caucus and what what did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strep the caucus and what what did
+really change people's understanding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really change people's understanding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really change people's understanding of
+of the POS or at least bring people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the POS or at least bring people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the POS or at least bring people to
+the understanding that um DNA could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the understanding that um DNA could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the understanding that um DNA could
+possibly be the genetic material uh came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly be the genetic material uh came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly be the genetic material uh came
+about from the discovery of the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about from the discovery of the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about from the discovery of the actual
+structure of how the structure of DNA uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of how the structure of DNA uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of how the structure of DNA uh
+as a as a long molecule with compliment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a as a long molecule with compliment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a as a long molecule with compliment
+strands and the double helix the stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strands and the double helix the stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strands and the double helix the stuff
+the little pictures I showed you with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little pictures I showed you with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little pictures I showed you with
+the base pairs which you know about and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base pairs which you know about and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base pairs which you know about and
+how the the two strands which now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the the two strands which now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the the two strands which now I'm
+going to start emphasizing run in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start emphasizing run in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start emphasizing run in
+opposite directions we'll come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite directions we'll come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite directions we'll come back to
+that in a little bit but the five Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a little bit but the five Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a little bit but the five Prime
+to three prime direction is is this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to three prime direction is is this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to three prime direction is is this way
+and one and five to three and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one and five to three and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one and five to three and the other
+and just remember back here that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just remember back here that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just remember back here that there's
+the five Prime carbon that's the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the five Prime carbon that's the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the five Prime carbon that's the three
+prime carbon so this is the five to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime carbon so this is the five to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime carbon so this is the five to
+three prime direction of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three prime direction of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three prime direction of the of the
+Strand and then it twists up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strand and then it twists up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strand and then it twists up in
+three-dimensional space to form this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space to form this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space to form this uh
+double hel double helix and you've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double hel double helix and you've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double hel double helix and you've seen
+that movie uh several times so it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that movie uh several times so it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that movie uh several times so it was
+once that structure was was discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once that structure was was discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once that structure was was discovered
+then um people began to see how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um people began to see how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um people began to see how this
+could possibly incode information it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could possibly incode information it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could possibly incode information it was
+clearly not a g just a tetranucleotide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly not a g just a tetranucleotide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly not a g just a tetranucleotide
+of of G TCS but we didn't move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of G TCS but we didn't move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of G TCS but we didn't move
+immediately to that understanding and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately to that understanding and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately to that understanding and
+today again sort of trying to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today again sort of trying to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today again sort of trying to show you
+uh how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how how
+biolog how biological experiments done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biolog how biological experiments done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biolog how biological experiments done
+and how they're done by by real people I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how they're done by by real people I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how they're done by by real people I
+want to just go on and tell you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to just go on and tell you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to just go on and tell you what
+happened the key things that happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened the key things that happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened the key things that happened
+next so someone who was very um struck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next so someone who was very um struck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next so someone who was very um struck
+by the results of Avery when they came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the results of Avery when they came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the results of Avery when they came
+out was uh Irwin Sharaf who was at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out was uh Irwin Sharaf who was at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out was uh Irwin Sharaf who was at
+Columbia uh and in fact my colleague
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columbia uh and in fact my colleague
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columbia uh and in fact my colleague
+Boris Mega Sanic whose office is next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boris Mega Sanic whose office is next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boris Mega Sanic whose office is next to
+mine was a postto in in Char's lab so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine was a postto in in Char's lab so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine was a postto in in Char's lab so
+I've got a neighbor of mine who worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got a neighbor of mine who worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got a neighbor of mine who worked
+with with Sharaf and sharf was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with Sharaf and sharf was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with Sharaf and sharf was very
+struck by this result from Avery and his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struck by this result from Avery and his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struck by this result from Avery and his
+colleagues that you could take DNA and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues that you could take DNA and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues that you could take DNA and
+put it in another organism and I hear a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in another organism and I hear a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in another organism and I hear a
+couple of quotes from his his writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of quotes from his his writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of quotes from his his writing
+one that I liked I've sort of had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that I liked I've sort of had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that I liked I've sort of had a
+sense of this in my own research career
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of this in my own research career
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of this in my own research career
+this kind of thing said I saw before me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of thing said I saw before me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of thing said I saw before me
+in dark Contours the beginning of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in dark Contours the beginning of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in dark Contours the beginning of a
+grammar of biology he didn't really know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammar of biology he didn't really know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammar of biology he didn't really know
+quite how it worked but he sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite how it worked but he sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite how it worked but he sort of
+sensed that somehow here where you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensed that somehow here where you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensed that somehow here where you could
+get down to the language in that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get down to the language in that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get down to the language in that was
+biology was written so he started some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology was written so he started some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology was written so he started some
+experiments and was he I started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and was he I started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and was he I started with
+the conviction that if different DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conviction that if different DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conviction that if different DNA
+species uh exhibited different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species uh exhibited different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species uh exhibited different
+biological activities there should exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological activities there should exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological activities there should exist
+chemically demonstrable differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemically demonstrable differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemically demonstrable differences
+between um deoxy ribonucleic acids so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between um deoxy ribonucleic acids so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between um deoxy ribonucleic acids so he
+was able to start just doing some simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was able to start just doing some simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was able to start just doing some simple
+chem chemical experiments to try and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chem chemical experiments to try and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chem chemical experiments to try and see
+uh look at DN from a whole variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh look at DN from a whole variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh look at DN from a whole variety of
+sources and see what he could learn and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources and see what he could learn and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources and see what he could learn and
+this was not at the structural level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was not at the structural level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was not at the structural level
+that yet this was just at the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yet this was just at the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yet this was just at the chemical
+level but one thing he learned was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level but one thing he learned was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level but one thing he learned was that
+the the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+content of DNA that's the AG CT part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content of DNA that's the AG CT part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content of DNA that's the AG CT part of
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+varied widely between organisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this was what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was what
+sharf found in his lab key key findings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharf found in his lab key key findings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharf found in his lab key key findings
+and that was important because if DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was important because if DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was important because if DNA
+was just a molecule gatc just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just a molecule gatc just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just a molecule gatc just a
+tetranucleotide that every organism made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetranucleotide that every organism made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetranucleotide that every organism made
+then you expect to find the same base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you expect to find the same base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you expect to find the same base
+composition in all organisms he didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition in all organisms he didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition in all organisms he didn't
+so that that finding essentially buried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that finding essentially buried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that finding essentially buried
+the monotonous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the monotonous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the monotonous
+tetranucleotide hypothesis another thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetranucleotide hypothesis another thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetranucleotide hypothesis another thing
+um he found was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he found was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he found was
+that DNA was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+same in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tissues from the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+organism but the proteins vared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's what you'd that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what you'd that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what you'd that's a
+characteristic you'd expect of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic you'd expect of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic you'd expect of something
+that was the the genetic information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the the genetic information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the the genetic information
+from the cell that all cells have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the cell that all cells have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the cell that all cells have to
+have sort of the major blueprint and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sort of the major blueprint and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sort of the major blueprint and if
+you had even though proteins looked like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had even though proteins looked like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had even though proteins looked like
+an attractive possibility for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an attractive possibility for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an attractive possibility for that
+because they had so much variation this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they had so much variation this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they had so much variation this
+kind of finding wasn't consistent with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of finding wasn't consistent with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of finding wasn't consistent with
+it and it was supported the idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and it was supported the idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and it was supported the idea that
+DNA was the the genetic material well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA was the the genetic material well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA was the the genetic material well
+the other thing he could do is he could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing he could do is he could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing he could do is he could
+measure the atg and C content of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the atg and C content of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the atg and C content of all
+these different a DN and he noticed some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different a DN and he noticed some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different a DN and he noticed some
+similarities then and he he extracted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities then and he he extracted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities then and he he extracted
+out of that a couple of of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of that a couple of of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of that a couple of of um
+generalizations one was that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizations one was that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizations one was that if you
+looked at the ratio of the purines those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the ratio of the purines those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the ratio of the purines those
+are the ones with the two rings Denine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the ones with the two rings Denine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the ones with the two rings Denine
+and guanosine over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and guanosine over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and guanosine over the
+peridin those are the ones with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peridin those are the ones with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peridin those are the ones with the
+single ring which were C and C and T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single ring which were C and C and T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single ring which were C and C and T
+they're about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're about
+one another thing he noticed was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one another thing he noticed was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one another thing he noticed was that
+the ratio of a to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio of a to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio of a to
+T was about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T was about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T was about
+one the ratio of G and C to C was about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the ratio of G and C to C was about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the ratio of G and C to C was about
+one now that was an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now that was an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now that was an important
+clue but it didn't lead to any immediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clue but it didn't lead to any immediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clue but it didn't lead to any immediate
+breakthrough even though maybe now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthrough even though maybe now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthrough even though maybe now that
+you know the structure you can see gee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the structure you can see gee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the structure you can see gee
+if I'd been there maybe I would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'd been there maybe I would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'd been there maybe I would have
+been smart enough to jump on that on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been smart enough to jump on that on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been smart enough to jump on that on
+that number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number
+so instead uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead uh
+the the work uh that led to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the work uh that led to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the work uh that led to the
+structure of DNA now introduces uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of DNA now introduces uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of DNA now introduces uh a
+couple of other characters who you've uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of other characters who you've uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of other characters who you've uh
+heard of a lot J Jim Watson and Francis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of a lot J Jim Watson and Francis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of a lot J Jim Watson and Francis
+Crick at the time that that Avery made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crick at the time that that Avery made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crick at the time that that Avery made
+his Discovery uh reporting DNA was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his Discovery uh reporting DNA was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his Discovery uh reporting DNA was
+transformation Jim Watson was he said he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation Jim Watson was he said he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation Jim Watson was he said he
+described himself later as as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described himself later as as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described himself later as as a
+precocious college boy in Chicago who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precocious college boy in Chicago who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precocious college boy in Chicago who
+was consumed by Ornithology so he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was consumed by Ornithology so he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was consumed by Ornithology so he was
+into bird watching that's what he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into bird watching that's what he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into bird watching that's what he was
+excited about at the time ay did his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about at the time ay did his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about at the time ay did his
+experiment and Francis cck at that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and Francis cck at that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and Francis cck at that point
+was a physicist and he was in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a physicist and he was in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a physicist and he was in the
+British Navy designing mines Naval mines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British Navy designing mines Naval mines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British Navy designing mines Naval mines
+so that's where those two players were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's where those two players were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's where those two players were
+at the time of um of uh Avery's results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time of um of uh Avery's results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time of um of uh Avery's results
+so then both uh Francis Crick and um Jim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then both uh Francis Crick and um Jim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then both uh Francis Crick and um Jim
+Watson and ended up in Cambridge England
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watson and ended up in Cambridge England
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watson and ended up in Cambridge England
+about 1950 I think Crick got there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1950 I think Crick got there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1950 I think Crick got there
+around 1949 and and Jim Watson got there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 1949 and and Jim Watson got there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 1949 and and Jim Watson got there
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+1951 uh Francis Crick was a grad student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1951 uh Francis Crick was a grad student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1951 uh Francis Crick was a grad student
+35 years old at the time I think we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+35 years old at the time I think we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+35 years old at the time I think we have
+U let me I'll show you the pictures in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U let me I'll show you the pictures in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U let me I'll show you the pictures in a
+minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute
+um 35 years old at the time still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 35 years old at the time still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 35 years old at the time still
+working on his PhD so he was a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on his PhD so he was a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on his PhD so he was a pretty
+elderly grad student if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elderly grad student if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elderly grad student if you want to
+think of it that way and Jim Watson was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it that way and Jim Watson was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it that way and Jim Watson was
+a young hot shot he'd done his PhD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a young hot shot he'd done his PhD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a young hot shot he'd done his PhD
+working with Salvador Laura who was at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with Salvador Laura who was at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with Salvador Laura who was at
+Indiana University at the time Salvador
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indiana University at the time Salvador
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indiana University at the time Salvador
+Laura was one of the Nobel laurates at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laura was one of the Nobel laurates at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laura was one of the Nobel laurates at
+MIT he founded the cancer center which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT he founded the cancer center which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT he founded the cancer center which
+is still here right across from the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still here right across from the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still here right across from the the
+main biology building and Jim was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main biology building and Jim was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main biology building and Jim was very
+very bright and Brash young guy and he'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very bright and Brash young guy and he'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very bright and Brash young guy and he'
+done his PhD with Salva and then he went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done his PhD with Salva and then he went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done his PhD with Salva and then he went
+to to Cambridge as well and the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to Cambridge as well and the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to Cambridge as well and the reason
+um they both went to Cambridge was they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they both went to Cambridge was they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they both went to Cambridge was they
+were attracted by the power of X-ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were attracted by the power of X-ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were attracted by the power of X-ray
+crystallography now I said a little word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallography now I said a little word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallography now I said a little word
+about that earlier that if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that earlier that if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that earlier that if you take
+X-rays and you bounce them off a crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X-rays and you bounce them off a crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X-rays and you bounce them off a crystal
+and then measure the defraction pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then measure the defraction pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then measure the defraction pattern
+you can work backwards by fora
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can work backwards by fora
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can work backwards by fora
+transforms and whatnot to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms and whatnot to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms and whatnot to figure out
+what the underlying crystal structure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the underlying crystal structure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the underlying crystal structure is
+for the purposes of this course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the purposes of this course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the purposes of this course the
+mechanics of how that's done is is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics of how that's done is is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics of how that's done is is we
+don't have to worry about that right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to worry about that right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to worry about that right now
+you just need to know that you can work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just need to know that you can work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just need to know that you can work
+backwards from the defraction pattern to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards from the defraction pattern to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards from the defraction pattern to
+figure out what the underlying structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what the underlying structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what the underlying structure
+was and I told you when I introduced you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and I told you when I introduced you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and I told you when I introduced you
+to proteins that the first clues that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to proteins that the first clues that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to proteins that the first clues that
+there were these regions of secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were these regions of secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were these regions of secondary
+structure Alpha Hiles and beta sheets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure Alpha Hiles and beta sheets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure Alpha Hiles and beta sheets
+came because people saw characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came because people saw characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came because people saw characteristic
+Reflections in those um in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reflections in those um in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reflections in those um in these
+defraction patterns of certain proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction patterns of certain proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction patterns of certain proteins
+and I also told you the story of uh how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I also told you the story of uh how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I also told you the story of uh how
+uh lonus Pauling had gone to Oxford had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lonus Pauling had gone to Oxford had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lonus Pauling had gone to Oxford had
+gotten sick and tired of reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten sick and tired of reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten sick and tired of reading
+detective novels started to try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detective novels started to try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detective novels started to try and
+explain the refractions in certain class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the refractions in certain class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the refractions in certain class
+of proteins and came came up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of proteins and came came up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of proteins and came came up with a
+model for the alpha Helix and so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for the alpha Helix and so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for the alpha Helix and so that
+was uh sort of thing that inspired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh sort of thing that inspired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh sort of thing that inspired
+um uh Watson and cck they were both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh Watson and cck they were both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh Watson and cck they were both
+interested in when one could get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in when one could get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in when one could get the
+structure of DNA now Cambridge also had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of DNA now Cambridge also had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of DNA now Cambridge also had
+a uh a very good x-ray crystallography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh a very good x-ray crystallography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh a very good x-ray crystallography
+group and just in passing it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and just in passing it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and just in passing it's
+interesting as to why they didn't come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting as to why they didn't come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting as to why they didn't come
+up with the structure of the alpha Helix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with the structure of the alpha Helix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with the structure of the alpha Helix
+Helix there were two two things one was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Helix there were two two things one was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Helix there were two two things one was
+just of basic knowledge I told you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just of basic knowledge I told you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just of basic knowledge I told you that
+the peptide bond if you remember I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peptide bond if you remember I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peptide bond if you remember I
+emphasized that you can't rotate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasized that you can't rotate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasized that you can't rotate it
+because the electrons are distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the electrons are distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the electrons are distributed
+Pauling was an outstanding chemist he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pauling was an outstanding chemist he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pauling was an outstanding chemist he
+knew that fact and the folks at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew that fact and the folks at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew that fact and the folks at at
+Cambridge who were doing that didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge who were doing that didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge who were doing that didn't
+learn this until till later so they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn this until till later so they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn this until till later so they were
+their models were far Le less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their models were far Le less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their models were far Le less
+constrained because they could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained because they could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained because they could have
+rotation around that Bond and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation around that Bond and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation around that Bond and the other
+one was just an experimental thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was just an experimental thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was just an experimental thing that
+the photograph the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photograph the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photograph the size of the
+photographic plates they used in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographic plates they used in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographic plates they used in the
+Cambridge lab were were too small in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge lab were were too small in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge lab were were too small in the
+sense that they missed a key reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that they missed a key reflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that they missed a key reflection
+that that that Pauling knew about and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that Pauling knew about and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that Pauling knew about and
+they they didn't know about so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they didn't know about so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they didn't know about so this
+combination led to uh them being scooped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination led to uh them being scooped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination led to uh them being scooped
+by the other group but the nevertheless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the other group but the nevertheless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the other group but the nevertheless
+the the uh the group at Cambridge was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh the group at Cambridge was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh the group at Cambridge was
+absolutely outstanding and um and had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely outstanding and um and had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely outstanding and um and had
+you know one of the top places in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one of the top places in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one of the top places in the
+world to do and I showed you um a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world to do and I showed you um a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world to do and I showed you um a couple
+of pictures this is when I was showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pictures this is when I was showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pictures this is when I was showing
+you the transition state sort of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the transition state sort of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the transition state sort of what
+you what you get out of a um working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what you get out of a um working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what you get out of a um working
+backwards from these defraction patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards from these defraction patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards from these defraction patterns
+is they can make they can measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they can make they can measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they can make they can measure
+regions of electron density and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions of electron density and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions of electron density and then you
+fit atoms or fit molecules to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit atoms or fit molecules to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit atoms or fit molecules to the
+patterns uh that you see and if it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns uh that you see and if it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns uh that you see and if it's all
+working you can explain why there bumps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working you can explain why there bumps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working you can explain why there bumps
+here there's an oxygen here and and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's an oxygen here and and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's an oxygen here and and so
+on there's another one this is a an ATP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on there's another one this is a an ATP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on there's another one this is a an ATP
+that's bound actually in the struct in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's bound actually in the struct in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's bound actually in the struct in a
+pocket in a protein you can sort of see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket in a protein you can sort of see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket in a protein you can sort of see
+how the how beautifully the patterns of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the how beautifully the patterns of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the how beautifully the patterns of
+electron density deduced from the X-ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron density deduced from the X-ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron density deduced from the X-ray
+crystallography will match the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallography will match the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallography will match the chemical
+structures that we we put on the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that we we put on the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that we we put on the board
+so that was the idea they were going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was the idea they were going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was the idea they were going to
+look at work out the structures the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at work out the structures the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at work out the structures the
+structure of DNA now the thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of DNA now the thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of DNA now the thing about
+Watson and Crick uh who at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watson and Crick uh who at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watson and Crick uh who at this point
+looked like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this um they didn't look in ly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um they didn't look in ly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um they didn't look in ly
+distinguished um fact Jim probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguished um fact Jim probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguished um fact Jim probably
+looked like you've probably seen people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked like you've probably seen people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked like you've probably seen people
+who look approximately like that around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who look approximately like that around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who look approximately like that around
+MIT he would have fit in right here no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT he would have fit in right here no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT he would have fit in right here no
+one would have noticed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one would have noticed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one would have noticed
+um uh they were not actually x-ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh they were not actually x-ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh they were not actually x-ray
+crystallographers they were just trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallographers they were just trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallographers they were just trying
+to model other people's data and the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to model other people's data and the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to model other people's data and the uh
+the best DNA data uh DNA crystallography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best DNA data uh DNA crystallography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best DNA data uh DNA crystallography
+data was a woman Ros young woman rosin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data was a woman Ros young woman rosin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data was a woman Ros young woman rosin
+Franklin um who was working uh in London
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Franklin um who was working uh in London
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Franklin um who was working uh in London
+in very somewhat uneasy alliance with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in very somewhat uneasy alliance with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in very somewhat uneasy alliance with
+Maurice Wilkins and trying to read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maurice Wilkins and trying to read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maurice Wilkins and trying to read the
+history it's probably it's a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history it's probably it's a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history it's probably it's a bit
+complicated because I at least some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because I at least some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because I at least some of
+what I've read I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've read I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've read I think that
+when rosn Franklin arrived at the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when rosn Franklin arrived at the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when rosn Franklin arrived at the lab
+she was told this DNA structure problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was told this DNA structure problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was told this DNA structure problem
+was hers and Maurice Wilkin in whose lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was hers and Maurice Wilkin in whose lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was hers and Maurice Wilkin in whose lab
+she was working was told he was sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was working was told he was sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was working was told he was sort of
+working for her so there was a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working for her so there was a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working for her so there was a bunch of
+confusion in this but in any case uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion in this but in any case uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion in this but in any case uh
+rosin Franklin uh was collecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rosin Franklin uh was collecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rosin Franklin uh was collecting
+crystallographic data and Watson and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallographic data and Watson and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallographic data and Watson and
+Crick located mile some distance away in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crick located mile some distance away in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crick located mile some distance away in
+in Cambridge were trying to come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Cambridge were trying to come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Cambridge were trying to come up with
+models that could explain the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models that could explain the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models that could explain the structure
+of of DNA and they learned about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of DNA and they learned about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of DNA and they learned about uh
+rosin's data and it was their data her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rosin's data and it was their data her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rosin's data and it was their data her
+data that they used to work out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that they used to work out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that they used to work out the
+basis their C her crystalographic data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis their C her crystalographic data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis their C her crystalographic data
+that they used when they put together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they used when they put together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they used when they put together
+their structure so if it hadn't been for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their structure so if it hadn't been for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their structure so if it hadn't been for
+her uh they wouldn't uh have been able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her uh they wouldn't uh have been able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her uh they wouldn't uh have been able
+to make make their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make make their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make make their
+Discovery so part of the reason I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Discovery so part of the reason I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Discovery so part of the reason I'm I'm
+dwelling on this is I think this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dwelling on this is I think this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dwelling on this is I think this is
+their discovery of the structure of DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their discovery of the structure of DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their discovery of the structure of DNA
+was arguably one of the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was arguably one of the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was arguably one of the great
+intellectual advances of our time it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual advances of our time it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual advances of our time it
+just open doors the whole field of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just open doors the whole field of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just open doors the whole field of
+molecular biology became possible once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular biology became possible once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular biology became possible once
+people suddenly saw that DNA was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people suddenly saw that DNA was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people suddenly saw that DNA was
+complimentary St strands you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complimentary St strands you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complimentary St strands you could
+almost immediately see how you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost immediately see how you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost immediately see how you could
+copy genetic information it laid the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy genetic information it laid the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy genetic information it laid the
+groundwork for what later turned out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groundwork for what later turned out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groundwork for what later turned out to
+be you know recombinant DNA and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you know recombinant DNA and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you know recombinant DNA and
+everything else so so much of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else so so much of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else so so much of this
+pivots around this one uh this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots around this one uh this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots around this one uh this one
+Discovery and I think I wouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Discovery and I think I wouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Discovery and I think I wouldn't be
+doing Justice to this finding which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing Justice to this finding which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing Justice to this finding which you
+all have heard about for years and years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have heard about for years and years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have heard about for years and years
+if I'd let you walk away from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'd let you walk away from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'd let you walk away from here
+thinking this was too two young Geniuses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking this was too two young Geniuses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking this was too two young Geniuses
+who sat down in a room uh with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who sat down in a room uh with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who sat down in a room uh with some
+crystallographic data and emerged uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallographic data and emerged uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallographic data and emerged uh
+with a structure that sort of changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a structure that sort of changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a structure that sort of changed
+the course of the study of biology and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course of the study of biology and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course of the study of biology and
+as you can see changes our society and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see changes our society and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see changes our society and
+everything else um there are a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else um there are a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else um there are a couple of
+accounts of this there are numerous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts of this there are numerous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts of this there are numerous
+accounts um one that I I I found pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts um one that I I I found pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts um one that I I I found pretty
+interesting is called the eth day of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is called the eth day of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is called the eth day of
+creation if everyone to read an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation if everyone to read an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation if everyone to read an
+interesting book on science um this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting book on science um this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting book on science um this was
+uh Horus judson's effort to try and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Horus judson's effort to try and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Horus judson's effort to try and um
+put together history of this happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together history of this happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together history of this happened
+and with all histories ultimately you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with all histories ultimately you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with all histories ultimately you
+know there some judgment calls by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there some judgment calls by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there some judgment calls by the
+historian but this one's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historian but this one's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historian but this one's pretty
+certainly he tried to be pretty fairh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly he tried to be pretty fairh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly he tried to be pretty fairh
+handed and even-handed and he tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handed and even-handed and he tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handed and even-handed and he tried to
+get at the heart of what was going on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get at the heart of what was going on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get at the heart of what was going on uh
+Watson wrote a book called the double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watson wrote a book called the double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watson wrote a book called the double
+helix Jim Watson's very colorful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helix Jim Watson's very colorful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helix Jim Watson's very colorful
+character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character
+particularly quite Brash particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly quite Brash particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly quite Brash particularly
+when he was younger and that's reflected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he was younger and that's reflected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he was younger and that's reflected
+in this book it's an interesting read U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this book it's an interesting read U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this book it's an interesting read U
+probably a more balanced point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a more balanced point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a more balanced point of view
+for sure in eth day of creation and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sure in eth day of creation and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sure in eth day of creation and then
+there now a lot of other books but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there now a lot of other books but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there now a lot of other books but what
+I did just to try and do this in about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did just to try and do this in about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did just to try and do this in about a
+minute or two was I took uh a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute or two was I took uh a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute or two was I took uh a couple of
+the the uh key things that happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh key things that happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh key things that happened
+during their adventure of trying to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during their adventure of trying to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during their adventure of trying to work
+out the structure of DNA and just kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the structure of DNA and just kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the structure of DNA and just kind
+of Ren some of their missteps together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Ren some of their missteps together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Ren some of their missteps together
+because even though this was a marvelous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because even though this was a marvelous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because even though this was a marvelous
+Discovery it just didn't happen um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Discovery it just didn't happen um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Discovery it just didn't happen um so
+they started out they were inspired by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they started out they were inspired by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they started out they were inspired by
+uh lus Pauling discovery of the alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lus Pauling discovery of the alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lus Pauling discovery of the alpha
+Helix and I don't know if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Helix and I don't know if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Helix and I don't know if you can
+remember the story but what he what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the story but what he what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the story but what he what
+Pauling decided to do when he was lying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pauling decided to do when he was lying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pauling decided to do when he was lying
+in bed and with a strip of paper trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in bed and with a strip of paper trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in bed and with a strip of paper trying
+to work out the the structure that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work out the the structure that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work out the the structure that was
+giving these Reflections in the crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving these Reflections in the crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving these Reflections in the crystal
+structure he said I'm going to start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure he said I'm going to start by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure he said I'm going to start by
+ignoring the side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignoring the side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignoring the side
+chains so that was a brilliant move in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains so that was a brilliant move in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains so that was a brilliant move in
+the case of the alpha Helix because he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of the alpha Helix because he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of the alpha Helix because he
+was then able to figure out that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was then able to figure out that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was then able to figure out that that
+hydrogen bond between the the carbonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bond between the the carbonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bond between the the carbonal
+and the amino group you could see how if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the amino group you could see how if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the amino group you could see how if
+you got the Helix going it would repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got the Helix going it would repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got the Helix going it would repeat
+it exactly the the way that would give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it exactly the the way that would give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it exactly the the way that would give
+the reflections that were observed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reflections that were observed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reflections that were observed in
+the crystallography so that was how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crystallography so that was how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crystallography so that was how
+Watson and Crick sort of did Linus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watson and Crick sort of did Linus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watson and Crick sort of did Linus
+Pauling had shown the way so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pauling had shown the way so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pauling had shown the way so they
+decided they would ignore the side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided they would ignore the side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided they would ignore the side
+chains of of DNA so they started out by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains of of DNA so they started out by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains of of DNA so they started out by
+saying we won't consider the ATS the G's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying we won't consider the ATS the G's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying we won't consider the ATS the G's
+and the C's well given what you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the C's well given what you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the C's well given what you know
+about the structure of DNA that was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the structure of DNA that was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the structure of DNA that was not
+a helpful move in in the uh in trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a helpful move in in the uh in trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a helpful move in in the uh in trying to
+work out the structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out the structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out the structure of
+DNA um another thing for example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA um another thing for example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA um another thing for example that
+happened was that uh Jim Watson is has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened was that uh Jim Watson is has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened was that uh Jim Watson is has
+no lack of self-confidence and so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no lack of self-confidence and so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no lack of self-confidence and so it
+turned out when he went to hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out when he went to hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out when he went to hear
+scientific talks he didn't take notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific talks he didn't take notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific talks he didn't take notes
+and so he went to hear a talk on x-ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so he went to hear a talk on x-ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so he went to hear a talk on x-ray
+crystallography um given by Ros rosin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallography um given by Ros rosin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallography um given by Ros rosin
+Franklin but he didn't quite remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Franklin but he didn't quite remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Franklin but he didn't quite remember
+the numbers right got the facts a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers right got the facts a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers right got the facts a little
+jumbled and he and Francis spent a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumbled and he and Francis spent a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumbled and he and Francis spent a while
+trying to design models to data that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to design models to data that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to design models to data that
+wasn't the right data it was just not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't the right data it was just not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't the right data it was just not
+quite remembered right so there was kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite remembered right so there was kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite remembered right so there was kind
+of an inefficiency there and then Jim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an inefficiency there and then Jim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an inefficiency there and then Jim
+had a bias almost to the end that the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a bias almost to the end that the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a bias almost to the end that the uh
+the phosphate backbones they knew it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phosphate backbones they knew it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phosphate backbones they knew it was
+uh were some would somehow be on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh were some would somehow be on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh were some would somehow be on the
+inside and the bases would be on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside and the bases would be on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside and the bases would be on the
+outside of the structure so if that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the structure so if that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the structure so if that's
+your sort of starting place then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sort of starting place then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sort of starting place then it's
+sort of hard so Watson uh excuse me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of hard so Watson uh excuse me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of hard so Watson uh excuse me
+Francis Crick was beginning to suspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Francis Crick was beginning to suspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Francis Crick was beginning to suspect
+that maybe the bases were important so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe the bases were important so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe the bases were important so
+he hired a young mathematician and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he hired a young mathematician and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he hired a young mathematician and he
+said um can you see whether there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said um can you see whether there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said um can you see whether there you
+could work out whether there would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could work out whether there would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could work out whether there would be
+any chemical attraction between any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any chemical attraction between any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any chemical attraction between any
+pairs of bases and the young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs of bases and the young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs of bases and the young
+mathematician came back and said that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician came back and said that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician came back and said that he
+thought G might pair with C or go go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought G might pair with C or go go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought G might pair with C or go go
+with c and a with t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with c and a with t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with c and a with t
+and given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and given
+what happened here you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened here you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened here you might have
+thought that a light bulb would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that a light bulb would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that a light bulb would have
+gone off but it didn't and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone off but it didn't and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone off but it didn't and in fact
+charga visited them and nobody the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charga visited them and nobody the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charga visited them and nobody the light
+bulb went off for nobody and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulb went off for nobody and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulb went off for nobody and in fact
+charf wasn't a terribly big fan of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charf wasn't a terribly big fan of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charf wasn't a terribly big fan of what
+Watson and Crick were were trying to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watson and Crick were were trying to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watson and Crick were were trying to do
+so the pieces are piling up but still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the pieces are piling up but still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the pieces are piling up but still
+not still not there um then a big EXP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not still not there um then a big EXP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not still not there um then a big EXP
+experimental Advance came from rosin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental Advance came from rosin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental Advance came from rosin
+Franklin and that was she discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Franklin and that was she discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Franklin and that was she discovered
+that the uh DNA that they had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the uh DNA that they had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the uh DNA that they had been
+diffracting was actually a mixture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffracting was actually a mixture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffracting was actually a mixture of
+two forms so there were actually two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two forms so there were actually two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two forms so there were actually two
+structures in the in the mix that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures in the in the mix that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures in the in the mix that were
+contributing to the refractions she was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributing to the refractions she was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributing to the refractions she was
+able to separate out the two kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to separate out the two kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to separate out the two kinds of
+DNA DNA a and DNA B called it and so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA DNA a and DNA B called it and so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA DNA a and DNA B called it and so now
+you this gave a much clearer uh clearer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this gave a much clearer uh clearer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this gave a much clearer uh clearer
+defraction pattern and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction pattern and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction pattern and that's the
+defraction pattern that that she saw and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction pattern that that she saw and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction pattern that that she saw and
+uh Watson and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Watson and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Watson and
+Crick um managed to get a look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crick um managed to get a look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crick um managed to get a look at this
+data it's a little complicated how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data it's a little complicated how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data it's a little complicated how that
+uh how that happened but uh Crick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how that happened but uh Crick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how that happened but uh Crick
+realized almost right away that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized almost right away that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized almost right away that there
+were two strands running in opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were two strands running in opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were two strands running in opposite
+directions so there was the five to he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions so there was the five to he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions so there was the five to he
+could see now knew it was 5 to3 in One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see now knew it was 5 to3 in One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see now knew it was 5 to3 in One
+Direction and 5 to three in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and 5 to three in the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and 5 to three in the other
+direction like that so you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction like that so you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction like that so you might have
+thought they were homef free but no Jim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought they were homef free but no Jim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought they were homef free but no Jim
+Watson immediately built a model that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watson immediately built a model that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watson immediately built a model that
+paired like with like a with a t with t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paired like with like a with a t with t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paired like with like a with a t with t
+g with G they wrote it up and they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g with G they wrote it up and they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g with G they wrote it up and they were
+ready to submit the paper and they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to submit the paper and they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to submit the paper and they they
+gave a presentation to their their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave a presentation to their their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave a presentation to their their
+colleagues at um at The Lab in Cambridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues at um at The Lab in Cambridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues at um at The Lab in Cambridge
+and they were shot down and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were shot down and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were shot down and one of the
+key uh things was they learned the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key uh things was they learned the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key uh things was they learned the the
+chemical fact that the textbooks were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical fact that the textbooks were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical fact that the textbooks were
+most of the textbooks were wrong at in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the textbooks were wrong at in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the textbooks were wrong at in
+that at that time in the way that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at that time in the way that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at that time in the way that they
+depicted the structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depicted the structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depicted the structure of
+guanine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you look in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+textbook uh excuse me here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if if you were to look at in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if if you were to look at in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if if you were to look at in a
+textbook today you'd see one like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook today you'd see one like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook today you'd see one like this
+but this is there's another way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is there's another way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is there's another way you
+could draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so This you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so This you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so This you may
+remember when we were talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when we were talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when we were talking about
+phosphino pyate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphino pyate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphino pyate
+that this is an enol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is an enol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is an enol
+form and this is a keto form and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and this is a keto form and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and this is a keto form and this is
+the way most of the textbooks were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way most of the textbooks were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way most of the textbooks were
+showing guanine at the time so they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing guanine at the time so they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing guanine at the time so they were
+looking at the structure of of guanine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the structure of of guanine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the structure of of guanine
+in in uh in uh textbooks and if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in uh in uh textbooks and if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in uh in uh textbooks and if you were
+trying to work out schemes for putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to work out schemes for putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to work out schemes for putting
+bases together you can see what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases together you can see what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases together you can see what's going
+on up here would be very different if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on up here would be very different if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on up here would be very different if we
+have a a hydrogen here versus if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a hydrogen here versus if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a hydrogen here versus if we have
+an oxygen if you're trying to say make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oxygen if you're trying to say make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oxygen if you're trying to say make
+hydrogen bonds at that form at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bonds at that form at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bonds at that form at that
+particular position I think all of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular position I think all of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular position I think all of you
+understand hydrogen bonds well enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand hydrogen bonds well enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand hydrogen bonds well enough to
+see how that would throw you off so once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how that would throw you off so once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how that would throw you off so once
+that um Insight came uh once once they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um Insight came uh once once they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um Insight came uh once once they
+learned that then the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned that then the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned that then the rest of the
+structure came pretty fast and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure came pretty fast and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure came pretty fast and there's a
+movie about this one of the nice things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie about this one of the nice things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie about this one of the nice things
+in it was sort of trying to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it was sort of trying to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it was sort of trying to show
+recreate the experience where I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recreate the experience where I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recreate the experience where I think it
+was Watson was shuffling these base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Watson was shuffling these base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Watson was shuffling these base
+pairs around he suddenly realized that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs around he suddenly realized that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs around he suddenly realized that
+you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could
+set up base pairs with a and t and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up base pairs with a and t and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up base pairs with a and t and with
+G and c and when you looked at them you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G and c and when you looked at them you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G and c and when you looked at them you
+could see they were geometrically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see they were geometrically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see they were geometrically
+exactly the same shape you could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same shape you could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same shape you could just
+take this the shape of the G and C pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this the shape of the G and C pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this the shape of the G and C pair
+and lay it right down on the A and T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lay it right down on the A and T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lay it right down on the A and T
+pair and that then you could see how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair and that then you could see how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair and that then you could see how you
+could build either a GC or an at pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could build either a GC or an at pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could build either a GC or an at pair
+into the repeating structure of this DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the repeating structure of this DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the repeating structure of this DNA
+and it would it would be compatible so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it would it would be compatible so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it would it would be compatible so
+they they built a model and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they built a model and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they built a model and I
+thought um we can just hit the lights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought um we can just hit the lights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought um we can just hit the lights
+for for a second here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe um just let you see what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe um just let you see what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe um just let you see what that
+first model looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first model looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first model looked
+like looks like something you could hack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like looks like something you could hack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like looks like something you could hack
+together in a a chemistry lab they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in a a chemistry lab they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in a a chemistry lab they had
+the bases cut out of metal and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bases cut out of metal and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bases cut out of metal and you can
+see just you know here this retort sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see just you know here this retort sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see just you know here this retort sort
+of stands he use in chemistry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stands he use in chemistry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stands he use in chemistry and
+various clamps that you'd use for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various clamps that you'd use for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various clamps that you'd use for
+clamping a flask or something if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clamping a flask or something if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clamping a flask or something if you're
+doing a chemical lab that's the stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a chemical lab that's the stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a chemical lab that's the stuff
+that they were using to put the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were using to put the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were using to put the the the
+model together and they published then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model together and they published then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model together and they published then
+uh a paper in nature um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a paper in nature um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a paper in nature um
+that that told about this result it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that told about this result it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that told about this result it was
+that's the entire paper reporting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the entire paper reporting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the entire paper reporting the
+structure of DNA and maybe you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of DNA and maybe you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of DNA and maybe you can see
+there's a little handdrawn double double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little handdrawn double double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little handdrawn double double
+helix right there that captures the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helix right there that captures the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helix right there that captures the
+elements that is the paper and that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements that is the paper and that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements that is the paper and that was
+in the uh the journal Nature that and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uh the journal Nature that and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uh the journal Nature that and it
+had in it right near the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had in it right near the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had in it right near the end
+one of the coest sentences in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the coest sentences in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the coest sentences in the in the
+scientific literature they didn't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific literature they didn't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific literature they didn't want
+to go into all the details that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go into all the details that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go into all the details that if you
+had an a paired with t and a g paired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had an a paired with t and a g paired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had an a paired with t and a g paired
+with a c and you pulled them apart then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a c and you pulled them apart then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a c and you pulled them apart then
+you could you could replicate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could you could replicate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could you could replicate the
+molecule by redoing it so all they said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule by redoing it so all they said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule by redoing it so all they said
+was it has not escaped our notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it has not escaped our notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it has not escaped our notice that
+the specific pairings we have postulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specific pairings we have postulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specific pairings we have postulate
+postulated immediately suggest the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postulated immediately suggest the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postulated immediately suggest the
+coping mechanism for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coping mechanism for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coping mechanism for
+DNA so um this is a picture of Jim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA so um this is a picture of Jim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA so um this is a picture of Jim
+Watson wearing short pants uh at uh Cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watson wearing short pants uh at uh Cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watson wearing short pants uh at uh Cold
+Spring Harbor in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spring Harbor in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spring Harbor in
+1953 reporting this this structure of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1953 reporting this this structure of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1953 reporting this this structure of of
+DNA uh Cold Spring haror is on Long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA uh Cold Spring haror is on Long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA uh Cold Spring haror is on Long
+Island it's been one of the meccas for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Island it's been one of the meccas for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Island it's been one of the meccas for
+uh molecular biology uh since the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh molecular biology uh since the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh molecular biology uh since the the
+1940s they have a famous Symposium once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1940s they have a famous Symposium once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1940s they have a famous Symposium once
+a year the topic changes every year and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a year the topic changes every year and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a year the topic changes every year and
+rarely repeats and uh it was at one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rarely repeats and uh it was at one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rarely repeats and uh it was at one of
+those symposia the symposia this was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those symposia the symposia this was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those symposia the symposia this was the
+year that uh they discovered the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year that uh they discovered the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year that uh they discovered the this
+the the structure of DNA and there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the structure of DNA and there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the structure of DNA and there was
+Watson so two years ago they had another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watson so two years ago they had another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watson so two years ago they had another
+meeting a special meeting just exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting a special meeting just exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting a special meeting just exactly
+this point of time of year it was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point of time of year it was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point of time of year it was in
+February within a couple of days of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+February within a couple of days of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+February within a couple of days of
+right now so I gave this lecture and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now so I gave this lecture and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now so I gave this lecture and I
+showed the the students in the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed the the students in the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed the the students in the class
+that year I said here's a picture of Jim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that year I said here's a picture of Jim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that year I said here's a picture of Jim
+Watson displaying the structure they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watson displaying the structure they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watson displaying the structure they're
+having a meeting 50 years later in 2003
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a meeting 50 years later in 2003
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a meeting 50 years later in 2003
+and I'm going down there I'm asked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going down there I'm asked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going down there I'm asked to
+give a talk and I'll come back and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a talk and I'll come back and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a talk and I'll come back and I'll
+tell you what it was like so I gave my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what it was like so I gave my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what it was like so I gave my
+lecture I dashed out to the airport I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I dashed out to the airport I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I dashed out to the airport I
+hopped on the plane I went down I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopped on the plane I went down I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopped on the plane I went down I
+registered they gave me the you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registered they gave me the you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registered they gave me the you know the
+stuff to get into my room a a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff to get into my room a a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff to get into my room a a little
+envelope with a key card and things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope with a key card and things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope with a key card and things and
+I went up to my room and I took out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I went up to my room and I took out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I went up to my room and I took out the
+key card and what did I find myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key card and what did I find myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key card and what did I find myself
+looking at the same picture I had shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the same picture I had shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the same picture I had shown
+to the the class just a few minutes uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the the class just a few minutes uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the the class just a few minutes uh a
+couple of hours earlier um here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of hours earlier um here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of hours earlier um here's
+another picture of of Jim at his the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another picture of of Jim at his the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another picture of of Jim at his the
+time the way he looked at the time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the way he looked at the time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the way he looked at the time that
+he made this amazing Discovery that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he made this amazing Discovery that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he made this amazing Discovery that's
+Salvador Laura who I mentioned I'll tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Salvador Laura who I mentioned I'll tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Salvador Laura who I mentioned I'll tell
+you about him in in a subsequent lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about him in in a subsequent lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about him in in a subsequent lecture
+I was at another meeting a few years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was at another meeting a few years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was at another meeting a few years
+earlier where some of the old-timers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier where some of the old-timers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier where some of the old-timers
+were razing each other and someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were razing each other and someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were razing each other and someone
+showed this picture and then they got up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed this picture and then they got up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed this picture and then they got up
+and they they gave it a title and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they they gave it a title and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they they gave it a title and that
+was picture of a man picking his own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was picture of a man picking his own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was picture of a man picking his own
+pocket so they they would tease each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket so they they would tease each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket so they they would tease each
+other a lot and I'm hoping maybe you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other a lot and I'm hoping maybe you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other a lot and I'm hoping maybe you'll
+get a chance to hear a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a chance to hear a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a chance to hear a little bit more
+about that uh soon um this was this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that uh soon um this was this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that uh soon um this was this is
+what Jim Watson looks like now I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Jim Watson looks like now I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Jim Watson looks like now I got
+a asked to get a picture taken just so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a asked to get a picture taken just so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a asked to get a picture taken just so
+you could see he's he's uh he's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could see he's he's uh he's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could see he's he's uh he's still
+around and he's very active and U still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and he's very active and U still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and he's very active and U still
+still very controversial I guess it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still very controversial I guess it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still very controversial I guess it
+doesn't make much of a difference um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make much of a difference um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make much of a difference um
+here's a picture of uh Watson and cck a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a picture of uh Watson and cck a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a picture of uh Watson and cck a
+little bit later just sitting out on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit later just sitting out on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit later just sitting out on a
+porch Cold Spring Harbor it's the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+porch Cold Spring Harbor it's the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+porch Cold Spring Harbor it's the sort
+of right on the edge of the of the of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of right on the edge of the of the of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of right on the edge of the of the of a
+bay down there and very relaxed kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bay down there and very relaxed kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bay down there and very relaxed kind of
+atmosphere that per still permeates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere that per still permeates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere that per still permeates
+molecular biology research to this day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular biology research to this day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular biology research to this day
+Francis Crick just died last July at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Francis Crick just died last July at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Francis Crick just died last July at the
+age of 88 so we just lost the link to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age of 88 so we just lost the link to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age of 88 so we just lost the link to
+one of the two people that did this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the two people that did this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the two people that did this uh
+this Amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Experiment okay so um I want to then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Experiment okay so um I want to then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Experiment okay so um I want to then uh
+tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell
+you set set things up for the details of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you set set things up for the details of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you set set things up for the details of
+of DNA replication so it was the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DNA replication so it was the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DNA replication so it was the the the
+there was a basic principle that came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a basic principle that came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a basic principle that came
+across from this that you could could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across from this that you could could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across from this that you could could
+see how this could work that DNA was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how this could work that DNA was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how this could work that DNA was
+sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like
+having a photograph and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a photograph and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a photograph and a
+negative and so the information is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and so the information is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and so the information is
+actually in there twice it's just in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in there twice it's just in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in there twice it's just in in
+different forms and when I tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different forms and when I tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different forms and when I tell you
+about DNA repair in another lecture or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about DNA repair in another lecture or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about DNA repair in another lecture or
+two you can maybe see already how useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two you can maybe see already how useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two you can maybe see already how useful
+that is because if you damage one strand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is because if you damage one strand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is because if you damage one strand
+you're not really out of luck because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not really out of luck because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not really out of luck because
+you've still got the information in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've still got the information in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've still got the information in the
+other strand and you could probably on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other strand and you could probably on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other strand and you could probably on
+the basis of that I bet a couple few of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis of that I bet a couple few of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis of that I bet a couple few of
+you could devise a repair strategy if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could devise a repair strategy if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could devise a repair strategy if
+you thought about it but more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you thought about it but more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you thought about it but more
+importantly for uh DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly for uh DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly for uh DNA
+replication finally gave an insight to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication finally gave an insight to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication finally gave an insight to
+this thing that had been vexing people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing that had been vexing people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing that had been vexing people
+forever if you had to have all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever if you had to have all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever if you had to have all this
+information for making a cell and every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information for making a cell and every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information for making a cell and every
+time a cell divided and you saw it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time a cell divided and you saw it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time a cell divided and you saw it can
+happen pretty quickly it was something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen pretty quickly it was something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen pretty quickly it was something
+like a bacterium yeast How Could You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a bacterium yeast How Could You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a bacterium yeast How Could You
+accurately copy all that DNA uh excuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately copy all that DNA uh excuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately copy all that DNA uh excuse
+me all that genetic information how is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me all that genetic information how is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me all that genetic information how is
+it stored how could it be done and once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it stored how could it be done and once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it stored how could it be done and once
+you saw ah it's just a matter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw ah it's just a matter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw ah it's just a matter of
+separating the strands and if there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating the strands and if there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating the strands and if there's an
+a here put a t there there's a c put a g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a here put a t there there's a c put a g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a here put a t there there's a c put a g
+and so on it was a huge breakthrough but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on it was a huge breakthrough but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on it was a huge breakthrough but
+that then didn't tell people how DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then didn't tell people how DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then didn't tell people how DNA
+replicated or even if this is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicated or even if this is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicated or even if this is the the
+the mechanism you can actually come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanism you can actually come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanism you can actually come up
+with all kinds of models for how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all kinds of models for how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all kinds of models for how you
+could you could replicate Things based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you could replicate Things based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you could replicate Things based
+on this principle including Crossing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this principle including Crossing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this principle including Crossing
+between strands and all sorts of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between strands and all sorts of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between strands and all sorts of things
+the the the predominant model perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the predominant model perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the predominant model perhaps
+the the simplest one was called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+semiconservative and it it thought of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconservative and it it thought of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconservative and it it thought of
+the the problem in this kind of way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the problem in this kind of way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the problem in this kind of way that
+if you had two strands of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had two strands of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had two strands of of the
+original DNA molecule and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original DNA molecule and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original DNA molecule and then you
+pulled them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled them
+apart that one of the strands here would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart that one of the strands here would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart that one of the strands here would
+become one of the strands of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become one of the strands of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become one of the strands of the
+daughter and then the the new one would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter and then the the new one would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter and then the the new one would
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+here and the same thing would happen on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the same thing would happen on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the same thing would happen on
+the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+side and then if you did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again we this thing would happen again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we this thing would happen again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we this thing would happen again
+with a new strand this time the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a new strand this time the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a new strand this time the the the
+skinny strand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skinny strand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skinny strand
+here like this the skinny strand here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here like this the skinny strand here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here like this the skinny strand here
+be like this and then this one again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like this and then this one again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like this and then this one again
+we'd have one that was nearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd have one that was nearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd have one that was nearly
+synthesized plus one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesized plus one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesized plus one of
+the one of the uh Originals so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one of the uh Originals so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one of the uh Originals so this
+model one of the simplest because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model one of the simplest because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model one of the simplest because it
+kept this strand intact throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept this strand intact throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept this strand intact throughout the
+whole process where some of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole process where some of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole process where some of the other
+models had them being patched back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models had them being patched back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models had them being patched back
+together all based on the idea that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together all based on the idea that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together all based on the idea that a
+pairs with T and G pairs with C but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs with T and G pairs with C but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs with T and G pairs with C but
+proving this uh this would was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving this uh this would was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving this uh this would was the
+correct um model was then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct um model was then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct um model was then
+another uh important advance and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another uh important advance and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another uh important advance and that
+was done by uh Frank stall and Matt me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was done by uh Frank stall and Matt me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was done by uh Frank stall and Matt me
+Matt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matt
+meselson um and actually I think I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meselson um and actually I think I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meselson um and actually I think I'll
+skip this for right now uh Matt is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip this for right now uh Matt is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip this for right now uh Matt is a
+professor up at Harvard just up at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor up at Harvard just up at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor up at Harvard just up at
+Harvard Square not very far from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard Square not very far from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard Square not very far from here
+still very active uh Frank stall is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still very active uh Frank stall is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still very active uh Frank stall is a
+professor out in Oregon he's he's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor out in Oregon he's he's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor out in Oregon he's he's still
+active uh so a lot of one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active uh so a lot of one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active uh so a lot of one of the
+differences about this course is a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences about this course is a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences about this course is a lot
+of things I'm telling you about and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things I'm telling you about and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things I'm telling you about and this
+is pretty old stuff right now right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty old stuff right now right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty old stuff right now right in
+molecular biology the people who did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular biology the people who did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular biology the people who did
+these are still around and very active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are still around and very active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are still around and very active
+this is most of Modern Biology he's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is most of Modern Biology he's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is most of Modern Biology he's a
+pretty young scientist and many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty young scientist and many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty young scientist and many of the
+major characters are still running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major characters are still running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major characters are still running
+around and with us today um so anyway um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and with us today um so anyway um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and with us today um so anyway um
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+uh Frank and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Frank and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Frank and
+um Madden and uh Frank were grad were at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Madden and uh Frank were grad were at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Madden and uh Frank were grad were at
+Caltech and they they with a bunch other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caltech and they they with a bunch other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caltech and they they with a bunch other
+students had a had an apartment and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students had a had an apartment and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students had a had an apartment and they
+were sitting around trying to uh work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were sitting around trying to uh work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were sitting around trying to uh work
+out a way to figure out this this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a way to figure out this this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a way to figure out this this model
+and they came up with an idea and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they came up with an idea and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they came up with an idea and that
+was to uh see if you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to uh see if you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to uh see if you could
+differentially label what we might call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentially label what we might call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentially label what we might call
+Old DNA and the new DNA here and since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Old DNA and the new DNA here and since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Old DNA and the new DNA here and since
+it's chemically the same stuff it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's chemically the same stuff it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's chemically the same stuff it's a
+bit of a trick how do you tell old DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a trick how do you tell old DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a trick how do you tell old DNA
+from new DNA so their idea was since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from new DNA so their idea was since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from new DNA so their idea was since
+nitrogen comes in two different isotopes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen comes in two different isotopes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen comes in two different isotopes
+n 14 which is the common one and in 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n 14 which is the common one and in 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n 14 which is the common one and in 15
+which is one uh Mass uh heavier that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one uh Mass uh heavier that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one uh Mass uh heavier that
+maybe you could start out with the DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you could start out with the DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you could start out with the DNA
+for example grown in in N15 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example grown in in N15 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example grown in in N15 and then
+when you started replication switched to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you started replication switched to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you started replication switched to
+n14 and then um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n14 and then um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n14 and then um
+uh follow you'd then be able to tell if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh follow you'd then be able to tell if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh follow you'd then be able to tell if
+you could separate these uh molecules on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could separate these uh molecules on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could separate these uh molecules on
+the basis of their density since the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis of their density since the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis of their density since the one
+with the N15 would be heavier than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the N15 would be heavier than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the N15 would be heavier than the
+one with the n14 then maybe you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one with the n14 then maybe you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one with the n14 then maybe you could
+work this out and the The Story Goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work this out and the The Story Goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work this out and the The Story Goes
+this has been written they were sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has been written they were sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has been written they were sitting
+arguing about this uh or talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing about this uh or talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing about this uh or talking about
+this idea at the table and it was a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea at the table and it was a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea at the table and it was a good
+idea but there was a problem and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea but there was a problem and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea but there was a problem and that
+was how how could you separate the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was how how could you separate the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was how how could you separate the two
+kinds of DNA based on their density so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of DNA based on their density so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of DNA based on their density so
+they they had a piece of fingernail and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they had a piece of fingernail and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they had a piece of fingernail and
+they were trying to see whether they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were trying to see whether they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were trying to see whether they
+could get it to float by dissolving more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get it to float by dissolving more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get it to float by dissolving more
+and more sugar they figured if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more sugar they figured if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more sugar they figured if they
+added more and more sugar the water get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added more and more sugar the water get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added more and more sugar the water get
+denser and denser see they could float
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denser and denser see they could float
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denser and denser see they could float
+the the um the fingernail and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the um the fingernail and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the um the fingernail and they
+weren't able to do it but they were all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't able to do it but they were all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't able to do it but they were all
+chemists and they had a periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemists and they had a periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemists and they had a periodic
+probably like some places here in MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably like some places here in MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably like some places here in MIT
+they had a periodic chart right in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had a periodic chart right in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had a periodic chart right in their
+living room so they went and they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living room so they went and they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living room so they went and they they
+looked and then they looked at sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked and then they looked at sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked and then they looked at sodium
+and they went up the or down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they went up the or down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they went up the or down the
+periodic table and and then they saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table and and then they saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table and and then they saw
+cesium so that maybe you know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cesium so that maybe you know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cesium so that maybe you know if you
+took a solution of cesium chloride and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a solution of cesium chloride and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a solution of cesium chloride and
+you put it in a centrifuge and you spun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put it in a centrifuge and you spun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put it in a centrifuge and you spun
+really hard then you'd get a gradient of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard then you'd get a gradient of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard then you'd get a gradient of
+varying concentrations of slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying concentrations of slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying concentrations of slightly
+different concentrations of cium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different concentrations of cium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different concentrations of cium
+chloride and that they could tune that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride and that they could tune that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride and that they could tune that
+to a range that would discriminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a range that would discriminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a range that would discriminate
+between the heavy and the lighter forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the heavy and the lighter forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the heavy and the lighter forms
+of DNA so that's the experiment they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DNA so that's the experiment they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DNA so that's the experiment they did
+is known as the meselson stall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is known as the meselson stall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is known as the meselson stall
+experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but as I say these are names of come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as I say these are names of come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as I say these are names of come
+from real people and the idea was was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from real people and the idea was was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from real people and the idea was was
+pretty simple they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty simple they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty simple they
+grew the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bacteria for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+generations and in inine medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is this the so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this the so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this the so-called
+heavy or H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+isotope of nitrogen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotope of nitrogen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotope of nitrogen and
+then at time equals zero in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at time equals zero in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at time equals zero in their
+experiment when they're ready to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment when they're ready to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment when they're ready to start
+the experiment they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment they
+switched to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+medium within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium within
+14 we think think of as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 we think think of as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 we think think of as the
+light or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light or the
+L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+isotope then they isolated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA
+after let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+increasing rounds of replication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing rounds of replication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing rounds of replication
+that you could tell simply by measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could tell simply by measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could tell simply by measuring
+how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much
+DNA was in your bacterial culture when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA was in your bacterial culture when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA was in your bacterial culture when
+the bacteria had had had doubled their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bacteria had had had doubled their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bacteria had had had doubled their
+doubled their DNA and this this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubled their DNA and this this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubled their DNA and this this is what
+they the data they got looks something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they the data they got looks something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they the data they got looks something
+like this in fact this case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this in fact this case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this in fact this case the
+Blackboard representation is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard representation is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard representation is pretty
+close so they this is this is cium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close so they this is this is cium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close so they this is this is cium
+chloride gr cesium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride gr cesium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride gr cesium
+chloride and it's been centrifuged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+very hard so that there's a gradient now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard so that there's a gradient now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard so that there's a gradient now
+that goes from that's light at the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes from that's light at the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes from that's light at the top
+and a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a little
+heavier at the bottom of the gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavier at the bottom of the gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavier at the bottom of the gradient
+there's a little more cesium chloride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little more cesium chloride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little more cesium chloride
+Prill here than there is there on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prill here than there is there on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prill here than there is there on the
+tube and I'll just give us three little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube and I'll just give us three little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube and I'll just give us three little
+sort of reference Marks here so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of reference Marks here so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of reference Marks here so what
+they found when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found when they
+started was that all of the DNA was at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started was that all of the DNA was at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started was that all of the DNA was at
+that position down at the heavy end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that position down at the heavy end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that position down at the heavy end
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then this is so then this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is so then this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is so then this is
+after one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after one
+generation so the DNA has now doubled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation so the DNA has now doubled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation so the DNA has now doubled
+what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they
+found was that all the DNA was now at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found was that all the DNA was now at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found was that all the DNA was now at
+this intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+position after two generations or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position after two generations or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position after two generations or two
+DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA
+replications they now found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replications they now found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replications they now found
+that some of the DNA was here some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of the DNA was here some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of the DNA was here some of
+the DNA was there and if they went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three or more what they saw was they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or more what they saw was they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or more what they saw was they
+began to pile stuff up up there and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to pile stuff up up there and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to pile stuff up up there and I
+think most of you could probably make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think most of you could probably make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think most of you could probably make
+the connection between that data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connection between that data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connection between that data and
+that picture that I've got up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that picture that I've got up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that picture that I've got up there
+this is the heavy heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the heavy heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the heavy heavy
+DNA this is the heavy light so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA this is the heavy light so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA this is the heavy light so this
+would be heavy heavy heavy light light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be heavy heavy heavy light light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be heavy heavy heavy light light
+heavy after one round it would all be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy after one round it would all be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy after one round it would all be
+here after two we have heavy light but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here after two we have heavy light but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here after two we have heavy light but
+this one's light light light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one's light light light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one's light light light
+light light heavy and now so we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light light heavy and now so we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light light heavy and now so we've got
+light light the heavy light no uh heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light light the heavy light no uh heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light light the heavy light no uh heavy
+heavy is ever going to show up again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy is ever going to show up again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy is ever going to show up again and
+the longer you do this the more you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the longer you do this the more you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the longer you do this the more you'll
+get the light accumulating a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the light accumulating a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the light accumulating a very simple
+experiment done by done by real people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment done by done by real people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment done by done by real people
+but enormously powerful because now it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but enormously powerful because now it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but enormously powerful because now it
+showed that this basic idea you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed that this basic idea you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed that this basic idea you have the
+photograph and negative you pull them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph and negative you pull them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph and negative you pull them
+apart and copy them was right so at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart and copy them was right so at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart and copy them was right so at this
+point begin to see why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point begin to see why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point begin to see why
+data uh of of Avery that before people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data uh of of Avery that before people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data uh of of Avery that before people
+had trouble accepting all of a sudden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had trouble accepting all of a sudden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had trouble accepting all of a sudden
+now was really easy to see why DNA was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now was really easy to see why DNA was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now was really easy to see why DNA was
+the genetic material and this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genetic material and this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genetic material and this is what
+sort of ushered in this great uh burst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of ushered in this great uh burst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of ushered in this great uh burst
+of molecular biology so on the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of molecular biology so on the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of molecular biology so on the next
+lecture what we're going to start doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture what we're going to start doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture what we're going to start doing
+now is once you this is all great but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is once you this is all great but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is once you this is all great but
+once we start figuring out how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we start figuring out how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we start figuring out how to
+replicate it we're going to have to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicate it we're going to have to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicate it we're going to have to get
+down to enzymes and biochemical steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to enzymes and biochemical steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to enzymes and biochemical steps
+and there are some formidable challenges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are some formidable challenges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are some formidable challenges
+to uh doing DNA replicating DNA and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh doing DNA replicating DNA and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh doing DNA replicating DNA and it's
+also awesome I'll tell you at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also awesome I'll tell you at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also awesome I'll tell you at the
+beginning of next lecture how much DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of next lecture how much DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of next lecture how much DNA
+we have and just how accurate it is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have and just how accurate it is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have and just how accurate it is it
+always blows me away I'll see you then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always blows me away I'll see you then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always blows me away I'll see you then
+take care
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/mNFRaM-2cvg.txt b/mNFRaM-2cvg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..867d641c6c17a1b65a9132bae5a974ef3765c3bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mNFRaM-2cvg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1835 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu in a previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu in a previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu in a previous
+demo we studied how light is reflected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo we studied how light is reflected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo we studied how light is reflected
+and transmitted at a dialectric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and transmitted at a dialectric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and transmitted at a dialectric
+interface or a piece of of glass in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface or a piece of of glass in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface or a piece of of glass in that
+demo we studied the air glass interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo we studied the air glass interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo we studied the air glass interface
+in this demo we're going to do it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this demo we're going to do it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this demo we're going to do it the
+other way around we're going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way around we're going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way around we're going to look at
+reflection and transmission of light at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection and transmission of light at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection and transmission of light at
+again a glass interface but we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a glass interface but we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a glass interface but we're going
+to come in from the other side and look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come in from the other side and look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come in from the other side and look
+at the glass air interface the setup is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the glass air interface the setup is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the glass air interface the setup is
+here we have a helium neon laser here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have a helium neon laser here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have a helium neon laser here's
+the beam from from the laser going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beam from from the laser going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beam from from the laser going to
+reflect it by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect it by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect it by this
+mirror and pass it through a quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror and pass it through a quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror and pass it through a quarter
+wave plate now the purpose of this quar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave plate now the purpose of this quar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave plate now the purpose of this quar
+wave plate is to make the light in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave plate is to make the light in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave plate is to make the light in this
+region circularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region circularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region circularly
+polarized so that when we pass it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized so that when we pass it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized so that when we pass it
+through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a
+polarizer the light out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer the light out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer the light out
+here can be changed in polarization by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here can be changed in polarization by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here can be changed in polarization by
+simp simply rotating the the polarizer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simp simply rotating the the polarizer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simp simply rotating the the polarizer
+here by rotating the transmission axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here by rotating the transmission axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here by rotating the transmission axis
+of the polarizer and the white Arrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the polarizer and the white Arrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the polarizer and the white Arrow
+indicates the transmission axis of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates the transmission axis of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates the transmission axis of the
+polarizer we could have also done this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer we could have also done this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer we could have also done this
+using a polarizer in a halfwave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a polarizer in a halfwave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a polarizer in a halfwave
+plate but then when you rotate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate but then when you rotate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate but then when you rotate the
+halfwave plate the polarization changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfwave plate the polarization changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfwave plate the polarization changes
+by twice the angle so that for the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by twice the angle so that for the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by twice the angle so that for the uh
+for you the viewers will get confused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you the viewers will get confused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you the viewers will get confused
+here it's simpler because we can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's simpler because we can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's simpler because we can you can
+see that indeed we can rotate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that indeed we can rotate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that indeed we can rotate the
+polarization by 90° just by watching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization by 90° just by watching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization by 90° just by watching
+this arrow and in addition the intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this arrow and in addition the intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this arrow and in addition the intensity
+here will also remain constant even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here will also remain constant even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here will also remain constant even
+though the polarization is being rotated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the polarization is being rotated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the polarization is being rotated
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+90° now this plain polarized beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90° now this plain polarized beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90° now this plain polarized beam
+now impinges at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now impinges at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now impinges at the
+interface now in in this case we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface now in in this case we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface now in in this case we have a
+prism and the light coming into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prism and the light coming into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prism and the light coming into the
+prism will enter at this surface and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prism will enter at this surface and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prism will enter at this surface and
+then impinges at this interface and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then impinges at this interface and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then impinges at this interface and this
+is our glass air boundary and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our glass air boundary and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our glass air boundary and then the
+transmitted beam will come out in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted beam will come out in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted beam will come out in this
+direction and the reflected beam will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and the reflected beam will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and the reflected beam will
+come out in this Direction let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out in this Direction let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out in this Direction let me
+illustrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate
+this here is the here's the transmitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here is the here's the transmitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here is the here's the transmitted
+beam that hits a circular screen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam that hits a circular screen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam that hits a circular screen and
+here is the reflected Beam for a s an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the reflected Beam for a s an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the reflected Beam for a s an
+angle of incidence and when I mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of incidence and when I mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of incidence and when I mention
+angle of incidence I mean the angle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of incidence I mean the angle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of incidence I mean the angle of
+incidence with respect to the glass air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence with respect to the glass air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence with respect to the glass air
+interface and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and as
+I vary the angle of incidence you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I vary the angle of incidence you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I vary the angle of incidence you can
+see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the
+transmitted beam will vary in angle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted beam will vary in angle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted beam will vary in angle and
+the reflected beam will vary in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reflected beam will vary in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reflected beam will vary in
+angle the interesting thing about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle the interesting thing about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle the interesting thing about the
+transmitted beam is that as I increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted beam is that as I increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted beam is that as I increase
+the angle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle of
+incidence to about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence to about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence to about
+41° if you watch the spot on the screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+41° if you watch the spot on the screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+41° if you watch the spot on the screen
+as I bring it to 41° the spot disappears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I bring it to 41° the spot disappears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I bring it to 41° the spot disappears
+that means I've reached
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means I've reached
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means I've reached
+the critical angle and at at that angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the critical angle and at at that angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the critical angle and at at that angle
+we get total internal reflection and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get total internal reflection and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get total internal reflection and the
+transmitted beam gets extinguished and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted beam gets extinguished and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted beam gets extinguished and
+all the light comes out uh uh along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the light comes out uh uh along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the light comes out uh uh along the
+reflected beam what's interesting about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected beam what's interesting about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected beam what's interesting about
+total internal reflection or just before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total internal reflection or just before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total internal reflection or just before
+that is that the beam itself let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that the beam itself let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that the beam itself let's go
+back just a little bit before total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back just a little bit before total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back just a little bit before total
+internal reflection the beam comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal reflection the beam comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal reflection the beam comes out
+right along the the uh the surface of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right along the the uh the surface of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right along the the uh the surface of
+the of the glass and in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the glass and in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the glass and in order to
+demonstrate this a little bit better I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate this a little bit better I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate this a little bit better I'm
+going to set up uh a a little better way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to set up uh a a little better way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to set up uh a a little better way
+of of observing this and uh I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of observing this and uh I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of observing this and uh I'm going
+to place this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to place this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to place this
+screen on this on this rail so that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen on this on this rail so that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen on this on this rail so that I
+can move it right along the rail so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can move it right along the rail so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can move it right along the rail so you
+can observe the where the beam comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can observe the where the beam comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can observe the where the beam comes out
+from the glass which is about here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the glass which is about here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the glass which is about here and
+then as I as I move it out you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as I as I move it out you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as I as I move it out you can see
+that the beam the transmitted beam is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the beam the transmitted beam is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the beam the transmitted beam is
+coming out at an angle As You observe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out at an angle As You observe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out at an angle As You observe it
+move along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move along the
+surface of the card okay so this is then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of the card okay so this is then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of the card okay so this is then
+the transmitted at an angle of incidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transmitted at an angle of incidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transmitted at an angle of incidence
+that is smaller than the critical angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is smaller than the critical angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is smaller than the critical angle
+as I approach the critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I approach the critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I approach the critical
+angle the beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle the beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle the beam
+should wh too much the beam should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should wh too much the beam should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should wh too much the beam should
+travel pretty much along the surface of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel pretty much along the surface of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel pretty much along the surface of
+the glass so now as you can see I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glass so now as you can see I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glass so now as you can see I have
+the card right where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the card right where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the card right where
+the the beginning of the where the spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the beginning of the where the spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the beginning of the where the spot
+is on the glass and now I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the glass and now I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the glass and now I'm going to
+move it along the surface to the glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it along the surface to the glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it along the surface to the glass
+and you can see that the spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that the spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that the spot
+essentially hugs the surface of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially hugs the surface of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially hugs the surface of the
+glass let's look let's do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again and here you can see that the spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and here you can see that the spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and here you can see that the spot
+hugs the surface of the glass and goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hugs the surface of the glass and goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hugs the surface of the glass and goes
+onto the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the
+screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen
+now we're going to look at the reflected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to look at the reflected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to look at the reflected
+beam which is this one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam which is this one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam which is this one over
+here since the intensity of the refle Ed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here since the intensity of the refle Ed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here since the intensity of the refle Ed
+beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam
+varies as a function of angle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies as a function of angle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies as a function of angle of
+incidence what we'll do we'll dim the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence what we'll do we'll dim the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence what we'll do we'll dim the
+room lights a little bit so that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room lights a little bit so that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room lights a little bit so that we can
+get a better look at the variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a better look at the variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a better look at the variation
+intensity of the reflected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of the reflected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of the reflected
+beam now that the room lights are dimmed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam now that the room lights are dimmed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam now that the room lights are dimmed
+and as we make a few camera adjustments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as we make a few camera adjustments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as we make a few camera adjustments
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+enhance the effect we're ready to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhance the effect we're ready to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhance the effect we're ready to
+observe the intensity of the reflected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe the intensity of the reflected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe the intensity of the reflected
+beam as is a function of angle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam as is a function of angle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam as is a function of angle of
+incidence here is let me remind you here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence here is let me remind you here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence here is let me remind you here
+is the transmitted beam and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the transmitted beam and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the transmitted beam and here
+is the reflected beam so let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the reflected beam so let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the reflected beam so let's go
+to zero angle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+incidence around about here now let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence around about here now let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence around about here now let me
+remind you that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you that the
+polarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization
+is in the vertical plane or S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the vertical plane or S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the vertical plane or S
+polarization let's look at then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization let's look at then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization let's look at then the
+reflected beam as I increase the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected beam as I increase the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected beam as I increase the angle
+of incidence and what you see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of incidence and what you see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of incidence and what you see that the
+intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity
+increases slowly and then a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases slowly and then a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases slowly and then a little bit
+faster here until I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reach the critical angle and around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach the critical angle and around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach the critical angle and around the
+critical angle you also observe that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical angle you also observe that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical angle you also observe that the
+that the uh transm Ed beam is just about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the uh transm Ed beam is just about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the uh transm Ed beam is just about
+ready to be extinguished here it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to be extinguished here it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to be extinguished here it is
+extinguished and all the intensity is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extinguished and all the intensity is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extinguished and all the intensity is in
+the reflected beam and stays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reflected beam and stays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reflected beam and stays
+High supposedly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High supposedly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High supposedly
+100% all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% all the way
+to an angle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an angle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an angle of
+incidence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence of
+90° now we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+back and intensity stays constant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and intensity stays constant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and intensity stays constant and
+until we reach the critical angle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until we reach the critical angle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until we reach the critical angle and
+from here the intensity starts to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here the intensity starts to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here the intensity starts to go
+down all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down all the way
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+to 4% at zero angle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+incidents so that was for S polarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidents so that was for S polarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidents so that was for S polarization
+now I'm going to change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to change the
+polarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization
+to P polarization or polarization in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to P polarization or polarization in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to P polarization or polarization in the
+horizontal plane let's go and look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal plane let's go and look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal plane let's go and look at
+the intensity of the reflected beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intensity of the reflected beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intensity of the reflected beam
+starting from zero angle of incidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from zero angle of incidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from zero angle of incidence
+and as I increase the angle of incidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as I increase the angle of incidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as I increase the angle of incidence
+you can see now that the intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see now that the intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see now that the intensity
+starting to drop while for S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to drop while for S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to drop while for S
+polarization start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization start to
+increase and here again for p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase and here again for p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase and here again for p
+polarization the intensity drops until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization the intensity drops until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization the intensity drops until
+and an angle of 33.5 de which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an angle of 33.5 de which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an angle of 33.5 de which is the
+Brewster angle for glass air interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brewster angle for glass air interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brewster angle for glass air interface
+the intensity goes to zero and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intensity goes to zero and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intensity goes to zero and then
+starts to pick up again for angles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to pick up again for angles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to pick up again for angles
+bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than
+33.5 and you can see it picks up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+33.5 and you can see it picks up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+33.5 and you can see it picks up
+intensity very fast and as we get close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity very fast and as we get close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity very fast and as we get close
+to the critical angle intensity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the critical angle intensity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the critical angle intensity is
+pretty high and then at the critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty high and then at the critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty high and then at the critical
+angle you can see the spot on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle you can see the spot on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle you can see the spot on the left
+has been extinguished that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been extinguished that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been extinguished that's the
+transmitted beam being extinguished all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted beam being extinguished all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted beam being extinguished all
+the light is in the reflected beam and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light is in the reflected beam and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light is in the reflected beam and
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+stays like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays like
+that until we reach an angle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that until we reach an angle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that until we reach an angle of
+incidence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence of
+90° let me go back now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90° let me go back now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90° let me go back now in
+angle intensity stays constant until we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle intensity stays constant until we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle intensity stays constant until we
+reach the critical angle then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach the critical angle then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach the critical angle then the
+intensity starts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity starts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity starts to
+drop and drops to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop and drops to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop and drops to
+zero at the Brewster angle and and picks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero at the Brewster angle and and picks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero at the Brewster angle and and picks
+up again on the other side now let me go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up again on the other side now let me go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up again on the other side now let me go
+back to the Brewster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+angle here zero and let me now change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle here zero and let me now change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle here zero and let me now change
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+polarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization
+to S polarization and show you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to S polarization and show you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to S polarization and show you that
+intensity picks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity picks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity picks
+up for S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up for S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up for S
+polarization and now I will go back to P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization and now I will go back to P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization and now I will go back to P
+polarization to extinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+spot in summary then we have shown how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot in summary then we have shown how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot in summary then we have shown how
+the intensity of light varies at a glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intensity of light varies at a glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intensity of light varies at a glass
+air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air
+interface the reflected beam and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface the reflected beam and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface the reflected beam and also
+for the transmitted beam we have shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the transmitted beam we have shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the transmitted beam we have shown
+how we have a Brewster angle for p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we have a Brewster angle for p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we have a Brewster angle for p
+polarization at 33.5 de and we have also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization at 33.5 de and we have also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization at 33.5 de and we have also
+shown that for the transmitted Beam at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown that for the transmitted Beam at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown that for the transmitted Beam at
+the critical angle angle the beam runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the critical angle angle the beam runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the critical angle angle the beam runs
+right along the surface of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right along the surface of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right along the surface of the
+glass now we going to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass now we going to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass now we going to look at the
+polarization or the state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization or the state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization or the state of
+polarization of the reflected beam and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization of the reflected beam and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization of the reflected beam and
+also the transmitted beam as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the transmitted beam as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the transmitted beam as a function
+of the state of polarization of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the state of polarization of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the state of polarization of the
+incident beam but before we do this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident beam but before we do this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident beam but before we do this we
+have to make few adjustments to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make few adjustments to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make few adjustments to our
+setup
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/mXkOYxyChfg.txt b/mXkOYxyChfg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8cc91977746382f7035a7d7f03dd681a33d552e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mXkOYxyChfg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,723 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+I think this year's em competition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this year's em competition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this year's em competition is
+the best ever the project we just heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best ever the project we just heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best ever the project we just heard
+about was amazing and that bacterial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about was amazing and that bacterial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about was amazing and that bacterial
+flotation device was totally cool it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flotation device was totally cool it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flotation device was totally cool it's
+the Balloono Genesis module I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Balloono Genesis module I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Balloono Genesis module I've been
+looking for I want to try it with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for I want to try it with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for I want to try it with my
+bacterial balloon idea I know it'll work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial balloon idea I know it'll work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial balloon idea I know it'll work
+I thought you were done with bacterial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought you were done with bacterial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought you were done with bacterial
+balloons Sally where's your curiosity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balloons Sally where's your curiosity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balloons Sally where's your curiosity
+we'll need to put the flotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll need to put the flotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll need to put the flotation
+thingamajiggy together with the gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thingamajiggy together with the gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thingamajiggy together with the gas
+somatic module and this time put some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somatic module and this time put some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somatic module and this time put some
+feedback program at the promoters to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback program at the promoters to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback program at the promoters to
+make the devices stop this is so going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the devices stop this is so going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the devices stop this is so going
+to work we can try to build it when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work we can try to build it when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work we can try to build it when we
+get back to lab but some of it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back to lab but some of it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back to lab but some of it looks
+like very specialized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like very specialized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like very specialized
+DNA first we'll need a feedback loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA first we'll need a feedback loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA first we'll need a feedback loop
+that works for Buddy second the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works for Buddy second the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works for Buddy second the
+flotation module is more than 6,000 base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flotation module is more than 6,000 base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flotation module is more than 6,000 base
+pairs didn't that team say that it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs didn't that team say that it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs didn't that team say that it works
+better if these two sections are removed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better if these two sections are removed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better if these two sections are removed
+maybe we should directly synthesize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we should directly synthesize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we should directly synthesize the
+shorter flotation part with a buddy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter flotation part with a buddy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter flotation part with a buddy
+feedback loop then we can hook it up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback loop then we can hook it up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback loop then we can hook it up to
+the gematic module we already have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gematic module we already have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gematic module we already have in
+the lab now you're talking but I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab now you're talking but I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab now you're talking but I think I
+forgot how to directly synthesize DNA I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot how to directly synthesize DNA I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot how to directly synthesize DNA I
+mean we've done so many things in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean we've done so many things in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean we've done so many things in the
+lab and I remember a lot of them but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab and I remember a lot of them but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab and I remember a lot of them but
+dude we don't synthesize it we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dude we don't synthesize it we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dude we don't synthesize it we get a
+company to do that for us phew so do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company to do that for us phew so do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company to do that for us phew so do I
+copy down this picture from the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy down this picture from the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy down this picture from the board
+and mail it to them you could but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mail it to them you could but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mail it to them you could but they
+wouldn't know what to do with it we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't know what to do with it we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't know what to do with it we'll
+need to send them the exact DNA sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to send them the exact DNA sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to send them the exact DNA sequence
+and then they can string the G's a A's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they can string the G's a A's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they can string the G's a A's
+T's and C's together in the right order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T's and C's together in the right order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T's and C's together in the right order
+every DNA synthesis company does it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every DNA synthesis company does it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every DNA synthesis company does it a
+little differently but the chemistry is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little differently but the chemistry is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little differently but the chemistry is
+pretty standard it involves protection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty standard it involves protection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty standard it involves protection
+and deprotection of a growing DNA chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and deprotection of a growing DNA chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and deprotection of a growing DNA chain
+with specialized bases called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with specialized bases called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with specialized bases called
+deoxynucleoside phosphoramidites good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deoxynucleoside phosphoramidites good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deoxynucleoside phosphoramidites good
+Zite sorry what's so special about them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zite sorry what's so special about them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zite sorry what's so special about them
+only one base links to a DNA chain at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one base links to a DNA chain at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one base links to a DNA chain at a
+time until you deprotect the end which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time until you deprotect the end which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time until you deprotect the end which
+then allows you to add the next base in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then allows you to add the next base in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then allows you to add the next base in
+your sequence that sounds like a pain no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sequence that sounds like a pain no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sequence that sounds like a pain no
+think about it all you have to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it all you have to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it all you have to do is
+attach your first base let's say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attach your first base let's say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attach your first base let's say a
+protected G to some sort of polymer or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protected G to some sort of polymer or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protected G to some sort of polymer or
+bead and then when you deprotect the G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bead and then when you deprotect the G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bead and then when you deprotect the G
+you can add a second base how about an a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can add a second base how about an a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can add a second base how about an a
+then when you deprotect that a you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when you deprotect that a you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when you deprotect that a you can
+add a third base let's put a t there H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add a third base let's put a t there H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add a third base let's put a t there H
+even I know that won't work what if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even I know that won't work what if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even I know that won't work what if the
+a doesn't hook up then you've got GT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a doesn't hook up then you've got GT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a doesn't hook up then you've got GT
+instead of g a t what good is that dude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of g a t what good is that dude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of g a t what good is that dude
+you're smart but so are the chemists who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're smart but so are the chemists who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're smart but so are the chemists who
+worked on this there's one more step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on this there's one more step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on this there's one more step
+called capping so that any deprotect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called capping so that any deprotect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called capping so that any deprotect
+base that doesn't properly connect is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base that doesn't properly connect is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base that doesn't properly connect is
+shut down and can't be added to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shut down and can't be added to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shut down and can't be added to those
+shorter pieces of DNA can be taken out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter pieces of DNA can be taken out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter pieces of DNA can be taken out
+of the mix at the very end but won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mix at the very end but won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mix at the very end but won't
+there be a lot of mistakes to get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there be a lot of mistakes to get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there be a lot of mistakes to get rid of
+even if capping Works half the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if capping Works half the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if capping Works half the time
+you'll be getting rid of half your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be getting rid of half your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be getting rid of half your
+sequence then half of that half you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence then half of that half you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence then half of that half you'll
+have nothing left luckily this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have nothing left luckily this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have nothing left luckily this
+construction process is more like 99%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction process is more like 99%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction process is more like 99%
+efficient but even so you can't build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient but even so you can't build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient but even so you can't build
+something as long as this 6,000 base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something as long as this 6,000 base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something as long as this 6,000 base
+pair flotation device most companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair flotation device most companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair flotation device most companies
+build a bunch of shorter Alig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a bunch of shorter Alig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a bunch of shorter Alig
+nucleotides maybe 60 base pairs long and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotides maybe 60 base pairs long and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotides maybe 60 base pairs long and
+then use PCR to stitch them together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then use PCR to stitch them together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then use PCR to stitch them together and
+you trust them to do all this right they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you trust them to do all this right they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you trust them to do all this right they
+verify the final DNA by sequencing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify the final DNA by sequencing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify the final DNA by sequencing it
+before they send it to you sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they send it to you sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they send it to you sometimes
+there are problems at one stage or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are problems at one stage or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are problems at one stage or
+another but DNA synthesis is getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another but DNA synthesis is getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another but DNA synthesis is getting
+faster and less expensive every year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster and less expensive every year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster and less expensive every year
+Sally this is great with your credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sally this is great with your credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sally this is great with your credit
+card and my ideas we can write some DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card and my ideas we can write some DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card and my ideas we can write some DNA
+that's completely new race you back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's completely new race you back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's completely new race you back to
+the lab I want to get this DNA ordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab I want to get this DNA ordered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab I want to get this DNA ordered
+today
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/muvnmdiAJbM.txt b/muvnmdiAJbM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a38e602305fdc0d1673605777e1d9a956548981e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/muvnmdiAJbM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,24304 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+um first you may have noticed uh we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um first you may have noticed uh we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um first you may have noticed uh we have
+some guests here uh from the Brightwood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some guests here uh from the Brightwood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some guests here uh from the Brightwood
+Health Center so maybe it'd be useful uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Health Center so maybe it'd be useful uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Health Center so maybe it'd be useful uh
+first just um I don't know how how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first just um I don't know how how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first just um I don't know how how much
+you know about what what this class is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know about what what this class is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know about what what this class is
+about so um I thought we'd take a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so um I thought we'd take a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so um I thought we'd take a few
+minutes um just to talk about that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes um just to talk about that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes um just to talk about that and
+let you um introduce yourselves um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let you um introduce yourselves um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let you um introduce yourselves um and
+then go into the course um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then go into the course um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then go into the course um
+um session today so um this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um session today so um this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um session today so um this is the
+Springfield Studio which which Cesar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springfield Studio which which Cesar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springfield Studio which which Cesar
+McDow has been teaching I guess this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McDow has been teaching I guess this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McDow has been teaching I guess this is
+the third year third year third year um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third year third year third year um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third year third year third year um
+part of uh the center for reflective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of uh the center for reflective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of uh the center for reflective
+Community practices you know 10year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community practices you know 10year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community practices you know 10year
+engagement with the North End
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engagement with the North End
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engagement with the North End
+Community um and um what we've tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community um and um what we've tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community um and um what we've tried to
+do with this class is tell it to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with this class is tell it to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with this class is tell it to what
+are um priorities for the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are um priorities for the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are um priorities for the local
+community and build the content around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and build the content around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and build the content around
+projects um that the community is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects um that the community is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects um that the community is
+interested in so this year we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in so this year we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in so this year we're
+focusing on an economic development plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on an economic development plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on an economic development plan
+for the North End Neighborhood working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the North End Neighborhood working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the North End Neighborhood working
+with the campus committee um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the campus committee um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the campus committee um you know
+which is a CO which is a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a CO which is a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a CO which is a sort of
+Coalition of variety of of agencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coalition of variety of of agencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coalition of variety of of agencies
+Community groups in the community um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community groups in the community um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community groups in the community um and
+working with them um on an economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with them um on an economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with them um on an economic
+development plan and we've sort of taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development plan and we've sort of taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development plan and we've sort of taken
+the first part um really to work on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first part um really to work on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first part um really to work on on
+sort of evaluating options and trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of evaluating options and trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of evaluating options and trying to
+uh reach consensus with the campus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reach consensus with the campus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reach consensus with the campus
+committee on sort of what the agenda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee on sort of what the agenda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee on sort of what the agenda
+driving the economic development plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving the economic development plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving the economic development plan
+should be and then the second half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be and then the second half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be and then the second half of
+the course will be more about developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course will be more about developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course will be more about developing
+recommendations around around that plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendations around around that plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendations around around that plan
+so that's a very quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a very quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a very quick
+overview um so maybe with that my name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview um so maybe with that my name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview um so maybe with that my name
+is Carl siden by the way I'm I'm the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Carl siden by the way I'm I'm the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Carl siden by the way I'm I'm the
+co-instructor with Caesar and I'm Caesar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-instructor with Caesar and I'm Caesar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-instructor with Caesar and I'm Caesar
+McDow I just introduced myself to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McDow I just introduced myself to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McDow I just introduced myself to to
+everyone and the only thing I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone and the only thing I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone and the only thing I wanted to
+add to what call U said about the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add to what call U said about the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add to what call U said about the course
+is um we kind of have like three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um we kind of have like three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um we kind of have like three
+different modes of operating here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different modes of operating here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different modes of operating here we
+have uh sometimes when we have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh sometimes when we have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh sometimes when we have these
+sessions they're really uh lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions they're really uh lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions they're really uh lecture
+discussions sometimes they're real work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions sometimes they're real work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions sometimes they're real work
+sessions where people are just out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions where people are just out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions where people are just out here
+with papers and numbers and pens and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with papers and numbers and pens and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with papers and numbers and pens and
+doing things and then sometimes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing things and then sometimes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing things and then sometimes it's
+people out in the community and today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people out in the community and today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people out in the community and today is
+one of those days where we're doing much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those days where we're doing much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those days where we're doing much
+more about kind of uh lecture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about kind of uh lecture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about kind of uh lecture and
+discussion because folks out in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion because folks out in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion because folks out in the
+community last week and they had some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community last week and they had some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community last week and they had some
+stuff to report back on and we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff to report back on and we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff to report back on and we have some
+other things of our agenda that Carl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things of our agenda that Carl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things of our agenda that Carl
+will go over but the other thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go over but the other thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go over but the other thing I
+wanted to say is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to say is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to say is that
+uh uh every year we try to have folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh every year we try to have folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh every year we try to have folks
+who've been uh doing the work that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who've been uh doing the work that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who've been uh doing the work that
+you're doing kind of come and sit in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing kind of come and sit in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing kind of come and sit in our
+class and we see this not as just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and we see this not as just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and we see this not as just the
+first opportunity we see this as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first opportunity we see this as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first opportunity we see this as the
+first opportunity maybe to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first opportunity maybe to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first opportunity maybe to have
+connections with you as we go throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections with you as we go throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections with you as we go throughout
+the year and uh hope to see you again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the year and uh hope to see you again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the year and uh hope to see you again
+either here or out there there and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either here or out there there and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either here or out there there and uh
+what to pull on you as a resource as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to pull on you as a resource as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to pull on you as a resource as we
+kind start to work through the efforts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind start to work through the efforts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind start to work through the efforts
+of this course and with that we just all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this course and with that we just all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this course and with that we just all
+go around and see who we are I'm Anna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go around and see who we are I'm Anna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go around and see who we are I'm Anna
+Whit I work for MIT open forceware and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whit I work for MIT open forceware and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whit I work for MIT open forceware and I
+have been working with this class to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been working with this class to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been working with this class to get
+class materials and um and record some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class materials and um and record some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class materials and um and record some
+of the content we put it on the web and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the content we put it on the web and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the content we put it on the web and
+you'll be able to access all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to access all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to access all the
+material service class in the spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material service class in the spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material service class in the spring
+when it's published online name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm I'm
+B I'm Tina FK I'm a third year resident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B I'm Tina FK I'm a third year resident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B I'm Tina FK I'm a third year resident
+at B Internal Medicine I was here last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at B Internal Medicine I was here last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at B Internal Medicine I was here last
+year weed on one course and for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year weed on one course and for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year weed on one course and for this
+whole month all of us are sort of at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole month all of us are sort of at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole month all of us are sort of at
+Brightwood for the entire month doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brightwood for the entire month doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brightwood for the entire month doing a
+lot of different work so I think there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of different work so I think there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of different work so I think there's
+two other times that we're supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two other times that we're supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two other times that we're supposed to
+sort of either come out here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of either come out here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of either come out here and then
+we're supposed to participate when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're supposed to participate when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're supposed to participate when you
+guys actually come out to work with so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys actually come out to work with so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys actually come out to work with so I
+think this month we have a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this month we have a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this month we have a lot
+of I'm and I'm also a third year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I'm and I'm also a third year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I'm and I'm also a third year
+Internal Medicine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Internal Medicine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Internal Medicine
+res second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+res second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+res second
+intern I'm I'm second intern as well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intern I'm I'm second intern as well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intern I'm I'm second intern as well and
+um I think the theme for this month is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think the theme for this month is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think the theme for this month is
+supposed to be getting to know your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be getting to know your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be getting to know your your
+community for us at the um Health Center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community for us at the um Health Center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community for us at the um Health Center
+um so the idea for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the idea for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the idea for us
+coming uh I'm the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming uh I'm the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming uh I'm the
+problems we don't the medical problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems we don't the medical problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems we don't the medical problems
+don't work so well when everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't work so well when everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't work so well when everything else
+isn't working well so the CH for us get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't working well so the CH for us get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't working well so the CH for us get
+different perspective on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things uh and also I would love to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh and also I would love to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh and also I would love to have
+everybody's with because he speak soly I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's with because he speak soly I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's with because he speak soly I
+don't think I could half up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the uh I'm James Stevens I'm a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh I'm James Stevens I'm a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh I'm James Stevens I'm a second
+year Master student and I'm also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+John I ADV I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I okay well I thought we we try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I okay well I thought we we try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I okay well I thought we we try and
+cover three things today one is spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover three things today one is spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover three things today one is spend
+the first part of the class um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first part of the class um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first part of the class um
+debriefing on the interviewing um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debriefing on the interviewing um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debriefing on the interviewing um that
+was done last week or and any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was done last week or and any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was done last week or and any other
+pressing um project issues that students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressing um project issues that students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressing um project issues that students
+may need to discuss then the second part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may need to discuss then the second part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may need to discuss then the second part
+I'm going to try and talk through some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to try and talk through some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to try and talk through some
+of the analytical tools um that may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the analytical tools um that may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the analytical tools um that may
+prove helpful as you better understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove helpful as you better understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove helpful as you better understand
+the the economic opportunities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the economic opportunities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the economic opportunities and
+issues um in the community um and I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues um in the community um and I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues um in the community um and I know
+there's a lot of reading for this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of reading for this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of reading for this class
+and you know a lot of that was there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know a lot of that was there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know a lot of that was there and
+not necessarily to have to read for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily to have to read for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily to have to read for
+today but also to have as a resource for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but also to have as a resource for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but also to have as a resource for
+you so you have some examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so you have some examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so you have some examples of
+different approaches to the analysis um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different approaches to the analysis um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different approaches to the analysis um
+that you can use going forward and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can use going forward and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can use going forward and then
+the third part um is is really looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third part um is is really looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third part um is is really looking
+at some of the reflection tools um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some of the reflection tools um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some of the reflection tools um that
+the center for reflective Community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center for reflective Community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center for reflective Community
+Practice uses and how you might be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Practice uses and how you might be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Practice uses and how you might be able
+to apply that just some of the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to apply that just some of the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to apply that just some of the work
+we're doing in the North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing in the North
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing in the North
+End yeah yeah I mean I I sort of see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+End yeah yeah I mean I I sort of see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+End yeah yeah I mean I I sort of see
+this first phase as sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first phase as sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first phase as sort of
+consolidating what you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consolidating what you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consolidating what you've
+learned um and sort of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned um and sort of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned um and sort of you know
+proposing what you think the agenda for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposing what you think the agenda for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposing what you think the agenda for
+the economic development plan that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economic development plan that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economic development plan that
+you're going to work on is you know sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to work on is you know sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to work on is you know sort
+of trying to sort through these sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trying to sort through these sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trying to sort through these sort of
+four areas that we've we've um divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four areas that we've we've um divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four areas that we've we've um divided
+up into um and and sort of say either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up into um and and sort of say either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up into um and and sort of say either
+you know um we think the the most uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know um we think the the most uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know um we think the the most uh
+pressing needs and the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressing needs and the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressing needs and the best
+opportunities around building the plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities around building the plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities around building the plan
+around bate or building it around Main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around bate or building it around Main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around bate or building it around Main
+Street or building it around Workforce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street or building it around Workforce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street or building it around Workforce
+Development or some combination of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Development or some combination of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Development or some combination of those
+I think it's really trying to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's really trying to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's really trying to sort of
+share what you've learned what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share what you've learned what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share what you've learned what your
+assessment of the the community and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment of the the community and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment of the the community and the
+broader opportunity environment is to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader opportunity environment is to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader opportunity environment is to to
+make some proposals about sort of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some proposals about sort of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some proposals about sort of what
+the what the sort of focus of the plan's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what the sort of focus of the plan's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what the sort of focus of the plan's
+going to be so of there's some consensus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be so of there's some consensus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be so of there's some consensus
+and support from the community about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and support from the community about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and support from the community about the
+direction you're going in uh and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction you're going in uh and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction you're going in uh and you
+have an opportunity to to sort of go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an opportunity to to sort of go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an opportunity to to sort of go
+forward working on a plan that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward working on a plan that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward working on a plan that you
+you've discussed with them and and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've discussed with them and and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've discussed with them and and they
+understand what the focus and priorities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what the focus and priorities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what the focus and priorities
+are going to be so I think I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be so I think I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be so I think I think
+that's really what we should be shooting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really what we should be shooting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really what we should be shooting
+for and I agree I think there needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and I agree I think there needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and I agree I think there needs to
+be there needs to be a lot of dialogue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be there needs to be a lot of dialogue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be there needs to be a lot of dialogue
+about that you know we'll have to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that you know we'll have to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that you know we'll have to see
+how much time you need to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much time you need to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much time you need to you know
+somewhere between a half an hour and 45
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere between a half an hour and 45
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere between a half an hour and 45
+minutes I certainly wouldn't go longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes I certainly wouldn't go longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes I certainly wouldn't go longer
+than 45 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 45 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 45 minutes
+I definitely big focusing Onin that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I definitely big focusing Onin that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I definitely big focusing Onin that I
+think they like really going to focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on MH and another thing that came up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on MH and another thing that came up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on MH and another thing that came up
+with I'm I mean I guess it's not totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with I'm I mean I guess it's not totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with I'm I mean I guess it's not totally
+clear how much Nela speaks for everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear how much Nela speaks for everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear how much Nela speaks for everyone
+but she really gave the impression that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but she really gave the impression that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but she really gave the impression that
+they're really expecting the Fus of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really expecting the Fus of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really expecting the Fus of the
+plan to be around the campus no I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan to be around the campus no I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan to be around the campus no I don't
+think that that's what we want to focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that that's what we want to focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that that's what we want to focus
+on but I think that when we present it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on but I think that when we present it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on but I think that when we present it
+we really have to keep that in mind as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really have to keep that in mind as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really have to keep that in mind as
+their frame of reference that I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their frame of reference that I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their frame of reference that I mean the
+campus committee like their whole reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus committee like their whole reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus committee like their whole reason
+for being is the campus and that's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for being is the campus and that's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for being is the campus and that's like
+I would to say that's all I think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would to say that's all I think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would to say that's all I think about
+but it's it's you know high on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's it's you know high on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's it's you know high on their
+list of things that they think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of things that they think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of things that they think about
+so when we talk about the plan either we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we talk about the plan either we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we talk about the plan either we
+should be thinking about how does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be thinking about how does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be thinking about how does this
+relate how could this relate to campus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate how could this relate to campus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate how could this relate to campus
+or like why does it not Rel to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like why does it not Rel to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like why does it not Rel to the
+campus but it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus but it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus but it's still
+important I want to make a suggestion on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important I want to make a suggestion on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important I want to make a suggestion on
+that uh front for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh front for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh front for you
+uh the campus committee has set up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the campus committee has set up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the campus committee has set up a
+work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+group for this for the business plan you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group for this for the business plan you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group for this for the business plan you
+know to work with this committee and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to work with this committee and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to work with this committee and I
+would really suggest that before that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would really suggest that before that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would really suggest that before that
+meeting on the 20th there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting on the 20th there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting on the 20th there's some
+communication that goes to that work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication that goes to that work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication that goes to that work
+group and that work group has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and that work group has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and that work group has a
+responsibility of connecting the work to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility of connecting the work to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility of connecting the work to
+the campus I think you shouldn't take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the campus I think you shouldn't take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the campus I think you shouldn't take
+that on I think you should take on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on I think you should take on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on I think you should take on what
+you're focused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're focused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're focused
+on and work with the work group and tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and work with the work group and tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and work with the work group and tell
+them you you can say very clearly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you you can say very clearly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you you can say very clearly to
+them this you've in talking with people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them this you've in talking with people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them this you've in talking with people
+you've seen as there some you know maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen as there some you know maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen as there some you know maybe
+some misunderstanding or uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some misunderstanding or uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some misunderstanding or uncertainty
+about how this connects to the goal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how this connects to the goal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how this connects to the goal of
+the campus committee and let them carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the campus committee and let them carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the campus committee and let them carry
+that that message for you and it keeps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that message for you and it keeps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that message for you and it keeps
+you kind of on task and then not engaged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of on task and then not engaged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of on task and then not engaged
+in how the committee as a whole is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in how the committee as a whole is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in how the committee as a whole is
+thinking about this because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this because that's
+really their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really their
+yeah I think it's probably also a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think it's probably also a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think it's probably also a good
+idea to to in the update I mean maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea to to in the update I mean maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea to to in the update I mean maybe
+maybe you could do a brief written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you could do a brief written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you could do a brief written
+update for the meeting for the phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update for the meeting for the phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update for the meeting for the phone
+conversation with milta every week I me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation with milta every week I me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation with milta every week I me
+not something elaborate but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not something elaborate but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not something elaborate but you know
+maybe just a a a onepage outline of sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe just a a a onepage outline of sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe just a a a onepage outline of sort
+of where you are what you're doing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where you are what you're doing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where you are what you're doing and
+ask her to distribute that to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask her to distribute that to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask her to distribute that to the
+broader campus committee yeah so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader campus committee yeah so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader campus committee yeah so that
+you don't end up with all with milta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't end up with all with milta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't end up with all with milta
+having one do with the work right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having one do with the work right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having one do with the work right and
+and it not you know sort of being shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it not you know sort of being shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it not you know sort of being shared
+by the campus committee so I would try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the campus committee so I would try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the campus committee so I would try
+and get the get your thinking out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get the get your thinking out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get the get your thinking out to
+that whole committee as it evolves I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whole committee as it evolves I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whole committee as it evolves I
+have a question when you James I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a question when you James I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a question when you James I guess
+as well went up to uh Springfield like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well went up to uh Springfield like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well went up to uh Springfield like
+the first time before we went there how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time before we went there how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time before we went there how
+did you describe the group that you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you describe the group that you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you describe the group that you were
+expecting coming in what is their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting coming in what is their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting coming in what is their
+perception of us is I've heard very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception of us is I've heard very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception of us is I've heard very
+different things about what our training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things about what our training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things about what our training
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+departmental affiliation is people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departmental affiliation is people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departmental affiliation is people have
+asked us if we work in a Social Service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked us if we work in a Social Service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked us if we work in a Social Service
+Agency or we in a social work school or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Agency or we in a social work school or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Agency or we in a social work school or
+others who think that we have sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others who think that we have sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others who think that we have sort of
+heavy design and Engineering skills so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy design and Engineering skills so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy design and Engineering skills so I
+think that we just know what know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that we just know what know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that we just know what know
+about well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about well
+uh clearly in our meeting we laid out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh clearly in our meeting we laid out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh clearly in our meeting we laid out
+you know who we are what we do in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know who we are what we do in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know who we are what we do in a way
+that I think is consistent with what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think is consistent with what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think is consistent with what
+everybody else here thinks we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody else here thinks we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody else here thinks we're doing
+what I think you're running into is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I think you're running into is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I think you're running into is an
+issue where there's not a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue where there's not a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue where there's not a lot of
+communication from that meeting to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication from that meeting to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication from that meeting to other
+people and so people are mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and so people are mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and so people are mapping
+whatever previous Notions they had ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever previous Notions they had ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever previous Notions they had ideas
+about the class last year any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the class last year any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the class last year any other
+intersection they may have had with MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection they may have had with MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection they may have had with MIT
+and or any University and what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and or any University and what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and or any University and what they're
+dealing with they're just kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with they're just kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with they're just kind of like
+mapping onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping onto
+that yeah and I think it's I mean there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah and I think it's I mean there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah and I think it's I mean there
+were there were sort of we've had two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were there were sort of we've had two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were there were sort of we've had two
+meetings with representatives of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings with representatives of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings with representatives of the
+client um but you know those meetings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client um but you know those meetings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client um but you know those meetings
+were far apart there's all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were far apart there's all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were far apart there's all sorts of
+other stuff going on so I'm not sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other stuff going on so I'm not sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other stuff going on so I'm not sure
+even the campus committee has prominent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the campus committee has prominent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the campus committee has prominent
+in their mind right a really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their mind right a really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their mind right a really good
+understanding of what we're doing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of what we're doing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of what we're doing but
+the basic you know the basic framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic you know the basic framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic you know the basic framework
+was this is an economic development plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this is an economic development plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this is an economic development plan
+we're going to we're going to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to we're going to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to we're going to take the
+first half to look at some of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first half to look at some of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first half to look at some of the the
+ideas the community has some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas the community has some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas the community has some of the
+opportunities that we see in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities that we see in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities that we see in the
+community propos an agenda spend the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community propos an agenda spend the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community propos an agenda spend the
+second half of the semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second half of the semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second half of the semester
+developing that agenda so that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing that agenda so that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing that agenda so that was the
+basic framework so but I think it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic framework so but I think it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic framework so but I think it I
+think it it does suggest that on October
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it it does suggest that on October
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it it does suggest that on October
+20th you might have to take the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20th you might have to take the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20th you might have to take the first
+part of the presentation to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the presentation to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the presentation to sort of
+refresh people's memory yeah about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refresh people's memory yeah about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refresh people's memory yeah about what
+the project is what your charge is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the project is what your charge is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the project is what your charge is and
+not not take that as a given I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not take that as a given I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not take that as a given I think it
+also help describe what we consider our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also help describe what we consider our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also help describe what we consider our
+own strengths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own strengths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own strengths
+uh in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're not real estate more go for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not real estate more go for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not real estate more go for the
+right right and yeah and um you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right and yeah and um you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right and yeah and um you know you
+nine people with a limited amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine people with a limited amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine people with a limited amount of
+time limited background so that you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time limited background so that you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time limited background so that you do
+have to sort of manage expectations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to sort of manage expectations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to sort of manage expectations
+about what they're going to get out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what they're going to get out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what they're going to get out of
+the project and I think that's a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the project and I think that's a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the project and I think that's a big
+part of that meeting you know building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of that meeting you know building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of that meeting you know building
+consensus about what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus about what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus about what the
+community what you and the community see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community what you and the community see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community what you and the community see
+is what you're going to produce out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what you're going to produce out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what you're going to produce out of
+this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class
+a second what she said the com yesterday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second what she said the com yesterday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second what she said the com yesterday
+I mean Beyond just being like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean Beyond just being like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean Beyond just being like
+Camp the social Focus like she was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Camp the social Focus like she was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Camp the social Focus like she was
+talking about like the physical focus of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about like the physical focus of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about like the physical focus of
+our economic that if we're talking I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our economic that if we're talking I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our economic that if we're talking I I
+think we interpreted this right like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we interpreted this right like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we interpreted this right like
+we're talking about like developing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about like developing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about like developing this
+incubator space you think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incubator space you think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incubator space you think about it
+emanating from the campus itself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emanating from the campus itself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emanating from the campus itself and
+we're talking about you know of skulls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about you know of skulls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about you know of skulls
+or push cards they would be like on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or push cards they would be like on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or push cards they would be like on the
+front La C things like that like just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front La C things like that like just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front La C things like that like just
+like she was describing that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like she was describing that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like she was describing that you know
+plan should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan should
+incorporate the physical space of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate the physical space of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate the physical space of the
+cus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cus
+being it strikes me that in all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being it strikes me that in all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being it strikes me that in all the
+interviews everyone has an Institutional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviews everyone has an Institutional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviews everyone has an Institutional
+agenda that you are coming up against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agenda that you are coming up against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agenda that you are coming up against
+you know um and I think you H you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know um and I think you H you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know um and I think you H you have
+to be sens you have to be aware of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be sens you have to be aware of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be sens you have to be aware of that
+but not necessarily let that lead you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not necessarily let that lead you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not necessarily let that lead you to
+your conclusions you know bay state has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your conclusions you know bay state has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your conclusions you know bay state has
+a certain agenda um the city has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain agenda um the city has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain agenda um the city has a
+certain agenda uh Miller has his agenda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain agenda uh Miller has his agenda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain agenda uh Miller has his agenda
+everyone you're talking to has their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone you're talking to has their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone you're talking to has their own
+their own vantage point and agenda um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own vantage point and agenda um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own vantage point and agenda um
+and I think it's important for you not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think it's important for you not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think it's important for you not
+to not to be captured by that I mean to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not to be captured by that I mean to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not to be captured by that I mean to
+sort of understand what that how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of understand what that how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of understand what that how that
+might be valuable to what we're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be valuable to what we're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be valuable to what we're trying
+to achieve but but I think your client
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to achieve but but I think your client
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to achieve but but I think your client
+is is is not just the the campus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is is not just the the campus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is is not just the the campus
+Committee in the sort of physical sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Committee in the sort of physical sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Committee in the sort of physical sense
+of the campus committee it's it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the campus committee it's it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the campus committee it's it's it's
+the camp committee has a vehicle to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camp committee has a vehicle to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camp committee has a vehicle to
+improve the the economic development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the the economic development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the the economic development
+outcomes and capacity of the North End
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes and capacity of the North End
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes and capacity of the North End
+Community so I think you you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community so I think you you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community so I think you you have to
+sort of separate out what might be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of separate out what might be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of separate out what might be an
+immediate agenda item for the campus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate agenda item for the campus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate agenda item for the campus
+committee versus what you see is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee versus what you see is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee versus what you see is the
+most you know the most critical areas to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most you know the most critical areas to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most you know the most critical areas to
+sort of focus on so I don't I wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of focus on so I don't I wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of focus on so I don't I wouldn't
+wouldn't necessarily take what milta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't necessarily take what milta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't necessarily take what milta
+said as sort of you know um what should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said as sort of you know um what should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said as sort of you know um what should
+what should be what should drive you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should be what should drive you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should be what should drive you
+recommendations at this point I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendations at this point I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendations at this point I think I
+mean it's certainly it's certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's certainly it's certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's certainly it's certainly
+something to be thinking about it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to be thinking about it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to be thinking about it's
+certainly an important resource um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly an important resource um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly an important resource um that
+you could draw upon but I wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could draw upon but I wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could draw upon but I wouldn't
+necessarily have that shape your agenda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily have that shape your agenda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily have that shape your agenda
+at this point I think it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point I think it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point I think it's a little
+early to sort of take that view as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early to sort of take that view as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early to sort of take that view as
+necessarily the the primary view I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily the the primary view I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily the the primary view I think
+it it should drive how we're explaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it should drive how we're explaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it should drive how we're explaining
+it though because I feel like if we come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it though because I feel like if we come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it though because I feel like if we come
+in there and don't address it at all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there and don't address it at all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there and don't address it at all the
+first question going to be what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first question going to be what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first question going to be what about
+the campus why use the campus and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the campus why use the campus and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the campus why use the campus and I
+think I think most of us don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I think most of us don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I think most of us don't want to
+really use the campus but I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really use the campus but I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really use the campus but I think we
+really have explain why why that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have explain why why that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have explain why why that's not
+the answer actually I I disagree a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer actually I I disagree a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer actually I I disagree a
+little bit I think the campus the abute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit I think the campus the abute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit I think the campus the abute
+are the campus is a great resource
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the campus is a great resource
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the campus is a great resource
+however I think it's just incumbent on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however I think it's just incumbent on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however I think it's just incumbent on
+us to explain that there's only so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to explain that there's only so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to explain that there's only so much
+that any given resource can achieve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any given resource can achieve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any given resource can achieve and
+so if they're expecting to come out of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if they're expecting to come out of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if they're expecting to come out of a
+certain level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain level of
+poverty maximum utilization of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty maximum utilization of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty maximum utilization of the
+campus as a physical resource is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus as a physical resource is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus as a physical resource is not
+going to achieve that but it can be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to achieve that but it can be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to achieve that but it can be used
+in some of the the ways that they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some of the the ways that they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some of the the ways that they've
+talked about as a training space as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about as a training space as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about as a training space as an
+incubated space um it's great to free up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incubated space um it's great to free up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incubated space um it's great to free up
+and my impression is that actually more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my impression is that actually more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my impression is that actually more
+of that is happening than not um if not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that is happening than not um if not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that is happening than not um if not
+the this underground strip then the then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this underground strip then the then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this underground strip then the then
+Peter school is being used by a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peter school is being used by a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peter school is being used by a lot of
+other agencies for a lot of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other agencies for a lot of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other agencies for a lot of other
+training programs so they're doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training programs so they're doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training programs so they're doing it
+and I think that we could build a case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that we could build a case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that we could build a case
+without being confrontational but more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without being confrontational but more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without being confrontational but more
+of the same is is possible but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the same is is possible but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the same is is possible but it's not
+a balance here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a balance here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a balance here
+or I mean if you even have like a main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I mean if you even have like a main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I mean if you even have like a main
+street I mean I know you're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street I mean I know you're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street I mean I know you're talking
+about focusing on Main Street versus B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about focusing on Main Street versus B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about focusing on Main Street versus B
+state but I think that if you focus if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state but I think that if you focus if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state but I think that if you focus if
+you did decide to focus on stre you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did decide to focus on stre you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did decide to focus on stre you
+could actually include the outside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually include the outside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually include the outside of
+the campus in that I think just not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the campus in that I think just not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the campus in that I think just not the
+inner part but the outer part because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner part but the outer part because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner part but the outer part because
+there's a big space there that that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a big space there that that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a big space there that that can
+be used I think well I think a a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used I think well I think a a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used I think well I think a a big
+Challenge on October 20th is how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Challenge on October 20th is how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Challenge on October 20th is how you
+sort of frame the the issues for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of frame the the issues for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of frame the the issues for the
+campus committee so and and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus committee so and and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus committee so and and I think
+that's you know I think we're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you know I think we're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you know I think we're sort of
+ahead of ourselves there I mean that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of ourselves there I mean that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of ourselves there I mean that's
+going to be a big issue I think there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a big issue I think there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a big issue I think there's
+still a little I think you're still sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a little I think you're still sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a little I think you're still sort
+of in the throws of of of researching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in the throws of of of researching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in the throws of of of researching
+the community and doing some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community and doing some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community and doing some sort of
+analysis to to to sort of uncover what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis to to to sort of uncover what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis to to to sort of uncover what
+you think of the of the critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of the of the critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of the of the critical
+opportunities so I think we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities so I think we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities so I think we're going to
+come back to that next week as we begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to that next week as we begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to that next week as we begin
+to digest what you had and think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to digest what you had and think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to digest what you had and think about
+how to present it to the community so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to present it to the community so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to present it to the community so
+how you decide to sort of frame the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you decide to sort of frame the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you decide to sort of frame the
+agenda for the community and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agenda for the community and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agenda for the community and then
+you know that it might be framed around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that it might be framed around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that it might be framed around
+the resource it might be framed around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resource it might be framed around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resource it might be framed around
+around some other set of issues you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around some other set of issues you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around some other set of issues you you
+are probably going to come back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are probably going to come back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are probably going to come back and
+refer back to the campus and to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer back to the campus and to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer back to the campus and to other
+Assets in the community but you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assets in the community but you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assets in the community but you know I
+think it it's I think we're still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it it's I think we're still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it it's I think we're still a
+little early to sort of know how we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little early to sort of know how we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little early to sort of know how we're
+going to end up framing this I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to end up framing this I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to end up framing this I think
+you're you're still you're still sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're still you're still sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're still you're still sort of
+investigating a little bit but that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigating a little bit but that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigating a little bit but that that
+how you sort of set this up and and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you sort of set this up and and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you sort of set this up and and how
+you sort of help and I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of help and I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of help and I think it's
+important to sort of see your role as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to sort of see your role as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to sort of see your role as
+not as is as um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as is as um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as is as um
+um you know potentially opening up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know potentially opening up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know potentially opening up the
+community's thinking about the issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community's thinking about the issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community's thinking about the issues
+and opportunities in the neighborhood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and opportunities in the neighborhood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and opportunities in the neighborhood
+not not only staying with what their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not only staying with what their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not only staying with what their
+thinking is now but but providing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking is now but but providing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking is now but but providing this
+an opportunity to to get them to to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an opportunity to to get them to to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an opportunity to to get them to to ask
+some questions they might not have asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some questions they might not have asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some questions they might not have asked
+um or to to think about what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or to to think about what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or to to think about what are
+critical issues in a new way um so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical issues in a new way um so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical issues in a new way um so you
+might choose to frame it in a way that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might choose to frame it in a way that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might choose to frame it in a way that's
+different than how they're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than how they're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than how they're thinking
+about things now or you might decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about things now or you might decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about things now or you might decide
+that we really have to we have to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we really have to we have to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we really have to we have to you
+know frame it in a way that connects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know frame it in a way that connects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know frame it in a way that connects
+with what they're thinking is but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what they're thinking is but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what they're thinking is but I
+think that's a discussion we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's a discussion we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's a discussion we're going to
+be having next week um but yeah and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be having next week um but yeah and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be having next week um but yeah and just
+uh two other points because one related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two other points because one related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two other points because one related
+to this whole thing the campus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this whole thing the campus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this whole thing the campus
+uh I think in terms of how you handle it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think in terms of how you handle it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think in terms of how you handle it
+and how you handle people's conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how you handle people's conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how you handle people's conversation
+about it is you know really requires an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it is you know really requires an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it is you know really requires an
+understanding of what does it represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of what does it represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of what does it represent
+for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+community and what that investment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and what that investment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and what that investment is
+and I think there's a lot that that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think there's a lot that that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think there's a lot that that the
+school and everything kind of really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and everything kind of really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and everything kind of really
+represents for the community that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents for the community that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents for the community that's a
+Beyond just kind of like can we make use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond just kind of like can we make use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond just kind of like can we make use
+of this space you know that it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this space you know that it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this space you know that it's really
+holding a whole set of emotions and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding a whole set of emotions and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding a whole set of emotions and a
+whole set of other things for the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole set of other things for the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole set of other things for the for
+folks in the community and for a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks in the community and for a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks in the community and for a number
+of the people who are part of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the people who are part of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the people who are part of the the
+committee so paying attention to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee so paying attention to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee so paying attention to that
+and trying to understand it that way can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to understand it that way can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to understand it that way can
+help you then kind of negotiate it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you then kind of negotiate it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you then kind of negotiate it the
+other question I want to ask is what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other question I want to ask is what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other question I want to ask is what you
+uh just real quickly uh um what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just real quickly uh um what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just real quickly uh um what's the
+next set of interviews you're doing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next set of interviews you're doing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next set of interviews you're doing I
+just wanted to check in real quick cuz I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wanted to check in real quick cuz I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wanted to check in real quick cuz I
+think there still were some left off and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there still were some left off and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there still were some left off and
+if you're doing those this week by phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're doing those this week by phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're doing those this week by phone
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+stuff I think there was Herby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and okay but we don't have to go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay but we don't have to go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay but we don't have to go into
+them all I just wanted to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all I just wanted to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all I just wanted to make sure that
+you still moving on them for this week I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still moving on them for this week I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still moving on them for this week I
+think it's probably important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's probably important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's probably important to
+prioritize I mean I think you certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prioritize I mean I think you certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prioritize I mean I think you certainly
+want to get to the other campus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get to the other campus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get to the other campus
+committee members you haven't spoken to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee members you haven't spoken to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee members you haven't spoken to
+that that's an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's an important
+priority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority
+um yeah and Herby and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah and Herby and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah and Herby and
+andby yeah I would be very inter find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andby yeah I would be very inter find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andby yeah I would be very inter find
+out a little more about the community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a little more about the community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a little more about the community
+itself what how are this SC is they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself what how are this SC is they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself what how are this SC is they're
+the ones who going to be directly involv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones who going to be directly involv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones who going to be directly involv
+on this whole process they the one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this whole process they the one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this whole process they the one and
+they if we can provide something they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they if we can provide something they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they if we can provide something they
+give them the capacity to continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them the capacity to continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them the capacity to continue to
+grow that would be fantastic it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow that would be fantastic it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow that would be fantastic it really
+to think that the benefits are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think that the benefits are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think that the benefits are there
+they can't use you know like they can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't use you know like they can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't use you know like they can't
+they could use you know this Fishman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could use you know this Fishman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could use you know this Fishman
+Bakery and they not ready to do that how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bakery and they not ready to do that how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bakery and they not ready to do that how
+do they see how can they grow you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they see how can they grow you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they see how can they grow you know
+getting them involved we get a group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting them involved we get a group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting them involved we get a group
+start to build a small group inside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to build a small group inside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to build a small group inside of
+the community they can start to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community they can start to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community they can start to have
+some basic understanding of what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some basic understanding of what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some basic understanding of what's going
+on it probably would be really D so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it probably would be really D so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it probably would be really D so I
+think meeting with c and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think meeting with c and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think meeting with c and
+I involved in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I involved in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I involved in the
+community and and help them to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and and help them to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and and help them to do that
+it probably would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it probably would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it probably would be
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+important before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important before we
+go yeah car and I don't want to go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go yeah car and I don't want to go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go yeah car and I don't want to go into
+the kind of discussion that right yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of discussion that right yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of discussion that right yet
+because we do have some more particulars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we do have some more particulars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we do have some more particulars
+on that but I think you're right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that but I think you're right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that but I think you're right that
+Carlos is one of those people for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlos is one of those people for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlos is one of those people for
+particularly that reason we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly that reason we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly that reason we need to
+interview and I me in terms of priority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview and I me in terms of priority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview and I me in terms of priority
+certainly getting to the Campus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly getting to the Campus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly getting to the Campus
+Community if there any sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community if there any sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community if there any sort of
+stakeholders and segment of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders and segment of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders and segment of the
+community that you haven't engaged with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community that you haven't engaged with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community that you haven't engaged with
+that you need to speak with that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to speak with that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to speak with that's
+pretty important um it does strike me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty important um it does strike me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty important um it does strike me
+that there's probably uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's probably uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's probably uh some
+interviewing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewing
+with uh um Workforce Development educ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh um Workforce Development educ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh um Workforce Development educ
+the the Education and Training System
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Education and Training System
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Education and Training System
+that that you probably need to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that you probably need to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that you probably need to you know
+you've gotten sort of Bas dates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've gotten sort of Bas dates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've gotten sort of Bas dates
+perspective on it and some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective on it and some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective on it and some other
+perspective I think you you've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective I think you you've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective I think you you've got to
+get some people on the ground deler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some people on the ground deler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some people on the ground deler
+train services in their neighborhood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train services in their neighborhood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train services in their neighborhood
+probably have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have
+and there's one name that came up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's one name that came up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's one name that came up on
+this list that you handed out that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this list that you handed out that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this list that you handed out that I
+think would be important for you I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think would be important for you I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think would be important for you I
+didn't we didn't have it before this Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't we didn't have it before this Bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't we didn't have it before this Bob
+buuck uh because uh you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buuck uh because uh you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buuck uh because uh you know what
+building they're talking about do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building they're talking about do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building they're talking about do you
+guys you know it's the one that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys you know it's the one that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys you know it's the one that's right
+at the end end of the community where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end end of the community where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end end of the community where
+the nightclub used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nightclub used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nightclub used to
+be uh what's it called what's the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh what's it called what's the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh what's it called what's the name
+of that club that used to be Main Street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that club that used to be Main Street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that club that used to be Main Street
+no it's it's not on main street it's on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's it's not on main street it's on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's it's not on main street it's on
+the road that goes that the uh that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the road that goes that the uh that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the road that goes that the uh that goes
+to the bridge to West Springfield it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the bridge to West Springfield it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the bridge to West Springfield it's
+just where you get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just where you get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just where you get to the
+bridge and there's a no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge and there's a no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge and there's a no
+no rasco no what's it what's it called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no rasco no what's it what's it called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no rasco no what's it what's it called
+there there's a big building there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's a big building there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's a big building there
+Rascal there's a big building there that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rascal there's a big building there that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rascal there's a big building there that
+used to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be a
+club that's all being torn down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+club that's all being torn down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+club that's all being torn down and
+they're building a gas station a store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're building a gas station a store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're building a gas station a store
+and everything and this is a guy who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything and this is a guy who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything and this is a guy who's
+doing it and people from the Brightwood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it and people from the Brightwood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it and people from the Brightwood
+side are looking forward to that as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side are looking forward to that as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side are looking forward to that as a
+destination for shopping and so so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination for shopping and so so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination for shopping and so so I
+think knowing something about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think knowing something about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think knowing something about that
+business and what impact it may have on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business and what impact it may have on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business and what impact it may have on
+other things going to be very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things going to be very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things going to be very important
+and I actually thought it had they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I actually thought it had they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I actually thought it had they were
+well alone but it sounds like there may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well alone but it sounds like there may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well alone but it sounds like there may
+be even some options to have some impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be even some options to have some impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be even some options to have some impact
+on that so I think he might be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that so I think he might be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that so I think he might be an
+important person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important person
+so so um you know we have Thursday set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so um you know we have Thursday set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so um you know we have Thursday set
+aside as a work session so we'll be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aside as a work session so we'll be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aside as a work session so we'll be able
+to pick up on some of also I hope at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick up on some of also I hope at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick up on some of also I hope at the
+end of this class to give out some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of this class to give out some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of this class to give out some sort
+of analytical assignments to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of analytical assignments to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of analytical assignments to help
+support some of the work you're doing s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support some of the work you're doing s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support some of the work you're doing s
+the building on on some of what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the building on on some of what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the building on on some of what we're
+going to talk about today so you'll you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about today so you'll you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about today so you'll you
+know also have some some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know also have some some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know also have some some other
+information to support some of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to support some of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to support some of your
+analysis as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the sure sure sure yeah I mean I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sure sure sure yeah I mean I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sure sure sure yeah I mean I have a
+lot of content but I don't have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of content but I don't have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of content but I don't have to go
+through it all in class I can also post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it all in class I can also post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it all in class I can also post
+this on stellar and people can follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on stellar and people can follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on stellar and people can follow
+you want to use you think some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to use you think some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to use you think some of these
+techniques are fairly are relevant um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques are fairly are relevant um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques are fairly are relevant um so
+what I wanted to do is sort of give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I wanted to do is sort of give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I wanted to do is sort of give a
+little bit of overview of some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of overview of some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of overview of some of the
+economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic
+analysis that are used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis that are used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis that are used in
+economic to help you you know think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic to help you you know think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic to help you you know think
+about to what extent these might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to what extent these might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to what extent these might be
+relevant and applicable um to some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant and applicable um to some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant and applicable um to some of
+the planning work we're doing um and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the planning work we're doing um and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the planning work we're doing um and the
+first phase this analysis is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first phase this analysis is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first phase this analysis is sort of
+defining your study area I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining your study area I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining your study area I think that's
+already been done for us we know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already been done for us we know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already been done for us we know what
+the geography of the North End is um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geography of the North End is um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geography of the North End is um but
+often in understanding um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often in understanding um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often in understanding um you know
+geography it's it's um important to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geography it's it's um important to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geography it's it's um important to have
+some basis of comparison so it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some basis of comparison so it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some basis of comparison so it might be
+useful to think about you know a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to think about you know a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to think about you know a little
+bit do we want to understand North End
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit do we want to understand North End
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit do we want to understand North End
+in the context of the City of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context of the City of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context of the City of
+Springfield is that most important to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springfield is that most important to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springfield is that most important to us
+do we want to understand it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we want to understand it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we want to understand it in the
+context of the Springfield metropolitan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of the Springfield metropolitan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of the Springfield metropolitan
+area is that more important to us um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area is that more important to us um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area is that more important to us um in
+terms of a better understanding um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of a better understanding um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of a better understanding um the
+economy and economic relationship so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy and economic relationship so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy and economic relationship so it
+might be useful to think a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be useful to think a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be useful to think a little bit
+about you know whether we're we're we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know whether we're we're we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know whether we're we're we
+care more about the relationship of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care more about the relationship of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care more about the relationship of the
+North End to Springfield overall to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North End to Springfield overall to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North End to Springfield overall to the
+BR region or perhaps both um and um I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BR region or perhaps both um and um I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BR region or perhaps both um and um I've
+sort of put together this laundry list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of put together this laundry list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of put together this laundry list
+of some of the analytical approaches you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some of the analytical approaches you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some of the analytical approaches you
+know demographic analysis really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know demographic analysis really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know demographic analysis really
+understanding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the
+population um in the neighborhood um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population um in the neighborhood um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population um in the neighborhood um
+understanding the economy which have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the economy which have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the economy which have
+sort of broken down into these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of broken down into these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of broken down into these two
+approaches econom performance analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches econom performance analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches econom performance analysis
+you know how well is the economy serving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how well is the economy serving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how well is the economy serving
+uh residents in the community how well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh residents in the community how well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh residents in the community how well
+are they benefiting from it um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they benefiting from it um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they benefiting from it um and
+that's more oriented towards the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more oriented towards the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more oriented towards the people
+as opposed to an economic structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to an economic structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to an economic structure
+analysis or economic base analysis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis or economic base analysis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis or economic base analysis is
+really kind of understanding what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really kind of understanding what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really kind of understanding what's the
+composition and the growth trends of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition and the growth trends of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition and the growth trends of the
+economy and what does that suggest about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy and what does that suggest about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy and what does that suggest about
+employment opportunities business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment opportunities business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment opportunities business
+expansion opportunities um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion opportunities um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion opportunities um and then
+looking more specifically at at retail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking more specifically at at retail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking more specifically at at retail
+market analysis that's that's a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market analysis that's that's a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market analysis that's that's a more
+focused analysis that's really about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused analysis that's really about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused analysis that's really about
+understanding um retail demand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding um retail demand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding um retail demand and
+supply for retail stores and that may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply for retail stores and that may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply for retail stores and that may be
+particularly relevant here either if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly relevant here either if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly relevant here either if we
+do development or oh on o my microphone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do development or oh on o my microphone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do development or oh on o my microphone
+fell off um um either if we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fell off um um either if we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fell off um um either if we're doing
+development around Main Street um or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development around Main Street um or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development around Main Street um or if
+we want to think about retail business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to think about retail business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to think about retail business
+development among entrepreneurs or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development among entrepreneurs or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development among entrepreneurs or
+helping existing businesses grow um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping existing businesses grow um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping existing businesses grow um and
+then more broadly real estate market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then more broadly real estate market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then more broadly real estate market
+analysis not so much retail but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis not so much retail but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis not so much retail but if you
+have a vacant property you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a vacant property you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a vacant property you're trying to
+look at what a potential uses for it how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what a potential uses for it how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what a potential uses for it how
+can you disc some that analysis um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you disc some that analysis um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you disc some that analysis um and
+then lastly and this is in some ways I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then lastly and this is in some ways I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then lastly and this is in some ways I
+think one of the more important elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think one of the more important elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think one of the more important elements
+is what I call resource based analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what I call resource based analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what I call resource based analysis
+really understanding the resources in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really understanding the resources in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really understanding the resources in
+the community and region and how well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community and region and how well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community and region and how well
+those are really serving your Economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are really serving your Economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are really serving your Economic
+Development agenda so um let me kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Development agenda so um let me kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Development agenda so um let me kind of
+walk through some of this fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk through some of this fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk through some of this fairly
+quickly um first in terms of working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly um first in terms of working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly um first in terms of working
+with economic data um I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with economic data um I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with economic data um I don't know if
+you've already covered this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've already covered this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've already covered this in
+statistics but it's an important Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics but it's an important Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics but it's an important Point
+um I want to make we could just pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I want to make we could just pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I want to make we could just pass
+this out and that's the distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out and that's the distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out and that's the distinction
+between household based data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between household based data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between household based data and
+establishment based data are are people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishment based data are are people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishment based data are are people
+familiar with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distinction people not in your head or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction people not in your head or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction people not in your head or
+some people not well let me do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people not well let me do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people not well let me do this
+pretty quickly you know household based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty quickly you know household based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty quickly you know household based
+data really gives you economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data really gives you economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data really gives you economic
+information on by place of residence um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on by place of residence um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on by place of residence um
+and this is really primarily census data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is really primarily census data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is really primarily census data
+but it tells you you know what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it tells you you know what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it tells you you know what is the
+population and characteristics of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and characteristics of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and characteristics of the
+population what is income poverty rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population what is income poverty rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population what is income poverty rates
+educational entertainment and the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational entertainment and the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational entertainment and the like
+um and um um it's really a profile of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and um um it's really a profile of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and um um it's really a profile of
+the people and who live there um and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people and who live there um and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people and who live there um and and
+that's pretty important for both retail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty important for both retail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty important for both retail
+market analysis and um the economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market analysis and um the economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market analysis and um the economic
+performance analysis the major source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance analysis the major source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance analysis the major source of
+data especially once you get at a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data especially once you get at a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data especially once you get at a a
+neighborhood level is the census you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood level is the census you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood level is the census you
+know other sources like the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know other sources like the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know other sources like the current
+population survey uh poverty estimates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population survey uh poverty estimates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population survey uh poverty estimates
+local area employ unemployment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local area employ unemployment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local area employ unemployment
+statistics typically operate on a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics typically operate on a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics typically operate on a state
+county or city level you can't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+county or city level you can't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+county or city level you can't really
+get neighborhood level data so for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get neighborhood level data so for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get neighborhood level data so for the
+most part um we're going to be limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most part um we're going to be limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most part um we're going to be limited
+to census data in profiling um the North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to census data in profiling um the North
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to census data in profiling um the North
+End itself establishment based data is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+End itself establishment based data is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+End itself establishment based data is
+about place of employment it's data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about place of employment it's data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about place of employment it's data
+collected from employers and it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected from employers and it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected from employers and it really
+relates to the uh employment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates to the uh employment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates to the uh employment
+number of establishment sales and output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of establishment sales and output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of establishment sales and output
+of businesses and that that may have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of businesses and that that may have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of businesses and that that may have an
+impact on the residents or it may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact on the residents or it may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact on the residents or it may not
+have an impact on the residents you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an impact on the residents you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an impact on the residents you know
+you could have you could have um 100,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have you could have um 100,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have you could have um 100,000
+jobs in a place but that doesn't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs in a place but that doesn't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs in a place but that doesn't mean
+the residents living in that place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the residents living in that place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the residents living in that place
+actually are employed in those jobs um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are employed in those jobs um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are employed in those jobs um
+and so it's important to understand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's important to understand that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's important to understand that
+distinction the household based data is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction the household based data is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction the household based data is
+really profiling the workforce from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really profiling the workforce from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really profiling the workforce from a
+labor market point of view and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor market point of view and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor market point of view and the
+establishment based data is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishment based data is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishment based data is really
+profiling the type of jobs available in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiling the type of jobs available in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiling the type of jobs available in
+that area um and um you know there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that area um and um you know there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that area um and um you know there are
+number of data sources for establishment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of data sources for establishment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of data sources for establishment
+based data all of which have um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based data all of which have um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based data all of which have um
+differences associated with them um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences associated with them um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences associated with them um
+probably the most readable source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the most readable source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the most readable source of
+data is What's called the es22 data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is What's called the es22 data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is What's called the es22 data
+series that's from the employment un
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series that's from the employment un
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series that's from the employment un
+Insurance uh fund employers have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Insurance uh fund employers have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Insurance uh fund employers have to
+report for unemployment insurance a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report for unemployment insurance a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report for unemployment insurance a lot
+of data gets collected there one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data gets collected there one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data gets collected there one of the
+limitations of that data is it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations of that data is it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations of that data is it doesn't
+pick up self-employed people or informal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up self-employed people or informal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up self-employed people or informal
+Enterprises um current employment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprises um current employment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprises um current employment
+statistics don't really go beyond the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics don't really go beyond the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics don't really go beyond the
+state of Metropolitan level so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of Metropolitan level so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of Metropolitan level so they're
+less helpful for you the economic census
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less helpful for you the economic census
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less helpful for you the economic census
+is produced every five years so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is produced every five years so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is produced every five years so it's
+less current but one of the nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less current but one of the nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less current but one of the nice
+advantages of the economic census is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages of the economic census is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages of the economic census is it
+actually gives you output data and sales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually gives you output data and sales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually gives you output data and sales
+data as opposed to just employment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data as opposed to just employment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data as opposed to just employment and
+wage data um another important source is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage data um another important source is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage data um another important source is
+the Bureau of Labor sta statistics which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bureau of Labor sta statistics which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bureau of Labor sta statistics which
+has very detailed occupational data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has very detailed occupational data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has very detailed occupational data and
+I think that's going to be important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's going to be important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's going to be important for
+Workforce Development work which we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Workforce Development work which we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Workforce Development work which we can
+talk about here I think the problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about here I think the problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about here I think the problem with
+all the establishment based data is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the establishment based data is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the establishment based data is it's
+is there's almost no Sub City level data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there's almost no Sub City level data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there's almost no Sub City level data
+really the only secondary data source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the only secondary data source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the only secondary data source
+that the government produces is County
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the government produces is County
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the government produces is County
+Business patterns produces zip code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Business patterns produces zip code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Business patterns produces zip code
+based data on establishments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based data on establishments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based data on establishments and
+employment by size class you could get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment by size class you could get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment by size class you could get
+zip code based data the most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zip code based data the most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zip code based data the most of the
+other Sub City establishment based data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Sub City establishment based data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Sub City establishment based data
+that you find is is private sector um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you find is is private sector um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you find is is private sector um
+you know like um reference USA done and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like um reference USA done and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like um reference USA done and
+Brad street and um you know I'd say my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brad street and um you know I'd say my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brad street and um you know I'd say my
+experience with data is you can start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with data is you can start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with data is you can start
+with that data but there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that data but there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that data but there's a lot of
+inaccuracy and a lot of incompleteness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inaccuracy and a lot of incompleteness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inaccuracy and a lot of incompleteness
+in that data so you I wouldn't take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that data so you I wouldn't take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that data so you I wouldn't take that
+as a given if you're going to use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a given if you're going to use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a given if you're going to use that
+data I would verify locally because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data I would verify locally because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data I would verify locally because
+there can often be a lot of uh a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can often be a lot of uh a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can often be a lot of uh a lot of
+Errors um so certainly in done Brad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Errors um so certainly in done Brad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Errors um so certainly in done Brad
+street data that I've worked with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street data that I've worked with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street data that I've worked with
+there's there's a lot of Errors um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's a lot of Errors um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's a lot of Errors um so
+anyway the other um so I won't talk that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway the other um so I won't talk that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway the other um so I won't talk that
+much about demographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about demographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about demographic
+analysis um you know I think we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis um you know I think we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis um you know I think we have
+some of this information already um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this information already um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this information already um it
+does strike me though that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does strike me though that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does strike me though that the
+employment status um and obstacles to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment status um and obstacles to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment status um and obstacles to
+employment are a big issue in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment are a big issue in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment are a big issue in this
+neighborhood and it's probably worth um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood and it's probably worth um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood and it's probably worth um
+someone looking at the at at least what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone looking at the at at least what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone looking at the at at least what
+the Census Data provides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Census Data provides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Census Data provides
+to get that sort of picture you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get that sort of picture you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get that sort of picture you know
+what is and there's a fair amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is and there's a fair amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is and there's a fair amount of
+data at the census both in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data at the census both in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data at the census both in terms of
+Labor Force participation but you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Labor Force participation but you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Labor Force participation but you also
+can get employment by industry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get employment by industry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get employment by industry and
+employment by occupation so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment by occupation so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment by occupation so you could
+get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some
+background um and you could even get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background um and you could even get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background um and you could even get a
+breakdown of now with the summary tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdown of now with the summary tape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdown of now with the summary tape
+for data you get a breakdown of that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for data you get a breakdown of that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for data you get a breakdown of that by
+by race and ethnicity so I I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by race and ethnicity so I I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by race and ethnicity so I I think
+that's going to be an important issue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be an important issue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be an important issue to
+look at probably important to do some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at probably important to do some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at probably important to do some of
+that analysis sooner um rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that analysis sooner um rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that analysis sooner um rather than
+later um might also be important to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later um might also be important to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later um might also be important to look
+at the extent of self-employment that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the extent of self-employment that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the extent of self-employment that's
+reported on the census it's probably not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reported on the census it's probably not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reported on the census it's probably not
+completely accurate for the neighborhood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely accurate for the neighborhood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely accurate for the neighborhood
+but you know you should have a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know you should have a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know you should have a sense of
+at least what people are formally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least what people are formally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least what people are formally
+reporting as their self-employment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting as their self-employment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting as their self-employment
+activity um um as well um so um that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity um um as well um so um that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity um um as well um so um that's
+sort of the demographic analysis um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the demographic analysis um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the demographic analysis um
+economic performance analysis here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic performance analysis here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic performance analysis here um
+you know you're really trying to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're really trying to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're really trying to look at
+how well is the neighborhood uh is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how well is the neighborhood uh is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how well is the neighborhood uh is the
+economy really performing for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy really performing for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy really performing for the
+residents that live in that area uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents that live in that area uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents that live in that area uh and
+and how well is the local community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how well is the local community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how well is the local community
+participating in and benefiting from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participating in and benefiting from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participating in and benefiting from
+what's happening at the city and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening at the city and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening at the city and
+Regional economy level um and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Regional economy level um and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Regional economy level um and there are
+you know a number of measures that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a number of measures that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a number of measures that can
+get used for this uh including you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get used for this uh including you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get used for this uh including you know
+is is the area growing um are people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is the area growing um are people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is the area growing um are people
+getting employment what are their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting employment what are their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting employment what are their
+earnings level what are their income and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnings level what are their income and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnings level what are their income and
+poverty rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty rates
+um and also you know how are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and also you know how are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and also you know how are they
+benefiting in terms of new economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefiting in terms of new economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefiting in terms of new economic
+activity firm births firm deaths um new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity firm births firm deaths um new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity firm births firm deaths um new
+development and new investment um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development and new investment um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development and new investment um I
+don't think we probably need to spend a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think we probably need to spend a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think we probably need to spend a
+lot of time on this issue I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of time on this issue I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of time on this issue I think the
+sort of economic conditions in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of economic conditions in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of economic conditions in the
+neighborhood um you know are fairly well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood um you know are fairly well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood um you know are fairly well
+established um um I think and and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established um um I think and and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established um um I think and and there
+probably aren't going to be a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably aren't going to be a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably aren't going to be a lot of
+secondary data sources to sort of inform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary data sources to sort of inform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary data sources to sort of inform
+recent economic activity um I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent economic activity um I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent economic activity um I think
+you'll probably capture more of that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll probably capture more of that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll probably capture more of that you
+know from the inter interview level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from the inter interview level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from the inter interview level
+activity about you know what sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity about you know what sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity about you know what sort of
+neighborhood economic activities going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood economic activities going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood economic activities going
+on and how well that's connecting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and how well that's connecting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and how well that's connecting with
+or not connecting with with regional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not connecting with with regional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not connecting with with regional
+economic Trends I mean if we were doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic Trends I mean if we were doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic Trends I mean if we were doing
+a city plan or Regional plan we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a city plan or Regional plan we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a city plan or Regional plan we'd
+probably spend a lot more time on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably spend a lot more time on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably spend a lot more time on these
+issues and understanding variations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues and understanding variations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues and understanding variations in
+economic performance among different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic performance among different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic performance among different
+Geographic areas and different different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Geographic areas and different different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Geographic areas and different different
+demographic groups um so um the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic groups um so um the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic groups um so um the last
+piece uh of sort of the the sort of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece uh of sort of the the sort of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece uh of sort of the the sort of um
+economic analysis that that usually um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic analysis that that usually um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic analysis that that usually um
+is a starting point for a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a starting point for a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a starting point for a lot of
+Economic Development plans is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economic Development plans is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economic Development plans is sort of
+the economic structure analysis and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economic structure analysis and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economic structure analysis and here
+really the purpose is to understand you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the purpose is to understand you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the purpose is to understand you
+know what is the the nature of the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what is the the nature of the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what is the the nature of the local
+economy what are the major um Industries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy what are the major um Industries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy what are the major um Industries
+what are the trends in those Industries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the trends in those Industries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the trends in those Industries
+um and how does that affect sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and how does that affect sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and how does that affect sort of
+Economic Development opportunities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economic Development opportunities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economic Development opportunities
+um and um it's important here usually to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and um it's important here usually to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and um it's important here usually to
+understand the composition of employment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the composition of employment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the composition of employment
+but also the composition of um wages in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also the composition of um wages in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also the composition of um wages in
+other words certain industries have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words certain industries have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words certain industries have more
+impact on a region in terms of of income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact on a region in terms of of income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact on a region in terms of of income
+Generation Um than they do for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generation Um than they do for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generation Um than they do for
+employment for example if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment for example if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment for example if you look at
+the Boston Metropolitan region if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Boston Metropolitan region if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Boston Metropolitan region if you
+look at the high-tech sector you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the high-tech sector you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the high-tech sector you know
+it's about I don't know 12% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about I don't know 12% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about I don't know 12% of
+employment but 25% of wage income um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment but 25% of wage income um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment but 25% of wage income um so
+um one useful tool to do is not simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one useful tool to do is not simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one useful tool to do is not simply
+to just look at composition by by income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just look at composition by by income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just look at composition by by income
+by um employment but look at composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by um employment but look at composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by um employment but look at composition
+by wages and sort of get a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by wages and sort of get a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by wages and sort of get a sense of
+which Industries are most significant um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Industries are most significant um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Industries are most significant um
+in income Generation Um also in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in income Generation Um also in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in income Generation Um also in terms of
+of Trends which Industries are growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Trends which Industries are growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Trends which Industries are growing
+which Industries are declining I mean we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Industries are declining I mean we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Industries are declining I mean we
+obviously care what are the major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously care what are the major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously care what are the major
+sources of employment but for example we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources of employment but for example we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources of employment but for example we
+know manufacturing is still a big source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know manufacturing is still a big source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know manufacturing is still a big source
+of employment in the region but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of employment in the region but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of employment in the region but it's a
+significant declining industry and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant declining industry and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant declining industry and that
+might affect how we want to invest in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might affect how we want to invest in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might affect how we want to invest in it
+um in terms of job opportunities um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in terms of job opportunities um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in terms of job opportunities um and
+then also having a sense of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then also having a sense of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then also having a sense of of the
+occupational composition of the largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupational composition of the largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupational composition of the largest
+Industries and the growing Industries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industries and the growing Industries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industries and the growing Industries
+what are the nature of jobs what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the nature of jobs what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the nature of jobs what are the
+skill requirements of those jobs and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill requirements of those jobs and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill requirements of those jobs and I'm
+going to talk more about that as we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk more about that as we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk more about that as we get
+into looking at the label Market um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into looking at the label Market um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into looking at the label Market um but
+also trying to understand um what might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also trying to understand um what might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also trying to understand um what might
+be important industry compositions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be important industry compositions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be important industry compositions
+industry cost and interindustry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry cost and interindustry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry cost and interindustry
+relationships or supply chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships or supply chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships or supply chain
+relationships um you know some of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships um you know some of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships um you know some of that
+you can uncover through the economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can uncover through the economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can uncover through the economic
+data themsel itself um because some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data themsel itself um because some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data themsel itself um because some
+economic relationships you know um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic relationships you know um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic relationships you know um um
+are more Apparent from the economic data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more Apparent from the economic data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more Apparent from the economic data
+um you know if you have a Aerospace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know if you have a Aerospace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know if you have a Aerospace
+industry and you have a metal working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry and you have a metal working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry and you have a metal working
+industry you know chances are the metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry you know chances are the metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry you know chances are the metal
+working industry is producing metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working industry is producing metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working industry is producing metal
+parts for the Aerospace industry um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts for the Aerospace industry um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts for the Aerospace industry um um
+and um but um some of these um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um but um some of these um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um but um some of these um uh
+relationships will also get uncovered by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships will also get uncovered by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships will also get uncovered by
+talking to to firms themselves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to to firms themselves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to to firms themselves and
+talking to Economic Development um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to Economic Development um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to Economic Development um
+professionals who work with firms um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professionals who work with firms um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professionals who work with firms um um
+so um in in in the North End um I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um in in in the North End um I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um in in in the North End um I think
+we have a good sense of of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a good sense of of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a good sense of of the of the
+industries the one sort of Gap I I sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industries the one sort of Gap I I sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industries the one sort of Gap I I sort
+of sense that we have we have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sense that we have we have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sense that we have we have a lot of
+regional economic data we have a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regional economic data we have a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regional economic data we have a sort of
+sense of what's happening in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of what's happening in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of what's happening in the
+neighborhood it might be useful to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood it might be useful to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood it might be useful to look
+a little at the City of Springfield is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little at the City of Springfield is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little at the City of Springfield is
+there something about the economy of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there something about the economy of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there something about the economy of of
+Springfield um that's worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springfield um that's worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springfield um that's worth
+understanding and and will help us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding and and will help us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding and and will help us
+better understand the north end's role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better understand the north end's role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better understand the north end's role
+um in um the overall City economy um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in um the overall City economy um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in um the overall City economy um so
+I mean so um that's the one Gap in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean so um that's the one Gap in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean so um that's the one Gap in some
+of the economic data that might be worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the economic data that might be worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the economic data that might be worth
+um addressing um so in doing this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um addressing um so in doing this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um addressing um so in doing this I
+think I passed out um the NES this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I passed out um the NES this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I passed out um the NES this is
+sort of an outline of the North American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of an outline of the North American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of an outline of the North American
+industry classification system and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry classification system and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry classification system and this
+is really how economic data is organized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really how economic data is organized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really how economic data is organized
+and presented so when you go to the The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and presented so when you go to the The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and presented so when you go to the The
+Establishment based data um and and sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Establishment based data um and and sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Establishment based data um and and sort
+of collect information it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of collect information it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of collect information it's going to be
+organized by this um this sort of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized by this um this sort of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized by this um this sort of um
+representation or classification system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation or classification system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation or classification system
+of the economy um and and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the economy um and and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the economy um and and one of the
+problems you face is the um we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems you face is the um we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems you face is the um we've
+shifted from a classification system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted from a classification system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted from a classification system
+that was used pre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was used pre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was used pre
+1997 to one that's post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1997 to one that's post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1997 to one that's post
+1997 so that's probably not a big issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1997 so that's probably not a big issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1997 so that's probably not a big issue
+for us now but if you were doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us now but if you were doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us now but if you were doing
+long-term historic analysis you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term historic analysis you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term historic analysis you have
+this discontinuity in the classification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this discontinuity in the classification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this discontinuity in the classification
+of economic data that's a problem but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of economic data that's a problem but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of economic data that's a problem but if
+you're looking back to the late 90s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking back to the late 90s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking back to the late 90s
+through now you know all the data will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through now you know all the data will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through now you know all the data will
+be in the N classification system and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in the N classification system and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in the N classification system and as
+you can see this is sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see this is sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see this is sort of a
+hierarchical system where you start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical system where you start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical system where you start with
+a very broad sectors typically denoted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very broad sectors typically denoted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very broad sectors typically denoted
+by by um two digits um and then within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by um two digits um and then within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by um two digits um and then within
+each sector you get more and more um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each sector you get more and more um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each sector you get more and more um
+detail in terms of the industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail in terms of the industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail in terms of the industry
+representation so if you look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation so if you look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation so if you look for
+example let's take a sector we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's take a sector we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's take a sector we're
+interested in if you flip to uh the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in if you flip to uh the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in if you flip to uh the last
+page um and look at sector 62 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page um and look at sector 62 that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page um and look at sector 62 that's
+Healthcare and social uh assistance you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Healthcare and social uh assistance you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Healthcare and social uh assistance you
+see the next level of detail is sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the next level of detail is sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the next level of detail is sector
+621 which is Ambulatory healthc Care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+621 which is Ambulatory healthc Care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+621 which is Ambulatory healthc Care
+Services
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Services
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Services
+and actually if you look within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually if you look within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually if you look within the
+classification system this gets broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification system this gets broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification system this gets broken
+down into even more detail you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down into even more detail you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down into even more detail you know
+there's doctor's offices dentist offices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's doctor's offices dentist offices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's doctor's offices dentist offices
+um Etc um um and um so this is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Etc um um and um so this is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Etc um um and um so this is sort of
+the way the the systems broken up um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way the the systems broken up um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way the the systems broken up um and
+um you know not the the smaller the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know not the the smaller the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know not the the smaller the
+geographic area typically the less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geographic area typically the less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geographic area typically the less
+disaggregated data will be available um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaggregated data will be available um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaggregated data will be available um
+because you get into um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you get into um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you get into um um
+confidentiality issues in the release of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidentiality issues in the release of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidentiality issues in the release of
+data so you're probably below at this at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so you're probably below at this at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so you're probably below at this at
+the city level you may not get data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city level you may not get data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city level you may not get data
+below let's say a three or four digit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below let's say a three or four digit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below let's say a three or four digit
+nakes code as we're at a state level and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nakes code as we're at a state level and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nakes code as we're at a state level and
+National level you could get you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National level you could get you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National level you could get you could
+get much more more detail um so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get much more more detail um so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get much more more detail um so it's
+just it's it's useful to be familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just it's it's useful to be familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just it's it's useful to be familiar
+with this um and and be able to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this um and and be able to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this um and and be able to work
+with it as you as you as you're working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it as you as you as you're working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it as you as you as you're working
+with the economic data um so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the economic data um so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the economic data um so um
+if in doing the economic structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if in doing the economic structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if in doing the economic structure
+analysis I think it's useful um to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis I think it's useful um to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis I think it's useful um to sort
+of approach this a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of approach this a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of approach this a little bit
+strategically because you often find you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategically because you often find you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategically because you often find you
+have an enormous amount of data um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an enormous amount of data um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an enormous amount of data um and
+and where do I want to focus my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where do I want to focus my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where do I want to focus my my
+effort in sort of understanding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort in sort of understanding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort in sort of understanding the
+economic structure so I typically do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic structure so I typically do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic structure so I typically do
+when I do this is sort of start at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I do this is sort of start at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I do this is sort of start at a
+broad level sort of look at the broad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad level sort of look at the broad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad level sort of look at the broad
+sectoral composition of the area I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectoral composition of the area I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectoral composition of the area I'm I'm
+interested in um and and compare that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in um and and compare that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in um and and compare that to
+you know the other areas you know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the other areas you know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the other areas you know what's
+sort of different about Springfield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of different about Springfield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of different about Springfield
+versus the Springfield region on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the Springfield region on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the Springfield region on the
+state um is it much does it have much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state um is it much does it have much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state um is it much does it have much
+larger Health Care sector does it have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger Health Care sector does it have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger Health Care sector does it have
+much larger manufacturing sector um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much larger manufacturing sector um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much larger manufacturing sector um and
+sort of try and ident identify the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of try and ident identify the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of try and ident identify the most
+important sectors to understand in more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important sectors to understand in more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important sectors to understand in more
+detail um so um that's sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail um so um that's sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail um so um that's sort of a
+starting point you know you're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point you know you're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point you know you're not going
+to spend a lot of time you may not want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend a lot of time you may not want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend a lot of time you may not want
+to spend a lot of time looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend a lot of time looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend a lot of time looking at
+transportation utilities if it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation utilities if it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation utilities if it's not
+important in that economy um and spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in that economy um and spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in that economy um and spend
+more time looking at other sectors so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time looking at other sectors so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time looking at other sectors so
+once you've sort of identified um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you've sort of identified um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you've sort of identified um the
+largest sectors or the most uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest sectors or the most uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest sectors or the most uh um
+important in terms of job growth or job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in terms of job growth or job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in terms of job growth or job
+decline you're then going to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decline you're then going to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decline you're then going to look at the
+the cross-sectional composition of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cross-sectional composition of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cross-sectional composition of those
+sectors by industry dig down to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors by industry dig down to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors by industry dig down to the
+two-digit and three-digit um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-digit and three-digit um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-digit and three-digit um
+classifications to really understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifications to really understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifications to really understand
+that is the healthc care sector in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the healthc care sector in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the healthc care sector in
+Springfield dominated by hospitals or is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springfield dominated by hospitals or is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springfield dominated by hospitals or is
+it dominated by nursing homes that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it dominated by nursing homes that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it dominated by nursing homes that could
+have very different implications in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very different implications in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very different implications in
+terms of Employment Development income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of Employment Development income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of Employment Development income
+generation you know um Etc um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation you know um Etc um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation you know um Etc um and then
+um you know look at how that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know look at how that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know look at how that that
+industry mix varies with the region um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry mix varies with the region um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry mix varies with the region um
+and look at the relative wages um of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at the relative wages um of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at the relative wages um of
+some of the Industries or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the Industries or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the Industries or some
+Industries higher wage uh versus lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industries higher wage uh versus lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industries higher wage uh versus lower
+wage um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage um so
+um if you have more time and resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you have more time and resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you have more time and resources
+you would dig even deeper into this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would dig even deeper into this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would dig even deeper into this um
+you might analyze the three-digit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might analyze the three-digit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might analyze the three-digit
+Industries um in more detail um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industries um in more detail um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industries um in more detail um you
+might calculate location quotients are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might calculate location quotients are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might calculate location quotients are
+are people familiar with what a location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are people familiar with what a location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are people familiar with what a location
+quotient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotient
+is no okay well basically a location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no okay well basically a location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no okay well basically a location
+quotient um is a ratio of the share of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotient um is a ratio of the share of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotient um is a ratio of the share of
+employment in an industry for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment in an industry for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment in an industry for that
+particular area let's say Springfield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular area let's say Springfield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular area let's say Springfield
+versus the share of employment um in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the share of employment um in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the share of employment um in a
+reference area usually the nation so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference area usually the nation so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference area usually the nation so for
+example if if hospitals are 10% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if if hospitals are 10% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if if hospitals are 10% of
+employment in Springfield versus 5% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment in Springfield versus 5% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment in Springfield versus 5% of
+National Employment you'd have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National Employment you'd have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National Employment you'd have a
+2:1 uh ratio or location quotient of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2:1 uh ratio or location quotient of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2:1 uh ratio or location quotient of two
+and it's really a measure of relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's really a measure of relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's really a measure of relative
+concentration it's usually done for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration it's usually done for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration it's usually done for
+employment but you could do it for other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment but you could do it for other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment but you could do it for other
+factors like output for example which in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors like output for example which in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors like output for example which in
+some ways might be might be a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways might be might be a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways might be might be a better
+indicator of sort of overall economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator of sort of overall economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator of sort of overall economic
+activity and it sort of gives you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity and it sort of gives you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity and it sort of gives you a
+sense of of where there are stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of of where there are stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of of where there are stronger
+industry concentrations um in sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry concentrations um in sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry concentrations um in sort of
+economic base anal analysis it's often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic base anal analysis it's often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic base anal analysis it's often
+used to distinguish between what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to distinguish between what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to distinguish between what's
+considered an export industry versus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered an export industry versus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered an export industry versus a
+non-export industry um but you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-export industry um but you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-export industry um but you know if
+anyone got through the Fall River um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone got through the Fall River um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone got through the Fall River um
+study and you looked at the location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study and you looked at the location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study and you looked at the location
+quotients you know you saw for apparel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotients you know you saw for apparel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotients you know you saw for apparel
+you know location portions of like 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know location portions of like 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know location portions of like 60
+right the employment concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the employment concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the employment concentration of
+employment in that industry in for 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment in that industry in for 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment in that industry in for 60
+times the national average so clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the national average so clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the national average so clearly
+that's a very very significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very very significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very very significant
+concentration very important industry um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration very important industry um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration very important industry um
+in that area um um and it also might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that area um um and it also might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that area um um and it also might
+help you understand um interindustry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you understand um interindustry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you understand um interindustry
+relationships if you see very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships if you see very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships if you see very high
+location quotients in the same in a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location quotients in the same in a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location quotients in the same in a set
+of Industries chances are there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Industries chances are there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Industries chances are there are
+supplier relationships among them you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplier relationships among them you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplier relationships among them you
+know especially in the order of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know especially in the order of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know especially in the order of things
+like 20 30 40 those are very very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 20 30 40 those are very very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 20 30 40 those are very very high
+location quotients um and then you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location quotients um and then you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location quotients um and then you might
+do more research on on most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do more research on on most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do more research on on most important
+issues um not so much secondary research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues um not so much secondary research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues um not so much secondary research
+but primary research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but primary research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but primary research
+um through talking to firms through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um through talking to firms through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um through talking to firms through
+talking to economic development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to economic development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to economic development
+organizations lenders training agencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations lenders training agencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations lenders training agencies
+to really understand what are key trends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really understand what are key trends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really understand what are key trends
+in those Industries what seem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those Industries what seem to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those Industries what seem to be
+important to the competitive advantages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to the competitive advantages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to the competitive advantages
+of the industries in that region are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the industries in that region are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the industries in that region are
+there specialized needs are their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there specialized needs are their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there specialized needs are their
+training needs are their financing needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training needs are their financing needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training needs are their financing needs
+um and um because often what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and um because often what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and um because often what your
+Economic Development uh interventions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economic Development uh interventions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economic Development uh interventions
+are about is how to address needs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are about is how to address needs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are about is how to address needs of
+Industries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industries
+um most important industries in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um most important industries in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um most important industries in your
+area um to uh improve uh their you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area um to uh improve uh their you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area um to uh improve uh their you know
+competitiveness um to grow and succeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitiveness um to grow and succeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitiveness um to grow and succeed
+and to try and Link the benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to try and Link the benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to try and Link the benefits
+associated with those Industries you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with those Industries you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with those Industries you
+know to firms and and residents in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to firms and and residents in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to firms and and residents in your
+area so understanding sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area so understanding sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area so understanding sort of
+specialized needs like this example uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized needs like this example uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized needs like this example uh
+of Base state if they have employment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Base state if they have employment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Base state if they have employment
+needs that are that are not being met
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs that are that are not being met
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs that are that are not being met
+well that's important to base states you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's important to base states you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's important to base states you
+know success but also that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know success but also that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know success but also that's an
+opportunity for residents in the North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for residents in the North
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for residents in the North
+End if we could create um better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+End if we could create um better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+End if we could create um better
+services to link residents with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services to link residents with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services to link residents with those
+jobs um there should be a positive some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs um there should be a positive some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs um there should be a positive some
+game both for Bay State and and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game both for Bay State and and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game both for Bay State and and for
+local residents um and doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local residents um and doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local residents um and doing the
+structure analysis becomes important you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure analysis becomes important you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure analysis becomes important you
+know for a number of of of of sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for a number of of of of sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for a number of of of of sort of
+strategic approaches which Industries to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic approaches which Industries to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic approaches which Industries to
+to try and uh retain and support um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try and uh retain and support um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try and uh retain and support um what
+are the emerging or faster growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the emerging or faster growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the emerging or faster growing
+Industries um what's going on strally is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industries um what's going on strally is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industries um what's going on strally is
+the city or the region undergoing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city or the region undergoing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city or the region undergoing some
+significant structural changes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant structural changes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant structural changes that
+might have longer term implications for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have longer term implications for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have longer term implications for
+Workforce training um for financing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Workforce training um for financing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Workforce training um for financing for
+technology services and other services
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology services and other services
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology services and other services
+and and you know the Greater Springfield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you know the Greater Springfield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you know the Greater Springfield
+area has certainly you know been going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area has certainly you know been going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area has certainly you know been going
+through that structural change still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that structural change still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that structural change still
+going through that TR structural change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through that TR structural change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through that TR structural change
+from a manufacturing based economy to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a manufacturing based economy to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a manufacturing based economy to a
+service based economy uh and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service based economy uh and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service based economy uh and I think
+they're still working through those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're still working through those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're still working through those
+issues um on a number of levels um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues um on a number of levels um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues um on a number of levels um um
+and then really understanding the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then really understanding the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then really understanding the city
+and neighborhood's role in the regional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and neighborhood's role in the regional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and neighborhood's role in the regional
+economy and how you might want to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy and how you might want to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy and how you might want to change
+that over time um so before I go on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that over time um so before I go on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that over time um so before I go on to
+talk about the retail and real estate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the retail and real estate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the retail and real estate
+market analysis any sort of questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market analysis any sort of questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market analysis any sort of questions
+observations about the sort of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations about the sort of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations about the sort of you know
+economic uh analysis and how and if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic uh analysis and how and if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic uh analysis and how and if it
+might apply to the work we're doing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Springfield okay well um you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have yeah and well I think one thing um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have yeah and well I think one thing um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have yeah and well I think one thing um
+one and that's a very good point and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and that's a very good point and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and that's a very good point and I
+think one thing to to sort of might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think one thing to to sort of might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think one thing to to sort of might be
+useful in some of your interviewing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful in some of your interviewing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful in some of your interviewing to
+ask people what changes they've observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask people what changes they've observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask people what changes they've observed
+in the neighborhood um and that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the neighborhood um and that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the neighborhood um and that might
+help you gauge you know what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you gauge you know what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you gauge you know what you're
+learning from the Census dat versus what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning from the Census dat versus what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning from the Census dat versus what
+people are seeing in the ground so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are seeing in the ground so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are seeing in the ground so if
+people I know one thing that's certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people I know one thing that's certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people I know one thing that's certainly
+already come up is there seems to be new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already come up is there seems to be new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already come up is there seems to be new
+waves of immigration um so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves of immigration um so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves of immigration um so the
+population's becoming more more um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population's becoming more more um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population's becoming more more um um
+diverse you know ethnically in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverse you know ethnically in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverse you know ethnically in terms of
+country of origin so we know that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country of origin so we know that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country of origin so we know that's one
+Trend but it might be important to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trend but it might be important to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trend but it might be important to sort
+of Identify some of those other Trends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Identify some of those other Trends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Identify some of those other Trends
+has there been out migration of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has there been out migration of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has there been out migration of of
+residents from the neighborhood um has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents from the neighborhood um has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents from the neighborhood um has
+there been a lot of um do people receive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there been a lot of um do people receive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there been a lot of um do people receive
+stability has there been new Housing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability has there been new Housing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability has there been new Housing
+Development or maybe what we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Development or maybe what we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Development or maybe what we've seen
+more of housing abandonment that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of housing abandonment that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of housing abandonment that might
+be changing the population so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be changing the population so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be changing the population so I think
+it's important to to to do some of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to to to do some of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to to to do some of that
+on the ground interviewing to gauge uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the ground interviewing to gauge uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the ground interviewing to gauge uh
+and interpret some of the stuff you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and interpret some of the stuff you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and interpret some of the stuff you're
+having for the census um one one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having for the census um one one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having for the census um one one thing
+you do have um that Springfield benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do have um that Springfield benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do have um that Springfield benefits
+from is the Census Bureau has created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from is the Census Bureau has created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from is the Census Bureau has created
+the American Community survey survey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the American Community survey survey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the American Community survey survey
+which does updates demographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which does updates demographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which does updates demographic
+information between consensus and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information between consensus and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information between consensus and so
+there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a
+2003 um information for Springfield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2003 um information for Springfield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2003 um information for Springfield
+overall it's not the north end but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall it's not the north end but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall it's not the north end but you
+know you might want to take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you might want to take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you might want to take a look at
+the changes some of the changes between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the changes some of the changes between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the changes some of the changes between
+2000 and 2003 to see if they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000 and 2003 to see if they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000 and 2003 to see if they might
+suggest anything that might um inform um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest anything that might um inform um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest anything that might um inform um
+your understanding in the north end but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your understanding in the north end but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your understanding in the north end but
+um um and and the retail analysis will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um and and the retail analysis will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um and and the retail analysis will
+also get into some of that stuff you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also get into some of that stuff you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also get into some of that stuff you may
+have to adjust as well um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to adjust as well um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to adjust as well um you know
+income you have the census dat is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income you have the census dat is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income you have the census dat is
+1999 income you may want to make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1999 income you may want to make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1999 income you may want to make some
+adjustment in that income to reflect um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment in that income to reflect um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment in that income to reflect um
+you know um wage growth or income growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know um wage growth or income growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know um wage growth or income growth
+um um so that at least when we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um so that at least when we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um so that at least when we're doing
+the market analysis you're not using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market analysis you're not using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market analysis you're not using
+data that might be a little outdated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that might be a little outdated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that might be a little outdated
+yeah good point yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah good point yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah good point yes
+sir something that I'm thinking about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sir something that I'm thinking about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sir something that I'm thinking about is
+that it seems that what you choose is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it seems that what you choose is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it seems that what you choose is
+your compar cases have a big effect on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your compar cases have a big effect on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your compar cases have a big effect on
+how how an analysis analysis comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how an analysis analysis comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how an analysis analysis comes out
+and I wonder if you would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I wonder if you would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I wonder if you would like to
+expound it all how you would go about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expound it all how you would go about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expound it all how you would go about
+thinking comparisons yeah well I I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking comparisons yeah well I I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking comparisons yeah well I I I
+think it's it's it's important certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's it's it's important certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's it's it's important certainly
+to compare to the metropolitan area I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compare to the metropolitan area I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compare to the metropolitan area I
+mean we sort of talked about the earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean we sort of talked about the earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean we sort of talked about the earlier
+class economic units really operate at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class economic units really operate at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class economic units really operate at a
+metropolitan level so I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metropolitan level so I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metropolitan level so I think it's
+certainly important to understand spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly important to understand spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly important to understand spring
+field in the context of the Greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field in the context of the Greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field in the context of the Greater
+Springfield region um you know um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springfield region um you know um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springfield region um you know um um
+because sometimes for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because sometimes for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because sometimes for example
+manufacturing decline within the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing decline within the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing decline within the city
+might be accompanied by manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be accompanied by manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be accompanied by manufacturing
+growth in the suburbs and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth in the suburbs and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth in the suburbs and that's a
+different story than if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different story than if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different story than if there's
+manufacturing decline in the city and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing decline in the city and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing decline in the city and
+Manufacturing decline you know in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manufacturing decline you know in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manufacturing decline you know in the
+suburbs um just to pick one example um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suburbs um just to pick one example um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suburbs um just to pick one example um
+you know once you once you uh get beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know once you once you uh get beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know once you once you uh get beyond
+that um I think it's one interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um I think it's one interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um I think it's one interesting
+question to ask is how do how does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question to ask is how do how does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question to ask is how do how does the
+community um and how do political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community um and how do political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community um and how do political
+leaders in your area uh perceive as um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaders in your area uh perceive as um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaders in your area uh perceive as um
+their frame of reference for comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their frame of reference for comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their frame of reference for comparison
+so for example if people in Springfield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example if people in Springfield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example if people in Springfield
+compare themselves to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare themselves to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare themselves to
+Hartford um or see themselves competing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hartford um or see themselves competing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hartford um or see themselves competing
+with Hartford um it might be important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Hartford um it might be important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Hartford um it might be important
+to compare Springfield to Hartford if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compare Springfield to Hartford if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compare Springfield to Hartford if
+they're more interested in how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're more interested in how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're more interested in how
+Springfield doing versus hoolio you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springfield doing versus hoolio you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springfield doing versus hoolio you know
+you might be more important to compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be more important to compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be more important to compare
+Springfield to Holy Oak so so sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springfield to Holy Oak so so sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springfield to Holy Oak so so sometimes
+that sort of you know local frame of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of you know local frame of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of you know local frame of
+reference can be very important because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference can be very important because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference can be very important because
+it's it's how it's how people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's how it's how people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's how it's how people are
+thinking for example in Lawrence people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking for example in Lawrence people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking for example in Lawrence people
+in Lawrence are always comparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Lawrence are always comparing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Lawrence are always comparing
+themselves to L at sort of one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves to L at sort of one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves to L at sort of one of these
+sort of comparisons and that could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of comparisons and that could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of comparisons and that could be a
+good thing and a bad thing sometimes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing and a bad thing sometimes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing and a bad thing sometimes but
+it might be important to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be important to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be important to sort of
+understand you know that um because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand you know that um because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand you know that um because it
+is so Central to people's um um sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so Central to people's um um sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so Central to people's um um sort of
+um frame of reference um so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um frame of reference um so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um frame of reference um so um
+you know that that's another factor to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that that's another factor to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that that's another factor to
+take into account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take into account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take into account
+um um you know also I mean if there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um you know also I mean if there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um you know also I mean if there are
+certain areas that are um important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain areas that are um important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain areas that are um important for
+certain type of uses I mean for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain type of uses I mean for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain type of uses I mean for example
+if if you're if you're interested in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if you're if you're interested in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if you're if you're interested in in
+Main Street in in um the North End and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Main Street in in um the North End and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Main Street in in um the North End and
+and you're really interested in retail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're really interested in retail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're really interested in retail
+development well you'd probably want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development well you'd probably want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development well you'd probably want to
+find out one of the major retail centers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out one of the major retail centers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out one of the major retail centers
+um outside of of the north end so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um outside of of the north end so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um outside of of the north end so that
+you might if you're looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might if you're looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might if you're looking at the
+retail industry compare you might end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retail industry compare you might end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retail industry compare you might end up
+comparing Springfield a lot more to Holy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing Springfield a lot more to Holy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing Springfield a lot more to Holy
+Oak um because there's so much retail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oak um because there's so much retail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oak um because there's so much retail
+activity in Holio than you might you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity in Holio than you might you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity in Holio than you might you
+know compare it to to other places so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know compare it to to other places so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know compare it to to other places so
+you know you can vary that frame of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can vary that frame of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can vary that frame of
+reference for particular Industries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+too okay well let's talk a little about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too okay well let's talk a little about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too okay well let's talk a little about
+retail and and and real estate market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retail and and and real estate market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retail and and and real estate market
+analysis um and there are a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis um and there are a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis um and there are a number of
+purposes um with this one um often this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes um with this one um often this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes um with this one um often this
+is done in the context of development at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is done in the context of development at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is done in the context of development at
+specific sites so and and you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific sites so and and you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific sites so and and you know I
+think both of the sample reports I gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think both of the sample reports I gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think both of the sample reports I gave
+you the read were site oriented market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the read were site oriented market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the read were site oriented market
+analysis we have a a vacant building we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis we have a a vacant building we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis we have a a vacant building we
+want to reuse it we want to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to reuse it we want to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to reuse it we want to understand
+what the market is for it and and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the market is for it and and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the market is for it and and it's
+very helpful in that respect but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very helpful in that respect but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very helpful in that respect but it
+could it might also be done in a broader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could it might also be done in a broader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could it might also be done in a broader
+Community context um you know like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community context um you know like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community context um you know like a
+commercial District um or like a city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial District um or like a city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial District um or like a city
+that's really trying to Target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really trying to Target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really trying to Target
+businesses to attract um you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses to attract um you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses to attract um you know what
+might make sense to attract along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might make sense to attract along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might make sense to attract along the
+north end um given the nature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+north end um given the nature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+north end um given the nature of the
+market the retail Market there um or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market the retail Market there um or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market the retail Market there um or I
+this is another important point it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another important point it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another important point it could
+be very helpful to existing businesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very helpful to existing businesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very helpful to existing businesses
+to better understand their Market um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to better understand their Market um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to better understand their Market um
+especially on the retail level if if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially on the retail level if if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially on the retail level if if if
+businesses are oriented towards one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses are oriented towards one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses are oriented towards one
+demographic group um um but they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic group um um but they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic group um um but they don't
+understand the rest of the um consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the rest of the um consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the rest of the um consumer
+Market out there they could be missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market out there they could be missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market out there they could be missing
+some important Market opportunities um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some important Market opportunities um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some important Market opportunities um
+or if they really don't understand how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if they really don't understand how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if they really don't understand how
+people are spending money um and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are spending money um and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are spending money um and that
+might affect how they merchandise you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might affect how they merchandise you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might affect how they merchandise you
+know you might um um you might have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you might um um you might have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you might um um you might have a
+grocery store um and it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grocery store um and it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grocery store um and it might be
+important to realize that people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to realize that people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to realize that people are
+increasingly spending more and more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly spending more and more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly spending more and more of
+their food money um eating not at home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their food money um eating not at home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their food money um eating not at home
+but eating you know outside of the home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but eating you know outside of the home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but eating you know outside of the home
+and therefore a grocery store might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore a grocery store might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore a grocery store might
+decide hm there's an important part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide hm there's an important part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide hm there's an important part of
+the market I'm missing maybe I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market I'm missing maybe I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market I'm missing maybe I should
+set up a sandwich you know or a catering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up a sandwich you know or a catering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up a sandwich you know or a catering
+business or something that could help me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business or something that could help me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business or something that could help me
+tap into um this growing market for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tap into um this growing market for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tap into um this growing market for
+eating away from home Etc so the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating away from home Etc so the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating away from home Etc so the market
+analysis can also be very helpful in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis can also be very helpful in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis can also be very helpful in
+helping existing businesses rethink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping existing businesses rethink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping existing businesses rethink
+their business strategy and and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their business strategy and and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their business strategy and and do
+better um so the the analysis really has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better um so the the analysis really has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better um so the the analysis really has
+sort of four parts um you know sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of four parts um you know sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of four parts um you know sort of
+demand side analysis supply side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand side analysis supply side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand side analysis supply side
+analysis then really trying try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis then really trying try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis then really trying try to
+fine-tune your analysis um if there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine-tune your analysis um if there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine-tune your analysis um if there are
+special conditions that sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special conditions that sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special conditions that sort of the
+standard analysis doesn't encounter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard analysis doesn't encounter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard analysis doesn't encounter
+special opportunities you might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special opportunities you might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special opportunities you might want to
+cover special market segments you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover special market segments you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover special market segments you want
+to understand in more detail um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand in more detail um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand in more detail um and then
+you've got to integrate that analysis to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to integrate that analysis to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to integrate that analysis to
+draw conclusions what are markets we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw conclusions what are markets we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw conclusions what are markets we
+want to Target um for our particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to Target um for our particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to Target um for our particular
+business or project or Community what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business or project or Community what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business or project or Community what
+might be a feasable development type um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a feasable development type um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a feasable development type um
+what is the level of on on that demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the level of on on that demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the level of on on that demand
+and and really I think what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and really I think what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and really I think what you're
+looking for is is what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for is is what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for is is what are
+Market gaps that you can fill or Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market gaps that you can fill or Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market gaps that you can fill or Market
+opportunities that you really want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities that you really want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities that you really want to
+build on um and and and really trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build on um and and and really trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build on um and and and really trying to
+use this analysis to better understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this analysis to better understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this analysis to better understand
+that um and the uh one last point to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um and the uh one last point to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um and the uh one last point to
+make in in just this introduction is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make in in just this introduction is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make in in just this introduction is to
+realize that that what drives demand is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that that what drives demand is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that that what drives demand is
+different for different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different for different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different for different types of
+development types so retail development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development types so retail development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development types so retail development
+is really driven by customer spending so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really driven by customer spending so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really driven by customer spending so
+the demand analysis is really looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand analysis is really looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand analysis is really looking at
+local income and and spending for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local income and and spending for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local income and and spending for
+different types of goods and services
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of goods and services
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of goods and services
+represented by that income when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by that income when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by that income when you're
+looking at office development or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at office development or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at office development or
+Industrial Development you it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industrial Development you it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industrial Development you it's really
+driven by firm growth and and employment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven by firm growth and and employment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven by firm growth and and employment
+growth that's really what generates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth that's really what generates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth that's really what generates the
+demand so you're looking at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand so you're looking at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand so you're looking at at
+employment information and economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment information and economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment information and economic
+growth information as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth information as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth information as opposed to
+consumer spending another way to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer spending another way to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer spending another way to think
+about this is sort of retail is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is sort of retail is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is sort of retail is
+household driven the market for retail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household driven the market for retail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household driven the market for retail
+is household driven and the market for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is household driven and the market for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is household driven and the market for
+you know other real estate uses is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know other real estate uses is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know other real estate uses is
+really establishment driven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really establishment driven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really establishment driven
+um so in looking at the retail market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in looking at the retail market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in looking at the retail market
+analysis the sort of standard approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis the sort of standard approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis the sort of standard approach
+is you define the trade area uh or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you define the trade area uh or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you define the trade area uh or the
+market area for the site you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market area for the site you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market area for the site you're looking
+at or for the commercial District you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at or for the commercial District you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at or for the commercial District you're
+looking at um and you know I while there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at um and you know I while there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at um and you know I while there
+are some some sort of rigor rigorous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some some sort of rigor rigorous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some some sort of rigor rigorous
+methods that that try and Define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods that that try and Define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods that that try and Define the
+market area um you know gravity models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market area um you know gravity models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market area um you know gravity models
+that that you know look at density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that you know look at density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that you know look at density of
+population and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and
+you know um distance between retail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know um distance between retail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know um distance between retail
+centers and the like I think it is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers and the like I think it is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers and the like I think it is more
+art than science um and um you know part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art than science um and um you know part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art than science um and um you know part
+of it is by looking at the nature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it is by looking at the nature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it is by looking at the nature of the
+of the district um for example you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the district um for example you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the district um for example you know
+easy when you're looking at Main Street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy when you're looking at Main Street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy when you're looking at Main Street
+in the North End it's much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the North End it's much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the North End it's much more
+convenience oriented in the goods and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience oriented in the goods and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience oriented in the goods and
+services it provides it probably has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services it provides it probably has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services it provides it probably has a
+smaller trade area you know a mile to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller trade area you know a mile to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller trade area you know a mile to a
+mile and a half if you look at the engl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mile and a half if you look at the engl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mile and a half if you look at the engl
+side mall at holyo you know that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side mall at holyo you know that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side mall at holyo you know that's a
+huge comparison shopping destination you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge comparison shopping destination you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge comparison shopping destination you
+know U May well have a 20 or 30 mile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know U May well have a 20 or 30 mile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know U May well have a 20 or 30 mile
+trade area um because of the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade area um because of the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade area um because of the nature of
+the activity there so you you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activity there so you you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activity there so you you have to
+sort of look at the character of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of look at the character of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of look at the character of the
+retail activity and look at sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retail activity and look at sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retail activity and look at sort of
+competing retail centers often it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing retail centers often it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing retail centers often it's
+useful to talk to to Merchants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to talk to to Merchants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to talk to to Merchants
+themselves to get a sense of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves to get a sense of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves to get a sense of the
+geography that their customers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geography that their customers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geography that their customers are
+coming from because that helps Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from because that helps Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from because that helps Define
+the trade area uh as well and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trade area uh as well and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trade area uh as well and some
+Merchants um one thing that's sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Merchants um one thing that's sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Merchants um one thing that's sometimes
+helpful is now um you know um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful is now um you know um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful is now um you know um um
+Merchants will have credit card data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Merchants will have credit card data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Merchants will have credit card data
+that can give you a zip code or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can give you a zip code or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can give you a zip code or a
+community distribution of some of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community distribution of some of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community distribution of some of their
+residents so sometimes if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents so sometimes if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents so sometimes if they're
+willing to share that data you can get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to share that data you can get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to share that data you can get a
+pretty good mapping of the of the trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good mapping of the of the trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good mapping of the of the trade
+area so once you've defined the trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area so once you've defined the trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area so once you've defined the trade
+area you have to look at what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area you have to look at what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area you have to look at what are the
+number of households in that area uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of households in that area uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of households in that area uh and
+generate total household income in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate total household income in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate total household income in that
+area number of households and and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area number of households and and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area number of households and and um
+average household income um or or if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average household income um or or if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average household income um or or if you
+don't have that total population and per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have that total population and per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have that total population and per
+capita income you can get the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capita income you can get the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capita income you can get the total
+income in that area and then by using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income in that area and then by using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income in that area and then by using
+data from the consumer expenditure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data from the consumer expenditure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data from the consumer expenditure
+survey that's a survey that the Bureau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey that's a survey that the Bureau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey that's a survey that the Bureau
+of Labor Statistics does on an annual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Labor Statistics does on an annual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Labor Statistics does on an annual
+basis they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis they
+survey um they actually uh households
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey um they actually uh households
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey um they actually uh households
+have a very detailed log where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very detailed log where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very detailed log where they
+record their expenditures and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record their expenditures and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record their expenditures and they
+produce data on spending you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce data on spending you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce data on spending you know
+enormous detail um by different products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous detail um by different products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous detail um by different products
+um and you can get that data by The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you can get that data by The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you can get that data by The
+Bureau at the Bureau of of waer static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bureau at the Bureau of of waer static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bureau at the Bureau of of waer static
+site and it's cut in a lot of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site and it's cut in a lot of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site and it's cut in a lot of different
+ways which can make it confusing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways which can make it confusing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways which can make it confusing in
+terms of you know what data do I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of you know what data do I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of you know what data do I want to
+use to estimate spending it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to estimate spending it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to estimate spending it can be
+broken down by income group it's broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken down by income group it's broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken down by income group it's broken
+down by age um it's broken down by um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down by age um it's broken down by um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down by age um it's broken down by um
+ethnicity and there are probably others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethnicity and there are probably others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethnicity and there are probably others
+you can you could also get some cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you could also get some cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you could also get some cross
+tabulations like region by ethnicity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabulations like region by ethnicity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabulations like region by ethnicity and
+stuff like that um so you do have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that um so you do have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that um so you do have this
+this sort of issue of of which um which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of issue of of which um which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of issue of of which um which
+data to use um do I want to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to use um do I want to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to use um do I want to understand
+my my market do I and I think part of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my market do I and I think part of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my market do I and I think part of it
+is sort of what do you think is most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of what do you think is most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of what do you think is most
+important in driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in driving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in driving
+expenditures um if you have a if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditures um if you have a if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditures um if you have a if you're
+in a middle class Community where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a middle class Community where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a middle class Community where
+incomes are fairly comparable but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomes are fairly comparable but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomes are fairly comparable but
+there's a lot of racial diversity or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of racial diversity or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of racial diversity or a
+lot of difference in age you might stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of difference in age you might stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of difference in age you might stick
+with data that that varies more by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with data that that varies more by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with data that that varies more by by
+age um or by ethnicity if you're in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age um or by ethnicity if you're in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age um or by ethnicity if you're in a
+mixed income Community there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed income Community there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed income Community there's a lot of
+income diversity you're probably going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income diversity you're probably going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income diversity you're probably going
+to want to um um do it by income I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to want to um um do it by income I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to want to um um do it by income I mean
+you actually look at expenditure data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually look at expenditure data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually look at expenditure data
+the variation by income is much larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variation by income is much larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variation by income is much larger
+than other types of variation so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than other types of variation so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than other types of variation so if I
+was going to choose one metric through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to choose one metric through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to choose one metric through
+which to sort of um um you know create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which to sort of um um you know create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which to sort of um um you know create a
+more fine-tuned estimate of expenditures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fine-tuned estimate of expenditures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fine-tuned estimate of expenditures
+I I typically go with income because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I typically go with income because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I typically go with income because you
+know if you look at people with less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you look at people with less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you look at people with less
+than 10,000 in income versus more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 10,000 in income versus more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 10,000 in income versus more than
+70,000 in income there are very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70,000 in income there are very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70,000 in income there are very large
+disparities and how they're spending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disparities and how they're spending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disparities and how they're spending
+their money much more than disparities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their money much more than disparities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their money much more than disparities
+but by other characteristics um and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but by other characteristics um and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but by other characteristics um and um
+so then you can generate Demand by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you can generate Demand by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you can generate Demand by
+different product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different product
+categories um and um you do have another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories um and um you do have another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories um and um you do have another
+issue with this data you sometimes have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue with this data you sometimes have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue with this data you sometimes have
+to try and convert that into spending by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try and convert that into spending by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try and convert that into spending by
+store type um because product categories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store type um because product categories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store type um because product categories
+don't necessarily align with store types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't necessarily align with store types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't necessarily align with store types
+when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you
+when you look at the consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at the consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at the consumer
+expenditure data it talks about um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditure data it talks about um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditure data it talks about um um
+for example food food um purchases food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example food food um purchases food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example food food um purchases food
+at home purchases well if anyone you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at home purchases well if anyone you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at home purchases well if anyone you
+know if you go to a supermarket you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you go to a supermarket you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you go to a supermarket you know
+that food is only one aspect of what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that food is only one aspect of what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that food is only one aspect of what a
+supermarket sells right there's cleaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supermarket sells right there's cleaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supermarket sells right there's cleaning
+supplies um there's house other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplies um there's house other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplies um there's house other
+household supplies um um so you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household supplies um um so you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household supplies um um so you you
+often have to adjust um for for store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often have to adjust um for for store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often have to adjust um for for store
+type um um and then the other thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type um um and then the other thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type um um and then the other thing you
+you're probably going to do is is make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're probably going to do is is make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're probably going to do is is make
+some adjustment for what likely market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some adjustment for what likely market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some adjustment for what likely market
+share or capture rate um you think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share or capture rate um you think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share or capture rate um you think the
+local area is going to get um based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local area is going to get um based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local area is going to get um based on
+demand um you know no area gets 100% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand um you know no area gets 100% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand um you know no area gets 100% of
+the area spending so you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area spending so you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area spending so you're going to
+make some adjustments to demand um based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some adjustments to demand um based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some adjustments to demand um based
+on based on competition and then you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on based on competition and then you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on based on competition and then you'll
+divide that resulting expenditure by um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide that resulting expenditure by um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide that resulting expenditure by um
+um sales per square feet of typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sales per square feet of typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sales per square feet of typical
+stores to get supportable square footage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores to get supportable square footage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores to get supportable square footage
+so if in other words if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if in other words if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if in other words if you have a
+million dollars of spending on um eating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million dollars of spending on um eating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million dollars of spending on um eating
+out and the average restaurant um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and the average restaurant um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and the average restaurant um you
+know generates sales of $200 per square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know generates sales of $200 per square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know generates sales of $200 per square
+foot you divide the million by 200 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foot you divide the million by 200 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foot you divide the million by 200 and
+um you would get you know 500,000 square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you would get you know 500,000 square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you would get you know 500,000 square
+feet of supportable restaurant space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet of supportable restaurant space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet of supportable restaurant space
+right that that spending would support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that that spending would support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that that spending would support
+um and then um that just gives you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then um that just gives you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then um that just gives you the
+demand side picture but um you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand side picture but um you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand side picture but um you know you
+have to factor in to the market analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to factor in to the market analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to factor in to the market analysis
+Supply so the first thing you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply so the first thing you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply so the first thing you want to do
+is identify what are the competing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is identify what are the competing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is identify what are the competing
+stores in or and near your trade area um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores in or and near your trade area um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores in or and near your trade area um
+and then make some judgment about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then make some judgment about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then make some judgment about what
+are the competitive differences between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the competitive differences between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the competitive differences between
+your site or your community stores and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your site or your community stores and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your site or your community stores and
+the competing areas for example if if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the competing areas for example if if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the competing areas for example if if if
+your stores are bigger than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your stores are bigger than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your stores are bigger than the
+competing stores you're going to capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing stores you're going to capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing stores you're going to capture
+larger market share um if if your Stores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger market share um if if your Stores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger market share um if if your Stores
+um are National brand names versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um are National brand names versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um are National brand names versus
+independent stores chances are you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent stores chances are you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent stores chances are you're
+going to capture a larger market share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to capture a larger market share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to capture a larger market share
+so um if you have a larger concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um if you have a larger concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um if you have a larger concentration
+of restaurants you're probably going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of restaurants you're probably going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of restaurants you're probably going to
+capture more restaurant spending so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture more restaurant spending so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture more restaurant spending so
+you're going to make some judgments um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to make some judgments um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to make some judgments um
+about um the relative competitiveness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um the relative competitiveness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um the relative competitiveness of
+of your location versus competing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your location versus competing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your location versus competing
+locations um and then you also want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations um and then you also want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations um and then you also want to
+look at you know what else is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at you know what else is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at you know what else is being
+planned or underdevelopment in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planned or underdevelopment in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planned or underdevelopment in the
+market area because you might not have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market area because you might not have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market area because you might not have a
+supermarket right now but if there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supermarket right now but if there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supermarket right now but if there's a
+supermarket under development that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supermarket under development that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supermarket under development that's
+definitely going to influence um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely going to influence um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely going to influence um the
+potential Market um So based on on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential Market um So based on on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential Market um So based on on this
+sort of analysis you'll make an estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of analysis you'll make an estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of analysis you'll make an estimate
+of market share um that your particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of market share um that your particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of market share um that your particular
+site or type of store can accomplish um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site or type of store can accomplish um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site or type of store can accomplish um
+and translate this dollar value uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and translate this dollar value uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and translate this dollar value uh um
+into a dollar value and then you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a dollar value and then you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a dollar value and then you know
+come up with refined level of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with refined level of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with refined level of of
+supportable square footage so um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supportable square footage so um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supportable square footage so um the
+Brockton Supermarket example that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brockton Supermarket example that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brockton Supermarket example that you
+had sort of makes this a little more uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had sort of makes this a little more uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had sort of makes this a little more uh
+easier to follow um and I like to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to follow um and I like to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to follow um and I like to give
+out that study because it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that study because it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that study because it's very
+explicit in terms of how they sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit in terms of how they sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit in terms of how they sort of
+walk through the steps involved but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk through the steps involved but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk through the steps involved but they
+they defined a mile and a half primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they defined a mile and a half primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they defined a mile and a half primary
+Market trade area there were almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market trade area there were almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market trade area there were almost
+18,000 households with almost $620
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18,000 households with almost $620
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18,000 households with almost $620
+Million worth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Million worth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Million worth of
+spending they then translated this into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending they then translated this into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending they then translated this into
+Supermarket spending at 11 a half% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supermarket spending at 11 a half% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supermarket spending at 11 a half% of
+income they took a percentage of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income they took a percentage of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income they took a percentage of of
+grocery spending and a percentage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grocery spending and a percentage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grocery spending and a percentage of
+non- grocery spending that aggregated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non- grocery spending that aggregated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non- grocery spending that aggregated to
+11 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 a
+half% um you know they estimated a 80%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half% um you know they estimated a 80%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half% um you know they estimated a 80%
+capture rate uh and used a range of $350
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture rate uh and used a range of $350
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture rate uh and used a range of $350
+to $500 per square foot of sales at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to $500 per square foot of sales at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to $500 per square foot of sales at
+supermarkets and they came up with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supermarkets and they came up with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supermarkets and they came up with you
+know this these households could support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this these households could support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this these households could support
+somewhere between 114 to 64,000 Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere between 114 to 64,000 Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere between 114 to 64,000 Square
+ft of Supermarket space um however what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ft of Supermarket space um however what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ft of Supermarket space um however what
+they found was you know on the fringes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found was you know on the fringes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found was you know on the fringes
+of the trade area or in one case one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the trade area or in one case one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the trade area or in one case one
+within the trade area there were five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the trade area there were five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the trade area there were five
+existing grocery stores with more square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing grocery stores with more square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing grocery stores with more square
+footage than than could be supported by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footage than than could be supported by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footage than than could be supported by
+the trade area so basically you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trade area so basically you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trade area so basically you're
+looking at inserting a sixth Supermarket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at inserting a sixth Supermarket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at inserting a sixth Supermarket
+into this market area you know if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this market area you know if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this market area you know if it's a
+if it's a major Supermarket it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a major Supermarket it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a major Supermarket it should
+capture roughly you know somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture roughly you know somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture roughly you know somewhere
+around the sixth of the spending so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the sixth of the spending so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the sixth of the spending so they
+estimated you know 10 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated you know 10 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated you know 10 to
+15% of Market uh share um and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15% of Market uh share um and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15% of Market uh share um and I think
+probably they discounted it a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably they discounted it a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably they discounted it a little bit
+because a new Supermarket exist entering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a new Supermarket exist entering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a new Supermarket exist entering
+a existing area is going to have to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a existing area is going to have to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a existing area is going to have to take
+customers away they're probably going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers away they're probably going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers away they're probably going to
+do a little less than than capture an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a little less than than capture an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a little less than than capture an
+equal an equal volume um so what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal an equal volume um so what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal an equal volume um so what they
+found was if if you based on this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found was if if you based on this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found was if if you based on this um
+market share you can support somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market share you can support somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market share you can support somewhere
+between 11,000 to 24,000 square ft of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 11,000 to 24,000 square ft of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 11,000 to 24,000 square ft of
+Supermarket space the problem with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supermarket space the problem with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supermarket space the problem with this
+is no chain Supermarket will build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no chain Supermarket will build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no chain Supermarket will build a
+store that small they typically want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store that small they typically want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store that small they typically want
+stores of at least 35,000 square F feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores of at least 35,000 square F feet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores of at least 35,000 square F feet
+in these days with the trends of super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these days with the trends of super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these days with the trends of super
+stores they typically look for 50,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores they typically look for 50,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores they typically look for 50,000
+square feet or more so the conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square feet or more so the conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square feet or more so the conclusion
+you weren't going to support a chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you weren't going to support a chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you weren't going to support a chain
+grocery store at the site perhaps you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grocery store at the site perhaps you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grocery store at the site perhaps you
+could support an independent store but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could support an independent store but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could support an independent store but
+an independent store is going to capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an independent store is going to capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an independent store is going to capture
+less of the market so they basically cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less of the market so they basically cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less of the market so they basically cut
+the market capture rate in half and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market capture rate in half and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market capture rate in half and that
+could support a 11,000 foot grocery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could support a 11,000 foot grocery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could support a 11,000 foot grocery
+store at that site um they then went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store at that site um they then went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store at that site um they then went
+back and asked well perhaps um this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and asked well perhaps um this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and asked well perhaps um this is a
+um a community that has a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a community that has a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a community that has a higher
+minority and immigrant population what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minority and immigrant population what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minority and immigrant population what
+if we get an independent store that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we get an independent store that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we get an independent store that
+caters more to that population perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caters more to that population perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caters more to that population perhaps
+we can support a larger store and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can support a larger store and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can support a larger store and they
+did some estimate that that showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did some estimate that that showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did some estimate that that showed you
+could potentially add another 2 to 3,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could potentially add another 2 to 3,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could potentially add another 2 to 3,000
+ft to the size of the store if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ft to the size of the store if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ft to the size of the store if you
+really cater to that market so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cater to that market so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cater to that market so that's
+sort of an example of sort of walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of an example of sort of walking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of an example of sort of walking
+through that sort of specific analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that sort of specific analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that sort of specific analysis
+for for a specific um type of store um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for a specific um type of store um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for a specific um type of store um
+in addition to doing this on a site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to doing this on a site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to doing this on a site
+level um you could do it at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level um you could do it at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level um you could do it at a
+CommunityWide level or District level um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CommunityWide level or District level um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CommunityWide level or District level um
+through a technique that's sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a technique that's sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a technique that's sometimes
+called Sales Gap analysis and basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Sales Gap analysis and basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Sales Gap analysis and basically
+what you do is you estimate demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do is you estimate demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do is you estimate demand
+across a range of store types um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across a range of store types um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across a range of store types um and
+then look at existing spending within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then look at existing spending within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then look at existing spending within
+the trade area for those same store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trade area for those same store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trade area for those same store
+types and you estimate a a Sales Gap um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types and you estimate a a Sales Gap um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types and you estimate a a Sales Gap um
+and the notion is if you have an area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the notion is if you have an area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the notion is if you have an area
+where there's a large Sales Gap in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's a large Sales Gap in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's a large Sales Gap in other
+words we have a a large excess of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words we have a a large excess of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words we have a a large excess of
+consumer demand over existing sales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer demand over existing sales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer demand over existing sales
+There's an opportunity either to ATT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's an opportunity either to ATT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's an opportunity either to ATT
+track new stores or for expansion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track new stores or for expansion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track new stores or for expansion of
+existing Stores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing Stores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing Stores
+um so um the difficulty here is um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so um the difficulty here is um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so um the difficulty here is um you
+need a good inventory of existing square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a good inventory of existing square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a good inventory of existing square
+footage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footage
+of of stores in your area I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of stores in your area I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of stores in your area I mean
+sometimes um you can use economic Census
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes um you can use economic Census
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes um you can use economic Census
+Data if you happen to be doing this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Data if you happen to be doing this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Data if you happen to be doing this for
+the City of Springfield for example you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the City of Springfield for example you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the City of Springfield for example you
+can take the economic census data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take the economic census data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take the economic census data and
+you can get retail sales um for that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get retail sales um for that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get retail sales um for that um
+city but on a sub city area you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city but on a sub city area you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city but on a sub city area you really
+can't get that data so you really have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get that data so you really have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get that data so you really have
+to do an inventory and estimate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do an inventory and estimate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do an inventory and estimate the
+square footage um and then use industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square footage um and then use industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square footage um and then use industry
+data typically from the dollar and cense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data typically from the dollar and cense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data typically from the dollar and cense
+of shopping centers on square foot sales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of shopping centers on square foot sales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of shopping centers on square foot sales
+uh and you can multiply that square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and you can multiply that square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and you can multiply that square
+footage times average sales and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footage times average sales and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footage times average sales and you can
+get an estimate of actual sales in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an estimate of actual sales in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an estimate of actual sales in that
+area um so um this is sort of an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area um so um this is sort of an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area um so um this is sort of an example
+of of the outcome of this this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the outcome of this this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the outcome of this this was a
+sales Gap analysis done for Brattleboro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales Gap analysis done for Brattleboro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales Gap analysis done for Brattleboro
+Vermont um and you can see that um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vermont um and you can see that um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vermont um and you can see that um you
+know some areas like um furniture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some areas like um furniture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some areas like um furniture and
+Home Furnishings there's a huge gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Home Furnishings there's a huge gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Home Furnishings there's a huge gap
+between demand and existing sales um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between demand and existing sales um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between demand and existing sales um but
+then you have others you know like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have others you know like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have others you know like um
+building materials food and beverage uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building materials food and beverage uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building materials food and beverage uh
+where there there where there's a gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there there where there's a gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there there where there's a gap
+but the spending capture rate is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the spending capture rate is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the spending capture rate is pretty
+high I mean you know it's it's unlikely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high I mean you know it's it's unlikely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high I mean you know it's it's unlikely
+you're ever going to get much higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're ever going to get much higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're ever going to get much higher
+than 80 or 85% of local spending because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 80 or 85% of local spending because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 80 or 85% of local spending because
+you know people are going to do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know people are going to do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know people are going to do some
+purchasing um you know when they go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchasing um you know when they go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchasing um you know when they go on
+vacation when they're traveling to and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacation when they're traveling to and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacation when they're traveling to and
+from work they're going to go outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from work they're going to go outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from work they're going to go outside
+the area for all sorts of preferences so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area for all sorts of preferences so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area for all sorts of preferences so
+you know it's a a capture rate of of 70
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's a a capture rate of of 70
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's a a capture rate of of 70
+or 80% % you've pretty much maxed out um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 80% % you've pretty much maxed out um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 80% % you've pretty much maxed out um
+you know but but in other areas you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know but but in other areas you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know but but in other areas you know
+where you have a rate of of 30% or 20%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have a rate of of 30% or 20%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have a rate of of 30% or 20%
+there's definitely significant room for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's definitely significant room for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's definitely significant room for
+expansion um so um um you know this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion um so um um you know this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion um so um um you know this is a
+potential tool you could use in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential tool you could use in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential tool you could use in the
+North End um especially if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North End um especially if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North End um especially if you were
+interested in in looking at attracting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in in looking at attracting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in in looking at attracting
+new businesses along Main Street and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new businesses along Main Street and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new businesses along Main Street and
+what could be supported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could be supported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could be supported
+uh but and also perhaps helping people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but and also perhaps helping people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but and also perhaps helping people
+understand um new business opportunities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand um new business opportunities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand um new business opportunities
+you know what what might be fful areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what what might be fful areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what what might be fful areas
+to try and encourage people to develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try and encourage people to develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try and encourage people to develop
+businesses because there's unmet demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses because there's unmet demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses because there's unmet demand
+um in the neighbor right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the neighbor right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the neighbor right
+um uh the other thing that um I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the other thing that um I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the other thing that um I think is
+important to realize is that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to realize is that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to realize is that when you
+actually this analysis sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this analysis sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this analysis sort of
+assumes um stores operating in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumes um stores operating in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumes um stores operating in in
+isolation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation
+um with a sort of um ability to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with a sort of um ability to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with a sort of um ability to build
+the store and attract customers to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the store and attract customers to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the store and attract customers to sort
+of respond to unmet demand but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of respond to unmet demand but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of respond to unmet demand but in
+reality sort of a lot of other factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality sort of a lot of other factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality sort of a lot of other factors
+influence the success of a business in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence the success of a business in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence the success of a business in a
+commercial District um and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial District um and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial District um and it's
+important to to take this into account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to to take this into account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to to take this into account
+in in making you know judgments about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in making you know judgments about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in making you know judgments about
+what are real Market opportunities um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are real Market opportunities um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are real Market opportunities um
+one is that you know um cust people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is that you know um cust people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is that you know um cust people
+typically don't go shopping just to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically don't go shopping just to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically don't go shopping just to go
+to one store um they're they're either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one store um they're they're either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one store um they're they're either
+doing convenience shopping where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing convenience shopping where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing convenience shopping where they
+they do multiple stores on one trip or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do multiple stores on one trip or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do multiple stores on one trip or
+they do comparison shopping where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do comparison shopping where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do comparison shopping where
+they're attracted to sort of AG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're attracted to sort of AG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're attracted to sort of AG
+glomeration of stores so understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glomeration of stores so understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glomeration of stores so understanding
+the sort of agglomerations within your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of agglomerations within your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of agglomerations within your
+neighborhood um is important if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood um is important if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood um is important if you have
+a lot of restaurants um you may actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of restaurants um you may actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of restaurants um you may actually
+have more but you might be better served
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more but you might be better served
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more but you might be better served
+attracting more restaurants even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracting more restaurants even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracting more restaurants even though
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+counterintuitive um then you know adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive um then you know adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive um then you know adding
+furniture stores um because you're not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furniture stores um because you're not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furniture stores um because you're not a
+destination anyone thinks up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination anyone thinks up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination anyone thinks up for
+furniture stores if there's a major area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furniture stores if there's a major area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furniture stores if there's a major area
+people already do their Furniture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people already do their Furniture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people already do their Furniture
+shopping might not work to to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shopping might not work to to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shopping might not work to to create
+another furniture store but if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another furniture store but if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another furniture store but if you're
+already a destination for restaurants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already a destination for restaurants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already a destination for restaurants
+might be easier to add restaurant so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be easier to add restaurant so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be easier to add restaurant so you
+know sometimes um you know building on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sometimes um you know building on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sometimes um you know building on
+an existing agglomeration works better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an existing agglomeration works better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an existing agglomeration works better
+than than trying to fill gaps Stu just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than than trying to fill gaps Stu just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than than trying to fill gaps Stu just
+to make sure I'm following you right is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure I'm following you right is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure I'm following you right is
+that provided that you establ capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that provided that you establ capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that provided that you establ capture
+rate shows room for increase not always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate shows room for increase not always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate shows room for increase not always
+I mean for example if if you're a if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean for example if if you're a if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean for example if if you're a if
+you're a regional destination for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a regional destination for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a regional destination for
+shopping um your market area isn't local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shopping um your market area isn't local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shopping um your market area isn't local
+right I mean a good example in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean a good example in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean a good example in in the
+the uh Springfield areas if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh Springfield areas if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh Springfield areas if you look at
+Northampton Northampton has like over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northampton Northampton has like over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northampton Northampton has like over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurants um you know if you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurants um you know if you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurants um you know if you probably
+looked at compared restaurant spending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at compared restaurant spending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at compared restaurant spending
+to the city's you know restaurant demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the city's you know restaurant demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the city's you know restaurant demand
+you you probably will have a you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you probably will have a you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you probably will have a you know a
+negative capture rate you'll probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative capture rate you'll probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative capture rate you'll probably
+show sales and excess and local demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show sales and excess and local demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show sales and excess and local demand
+because it's attracting people from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's attracting people from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's attracting people from
+outside the city so you know it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the city so you know it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the city so you know it's not
+necessarily that the case um I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily that the case um I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily that the case um I think the
+one and that's where the distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and that's where the distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and that's where the distinction
+between sort of convenience versus sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between sort of convenience versus sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between sort of convenience versus sort
+of comparison shopping is important you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of comparison shopping is important you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of comparison shopping is important you
+know people typically don't go you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know people typically don't go you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know people typically don't go you you
+you don't typically have a excess in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't typically have a excess in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't typically have a excess in
+grocery stores or you know um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grocery stores or you know um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grocery stores or you know um
+Hardware or something like that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hardware or something like that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hardware or something like that you know
+something that's a a convenience item
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's a a convenience item
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's a a convenience item
+that people don't travel far to buy but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people don't travel far to buy but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people don't travel far to buy but
+you might have an excess in something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have an excess in something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have an excess in something
+like restaurants or clothing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like restaurants or clothing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like restaurants or clothing or
+Furniture where people will go a longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Furniture where people will go a longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Furniture where people will go a longer
+distance and and want to have choice in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and and want to have choice in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and and want to have choice in
+where they shop so even if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they shop so even if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they shop so even if you don't
+have a sales cap you might be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a sales cap you might be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a sales cap you might be able to
+build on existing an existing um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build on existing an existing um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build on existing an existing um
+conglomeration um the other way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conglomeration um the other way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conglomeration um the other way the
+district made function and and the North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+district made function and and the North
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+district made function and and the North
+End is a good example this um you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+End is a good example this um you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+End is a good example this um you might
+have specific customer demographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have specific customer demographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have specific customer demographic
+niches um that really form the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+niches um that really form the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+niches um that really form the
+foundation for your commercial District
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation for your commercial District
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation for your commercial District
+so um you know there might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um you know there might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um you know there might be
+opportunities to uh grow your business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities to uh grow your business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities to uh grow your business
+by you know catering to Regional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by you know catering to Regional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by you know catering to Regional
+Shoppers um within that that demographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shoppers um within that that demographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shoppers um within that that demographic
+District so the North End you know might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+District so the North End you know might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+District so the North End you know might
+become a Latino business destination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a Latino business destination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a Latino business destination
+that could expand by attracting people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could expand by attracting people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could expand by attracting people
+from Holy Oak and West Springfield and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Holy Oak and West Springfield and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Holy Oak and West Springfield and
+chick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chick
+as opposed to just serving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to just serving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to just serving the
+neighborhood and that's certainly an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood and that's certainly an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood and that's certainly an
+idea people have been talking about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea people have been talking about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea people have been talking about um
+and that might create different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that might create different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that might create different types of
+opportunities um you know consumer image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities um you know consumer image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities um you know consumer image
+and P perception of the district affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and P perception of the district affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and P perception of the district affect
+its Market once again we we've heard a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its Market once again we we've heard a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its Market once again we we've heard a
+lot about that in the North End issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot about that in the North End issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot about that in the North End issues
+of of Public Safety um another big issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of Public Safety um another big issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of Public Safety um another big issue
+in urban communities is is what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in urban communities is is what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in urban communities is is what is the
+land and building stock um suggest about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land and building stock um suggest about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land and building stock um suggest about
+what type of tenants you actually can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what type of tenants you actually can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what type of tenants you actually can
+support right um you saw Brattle borrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support right um you saw Brattle borrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support right um you saw Brattle borrow
+a big gap in in furniture stores well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big gap in in furniture stores well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big gap in in furniture stores well
+what do we know about furniture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we know about furniture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we know about furniture
+stores that might account for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that what right I mean furniture stores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what right I mean furniture stores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what right I mean furniture stores
+are LS and you know lot of space um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are LS and you know lot of space um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are LS and you know lot of space um in
+an older urban area you tend to not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an older urban area you tend to not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an older urban area you tend to not have
+very LGE spaces available to support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very LGE spaces available to support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very LGE spaces available to support
+furniture stores so even if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furniture stores so even if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furniture stores so even if you have a
+supply you know Gap you may not have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply you know Gap you may not have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply you know Gap you may not have the
+real estate to respond to that Gap and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real estate to respond to that Gap and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real estate to respond to that Gap and
+this is increasingly a challenge as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is increasingly a challenge as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is increasingly a challenge as
+Trends in real in in retailing have gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trends in real in in retailing have gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trends in real in in retailing have gone
+towards bigger and bigger stores right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards bigger and bigger stores right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards bigger and bigger stores right
+you know a lot of retailers don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a lot of retailers don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a lot of retailers don't want
+5,000 square fet you know they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5,000 square fet you know they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5,000 square fet you know they want
+10,000 20,000 30,000 square feet um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 20,000 30,000 square feet um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 20,000 30,000 square feet um and
+a lot of chain retailers have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of chain retailers have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of chain retailers have very
+inflexible store formats and sites for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflexible store formats and sites for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflexible store formats and sites for
+store formats you know um drugstores are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store formats you know um drugstores are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store formats you know um drugstores are
+notorious for this they want a 10,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notorious for this they want a 10,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notorious for this they want a 10,000
+foot to 15,000 square box with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foot to 15,000 square box with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foot to 15,000 square box with a
+drive-thru window um so it's sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive-thru window um so it's sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive-thru window um so it's sometimes
+very hard to get them to go into an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to get them to go into an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to get them to go into an
+urban area where they have to adjust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban area where they have to adjust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban area where they have to adjust
+their format so um that could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their format so um that could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their format so um that could be a
+constraint as well um and also um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint as well um and also um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint as well um and also um you
+know the the competition for retailing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the competition for retailing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the competition for retailing
+has gotten more complex um not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has gotten more complex um not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has gotten more complex um not
+only you know do you face other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only you know do you face other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only you know do you face other
+competing commercial districts and malls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing commercial districts and malls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing commercial districts and malls
+you now have to factor in mail water and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now have to factor in mail water and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now have to factor in mail water and
+internet U and things like that in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet U and things like that in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet U and things like that in in
+affecting the the opportunity um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting the the opportunity um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting the the opportunity um so
+often this sort of secondary data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often this sort of secondary data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often this sort of secondary data
+analysis that I just sort of walk you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis that I just sort of walk you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis that I just sort of walk you
+through really gives you an incomplete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through really gives you an incomplete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through really gives you an incomplete
+picture um and you really have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture um and you really have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture um and you really have to do
+more analysis to really better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more analysis to really better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more analysis to really better
+understand the the retail opportunities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the the retail opportunities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the the retail opportunities
+and that usually means doing more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that usually means doing more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that usually means doing more
+assessment of and more comparative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment of and more comparative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment of and more comparative
+analysis of your retail strengths and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of your retail strengths and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of your retail strengths and
+and Market niches of your commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Market niches of your commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Market niches of your commercial
+area versus competing commercial areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area versus competing commercial areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area versus competing commercial areas
+um be able to understand the VAC land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um be able to understand the VAC land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um be able to understand the VAC land
+and building space that's available and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and building space that's available and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and building space that's available and
+how that fits store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that fits store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that fits store
+requirements um um you know doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements um um you know doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements um um you know doing
+business surveys to better understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business surveys to better understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business surveys to better understand
+businesses customer base um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses customer base um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses customer base um you know
+what businesses are willing to do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what businesses are willing to do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what businesses are willing to do in
+terms of investing and marketing their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of investing and marketing their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of investing and marketing their
+business um surveying customers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business um surveying customers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business um surveying customers to
+better understand how they perceive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better understand how they perceive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better understand how they perceive the
+neighborhood why they shop there when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood why they shop there when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood why they shop there when
+they shop there where they're going for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they shop there where they're going for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they shop there where they're going for
+competing Goods what might attract them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing Goods what might attract them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing Goods what might attract them
+to the area um and and doing focus group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the area um and and doing focus group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the area um and and doing focus group
+and interviews um to to Really better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and interviews um to to Really better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and interviews um to to Really better
+understand how you might be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how you might be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how you might be able to
+change the behavior of property owners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the behavior of property owners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the behavior of property owners
+and and business owners um to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and business owners um to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and business owners um to take
+advantage of some of these Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of some of these Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of some of these Market
+opportunities um one of the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities um one of the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities um one of the big
+challenges for you know Urban commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges for you know Urban commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges for you know Urban commercial
+districts is that you have so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+districts is that you have so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+districts is that you have so many
+fragmented individuals you know property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragmented individuals you know property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragmented individuals you know property
+ownership is fragmented Merchants are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership is fragmented Merchants are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership is fragmented Merchants are
+fragmented and they're competing against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragmented and they're competing against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragmented and they're competing against
+malls you know which have a common have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malls you know which have a common have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malls you know which have a common have
+one property owner that's forcing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one property owner that's forcing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one property owner that's forcing
+businesses to stay open at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses to stay open at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses to stay open at the same time
+uh to Market together that's engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to Market together that's engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to Market together that's engineering
+the mixture of stores to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mixture of stores to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mixture of stores to you know
+address um um understandings of how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address um um understandings of how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address um um understandings of how how
+Shoppers shop and and and what you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shoppers shop and and and what you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shoppers shop and and and what you know
+mixes of stores tend to be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixes of stores tend to be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixes of stores tend to be more
+successful and attracting Shoppers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful and attracting Shoppers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful and attracting Shoppers and
+you're trying to trying to compete with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to trying to compete with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to trying to compete with
+that in a commercial District where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a commercial District where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a commercial District where you
+might have you know um some restaurants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have you know um some restaurants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have you know um some restaurants
+that are only open for lunch and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are only open for lunch and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are only open for lunch and some
+that are only open for dinner and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are only open for dinner and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are only open for dinner and some
+that you know have different times and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know have different times and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know have different times and
+and you know some that do market and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know some that do market and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know some that do market and
+some that don't market so it's a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some that don't market so it's a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some that don't market so it's a big
+challenge to try and get people um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge to try and get people um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge to try and get people um to
+work together uh and coordinate what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work together uh and coordinate what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work together uh and coordinate what
+they're doing what kind of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing what kind of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing what kind of information
+kind of analysis uh gives us a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of analysis uh gives us a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of analysis uh gives us a sense of
+the quality of a number of jobs um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quality of a number of jobs um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quality of a number of jobs um
+within within the retail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within within the retail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within within the retail
+stores um well um I mean there are sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores um well um I mean there are sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores um well um I mean there are sort
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+uh a few sources one is the Bureau Labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a few sources one is the Bureau Labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a few sources one is the Bureau Labor
+Statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Statistics
+produces um what an occupational matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces um what an occupational matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces um what an occupational matrix
+it's on the national level um by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on the national level um by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on the national level um by
+industry and it goes down to pretty fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry and it goes down to pretty fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry and it goes down to pretty fine
+detail so if you want to look at the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail so if you want to look at the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail so if you want to look at the the
+distribution of occupations for you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of occupations for you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of occupations for you know
+drug stores you can get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug stores you can get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug stores you can get that
+distribution now you have to keep in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution now you have to keep in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution now you have to keep in
+mind that you're getting that for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind that you're getting that for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind that you're getting that for the
+entire drugstore industry not not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire drugstore industry not not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire drugstore industry not not a
+drugstore you know so you have to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugstore you know so you have to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugstore you know so you have to you
+know for example that data will include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for example that data will include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for example that data will include
+lawyers working in corporate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyers working in corporate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyers working in corporate
+headquarters for CVS you know as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headquarters for CVS you know as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headquarters for CVS you know as well as
+sales cork so you have to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales cork so you have to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales cork so you have to you know
+somewhat adjust that data to reflect you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat adjust that data to reflect you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat adjust that data to reflect you
+know the the fact that you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the fact that you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the fact that you might be
+looking at a store um the other the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a store um the other the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a store um the other the
+other data is to actually speak to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other data is to actually speak to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other data is to actually speak to the
+businesses themselves and understand you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses themselves and understand you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses themselves and understand you
+know what their Staffing p are but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what their Staffing p are but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what their Staffing p are but the
+the B data is a good first cut because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the B data is a good first cut because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the B data is a good first cut because
+it gives you a sense of the type of jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives you a sense of the type of jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives you a sense of the type of jobs
+uh it gives you a sense of the wage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it gives you a sense of the wage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it gives you a sense of the wage
+levels of the jobs and can give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of the jobs and can give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of the jobs and can give you a
+first cut at whether there might be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first cut at whether there might be um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first cut at whether there might be um
+um some sort of career ladder um within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some sort of career ladder um within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some sort of career ladder um within
+some of the some of these uh businesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the some of these uh businesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the some of these uh businesses
+is there no industry Association level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there no industry Association level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there no industry Association level
+information on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on this
+um some industry some industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some industry some industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some industry some industry
+associations um produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associations um produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associations um produce
+studies or data around around some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies or data around around some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies or data around around some of
+this and some don't you know it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and some don't you know it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and some don't you know it really
+depends um you know for example the food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends um you know for example the food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends um you know for example the food
+marketing Association has done some work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing Association has done some work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing Association has done some work
+on Urban supermarkets and they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Urban supermarkets and they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Urban supermarkets and they have
+produced you know some reports that talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced you know some reports that talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced you know some reports that talk
+about successful Community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about successful Community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about successful Community
+collaborations around Urban supermarkets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborations around Urban supermarkets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborations around Urban supermarkets
+and some examples of job training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some examples of job training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some examples of job training
+programs and and employment programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs and and employment programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs and and employment programs
+around that um um you know so sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that um um you know so sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that um um you know so sometimes
+TR Traders associations are a source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TR Traders associations are a source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TR Traders associations are a source of
+data um um and you know also some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data um um and you know also some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data um um and you know also some of the
+employment and training agencies may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment and training agencies may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment and training agencies may
+have done or or funders of employment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done or or funders of employment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done or or funders of employment
+and training agencies for example in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and training agencies for example in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and training agencies for example in
+Boston there's been a lot of work among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston there's been a lot of work among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston there's been a lot of work among
+the foundations around Career
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the foundations around Career
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the foundations around Career
+Development Career literacy job ladder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Development Career literacy job ladder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Development Career literacy job ladder
+development in certain industries so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development in certain industries so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development in certain industries so if
+you were to go to the Boston Foundation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were to go to the Boston Foundation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were to go to the Boston Foundation
+actually there are some very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there are some very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there are some very good
+studies around that you know in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies around that you know in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies around that you know in the
+healthc care field for example because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthc care field for example because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthc care field for example because
+they've been looking at those issues so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been looking at those issues so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been looking at those issues so
+sometimes um you know um you can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes um you know um you can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes um you know um you can find
+that type of research um so um just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that type of research um so um just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that type of research um so um just
+thinking maybe what we should do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking maybe what we should do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking maybe what we should do is
+um uh let me just finish up the retail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh let me just finish up the retail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh let me just finish up the retail
+piece and then we can take a break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and then we can take a break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and then we can take a break
+um the other thing I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the other thing I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the other thing I think it's
+important in in doing this type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in in doing this type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in in doing this type of
+retail analysis and I've talked a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retail analysis and I've talked a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retail analysis and I've talked a little
+about it is urban neighborhoods are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it is urban neighborhoods are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it is urban neighborhoods are very
+different than than Suburban rural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than than Suburban rural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than than Suburban rural
+environments for retailing um and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments for retailing um and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments for retailing um and I
+think you have to be a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you have to be a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you have to be a little more
+skeptical and and use a little more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeptical and and use a little more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeptical and and use a little more of
+your own common sense to adjust some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own common sense to adjust some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own common sense to adjust some of
+the numbers you're seeing even if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers you're seeing even if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers you're seeing even if it's
+not scientific I think it's better to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not scientific I think it's better to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not scientific I think it's better to
+use good judgment and and information to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use good judgment and and information to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use good judgment and and information to
+to make at sort of uh informed um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make at sort of uh informed um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make at sort of uh informed um
+assumptions that you could use to adjust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions that you could use to adjust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions that you could use to adjust
+some of your data so you know one is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of your data so you know one is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of your data so you know one is we
+know there's a lot of undercounting of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's a lot of undercounting of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's a lot of undercounting of
+the population in urban areas um so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population in urban areas um so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population in urban areas um so you
+might want to adjust up your population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to adjust up your population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to adjust up your population
+count um or your household count um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count um or your household count um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count um or your household count um to
+reflect the fact that there's likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect the fact that there's likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect the fact that there's likely
+been an undercount um also as we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been an undercount um also as we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been an undercount um also as we talked
+about you know outdated information you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know outdated information you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know outdated information you
+know you might want to adjust for new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you might want to adjust for new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you might want to adjust for new
+Housing Development or other changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Housing Development or other changes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Housing Development or other changes in
+the neighborhood um there also might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neighborhood um there also might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neighborhood um there also might be
+a lot of informal economic activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of informal economic activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of informal economic activity
+that's under counting actual income so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's under counting actual income so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's under counting actual income so
+you might want to you know make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to you know make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to you know make some
+adjustment um to to income based upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment um to to income based upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment um to to income based upon
+some knowledge or estimates of informal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some knowledge or estimates of informal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some knowledge or estimates of informal
+activity um there also may be a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity um there also may be a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity um there also may be a lot of
+remittances if it's a if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remittances if it's a if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remittances if it's a if it's a
+community with a lot of recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community with a lot of recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community with a lot of recent
+immigrants there might be a lot of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigrants there might be a lot of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigrants there might be a lot of money
+flowing back to the country of origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing back to the country of origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing back to the country of origin
+you might want to make some adjustment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to make some adjustment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to make some adjustment
+to income for remittances because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to income for remittances because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to income for remittances because that's
+not really available for consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really available for consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really available for consumption
+locally um the other part is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally um the other part is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally um the other part is on the
+supply side um there may be a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply side um there may be a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply side um there may be a lot of
+spending on informal enter uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending on informal enter uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending on informal enter uh
+Enterprises that you know discount the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprises that you know discount the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprises that you know discount the
+actual market so if you know there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual market so if you know there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual market so if you know there's a
+lot of people doing um um cutting hair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people doing um um cutting hair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people doing um um cutting hair
+in people in their home or repairing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in people in their home or repairing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in people in their home or repairing
+cars you know in the backyard um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars you know in the backyard um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars you know in the backyard um you
+might want to factor in not only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to factor in not only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to factor in not only the
+formal Enterprises but some of the unal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal Enterprises but some of the unal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal Enterprises but some of the unal
+Enterprises and in estimating markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprises and in estimating markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprises and in estimating markets
+there um the other thing is to is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um the other thing is to is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um the other thing is to is as
+we've already talked about there's often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already talked about there's often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already talked about there's often
+a lot of Market expansion opportunities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of Market expansion opportunities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of Market expansion opportunities
+in urban areas Beyond just the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in urban areas Beyond just the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in urban areas Beyond just the local
+residential population so and that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residential population so and that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residential population so and that might
+be you know a demographic or Niche Focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you know a demographic or Niche Focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you know a demographic or Niche Focus
+but it also can be um sort of a visitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it also can be um sort of a visitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it also can be um sort of a visitor
+component and and we're talking a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component and and we're talking a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component and and we're talking a lot
+about that in terms of employees at Bay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that in terms of employees at Bay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that in terms of employees at Bay
+State right you know um we know there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State right you know um we know there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State right you know um we know there
+are thousands of employees coming into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are thousands of employees coming into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are thousands of employees coming into
+the neighborhood that are another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neighborhood that are another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neighborhood that are another
+potential Market um there might be a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential Market um there might be a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential Market um there might be a lot
+of students um in an area near an area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of students um in an area near an area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of students um in an area near an area
+um that are a potential market so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that are a potential market so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that are a potential market so it's
+important to kind of look at these sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to kind of look at these sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to kind of look at these sort
+of quote visitor markets um and look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quote visitor markets um and look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quote visitor markets um and look at
+them as a potential source of demand um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as a potential source of demand um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as a potential source of demand um
+but also it's important to avoid double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also it's important to avoid double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also it's important to avoid double
+counting you have to There's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting you have to There's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting you have to There's an
+opportunity for a lot of error if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for a lot of error if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for a lot of error if you
+count students as both students and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count students as both students and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count students as both students and
+residents um so you want to be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents um so you want to be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents um so you want to be a little
+careful that might not be as big an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful that might not be as big an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful that might not be as big an
+issue I mean one of the things you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue I mean one of the things you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue I mean one of the things you'd
+want to do if you're going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do if you're going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do if you're going to look at
+base State and estimate demand from base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base State and estimate demand from base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base State and estimate demand from base
+state employees I would try and get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state employees I would try and get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state employees I would try and get an
+estimate from base date of how many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate from base date of how many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate from base date of how many of
+the employees actually live in the North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the employees actually live in the North
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the employees actually live in the North
+End and sort of back out that number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+End and sort of back out that number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+End and sort of back out that number
+from from the estimated demand um so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from the estimated demand um so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from the estimated demand um so um
+let me stop there and why don't we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me stop there and why don't we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me stop there and why don't we take
+a break um one of the things I I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a break um one of the things I I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a break um one of the things I I'm I'm
+going to do is James has begin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is James has begin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is James has begin to
+assemble some of the data for you and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assemble some of the data for you and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assemble some of the data for you and I
+thought one of the one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought one of the one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought one of the one of the
+assignments I would give out for one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments I would give out for one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments I would give out for one of
+the groups to work on is to do some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the groups to work on is to do some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the groups to work on is to do some of
+the sort of basic demand side analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of basic demand side analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of basic demand side analysis
+supply side analysis to get a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply side analysis to get a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply side analysis to get a better
+understanding of the retail Market in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the retail Market in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the retail Market in
+the neighborhood um and um trying apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neighborhood um and um trying apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neighborhood um and um trying apply
+this uh to the North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh to the North
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh to the North
+End okay well why don't we um take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+End okay well why don't we um take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+End okay well why don't we um take a
+10-minute break and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+convene so um I'm going to skip over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convene so um I'm going to skip over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convene so um I'm going to skip over the
+sort of office real estate market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of office real estate market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of office real estate market
+analysis piece I think you you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis piece I think you you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis piece I think you you sort of
+read an example of that um and I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read an example of that um and I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read an example of that um and I could
+post this on um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post this on um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post this on um
+on the Stella side if people want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the Stella side if people want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the Stella side if people want to
+look more at that um because I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look more at that um because I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look more at that um because I wanted to
+have more time to sort of focus on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more time to sort of focus on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more time to sort of focus on this
+this issue of of community resource
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this issue of of community resource
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this issue of of community resource
+assessment um which is is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment um which is is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment um which is is quite
+important to Economic Development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to Economic Development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to Economic Development
+planning work because ultimately I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning work because ultimately I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning work because ultimately I think
+90% or large percent of what economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90% or large percent of what economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90% or large percent of what economic
+development is really about is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development is really about is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development is really about is um
+improving the quality of local resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving the quality of local resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving the quality of local resources
+and better connecting them to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and better connecting them to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and better connecting them to um
+economic opportunities and connecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic opportunities and connecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic opportunities and connecting
+them to to firms and industries so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to to firms and industries so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to to firms and industries so that
+they better support um the the growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they better support um the the growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they better support um the the growth
+and competitiveness of those Industries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and competitiveness of those Industries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and competitiveness of those Industries
+and better link the uh uh economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and better link the uh uh economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and better link the uh uh economic
+benefits of those Industries to um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits of those Industries to um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits of those Industries to um to
+Residents in the community so um it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Residents in the community so um it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Residents in the community so um it's in
+most Economic Development plans I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most Economic Development plans I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most Economic Development plans I've
+worked on there's usually a fair amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on there's usually a fair amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on there's usually a fair amount
+of of effort and work that goes into um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of effort and work that goes into um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of effort and work that goes into um
+really assessing the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really assessing the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really assessing the local
+resources um looking at how well they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources um looking at how well they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources um looking at how well they're
+contributing currently to development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributing currently to development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributing currently to development
+goals and figuring out ways to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals and figuring out ways to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals and figuring out ways to apply
+them more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them more
+effectively um and generally guided in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively um and generally guided in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively um and generally guided in
+this work by a few pretty basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this work by a few pretty basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this work by a few pretty basic
+questions you know what are the what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions you know what are the what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions you know what are the what are
+the important resources uh especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important resources uh especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important resources uh especially
+the ones that are most important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that are most important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that are most important for
+what your Economic Development goals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your Economic Development goals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your Economic Development goals and
+agenda are um are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agenda are um are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agenda are um are
+there you know striking gaps constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you know striking gaps constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you know striking gaps constraints
+or weaknesses um in in those resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or weaknesses um in in those resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or weaknesses um in in those resources
+um how well are the resources being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how well are the resources being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how well are the resources being
+utilized um and and by whom and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilized um and and by whom and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilized um and and by whom and then
+what might be the obstacles um to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what might be the obstacles um to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what might be the obstacles um to their
+utilization I mean it's striking just in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilization I mean it's striking just in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilization I mean it's striking just in
+the initial interviews that people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial interviews that people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial interviews that people have
+already done um how much you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already done um how much you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already done um how much you've
+uncovered these type of issues already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncovered these type of issues already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncovered these type of issues already
+in the community how much observation at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the community how much observation at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the community how much observation at
+least some of your interviewees have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least some of your interviewees have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least some of your interviewees have
+have raised about about resources that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have raised about about resources that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have raised about about resources that
+are in the community either Workforce or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the community either Workforce or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the community either Workforce or
+business development resources and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business development resources and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business development resources and
+perceived lack of utilization of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceived lack of utilization of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceived lack of utilization of those
+resources so we've you know didn't take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources so we've you know didn't take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources so we've you know didn't take
+a lot of work um to uncover that as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of work um to uncover that as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of work um to uncover that as an
+issue um and digging deeper about about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue um and digging deeper about about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue um and digging deeper about about
+what might be um um the reasons why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what might be um um the reasons why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what might be um um the reasons why
+those aren't being well well utilized um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those aren't being well well utilized um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those aren't being well well utilized um
+um you know is it language barriers or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know is it language barriers or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know is it language barriers or
+is it that what's being offered really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it that what's being offered really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it that what's being offered really
+doesn't doesn't fit the need and respond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't doesn't fit the need and respond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't doesn't fit the need and respond
+to uh employers or or residents um also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh employers or or residents um also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh employers or or residents um also
+a third issue are there special wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a third issue are there special wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a third issue are there special wise
+resource needs for either key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource needs for either key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource needs for either key
+Industries um you know special Workforce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industries um you know special Workforce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industries um you know special Workforce
+needs special financing needs special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs special financing needs special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs special financing needs special
+technology needs um um on on the demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology needs um um on on the demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology needs um um on on the demand
+side of the equation or in the supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the equation or in the supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the equation or in the supply
+side are there certain populations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side are there certain populations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side are there certain populations that
+have very specialized needs um that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very specialized needs um that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very specialized needs um that are
+not getting well served and we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not getting well served and we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not getting well served and we've
+already talked a little about how there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already talked a little about how there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already talked a little about how there
+might be specific needs around child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be specific needs around child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be specific needs around child
+care and linking child care to Education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care and linking child care to Education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care and linking child care to Education
+and Training that might be important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Training that might be important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Training that might be important for
+North End residents you know if that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North End residents you know if that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North End residents you know if that's a
+gap it might be very important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap it might be very important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap it might be very important to
+address that Spanish language skills as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address that Spanish language skills as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address that Spanish language skills as
+well um um Services as well um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um um Services as well um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um um Services as well um and then
+you know what's the agenda to improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what's the agenda to improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what's the agenda to improve
+existing resources uh ensure they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing resources uh ensure they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing resources uh ensure they're
+better utilized um Target them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better utilized um Target them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better utilized um Target them to
+Economic Development goals um and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economic Development goals um and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economic Development goals um and and
+what are the specific actions to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the specific actions to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the specific actions to do that
+so that's sort of a simple framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's sort of a simple framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's sort of a simple framework
+easy to conceptualize a lot different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to conceptualize a lot different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to conceptualize a lot different
+different difficult to sort of exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different difficult to sort of exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different difficult to sort of exercise
+in practice because there's usually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice because there's usually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice because there's usually a
+lot of data that you need to get almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of data that you need to get almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of data that you need to get almost
+all of it primary uh data collection um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of it primary uh data collection um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of it primary uh data collection um
+but ultimately um there are sort of five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but ultimately um there are sort of five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but ultimately um there are sort of five
+broad resource areas um that you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad resource areas um that you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad resource areas um that you might
+potentially look at um one being land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially look at um one being land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially look at um one being land
+facilities and infrastructure the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities and infrastructure the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities and infrastructure the sort
+of physical components of supporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of physical components of supporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of physical components of supporting
+Economic Development second is is human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economic Development second is is human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economic Development second is is human
+capital and labor force resources both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital and labor force resources both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital and labor force resources both
+both the labor force itself but how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the labor force itself but how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the labor force itself but how the
+Education and Training System as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Education and Training System as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Education and Training System as well
+capital resources um you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital resources um you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital resources um you know uh
+financing to support businesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing to support businesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing to support businesses
+technology resources um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology resources um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology resources um and then
+organizational capacity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational capacity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational capacity and
+relationships for economic development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships for economic development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships for economic development
+um so um you know typically that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so um you know typically that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so um you know typically that you can
+use that that same sort of four-part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that that same sort of four-part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that that same sort of four-part
+framework for this but the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework for this but the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework for this but the sort of
+research Focus who you collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research Focus who you collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research Focus who you collect
+information from um is going to VAR um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from um is going to VAR um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from um is going to VAR um
+and you're going to you normally don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to you normally don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to you normally don't
+have the resources to do all of this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the resources to do all of this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the resources to do all of this in
+depth so you're going to have to set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth so you're going to have to set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth so you're going to have to set
+some priorities based on what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some priorities based on what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some priorities based on what your
+agenda is um you know in the downtown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agenda is um you know in the downtown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agenda is um you know in the downtown
+revitalization plan you might spend more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revitalization plan you might spend more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revitalization plan you might spend more
+time on infrastructure and physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on infrastructure and physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on infrastructure and physical
+resources than we might um and um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources than we might um and um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources than we might um and um you
+know given the issues we're facing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know given the issues we're facing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know given the issues we're facing the
+north end it's probably important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+north end it's probably important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+north end it's probably important to
+spend more time on the human resource
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend more time on the human resource
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend more time on the human resource
+human capital side of the equation um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human capital side of the equation um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human capital side of the equation um
+than on some of the others um and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than on some of the others um and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than on some of the others um and also
+your understanding of the local economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your understanding of the local economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your understanding of the local economy
+is going to shift you in certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to shift you in certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to shift you in certain
+directions and move all already done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions and move all already done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions and move all already done
+that by the focus on on based Aid in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by the focus on on based Aid in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by the focus on on based Aid in the
+healthcare um sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare um sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare um sector
+um so um I thought I'd talk a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so um I thought I'd talk a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so um I thought I'd talk a little
+about how to apply This research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to apply This research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to apply This research
+analysis approach um to the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis approach um to the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis approach um to the human
+capital employment and training system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital employment and training system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital employment and training system
+since that's a pretty important area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since that's a pretty important area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since that's a pretty important area
+that we're already working on um so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're already working on um so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're already working on um so um
+on the on the demand side the critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on the demand side the critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on the demand side the critical
+issue oh and let me um pass this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue oh and let me um pass this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue oh and let me um pass this out
+from the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the um
+Aspen Institute report I think it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aspen Institute report I think it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aspen Institute report I think it's a
+it's a um a sort of useful um way to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a um a sort of useful um way to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a um a sort of useful um way to be
+begin to think about this um on the on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to think about this um on the on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to think about this um on the on
+the demand side um we're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand side um we're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand side um we're really
+interested in you know where are the job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in you know where are the job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in you know where are the job
+opport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opport
+opportunities um what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities um what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities um what are the
+requirements for those jobs how well do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements for those jobs how well do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements for those jobs how well do
+they fit um the targeted uh populations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they fit um the targeted uh populations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they fit um the targeted uh populations
+we're trying to get employed um are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to get employed um are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to get employed um are
+there specialized labor force needs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there specialized labor force needs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there specialized labor force needs and
+skill needs that are critical to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill needs that are critical to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill needs that are critical to the
+industry um or that um they have have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry um or that um they have have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry um or that um they have have
+trouble um finding employees for um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble um finding employees for um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble um finding employees for um and
+then you know what program and services
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know what program and services
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know what program and services
+are employers using to hire and train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are employers using to hire and train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are employers using to hire and train
+workers and and how well do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers and and how well do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers and and how well do they
+perceive those as working um and um on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceive those as working um and um on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceive those as working um and um on
+the supply side um we really need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supply side um we really need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supply side um we really need to
+know what are the education skills quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what are the education skills quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what are the education skills quote
+quality and cost of the local labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality and cost of the local labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality and cost of the local labor
+force um and um you know is the labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force um and um you know is the labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force um and um you know is the labor
+force how well does the labor force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force how well does the labor force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force how well does the labor force
+match up with the demand side are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match up with the demand side are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match up with the demand side are there
+are there pretty significant mismatches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there pretty significant mismatches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there pretty significant mismatches
+between occupations and and competencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between occupations and and competencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between occupations and and competencies
+that employers are looking for um versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that employers are looking for um versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that employers are looking for um versus
+what the local labor force is supplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the local labor force is supplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the local labor force is supplying
+um and then you know what are the um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then you know what are the um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then you know what are the um uh
+experience and employment obstacles for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and employment obstacles for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and employment obstacles for
+for people looking for work um because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people looking for work um because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people looking for work um because
+often the perception of the labor market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often the perception of the labor market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often the perception of the labor market
+from the employer perspective and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the employer perspective and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the employer perspective and the
+the job Seekers perspective um um could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the job Seekers perspective um um could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the job Seekers perspective um um could
+be could be very different um and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be could be very different um and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be could be very different um and there
+are a lot of often a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of often a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of often a lot of
+inefficiencies um and misinformation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficiencies um and misinformation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficiencies um and misinformation in
+the labor market um I was actually at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the labor market um I was actually at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the labor market um I was actually at a
+at a talk recently um where um a a group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a talk recently um where um a a group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a talk recently um where um a a group
+working with um hardto employ youth in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with um hardto employ youth in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with um hardto employ youth in
+Detroit um interviewed youth in Detroit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Detroit um interviewed youth in Detroit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Detroit um interviewed youth in Detroit
+about what their knowledge was of Health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what their knowledge was of Health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what their knowledge was of Health
+sector jobs you know trying to say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector jobs you know trying to say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector jobs you know trying to say you
+know should high school students or high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know should high school students or high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know should high school students or high
+school students thinking about jobs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school students thinking about jobs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school students thinking about jobs in
+healthcare what do they understand about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare what do they understand about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare what do they understand about
+it and people's perception of healthcare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and people's perception of healthcare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and people's perception of healthcare
+is that basically it was doctors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that basically it was doctors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that basically it was doctors and
+nurses um very high skill jobs very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurses um very high skill jobs very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurses um very high skill jobs very
+difficult job to get trained for and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult job to get trained for and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult job to get trained for and
+that would you know um they really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would you know um they really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would you know um they really
+didn't have an understanding of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have an understanding of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have an understanding of the
+range of jobs um and did didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of jobs um and did didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of jobs um and did didn't have
+much understanding about what might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much understanding about what might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much understanding about what might be
+um you know occupations that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know occupations that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know occupations that might
+provide them a good wage that they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide them a good wage that they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide them a good wage that they might
+be able to get to through a high school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to get to through a high school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to get to through a high school
+diploma plus perhaps some vocational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diploma plus perhaps some vocational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diploma plus perhaps some vocational
+training or even the notion of a career
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training or even the notion of a career
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training or even the notion of a career
+ladder within that industry so often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ladder within that industry so often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ladder within that industry so often
+there's a lot of misinformation um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of misinformation um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of misinformation um in
+work I did in in the Greater Hartford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work I did in in the Greater Hartford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work I did in in the Greater Hartford
+region um where in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region um where in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region um where in the
+1990s um where there was a skill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1990s um where there was a skill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1990s um where there was a skill
+shortage in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortage in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortage in
+manufacturing um you found a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing um you found a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing um you found a lot of
+young people in high school perceiving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young people in high school perceiving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young people in high school perceiving
+of manufacturing jobs as low paying um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of manufacturing jobs as low paying um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of manufacturing jobs as low paying um
+very hard work and very unclean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard work and very unclean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard work and very unclean
+environments and didn't necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments and didn't necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments and didn't necessarily
+realize that you know manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that you know manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that you know manufacturing
+plants were now a lot cleaner um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants were now a lot cleaner um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants were now a lot cleaner um that
+there were very high paying machinist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were very high paying machinist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were very high paying machinist
+jobs you know you could earn 60 70,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs you know you could earn 60 70,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs you know you could earn 60 70,000
+working in a manufacturing plant as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in a manufacturing plant as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in a manufacturing plant as a
+skilled machinist so so really um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skilled machinist so so really um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skilled machinist so so really um
+understanding um some of those obstacles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding um some of those obstacles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding um some of those obstacles
+um information obstacles and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um information obstacles and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um information obstacles and other
+obstacles and then looking at how well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacles and then looking at how well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacles and then looking at how well
+the Education and Training System um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Education and Training System um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Education and Training System um is
+functioning to sort of fill those that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functioning to sort of fill those that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functioning to sort of fill those that
+um um link between between supply and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um link between between supply and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um link between between supply and
+demand and and what are the gaps issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand and and what are the gaps issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand and and what are the gaps issues
+and problems in the system that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and problems in the system that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and problems in the system that that
+we're going to try and address through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to try and address through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to try and address through
+through some programs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some programs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some programs and
+interventions um so on the demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions um so on the demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions um so on the demand
+side um you know there's a fair amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side um you know there's a fair amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side um you know there's a fair amount
+of secondary data that provides you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of secondary data that provides you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of secondary data that provides you a
+first cut on this um by um you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first cut on this um by um you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first cut on this um by um you could
+look at major industries in the region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at major industries in the region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at major industries in the region
+um and then you could look at occupation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then you could look at occupation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then you could look at occupation
+within those Industries um through uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within those Industries um through uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within those Industries um through uh
+the bureau Labor Statistics occupational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bureau Labor Statistics occupational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bureau Labor Statistics occupational
+Matrix and then at the there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and then at the there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and then at the there are
+Regional occupational surveys that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Regional occupational surveys that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Regional occupational surveys that will
+give you income levels um in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you income levels um in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you income levels um in different
+occupations so you can take some um some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupations so you can take some um some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupations so you can take some um some
+existing secondary data to provide an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing secondary data to provide an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing secondary data to provide an
+initi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initi
+profile um of both the type of jobs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile um of both the type of jobs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile um of both the type of jobs and
+occupations um and um what they pay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupations um and um what they pay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupations um and um what they pay and
+you could also get some basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could also get some basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could also get some basic
+information about the requirements for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the requirements for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the requirements for
+those jobs there's a um occupational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those jobs there's a um occupational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those jobs there's a um occupational
+manual which kind of details um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manual which kind of details um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manual which kind of details um the
+requirements of occupations and now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements of occupations and now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements of occupations and now the
+the Bureau of Labor Statistics has come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bureau of Labor Statistics has come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bureau of Labor Statistics has come
+up with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with this
+11 um point scale of educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 um point scale of educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 um point scale of educational
+attainment requirements or experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attainment requirements or experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attainment requirements or experience
+and educational attainment requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and educational attainment requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and educational attainment requirements
+of occupation so you could you could at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of occupation so you could you could at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of occupation so you could you could at
+least get an initial cut of whether this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least get an initial cut of whether this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least get an initial cut of whether this
+occupation requires a advanced degree or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupation requires a advanced degree or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupation requires a advanced degree or
+a college degree Plus work experience or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a college degree Plus work experience or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a college degree Plus work experience or
+um you know a year of Prior work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know a year of Prior work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know a year of Prior work
+experience or Etc so there's a there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience or Etc so there's a there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience or Etc so there's a there's a
+coding system that at least gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding system that at least gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding system that at least gives you
+some initial indication of what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some initial indication of what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some initial indication of what the
+skill levels are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill levels are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill levels are
+um um but I think it's also important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um but I think it's also important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um but I think it's also important to
+to be talking to Major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be talking to Major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be talking to Major
+employers um um to get a sense of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employers um um to get a sense of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employers um um to get a sense of what
+they um uh demand for Laborers too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they um uh demand for Laborers too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they um uh demand for Laborers too
+because they may have requirements that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they may have requirements that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they may have requirements that
+are different than standard occupational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different than standard occupational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different than standard occupational
+requirements they may organize work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements they may organize work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements they may organize work
+differently um they may have higher or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently um they may have higher or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently um they may have higher or
+lower thresholds based on labor market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower thresholds based on labor market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower thresholds based on labor market
+conditions um they may have structured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions um they may have structured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions um they may have structured
+internal benefits and internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal benefits and internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal benefits and internal
+advancement opportunities you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advancement opportunities you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advancement opportunities you know
+differently um than they exist generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently um than they exist generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently um than they exist generally
+within within the industry so pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within within the industry so pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within within the industry so pretty
+important to to talk to employers it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to to talk to employers it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to to talk to employers it's
+also important to understand how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also important to understand how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also important to understand how they
+hire because often um access to jobs is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hire because often um access to jobs is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hire because often um access to jobs is
+affected by how people are hired for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected by how people are hired for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected by how people are hired for
+jobs you know there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs you know there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs you know there's a lot of
+literature to support informal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature to support informal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature to support informal
+mechanisms for hiring you know employers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms for hiring you know employers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms for hiring you know employers
+referring people through other employers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring people through other employers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring people through other employers
+um and you know especially if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know especially if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know especially if you have
+residents that aren't already pres in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents that aren't already pres in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents that aren't already pres in an
+industry the one of the biggest barriers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry the one of the biggest barriers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry the one of the biggest barriers
+to getting into that industry may just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to getting into that industry may just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to getting into that industry may just
+be they outside of the sort of informal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be they outside of the sort of informal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be they outside of the sort of informal
+hiring Network that's sort of used and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiring Network that's sort of used and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiring Network that's sort of used and
+and how could you begin to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how could you begin to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how could you begin to sort of
+insert a more formal hiring Network into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert a more formal hiring Network into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert a more formal hiring Network into
+an informal hiring Network and one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an informal hiring Network and one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an informal hiring Network and one way
+to do that is when there are skill when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that is when there are skill when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that is when there are skill when
+there are um shortages of Labor that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are um shortages of Labor that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are um shortages of Labor that
+sort of opens up the traditional hiring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of opens up the traditional hiring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of opens up the traditional hiring
+mechanisms that employers have used and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms that employers have used and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms that employers have used and
+gives you an opportunity to insert an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you an opportunity to insert an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you an opportunity to insert an
+intermediary in that relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediary in that relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediary in that relationship
+between the community and the employer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the community and the employer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the community and the employer
+to to link um neighborhood to those jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to link um neighborhood to those jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to link um neighborhood to those jobs
+um um also um you know what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um also um you know what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um also um you know what are
+employers experience with that local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employers experience with that local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employers experience with that local
+labor force it's sort of analogous to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor force it's sort of analogous to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor force it's sort of analogous to
+what we heard a little bit about base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we heard a little bit about base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we heard a little bit about base
+states experience with small firms you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states experience with small firms you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states experience with small firms you
+know they tried to use local firms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they tried to use local firms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they tried to use local firms and
+there were some gaps um are there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were some gaps um are there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were some gaps um are there are
+there perceived problems with the labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there perceived problems with the labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there perceived problems with the labor
+force people um not you know um showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force people um not you know um showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force people um not you know um showing
+up for work late um having a high school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up for work late um having a high school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up for work late um having a high school
+diploma but not being able to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diploma but not being able to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diploma but not being able to actually
+read or do math at levels that they uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read or do math at levels that they uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read or do math at levels that they uh
+are expected to um you know those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are expected to um you know those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are expected to um you know those are
+those sort of issues can be often be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those sort of issues can be often be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those sort of issues can be often be an
+important part of of what you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important part of of what you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important part of of what you have to
+address in terms of in terms of job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address in terms of in terms of job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address in terms of in terms of job
+access um so and I think um we're likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access um so and I think um we're likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access um so and I think um we're likely
+to find some of that so talking to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find some of that so talking to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find some of that so talking to the
+employers um and and getting a robust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employers um and and getting a robust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employers um and and getting a robust
+sense of their needs and experience is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of their needs and experience is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of their needs and experience is
+important to the demand side analysis um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to the demand side analysis um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to the demand side analysis um
+and just a few examples I thought i'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just a few examples I thought i'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just a few examples I thought i'
+talked to um uh Economic Development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked to um uh Economic Development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked to um uh Economic Development
+planning class um a few years ago worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning class um a few years ago worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning class um a few years ago worked
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+a a Industrial Park development at a air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a Industrial Park development at a air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a Industrial Park development at a air
+the municipal airport in Lawrence um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the municipal airport in Lawrence um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the municipal airport in Lawrence um and
+the hiring plan was a big part of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hiring plan was a big part of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hiring plan was a big part of that
+and basically they defined Industries in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically they defined Industries in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically they defined Industries in
+the region um in terms of size regional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region um in terms of size regional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region um in terms of size regional
+growth and wage levels um to identifi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth and wage levels um to identifi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth and wage levels um to identifi
+Target Industries they then identified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target Industries they then identified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target Industries they then identified
+some of the major Employers in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the major Employers in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the major Employers in those
+Industries through looking at um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industries through looking at um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industries through looking at um
+directories of of businesses and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directories of of businesses and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directories of of businesses and by
+talking to key informants in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to key informants in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to key informants in the in the
+region and then they directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and then they directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and then they directly
+interviewed firms to really assess what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewed firms to really assess what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewed firms to really assess what
+type of Labor demand they had what their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of Labor demand they had what their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of Labor demand they had what their
+requirements are what their wages were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements are what their wages were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements are what their wages were
+um and really identified an opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and really identified an opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and really identified an opportunity
+for some entry level uh manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some entry level uh manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some entry level uh manufacturing
+jobs at relatively good wages in a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs at relatively good wages in a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs at relatively good wages in a few
+Industries and and sort of built a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industries and and sort of built a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industries and and sort of built a lot
+of their plans around around those firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their plans around around those firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their plans around around those firms
+and around um employment placement and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and around um employment placement and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and around um employment placement and
+training linkages to them um the example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training linkages to them um the example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training linkages to them um the example
+from the Aspen Institute report um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Aspen Institute report um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Aspen Institute report um
+talked really about a method that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked really about a method that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked really about a method that was
+much more driven by secondary data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more driven by secondary data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more driven by secondary data
+sources once again using es22 data to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources once again using es22 data to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources once again using es22 data to
+determine the location of employers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the location of employers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the location of employers and
+Industry using this occupational Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industry using this occupational Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industry using this occupational Matrix
+to to estimate openings and then using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to estimate openings and then using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to estimate openings and then using
+the directory of Occupational titles to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the directory of Occupational titles to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the directory of Occupational titles to
+assess job requirements um on the supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assess job requirements um on the supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assess job requirements um on the supply
+side um once again this is looking more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side um once again this is looking more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side um once again this is looking more
+carefully at the labor force in the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully at the labor force in the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully at the labor force in the area
+um first looking at the demographics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um first looking at the demographics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um first looking at the demographics of
+the labor force that might indicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the labor force that might indicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the labor force that might indicate
+potential employment obstacles if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential employment obstacles if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential employment obstacles if if
+English language skills are a barrier if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English language skills are a barrier if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English language skills are a barrier if
+having a lot of young kids are are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a lot of young kids are are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a lot of young kids are are a
+barrier um what is their educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier um what is their educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier um what is their educational
+attainment what is their work experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attainment what is their work experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attainment what is their work experience
+in other occupations and industries um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other occupations and industries um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other occupations and industries um
+that could be helpful in in figuring out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be helpful in in figuring out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be helpful in in figuring out
+which which Industries they're equipped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which Industries they're equipped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which Industries they're equipped
+for um gain understanding of what might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um gain understanding of what might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um gain understanding of what might
+be causes to unemployment um there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be causes to unemployment um there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be causes to unemployment um there's
+there are very high levels of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are very high levels of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are very high levels of of
+unemployment and low labor force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment and low labor force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment and low labor force
+participation in the North End I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation in the North End I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation in the North End I think
+it's it's going to be important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's going to be important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's going to be important to
+understand you know why that is um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand you know why that is um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand you know why that is um what
+are the barriers um among people is it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the barriers um among people is it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the barriers um among people is it a
+perception of of poor jobs um is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception of of poor jobs um is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception of of poor jobs um is it
+English language skills Is it child care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English language skills Is it child care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English language skills Is it child care
+skills is it Transportation what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills is it Transportation what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills is it Transportation what are the
+set of things that are keeping residents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of things that are keeping residents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of things that are keeping residents
+um out of the way before Force um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um out of the way before Force um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um out of the way before Force um and
+then um what are employ is perceptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um what are employ is perceptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um what are employ is perceptions
+of opportunities I've already talked Al
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of opportunities I've already talked Al
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of opportunities I've already talked Al
+about that but also what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that but also what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that but also what are
+non-traditional SS and experiences are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-traditional SS and experiences are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-traditional SS and experiences are
+there um experiences that people have um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um experiences that people have um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um experiences that people have um
+businesses they've owned and managed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses they've owned and managed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses they've owned and managed
+volunteer work political experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteer work political experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteer work political experience
+things that can translate into skills um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that can translate into skills um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that can translate into skills um
+that will make them more employable um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will make them more employable um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will make them more employable um
+or or um you know prepare them for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or um you know prepare them for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or um you know prepare them for
+employment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment and
+training um so um uh this chart um lays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training um so um uh this chart um lays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training um so um uh this chart um lays
+out some of the tools um that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out some of the tools um that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out some of the tools um that you can
+look at in assessing the lab lab Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at in assessing the lab lab Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at in assessing the lab lab Force
+um you know Census Data we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know Census Data we've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know Census Data we've already
+talked about um um it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about um um it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about um um it might be
+interesting to look at whether through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to look at whether through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to look at whether through
+the work of neon um and and some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work of neon um and and some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work of neon um and and some of the
+other agencies in the North End what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other agencies in the North End what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other agencies in the North End what
+data if ever they have collected on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data if ever they have collected on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data if ever they have collected on
+employment histories of residents do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment histories of residents do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment histories of residents do
+they have any information um and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have any information um and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have any information um and is
+there any information through the school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any information through the school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any information through the school
+systems about testing um of of students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems about testing um of of students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems about testing um of of students
+um and what that might suggest about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and what that might suggest about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and what that might suggest about
+about um you know English and math uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um you know English and math uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um you know English and math uh
+competencies that affect access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competencies that affect access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competencies that affect access to
+certain occupation so there might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain occupation so there might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain occupation so there might be
+some some secondary data within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some secondary data within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some secondary data within the
+education and and social service system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and and social service system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and and social service system
+that that can be useful um uh as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that can be useful um uh as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that can be useful um uh as well as
+as we've talked about um um you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've talked about um um you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've talked about um um you know uh
+in informal uh key informant interviews
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in informal uh key informant interviews
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in informal uh key informant interviews
+one of the things I think it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things I think it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things I think it might be
+worth thinking about is whether there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth thinking about is whether there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth thinking about is whether there's
+some benefit to doing some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some benefit to doing some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some benefit to doing some sort of
+survey of residents um as part of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey of residents um as part of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey of residents um as part of um
+developing an employment and or Business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing an employment and or Business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing an employment and or Business
+Development strategy since you do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Development strategy since you do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Development strategy since you do have
+um unique access to Residents through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um unique access to Residents through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um unique access to Residents through
+through the neon Outreach workers it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the neon Outreach workers it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the neon Outreach workers it
+might be more feasible to do a survey um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be more feasible to do a survey um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be more feasible to do a survey um
+than it might be in other classes um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it might be in other classes um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it might be in other classes um and
+it it might be uh useful in in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it might be uh useful in in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it might be uh useful in in both
+understanding getting more information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding getting more information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding getting more information
+on prior work experience barriers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on prior work experience barriers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on prior work experience barriers to
+employment interest in starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment interest in starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment interest in starting
+businesses in the like um to do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses in the like um to do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses in the like um to do some
+sort of sort of survey um the last piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of sort of survey um the last piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of sort of survey um the last piece
+is sort of looking at the employment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of looking at the employment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of looking at the employment and
+training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training
+system um and here you know um we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system um and here you know um we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system um and here you know um we've
+already begun to identify what are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already begun to identify what are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already begun to identify what are some
+of the key institutions and some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the key institutions and some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the key institutions and some of the
+providers I think you want to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providers I think you want to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providers I think you want to take a
+fairly broad look at this um obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly broad look at this um obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly broad look at this um obviously
+the K through 12 education system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K through 12 education system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K through 12 education system and
+and secondary uh education systems but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and secondary uh education systems but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and secondary uh education systems but
+often there's a lot of other sources of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often there's a lot of other sources of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often there's a lot of other sources of
+job training training for example there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job training training for example there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job training training for example there
+are often private vocational schools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are often private vocational schools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are often private vocational schools
+that people utilize um and there might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people utilize um and there might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people utilize um and there might
+be community-based organizations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be community-based organizations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be community-based organizations that
+are doing a lot of training as well so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing a lot of training as well so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing a lot of training as well so I
+think it's important to be fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's important to be fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's important to be fairly
+comprehensive um in h in what you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehensive um in h in what you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehensive um in h in what you look
+at um and also understanding how recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at um and also understanding how recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at um and also understanding how recent
+Federal changes um you know the there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Federal changes um you know the there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Federal changes um you know the there
+have been a lot of changes through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been a lot of changes through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been a lot of changes through the
+welfare reform system and through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare reform system and through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare reform system and through the
+workforce investment act system um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workforce investment act system um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workforce investment act system um and
+and understanding how that's affecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and understanding how that's affecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and understanding how that's affecting
+what people can do um uh in terms of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people can do um uh in terms of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people can do um uh in terms of of
+services um and then another thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services um and then another thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services um and then another thing I
+think that's important to look at is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's important to look at is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's important to look at is
+what are the relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the relationship between
+training programs because often this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training programs because often this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training programs because often this is
+a big issue especially if you're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big issue especially if you're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big issue especially if you're trying
+to develop job ladders and you're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to develop job ladders and you're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to develop job ladders and you're trying
+to move people you know uh from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move people you know uh from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move people you know uh from a
+situation where they might need ESL and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where they might need ESL and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where they might need ESL and
+basic education into a situation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic education into a situation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic education into a situation where
+they could then get you know more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could then get you know more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could then get you know more
+occupational related skills um do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupational related skills um do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupational related skills um do the
+training providers have relationships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training providers have relationships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training providers have relationships
+with each other that link those services
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other that link those services
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other that link those services
+do they have what are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they have what are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they have what are called
+articulation agreements so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulation agreements so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulation agreements so that
+completing courses in in one program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completing courses in in one program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completing courses in in one program
+prepare you for you know program uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare you for you know program uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare you for you know program uh in
+another and you could transfer credits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another and you could transfer credits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another and you could transfer credits
+um and training um through the system to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and training um through the system to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and training um through the system to
+end up uh with a with a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up uh with a with a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up uh with a with a higher
+certification or higher degree um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certification or higher degree um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certification or higher degree um what
+are the relationship with employers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the relationship with employers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the relationship with employers are
+the training agencies developing their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the training agencies developing their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the training agencies developing their
+curriculum around the needs of employers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curriculum around the needs of employers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curriculum around the needs of employers
+do they have placement relationships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they have placement relationships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they have placement relationships
+with employers are they providing post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with employers are they providing post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with employers are they providing post
+placement support so that when people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placement support so that when people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placement support so that when people
+get into those jobs they have support to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into those jobs they have support to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into those jobs they have support to
+stay in those jobs um those are already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay in those jobs um those are already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay in those jobs um those are already
+all uh important um and are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all uh important um and are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all uh important um and are they
+connected to Economic Development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to Economic Development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to Economic Development
+activities so that when economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities so that when economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities so that when economic
+development organizations are helping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development organizations are helping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development organizations are helping
+firms expand or recruiting firms into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms expand or recruiting firms into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms expand or recruiting firms into
+the area are they looking up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area are they looking up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area are they looking up with the
+employment and training system to hire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment and training system to hire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment and training system to hire
+local residents for those jobs or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local residents for those jobs or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local residents for those jobs or you
+know is there a total mismatch um which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is there a total mismatch um which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is there a total mismatch um which
+is often the case um one of the things I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is often the case um one of the things I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is often the case um one of the things I
+would say in in terms of um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say in in terms of um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say in in terms of um um
+information sources we've already talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information sources we've already talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information sources we've already talked
+about secondary sources in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about secondary sources in in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about secondary sources in in in
+interviews I think it' be important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviews I think it' be important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviews I think it' be important to
+look at whether there are recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at whether there are recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at whether there are recent
+evaluation reports that have been done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation reports that have been done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation reports that have been done
+um or whether there have been policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or whether there have been policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or whether there have been policy
+development reports that have been done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development reports that have been done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development reports that have been done
+at the state or Regional level often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the state or Regional level often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the state or Regional level often
+those can be uh uh very useful um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those can be uh uh very useful um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those can be uh uh very useful um and
+then I just wanted to talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I just wanted to talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I just wanted to talk a little bit
+about I was involved in an assessment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I was involved in an assessment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I was involved in an assessment of
+employment and training system in Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment and training system in Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment and training system in Boston
+for the hams Foundation a few years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the hams Foundation a few years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the hams Foundation a few years ago
+and this was really to try and develop a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was really to try and develop a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was really to try and develop a
+funding strategy for them around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding strategy for them around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding strategy for them around
+Workforce Development um and these were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Workforce Development um and these were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Workforce Development um and these were
+some of the findings and um you know um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the findings and um you know um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the findings and um you know um
+I wouldn't be surprised if you found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wouldn't be surprised if you found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wouldn't be surprised if you found
+some of the same type of issues um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the same type of issues um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the same type of issues um in
+the Greater Springfield area um while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Greater Springfield area um while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Greater Springfield area um while
+Boston had a lot Boston has a very rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston had a lot Boston has a very rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston had a lot Boston has a very rich
+network of community-based employment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network of community-based employment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network of community-based employment
+and training agencies what we found was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and training agencies what we found was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and training agencies what we found was
+they often were not well connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they often were not well connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they often were not well connected to
+other actors in The Workforce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other actors in The Workforce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other actors in The Workforce
+Development system so you often had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Development system so you often had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Development system so you often had
+community colleges doing a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community colleges doing a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community colleges doing a lot of
+training in parallel uh with um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training in parallel uh with um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training in parallel uh with um
+community- based organizations and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community- based organizations and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community- based organizations and there
+wasn't a good linkage in ways for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't a good linkage in ways for um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't a good linkage in ways for um
+those services to get integrated um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those services to get integrated um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those services to get integrated um
+there was under supply of basic skills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was under supply of basic skills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was under supply of basic skills
+training um you know the demand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training um you know the demand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training um you know the demand for
+adult basic education ESL and job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adult basic education ESL and job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adult basic education ESL and job
+Readiness training far exceeded what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Readiness training far exceeded what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Readiness training far exceeded what the
+system was supplying and I think this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system was supplying and I think this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system was supplying and I think this is
+been pretty well established as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been pretty well established as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been pretty well established as a
+Statewide problem some of the reports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Statewide problem some of the reports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Statewide problem some of the reports
+that mass Inc have done and others is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mass Inc have done and others is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mass Inc have done and others is is
+a huge under Supply um relative to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge under Supply um relative to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge under Supply um relative to the
+need for for these Services um a lack of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need for for these Services um a lack of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need for for these Services um a lack of
+Case Management Services you know often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Case Management Services you know often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Case Management Services you know often
+um what we found was people had multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what we found was people had multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what we found was people had multiple
+obstacles to employment they needed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacles to employment they needed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacles to employment they needed to
+coordinate Transportation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate Transportation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate Transportation
+daycare um uh Job Training Services um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daycare um uh Job Training Services um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daycare um uh Job Training Services um
+they might have had health care issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might have had health care issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might have had health care issues
+that also interfered with their to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also interfered with their to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also interfered with their to get
+to work and there wasn't really someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work and there wasn't really someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work and there wasn't really someone
+who could help them navigate those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who could help them navigate those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who could help them navigate those
+different systems and package the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different systems and package the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different systems and package the
+services for them in a way that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services for them in a way that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services for them in a way that that
+they weren't you know um falling out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they weren't you know um falling out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they weren't you know um falling out of
+the system they might get a job but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system they might get a job but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system they might get a job but
+because Transportation fell through or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Transportation fell through or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Transportation fell through or
+housing fell through they couldn't stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing fell through they couldn't stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing fell through they couldn't stay
+with the job and no one was helping them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the job and no one was helping them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the job and no one was helping them
+coordinate those Services lack of child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate those Services lack of child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate those Services lack of child
+care availability and qual quality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care availability and qual quality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care availability and qual quality of
+child care too was an issue a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child care too was an issue a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child care too was an issue a lot of
+people didn't want to you know um put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people didn't want to you know um put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people didn't want to you know um put
+their children in in in child child care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their children in in in child child care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their children in in in child child care
+because they didn't feel good child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they didn't feel good child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they didn't feel good child
+quality Child Care was available and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality Child Care was available and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality Child Care was available and
+then um pretty weak connections between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um pretty weak connections between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um pretty weak connections between
+Workforce Development service providers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Workforce Development service providers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Workforce Development service providers
+and employers um it's still surprising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and employers um it's still surprising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and employers um it's still surprising
+how much Workforce Development activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much Workforce Development activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much Workforce Development activity
+gets done um without really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets done um without really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets done um without really
+understanding the needs of employers or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the needs of employers or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the needs of employers or
+trying to link the graduates of training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to link the graduates of training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to link the graduates of training
+programs um to employers you know a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs um to employers you know a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs um to employers you know a lot
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+organizations just deal with the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations just deal with the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations just deal with the sort of
+supply side of the equation um and um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply side of the equation um and um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply side of the equation um and um um
+so so finding ways to better make those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so finding ways to better make those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so finding ways to better make those
+connections so the people who who come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections so the people who who come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections so the people who who come
+out of the training programs get hired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the training programs get hired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the training programs get hired
+um become pretty important so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um become pretty important so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um become pretty important so that's a
+quick overview um we can talk more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick overview um we can talk more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick overview um we can talk more about
+how you might apply this and some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you might apply this and some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you might apply this and some of the
+work you're doing in class on Thursday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work you're doing in class on Thursday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work you're doing in class on Thursday
+but I wanted to make sure Caesar had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I wanted to make sure Caesar had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I wanted to make sure Caesar had
+time um to uh talk about some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um to uh talk about some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um to uh talk about some of the
+reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection
+tools yeah sure abely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just you
+need it is now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hello uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think you said you want to have 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you said you want to have 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you said you want to have 10
+minutes at the end of class yeah we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes at the end of class yeah we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes at the end of class yeah we can
+make that happen and we might just pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that happen and we might just pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that happen and we might just pick
+up on some more of this later on you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on some more of this later on you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on some more of this later on you
+know either other work session or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know either other work session or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know either other work session or other
+ways I just want to spend a few minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways I just want to spend a few minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways I just want to spend a few minutes
+talking about um a kind of another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about um a kind of another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about um a kind of another way
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry another way of kind of getting uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry another way of kind of getting uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry another way of kind of getting uh
+an information and data and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an information and data and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an information and data and uh
+particularly want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly want to talk about
+something that we do in the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we do in the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we do in the center
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+uh one of the things that we really try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one of the things that we really try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one of the things that we really try
+to focus on is how what can we learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus on is how what can we learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus on is how what can we learn
+from people who are actually on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from people who are actually on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from people who are actually on the
+ground in communities kind of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground in communities kind of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground in communities kind of doing
+work uh and what's Difficult about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh and what's Difficult about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh and what's Difficult about that
+and what are some tools and techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what are some tools and techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what are some tools and techniques
+that can actually help in that work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can actually help in that work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can actually help in that work and
+and I want to talk about one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to talk about one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to talk about one in
+particular that we've developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular that we've developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular that we've developed
+something called kind of a critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called kind of a critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called kind of a critical
+moments reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments reflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments reflection
+process um so I'll give you a brief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process um so I'll give you a brief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process um so I'll give you a brief
+overview I'll put a couple other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview I'll put a couple other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview I'll put a couple other things
+up on the web that can help you kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on the web that can help you kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on the web that can help you kind of
+go through it and then if you decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through it and then if you decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through it and then if you decide
+this uh technique really works or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh technique really works or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh technique really works or
+something you want to do with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you want to do with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you want to do with a
+particular group then we can actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular group then we can actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular group then we can actually do
+some more kind of Hands-On coaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more kind of Hands-On coaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more kind of Hands-On coaching
+about actually how you kind of go about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about actually how you kind of go about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about actually how you kind of go about
+doing it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it uh
+but let me start out by saying a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me start out by saying a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me start out by saying a little
+things about what this is based on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about what this is based on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about what this is based on uh
+and where it comes out of it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where it comes out of it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where it comes out of it this
+actually comes out of our work in kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually comes out of our work in kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually comes out of our work in kind
+in working with communities particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in working with communities particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in working with communities particularly
+people who are doing what we normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are doing what we normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are doing what we normally
+call on the ground Community Development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call on the ground Community Development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call on the ground Community Development
+work uh so these are folks who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh so these are folks who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh so these are folks who are
+running agencies or trying to provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running agencies or trying to provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running agencies or trying to provide
+some kind of service at the community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of service at the community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of service at the community
+level who are from the community and who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level who are from the community and who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level who are from the community and who
+like many of the characters you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like many of the characters you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like many of the characters you've
+already mentioned Matt Carlo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already mentioned Matt Carlo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already mentioned Matt Carlo
+M to folks like that are just like doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M to folks like that are just like doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M to folks like that are just like doing
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+work but uh when you really try to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work but uh when you really try to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work but uh when you really try to talk
+to them about what they do it gets kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them about what they do it gets kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them about what they do it gets kind
+of hard because sometimes they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hard because sometimes they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hard because sometimes they don't
+actually really know what they know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really know what they know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really know what they know
+about the work that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the work that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the work that they're
+doing and uh shade up conditioning air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and uh shade up conditioning air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and uh shade up conditioning air
+conditioning that would be helpful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning that would be helpful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning that would be helpful and
+actually can you put the screen up too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually can you put the screen up too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually can you put the screen up too
+while you're at it I think I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while you're at it I think I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while you're at it I think I'm going to
+write on the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write on the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write on the board
+thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks
+uh so often times s uh you know people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so often times s uh you know people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so often times s uh you know people
+who are in the midst of a set of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are in the midst of a set of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are in the midst of a set of work
+and really kind of have getting good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really kind of have getting good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really kind of have getting good at
+it or making buy at it uh have a hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or making buy at it uh have a hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or making buy at it uh have a hard
+time articulating to other PE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time articulating to other PE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time articulating to other PE
+articulating to other people uh kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulating to other people uh kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulating to other people uh kind of
+what they really know about that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they really know about that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they really know about that because
+it's not easily accessible information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not easily accessible information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not easily accessible information
+and it's interesting because it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's interesting because it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's interesting because it doesn't
+just happen to people you know at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just happen to people you know at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just happen to people you know at the
+community level uh when folks were first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community level uh when folks were first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community level uh when folks were first
+starting to deal with the uh some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to deal with the uh some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to deal with the uh some of the
+early days of dealing with artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early days of dealing with artificial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early days of dealing with artificial
+intelligence and trying to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence and trying to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence and trying to figure out
+can you really make machines think like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you really make machines think like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you really make machines think like
+people uh one of the first uh areas that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh one of the first uh areas that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh one of the first uh areas that
+they tried to try to mimic to see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tried to try to mimic to see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tried to try to mimic to see if
+they can really test this ideas that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can really test this ideas that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can really test this ideas that you
+can build a thinking machine was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can build a thinking machine was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can build a thinking machine was
+actually in the medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in the medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in the medical
+profession and what they thought was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profession and what they thought was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profession and what they thought was
+look if you look at a a regular doctor a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look if you look at a a regular doctor a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look if you look at a a regular doctor a
+doctor kind of goes in and looks at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor kind of goes in and looks at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor kind of goes in and looks at a
+patient and has a whole set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient and has a whole set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient and has a whole set of
+procedures for diagnosing what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures for diagnosing what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures for diagnosing what's going
+on and it can go through that whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and it can go through that whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and it can go through that whole
+procedure and go through someone and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure and go through someone and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure and go through someone and
+take him through a set of things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take him through a set of things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take him through a set of things and
+actually give you a diagn diagnosis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually give you a diagn diagnosis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually give you a diagn diagnosis of
+what's wrong with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's wrong with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's wrong with
+you and so in the early days of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and so in the early days of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and so in the early days of
+artificial intelligence what they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial intelligence what they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial intelligence what they were
+doing was really trying to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing was really trying to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing was really trying to figure out
+can we build a a computer that can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we build a a computer that can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we build a a computer that can do
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+process and the first steps they did in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and the first steps they did in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and the first steps they did in
+trying to figure that out was to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure that out was to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure that out was to kind of
+map the thinking of doctors who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map the thinking of doctors who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map the thinking of doctors who are
+really good at diagnosing certain kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good at diagnosing certain kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good at diagnosing certain kinds
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+diseases and a funny thing happened as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases and a funny thing happened as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases and a funny thing happened as
+they went through it and tried to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they went through it and tried to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they went through it and tried to figure
+it out is that the people who were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out is that the people who were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out is that the people who were
+really good at diagnosing certain kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good at diagnosing certain kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good at diagnosing certain kinds
+of diseases didn't know how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of diseases didn't know how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of diseases didn't know how they
+knew right they just they couldn't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew right they just they couldn't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew right they just they couldn't say
+well and then I knew this because but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and then I knew this because but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and then I knew this because but
+somehow they knew there was another set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow they knew there was another set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow they knew there was another set
+of knowledge and it became very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of knowledge and it became very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of knowledge and it became very
+difficult for people who are trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult for people who are trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult for people who are trying to
+figure out this work about well then how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out this work about well then how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out this work about well then how
+do you kind of get it what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you kind of get it what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you kind of get it what they
+know and this whole thing about kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and this whole thing about kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and this whole thing about kind of
+people having knowledge on the ground uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people having knowledge on the ground uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people having knowledge on the ground uh
+that's really important you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really important you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really important you know we
+think it's really true and we've kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's really true and we've kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's really true and we've kind of
+developed methods of getting at it based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed methods of getting at it based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed methods of getting at it based
+on a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a couple of
+assumptions one is that the uh a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions one is that the uh a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions one is that the uh a lot of
+what people know is actually build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people know is actually build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people know is actually build a
+narrative and if you help them work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative and if you help them work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative and if you help them work with
+the story around the work that they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story around the work that they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story around the work that they do
+you can actually get some of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually get some of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually get some of that
+knowledge uh and the other is is that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge uh and the other is is that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge uh and the other is is that uh
+people who are really kind of engaged in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are really kind of engaged in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are really kind of engaged in
+set of work won't really do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of work won't really do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of work won't really do that
+narrative work if they don't see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative work if they don't see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative work if they don't see it
+really tied to something they're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really tied to something they're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really tied to something they're trying
+to work on right now so it's a real kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work on right now so it's a real kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work on right now so it's a real kind
+of a little dilemma right you're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a little dilemma right you're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a little dilemma right you're trying
+to get them to be clear about something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get them to be clear about something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get them to be clear about something
+they know but they're always focused on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know but they're always focused on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know but they're always focused on
+what they want to do next and so how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they want to do next and so how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they want to do next and so how do
+you create the space for both of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you create the space for both of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you create the space for both of those
+things to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to happen
+uh when we were talking about doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when we were talking about doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when we were talking about doing this
+course I thought it might be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I thought it might be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I thought it might be really
+helpful to talk about this methodology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful to talk about this methodology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful to talk about this methodology
+because there are a number of people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are a number of people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are a number of people in
+the North End who are doing things right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the North End who are doing things right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the North End who are doing things right
+now businesses and stuff like that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now businesses and stuff like that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now businesses and stuff like that that
+uh who are doing it on the Fly who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh who are doing it on the Fly who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh who are doing it on the Fly who are
+doing it on the cheap who have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it on the cheap who have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it on the cheap who have been
+around for a long time who well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around for a long time who well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around for a long time who well
+established and not very much is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established and not very much is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established and not very much is really
+known about what they do and how they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known about what they do and how they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known about what they do and how they do
+it and I think there's one set of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and I think there's one set of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and I think there's one set of data
+you can get from just doing a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get from just doing a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get from just doing a set of
+interviews with people I think there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviews with people I think there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviews with people I think there's
+another set of data about what allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another set of data about what allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another set of data about what allows
+people to work in that community and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to work in that community and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to work in that community and
+survive and the real kind of details and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive and the real kind of details and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive and the real kind of details and
+Nuance of their work that I think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nuance of their work that I think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nuance of their work that I think you
+can only get if you do something much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only get if you do something much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only get if you do something much
+more purposeful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more purposeful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more purposeful and
+reflective uh so I'm going to just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflective uh so I'm going to just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflective uh so I'm going to just go
+for five minutes and tell you some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for five minutes and tell you some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for five minutes and tell you some of
+the element of this work without going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the element of this work without going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the element of this work without going
+into the real details of it and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the real details of it and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the real details of it and then
+I'll put some stuff up on the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll put some stuff up on the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll put some stuff up on the course
+site and then would urge any of you who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site and then would urge any of you who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site and then would urge any of you who
+want to think about this as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to think about this as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to think about this as a
+methodology to U either get hold of me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology to U either get hold of me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology to U either get hold of me
+we have some and we have some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some and we have some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some and we have some other
+works you can look at to talk about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works you can look at to talk about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works you can look at to talk about how
+to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it
+so methodology has uh several points uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so methodology has uh several points uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so methodology has uh several points uh
+kind of like seven steps to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like seven steps to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like seven steps to
+it and the first is that uh you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and the first is that uh you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and the first is that uh you do
+everything that's what we call kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that's what we call kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that's what we call kind of
+setting a a framing context for the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting a a framing context for the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting a a framing context for the work
+uh a reflection work almost always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a reflection work almost always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a reflection work almost always
+happens in groups so you work with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in groups so you work with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in groups so you work with a
+group of people at one point in time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of people at one point in time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of people at one point in time so
+this might be something you would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might be something you would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might be something you would do
+with a set of small business owners or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a set of small business owners or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a set of small business owners or a
+set of residents you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of residents you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of residents you're trying to
+understand how they go about Job seeking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how they go about Job seeking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how they go about Job seeking
+it could be any set of people but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be any set of people but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be any set of people but it's
+always done with a set of people and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always done with a set of people and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always done with a set of people and we
+can talk about the reasons around that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can talk about the reasons around that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can talk about the reasons around that
+but in order to do it you're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in order to do it you're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in order to do it you're really
+inviting people into a context so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inviting people into a context so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inviting people into a context so the
+context may be uh uh if we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context may be uh uh if we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context may be uh uh if we look at
+uh uh maybe doing a reflection session
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh maybe doing a reflection session
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh maybe doing a reflection session
+with a set of women who are trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a set of women who are trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a set of women who are trying to
+enter basically the labor market we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter basically the labor market we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter basically the labor market we
+could say that's really the context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say that's really the context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say that's really the context
+we're really trying to understand job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're really trying to understand job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're really trying to understand job
+seeking strategies and what it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeking strategies and what it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeking strategies and what it's been
+like for you to really go after jobs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for you to really go after jobs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for you to really go after jobs and
+and kind of do that uh but that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of do that uh but that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of do that uh but that kind of
+framing is really yours right and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framing is really yours right and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framing is really yours right and you
+kind of frame it up with that way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of frame it up with that way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of frame it up with that way and
+you kind of put some time frame around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of put some time frame around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of put some time frame around
+it and you'll see why the time is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and you'll see why the time is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and you'll see why the time is really
+important so it could be like we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so it could be like we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so it could be like we're
+really trying to understand you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really trying to understand you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really trying to understand you know
+you'll say to each of these women we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll say to each of these women we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll say to each of these women we're
+really trying to understand what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really trying to understand what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really trying to understand what it's
+been like for you for the last three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been like for you for the last three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been like for you for the last three
+years your efforts of going and working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years your efforts of going and working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years your efforts of going and working
+and trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to
+work from that standpoint on really that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work from that standpoint on really that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work from that standpoint on really that
+context is kind of set aside because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context is kind of set aside because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context is kind of set aside because
+what you really do next with people is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you really do next with people is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you really do next with people is
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+actually uh get people trying to name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh get people trying to name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh get people trying to name
+what we call questions in the work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call questions in the work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call questions in the work and
+what we mean by that is uh we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we mean by that is uh we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we mean by that is uh we have
+people go through a process of naming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people go through a process of naming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people go through a process of naming
+um what we call their own inquiry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what we call their own inquiry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what we call their own inquiry
+questions and this is a question that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and this is a question that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and this is a question that
+goes something like this uh so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes something like this uh so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes something like this uh so again
+let's take the job seeking piece uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take the job seeking piece uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take the job seeking piece uh the
+question may be something like uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question may be something like uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question may be something like uh you
+say to people name a question that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say to people name a question that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say to people name a question that if
+you knew the answer to you believe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you knew the answer to you believe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you knew the answer to you believe it
+would help you towards this goal that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would help you towards this goal that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would help you towards this goal that
+you have around trying to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have around trying to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have around trying to get a
+job right so it's a very interesting qu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job right so it's a very interesting qu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job right so it's a very interesting qu
+kind of question it's about trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of question it's about trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of question it's about trying to
+get them to think about something they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get them to think about something they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get them to think about something they
+wish they had the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish they had the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish they had the answer
+to and most again most of the work we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and most again most of the work we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and most again most of the work we do
+this is we do it around people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is we do it around people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is we do it around people who are
+actually in the midst of doing a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in the midst of doing a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in the midst of doing a kind of
+work so it'll be interesting to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so it'll be interesting to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so it'll be interesting to think
+about how would you do this to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how would you do this to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how would you do this to really
+kind of work it in a different context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of work it in a different context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of work it in a different context
+uh so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so for
+example uh we just did a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh we just did a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh we just did a set of
+interviews with the with some folks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviews with the with some folks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviews with the with some folks in
+this community in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this community in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this community in uh
+Honduras and the kind of when we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Honduras and the kind of when we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Honduras and the kind of when we put
+that framing question out for them it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that framing question out for them it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that framing question out for them it
+was really about them what's a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really about them what's a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really about them what's a question
+that if you knew the answer to would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you knew the answer to would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you knew the answer to would
+really help you understand more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really help you understand more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really help you understand more about
+how you can improve the condition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you can improve the condition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you can improve the condition of
+Education in your community because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Education in your community because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Education in your community because
+that's what they were working on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what they were working on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what they were working on and
+they had questions that they really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had questions that they really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had questions that they really
+wanted to know and it's always about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to know and it's always about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to know and it's always about
+questions that you yourself can act on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that you yourself can act on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that you yourself can act on
+so it's not like a question like why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not like a question like why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not like a question like why
+doesn't the federal government give us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't the federal government give us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't the federal government give us a
+$100 billion more well you know that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 billion more well you know that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 billion more well you know that's a
+different kind of question you know but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of question you know but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of question you know but
+really more a question in the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really more a question in the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really more a question in the context of
+the sphere of influence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sphere of influence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sphere of influence
+where you feel you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you feel you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you feel you can do
+something uh and then once people kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh and then once people kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh and then once people kind
+of name those questions you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of name those questions you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of name those questions you actually
+have people talk about why they name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have people talk about why they name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have people talk about why they name
+that question you get the group that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question you get the group that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question you get the group that
+rank those questions and then you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank those questions and then you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank those questions and then you put
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+away because the next step is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away because the next step is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away because the next step is what we
+call this kind of naming of critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this kind of naming of critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this kind of naming of critical
+moments and in that stage what you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments and in that stage what you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments and in that stage what you have
+the group do is each person goes back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group do is each person goes back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group do is each person goes back to
+the framing context we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the framing context we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the framing context we talked about
+before so again if I use the the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so again if I use the the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so again if I use the the thing
+about uh kind of job seeking among a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh kind of job seeking among a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh kind of job seeking among a set
+of women over a threeyear period you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of women over a threeyear period you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of women over a threeyear period you
+would actually have people take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would actually have people take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would actually have people take that
+Framing and you would say to them what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Framing and you would say to them what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Framing and you would say to them what
+we want you to do is name from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want you to do is name from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want you to do is name from your
+perspective all the critical moments or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective all the critical moments or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective all the critical moments or
+incidents that happen to you related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidents that happen to you related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidents that happen to you related to
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+context and for each one people would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context and for each one people would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context and for each one people would
+say well this was the critical moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well this was the critical moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well this was the critical moment
+around that this is and they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that this is and they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that this is and they have to
+name why and when it happen all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name why and when it happen all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name why and when it happen all
+right uh and then we put up a timeline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh and then we put up a timeline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh and then we put up a timeline
+we have everybody to put their critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have everybody to put their critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have everybody to put their critical
+moments up on the timeline and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments up on the timeline and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments up on the timeline and this
+works really well if people have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works really well if people have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works really well if people have been
+involved in the same work together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the same work together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the same work together
+because what you're allowing people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what you're allowing people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what you're allowing people to
+do is look at perspective on something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is look at perspective on something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is look at perspective on something
+different so if you had a set of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so if you had a set of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so if you had a set of people
+who were trying to run a bus sets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were trying to run a bus sets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were trying to run a bus sets of
+businesses in the same area and you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses in the same area and you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses in the same area and you had
+a question about what made it you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question about what made it you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question about what made it you know
+what was really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was really good
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+uh you know a particular effort to maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know a particular effort to maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know a particular effort to maybe
+improve the neighborhood that they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the neighborhood that they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the neighborhood that they were
+involved in then when you have people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in then when you have people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in then when you have people
+filling up this timeline you're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling up this timeline you're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling up this timeline you're actually
+getting different perspectives on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting different perspectives on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting different perspectives on the
+same event from where people are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same event from where people are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same event from where people are really
+kind of sitting so this the critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of sitting so this the critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of sitting so this the critical
+moments thing is doing that and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments thing is doing that and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments thing is doing that and then the
+second part of it is is after everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part of it is is after everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part of it is is after everybody
+goes up and puts their stuff on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up and puts their stuff on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up and puts their stuff on a
+timeline you end up this big timeline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeline you end up this big timeline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeline you end up this big timeline
+with people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with people
+saying uh well these are the events that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying uh well these are the events that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying uh well these are the events that
+I thought were important and why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought were important and why I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought were important and why I
+thought they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought they were
+important you then go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important you then go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important you then go back to the
+questions that they raised that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that they raised that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that they raised that they
+identified as the things that they think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified as the things that they think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified as the things that they think
+they need answers to and they go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need answers to and they go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need answers to and they go back
+and they map critical moments and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they map critical moments and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they map critical moments and say
+well which of these things if we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well which of these things if we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well which of these things if we we
+understood them better would really help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood them better would really help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood them better would really help
+us answer this question so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us answer this question so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us answer this question so you're
+actually doing a mapping when you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doing a mapping when you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doing a mapping when you go
+through and they've listed 25 critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and they've listed 25 critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and they've listed 25 critical
+moments they may select three that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments they may select three that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments they may select three that they
+think would really if they understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think would really if they understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think would really if they understood
+them that they would have some answer it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that they would have some answer it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that they would have some answer it
+might help them answer the questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might help them answer the questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might help them answer the questions
+that they have before again the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have before again the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have before again the idea
+behind this is that in their practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind this is that in their practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind this is that in their practice
+they already have a set of knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they already have a set of knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they already have a set of knowledge
+related to the questions they're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the questions they're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the questions they're trying
+to answer you know they may not not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to answer you know they may not not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to answer you know they may not not have
+all the an all the answers to it all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the an all the answers to it all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the an all the answers to it all the
+too but they actually do but they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too but they actually do but they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too but they actually do but they just
+kind of haven't uh really uncovered it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of haven't uh really uncovered it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of haven't uh really uncovered it
+and then you uh do the next piece of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you uh do the next piece of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you uh do the next piece of it
+is to say Well if you really understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say Well if you really understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say Well if you really understand
+this particular critical moment and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular critical moment and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular critical moment and for
+example uh it may be that the critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh it may be that the critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh it may be that the critical
+moment was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment was
+uh um if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um if we
+took well critical moment can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took well critical moment can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took well critical moment can be
+anything if I took the case in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything if I took the case in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything if I took the case in
+uh um the story in hondor around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um the story in hondor around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um the story in hondor around the
+schools one of the critical moments that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools one of the critical moments that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools one of the critical moments that
+someone named that the community ended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone named that the community ended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone named that the community ended
+up wanting to investigate was actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up wanting to investigate was actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up wanting to investigate was actually a
+meeting someone had where one of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting someone had where one of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting someone had where one of the uh
+development agencies said that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development agencies said that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development agencies said that well
+education isn't something that we work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education isn't something that we work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education isn't something that we work
+on in the development world now it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in the development world now it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in the development world now it
+sounds like a throwaway thing right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds like a throwaway thing right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds like a throwaway thing right but
+for them it was a critical moment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them it was a critical moment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them it was a critical moment and
+then the next question BEC comes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the next question BEC comes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the next question BEC comes with
+then who needs to be part of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then who needs to be part of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then who needs to be part of a
+discussion to really understand what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion to really understand what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion to really understand what
+happened in that moment and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in that moment and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in that moment and then you
+actually try to gather those people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually try to gather those people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually try to gather those people
+together and do the storytelling around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and do the storytelling around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and do the storytelling around
+it to do the lessons around it it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to do the lessons around it it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to do the lessons around it it to
+really then try to inform the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really then try to inform the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really then try to inform the question
+that they're really trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're really trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're really trying to
+answer and the thing about when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and the thing about when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and the thing about when you do
+this is people are doing two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is people are doing two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is people are doing two things
+they're really letting you know a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really letting you know a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really letting you know a lot
+about what the nature is of their work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the nature is of their work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the nature is of their work
+or the work they've been engaged in but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the work they've been engaged in but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the work they've been engaged in but
+they're also helping themselves kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also helping themselves kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also helping themselves kind of
+answer some question that they think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer some question that they think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer some question that they think is
+blocking them from doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocking them from doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocking them from doing something
+better in their work so it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better in their work so it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better in their work so it's actually
+doing two things at the same time and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing two things at the same time and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing two things at the same time and uh
+in doing it by people naming these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in doing it by people naming these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in doing it by people naming these
+critical moments you start to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical moments you start to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical moments you start to really
+elicit and get a clear IDE idea of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elicit and get a clear IDE idea of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elicit and get a clear IDE idea of the
+kinds of opportunities and obstacles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of opportunities and obstacles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of opportunities and obstacles
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+people believe are in their work because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people believe are in their work because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people believe are in their work because
+what's really interesting is when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's really interesting is when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's really interesting is when you
+look at these critical moments sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at these critical moments sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at these critical moments sometimes
+people once they pay attention to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people once they pay attention to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people once they pay attention to them
+they actually has some understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually has some understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually has some understanding
+what's real and what's not real because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's real and what's not real because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's real and what's not real because
+they may name something as critical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may name something as critical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may name something as critical and
+then really and have been holding in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then really and have been holding in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then really and have been holding in
+their minds Critical with then they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their minds Critical with then they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their minds Critical with then they go
+back and pay attention to it they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and pay attention to it they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and pay attention to it they say
+well actually that really wasn't what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well actually that really wasn't what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well actually that really wasn't what
+happened really what happened was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened really what happened was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened really what happened was
+something else I actually didn't file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else I actually didn't file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else I actually didn't file
+that piece of paper I was supposed to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that piece of paper I was supposed to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that piece of paper I was supposed to it
+wasn't the state didn't give me a loan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't the state didn't give me a loan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't the state didn't give me a loan
+is that I didn't file the piece of paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that I didn't file the piece of paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that I didn't file the piece of paper
+that would have allow them to give me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would have allow them to give me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would have allow them to give me a
+loan but sometimes in our ability you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loan but sometimes in our ability you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loan but sometimes in our ability you
+know people are just doing the work you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know people are just doing the work you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know people are just doing the work you
+know the stories and how they tell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the stories and how they tell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the stories and how they tell the
+stories about what's going on uh gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories about what's going on uh gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories about what's going on uh gets
+really confused around kind of the facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really confused around kind of the facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really confused around kind of the facts
+and you can use this as a technique to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can use this as a technique to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can use this as a technique to
+really kind of clear that out so I went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really kind of clear that out so I went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really kind of clear that out so I went
+over things really fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over things really fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over things really fast
+fast the theme for today but uh yeah we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast the theme for today but uh yeah we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast the theme for today but uh yeah we
+both went over things really fast but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both went over things really fast but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both went over things really fast but I
+think if folks are going to try to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think if folks are going to try to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think if folks are going to try to do
+something and think it would be helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and think it would be helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and think it would be helpful
+to bring a set of people together to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring a set of people together to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring a set of people together to
+really try to learn something either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really try to learn something either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really try to learn something either
+around kind of how the businesses work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around kind of how the businesses work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around kind of how the businesses work
+or job seeking things or even uh people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or job seeking things or even uh people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or job seeking things or even uh people
+inside of an organization like Bay State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of an organization like Bay State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of an organization like Bay State
+who are trying to reach out and why it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are trying to reach out and why it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are trying to reach out and why it's
+hard for them or the you know we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard for them or the you know we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard for them or the you know we could
+talk about this as a technique and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this as a technique and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this as a technique and how
+to adapt the technique as a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to adapt the technique as a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to adapt the technique as a way of
+getting at that so are you using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting at that so are you using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting at that so are you using this
+technique in any other projects right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique in any other projects right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique in any other projects right
+now something that we can absorve we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now something that we can absorve we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now something that we can absorve we are
+using it actually we're using it a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it actually we're using it a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it actually we're using it a big
+project in Boston right now and also in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project in Boston right now and also in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project in Boston right now and also in
+some work that we're doing in Central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some work that we're doing in Central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some work that we're doing in Central
+and South America I'm sure you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and South America I'm sure you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and South America I'm sure you would
+love to go observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that is anything that we could say there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is anything that we could say there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is anything that we could say there
+actually going to be some open sessions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to be some open sessions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to be some open sessions
+are going to be happening toward the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be happening toward the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be happening toward the end
+of October so that actually may be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of October so that actually may be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of October so that actually may be a
+point where that could be and we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where that could be and we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where that could be and we also
+have a lot of the stuff documented and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of the stuff documented and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of the stuff documented and
+filmed and some synopsis that also is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmed and some synopsis that also is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmed and some synopsis that also is
+another way to kind of look at it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to kind of look at it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to kind of look at it and
+understand it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it
+okay so I left you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I left you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I left you some
+time let me just also I'm going to pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time let me just also I'm going to pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time let me just also I'm going to pass
+out these are some I call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out these are some I call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out these are some I call them
+assignments but they're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments but they're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments but they're sort of
+suggested analytical tasks that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested analytical tasks that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested analytical tasks that might be
+helpful to you in your work kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful to you in your work kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful to you in your work kind of
+applying some of the stuff so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying some of the stuff so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying some of the stuff so let me
+pass this out and maybe we could talk on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass this out and maybe we could talk on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass this out and maybe we could talk on
+Thursday about which of any people want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday about which of any people want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday about which of any people want
+to do and what what information and data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do and what what information and data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do and what what information and data
+you would need to get that done
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/na4fKtOHxFI.txt b/na4fKtOHxFI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..21eaa1ce7d0d1cfe26d213059c27f778a4ea39bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/na4fKtOHxFI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15573 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is how i view pharmacogenetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is how i view pharmacogenetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is how i view pharmacogenetics
+it's the the use of genetic information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the the use of genetic information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the the use of genetic information
+to determine who will respond favorably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to determine who will respond favorably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to determine who will respond favorably
+or unfavorably and i think actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or unfavorably and i think actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or unfavorably and i think actually
+unfavorably may be a better phenotype to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfavorably may be a better phenotype to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfavorably may be a better phenotype to
+a given type of treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given type of treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given type of treatment
+and the reason i say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason i say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason i say that
+is that in especially the condition that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in especially the condition that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in especially the condition that
+i study asthma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i study asthma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i study asthma
+there are a lot of folks that have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of folks that have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of folks that have a
+placebo effect from treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placebo effect from treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placebo effect from treatment
+and so if i'm studying a drug and i give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if i'm studying a drug and i give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if i'm studying a drug and i give
+everybody placebo that's my trial i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody placebo that's my trial i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody placebo that's my trial i
+compare placebo either the pink placebo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare placebo either the pink placebo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare placebo either the pink placebo
+the yellow placebo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yellow placebo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yellow placebo
+and i know this is just a sugar pill and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i know this is just a sugar pill and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i know this is just a sugar pill and
+shouldn't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't have any
+biological impact on asthma but i know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological impact on asthma but i know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological impact on asthma but i know
+that 24 25 of people are going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 24 25 of people are going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 24 25 of people are going to get
+better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this
+and if i'm stratifying my outcome by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i'm stratifying my outcome by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i'm stratifying my outcome by
+genotypes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see
+that i could be misled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i could be misled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i could be misled
+but if i'm looking for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if i'm looking for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if i'm looking for a
+phenotype which is less likely to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype which is less likely to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype which is less likely to be
+contaminated by a placebo effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contaminated by a placebo effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contaminated by a placebo effect
+for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example
+uh people who get worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh people who get worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh people who get worse
+with treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with treatment
+then you i'm looking at the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you i'm looking at the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you i'm looking at the natural
+history disease and i'm less likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history disease and i'm less likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history disease and i'm less likely to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+confounded by that now if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confounded by that now if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confounded by that now if you're
+studying something like cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying something like cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying something like cancer
+or heart disease with a hard endpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or heart disease with a hard endpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or heart disease with a hard endpoint
+which is death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is death
+you know heart disease with a soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know heart disease with a soft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know heart disease with a soft
+endpoint which is chest pain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endpoint which is chest pain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endpoint which is chest pain
+it's hard to know that heart disease is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to know that heart disease is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to know that heart disease is
+a hard endpoint something's easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hard endpoint something's easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hard endpoint something's easy to
+define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define
+you don't have this bigger problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have this bigger problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have this bigger problem and
+you can begin to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can begin to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can begin to use
+favorable and unfavorable responses so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorable and unfavorable responses so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorable and unfavorable responses so
+i think it's a little more robust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's a little more robust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's a little more robust
+phenotype what it means is that whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype what it means is that whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype what it means is that whenever
+i do a study i have to think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i do a study i have to think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i do a study i have to think about the
+contaminating effectiveness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contaminating effectiveness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contaminating effectiveness
+looking at my data i know that some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at my data i know that some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at my data i know that some of
+the people whom i think are better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people whom i think are better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people whom i think are better
+because of treatment or in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of treatment or in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of treatment or in this case
+because of the treatment by genotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the treatment by genotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the treatment by genotype
+interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction
+are just better by chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just better by chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just better by chance
+and that they're more likely to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that they're more likely to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that they're more likely to be
+people better by chance in the placebo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people better by chance in the placebo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people better by chance in the placebo
+group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group
+than they would be if there was a no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than they would be if there was a no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than they would be if there was a no
+treatment group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment group
+just because of the nature of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because of the nature of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because of the nature of that
+effect so it's a little bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect so it's a little bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect so it's a little bit of a
+contamination but not a big problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contamination but not a big problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contamination but not a big problem
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the idea of pharmacogenetics is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of pharmacogenetics is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of pharmacogenetics is that
+there's variability in treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's variability in treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's variability in treatment
+response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+so if i treat a bunch of people uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i treat a bunch of people uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i treat a bunch of people uh that
+some people are gonna get better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people are gonna get better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people are gonna get better
+some people are going to stay the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people are going to stay the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people are going to stay the same
+some people can get a little worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people can get a little worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people can get a little worse
+since we don't think the medicine makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we don't think the medicine makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we don't think the medicine makes
+them worse usually we think that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them worse usually we think that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them worse usually we think that it's
+the disease getting worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disease getting worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disease getting worse
+because the medicine is ineffective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the medicine is ineffective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the medicine is ineffective
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing
+that you want to do if you want to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to do if you want to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to do if you want to study
+the pharmacogenetics of anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pharmacogenetics of anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pharmacogenetics of anything
+you want to look to see how variable the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to look to see how variable the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to look to see how variable the
+treatment response is among members of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment response is among members of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment response is among members of a
+population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and there needs to be substantial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there needs to be substantial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there needs to be substantial
+variance in treatment response among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance in treatment response among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance in treatment response among
+members of the population so i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members of the population so i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members of the population so i'm going
+to give you an example now from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you an example now from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you an example now from the
+asthma world of a study in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asthma world of a study in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asthma world of a study in which
+there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was
+variation in the treatment response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in the treatment response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in the treatment response
+among members of a population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among members of a population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among members of a population
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this is a clinical trial it's easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a clinical trial it's easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a clinical trial it's easy to
+understand uh here are patients that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand uh here are patients that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand uh here are patients that are
+enrolled with mild to moderate asthma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrolled with mild to moderate asthma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrolled with mild to moderate asthma
+and this is asthma which is more of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is asthma which is more of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is asthma which is more of a
+nuisance than a real medical problem so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuisance than a real medical problem so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuisance than a real medical problem so
+if patients are not treated it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if patients are not treated it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if patients are not treated it doesn't
+represent an ethical issue so that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent an ethical issue so that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent an ethical issue so that's how
+we can get away with a two-week placebo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get away with a two-week placebo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get away with a two-week placebo
+run-in period because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run-in period because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run-in period because
+it's okay not to treat people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay not to treat people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay not to treat people
+they're then randomized to receive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're then randomized to receive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're then randomized to receive
+beclomethosone which is an inhaled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beclomethosone which is an inhaled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beclomethosone which is an inhaled
+steroid and is one of the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steroid and is one of the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steroid and is one of the standard
+asthma treatments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asthma treatments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asthma treatments
+compared to monte lucas which is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to monte lucas which is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to monte lucas which is an
+antagonist of the action of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antagonist of the action of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antagonist of the action of
+the cysteological trines at the cis lt1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cysteological trines at the cis lt1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cysteological trines at the cis lt1
+receptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor
+now the primary outcome in this and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the primary outcome in this and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the primary outcome in this and a
+lot of the data i'm going to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the data i'm going to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the data i'm going to show you
+is the forced expiratory volume in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the forced expiratory volume in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the forced expiratory volume in one
+second in 12 weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second in 12 weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second in 12 weeks
+so it's an aside by way of pulmonary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's an aside by way of pulmonary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's an aside by way of pulmonary
+physiology i don't think we recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiology i don't think we recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiology i don't think we recognize
+any of you from my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of you from my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of you from my
+um hst pulmonary class right none of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um hst pulmonary class right none of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um hst pulmonary class right none of you
+taking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking that
+if you breathe in all the way to the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you breathe in all the way to the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you breathe in all the way to the top
+and then breathe out as hard and fast as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then breathe out as hard and fast as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then breathe out as hard and fast as
+you possibly can something like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you possibly can something like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you possibly can something like you
+might do on your birthday if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might do on your birthday if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might do on your birthday if you have a
+lot of candles to blow out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of candles to blow out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of candles to blow out
+uh how fast you can breathe out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how fast you can breathe out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how fast you can breathe out
+beyond a certain level of effort there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond a certain level of effort there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond a certain level of effort there's
+a intrinsic property of your lungs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a intrinsic property of your lungs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a intrinsic property of your lungs and
+airways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airways
+and not at how hard you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not at how hard you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not at how hard you find
+if you don't you so you have to try hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't you so you have to try hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't you so you have to try hard
+enough to reach that plateau and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to reach that plateau and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to reach that plateau and that is
+not a superhuman effort almost everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a superhuman effort almost everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a superhuman effort almost everybody
+with a little bit of effort can reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a little bit of effort can reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a little bit of effort can reach
+that level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that level
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+how fast they can breathe out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how fast they can breathe out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how fast they can breathe out
+is not related to how hard they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not related to how hard they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not related to how hard they're
+trying to breathe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to breathe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to breathe
+so that if we measure the amount of air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that if we measure the amount of air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that if we measure the amount of air
+that comes out at one second we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes out at one second we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes out at one second we're
+measuring an intrinsic property of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring an intrinsic property of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring an intrinsic property of the
+lungs and not the motivation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lungs and not the motivation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lungs and not the motivation of the
+subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject
+and it's beyond a certain level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's beyond a certain level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's beyond a certain level of
+effort and the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort and the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort and the way you
+determine whether your subjects are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine whether your subjects are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine whether your subjects are
+motivated is usually do two or three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated is usually do two or three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated is usually do two or three
+maneuvers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maneuvers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maneuvers
+uh you have somebody coaching them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have somebody coaching them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have somebody coaching them
+through a big weather blasted out so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a big weather blasted out so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a big weather blasted out so you
+get to see whether they're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to see whether they're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to see whether they're actually
+trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying
+and that if this test is done correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that if this test is done correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that if this test is done correctly
+the variability among tests done in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variability among tests done in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variability among tests done in a
+row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row
+is three or four percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is three or four percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is three or four percent
+even among you all never probably done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even among you all never probably done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even among you all never probably done
+this test before maybe one of you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this test before maybe one of you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this test before maybe one of you have
+had asthma statistics would be that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had asthma statistics would be that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had asthma statistics would be that one
+or two of you would have asthma have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two of you would have asthma have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two of you would have asthma have
+done tests like this without any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done tests like this without any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done tests like this without any
+coaching or with minimal coaching can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coaching or with minimal coaching can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coaching or with minimal coaching can
+get tested or reproducible within three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get tested or reproducible within three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get tested or reproducible within three
+or four percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or four percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or four percent
+off the street so it's a very useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the street so it's a very useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the street so it's a very useful
+test because it's easy to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test because it's easy to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test because it's easy to do
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and we use it as an outcome indicator a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we use it as an outcome indicator a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we use it as an outcome indicator a
+lot of breathing trials and just to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of breathing trials and just to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of breathing trials and just to help
+get you straight a bigger fev one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you straight a bigger fev one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you straight a bigger fev one the
+more air you can get on one second the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more air you can get on one second the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more air you can get on one second the
+better off you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better off you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better off you are
+so that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's kind of
+the this outcome indicator so here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this outcome indicator so here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this outcome indicator so here are
+the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and this is the trial outcome this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the trial outcome this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the trial outcome this is
+what was published in this journal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was published in this journal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was published in this journal
+and you can see that the patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that the patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that the patients
+assigned to the beckle methods on arm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned to the beckle methods on arm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned to the beckle methods on arm
+improved their fpv one about 11 to 13
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved their fpv one about 11 to 13
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved their fpv one about 11 to 13
+uh on average while the people in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on average while the people in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on average while the people in the
+monte lucas group improve it seven to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monte lucas group improve it seven to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monte lucas group improve it seven to
+nine percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine percent
+now we know from studies done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we know from studies done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we know from studies done in
+patients with asthma that if you improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients with asthma that if you improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients with asthma that if you improve
+your fev1 about 10 percent that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your fev1 about 10 percent that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your fev1 about 10 percent that you can
+perceive it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceive it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceive it
+you know it's something that you say hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's something that you say hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's something that you say hey
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+i'm better than whatever you just did uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm better than whatever you just did uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm better than whatever you just did uh
+that below that it's hard to distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that below that it's hard to distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that below that it's hard to distinguish
+that above that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that above that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that above that
+if you improve it twice as much you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you improve it twice as much you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you improve it twice as much you
+really don't distinguish it that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really don't distinguish it that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really don't distinguish it that much
+unless you happen to be engaging in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you happen to be engaging in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you happen to be engaging in
+really heavy exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really heavy exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really heavy exercise
+so it's almost a dichotomous kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's almost a dichotomous kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's almost a dichotomous kind of
+variable people who got better people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable people who got better people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable people who got better people
+who didn't get better you look at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who didn't get better you look at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who didn't get better you look at these
+data and you'd say gee it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and you'd say gee it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and you'd say gee it looks like
+echometazone is almost twice as good as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+echometazone is almost twice as good as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+echometazone is almost twice as good as
+multiview cast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiview cast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiview cast
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+here are the data now shown in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the data now shown in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the data now shown in the in
+histogram format where on the vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram format where on the vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram format where on the vertical
+axis we have the percentage of patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis we have the percentage of patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis we have the percentage of patients
+and on the horizontal axis we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the horizontal axis we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the horizontal axis we have
+changes in fev1 so the patients that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in fev1 so the patients that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in fev1 so the patients that
+will be over on this end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be over on this end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be over on this end
+had a big response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a big response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a big response
+patients over here actually got worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients over here actually got worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients over here actually got worse
+with treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with treatment
+and the null is sort of right in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the null is sort of right in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the null is sort of right in the
+middle and this 10 to 20 percent bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle and this 10 to 20 percent bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle and this 10 to 20 percent bar
+anything over this direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything over this direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything over this direction
+uh is an improvement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is an improvement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is an improvement
+i don't know how to get that to go away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know how to get that to go away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know how to get that to go away
+usually these little boxes go away if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually these little boxes go away if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually these little boxes go away if
+you leave them alone long enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you leave them alone long enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you leave them alone long enough
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh here let's see if i can get it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here let's see if i can get it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here let's see if i can get it again
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel
+uh so here we are with monthly lucas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so here we are with monthly lucas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so here we are with monthly lucas and
+you see that there were about altogether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that there were about altogether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that there were about altogether
+five percent of the population really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five percent of the population really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five percent of the population really
+did great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did great
+there were about seven percent of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were about seven percent of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were about seven percent of the
+population that actually got a lot worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population that actually got a lot worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population that actually got a lot worse
+um and that it turns out that it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that it turns out that it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that it turns out that it's about
+42 percent of the population that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+42 percent of the population that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+42 percent of the population that
+improved a significant amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now compare this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now compare this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now compare this to
+ethan zone which remember on average did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethan zone which remember on average did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethan zone which remember on average did
+twice as well well here's the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice as well well here's the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice as well well here's the difference
+there were twice as many people that did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were twice as many people that did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were twice as many people that did
+spectacularly well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectacularly well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectacularly well
+but on the average not a lot it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but on the average not a lot it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but on the average not a lot it works
+out to be ten percent versus five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be ten percent versus five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be ten percent versus five
+percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent
+in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some
+and rather than having seven percent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rather than having seven percent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rather than having seven percent of
+people who did poorly it was just four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who did poorly it was just four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who did poorly it was just four
+percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent
+so it turns out that if you trim these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns out that if you trim these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns out that if you trim these
+by getting like they do sometimes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by getting like they do sometimes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by getting like they do sometimes in the
+olympics you know they get rid of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+olympics you know they get rid of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+olympics you know they get rid of your
+best and your worst scores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best and your worst scores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best and your worst scores
+if you trim this end in that end the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you trim this end in that end the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you trim this end in that end the
+groups are almost identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups are almost identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups are almost identical
+and so the difference in the means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the difference in the means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the difference in the means
+reflects uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects uh
+poorly on actually what the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorly on actually what the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorly on actually what the difference
+would be in the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be in the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be in the population
+because if you're a patient sitting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you're a patient sitting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you're a patient sitting in
+my waiting room and your fpv one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my waiting room and your fpv one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my waiting room and your fpv one's
+improved by sixty percent and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved by sixty percent and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved by sixty percent and you're
+sitting next to somebody's fev one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting next to somebody's fev one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting next to somebody's fev one's
+improved zero percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved zero percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved zero percent
+the average improvement between you was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average improvement between you was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average improvement between you was
+thirty percent but both of you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirty percent but both of you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirty percent but both of you didn't
+get better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get better
+even though the inference would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though the inference would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though the inference would be
+that you all that you got better so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you all that you got better so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you all that you got better so here
+we see a big population variability in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see a big population variability in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see a big population variability in
+response to monte lucas an inhibitor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to monte lucas an inhibitor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to monte lucas an inhibitor of
+the actions of leukotrienes liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actions of leukotrienes liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actions of leukotrienes liquid
+receptor and beclimethazone so i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor and beclimethazone so i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor and beclimethazone so i'm going
+to explore the basis of these two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explore the basis of these two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explore the basis of these two and
+depending on time one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on time one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on time one more
+treatment in asthma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because there's big population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's big population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's big population
+variability now second thing that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability now second thing that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability now second thing that you
+need to know before i get to this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know before i get to this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know before i get to this is
+that in which i didn't bring you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in which i didn't bring you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in which i didn't bring you the
+data to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to show
+is that if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if you're
+if i study you once and you're over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i study you once and you're over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i study you once and you're over here
+and i'm looking at a genetic event that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm looking at a genetic event that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm looking at a genetic event that
+is something that you inherited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that you inherited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that you inherited
+that whenever i study you you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whenever i study you you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whenever i study you you want to
+get it better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it better
+with this medicine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this medicine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this medicine
+because if it's a genetic event it ought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if it's a genetic event it ought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if it's a genetic event it ought
+to be something that is imprinted on you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be something that is imprinted on you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be something that is imprinted on you
+and stay that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stay that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stay that way
+while if it's variability variable from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while if it's variability variable from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while if it's variability variable from
+time to time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to time
+then it's not going to be useful so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's not going to be useful so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's not going to be useful so you
+need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know
+how repeatable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how repeatable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how repeatable
+the treatment response is because if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treatment response is because if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treatment response is because if the
+variability the basis of the variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability the basis of the variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability the basis of the variance
+is genetic it ought to be highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is genetic it ought to be highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is genetic it ought to be highly
+repeatable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatable
+while if it's due to random noise like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while if it's due to random noise like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while if it's due to random noise like
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the reason you improved so much here was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason you improved so much here was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason you improved so much here was
+that during the two-week running period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that during the two-week running period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that during the two-week running period
+you'd spend time with your mother-in-law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd spend time with your mother-in-law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd spend time with your mother-in-law
+like six cats and you're allergic to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like six cats and you're allergic to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like six cats and you're allergic to
+cats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cats
+so your lung function was low before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your lung function was low before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your lung function was low before you
+started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started
+you then got better during the treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then got better during the treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then got better during the treatment
+period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period
+because you got away from the cats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you got away from the cats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you got away from the cats
+if i then restarted you you wouldn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i then restarted you you wouldn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i then restarted you you wouldn't get
+this kind of response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well all right so i i said i i actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well all right so i i said i i actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well all right so i i said i i actually
+i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can
+i can show you those data depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can show you those data depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can show you those data depending on
+how much time we have well i'll show it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much time we have well i'll show it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much time we have well i'll show it
+to you right now just outside of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you right now just outside of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you right now just outside of the
+context this talk is uh pardon me one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context this talk is uh pardon me one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context this talk is uh pardon me one
+second i'll see if i can find i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second i'll see if i can find i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second i'll see if i can find i have
+these data actually uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these data actually uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these data actually uh
+in another talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+no no it won't take too long hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no it won't take too long hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no it won't take too long hopefully
+it won't take too long to find it i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it won't take too long to find it i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it won't take too long to find it i
+could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could
+let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's
+nope it's not that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'll give it one more try here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll give it one more try here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll give it one more try here
+let's have to look in a different place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i think it's here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nope
+one more try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more try
+i thought it was there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a nice thing about having a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a nice thing about having a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a nice thing about having a big
+hard drive you can carry all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard drive you can carry all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard drive you can carry all sorts of
+stuff around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff around
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see if it's in this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if it's in this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if it's in this one
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+yeah here they are okay so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah here they are okay so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah here they are okay so here
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+your data from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data from
+i'm trial and i was lucky because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm trial and i was lucky because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm trial and i was lucky because this
+is a different drug but this acts at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a different drug but this acts at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a different drug but this acts at the
+five live boxing age pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five live boxing age pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five live boxing age pathway
+um and i worked the the drug company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and i worked the the drug company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and i worked the the drug company
+that i work with gave me the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i work with gave me the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i work with gave me the data
+you know they sent it to me on a cd and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they sent it to me on a cd and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they sent it to me on a cd and
+a lot of drug companies won't do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of drug companies won't do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of drug companies won't do that
+because they're afraid that you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're afraid that you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're afraid that you're gonna
+do something that will hurt them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something that will hurt them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something that will hurt them
+with respect to their market position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to their market position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to their market position
+they tend to be really paranoid so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tend to be really paranoid so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tend to be really paranoid so to
+get on this graph you had to improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get on this graph you had to improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get on this graph you had to improve
+your fev1 by 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your fev1 by 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your fev1 by 12
+uh the the consensus definition about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the consensus definition about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the consensus definition about
+what you can perceive varies between 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can perceive varies between 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can perceive varies between 10
+and 12 so when i did this graph it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 12 so when i did this graph it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 12 so when i did this graph it was
+four or five years ago i drew the 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four or five years ago i drew the 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four or five years ago i drew the 12
+percent line there were 240 people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent line there were 240 people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent line there were 240 people in
+the trial 97 of which improved with fpv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trial 97 of which improved with fpv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trial 97 of which improved with fpv
+1 by 12 on the 8th day of therapy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 by 12 on the 8th day of therapy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 by 12 on the 8th day of therapy
+they were then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were then
+studied on day 36 64 and 92. in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied on day 36 64 and 92. in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied on day 36 64 and 92. in this
+graph when i graphed the data on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph when i graphed the data on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph when i graphed the data on my
+computer and all these lines lying on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and all these lines lying on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and all these lines lying on
+top of each other and they didn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of each other and they didn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of each other and they didn't get
+any thicker so i can strain the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any thicker so i can strain the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any thicker so i can strain the data
+through this point here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this point here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this point here
+so this isn't a data point but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this isn't a data point but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this isn't a data point but this is
+simply to allow you to see how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply to allow you to see how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply to allow you to see how many
+people are in this group that are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are in this group that are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are in this group that are in
+that group it's a graphical presentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that group it's a graphical presentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that group it's a graphical presentation
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+i mean if i had clinical data that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean if i had clinical data that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean if i had clinical data that
+looked like that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked like that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked like that i
+um i wouldn't believe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i wouldn't believe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i wouldn't believe it
+so anyhow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyhow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyhow
+what you can see is that uh of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can see is that uh of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can see is that uh of this
+group of people who improve some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of people who improve some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of people who improve some
+actually got worse and stayed worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually got worse and stayed worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually got worse and stayed worse
+a lot of them got better and stayed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of them got better and stayed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of them got better and stayed
+better and there were some that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and there were some that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and there were some that kind of
+moved around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved around
+if you follow the dots carefully you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you follow the dots carefully you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you follow the dots carefully you'll
+find that three-quarters of the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that three-quarters of the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that three-quarters of the people
+are above this 12 percent line on two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are above this 12 percent line on two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are above this 12 percent line on two of
+the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three
+subsequent occasions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequent occasions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequent occasions
+so that's active treatment was diluting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's active treatment was diluting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's active treatment was diluting
+which is the active drug here the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the active drug here the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the active drug here the same
+entry criteria same trial treated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry criteria same trial treated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry criteria same trial treated with
+placebo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placebo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placebo
+and you can see that as i told you there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that as i told you there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that as i told you there
+are placebo responders right these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are placebo responders right these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are placebo responders right these
+people got better and stayed better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people got better and stayed better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people got better and stayed better
+uh in this trial however of the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in this trial however of the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in this trial however of the people
+who were above on day eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were above on day eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were above on day eight
+only about 40 percent are persistently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only about 40 percent are persistently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only about 40 percent are persistently
+above the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the line
+in fact you can see there are a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact you can see there are a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact you can see there are a bunch of
+people here who flunked out and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people here who flunked out and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people here who flunked out and then
+they kind of went up and down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they kind of went up and down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they kind of went up and down
+so there's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's not a
+person in fact now if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person in fact now if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person in fact now if you look at the
+people who don't get better these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who don't get better these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who don't get better these are
+non-responders to treatment which i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-responders to treatment which i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-responders to treatment which i
+defined as five percent or less so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as five percent or less so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as five percent or less so i
+left myself a zone of kind of middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left myself a zone of kind of middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left myself a zone of kind of middle
+response see there are a bunch of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response see there are a bunch of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response see there are a bunch of people
+don't get better and in general if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get better and in general if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get better and in general if you
+don't get better you stay not better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get better you stay not better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get better you stay not better
+although there were a few people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although there were a few people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although there were a few people who
+were kind of late bloomers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were kind of late bloomers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were kind of late bloomers
+it's a relatively small proportion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a relatively small proportion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a relatively small proportion and
+when you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at
+placebo it looks about the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placebo it looks about the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placebo it looks about the same
+so you can see why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see why the
+the non-response phenotypes a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-response phenotypes a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-response phenotypes a little
+better than the response phenotype in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than the response phenotype in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than the response phenotype in
+terms of the noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the noise
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+the people don't get better and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people don't get better and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people don't get better and the
+placebo people who don't get better look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placebo people who don't get better look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placebo people who don't get better look
+pretty much alike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much alike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much alike
+well the active treatment guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the active treatment guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the active treatment guys are
+contaminated by these people who you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contaminated by these people who you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contaminated by these people who you
+would say were better when in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say were better when in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say were better when in fact
+so there you go that should answer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there you go that should answer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there you go that should answer the
+question there so i can close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question there so i can close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question there so i can close
+this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so you're talking about repeatability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're talking about repeatability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're talking about repeatability
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the response in sewell right have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response in sewell right have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response in sewell right have you
+heard about sewell right you know he is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard about sewell right you know he is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard about sewell right you know he is
+population geneticist he practiced well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population geneticist he practiced well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population geneticist he practiced well
+he did most of his work at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he did most of his work at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he did most of his work at the
+university of chicago he died about 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university of chicago he died about 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university of chicago he died about 15
+to 20 years ago he wrote a four volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 20 years ago he wrote a four volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 20 years ago he wrote a four volume
+series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series
+on the on human population genetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on human population genetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on human population genetics
+before we had any markers or anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we had any markers or anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we had any markers or anything
+any kind of forecast and did a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of forecast and did a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of forecast and did a lot of
+the primary mathematics which are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primary mathematics which are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primary mathematics which are the
+basis of population epidemiology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis of population epidemiology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis of population epidemiology
+and he actually set up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he actually set up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he actually set up a
+derived an equation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived an equation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived an equation for
+what he calls repeatability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he calls repeatability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he calls repeatability
+now what i really like to know is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what i really like to know is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what i really like to know is the
+heritability the asthma treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heritability the asthma treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heritability the asthma treatment
+response but to do that i have to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response but to do that i have to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response but to do that i have to study
+multi-generation families
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-generation families
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-generation families
+and there are three problems with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are three problems with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are three problems with that
+one is that asthma treatment is changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is that asthma treatment is changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is that asthma treatment is changing
+second is that we know that an asthmatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second is that we know that an asthmatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second is that we know that an asthmatic
+at age 10 at age 25 and at age 55
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at age 10 at age 25 and at age 55
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at age 10 at age 25 and at age 55
+responds differently to treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds differently to treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds differently to treatment
+that their disease tends to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that their disease tends to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that their disease tends to get
+ingrained in unresponsive treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingrained in unresponsive treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingrained in unresponsive treatment
+and so you'd have to be able to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you'd have to be able to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you'd have to be able to study
+let's say all the asthmatics within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say all the asthmatics within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say all the asthmatics within a
+family at age 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family at age 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family at age 20
+but the asthma treatment that you gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the asthma treatment that you gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the asthma treatment that you gave
+the patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+father is no longer available there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father is no longer available there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father is no longer available there's
+something better and so you aren't going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something better and so you aren't going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something better and so you aren't going
+to be able to get that treatment and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to get that treatment and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to get that treatment and of
+course a patient's father's now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course a patient's father's now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course a patient's father's now
+50 and you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 and you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 and you can't
+treat him because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat him because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat him because
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+asthma treatment response varies so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asthma treatment response varies so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asthma treatment response varies so it's
+going to be almost impossible i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be almost impossible i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be almost impossible i think
+to get the data you need to determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the data you need to determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the data you need to determine
+the heritability of asthma treatment so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heritability of asthma treatment so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heritability of asthma treatment so
+we look at the repeatability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at the repeatability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at the repeatability
+and the calculated repeatability for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the calculated repeatability for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the calculated repeatability for
+mechamethazone and multilucas from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechamethazone and multilucas from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechamethazone and multilucas from
+clinical trials that we've done it's on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical trials that we've done it's on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical trials that we've done it's on
+the order of 80
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of 80
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of 80
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+good but not awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but not awesome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but not awesome
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+repeatable enough you think that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatable enough you think that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatable enough you think that there's
+a pharmacogenetic signal yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now we're not talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're not talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're not talking about the
+heritability of the asthmatic treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heritability of the asthmatic treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heritability of the asthmatic treatment
+response we're talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response we're talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response we're talking about the
+heritability of asthma yeah right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heritability of asthma yeah right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heritability of asthma yeah right and
+the and the asthmatic phenotype it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and the asthmatic phenotype it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and the asthmatic phenotype it's got
+about in in twin studies varies but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in in twin studies varies but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in in twin studies varies but it's
+only order 65 or so comparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only order 65 or so comparing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only order 65 or so comparing
+monozygotic and dizygotic twins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um well see one of the real problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well see one of the real problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well see one of the real problems
+with asthma is it it's difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with asthma is it it's difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with asthma is it it's difficult
+uh it's it's it's like a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's it's it's like a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's it's it's like a uh
+impressionistic picture i'm looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressionistic picture i'm looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressionistic picture i'm looking at
+it from 30 feet it's easy to see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from 30 feet it's easy to see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from 30 feet it's easy to see what
+it's about as i get really close up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about as i get really close up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about as i get really close up
+i lose the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i lose the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i lose the picture
+and it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's very
+difficult to define because there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to define because there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to define because there's no
+biochemical test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemical test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemical test
+i can use quite often people look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can use quite often people look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can use quite often people look at the
+inherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherent
+of serum immunoglobulin knee levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of serum immunoglobulin knee levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of serum immunoglobulin knee levels
+because it's related to allergy but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's related to allergy but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's related to allergy but not
+asthma but it's a very quantitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asthma but it's a very quantitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asthma but it's a very quantitative
+phenotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype
+um and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so the
+the definition of asthma is airway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of asthma is airway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of asthma is airway
+obstruction is very spontaneously as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstruction is very spontaneously as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstruction is very spontaneously as a
+result of treatment the problem is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of treatment the problem is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of treatment the problem is you
+take two people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take two people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take two people
+that have the same uh genetic background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have the same uh genetic background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have the same uh genetic background
+but one of them is exposed to a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one of them is exposed to a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one of them is exposed to a lot more
+allergen than another even if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allergen than another even if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allergen than another even if you have
+uh monozygotic twins and one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh monozygotic twins and one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh monozygotic twins and one of them
+plays basketball and you know changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays basketball and you know changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays basketball and you know changes
+his clothes and where's gym clothes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his clothes and where's gym clothes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his clothes and where's gym clothes that
+have been sitting around in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been sitting around in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been sitting around in a
+ratty locker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratty locker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratty locker
+and gets that exposure every day while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gets that exposure every day while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gets that exposure every day while
+the other one's a swimmer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one's a swimmer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one's a swimmer
+and doesn't have the same kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doesn't have the same kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doesn't have the same kind of
+exposure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure
+one of them will develop asthma one may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them will develop asthma one may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them will develop asthma one may
+not and so you'll say it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and so you'll say it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and so you'll say it's not
+inheritable when in fact it requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inheritable when in fact it requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inheritable when in fact it requires
+both the genetic background and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the genetic background and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the genetic background and an
+environmental exposure to manifest the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental exposure to manifest the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental exposure to manifest the
+phenotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype
+the classic examples are there a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classic examples are there a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classic examples are there a lot of
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+hong kong who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hong kong who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hong kong who
+have leighton ragweed allergy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have leighton ragweed allergy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have leighton ragweed allergy and
+they're okay in hong kong when they move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're okay in hong kong when they move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're okay in hong kong when they move
+to the states there's no ragweed very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the states there's no ragweed very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the states there's no ragweed very
+little in hong kong move to the states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little in hong kong move to the states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little in hong kong move to the states
+where there's a lot of ragweed and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's a lot of ragweed and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's a lot of ragweed and they
+get really asthmatic in the fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get really asthmatic in the fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get really asthmatic in the fall
+they didn't have a problem back home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't have a problem back home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't have a problem back home
+because there wasn't the allergen you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there wasn't the allergen you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there wasn't the allergen you
+come come here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come come here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come come here
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+they have allergen and they get exposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have allergen and they get exposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have allergen and they get exposed
+so it's a combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a combination of
+environment and genetics that appears to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and genetics that appears to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and genetics that appears to
+bring the disease on so with all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring the disease on so with all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring the disease on so with all that
+the research i'm going to tell you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the research i'm going to tell you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the research i'm going to tell you about
+represents the work of a whole pile of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the work of a whole pile of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the work of a whole pile of
+people uh this is most of the piles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh this is most of the piles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh this is most of the piles
+shown here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here
+they're people to channing lab which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're people to channing lab which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're people to channing lab which is
+i'm sure you've heard from any of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sure you've heard from any of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sure you've heard from any of these
+folks that's channing i don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks that's channing i don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks that's channing i don't know
+zach works with some of them the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zach works with some of them the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zach works with some of them the
+pharmacogenetics research network the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmacogenetics research network the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmacogenetics research network the
+asthma clinical research network these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asthma clinical research network these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asthma clinical research network these
+are both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are both
+uh nih uh sponsored consortia uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nih uh sponsored consortia uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nih uh sponsored consortia uh that
+i've been part of in the whitehead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've been part of in the whitehead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've been part of in the whitehead
+institute i'm sure you've all heard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institute i'm sure you've all heard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institute i'm sure you've all heard of
+those folks over at mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those folks over at mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those folks over at mit
+so i'm going to talk about these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to talk about these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to talk about these three
+asthma treatments these are the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asthma treatments these are the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asthma treatments these are the three
+the major asthma treatments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the major asthma treatments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the major asthma treatments
+and what we know about their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we know about their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we know about their
+pharmacogenetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmacogenetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmacogenetics
+and we'll see how things go up so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see how things go up so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see how things go up so this
+first when we used a candidate gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first when we used a candidate gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first when we used a candidate gene
+strategy you're familiar with candidate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy you're familiar with candidate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy you're familiar with candidate
+gene strategies so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene strategies so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene strategies so
+this is work i started about a decade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is work i started about a decade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is work i started about a decade
+ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago
+i had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i had a
+postdoc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postdoc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postdoc
+from canada who was interested in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from canada who was interested in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from canada who was interested in the
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+and i said what we want to do is to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i said what we want to do is to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i said what we want to do is to look
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+the five live oxygenase pathway that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the five live oxygenase pathway that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the five live oxygenase pathway that's
+the leuco trying pathway because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leuco trying pathway because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leuco trying pathway because
+we knew the biochemistry of drugs and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we knew the biochemistry of drugs and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we knew the biochemistry of drugs and i
+showed you the data the red and green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you the data the red and green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you the data the red and green
+lines are from this drugs lutein that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines are from this drugs lutein that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines are from this drugs lutein that
+inhibits the action of the enzyme 5 line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibits the action of the enzyme 5 line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibits the action of the enzyme 5 line
+of oxygenase in fact i've been involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oxygenase in fact i've been involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oxygenase in fact i've been involved
+in the development of these four drugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the development of these four drugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the development of these four drugs
+worldwide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide
+and so we knew the structure of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we knew the structure of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we knew the structure of this
+enzyme we knew was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme we knew was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme we knew was
+genomic sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genomic sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genomic sequence
+and our question was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our question was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our question was
+when you have patients with asthma who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have patients with asthma who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have patients with asthma who
+show up in your office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up in your office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up in your office
+they all have phenotypically similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all have phenotypically similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all have phenotypically similar
+asthma but we think that some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asthma but we think that some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asthma but we think that some of them
+may have asthma because they have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have asthma because they have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have asthma because they have an
+excess of five lip oxygenase products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess of five lip oxygenase products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess of five lip oxygenase products
+and stimulation at this receptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stimulation at this receptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stimulation at this receptor
+but a clinically indistinguishable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a clinically indistinguishable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a clinically indistinguishable
+phenotype can be someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype can be someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype can be someone
+that has asthma due to an excess of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has asthma due to an excess of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has asthma due to an excess of
+substance p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance p
+a neuropeptide having nothing to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a neuropeptide having nothing to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a neuropeptide having nothing to do with
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+or you could have somebody who has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could have somebody who has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could have somebody who has an
+excess of histamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess of histamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess of histamine
+or someone that has an excess of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or someone that has an excess of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or someone that has an excess of
+neurokinan a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurokinan a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurokinan a
+or endothelin so there are probably half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or endothelin so there are probably half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or endothelin so there are probably half
+a dozen endogenous bronchoconstrictors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dozen endogenous bronchoconstrictors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dozen endogenous bronchoconstrictors
+which have totally different biochemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which have totally different biochemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which have totally different biochemical
+pathways that can lead to the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways that can lead to the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways that can lead to the same
+clinical phenotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical phenotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical phenotype
+and so you recognize that as asthma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you recognize that as asthma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you recognize that as asthma
+and they probably represent people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they probably represent people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they probably represent people that
+have a different genetically programmed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different genetically programmed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different genetically programmed
+mast cells and neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mast cells and neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mast cells and neural
+responses so our argument went that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses so our argument went that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses so our argument went that if
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+could look at the variability of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could look at the variability of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could look at the variability of the
+treatment response here related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment response here related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment response here related to the
+enzymes in this pathway you'd be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes in this pathway you'd be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes in this pathway you'd be able to
+begin to pick out people whose asthma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to pick out people whose asthma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to pick out people whose asthma
+was associated with leukotrienes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was associated with leukotrienes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was associated with leukotrienes and
+specifically whether there would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically whether there would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically whether there would be
+variability here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability here
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+what we started with is we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we started with is we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we started with is we have the
+human 5 live oxygenase gene uh we knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human 5 live oxygenase gene uh we knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human 5 live oxygenase gene uh we knew
+it's the intron the next sonic structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the intron the next sonic structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the intron the next sonic structure
+you know when i started the work this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when i started the work this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when i started the work this
+was kind of like hot new information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was kind of like hot new information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was kind of like hot new information
+uh and this guy from canada worked on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and this guy from canada worked on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and this guy from canada worked on a
+problem for a month and quit he said it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for a month and quit he said it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for a month and quit he said it
+was too hard and i was really blessed i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was too hard and i was really blessed i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was too hard and i was really blessed i
+had a a postdoctoral fellow from korea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a a postdoctoral fellow from korea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a a postdoctoral fellow from korea
+actually was a visiting scientist and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually was a visiting scientist and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually was a visiting scientist and
+probably the most patient person in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the most patient person in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the most patient person in the
+entire world i think uh and he plowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire world i think uh and he plowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire world i think uh and he plowed
+his way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his way
+through uh this gene exxon by exxon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through uh this gene exxon by exxon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through uh this gene exxon by exxon
+doing old-fashioned uh sequencing sscp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing old-fashioned uh sequencing sscp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing old-fashioned uh sequencing sscp
+where and this took him almost three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where and this took him almost three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where and this took him almost three
+years now this kind of work now takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years now this kind of work now takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years now this kind of work now takes
+three weeks or maybe three days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three weeks or maybe three days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three weeks or maybe three days
+depending on what kind of genotyping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what kind of genotyping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what kind of genotyping
+outfit you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outfit you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outfit you have
+and what he found which was quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what he found which was quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what he found which was quite
+discouraging was that there were no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discouraging was that there were no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discouraging was that there were no
+common that his alleles greater than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common that his alleles greater than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common that his alleles greater than a
+frequency of 0.15 dna sequence variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of 0.15 dna sequence variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of 0.15 dna sequence variance
+leading to a modified protein sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading to a modified protein sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading to a modified protein sequence
+in the entire five lipoxy nash gene you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the entire five lipoxy nash gene you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the entire five lipoxy nash gene you
+had a question or you're just stretching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a question or you're just stretching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a question or you're just stretching
+just fine all right good we want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just fine all right good we want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just fine all right good we want you to
+have a would want to have a pulmonary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a would want to have a pulmonary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a would want to have a pulmonary
+embolus over there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embolus over there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embolus over there so
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+there were however variations in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were however variations in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were however variations in the
+transcription factor binding region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription factor binding region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription factor binding region
+which is just upstream it's the 5lo gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just upstream it's the 5lo gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just upstream it's the 5lo gene
+promoter now what was known about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoter now what was known about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoter now what was known about the
+gene promoter at that time which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene promoter at that time which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene promoter at that time which is
+actually hung in there to be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually hung in there to be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually hung in there to be true
+is it just ahead of the translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it just ahead of the translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it just ahead of the translation
+start site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start site
+uh there are a series of sp1 and egr1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there are a series of sp1 and egr1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there are a series of sp1 and egr1
+binding motifs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding motifs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding motifs
+in fact uh there are five of them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact uh there are five of them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact uh there are five of them in
+tandem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tandem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tandem
+and if you search the genbank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you search the genbank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you search the genbank
+this is the only gene where that occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the only gene where that occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the only gene where that occurs
+uh so this sequence ggg cgg is repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this sequence ggg cgg is repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this sequence ggg cgg is repeated
+over and over and over again uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over and over again uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over and over again uh and
+that's just uh it's right in the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just uh it's right in the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just uh it's right in the core
+promoter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoter
+uh and that's where the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that's where the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that's where the sequence
+variants were found in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variants were found in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variants were found in fact
+uh the sequence in the genbank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the sequence in the genbank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the sequence in the genbank
+has five of these in a row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has five of these in a row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has five of these in a row
+um and we've identified individuals with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we've identified individuals with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we've identified individuals with
+three four and six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four and six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four and six
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and seven uh less commonly we've in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and seven uh less commonly we've in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and seven uh less commonly we've in fact
+identified people with two so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified people with two so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified people with two so this is a
+variable nucleotide tandem repeat people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable nucleotide tandem repeat people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable nucleotide tandem repeat people
+could use it for genotyping but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use it for genotyping but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use it for genotyping but we
+showed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed that
+it bred true so it's not one that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it bred true so it's not one that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it bred true so it's not one that it
+tends to expand it's not like it is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to expand it's not like it is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to expand it's not like it is in
+huntington's disease uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huntington's disease uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huntington's disease uh
+if your mother and father
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your mother and father
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your mother and father
+have different alleles that you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different alleles that you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different alleles that you're going
+to have and are homozygous for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have and are homozygous for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have and are homozygous for them
+you're going to be a heterozygote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be a heterozygote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be a heterozygote
+so we did enough family studies to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we did enough family studies to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we did enough family studies to to
+know that this was a stable vntr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that this was a stable vntr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that this was a stable vntr
+and then what we did was we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what we did was we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what we did was we uh
+took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human
+cells these are hela cells and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells these are hela cells and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells these are hela cells and
+transfected them with the wild type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfected them with the wild type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfected them with the wild type
+promoter and promoters with uh which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoter and promoters with uh which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoter and promoters with uh which has
+five repeats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five repeats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five repeats
+and with uh three four and six repeats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with uh three four and six repeats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with uh three four and six repeats
+and studied them in a cat assay this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and studied them in a cat assay this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and studied them in a cat assay this is
+the chlorine phenical osteotransferase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chlorine phenical osteotransferase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chlorine phenical osteotransferase
+acsa so the higher the bar the greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acsa so the higher the bar the greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acsa so the higher the bar the greater
+the promoter activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the promoter activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the promoter activity
+and you can see that all the mutants are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that all the mutants are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that all the mutants are
+less effective at driving uh gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less effective at driving uh gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less effective at driving uh gene
+transcription than the wild type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription than the wild type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription than the wild type
+now this is sort of one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is sort of one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is sort of one of these
+moments that you never forget in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments that you never forget in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments that you never forget in
+clinical investigation i was going over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical investigation i was going over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical investigation i was going over
+with these data with tucker collins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these data with tucker collins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these data with tucker collins
+who's a professor of pathology at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's a professor of pathology at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's a professor of pathology at the
+brigham now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brigham now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brigham now
+and he looked at these data says you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he looked at these data says you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he looked at these data says you
+know drazen you're absolutely right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know drazen you're absolutely right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know drazen you're absolutely right but
+you got to find something else to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to find something else to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to find something else to do
+because these variations are too small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these variations are too small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these variations are too small
+no one wants to study a 35 or 40 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one wants to study a 35 or 40 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one wants to study a 35 or 40 percent
+decrease in cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease in cat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease in cat
+transferase activities too small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferase activities too small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferase activities too small
+but what i knew from clinical trials was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what i knew from clinical trials was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what i knew from clinical trials was
+that if i inhibited five live oxygen age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if i inhibited five live oxygen age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if i inhibited five live oxygen age
+35 or 40 percent then i got a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+35 or 40 percent then i got a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+35 or 40 percent then i got a very
+substantial clinical benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial clinical benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial clinical benefit
+so the argument that we had in our head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the argument that we had in our head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the argument that we had in our head
+was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+patients with variations in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients with variations in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients with variations in the
+5-lipoxygenase the alox 5 promoter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5-lipoxygenase the alox 5 promoter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5-lipoxygenase the alox 5 promoter
+had down regulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had down regulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had down regulated
+alox 5 production but they wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alox 5 production but they wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alox 5 production but they wouldn't
+respond to anti-leukotronic treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to anti-leukotronic treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to anti-leukotronic treatment
+the idea is that patients with this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that patients with this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that patients with this sort
+of funny form of the core promoter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of funny form of the core promoter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of funny form of the core promoter
+would have uh some other cause for their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have uh some other cause for their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have uh some other cause for their
+asthma their asthma may be due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asthma their asthma may be due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asthma their asthma may be due to
+anti-histamines or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-histamines or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-histamines or the
+substance p or some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance p or some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance p or some other
+variant but some other mediator but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant but some other mediator but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant but some other mediator but that
+leukotrienes wouldn't be important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leukotrienes wouldn't be important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leukotrienes wouldn't be important
+because these are all down regulatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these are all down regulatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these are all down regulatory
+mutations so i was lucky at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations so i was lucky at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations so i was lucky at the time
+because uh abbott pharmaceuticals had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh abbott pharmaceuticals had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh abbott pharmaceuticals had
+developed the five life oxygenase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed the five life oxygenase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed the five life oxygenase
+inhibitors lutein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitors lutein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitors lutein
+and it had two big problems they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it had two big problems they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it had two big problems they were
+trying to overcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to overcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to overcome
+one is that it has to be given to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is that it has to be given to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is that it has to be given to
+patients four times a day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients four times a day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients four times a day
+and you know that's a pain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know that's a pain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know that's a pain
+you can if you give patients a pill to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can if you give patients a pill to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can if you give patients a pill to
+take once a day they'll do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take once a day they'll do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take once a day they'll do it
+twice a day is harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice a day is harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice a day is harder
+three times a day requires a saint and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times a day requires a saint and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times a day requires a saint and
+four times a day requires god it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four times a day requires god it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four times a day requires god it's
+almost impossible to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost impossible to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost impossible to do
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+now i did actually have patients that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i did actually have patients that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i did actually have patients that
+had pretty bad asthma that took it four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had pretty bad asthma that took it four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had pretty bad asthma that took it four
+times a day so abbott developed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a day so abbott developed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a day so abbott developed the
+compound you could take twice a day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound you could take twice a day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound you could take twice a day
+the second problem for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second problem for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second problem for them
+was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that
+about three percent of people that took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about three percent of people that took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about three percent of people that took
+this drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this drug
+develop abnormalities of liver function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop abnormalities of liver function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop abnormalities of liver function
+tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests
+and although nobody had a liver that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and although nobody had a liver that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and although nobody had a liver that
+checked out on this drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checked out on this drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checked out on this drug
+um it required monitoring of the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it required monitoring of the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it required monitoring of the whole
+population to find find the three or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population to find find the three or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population to find find the three or
+four percent people in adverse hepatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four percent people in adverse hepatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four percent people in adverse hepatic
+response it's a very common problem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response it's a very common problem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response it's a very common problem in
+drug development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug development
+uh and so they came up with the daughter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so they came up with the daughter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so they came up with the daughter
+of xylutin which wasn't supposed to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of xylutin which wasn't supposed to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of xylutin which wasn't supposed to have
+this problem and it was called abt-761
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem and it was called abt-761
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem and it was called abt-761
+it acted at the same location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it acted at the same location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it acted at the same location
+and that was the plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was the plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was the plan
+so here's the clinical trial that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the clinical trial that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the clinical trial that we
+designed actually helped design it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed actually helped design it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed actually helped design it
+this was not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was not a
+a high-tech clinical trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high-tech clinical trial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high-tech clinical trial
+we enrolled patients on no treatment we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we enrolled patients on no treatment we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we enrolled patients on no treatment we
+assigned them to these are asthma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned them to these are asthma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned them to these are asthma
+patients to abt 761 or placebo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients to abt 761 or placebo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients to abt 761 or placebo
+and since they were patients that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since they were patients that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since they were patients that we
+found on no treatment continuing them on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found on no treatment continuing them on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found on no treatment continuing them on
+their treatment seemed like it was no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their treatment seemed like it was no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their treatment seemed like it was no
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+now this was seven or eight years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this was seven or eight years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this was seven or eight years ago
+that asthma treatments progressed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that asthma treatments progressed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that asthma treatments progressed it
+would be harder to do this trial now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be harder to do this trial now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be harder to do this trial now
+because uh there are a lot of people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh there are a lot of people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh there are a lot of people who
+didn't get treatment who would so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get treatment who would so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get treatment who would so
+uh what happened was we genotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what happened was we genotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what happened was we genotype
+everybody at the five lipoxinus locus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody at the five lipoxinus locus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody at the five lipoxinus locus
+and as we expected oh i forgot to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as we expected oh i forgot to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as we expected oh i forgot to tell
+you one more thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one more thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one more thing
+which was that when the trial was set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was that when the trial was set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was that when the trial was set up
+habit to save money said look when a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habit to save money said look when a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habit to save money said look when a
+third of the patients complete you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third of the patients complete you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third of the patients complete you know
+enroll everybody on the first day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enroll everybody on the first day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enroll everybody on the first day
+usually it takes a couple of years to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually it takes a couple of years to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually it takes a couple of years to
+enroll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enroll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enroll
+but when the third of the patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when the third of the patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when the third of the patients
+complete their 12 weeks we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete their 12 weeks we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete their 12 weeks we're going to
+compare the incidence of liver function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare the incidence of liver function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare the incidence of liver function
+tests in the placebo and abt 761 group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests in the placebo and abt 761 group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests in the placebo and abt 761 group
+and if this drug isn't improving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if this drug isn't improving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if this drug isn't improving the
+rate of adverse effects we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of adverse effects we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of adverse effects we're going to
+stop the trial because it's not worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop the trial because it's not worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop the trial because it's not worth
+another 40 million dollars to find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another 40 million dollars to find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another 40 million dollars to find out
+something we don't want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we don't want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we don't want to know
+which was that this drug wasn't in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was that this drug wasn't in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was that this drug wasn't in
+advance because they were hoping it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance because they were hoping it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance because they were hoping it
+would be in advance and i thought that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be in advance and i thought that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be in advance and i thought that
+that was a very reasonable approach to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a very reasonable approach to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a very reasonable approach to
+life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life
+so we genotyped everybody and as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we genotyped everybody and as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we genotyped everybody and as you
+might expect the wild type allele
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might expect the wild type allele
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might expect the wild type allele
+occurred most commonly made up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred most commonly made up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred most commonly made up
+81 percent of the alleles the deletion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+81 percent of the alleles the deletion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+81 percent of the alleles the deletion
+alleles three and four made up not 19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alleles three and four made up not 19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alleles three and four made up not 19
+the additional allele sex was so rare uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the additional allele sex was so rare uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the additional allele sex was so rare uh
+there's one patient with it that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one patient with it that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one patient with it that it
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+didn't add up too much so when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't add up too much so when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't add up too much so when we
+stratified the results of fev1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratified the results of fev1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratified the results of fev1
+by a genotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a genotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a genotype
+the patients that received active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patients that received active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patients that received active
+treatment and whether wild-type genotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment and whether wild-type genotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment and whether wild-type genotype
+five five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five five
+improve their fev one about seventeen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve their fev one about seventeen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve their fev one about seventeen
+percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent
+patients on placebo with the five five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients on placebo with the five five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients on placebo with the five five
+genotype improve their fpv one five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genotype improve their fpv one five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genotype improve their fpv one five
+percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent
+now it turned out that there were 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it turned out that there were 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it turned out that there were 14
+patients that had active treatment that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients that had active treatment that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients that had active treatment that
+had no five alleles so they we call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had no five alleles so they we call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had no five alleles so they we call them
+activex and they actually had their fev1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activex and they actually had their fev1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activex and they actually had their fev1
+get worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get worse
+and since we didn't stratify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since we didn't stratify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since we didn't stratify the
+enrollment by genotype it turned out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrollment by genotype it turned out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrollment by genotype it turned out
+there was only one patient that had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was only one patient that had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was only one patient that had an
+xx genotype on placebo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xx genotype on placebo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xx genotype on placebo
+and that person got better but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that person got better but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that person got better but that's
+one patient it's hard to make any sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one patient it's hard to make any sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one patient it's hard to make any sense
+out of that so the likelihood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of that so the likelihood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of that so the likelihood
+the p-value for this change in fev1 was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the p-value for this change in fev1 was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the p-value for this change in fev1 was
+10 to the minus fifth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the minus fifth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the minus fifth
+this is unlikely to have happened by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is unlikely to have happened by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is unlikely to have happened by
+chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance
+but when we went into the trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when we went into the trial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when we went into the trial
+based on a preliminary analysis of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on a preliminary analysis of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on a preliminary analysis of the
+data set that we never published because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set that we never published because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set that we never published because
+we were concerned about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were concerned about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were concerned about
+bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias
+in ascertaining the patients we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ascertaining the patients we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ascertaining the patients we had
+thought that heterozygosity at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that heterozygosity at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that heterozygosity at this
+locus would contribute to the phenotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locus would contribute to the phenotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locus would contribute to the phenotype
+and it turned out that that's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turned out that that's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turned out that that's not the
+case you had to be homozygous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you had to be homozygous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you had to be homozygous
+so the allele frequency here is 0.19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the allele frequency here is 0.19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the allele frequency here is 0.19
+squared so it's very small it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so it's very small it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so it's very small it's about
+three or four percent of the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four percent of the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four percent of the population
+so that from a pharmacogenetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that from a pharmacogenetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that from a pharmacogenetic
+perspective it's interesting but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective it's interesting but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective it's interesting but it's
+not economically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not economically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not economically
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+on the other hand if it had been 20 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand if it had been 20 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand if it had been 20 of
+the population it would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population it would have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population it would have been
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+because if you assume that you could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you assume that you could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you assume that you could do
+a genotype for 50 bucks it's easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a genotype for 50 bucks it's easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a genotype for 50 bucks it's easier to
+treat the patient and see if they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat the patient and see if they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat the patient and see if they get
+better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+than genotype 100 people to find people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than genotype 100 people to find people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than genotype 100 people to find people
+three people who aren't going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three people who aren't going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three people who aren't going to get
+better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+since there are also probably other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since there are also probably other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since there are also probably other
+reasons that you don't get better with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons that you don't get better with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons that you don't get better with
+this treatment other than this genotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this treatment other than this genotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this treatment other than this genotype
+so it turned out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turned out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turned out to be
+pharmacoeconomically not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmacoeconomically not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmacoeconomically not very
+interesting now it turned out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting now it turned out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting now it turned out that
+some work we did at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some work we did at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some work we did at the same time
+was that we got eosinophils and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that we got eosinophils and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that we got eosinophils and we
+looked for the expression of mrna by pcr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked for the expression of mrna by pcr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked for the expression of mrna by pcr
+of the alox 5 gene this is our control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the alox 5 gene this is our control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the alox 5 gene this is our control
+encyclopedia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encyclopedia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encyclopedia
+and we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we had
+four page five patients here with a 5 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four page five patients here with a 5 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four page five patients here with a 5 5
+genotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genotype
+and most of them but not all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most of them but not all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most of them but not all of them
+have relatively high levels of the 5lo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have relatively high levels of the 5lo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have relatively high levels of the 5lo
+picked up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked up
+haloxin picked up by pcr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haloxin picked up by pcr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haloxin picked up by pcr
+but none of the three patients that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but none of the three patients that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but none of the three patients that we
+did that had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that had
+no five allele had this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no five allele had this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no five allele had this uh
+availability then we looked at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability then we looked at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability then we looked at the
+amount of ltc4 that is the leukotrienes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of ltc4 that is the leukotrienes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of ltc4 that is the leukotrienes
+produced by these eosinophils
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced by these eosinophils
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced by these eosinophils
+uh the deletional variants uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the deletional variants uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the deletional variants uh
+there were four patients for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were four patients for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were four patients for that
+compared to five here there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to five here there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to five here there was a
+significant difference in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant difference in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant difference in terms of
+lesser amounts of leukotrienes produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesser amounts of leukotrienes produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesser amounts of leukotrienes produced
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+that suggested that there was variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that suggested that there was variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that suggested that there was variation
+in this pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this pathway
+we've since looked at the cytosolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've since looked at the cytosolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've since looked at the cytosolic
+phospholipase a2 the ltc4 synthase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phospholipase a2 the ltc4 synthase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phospholipase a2 the ltc4 synthase the
+epoxide hydrolyze all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epoxide hydrolyze all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epoxide hydrolyze all the other
+genes in this pathway we haven't found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes in this pathway we haven't found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes in this pathway we haven't found
+any other variant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other variant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other variant
+related to treatment response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to treatment response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to treatment response
+there are variations but we did find and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are variations but we did find and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are variations but we did find and
+this is actually interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually interesting
+confirmatory data and this is not our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmatory data and this is not our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmatory data and this is not our
+work but the work of others uh what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work but the work of others uh what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work but the work of others uh what they
+reasoned was that if the enzyme at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoned was that if the enzyme at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoned was that if the enzyme at the
+variance here that changed the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance here that changed the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance here that changed the amount of
+leukotriene produced that you should get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leukotriene produced that you should get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leukotriene produced that you should get
+the same pharmacogenetic effect if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same pharmacogenetic effect if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same pharmacogenetic effect if
+patients are treated with one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients are treated with one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients are treated with one of these
+drugs which rather than inhibiting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs which rather than inhibiting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs which rather than inhibiting the
+enzyme are receptor inhibitors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in fact i'll tell you that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact i'll tell you that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact i'll tell you that in the
+trials done with the receptor inhibitors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials done with the receptor inhibitors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials done with the receptor inhibitors
+i uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i uh
+i'll get it back straight here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll get it back straight here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll get it back straight here in the
+trials done with the receptor inhibitors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials done with the receptor inhibitors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials done with the receptor inhibitors
+uh by others that patients with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by others that patients with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by others that patients with the
+mutant form in the genotype don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutant form in the genotype don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutant form in the genotype don't
+respond uh to the receptor inhibitors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond uh to the receptor inhibitors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond uh to the receptor inhibitors
+are confirming our data it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are confirming our data it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are confirming our data it's always
+heartwarming so it suggests that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heartwarming so it suggests that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heartwarming so it suggests that
+variations in this pathway can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations in this pathway can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations in this pathway can
+contribute to a small fraction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute to a small fraction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute to a small fraction of the
+variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance
+so i think it's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think it's interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think it's interesting
+pharmacogenetics but it never made it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmacogenetics but it never made it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmacogenetics but it never made it
+pharmacoeconomically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmacoeconomically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmacoeconomically
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+it's a too small proportion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a too small proportion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a too small proportion of the
+population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population
+you really have to i think affect 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really have to i think affect 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really have to i think affect 15
+percent of the pot unless you're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the pot unless you're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the pot unless you're talking
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+you know a serious toxic event now for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a serious toxic event now for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a serious toxic event now for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with the gene thiopurine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the gene thiopurine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the gene thiopurine
+methyltransferase which is a gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyltransferase which is a gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyltransferase which is a gene
+involved in the metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the metabolism
+of six mercaptopurine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of six mercaptopurine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of six mercaptopurine
+which is a drug used to treat leukemia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a drug used to treat leukemia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a drug used to treat leukemia
+among members of the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among members of the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among members of the population
+especially people of scandinavian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially people of scandinavian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially people of scandinavian
+heritage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heritage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heritage
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+about two or three percent of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two or three percent of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two or three percent of those
+people harbor an allele where they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people harbor an allele where they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people harbor an allele where they don't
+metabolize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolize
+uh six mercator purine at the rate they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh six mercator purine at the rate they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh six mercator purine at the rate they
+should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+and so if you give them the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you give them the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you give them the standard
+dose they get toxic and you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dose they get toxic and you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dose they get toxic and you can actually
+kill them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with the drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the drug
+so that when you're treating leukemia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that when you're treating leukemia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that when you're treating leukemia
+now uh it's standard with that drug it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh it's standard with that drug it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh it's standard with that drug it's
+standard to genotype people to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard to genotype people to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard to genotype people to make sure
+they don't have one of these slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have one of these slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have one of these slow
+metabolizing alleles and there and are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolizing alleles and there and are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolizing alleles and there and are
+you looking for a life-threatening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you looking for a life-threatening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you looking for a life-threatening
+toxicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxicity
+which occurs at low frequency but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which occurs at low frequency but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which occurs at low frequency but
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+the consequences of missing it are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consequences of missing it are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consequences of missing it are so
+dramatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic
+and so irreversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so irreversible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so irreversible
+it makes sense to screen a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes sense to screen a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes sense to screen a thousand
+people to find one in fact if you screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to find one in fact if you screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to find one in fact if you screen
+someone in asia you have to screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone in asia you have to screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone in asia you have to screen
+almost five thousand people to find one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost five thousand people to find one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost five thousand people to find one
+but yet in treating leukemia in asia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yet in treating leukemia in asia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yet in treating leukemia in asia
+they're still doing it just because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're still doing it just because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're still doing it just because it's
+something that can be prevented if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that can be prevented if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that can be prevented if
+you're going to a higher class in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to a higher class in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to a higher class in a
+treatment center well if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment center well if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment center well if you were
+screening at the mayo clinic where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screening at the mayo clinic where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screening at the mayo clinic where
+there's a lot of scandinavian blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of scandinavian blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of scandinavian blood
+it really makes sense to do that but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really makes sense to do that but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really makes sense to do that but for
+something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+the failure to respond to treatment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the failure to respond to treatment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the failure to respond to treatment is
+sort of a nuisance as opposed to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a nuisance as opposed to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a nuisance as opposed to a
+life-threatening event didn't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life-threatening event didn't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life-threatening event didn't make
+pharmacoeconomic sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmacoeconomic sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmacoeconomic sense
+and so my second example is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so my second example is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so my second example is about
+inhaled steroids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhaled steroids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhaled steroids
+and heal steroids are different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and heal steroids are different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and heal steroids are different from
+anti-leukemia crimes because we knew how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-leukemia crimes because we knew how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-leukemia crimes because we knew how
+anti-glucotrienes worked in asthma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-glucotrienes worked in asthma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-glucotrienes worked in asthma
+i mean they were developed based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean they were developed based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean they were developed based on
+understanding the biology of asthma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was
+but enhanced steroids we knew work based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but enhanced steroids we knew work based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but enhanced steroids we knew work based
+on observation but steroids have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on observation but steroids have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on observation but steroids have
+thousands of potential mechanisms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of potential mechanisms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of potential mechanisms of
+action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action
+we had no idea which one was active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had no idea which one was active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had no idea which one was active
+so some of this study is useful because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some of this study is useful because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some of this study is useful because
+if i can find a gene that controls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i can find a gene that controls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i can find a gene that controls
+steroid response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steroid response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steroid response
+maybe that's telling me a gene that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's telling me a gene that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's telling me a gene that's
+important in the biology of asthma and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in the biology of asthma and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in the biology of asthma and
+then i could develop a treatment that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i could develop a treatment that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i could develop a treatment that
+inhibited just that gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibited just that gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibited just that gene
+and wouldn't have a lot of the side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wouldn't have a lot of the side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wouldn't have a lot of the side
+effects of steroids because one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of steroids because one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of steroids because one of the
+big problems with steering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big problems with steering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big problems with steering
+treating asthma steroids is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treating asthma steroids is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treating asthma steroids is that if
+you're a kid it makes you shorter if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a kid it makes you shorter if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a kid it makes you shorter if
+you're an adult it makes your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're an adult it makes your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're an adult it makes your
+bones brittle it causes acne to break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bones brittle it causes acne to break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bones brittle it causes acne to break
+down and cause your skin to thin it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and cause your skin to thin it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and cause your skin to thin it's
+got a lot of side effects that aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a lot of side effects that aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a lot of side effects that aren't
+terribly good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly good
+and to get rid of those side effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to get rid of those side effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to get rid of those side effects
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+would be good until you can sort of get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be good until you can sort of get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be good until you can sort of get
+at it at the same time with inhaled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it at the same time with inhaled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it at the same time with inhaled
+steroids just like with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steroids just like with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steroids just like with
+anti-leukotrienes you saw that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-leukotrienes you saw that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-leukotrienes you saw that there are
+about forty percent of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about forty percent of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about forty percent of people
+who are paying for drugs who aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are paying for drugs who aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are paying for drugs who aren't
+getting any benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting any benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting any benefit
+now the drug companies think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the drug companies think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the drug companies think that's
+perfectly fine i don't because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly fine i don't because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly fine i don't because they're
+getting the toxic effects we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the toxic effects we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the toxic effects we know
+but they're not getting the therapeutic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're not getting the therapeutic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're not getting the therapeutic
+benefit and it's costing them 50 bucks a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit and it's costing them 50 bucks a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit and it's costing them 50 bucks a
+month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month
+sometimes more the new inhaled steroids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes more the new inhaled steroids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes more the new inhaled steroids
+are actually 60 to 75 bucks a month so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually 60 to 75 bucks a month so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually 60 to 75 bucks a month so
+it's an expensive habit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an expensive habit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an expensive habit
+you know it's about like your coffee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's about like your coffee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's about like your coffee
+habit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habit
+um if you buy a couple couple cups of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you buy a couple couple cups of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you buy a couple couple cups of
+coffee at the starbucks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coffee at the starbucks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coffee at the starbucks
+or even at the place down here you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even at the place down here you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even at the place down here you're
+spending two two and a half bucks a day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending two two and a half bucks a day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending two two and a half bucks a day
+probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably
+percent 70 bucks a month that's what an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent 70 bucks a month that's what an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent 70 bucks a month that's what an
+asthma attack uh cost so here we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asthma attack uh cost so here we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asthma attack uh cost so here we are
+showing two more populations i showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing two more populations i showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing two more populations i showed
+you the green population with the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the green population with the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the green population with the back
+the choosing the purple population with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the choosing the purple population with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the choosing the purple population with
+the spectrometrosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrometrosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrometrosome
+there are two different inhaled steroids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two different inhaled steroids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two different inhaled steroids
+uh different from the ones i showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh different from the ones i showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh different from the ones i showed you
+showing a variation treatment response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing a variation treatment response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing a variation treatment response
+quite similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite similar
+to the one that i showed you from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the one that i showed you from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the one that i showed you from that
+asthmatron now these two populations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asthmatron now these two populations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asthmatron now these two populations are
+ones that we studied this was a actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that we studied this was a actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that we studied this was a actually
+a drug company study done by forest labs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a drug company study done by forest labs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a drug company study done by forest labs
+of one of their inhaled steroids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one of their inhaled steroids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one of their inhaled steroids
+and this was one sponsored by the nih
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was one sponsored by the nih
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was one sponsored by the nih
+called the childhood asthma management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the childhood asthma management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the childhood asthma management
+program or camp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program or camp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program or camp
+and even though they're once once kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even though they're once once kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even though they're once once kids
+and one's adults
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one's adults
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one's adults
+totally different study designs you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally different study designs you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally different study designs you see
+the same variation in the astro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same variation in the astro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same variation in the astro
+treatment in response to enhanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment in response to enhanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment in response to enhanced
+steroids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steroids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steroids
+in three populations allowing one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in three populations allowing one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in three populations allowing one to
+believe it's highly likely to be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe it's highly likely to be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe it's highly likely to be true
+so what we did here is uh we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we did here is uh we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we did here is uh we have a
+different candidate gene strategy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different candidate gene strategy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different candidate gene strategy and
+the five lipoxygenase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the five lipoxygenase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the five lipoxygenase
+we knew the genes in a pathway and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we knew the genes in a pathway and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we knew the genes in a pathway and we
+could we could identify them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we could identify them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we could identify them
+based on how the treatment work here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on how the treatment work here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on how the treatment work here we
+were guessing how the treatment worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were guessing how the treatment worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were guessing how the treatment worked
+so we got a bunch of people around in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we got a bunch of people around in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we got a bunch of people around in
+the room who thought knew about steroids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room who thought knew about steroids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room who thought knew about steroids
+and we compiled the list of possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we compiled the list of possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we compiled the list of possible
+genes in the pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes in the pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes in the pathway
+we then look for dna sequence variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we then look for dna sequence variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we then look for dna sequence variance
+in that pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that pathway
+we then look to see if there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we then look to see if there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we then look to see if there's a
+statistical relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical relationship between
+clinical response and the presence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical response and the presence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical response and the presence of
+the sequence variant and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence variant and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence variant and then we
+determine the functional relevance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the functional relevance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the functional relevance and
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+i don't need to define some snips right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't need to define some snips right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't need to define some snips right
+you all know about steps and haplotypes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all know about steps and haplotypes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all know about steps and haplotypes
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that
+um so here's our strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have 32 control and 16 asthmatic cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have 32 control and 16 asthmatic cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have 32 control and 16 asthmatic cell
+lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines
+which we had infinite amount of dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we had infinite amount of dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we had infinite amount of dna
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+we identified variants from sequencing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we identified variants from sequencing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we identified variants from sequencing
+and from the database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from the database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from the database
+we then selected snips based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we then selected snips based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we then selected snips based on the
+allele frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allele frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allele frequency
+we designed genotyping assays and did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we designed genotyping assays and did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we designed genotyping assays and did
+primary genotyping in the adult study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary genotyping in the adult study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary genotyping in the adult study
+that was the drug company study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the drug company study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the drug company study
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+cases and controls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases and controls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases and controls
+and what the cases and controls are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what the cases and controls are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what the cases and controls are
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what we were using as cases and controls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we were using as cases and controls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we were using as cases and controls
+was comparing people this end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was comparing people this end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was comparing people this end of the
+graph the people at that end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph the people at that end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph the people at that end of the
+graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph
+so we call these controls in these cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we call these controls in these cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we call these controls in these cases
+or vice versa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we would identify haplotype tag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we would identify haplotype tag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we would identify haplotype tag
+snips that had greater than five percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snips that had greater than five percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snips that had greater than five percent
+prevalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevalence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevalence
+and that gave us first past testicle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gave us first past testicle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gave us first past testicle
+associations in the adult population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associations in the adult population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associations in the adult population
+he then said if this is true we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he then said if this is true we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he then said if this is true we should
+be able to replicate it in the kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to replicate it in the kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to replicate it in the kids
+now i said if it's true still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i said if it's true still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i said if it's true still
+should be able to replicate it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to replicate it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to replicate it in a
+third population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third population
+and then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh
+we sort of did some fancy statistics on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sort of did some fancy statistics on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sort of did some fancy statistics on
+it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so
+here are the three populations we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the three populations we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the three populations we've
+studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+this adult study is a drug company study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this adult study is a drug company study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this adult study is a drug company study
+eight weeks in duration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight weeks in duration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight weeks in duration
+people whose lung function is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people whose lung function is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people whose lung function is a
+presenter predicted is seventy percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenter predicted is seventy percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenter predicted is seventy percent
+to start their adults their age forty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start their adults their age forty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start their adults their age forty
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and they're interesting their steroid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're interesting their steroid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're interesting their steroid
+response is seven percent on average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is seven percent on average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is seven percent on average
+in the camp trial which is our first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the camp trial which is our first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the camp trial which is our first
+replicate their kids so their average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicate their kids so their average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicate their kids so their average
+age is nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age is nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age is nine
+the trial duration was four years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trial duration was four years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trial duration was four years
+not four weeks or four months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not four weeks or four months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not four weeks or four months
+and their average improvement fev one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their average improvement fev one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their average improvement fev one is
+seven percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven percent
+and then in our second replication trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in our second replication trial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in our second replication trial
+was uh government sponsored six weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh government sponsored six weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh government sponsored six weeks
+again average improvements about seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again average improvements about seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again average improvements about seven
+percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent
+this is about what you get in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is about what you get in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is about what you get in these
+populations is this kind of population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations is this kind of population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations is this kind of population
+get about seven percent improvement in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get about seven percent improvement in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get about seven percent improvement in
+fb1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fb1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fb1
+this is the list of genes that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the list of genes that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the list of genes that we
+interrogated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and there was this was simply a list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was this was simply a list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was this was simply a list of
+genes made up by understanding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes made up by understanding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes made up by understanding the
+pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway
+thinking how it could impinge on asthma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking how it could impinge on asthma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking how it could impinge on asthma
+it's entirely theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's entirely theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's entirely theoretical
+and all right so here are our primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all right so here are our primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all right so here are our primary
+outcomes using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes using
+uh the single snip analysis of these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the single snip analysis of these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the single snip analysis of these are
+haplotype tag snips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haplotype tag snips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haplotype tag snips
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+in the adult study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the adult study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the adult study
+rs242941 so this is just the name of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rs242941 so this is just the name of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rs242941 so this is just the name of one
+of these sample type tag snips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these sample type tag snips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these sample type tag snips
+using the eight week fev one percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the eight week fev one percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the eight week fev one percent
+change as a continuous variable gave us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change as a continuous variable gave us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change as a continuous variable gave us
+a p value of 0.025
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a p value of 0.025
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a p value of 0.025
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+this is not a this is adjusted for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a this is adjusted for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a this is adjusted for
+covariates but not for the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariates but not for the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariates but not for the number of
+looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks
+we then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we then
+did it in a camp population now many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it in a camp population now many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it in a camp population now many
+fewer looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer looks
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+again eight week percent change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again eight week percent change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again eight week percent change
+continuous variable p value 0.006
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous variable p value 0.006
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous variable p value 0.006
+so we're on a roll and we looked at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're on a roll and we looked at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're on a roll and we looked at that
+same genotype in the acrn population and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same genotype in the acrn population and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same genotype in the acrn population and
+didn't find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't find a
+didn't find a relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't find a relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't find a relationship
+that would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would have been
+hitting gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting gold
+and so we got silver or some other load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we got silver or some other load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we got silver or some other load
+i'm not quite sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not quite sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not quite sure
+uh what you want to call it what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what you want to call it what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what you want to call it what we
+found was that they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found was that they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found was that they were
+uh these are three other haplotype tag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these are three other haplotype tag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these are three other haplotype tag
+snips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snips
+that this one rs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in the same gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in the same gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in the same gene
+crh1 the corticopropane releasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crh1 the corticopropane releasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crh1 the corticopropane releasing
+hormone receptor one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hormone receptor one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hormone receptor one
+was positive in both populations so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was positive in both populations so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was positive in both populations so we
+sort of got either second or third class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of got either second or third class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of got either second or third class
+depending on your perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on your perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on your perspective
+the idea would have been had the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea would have been had the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea would have been had the same
+haplotype tag snip positive in all three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haplotype tag snip positive in all three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haplotype tag snip positive in all three
+populations what we found was different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations what we found was different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations what we found was different
+haplotype tag snips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haplotype tag snips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haplotype tag snips
+in the same gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suggesting that it's the gene that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting that it's the gene that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting that it's the gene that's the
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+but not localizing the site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not localizing the site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not localizing the site
+no not actually getting to the what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no not actually getting to the what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no not actually getting to the what we
+think is the active problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is the active problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is the active problem
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+kind of the the half full way of looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the the half full way of looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the the half full way of looking
+at these data are the g regardless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these data are the g regardless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these data are the g regardless
+although i don't know the mechanism if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although i don't know the mechanism if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although i don't know the mechanism if i
+genotype people at these loci
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genotype people at these loci
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genotype people at these loci
+can i predict their response in lung
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i predict their response in lung
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i predict their response in lung
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this is the rsr2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the rsr2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the rsr2
+rs2429
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rs2429
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rs2429
+that was the top one in the in the kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the top one in the in the kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the top one in the in the kids
+the camp and the adults
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camp and the adults
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camp and the adults
+and what we've now done is taken this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we've now done is taken this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we've now done is taken this
+hepatitis tag snip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hepatitis tag snip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hepatitis tag snip
+and look at people who are heterozygous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at people who are heterozygous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at people who are heterozygous
+for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it
+homozygous for it heterozygous and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homozygous for it heterozygous and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homozygous for it heterozygous and
+didn't have any copies of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have any copies of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have any copies of it
+and you can see that if you own this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that if you own this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that if you own this
+genotype that your improvement in fev1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genotype that your improvement in fev1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genotype that your improvement in fev1
+is almost twice as great as if you own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is almost twice as great as if you own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is almost twice as great as if you own
+this genotype on average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this genotype on average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this genotype on average
+when you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you uh
+look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at
+a different haplotype this is g a t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different haplotype this is g a t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different haplotype this is g a t
+haplotype pair and this is now in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haplotype pair and this is now in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haplotype pair and this is now in the
+adult in the camp study uh you even it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adult in the camp study uh you even it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adult in the camp study uh you even it's
+a little more informative here to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more informative here to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more informative here to show
+you the difference in the size of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the difference in the size of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the difference in the size of these
+bars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bars
+here this is about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is about a
+10 to 15 percent well if you look here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to 15 percent well if you look here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to 15 percent well if you look here
+this is now 15 to 20 this is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now 15 to 20 this is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now 15 to 20 this is a little
+bigger response than people with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger response than people with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger response than people with this
+apple type compared to people without it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apple type compared to people without it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apple type compared to people without it
+so we think that it has some predictive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we think that it has some predictive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we think that it has some predictive
+value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+uh it did not turn out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it did not turn out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it did not turn out to be
+statistically significant i said as i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistically significant i said as i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistically significant i said as i
+said again in the acrn population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said again in the acrn population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said again in the acrn population
+smaller number of people was in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller number of people was in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller number of people was in the
+right sign but not statistically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right sign but not statistically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right sign but not statistically
+significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant
+uh this is a different genotype in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is a different genotype in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is a different genotype in that
+same gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same gene
+but a different step the rs 187 6828
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a different step the rs 187 6828
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a different step the rs 187 6828
+showing again that if you're homozygous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing again that if you're homozygous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing again that if you're homozygous
+versus a a versus gg a big difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus a a versus gg a big difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus a a versus gg a big difference in
+response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+but when we went back and did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when we went back and did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when we went back and did
+this population with that genotype it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this population with that genotype it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this population with that genotype it
+didn't work out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't work out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't work out
+the second thing we learned is that crh1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second thing we learned is that crh1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second thing we learned is that crh1
+is probably involved in the biology of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably involved in the biology of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably involved in the biology of
+the asthma treatment response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the asthma treatment response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the asthma treatment response
+suggesting that if you could target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting that if you could target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting that if you could target
+crhr1 antagonists to the lung
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crhr1 antagonists to the lung
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crhr1 antagonists to the lung
+here's crhr1 receptor it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's crhr1 receptor it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's crhr1 receptor it's a
+7-transmembrane expanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7-transmembrane expanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7-transmembrane expanding
+g-protein-coupled receptor it's got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g-protein-coupled receptor it's got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g-protein-coupled receptor it's got a
+bunch of ligands in addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of ligands in addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of ligands in addition
+corticotropin releasing hormone that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corticotropin releasing hormone that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corticotropin releasing hormone that can
+activate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activate it
+and so some of the questions are can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so some of the questions are can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so some of the questions are can you
+find it in the lung
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it in the lung
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it in the lung
+so uh this is one of these body blots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh this is one of these body blots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh this is one of these body blots
+that you buy from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you buy from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you buy from
+one of those companies out west uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those companies out west uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those companies out west uh you
+know and you say all this rna and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and you say all this rna and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and you say all this rna and if you
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+what we did here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did here is that
+12 cycles of pcr and you pick it up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 cycles of pcr and you pick it up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 cycles of pcr and you pick it up in
+the positive control and in the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive control and in the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive control and in the brain
+remember this is a hypothalamic hormone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is a hypothalamic hormone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is a hypothalamic hormone
+so the fact that you find a hypoplant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the fact that you find a hypoplant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the fact that you find a hypoplant
+hormone resembling your brain is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hormone resembling your brain is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hormone resembling your brain is no
+surprise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise
+if you do twice as much pcr you not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do twice as much pcr you not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do twice as much pcr you not only
+pick it up in the brain it shows up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick it up in the brain it shows up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick it up in the brain it shows up in
+the lung and the placenta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lung and the placenta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lung and the placenta
+the thymus and lymph nodes and shows up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thymus and lymph nodes and shows up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thymus and lymph nodes and shows up
+in epithelial cells and cd4 positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in epithelial cells and cd4 positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in epithelial cells and cd4 positive
+lymphocytes all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lymphocytes all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lymphocytes all
+tissues that have implicated in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissues that have implicated in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissues that have implicated in the
+biology of asthma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology of asthma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology of asthma
+so at least it's where it needs to be it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at least it's where it needs to be it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at least it's where it needs to be it
+doesn't quite meet coke's postulates yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't quite meet coke's postulates yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't quite meet coke's postulates yet
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+we're headed in the right direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're headed in the right direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're headed in the right direction
+so the third example i think i'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the third example i think i'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the third example i think i'll talk
+about is a beta agonist receptor so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is a beta agonist receptor so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is a beta agonist receptor so what
+i've done so far we've talked about two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've done so far we've talked about two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've done so far we've talked about two
+association studies clinical trials that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association studies clinical trials that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association studies clinical trials that
+were done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were done
+we then get the data and the dna and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we then get the data and the dna and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we then get the data and the dna and you
+do a bunch of genotyping and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a bunch of genotyping and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a bunch of genotyping and
+associations but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associations but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associations but
+it's all post hoc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now the story with beta agonists are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now the story with beta agonists are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now the story with beta agonists are
+slightly different uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different uh
+the spate agonist inhalers are the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spate agonist inhalers are the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spate agonist inhalers are the most
+commonly used asthma treatment in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly used asthma treatment in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly used asthma treatment in the
+world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+i don't know how many of you read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know how many of you read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know how many of you read the
+new england journal medicine have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new england journal medicine have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new england journal medicine have you
+ever seen normal general medicine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever seen normal general medicine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever seen normal general medicine
+there's nice graphics that you have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nice graphics that you have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nice graphics that you have that
+one five live podcast picture i showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one five live podcast picture i showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one five live podcast picture i showed
+you she's one of the artists that draws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you she's one of the artists that draws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you she's one of the artists that draws
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+so these inhalers are going off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these inhalers are going off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these inhalers are going off
+worldwide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide
+at the rate of about a thousand times a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the rate of about a thousand times a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the rate of about a thousand times a
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+so there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a lot of
+people using this kind of treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people using this kind of treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people using this kind of treatment
+so in 1990
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in 1990
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in 1990
+over almost 15 years ago this file was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over almost 15 years ago this file was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over almost 15 years ago this file was
+started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started
+um a long-acting beta agonist came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a long-acting beta agonist came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a long-acting beta agonist came out
+now the problem with those little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the problem with those little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the problem with those little
+inhalers they last three or four hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhalers they last three or four hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhalers they last three or four hours
+so this drug company designed a drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this drug company designed a drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this drug company designed a drug
+that could last in agonize at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could last in agonize at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could last in agonize at the
+receptor for 12 hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor for 12 hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor for 12 hours
+and the hypothesis was that if you took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the hypothesis was that if you took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the hypothesis was that if you took
+it on a regular basis your asthma would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on a regular basis your asthma would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on a regular basis your asthma would
+improve because you'd be chronically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve because you'd be chronically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve because you'd be chronically
+bronchodilated these drugs work by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bronchodilated these drugs work by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bronchodilated these drugs work by
+relaxing airway smooth muscle it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxing airway smooth muscle it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxing airway smooth muscle it's
+constricted in asthma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constricted in asthma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constricted in asthma
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we had
+in this trial designed by the sponsors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this trial designed by the sponsors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this trial designed by the sponsors
+they were comparing this long-acting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were comparing this long-acting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were comparing this long-acting
+beta agonist with placebo and it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta agonist with placebo and it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta agonist with placebo and it was a
+crossover design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover design
+so half the patient started on fernando
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so half the patient started on fernando
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so half the patient started on fernando
+all half started on placebo for 26 weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all half started on placebo for 26 weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all half started on placebo for 26 weeks
+of treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of treatment
+they got a month off and then they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got a month off and then they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got a month off and then they were
+switched to the other treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switched to the other treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switched to the other treatment
+and followed for another 26 weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and followed for another 26 weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and followed for another 26 weeks
+and in this trial the primary outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this trial the primary outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this trial the primary outcome
+was an asthma exacerbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an asthma exacerbation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an asthma exacerbation
+rather than measuring lung function you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than measuring lung function you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than measuring lung function you
+say i'm going to wait for your asthma to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say i'm going to wait for your asthma to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say i'm going to wait for your asthma to
+get bad enough for you to be upset by it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get bad enough for you to be upset by it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get bad enough for you to be upset by it
+and i'm going to click off the asthma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to click off the asthma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to click off the asthma
+exacerbation box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exacerbation box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exacerbation box
+when that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that
+happens and the hypothesis had been that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and the hypothesis had been that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and the hypothesis had been that
+during your phenoterol treatment you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during your phenoterol treatment you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during your phenoterol treatment you'd
+have fewer asthma exacerbations than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fewer asthma exacerbations than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fewer asthma exacerbations than
+during your placebo treatment period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during your placebo treatment period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during your placebo treatment period
+because of the crossover design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the crossover design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the crossover design
+everybody's in both arms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's in both arms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's in both arms
+so when these data were published the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when these data were published the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when these data were published the
+arsenal world was surprised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arsenal world was surprised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arsenal world was surprised
+because this is the number of subjects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is the number of subjects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is the number of subjects
+without exacerbation it's time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without exacerbation it's time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without exacerbation it's time
+treatment was 100 effective your line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment was 100 effective your line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment was 100 effective your line
+would go across here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go across here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go across here
+every time a patient has an asthma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time a patient has an asthma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time a patient has an asthma
+exacerbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exacerbation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exacerbation
+uh the line kicks down and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the line kicks down and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the line kicks down and that
+patient's then censored from further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient's then censored from further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient's then censored from further
+analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis
+and you could see that there for about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could see that there for about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could see that there for about a
+week or so they were the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week or so they were the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week or so they were the same
+but then the patients that got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then the patients that got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then the patients that got the
+regular treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular treatment
+remember the ounce of prevention was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the ounce of prevention was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the ounce of prevention was
+worth a pound of cure this is supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth a pound of cure this is supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth a pound of cure this is supposed
+to make you better for actually having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make you better for actually having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make you better for actually having
+more asthma exacerbations at any given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more asthma exacerbations at any given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more asthma exacerbations at any given
+point in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in time
+and the people who only use beta agonist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the people who only use beta agonist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the people who only use beta agonist
+when they needed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they needed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they needed it
+and when these data came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when these data came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when these data came out
+there was concern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was concern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was concern
+uh that actually this very commonly used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that actually this very commonly used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that actually this very commonly used
+asthma treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asthma treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asthma treatment
+was causing harm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was causing harm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was causing harm
+and the fires were fueled by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fires were fueled by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fires were fueled by
+this paper that was uh published by my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper that was uh published by my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper that was uh published by my
+predecessors at the new england journal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessors at the new england journal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessors at the new england journal
+i had nothing to do with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i had nothing to do with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i had nothing to do with this
+let you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let you know
+um showing that the use of beta agonists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um showing that the use of beta agonists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um showing that the use of beta agonists
+was associated with the risk of death to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was associated with the risk of death to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was associated with the risk of death to
+near-death harassment what they did in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near-death harassment what they did in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near-death harassment what they did in
+this study is they went to this huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this study is they went to this huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this study is they went to this huge
+database which is where every time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database which is where every time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database which is where every time you
+get a prescription in the province of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a prescription in the province of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a prescription in the province of
+saskatchewan somebody knows who you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saskatchewan somebody knows who you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saskatchewan somebody knows who you are
+and what prescription you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what prescription you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what prescription you want
+and then they also match that with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they also match that with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they also match that with the
+asthma exacerbations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asthma exacerbations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asthma exacerbations
+asthma death file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asthma death file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asthma death file
+and people got really bad asthma because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people got really bad asthma because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people got really bad asthma because
+they have hospital records
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have hospital records
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have hospital records
+and they discovered that the patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they discovered that the patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they discovered that the patients
+that used a lot of beta agonists either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that used a lot of beta agonists either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that used a lot of beta agonists either
+died from asthma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died from asthma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died from asthma
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+were admitted to the hospital with very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were admitted to the hospital with very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were admitted to the hospital with very
+severe asthma and they concluded it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+severe asthma and they concluded it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+severe asthma and they concluded it was
+cause and effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause and effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause and effect
+and they were totally wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were totally wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were totally wrong
+this was a classic example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a classic example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a classic example of
+confounding by severity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confounding by severity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confounding by severity
+or more simply put the sicker patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more simply put the sicker patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more simply put the sicker patients
+were using their beta inhalers a lot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were using their beta inhalers a lot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were using their beta inhalers a lot and
+they're the ones that were more likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the ones that were more likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the ones that were more likely
+to die from asthma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to die from asthma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to die from asthma
+so it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it was a
+bad epidemiology but while we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad epidemiology but while we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad epidemiology but while we were
+working that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working that out
+um this trial was conceived that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this trial was conceived that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this trial was conceived that the
+people at the nih became concerned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people at the nih became concerned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people at the nih became concerned
+the common asthma medicine was making us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the common asthma medicine was making us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the common asthma medicine was making us
+sick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick
+and so that we put together this trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that we put together this trial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that we put together this trial
+called the beta agonist study all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the beta agonist study all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the beta agonist study all
+clinical trials have to have a name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical trials have to have a name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical trials have to have a name
+otherwise you have to say remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you have to say remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you have to say remember that
+trial where they compared drug x to drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial where they compared drug x to drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial where they compared drug x to drug
+y in a 24-week crossover design trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y in a 24-week crossover design trial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y in a 24-week crossover design trial
+that was published in the lancet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was published in the lancet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was published in the lancet
+or he said remember the bag style or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or he said remember the bag style or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or he said remember the bag style or
+something like that so all good clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that so all good clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that so all good clinical
+trials have a name this was the bags
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials have a name this was the bags
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials have a name this was the bags
+trial and in this trial we enrolled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial and in this trial we enrolled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial and in this trial we enrolled
+patients with really mild asthma for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients with really mild asthma for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients with really mild asthma for a
+six-week running period when they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six-week running period when they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six-week running period when they were
+on their standard treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their standard treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their standard treatment
+and then they were randomized to receive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they were randomized to receive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they were randomized to receive
+either albuterol which is a long short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either albuterol which is a long short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either albuterol which is a long short
+acting beta inhale she had to take it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting beta inhale she had to take it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting beta inhale she had to take it
+four times a day this is the one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four times a day this is the one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four times a day this is the one that's
+used so often around the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used so often around the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used so often around the world
+and they were given a coated inhaler it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were given a coated inhaler it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were given a coated inhaler it
+was white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was white
+and said study drug take two puffs four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said study drug take two puffs four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said study drug take two puffs four
+times a day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a day
+i've already told you about four times a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've already told you about four times a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've already told you about four times a
+day medication so this inhaler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day medication so this inhaler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day medication so this inhaler
+had it in a computer chip and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had it in a computer chip and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had it in a computer chip and the
+patients knew this every time they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients knew this every time they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients knew this every time they
+pressed the inhaler it recorded the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressed the inhaler it recorded the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressed the inhaler it recorded the time
+of day and the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of day and the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of day and the day
+and we knew uh that we had about 95
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we knew uh that we had about 95
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we knew uh that we had about 95
+compliance at least with pressing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliance at least with pressing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliance at least with pressing the
+inhaler there wasn't a video camera in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhaler there wasn't a video camera in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhaler there wasn't a video camera in
+the computer chip i don't know whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer chip i don't know whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer chip i don't know whether
+the patient actually inhaled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient actually inhaled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient actually inhaled
+when they press the inhaler but we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they press the inhaler but we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they press the inhaler but we we
+think that pressing the inhaler meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that pressing the inhaler meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that pressing the inhaler meant
+that they actually used it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they actually used it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they actually used it
+and that was a coded inhaler and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was a coded inhaler and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was a coded inhaler and they
+were also given an open label albuterol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were also given an open label albuterol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were also given an open label albuterol
+and said you know if your asthma is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said you know if your asthma is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said you know if your asthma is
+still acting up you can take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still acting up you can take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still acting up you can take this
+and so that all the patients were given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that all the patients were given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that all the patients were given
+that the placebo group was given an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the placebo group was given an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the placebo group was given an
+identical inhaler identical instructions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical inhaler identical instructions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical inhaler identical instructions
+identical computer chip and open-label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical computer chip and open-label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical computer chip and open-label
+albedo raw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+albedo raw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+albedo raw
+and the hypothesis was that if regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the hypothesis was that if regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the hypothesis was that if regular
+use of beta agonist was bad for you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of beta agonist was bad for you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of beta agonist was bad for you that
+the blue group would do poorly compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue group would do poorly compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue group would do poorly compared
+to the green group now rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the green group now rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the green group now rather than
+powering the study for asthma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powering the study for asthma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powering the study for asthma
+exacerbations because from these very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exacerbations because from these very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exacerbations because from these very
+mild asthma patients who have taken a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mild asthma patients who have taken a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mild asthma patients who have taken a
+thousand patients studied for a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand patients studied for a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand patients studied for a year
+we used a surrogate endpoint which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used a surrogate endpoint which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used a surrogate endpoint which was
+lung function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lung function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lung function
+strongly related to how patients do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly related to how patients do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly related to how patients do with
+asthma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asthma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asthma
+uh taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh taken
+uh over 20 over 16 weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i hear the data which we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i hear the data which we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i hear the data which we have
+published actually in new england
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published actually in new england
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published actually in new england
+journal medicine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal medicine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal medicine
+in 96
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 96
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 96
+and showed that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and showed that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and showed that uh
+the morning peak flow which is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the morning peak flow which is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the morning peak flow which is our
+primary outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary outcome
+the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+two groups were not statistically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two groups were not statistically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two groups were not statistically
+distinguishable here it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishable here it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishable here it's a very
+expanded scale and the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded scale and the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded scale and the difference
+between these two or 15 liters per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two or 15 liters per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two or 15 liters per
+minute is probably not significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute is probably not significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute is probably not significant
+we had gone in saying that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had gone in saying that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had gone in saying that this
+difference 25 was significant and it got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference 25 was significant and it got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference 25 was significant and it got
+only halfway there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only halfway there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only halfway there
+but interestingly the blue group did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but interestingly the blue group did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but interestingly the blue group did a
+little poorer than the green group even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little poorer than the green group even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little poorer than the green group even
+though the difference was statistically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the difference was statistically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the difference was statistically
+significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant
+this was in the sign of these treatments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was in the sign of these treatments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was in the sign of these treatments
+being worse for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being worse for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being worse for you
+but we concluded that they weren't worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we concluded that they weren't worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we concluded that they weren't worse
+for you in fact we looked at a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you in fact we looked at a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you in fact we looked at a bunch of
+outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes
+now while we were doing this trial while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now while we were doing this trial while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now while we were doing this trial while
+a data accrual was going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a data accrual was going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a data accrual was going on
+this is the beta2 adenergic receptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the beta2 adenergic receptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the beta2 adenergic receptor
+a number of polymorphisms were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of polymorphisms were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of polymorphisms were
+identified in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified in it
+now these two which are right up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these two which are right up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these two which are right up here
+near the n-terminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the n-terminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the n-terminal
+part of the receptor have very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the receptor have very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the receptor have very high
+allele frequencies the minor allele
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allele frequencies the minor allele
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allele frequencies the minor allele
+frequencies are on the order of 0.4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies are on the order of 0.4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies are on the order of 0.4
+they're very common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very common
+and we knew from the work of others that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we knew from the work of others that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we knew from the work of others that
+these were functional that is that an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were functional that is that an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were functional that is that an
+arge 16 receptor behaved differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arge 16 receptor behaved differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arge 16 receptor behaved differently
+than a glycemic receptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a glycemic receptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a glycemic receptor
+we also knew that arch 16 was in very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also knew that arch 16 was in very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also knew that arch 16 was in very
+strong linkage this equilibrium with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong linkage this equilibrium with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong linkage this equilibrium with
+glen 27
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glen 27
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glen 27
+so that if you were large 16 you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that if you were large 16 you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that if you were large 16 you were
+likely glenn 27
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely glenn 27
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely glenn 27
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+what we did was we stratified the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did was we stratified the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did was we stratified the data
+from that clinical trial based on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that clinical trial based on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that clinical trial based on that
+on these genotypes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these genotypes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these genotypes
+again a retrospective analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a retrospective analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a retrospective analysis
+and here are the findings if you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here are the findings if you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here are the findings if you had
+the glycogly genotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glycogly genotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glycogly genotype
+and use beta agonists on a regular basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use beta agonists on a regular basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use beta agonists on a regular basis
+your morning peak flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your morning peak flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your morning peak flow
+after treatment oscillates around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after treatment oscillates around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after treatment oscillates around the
+zero line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero line
+if you have the r charged genotype and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have the r charged genotype and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have the r charged genotype and
+only you need to use beta agonist when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only you need to use beta agonist when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only you need to use beta agonist when
+you needed it which work out to be about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you needed it which work out to be about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you needed it which work out to be about
+a puff every other day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a puff every other day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a puff every other day
+nothing happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing happened
+but if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you're
+have the r-jars genotype and using two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the r-jars genotype and using two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the r-jars genotype and using two
+puffs four times a day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puffs four times a day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puffs four times a day
+there's a fall in peak flow during and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a fall in peak flow during and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a fall in peak flow during and
+after the active treatment period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the active treatment period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the active treatment period
+suggesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting
+that it's not that the drugs don't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not that the drugs don't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not that the drugs don't work
+anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore
+in fact when you take them you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact when you take them you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact when you take them you get
+bronchodilation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bronchodilation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bronchodilation
+but there's a side effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a side effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a side effect
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+when you're when the drug wears off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're when the drug wears off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're when the drug wears off
+you're worse than you were before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're worse than you were before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're worse than you were before you
+started taking it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started taking it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started taking it
+and that's what this is showing us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what this is showing us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what this is showing us
+because this is the morning peak flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is the morning peak flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is the morning peak flow
+before treatment so this says that using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before treatment so this says that using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before treatment so this says that using
+a drug on a regular basis makes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a drug on a regular basis makes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a drug on a regular basis makes you
+worse in the morning than you would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse in the morning than you would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse in the morning than you would be
+if you hadn't used the drug but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you hadn't used the drug but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you hadn't used the drug but it's
+genotype related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that led us to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that led us to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that led us to do
+a prospective trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a prospective trial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a prospective trial
+and so this is like the gold standard in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is like the gold standard in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is like the gold standard in
+this business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this business
+rather than sifting through all data we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than sifting through all data we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than sifting through all data we
+start off with new data and we design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off with new data and we design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off with new data and we design
+the barge trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the barge trial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the barge trial
+beta agonist receptor by genotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta agonist receptor by genotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta agonist receptor by genotype
+and this was two identical trials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was two identical trials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was two identical trials
+in which uh patients were enrolled with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which uh patients were enrolled with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which uh patients were enrolled with
+the arge arts genotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arge arts genotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arge arts genotype
+a matching glycogenotype patient was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matching glycogenotype patient was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matching glycogenotype patient was
+found at least with respect to sex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found at least with respect to sex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found at least with respect to sex
+and lung function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lung function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lung function
+and then both groups of patients were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then both groups of patients were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then both groups of patients were
+put in this design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in this design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in this design
+and the idea was that in the large arch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea was that in the large arch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea was that in the large arch
+patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients
+we expected that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expected that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expected that
+placebo would be superior to albuterol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placebo would be superior to albuterol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placebo would be superior to albuterol
+because we think that these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we think that these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we think that these are the
+patients where albuterol given regularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients where albuterol given regularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients where albuterol given regularly
+has a detrimental effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a detrimental effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a detrimental effect
+while in the glideline patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while in the glideline patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while in the glideline patients
+this difference would not exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this difference would not exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this difference would not exist
+and then if we then did a genotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if we then did a genotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if we then did a genotype
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+treatment interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment interaction
+we would say that if you look at glycoly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would say that if you look at glycoly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would say that if you look at glycoly
+on active treatment versus argon active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on active treatment versus argon active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on active treatment versus argon active
+treatment that these patients would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment that these patients would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment that these patients would be
+better these patients would be worse and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better these patients would be worse and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better these patients would be worse and
+there'd be a big difference between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'd be a big difference between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'd be a big difference between the
+two years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two years
+that's how we designed it our primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we designed it our primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we designed it our primary
+outcome variable again was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome variable again was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome variable again was a
+measurement of lung function morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement of lung function morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement of lung function morning
+peak flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak flow
+with these secondary outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we enrolled 332 patients that got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we enrolled 332 patients that got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we enrolled 332 patients that got
+genotyped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genotyped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genotyped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met the criteria so this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met the criteria so this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met the criteria so this is an
+interesting trial because as far as i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting trial because as far as i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting trial because as far as i
+know it's the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's the first
+trial where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial where
+people were enrolled by genotype in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were enrolled by genotype in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were enrolled by genotype in a
+non-millennium condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-millennium condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-millennium condition
+they came in and they met clinical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came in and they met clinical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came in and they met clinical and
+physiological criteria that say you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiological criteria that say you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiological criteria that say you're a
+patient for our trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient for our trial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient for our trial
+now let's genotype you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's genotype you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's genotype you
+because we knew that one out of six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we knew that one out of six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we knew that one out of six
+people was in our charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people was in our charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people was in our charge
+if you would then met
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you would then met
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you would then met
+the criteria in when our georgia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the criteria in when our georgia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the criteria in when our georgia
+enrolled in the trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrolled in the trial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrolled in the trial
+we then went to the people who we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we then went to the people who we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we then went to the people who we
+determined to be like why and look for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined to be like why and look for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined to be like why and look for a
+match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match
+sex lung function and center where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sex lung function and center where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sex lung function and center where they
+were studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were studying
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we ended up with with these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ended up with with these people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ended up with with these people
+these are the baseline characteristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the baseline characteristics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the baseline characteristics
+of the two group we matched on sex and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two group we matched on sex and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two group we matched on sex and
+we came as close as you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we came as close as you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we came as close as you could
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+in terms of the proportions that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the proportions that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the proportions that were
+caucasian they worked out to be about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caucasian they worked out to be about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caucasian they worked out to be about
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+their ages worked out to be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their ages worked out to be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their ages worked out to be the same
+their lung functions worked out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their lung functions worked out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their lung functions worked out to be
+the same so we had two reasonably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same so we had two reasonably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same so we had two reasonably
+matched groups of people that differed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matched groups of people that differed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matched groups of people that differed
+with respect to their genotype at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to their genotype at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to their genotype at the
+beta2 admiration receptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta2 admiration receptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta2 admiration receptor
+so this was um unexpected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was um unexpected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was um unexpected
+what happened in this trial was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened in this trial was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened in this trial was
+different from our other trials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from our other trials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from our other trials
+was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+had the patients off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the patients off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the patients off of
+or on beta agonists on a regularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or on beta agonists on a regularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or on beta agonists on a regularly
+scheduled basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduled basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduled basis
+but they had a beta agonist inhaler they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they had a beta agonist inhaler they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they had a beta agonist inhaler they
+were using if they asthmak it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were using if they asthmak it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were using if they asthmak it up
+so when we did this trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we did this trial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we did this trial
+we switched their rescue inhaler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we switched their rescue inhaler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we switched their rescue inhaler
+from a beta agonist inhaler to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a beta agonist inhaler to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a beta agonist inhaler to another
+type of rescue inhaler called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of rescue inhaler called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of rescue inhaler called
+atroventing hippopropium bromide which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atroventing hippopropium bromide which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atroventing hippopropium bromide which
+doesn't work at this receptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work at this receptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work at this receptor
+and we allowed six weeks for patients to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we allowed six weeks for patients to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we allowed six weeks for patients to
+get used to using that treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get used to using that treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get used to using that treatment
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+they hadn't expected this to happen but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they hadn't expected this to happen but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they hadn't expected this to happen but
+what happened was in the glycogly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened was in the glycogly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened was in the glycogly
+patients their peak flows stayed fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients their peak flows stayed fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients their peak flows stayed fixed
+well in the large arch patients who were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in the large arch patients who were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in the large arch patients who were
+using this treat the their albuterol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this treat the their albuterol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this treat the their albuterol
+four or five times a day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four or five times a day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four or five times a day
+just kind of as regular use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of as regular use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of as regular use
+when we switch them to propion bromide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we switch them to propion bromide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we switch them to propion bromide
+over six weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over six weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over six weeks
+improve their lung function 30 liters a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve their lung function 30 liters a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve their lung function 30 liters a
+minute actually 28 liters a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute actually 28 liters a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute actually 28 liters a minute
+now that's as good as you get out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's as good as you get out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's as good as you get out of
+most treatments you pay money for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most treatments you pay money for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most treatments you pay money for
+you know all we did was switch them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all we did was switch them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all we did was switch them
+from albuterol hippotrophy and bromide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from albuterol hippotrophy and bromide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from albuterol hippotrophy and bromide
+but in our trial design we said the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in our trial design we said the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in our trial design we said the zero
+point is going to be six weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is going to be six weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is going to be six weeks
+so all our comparisons are made from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all our comparisons are made from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all our comparisons are made from
+here but we had this big effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but we had this big effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but we had this big effect
+during the running which we hadn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the running which we hadn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the running which we hadn't
+counted on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then during the trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then during the trial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then during the trial
+so the r charge is yellow the glide line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the r charge is yellow the glide line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the r charge is yellow the glide line
+is blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is blue
+they start off with peak flows of around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they start off with peak flows of around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they start off with peak flows of around
+470.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+470.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+470.
+the r charges get worse on active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the r charges get worse on active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the r charges get worse on active
+treatment while the glycolies get better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment while the glycolies get better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment while the glycolies get better
+while on placebo the large arches get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while on placebo the large arches get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while on placebo the large arches get
+better and the glycolies get worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and the glycolies get worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and the glycolies get worse
+this is the primary outcome peak flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the primary outcome peak flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the primary outcome peak flow
+when we express it this way this is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we express it this way this is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we express it this way this is now
+morning peak flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning peak flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning peak flow
+and so each of these bars represents the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so each of these bars represents the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so each of these bars represents the
+difference between active and placebo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between active and placebo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between active and placebo
+so if active is worse in placebo you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if active is worse in placebo you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if active is worse in placebo you go
+down and if active is better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and if active is better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and if active is better than
+placebo you go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placebo you go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placebo you go up
+r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r
+is red gly is green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is red gly is green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is red gly is green
+and you see that the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see that the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see that the difference between
+the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two
+highly statistically significant uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly statistically significant uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly statistically significant uh with
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+value that's on the order of 23 liters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that's on the order of 23 liters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that's on the order of 23 liters
+per minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per minute
+we said 25 is statistically it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said 25 is statistically it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said 25 is statistically it would
+have been clinically significant it came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been clinically significant it came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been clinically significant it came
+close but didn't hit that bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close but didn't hit that bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close but didn't hit that bar
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+then in evening peak flow the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in evening peak flow the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in evening peak flow the difference
+is also in the same sign but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also in the same sign but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also in the same sign but
+interestingly there's been some recovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly there's been some recovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly there's been some recovery
+of lung function uh during the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lung function uh during the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lung function uh during the day
+our other outcomes fev1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our other outcomes fev1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our other outcomes fev1
+and difference again in the same sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and difference again in the same sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and difference again in the same sign
+our charges get worse fly glides get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our charges get worse fly glides get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our charges get worse fly glides get
+better the difference is about 150
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better the difference is about 150
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better the difference is about 150
+liters per minute everybody agrees this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liters per minute everybody agrees this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liters per minute everybody agrees this
+is statistically significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is statistically significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is statistically significant
+when we look at symptoms and here a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we look at symptoms and here a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we look at symptoms and here a
+bigger number is more symptoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger number is more symptoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger number is more symptoms
+there are more symptoms when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are more symptoms when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are more symptoms when the
+patients are using the drug on a regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients are using the drug on a regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients are using the drug on a regular
+basis and there are when they're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis and there are when they're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis and there are when they're using
+placebo again in the sign of glycolyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placebo again in the sign of glycolyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placebo again in the sign of glycolyze
+doing better on active and our judges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing better on active and our judges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing better on active and our judges
+doing worse on active treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing worse on active treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing worse on active treatment
+so highly highly likely not to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so highly highly likely not to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so highly highly likely not to have
+occurred by chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred by chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred by chance
+now my final outcome here is how often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now my final outcome here is how often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now my final outcome here is how often
+the patients had to use a rescue inhaler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patients had to use a rescue inhaler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patients had to use a rescue inhaler
+the hypotorpian bromide was the non-beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypotorpian bromide was the non-beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypotorpian bromide was the non-beta
+agonist rescue inhaler albuterol is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agonist rescue inhaler albuterol is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agonist rescue inhaler albuterol is the
+beta agonist rescue inhaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta agonist rescue inhaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta agonist rescue inhaling
+and we found the same thing remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we found the same thing remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we found the same thing remember
+during this period the patients are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during this period the patients are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during this period the patients are
+using their they're getting albuterol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using their they're getting albuterol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using their they're getting albuterol
+eight puffs a day already and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight puffs a day already and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight puffs a day already and they're
+taking more of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking more of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking more of it
+it's not enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not enough
+while when the when the glycol eyes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while when the when the glycol eyes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while when the when the glycol eyes are
+using at eight puffs a day they cut back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using at eight puffs a day they cut back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using at eight puffs a day they cut back
+on their daily use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their daily use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their daily use
+so the difference between these groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the difference between these groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the difference between these groups
+three puffs a day is highly significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three puffs a day is highly significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three puffs a day is highly significant
+and in the sign that we're making these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the sign that we're making these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the sign that we're making these
+patients the our charge patients worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients the our charge patients worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients the our charge patients worse
+with active treatment so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with active treatment so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with active treatment so
+the clue out of this one is that about 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clue out of this one is that about 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clue out of this one is that about 1
+6 out of patients with asthma in the u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 out of patients with asthma in the u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 out of patients with asthma in the u.s
+are probably being made worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are probably being made worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are probably being made worse
+by their uh albuterol treatment which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by their uh albuterol treatment which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by their uh albuterol treatment which is
+actually very commonly used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very commonly used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very commonly used
+asthmatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asthmatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asthmatically
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+this study was not powered for asthma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this study was not powered for asthma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this study was not powered for asthma
+exacerbations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exacerbations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exacerbations
+uh to do that we would have had to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to do that we would have had to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to do that we would have had to study
+as i said about a thousand people for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i said about a thousand people for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i said about a thousand people for a
+year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year
+and to study a thousand people who've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to study a thousand people who've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to study a thousand people who've
+had to screen 3 000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to screen 3 000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to screen 3 000
+or maybe more like 4 000 because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe more like 4 000 because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe more like 4 000 because it's
+going to be genotype stratified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be genotype stratified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be genotype stratified
+but these two things track and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these two things track and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these two things track and those
+kinds of trials are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of trials are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of trials are
+under consideration but are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under consideration but are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under consideration but are
+not completed yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not completed yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not completed yet
+so i've given you three examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i've given you three examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i've given you three examples
+anti-leukotrons will be shown an effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-leukotrons will be shown an effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-leukotrons will be shown an effect
+based on what we know about the biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on what we know about the biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on what we know about the biology
+of the pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pathway
+but one of little pharmacoeconomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one of little pharmacoeconomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one of little pharmacoeconomic
+consequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences
+inhaled steroids where we weren't quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhaled steroids where we weren't quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhaled steroids where we weren't quite
+able to replicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to replicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to replicate
+um the finding of three genes but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the finding of three genes but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the finding of three genes but we
+have a gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a gene
+but probably not a snake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but probably not a snake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but probably not a snake
+um related to steroid response be also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um related to steroid response be also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um related to steroid response be also
+useful to try to do a controlled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to try to do a controlled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to try to do a controlled
+prospective trial that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prospective trial that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prospective trial that way
+and then with with the beta agonist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then with with the beta agonist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then with with the beta agonist
+we've done the control prospective trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done the control prospective trial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done the control prospective trial
+showing the genotype makes a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing the genotype makes a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing the genotype makes a difference
+in treatment response so that it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in treatment response so that it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in treatment response so that it's more
+than just a an idea but something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just a an idea but something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just a an idea but something you
+can actually reduce to practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually reduce to practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually reduce to practice
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+these are three examples in asthma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are three examples in asthma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are three examples in asthma
+treatment which has the advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment which has the advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment which has the advantage of
+being a recurrent disease requiring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a recurrent disease requiring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a recurrent disease requiring
+chronic therapy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chronic therapy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chronic therapy
+you know if i were doing a trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if i were doing a trial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if i were doing a trial
+where i had a you know um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i had a you know um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i had a you know um
+where i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i
+wasn't allowed to take patients off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't allowed to take patients off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't allowed to take patients off
+treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment
+right uh you know where the outcomes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh you know where the outcomes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh you know where the outcomes are
+going to be strokes or heart attacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be strokes or heart attacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be strokes or heart attacks
+terrible events then you'd be you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible events then you'd be you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible events then you'd be you know
+this kind of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of freedom
+even when you're using blood pressure as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even when you're using blood pressure as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even when you're using blood pressure as
+an outcome you don't like to let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an outcome you don't like to let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an outcome you don't like to let
+someone's blood pressure go uncontrolled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone's blood pressure go uncontrolled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone's blood pressure go uncontrolled
+but here you can really show a genotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here you can really show a genotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here you can really show a genotype
+by treatment interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by treatment interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by treatment interaction
+different kinds of ways and you can sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of ways and you can sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of ways and you can sort
+of expand this to other kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of expand this to other kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of expand this to other kinds of
+diseases doing the right kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases doing the right kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases doing the right kinds of
+treatment finals where you begin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment finals where you begin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment finals where you begin to
+enroll people by genotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enroll people by genotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enroll people by genotype
+and informative genotypes which you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and informative genotypes which you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and informative genotypes which you find
+out from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out from
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+evaluation of all data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation of all data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation of all data
+to decide whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decide whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decide whether
+this makes sense to move forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this makes sense to move forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this makes sense to move forward
+so this is where i see that to me one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is where i see that to me one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is where i see that to me one of
+the major advantages of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the major advantages of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the major advantages of
+genetics in actual medicine is i mean i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetics in actual medicine is i mean i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetics in actual medicine is i mean i
+can find the genes that cause things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find the genes that cause things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find the genes that cause things
+but all i can do is give you bad or good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all i can do is give you bad or good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all i can do is give you bad or good
+news you know you don't have the gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news you know you don't have the gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news you know you don't have the gene
+for huntington's disease you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for huntington's disease you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for huntington's disease you don't have
+the gene from parkinson's disease or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gene from parkinson's disease or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gene from parkinson's disease or you
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+now you're going to worry about it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you're going to worry about it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you're going to worry about it but
+you can't do anything about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't do anything about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't do anything about it
+right i might be able to tell you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i might be able to tell you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i might be able to tell you the
+gene for uh a form of emphysema and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene for uh a form of emphysema and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene for uh a form of emphysema and you
+shouldn't smoke because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't smoke because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't smoke because that's
+but still there's very little the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still there's very little the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still there's very little the
+information that i can do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that i can do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that i can do with the
+information about a gene that i harbor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about a gene that i harbor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about a gene that i harbor
+or don't harbor other than making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or don't harbor other than making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or don't harbor other than making
+decisions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions about
+my kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my kids
+and whether i want to have kids or who i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whether i want to have kids or who i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whether i want to have kids or who i
+want to marry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to marry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to marry
+and it's interesting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's interesting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's interesting in
+some regions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some regions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some regions of
+new york city where they have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new york city where they have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new york city where they have these
+arranged ashkenazi jewish marriages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranged ashkenazi jewish marriages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranged ashkenazi jewish marriages
+and where they have a number of genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where they have a number of genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where they have a number of genetic
+diseases you know they're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases you know they're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases you know they're actually
+genotyping the couples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genotyping the couples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genotyping the couples
+the people in the in the arranged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people in the in the arranged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people in the in the arranged
+marriages so they don't end up with tay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriages so they don't end up with tay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriages so they don't end up with tay
+sachs disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sachs disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sachs disease
+and other you know commonly inherited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other you know commonly inherited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other you know commonly inherited
+but there are arranged marriages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are arranged marriages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are arranged marriages
+a lot of marriages these days aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of marriages these days aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of marriages these days aren't
+arranged but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranged but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranged but
+uh so it's not terribly useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so it's not terribly useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so it's not terribly useful
+information if on the other hand you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information if on the other hand you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information if on the other hand you
+have a disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a disease
+and i can look at your genotype and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i can look at your genotype and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i can look at your genotype and
+modify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify
+my treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my treatment
+so that in one case you're likely to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that in one case you're likely to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that in one case you're likely to get
+better in another case i know that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better in another case i know that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better in another case i know that a
+drug isn't going to work for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug isn't going to work for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug isn't going to work for you
+it's a much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a much more
+medically useful thing to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medically useful thing to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medically useful thing to know
+i'm sorry that you inherited these genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sorry that you inherited these genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sorry that you inherited these genes
+that are going to cause you to have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going to cause you to have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going to cause you to have this
+bad disease but at least i know from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad disease but at least i know from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad disease but at least i know from
+your genetic profile what treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your genetic profile what treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your genetic profile what treatment
+you're more likely to respond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're more likely to respond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're more likely to respond to
+and so that's why i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's why i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's why i think
+what is going to make a difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going to make a difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going to make a difference in
+genetics and medicine this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetics and medicine this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetics and medicine this is going to
+make a difference and we're seeing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a difference and we're seeing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a difference and we're seeing it
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+with leukemias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with leukemias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with leukemias
+we're going through and doing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going through and doing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going through and doing these
+studies looking at patients that have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies looking at patients that have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies looking at patients that have a
+certain kind of leukemia who are likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kind of leukemia who are likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kind of leukemia who are likely
+to have a good treatment response and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a good treatment response and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a good treatment response and
+who aren't likely to have a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who aren't likely to have a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who aren't likely to have a good
+treatment response now there what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment response now there what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment response now there what that
+means is that if you're in a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is that if you're in a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is that if you're in a good
+treatment response group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment response group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment response group
+i can treat your leukemia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can treat your leukemia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can treat your leukemia
+and maybe not come so close to killing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe not come so close to killing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe not come so close to killing
+you well if you're in a bad treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you well if you're in a bad treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you well if you're in a bad treatment
+response group i'm going to get out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response group i'm going to get out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response group i'm going to get out
+everything i possibly can from day zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything i possibly can from day zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything i possibly can from day zero
+and i'm going to try to wipe out every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to try to wipe out every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to try to wipe out every
+cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+so that i think this is much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that i think this is much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that i think this is much more
+medically useful than finding causative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medically useful than finding causative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medically useful than finding causative
+genes we have to find genes that help us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes we have to find genes that help us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes we have to find genes that help us
+modify and understand our treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify and understand our treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify and understand our treatment
+response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+that's my story
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/nfawe03nvAY.txt b/nfawe03nvAY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e030337dcef077a68b96051a9c2821de407d1e15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nfawe03nvAY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,379 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+We considered the work done by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We considered the work done by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We considered the work done by a
+gravitational force that's p which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational force that's p which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational force that's p which was
+path independent. Now let's generalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path independent. Now let's generalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path independent. Now let's generalize
+that to any force between two points I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to any force between two points I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to any force between two points I
+and another point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another point
+F that if the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F that if the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F that if the work
+done in going from the initial point to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in going from the initial point to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in going from the initial point to
+the final point this is path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+independent then we call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent then we call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent then we call this
+force a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force a
+conservative force.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now conservative there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now conservative there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now conservative there are many
+conservative forces that we'll analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative forces that we'll analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative forces that we'll analyze
+in this class. Examples will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class. Examples will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class. Examples will be the
+inverse square electric force or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse square electric force or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse square electric force or the
+gravitational force. We've already seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational force. We've already seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational force. We've already seen
+gravitational force near the surface of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational force near the surface of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational force near the surface of
+the earth is conservative. Spring forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earth is conservative. Spring forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earth is conservative. Spring forces
+are other examples of conservative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other examples of conservative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other examples of conservative
+forces. But let's look a little bit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces. But let's look a little bit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces. But let's look a little bit in
+detail. Suppose we call this path one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail. Suppose we call this path one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail. Suppose we call this path one
+and we consider a second path path two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we consider a second path path two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we consider a second path path two.
+Then a property of conservative forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then a property of conservative forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then a property of conservative forces
+is that the work done is independent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the work done is independent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the work done is independent of
+that path. So if we total up the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that path. So if we total up the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that path. So if we total up the work
+from the initial to the final on path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the initial to the final on path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the initial to the final on path
+one of f dod ds and then we go from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of f dod ds and then we go from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of f dod ds and then we go from the
+final point to the initial point on path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final point to the initial point on path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final point to the initial point on path
+two of f dod ds. Then because these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of f dod ds. Then because these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of f dod ds. Then because these
+integrals are independent of the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals are independent of the path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals are independent of the path
+and all we've done is shifted the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all we've done is shifted the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all we've done is shifted the end
+points is we get zero. And that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points is we get zero. And that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points is we get zero. And that's the
+statement and we'll write W conservative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement and we'll write W conservative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement and we'll write W conservative
+here for conservative forces. So we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for conservative forces. So we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for conservative forces. So we're
+going to call this force conservative if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call this force conservative if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call this force conservative if
+it's path independent. So what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's path independent. So what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's path independent. So what we have
+here is the statement that the work done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the statement that the work done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the statement that the work done
+by a conservative force. Now what we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a conservative force. Now what we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a conservative force. Now what we'll
+do here is indicate a circle by a closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do here is indicate a circle by a closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do here is indicate a circle by a closed
+path that the work done by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path that the work done by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path that the work done by a
+conservative force on a closed path is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative force on a closed path is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative force on a closed path is
+zero. What does that closed path look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. What does that closed path look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. What does that closed path look
+like? Well, remember what we did was we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like? Well, remember what we did was we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like? Well, remember what we did was we
+went from one, but then instead of going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went from one, but then instead of going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went from one, but then instead of going
+in this direction, we came back on path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this direction, we came back on path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this direction, we came back on path
+two from the final to the initial point.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two from the final to the initial point.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two from the final to the initial point.
+And if the force is conservative, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if the force is conservative, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if the force is conservative, the
+work done around a closed path is zero.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/o5bqy_5T07Y.txt b/o5bqy_5T07Y.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..68f5943a3c574f9460bf6186910ab75f18c8dc0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/o5bqy_5T07Y.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi my name is Natalie and I will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi my name is Natalie and I will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi my name is Natalie and I will be
+leading this recitation we will review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading this recitation we will review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading this recitation we will review
+hierarchical and k-means clustering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical and k-means clustering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical and k-means clustering
+techniques and apply them to segments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques and apply them to segments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques and apply them to segments
+grayscale images in particular MRI brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grayscale images in particular MRI brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grayscale images in particular MRI brain
+images then we will conclude by over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images then we will conclude by over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images then we will conclude by over
+viewing all the analytics tools we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewing all the analytics tools we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewing all the analytics tools we have
+seen so far in this class to prepare for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen so far in this class to prepare for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen so far in this class to prepare for
+the class competition let's get started
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/oMc0F8cxvNI.txt b/oMc0F8cxvNI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..14babd3809f81493db9e9b2fd072747ceb16a189
--- /dev/null
+++ b/oMc0F8cxvNI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8059 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's get going we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's get going we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's get going we're going to talk
+about unary phase transformation today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about unary phase transformation today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about unary phase transformation today
+so we talked about this we started on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we talked about this we started on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we talked about this we started on
+this road a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this road a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this road a little bit
+um uh last time so we're going to now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh last time so we're going to now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh last time so we're going to now
+really Dive In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think I was asked to use the fat pen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I was asked to use the fat pen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I was asked to use the fat pen
+so I'm going to do that so first uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to do that so first uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to do that so first uh
+phase transformation a phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase transformation a phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase transformation a phase
+transformation is when a material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation is when a material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation is when a material
+transforms from one face to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms from one face to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms from one face to another
+sounds pretty straightforward in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds pretty straightforward in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds pretty straightforward in this
+case because it's unary there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case because it's unary there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case because it's unary there's no
+change in composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in composition
+by definition there can't be there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by definition there can't be there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by definition there can't be there's
+only one component but we'll see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one component but we'll see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one component but we'll see that
+more generally phase Transformations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more generally phase Transformations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more generally phase Transformations
+come in lots of different flavors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in lots of different flavors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in lots of different flavors
+including Transformations that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including Transformations that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including Transformations that are
+associated with composition changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with composition changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with composition changes
+and um this is the first one we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um this is the first one we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um this is the first one we're going
+to encounter so we're going to start as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to encounter so we're going to start as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to encounter so we're going to start as
+we often do with water it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we often do with water it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we often do with water it's a very
+familiar substance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar substance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar substance
+and the phase diagram of water so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the phase diagram of water so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the phase diagram of water so here's
+temperature is pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is pressure
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see
+at low pressure and high temperature we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at low pressure and high temperature we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at low pressure and high temperature we
+should have the gas phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have the gas phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have the gas phase
+at low temperature and high pressure we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at low temperature and high pressure we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at low temperature and high pressure we
+should have liquid phase sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solid phase and kind of in the middle we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid phase and kind of in the middle we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid phase and kind of in the middle we
+should have the liquid phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have the liquid phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have the liquid phase
+and there's this phase boundary that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's this phase boundary that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's this phase boundary that
+separates them right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separates them right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separates them right
+and we'll just take that solid to liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll just take that solid to liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll just take that solid to liquid
+transformation as uh an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation as uh an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation as uh an example
+and imagine heating up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and imagine heating up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and imagine heating up
+right from across the solid to liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right from across the solid to liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right from across the solid to liquid
+boundary and we'll ask what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary and we'll ask what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary and we'll ask what
+is this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+what actually happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what happens we break bronze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we break bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we break bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we break bonds
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign
+we do something to the enthalpy do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do something to the enthalpy do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do something to the enthalpy do we
+increase it or decrease it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+increase increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right bonds are low energy states so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right bonds are low energy states so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right bonds are low energy states so to
+break them you need to put energy in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break them you need to put energy in you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break them you need to put energy in you
+pull those those molecules apart from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull those those molecules apart from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull those those molecules apart from
+each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other
+so you're going to increase the enthalpy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're going to increase the enthalpy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're going to increase the enthalpy
+right we need to increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+disorder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we go from uh ordered Crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we go from uh ordered Crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we go from uh ordered Crystal
+to a disordered liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a disordered liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a disordered liquid
+and so we increase entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's what happens across that phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what happens across that phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what happens across that phase
+transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right let's talk about it a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's talk about it a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's talk about it a little
+more quantitatively here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more quantitatively here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more quantitatively here
+so let's see I'm going to draw two plots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see I'm going to draw two plots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see I'm going to draw two plots
+one on top of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one on top of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one on top of the other
+this is one having the graph paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one having the graph paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one having the graph paper
+really comes in handy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really comes in handy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really comes in handy
+even with the graph paper I can't draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even with the graph paper I can't draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even with the graph paper I can't draw a
+straight line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line
+oh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+so what I'm going to plot here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm going to plot here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm going to plot here is the
+reversible Heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm going to heat the solid and melt it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to heat the solid and melt it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to heat the solid and melt it
+I'm going to plot reversible heat and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to plot reversible heat and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to plot reversible heat and on
+the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first
+plot I'm going to draw a temperature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot I'm going to draw a temperature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot I'm going to draw a temperature and
+the second plot I'm going to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second plot I'm going to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second plot I'm going to draw
+entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy
+and okay so let's see let's start over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay so let's see let's start over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay so let's see let's start over
+here in the solid phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the solid phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the solid phase
+and we're going to be heating the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh what's going on we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh what's going on we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh what's going on we're going to be
+heating the system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating the system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating the system and
+at some point we reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point we reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point we reach
+the melting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the melting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the melting point
+so let's say that this is the melting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say that this is the melting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say that this is the melting
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let me draw some lines here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is like um we're adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is like um we're adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is like um we're adding
+heat we're heating the solid and at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat we're heating the solid and at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat we're heating the solid and at some
+point we reach the melting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we reach the melting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we reach the melting point
+okay uh what is entropy versus heat look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh what is entropy versus heat look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh what is entropy versus heat look
+like in this region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in this region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in this region
+what is entropy versus C look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's see this is region one give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's see this is region one give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's see this is region one give
+me a moment to think about it region one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a moment to think about it region one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a moment to think about it region one
+heating the solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I want you to recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that DS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that DS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that DS
+equals DQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals DQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals DQ
+reversible over t okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible over t okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible over t okay so
+um what does entropy versus heat look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what does entropy versus heat look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what does entropy versus heat look
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay isn't a little bit less or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay isn't a little bit less or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay isn't a little bit less or
+maybe constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe constant
+I'm sorry I didn't hear but the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry I didn't hear but the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry I didn't hear but the first
+thing you said perhaps constant but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you said perhaps constant but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you said perhaps constant but
+there was another answer in there too uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was another answer in there too uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was another answer in there too uh
+perhaps like very like having a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps like very like having a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps like very like having a very
+small like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small like uh
+kind of similar to Road uh slope that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what would it be a positive slope or a d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would it be a positive slope or a d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would it be a positive slope or a d
+or negative slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or negative slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or negative slope
+to that a positive slope positive slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that a positive slope positive slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that a positive slope positive slope
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+um because you could see the sdq is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because you could see the sdq is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because you could see the sdq is
+strictly positive it's one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly positive it's one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly positive it's one over
+temperature all right and is it going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature all right and is it going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature all right and is it going to
+be curving uh as a positive curvature or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be curving uh as a positive curvature or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be curving uh as a positive curvature or
+a negative curvature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's have a positive perfection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's have a positive perfection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's have a positive perfection
+so it's going to have a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going to have a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going to have a negative
+curvature as you can see the slope is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature as you can see the slope is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature as you can see the slope is 1
+over t so as T increases it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over t so as T increases it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over t so as T increases it's going to
+the slope is going to decrease so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope is going to decrease so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope is going to decrease so let's
+draw that a little bit exaggerated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw that a little bit exaggerated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw that a little bit exaggerated
+decreasing slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right
+okay good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good
+all right now um now we've reached the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now um now we've reached the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now um now we've reached the
+melting point and I'm going to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting point and I'm going to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting point and I'm going to keep
+heating I'm going to keep adding heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating I'm going to keep adding heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating I'm going to keep adding heat
+what happens to the temperature as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to the temperature as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to the temperature as I
+continue to add heat energy to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to add heat energy to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to add heat energy to the
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+stays constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays constant
+see it's constant right it stays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's constant right it stays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's constant right it stays
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+as long as I'm in the solid plus liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as I'm in the solid plus liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as I'm in the solid plus liquid
+coexistence region that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good so that hopefully you know from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so that hopefully you know from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so that hopefully you know from
+experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience
+um that at unary Phase Transformations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that at unary Phase Transformations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that at unary Phase Transformations
+the temperatures are constant as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperatures are constant as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperatures are constant as long as
+you have two phases present and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two phases present and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two phases present and you know
+you know that from boiling water on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that from boiling water on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that from boiling water on the
+stovetop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stovetop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stovetop
+right okay so so the temperature stays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so so the temperature stays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so so the temperature stays
+constant but what happens to the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant but what happens to the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant but what happens to the entropy
+does the entropy say constant as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'd save some for breaking bones and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd save some for breaking bones and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd save some for breaking bones and
+transitioning to the different phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'd say since we're breaking into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd say since we're breaking into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd say since we're breaking into
+monoplast bonds and transitioning to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monoplast bonds and transitioning to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monoplast bonds and transitioning to the
+liquid phase a lot more disorder it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid phase a lot more disorder it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid phase a lot more disorder it
+would increase good that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would increase good that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would increase good that's good
+intuition you're thinking you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition you're thinking you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition you're thinking you're
+increasing disorders to entropy has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing disorders to entropy has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing disorders to entropy has to
+increase that's right and the math Bears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase that's right and the math Bears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase that's right and the math Bears
+you out right DS equals DQ over T so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you out right DS equals DQ over T so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you out right DS equals DQ over T so as
+long as there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as there's
+DQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DQ
+you have DS the slope is fixed so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have DS the slope is fixed so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have DS the slope is fixed so we're
+gonna we're gonna increase there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna we're gonna increase there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna we're gonna increase there
+our entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+linearly with with the added heat good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly with with the added heat good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly with with the added heat good
+now all right great we we have melted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all right great we we have melted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all right great we we have melted
+all the solid and let's keep on heating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the solid and let's keep on heating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the solid and let's keep on heating
+the system what's going to happen now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right we're gonna so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we're gonna so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we're gonna so
+it kind of looks similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kind of looks similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kind of looks similar to
+um when we were in in phase one but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when we were in in phase one but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when we were in in phase one but I
+think the slope would increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's see so let's say we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see so let's say we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see so let's say we're going to
+have we're going to have increase we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we're going to have increase we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we're going to have increase we're
+going to we're going to be back in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to we're going to be back in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to we're going to be back in this
+kind of a regime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+I don't know what what the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know what what the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know what what the temperature
+dependence of the heat capacity is but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence of the heat capacity is but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence of the heat capacity is but
+um it tends the heat capacity tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it tends the heat capacity tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it tends the heat capacity tends to
+increase with increasing temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase with increasing temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase with increasing temperature
+you might know that from some experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might know that from some experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might know that from some experience
+recently so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so I do that with a slightly decreasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I do that with a slightly decreasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I do that with a slightly decreasing
+negative curvature but it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative curvature but it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative curvature but it's kind of
+neither here nor there and down here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither here nor there and down here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither here nor there and down here the
+entropy continues to increase but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy continues to increase but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy continues to increase but it's
+going to continue to increase at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to continue to increase at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to continue to increase at a
+at a slowing rate so let me use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a slowing rate so let me use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a slowing rate so let me use a
+different color here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and so let's make this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so let's make this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so let's make this really
+explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit
+um this slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that slope
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+1 over CP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over CP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over CP
+of the solid phase and it's I drew it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the solid phase and it's I drew it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the solid phase and it's I drew it as
+weekly temperature dependent right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekly temperature dependent right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekly temperature dependent right I
+drew I drew some curvature there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew I drew some curvature there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew I drew some curvature there and
+this slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slope
+is 1 over CP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 over CP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 over CP
+of the liquid phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the liquid phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the liquid phase
+and and so you know these these heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so you know these these heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so you know these these heat
+capacities can be temperature dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacities can be temperature dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacities can be temperature dependent
+so there's some curvature there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's some curvature there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's some curvature there
+right good so phase one was heating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right good so phase one was heating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right good so phase one was heating the
+solid phase phase two is melting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+melting solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting solid
+at the melting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the melting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the melting point
+and phase three was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and phase three was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and phase three was
+step three I should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step three I should say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step three I should say
+liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's good
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+now let's draw another plot which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's draw another plot which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's draw another plot which is
+let's draw now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+before I had Q as my control parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I had Q as my control parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I had Q as my control parameter
+it's like you're burning you know Fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like you're burning you know Fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like you're burning you know Fuel
+and and that's the control parameter but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that's the control parameter but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that's the control parameter but
+now I want to parametrically plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to parametrically plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to parametrically plot
+um or before two into two dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or before two into two dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or before two into two dependent
+parameters s versus T so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters s versus T so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters s versus T so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+I'll start you off here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll start you off here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll start you off here
+s versus T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s versus T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s versus T
+like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and until we reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the melting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the melting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the melting point
+now so this is this is this is phase one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whether it's s versus t look like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's s versus t look like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's s versus t look like in
+phase two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think it's still a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's still a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's still a line
+yeah it's a line but with what slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's a line but with what slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's a line but with what slope
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+I think still a positive so but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think still a positive so but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think still a positive so but not
+curving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well in phase two is entropy changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in phase two is entropy changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in phase two is entropy changing
+you're adding heat to the heat energy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're adding heat to the heat energy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're adding heat to the heat energy to
+the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so entropy is changing in phase two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so entropy is changing in phase two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so entropy is changing in phase two is
+temperature changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+looks like it's also heat added so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like it's also heat added so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like it's also heat added so
+sometimes to get the temperature to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes to get the temperature to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes to get the temperature to
+increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um would it just be like a straight line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um would it just be like a straight line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um would it just be like a straight line
+up forever there you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up forever there you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up forever there you go
+isn't changing that's right in phase two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't changing that's right in phase two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't changing that's right in phase two
+we're adding heat energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're adding heat energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're adding heat energy
+so we are increasing the entropy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we are increasing the entropy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we are increasing the entropy of the
+system and as I think correctly pointed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and as I think correctly pointed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and as I think correctly pointed
+out we're increasing disorder right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out we're increasing disorder right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out we're increasing disorder right
+we're melting the solid so we definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're melting the solid so we definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're melting the solid so we definitely
+want that increasing entropy but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want that increasing entropy but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want that increasing entropy but the
+temperature is locked at the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is locked at the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is locked at the equilibrium
+melting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting point
+so we just have a vertical line up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we just have a vertical line up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we just have a vertical line up and
+then at some point at some uh it's after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at some point at some uh it's after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at some point at some uh it's after
+some amount of heat we have melted all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some amount of heat we have melted all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some amount of heat we have melted all
+the solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solid
+and we are so this was phase two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are so this was phase two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are so this was phase two
+and we are back in the single phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are back in the single phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are back in the single phase
+region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so so this is the parametric plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so this is the parametric plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so this is the parametric plot
+of entropy versus temperature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of entropy versus temperature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of entropy versus temperature and
+there's an important quantity here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an important quantity here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an important quantity here
+the quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is Delta s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Delta s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Delta s
+solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid
+to liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to liquid
+entropy of melting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is the quantity you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the quantity you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the quantity you're going to
+find in the databases in fact you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find in the databases in fact you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find in the databases in fact you'll
+find it in the appendix of the textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or if you like the enthalpy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you like the enthalpy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you like the enthalpy
+or heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of melting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Delta h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta h
+solid to liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid to liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid to liquid
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+Q reversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q reversible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q reversible
+solid to liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid to liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid to liquid
+equals T smelting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals T smelting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals T smelting
+Delta s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta s
+solid to liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid to liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid to liquid
+so the enthalpy of melting is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the enthalpy of melting is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the enthalpy of melting is another
+thing which you'll find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which you'll find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which you'll find
+in the databases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or maybe you'll find the melting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe you'll find the melting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe you'll find the melting point
+you see that there's there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that there's there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that there's there's one
+equation here that relates enthalpy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation here that relates enthalpy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation here that relates enthalpy
+melting point and entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting point and entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting point and entropy
+so often the databases including the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so often the databases including the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so often the databases including the
+textbook may not give you all three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook may not give you all three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook may not give you all three
+numbers because from any two you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers because from any two you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers because from any two you can
+determine the Third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the Third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the Third
+so if you ever go to a database and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you ever go to a database and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you ever go to a database and this
+will happen to you I promise you in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen to you I promise you in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen to you I promise you in your
+professional life where you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional life where you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional life where you're looking
+for let's say enthalpy and the database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for let's say enthalpy and the database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for let's say enthalpy and the database
+doesn't list it lists entropy and heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't list it lists entropy and heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't list it lists entropy and heat
+and equilibrium trans transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and equilibrium trans transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and equilibrium trans transformation
+temperature you'll be momentarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature you'll be momentarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature you'll be momentarily
+annoyed and then you'll say oh yeah I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoyed and then you'll say oh yeah I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoyed and then you'll say oh yeah I'll
+just calculate the enthalpy change from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just calculate the enthalpy change from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just calculate the enthalpy change from
+the entropy change and the melting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entropy change and the melting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entropy change and the melting
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's happened to me more times than I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's happened to me more times than I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's happened to me more times than I
+care to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay good so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good so
+um these parametric plots happen a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these parametric plots happen a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these parametric plots happen a lot
+in thermo I hope you're getting sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in thermo I hope you're getting sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in thermo I hope you're getting sort of
+used to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to them
+if you had one on the exam not quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had one on the exam not quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had one on the exam not quite
+that but you know a parametric plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but you know a parametric plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but you know a parametric plot
+all right so let's have some facts about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's have some facts about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's have some facts about
+phase Transformations the higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase Transformations the higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase Transformations the higher
+temperature phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+has higher entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you have the transformation from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have the transformation from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have the transformation from a
+low temperature to high temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low temperature to high temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low temperature to high temperature
+phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase
+high temperature phase always has higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high temperature phase always has higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high temperature phase always has higher
+entropy let's see how that works out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy let's see how that works out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy let's see how that works out
+let's consider now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider now
+a generic solid solid transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a generic solid solid transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a generic solid solid transformation
+Alpha to Beta consider Alpha to Beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha to Beta consider Alpha to Beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha to Beta consider Alpha to Beta
+and they coexist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they coexist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they coexist
+at some temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's the the transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the the transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the the transformation
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+throughout that temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout that temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout that temperature
+Heating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heating
+converts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha
+heating converts Alpha to Beta that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating converts Alpha to Beta that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating converts Alpha to Beta that's
+the definition of beta being the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of beta being the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of beta being the high
+temperature phase so that means that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature phase so that means that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature phase so that means that as
+we convert Alpha to Beta the N of alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we convert Alpha to Beta the N of alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we convert Alpha to Beta the N of alpha
+equals minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals minus
+DN of beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DN of beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DN of beta
+is less than zero that's you know we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than zero that's you know we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than zero that's you know we're
+transforming moles of alpha into moles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforming moles of alpha into moles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforming moles of alpha into moles
+of beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of beta
+we also know that heating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+increases the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because DS equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because DS equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because DS equals
+DQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DQ
+reversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible
+at the temperature that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the temperature that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the temperature that this is
+happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening
+which is T Alpha Beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is T Alpha Beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is T Alpha Beta
+which is greater than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is greater than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is greater than zero
+we also know that the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is extensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so s
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+n of alpha s of alpha plus n of beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n of alpha s of alpha plus n of beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n of alpha s of alpha plus n of beta
+s of beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s of beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s of beta
+and here I'm going to do um write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here I'm going to do um write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here I'm going to do um write it
+right around here it's useful to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right around here it's useful to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right around here it's useful to uh
+start using different notation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start using different notation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start using different notation for
+extensive versus molar quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensive versus molar quantities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensive versus molar quantities
+so I'm going to put a dash here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to put a dash here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to put a dash here this is
+consistent with the textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quantities like s of alpha or S of beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities like s of alpha or S of beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities like s of alpha or S of beta
+so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth
+our molar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our molar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our molar
+entropies that is entropies per mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropies that is entropies per mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropies that is entropies per mole
+which are intensive properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quantities with a dash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+our total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our total
+entropies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in our extensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we're going to use that from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're going to use that from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're going to use that from
+here on out it's consistent with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on out it's consistent with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on out it's consistent with the
+textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook
+previously in the class I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously in the class I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously in the class I think it's
+been it would have been more confusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been it would have been more confusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been it would have been more confusing
+than worth it to introduce this notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than worth it to introduce this notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than worth it to introduce this notation
+but from this point forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but from this point forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but from this point forward
+um it becomes worth it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it becomes worth it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it becomes worth it so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+questions is a good time for questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions is a good time for questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions is a good time for questions
+on what this means because we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what this means because we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what this means because we'll be
+using this notation a whole heck of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this notation a whole heck of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this notation a whole heck of a
+lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay well I'll let you come back yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well I'll let you come back yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well I'll let you come back yeah I
+have a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a question
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+the line where it says hitting converts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line where it says hitting converts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line where it says hitting converts
+Alpha to Beta is that talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha to Beta is that talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha to Beta is that talking about
+molar quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molar quantities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molar quantities
+well here here it's just a phase label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here here it's just a phase label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here here it's just a phase label
+so it's not really molar quantities but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not really molar quantities but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not really molar quantities but
+here what we're saying is that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what we're saying is that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what we're saying is that we're
+converting moles of alpha into moles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting moles of alpha into moles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting moles of alpha into moles of
+beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta
+so n n of alpha is the number of moles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so n n of alpha is the number of moles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so n n of alpha is the number of moles
+of Alpha and N of beta equals the moles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Alpha and N of beta equals the moles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Alpha and N of beta equals the moles
+of beta and so this equation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of beta and so this equation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of beta and so this equation is
+conservation of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of mass
+and I'm only saying that I'm I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm only saying that I'm I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm only saying that I'm I'm going
+I'm transforming from alpha to Beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm transforming from alpha to Beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm transforming from alpha to Beta
+that's why that's less than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I don't know if that's helpful ask me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if that's helpful ask me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if that's helpful ask me
+again let me let me make a conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again let me let me make a conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again let me let me make a conclusion
+here and then ask me again if that's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then ask me again if that's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then ask me again if that's so
+so this all these okay so all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this all these okay so all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this all these okay so all these
+facts that I'm heating that beta is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts that I'm heating that beta is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts that I'm heating that beta is a
+high temperature phase that heating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high temperature phase that heating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high temperature phase that heating
+increases entropy and the entropy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases entropy and the entropy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases entropy and the entropy is
+extensive these require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whoops I wrote r two times require that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops I wrote r two times require that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops I wrote r two times require that
+s of beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s of beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s of beta
+is greater than S of alpha a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than S of alpha a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than S of alpha a
+hopefully that's intuitive I you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully that's intuitive I you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully that's intuitive I you know
+um if I'm converting from alpha to Beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I'm converting from alpha to Beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I'm converting from alpha to Beta
+And I'm increasing the entropy then beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'm increasing the entropy then beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'm increasing the entropy then beta
+has to have more entropy than Alpha it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to have more entropy than Alpha it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to have more entropy than Alpha it's
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+all there is to it really and and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all there is to it really and and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all there is to it really and and what
+this you know what this means is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know what this means is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know what this means is um
+you know what does this actually mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what does this actually mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what does this actually mean I
+had two phase system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theta is a high temperature phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta is a high temperature phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta is a high temperature phase
+yeah let's use a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah let's use a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah let's use a nice
+blue for the low temperature phase right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue for the low temperature phase right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue for the low temperature phase right
+and and I have a phase boundary between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I have a phase boundary between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I have a phase boundary between
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+right the phase boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the phase boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the phase boundary
+is moving the phase boundaries on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is moving the phase boundaries on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is moving the phase boundaries on the
+move the beta phase is expanding at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the beta phase is expanding at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the beta phase is expanding at the
+expense of the alpha phase so entropy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expense of the alpha phase so entropy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expense of the alpha phase so entropy is
+increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing
+all right so let's talk about building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's talk about building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's talk about building
+unitary phase diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unitary phase diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unitary phase diagrams
+we've talked a little bit about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked a little bit about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked a little bit about what
+happens when when the phrase is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when when the phrase is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when when the phrase is
+transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+how do we build the diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I'll remind you that um the reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll remind you that um the reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll remind you that um the reading
+for this is chapter seven so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this is chapter seven so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this is chapter seven so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+first I want to talk about the role of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first I want to talk about the role of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first I want to talk about the role of
+chemical potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential
+why do I want to talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+role of chemical potential well let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role of chemical potential well let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role of chemical potential well let's
+remember that the change now I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that the change now I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that the change now I'm going
+to use this extensive thing the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use this extensive thing the change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use this extensive thing the change
+in the total gives free energy of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the total gives free energy of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the total gives free energy of a
+system equals minus s DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system equals minus s DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system equals minus s DT
+plus v d p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus v d p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus v d p
+Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's see what do I want to use I'll use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what do I want to use I'll use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what do I want to use I'll use
+K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K
+mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+component well no this is a phase label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component well no this is a phase label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component well no this is a phase label
+right because it's unitary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so I've got some temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so I've got some temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so I've got some temperature
+I've got some pressure and I've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got some pressure and I've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got some pressure and I've got the
+potential to transform between phases K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential to transform between phases K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential to transform between phases K
+is a phase label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay good so at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good so at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good so at
+fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+at fixed temperature and pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know I get to ignore two-thirds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I get to ignore two-thirds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I get to ignore two-thirds of
+the right hand side of the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side of the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side of the equation
+that's why those are the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why those are the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why those are the natural
+variables at fixed temperature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables at fixed temperature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables at fixed temperature and
+pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure
+equilibrium condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+d g equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right it becomes really rather simple so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it becomes really rather simple so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it becomes really rather simple so
+let's talk about what that means in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about what that means in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about what that means in
+reality here's phase Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality here's phase Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality here's phase Alpha
+some two phases right here's phase beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some two phases right here's phase beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some two phases right here's phase beta
+and they're going to have a phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're going to have a phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're going to have a phase
+boundary between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary between them
+and Alpha phase has chemical potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Alpha phase has chemical potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Alpha phase has chemical potential
+mu of Alpha and beta phase has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu of Alpha and beta phase has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu of Alpha and beta phase has a
+chemical potential mu of beta and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential mu of beta and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential mu of beta and um
+and this phase boundary is is open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this phase boundary is is open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this phase boundary is is open
+all right so Mass can flow so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so Mass can flow so that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so Mass can flow so that means
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+a molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a molecule
+is free to jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from beta to Alpha so let's imagine this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from beta to Alpha so let's imagine this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from beta to Alpha so let's imagine this
+is a DN of beta and this is a d n of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a DN of beta and this is a d n of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a DN of beta and this is a d n of
+alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and and we require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and we require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and we require
+Mass conservation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+means that DN of alpha equals minus DN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that DN of alpha equals minus DN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that DN of alpha equals minus DN
+of beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of beta
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what happens if the chemical potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if the chemical potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if the chemical potential
+of beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of beta
+is less than the chemical potential of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than the chemical potential of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than the chemical potential of
+alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha
+what happens if the chemical potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if the chemical potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if the chemical potential
+is beta less than the chemical potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is beta less than the chemical potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is beta less than the chemical potential
+of alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's see let me write that down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see let me write that down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see let me write that down
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu
+beta is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta is less
+than Mu Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than Mu Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than Mu Alpha
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+what will happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Alpha start going to Beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha start going to Beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha start going to Beta
+the mass will flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Alpha to Beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha to Beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha to Beta
+to decrease Gibbs right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's going to be a little bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's going to be a little bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's going to be a little bit of a
+downhill flow there's a there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downhill flow there's a there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downhill flow there's a there's a
+driving force for the mass to flow from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving force for the mass to flow from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving force for the mass to flow from
+alpha to Beta to lower the overall Gibbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha to Beta to lower the overall Gibbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha to Beta to lower the overall Gibbs
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+right similarly if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right similarly if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right similarly if
+mu of alpha is less than mu of beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+mass will flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from beta
+to Alpha to decrease gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what's the one and only scenario in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the one and only scenario in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the one and only scenario in
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system
+undergoes no no spontaneous change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoes no no spontaneous change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoes no no spontaneous change
+where the two phases coexist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the two phases coexist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the two phases coexist
+without any net flow of molecules from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any net flow of molecules from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any net flow of molecules from
+one phase to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for phase coexistence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is Mu Alpha equals mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Mu Alpha equals mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Mu Alpha equals mu
+beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta
+that's right so if and only if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right so if and only if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right so if and only if the
+chemical potentials are equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potentials are equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potentials are equal
+then there's no driving force for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's no driving force for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's no driving force for a
+molecule of beta to hop into Alpha and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule of beta to hop into Alpha and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule of beta to hop into Alpha and
+there's no driving force for a molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no driving force for a molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no driving force for a molecule
+of alpha to hop into beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of alpha to hop into beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of alpha to hop into beta
+those Transformations will happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those Transformations will happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those Transformations will happen
+spontaneously at a microscopic level but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously at a microscopic level but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously at a microscopic level but
+on a macroscopic level they'll balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a macroscopic level they'll balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a macroscopic level they'll balance
+out there'll be no net flux from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there'll be no net flux from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there'll be no net flux from one
+phase into the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase into the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase into the other
+and so observing the system we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so observing the system we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so observing the system we'll see
+that these two phases are in equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these two phases are in equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these two phases are in equilibrium
+they're coexisting and one is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're coexisting and one is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're coexisting and one is not
+spontaneously transforming into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously transforming into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously transforming into the
+other that's the meaning of phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other that's the meaning of phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other that's the meaning of phase
+coexistence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexistence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexistence
+so you know this is yet another example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know this is yet another example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know this is yet another example
+of what I call Gibbs free energy price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what I call Gibbs free energy price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what I call Gibbs free energy price
+shopping right nature molecules at fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shopping right nature molecules at fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shopping right nature molecules at fixed
+temperature and pressure they go Price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and pressure they go Price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and pressure they go Price
+shopping for Gibbs lowest Gibbs free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shopping for Gibbs lowest Gibbs free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shopping for Gibbs lowest Gibbs free
+energy whatever is the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy whatever is the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy whatever is the lowest
+that's what they're buying that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what they're buying that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what they're buying that's what
+they choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they choose
+risking some extreme amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risking some extreme amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risking some extreme amount of
+anthropomorphization here but but I find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anthropomorphization here but but I find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anthropomorphization here but but I find
+that helpful to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helpful to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helpful to think about
+all right so that's the role of chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that's the role of chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that's the role of chemical
+potential it tells molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential it tells molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential it tells molecules
+where to go to reach equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where to go to reach equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where to go to reach equilibrium
+okay what is chemical potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when is this mysterious thing that's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when is this mysterious thing that's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when is this mysterious thing that's so
+important well first of all just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important well first of all just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important well first of all just a
+reminder chemical potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder chemical potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder chemical potential
+is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's the parcel of Gibbs by mole number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the parcel of Gibbs by mole number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the parcel of Gibbs by mole number
+at fixed temperature and pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at fixed temperature and pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at fixed temperature and pressure
+in other words it's the molar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words it's the molar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words it's the molar
+Gibbs free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you have a system for which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a system for which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a system for which
+the Gibbs free energy at T and P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Gibbs free energy at T and P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Gibbs free energy at T and P
+and one mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one mole
+equals mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals mu
+then the Gibbs free energy for t p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and some arbitrary number of moles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some arbitrary number of moles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some arbitrary number of moles
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+n times mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so that's what chemical potential is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what chemical potential is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what chemical potential is
+we've done some calculations of of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done some calculations of of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done some calculations of of how
+it varies you're going to do a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it varies you're going to do a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it varies you're going to do a lot more
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+let's talk have we done calculate yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk have we done calculate yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk have we done calculate yeah
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+determining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining
+phase equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that is how do we draw phase diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how do we do it let's say three-step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we do it let's say three-step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we do it let's say three-step
+process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+step a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step a
+at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pressure and temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all
+possible phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right K is the phase level so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right K is the phase level so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right K is the phase level so we're
+going to calculate this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to calculate this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to calculate this thing
+mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we'll say equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll say equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll say equilibrium
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+at a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperature and pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with lowest mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and as we've seen a couple minutes ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as we've seen a couple minutes ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as we've seen a couple minutes ago
+if multiple phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same
+mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+coexist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's the
+the conceptual way to build unitary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conceptual way to build unitary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conceptual way to build unitary
+phase diagrams and I'll tell you um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase diagrams and I'll tell you um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase diagrams and I'll tell you um this
+is how Cal fed software does it so soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how Cal fed software does it so soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how Cal fed software does it so soon
+you're going to be playing with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be playing with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be playing with with
+calpad software if you haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calpad software if you haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calpad software if you haven't
+downloaded and installed thermal calc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downloaded and installed thermal calc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downloaded and installed thermal calc
+student version please do so and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student version please do so and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student version please do so and what
+that software does and and really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that software does and and really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that software does and and really the
+software helps you gain intuition for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software helps you gain intuition for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software helps you gain intuition for
+this what the software does is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what the software does is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what the software does is it
+calculates mu of K for all the phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculates mu of K for all the phases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculates mu of K for all the phases
+that it knows about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it knows about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it knows about
+and then it it goes gives free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it it goes gives free energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it it goes gives free energy
+price dropping it looks for the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price dropping it looks for the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price dropping it looks for the lowest
+one and it makes a map of the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and it makes a map of the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and it makes a map of the lowest
+ones and where two phases coexist with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and where two phases coexist with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and where two phases coexist with
+the same chemical potential it draws a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same chemical potential it draws a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same chemical potential it draws a
+coexistence line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexistence line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexistence line
+or a coexistence point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I find it helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I find it helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I find it helpful
+to think of these in three dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think of these in three dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think of these in three dimensions
+and unfortunately uh this means I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unfortunately uh this means I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unfortunately uh this means I'm
+going to have to draw in three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to draw in three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to draw in three
+dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'm going to try here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to try here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to try here
+to draw a couple chemical potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw a couple chemical potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw a couple chemical potential
+surfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces
+because I think even the process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think even the process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think even the process of
+watching me struggle to draw these will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching me struggle to draw these will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching me struggle to draw these will
+be instructive of course there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be instructive of course there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be instructive of course there are
+better pictures in a textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better pictures in a textbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better pictures in a textbook
+so let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see
+mu of t m p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+a surface right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a surface right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a surface right
+it's a function of two variables it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a function of two variables it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a function of two variables it's a
+surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over the T P plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and each phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+has its own surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's see let's try to draw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's see let's try to draw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's see let's try to draw that
+let's draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's let's draw the first surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let's draw the first surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let's draw the first surface
+I'm going to draw some phase here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to draw some phase here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to draw some phase here it's
+going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a
+you know running out of purple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know running out of purple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know running out of purple
+I don't like running out of purple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right and let's make this look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and let's make this look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and let's make this look
+really nicely three-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right t p and g and let's let's draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right t p and g and let's let's draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right t p and g and let's let's draw
+another phase let's draw a blue phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's call this phase Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's call this phase Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's call this phase Alpha
+and let's call this phase beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's call this phase beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's call this phase beta
+so these I'm just drawing sections of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these I'm just drawing sections of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these I'm just drawing sections of
+surfaces these are functions right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces these are functions right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces these are functions right this
+is Mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Mu
+as a function of pressure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of pressure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of pressure and
+temperature for phase Beta And this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature for phase Beta And this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature for phase Beta And this is
+Mu as a function of temperature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mu as a function of temperature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mu as a function of temperature and
+brush over phase Alpha okay now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brush over phase Alpha okay now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brush over phase Alpha okay now let's
+think about uh a given temperature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about uh a given temperature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about uh a given temperature and
+pressure point we'll grab another color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure point we'll grab another color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure point we'll grab another color
+let's think about pressure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about pressure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about pressure and
+temperature point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature point
+down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here
+and let's if I draw a vertical line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's if I draw a vertical line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's if I draw a vertical line
+I cut that surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then I cut that surface and where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I cut that surface and where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I cut that surface and where I
+cut it I'll draw a little thing there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut it I'll draw a little thing there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut it I'll draw a little thing there
+all right so at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so at this
+T and P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and P
+oh this this pen is totally dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh this this pen is totally dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh this this pen is totally dead
+at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point
+that I'm drawing with fading pink let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm drawing with fading pink let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm drawing with fading pink let me
+just toss that marker onto the floor so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just toss that marker onto the floor so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just toss that marker onto the floor so
+I'm not tempted again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not tempted again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not tempted again
+at that point what's the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point what's the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point what's the equilibrium
+phase alpha or beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Alpha is the equilibrium phase because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha is the equilibrium phase because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha is the equilibrium phase because
+it has 11 gives energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has 11 gives energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has 11 gives energy
+thank you that's right so you imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you that's right so you imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you that's right so you imagine
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+a number of these manifolds these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of these manifolds these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of these manifolds these
+surfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the computer you don't normally have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the computer you don't normally have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the computer you don't normally have
+to do this the computer does it for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this the computer does it for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this the computer does it for you
+it calculates Gibbs free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it calculates Gibbs free energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it calculates Gibbs free energy
+for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each
+point right that's that's a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point right that's that's a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point right that's that's a function
+right it calculates capture energy is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it calculates capture energy is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it calculates capture energy is a
+function of tnp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of tnp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of tnp
+and at any given point you can look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at any given point you can look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at any given point you can look at
+this and say oh Alpha is the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and say oh Alpha is the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and say oh Alpha is the equilibrium
+phase because it has the lower Gibbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase because it has the lower Gibbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase because it has the lower Gibbs
+free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another thing to point out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing to point out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing to point out here
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a
+a distance a vertical distance between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a distance a vertical distance between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a distance a vertical distance between
+those two surfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two surfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two surfaces
+it's the change of Gibbs free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the change of Gibbs free energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the change of Gibbs free energy
+from alpha to Beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from alpha to Beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from alpha to Beta
+and that thing is a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that thing is a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that thing is a function of
+temperature and pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and pressure
+so I want you to imagine that this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want you to imagine that this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want you to imagine that this is a
+surface with some curvature this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface with some curvature this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface with some curvature this is a
+Surface system curvature and as I move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surface system curvature and as I move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surface system curvature and as I move
+my point around on the X Y plane the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my point around on the X Y plane the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my point around on the X Y plane the
+vertical distance between those surfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical distance between those surfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical distance between those surfaces
+will change in general its temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will change in general its temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will change in general its temperature
+and pressure dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is again a fancier version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is again a fancier version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is again a fancier version of
+that transformation quantity which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that transformation quantity which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that transformation quantity which we
+saw in the first 10 minutes of lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw in the first 10 minutes of lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw in the first 10 minutes of lecture
+with entropy right with entropy uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with entropy right with entropy uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with entropy right with entropy uh we
+have this this transformation quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this this transformation quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this this transformation quantity
+right this transformation quantity was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this transformation quantity was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this transformation quantity was a
+Delta entropy at a given temperature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta entropy at a given temperature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta entropy at a given temperature and
+it's assumed here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's assumed here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's assumed here
+this is all at some given pressure right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all at some given pressure right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all at some given pressure right
+so here's a Delta S as I transform in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a Delta S as I transform in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a Delta S as I transform in
+this case from the solid to the liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case from the solid to the liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case from the solid to the liquid
+phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase
+right this is in water well now I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is in water well now I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is in water well now I have
+again a transformation quantity I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a transformation quantity I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a transformation quantity I have a
+Delta G as I transform from the alpha to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta G as I transform from the alpha to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta G as I transform from the alpha to
+the beta phase of some unknown material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beta phase of some unknown material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beta phase of some unknown material
+this is very generic this will apply to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very generic this will apply to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very generic this will apply to
+many many different materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many different materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many different materials
+and now we've made it explicit that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we've made it explicit that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we've made it explicit that that
+transformation quantity its distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation quantity its distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation quantity its distance
+is both temperature and pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is both temperature and pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is both temperature and pressure
+dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+in about a week and a half we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in about a week and a half we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in about a week and a half we'll see
+it's also composition dependent and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also composition dependent and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also composition dependent and then
+I no longer have any chance of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I no longer have any chance of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I no longer have any chance of being
+able to draw this but the concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to draw this but the concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to draw this but the concepts
+remain the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I want I'm going to stay here for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I want I'm going to stay here for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I want I'm going to stay here for a
+minute um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute um
+even though I'm worried about time but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though I'm worried about time but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though I'm worried about time but
+this is such a critical concept I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is such a critical concept I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is such a critical concept I want
+you to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I want to refer you to a little mini
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to refer you to a little mini
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to refer you to a little mini
+lecture that I recorded called the 3DS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture that I recorded called the 3DS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture that I recorded called the 3DS
+of thermodynamics this is about Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thermodynamics this is about Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thermodynamics this is about Delta
+Delta and Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta and Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta and Delta
+it is confusing when you first see it we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is confusing when you first see it we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is confusing when you first see it we
+have all these changed quantities right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all these changed quantities right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all these changed quantities right
+and so I hope that little mini lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I hope that little mini lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I hope that little mini lecture
+helps clarify this point a little bit I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps clarify this point a little bit I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps clarify this point a little bit I
+also want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also want to
+um share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um share
+a page from the textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a page from the textbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a page from the textbook
+a page from the textbook which of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a page from the textbook which of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a page from the textbook which of course
+does very beautiful drawing this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does very beautiful drawing this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does very beautiful drawing this is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+right they're drawing this as Mu the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they're drawing this as Mu the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they're drawing this as Mu the
+same thing as G for a unitary system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing as G for a unitary system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing as G for a unitary system
+molar gives free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+um let's say they're drawing this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's say they're drawing this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's say they're drawing this here
+for a liquid phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a liquid phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a liquid phase
+and then they draw it separately sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they draw it separately sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they draw it separately sorry
+they're drying this here for a solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're drying this here for a solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're drying this here for a solid
+phase and they're separately drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and they're separately drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and they're separately drawing
+this here for a liquid phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here for a liquid phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here for a liquid phase
+and then when they put the two drawings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when they put the two drawings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when they put the two drawings
+together you'll see the third points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together you'll see the third points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together you'll see the third points
+where those two surfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where those two surfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where those two surfaces
+touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch
+right two surfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right two surfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right two surfaces
+intersect along a line right that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect along a line right that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect along a line right that's a
+just a geometric fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a geometric fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a geometric fact
+so what we're seeing here is that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're seeing here is that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're seeing here is that there
+is a line of phase coexistence where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a line of phase coexistence where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a line of phase coexistence where
+solid and liquid coexist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's what we saw at the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we saw at the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we saw at the very
+beginning when we started with the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning when we started with the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning when we started with the phase
+diagram of water right there's a line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram of water right there's a line of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram of water right there's a line of
+phase coincidence those lines are where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase coincidence those lines are where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase coincidence those lines are where
+these surfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these surfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these surfaces
+intersect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect
+so I didn't try to draw this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I didn't try to draw this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I didn't try to draw this
+um right on on my graph paper but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right on on my graph paper but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right on on my graph paper but it's
+the same concept as what I did try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same concept as what I did try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same concept as what I did try to
+draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so let me go back to to the uh to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let me go back to to the uh to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let me go back to to the uh to the
+camera and um why don't I finish up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera and um why don't I finish up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera and um why don't I finish up and
+then hopefully we'll have we'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then hopefully we'll have we'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then hopefully we'll have we'll have
+some some time for questions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some time for questions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some time for questions so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+how do we actually calculate this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we actually calculate this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we actually calculate this thing
+calculating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating
+Delta Mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Mu
+for let's say in this case a change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of t MP all right this thing is is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t MP all right this thing is is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t MP all right this thing is is a
+function of tnp so you know it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of tnp so you know it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of tnp so you know it's going
+to vary as we vary tnp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to vary as we vary tnp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to vary as we vary tnp
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+a given phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's see all right so we know something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see all right so we know something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see all right so we know something
+we know that D mu equals minus s DT plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that D mu equals minus s DT plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that D mu equals minus s DT plus
+v DP that's molar Gibbs free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v DP that's molar Gibbs free energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v DP that's molar Gibbs free energy
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+so that means that the change in mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means that the change in mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means that the change in mu
+is the initial to final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the initial to final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the initial to final
+D mu that's just fundamental theorem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D mu that's just fundamental theorem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D mu that's just fundamental theorem of
+calculus and now I have to plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus and now I have to plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus and now I have to plug
+something in so now I'm going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in so now I'm going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in so now I'm going to have
+well now I better draw some some uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now I better draw some some uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now I better draw some some uh some
+some coordinates right let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's pressure let's say here's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's pressure let's say here's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's pressure let's say here's my
+initial point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial point
+here's my final point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my final point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my final point
+and um my actual process that I'm trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um my actual process that I'm trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um my actual process that I'm trying
+to engineer might be kind of this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to engineer might be kind of this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to engineer might be kind of this but
+we're talking State variables here so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking State variables here so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking State variables here so I
+can take any path that I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take any path that I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take any path that I like
+and so naturally I want to integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so naturally I want to integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so naturally I want to integrate
+first along one fixed variable and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first along one fixed variable and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first along one fixed variable and then
+along the other fixed variable so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the other fixed variable so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the other fixed variable so let's
+make That explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make That explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make That explicit
+we have initial to final let's see I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have initial to final let's see I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have initial to final let's see I did
+DP first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DP first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DP first
+I did DP first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V
+and this is a function of T and P and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a function of T and P and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a function of T and P and
+then I'm going to go from my initial to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to go from my initial to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to go from my initial to
+final DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and here I have minus X which is itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here I have minus X which is itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here I have minus X which is itself
+a function of p and p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of p and p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of p and p
+right so I'm integrating the change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I'm integrating the change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I'm integrating the change the
+fixed temperature then I integrate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed temperature then I integrate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed temperature then I integrate the
+change to fix pressure right and and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change to fix pressure right and and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change to fix pressure right and and so
+this is this is it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is it um
+as far as the confidence is concerned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as the confidence is concerned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as the confidence is concerned
+this implicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+assumes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the equations of State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equations of State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equations of State
+there's plural equations of State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's plural equations of State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's plural equations of State
+V is a function of t p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V is a function of t p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V is a function of t p
+and S as a function of TP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um formally it's all well and good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um formally it's all well and good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um formally it's all well and good
+it's relatively easy to write down in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's relatively easy to write down in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's relatively easy to write down in
+practice uh you're probably going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice uh you're probably going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice uh you're probably going to be
+making some approximations or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making some approximations or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making some approximations or the
+computer is going to be doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer is going to be doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer is going to be doing a
+numerical integration based on database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical integration based on database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical integration based on database
+values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values
+or so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so forth
+but right now we're at the level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but right now we're at the level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but right now we're at the level of
+Concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right let's go one step further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's go one step further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's go one step further
+in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+v t p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v t p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v t p
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+s t p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can
+calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's say s naught and V naught right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say s naught and V naught right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say s naught and V naught right
+standard values it's standard conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard values it's standard conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard values it's standard conditions
+so for instance we know that DS equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for instance we know that DS equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for instance we know that DS equals
+CP over T DT minus V Alpha DP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CP over T DT minus V Alpha DP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CP over T DT minus V Alpha DP
+and we know that DV equals V Alpha DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know that DV equals V Alpha DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know that DV equals V Alpha DT
+minus V Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus V Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus V Theta
+DP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so if we have data right we can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if we have data right we can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if we have data right we can take
+standard values and integrate the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard values and integrate the change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard values and integrate the change
+in s and v as we vary temperature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in s and v as we vary temperature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in s and v as we vary temperature and
+pressure and this highlights that s of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and this highlights that s of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and this highlights that s of T
+and P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and P
+and V of T and P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and V of T and P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and V of T and P
+they're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also
+surfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over the T P plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so your mind has to think about all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your mind has to think about all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your mind has to think about all
+these sort of surfaces in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sort of surfaces in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sort of surfaces in
+multi-dimensional Space the services are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-dimensional Space the services are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-dimensional Space the services are
+State functions they might be entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State functions they might be entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State functions they might be entropy
+they might be Gibbs free energy they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might be Gibbs free energy they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might be Gibbs free energy they
+might be volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be volume
+depends on what you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on what you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on what you're trying to
+calculate in principle you could do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate in principle you could do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate in principle you could do the
+Calculus if given the equations of State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Calculus if given the equations of State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Calculus if given the equations of State
+in practice it's the computer going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice it's the computer going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice it's the computer going to
+be doing it for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay one last one last line in this vein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one last one last line in this vein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one last one last line in this vein
+and will be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and will be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and will be done
+so let's talk about calculating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Delta Mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Mu
+for a change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of phase
+at fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at fixed
+right so we just talked about how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we just talked about how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we just talked about how to do
+it for varying tnp now let's talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for varying tnp now let's talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for varying tnp now let's talk about
+change of phase so Delta Mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of phase so Delta Mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of phase so Delta Mu
+is the same thing as Delta molar gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same thing as Delta molar gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same thing as Delta molar gives
+free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free energy
+equals Delta H minus t Delta s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals Delta H minus t Delta s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals Delta H minus t Delta s
+right for isothermal processed T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for isothermal processed T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for isothermal processed T is
+fixed so we have Delta H minus t Delta s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed so we have Delta H minus t Delta s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed so we have Delta H minus t Delta s
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+at phase coexistence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at phase coexistence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at phase coexistence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at phase coexistence
+Delta Mu equals zero right we we figured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Mu equals zero right we we figured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Mu equals zero right we we figured
+that out about 40 minutes ago that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out about 40 minutes ago that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out about 40 minutes ago that for
+two phases to be coexisting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two phases to be coexisting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two phases to be coexisting in
+equilibrium they have to have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium they have to have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium they have to have the same
+chemical potential so that means at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential so that means at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential so that means at
+Phase coexistence Delta H equals T Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phase coexistence Delta H equals T Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phase coexistence Delta H equals T Delta
+s another right we we were here again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s another right we we were here again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s another right we we were here again
+about 40 minutes ago this is a very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 40 minutes ago this is a very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 40 minutes ago this is a very very
+useful expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful expression
+and these values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these values
+these are tabulous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are tabulous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are tabulous
+so turn to the back of the book and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so turn to the back of the book and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so turn to the back of the book and
+you'll see tables of these data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see tables of these data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see tables of these data
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away
+from phase coexistence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+away from phase coexistence we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from phase coexistence we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from phase coexistence we can
+evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Delta h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta h
+and Delta s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Delta s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Delta s
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+from standard data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+H naught and S naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H naught and S naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H naught and S naught
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the differential forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the differential forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the differential forms
+which in this case are DH equals c p d t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in this case are DH equals c p d t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in this case are DH equals c p d t
+plus v 1 minus temperature Alpha p and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus v 1 minus temperature Alpha p and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus v 1 minus temperature Alpha p and
+the S equals CP over t d t minus V Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S equals CP over t d t minus V Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S equals CP over t d t minus V Alpha
+DP again these are surfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DP again these are surfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DP again these are surfaces
+these are State function surfaces in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are State function surfaces in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are State function surfaces in the
+over the TP plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the TP plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the TP plan
+so it's exactly 10 55 and I got through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's exactly 10 55 and I got through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's exactly 10 55 and I got through
+what I wanted to get through the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I wanted to get through the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I wanted to get through the main
+thing I want to leave you with is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I want to leave you with is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I want to leave you with is this
+visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual
+that all of these State functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all of these State functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all of these State functions
+are surfaces over the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are surfaces over the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are surfaces over the temperature
+pressure plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure plane
+they each have their own local curvature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they each have their own local curvature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they each have their own local curvature
+as a function of temperature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of temperature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of temperature and
+pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure
+When comparing phases We compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vertical distances between surfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical distances between surfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical distances between surfaces
+all right what's the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right what's the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right what's the difference between
+Alpha and beta at this temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and beta at this temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and beta at this temperature
+pressure point when calculating changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure point when calculating changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure point when calculating changes
+as a function of temperature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of temperature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of temperature and
+pressure in a given phase we consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure in a given phase we consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure in a given phase we consider
+moving along these surfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving along these surfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving along these surfaces
+and the calculus that we've established
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the calculus that we've established
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the calculus that we've established
+so far to this point in the class gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far to this point in the class gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far to this point in the class gives
+us everything we need to do those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us everything we need to do those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us everything we need to do those
+calculations
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/oTTo3qP0Z-I.txt b/oTTo3qP0Z-I.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..003e33504aceb1d357464e99b8dcbc67020b5a6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/oTTo3qP0Z-I.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3512 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Welcome back to recitation. In this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Welcome back to recitation. In this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Welcome back to recitation. In this
+video, I want to finish up our work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video, I want to finish up our work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video, I want to finish up our work with
+with the ratio test. And in particular,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the ratio test. And in particular,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the ratio test. And in particular,
+in this video, I'd like to address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video, I'd like to address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video, I'd like to address
+something that Professor Jarrison talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that Professor Jarrison talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that Professor Jarrison talked
+about in uh when he was talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in uh when he was talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in uh when he was talking about
+these tailaylor series. He was talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tailaylor series. He was talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tailaylor series. He was talking
+about the radius of convergence at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the radius of convergence at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the radius of convergence at some
+point. And he didn't go into it very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. And he didn't go into it very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. And he didn't go into it very
+specifically, but he was essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically, but he was essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically, but he was essentially
+saying for some values of x, you'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying for some values of x, you'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying for some values of x, you'll have
+a series that that has x to the n in it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series that that has x to the n in it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series that that has x to the n in it.
+For some values of x, it will converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For some values of x, it will converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For some values of x, it will converge
+and for some values it will diverge. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for some values it will diverge. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for some values it will diverge. So
+let me just let me just remind you of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just let me just remind you of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just let me just remind you of
+some things something you already know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things something you already know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things something you already know
+is so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so if we
+consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+series x to the n right this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series x to the n right this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series x to the n right this is a
+geometric series and we know that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric series and we know that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric series and we know that this
+is equal to 1 over 1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 1 over 1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 1 over 1 -
+x if the absolute value of x is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x if the absolute value of x is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x if the absolute value of x is less
+than one right and we so we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one right and we so we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one right and we so we know that
+this series is finite this sum converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this series is finite this sum converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this series is finite this sum converges
+to whatever value. If I plug in x here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whatever value. If I plug in x here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whatever value. If I plug in x here,
+it converges when absolute value of x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it converges when absolute value of x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it converges when absolute value of x is
+less than one. And it diverges when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one. And it diverges when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one. And it diverges when
+absolute value of x is bigger than one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of x is bigger than one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of x is bigger than one.
+And we're not going to address when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we're not going to address when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we're not going to address when
+absolute value of x x equals one. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of x x equals one. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of x x equals one. We
+won't address that case. But the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't address that case. But the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't address that case. But the the
+point I want to make is that for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I want to make is that for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I want to make is that for some
+values this series converges and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values this series converges and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values this series converges and for
+some values the series diverges and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some values the series diverges and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some values the series diverges and
+those values can give us the radius of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those values can give us the radius of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those values can give us the radius of
+convergence. So the radius of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence. So the radius of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence. So the radius of
+convergence of this series is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence of this series is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence of this series is actually
+one because x goes from zero up to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because x goes from zero up to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because x goes from zero up to one
+and then from zero down to one. If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then from zero down to one. If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then from zero down to one. If you
+think about it radius might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it radius might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it radius might be a
+confusing term but you can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing term but you can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing term but you can think about
+it as as a circle in one dimension less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as as a circle in one dimension less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as as a circle in one dimension less
+than maybe you usually think about it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than maybe you usually think about it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than maybe you usually think about it as
+a circle. If this is the number line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a circle. If this is the number line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a circle. If this is the number line
+we're going from zero up to one and down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going from zero up to one and down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going from zero up to one and down
+to minus one. So you're going in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minus one. So you're going in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minus one. So you're going in one
+direction up to one direction down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction up to one direction down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction up to one direction down to
+minus one. So this is radius one. R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one. So this is radius one. R is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one. So this is radius one. R is
+equal to one. Okay. So what I want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one. Okay. So what I want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one. Okay. So what I want to do
+is figure out how I can use the ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is figure out how I can use the ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is figure out how I can use the ratio
+test to tell me the radius of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test to tell me the radius of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test to tell me the radius of
+convergence of other series other power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence of other series other power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence of other series other power
+series besides this one. Okay, so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series besides this one. Okay, so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series besides this one. Okay, so we're
+really interested in for what values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interested in for what values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interested in for what values of
+x do these power series converge. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x do these power series converge. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x do these power series converge. Okay,
+and how we're going to do that is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how we're going to do that is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how we're going to do that is we're
+going to directly use the ratio test.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to directly use the ratio test.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to directly use the ratio test.
+And one thing that I mentioned in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And one thing that I mentioned in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And one thing that I mentioned in the
+other case in the in the other ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other case in the in the other ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other case in the in the other ratio
+test video was I said you want to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test video was I said you want to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test video was I said you want to um
+have your terms be positive. And so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your terms be positive. And so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your terms be positive. And so just
+just to make this easy on ourselves when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to make this easy on ourselves when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to make this easy on ourselves when
+we do the ratio test, we're just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do the ratio test, we're just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do the ratio test, we're just going
+to take the absolute value of the ratio.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the absolute value of the ratio.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the absolute value of the ratio.
+And that will be sufficient for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that will be sufficient for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that will be sufficient for our
+purposes to determine the radius of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes to determine the radius of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes to determine the radius of
+convergence. And I don't want to go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence. And I don't want to go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence. And I don't want to go into
+anything more complicated than that. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything more complicated than that. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything more complicated than that. So
+we'll see as we do these examples. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see as we do these examples. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see as we do these examples. Um
+we're just going to we're just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to we're just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to we're just going to
+take the absolute value of the ratio. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the absolute value of the ratio. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the absolute value of the ratio. So
+let's actually start off right away with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's actually start off right away with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's actually start off right away with
+doing some examples. And each time I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing some examples. And each time I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing some examples. And each time I do
+an example, I'm asking the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example, I'm asking the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example, I'm asking the following
+question. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. Okay.
+Actually, I was going to say for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Actually, I was going to say for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Actually, I was going to say for what
+values of x, but that's not quite true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of x, but that's not quite true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of x, but that's not quite true.
+I just want to know what is the radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to know what is the radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to know what is the radius
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+convergence for each power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence for each power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence for each power
+series. So, I'm not going to write it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series. So, I'm not going to write it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series. So, I'm not going to write it up
+every time, but this is the question we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time, but this is the question we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time, but this is the question we
+want to be thinking about.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be thinking about.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be thinking about.
+So, I'm going to write down some power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I'm going to write down some power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I'm going to write down some power
+series and we're going to see what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and we're going to see what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and we're going to see what is
+the radius of convergence for each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius of convergence for each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius of convergence for each of
+those. I was going to write find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those. I was going to write find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those. I was going to write find the
+values of x for which the power series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of x for which the power series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of x for which the power series
+converge, but that's not quite true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge, but that's not quite true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge, but that's not quite true
+because sometimes it will actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because sometimes it will actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because sometimes it will actually
+converge on one or both of the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge on one or both of the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge on one or both of the end
+points. We're not going to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points. We're not going to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points. We're not going to deal with
+that one. But sometimes it will converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one. But sometimes it will converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one. But sometimes it will converge
+on one or the other of the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one or the other of the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one or the other of the end
+points. So, I'm going to be asking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points. So, I'm going to be asking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points. So, I'm going to be asking the
+question, find the radius of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question, find the radius of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question, find the radius of
+convergence. So let's do an example and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence. So let's do an example and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence. So let's do an example and
+I'll show you how it applies to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you how it applies to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you how it applies to the
+ratio test and then we'll we'll go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio test and then we'll we'll go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio test and then we'll we'll go from
+there and do some other examples. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and do some other examples. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and do some other examples. So
+let's consider the series x over 2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider the series x over 2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider the series x over 2 to
+the n. This will be an easy one. Now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n. This will be an easy one. Now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n. This will be an easy one. Now the
+ratio test told us that we examine a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio test told us that we examine a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio test told us that we examine a
+certain limit. We examine the limit as n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain limit. We examine the limit as n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain limit. We examine the limit as n
+goes to infinity. It said a subn plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to infinity. It said a subn plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to infinity. It said a subn plus
+one over a subn. Well, if we think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over a subn. Well, if we think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over a subn. Well, if we think of
+this whole thing as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole thing as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole thing as a
+subn, then a subn plus one is x over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subn, then a subn plus one is x over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subn, then a subn plus one is x over two
+to the n plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the n plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the n plus
+one and then we have to divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then we have to divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then we have to divide
+by x over 2 to the n. So let me just let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by x over 2 to the n. So let me just let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by x over 2 to the n. So let me just let
+me just make sure we understand that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just make sure we understand that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just make sure we understand that the
+way we the way we want to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we the way we want to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we the way we want to think about
+this is as if the a subn is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is as if the a subn is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is as if the a subn is actually a
+function of x that has that also depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of x that has that also depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of x that has that also depends
+on n. Okay. So a subn we think of it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on n. Okay. So a subn we think of it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on n. Okay. So a subn we think of it as
+x over 2 raised to the n. So a subn plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x over 2 raised to the n. So a subn plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x over 2 raised to the n. So a subn plus
+one is x over2 raised to the n plus one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is x over2 raised to the n plus one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is x over2 raised to the n plus one.
+a subn is x over two raised to the n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subn is x over two raised to the n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subn is x over two raised to the n.
+Okay? And so this looks exactly like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? And so this looks exactly like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? And so this looks exactly like the
+ratio test we had before. I told you I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio test we had before. I told you I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio test we had before. I told you I'm
+going to put absolute values on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put absolute values on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put absolute values on
+it. And so let me simplify this. I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. And so let me simplify this. I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. And so let me simplify this. I put
+the division sign maybe kind of funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the division sign maybe kind of funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the division sign maybe kind of funny
+because I wanted to have it in a row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I wanted to have it in a row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I wanted to have it in a row
+there. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. I
+apologize if that made it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize if that made it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize if that made it more
+confusing. So this equals well I have x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing. So this equals well I have x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing. So this equals well I have x
+to the n + 1 over an x to the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the n + 1 over an x to the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the n + 1 over an x to the n
+times 2 to the n. This comes to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 2 to the n. This comes to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 2 to the n. This comes to the
+numerator because it's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator because it's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator because it's in the
+denominator of the denominator over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator of the denominator over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator of the denominator over and
+this goes to the denominator. 2 the n +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goes to the denominator. 2 the n +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goes to the denominator. 2 the n +
+one. Now what is this? This whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Now what is this? This whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Now what is this? This whole thing
+converges to what? 2 the n over 2 the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to what? 2 the n over 2 the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to what? 2 the n over 2 the n
++1 simplifies to 12 and x to the n +1
+
+ align:start position:0%
++1 simplifies to 12 and x to the n +1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++1 simplifies to 12 and x to the n +1
+over x to the n simplifies to x. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over x to the n simplifies to x. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over x to the n simplifies to x. So this
+is equal to absolute value of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to absolute value of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to absolute value of x
+over2. Now we haven't shown how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over2. Now we haven't shown how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over2. Now we haven't shown how the
+ratio test is going to help us find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio test is going to help us find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio test is going to help us find the
+radius of convergence. And here's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of convergence. And here's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of convergence. And here's where
+we're going to see it working. If we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to see it working. If we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to see it working. If we
+want to know that we want to draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know that we want to draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know that we want to draw a
+conclusion about the convergence of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion about the convergence of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion about the convergence of this
+series, we know that if this limit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series, we know that if this limit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series, we know that if this limit is
+less than one that the series definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one that the series definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one that the series definitely
+converges. So if I take my limit when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges. So if I take my limit when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges. So if I take my limit when
+I'm all done and I set it less than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm all done and I set it less than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm all done and I set it less than one
+and I solve for absolute value of x,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I solve for absolute value of x,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I solve for absolute value of x,
+then that will tell me exactly what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that will tell me exactly what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that will tell me exactly what the
+radius of convergence is. Let me go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of convergence is. Let me go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of convergence is. Let me go
+through that one more time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that one more time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that one more time.
+We knew that if we had this series in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We knew that if we had this series in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We knew that if we had this series in
+terms of a subn and we looked at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of a subn and we looked at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of a subn and we looked at the
+ratio and we took the limit of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio and we took the limit of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio and we took the limit of these
+ratios and in the limit the value was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios and in the limit the value was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios and in the limit the value was
+strictly less than one. We know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly less than one. We know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly less than one. We know the
+series converges. So now we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series converges. So now we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series converges. So now we have this
+thing it's in terms of x but ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it's in terms of x but ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it's in terms of x but ultimately
+it's the same process and we get to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same process and we get to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same process and we get to a
+place where we know the limit. It's a it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where we know the limit. It's a it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where we know the limit. It's a it
+depends on x and so the limit will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on x and so the limit will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on x and so the limit will be
+less than one exactly where this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one exactly where this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one exactly where this thing
+is less than one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than one.
+Right? So it's now in terms of x. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So it's now in terms of x. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So it's now in terms of x. This
+less than one I'm putting in at the end.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one I'm putting in at the end.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one I'm putting in at the end.
+This is where the ratio test is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is where the ratio test is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is where the ratio test is
+happening. So what does this tell us?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening. So what does this tell us?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening. So what does this tell us?
+Where does this converge? It converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Where does this converge? It converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Where does this converge? It converges
+when absolute value of x over two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when absolute value of x over two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when absolute value of x over two is
+less than one. Which means absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one. Which means absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one. Which means absolute
+value of x is less than two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right? Right. I just multiply by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Right. I just multiply by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Right. I just multiply by two
+because absolute value of two is two. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because absolute value of two is two. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because absolute value of two is two. So
+I don't have to worry about if two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't have to worry about if two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't have to worry about if two is
+negative. Okay. So absolute value of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative. Okay. So absolute value of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative. Okay. So absolute value of x
+is less than two. That tells me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than two. That tells me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than two. That tells me the
+radius of convergence is actually two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of convergence is actually two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of convergence is actually two.
+Now this shouldn't surprise us really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now this shouldn't surprise us really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now this shouldn't surprise us really
+because this in fact a geometric series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this in fact a geometric series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this in fact a geometric series
+and we know that the usual geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know that the usual geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know that the usual geometric
+series converges when absolute value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series converges when absolute value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series converges when absolute value of
+x is less than one. So it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is less than one. So it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is less than one. So it's not
+surprising and actually fits in with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising and actually fits in with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising and actually fits in with
+what we already know that if this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we already know that if this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we already know that if this thing
+on the inside if its absolute value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the inside if its absolute value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the inside if its absolute value is
+less than one that the thing will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one that the thing will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one that the thing will
+converge. So that that means absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge. So that that means absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge. So that that means absolute
+value of x has to be less than two. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of x has to be less than two. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of x has to be less than two. So
+again, hopefully this this fits in with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, hopefully this this fits in with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, hopefully this this fits in with
+the knowledge we already have. Hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the knowledge we already have. Hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the knowledge we already have. Hopefully
+it makes sense to you what we're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes sense to you what we're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes sense to you what we're trying
+to do. And so let's do another couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do. And so let's do another couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do. And so let's do another couple
+examples to make this uh make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples to make this uh make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples to make this uh make this
+solidify. All right, what were my other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solidify. All right, what were my other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solidify. All right, what were my other
+examples? Okay, let's do this one. X to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples? Okay, let's do this one. X to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples? Okay, let's do this one. X to
+the N over N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N over N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N over N
+factorial. All right. So now our a subn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial. All right. So now our a subn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial. All right. So now our a subn
+when we look at the this geometric or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we look at the this geometric or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we look at the this geometric or
+geometric this is not geometric when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric this is not geometric when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric this is not geometric when we
+look at the series uh our a subn is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the series uh our a subn is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the series uh our a subn is
+going to be x to the n over n factorial.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be x to the n over n factorial.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be x to the n over n factorial.
+And so when we when we take our whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so when we when we take our whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so when we when we take our whole
+limit the thing that's going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit the thing that's going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit the thing that's going to happen
+is we're going to have something in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to have something in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to have something in
+terms of x at the end. Our goal is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of x at the end. Our goal is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of x at the end. Our goal is to
+find for what values of x is that thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find for what values of x is that thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find for what values of x is that thing
+we have less than one. Again this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have less than one. Again this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have less than one. Again this is
+where we're using the ratio test. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're using the ratio test. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're using the ratio test. So
+let's look at this thing. This we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at this thing. This we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at this thing. This we want
+to look at the limit as n goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at the limit as n goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at the limit as n goes to
+infinity. Well, a sub n +1 is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity. Well, a sub n +1 is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity. Well, a sub n +1 is going to
+be x to the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be x to the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be x to the n
++1 over the quantity n +1
+
+ align:start position:0%
++1 over the quantity n +1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++1 over the quantity n +1
+factorial. I'm going to put the absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial. I'm going to put the absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial. I'm going to put the absolute
+value over there. Now I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value over there. Now I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value over there. Now I'm going to
+multiply by 1 / a subn. So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by 1 / a subn. So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by 1 / a subn. So this is
+actually a subn. So one over that is n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a subn. So one over that is n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a subn. So one over that is n
+factorial over x to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial over x to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial over x to the
+n. Now we have to be a little careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. Now we have to be a little careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. Now we have to be a little careful
+here. I want to make sure everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. I want to make sure everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. I want to make sure everybody
+understands something. N factorial is n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands something. N factorial is n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands something. N factorial is n
+* n -1 * n -2 * n - 3 blah da all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* n -1 * n -2 * n - 3 blah da all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* n -1 * n -2 * n - 3 blah da all the
+way down. Right? N +1 factorial is n +1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way down. Right? N +1 factorial is n +1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way down. Right? N +1 factorial is n +1
+* n * n -1 * n -2 blah blah blah all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* n * n -1 * n -2 blah blah blah all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* n * n -1 * n -2 blah blah blah all the
+way down. So n+1 factorial I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way down. So n+1 factorial I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way down. So n+1 factorial I'll just
+write this here. n +1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this here. n +1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this here. n +1
+factorial equals n +1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial equals n +1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial equals n +1
+* n factorial. That's very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* n factorial. That's very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* n factorial. That's very important
+that you recognize that. Okay? Because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you recognize that. Okay? Because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you recognize that. Okay? Because
+the division of factorials is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the division of factorials is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the division of factorials is a little
+more complicated than the division of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated than the division of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated than the division of
+straight polomials or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight polomials or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight polomials or something like
+this. All right? Because when I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. All right? Because when I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. All right? Because when I take
+this limit, what am I going to get? I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this limit, what am I going to get? I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this limit, what am I going to get? I'm
+going to get x to the n plus1 over x to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get x to the n plus1 over x to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get x to the n plus1 over x to
+the n, that's going to give me 1 x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n, that's going to give me 1 x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n, that's going to give me 1 x and
+then n factorial / n +1 factorial. Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then n factorial / n +1 factorial. Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then n factorial / n +1 factorial. Well,
+based on the fact that this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the fact that this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the fact that this is equal to
+n plus1 * n factorial, the n factorials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus1 * n factorial, the n factorials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus1 * n factorial, the n factorials
+divide and I'm left with x over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and I'm left with x over n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and I'm left with x over n
++1. That's actually what this limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
++1. That's actually what this limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++1. That's actually what this limit
+equals. Let me go through that one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals. Let me go through that one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals. Let me go through that one more
+time. This part's easy. X to the n plus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. This part's easy. X to the n plus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. This part's easy. X to the n plus1
+over x to the n gives me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over x to the n gives me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over x to the n gives me the
+x. And then n factorial over n +1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x. And then n factorial over n +1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x. And then n factorial over n +1
+factorial is just 1 over n plus1. And I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial is just 1 over n plus1. And I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial is just 1 over n plus1. And I
+have to be careful because I wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be careful because I wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be careful because I wrote
+equals, but there's still an n here. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals, but there's still an n here. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals, but there's still an n here. So,
+let me erase that. I'm not gonna I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me erase that. I'm not gonna I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me erase that. I'm not gonna I don't
+think my studio audience didn't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think my studio audience didn't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think my studio audience didn't say
+anything yet, but I don't think they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything yet, but I don't think they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything yet, but I don't think they
+were going to let me get away with that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going to let me get away with that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going to let me get away with that.
+This is the limit as n goes to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the limit as n goes to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the limit as n goes to infinity
+of x over n + one. Now, what is that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x over n + one. Now, what is that?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x over n + one. Now, what is that?
+Well, as n goes to infinity, for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, as n goes to infinity, for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, as n goes to infinity, for any
+fixed x I pick, we have to be careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed x I pick, we have to be careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed x I pick, we have to be careful
+here. For any fixed x I pick, as n goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. For any fixed x I pick, as n goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. For any fixed x I pick, as n goes
+to infinity, this quantity is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity, this quantity is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity, this quantity is equal to
+zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero.
+Okay, if I were moving x around, if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, if I were moving x around, if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, if I were moving x around, if I
+were moving x with n, this would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were moving x with n, this would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were moving x with n, this would be a
+problem. But x is fixed. When I do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. But x is fixed. When I do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. But x is fixed. When I do this
+sum, I fix my x at the beginning. So for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum, I fix my x at the beginning. So for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum, I fix my x at the beginning. So for
+any fixed x, n plus one is getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any fixed x, n plus one is getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any fixed x, n plus one is getting
+arbitrarily large. So x over n+1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily large. So x over n+1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily large. So x over n+1 is
+getting arbitrarily small. So this limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting arbitrarily small. So this limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting arbitrarily small. So this limit
+is zero. This is strictly less than one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero. This is strictly less than one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero. This is strictly less than one.
+What does this mean? For any x I pick,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What does this mean? For any x I pick,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What does this mean? For any x I pick,
+this whole thing is less than one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole thing is less than one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole thing is less than one.
+Right? Any fixed x, this ratio is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Any fixed x, this ratio is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Any fixed x, this ratio is always
+less than one. What does that mean? That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one. What does that mean? That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one. What does that mean? That
+means the radius of convergence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the radius of convergence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the radius of convergence is
+infinite.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite.
+So radius is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So radius is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So radius is
+infinity. Okay. The radius of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity. Okay. The radius of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity. Okay. The radius of
+convergence is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence is actually
+infinite. What series is this? This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite. What series is this? This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite. What series is this? This is
+actually the tailaylor series for e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the tailaylor series for e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the tailaylor series for e to
+the x. So we know that the tailaylor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x. So we know that the tailaylor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x. So we know that the tailaylor
+series for e to the x that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series for e to the x that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series for e to the x that this
+converges for any x. It's kind of a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges for any x. It's kind of a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges for any x. It's kind of a nice
+thing. So now we've used the ratio test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. So now we've used the ratio test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. So now we've used the ratio test
+to tell us how the tailaylor series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell us how the tailaylor series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell us how the tailaylor series
+behaves for a function that we know.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves for a function that we know.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves for a function that we know.
+Okay, we know its radius of convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, we know its radius of convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, we know its radius of convergence
+is infinite. So that's pretty nice. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is infinite. So that's pretty nice. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is infinite. So that's pretty nice. All
+right, let's do maybe one or two more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, let's do maybe one or two more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, let's do maybe one or two more
+examples and depending on how much room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and depending on how much room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and depending on how much room
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+have. Okay, let's try this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have. Okay, let's try this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have. Okay, let's try this
+one. X to the N / N * 2 N. All right. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. X to the N / N * 2 N. All right. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. X to the N / N * 2 N. All right. So
+this is another power series we have and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another power series we have and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another power series we have and
+we want to know if I want to plug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to know if I want to plug in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to know if I want to plug in
+some value of x and I want to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some value of x and I want to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some value of x and I want to take the
+sum will that converge for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum will that converge for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum will that converge for that
+particular value of x. We want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular value of x. We want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular value of x. We want to know
+what values of x can I plug in? All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what values of x can I plug in? All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what values of x can I plug in? All
+right. So again we're going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So again we're going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So again we're going to look at
+the radius of conver find the radius of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius of conver find the radius of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius of conver find the radius of
+convergence based on the ratio test. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence based on the ratio test. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence based on the ratio test. So
+the n + 1st term is x to the n +1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n + 1st term is x to the n +1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n + 1st term is x to the n +1
+over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n
++1 2 the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
++1 2 the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++1 2 the n
++1 and then I have to multiply by the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
++1 and then I have to multiply by the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++1 and then I have to multiply by the a
+subn's the a subn term or multiply by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subn's the a subn term or multiply by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subn's the a subn term or multiply by
+one over that sorry I'm dividing by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over that sorry I'm dividing by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over that sorry I'm dividing by a
+subn so I get n * 2 the n over x to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subn so I get n * 2 the n over x to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subn so I get n * 2 the n over x to the
+n. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. All
+right, this gives me an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, this gives me an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, this gives me an
+x. n + one overn. Let me just write out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x. n + one overn. Let me just write out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x. n + one overn. Let me just write out
+actually what we get here. 2 to the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what we get here. 2 to the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what we get here. 2 to the n
+over 2 the n plus1 gives me an over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 the n plus1 gives me an over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 the n plus1 gives me an over two
+and then n / n plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then n / n plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then n / n plus
+one. This this is positive so I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. This this is positive so I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. This this is positive so I don't
+have to worry about anything there. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about anything there. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about anything there. The
+limit as n goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as n goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as n goes to
+infinity absolute value of x over2 * n /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity absolute value of x over2 * n /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity absolute value of x over2 * n /
+n plus one. What's that equal to? Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus one. What's that equal to? Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus one. What's that equal to? Well,
+this as n goes to infinity is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as n goes to infinity is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as n goes to infinity is equal to
+one. So it's absolute value of x over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So it's absolute value of x over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So it's absolute value of x over
+two. Okay, let me again remind you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. Okay, let me again remind you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. Okay, let me again remind you what
+are we doing? We're saying I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we doing? We're saying I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we doing? We're saying I want to
+know the radius of convergence for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the radius of convergence for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the radius of convergence for this
+series. So I want to know what radius so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series. So I want to know what radius so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series. So I want to know what radius so
+what values of x can I put in to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what values of x can I put in to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what values of x can I put in to make
+this series converge? I might miss the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this series converge? I might miss the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this series converge? I might miss the
+end points, but beyond that, what values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end points, but beyond that, what values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end points, but beyond that, what values
+of x make this series converge? So I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x make this series converge? So I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x make this series converge? So I'm
+looking at the ratio test. I took the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the ratio test. I took the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the ratio test. I took the
+ratio test. I got it all the way to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio test. I got it all the way to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio test. I got it all the way to a
+place where I have something in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where I have something in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where I have something in terms of
+x. As long as that thing is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x. As long as that thing is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x. As long as that thing is less than
+one, I'm golden. Right? As long as that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, I'm golden. Right? As long as that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, I'm golden. Right? As long as that
+thing is less than one, the series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is less than one, the series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is less than one, the series
+converges. So again, I actually get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges. So again, I actually get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges. So again, I actually get
+another thing where absolute value of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing where absolute value of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing where absolute value of x
+is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than
+two. All right? I probably should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. All right? I probably should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. All right? I probably should have
+picked a different number there. What do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked a different number there. What do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked a different number there. What do
+you think would happen if this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think would happen if this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think would happen if this was a
+seven? Well, everything would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven? Well, everything would have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven? Well, everything would have been
+the same except this would have been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same except this would have been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same except this would have been a
+seven and the radius of convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven and the radius of convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven and the radius of convergence
+would have been seven. So I should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been seven. So I should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been seven. So I should have
+picked a different number there. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked a different number there. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked a different number there. So we
+had a different radius of convergence,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a different radius of convergence,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a different radius of convergence,
+but you can see how that works.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can see how that works.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can see how that works.
+And then I'm going to do just I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then I'm going to do just I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then I'm going to do just I have
+room. I'm going to do one more example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room. I'm going to do one more example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room. I'm going to do one more example
+because this one's a good one to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+also. Okay. I I'm actually going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also. Okay. I I'm actually going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also. Okay. I I'm actually going to do
+another series that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another series that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another series that we
+know x^ the 2n over 2n factorial. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know x^ the 2n over 2n factorial. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know x^ the 2n over 2n factorial. And
+I'm doing this one for a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing this one for a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing this one for a particular
+reason to help us deal with when when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to help us deal with when when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to help us deal with when when
+some things when the exponents and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things when the exponents and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things when the exponents and the
+and the uh factorials get a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the uh factorials get a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the uh factorials get a little more
+complicated.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated.
+Um, I want to also point out what series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, I want to also point out what series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, I want to also point out what series
+is this. You should know what series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this. You should know what series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this. You should know what series
+this is. And I know without thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is. And I know without thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is. And I know without thinking
+that it's either s or cosine. I guess I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's either s or cosine. I guess I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's either s or cosine. I guess I
+should say it's starting at n= 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say it's starting at n= 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say it's starting at n= 0 to
+infinity. And then I might get nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity. And then I might get nervous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity. And then I might get nervous
+and say, well, which one is it? Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say, well, which one is it? Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say, well, which one is it? Well,
+what's the first term? X to the 0 is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the first term? X to the 0 is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the first term? X to the 0 is 1
+over 0 factorial is one. So, it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 0 factorial is one. So, it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 0 factorial is one. So, it looks
+like the first term is one. So, that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the first term is one. So, that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the first term is one. So, that
+makes me know it's cosine, right? If the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes me know it's cosine, right? If the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes me know it's cosine, right? If the
+first term were x, I'd know it was sign.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term were x, I'd know it was sign.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term were x, I'd know it was sign.
+So if I get nervous, so this where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I get nervous, so this where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I get nervous, so this where it
+converges is equal to cosine x. Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges is equal to cosine x. Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges is equal to cosine x. Let's
+look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one. All right, we get now this you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. All right, we get now this you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. All right, we get now this you have
+to be a little more careful because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a little more careful because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a little more careful because it's
+2 * the quantity n + 1 over 2 n + 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 * the quantity n + 1 over 2 n + 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 * the quantity n + 1 over 2 n + 2
+factorial. So that's n + 1 * 2 is 2 n +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial. So that's n + 1 * 2 is 2 n +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial. So that's n + 1 * 2 is 2 n +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 2 n factorial over x^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 2 n factorial over x^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 2 n factorial over x^
+2n. All right, this is where it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2n. All right, this is where it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2n. All right, this is where it might
+get a little tricky. This is 2n + 2 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a little tricky. This is 2n + 2 /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a little tricky. This is 2n + 2 /
+2n. So this is going to be the limit as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2n. So this is going to be the limit as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2n. So this is going to be the limit as
+n goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n goes to
+infinity of x2 absolute value of x^2,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity of x2 absolute value of x^2,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity of x2 absolute value of x^2,
+which is just x^2 again times this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just x^2 again times this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just x^2 again times this
+thing. So let's figure out what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. So let's figure out what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. So let's figure out what this
+thing is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is.
+Okay, what is 2n factorial? I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, what is 2n factorial? I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, what is 2n factorial? I'm going to
+write out the first couple terms. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write out the first couple terms. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write out the first couple terms. Okay,
+there's going to be 2 n * 2 n -1 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be 2 n * 2 n -1 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be 2 n * 2 n -1 *
+that's all the way down to one. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all the way down to one. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all the way down to one. And then
+what's this? This is 2 n + 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's this? This is 2 n + 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's this? This is 2 n + 2
+* 2 n + 1 * 2 n * all the way down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 2 n + 1 * 2 n * all the way down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 2 n + 1 * 2 n * all the way down to
+one. So we see this is what I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So we see this is what I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So we see this is what I was
+talking about earlier actually also was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about earlier actually also was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about earlier actually also was
+that I've added two to this. So it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've added two to this. So it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've added two to this. So it's not
+surprising I get two more terms and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising I get two more terms and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising I get two more terms and then
+I'm down to 2n factorial again. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm down to 2n factorial again. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm down to 2n factorial again. Right?
+So this is 2 n factorial. This is 2 n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is 2 n factorial. This is 2 n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is 2 n factorial. This is 2 n
+factorial. So the 2n factorial here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial. So the 2n factorial here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial. So the 2n factorial here
+divides with the 2n factorial here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides with the 2n factorial here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides with the 2n factorial here and
+I'm left with these here. I get 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm left with these here. I get 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm left with these here. I get 1 over
+2n plus2 * 2n + 1. Now what happens as n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2n plus2 * 2n + 1. Now what happens as n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2n plus2 * 2n + 1. Now what happens as n
+goes to infinity obviously this ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to infinity obviously this ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to infinity obviously this ratio
+goes to zero. So I'm actually in another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to zero. So I'm actually in another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to zero. So I'm actually in another
+case similar to the one I saw with e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case similar to the one I saw with e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case similar to the one I saw with e to
+the x is that this goes to zero. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x is that this goes to zero. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x is that this goes to zero. So the
+limit is actually equal to zero which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit is actually equal to zero which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit is actually equal to zero which is
+always less than one. Any value of x I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always less than one. Any value of x I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always less than one. Any value of x I
+pick it's less than one. And so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick it's less than one. And so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick it's less than one. And so this
+series actually converges for any x that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series actually converges for any x that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series actually converges for any x that
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+pick. So this is another case where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick. So this is another case where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick. So this is another case where I
+have the radius of convergence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the radius of convergence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the radius of convergence is
+actually infinite. Okay. So we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually infinite. Okay. So we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually infinite. Okay. So we'll
+probably give you some problems where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably give you some problems where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably give you some problems where we
+have some other things happening because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some other things happening because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some other things happening because
+you can actually get the radius of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually get the radius of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually get the radius of
+convergence is zero. You can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence is zero. You can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence is zero. You can actually
+get that the only place it converges is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that the only place it converges is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that the only place it converges is
+at x equals zero. So you might actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at x equals zero. So you might actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at x equals zero. So you might actually
+get the limit as n goes to infinity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the limit as n goes to infinity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the limit as n goes to infinity is
+infinity. I didn't give you an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity. I didn't give you an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity. I didn't give you an example
+of that but that's a case where whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that but that's a case where whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that but that's a case where whatever
+x value you put in your limit's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x value you put in your limit's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x value you put in your limit's still
+bigger than one. Then you'd always get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than one. Then you'd always get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than one. Then you'd always get a
+diverges except when x is zero. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverges except when x is zero. Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverges except when x is zero. Okay. So
+that's another thing that you can run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another thing that you can run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another thing that you can run
+into. But the point I want to make is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into. But the point I want to make is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into. But the point I want to make is
+that this is going to let us determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is going to let us determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is going to let us determine
+you know at least the radius over which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know at least the radius over which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know at least the radius over which
+these x values converge. And it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these x values converge. And it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these x values converge. And it also
+helps us if we know certain things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps us if we know certain things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps us if we know certain things about
+a function to tell us where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function to tell us where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function to tell us where this
+function is actually equal to the series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is actually equal to the series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is actually equal to the series
+that we're that we're dealing with. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're that we're dealing with. So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're that we're dealing with. So I
+think that's where I'll stop and I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's where I'll stop and I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's where I'll stop and I hope
+this was informative.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/owhNn20aZo8.txt b/owhNn20aZo8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a7ec185571e927529209387b6ca1f9a3a28eeb28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/owhNn20aZo8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15181 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so let me first remind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so let me first remind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so let me first remind you
+what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we
+did at the end of last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did at the end of last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did at the end of last
+lecture say suppose you consider a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture say suppose you consider a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture say suppose you consider a
+stream moving in some space time M so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream moving in some space time M so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream moving in some space time M so
+it's the following matric given by GM mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the following matric given by GM mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the following matric given by GM mu
+and the coordinate which I deloted by X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the coordinate which I deloted by X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the coordinate which I deloted by X
+new so new typically will go from say mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new so new typically will go from say mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new so new typically will go from say mu
+new go from 0 1 to D minus one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new go from 0 1 to D minus one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new go from 0 1 to D minus one and
+capital D will be the L of SpaceTime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital D will be the L of SpaceTime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital D will be the L of SpaceTime
+Dimension and then the W sheet will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension and then the W sheet will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension and then the W sheet will be
+characterized by this x mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized by this x mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized by this x mu
+as a function of w sheet coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of w sheet coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of w sheet coordinate
+Sigma T then this describe a mapping of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma T then this describe a mapping of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma T then this describe a mapping of
+a two dimensional surface embedded in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two dimensional surface embedded in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two dimensional surface embedded in
+the full space time in the in the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full space time in the in the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full space time in the in the full
+space time and then we also use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space time and then we also use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space time and then we also use the
+rotation that X mu equal to Sigma a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation that X mu equal to Sigma a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation that X mu equal to Sigma a and
+sigma a will be Sigma 0 Sigma 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma a will be Sigma 0 Sigma 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma a will be Sigma 0 Sigma 1 and
+equal to T Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to T Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to T Sigma
+okay and then the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then the simplest
+action which have a clear geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action which have a clear geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action which have a clear geometric
+meaning is essentially just the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning is essentially just the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning is essentially just the uh the
+action is given by the area of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action is given by the area of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action is given by the area of the
+surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface
+is given by the area of the surface um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given by the area of the surface um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given by the area of the surface um
+and this Delta H is the induced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this Delta H is the induced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this Delta H is the induced
+matric so if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matric so if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matric so if you have
+embedding in this space time then then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedding in this space time then then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedding in this space time then then
+this embedding will induce a longval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this embedding will induce a longval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this embedding will induce a longval
+matric on W sheet so this H is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matric on W sheet so this H is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matric on W sheet so this H is the the
+induced matric on the W sheet and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induced matric on the W sheet and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induced matric on the W sheet and then
+if you take the determinant of it then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take the determinant of it then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take the determinant of it then
+essentially give you the area element on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially give you the area element on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially give you the area element on
+the W sheet but we also show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the W sheet but we also show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the W sheet but we also show that
+classically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classically
+this action is equivalent to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this action is equivalent to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this action is equivalent to this
+action you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action you can
+um uh uh you can rewrite it by introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh you can rewrite it by introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh you can rewrite it by introduce
+something like L multiplier like gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like L multiplier like gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like L multiplier like gamma
+ab and then by eliminate gamma AB then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ab and then by eliminate gamma AB then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ab and then by eliminate gamma AB then
+you cover this okay and the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cover this okay and the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cover this okay and the equation
+motion for the gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+AB yeah if you solve equation for gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AB yeah if you solve equation for gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AB yeah if you solve equation for gamma
+abti you get something like this Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abti you get something like this Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abti you get something like this Lambda
+H ab and Lambda is arbitary constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H ab and Lambda is arbitary constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H ab and Lambda is arbitary constant
+arbitary function arbitary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitary function arbitary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitary function arbitary
+function um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function um
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+okay yeah say if you solve the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah say if you solve the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah say if you solve the equation
+motion for gamma ab and then that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion for gamma ab and then that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion for gamma ab and then that's what
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get so so this final form so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get so so this final form so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get so so this final form so this is the
+action we will use to quantize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action we will use to quantize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action we will use to quantize
+it is because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is because this
+action have a l polinomial for form have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action have a l polinomial for form have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action have a l polinomial for form have
+L polinomial form not like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L polinomial form not like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L polinomial form not like this
+action which is a a square root is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action which is a a square root is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action which is a a square root is
+always awkward and so this have L of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always awkward and so this have L of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always awkward and so this have L of
+polinomial form and when you when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial form and when you when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial form and when you when you
+quantize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantize the
+action say if you do passal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action say if you do passal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action say if you do passal
+conation then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then you just you need to integrate both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you just you need to integrate both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you just you need to integrate both
+Dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variables say exponential is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables say exponential is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables say exponential is
+s p comma and X okay so so both are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s p comma and X okay so so both are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s p comma and X okay so so both are
+Dynamic variables when you quantize you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic variables when you quantize you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic variables when you quantize you
+have Depart inte of all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Depart inte of all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Depart inte of all of
+them and uh so let me just uh uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and uh so let me just uh uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and uh so let me just uh uh uh uh
+uh say a little bit more about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say a little bit more about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say a little bit more about the
+geometric which you mentioned at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric which you mentioned at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric which you mentioned at the end
+last the geometric meaning of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last the geometric meaning of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last the geometric meaning of this
+action so if you just look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action so if you just look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action so if you just look at this
+action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action
+itself this this just like a scal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself this this just like a scal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself this this just like a scal of
+field in a two dimensional curve space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field in a two dimensional curve space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field in a two dimensional curve space
+time and uh and this two dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and uh and this two dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and uh and this two dimensional
+curve space time I have a long trival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve space time I have a long trival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve space time I have a long trival
+matric which given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matric which given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matric which given by
+gamma and the scal of field is just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma and the scal of field is just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma and the scal of field is just this
+x okay so so this gamma can be consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x okay so so this gamma can be consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x okay so so this gamma can be consider
+as some kind of intrinsic can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as some kind of intrinsic can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as some kind of intrinsic can be
+consider as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider as a
+intrinsic W sheet intrinsic metric on W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic W sheet intrinsic metric on W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic W sheet intrinsic metric on W
+sheet and then this x then describes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet and then this x then describes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet and then this x then describes uh
+uh the embedding of this Ste describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the embedding of this Ste describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the embedding of this Ste describe
+this embedding of this work sheeet in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this embedding of this work sheeet in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this embedding of this work sheeet in
+space time and but X from the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space time and but X from the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space time and but X from the point of
+view of this two dimensional work sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of this two dimensional work sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of this two dimensional work sheet
+is just behave like a scal field it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just behave like a scal field it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just behave like a scal field it just
+behave like scal field so when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave like scal field so when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave like scal field so when we
+quantize this action so when we do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantize this action so when we do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantize this action so when we do the
+pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass
+integral if you just pass in if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral if you just pass in if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral if you just pass in if you just
+do the pass integral over DX X then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the pass integral over DX X then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the pass integral over DX X then this
+is just like a standard two dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just like a standard two dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just like a standard two dimensional
+Quantum field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum field
+the okay just like a standard two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the okay just like a standard two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the okay just like a standard two
+dimensional Quantum field the but what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional Quantum field the but what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional Quantum field the but what's
+unusual here when you quantize a string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual here when you quantize a string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual here when you quantize a string
+because the gamma is also Dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the gamma is also Dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the gamma is also Dynamic
+variable you also have to integrate over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable you also have to integrate over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable you also have to integrate over
+gamma and this make it more long trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma and this make it more long trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma and this make it more long trivial
+and then this is no longer like a quanti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this is no longer like a quanti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this is no longer like a quanti
+just like quanti in the scalar fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like quanti in the scalar fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like quanti in the scalar fields
+and uh and because you're integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and because you're integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and because you're integrating
+over all possible intrinsic matric on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all possible intrinsic matric on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all possible intrinsic matric on
+world sheet so this is like quanti in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world sheet so this is like quanti in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world sheet so this is like quanti in
+the uh so this is like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quantizing 2d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantizing 2d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantizing 2d
+gravity when you integrate of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity when you integrate of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity when you integrate of all
+possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+metric then this is not quantizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric then this is not quantizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric then this is not quantizing
+gravity but this is only the gravity on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity but this is only the gravity on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity but this is only the gravity on
+the W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sheet C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to the scaler fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay yes so in what sense is it 2D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yes so in what sense is it 2D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yes so in what sense is it 2D
+gravity because the metric is like a d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity because the metric is like a d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity because the metric is like a d
+by D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by D
+object no no no no the matric no this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object no no no no the matric no this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object no no no no the matric no this is
+a two-dimensional gamma is a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two-dimensional gamma is a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two-dimensional gamma is a two
+dimensional matric it's intrinsic matric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional matric it's intrinsic matric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional matric it's intrinsic matric
+on the world sheet yes yeah so so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the world sheet yes yeah so so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the world sheet yes yeah so so this
+2x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x
+two I AB is only goes 2 by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two I AB is only goes 2 by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two I AB is only goes 2 by two
+AB is only going from 0 to one oh yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AB is only going from 0 to one oh yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AB is only going from 0 to one oh yes
+yeah so AB only runs over the war sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so AB only runs over the war sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so AB only runs over the war sheet
+0 to one NE one yeah so once you write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to one NE one yeah so once you write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to one NE one yeah so once you write
+that form then you introduce a intrinsic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that form then you introduce a intrinsic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that form then you introduce a intrinsic
+matric on the worksheet then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matric on the worksheet then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matric on the worksheet then they
+introduce a intrinsic curved space time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a intrinsic curved space time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a intrinsic curved space time
+on the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the word
+sheet and when you integrate of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet and when you integrate of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet and when you integrate of all
+possible matric then that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible matric then that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible matric then that's
+corresponding to take into account the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to take into account the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to take into account the
+fluctuations in The Matrix yes from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations in The Matrix yes from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations in The Matrix yes from this
+two dimensional point of view so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dimensional point of view so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dimensional point of view so that's
+why we say this is like quantizing 2D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we say this is like quantizing 2D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we say this is like quantizing 2D
+Gravity by gravity we just means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gravity by gravity we just means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gravity by gravity we just means the
+space time okay is this clear so so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space time okay is this clear so so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space time okay is this clear so so now
+we see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see the
+question of Quan in the string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of Quan in the string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of Quan in the string
+the essentially B St to quantize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the essentially B St to quantize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the essentially B St to quantize this
+two dimensional gravity and water sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dimensional gravity and water sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dimensional gravity and water sheet
+coup to this dcal fields and this dcal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coup to this dcal fields and this dcal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coup to this dcal fields and this dcal
+field describe the embedding of your of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field describe the embedding of your of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field describe the embedding of your of
+your W sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your W sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your W sheet
+okay so we will consider simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we will consider simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we will consider simple
+example we will consider example which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we will consider example which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we will consider example which
+m is just movy space time D dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m is just movy space time D dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m is just movy space time D dimensional
+inov space time okay so in this case G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inov space time okay so in this case G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inov space time okay so in this case G
+mu mu become simple just equ G mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu mu become simple just equ G mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu mu become simple just equ G mu
+mu me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mu and then then this polar action can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu and then then this polar action can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu and then then this polar action can
+also be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+simplified so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified so this
+SP now just become 1 4 Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SP now just become 1 4 Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SP now just become 1 4 Alpha
+Prime D sare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime D sare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime D sare
+Sigma GMA a b partial a x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma GMA a b partial a x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma GMA a b partial a x
+mu partial b x mu so now when I write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu partial b x mu so now when I write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu partial b x mu so now when I write
+this x mu X mu should be understood that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this x mu X mu should be understood that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this x mu X mu should be understood that
+they they contracted by the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they contracted by the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they contracted by the standard
+wovi uh metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wovi uh metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wovi uh metric
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+now this really if you just look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this really if you just look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this really if you just look at the
+X this is like a free scaler field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X this is like a free scaler field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X this is like a free scaler field
+series because the the dependence on X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series because the the dependence on X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series because the the dependence on X
+purely quadratic so this is like FL free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely quadratic so this is like FL free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely quadratic so this is like FL free
+scaler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fields in curve space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields in curve space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields in curve space
+time okay in curved W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay in curved W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay in curved W
+sheet 2D W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sheet okay in the world sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet okay in the world sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet okay in the world sheet
+okay so there's still slightly unusual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's still slightly unusual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's still slightly unusual
+thing about this scaler field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about this scaler field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about this scaler field
+Theory from our standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one yeah actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one yeah actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one yeah actually
+um um I might be missing minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um I might be missing minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um I might be missing minus sign
+somewhere I may I might be missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere I may I might be missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere I may I might be missing
+overall minus sign I think I'm missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall minus sign I think I'm missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall minus sign I think I'm missing
+overall minus sign just let me put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall minus sign just let me put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall minus sign just let me put it
+here I think I'm missing over all man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I think I'm missing over all man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I think I'm missing over all man
+sign that's uh for our current purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign that's uh for our current purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign that's uh for our current purpose
+it does not matter but but think for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does not matter but but think for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does not matter but but think for the
+later purpose we read it okay because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later purpose we read it okay because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later purpose we read it okay because if
+you consider the standard the field the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you consider the standard the field the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you consider the standard the field the
+using this minus one matric then I read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this minus one matric then I read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this minus one matric then I read
+the minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus sign
+okay so so this is just like a free scal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so this is just like a free scal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so this is just like a free scal
+field series with in this curve in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field series with in this curve in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field series with in this curve in this
+2D curve space time but they slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D curve space time but they slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D curve space time but they slightly
+thing non usual about this one so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing non usual about this one so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing non usual about this one so there
+are two unusual thing one is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two unusual thing one is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two unusual thing one is that we
+also need to integrate gamma but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also need to integrate gamma but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also need to integrate gamma but there's
+a lot of usual thing even think even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of usual thing even think even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of usual thing even think even
+from the perspective itive of scal field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the perspective itive of scal field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the perspective itive of scal field
+theory is that if you look at the Zero's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory is that if you look at the Zero's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory is that if you look at the Zero's
+component of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of
+X because it it 0 Z so I we using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X because it it 0 Z so I we using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X because it it 0 Z so I we using the
+ITA equal to minus one one okay because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ITA equal to minus one one okay because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ITA equal to minus one one okay because
+e 0 Z is minus one so the Zero's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e 0 Z is minus one so the Zero's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e 0 Z is minus one so the Zero's
+component of X we have a opposite ktic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of X we have a opposite ktic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of X we have a opposite ktic
+term to the to the other component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term to the to the other component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term to the to the other component
+okay so you might have learned in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you might have learned in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you might have learned in your
+Quantum field Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum field Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum field Theory
+class that actually you cannot change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class that actually you cannot change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class that actually you cannot change
+the the sign of your kinetic term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sign of your kinetic term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sign of your kinetic term
+otherwise you get instability because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you get instability because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you get instability because
+then your honin will be unbounded from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then your honin will be unbounded from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then your honin will be unbounded from
+below ex so so so so this action so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below ex so so so so this action so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below ex so so so so this action so so
+our story here have two unusual features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our story here have two unusual features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our story here have two unusual features
+one you have the integrate over gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you have the integrate over gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you have the integrate over gamma
+and the second is at one of the scaler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second is at one of the scaler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second is at one of the scaler
+Fields uh uh have the wrong ktic term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fields uh uh have the wrong ktic term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fields uh uh have the wrong ktic term
+okay the sign of the ktic term is wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the sign of the ktic term is wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the sign of the ktic term is wrong
+we will see that these two feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will see that these two feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will see that these two feature
+actually solve for each other and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually solve for each other and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually solve for each other and this
+is actually a consistent Theory so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a consistent Theory so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a consistent Theory so this
+is actually consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theory any questions at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory any questions at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory any questions at this
+point okay so before you do any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point okay so before you do any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point okay so before you do any
+Theory what you should do so before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory what you should do so before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory what you should do so before you
+say work on any Theory what should you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say work on any Theory what should you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say work on any Theory what should you
+do first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no no no that's too far away just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no no that's too far away just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no no that's too far away just the
+first thing you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing you should
+do after you write down the action or L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do after you write down the action or L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do after you write down the action or L
+ground you what you do so the of motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground you what you do so the of motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground you what you do so the of motion
+that's still too far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+away check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away check
+units that's something what you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units that's something what you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units that's something what you should
+do yeah but that you do in kindergarten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do yeah but that you do in kindergarten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do yeah but that you do in kindergarten
+so it's not included
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here constant of motion that's close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is responsible for con of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is responsible for con of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is responsible for con of
+motion symmetries yeah that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion symmetries yeah that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion symmetries yeah that's what
+symmetries you first I have to analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries you first I have to analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries you first I have to analyze
+symmetries okay so that's what we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries okay so that's what we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries okay so that's what we will
+do okay let me call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay let me call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay let me call this
+equation three just continue from my uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation three just continue from my uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation three just continue from my uh
+my rotation of last week uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my rotation of last week uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my rotation of last week uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yeah so so first we should analyze the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so first we should analyze the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so first we should analyze the
+sage of sage of this action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first so this is a mapping to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first so this is a mapping to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first so this is a mapping to a
+minkovski space time the minkovski space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minkovski space time the minkovski space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minkovski space time the minkovski space
+time itself have a p Symmetry and that P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time itself have a p Symmetry and that P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time itself have a p Symmetry and that P
+symmetry will be reflected here first we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry will be reflected here first we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry will be reflected here first we
+have a p symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X
+mu in other words this action is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu in other words this action is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu in other words this action is in
+warant if you take X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warant if you take X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warant if you take X
+mu to go to x mu plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu to go to x mu plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu to go to x mu plus a
+constant okay say a mu is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant so it's obvious this is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so it's obvious this is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so it's obvious this is in
+warant okay because the everything X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warant okay because the everything X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warant okay because the everything X
+here mu x with a derivative so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here mu x with a derivative so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here mu x with a derivative so if you
+shift by X mu with a constant then of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift by X mu with a constant then of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift by X mu with a constant then of
+course that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that's a
+symmetry and uh also this should this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry and uh also this should this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry and uh also this should this is
+inance under lent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+symmetry okay so Lambda is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant R SYM the r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transformation okay so this is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation okay so this is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation okay so this is also
+self-evident because if you have a make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-evident because if you have a make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-evident because if you have a make
+a con because of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a con because of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a con because of this
+constraction if you make a constant Len
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraction if you make a constant Len
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraction if you make a constant Len
+transformation you you don't see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation you you don't see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation you you don't see the
+derivatives and then and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and then and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and then and this is
+contracted Len Scala then this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracted Len Scala then this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracted Len Scala then this is
+invariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is the first Sy the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the first Sy the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the first Sy the first
+set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of
+symmetry the second set of symet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry the second set of symet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry the second set of symet
+essentially by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially by
+construction because we are writing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction because we are writing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction because we are writing this
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+a because we are writing this as a scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a because we are writing this as a scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a because we are writing this as a scale
+field in the curve space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field in the curve space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field in the curve space
+time then then this has then this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time then then this has then this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time then then this has then this is
+invariant then this have invariant the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant then this have invariant the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant then this have invariant the
+two dimensional coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transformation and in other words this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation and in other words this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation and in other words this
+is inant on reparametrization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+worksheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worksheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worksheet
+okay so this is essentially a lary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is essentially a lary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is essentially a lary
+condition which should satisfy by any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition which should satisfy by any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition which should satisfy by any
+string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string
+action because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action because
+the because as we said before Sigma T it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the because as we said before Sigma T it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the because as we said before Sigma T it
+just parameterized your worksheet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just parameterized your worksheet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just parameterized your worksheet and
+your action should not depend on how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your action should not depend on how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your action should not depend on how you
+parameterize it and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize it and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize it and that
+parameterization should be arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization should be arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization should be arbitrary
+okay should be a you should be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay should be a you should be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay should be a you should be able to
+change your parameterization yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change your parameterization yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change your parameterization yeah
+because uh uh if you think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh uh if you think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh uh if you think about the
+surface in space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time no matter you can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time no matter you can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time no matter you can say
+parameterization corespondent you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization corespondent you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization corespondent you put
+the gek on this agreed on this surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gek on this agreed on this surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gek on this agreed on this surface
+whether you do this way or you do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you do this way or you do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you do this way or you do it
+some other way it should not change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other way it should not change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other way it should not change the
+surface the property of surface itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface the property of surface itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface the property of surface itself
+so that means the action itself should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means the action itself should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means the action itself should
+not should be in warant on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not should be in warant on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not should be in warant on
+reparametrization of your worksheet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reparametrization of your worksheet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reparametrization of your worksheet and
+paration of the war sheet translates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paration of the war sheet translates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paration of the war sheet translates
+into just arbitrary coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into just arbitrary coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into just arbitrary coordinate
+Transformations so Sigma and T should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations so Sigma and T should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations so Sigma and T should be
+able to say if you make arbitary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to say if you make arbitary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to say if you make arbitary
+coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transformation uh and the action should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation uh and the action should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation uh and the action should
+be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in
+warant okay and this is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warant okay and this is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warant okay and this is by
+construction and this is action by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction and this is action by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction and this is action by
+Construction in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Construction in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Construction in
+wariant and this number go action and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wariant and this number go action and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wariant and this number go action and
+this polar action we we obtained by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this polar action we we obtained by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this polar action we we obtained by
+rewriting this number c action is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewriting this number c action is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewriting this number c action is also
+uh by construction uh uh because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by construction uh uh because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by construction uh uh because it's
+manifest because this is like a quarian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifest because this is like a quarian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifest because this is like a quarian
+curve space action for scalar Fields so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve space action for scalar Fields so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve space action for scalar Fields so
+this automatically inant under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this automatically inant under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this automatically inant under the
+coordinate transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate transformation
+okay and under this coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and under this coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and under this coordinate
+transformation this x mu just transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation this x mu just transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation this x mu just transform
+as a scaler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a scaler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a scaler
+field so the scal of field transforms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field so the scal of field transforms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field so the scal of field transforms
+say as the following it's going to X mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say as the following it's going to X mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say as the following it's going to X mu
+Prime and XP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and XP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and XP
+Prime we evaluate that the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime we evaluate that the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime we evaluate that the new
+coordinate top Prime and sigma Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate top Prime and sigma Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate top Prime and sigma Prime
+time should be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time should be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time should be the
+same as your original X you Val the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as your original X you Val the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as your original X you Val the
+original def a location so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original def a location so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original def a location so this is
+essentially the definition of a scaler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the definition of a scaler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the definition of a scaler
+field he said when you make a coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field he said when you make a coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field he said when you make a coordinate
+transformation if you follow the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation if you follow the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation if you follow the point
+the value of x does not change okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of x does not change okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of x does not change okay
+because when you go to the new location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you go to the new location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you go to the new location
+the X Prime evalate evaluate a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X Prime evalate evaluate a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X Prime evalate evaluate a new
+location should be the same as your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location should be the same as your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location should be the same as your
+original value okay yeah so basically we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original value okay yeah so basically we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original value okay yeah so basically we
+have theomorphism in variance in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have theomorphism in variance in you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have theomorphism in variance in you
+know the real space and the world sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the real space and the world sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the real space and the world sheet
+that's like a no no no this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like a no no no this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like a no no no this is not
+theomorphism warant in world no this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theomorphism warant in world no this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theomorphism warant in world no this is
+not different morphism warant this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not different morphism warant this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not different morphism warant this
+special case of different no this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case of different no this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case of different no this is not
+different morphism no this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different morphism no this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different morphism no this is not
+different morph this is global symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different morph this is global symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different morph this is global symmetry
+oh yeah okay uh and also do we ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah okay uh and also do we ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah okay uh and also do we ever
+consider curved real space yeah you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider curved real space yeah you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider curved real space yeah you can
+consider well a curve space um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider well a curve space um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider well a curve space um
+um but right now we are at the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but right now we are at the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but right now we are at the high
+school level of stre series class and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school level of stre series class and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school level of stre series class and uh
+and if you go to curve space that should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you go to curve space that should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you go to curve space that should
+be college level of stre series it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be college level of stre series it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be college level of stre series it's
+beyond what we are doing right now but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond what we are doing right now but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond what we are doing right now but
+in the Cur space we don't have coin care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Cur space we don't have coin care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Cur space we don't have coin care
+where we have coin care yeah then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have coin care yeah then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have coin care yeah then you
+don't have P Im so so this is specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have P Im so so this is specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have P Im so so this is specific
+to this action yeah but but but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this action yeah but but but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this action yeah but but but this is
+General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General
+yeah so of course under this coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so of course under this coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so of course under this coordinate
+transformation this GMA AB should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation this GMA AB should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation this GMA AB should
+transform as a tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform as a tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform as a tensor
+as in standard in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in standard in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in standard in
+gr that this evaluated gamma Prime EV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gr that this evaluated gamma Prime EV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gr that this evaluated gamma Prime EV
+VAR at new point should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VAR at new point should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VAR at new point should be
+related as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tensor okay so you can check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor okay so you can check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor okay so you can check
+yourself uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself uh
+this is essentially by construction but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is essentially by construction but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is essentially by construction but
+you can check yourself that the action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can check yourself that the action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can check yourself that the action
+is indeed in warant under those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is indeed in warant under those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is indeed in warant under those
+Transformations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations
+okay is there also gauge symmetry to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay is there also gauge symmetry to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay is there also gauge symmetry to
+this how add a phase to X and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this how add a phase to X and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this how add a phase to X and the
+derivative with a canels sorry uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with a canels sorry uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with a canels sorry uh is
+there any gaug theory in uh gauging what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any gaug theory in uh gauging what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any gaug theory in uh gauging what
+gauging which one uh X like equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauging which one uh X like equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauging which one uh X like equation
+three because like we add a global phas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three because like we add a global phas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three because like we add a global phas
+to X and the derivative with a and no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X and the derivative with a and no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X and the derivative with a and no no
+no no X is real here this is our full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no X is real here this is our full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no X is real here this is our full
+action X is okay yeah this is our full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action X is okay yeah this is our full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action X is okay yeah this is our full
+action and X are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+real so this is invariant on that I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real so this is invariant on that I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real so this is invariant on that I will
+not show this is invariant this just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not show this is invariant this just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not show this is invariant this just
+essentially by construction you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially by construction you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially by construction you should
+check it yourself if you are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check it yourself if you are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check it yourself if you are not
+convinced so the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+symmetry it's called the while scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry it's called the while scaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry it's called the while scaling
+of gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gamma
+AB so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AB so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AB so the
+the S IM is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S IM is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S IM is
+slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+surprising so so under this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising so so under this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising so so under this
+symmetry X mu does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry X mu does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry X mu does not
+change but but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change but but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change but but the
+matric we multiply it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matric we multiply it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matric we multiply it by
+overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+preactor and this Omega is up for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preactor and this Omega is up for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preactor and this Omega is up for any
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a very important
+symmetry so let's check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry so let's check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry so let's check
+that so when you multiply the gamma by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so when you multiply the gamma by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so when you multiply the gamma by
+overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall
+prefactor when you go to gamma AB then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefactor when you go to gamma AB then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefactor when you go to gamma AB then
+that's give you the same preactor but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's give you the same preactor but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's give you the same preactor but
+with a minor sign here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a minor sign here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a minor sign here
+okay and now in the determinant of gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now in the determinant of gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now in the determinant of gamma
+then that give you you the square of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that give you you the square of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that give you you the square of
+this and then take the square roots then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then take the square roots then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then take the square roots then
+give you a positive power then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a positive power then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a positive power then they
+cancel is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel is it
+clear so uh uh uh the netive power here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear so uh uh uh the netive power here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear so uh uh uh the netive power here
+cancel with the positive power here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel with the positive power here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel with the positive power here okay
+so this thing is in warrant so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this thing is in warrant so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this thing is in warrant so this is
+in warrant on this scaling symmetry so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in warrant on this scaling symmetry so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in warrant on this scaling symmetry so
+the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to
+see the way to see that a lot way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the way to see that a lot way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the way to see that a lot way to
+understand that somehow this action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the same thing with this action this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the same thing with this action this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the same thing with this action this
+is not specific to uh to we are working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not specific to uh to we are working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not specific to uh to we are working
+with minkovski space time uh the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with minkovski space time uh the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with minkovski space time uh the same
+feature here only depend on this two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature here only depend on this two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature here only depend on this two
+okay so the same thing happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so you can also see a feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so you can also see a feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so you can also see a feature
+why you can also get a feeling why this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you can also get a feeling why this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you can also get a feeling why this
+is such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is such a
+symmetry just by looking at the relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry just by looking at the relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry just by looking at the relation
+between the lamb goo action with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the lamb goo action with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the lamb goo action with this
+action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action
+so in this number go action there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this number go action there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this number go action there's no
+no gamma okay so in some sense you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no gamma okay so in some sense you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no gamma okay so in some sense you can
+see you can say this is automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you can say this is automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you can say this is automatically
+invariant under this kind of symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant under this kind of symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant under this kind of symmetry
+because there's no gamma and now we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no gamma and now we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no gamma and now we see
+that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+equivalence when you write down equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence when you write down equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence when you write down equation
+motion to go from here to lamb go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion to go from here to lamb go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion to go from here to lamb go
+action the equivalence between them they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action the equivalence between them they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action the equivalence between them they
+can be related by arbitrary function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be related by arbitrary function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be related by arbitrary function
+Lambda and uh and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda and uh and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda and uh and uh
+R by abute function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R by abute function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R by abute function
+Lambda um yeah this is another way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda um yeah this is another way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda um yeah this is another way to
+see this Imaging okay there not a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this Imaging okay there not a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this Imaging okay there not a way to
+see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+image so so in some sense you can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image so so in some sense you can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image so so in some sense you can say
+that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this
+symmetry is also required for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry is also required for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry is also required for the
+equivalence to the L goal action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence to the L goal action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence to the L goal action
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so we can actually use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can actually use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can actually use
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+we can also turn things around we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can also turn things around we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can also turn things around we can
+also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+use as a Sim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+principle okay as s to point we can ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle okay as s to point we can ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle okay as s to point we can ask
+suppose we have an action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have an action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have an action
+supposed to we require a action to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to we require a action to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to we require a action to
+satisfy the ABC to be warant on the ABC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the ABC to be warant on the ABC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the ABC to be warant on the ABC
+what is the most General action okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the most General action okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the most General action okay and
+then you can essentially uniquely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can essentially uniquely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can essentially uniquely
+determine the three okay we can can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the three okay we can can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the three okay we can can use
+actually s principles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uniquely actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniquely actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniquely actually
+is almost uniquity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+determined okay so I will explain this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined okay so I will explain this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined okay so I will explain this
+almost so now is this clear the Lo is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost so now is this clear the Lo is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost so now is this clear the Lo is
+the logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the logic
+clear so so we do two ways we first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear so so we do two ways we first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear so so we do two ways we first
+start with number goo and then we go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with number goo and then we go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with number goo and then we go to
+this action but uh then we observe this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this action but uh then we observe this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this action but uh then we observe this
+action have the symmetries and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action have the symmetries and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action have the symmetries and then we
+then now we ask ourselves what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then now we ask ourselves what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then now we ask ourselves what is the
+most General action with such symmetries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most General action with such symmetries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most General action with such symmetries
+okay and that's then we Le us back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's then we Le us back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's then we Le us back to
+this term to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+action except there's one more term you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action except there's one more term you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action except there's one more term you
+can add okay there's one other term you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can add okay there's one other term you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can add okay there's one other term you
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+add so that's why this is almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so I will just immediately write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so I will just immediately write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so I will just immediately write it
+down this is called oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down this is called oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down this is called oil
+action so this action have a actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action so this action have a actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action so this action have a actually
+have a long history so this called oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a long history so this called oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a long history so this called oil
+action so this can be written as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+following and this Lambda is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following and this Lambda is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following and this Lambda is just a
+constant some arbitary constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant some arbitary constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant some arbitary constant
+and R is the reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scaler for gamma AB okay gamma AB is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaler for gamma AB okay gamma AB is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaler for gamma AB okay gamma AB is a
+matric it's a two- dimensional matric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matric it's a two- dimensional matric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matric it's a two- dimensional matric
+you can construct the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can construct the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can construct the corresponding
+reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scaler so you can clearly check this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaler so you can clearly check this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaler so you can clearly check this
+this action so let me call this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this action so let me call this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this action so let me call this equation
+four so you can check easily that a four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four so you can check easily that a four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four so you can check easily that a four
+is invariant on a plus b on a because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is invariant on a plus b on a because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is invariant on a plus b on a because
+because this does not depend on X okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this does not depend on X okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this does not depend on X okay
+of course this is invariant on a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course this is invariant on a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course this is invariant on a and
+this is invariant on the B because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is invariant on the B because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is invariant on the B because this
+is a coant action so this is invariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a coant action so this is invariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a coant action so this is invariant
+on B to see this is invariant under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on B to see this is invariant under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on B to see this is invariant under the
+C requires a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C requires a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C requires a little bit
+effort okay requires a little bit effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort okay requires a little bit effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort okay requires a little bit effort
+but but if I write down a formula then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but if I write down a formula then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but if I write down a formula then
+become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become
+clear so under C if you make such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear so under C if you make such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear so under C if you make such a
+transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say under gamma Prime equal to exponent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say under gamma Prime equal to exponent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say under gamma Prime equal to exponent
+2 Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 Omega
+gamma to W gamma and then you find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma to W gamma and then you find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma to W gamma and then you find that
+minus gamma Prime and R Prime R Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus gamma Prime and R Prime R Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus gamma Prime and R Prime R Prime
+means the reach Scala for the gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the reach Scala for the gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the reach Scala for the gamma
+Prime is equal to square root minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime is equal to square root minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime is equal to square root minus
+gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma
+Rus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rus
+2 the two yeah this is a Formula which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 the two yeah this is a Formula which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 the two yeah this is a Formula which
+you can check yourself if we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can check yourself if we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can check yourself if we just
+directly write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you get then you see you get one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get then you see you get one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get then you see you get one
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+term but this term is a total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term but this term is a total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term but this term is a total
+derivative okay so this term is a total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative okay so this term is a total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative okay so this term is a total
+derivative and uh and if you impose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and uh and if you impose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and uh and if you impose the
+right boundary con conditions or if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right boundary con conditions or if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right boundary con conditions or if you
+can see the compact mod sheet then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the compact mod sheet then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the compact mod sheet then this
+ter will automatically vanishes and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ter will automatically vanishes and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ter will automatically vanishes and and
+then this is in variant okay so uh so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is in variant okay so uh so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is in variant okay so uh so so
+we have shown this is in warant on the A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have shown this is in warant on the A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have shown this is in warant on the A
+on everything a to c so essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on everything a to c so essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on everything a to c so essentially
+that's it so these two terms are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it so these two terms are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it so these two terms are the
+only three and four are the only terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only three and four are the only terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only three and four are the only terms
+are in warant on a to c okay there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in warant on a to c okay there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in warant on a to c okay there's no
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+terms so total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+action then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so then this is our total action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so actually some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually some of
+you who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+LS two dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gravity um yeah yeah maybe let me put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity um yeah yeah maybe let me put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity um yeah yeah maybe let me put
+the minus sign here yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus sign here yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus sign here yeah
+good so some of you Lo the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so some of you Lo the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so some of you Lo the two
+dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional
+gravity where immedia point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity where immedia point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity where immedia point
+out you actually don't need to add this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+term because this is actually a total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term because this is actually a total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term because this is actually a total
+derivative uh so this is a property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative uh so this is a property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative uh so this is a property
+of I only make a claim here so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I only make a claim here so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I only make a claim here so this
+thing is a total derivative so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is a total derivative so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is a total derivative so you can
+check yourself go back go to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check yourself go back go to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check yourself go back go to your
+favorite gr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite gr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite gr
+book go go to your favorite J book and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book go go to your favorite J book and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book go go to your favorite J book and
+the work out the scaler uh reach scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work out the scaler uh reach scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work out the scaler uh reach scalar
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+2D and then you find actually the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D and then you find actually the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D and then you find actually the square
+root gamma time R is actually uh or thir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root gamma time R is actually uh or thir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root gamma time R is actually uh or thir
+derivative so so it will not affect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so so it will not affect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so so it will not affect the
+equation motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation motion
+except but actually but it is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except but actually but it is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except but actually but it is important
+otherwise I will not have talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise I will not have talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise I will not have talked about
+it because when you go to the signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because when you go to the signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because when you go to the signature
+that's the standard way we we evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the standard way we we evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the standard way we we evaluate
+the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path
+integral so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so
+so so when you go to creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+signature this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature this is
+only say saying that this is a total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only say saying that this is a total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only say saying that this is a total
+derivative is only a local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is only a local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is only a local
+description it's actually a local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description it's actually a local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description it's actually a local
+description and in fact this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description and in fact this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description and in fact this is actually
+a topological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a topological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a topological
+term uh so locally you can write it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term uh so locally you can write it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term uh so locally you can write it as a
+total derivative but if you put on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total derivative but if you put on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total derivative but if you put on the
+top logically nonrival manifold then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top logically nonrival manifold then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top logically nonrival manifold then you
+cannot do it a globally and so so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot do it a globally and so so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot do it a globally and so so in
+fact in fact in thean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact in fact in thean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact in fact in thean
+signature it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature it's a
+um actually I don't know whether this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um actually I don't know whether this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um actually I don't know whether this is
+due to Oiler uh this this Oiler action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to Oiler uh this this Oiler action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to Oiler uh this this Oiler action
+is is actually equal to Lambda time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is actually equal to Lambda time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is actually equal to Lambda time
+Kai and the kai is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kai and the kai is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kai and the kai is equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+Pi yeah which is defined to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be so now it's R is actually 2 minus 2 H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so now it's R is actually 2 minus 2 H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so now it's R is actually 2 minus 2 H
+okay and H is a Genus over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+surface no this is only in 2D this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface no this is only in 2D this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface no this is only in 2D this is
+only yeah in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only yeah in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only yeah in
+2D so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D so in
+2D this even though this is no locally a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D this even though this is no locally a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D this even though this is no locally a
+total derivative but it's not a global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total derivative but it's not a global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total derivative but it's not a global
+total but you cannot write the total der
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total but you cannot write the total der
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total but you cannot write the total der
+globally and so when you integrate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globally and so when you integrate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globally and so when you integrate it
+over nonrival manifold a manifold with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over nonrival manifold a manifold with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over nonrival manifold a manifold with a
+nonrival topology actually this is non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonrival topology actually this is non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonrival topology actually this is non
+Vanishing it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vanishing it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vanishing it's
+nonv actually give you this oil number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonv actually give you this oil number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonv actually give you this oil number
+so for example if you integrate it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example if you integrate it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example if you integrate it on
+the sphere then you find this number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sphere then you find this number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sphere then you find this number is
+two corespond to H equal to zero and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two corespond to H equal to zero and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two corespond to H equal to zero and if
+you evaluate on the Taurus then you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you evaluate on the Taurus then you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you evaluate on the Taurus then you find
+this is is zero Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is is zero Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is is zero Etc
+okay so one second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so one second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so one second
+so so from the ukan perspect so so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so from the ukan perspect so so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so from the ukan perspect so so in
+the ukan pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integral so you create in pass interal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so you create in pass interal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so you create in pass interal
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+s minus so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s minus so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s minus so this
+exponential s oil term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential s oil term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential s oil term
+just give you exponential s Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Kai okay so now you may ring a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kai okay so now you may ring a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kai okay so now you may ring a
+bell because this is precisely the F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bell because this is precisely the F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bell because this is precisely the F
+term I added before when I say when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term I added before when I say when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term I added before when I say when we
+sum over different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over different
+genus you you you have the freedom to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genus you you you have the freedom to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genus you you you have the freedom to
+add the chemical potential Lambda times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add the chemical potential Lambda times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add the chemical potential Lambda times
+the oil L and and actually this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oil L and and actually this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oil L and and actually this is
+dictated by the Symmetry and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictated by the Symmetry and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictated by the Symmetry and if you
+include the most general terms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the most general terms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the most general terms are
+consistent with those symmetries then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with those symmetries then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with those symmetries then
+you are required to include this ular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are required to include this ular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are required to include this ular
+term and then you have automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and then you have automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and then you have automatically
+wait then you then you would be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait then you then you would be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait then you then you would be uh
+automatically uh have a weight for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically uh have a weight for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically uh have a weight for
+different genus okay but for this Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different genus okay but for this Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different genus okay but for this Theory
+the Lambda is actually but Lambda is AP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lambda is actually but Lambda is AP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lambda is actually but Lambda is AP
+constant so so the choice of Lambda is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so so the choice of Lambda is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so so the choice of Lambda is
+still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still
+arbitrary but do but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary but do but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary but do but
+but this does give you a longal weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this does give you a longal weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this does give you a longal weight
+so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+weight different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+genus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah any questions about this yes um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah any questions about this yes um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah any questions about this yes um so
+wouldn't the if you have an Entre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't the if you have an Entre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't the if you have an Entre
+topology wouldn't the boundary term from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology wouldn't the boundary term from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology wouldn't the boundary term from
+the Symmetry also be also would the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Symmetry also be also would the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Symmetry also be also would the
+Symmetry break sorry if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry break sorry if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry break sorry if you have a
+non-trivial topology what is the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-trivial topology what is the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-trivial topology what is the total
+derivative boundary term or total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative boundary term or total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative boundary term or total
+derivative and the Symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and the Symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and the Symmetry
+transformation also no no they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation also no no they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation also no no they are
+different kind of no they're different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of no they're different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of no they're different
+kind of uh um uh um no there's no Global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh um uh um no there's no Global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh um uh um no there's no Global
+issue here this is just ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue here this is just ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue here this is just ordinary
+function you have to write down this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you have to write down this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you have to write down this
+explicit to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit to know
+it yeah yes so so the so the claim is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah yes so so the so the claim is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah yes so so the so the claim is
+that this should work no matter what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this should work no matter what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this should work no matter what the
+value that we put yeah so this is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that we put yeah so this is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that we put yeah so this is so
+just this is why you were able to put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this is why you were able to put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this is why you were able to put in
+that factor at the sum because we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that factor at the sum because we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that factor at the sum because we could
+make Lambda equals Zer in which case we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make Lambda equals Zer in which case we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make Lambda equals Zer in which case we
+don't have it yeah yeah yeah Lambda is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have it yeah yeah yeah Lambda is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have it yeah yeah yeah Lambda is a
+prefer Lambda Lambda is not dictated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer Lambda Lambda is not dictated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer Lambda Lambda is not dictated by
+symmetry right so Lambda is just a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry right so Lambda is just a free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry right so Lambda is just a free
+parameter here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter here
+right but but in principle such a term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but but in principle such a term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but but in principle such a term
+exist yeah yeah this Lambda equal to Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist yeah yeah this Lambda equal to Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist yeah yeah this Lambda equal to Z
+is Nal to Z is a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Nal to Z is a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Nal to Z is a special
+case yeah yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah in the movi case it's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah in the movi case it's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah in the movi case it's a little bit
+tricky to talk about topology C and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky to talk about topology C and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky to talk about topology C and so
+that's why we uh we always when we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we uh we always when we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we uh we always when we do
+the pass in go we always go to creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pass in go we always go to creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pass in go we always go to creating
+signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature
+yeah and uh for example um later when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and uh for example um later when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and uh for example um later when we
+quantize the action which we work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantize the action which we work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantize the action which we work with
+Lenin signature and we only care say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lenin signature and we only care say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lenin signature and we only care say
+when we solve equation motion we only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we solve equation motion we only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we solve equation motion we only
+care about the local structure then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about the local structure then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about the local structure then we
+can just ignore this term because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just ignore this term because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just ignore this term because this
+does not build the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+good so to summarize from the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so to summarize from the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so to summarize from the two
+dimensional so again we can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional so again we can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional so again we can think of
+this as a two dimensional field the C to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a two dimensional field the C to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a two dimensional field the C to
+C to in a curve space time from that two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C to in a curve space time from that two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C to in a curve space time from that two
+dimensional perspective this is a global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional perspective this is a global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional perspective this is a global
+symmetry okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry okay so
+a is a global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+symmetry because it because this does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry because it because this does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry because it because this does
+not depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not depend
+on because the symy does not depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on because the symy does not depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on because the symy does not depend on
+the sigma and Gamma and sigma and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sigma and Gamma and sigma and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sigma and Gamma and sigma and
+T So This should leave to conserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T So This should leave to conserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T So This should leave to conserved
+charge conserved current conserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge conserved current conserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge conserved current conserved
+charge and conserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and conserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and conserved
+current okay so we will see later this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current okay so we will see later this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current okay so we will see later this
+indeed play a very important role in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed play a very important role in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed play a very important role in
+physics and B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and B and
+C are what we call gaug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+symmetries or local symmetries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries or local symmetries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries or local symmetries
+because they depend on uh a sigment t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they depend on uh a sigment t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they depend on uh a sigment t
+okay they have they have AB dependent on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they have they have AB dependent on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they have they have AB dependent on
+sigment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigment
+T there and here can also depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T there and here can also depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T there and here can also depend on
+sigal so so this is what we call gauge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+symmetries so for those of you who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries so for those of you who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries so for those of you who have
+studied Quantum field Series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied Quantum field Series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied Quantum field Series
+2 or even Quantum field series one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 or even Quantum field series one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 or even Quantum field series one for
+those of you who have quanti QD you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who have quanti QD you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who have quanti QD you know
+that the gaug symmetries are not gener
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the gaug symmetries are not gener
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the gaug symmetries are not gener
+symmetries that just tells you there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries that just tells you there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries that just tells you there are
+redundant degrees of freedom okay they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundant degrees of freedom okay they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundant degrees of freedom okay they
+just redundant degrees freedom and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just redundant degrees freedom and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just redundant degrees freedom and then
+when you quantize a theory then you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you quantize a theory then you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you quantize a theory then you need
+to get rid of those redundant degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get rid of those redundant degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get rid of those redundant degrees
+Freedom First and because otherwise you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom First and because otherwise you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom First and because otherwise you
+will have have a consistency problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have have a consistency problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have have a consistency problem and
+the the process of getting rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the process of getting rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the process of getting rid of
+redundancy problem to get R result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundancy problem to get R result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundancy problem to get R result of
+redundancies are called gauge fixing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundancies are called gauge fixing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundancies are called gauge fixing uh
+are called gauge fixing okay so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called gauge fixing okay so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called gauge fixing okay so that
+what we will do a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+later so in principle you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later so in principle you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later so in principle you can just
+proceed to do the past integral conation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed to do the past integral conation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed to do the past integral conation
+as we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we did
+before and the past integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and the past integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and the past integral
+conation is conceptually simple and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conation is conceptually simple and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conation is conceptually simple and
+geometrically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically
+elegant but it does not give you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegant but it does not give you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegant but it does not give you say
+string series spectrum because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string series spectrum because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string series spectrum because it's a
+part in go ex if you really want to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part in go ex if you really want to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part in go ex if you really want to find
+what are the spectrum of the stren
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the spectrum of the stren
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the spectrum of the stren
+Theory you actually have to do the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory you actually have to do the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory you actually have to do the a
+standard canonical quantization so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard canonical quantization so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard canonical quantization so
+that's what we are going to do next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we are going to do next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we are going to do next
+okay so now we are going to quantize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we are going to quantize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we are going to quantize the
+string in the in the canonical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string in the in the canonical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string in the in the canonical
+way there are many ways of doing it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way there are many ways of doing it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way there are many ways of doing it I
+will use the simplest way say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will use the simplest way say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will use the simplest way say
+technically simplest way also conceptual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically simplest way also conceptual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically simplest way also conceptual
+simplest way it's called the nighton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest way it's called the nighton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest way it's called the nighton
+conation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the meaning of this word will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the meaning of this word will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the meaning of this word will be
+clear so the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+will emerge from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quation is that each oscillation mode so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quation is that each oscillation mode so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quation is that each oscillation mode so
+if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a
+string then it can oscillate right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string then it can oscillate right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string then it can oscillate right
+because that's what string does it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what string does it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what string does it can
+oscillate so each oscillation mode so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate so each oscillation mode so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate so each oscillation mode so
+the bottom line is that we will show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom line is that we will show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom line is that we will show
+that each oscillation mode of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+string give rise to A Spacetime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particle okay from the stream point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle okay from the stream point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle okay from the stream point of
+view look like some kind of oscillation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view look like some kind of oscillation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view look like some kind of oscillation
+of stream but from the space time point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stream but from the space time point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stream but from the space time point
+of view It's Like A Spacetime particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view It's Like A Spacetime particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view It's Like A Spacetime particle
+in particular if you have a a close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular if you have a a close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular if you have a a close
+string then that will give rise say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string then that will give rise say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string then that will give rise say
+graviton say one particular mode will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graviton say one particular mode will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graviton say one particular mode will
+give you graviton and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you graviton and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you graviton and
+then and many other particles actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and many other particles actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and many other particles actually
+we have infinite number of particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have infinite number of particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have infinite number of particles
+from string because there's infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from string because there's infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from string because there's infinite
+number of vibration mod of a string and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of vibration mod of a string and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of vibration mod of a string and
+if you have a open string say the string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a open string say the string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a open string say the string
+which does not close and then actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which does not close and then actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which does not close and then actually
+then you find the gauge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you find the gauge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you find the gauge
+field arise in one of the vibration mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field arise in one of the vibration mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field arise in one of the vibration mode
+say this can either be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this can either be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this can either be
+Photon or Glon Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon or Glon Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon or Glon Etc
+sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure
+okay yeah so this is the thing we like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah so this is the thing we like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah so this is the thing we like
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show
+yes oh there infinite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes oh there infinite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes oh there infinite number of
+particles so because the string can can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles so because the string can can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles so because the string can can
+oscillate in the yeah just any string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate in the yeah just any string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate in the yeah just any string
+can INF can oscillate in principle in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can INF can oscillate in principle in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can INF can oscillate in principle in
+infinite number of ways and if each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite number of ways and if each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite number of ways and if each
+oscillation mode corresponding to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation mode corresponding to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation mode corresponding to a
+particle then you can have infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle then you can have infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle then you can have infinite
+number of particles can see what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of particles can see what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of particles can see what's the
+difference between graviton and Photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between graviton and Photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between graviton and Photon
+oh yeah oh yeah they're completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah oh yeah they're completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah oh yeah they're completely
+different from graviton Photon they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from graviton Photon they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from graviton Photon they're
+just completely different particles so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just completely different particles so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just completely different particles so
+what kind of particles in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of particles in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of particles in
+same what other particle is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same what other particle is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same what other particle is in
+same depending what you mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same depending what you mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same depending what you mean by
+class what what can you give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class what what can you give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class what what can you give a
+second in the same L what else can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second in the same L what else can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second in the same L what else can you
+do for example ma massive spin two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do for example ma massive spin two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do for example ma massive spin two
+particles massive spin three particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles massive spin three particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles massive spin three particles
+anything spin more than one uh can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything spin more than one uh can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything spin more than one uh can also
+have a scal of particles massive scalop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a scal of particles massive scalop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a scal of particles massive scalop
+particles but they but they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles but they but they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles but they but they're all
+massive they be B they can be F meons in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive they be B they can be F meons in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive they be B they can be F meons in
+this series they can only be bosons but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this series they can only be bosons but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this series they can only be bosons but
+but we can play tricks to get F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can play tricks to get F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can play tricks to get F
+meons yeah so does this predict that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meons yeah so does this predict that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meons yeah so does this predict that so
+if if you were to have a string theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if you were to have a string theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if you were to have a string theory
+model which would reproduce a standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model which would reproduce a standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model which would reproduce a standard
+model does this basically says that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model does this basically says that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model does this basically says that the
+higher and higher energy is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher and higher energy is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher and higher energy is that we
+expect to always see like new types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to always see like new types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to always see like new types of
+particles or something yeah that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles or something yeah that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles or something yeah that's right
+interesting yeah yeah but uh but we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting yeah yeah but uh but we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting yeah yeah but uh but we will
+see uh you need to go to specific time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh you need to go to specific time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh you need to go to specific time
+uh you have to go to a specific energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have to go to a specific energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have to go to a specific energy
+scale to see it so do okay we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale to see it so do okay we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale to see it so do okay we can see
+how there's space yeah yeah that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how there's space yeah yeah that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how there's space yeah yeah that's right
+yeah but that space is determined by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but that space is determined by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but that space is determined by
+some energy scale and that scale can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some energy scale and that scale can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some energy scale and that scale can be
+very high I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high I see
+okay okay so now we will quantize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so now we will quantize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so now we will quantize this
+Theory using canonical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory using canonical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory using canonical
+quation okay so by qual conation so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quation okay so by qual conation so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quation okay so by qual conation so let
+me remind you this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+procedure so this is the uh this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure so this is the uh this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure so this is the uh this is a
+procedure we typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure we typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure we typically
+explain say in the second day of free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain say in the second day of free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain say in the second day of free
+Quantum field Theory and so we are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum field Theory and so we are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum field Theory and so we are doing
+the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing
+here so so the quation procedure is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so so the quation procedure is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so so the quation procedure is the
+following the first step is you write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the first step is you write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the first step is you write
+down equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+motion okay and uh uh uh in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion okay and uh uh uh in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion okay and uh uh uh in the case
+which you have a a a gauge symmetries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you have a a a gauge symmetries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you have a a a gauge symmetries
+then we fix the gauge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Symmetry and the third is find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry and the third is find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry and the third is find the
+full find a complete set of classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Solutions okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions okay
+and the four is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+promote the classical field on the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promote the classical field on the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promote the classical field on the work
+sheet work sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet work sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet work sheet
+field say the x or gamma to Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operators okay so the quation procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators okay so the quation procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators okay so the quation procedure
+is that you promote them to Conant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you promote them to Conant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you promote them to Conant
+operators which satisfy the so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators which satisfy the so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators which satisfy the so-called
+canonical computation relation and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical computation relation and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical computation relation and the
+the the previous equation motion then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the previous equation motion then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the previous equation motion then
+become the operator equations for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become the operator equations for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become the operator equations for those
+operators okay in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators okay in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators okay in
+particular then the classical solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular then the classical solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular then the classical solution
+you find in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three become the solutions of to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three become the solutions of to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three become the solutions of to
+operator equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operate equations and in particular the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parameters the parameters we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters the parameters we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters the parameters we
+use to parameterize your classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Solutions so those become say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions so those become say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions so those become say the
+creation and allation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation and allation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation and allation
+operators just as what we do in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators just as what we do in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators just as what we do in the in
+the free buil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cation and then the last step once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cation and then the last step once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cation and then the last step once you
+have the creation and allation operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the creation and allation operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the creation and allation operators
+then you can just find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Spectrum by by acting the creation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum by by acting the creation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum by by acting the creation
+anation operators on your vacuum then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anation operators on your vacuum then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anation operators on your vacuum then
+you can find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Spectrum say find the Spectrum so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum say find the Spectrum so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum say find the Spectrum so so
+this is the standard procedure uh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the standard procedure uh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the standard procedure uh yeah
+so this is almost exactly the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is almost exactly the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is almost exactly the same as
+how we quantize a fre scale field theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we quantize a fre scale field theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we quantize a fre scale field theory
+in Quantum field Theory one the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Quantum field Theory one the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Quantum field Theory one the only
+tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky
+thing is this uh uh this now this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is this uh uh this now this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is this uh uh this now this is a
+system with gaug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with gaug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with gaug
+symmetries that's the only tricky thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries that's the only tricky thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries that's the only tricky thing
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so so now let me just again and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so so now let me just again and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so so now let me just again and say
+some boundary conditions we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+use what parameters in clal Solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use what parameters in clal Solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use what parameters in clal Solutions
+INE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+INE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+INE
+of sorry what are parameters in clal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sorry what are parameters in clal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sorry what are parameters in clal
+Solutions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions in
+of what are the parameters In classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what are the parameters In classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what are the parameters In classical
+Solutions in case of electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions in case of electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions in case of electromagnetic
+field um is the this different modes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field um is the this different modes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field um is the this different modes for
+your classical waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your classical waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your classical waves
+the ampl yeah the amplitude for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ampl yeah the amplitude for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ampl yeah the amplitude for
+different classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves
+moment uh yeah it is like that yeah uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment uh yeah it is like that yeah uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment uh yeah it is like that yeah uh
+yeah for for scalar field the yeah just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah for for scalar field the yeah just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah for for scalar field the yeah just
+for harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for harmonic
+orator you can write a cosine a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orator you can write a cosine a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orator you can write a cosine a
+exponential I A plus a exponential I a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I A plus a exponential I a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I A plus a exponential I a
+exponential I Omega X plus a star exp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I Omega X plus a star exp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I Omega X plus a star exp
+minus Omega X so a a is the parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Omega X so a a is the parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Omega X so a a is the parameter
+and a and a star become creation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a and a star become creation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a and a star become creation and
+anation operator yeah it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anation operator yeah it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anation operator yeah it's the same
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so we will consider both Clos and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we will consider both Clos and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we will consider both Clos and
+open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+strings so so both closed and open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings so so both closed and open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings so so both closed and open
+strings so if you have a closed string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then just by convention we always take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just by convention we always take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just by convention we always take
+Sigma to go from zero to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Pi so the c means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+closed means closed then we take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed means closed then we take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed means closed then we take this
+from zero to 2 pi that means whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from zero to 2 pi that means whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from zero to 2 pi that means whatever
+function should be a periodic function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function should be a periodic function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function should be a periodic function
+of 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pi okay should be a periodic function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi okay should be a periodic function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi okay should be a periodic function of
+2 pi because it's closed okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi because it's closed okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi because it's closed okay
+so the same thing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the same thing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the same thing with
+scma same thing with scama
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scma same thing with scama
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scma same thing with scama
+okay but if you have open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stram by convention we take Sigma goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stram by convention we take Sigma goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stram by convention we take Sigma goes
+to 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0 to
+Pi so one end of the string is at Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi so one end of the string is at Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi so one end of the string is at Sigma
+equal to zero the other end is at Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero the other end is at Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero the other end is at Sigma
+equal to Pi so for open string so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Pi so for open string so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Pi so for open string so here
+is sigma equal to Z here is Sigma equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sigma equal to Z here is Sigma equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sigma equal to Z here is Sigma equal
+to Pi okay so the sigma is the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Pi okay so the sigma is the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Pi okay so the sigma is the direction
+along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the
+string so we to for open stren then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string so we to for open stren then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string so we to for open stren then
+because you have boundaries then we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have boundaries then we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have boundaries then we need
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+supply boundary conditions at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay good so now with this set up we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good so now with this set up we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good so now with this set up we
+cannot just follow that five steps okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot just follow that five steps okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot just follow that five steps okay
+we can just follow that five steps to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can just follow that five steps to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can just follow that five steps to
+quantize the Str so do you want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantize the Str so do you want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantize the Str so do you want to have
+a break okay let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a break okay let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a break okay let us
+start so so we just follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start so so we just follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start so so we just follow
+this steps first let's write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this steps first let's write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this steps first let's write down
+equation motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay first we just do a variation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay first we just do a variation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay first we just do a variation of
+gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+AB okay so gamma is the watch sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AB okay so gamma is the watch sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AB okay so gamma is the watch sheet
+matric from the from the point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matric from the from the point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matric from the from the point of view
+of two dimensional field Theory the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two dimensional field Theory the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two dimensional field Theory the
+gamma is a water matric when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma is a water matric when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma is a water matric when you do
+variation of a gamma essentially what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation of a gamma essentially what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation of a gamma essentially what
+you get is the stress tensor for this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get is the stress tensor for this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get is the stress tensor for this uh
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+is the stretch sensor for this worksheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the stretch sensor for this worksheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the stretch sensor for this worksheet
+Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory
+okay so so so so when you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so so so when you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so so so when you do the
+variation of gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+essentially it's just the statement that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially it's just the statement that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially it's just the statement that
+the stretch T have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stretch T have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stretch T have to be
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and then you can work this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then you can work this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then you can work this out
+explicitly so the Str tens of which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly so the Str tens of which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly so the Str tens of which I
+called tab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so I just do the variation of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I just do the variation of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I just do the variation of that
+action respect to GMA AB this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action respect to GMA AB this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action respect to GMA AB this is what
+you get you find this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get you find this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get you find this
+thing has to be equal to zero and I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing has to be equal to zero and I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing has to be equal to zero and I just
+call this in Tab and this tab is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this in Tab and this tab is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this in Tab and this tab is
+essentially the stretch tensor of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the stretch tensor of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the stretch tensor of this
+uh if you view it as a scaler field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you view it as a scaler field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you view it as a scaler field
+Theory so this tab is essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory so this tab is essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory so this tab is essentially the
+stretch tensor of this Scala field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch tensor of this Scala field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch tensor of this Scala field
+Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I have a question yeah uh if we add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I have a question yeah uh if we add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I have a question yeah uh if we add
+the uh topological term there is a there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh topological term there is a there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh topological term there is a there
+is a reg scalar there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a reg scalar there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a reg scalar there but
+there must Beals to T no no no because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there must Beals to T no no no because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there must Beals to T no no no because
+there a total derivative term in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a total derivative term in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a total derivative term in two
+Dimension total never contribute to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension total never contribute to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension total never contribute to
+equation motion okay yeah so but if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation motion okay yeah so but if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation motion okay yeah so but if we
+just calculate Ein I tensor for that R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just calculate Ein I tensor for that R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just calculate Ein I tensor for that R
+in Judd will get zero you will get zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Judd will get zero you will get zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Judd will get zero you will get zero
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah sorry so you just said that from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sorry so you just said that from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sorry so you just said that from
+the equation of motion like gamma AB you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation of motion like gamma AB you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation of motion like gamma AB you
+can get gamma AB equals to 12 Lambda H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get gamma AB equals to 12 Lambda H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get gamma AB equals to 12 Lambda H
+is that yeah yeah it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that yeah yeah it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that yeah yeah it's the same
+thing it's the same thing uh I just yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it's the same thing uh I just yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it's the same thing uh I just yeah
+if you yeah uh but this is a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you yeah uh but this is a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you yeah uh but this is a very good
+question let me do that here uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question let me do that here uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question let me do that here uh uh
+say if I write GMA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if I write GMA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if I write GMA
+AB equal to 12 Lambda H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AB equal to 12 Lambda H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AB equal to 12 Lambda H
+AB I can write this Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AB I can write this Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AB I can write this Lambda
+explicitly then I can multiply this by h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly then I can multiply this by h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly then I can multiply this by h
+on both sides and this means H gamma AB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on both sides and this means H gamma AB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on both sides and this means H gamma AB
+equal to Lambda okay I just okay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Lambda okay I just okay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Lambda okay I just okay that
+means Lambda is equal to gamma AB time h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means Lambda is equal to gamma AB time h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means Lambda is equal to gamma AB time h
+a so this equation I can also write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so this equation I can also write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so this equation I can also write it
+as GMA AB is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as GMA AB is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as GMA AB is equal to
+12 H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 H
+AB GMA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AB GMA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AB GMA
+AB H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A or gamma CD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yeah which you can show is equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah which you can show is equivalent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah which you can show is equivalent to
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+equation okay or maybe I should do let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay or maybe I should do let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay or maybe I should do let
+me see I should do gamma AB um no I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me see I should do gamma AB um no I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me see I should do gamma AB um no I
+should do that one yeah it it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do that one yeah it it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do that one yeah it it doesn't
+matter I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter I can do
+um um to be exactly the same as that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um to be exactly the same as that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um to be exactly the same as that the
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+uh let me just do both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me just do both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me just do both
+Sid I can TR with GMA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+AB um let me see maybe I contract both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AB um let me see maybe I contract both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AB um let me see maybe I contract both
+sides me think so that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides me think so that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides me think so that is
+hcd so that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hcd so that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hcd so that is
+H uh GMA AB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H uh GMA AB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H uh GMA AB
+times that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that
+thing uh is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uh is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uh is equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+um yeah yeah you can uh you can yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah yeah you can uh you can yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah yeah you can uh you can yeah
+just take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take this
+equation you get this equation then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you get this equation then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you get this equation then you
+can show that equation is equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can show that equation is equivalent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can show that equation is equivalent to
+this equation okay yeah the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation okay yeah the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation okay yeah the equation
+because right now they're not written in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because right now they're not written in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because right now they're not written in
+identical way but they can show their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent
+so yeah Tre that's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah Tre that's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah Tre that's your
+homework so so now if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework so so now if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework so so now if you look at
+equation motion for X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mu look at equation motion for X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu look at equation motion for X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu look at equation motion for X
+mu then this is just like a standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu then this is just like a standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu then this is just like a standard
+scale of field so this just give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you okay let me call this equation six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so these are the order your equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are the order your equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are the order your equation
+motion if you have open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion if you have open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion if you have open
+string then when you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string then when you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string then when you do the
+variation when you do the variation of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation when you do the variation of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation when you do the variation of X
+you have to do integration by part then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do integration by part then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do integration by part then
+in the standard story you have to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the standard story you have to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the standard story you have to uh
+then you will have a boundary term okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you will have a boundary term okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you will have a boundary term okay
+but then but you actually have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then but you actually have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then but you actually have to be
+careful about that boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+term for the open string you will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term for the open string you will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term for the open string you will get
+the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+term which is given by Dela
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term which is given by Dela
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term which is given by Dela
+mu GMA Sigma B P should be X mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu GMA Sigma B P should be X mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu GMA Sigma B P should be X mu
+youate Sigma equal to zero and Pi should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youate Sigma equal to zero and Pi should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youate Sigma equal to zero and Pi should
+be equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this just come from when you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this just come from when you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this just come from when you get
+this second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this second order
+equation you always have to integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you always have to integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you always have to integration
+by part when you do the variation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by part when you do the variation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by part when you do the variation that
+just come from the boundary term of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just come from the boundary term of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just come from the boundary term of that
+variation evaluated at the end point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation evaluated at the end point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation evaluated at the end point of
+the string uh you have in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the string uh you have in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the string uh you have in the in the
+sigma Direction okay is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma Direction okay is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma Direction okay is it
+clear good again I will not go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear good again I will not go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear good again I will not go through
+all the algebraic details you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the algebraic details you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the algebraic details you should
+check those details yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check those details yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check those details yourself
+okay you should check them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you should check them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you should check them
+and uh and if you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and if you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and if you find
+mistakes it's greatly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+encouraged yeah I we add your points uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouraged yeah I we add your points uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouraged yeah I we add your points uh
+um uh if you yeah if you find mistakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh if you yeah if you find mistakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh if you yeah if you find mistakes
+then I will add your point if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I will add your point if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I will add your point if you have
+found enough mistakes then you may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found enough mistakes then you may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found enough mistakes then you may not
+need to do the pide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anymore so so this tells us we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore so so this tells us we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore so so this tells us we can
+actually impose two kind of boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conditions say that X either Del X mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions say that X either Del X mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions say that X either Del X mu
+have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be
+zero say you valate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero say you valate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero say you valate the
+sigma zero Sigma equal to 0 or pi equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma zero Sigma equal to 0 or pi equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma zero Sigma equal to 0 or pi equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+Z Sigma 0 or Pi does not have to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z Sigma 0 or Pi does not have to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z Sigma 0 or Pi does not have to be the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+or or this thing is zero Gamma Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or this thing is zero Gamma Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or this thing is zero Gamma Sigma
+Sigma B the reason this Sigma here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma B the reason this Sigma here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma B the reason this Sigma here
+because we are interested only in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we are interested only in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we are interested only in the
+boundary term in the sigma Direction the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary term in the sigma Direction the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary term in the sigma Direction the
+boundary term in the time direction we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary term in the time direction we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary term in the time direction we
+never care about because the boundary to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never care about because the boundary to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never care about because the boundary to
+in the time direction we always assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the time direction we always assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the time direction we always assume
+in the far far past and Far Future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the far far past and Far Future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the far far past and Far Future
+nothing happens we always assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing happens we always assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing happens we always assume that
+but but you cannot assume a boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but you cannot assume a boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but you cannot assume a boundary
+condition at the spatial condition you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition at the spatial condition you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition at the spatial condition you
+have yeah in the spatial boundary you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have yeah in the spatial boundary you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have yeah in the spatial boundary you
+have to be careful because we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be careful because we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be careful because we have a
+finite a special extension okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite a special extension okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite a special extension okay so
+that's why this Sigma so so lot of POS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why this Sigma so so lot of POS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why this Sigma so so lot of POS
+boundary condition GMA Sigma B times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition GMA Sigma B times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition GMA Sigma B times
+partial BX mu say evaluated at Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial BX mu say evaluated at Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial BX mu say evaluated at Sigma
+equal to Z or pial to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Z so this is normally called the Der
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z so this is normally called the Der
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z so this is normally called the Der
+boundary condition this is normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition this is normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition this is normally
+called a num boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a num boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a num boundary
+condition the reason this is a called D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition the reason this is a called D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition the reason this is a called D
+boundary condition because if that X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition because if that X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition because if that X is
+fixed at the end point means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed at the end point means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed at the end point means that the
+value of x are not allowed to varry so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of x are not allowed to varry so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of x are not allowed to varry so
+this is normally called Dy okay and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is normally called Dy okay and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is normally called Dy okay and uh
+and for the L boundary condition you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the L boundary condition you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the L boundary condition you
+only constraint the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only constraint the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only constraint the
+derivative and the value of x can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and the value of x can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and the value of x can be
+anything and you only constrain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and you only constrain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and you only constrain the
+derivative so this is called a num
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so this is called a num
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so this is called a num
+boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary
+condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for
+Simplicity so later we will Tre both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simplicity so later we will Tre both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simplicity so later we will Tre both
+both of them but for now let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them but for now let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them but for now let me just
+look at this one because this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this one because this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this one because this one is
+slightly simpler slightly simpler so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly simpler slightly simpler so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly simpler slightly simpler so for
+the moment let me just consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment let me just consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment let me just consider the
+newal boundary condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now the second step is fixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now the second step is fixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now the second step is fixing
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gauge second step is a fixing the gauge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge second step is a fixing the gauge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge second step is a fixing the gauge
+so we have two gauge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have two gauge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have two gauge
+Freedom one is to change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom one is to change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom one is to change the
+coordinates and one is to do a scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and one is to do a scaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and one is to do a scaling
+okay so before we fix the gauge let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so before we fix the gauge let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so before we fix the gauge let's do
+a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit
+counting so here I can change coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting so here I can change coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting so here I can change coordinate
+by arbitary two functions okay so here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by arbitary two functions okay so here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by arbitary two functions okay so here I
+essentially have two arbitrary two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially have two arbitrary two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially have two arbitrary two
+arbitrary functions degre freedom of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary functions degre freedom of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary functions degre freedom of the
+gate freedom and here I have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate freedom and here I have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate freedom and here I have one
+arbitrary functions of of gug freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary functions of of gug freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary functions of of gug freedom
+because I can choose Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I can choose Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I can choose Omega
+arit arit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arit arit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arit arit
+and if you look at Gamma AB the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look at Gamma AB the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look at Gamma AB the work
+sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet
+matric so AB is from Z to one so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matric so AB is from Z to one so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matric so AB is from Z to one so this
+also have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have three
+Freedom three degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom
+okay so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that means
+actually intuitively at least you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see intuitive you can expect by taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see intuitive you can expect by taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see intuitive you can expect by taking
+account those deg Freedom taking account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account those deg Freedom taking account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account those deg Freedom taking account
+this three gauge deg Freedom you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this three gauge deg Freedom you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this three gauge deg Freedom you
+can set this gamma AB to some fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can set this gamma AB to some fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can set this gamma AB to some fixed
+magic okay because there's only three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic okay because there's only three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic okay because there's only three
+three Freedom here and we have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three Freedom here and we have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three Freedom here and we have three
+gauge freedom and you can completely fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge freedom and you can completely fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge freedom and you can completely fix
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so use so now let me erase it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now so now let me do the second step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G
+fixing using this def morphism of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B so this have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so this have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so this have two
+parameters you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters you can
+show that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that you
+can take the just make a coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take the just make a coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take the just make a coordinate
+transformation take any gamma AB you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation take any gamma AB you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation take any gamma AB you can
+show that by using a coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that by using a coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that by using a coordinate
+transformation you can transform the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation you can transform the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation you can transform the
+gamma AB to the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+okay so I will not prove it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I will not prove it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I will not prove it
+here but I urge you go back to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but I urge you go back to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but I urge you go back to try to
+convince yourself uh uh uh this fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince yourself uh uh uh this fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince yourself uh uh uh this fact
+okay just by using the coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just by using the coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just by using the coordinate
+transformation start with any start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation start with any start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation start with any start with
+generic GMA AB you can make a coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic GMA AB you can make a coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic GMA AB you can make a coordinate
+transformation so that in the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation so that in the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation so that in the new
+coordinate the gamma AB is only given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate the gamma AB is only given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate the gamma AB is only given by
+preactor times The minkovski
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preactor times The minkovski
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preactor times The minkovski
+Matrix and now we can use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and now we can use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and now we can use the
+C that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guy because we have the freedom to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy because we have the freedom to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy because we have the freedom to
+change the gamma AB by arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the gamma AB by arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the gamma AB by arbitrary
+function and then we can just choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and then we can just choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and then we can just choose
+that function to be opposite to this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that function to be opposite to this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that function to be opposite to this guy
+then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can
+set gamma AB just equal to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set gamma AB just equal to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set gamma AB just equal to it
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we can use this two freedom to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we can use this two freedom to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we can use this two freedom to
+set the GMA a yes so you're saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the GMA a yes so you're saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the GMA a yes so you're saying that
+we can we make this gauge Choice locally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can we make this gauge Choice locally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can we make this gauge Choice locally
+on the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the world
+sheet transform globally to Flat that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet transform globally to Flat that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet transform globally to Flat that's
+right yeah we can we can transform it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah we can we can transform it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah we can we can transform it
+locally into flat metric and then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally into flat metric and then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally into flat metric and then uh
+then indeed there is a global issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then indeed there is a global issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then indeed there is a global issue
+which I will not worry about now yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I will not worry about now yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I will not worry about now yeah
+because the question which I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the question which I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the question which I'm
+interested in say the Spectrum only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in say the Spectrum only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in say the Spectrum only
+concerns the local questions yeah for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns the local questions yeah for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns the local questions yeah for
+example if you do the past integral then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you do the past integral then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you do the past integral then
+you do have to worry about the global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+issues why why is that why don't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues why why is that why don't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues why why is that why don't you
+have to worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about
+glob yeah because the um because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glob yeah because the um because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glob yeah because the um because you
+need to integrate of all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to integrate of all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to integrate of all possible
+configurations and you don't want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations and you don't want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations and you don't want to do
+the over counting or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the over counting or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the over counting or
+Countess okay yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Countess okay yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Countess okay yeah yeah
+so so we don't have to work so so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we don't have to work so so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we don't have to work so so why
+does that mean we don't have yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean we don't have yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean we don't have yeah yeah
+for example uh so so let me give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example uh so so let me give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example uh so so let me give you
+example for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for
+example if you do the genus G surfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you do the genus G surfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you do the genus G surfaces
+okay and then say let's do cleaing again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then say let's do cleaing again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then say let's do cleaing again
+it's easier do cre in then indeed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easier do cre in then indeed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easier do cre in then indeed you
+can locally transform to E A then up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can locally transform to E A then up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can locally transform to E A then up to
+a set of discrete parameters and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of discrete parameters and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of discrete parameters and then
+you have to be careful about those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be careful about those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be careful about those
+discrete parameters ex yeah just those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete parameters ex yeah just those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete parameters ex yeah just those
+global issue those discrete parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global issue those discrete parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global issue those discrete parameters
+have to do with global issues ETC I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do with global issues ETC I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do with global issues ETC I see
+yes when you in a close stram how can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes when you in a close stram how can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes when you in a close stram how can
+you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it close yeah just imagine you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it close yeah just imagine you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it close yeah just imagine you have some
+two dimensional surface right now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dimensional surface right now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dimensional surface right now let's
+not not consider about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not consider about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not consider about the
+topology right now just consider so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology right now just consider so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology right now just consider so so
+so so in this case for the CL just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so in this case for the CL just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so in this case for the CL just like
+uh the the simplest thing is just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the simplest thing is just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the simplest thing is just you
+consider the cylinder so this is Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the cylinder so this is Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the cylinder so this is Sigma
+Direction This is a to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction This is a to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction This is a to
+Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction
+yeah yeah for the cross like this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah for the cross like this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah for the cross like this for
+the open screen uh roughly just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this and uh right now we we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and uh right now we we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and uh right now we we don't
+consider complicated topology we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider complicated topology we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider complicated topology we just
+consider local question then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider local question then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider local question then we can
+consider the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the simplest
+topology yeah I didn't quite get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology yeah I didn't quite get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology yeah I didn't quite get the
+pass integral yeah don't worry about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass integral yeah don't worry about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass integral yeah don't worry about it
+don't you have to integrate around like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you have to integrate around like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you have to integrate around like
+both sides of every hole that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides of every hole that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides of every hole that you have
+in the yeah you you have to you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the yeah you you have to you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the yeah you you have to you have to
+integrate all everything and you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate all everything and you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate all everything and you have to
+be careful about everything so Global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful about everything so Global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful about everything so Global
+the path yeah it does matter okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path yeah it does matter okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path yeah it does matter okay you
+were saying the other way no no no no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were saying the other way no no no no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were saying the other way no no no no no
+no the glob I'm saying the Global Effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no the glob I'm saying the Global Effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no the glob I'm saying the Global Effect
+are very important when you do the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very important when you do the path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very important when you do the path
+integral and if you want to do the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and if you want to do the path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and if you want to do the path
+integral correctly but here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral correctly but here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral correctly but here we're
+interested in the in the spectum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the in the spectum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the in the spectum and
+this is local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+okay so now with this GA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now with this GA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now with this GA
+fixing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixing we
+can see how those equation motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see how those equation motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see how those equation motion
+simplifies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifies
+first we have fixed all gauge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we have fixed all gauge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we have fixed all gauge
+Freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom
+okay so so so let's look at this six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so so let's look at this six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so so let's look at this six
+first so six just become a free scal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first so six just become a free scal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first so six just become a free scal
+equation because in gamma a become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation because in gamma a become a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation because in gamma a become a
+minkovski matric this is just like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minkovski matric this is just like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minkovski matric this is just like a
+scalar Fields okay this is like a scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar Fields okay this is like a scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar Fields okay this is like a scalar
+Fields so so this you can write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+explicity so this is a free scaler field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicity so this is a free scaler field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicity so this is a free scaler field
+so let me call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me call
+this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+somehow oh yeah let me call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow oh yeah let me call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow oh yeah let me call this
+seven this one seven this one eight just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven this one seven this one eight just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven this one seven this one eight just
+to be consistent with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be consistent with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be consistent with my
+loads um then I call this nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but we still have to worry about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we still have to worry about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we still have to worry about the
+five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five
+okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the
+five can now also be written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five can now also be written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five can now also be written
+explicitly so first thing you can check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly so first thing you can check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly so first thing you can check
+that t0 0 is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that t0 0 is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that t0 0 is equal to
+t11 so the diagonal element are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t11 so the diagonal element are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t11 so the diagonal element are the same
+is given by 1 12 partial to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given by 1 12 partial to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given by 1 12 partial to X
+mu partial t x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu partial t x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu partial t x
+mu plus partial Sigma X mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu plus partial Sigma X mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu plus partial Sigma X mu
+par Sigma X mu equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+par Sigma X mu equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+par Sigma X mu equal to
+zero and t0 one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+component T 01 component will give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component T 01 component will give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component T 01 component will give you
+partial t x mu and partial zma X mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial t x mu and partial zma X mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial t x mu and partial zma X mu
+equal to zero okay so I'm just writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero okay so I'm just writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero okay so I'm just writing
+everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+explicitly so these are the three comp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly so these are the three comp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly so these are the three comp
+of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that
+equation when I set GMA AAL to e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a uh you can easily check yourself just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh you can easily check yourself just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh you can easily check yourself just
+plug that in okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reason the reason that t0 0 is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason the reason that t0 0 is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason the reason that t0 0 is equal to
+t11 is because you actually have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t11 is because you actually have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t11 is because you actually have a
+scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling
+symmetry so in the case when this action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry so in the case when this action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry so in the case when this action
+uh yeah this is a free scal of field the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah this is a free scal of field the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah this is a free scal of field the
+free mass scal of field there a scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free mass scal of field there a scaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free mass scal of field there a scaling
+Symmetry and you know that when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry and you know that when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry and you know that when you have
+a scaling Symmetry and the stress tens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scaling Symmetry and the stress tens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scaling Symmetry and the stress tens
+the trace of the stress tens always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trace of the stress tens always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trace of the stress tens always
+vanishes so that's why t t0 z and t11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanishes so that's why t t0 z and t11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanishes so that's why t t0 z and t11
+okay so for the open string we also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for the open string we also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for the open string we also have
+to worry about the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conditions and uh so so this just become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and uh so so this just become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and uh so so this just become
+inovi magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inovi magic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inovi magic
+and the sigma Sigma only Sigma Sigma is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sigma Sigma only Sigma Sigma is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sigma Sigma only Sigma Sigma is
+non zero so so you just get the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non zero so so you just get the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non zero so so you just get the partial
+Sigma X mu equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma X mu equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma X mu equal to
+zero okay so this is should be evaluated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so this is should be evaluated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so this is should be evaluated
+Z sigal to Z and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Pi so right now we only consider the num
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi so right now we only consider the num
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi so right now we only consider the num
+boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+condition so let me call 12 so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition so let me call 12 so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition so let me call 12 so this is
+for for new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good any questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this maybe one question yeah uh for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this maybe one question yeah uh for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this maybe one question yeah uh for this
+dur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dur
+foundary condition I mean it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundary condition I mean it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundary condition I mean it's a
+violation so usually we say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violation so usually we say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violation so usually we say the
+violation is arbitrary why I mean just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violation is arbitrary why I mean just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violation is arbitrary why I mean just
+the Delta X can be arbitrary so it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Delta X can be arbitrary so it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Delta X can be arbitrary so it seems
+like only new man boundary condition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like only new man boundary condition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like only new man boundary condition is
+valid yeah this is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid yeah this is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid yeah this is your
+choice this is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice this is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice this is your
+choice um so so what normally normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice um so so what normally normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice um so so what normally normally
+in the field Theory what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the field Theory what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the field Theory what we
+do uh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh yeah
+indeed normally in the field Theory yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed normally in the field Theory yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed normally in the field Theory yeah
+this is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is your
+choice it's a it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice it's a it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice it's a it's
+a in the normal field Theory when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in the normal field Theory when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in the normal field Theory when you
+consider say a Infinite Space we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider say a Infinite Space we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider say a Infinite Space we just
+assume everything goes to zero at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume everything goes to zero at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume everything goes to zero at
+Infinity then we don't even need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity then we don't even need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity then we don't even need to
+worry about the boundary condition then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about the boundary condition then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about the boundary condition then
+the boundary term automatically vanishes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary term automatically vanishes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary term automatically vanishes
+and so that's why normally in the FI in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's why normally in the FI in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's why normally in the FI in
+the Infinite Space we never worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Infinite Space we never worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Infinite Space we never worry about
+the boundary conditions because we made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary conditions because we made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary conditions because we made
+that assumption so so here because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that assumption so so here because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that assumption so so here because the
+the string have a fight L it's a fight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the string have a fight L it's a fight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the string have a fight L it's a fight
+boundary and then you actually have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary and then you actually have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary and then you actually have a
+freedom to introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom to introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom to introduce
+both yeah uh you do have the freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both yeah uh you do have the freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both yeah uh you do have the freedom
+introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+both good so so so let me emphasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both good so so so let me emphasize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both good so so so let me emphasize
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+so now in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now in this
+cage we just have a fre scalar field so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cage we just have a fre scalar field so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cage we just have a fre scalar field so
+this is a standard wave equation in 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a standard wave equation in 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a standard wave equation in 1
+plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one
+dimension but this is not a free but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension but this is not a free but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension but this is not a free but
+we're not quantizing a free scal field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not quantizing a free scal field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not quantizing a free scal field
+the because we still have to solve those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the because we still have to solve those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the because we still have to solve those
+things we have to solve these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we have to solve these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we have to solve these two
+equations and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and these are
+constraints because the because in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints because the because in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints because the because in this
+equation in principle you completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in principle you completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in principle you completely
+solve the equation we know that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the equation we know that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the equation we know that this is
+a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wave
+equation you already solve x completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you already solve x completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you already solve x completely
+but these two equ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these two equ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these two equ
+coming from the gamma equation motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the gamma equation motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the gamma equation motion
+then impose a long constraint we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then impose a long constraint we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then impose a long constraint we have to
+satisfy and those constraints are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy and those constraints are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy and those constraints are
+actually lasty because they're nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually lasty because they're nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually lasty because they're nonlinear
+this is a linear equation but this are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a linear equation but this are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a linear equation but this are
+nonlinear constraints okay and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear constraints okay and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear constraints okay and uh and
+this is uh the 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh the 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh the 10
+11 are normally called the voral voral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constraints is was a person so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints is was a person so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints is was a person so this is
+aor constraint okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so this are L linear constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this are L linear constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this are L linear constraint
+equation are typical elocity solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now let's first solve the easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let's first solve the easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let's first solve the easy
+equation so let's go to the third step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so let's go to the third step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so let's go to the third step
+trying to solve the equation of motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve the equation of motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve the equation of motion
+so now we have fixed the gauge and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have fixed the gauge and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have fixed the gauge and now
+we try to solve equation motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so so people at for people at you your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so people at for people at you your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so people at for people at you your
+level I can write down down the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level I can write down down the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level I can write down down the equation
+of line a solution of line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+immediately so I can have a constant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately so I can have a constant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately so I can have a constant of
+course satisfy this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course satisfy this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course satisfy this
+equation I can have a linear term in t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation I can have a linear term in t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation I can have a linear term in t
+which of course will satisfy this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of course will satisfy this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of course will satisfy this
+equation for close string in principle I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for close string in principle I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for close string in principle I
+can also have a linear term in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also have a linear term in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also have a linear term in
+Sigma but that won't side iy the per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma but that won't side iy the per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma but that won't side iy the per
+periodic boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic boundary
+condition periodic boundary condition so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition periodic boundary condition so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition periodic boundary condition so
+that's not allowed and then I can add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not allowed and then I can add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not allowed and then I can add
+the traveling wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traveling wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traveling wave
+Solutions so this is a left moving wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions so this is a left moving wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions so this is a left moving wave
+a Right Moving wave and this is a left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Right Moving wave and this is a left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Right Moving wave and this is a left
+moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving
+wave okay so this is a full set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave okay so this is a full set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave okay so this is a full set of
+solutions to to um so X mu are abute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to to um so X mu are abute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to to um so X mu are abute
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+XM mu and V mu are arbitary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XM mu and V mu are arbitary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XM mu and V mu are arbitary
+constant and the x l and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and the x l and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and the x l and
+XR are in arry for close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+strs for close strs say XL andr just are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+independent should be independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent should be independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent should be independent
+periodic function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of Period 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi
+okay because they have to be so x l and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because they have to be so x l and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because they have to be so x l and
+XR a function of single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XR a function of single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XR a function of single
+variable and they have to be periodic in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and they have to be periodic in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and they have to be periodic in
+Sigma means have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma means have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma means have to be
+periodic this is function uh so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic this is function uh so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic this is function uh so these
+are the periodic function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the periodic function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the periodic function
+function okay is this clear to you do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay is this clear to you do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay is this clear to you do I
+need to explain this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to explain this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to explain this
+equation good yes why function of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation good yes why function of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation good yes why function of T
+minus and plusus sigma uh it's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and plusus sigma uh it's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and plusus sigma uh it's because
+you have a traveling wave because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a traveling wave because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a traveling wave because it's a
+u yeah you can first you can immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u yeah you can first you can immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u yeah you can first you can immediately
+see this satisfy this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this satisfy this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this satisfy this
+equation and then you can EAS convince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and then you can EAS convince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and then you can EAS convince
+yourself these are the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself these are the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself these are the only
+solutions uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions uh
+um uh in the sense that the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah because these are the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah because these are the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah because these are the two
+arbitrary functions there's no other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary functions there's no other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary functions there's no other
+choice anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah any more questions on this going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah any more questions on this going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah any more questions on this going to
+include the ter open for open uh also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the ter open for open uh also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the ter open for open uh also
+not for for other reasons yeah not for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not for for other reasons yeah not for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not for for other reasons yeah not for
+the not for the new my boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the not for the new my boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the not for the new my boundary
+condition not for this boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition not for this boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition not for this boundary
+condition yeah now we come to open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+string so for open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+string you can then we again we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string you can then we again we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string you can then we again we have
+this you can check that if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you can check that if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you can check that if you have a
+linear Sigma ter will will be in compat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear Sigma ter will will be in compat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear Sigma ter will will be in compat
+incompatible with this boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incompatible with this boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incompatible with this boundary
+condition so we don't worry about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition so we don't worry about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition so we don't worry about that
+so we don't worry about that and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we don't worry about that and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we don't worry about that and uh and
+then then from this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then from this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then from this equation
+plug that into this equation we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug that into this equation we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug that into this equation we we
+conclude that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that
+XL Prime T should be equal to XR Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XL Prime T should be equal to XR Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XL Prime T should be equal to XR Prime
+to at Sigma equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to at Sigma equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to at Sigma equal to
+zero okay and uh x l Prime power minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay and uh x l Prime power minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay and uh x l Prime power minus
+Pi should be equal to XR Prime T minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi should be equal to XR Prime T minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi should be equal to XR Prime T minus
+Pi t plus pi at Sigma = to Pi okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi t plus pi at Sigma = to Pi okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi t plus pi at Sigma = to Pi okay so
+you just plug this into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just plug this into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just plug this into
+here so so the first two term does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so so the first two term does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so so the first two term does not
+matter and then you just have the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter and then you just have the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter and then you just have the last
+two terms so the last two terms then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two terms so the last two terms then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two terms so the last two terms then
+then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the
+um then then if you evaluate at Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then then if you evaluate at Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then then if you evaluate at Sigma
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+zero then you just get the this equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then you just get the this equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then you just get the this equal to
+that and if you evaluate the sigma equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and if you evaluate the sigma equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and if you evaluate the sigma equal
+to Pi then you Val it find this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay question yeah why is it that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay question yeah why is it that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay question yeah why is it that you
+don't package those original two terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't package those original two terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't package those original two terms
+into the right and left functions H so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the right and left functions H so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the right and left functions H so
+why is it that you write X mu plus v to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it that you write X mu plus v to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it that you write X mu plus v to
+I mean because those equation because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean because those equation because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean because those equation because
+those don't have this form they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those don't have this form they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those don't have this form they're not
+in the form of to plus Sigma to Min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sigma no this is just T this is not t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma no this is just T this is not t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma no this is just T this is not t
+plus Sigma now I can package in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Sigma now I can package in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Sigma now I can package in that
+form it doesn't matter I'm just saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form it doesn't matter I'm just saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form it doesn't matter I'm just saying
+here I'm not doing it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah what I'm saying this is are trivi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what I'm saying this is are trivi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what I'm saying this is are trivi
+periodic functions and yeah I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic functions and yeah I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic functions and yeah I just
+separate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate that
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now now you from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now you from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now you from
+here you can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so this equation tells you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this equation tells you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this equation tells you that
+XL essentially equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XL essentially equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XL essentially equal to
+XR okay so up to a constant we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XR okay so up to a constant we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XR okay so up to a constant we can
+absorb into X mu for example then then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb into X mu for example then then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb into X mu for example then then
+this two function should be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this two function should be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this two function should be the
+same and if we take this two function to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and if we take this two function to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and if we take this two function to
+be the same then this function tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same then this function tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same then this function tells
+us this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us this is a
+function is periodic uh the second line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is periodic uh the second line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is periodic uh the second line
+tells us this is periodic in 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay yeah actually I think I'm Miss A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah actually I think I'm Miss A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah actually I think I'm Miss A
+minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign
+here so if I take the sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so if I take the sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so if I take the sigma
+derivative yeah yeah I can put the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative yeah yeah I can put the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative yeah yeah I can put the minus
+sign here but but this two conclusions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign here but but this two conclusions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign here but but this two conclusions
+still right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now for both open and close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now for both open and close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now for both open and close
+stream we have solved line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream we have solved line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream we have solved line
+completely okay have solved line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely okay have solved line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely okay have solved line
+completely any questions about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay but we still have to solve 10 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but we still have to solve 10 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but we still have to solve 10 and
+11 okay so what 10 and 11 does is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 okay so what 10 and 11 does is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 okay so what 10 and 11 does is to
+impose some Lal constraint between XL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose some Lal constraint between XL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose some Lal constraint between XL
+and XR and X mu and v v Etc yeah I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and XR and X mu and v v Etc yeah I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and XR and X mu and v v Etc yeah I just
+say pluged in this most General solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say pluged in this most General solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say pluged in this most General solution
+into 11 10 and 11 it will impose some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into 11 10 and 11 it will impose some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into 11 10 and 11 it will impose some
+constraint on those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint on those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint on those
+functions so I you try delit yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so I you try delit yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so I you try delit yourself
+self and those equations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self and those equations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self and those equations are
+not not nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not nice
+equations they are they are they they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations they are they are they they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations they are they are they they're
+not nice people uh uh yeah they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not nice people uh uh yeah they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not nice people uh uh yeah they're not
+nice equations and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice equations and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice equations and uh
+um so so so so at this stage we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Face a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Face a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Face a
+decision so when you see this 10 and 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision so when you see this 10 and 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision so when you see this 10 and 11
+are hard to solve then you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are hard to solve then you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are hard to solve then you have a
+decision to make yeah whenever you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision to make yeah whenever you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision to make yeah whenever you have
+something you you don't know how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you you don't know how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you you don't know how to do
+immediately you have a decision to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately you have a decision to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately you have a decision to make
+you have some decision to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some decision to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some decision to
+make or you just give up and first so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make or you just give up and first so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make or you just give up and first so
+one option is that we can just quantize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one option is that we can just quantize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one option is that we can just quantize
+this the we we know how to quantize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the we we know how to quantize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the we we know how to quantize this
+fre scaler field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fre scaler field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fre scaler field
+the we we just Quant this fre scaler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the we we just Quant this fre scaler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the we we just Quant this fre scaler
+field Theory first and then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field Theory first and then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field Theory first and then we can
+construct the h space Etc and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct the h space Etc and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct the h space Etc and then we
+can impose those constraint at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can impose those constraint at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can impose those constraint at the
+quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum
+level okay we can import those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level okay we can import those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level okay we can import those
+constraint at Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint at Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint at Quantum
+level um yeah so this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+option the second option is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option the second option is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option the second option is that you
+find some ingenious way to solve those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find some ingenious way to solve those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find some ingenious way to solve those
+equations so that you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so that you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so that you can actually
+find independent variables okay because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find independent variables okay because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find independent variables okay because
+those are constraint equation means some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are constraint equation means some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are constraint equation means some
+of some deg Freedom are notot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some deg Freedom are notot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some deg Freedom are notot
+independent from some others so so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent from some others so so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent from some others so so so
+alternative is that just you just solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative is that just you just solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative is that just you just solve
+it and find the independent deg freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and find the independent deg freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and find the independent deg freedom
+and then quantize only those independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then quantize only those independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then quantize only those independent
+deg Freedom okay so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deg Freedom okay so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deg Freedom okay so the first
+option this stage is easy because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option this stage is easy because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option this stage is easy because you
+can quantize a fre scale field Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can quantize a fre scale field Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can quantize a fre scale field Theory
+but but the process of impos the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but the process of impos the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but the process of impos the
+constraint at Quantum level is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint at Quantum level is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint at Quantum level is actually
+one the tricky so we not go there so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the tricky so we not go there so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the tricky so we not go there so I
+will do the second method rather I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do the second method rather I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do the second method rather I will
+try to solve this constraint find some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to solve this constraint find some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to solve this constraint find some
+trick to solve this constraint and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick to solve this constraint and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick to solve this constraint and then
+quantize the on quantize Independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantize the on quantize Independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantize the on quantize Independent
+Freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay is it clear so I will take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay is it clear so I will take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay is it clear so I will take the
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+approach so this is the idea of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach so this is the idea of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach so this is the idea of the
+light qu conation okay so this is idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light qu conation okay so this is idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light qu conation okay so this is idea
+of going to the right con cage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is a ingenious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a ingenious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a ingenious
+way to solve those constraints okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to solve those constraints okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to solve those constraints okay and
+was first developed uh by uh by four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was first developed uh by uh by four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was first developed uh by uh by four
+people including our colleague here gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people including our colleague here gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people including our colleague here gone
+Jeffrey gone who was the first who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeffrey gone who was the first who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeffrey gone who was the first who was
+among the first people to quantize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the first people to quantize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the first people to quantize the
+uh this Theory using the nighton gaug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this Theory using the nighton gaug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this Theory using the nighton gaug
+actually they quantize Lambo goo action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually they quantize Lambo goo action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually they quantize Lambo goo action
+they did not quantize this series they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did not quantize this series they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did not quantize this series they
+quantize Lambo go to action using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantize Lambo go to action using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantize Lambo go to action using the
+night con cage using the night conage uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night con cage using the night conage uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night con cage using the night conage uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yeah so uh so the so the key idea is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so uh so the so the key idea is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so uh so the so the key idea is the
+following so the key idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+following he said after fixing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following he said after fixing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following he said after fixing this
+gauge after fixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge after fixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge after fixing
+GMA AB equal to e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GMA AB equal to e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GMA AB equal to e
+AB they actually still some R you gauge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AB they actually still some R you gauge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AB they actually still some R you gauge
+Freedom you actually have not fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everything okay but rather you gauge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything okay but rather you gauge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything okay but rather you gauge
+degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree
+freedom so if you fix the gauge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom so if you fix the gauge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom so if you fix the gauge
+completely then that means that any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely then that means that any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely then that means that any
+operation with previously what we did B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation with previously what we did B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation with previously what we did B
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+C when you act on gamma we leave we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C when you act on gamma we leave we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C when you act on gamma we leave we'll
+take this away from this configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this away from this configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this away from this configuration
+okay so by R do degrees Freedom means I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so by R do degrees Freedom means I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so by R do degrees Freedom means I
+can still find the combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still find the combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still find the combination of
+coordinate transformation and the while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate transformation and the while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate transformation and the while
+scaling so that after those operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling so that after those operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling so that after those operations
+I'm still going back to the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm still going back to the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm still going back to the this
+matric okay is this clear what we mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matric okay is this clear what we mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matric okay is this clear what we mean
+by the r gauge Freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the r gauge Freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the r gauge Freedom
+good so to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so to see
+this I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I have to
+introduce soal light con coordinate on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce soal light con coordinate on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce soal light con coordinate on
+the W sheet and introduce Sigma plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the W sheet and introduce Sigma plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the W sheet and introduce Sigma plus
+minus equal to < tk2 power plusus Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then the word sheeet Matrix can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the word sheeet Matrix can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the word sheeet Matrix can be
+written as minus d t square plus d Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as minus d t square plus d Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as minus d t square plus d Sigma
+Square because we take the take the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square because we take the take the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square because we take the take the uh
+minkovski Matrix so this can be written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minkovski Matrix so this can be written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minkovski Matrix so this can be written
+as minus 2 the sigma plus the sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus so now here is the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus so now here is the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus so now here is the key
+observation is said this Matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation is said this Matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation is said this Matrix is
+preserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by the following coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the following coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the following coordinate
+transformation I take Sigma plus goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation I take Sigma plus goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation I take Sigma plus goes to
+Sigma TAA plus which is only a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma TAA plus which is only a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma TAA plus which is only a function
+of Sigma plus okay and sigma minus goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Sigma plus okay and sigma minus goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Sigma plus okay and sigma minus goes
+to some function Sigma Thea minus some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some function Sigma Thea minus some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some function Sigma Thea minus some
+new coordinate Sigma Thea minus which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new coordinate Sigma Thea minus which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new coordinate Sigma Thea minus which is
+only a function of Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus so if you plug this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus so if you plug this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus so if you plug this in
+here then you find under this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then you find under this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then you find under this
+transformation under this trans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation under this trans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation under this trans
+coordinate transformation we get this DS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate transformation we get this DS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate transformation we get this DS
+Thea Square this is just you just plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thea Square this is just you just plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thea Square this is just you just plug
+this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in
+here this is say 2D Sigma Thea plus to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is say 2D Sigma Thea plus to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is say 2D Sigma Thea plus to
+Sigma Thea minus you go to new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma Thea minus you go to new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma Thea minus you go to new
+coordinates and in ter of new coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and in ter of new coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and in ter of new coordinate
+Express in terms of original coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Express in terms of original coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Express in terms of original coordinates
+you get Q F Prime Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get Q F Prime Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get Q F Prime Sigma
+plus G Prime Sigma minus and d d Sigma D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus G Prime Sigma minus and d d Sigma D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus G Prime Sigma minus and d d Sigma D
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now the
+key is that under this coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key is that under this coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key is that under this coordinate
+transformation you only transform your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation you only transform your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation you only transform your
+matric by overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matric by overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matric by overall
+prefactor and then you can get rid of by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefactor and then you can get rid of by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefactor and then you can get rid of by
+while scaling is preserved by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+followed by while scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because this coordinate transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this coordinate transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this coordinate transformation
+only change your your your matric by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only change your your your matric by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only change your your your matric by
+overall preactor and any overall preact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall preactor and any overall preact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall preactor and any overall preact
+you can get rid of by while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get rid of by while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get rid of by while
+scaling okay is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling okay is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling okay is this
+clear so we actually still have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear so we actually still have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear so we actually still have some
+residu a gug freedom left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now we can use this freedom to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we can use this freedom to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we can use this freedom to
+do something good for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to do something good for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it it so this new coordinates say in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it it so this new coordinates say in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it it so this new coordinates say in
+this new coordinate T coordinate to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new coordinate T coordinate to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new coordinate T coordinate to to
+Thea then have the form say of square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thea then have the form say of square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thea then have the form say of square
+root Sigma plus Thea plus Sigma the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root Sigma plus Thea plus Sigma the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root Sigma plus Thea plus Sigma the
+minus okay so this have the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus okay so this have the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus okay so this have the form
+one /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one /
+two F Sigma plus T and the g is Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two F Sigma plus T and the g is Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two F Sigma plus T and the g is Sigma
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+t say say tus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sigma say I have this form so so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma say I have this form so so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma say I have this form so so in this
+new coordinates so when you yeah so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new coordinates so when you yeah so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new coordinates so when you yeah so you
+can change the co so so you allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change the co so so you allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change the co so so you allowed to
+make this kind of coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this kind of coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this kind of coordinate
+change with so you're allowed to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change with so you're allowed to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change with so you're allowed to make
+this kind of coordinate change uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of coordinate change uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of coordinate change uh uh
+yeah so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the
+residue so the residue Freedom means we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residue so the residue Freedom means we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residue so the residue Freedom means we
+are allowed to make this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are allowed to make this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are allowed to make this kind of
+coordinate change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate change
+okay and that means and you see this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that means and you see this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that means and you see this is
+precisely the combination of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+form a left moving wave plus a Right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a left moving wave plus a Right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a left moving wave plus a Right
+Moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moving
+wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave
+okay okay so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so that
+means we can use this freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can
+choose so this means we can choose f and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+g so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g so that
+tow is given by any combinations of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tow is given by any combinations of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tow is given by any combinations of this
+x the solutions of X okay because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x the solutions of X okay because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x the solutions of X okay because
+Solutions of X precis have this form so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions of X precis have this form so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions of X precis have this form so
+what we will do is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we will do is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we will do is we
+will maybe should I erase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will maybe should I erase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will maybe should I erase
+this yeah let me erase this because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yeah let me erase this because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yeah let me erase this because I
+think you all or you all Lo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so at the level of equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so at the level of equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so at the level of equation
+motion you have the freedom essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion you have the freedom essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion you have the freedom essentially
+choose that tlda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose that tlda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose that tlda
+to be any combinations of those X okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be any combinations of those X okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be any combinations of those X okay
+because those X precisely have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those X precisely have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those X precisely have that
+freedom and the smart choice is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom and the smart choice is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom and the smart choice is what we
+call the light conage is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the light conage is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the light conage is you
+choose we can choose so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose we can choose so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose we can choose so
+that t Thea is proportional to so called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that t Thea is proportional to so called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that t Thea is proportional to so called
+X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+Plus and X Plus is defined by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Square 2 say the zero component of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square 2 say the zero component of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square 2 say the zero component of X
+Plus say some one of the spal directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus say some one of the spal directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus say some one of the spal directions
+okay say I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one so so to fix this gauge to fix this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so so to fix this gauge to fix this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so so to fix this gauge to fix this
+ready to gauge freedom I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to gauge freedom I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to gauge freedom I have the
+freedom to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom to choose
+TOA to be some combination of X and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TOA to be some combination of X and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TOA to be some combination of X and this
+is the combination I will choose so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the combination I will choose so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the combination I will choose so this
+is what we call the light con gaug so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we call the light con gaug so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we call the light con gaug so I
+will suppress this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will suppress this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will suppress this
+TAA so in the Lal gaug means we go to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TAA so in the Lal gaug means we go to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TAA so in the Lal gaug means we go to a
+coordinate so that T become equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate so that T become equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate so that T become equal to
+X+ and up to some constant which I call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X+ and up to some constant which I call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X+ and up to some constant which I call
+v+ okay so v+ is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant is this clear to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is soall light con coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is soall light con coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is soall light con coordinate
+in the Target space okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Target space okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Target space okay so this
+correspondent to identify the work sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondent to identify the work sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondent to identify the work sheet
+time with the light con time in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time with the light con time in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time with the light con time in the in
+the Target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space or in other words X+ = to V plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to so this is what we call that con
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so this is what we call that con
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so this is what we call that con
+P so why do we want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P so why do we want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P so why do we want to do
+that and the engineer thing is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and the engineer thing is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and the engineer thing is the
+following is said if you write X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following is said if you write X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following is said if you write X
+mu so we so we can write X mu as X Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu so we so we can write X mu as X Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu so we so we can write X mu as X Plus
+x minus and x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus and x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus and x
+i and I come from 2 to D minus one so X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i and I come from 2 to D minus one so X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i and I come from 2 to D minus one so X
+Plus and x minus is x0 and X1 so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus and x minus is x0 and X1 so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus and x minus is x0 and X1 so and
+then so let's write in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so let's write in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so let's write in this
+form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+okay then you can easily check yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then you can easily check yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then you can easily check yourself
+or you may be already know it is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you may be already know it is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you may be already know it is that
+this particular contraction is given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular contraction is given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular contraction is given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X+
+xus plus x i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xus plus x i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xus plus x i
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay in particular notice just as here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in particular notice just as here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in particular notice just as here
+which you have this off diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you have this off diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you have this off diagonal
+structure this kind of contraction have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure this kind of contraction have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure this kind of contraction have
+this off diagonal structure in X Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this off diagonal structure in X Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this off diagonal structure in X Plus
+and x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x
+minus and this standard to be key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and this standard to be key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and this standard to be key
+okay yes do you mean for that to be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yes do you mean for that to be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yes do you mean for that to be zero
+and one and then that to be plus sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one and then that to be plus sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one and then that to be plus sorry
+do you mean for that to be zero and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you mean for that to be zero and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you mean for that to be zero and one
+so so so these two are equivalent to x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so so these two are equivalent to x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so so these two are equivalent to x0
+and X1 then we include the rest starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and X1 then we include the rest starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and X1 then we include the rest starting
+from I = to 2 to D minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so
+x x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x x
+mu so X mu have x0 X1 then what I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu so X mu have x0 X1 then what I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu so X mu have x0 X1 then what I would
+call x i which I start from two to D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call x i which I start from two to D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call x i which I start from two to D
+minus one I just rename this two to be X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one I just rename this two to be X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one I just rename this two to be X
+Plus and x minus just change this X2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus and x minus just change this X2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus and x minus just change this X2 to
+X Plus and x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Plus and x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Plus and x
+minus oh I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus oh I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus oh I see
+okay yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yes
+yes uh so when we do another I saw the V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh so when we do another I saw the V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh so when we do another I saw the V
+scaling is already F when you try to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling is already F when you try to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling is already F when you try to use
+trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to
+fix no no no no I'm just saying no I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix no no no no I'm just saying no I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix no no no no I'm just saying no I do
+this two operation by uh uh in sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this two operation by uh uh in sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this two operation by uh uh in sequence
+so I do that operation and then I choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I do that operation and then I choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I do that operation and then I choose
+the while scaling so that precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the while scaling so that precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the while scaling so that precisely
+cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this of course if you just do a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this of course if you just do a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this of course if you just do a single
+while scaling this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while scaling this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while scaling this will be
+violated but if I do that two operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violated but if I do that two operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violated but if I do that two operation
+together then this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together then this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together then this will be
+preserved yeah I have to do that two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserved yeah I have to do that two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserved yeah I have to do that two
+together yeah if you do a single one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together yeah if you do a single one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together yeah if you do a single one
+this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be
+violated okay so this is the key point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violated okay so this is the key point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violated okay so this is the key point
+so we will see that this structure will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we will see that this structure will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we will see that this structure will
+play a key role so this is the smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play a key role so this is the smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play a key role so this is the smart
+thing which our friend jeffr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which our friend jeffr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which our friend jeffr
+it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is the in fact the engineer scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the in fact the engineer scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the in fact the engineer scene
+of friend Jeffrey and his friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of friend Jeffrey and his friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of friend Jeffrey and his friends
+did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so now let's look at this now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so now let's look at this now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so now let's look at this now let's
+look at these two equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at these two equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at these two equations
+okay now let's look at these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equations so the first thing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so the first thing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so the first thing the
+knowledge can look at 10 + 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+give us so first let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us so first let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us so first let's
+note because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note because of
+this because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because of
+this partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this partial
+T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T
+X+ is equal to V plus and the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X+ is equal to V plus and the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X+ is equal to V plus and the partial
+Sigma X+ is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma X+ is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma X+ is equal to
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+okay because there's no Sigma dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because there's no Sigma dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because there's no Sigma dependence
+there only to dependence which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there only to dependence which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there only to dependence which is a
+linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then then then we just plug it in so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then then then we just plug it in so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then then then we just plug it in so
+let's look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at it
+here let's forget about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let's forget about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let's forget about the
+one2 you can also think about the one2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one2 you can also think about the one2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one2 you can also think about the one2
+doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so look at plus and minus structure here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so look at plus and minus structure here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so look at plus and minus structure here
+use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here then you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v+ par to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+xus okay then plus partial tow x i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xus okay then plus partial tow x i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xus okay then plus partial tow x i
+s this is for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s this is for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s this is for the first
+term and the second term the X Plus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and the second term the X Plus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and the second term the X Plus and
+x minus part is zero because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus part is zero because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus part is zero because of
+this because of this and because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because of this and because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because of this and because of the
+the the off diagonal structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+okay do you see it so the first term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay do you see it so the first term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay do you see it so the first term
+here would be partial T minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here would be partial T minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here would be partial T minus
+2 partial Sigma X+ parti Sigma x minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 partial Sigma X+ parti Sigma x minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 partial Sigma X+ parti Sigma x minus
+plus partial Sigma x i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus partial Sigma x i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus partial Sigma x i
+squ so this will be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ so this will be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ so this will be zero
+but our friend here is zero because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but our friend here is zero because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but our friend here is zero because of
+that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+zero so now we can erase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so now we can erase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so now we can erase
+it so now let's change this to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so now let's change this to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so now let's change this to the other
+side okay let's change this to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side okay let's change this to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side okay let's change this to the other
+side and then change this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sign so the equation I get is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+following okay so this is equation 10 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following okay so this is equation 10 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following okay so this is equation 10 so
+now let's look at equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's look at equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's look at equation
+11 11 is so we have partial T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 11 is so we have partial T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 11 is so we have partial T
+X+ then partial Sigma x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X+ then partial Sigma x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X+ then partial Sigma x
+minus then equal to partial t x i and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus then equal to partial t x i and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus then equal to partial t x i and
+partial T partial Sigma x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial T partial Sigma x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial T partial Sigma x
+i and this one just give us V plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so that two equation become this two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that two equation become this two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that two equation become this two
+equation so let me call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+14 this 15 so they clear to you these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 this 15 so they clear to you these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 this 15 so they clear to you these
+equations so if it's not immediate clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so if it's not immediate clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so if it's not immediate clear
+to you just check it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you just check it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you just check it
+yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay urge you to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay urge you to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay urge you to do the
+check because the then you will see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check because the then you will see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check because the then you will see the
+magic then you will see the magic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic then you will see the magic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic then you will see the magic and
+the beauty of this of the beauty of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beauty of this of the beauty of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beauty of this of the beauty of this
+trick in case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry yeah yeah that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry yeah yeah that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry yeah yeah that's
+zero because part zero X Plus is zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because part zero X Plus is zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because part zero X Plus is zero so
+that's why there's only one here not two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why there's only one here not two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why there's only one here not two
+because the other term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the other term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the other term is
+zero okay so now the beauty of this two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so now the beauty of this two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so now the beauty of this two
+equation is that it express the x minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is that it express the x minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is that it express the x minus
+Solly in terms of x i so this 14 and 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solly in terms of x i so this 14 and 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solly in terms of x i so this 14 and 15
+tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you is said x i x minus can be fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is said x i x minus can be fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is said x i x minus can be fully
+solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+terms of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i because this equation give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i because this equation give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i because this equation give you the
+power derivative of x minus this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power derivative of x minus this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power derivative of x minus this
+equation give you the sigma derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation give you the sigma derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation give you the sigma derivative
+of x x minus and all all Express only in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x x minus and all all Express only in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x x minus and all all Express only in
+terms of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of X
+I so so so so the X Manor is completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I so so so so the X Manor is completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I so so so so the X Manor is completely
+solved completely expressed in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved completely expressed in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved completely expressed in terms of
+XI and then we have solved those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XI and then we have solved those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XI and then we have solved those
+constraints simil lastic constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly
+okay so so right now we're doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so right now we're doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so right now we're doing a
+little bit fast I urge you to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit fast I urge you to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit fast I urge you to go through
+the algebra yourself to appreciate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algebra yourself to appreciate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algebra yourself to appreciate the
+beauty of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauty of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauty of this
+step so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conclude that inde dependent de
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+freedoms are only x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i because X+ we already know by fixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i because X+ we already know by fixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i because X+ we already know by fixing
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+gauge and x minus now is completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge and x minus now is completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge and x minus now is completely
+solved in of x i so the independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved in of x i so the independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved in of x i so the independent
+Freedom are only x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom are only x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom are only x
+i and this will make our life very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i and this will make our life very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i and this will make our life very
+easy because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy because
+fxi are just fre scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fxi are just fre scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fxi are just fre scalar
+Fields XI just free scal field with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fields XI just free scal field with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fields XI just free scal field with the
+right kinetic term you have also get rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right kinetic term you have also get rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right kinetic term you have also get rid
+of x0 because we said before x0 we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x0 because we said before x0 we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x0 because we said before x0 we have
+a wrong sign ktic term but now we only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wrong sign ktic term but now we only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wrong sign ktic term but now we only
+independent only XI and they have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent only XI and they have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent only XI and they have the
+right number of ktic terms they have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right number of ktic terms they have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right number of ktic terms they have the
+right sign for the ktic term and uh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right sign for the ktic term and uh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right sign for the ktic term and uh they
+are just fre scaler Fields so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just fre scaler Fields so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just fre scaler Fields so we can
+quantize them as what you did in in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantize them as what you did in in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantize them as what you did in in your
+first day of quantum field the class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first day of quantum field the class and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first day of quantum field the class and
+then you have quantized the Str
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have quantized the Str
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have quantized the Str
+Theory then you have quantized Str
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory then you have quantized Str
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory then you have quantized Str
+the okay yeah um I think I'm going very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the okay yeah um I think I'm going very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the okay yeah um I think I'm going very
+slow here uh maybe I'm a little bit too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow here uh maybe I'm a little bit too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow here uh maybe I'm a little bit too
+emotional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotional
+um yeah anyway okay so so maybe let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah anyway okay so so maybe let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah anyway okay so so maybe let's
+stop here and next time we talk the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop here and next time we talk the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop here and next time we talk the next
+time is a then then the the next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is a then then the the next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is a then then the the next time
+then we will just quantize those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we will just quantize those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we will just quantize those
+things and those equations still will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and those equations still will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and those equations still will
+give us some some very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us some some very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us some some very important
+informations and then we will quantize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informations and then we will quantize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informations and then we will quantize
+all things and then we will be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all things and then we will be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all things and then we will be able to
+see that the stren the contains gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the stren the contains gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the stren the contains gravity
+it contains graviton okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/pA_YU7EttIo.txt b/pA_YU7EttIo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3063075afd85691af0e2e93b1ab3a77f7609fb77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pA_YU7EttIo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3675 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we want to make earth as habitable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to make earth as habitable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to make earth as habitable
+and livable and since we're accelerating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and livable and since we're accelerating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and livable and since we're accelerating
+this this change we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this change we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this change we want to
+live in balance with with spaceship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in balance with with spaceship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in balance with with spaceship
+earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth
+in today's episode we're taking another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in today's episode we're taking another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in today's episode we're taking another
+look at our planet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at our planet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at our planet
+from the outside in simply we're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the outside in simply we're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the outside in simply we're trying
+to design a healthy relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to design a healthy relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to design a healthy relationship between
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+technology and our earth systems for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and our earth systems for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and our earth systems for
+sustainability of humanity and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability of humanity and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability of humanity and all the
+living things on the planet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living things on the planet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living things on the planet
+i'm your host sarah hansen today on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm your host sarah hansen today on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm your host sarah hansen today on
+chalk radio we're talking with apollo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chalk radio we're talking with apollo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chalk radio we're talking with apollo
+program professor of astronautics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program professor of astronautics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program professor of astronautics
+dava newman professor newman is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dava newman professor newman is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dava newman professor newman is an
+expert in aerospace engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert in aerospace engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert in aerospace engineering
+and she's used that knowledge to forge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she's used that knowledge to forge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she's used that knowledge to forge
+new perspectives on climate change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new perspectives on climate change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new perspectives on climate change
+you can check out professor newman's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can check out professor newman's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can check out professor newman's
+course 16423j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course 16423j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course 16423j
+aerospace biomedical and life support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerospace biomedical and life support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerospace biomedical and life support
+engineering on ocw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering on ocw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering on ocw
+as well as for climate-focused resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as for climate-focused resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as for climate-focused resources
+in short professor newman has worked on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in short professor newman has worked on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in short professor newman has worked on
+some very cool things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some very cool things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some very cool things
+including better spacesuits for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including better spacesuits for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including better spacesuits for
+astronauts once designed for much longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronauts once designed for much longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronauts once designed for much longer
+journeys into space in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journeys into space in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journeys into space in the future
+in research i specialize in astronaut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in research i specialize in astronaut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in research i specialize in astronaut
+performance and biomedical engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance and biomedical engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance and biomedical engineering
+as well i spend a lot of time thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well i spend a lot of time thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well i spend a lot of time thinking
+about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh
+humanity becoming interplanetary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanity becoming interplanetary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanity becoming interplanetary
+literally when we'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally when we'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally when we'll have
+humans going back to the moon and mars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans going back to the moon and mars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans going back to the moon and mars
+and design of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and design of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and design of
+suits and life support systems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suits and life support systems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suits and life support systems and
+experiments to keep our astronauts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments to keep our astronauts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments to keep our astronauts
+healthy and well during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy and well during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy and well during
+long duration flight and about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long duration flight and about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long duration flight and about
+50 percent of my research is now in um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 percent of my research is now in um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 percent of my research is now in um
+climate might kind of frame that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate might kind of frame that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate might kind of frame that as
+earth systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth systems
+as an engineer myself looking at complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an engineer myself looking at complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an engineer myself looking at complex
+systems well there's there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems well there's there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems well there's there's no
+more complex system i submit than earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complex system i submit than earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complex system i submit than earth
+systems and that includes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and that includes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and that includes
+oceans to land to air all the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oceans to land to air all the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oceans to land to air all the way to
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+because of her background as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of her background as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of her background as an
+aerospace engineer professor newman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerospace engineer professor newman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerospace engineer professor newman
+takes a unique approach to climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a unique approach to climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a unique approach to climate
+change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+many of her teachings draw on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of her teachings draw on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of her teachings draw on this
+approach and the lessons from her time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach and the lessons from her time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach and the lessons from her time
+at nasa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at nasa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at nasa
+i served as nasa deputy administrator so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i served as nasa deputy administrator so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i served as nasa deputy administrator so
+that's the number two during the obama
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the number two during the obama
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the number two during the obama
+administration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administration
+from 2015 to 2017
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 2015 to 2017
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 2015 to 2017
+and most people think of nasa and think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most people think of nasa and think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most people think of nasa and think
+of human space flight that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of human space flight that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of human space flight that's my
+research specialty and background but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research specialty and background but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research specialty and background but
+really it's all the aeronautics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it's all the aeronautics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it's all the aeronautics
+breakthrough research as well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthrough research as well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthrough research as well the
+huge amount of uh earth science research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge amount of uh earth science research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge amount of uh earth science research
+related to climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to climate
+we have 100 science missions flying at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have 100 science missions flying at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have 100 science missions flying at
+any one time exploring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any one time exploring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any one time exploring
+the solar system and beyond exoplanets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solar system and beyond exoplanets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solar system and beyond exoplanets
+nasa's always been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasa's always been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasa's always been
+my agency but to be able to be a leader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my agency but to be able to be a leader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my agency but to be able to be a leader
+at nasa and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at nasa and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at nasa and also
+join the civil servants that was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+join the civil servants that was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+join the civil servants that was really
+quite quite an honor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite quite an honor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite quite an honor
+and it's definitely changed my research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's definitely changed my research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's definitely changed my research
+and we're talking about climate i came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're talking about climate i came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're talking about climate i came
+back to mit as the apollo professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to mit as the apollo professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to mit as the apollo professor
+and said you know what's the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said you know what's the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said you know what's the most
+important thing i can be working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing i can be working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing i can be working on
+every day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day
+and my answer changed after my nasa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my answer changed after my nasa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my answer changed after my nasa
+experience now the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience now the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience now the answer is
+climate or systems secondarily getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate or systems secondarily getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate or systems secondarily getting
+people to mars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+part of her work with earth systems or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of her work with earth systems or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of her work with earth systems or
+systems that span our globe and connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that span our globe and connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that span our globe and connect
+us as a planet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us as a planet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us as a planet
+is helping people understand this more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is helping people understand this more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is helping people understand this more
+global perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global perspective
+professor newman has some powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor newman has some powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor newman has some powerful
+insights about organizing people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights about organizing people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights about organizing people
+around this kind of big picture thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this kind of big picture thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this kind of big picture thinking
+her time at nasa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her time at nasa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her time at nasa
+coordinating international efforts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinating international efforts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinating international efforts
+informs her approach to climate action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informs her approach to climate action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informs her approach to climate action
+and research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and research
+as an aerospace engineer we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an aerospace engineer we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an aerospace engineer we have a
+pretty specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty specific
+i think special perspective it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think special perspective it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think special perspective it's called
+the overview perspective so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overview perspective so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overview perspective so
+you know anyone who is an aerospace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know anyone who is an aerospace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know anyone who is an aerospace
+engineer we're always looking at data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer we're always looking at data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer we're always looking at data
+from satellites and from space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from satellites and from space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from satellites and from space
+first the human experience in space when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the human experience in space when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the human experience in space when
+the astronaut is in low earth orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the astronaut is in low earth orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the astronaut is in low earth orbit
+looking down on earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking down on earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking down on earth
+spaceship earth as i call it and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaceship earth as i call it and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaceship earth as i call it and so
+we're all on this spaceship earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all on this spaceship earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all on this spaceship earth
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+guess what we're all the crew we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what we're all the crew we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what we're all the crew we're
+actually all astronauts because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually all astronauts because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually all astronauts because we're
+we're orbiting around our sun and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're orbiting around our sun and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're orbiting around our sun and uh
+that's how i think we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how i think we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how i think we need to
+think about climate and accelerating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about climate and accelerating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about climate and accelerating
+positive change it's a it's a global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive change it's a it's a global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive change it's a it's a global
+issue it's an earth-wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue it's an earth-wide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue it's an earth-wide
+issue and i think the overview effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue and i think the overview effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue and i think the overview effect
+you can really look at earth down on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can really look at earth down on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can really look at earth down on
+earth get into the data but it's equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth get into the data but it's equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth get into the data but it's equally
+as important as the human spirit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as important as the human spirit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as important as the human spirit
+and thinking about collaboration it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thinking about collaboration it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thinking about collaboration it's
+not a nation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a nation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a nation
+state issue at all we want to make earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state issue at all we want to make earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state issue at all we want to make earth
+as habitable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as habitable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as habitable
+and livable and since we're accelerating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and livable and since we're accelerating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and livable and since we're accelerating
+this this change we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this change we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this change we want to
+live in balance with spaceship earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in balance with spaceship earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in balance with spaceship earth
+recently professor newman co-founded the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently professor newman co-founded the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently professor newman co-founded the
+non-profit organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-profit organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-profit organization
+called earth dna it's a global platform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called earth dna it's a global platform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called earth dna it's a global platform
+for climate advocacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for climate advocacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for climate advocacy
+and action earth dna works to inform and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and action earth dna works to inform and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and action earth dna works to inform and
+facilitate climate action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitate climate action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitate climate action
+by first sharing knowledge about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by first sharing knowledge about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by first sharing knowledge about our
+planet in a way that's available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet in a way that's available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet in a way that's available
+and accessible to everyone this spirit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and accessible to everyone this spirit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and accessible to everyone this spirit
+of teaching openly and collaboratively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of teaching openly and collaboratively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of teaching openly and collaboratively
+is one that professor newman and her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one that professor newman and her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one that professor newman and her
+earth dna co-founder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth dna co-founder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth dna co-founder
+guillermo trotti care about deeply we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guillermo trotti care about deeply we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guillermo trotti care about deeply we
+call earth dna our life project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call earth dna our life project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call earth dna our life project
+it's open source and we would really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's open source and we would really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's open source and we would really
+envision a platform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envision a platform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envision a platform
+for climate advocacy and action it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for climate advocacy and action it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for climate advocacy and action it
+starts with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts with
+knowledge and education i'm i've been an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge and education i'm i've been an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge and education i'm i've been an
+educator my whole life so it starts with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educator my whole life so it starts with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educator my whole life so it starts with
+the educational piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the educational piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the educational piece
+we're using a lot of artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using a lot of artificial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using a lot of artificial
+intelligence i call it curating the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence i call it curating the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence i call it curating the data
+you know petabytes of data literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know petabytes of data literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know petabytes of data literally
+data from our satellites so we have so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data from our satellites so we have so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data from our satellites so we have so
+much data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much data
+that gets overwhelming even for me as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets overwhelming even for me as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets overwhelming even for me as an
+engineer and scientist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer and scientist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer and scientist
+but for sure for someone who's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for sure for someone who's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for sure for someone who's you know
+busy working and they just want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+busy working and they just want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+busy working and they just want to know
+a little bit more about climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more about climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more about climate
+we have to i i call you curate that data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to i i call you curate that data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to i i call you curate that data
+use our artificial intelligence use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use our artificial intelligence use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use our artificial intelligence use
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+wonderful visualizations so people say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful visualizations so people say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful visualizations so people say
+ah i get it i get temperature change i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah i get it i get temperature change i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah i get it i get temperature change i
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ocean change the hard piece the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocean change the hard piece the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocean change the hard piece the second
+piece is changing human behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece is changing human behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece is changing human behavior
+so the point about earth dna simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the point about earth dna simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the point about earth dna simply
+trying to design a healthy relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to design a healthy relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to design a healthy relationship
+between people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between people
+technology and our earth systems for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and our earth systems for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and our earth systems for
+sustainability of humanity and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability of humanity and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability of humanity and all the
+living things on the planet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living things on the planet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living things on the planet
+can't waste a second we can't waste a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't waste a second we can't waste a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't waste a second we can't waste a
+day it's so urgent in the next decade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day it's so urgent in the next decade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day it's so urgent in the next decade
+to do i think whatever all of we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do i think whatever all of we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do i think whatever all of we can
+through all of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all of us
+to really move the bar to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really move the bar to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really move the bar to really
+accelerate positive change for the earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate positive change for the earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate positive change for the earth
+part of what makes earth dna unique and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of what makes earth dna unique and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of what makes earth dna unique and
+uniquely accessible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniquely accessible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniquely accessible
+is its focus on meeting people where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is its focus on meeting people where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is its focus on meeting people where
+they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are
+literally you can talk about temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally you can talk about temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally you can talk about temperature
+global temperature things like that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global temperature things like that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global temperature things like that but
+i think we care about our own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think we care about our own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think we care about our own
+our own zip code we care about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our own zip code we care about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our own zip code we care about our
+family and friends so what i care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family and friends so what i care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family and friends so what i care about
+is what's happening in my backyard here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's happening in my backyard here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's happening in my backyard here
+i have family in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have family in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have family in
+montana and california on the west coast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+montana and california on the west coast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+montana and california on the west coast
+and we have relatives in argentina so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have relatives in argentina so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have relatives in argentina so
+you know i have those five zip codes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i have those five zip codes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i have those five zip codes in
+and what i care about is oh what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i care about is oh what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i care about is oh what's
+happening here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening here
+maybe what can i do in those places so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe what can i do in those places so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe what can i do in those places so
+the point being that we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point being that we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point being that we need to
+have global information we need to zoom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have global information we need to zoom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have global information we need to zoom
+down to maybe regional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to maybe regional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to maybe regional
+and then we need to care about local and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we need to care about local and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we need to care about local and
+and so maybe you maybe you love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so maybe you maybe you love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so maybe you maybe you love
+turtles maybe you love things out in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turtles maybe you love things out in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turtles maybe you love things out in the
+ocean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocean
+we're trying to be a network that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to be a network that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to be a network that can
+connect these things and give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect these things and give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect these things and give you
+news that might be relevant to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news that might be relevant to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news that might be relevant to you
+what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening
+tomorrow saturday you know maybe i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow saturday you know maybe i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow saturday you know maybe i can
+go join some some friends and we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go join some some friends and we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go join some some friends and we could
+do a little bit of a beach cleanup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a little bit of a beach cleanup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a little bit of a beach cleanup
+something like that you know just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that you know just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that you know just
+something simple that i enjoy doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something simple that i enjoy doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something simple that i enjoy doing
+but trying to connect people that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but trying to connect people that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but trying to connect people that are
+like-minded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like-minded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like-minded
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+professor newman and her colleagues have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor newman and her colleagues have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor newman and her colleagues have
+developed another powerful strategy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed another powerful strategy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed another powerful strategy for
+helping people learn and engage around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping people learn and engage around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping people learn and engage around
+climate issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate issues
+they've separated earth into four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've separated earth into four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've separated earth into four
+different subsystems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different subsystems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different subsystems
+there's no silver bullet for climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no silver bullet for climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no silver bullet for climate
+it's really all these complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really all these complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really all these complex
+systems working together so the oceans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems working together so the oceans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems working together so the oceans
+first and foremost because the oceans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and foremost because the oceans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and foremost because the oceans
+are our largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are our largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are our largest
+subsystem and then the land where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsystem and then the land where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsystem and then the land where you
+know most people live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know most people live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know most people live
+on land and then from the land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on land and then from the land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on land and then from the land
+air and then space i count space again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air and then space i count space again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air and then space i count space again
+back to my roots i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to my roots i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to my roots i'm
+i'm biased i'm an aerospace engineer but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm biased i'm an aerospace engineer but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm biased i'm an aerospace engineer but
+that's really where so much of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really where so much of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really where so much of the
+information is coming from near space so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is coming from near space so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is coming from near space so
+our satellites our eyes on earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our satellites our eyes on earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our satellites our eyes on earth
+the information that we can see from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information that we can see from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information that we can see from
+spaces when we get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces when we get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces when we get that
+that global that holistic view so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that global that holistic view so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that global that holistic view so that's
+why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+i put those four subsystems there we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i put those four subsystems there we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i put those four subsystems there we we
+need to work in all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to work in all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to work in all of them
+but i think i find it helpful to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think i find it helpful to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think i find it helpful to talk
+about those four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those four
+earth subsystems because someone might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth subsystems because someone might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth subsystems because someone might
+have affinity oh for me it's the oceans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have affinity oh for me it's the oceans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have affinity oh for me it's the oceans
+oh no for me it's the land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no for me it's the land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no for me it's the land
+and that's kind of the fundamental part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's kind of the fundamental part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's kind of the fundamental part
+of the mission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mission
+it's to make the world work for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's to make the world work for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's to make the world work for a
+hundred percent of humanity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred percent of humanity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred percent of humanity
+an important part of climate science is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important part of climate science is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important part of climate science is
+making models that help us predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making models that help us predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making models that help us predict
+what's likely to happen in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's likely to happen in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's likely to happen in the future
+this posed a particularly complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this posed a particularly complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this posed a particularly complex
+challenge for professor newman and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge for professor newman and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge for professor newman and the
+earth dna team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth dna team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth dna team
+how do you convey complex climate models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you convey complex climate models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you convey complex climate models
+that draw on tons of data points and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that draw on tons of data points and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that draw on tons of data points and
+variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+to those of us who don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to those of us who don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to those of us who don't have a
+background in climate science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background in climate science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background in climate science
+we have so much data from our satellites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have so much data from our satellites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have so much data from our satellites
+for earth systems or maybe just even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for earth systems or maybe just even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for earth systems or maybe just even
+take ocean data if you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take ocean data if you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take ocean data if you will
+take a look at well what's the sea level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at well what's the sea level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at well what's the sea level
+temperature what's the sea level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature what's the sea level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature what's the sea level
+rise you know kind of coverage of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise you know kind of coverage of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise you know kind of coverage of the
+whole earth and then again we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole earth and then again we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole earth and then again we want to
+zoom down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom down
+into something regional let's say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something regional let's say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something regional let's say the
+north atlantic we can look from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+north atlantic we can look from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+north atlantic we can look from
+say new england where we are at mit all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say new england where we are at mit all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say new england where we are at mit all
+the way then across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way then across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way then across
+the atlantic taking all that data going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atlantic taking all that data going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atlantic taking all that data going
+deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep
+into reducing it and we can generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into reducing it and we can generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into reducing it and we can generate
+satellite images from the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite images from the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite images from the future
+i could put that in your hand perhaps if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could put that in your hand perhaps if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could put that in your hand perhaps if
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+immerse people in these uh these future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immerse people in these uh these future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immerse people in these uh these future
+visions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visions or
+boom you know kind of teleport yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom you know kind of teleport yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom you know kind of teleport yourself
+to anywhere you want in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to anywhere you want in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to anywhere you want in the world
+and you know so it's the storytelling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know so it's the storytelling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know so it's the storytelling
+and the storyline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the storyline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the storyline
+i think hopefully also will engage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think hopefully also will engage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think hopefully also will engage
+people and get people involved and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and get people involved and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and get people involved and
+hopefully people can ask questions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully people can ask questions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully people can ask questions and
+people to think about okay what can i do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to think about okay what can i do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to think about okay what can i do
+and we could serve up a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we could serve up a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we could serve up a whole bunch of
+different opportunities different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different opportunities different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different opportunities different
+actions that they could take even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions that they could take even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions that they could take even though
+a lot of this is open source it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of this is open source it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of this is open source it's really
+hard to access you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to access you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to access you
+takes a lot of time can take an hour of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a lot of time can take an hour of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a lot of time can take an hour of
+digging let's say on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digging let's say on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digging let's say on a
+nasa website to find what you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasa website to find what you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasa website to find what you might be
+looking for well wouldn't that be neat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for well wouldn't that be neat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for well wouldn't that be neat
+if you could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you could just
+speak to me and give me a couple key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak to me and give me a couple key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak to me and give me a couple key
+words and say what you'd want and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words and say what you'd want and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words and say what you'd want and then
+boom i'd serve it up now we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom i'd serve it up now we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom i'd serve it up now we don't have
+that capability yet but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that capability yet but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that capability yet but
+that's what we're working on we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're working on we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're working on we want to
+make it that easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it that easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it that easy
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for this episode we also had the chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this episode we also had the chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this episode we also had the chance
+to ask professor newman some of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask professor newman some of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask professor newman some of your
+questions that you submitted to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that you submitted to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that you submitted to us
+one of the questions was this does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the questions was this does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the questions was this does the
+earth have global climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth have global climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth have global climate
+cycles and is climate change possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles and is climate change possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles and is climate change possibly
+just part of a normal cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just part of a normal cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just part of a normal cycle
+earth does have cycles uh earth is 4.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth does have cycles uh earth is 4.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth does have cycles uh earth is 4.5
+billion years old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion years old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion years old
+and so we've had weather and climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we've had weather and climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we've had weather and climate
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+those billions and billions of years so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those billions and billions of years so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those billions and billions of years so
+there are cycles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are cycles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are cycles
+but no we are not in a normal cycle by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but no we are not in a normal cycle by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but no we are not in a normal cycle by
+any stretch of the imagination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any stretch of the imagination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any stretch of the imagination
+this is an incredibly accelerated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an incredibly accelerated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an incredibly accelerated
+response since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response since
+the industrial revolution we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the industrial revolution we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the industrial revolution we actually
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+calculate the percentage of climate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the percentage of climate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the percentage of climate that
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+a human cause human induced there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a human cause human induced there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a human cause human induced there's some
+tools out there some simulations you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools out there some simulations you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools out there some simulations you can
+imagine well what if i use this much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine well what if i use this much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine well what if i use this much
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+what if we emit this much carbon dioxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if we emit this much carbon dioxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if we emit this much carbon dioxide
+oh what if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh what if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh what if we
+cut down by 50 and what we're striving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut down by 50 and what we're striving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut down by 50 and what we're striving
+for is where's that balance where's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for is where's that balance where's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for is where's that balance where's that
+balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance
+for people having healthy wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people having healthy wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people having healthy wonderful
+successful you know getting economically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful you know getting economically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful you know getting economically
+successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful
+lives but just always trying to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives but just always trying to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives but just always trying to keep
+that in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in mind
+our effects on climate and how we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our effects on climate and how we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our effects on climate and how we can
+change things and how we can do much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change things and how we can do much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change things and how we can do much
+better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+another one of your questions was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one of your questions was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one of your questions was this
+how is climate change transforming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is climate change transforming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is climate change transforming
+people's lives and societies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's lives and societies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's lives and societies
+at a broad level climate change impacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a broad level climate change impacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a broad level climate change impacts
+every single one of us and it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single one of us and it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single one of us and it's going to
+get more acute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more acute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more acute
+and it's going to get more intense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to get more intense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to get more intense
+globally we definitely see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globally we definitely see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globally we definitely see it
+immigration people moving and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigration people moving and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigration people moving and people
+don't ever want to leave their house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't ever want to leave their house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't ever want to leave their house
+right you want to stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you want to stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you want to stay
+with your family and friends but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your family and friends but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your family and friends but if
+you're forced to especially by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're forced to especially by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're forced to especially by
+natural disaster but especially by war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural disaster but especially by war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural disaster but especially by war
+but i think that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think that we
+really need to show people the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to show people the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to show people the the
+connections the connections between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections the connections between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections the connections between
+climate and health so again that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate and health so again that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate and health so again that's
+really important today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important today
+let's link we have the climate data we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's link we have the climate data we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's link we have the climate data we
+have health data but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have health data but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have health data but let's
+link them because they're very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link them because they're very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link them because they're very very
+linked we can talk about asthma we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked we can talk about asthma we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked we can talk about asthma we can
+talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about
+people's changing health issues and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's changing health issues and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's changing health issues and we
+can look at that and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at that and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at that and say
+you know what there's a climate link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what there's a climate link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what there's a climate link
+there and that's i think an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and that's i think an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and that's i think an important
+discussion to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion to have
+another question you submitted was what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another question you submitted was what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another question you submitted was what
+are one or two of the biggest challenges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are one or two of the biggest challenges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are one or two of the biggest challenges
+that governments and concerned citizens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that governments and concerned citizens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that governments and concerned citizens
+of spaceship earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spaceship earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spaceship earth
+should try to solve in order to prevent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should try to solve in order to prevent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should try to solve in order to prevent
+or mitigate climate change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or mitigate climate change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or mitigate climate change
+i love that question and my answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i love that question and my answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i love that question and my answer is
+really just a discussion with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just a discussion with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just a discussion with that
+person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+what do you want to do because i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you want to do because i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you want to do because i think
+it's important that people go with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important that people go with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important that people go with their
+passion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passion
+there's so much to do there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so much to do there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so much to do there's something
+that everyone can do so i like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everyone can do so i like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everyone can do so i like to
+kind of ask it back not to not to not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of ask it back not to not to not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of ask it back not to not to not
+answer the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer the question
+but just to know a little bit more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just to know a little bit more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just to know a little bit more about
+that person and say what do what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person and say what do what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person and say what do what do you
+like what's what's really your passion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what's what's really your passion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what's what's really your passion
+and then if i know that again it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if i know that again it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if i know that again it could
+be something for the oceans maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something for the oceans maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something for the oceans maybe
+it's something for animals or land or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something for animals or land or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something for animals or land or
+something like that maybe it's pollution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that maybe it's pollution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that maybe it's pollution
+and plastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and plastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and plastic
+so good we love a challenge well that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so good we love a challenge well that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so good we love a challenge well that's
+what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the
+plastic of the future what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic of the future what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic of the future what's the
+synthetic biological was they know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthetic biological was they know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthetic biological was they know
+the was the biological new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the was the biological new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the was the biological new
+material not plastic but new material in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material not plastic but new material in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material not plastic but new material in
+the future that acts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future that acts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future that acts
+like plastic probably couldn't live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like plastic probably couldn't live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like plastic probably couldn't live
+without plastic but let's reinvent it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without plastic but let's reinvent it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without plastic but let's reinvent it
+let's reinvent it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's reinvent it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's reinvent it
+so that is completely sustainable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is completely sustainable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is completely sustainable and
+that's there's research going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's there's research going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's there's research going on
+on that right now but hopefully that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that right now but hopefully that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that right now but hopefully that's
+just an example for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an example for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an example for
+someone for that question um kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone for that question um kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone for that question um kind of
+seeing what they like to do and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing what they like to do and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing what they like to do and what
+they'd like to get involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd like to get involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd like to get involved in
+and our last question from listeners how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our last question from listeners how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our last question from listeners how
+long do we have before it's too late to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long do we have before it's too late to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long do we have before it's too late to
+do something about climate change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something about climate change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something about climate change
+i'd like to rephrase that a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd like to rephrase that a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd like to rephrase that a little bit
+and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say
+now is the time to act no more excuses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is the time to act no more excuses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is the time to act no more excuses
+no more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no more
+pushing this off onto the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing this off onto the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing this off onto the other
+generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation
+everyone everyone can do something today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone everyone can do something today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone everyone can do something today
+and these are little things these really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are little things these really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are little things these really
+are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not
+inconvenient things these are things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconvenient things these are things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconvenient things these are things
+that i think everyone actually would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i think everyone actually would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i think everyone actually would
+feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel
+good about so the time to act is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thanks for joining us for another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks for joining us for another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks for joining us for another
+episode of chalk radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode of chalk radio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode of chalk radio
+we hope you're feeling inspired and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we hope you're feeling inspired and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we hope you're feeling inspired and
+motivated to start taking some steps to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated to start taking some steps to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated to start taking some steps to
+mitigate climate change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigate climate change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigate climate change
+based on your own passions and interests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on your own passions and interests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on your own passions and interests
+don't forget to check out professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't forget to check out professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't forget to check out professor
+newman's courses and her earth dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newman's courses and her earth dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newman's courses and her earth dna
+resources on our website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources on our website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources on our website
+you can also visit earthdna.org
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also visit earthdna.org
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also visit earthdna.org
+signing off from spaceship earth i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signing off from spaceship earth i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signing off from spaceship earth i'm
+sarah hansen from mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sarah hansen from mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sarah hansen from mit
+opencourseware hey before we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware hey before we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware hey before we go
+did you know that ocw has a birthday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you know that ocw has a birthday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you know that ocw has a birthday
+coming up we're turning 20 in april
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up we're turning 20 in april
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up we're turning 20 in april
+for two decades we've worked to share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two decades we've worked to share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two decades we've worked to share
+mit course materials with the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit course materials with the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit course materials with the world
+your support helps us to do so freely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support helps us to do so freely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support helps us to do so freely
+and openly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and openly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and openly
+and helps make resources like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and helps make resources like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and helps make resources like this
+podcast possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+podcast possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+podcast possible
+if you're able to give please consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're able to give please consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're able to give please consider
+donating to ocw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donating to ocw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donating to ocw
+at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at ocw.mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at ocw.mit.edu
+so we can stay open for the next 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can stay open for the next 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can stay open for the next 20
+years thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mom passed the car
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/pb5hUGBjS3A.txt b/pb5hUGBjS3A.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..44687284de866f7f242f6d3dd973c6f703c41e89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pb5hUGBjS3A.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,907 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we all regularly drive for the car we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all regularly drive for the car we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all regularly drive for the car we
+want to get to from point A to point B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get to from point A to point B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get to from point A to point B
+usually we like to drive with a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually we like to drive with a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually we like to drive with a constant
+speed but what happens if there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed but what happens if there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed but what happens if there's a
+traffic light well we have to stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic light well we have to stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic light well we have to stop
+eventually which means we have to brake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually which means we have to brake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually which means we have to brake
+and that makes the car decelerate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that makes the car decelerate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that makes the car decelerate so
+there are different parts of motion when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are different parts of motion when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are different parts of motion when
+we write a car it can be constant it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we write a car it can be constant it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we write a car it can be constant it can
+be accelerating they can be decelerating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be accelerating they can be decelerating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be accelerating they can be decelerating
+so let's consider this in a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's consider this in a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's consider this in a little
+graphic we have a little car here and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphic we have a little car here and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphic we have a little car here and it
+drives with constant speed until someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drives with constant speed until someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drives with constant speed until someone
+slams into the brakes and the car will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slams into the brakes and the car will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slams into the brakes and the car will
+eventually stop let's add a time line to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually stop let's add a time line to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually stop let's add a time line to
+this here we're going to put T equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here we're going to put T equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here we're going to put T equals
+zero the point in time where the car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the point in time where the car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the point in time where the car
+stops driving con with a constant speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops driving con with a constant speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops driving con with a constant speed
+is t1 and the point where the car have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is t1 and the point where the car have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is t1 and the point where the car have
+come to a complete stop is t2 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to a complete stop is t2 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to a complete stop is t2 and the
+the problem now asks for what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem now asks for what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem now asks for what is the
+position function what is the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position function what is the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position function what is the distance
+at any kind of time here as the car goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any kind of time here as the car goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any kind of time here as the car goes
+through these two different phases of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through these two different phases of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through these two different phases of
+motion so ultimately we want to get to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion so ultimately we want to get to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion so ultimately we want to get to X
+of T but we can't actually just write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T but we can't actually just write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T but we can't actually just write
+this up we we need to first look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up we we need to first look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up we we need to first look at
+other information that we have about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other information that we have about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other information that we have about
+this kind of setup and what we have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of setup and what we have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of setup and what we have is
+information on the acceleration and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on the acceleration and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on the acceleration and we
+have to consider these two phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to consider these two phases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to consider these two phases
+separately so we have here phase one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately so we have here phase one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately so we have here phase one and
+phase two and phase one is from zero to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase two and phase one is from zero to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase two and phase one is from zero to
+t 1 and phase two is from t1 to t2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t 1 and phase two is from t1 to t2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t 1 and phase two is from t1 to t2
+and we know when a car is going with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know when a car is going with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know when a car is going with a
+constant velocity its acceleration is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant velocity its acceleration is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant velocity its acceleration is
+going to be zero so that keeps life easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be zero so that keeps life easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be zero so that keeps life easy
+for phase one and then when it breaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for phase one and then when it breaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for phase one and then when it breaks
+well we know it decelerate so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we know it decelerate so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we know it decelerate so we're
+definitely going to have a minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely going to have a minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely going to have a minus sign
+and it breaks in between t and t 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it breaks in between t and t 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it breaks in between t and t 1 and
+we need to multiply this factor here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to multiply this factor here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to multiply this factor here
+with a constant so this is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a constant so this is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a constant so this is our
+acceleration information that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration information that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration information that the
+problem is has given us and we know of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is has given us and we know of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is has given us and we know of
+course that if we integrate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that if we integrate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that if we integrate the
+acceleration we're going to get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration we're going to get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration we're going to get to the
+velocity function and if we integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity function and if we integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity function and if we integrate
+that one again we're going to get to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one again we're going to get to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one again we're going to get to our
+position function so let's do that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position function so let's do that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position function so let's do that first
+for Phase one and what is also important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Phase one and what is also important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Phase one and what is also important
+here is that we need to carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that we need to carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that we need to carefully
+consider the initial conditions again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the initial conditions again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the initial conditions again
+what info what additional information is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what info what additional information is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what info what additional information is
+this problem giving us so initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem giving us so initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem giving us so initial
+conditions they always make life a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions they always make life a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions they always make life a lot
+easier so it's careful to it's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier so it's careful to it's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier so it's careful to it's important
+to carefully look for them and what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to carefully look for them and what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to carefully look for them and what that
+means is we want to know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is we want to know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is we want to know what the
+distance is at T equals zero and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance is at T equals zero and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance is at T equals zero and what
+the velocity at time zero is and we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity at time zero is and we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity at time zero is and we know
+the distance here is zero and we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance here is zero and we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance here is zero and we know
+that the the problem starts when the car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the problem starts when the car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the problem starts when the car
+is already driving with a constant speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is already driving with a constant speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is already driving with a constant speed
+so that's going to be V naught so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's going to be V naught so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's going to be V naught so let's
+then make use of this and start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then make use of this and start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then make use of this and start
+integrating our acceleration we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating our acceleration we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating our acceleration we want to
+get to the velocity so V of T minus V of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the velocity so V of T minus V of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the velocity so V of T minus V of
+T equals zero is going to be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T equals zero is going to be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T equals zero is going to be that
+integral and here already we know that V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and here already we know that V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and here already we know that V
+of T equals zero is V naught so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T equals zero is V naught so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T equals zero is V naught so this
+already looks pretty nice and now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already looks pretty nice and now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already looks pretty nice and now we
+have our integral here of a and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our integral here of a and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our integral here of a and of
+course now T is an integration variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course now T is an integration variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course now T is an integration variable
+so we have to give this a prime and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to give this a prime and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to give this a prime and
+we're integrating from t prime equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're integrating from t prime equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're integrating from t prime equals
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+to T prime equals T and when we plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to T prime equals T and when we plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to T prime equals T and when we plug
+those in well a is zero in phase one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those in well a is zero in phase one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those in well a is zero in phase one
+which means actually our integral is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means actually our integral is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means actually our integral is
+going to be zero that's handy and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be zero that's handy and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be zero that's handy and from
+that we will find that V of T equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we will find that V of T equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we will find that V of T equals
+simply V not all good now we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply V not all good now we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply V not all good now we need to
+integrate this to get to our position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate this to get to our position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate this to get to our position
+function same thing again X of t minus X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function same thing again X of t minus X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function same thing again X of t minus X
+of T equals zero let's quickly check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T equals zero let's quickly check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T equals zero let's quickly check
+here what we know about X of T zero well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what we know about X of T zero well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what we know about X of T zero well
+it's zero from the initial conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's zero from the initial conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's zero from the initial conditions
+and now we have to integrate our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we have to integrate our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we have to integrate our
+velocity function here V not DT again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity function here V not DT again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity function here V not DT again
+prime t prime equals zero T prime equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime t prime equals zero T prime equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime t prime equals zero T prime equals
+T these are our boundaries and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T these are our boundaries and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T these are our boundaries and this is
+simply going to be V naught T prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply going to be V naught T prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply going to be V naught T prime
+evaluated from zero to T and we can add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated from zero to T and we can add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated from zero to T and we can add
+that we can add that in there and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can add that in there and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can add that in there and it's
+just going to be V T so X of T I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to be V T so X of T I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to be V T so X of T I can
+just write it here again X of T equals V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write it here again X of T equals V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write it here again X of T equals V
+naught T okay good so half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught T okay good so half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught T okay good so half of the
+question is half of the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is half of the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is half of the problem is
+solved let's look at the same things for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved let's look at the same things for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved let's look at the same things for
+Phase two so let's consider the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phase two so let's consider the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phase two so let's consider the initial
+conditions for Phase two now and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions for Phase two now and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions for Phase two now and again
+now we want to in an analogous way look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we want to in an analogous way look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we want to in an analogous way look
+at the distance of what what we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the distance of what what we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the distance of what what we know
+about the distance at T 1 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the distance at T 1 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the distance at T 1 and the
+velocity at t1 and about the position we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity at t1 and about the position we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity at t1 and about the position we
+know from over there that this is V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from over there that this is V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from over there that this is V
+naught T so our pervious result now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught T so our pervious result now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught T so our pervious result now
+actually becomes the initial condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually becomes the initial condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually becomes the initial condition
+for the next step rate because whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the next step rate because whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the next step rate because whatever
+happens here sets whatever happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens here sets whatever happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens here sets whatever happens
+afterwards so that's that's nice and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards so that's that's nice and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards so that's that's nice and we
+know that up to this moment here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that up to this moment here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that up to this moment here this
+car goes with a velocity of me not
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/plCuZVzK6kk.txt b/plCuZVzK6kk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b395bd6d98c24f092e45392a59e08401a09a8476
--- /dev/null
+++ b/plCuZVzK6kk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,779 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+For the rest of this video segment, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For the rest of this video segment, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For the rest of this video segment, I
+thought I would go through a few of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought I would go through a few of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought I would go through a few of them
+with you and we'll watch them together.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you and we'll watch them together.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you and we'll watch them together.
+So, let's start with this one. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, let's start with this one. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, let's start with this one. It's
+actually a piece of art, but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a piece of art, but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a piece of art, but I
+immediately saw the technology involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately saw the technology involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately saw the technology involved
+with getting those balls floating in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with getting those balls floating in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with getting those balls floating in the
+air. So, it's relevant for us, I think.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air. So, it's relevant for us, I think.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air. So, it's relevant for us, I think.
+And I think the video continues to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I think the video continues to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I think the video continues to
+engage us. I was really drawn to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage us. I was really drawn to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage us. I was really drawn to the
+color in this particular attempt. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color in this particular attempt. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color in this particular attempt. It's
+quite beautiful in that sepia tone for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite beautiful in that sepia tone for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite beautiful in that sepia tone for
+me anyway. Okay, so now we see a hand.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me anyway. Okay, so now we see a hand.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me anyway. Okay, so now we see a hand.
+That's interesting. They're making the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's interesting. They're making the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's interesting. They're making the
+video a little more compelling by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video a little more compelling by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video a little more compelling by
+inserting a fourth ball. Okay, it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserting a fourth ball. Okay, it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserting a fourth ball. Okay, it's a
+good idea that you run the video and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea that you run the video and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea that you run the video and
+change it after a few seconds. So, look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it after a few seconds. So, look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it after a few seconds. So, look
+what's going on now. They've cut into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on now. They've cut into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on now. They've cut into a
+new video with colored balls which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new video with colored balls which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new video with colored balls which is
+really quite beautiful. And so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quite beautiful. And so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quite beautiful. And so we're
+inserting yet another iteration of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserting yet another iteration of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserting yet another iteration of the
+video after the first. And I'm still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video after the first. And I'm still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video after the first. And I'm still
+fascinated and want to look at all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinated and want to look at all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinated and want to look at all those
+balls. It's the same setup that was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls. It's the same setup that was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls. It's the same setup that was in
+the previous video, but this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous video, but this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous video, but this time
+colored. And we're at the very end now.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colored. And we're at the very end now.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colored. And we're at the very end now.
+And there you go. I thought it'd be fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there you go. I thought it'd be fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there you go. I thought it'd be fun
+for you to just take a look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to just take a look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to just take a look at this
+particular one. The question is whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular one. The question is whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular one. The question is whether
+or not this is relevant to your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not this is relevant to your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not this is relevant to your own
+video making. That's your call. So let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video making. That's your call. So let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video making. That's your call. So let's
+go to the next one. You're seeing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the next one. You're seeing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the next one. You're seeing a
+surface inside a piece of equipment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface inside a piece of equipment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface inside a piece of equipment and
+we see drops of water forming on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see drops of water forming on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see drops of water forming on the
+surface. I gather the researcher first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface. I gather the researcher first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface. I gather the researcher first
+tried to capture the phenomenon with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to capture the phenomenon with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to capture the phenomenon with
+angles lighting this. There were too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles lighting this. There were too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles lighting this. There were too
+many reflections and glare he mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many reflections and glare he mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many reflections and glare he mentioned
+to me. So in the end, what you're seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me. So in the end, what you're seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me. So in the end, what you're seeing
+here is interestingly a ring light. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is interestingly a ring light. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is interestingly a ring light. It's
+concentric with the lens and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentric with the lens and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentric with the lens and it's
+lighting the surface at a perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting the surface at a perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting the surface at a perfectly
+perpendicular angle. I remember that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular angle. I remember that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular angle. I remember that he
+tried a lot and wound up with this one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried a lot and wound up with this one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried a lot and wound up with this one.
+And we're seeing that these drops are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we're seeing that these drops are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we're seeing that these drops are
+coalescing and becoming larger. And that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coalescing and becoming larger. And that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coalescing and becoming larger. And that
+is in fact the point of the science.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in fact the point of the science.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in fact the point of the science.
+Later when he sent it to me, I asked if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Later when he sent it to me, I asked if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Later when he sent it to me, I asked if
+he intended to include in the frame the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he intended to include in the frame the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he intended to include in the frame the
+left side wall of the apparatus. For me,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left side wall of the apparatus. For me,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left side wall of the apparatus. For me,
+it looked kind of like an accident. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looked kind of like an accident. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looked kind of like an accident. And
+in fact, his first response was that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact, his first response was that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact, his first response was that he
+didn't intend to show the wall, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't intend to show the wall, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't intend to show the wall, but
+after thinking about it, the edge is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after thinking about it, the edge is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after thinking about it, the edge is
+veryformational to scientists who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veryformational to scientists who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veryformational to scientists who
+understand this kind of stuff because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this kind of stuff because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this kind of stuff because
+the edge affects the motion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge affects the motion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge affects the motion of the
+drops. So for me, I would have shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops. So for me, I would have shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops. So for me, I would have shown
+even more of the edge. Great deal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more of the edge. Great deal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more of the edge. Great deal of
+attempts were made in trying to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempts were made in trying to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempts were made in trying to make
+this video in the end, and I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this video in the end, and I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this video in the end, and I think it's
+a great job. So here's something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great job. So here's something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great job. So here's something that's
+considerably different from what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerably different from what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerably different from what we've
+been seeing before. We're seeing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been seeing before. We're seeing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been seeing before. We're seeing a
+flattened something or other become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flattened something or other become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flattened something or other become
+unflattened totally by himself. You can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unflattened totally by himself. You can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unflattened totally by himself. You can
+sort of guess that. Oops, that was a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of guess that. Oops, that was a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of guess that. Oops, that was a bit
+of a jump. You you can guess that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a jump. You you can guess that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a jump. You you can guess that the
+battery is making all this happen. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery is making all this happen. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery is making all this happen. It's
+somewhat origami like, wouldn't you say?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat origami like, wouldn't you say?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat origami like, wouldn't you say?
+And now he's becoming even more of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now he's becoming even more of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now he's becoming even more of a
+something. I don't know what to call it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something. I don't know what to call it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something. I don't know what to call it.
+It really It really is a robot. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It really It really is a robot. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It really It really is a robot. And so
+these researchers are doing some pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these researchers are doing some pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these researchers are doing some pretty
+fabulous stuff where they you start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabulous stuff where they you start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabulous stuff where they you start with
+a flattened assemblage that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flattened assemblage that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flattened assemblage that
+becomes something else.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes something else.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes something else.
+And we did speed this up a little bit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we did speed this up a little bit.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we did speed this up a little bit.
+So that's why you're seeing some jumps.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's why you're seeing some jumps.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's why you're seeing some jumps.
+There he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There he
+goes. Kind of silly, but incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes. Kind of silly, but incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes. Kind of silly, but incredibly
+unique and very exciting. Leaving a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique and very exciting. Leaving a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique and very exciting. Leaving a
+trail behind him, by the way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trail behind him, by the way.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trail behind him, by the way.
+And finally, this last batch is a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And finally, this last batch is a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And finally, this last batch is a bit
+beyond the course because these videos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the course because these videos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the course because these videos
+were made with a high-speed camera, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were made with a high-speed camera, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were made with a high-speed camera, but
+I thought I'd get you excited about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought I'd get you excited about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought I'd get you excited about your
+next steps in case your work will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next steps in case your work will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next steps in case your work will
+benefit from high-speed photography. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit from high-speed photography. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit from high-speed photography. The
+point here is, as we continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here is, as we continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here is, as we continue to
+suggest, is that the way you approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest, is that the way you approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest, is that the way you approach
+any kind of videos should still be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of videos should still be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of videos should still be
+informed by what we've been discussing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informed by what we've been discussing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informed by what we've been discussing
+for the past few weeks on how to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the past few weeks on how to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the past few weeks on how to make
+your still image. I hope you agree about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your still image. I hope you agree about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your still image. I hope you agree about
+that.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/pqdN-zGWkfY.txt b/pqdN-zGWkfY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..edf48abed596a8a85e5d2706d5077efa17412433
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pqdN-zGWkfY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14155 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Good morning.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good morning.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good morning.
+Uh it's a real pleasure for me to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh it's a real pleasure for me to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh it's a real pleasure for me to be
+with uh you today. I appreciate Steve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh you today. I appreciate Steve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh you today. I appreciate Steve
+and Bill inviting me here. Um, for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Bill inviting me here. Um, for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Bill inviting me here. Um, for those
+of you that don't know me, uh, for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you that don't know me, uh, for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you that don't know me, uh, for the
+last six years I've been managing, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last six years I've been managing, uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last six years I've been managing, uh,
+the Gillette company's EPC, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Gillette company's EPC, uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Gillette company's EPC, uh,
+initiative and now I'm, uh, leading the,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiative and now I'm, uh, leading the,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiative and now I'm, uh, leading the,
+uh, strategy development and pilot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, strategy development and pilot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, strategy development and pilot
+implementation of EPC for the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of EPC for the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of EPC for the entire
+Proctor and Gamble company, including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Proctor and Gamble company, including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Proctor and Gamble company, including
+Gillette. Uh, I look around the audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gillette. Uh, I look around the audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gillette. Uh, I look around the audience
+and I'm pleased to say that I see lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm pleased to say that I see lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm pleased to say that I see lots
+of familiar faces. And I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of familiar faces. And I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of familiar faces. And I don't know
+whether that means I've been doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that means I've been doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that means I've been doing this
+for too long or that this technology is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for too long or that this technology is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for too long or that this technology is
+really a gamecher that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a gamecher that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a gamecher that's going to
+dramatically alter the way trading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically alter the way trading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically alter the way trading
+partners go to market together. I'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners go to market together. I'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners go to market together. I'd like
+to think it's the latter and I hope to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think it's the latter and I hope to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think it's the latter and I hope to
+share with you this morning some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share with you this morning some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share with you this morning some
+learning and some plans that Proctor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and some plans that Proctor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and some plans that Proctor and
+Gamble has to implement this technology.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gamble has to implement this technology.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gamble has to implement this technology.
+Proctor and Gamble and Gillette have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Proctor and Gamble and Gillette have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Proctor and Gamble and Gillette have
+been supporters of RFID and specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been supporters of RFID and specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been supporters of RFID and specifically
+the electronic product code for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electronic product code for many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electronic product code for many
+years going back to the co-founding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years going back to the co-founding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years going back to the co-founding of
+the auto ID center initially right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the auto ID center initially right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the auto ID center initially right here
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+MIT and that led to the the development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT and that led to the the development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT and that led to the the development
+of the electronic product code which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the electronic product code which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the electronic product code which has
+now been turned over to EPC global and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now been turned over to EPC global and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now been turned over to EPC global and
+GS1 and I'm thrilled with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GS1 and I'm thrilled with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GS1 and I'm thrilled with the
+association that EPC global and autoID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association that EPC global and autoID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association that EPC global and autoID
+labs have to pioneer er new research and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labs have to pioneer er new research and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labs have to pioneer er new research and
+continue to support the development of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to support the development of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to support the development of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+technology. In 19 in 2005, Proctor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology. In 19 in 2005, Proctor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology. In 19 in 2005, Proctor and
+Gamble and Gillette merged to create one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gamble and Gillette merged to create one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gamble and Gillette merged to create one
+company. It gives us the proverbial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company. It gives us the proverbial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company. It gives us the proverbial
+opportunity to put one and one together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to put one and one together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to put one and one together
+and get three. The shared learning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get three. The shared learning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get three. The shared learning of
+these two companies um has has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two companies um has has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two companies um has has been
+combined to develop a unified approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined to develop a unified approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined to develop a unified approach
+to implement EPC and the commitment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to implement EPC and the commitment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to implement EPC and the commitment of
+both these companies has not changed. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both these companies has not changed. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both these companies has not changed. In
+fact, uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact, uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact, uh it's
+accelerated. It's all about transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerated. It's all about transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerated. It's all about transport
+transforming the supply network using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforming the supply network using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforming the supply network using
+the EPC to deliver better customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the EPC to deliver better customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the EPC to deliver better customer
+service so we know where our products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service so we know where our products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service so we know where our products
+are at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are at all
+times to uh generate less loss, less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times to uh generate less loss, less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times to uh generate less loss, less
+shrink, less theft, less products being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrink, less theft, less products being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrink, less theft, less products being
+misplaced and not being able to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misplaced and not being able to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misplaced and not being able to be
+found. Uh it's there to help us have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found. Uh it's there to help us have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found. Uh it's there to help us have
+fewer inaccuracies.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer inaccuracies.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer inaccuracies.
+um going from assumed receipt to EPC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um going from assumed receipt to EPC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um going from assumed receipt to EPC
+verified receipt of goods. And finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verified receipt of goods. And finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verified receipt of goods. And finally
+and critically important to give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and critically important to give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and critically important to give us
+greater product availability for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater product availability for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater product availability for
+consumers. Uh as consumer marketeers,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers. Uh as consumer marketeers,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers. Uh as consumer marketeers,
+Proctor and Gamble's number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Proctor and Gamble's number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Proctor and Gamble's number one
+complaint is consumers who come into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complaint is consumers who come into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complaint is consumers who come into
+store and can't find the products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store and can't find the products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store and can't find the products
+they're they're looking for. And we feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're looking for. And we feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're looking for. And we feel
+the electronic product code can address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electronic product code can address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electronic product code can address
+that. So let me share with you uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So let me share with you uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So let me share with you uh some
+learning from Gillette and Proctor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning from Gillette and Proctor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning from Gillette and Proctor and
+Gamble. Both companies have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gamble. Both companies have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gamble. Both companies have been
+actively engaged in pilots uh for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actively engaged in pilots uh for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actively engaged in pilots uh for a
+number of years. Pilots both in-house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of years. Pilots both in-house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of years. Pilots both in-house
+within our four walls and pilots with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within our four walls and pilots with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within our four walls and pilots with
+our retail partners. We've done this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our retail partners. We've done this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our retail partners. We've done this to
+test improve the technology, develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test improve the technology, develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test improve the technology, develop
+scalable solutions, validate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalable solutions, validate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalable solutions, validate the
+business case and drive deployment to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business case and drive deployment to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business case and drive deployment to
+deliver business benefits. Now, we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver business benefits. Now, we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver business benefits. Now, we can't
+do everything we want to do at once, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do everything we want to do at once, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do everything we want to do at once, but
+we need to keep moving in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to keep moving in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to keep moving in
+everinccreasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everinccreasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everinccreasing
+increments, starting with what I heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increments, starting with what I heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increments, starting with what I heard
+referred to earlier as lowhanging fruit,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to earlier as lowhanging fruit,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to earlier as lowhanging fruit,
+capitalize on that, generate value,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalize on that, generate value,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalize on that, generate value,
+realize the benefits, and then capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize the benefits, and then capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize the benefits, and then capture
+that learning and move to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that learning and move to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that learning and move to the next
+stage. Our research, much of which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage. Our research, much of which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage. Our research, much of which was
+done with um team members from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with um team members from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with um team members from
+MIT, showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT, showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT, showed
+that the the lion share of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the lion share of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the lion share of the
+opportunity is the collaboration gains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity is the collaboration gains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity is the collaboration gains
+that exist between trading partners. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exist between trading partners. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exist between trading partners. We
+call it the collaboration zone where by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it the collaboration zone where by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it the collaboration zone where by
+managing uh deductions management,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managing uh deductions management,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managing uh deductions management,
+electronic proof of delivery if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic proof of delivery if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic proof of delivery if you
+will, increased on shelf availability,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will, increased on shelf availability,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will, increased on shelf availability,
+reduced in inventory and improved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced in inventory and improved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced in inventory and improved
+working capital, we can generate serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working capital, we can generate serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working capital, we can generate serious
+business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business
+benefits. So we began in July in January
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits. So we began in July in January
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits. So we began in July in January
+of 2005 with one strategic retail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2005 with one strategic retail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2005 with one strategic retail
+partner to prove many of these benefits.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner to prove many of these benefits.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner to prove many of these benefits.
+Our pilots led us to discover that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Our pilots led us to discover that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Our pilots led us to discover that
+promotional and new item compliance was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promotional and new item compliance was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promotional and new item compliance was
+a tremendous opportunity, lowhanging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tremendous opportunity, lowhanging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tremendous opportunity, lowhanging
+fruit, if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fruit, if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fruit, if you
+will. One pilot we did was with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will. One pilot we did was with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will. One pilot we did was with our
+Venus disposable razors. These are our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venus disposable razors. These are our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venus disposable razors. These are our
+female shaving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female shaving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female shaving
+system. This was a new item launch. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. This was a new item launch. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. This was a new item launch. It
+was supported by heavy advertising. uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was supported by heavy advertising. uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was supported by heavy advertising. uh
+it was largely delivered in displays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was largely delivered in displays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was largely delivered in displays
+because it um was in advance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it um was in advance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it um was in advance of the
+regular planagram cycle and EPC enabled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular planagram cycle and EPC enabled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular planagram cycle and EPC enabled
+displays were shipped to stores and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displays were shipped to stores and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displays were shipped to stores and what
+we found was about onethird of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found was about onethird of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found was about onethird of the
+displays that we shipped to stores never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displays that we shipped to stores never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displays that we shipped to stores never
+got to the selling floor as scheduled.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to the selling floor as scheduled.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to the selling floor as scheduled.
+Maybe they got there late, maybe they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe they got there late, maybe they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe they got there late, maybe they
+didn't get there at all.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get there at all.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get there at all.
+What's important to realize is as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's important to realize is as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's important to realize is as a
+consumer marketing company, we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer marketing company, we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer marketing company, we had
+significant marketing programs. We'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant marketing programs. We'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant marketing programs. We'd
+invested lots of money in significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invested lots of money in significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invested lots of money in significant
+marketing programs as did our uh retail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing programs as did our uh retail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing programs as did our uh retail
+trading partner, things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading partner, things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading partner, things like
+advertising, intore coupons, promotional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising, intore coupons, promotional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising, intore coupons, promotional
+discounts to generate awareness and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounts to generate awareness and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounts to generate awareness and
+generate trial of this new product.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate trial of this new product.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate trial of this new product.
+Because our displays, a large percentage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because our displays, a large percentage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because our displays, a large percentage
+of the displays never made it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the displays never made it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the displays never made it to the
+selling floor when they needed to. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling floor when they needed to. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling floor when they needed to. The
+late execution resulted in a 19%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late execution resulted in a 19%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late execution resulted in a 19%
+reduction in sales.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction in sales.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction in sales.
+However, by using EPC, we're able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+However, by using EPC, we're able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+However, by using EPC, we're able to
+generate alerts to tell store associates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate alerts to tell store associates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate alerts to tell store associates
+or tell our own retail merchandising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or tell our own retail merchandising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or tell our own retail merchandising
+force that the displays were not where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force that the displays were not where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force that the displays were not where
+they're supposed to be and get them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're supposed to be and get them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're supposed to be and get them
+fasttracked to the sales floor so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fasttracked to the sales floor so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fasttracked to the sales floor so we can
+eliminate idle inventory. We can be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate idle inventory. We can be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate idle inventory. We can be in
+stock and we can generate incremental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock and we can generate incremental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock and we can generate incremental
+sales. After that, we did another test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales. After that, we did another test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales. After that, we did another test
+promotion with our Brawn Cruiser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promotion with our Brawn Cruiser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promotion with our Brawn Cruiser
+electric shaver. This was done in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric shaver. This was done in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric shaver. This was done in the
+Father's Day uh time period in the month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Father's Day uh time period in the month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Father's Day uh time period in the month
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+June. This was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um this also was a promotion that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this also was a promotion that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this also was a promotion that was
+supported by significant advertising. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supported by significant advertising. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supported by significant advertising. It
+was a very time-sensitive program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a very time-sensitive program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a very time-sensitive program
+because it had to be on the selling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it had to be on the selling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it had to be on the selling
+floor in a limited window of time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor in a limited window of time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor in a limited window of time so
+consumers could buy these razors as gift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers could buy these razors as gift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers could buy these razors as gift
+items to give at Father's Day. No one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items to give at Father's Day. No one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items to give at Father's Day. No one
+wants to buy a Father's Day present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to buy a Father's Day present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to buy a Father's Day present
+after Father's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after Father's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after Father's
+Day. What we found was very inconsistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Day. What we found was very inconsistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Day. What we found was very inconsistent
+execution of the promotion in the 19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution of the promotion in the 19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution of the promotion in the 19
+stores that we tested in. In fact, only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores that we tested in. In fact, only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores that we tested in. In fact, only
+six stores actually delivered the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six stores actually delivered the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six stores actually delivered the
+promotional displays to the selling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promotional displays to the selling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promotional displays to the selling
+floor on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor on
+time. Five of them put the displays out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Five of them put the displays out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Five of them put the displays out
+on floor at Father's Day or after. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on floor at Father's Day or after. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on floor at Father's Day or after. And
+the majority of the displays, eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the majority of the displays, eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the majority of the displays, eight
+displays were delivered sometime in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displays were delivered sometime in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displays were delivered sometime in
+between.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between.
+What this meant is that the stores that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What this meant is that the stores that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What this meant is that the stores that
+had the electric shavers uh out ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the electric shavers uh out ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the electric shavers uh out ready
+for sale on time had a 61% greater sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sale on time had a 61% greater sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sale on time had a 61% greater sell
+through. So the opportunity clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through. So the opportunity clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through. So the opportunity clearly
+there for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for a
+timesensitive advertised promotion to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timesensitive advertised promotion to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timesensitive advertised promotion to
+use EPC to deliver these displays where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use EPC to deliver these displays where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use EPC to deliver these displays where
+they're supposed to be uh in accordance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're supposed to be uh in accordance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're supposed to be uh in accordance
+with the promotional plan that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the promotional plan that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the promotional plan that the
+retailer um established.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retailer um established.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retailer um established.
+Now, let me talk to you about the launch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, let me talk to you about the launch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, let me talk to you about the launch
+of a new OralB toothbrush from Gillette.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a new OralB toothbrush from Gillette.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a new OralB toothbrush from Gillette.
+This was a great new item. It was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This was a great new item. It was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This was a great new item. It was a
+battery powered, it is a batterypowered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery powered, it is a batterypowered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery powered, it is a batterypowered
+toothbrush. We had um research showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toothbrush. We had um research showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toothbrush. We had um research showing
+that uh advertising would generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh advertising would generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh advertising would generate
+strong consumer demand and that was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong consumer demand and that was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong consumer demand and that was uh
+the results we were getting um in all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results we were getting um in all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results we were getting um in all of
+our uh pre-market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our uh pre-market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our uh pre-market
+testing. These displays uh when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing. These displays uh when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing. These displays uh when they
+were delivered uh to store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were delivered uh to store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were delivered uh to store
+uh had a target of making it uh from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh had a target of making it uh from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh had a target of making it uh from
+receipt at the back room of the store to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receipt at the back room of the store to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receipt at the back room of the store to
+the store floor in 3.8 days. However, as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the store floor in 3.8 days. However, as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the store floor in 3.8 days. However, as
+you can see, the results were very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see, the results were very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see, the results were very
+inconsistent and we were able to track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistent and we were able to track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistent and we were able to track
+this using uh reads from the electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this using uh reads from the electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this using uh reads from the electronic
+product code. On average, um the store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product code. On average, um the store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product code. On average, um the store
+executed this promotion in 8.8 days.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executed this promotion in 8.8 days.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executed this promotion in 8.8 days.
+significantly beyond the target they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly beyond the target they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly beyond the target they had
+set for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+themselves. What this means, what's as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves. What this means, what's as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves. What this means, what's as
+far as a business impact is that before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as a business impact is that before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as a business impact is that before
+the after the displays actually made it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the after the displays actually made it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the after the displays actually made it
+to the uh the sales floor, there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the uh the sales floor, there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the uh the sales floor, there was a
+five times daily sales increase. So, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five times daily sales increase. So, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five times daily sales increase. So, the
+important thing to to keep in mind is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing to to keep in mind is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing to to keep in mind is
+when the displays were sitting in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the displays were sitting in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the displays were sitting in the
+back room and the advertising was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back room and the advertising was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back room and the advertising was
+running, they were not working uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running, they were not working uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running, they were not working uh
+effectively. But as a result of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively. But as a result of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively. But as a result of having
+the EPC tag on uh the displays in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the EPC tag on uh the displays in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the EPC tag on uh the displays in the
+test stores, tracking those displays, um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test stores, tracking those displays, um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test stores, tracking those displays, um
+being able to respond to automatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to respond to automatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to respond to automatic
+alerts generated from the program and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alerts generated from the program and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alerts generated from the program and
+moving those displays to the floor when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving those displays to the floor when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving those displays to the floor when
+they needed to be there, we were able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they needed to be there, we were able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they needed to be there, we were able to
+increase the sales potential five times.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the sales potential five times.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the sales potential five times.
+In the test stores, the impact was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In the test stores, the impact was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In the test stores, the impact was
+around 600 lost toothbrush sales for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 600 lost toothbrush sales for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 600 lost toothbrush sales for
+inconsistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistent
+application, resulting in about $3,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application, resulting in about $3,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application, resulting in about $3,000
+of loss revenue. If you um multiply that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of loss revenue. If you um multiply that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of loss revenue. If you um multiply that
+times the opportunity across an entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the opportunity across an entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the opportunity across an entire
+chain of hundreds, if not thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain of hundreds, if not thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain of hundreds, if not thousands of
+stores, the lost revenue impact can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores, the lost revenue impact can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores, the lost revenue impact can be
+um a half a million dollars or more. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a half a million dollars or more. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a half a million dollars or more. So
+the ability to use EPC to drive value on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to use EPC to drive value on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to use EPC to drive value on
+promotional displays is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promotional displays is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promotional displays is
+clear. Lastly,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear. Lastly,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear. Lastly,
+um this past holiday selling season, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this past holiday selling season, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this past holiday selling season, we
+were able to tag um a number of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to tag um a number of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to tag um a number of our
+fastm moving holiday dis uh displays.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fastm moving holiday dis uh displays.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fastm moving holiday dis uh displays.
+Duracell batteries, for example, Brun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duracell batteries, for example, Brun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duracell batteries, for example, Brun
+electric shavers, what's known as a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric shavers, what's known as a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric shavers, what's known as a a
+tag um body spray, which is a hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag um body spray, which is a hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag um body spray, which is a hot
+selling uh new item that was launched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling uh new item that was launched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling uh new item that was launched
+last year, and our Mach 3 power uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year, and our Mach 3 power uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year, and our Mach 3 power uh uh
+shavers. We tagged these displays and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shavers. We tagged these displays and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shavers. We tagged these displays and
+delivered them to 500 stores where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered them to 500 stores where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered them to 500 stores where they
+could be tracked for compliance.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be tracked for compliance.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be tracked for compliance.
+What we found is that 100% of the Mach 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What we found is that 100% of the Mach 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What we found is that 100% of the Mach 3
+power stores were compliant within 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power stores were compliant within 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power stores were compliant within 14
+days versus over 20 days of dwell time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days versus over 20 days of dwell time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days versus over 20 days of dwell time
+in non EPC enabled stores.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in non EPC enabled stores.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in non EPC enabled stores.
+The EPC enabled tag displays generated a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The EPC enabled tag displays generated a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The EPC enabled tag displays generated a
+91% sell through versus a 71% chainwide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+91% sell through versus a 71% chainwide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+91% sell through versus a 71% chainwide
+average showing the the impact of EPC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average showing the the impact of EPC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average showing the the impact of EPC
+being used to make sure the displays got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being used to make sure the displays got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being used to make sure the displays got
+to the selling floor when they needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the selling floor when they needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the selling floor when they needed
+to. And lastly, EPC enabled Brun uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to. And lastly, EPC enabled Brun uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to. And lastly, EPC enabled Brun uh
+pallets had a 30% higher compliance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pallets had a 30% higher compliance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pallets had a 30% higher compliance to
+the sales floor than the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sales floor than the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sales floor than the rest of the
+chain. So by applying EPC tags to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain. So by applying EPC tags to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain. So by applying EPC tags to these
+displays, we were able to significantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displays, we were able to significantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displays, we were able to significantly
+impact the ability to move these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact the ability to move these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact the ability to move these
+displays to the selling floor in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displays to the selling floor in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displays to the selling floor in
+accordance with the promotional plan,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accordance with the promotional plan,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accordance with the promotional plan,
+which resulted in incremental sales for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which resulted in incremental sales for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which resulted in incremental sales for
+the retailer and for um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the retailer and for um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the retailer and for um the
+manufacturer. But most of all meant that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer. But most of all meant that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer. But most of all meant that
+the customer who came looking for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the customer who came looking for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the customer who came looking for these
+products because they had seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products because they had seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products because they had seen
+advertising, they had received a coupon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising, they had received a coupon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising, they had received a coupon
+were able to find the product that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to find the product that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to find the product that they
+were looking for and left as satisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were looking for and left as satisfied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were looking for and left as satisfied
+shoppers. So the rationale for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoppers. So the rationale for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoppers. So the rationale for the
+display compliance business case is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display compliance business case is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display compliance business case is very
+simple. It starts first of all from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple. It starts first of all from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple. It starts first of all from the
+high value of the display versus a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high value of the display versus a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high value of the display versus a small
+tag cost. It clearly does not make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag cost. It clearly does not make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag cost. It clearly does not make sense
+to put a 10-cent tag or a 5-cent tag on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put a 10-cent tag or a 5-cent tag on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put a 10-cent tag or a 5-cent tag on
+a 39 cent can of beans. However, if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 39 cent can of beans. However, if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 39 cent can of beans. However, if you
+take a 15cent tag or a 20cent tag and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a 15cent tag or a 20cent tag and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a 15cent tag or a 20cent tag and
+put it on a display that has 25, 50, 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it on a display that has 25, 50, 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it on a display that has 25, 50, 100
+items, then the cost value ratio is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items, then the cost value ratio is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items, then the cost value ratio is much
+better. We also found from our research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better. We also found from our research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better. We also found from our research
+that 15 to 40% of stores that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 15 to 40% of stores that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 15 to 40% of stores that were
+receiving our displays were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving our displays were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving our displays were not
+compliant with the promotional plan that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliant with the promotional plan that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliant with the promotional plan that
+had been established um by management.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been established um by management.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been established um by management.
+With EPC, we can correct that. We can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+With EPC, we can correct that. We can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+With EPC, we can correct that. We can
+create alerts that allow store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create alerts that allow store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create alerts that allow store
+associates to know whether displays are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associates to know whether displays are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associates to know whether displays are
+in compliance or not. And if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in compliance or not. And if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in compliance or not. And if they're
+not, go find them and make sure they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not, go find them and make sure they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not, go find them and make sure they get
+to the selling floor on time. By having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the selling floor on time. By having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the selling floor on time. By having
+displays on the selling floor in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displays on the selling floor in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displays on the selling floor in
+accordance with the promotional plan, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accordance with the promotional plan, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accordance with the promotional plan, we
+saw a 20% sales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw a 20% sales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw a 20% sales
+lift. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lift. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lift. And
+lastly, practically speaking, tagging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lastly, practically speaking, tagging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lastly, practically speaking, tagging
+displays is easier. They're bigger. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displays is easier. They're bigger. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displays is easier. They're bigger. It's
+easier to to manage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to to manage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to to manage
+physically. Read rates and tag survival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically. Read rates and tag survival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically. Read rates and tag survival
+rates are higher because they don't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates are higher because they don't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates are higher because they don't go
+through breakback operations. They're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through breakback operations. They're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through breakback operations. They're
+delivered straight to the selling floor.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered straight to the selling floor.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered straight to the selling floor.
+So the key benefits of moving forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the key benefits of moving forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the key benefits of moving forward
+against display compliance as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against display compliance as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against display compliance as a
+lowhanging fruit are are very clear.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowhanging fruit are are very clear.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowhanging fruit are are very clear.
+It's an opportunity for the manufacturer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's an opportunity for the manufacturer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's an opportunity for the manufacturer
+and the retailer to increase incremental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the retailer to increase incremental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the retailer to increase incremental
+sales. improved availability of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales. improved availability of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales. improved availability of the
+product, improved visibility of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product, improved visibility of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product, improved visibility of the
+product on floor when consumers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product on floor when consumers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product on floor when consumers are
+shopping looking for that product or to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shopping looking for that product or to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shopping looking for that product or to
+um uh to encourage an impulse purchase.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh to encourage an impulse purchase.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh to encourage an impulse purchase.
+And the fact of the matter is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the fact of the matter is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the fact of the matter is in the
+consumer goods market, many many of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer goods market, many many of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer goods market, many many of our
+products are impulse sales. Men go to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products are impulse sales. Men go to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products are impulse sales. Men go to to
+retail not necessarily to buy razor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retail not necessarily to buy razor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retail not necessarily to buy razor
+blades, but they see them, they pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blades, but they see them, they pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blades, but they see them, they pick
+them up. The same with toothbrushes. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up. The same with toothbrushes. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up. The same with toothbrushes. So
+having the display on the floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having the display on the floor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having the display on the floor
+generates incremental sales through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates incremental sales through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates incremental sales through
+impulse purchases. Greater shopper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse purchases. Greater shopper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse purchases. Greater shopper
+satisfaction which drives brand loyalty.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfaction which drives brand loyalty.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfaction which drives brand loyalty.
+The fact that I came looking for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The fact that I came looking for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The fact that I came looking for a
+Proctor and Gamble product and was able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Proctor and Gamble product and was able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Proctor and Gamble product and was able
+to find it keeps me a loyal uh user of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find it keeps me a loyal uh user of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find it keeps me a loyal uh user of
+uh of that brand rather than being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of that brand rather than being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of that brand rather than being
+encouraged to switch to another brand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouraged to switch to another brand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouraged to switch to another brand
+because the toothbrush I was looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the toothbrush I was looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the toothbrush I was looking
+for, the antipersperin I wanted or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for, the antipersperin I wanted or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for, the antipersperin I wanted or the
+detergent I wanted was not on uh on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detergent I wanted was not on uh on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detergent I wanted was not on uh on the
+shelf. It's a better marketing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shelf. It's a better marketing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shelf. It's a better marketing
+investment. It avoids spending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment. It avoids spending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment. It avoids spending
+advertising dollars, couponing dollars,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising dollars, couponing dollars,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising dollars, couponing dollars,
+promotional dollars against empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promotional dollars against empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promotional dollars against empty
+shelves or creating excess inventory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shelves or creating excess inventory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shelves or creating excess inventory
+because you built displays that never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you built displays that never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you built displays that never
+made it to the uh sales floor on time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it to the uh sales floor on time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it to the uh sales floor on time
+and have to subsequently be broken down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have to subsequently be broken down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have to subsequently be broken down
+uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or
+returned. And finally, decrease labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returned. And finally, decrease labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returned. And finally, decrease labor
+cost. It takes less time to find lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost. It takes less time to find lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost. It takes less time to find lost
+displays. time that then can be turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displays. time that then can be turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displays. time that then can be turned
+into more productive um activities uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into more productive um activities uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into more productive um activities uh
+within the retail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+environment. Display compliance is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment. Display compliance is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment. Display compliance is one
+of the lowhanging fruit opportunities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lowhanging fruit opportunities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lowhanging fruit opportunities
+that we can go after right now to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can go after right now to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can go after right now to create
+immediate business value.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate business value.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate business value.
+Creating value now to drive adoption to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Creating value now to drive adoption to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Creating value now to drive adoption to
+drive tag volume is the cornerstone of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive tag volume is the cornerstone of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive tag volume is the cornerstone of
+what Proctor and Gamble and Gillette has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Proctor and Gamble and Gillette has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Proctor and Gamble and Gillette has
+created as the EPC advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+strategy. This is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy. This is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy. This is an
+evolving execution plan based on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving execution plan based on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving execution plan based on our
+experience, our knowledge and our focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience, our knowledge and our focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience, our knowledge and our focus
+on delivering value through the use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on delivering value through the use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on delivering value through the use of
+EPC. Our pilots, our shared learning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EPC. Our pilots, our shared learning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EPC. Our pilots, our shared learning and
+value confirm to us that EPC can help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value confirm to us that EPC can help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value confirm to us that EPC can help
+both our retail partners as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both our retail partners as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both our retail partners as well as
+ourselves work together to better meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves work together to better meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves work together to better meet
+and satisfy the shopper, meet their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and satisfy the shopper, meet their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and satisfy the shopper, meet their
+needs and satisfy uh them. Our EPC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs and satisfy uh them. Our EPC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs and satisfy uh them. Our EPC
+advantage strategy is designed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage strategy is designed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage strategy is designed to
+deliver business benefits both to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver business benefits both to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver business benefits both to
+Proctor and Gamble and our retail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Proctor and Gamble and our retail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Proctor and Gamble and our retail
+partners right now. Set another way, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners right now. Set another way, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners right now. Set another way, we
+can't do everything at once, but we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do everything at once, but we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do everything at once, but we can
+move forward in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move forward in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move forward in an
+everinccreasing incremental way to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everinccreasing incremental way to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everinccreasing incremental way to build
+value, generate learning, and then plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value, generate learning, and then plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value, generate learning, and then plan
+future activities. Our EPC advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+strategy consists of of tiering our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy consists of of tiering our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy consists of of tiering our
+products and our product scenarios like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and our product scenarios like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and our product scenarios like
+display programs based on the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display programs based on the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display programs based on the value
+proposition that they generate and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition that they generate and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition that they generate and their
+specific product characteristics. For
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific product characteristics. For
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific product characteristics. For
+example, at the very top uh of the list,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, at the very top uh of the list,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, at the very top uh of the list,
+the top tier is what we call advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top tier is what we call advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top tier is what we call advantage
+products. These are higher value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products. These are higher value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products. These are higher value
+products with strong business cases for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products with strong business cases for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products with strong business cases for
+EPC. It could include display modules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EPC. It could include display modules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EPC. It could include display modules
+which support time-sensitive merchandise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which support time-sensitive merchandise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which support time-sensitive merchandise
+like I just described in the business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I just described in the business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I just described in the business
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+learning. The mid tier what we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning. The mid tier what we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning. The mid tier what we would
+call testable products. These are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call testable products. These are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call testable products. These are
+products chosen to support continued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products chosen to support continued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products chosen to support continued
+testing. We haven't wrapped our arms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing. We haven't wrapped our arms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing. We haven't wrapped our arms
+around the business case yet just yet or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the business case yet just yet or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the business case yet just yet or
+maybe some technical challenges that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe some technical challenges that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe some technical challenges that we
+hope to overcome. And finally are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope to overcome. And finally are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope to overcome. And finally are the
+challenged products. These are the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenged products. These are the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenged products. These are the ones
+where we really struggle to establish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we really struggle to establish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we really struggle to establish
+clear value. These are the ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear value. These are the ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear value. These are the ones that
+have significant technical hurdles to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have significant technical hurdles to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have significant technical hurdles to
+overcome. They need more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work. Tearing our products in this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work. Tearing our products in this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work. Tearing our products in this way
+then allows us to develop specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then allows us to develop specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then allows us to develop specific
+approaches focused on value creation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches focused on value creation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches focused on value creation to
+enable increining volumes of tagged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable increining volumes of tagged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable increining volumes of tagged
+products. For
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products. For
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products. For
+example, the top tier of advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, the top tier of advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, the top tier of advantage
+products can deliver benefits. Now,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products can deliver benefits. Now,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products can deliver benefits. Now,
+these are the products we want to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the products we want to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the products we want to move
+forward with. We want to move forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward with. We want to move forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward with. We want to move forward
+quickly and capitalize on that ben on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and capitalize on that ben on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and capitalize on that ben on
+those benefits and create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those benefits and create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those benefits and create
+value. These are um scenarios like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value. These are um scenarios like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value. These are um scenarios like
+promotional displays or specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promotional displays or specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promotional displays or specific
+products like Crest White Strips or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products like Crest White Strips or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products like Crest White Strips or
+Gillette blades and razors.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gillette blades and razors.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gillette blades and razors.
+The testable products need to drive new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The testable products need to drive new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The testable products need to drive new
+learning and they need to be tested and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and they need to be tested and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and they need to be tested and
+piloted between Proctor and Gamble and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piloted between Proctor and Gamble and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piloted between Proctor and Gamble and
+our retail partners to decide the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our retail partners to decide the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our retail partners to decide the next
+round of products and scenarios that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round of products and scenarios that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round of products and scenarios that we
+undertake. Products like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undertake. Products like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undertake. Products like
+Swiffer or Bronn appliances would fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Swiffer or Bronn appliances would fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Swiffer or Bronn appliances would fall
+into this category. And finally, there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this category. And finally, there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this category. And finally, there
+are products that are challenged. These
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are products that are challenged. These
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are products that are challenged. These
+need continued research. These need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need continued research. These need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need continued research. These need the
+help and support of researchers like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help and support of researchers like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help and support of researchers like
+yourselves. manual toothbrushes,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourselves. manual toothbrushes,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourselves. manual toothbrushes,
+Pringles, Cascade, Antipersprints, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pringles, Cascade, Antipersprints, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pringles, Cascade, Antipersprints, and
+deodorants fall into this category for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deodorants fall into this category for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deodorants fall into this category for
+Proctor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Proctor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Proctor and
+Gamble. So, I'd like to close now by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gamble. So, I'd like to close now by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gamble. So, I'd like to close now by
+talking a bit about the guiding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking a bit about the guiding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking a bit about the guiding
+principles for our work and how you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles for our work and how you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles for our work and how you can
+help us uh in the future.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help us uh in the future.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help us uh in the future.
+As as Simon said, we want to continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As as Simon said, we want to continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As as Simon said, we want to continue to
+play a role in understanding how EPC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play a role in understanding how EPC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play a role in understanding how EPC
+technology creates values for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology creates values for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology creates values for our
+stakeholders. Continue the learning.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders. Continue the learning.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders. Continue the learning.
+This is a journey and we're very much at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a journey and we're very much at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a journey and we're very much at
+the beginning. It's important that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning. It's important that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning. It's important that we
+collaborate with our trading partners to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborate with our trading partners to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborate with our trading partners to
+identify, quantify, and secure EPC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify, quantify, and secure EPC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify, quantify, and secure EPC
+enabled benefits through process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabled benefits through process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabled benefits through process
+optimization.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization.
+It's all about changing or adjusting our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's all about changing or adjusting our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's all about changing or adjusting our
+work processes using EPC data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work processes using EPC data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work processes using EPC data and
+generating EPC alerts to tell associates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating EPC alerts to tell associates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating EPC alerts to tell associates
+or uh manufacturer merchandising forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh manufacturer merchandising forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh manufacturer merchandising forces
+how to take action to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to take action to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to take action to generate
+incremental value through EPC for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental value through EPC for um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental value through EPC for um
+themselves and increased shopper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and increased shopper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and increased shopper
+satisfaction for the customers that come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfaction for the customers that come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfaction for the customers that come
+looking for our products.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for our products.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for our products.
+We need to continue to review our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We need to continue to review our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We need to continue to review our
+internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal
+processes. Our current internal four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes. Our current internal four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes. Our current internal four
+walls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls
+efficiencies make internal benefits at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies make internal benefits at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies make internal benefits at
+the pallet and case more incremental to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pallet and case more incremental to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pallet and case more incremental to
+our overall effort rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our overall effort rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our overall effort rather than
+breakthrough. The breakthrough is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthrough. The breakthrough is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthrough. The breakthrough is really
+the collaborative space, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the collaborative space, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the collaborative space, the
+collaboration zone between Proctor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration zone between Proctor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration zone between Proctor and
+Gamble and our trading partners.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gamble and our trading partners.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gamble and our trading partners.
+As you heard earlier, we need to drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As you heard earlier, we need to drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As you heard earlier, we need to drive
+reductions in tag cost and importantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions in tag cost and importantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions in tag cost and importantly
+other EPC infrastructure that's required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other EPC infrastructure that's required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other EPC infrastructure that's required
+uh to create a total system approach uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to create a total system approach uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to create a total system approach uh
+and EPC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and EPC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and EPC
+solutions. We need to support the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions. We need to support the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions. We need to support the
+advance of EPC performance development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance of EPC performance development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance of EPC performance development
+and standards through EPC global.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and standards through EPC global.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and standards through EPC global.
+Tremendous progress has been made in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tremendous progress has been made in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tremendous progress has been made in
+this area and Auto Auto ID Labs have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this area and Auto Auto ID Labs have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this area and Auto Auto ID Labs have
+been key in helping to drive that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been key in helping to drive that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been key in helping to drive that.
+Generation two is just one example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generation two is just one example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generation two is just one example of
+the progress that's been made. Progress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the progress that's been made. Progress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the progress that's been made. Progress
+that's going to allow us to accelerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to allow us to accelerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to allow us to accelerate
+what uh Proctor and Gamble and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh Proctor and Gamble and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh Proctor and Gamble and our
+retail partners can do um in the years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retail partners can do um in the years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retail partners can do um in the years
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+come. Importantly, we have to improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come. Importantly, we have to improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come. Importantly, we have to improve
+read rates and overcome barriers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read rates and overcome barriers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read rates and overcome barriers to
+scalable implementation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalable implementation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalable implementation.
+Good read rates can be achieved at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good read rates can be achieved at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good read rates can be achieved at
+different points in the supply chain,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different points in the supply chain,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different points in the supply chain,
+but they're not there across the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're not there across the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're not there across the entire
+system. The applied tag performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. The applied tag performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. The applied tag performance
+initiative through EPC Global is a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiative through EPC Global is a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiative through EPC Global is a great
+step forward in helping to address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this. We're at still at a point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. We're at still at a point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. We're at still at a point of
+limited pilot implementation. We need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited pilot implementation. We need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited pilot implementation. We need to
+know how to implement broadly across all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to implement broadly across all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to implement broadly across all
+of Proctor and Gamble's products, all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Proctor and Gamble's products, all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Proctor and Gamble's products, all of
+our physical infrastructures, all of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our physical infrastructures, all of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our physical infrastructures, all of our
+systems, all of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems, all of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems, all of our
+customers. And finally, we want to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers. And finally, we want to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers. And finally, we want to use
+the EPC advantage strategy to secure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the EPC advantage strategy to secure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the EPC advantage strategy to secure
+ongoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ongoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ongoing
+benefits. Finally, how can you help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits. Finally, how can you help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits. Finally, how can you help
+us? You heard it before from uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us? You heard it before from uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us? You heard it before from uh the
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+speakers. Lowcost tags are critical.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers. Lowcost tags are critical.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers. Lowcost tags are critical.
+We'd like to get to a 1 cent or less tag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'd like to get to a 1 cent or less tag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'd like to get to a 1 cent or less tag
+um as soon as we possibly can. Increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as soon as we possibly can. Increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as soon as we possibly can. Increase
+tag quality, robustness, and longevity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag quality, robustness, and longevity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag quality, robustness, and longevity.
+Better understand electrostatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Better understand electrostatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Better understand electrostatic
+discharge and other factors that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discharge and other factors that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discharge and other factors that might
+impede um the longevity and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impede um the longevity and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impede um the longevity and the
+functionality of our tags. Tag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality of our tags. Tag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality of our tags. Tag
+deactivation solutions are important and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deactivation solutions are important and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deactivation solutions are important and
+how they fit into an over overall EPC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they fit into an over overall EPC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they fit into an over overall EPC
+architecture.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture.
+solutions to incorporate the tag into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to incorporate the tag into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to incorporate the tag into
+corrugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrugate
+materials are uh a very very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials are uh a very very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials are uh a very very important
+way forward that will help us lower cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way forward that will help us lower cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way forward that will help us lower cost
+and streamline uh the implementation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and streamline uh the implementation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and streamline uh the implementation of
+EPC. We need system solutions built into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EPC. We need system solutions built into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EPC. We need system solutions built into
+EPC appliances so we don't have to re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EPC appliances so we don't have to re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EPC appliances so we don't have to re
+rely on multiple integrators uh to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely on multiple integrators uh to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely on multiple integrators uh to help
+us deploy our implementation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us deploy our implementation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us deploy our implementation.
+spontaneous real-time exchanges and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous real-time exchanges and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous real-time exchanges and
+distributed EPC information management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed EPC information management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed EPC information management
+is important. Discovery systems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is important. Discovery systems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is important. Discovery systems that
+allow us to take a product that has gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow us to take a product that has gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow us to take a product that has gone
+that's that's off track that we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's off track that we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's off track that we don't
+know why it's where it is and find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why it's where it is and find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why it's where it is and find out
+what it is where it belongs and get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is where it belongs and get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is where it belongs and get it
+back uh on track in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back uh on track in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back uh on track in the
+system. further robust studies on EPC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. further robust studies on EPC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. further robust studies on EPC
+enabled retail availability improvements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabled retail availability improvements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabled retail availability improvements
+and finally consumer education and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally consumer education and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally consumer education and
+informed public comment on the use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informed public comment on the use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informed public comment on the use of
+EPC. All of these in time will help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EPC. All of these in time will help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EPC. All of these in time will help
+deliver the vision we have for an EPC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver the vision we have for an EPC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver the vision we have for an EPC
+enabled supply chain that can literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabled supply chain that can literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabled supply chain that can literally
+transform uh in a step change fashion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform uh in a step change fashion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform uh in a step change fashion
+the way we can go to market as Proctor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we can go to market as Proctor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we can go to market as Proctor
+and Gamble with our retail partners.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Gamble with our retail partners.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Gamble with our retail partners.
+Thank you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank you.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+while he's hooking up your laptop.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while he's hooking up your laptop.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while he's hooking up your laptop.
+Thank you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+They missed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, thank you. It's a little tight.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Good morning, ladies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good morning, ladies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good morning, ladies and
+gentlemen. I'm very delighted to present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gentlemen. I'm very delighted to present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gentlemen. I'm very delighted to present
+DHL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DHL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DHL
+experiences with RFID technology here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences with RFID technology here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences with RFID technology here at
+MIT in Boston.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT in Boston.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT in Boston.
+I'm working in DHL in Germany as sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm working in DHL in Germany as sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm working in DHL in Germany as sector
+head for consumer retail and I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head for consumer retail and I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head for consumer retail and I will
+focus in my report on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus in my report on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus in my report on these
+subjects listening to the requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects listening to the requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects listening to the requirements
+of our CPG fashion and retail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our CPG fashion and retail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our CPG fashion and retail
+industry. We design and implement supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry. We design and implement supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry. We design and implement supply
+chain solutions for the benefit of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain solutions for the benefit of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain solutions for the benefit of our
+customers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers.
+RFID is one important enabler who can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RFID is one important enabler who can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RFID is one important enabler who can
+support our supply chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support our supply chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support our supply chain
+solutions. Let us start with the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions. Let us start with the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions. Let us start with the main
+opportunities for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities for
+RFID which we see for supplier logistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RFID which we see for supplier logistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RFID which we see for supplier logistics
+service providers and retailer in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service providers and retailer in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service providers and retailer in the
+supply chain followed by the executive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain followed by the executive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain followed by the executive
+summary about that subject.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the main opportunities for RFID in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main opportunities for RFID in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main opportunities for RFID in the
+supply chain and I have shown here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain and I have shown here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain and I have shown here uh
+the supplier plant, the DC of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supplier plant, the DC of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supplier plant, the DC of the
+logistic service provider, the DC of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistic service provider, the DC of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistic service provider, the DC of the
+retailer and the outlet and uh the green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retailer and the outlet and uh the green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retailer and the outlet and uh the green
+color is the opportunities for the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color is the opportunities for the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color is the opportunities for the uh
+for the supplier and There we see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the supplier and There we see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the supplier and There we see the
+counterfeiting protection which we very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterfeiting protection which we very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterfeiting protection which we very
+often see on the fashion side, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often see on the fashion side, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often see on the fashion side, the
+enabling of tracking and tracing on item
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabling of tracking and tracing on item
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabling of tracking and tracing on item
+level and the better customer service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and the better customer service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and the better customer service
+through pro proof of guarantee and proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through pro proof of guarantee and proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through pro proof of guarantee and proof
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+delivery in the warehouse. We can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery in the warehouse. We can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery in the warehouse. We can see
+out of our trials that we have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of our trials that we have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of our trials that we have more
+efficiency in the warehouse management.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency in the warehouse management.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency in the warehouse management.
+We have a better flow of goods and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We have a better flow of goods and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We have a better flow of goods and we
+have faster and secure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have faster and secure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have faster and secure
+inventories. We have optimized picking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventories. We have optimized picking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventories. We have optimized picking
+in value added services in kitting of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in value added services in kitting of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in value added services in kitting of
+textile and apparel and consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textile and apparel and consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textile and apparel and consumer
+electronics and we have all full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronics and we have all full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronics and we have all full
+visibility of each single case.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility of each single case.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility of each single case.
+If we look at the DC of the retailer,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we look at the DC of the retailer,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we look at the DC of the retailer,
+then we can see a clear and better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can see a clear and better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can see a clear and better
+warehouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warehouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warehouse
+visibility. They can manage a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility. They can manage a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility. They can manage a higher
+number of stocking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of stocking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of stocking
+units to reduce the stocks and minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units to reduce the stocks and minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units to reduce the stocks and minimize
+the shrinkage.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shrinkage.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shrinkage.
+The cross stockcking shipments can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The cross stockcking shipments can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The cross stockcking shipments can be
+optimized and we have a better and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimized and we have a better and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimized and we have a better and
+efficient recall of goods through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient recall of goods through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient recall of goods through
+RFID. On the shop floor there is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RFID. On the shop floor there is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RFID. On the shop floor there is the
+real time monitoring of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real time monitoring of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real time monitoring of
+sales there. The last 50 yards are much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales there. The last 50 yards are much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales there. The last 50 yards are much
+better managed. Efficient supply from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better managed. Efficient supply from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better managed. Efficient supply from
+backtore to shelf. There's a permanent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backtore to shelf. There's a permanent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backtore to shelf. There's a permanent
+monitoring of goods in the outlet. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring of goods in the outlet. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring of goods in the outlet. And
+for the shopper convenience, you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the shopper convenience, you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the shopper convenience, you can
+have technical assistance like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have technical assistance like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have technical assistance like a
+personal shopping assistant who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal shopping assistant who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal shopping assistant who is
+giving you your last in your last buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you your last in your last buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you your last in your last buy
+what you have done in the store.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have done in the store.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have done in the store.
+And last not le least speeding up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And last not le least speeding up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And last not le least speeding up the
+checkout processes in the cashier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkout processes in the cashier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkout processes in the cashier
+area. Out of that we want to give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area. Out of that we want to give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area. Out of that we want to give the
+executive summary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executive summary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executive summary
+upfront. We see RFID is the solution for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upfront. We see RFID is the solution for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upfront. We see RFID is the solution for
+the future. We could see in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future. We could see in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future. We could see in our
+different trials cost reduction, quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different trials cost reduction, quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different trials cost reduction, quality
+improvement and innovative new services
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement and innovative new services
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement and innovative new services
+like Techfitit. What we have done the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Techfitit. What we have done the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Techfitit. What we have done the
+entire supply chain will benefit from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire supply chain will benefit from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire supply chain will benefit from
+the use of this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use of this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use of this new
+technology after complete implementation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology after complete implementation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology after complete implementation
+and global coverage. We know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and global coverage. We know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and global coverage. We know that
+barcoding has needed about 25 years and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barcoding has needed about 25 years and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barcoding has needed about 25 years and
+we see that we have to go quite the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that we have to go quite the long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that we have to go quite the long
+run but we are not looking at the 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run but we are not looking at the 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run but we are not looking at the 25
+years. RFID will improve the processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years. RFID will improve the processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years. RFID will improve the processes
+in the supply chain. This is for sure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the supply chain. This is for sure.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the supply chain. This is for sure.
+We could prove fast and accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We could prove fast and accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We could prove fast and accurate
+handling in unit tracking speeds up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handling in unit tracking speeds up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handling in unit tracking speeds up the
+lead time in the supply chain. Secure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead time in the supply chain. Secure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead time in the supply chain. Secure
+data and shipment quality provides more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and shipment quality provides more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and shipment quality provides more
+transparency and continuous test in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency and continuous test in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency and continuous test in
+various pilots leads to stability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various pilots leads to stability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various pilots leads to stability of
+subprocesses. But RFID today cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subprocesses. But RFID today cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subprocesses. But RFID today cannot be
+applied for all logistics processes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied for all logistics processes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied for all logistics processes.
+RFID technology development is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RFID technology development is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RFID technology development is not
+mature yet to steer the entire supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mature yet to steer the entire supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mature yet to steer the entire supply
+chain. There are still major issues to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain. There are still major issues to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain. There are still major issues to
+be solved such as harmonization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be solved such as harmonization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be solved such as harmonization of
+standards, 100% read rates and technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards, 100% read rates and technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards, 100% read rates and technical
+issues with liquids and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues with liquids and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues with liquids and
+metal. What is the supply chain today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal. What is the supply chain today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal. What is the supply chain today
+like? And I'm referring now on a barcode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like? And I'm referring now on a barcode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like? And I'm referring now on a barcode
+supply chain.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain.
+You can see here on the top of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can see here on the top of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can see here on the top of that
+chart, you see the product flow, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart, you see the product flow, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart, you see the product flow, the
+physical product flow from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical product flow from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical product flow from the
+manufacturer via the DC and the cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer via the DC and the cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer via the DC and the cross
+stockcking point of the logistic service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stockcking point of the logistic service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stockcking point of the logistic service
+provider to the DC of the retailer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provider to the DC of the retailer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provider to the DC of the retailer and
+then to the outlet. On the bottom part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to the outlet. On the bottom part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to the outlet. On the bottom part
+of that chart, you see the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that chart, you see the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that chart, you see the information
+flow from the data warehouse of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow from the data warehouse of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow from the data warehouse of the
+manufacturer via logistic service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer via logistic service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer via logistic service
+provider to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provider to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provider to the
+retailer. And when you see there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retailer. And when you see there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retailer. And when you see there is a
+lot of processes to be done on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of processes to be done on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of processes to be done on the
+physical flow and on the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical flow and on the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical flow and on the information
+flow. I will not go deeper in all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow. I will not go deeper in all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow. I will not go deeper in all these
+processes but I want to show you on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes but I want to show you on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes but I want to show you on one
+process the loading process the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process the loading process the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process the loading process the
+difference between barcode and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+RFID. You see here there is a pallet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RFID. You see here there is a pallet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RFID. You see here there is a pallet
+loaded in a warehouse on a truck and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loaded in a warehouse on a truck and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loaded in a warehouse on a truck and you
+can see that this is automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that this is automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that this is automatically
+scanned and then when you see when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanned and then when you see when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanned and then when you see when the
+traffic light went from red to green, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic light went from red to green, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic light went from red to green, it
+is at the same time booked out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at the same time booked out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at the same time booked out of the
+warehouse management system into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warehouse management system into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warehouse management system into the
+truck.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truck.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truck.
+Later on, the retail partner receives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Later on, the retail partner receives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Later on, the retail partner receives
+automatically a pre-advice in dispatch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically a pre-advice in dispatch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically a pre-advice in dispatch
+advice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+format. If you look at the same process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format. If you look at the same process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format. If you look at the same process
+in through in uh in uh RFID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in through in uh in uh RFID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in through in uh in uh RFID
+process then you can see there is a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process then you can see there is a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process then you can see there is a a
+small difference. You have full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small difference. You have full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small difference. You have full
+visibility of each single case. You can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility of each single case. You can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility of each single case. You can
+see here that the reader has read all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here that the reader has read all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here that the reader has read all
+the cases on the pallet. And we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cases on the pallet. And we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cases on the pallet. And we have
+here one special case that the driver is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here one special case that the driver is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here one special case that the driver is
+leaving one box on the shop floor. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving one box on the shop floor. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving one box on the shop floor. And
+uh here you can see now all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here you can see now all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here you can see now all the other
+pellets are loaded. And the only thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pellets are loaded. And the only thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pellets are loaded. And the only thing
+the black box was not uh was not seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black box was not uh was not seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black box was not uh was not seen
+that it it went to the gate. Now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it it went to the gate. Now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it it went to the gate. Now the
+dispatcher is calling the driver and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispatcher is calling the driver and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispatcher is calling the driver and the
+driver has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver has to
+return and uh he will run back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and he takes that black box bring it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and he takes that black box bring it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and he takes that black box bring it
+through the reader and now you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the reader and now you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the reader and now you can see
+uh the reader has seen that everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the reader has seen that everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the reader has seen that everything
+is loaded and here you is clear the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is loaded and here you is clear the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is loaded and here you is clear the
+special delivery is now loaded and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special delivery is now loaded and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special delivery is now loaded and he
+can go to the retail side. What can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go to the retail side. What can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go to the retail side. What can we
+learn out of that? We have the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn out of that? We have the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn out of that? We have the full
+visibility of each single case which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility of each single case which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility of each single case which we
+don't have on the on the scanning side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have on the on the scanning side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have on the on the scanning side
+when it is only passing the scanner. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it is only passing the scanner. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it is only passing the scanner. We
+have a completeness check and we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a completeness check and we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a completeness check and we have a
+fast allocation of not identified goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast allocation of not identified goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast allocation of not identified goods
+by a simultaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a simultaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a simultaneous
+check. What have we done in DHL? Which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check. What have we done in DHL? Which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check. What have we done in DHL? Which
+RFID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RFID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RFID
+pilots? We have done pallet tracking,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilots? We have done pallet tracking,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilots? We have done pallet tracking,
+case tracking and item tracking. We have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case tracking and item tracking. We have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case tracking and item tracking. We have
+looked at inventory, order fulfillment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at inventory, order fulfillment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at inventory, order fulfillment
+and condition monitoring for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and condition monitoring for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and condition monitoring for
+temperature, humid, humidity and shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature, humid, humidity and shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature, humid, humidity and shock
+and vibration. And we have looked at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and vibration. And we have looked at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and vibration. And we have looked at at
+value added services which we can do out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value added services which we can do out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value added services which we can do out
+of the RFID technology. I will not go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the RFID technology. I will not go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the RFID technology. I will not go to
+all the industries. I will only touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the industries. I will only touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the industries. I will only touch
+now the fashion, retail and CPG industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the fashion, retail and CPG industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the fashion, retail and CPG industry
+in the following pilots.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the following pilots.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the following pilots.
+What we have done in three pilots was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What we have done in three pilots was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What we have done in three pilots was
+the first one flow steering of multi-use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one flow steering of multi-use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one flow steering of multi-use
+trays then a fashion pilot in France and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trays then a fashion pilot in France and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trays then a fashion pilot in France and
+together with metro in the future store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with metro in the future store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with metro in the future store
+initiative we have done another trial in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiative we have done another trial in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiative we have done another trial in
+Germany on the flow steering of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany on the flow steering of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany on the flow steering of
+multi-use trays we had in our telecom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-use trays we had in our telecom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-use trays we had in our telecom
+warehouse we have tagged multi-use trays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warehouse we have tagged multi-use trays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warehouse we have tagged multi-use trays
+with two tags X and what we learned out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two tags X and what we learned out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two tags X and what we learned out
+of it or what was a test results. We got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it or what was a test results. We got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it or what was a test results. We got
+a one 100% tracking accuracy inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one 100% tracking accuracy inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one 100% tracking accuracy inside the
+warehouse and we could reduce the assets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warehouse and we could reduce the assets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warehouse and we could reduce the assets
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+15% and we had 20% faster control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+processes on the pilot fashion logistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes on the pilot fashion logistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes on the pilot fashion logistics
+in France. There we tested hanging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in France. There we tested hanging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in France. There we tested hanging
+garments and flat packs. And there on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garments and flat packs. And there on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garments and flat packs. And there on
+the control process of hanging garment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control process of hanging garment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control process of hanging garment
+we could see we are four times faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could see we are four times faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could see we are four times faster
+when we take in the goods than with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we take in the goods than with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we take in the goods than with
+barcode. We could do the inventory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barcode. We could do the inventory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barcode. We could do the inventory of
+20,000 hanging garments in 30 seconds.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20,000 hanging garments in 30 seconds.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20,000 hanging garments in 30 seconds.
+and we had a significant improvement in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we had a significant improvement in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we had a significant improvement in
+control of flat pack flatpacked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control of flat pack flatpacked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control of flat pack flatpacked
+items. What were the key learnings? We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items. What were the key learnings? We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items. What were the key learnings? We
+learned that we had to limit in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned that we had to limit in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned that we had to limit in the
+carton 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carton 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carton 40
+pieces there. We need further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces there. We need further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces there. We need further
+improvement and we were not clear if HF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement and we were not clear if HF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement and we were not clear if HF
+or UHF is the right technology and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or UHF is the right technology and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or UHF is the right technology and the
+customer wants their our uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer wants their our uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer wants their our uh
+result and on the on the fashion items.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result and on the on the fashion items.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result and on the on the fashion items.
+We have quite a lot of privacy issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We have quite a lot of privacy issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We have quite a lot of privacy issues
+with uh in Europe and we are hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh in Europe and we are hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh in Europe and we are hard
+working on it with one group in Brussels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on it with one group in Brussels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on it with one group in Brussels
+and one group in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one group in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one group in
+Berlin. The third pilot was metro future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berlin. The third pilot was metro future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berlin. The third pilot was metro future
+store and I must say here that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store and I must say here that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store and I must say here that we have
+only generation one in Europe at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only generation one in Europe at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only generation one in Europe at the
+moment. We are longing for that we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment. We are longing for that we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment. We are longing for that we get
+generation two but we think they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation two but we think they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation two but we think they are
+still here in America and they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still here in America and they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still here in America and they don't
+want to come over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Europe and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe and
+uh ballot tagging only shows nearly no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ballot tagging only shows nearly no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ballot tagging only shows nearly no
+improvement out of our uh learnings and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement out of our uh learnings and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement out of our uh learnings and
+to compare to barcode on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compare to barcode on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compare to barcode on the
+manufacturer and the LSP side.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer and the LSP side.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer and the LSP side.
+But the key learnings were pallet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the key learnings were pallet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the key learnings were pallet
+tagging is a useful step forward in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tagging is a useful step forward in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tagging is a useful step forward in
+order to focus on the standardized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to focus on the standardized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to focus on the standardized
+supply chain. You can exchange master
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain. You can exchange master
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain. You can exchange master
+data, EDI messages and delivery control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data, EDI messages and delivery control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data, EDI messages and delivery control
+with your partners and you can do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your partners and you can do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your partners and you can do the
+information flow and the alignment with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information flow and the alignment with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information flow and the alignment with
+the business partner is one of the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the business partner is one of the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the business partner is one of the key
+prerequisite to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerequisite to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerequisite to go
+forward. Another learning which we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward. Another learning which we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward. Another learning which we had
+was the smart label. We call it smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the smart label. We call it smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the smart label. We call it smart
+label and it is a a label which is is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label and it is a a label which is is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label and it is a a label which is is a
+flack label. It's a little bit off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flack label. It's a little bit off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flack label. It's a little bit off the
+pallet and this improves the read rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pallet and this improves the read rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pallet and this improves the read rates
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+90%. What is the benefit allocation?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90%. What is the benefit allocation?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90%. What is the benefit allocation?
+what we found out uh through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we found out uh through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we found out uh through
+RFID, we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RFID, we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RFID, we could
+say to work with a pallet was a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say to work with a pallet was a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say to work with a pallet was a good
+start, but we didn't see significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start, but we didn't see significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start, but we didn't see significant
+advantages against the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages against the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages against the
+barcode. When we went then to the box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barcode. When we went then to the box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barcode. When we went then to the box
+level, then we could see some advantages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level, then we could see some advantages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level, then we could see some advantages
+on the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the physical
+subprocesses and on the control side.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subprocesses and on the control side.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subprocesses and on the control side.
+And the best results we got when we went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the best results we got when we went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the best results we got when we went
+to the item level and there on the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the item level and there on the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the item level and there on the order
+picking side and on the stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking side and on the stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking side and on the stock
+optimization were the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+benefits. What are the main issues for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits. What are the main issues for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits. What are the main issues for
+RFID in the supply chain?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RFID in the supply chain?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RFID in the supply chain?
+We could see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We could see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We could see that the
+manufacturers have very often their RFID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers have very often their RFID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers have very often their RFID
+labeling on box level separate as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling on box level separate as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling on box level separate as a
+separate operation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate operation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate operation.
+There are still technical issues to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are still technical issues to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are still technical issues to
+steer the production. combine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steer the production. combine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steer the production. combine the
+primary package with a lot number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary package with a lot number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary package with a lot number and
+there are still high investments for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are still high investments for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are still high investments for
+RFID infrastructure, tech cost, reader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RFID infrastructure, tech cost, reader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RFID infrastructure, tech cost, reader
+and middleware and we are now when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and middleware and we are now when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and middleware and we are now when we
+are changing from gen one to gen two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are changing from gen one to gen two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are changing from gen one to gen two
+there are investments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are investments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are investments
+again there has to be defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again there has to be defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again there has to be defined
+appropriate IT tools for enterprise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate IT tools for enterprise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate IT tools for enterprise
+resource planning and production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource planning and production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource planning and production
+planning systems.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+On the logistic service provider side,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+On the logistic service provider side,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+On the logistic service provider side,
+we see again high investments for RFID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see again high investments for RFID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see again high investments for RFID
+infrastructure. If you want to have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure. If you want to have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure. If you want to have your
+warehouse ready, you have to tech the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warehouse ready, you have to tech the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warehouse ready, you have to tech the
+locations, reader, middleware and others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations, reader, middleware and others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations, reader, middleware and others
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+uh needs to to buy. We have to define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh needs to to buy. We have to define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh needs to to buy. We have to define
+appropriate IT tools for control systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate IT tools for control systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate IT tools for control systems
+and what I showed you in our uh in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I showed you in our uh in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I showed you in our uh in our
+fashion trial that the data capture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion trial that the data capture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion trial that the data capture of
+bulk were still limited to small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulk were still limited to small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulk were still limited to small
+quantities. On the retail side, we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities. On the retail side, we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities. On the retail side, we see
+there in Europe the read rate below 100%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in Europe the read rate below 100%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in Europe the read rate below 100%
+and only a few goods are tagged.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only a few goods are tagged.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only a few goods are tagged.
+Item level tech goods are only in pilots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Item level tech goods are only in pilots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Item level tech goods are only in pilots
+and the read rates for mixed pallets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the read rates for mixed pallets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the read rates for mixed pallets
+which we use in Europe are still below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we use in Europe are still below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we use in Europe are still below
+100%. There are privacy issues of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100%. There are privacy issues of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100%. There are privacy issues of the
+consumer for the consumer and a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer for the consumer and a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer for the consumer and a lot of
+the employees uh are anxious to lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the employees uh are anxious to lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the employees uh are anxious to lose
+their jobs especially on the cashier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their jobs especially on the cashier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their jobs especially on the cashier
+side.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side.
+Then we have to solve the disposal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then we have to solve the disposal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then we have to solve the disposal of
+used RFID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tax. What is our assessment as logistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax. What is our assessment as logistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax. What is our assessment as logistic
+service provider for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service provider for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service provider for
+RFID? We want to be in line with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RFID? We want to be in line with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RFID? We want to be in line with the
+necessities and prerequisites of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessities and prerequisites of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessities and prerequisites of
+integrated supply chain management and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated supply chain management and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated supply chain management and
+we are clearly saying we have to adopt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are clearly saying we have to adopt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are clearly saying we have to adopt
+the RFID technology because on the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the RFID technology because on the long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the RFID technology because on the long
+term we will have a lot of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term we will have a lot of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term we will have a lot of uh
+advantages to share the investments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages to share the investments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages to share the investments and
+implementation cost on the short term. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation cost on the short term. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation cost on the short term. I
+think we can bear it if we see on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we can bear it if we see on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we can bear it if we see on the
+long term the profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long term the profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long term the profit
+perspectives. However, what we see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspectives. However, what we see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspectives. However, what we see the
+main potentials of efficiency and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main potentials of efficiency and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main potentials of efficiency and
+costsaving due to RFID implementation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costsaving due to RFID implementation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costsaving due to RFID implementation in
+the supply chain will not be realized by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supply chain will not be realized by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supply chain will not be realized by
+logistic service providers. we see more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistic service providers. we see more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistic service providers. we see more
+uh advantages on the retail side and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh advantages on the retail side and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh advantages on the retail side and
+maybe on the supplier side as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well. Our RFID positioning today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. Our RFID positioning today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. Our RFID positioning today is
+because we have clearly seen the tech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have clearly seen the tech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have clearly seen the tech
+label costs are going down. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label costs are going down. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label costs are going down. The
+performance is getting better and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance is getting better and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance is getting better and I
+think we as DHL we are between deploy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we as DHL we are between deploy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we as DHL we are between deploy
+and implementation and we want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and implementation and we want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and implementation and we want to go
+further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right. DHL after the purchase of Excel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. DHL after the purchase of Excel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. DHL after the purchase of Excel
+is now the biggest company in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now the biggest company in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now the biggest company in the
+logistics market. We are market leader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistics market. We are market leader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistics market. We are market leader
+in ocean freight. We are market leader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ocean freight. We are market leader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ocean freight. We are market leader
+in air freight and we are market leader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in air freight and we are market leader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in air freight and we are market leader
+in contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in contract
+logistics. This area is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistics. This area is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistics. This area is a very
+fragmented market. we have only their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragmented market. we have only their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragmented market. we have only their
+5% but we want to redefine that market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% but we want to redefine that market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% but we want to redefine that market
+and we think RFID can help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we think RFID can help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we think RFID can help
+us and therefore we as DHL have a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us and therefore we as DHL have a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us and therefore we as DHL have a very
+strong commitment to EPC global because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong commitment to EPC global because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong commitment to EPC global because
+as I have shown you DHL has to serve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I have shown you DHL has to serve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I have shown you DHL has to serve
+different industries with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different industries with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different industries with different
+products and services in all geographies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and services in all geographies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and services in all geographies
+of the world and we have to face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world and we have to face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world and we have to face
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+standards. We need one global standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards. We need one global standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards. We need one global standard
+used by different industries for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used by different industries for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used by different industries for all
+products and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and
+services and therefore our commitment to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services and therefore our commitment to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services and therefore our commitment to
+EPC global is very strong because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EPC global is very strong because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EPC global is very strong because we
+believe this organization can be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe this organization can be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe this organization can be the
+enabler of our vision.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Thank you for your attention.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank you for your attention.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank you for your attention.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yes, I think Brian's got like 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes, I think Brian's got like 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes, I think Brian's got like 200
+slides.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'll only show half of them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right. Set myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up. Okay.
+Um, good. So uh before I start um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, good. So uh before I start um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, good. So uh before I start um I
+wanted to make a disclaimer because as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to make a disclaimer because as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to make a disclaimer because as
+you know this is being taped for open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is being taped for open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is being taped for open
+courseware h which means the audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware h which means the audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware h which means the audience
+can be very big and actually I'm afraid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be very big and actually I'm afraid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be very big and actually I'm afraid
+of what my great grandchildren will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what my great grandchildren will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what my great grandchildren will
+think when they see this because it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think when they see this because it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think when they see this because it'll
+be there on the web. So I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be there on the web. So I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be there on the web. So I just want to
+tell them that I know I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell them that I know I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell them that I know I'm not going to
+say things that will be true. Okay? I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say things that will be true. Okay? I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say things that will be true. Okay? I'm
+going to make some wild claims and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make some wild claims and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make some wild claims and I
+just wanted to warn them when they see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wanted to warn them when they see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wanted to warn them when they see
+this. Okay? And I guess in passing I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Okay? And I guess in passing I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Okay? And I guess in passing I'll
+also warn all of you. But anyway, okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also warn all of you. But anyway, okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also warn all of you. But anyway, okay
+good. So um let's let me start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. So um let's let me start by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. So um let's let me start by
+summarizing I added in the title one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarizing I added in the title one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarizing I added in the title one
+thing that was not in the in the agenda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that was not in the in the agenda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that was not in the in the agenda
+which is building an academic discipline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is building an academic discipline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is building an academic discipline
+with a question mark because I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a question mark because I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a question mark because I think
+that's one of the issues that we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the issues that we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the issues that we need to
+discuss as a community. I'm leaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss as a community. I'm leaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss as a community. I'm leaning
+towards saying yes. Uh, but if you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards saying yes. Uh, but if you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards saying yes. Uh, but if you had
+asked me last week, I would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked me last week, I would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked me last week, I would have
+probably said no. So, this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably said no. So, this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably said no. So, this is just
+that's probably why I put the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably why I put the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably why I put the question
+mark because I'm still not sure. But I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark because I'm still not sure. But I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark because I'm still not sure. But I
+thought in terms of being a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought in terms of being a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought in terms of being a bit
+provocative, let's take the position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provocative, let's take the position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provocative, let's take the position
+that yes, and then let's see where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yes, and then let's see where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yes, and then let's see where this
+takes us. Okay, good. So, this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes us. Okay, good. So, this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes us. Okay, good. So, this is the
+session that we had today, the people.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session that we had today, the people.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session that we had today, the people.
+And if I summarize what I've heard from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if I summarize what I've heard from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if I summarize what I've heard from
+industry thus far, I think um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry thus far, I think um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry thus far, I think um the
+retailers, you know, they're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retailers, you know, they're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retailers, you know, they're sort of
+seeing uh uh this as a serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing uh uh this as a serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing uh uh this as a serious
+opportunity. It's sort of like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity. It's sort of like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity. It's sort of like an
+iterative process. It's evolving.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative process. It's evolving.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative process. It's evolving.
+There's many different approaches that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's many different approaches that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's many different approaches that
+they are using, many different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are using, many different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are using, many different things
+that uh that they are trying. But I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh that they are trying. But I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh that they are trying. But I
+think what's important is that they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what's important is that they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what's important is that they are
+extremely collaborative. collaborative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely collaborative. collaborative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely collaborative. collaborative
+with their partners but also with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their partners but also with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their partners but also with
+academia. So I see this as a as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academia. So I see this as a as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academia. So I see this as a as an
+opportunity. They obviously need uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity. They obviously need uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity. They obviously need uh the
+supplier uh to help them. They're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplier uh to help them. They're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplier uh to help them. They're trying
+to focus on areas where they see some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus on areas where they see some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus on areas where they see some
+gain but they need this help with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain but they need this help with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain but they need this help with these
+deep issues that I've listed here which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep issues that I've listed here which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep issues that I've listed here which
+are areas where I think we academics can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are areas where I think we academics can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are areas where I think we academics can
+help them. I think very important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help them. I think very important in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help them. I think very important in
+building the business cases but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building the business cases but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building the business cases but there's
+a few other areas where they're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few other areas where they're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few other areas where they're talking
+about. What's important also is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. What's important also is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. What's important also is that
+even though this is a sort of a supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though this is a sort of a supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though this is a sort of a supply
+chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain
+focus, I think what's important and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus, I think what's important and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus, I think what's important and
+that's another of the claims that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another of the claims that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another of the claims that I
+wanted to make is that they have a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to make is that they have a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to make is that they have a very
+interdisiplinary need. If you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interdisiplinary need. If you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interdisiplinary need. If you look at
+the list of things they need help with,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list of things they need help with,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list of things they need help with,
+they're just not operational things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just not operational things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just not operational things.
+They need things that have to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They need things that have to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They need things that have to do with
+things that all the all of us have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that all the all of us have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that all the all of us have been
+talking about over the last two days and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about over the last two days and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about over the last two days and
+I will talk about uh once we finish. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will talk about uh once we finish. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will talk about uh once we finish. So
+I think uh that the supply chain needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think uh that the supply chain needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think uh that the supply chain needs
+interdisciplinary help on many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interdisciplinary help on many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interdisciplinary help on many many
+issues. Okay. And if we look at uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues. Okay. And if we look at uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues. Okay. And if we look at uh
+manufacturers, you know, I think um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers, you know, I think um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers, you know, I think um
+there's been again a a focus on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been again a a focus on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been again a a focus on the
+supply chain. And I find this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain. And I find this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain. And I find this
+interesting that the manufacturers and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting that the manufacturers and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting that the manufacturers and I
+haven't seen any manufacturer really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen any manufacturer really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen any manufacturer really
+thinking about their products changing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about their products changing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about their products changing.
+They're still thinking, okay, I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're still thinking, okay, I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're still thinking, okay, I'm going
+to manufacture the same thing, just how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to manufacture the same thing, just how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to manufacture the same thing, just how
+it works through the supply chain. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works through the supply chain. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works through the supply chain. And
+if I look at retailers, it's a bit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I look at retailers, it's a bit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I look at retailers, it's a bit the
+same thing. It's not like Walmart stores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing. It's not like Walmart stores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing. It's not like Walmart stores
+are going to change. They're just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to change. They're just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to change. They're just going
+to be, you know, more efficient. There's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be, you know, more efficient. There's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be, you know, more efficient. There's
+going to be less out of stocks. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be less out of stocks. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be less out of stocks. Okay.
+But there isn't, I think, yet a view of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But there isn't, I think, yet a view of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But there isn't, I think, yet a view of
+further change. And I think we as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further change. And I think we as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further change. And I think we as
+academics can maybe push a bit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academics can maybe push a bit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academics can maybe push a bit the
+envelope because I think both products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope because I think both products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope because I think both products
+that are manufactured will change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are manufactured will change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are manufactured will change
+because the channel in a way drives what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the channel in a way drives what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the channel in a way drives what
+what is sold through it and also I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is sold through it and also I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is sold through it and also I think
+new store formats uh will will emerge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new store formats uh will will emerge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new store formats uh will will emerge
+and in terms of where manufacturers need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in terms of where manufacturers need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in terms of where manufacturers need
+help I think it's very similar very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help I think it's very similar very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help I think it's very similar very
+similar to uh um to what uh uh retailers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to uh um to what uh uh retailers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to uh um to what uh uh retailers
+need. So I think the needs are very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need. So I think the needs are very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need. So I think the needs are very very
+aligned and it's not that there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned and it's not that there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned and it's not that there's some
+things that help manufacturers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that help manufacturers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that help manufacturers and
+others that help retailers. I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others that help retailers. I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others that help retailers. I think
+we're getting a very consistent message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting a very consistent message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting a very consistent message
+from everybody here as to what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from everybody here as to what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from everybody here as to what are the
+areas where um we should be doing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas where um we should be doing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas where um we should be doing uh
+research. Okay, good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research. Okay, good.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research. Okay, good.
+So in many ways I think we're at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in many ways I think we're at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in many ways I think we're at the
+very beginning of an industry and I'm I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very beginning of an industry and I'm I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very beginning of an industry and I'm I
+use that as an analogy and this they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that as an analogy and this they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that as an analogy and this they
+used to call it a horseless carriage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to call it a horseless carriage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to call it a horseless carriage
+very much like some people still call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much like some people still call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much like some people still call
+RFID a wireless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RFID a wireless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RFID a wireless
+barcode and if you think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barcode and if you think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barcode and if you think about the
+changes that were happening that had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes that were happening that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes that were happening that had
+happened uh or or that happened after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened uh or or that happened after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened uh or or that happened after
+the first cars were invented and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first cars were invented and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first cars were invented and over
+the last 100 years you can see the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last 100 years you can see the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last 100 years you can see the kind
+of changes that we will see with RFID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of changes that we will see with RFID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of changes that we will see with RFID
+and I think it will be actually a bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think it will be actually a bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think it will be actually a bigger
+change than uh um than that one. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change than uh um than that one. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change than uh um than that one. Okay.
+So, and there's here's a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, and there's here's a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, and there's here's a couple of
+examples also with advertising. We're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples also with advertising. We're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples also with advertising. We're
+seeing lots of changes. This is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing lots of changes. This is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing lots of changes. This is the
+first uh one of the first steamboats and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first uh one of the first steamboats and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first uh one of the first steamboats and
+they had steams and sales. Okay. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had steams and sales. Okay. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had steams and sales. Okay. So,
+many many changes. So here again just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many changes. So here again just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many changes. So here again just to
+summarize I think it's important that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize I think it's important that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize I think it's important that
+the supply chain needs a lot more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supply chain needs a lot more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supply chain needs a lot more than
+just supply chain research and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just supply chain research and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just supply chain research and I think
+that in many ways if we figure out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in many ways if we figure out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in many ways if we figure out the
+supply chain we'll figure out everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain we'll figure out everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain we'll figure out everything
+that's why I'm saying this is NP hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I'm saying this is NP hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I'm saying this is NP hard
+it's sort of borrowed because I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of borrowed because I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of borrowed because I'm a
+computer scientist you know in computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer scientist you know in computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer scientist you know in computer
+science they say problems that are NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science they say problems that are NP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science they say problems that are NP
+hard if you solve one of them you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard if you solve one of them you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard if you solve one of them you've
+solved all of them so I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved all of them so I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved all of them so I think that
+happens with the supply chain and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens with the supply chain and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens with the supply chain and also
+does it have enough variety based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it have enough variety based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it have enough variety based on
+what I've seen I think it's that supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've seen I think it's that supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've seen I think it's that supply
+chain problems are rich enough that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain problems are rich enough that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain problems are rich enough that if
+you solve problems in the supply chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solve problems in the supply chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solve problems in the supply chain
+you'll probably be able to solve pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll probably be able to solve pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll probably be able to solve pretty
+much any other problems but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much any other problems but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much any other problems but you know
+again question marks because I'm not I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again question marks because I'm not I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again question marks because I'm not I'm
+not really positive and if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really positive and if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really positive and if you look at
+how we started and um as light borrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we started and um as light borrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we started and um as light borrow
+from Sanjay and a lot of the work I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Sanjay and a lot of the work I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Sanjay and a lot of the work I've
+been doing together with him you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing together with him you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing together with him you know if
+you look at the um the opportunities uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the um the opportunities uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the um the opportunities uh
+um you can see also that this matches a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can see also that this matches a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can see also that this matches a
+bit what the supply chain needs. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit what the supply chain needs. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit what the supply chain needs. Okay,
+so I think that there's here a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think that there's here a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think that there's here a nice
+match and that's why um I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match and that's why um I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match and that's why um I'm I'm
+suggesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting
+um let's see if I we can go to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's see if I we can go to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's see if I we can go to the next
+one. Okay, seems to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Okay, seems to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Okay, seems to be
+stuck. It's a very good slide. I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck. It's a very good slide. I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck. It's a very good slide. I know
+the computer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer is
+smart. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart. Okay,
+excuse me.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me.
+No, this well okay good. So that made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, this well okay good. So that made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, this well okay good. So that made
+it. Okay. So a suggestion I would make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Okay. So a suggestion I would make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Okay. So a suggestion I would make
+to all the researchers here is to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all the researchers here is to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all the researchers here is to use
+the supply chain as your laboratory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supply chain as your laboratory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supply chain as your laboratory and
+I think they seem to be open and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think they seem to be open and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think they seem to be open and I think
+they've proven they're open. I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've proven they're open. I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've proven they're open. I think
+it's sort of like an NP hard problem. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of like an NP hard problem. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of like an NP hard problem. So
+I would suggest uh we do that and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would suggest uh we do that and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would suggest uh we do that and and
+that's what we've done and I'll give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we've done and I'll give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we've done and I'll give you
+an example of some research that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of some research that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of some research that I've
+done uh that I started in uh in 97 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done uh that I started in uh in 97 by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done uh that I started in uh in 97 by
+looking at at a supply chain issue um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at at a supply chain issue um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at at a supply chain issue um
+that I think apparently doesn't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think apparently doesn't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think apparently doesn't have to
+do a lot with the supply chain but as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a lot with the supply chain but as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a lot with the supply chain but as
+you will see it ended up having a lot to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see it ended up having a lot to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see it ended up having a lot to
+do with it. Okay. And um just to begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with it. Okay. And um just to begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with it. Okay. And um just to begin
+you know some of the issues with supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some of the issues with supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some of the issues with supply
+chain that uh again uh Sanji already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain that uh again uh Sanji already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain that uh again uh Sanji already
+mentioned you know there's there's lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned you know there's there's lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned you know there's there's lots
+lots of issues but perhaps the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of issues but perhaps the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of issues but perhaps the place
+where there's uh it seems to be harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's uh it seems to be harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's uh it seems to be harder
+to work on is at the edge of the supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work on is at the edge of the supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work on is at the edge of the supply
+chain that that's where the problems are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain that that's where the problems are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain that that's where the problems are
+a lot bigger. Uh customers come in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot bigger. Uh customers come in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot bigger. Uh customers come in and
+will do all sorts of nasty things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do all sorts of nasty things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do all sorts of nasty things to
+you. So that's where I think it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. So that's where I think it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. So that's where I think it's very
+hard. So I think that's a research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard. So I think that's a research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard. So I think that's a research
+laboratory. If you want to think long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory. If you want to think long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory. If you want to think long
+term, what may happen? If you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term, what may happen? If you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term, what may happen? If you want to
+think short term, uh I think there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think short term, uh I think there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think short term, uh I think there's
+some areas where uh they are better like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some areas where uh they are better like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some areas where uh they are better like
+some of the portals that uh we saw with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the portals that uh we saw with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the portals that uh we saw with
+DHL and receiving. I think that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DHL and receiving. I think that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DHL and receiving. I think that there
+may be easier to uh do progress there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be easier to uh do progress there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be easier to uh do progress there.
+Okay. Okay. So, one one of the um areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. So, one one of the um areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. So, one one of the um areas
+where I did some uh some research was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I did some uh some research was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I did some uh some research was
+trying to look at a a grocery uh store,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to look at a a grocery uh store,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to look at a a grocery uh store,
+okay? And see here what were some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay? And see here what were some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay? And see here what were some of the
+legal issues that would have to be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal issues that would have to be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal issues that would have to be uh
+overcome. Okay. And uh so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome. Okay. And uh so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome. Okay. And uh so this is a
+little video you see a little grocery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little video you see a little grocery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little video you see a little grocery
+card. We actually implemented this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card. We actually implemented this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card. We actually implemented this and
+did some tests and you know the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did some tests and you know the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did some tests and you know the uh
+products obviously have RFID you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products obviously have RFID you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products obviously have RFID you know
+and and they sent a little advertising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and they sent a little advertising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and they sent a little advertising
+because they know what's on the card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they know what's on the card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they know what's on the card
+right so we said okay let let's try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we said okay let let's try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we said okay let let's try and
+analyze what are some of the legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze what are some of the legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze what are some of the legal
+issues here and we came up with a list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues here and we came up with a list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues here and we came up with a list
+which I think you can then go to many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I think you can then go to many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I think you can then go to many
+other applications say okay what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other applications say okay what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other applications say okay what are the
+legal issues of this sort of embedded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal issues of this sort of embedded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal issues of this sort of embedded
+intelligence or this product internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence or this product internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence or this product internet
+and it turns out that they happen to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out that they happen to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out that they happen to be
+a subset of this. Okay, so that's why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subset of this. Okay, so that's why I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subset of this. Okay, so that's why I
+think it's uh it's useful and so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's uh it's useful and so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's uh it's useful and so we have
+a list we actually even uh uh wrote a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a list we actually even uh uh wrote a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a list we actually even uh uh wrote a
+book and a bunch of papers on some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and a bunch of papers on some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and a bunch of papers on some of
+the issues some of the legal issues that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issues some of the legal issues that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issues some of the legal issues that
+happened here are some some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened here are some some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened here are some some of the
+issues that uh that we came up with.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues that uh that we came up with.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues that uh that we came up with.
+Okay. So again I think that working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So again I think that working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So again I think that working on
+the supply chain you can really do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supply chain you can really do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supply chain you can really do
+progress uh um that can help RFID in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress uh um that can help RFID in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress uh um that can help RFID in
+general and again here if we look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general and again here if we look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general and again here if we look at the
+opportunities I think what what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities I think what what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities I think what what we're
+seeing and Sanjay had this these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing and Sanjay had this these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing and Sanjay had this these three
+columns the uh the technology the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns the uh the technology the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns the uh the technology the
+applications and the analysis I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications and the analysis I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications and the analysis I don't
+know if these are the three uh columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if these are the three uh columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if these are the three uh columns
+that we should use going forward but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we should use going forward but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we should use going forward but I
+think it's a good starting point um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a good starting point um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a good starting point um what
+we see even on this little example on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see even on this little example on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see even on this little example on
+the supply chain is that these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supply chain is that these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supply chain is that these three
+disciplines are somewhat related. So um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines are somewhat related. So um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines are somewhat related. So um
+the technology that you use depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology that you use depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology that you use depending on
+what kind of RFID tax you use you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of RFID tax you use you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of RFID tax you use you know
+you can think of one application or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of one application or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of one application or
+another application so they're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another application so they're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another application so they're sort of
+linked the technology is linked with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked the technology is linked with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked the technology is linked with
+applications and the kind of analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications and the kind of analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications and the kind of analysis
+whether legal issues are are important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether legal issues are are important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether legal issues are are important
+or not is also related. So I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not is also related. So I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not is also related. So I think that
+um that one needs to look at the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that one needs to look at the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that one needs to look at the three
+things and that will be one of my uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and that will be one of my uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and that will be one of my uh
+basis for suggesting that we need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for suggesting that we need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for suggesting that we need a
+discipline but before doing that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline but before doing that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline but before doing that um
+let's see maybe I need to go to the ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see maybe I need to go to the ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see maybe I need to go to the ah
+you are right here on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are right here on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are right here on the
+arrow it really doesn't like this light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow it really doesn't like this light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow it really doesn't like this light
+okay good so the other area where we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good so the other area where we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good so the other area where we did
+some work was uh on on the supply chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some work was uh on on the supply chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some work was uh on on the supply chain
+and we actually looked at receiving and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we actually looked at receiving and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we actually looked at receiving and
+we looked at processes in uh different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at processes in uh different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at processes in uh different
+warehouses and in different stores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warehouses and in different stores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warehouses and in different stores
+collaborating uh with Walmart, Gillette
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborating uh with Walmart, Gillette
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborating uh with Walmart, Gillette
+and many others and and tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many others and and tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many others and and tried to
+understand how things worked and what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how things worked and what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how things worked and what we
+did is a very uh detailed almost uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did is a very uh detailed almost uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did is a very uh detailed almost uh
+maniacal kind of analysis where uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maniacal kind of analysis where uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maniacal kind of analysis where uh you
+know we were obsessed for understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we were obsessed for understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we were obsessed for understanding
+everything and we actually even with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and we actually even with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and we actually even with
+Richard you know and a few others we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Richard you know and a few others we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Richard you know and a few others we
+spent you know hours videotaping and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent you know hours videotaping and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent you know hours videotaping and
+mapping processes and we had on a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping processes and we had on a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping processes and we had on a simple
+warehouse we had thousands of processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warehouse we had thousands of processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warehouse we had thousands of processes
+to try and really understand what could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try and really understand what could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try and really understand what could
+change and um so we don't really have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and um so we don't really have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and um so we don't really have
+time to go in detail but we did learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to go in detail but we did learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to go in detail but we did learn
+quite a bit we have a paper that details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit we have a paper that details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit we have a paper that details
+the methodology that we used okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the methodology that we used okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the methodology that we used okay but
+that just by looking at one warehouses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just by looking at one warehouses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just by looking at one warehouses
+and just by looking in detail at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just by looking in detail at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just by looking in detail at
+something you can really learn a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you can really learn a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you can really learn a lot of
+things just like I showed put you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things just like I showed put you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things just like I showed put you uh
+what we learned on the legal side just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we learned on the legal side just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we learned on the legal side just
+by looking at that little grocery cart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking at that little grocery cart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking at that little grocery cart
+and that little example. Okay. Well, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that little example. Okay. Well, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that little example. Okay. Well, we
+did the same thing with uh uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the same thing with uh uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the same thing with uh uh a
+warehouse and basically just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warehouse and basically just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warehouse and basically just by
+analyzing a warehouse you can come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing a warehouse you can come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing a warehouse you can come up
+with a bunch of areas where there can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a bunch of areas where there can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a bunch of areas where there can be
+improvement and and those are areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement and and those are areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement and and those are areas
+where RFID can help the supply chain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where RFID can help the supply chain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where RFID can help the supply chain and
+uh they've been uh published wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they've been uh published wide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they've been uh published wide
+widely. But uh here also again another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely. But uh here also again another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely. But uh here also again another
+way of uh looking at the different areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of uh looking at the different areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of uh looking at the different areas
+where there can be improvement and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there can be improvement and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there can be improvement and
+that's again to prove you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's again to prove you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's again to prove you know the
+variety of issues that u can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of issues that u can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of issues that u can be
+researched on the supply chain. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researched on the supply chain. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researched on the supply chain. That's
+again a slide that Sanjay showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a slide that Sanjay showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a slide that Sanjay showed
+yesterday. Okay. And I think the nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday. Okay. And I think the nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday. Okay. And I think the nice
+thing also about RFID is that it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing also about RFID is that it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing also about RFID is that it can
+really help you uh uh do a very detailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really help you uh uh do a very detailed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really help you uh uh do a very detailed
+analysis much more so than you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis much more so than you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis much more so than you could
+before. And I mean or our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before. And I mean or our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before. And I mean or our our
+inspiration for some of that work was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiration for some of that work was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiration for some of that work was
+the uh scientific management um what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh scientific management um what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh scientific management um what the
+work that Taylor did almost 100 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that Taylor did almost 100 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that Taylor did almost 100 years
+ago on you know really understanding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago on you know really understanding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago on you know really understanding the
+details of you know shoveling he did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of you know shoveling he did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of you know shoveling he did
+these sort of studies on how you shovel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sort of studies on how you shovel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sort of studies on how you shovel
+to try and design what's the perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try and design what's the perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try and design what's the perfect
+shovel right so what happens is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shovel right so what happens is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shovel right so what happens is that
+with RFID and that's something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with RFID and that's something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with RFID and that's something that
+we've learned recently is that RFID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've learned recently is that RFID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've learned recently is that RFID
+really does the time and motion work for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really does the time and motion work for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really does the time and motion work for
+you so you no longer need to go with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so you no longer need to go with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so you no longer need to go with a
+camera and videotape and analyze because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera and videotape and analyze because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera and videotape and analyze because
+RFID tells you what happens. So I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RFID tells you what happens. So I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RFID tells you what happens. So I think
+there there are major areas uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are major areas uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are major areas uh for
+improvement that that can be uh that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement that that can be uh that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement that that can be uh that can
+be researched. Now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be researched. Now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be researched. Now uh
+after doing this analysis we um we tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after doing this analysis we um we tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after doing this analysis we um we tried
+and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and
+and go a bit forward and say okay how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go a bit forward and say okay how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go a bit forward and say okay how
+will the world be? you know now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will the world be? you know now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will the world be? you know now that
+we've seen in a few places how things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen in a few places how things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen in a few places how things
+are let's try and uh look for the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are let's try and uh look for the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are let's try and uh look for the future
+and our rational I mean imagine you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our rational I mean imagine you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our rational I mean imagine you know
+that fellow in the car you know Mr.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fellow in the car you know Mr.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fellow in the car you know Mr.
+Ford. If Ford could have come to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ford. If Ford could have come to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ford. If Ford could have come to the
+Harbor Bridge and Ford had sat there in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harbor Bridge and Ford had sat there in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harbor Bridge and Ford had sat there in
+the Harbor Bridge for 10 minutes, maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Harbor Bridge for 10 minutes, maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Harbor Bridge for 10 minutes, maybe
+15 minutes, you know, jump 100 years and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 minutes, you know, jump 100 years and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 minutes, you know, jump 100 years and
+then go back just in those 15 minutes,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then go back just in those 15 minutes,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then go back just in those 15 minutes,
+he probably would know how the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he probably would know how the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he probably would know how the world
+was. If you just have a snapshot of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was. If you just have a snapshot of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was. If you just have a snapshot of a
+small place, how it evolves, okay, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small place, how it evolves, okay, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small place, how it evolves, okay, you
+really can tell a lot about the future.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really can tell a lot about the future.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really can tell a lot about the future.
+And I think here if if you work on RFID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I think here if if you work on RFID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I think here if if you work on RFID
+probably and on the supply chain which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably and on the supply chain which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably and on the supply chain which
+is where I think there's the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where I think there's the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where I think there's the most
+advanced applications by looking at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced applications by looking at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced applications by looking at one
+small place in a supply chain and really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small place in a supply chain and really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small place in a supply chain and really
+seeing how RFID impacts that small space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing how RFID impacts that small space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing how RFID impacts that small space
+you can then make some claims as to how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can then make some claims as to how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can then make some claims as to how
+the future will be and that's what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future will be and that's what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future will be and that's what what
+we've actually try and do by looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've actually try and do by looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've actually try and do by looking
+having some experience in a few places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having some experience in a few places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having some experience in a few places
+but very deep experience and so um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but very deep experience and so um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but very deep experience and so um so
+these are some uh uh of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are some uh uh of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are some uh uh of the things that
+we think will happen and we we probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think will happen and we we probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think will happen and we we probably
+don't don't have time. I think a a trend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't don't have time. I think a a trend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't don't have time. I think a a trend
+that we believe will happen is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we believe will happen is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we believe will happen is for
+increased fragmentation. So there will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased fragmentation. So there will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased fragmentation. So there will
+be a lot of fragmentation and the supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a lot of fragmentation and the supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a lot of fragmentation and the supply
+chain will go more from a sort of supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain will go more from a sort of supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain will go more from a sort of supply
+dedicated line of products that you ship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicated line of products that you ship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicated line of products that you ship
+to more of like a packetized network if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to more of like a packetized network if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to more of like a packetized network if
+you know what packetizing is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what packetizing is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what packetizing is in
+telecommunications. So we think there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telecommunications. So we think there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telecommunications. So we think there
+will be a lot a lot more fragmentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a lot a lot more fragmentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a lot a lot more fragmentation
+and we also think that there will be new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we also think that there will be new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we also think that there will be new
+store formats and a product may become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store formats and a product may become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store formats and a product may become
+you know a store in itself and you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a store in itself and you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a store in itself and you may
+have stores that only sell one product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have stores that only sell one product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have stores that only sell one product
+which is itself because with RFID if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is itself because with RFID if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is itself because with RFID if you
+encapsulate everything you know you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encapsulate everything you know you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encapsulate everything you know you can
+have all the accounting you can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all the accounting you can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all the accounting you can have a
+little ERP system associated to attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little ERP system associated to attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little ERP system associated to attack
+and that's epo to the end in a way epo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's epo to the end in a way epo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's epo to the end in a way epo
+to the end okay good so again this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the end okay good so again this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the end okay good so again this is
+another example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example
+where by looking at business cases you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where by looking at business cases you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where by looking at business cases you
+know you have to make assumptions or by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you have to make assumptions or by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you have to make assumptions or by
+doing the analysis you make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the analysis you make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the analysis you make the
+assumptions at the technology and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions at the technology and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions at the technology and then
+you need to come up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to come up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to come up with the
+application. So again all these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application. So again all these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application. So again all these things
+are are very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are very very
+related. So if if we think okay same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related. So if if we think okay same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related. So if if we think okay same
+problem good uh um so then like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem good uh um so then like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem good uh um so then like a
+question that we have if we take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that we have if we take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that we have if we take this
+view that we need to work as a group you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view that we need to work as a group you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view that we need to work as a group you
+know I think the question is how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I think the question is how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I think the question is how we
+collaborate and I think some of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborate and I think some of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborate and I think some of you know
+of the initiative that um uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the initiative that um uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the initiative that um uh the the
+Pelaton initiative that MIT has also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pelaton initiative that MIT has also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pelaton initiative that MIT has also
+been involved in a bunch of the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been involved in a bunch of the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been involved in a bunch of the people
+here in the audience. I think that may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the audience. I think that may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the audience. I think that may
+be an example of how we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an example of how we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an example of how we need to
+collaborate. do more of these events and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborate. do more of these events and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborate. do more of these events and
+try and see you know what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and see you know what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and see you know what are the
+different areas that that we can work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different areas that that we can work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different areas that that we can work on
+try and divide the work and try and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and divide the work and try and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and divide the work and try and make
+progress together because I think one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress together because I think one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress together because I think one
+one of uh uh the to me one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of uh uh the to me one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of uh uh the to me one of the
+messages of the slide that Sanjay showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages of the slide that Sanjay showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages of the slide that Sanjay showed
+is that there is too much to be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there is too much to be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there is too much to be done
+almost it's like there is work for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost it's like there is work for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost it's like there is work for the
+next hundred years so let's try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next hundred years so let's try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next hundred years so let's try and
+organize it and let's try and build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize it and let's try and build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize it and let's try and build a
+research agenda so these are just slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research agenda so these are just slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research agenda so these are just slides
+from the pelaton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the pelaton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the pelaton
+uh that we don't have time to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that we don't have time to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that we don't have time to go through
+but the idea here is that different uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the idea here is that different uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the idea here is that different uh
+players from the east industry are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players from the east industry are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players from the east industry are
+trying to collaborate and see how things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to collaborate and see how things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to collaborate and see how things
+are evolving and Venit over there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are evolving and Venit over there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are evolving and Venit over there is
+like the expert on this right now so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the expert on this right now so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the expert on this right now so he
+can tell you all about it and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell you all about it and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell you all about it and this is
+you know all the different players and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all the different players and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all the different players and
+how they see evolving and it'd be nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they see evolving and it'd be nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they see evolving and it'd be nice
+if we had something like this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we had something like this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we had something like this for
+academia what are the different areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academia what are the different areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academia what are the different areas
+where we're going to do research what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're going to do research what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're going to do research what
+are the problems we're going to try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the problems we're going to try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the problems we're going to try and
+solve I mean Hilbert did this in math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve I mean Hilbert did this in math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve I mean Hilbert did this in math
+you know he gave math up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know he gave math up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know he gave math up with the
+Hilbert problems for the 20th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hilbert problems for the 20th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hilbert problems for the 20th century
+and some of them are still not solved.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of them are still not solved.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of them are still not solved.
+Okay. So very uh very briefly um so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So very uh very briefly um so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So very uh very briefly um so what
+is it necessary you know to make an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it necessary you know to make an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it necessary you know to make an
+academic discipline? So let's say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic discipline? So let's say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic discipline? So let's say you
+know we wanted to make a discipline what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we wanted to make a discipline what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we wanted to make a discipline what
+are the things that we need to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the things that we need to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the things that we need to have
+right so I think obviously it needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I think obviously it needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I think obviously it needs to
+be a fun thing so we all want to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a fun thing so we all want to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a fun thing so we all want to work
+about it um um so we can get all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it um um so we can get all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it um um so we can get all these
+tenure people to collaborate otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenure people to collaborate otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenure people to collaborate otherwise
+they won't so then uh there needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they won't so then uh there needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they won't so then uh there needs to be
+relevance so it needs to be something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevance so it needs to be something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevance so it needs to be something
+that that really makes sense there needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that really makes sense there needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that really makes sense there needs
+to be some form of rigor uh to it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be some form of rigor uh to it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be some form of rigor uh to it and
+then I think very important is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I think very important is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I think very important is the
+distance to other disciplines I mean is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance to other disciplines I mean is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance to other disciplines I mean is
+this something different that deserves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this something different that deserves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this something different that deserves
+its own space or it's just sort of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own space or it's just sort of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own space or it's just sort of an
+incremental an incremental change and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental an incremental change and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental an incremental change and
+then we need a community and I feel that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we need a community and I feel that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we need a community and I feel that
+that that there is uh uh that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that there is uh uh that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that there is uh uh that that's
+something that we can really have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we can really have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we can really have a
+community and I see people I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and I see people I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and I see people I have
+colleagues when my colleagues start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues when my colleagues start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues when my colleagues start
+doing research on RFID they can't stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing research on RFID they can't stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing research on RFID they can't stop
+it's very hard to find people that stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very hard to find people that stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very hard to find people that stop
+working on RFID you know once they start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on RFID you know once they start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on RFID you know once they start
+you know they stay with it because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they stay with it because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they stay with it because it's
+a very fascinating and there's lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very fascinating and there's lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very fascinating and there's lots of
+stuff and I think there's a business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and I think there's a business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and I think there's a business
+interest. So if you take for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest. So if you take for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest. So if you take for example
+civil engineering or architecture or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civil engineering or architecture or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civil engineering or architecture or
+even computer science or AI, I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even computer science or AI, I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even computer science or AI, I think we
+have something similar to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something similar to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something similar to those
+disciplines. I think you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines. I think you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines. I think you know if
+architecture has its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture has its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture has its own
+discipline, isn't this something a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline, isn't this something a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline, isn't this something a lot
+bigger than architecture?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than architecture?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than architecture?
+I mean this is going to change this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean this is going to change this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean this is going to change this is
+going to change virtual the virtual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to change virtual the virtual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to change virtual the virtual
+world in a way that's I mean it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world in a way that's I mean it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world in a way that's I mean it's not
+even funny if you look at computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even funny if you look at computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even funny if you look at computer
+science all computers have all been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science all computers have all been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science all computers have all been
+linked so far to screens right and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked so far to screens right and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked so far to screens right and all
+of a sudden RFID now brings computing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sudden RFID now brings computing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sudden RFID now brings computing to
+the world and the whole world is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world and the whole world is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world and the whole world is a
+computer if that doesn't deserve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer if that doesn't deserve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer if that doesn't deserve a
+discipline I mean so that's it's my view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline I mean so that's it's my view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline I mean so that's it's my view
+okay I may be wrong so so so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I may be wrong so so so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I may be wrong so so so that's
+that's my instinct that we we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my instinct that we we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my instinct that we we should
+create a discipline. Okay. Uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a discipline. Okay. Uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a discipline. Okay. Uh and
+obviously like civil engineering and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously like civil engineering and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously like civil engineering and
+architecture, we're going to draw from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture, we're going to draw from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture, we're going to draw from
+others. I mean it's not like we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others. I mean it's not like we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others. I mean it's not like we're going
+to do everything uh uh uh from start and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do everything uh uh uh from start and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do everything uh uh uh from start and
+I think we need to start close to to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we need to start close to to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we need to start close to to the
+real buildings you know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real buildings you know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real buildings you know like
+architecture and civil engineering and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture and civil engineering and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture and civil engineering and I
+think the best place is the supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the best place is the supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the best place is the supply
+chain. So that would be my suggested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain. So that would be my suggested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain. So that would be my suggested
+laboratory. Okay. And obviously we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory. Okay. And obviously we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory. Okay. And obviously we need
+to define a research agenda. And so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define a research agenda. And so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define a research agenda. And so now
+my final slide uh uh in terms of uh next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my final slide uh uh in terms of uh next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my final slide uh uh in terms of uh next
+steps I think we need to start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps I think we need to start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps I think we need to start with
+these Hilbert problems. What what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Hilbert problems. What what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Hilbert problems. What what what
+are the big problems? Okay. And I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the big problems? Okay. And I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the big problems? Okay. And I think
+I think we need to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we need to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we need to take
+San's three columns and decide whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+San's three columns and decide whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+San's three columns and decide whether
+it's three or four but then I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's three or four but then I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's three or four but then I think we
+need to go across and and say okay what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to go across and and say okay what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to go across and and say okay what
+what are some of the threats that uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are some of the threats that uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are some of the threats that uh we
+can we can work on. Okay. And I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we can work on. Okay. And I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we can work on. Okay. And I think we
+need to do it with industry and EPC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do it with industry and EPC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do it with industry and EPC
+global so close to reality. Okay. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global so close to reality. Okay. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global so close to reality. Okay. And
+then we need to to build the academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we need to to build the academic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we need to to build the academic
+community and and grow the discipline.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and and grow the discipline.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and and grow the discipline.
+Anyway, that's just my thoughts. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anyway, that's just my thoughts. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anyway, that's just my thoughts. Okay.
+Thank you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Thanks,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanks,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanks,
+Brian. Okay. We uh actually have built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brian. Okay. We uh actually have built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brian. Okay. We uh actually have built
+in some time uh for questions. So, I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some time uh for questions. So, I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some time uh for questions. So, I'll
+open the floor to questions and uh as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open the floor to questions and uh as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open the floor to questions and uh as we
+did yesterday, if you would come down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did yesterday, if you would come down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did yesterday, if you would come down to
+the microphone.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um Oliver Hedgepath, University of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um Oliver Hedgepath, University of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um Oliver Hedgepath, University of
+Alaska. Um, from all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alaska. Um, from all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alaska. Um, from all of
+your academic as well as business uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your academic as well as business uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your academic as well as business uh,
+discussions just now, it jumps out at me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions just now, it jumps out at me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions just now, it jumps out at me
+that maybe there are going to be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe there are going to be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe there are going to be in the
+future again, Brian, if we look ahead,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future again, Brian, if we look ahead,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future again, Brian, if we look ahead,
+like Henry Ford, from horseless carriage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Henry Ford, from horseless carriage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Henry Ford, from horseless carriage
+to now the automobile and the Hummer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to now the automobile and the Hummer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to now the automobile and the Hummer and
+all the different terms and metaphors we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the different terms and metaphors we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the different terms and metaphors we
+use. Is there a new metric? Is there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use. Is there a new metric? Is there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use. Is there a new metric? Is there a
+new measure of performance that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new measure of performance that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new measure of performance that we're
+missing or is there a metric we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing or is there a metric we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing or is there a metric we should
+think about retiring in the future?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about retiring in the future?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about retiring in the future?
+Henry Ford didn't see the measures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Henry Ford didn't see the measures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Henry Ford didn't see the measures of
+performance we use today in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance we use today in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance we use today in the
+automotive industry. So I'd like to hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automotive industry. So I'd like to hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automotive industry. So I'd like to hear
+from Simon, you, all of you, uh any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Simon, you, all of you, uh any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Simon, you, all of you, uh any
+metrics that are occurring or changes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metrics that are occurring or changes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metrics that are occurring or changes to
+the units such as measuring inventory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the units such as measuring inventory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the units such as measuring inventory
+uh by days versus inventory by seconds,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by days versus inventory by seconds,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by days versus inventory by seconds,
+any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+comment suggestions?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment suggestions?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment suggestions?
+Yes,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes,
+I knew you had but I'm not on the panel.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I knew you had but I'm not on the panel.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I knew you had but I'm not on the panel.
+But go ahead, say your suggestion.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that you're right that the metric will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're right that the metric will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're right that the metric will
+change as we move forward.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change as we move forward.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change as we move forward.
+Um I think right now in terms of um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I think right now in terms of um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I think right now in terms of um the
+metric on readability, read rates,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric on readability, read rates,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric on readability, read rates,
+appropriate uh tags, antennas, that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate uh tags, antennas, that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate uh tags, antennas, that sort
+of thing. um you know that's only its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing. um you know that's only its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing. um you know that's only its
+infancy of uh developing those standards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infancy of uh developing those standards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infancy of uh developing those standards
+and um you know I think we've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um you know I think we've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um you know I think we've got to
+learn from the barcoding industry of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn from the barcoding industry of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn from the barcoding industry of uh
+uh you know printing barcodes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know printing barcodes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know printing barcodes and
+readability of barcodes and how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readability of barcodes and how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readability of barcodes and how that
+transferred from the initial stages to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred from the initial stages to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred from the initial stages to
+business as usual of uh the business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business as usual of uh the business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business as usual of uh the business
+sort of working with suppliers uh on um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of working with suppliers uh on um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of working with suppliers uh on um
+standards for for barco technology. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards for for barco technology. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards for for barco technology. So
+we should learn from from the past.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should learn from from the past.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should learn from from the past.
+You're right. Um we we've got an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're right. Um we we've got an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're right. Um we we've got an
+opportunity to fast track. Uh but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to fast track. Uh but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to fast track. Uh but in
+terms of uh setting those those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of uh setting those those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of uh setting those those
+benchmarks, I think we're at a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benchmarks, I think we're at a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benchmarks, I think we're at a very
+early stage and um you know, in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early stage and um you know, in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early stage and um you know, in terms of
+measuring the supply chain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the supply chain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the supply chain and
+efficiencies, um you know, I guess we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies, um you know, I guess we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies, um you know, I guess we we
+don't know what we don't know today. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what we don't know today. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what we don't know today. And
+we're starting to see uh the first signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're starting to see uh the first signs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're starting to see uh the first signs
+of that. And uh you know a few suppliers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that. And uh you know a few suppliers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that. And uh you know a few suppliers
+that we're working with are starting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're working with are starting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're working with are starting to
+to see some of those wows and um opening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see some of those wows and um opening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see some of those wows and um opening
+their eyes to to what they believed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their eyes to to what they believed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their eyes to to what they believed
+were were average re lead times um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were were average re lead times um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were were average re lead times um and
+actually seeing actual lead times which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually seeing actual lead times which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually seeing actual lead times which
+identifies opportunities that may or may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifies opportunities that may or may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifies opportunities that may or may
+not be solved with RFID but at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be solved with RFID but at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be solved with RFID but at least
+it's showing where opportunities exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's showing where opportunities exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's showing where opportunities exist
+where they can actually then go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they can actually then go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they can actually then go and
+change a process to to speed that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change a process to to speed that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change a process to to speed that that
+product through. If if I can add one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product through. If if I can add one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product through. If if I can add one
+thing to what I if I can add one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to what I if I can add one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to what I if I can add one thing
+to what Simon was saying I think um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what Simon was saying I think um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what Simon was saying I think um
+because he said we we don't know what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he said we we don't know what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he said we we don't know what we
+don't know at this point and uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know at this point and uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know at this point and uh I
+somewhat quote Gary Cooper who the CIO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat quote Gary Cooper who the CIO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat quote Gary Cooper who the CIO
+at Tyson when he when he said you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Tyson when he when he said you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Tyson when he when he said you know
+the aha m the aha moments are yet to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aha m the aha moments are yet to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aha m the aha moments are yet to
+come and you know I'll use an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come and you know I'll use an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come and you know I'll use an example
+from from some of the early work at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from some of the early work at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from some of the early work at at
+Walmart that we noticed when we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walmart that we noticed when we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walmart that we noticed when we started
+looking at the data the the what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the data the the what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the data the the what we call
+the case cycles the movements of boxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case cycles the movements of boxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case cycles the movements of boxes
+from the back room to the sales floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the back room to the sales floor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the back room to the sales floor
+and then back again. that wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then back again. that wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then back again. that wasn't
+anything or Simon correct me if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything or Simon correct me if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything or Simon correct me if I'm
+wrong that that we kind of went in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong that that we kind of went in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong that that we kind of went in
+looking to say hey let's see how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking to say hey let's see how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking to say hey let's see how many
+times this is happening the data started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this is happening the data started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this is happening the data started
+telling us this well that that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling us this well that that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling us this well that that actually
+could be now a metric of the efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be now a metric of the efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be now a metric of the efficiency
+of that of the the shelf stocking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that of the the shelf stocking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that of the the shelf stocking
+function right that we're seeing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right that we're seeing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right that we're seeing these
+boxes going up but but beforehand you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes going up but but beforehand you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes going up but but beforehand you
+know nobody had written down anywhere oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know nobody had written down anywhere oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know nobody had written down anywhere oh
+let's look at case cycles that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at case cycles that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at case cycles that was
+revealed to us through the data and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revealed to us through the data and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revealed to us through the data and I
+think we've got a lot of that yet to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we've got a lot of that yet to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we've got a lot of that yet to
+come and I I think again I'll go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come and I I think again I'll go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come and I I think again I'll go back to
+you know the the slide that I had on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the slide that I had on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the slide that I had on
+whether we view things as incremental or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we view things as incremental or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we view things as incremental or
+radical especially in that radical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radical especially in that radical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radical especially in that radical
+category. I don't think we yet know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category. I don't think we yet know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category. I don't think we yet know what
+some of those metrics may be and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those metrics may be and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those metrics may be and I think
+they'll be revealed to us as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll be revealed to us as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll be revealed to us as we
+understand the data and how we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the data and how we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the data and how we can
+deploy that technology. Yeah, I I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deploy that technology. Yeah, I I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deploy that technology. Yeah, I I think
+in terms of metrics, I I um I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of metrics, I I um I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of metrics, I I um I I
+published a paper in like 98 forecasting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published a paper in like 98 forecasting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published a paper in like 98 forecasting
+that the what's happening with Google,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the what's happening with Google,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the what's happening with Google,
+you know, these metrics where every, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, these metrics where every, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, these metrics where every, you
+know, little ad has its own metric and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, little ad has its own metric and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, little ad has its own metric and
+you measure everything and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you measure everything and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you measure everything and I think
+that's what's going to happen. So we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's going to happen. So we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's going to happen. So we are
+going to micro measure absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to micro measure absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to micro measure absolutely
+everything and we're going to know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and we're going to know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and we're going to know you
+know whether is it worth it to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether is it worth it to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether is it worth it to take a
+right or take a left and associates will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or take a left and associates will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or take a left and associates will
+know should I go to the right or to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know should I go to the right or to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know should I go to the right or to the
+left where is it more likely that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left where is it more likely that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left where is it more likely that I'm
+going to generate value to do zoning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to generate value to do zoning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to generate value to do zoning and
+we're going to measure absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to measure absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to measure absolutely
+everything and I think the metric will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and I think the metric will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and I think the metric will
+be sort of event driven anything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sort of event driven anything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sort of event driven anything that
+you do will get a metric of how positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do will get a metric of how positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do will get a metric of how positive
+it is and we'll have all these computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is and we'll have all these computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is and we'll have all these computer
+scientists helping come up with measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists helping come up with measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists helping come up with measures
+and ways to improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ways to improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ways to improve
+Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+Thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank
+you. Question over here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm Jun Shu from uh uh supply chain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm Jun Shu from uh uh supply chain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm Jun Shu from uh uh supply chain and
+information system at Penn State. Um my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information system at Penn State. Um my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information system at Penn State. Um my
+question is um about the actions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is um about the actions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is um about the actions in
+particular remedial actions. Uh every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular remedial actions. Uh every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular remedial actions. Uh every
+speaker's talked about changed business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker's talked about changed business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker's talked about changed business
+processes. So I won't go narrow. uh can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes. So I won't go narrow. uh can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes. So I won't go narrow. uh can
+you tell me examples of some actions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell me examples of some actions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell me examples of some actions in
+those business processes? So uh Dick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those business processes? So uh Dick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those business processes? So uh Dick
+mentioned uh if you see if you see some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned uh if you see if you see some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned uh if you see if you see some
+alert on pro promotional items you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alert on pro promotional items you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alert on pro promotional items you can
+call them. I would call that remedial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them. I would call that remedial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them. I would call that remedial
+actions whereas the in the health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions whereas the in the health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions whereas the in the health
+industry the pedigree requirement I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry the pedigree requirement I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry the pedigree requirement I
+would say it's it's changed business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say it's it's changed business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say it's it's changed business
+processes but it's mainly recording the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes but it's mainly recording the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes but it's mainly recording the
+history it's trace and track and I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history it's trace and track and I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history it's trace and track and I want
+to add that it's not just operational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add that it's not just operational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add that it's not just operational
+level actions at the strate strategic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level actions at the strate strategic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level actions at the strate strategic
+level actions too again use dick's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level actions too again use dick's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level actions too again use dick's
+example if you can do if you can alert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you can do if you can alert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you can do if you can alert
+and you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see the
+displacement maybe that means means you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement maybe that means means you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement maybe that means means you
+can have a different kind of contract on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have a different kind of contract on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have a different kind of contract on
+promotions at the strategic level with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promotions at the strategic level with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promotions at the strategic level with
+your supplier now that the uh with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your supplier now that the uh with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your supplier now that the uh with your
+retailer now that the supplier can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retailer now that the supplier can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retailer now that the supplier can see
+better. So again my question is can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better. So again my question is can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better. So again my question is can you
+can you think of can can you tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you think of can can you tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you think of can can you tell us
+some actions and remedial actions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some actions and remedial actions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some actions and remedial actions that
+you can take? Thank you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take? Thank you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take? Thank you.
+So, so this would probably be for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so this would probably be for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so this would probably be for for
+Dick, Simon, and Klouse. You know, what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dick, Simon, and Klouse. You know, what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dick, Simon, and Klouse. You know, what
+what what are some actions that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what are some actions that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what are some actions that you've
+actually taken based upon data or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually taken based upon data or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually taken based upon data or
+process changes that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process changes that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process changes that you've
+made? Let me just comment on on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made? Let me just comment on on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made? Let me just comment on on the
+observation you made made um around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation you made made um around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation you made made um around the
+promotions that they referenced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promotions that they referenced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promotions that they referenced
+um in the proof of concept and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the proof of concept and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the proof of concept and the
+trials. Yes, you would react to to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials. Yes, you would react to to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials. Yes, you would react to to those
+situations, but going forward, what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations, but going forward, what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations, but going forward, what that
+identifies is how we can be proactive.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifies is how we can be proactive.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifies is how we can be proactive.
+And so, we're not always chasing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so, we're not always chasing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so, we're not always chasing and
+firefighting. And so, that on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firefighting. And so, that on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firefighting. And so, that on
+promotions, for example, um instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promotions, for example, um instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promotions, for example, um instead of
+getting to a situation where, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to a situation where, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to a situation where, you know,
+today is D-Day and that that product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is D-Day and that that product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is D-Day and that that product
+should have been out on the sales floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have been out on the sales floor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have been out on the sales floor
+and it's not. Uh actually using the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not. Uh actually using the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not. Uh actually using the data
+to to countdown and to alert in advance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to countdown and to alert in advance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to countdown and to alert in advance
+uh to to store management and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to to store management and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to to store management and
+associates. So, you know, a week out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associates. So, you know, a week out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associates. So, you know, a week out
+it's okay, you're getting prepared for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay, you're getting prepared for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay, you're getting prepared for
+this. All the merchandise is there. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. All the merchandise is there. Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. All the merchandise is there. Uh,
+and two days out, okay, that should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two days out, okay, that should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two days out, okay, that should be
+moving out and and it's not. So, that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving out and and it's not. So, that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving out and and it's not. So, that we
+actually more proactive and and helping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually more proactive and and helping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually more proactive and and helping
+the associates and store management uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the associates and store management uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the associates and store management uh
+get that product out on time rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that product out on time rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that product out on time rather than
+just just reacting.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I would agree very much with Simon. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would agree very much with Simon. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would agree very much with Simon. I
+think it's a combination and and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a combination and and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a combination and and you
+kind of answered I think your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of answered I think your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of answered I think your own
+question by saying we're using the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question by saying we're using the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question by saying we're using the data
+we're using the alerts to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using the alerts to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using the alerts to give
+associates information proactively in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associates information proactively in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associates information proactively in
+advance of the occurrence. And then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance of the occurrence. And then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance of the occurrence. And then it
+comes down to to training them. Training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes down to to training them. Training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes down to to training them. Training
+them to use uh new equipment uh handheld
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to use uh new equipment uh handheld
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to use uh new equipment uh handheld
+readers uh which give them uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readers uh which give them uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readers uh which give them uh the
+ability to do their job um faster um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to do their job um faster um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to do their job um faster um
+more accurately. The the other the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more accurately. The the other the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more accurately. The the other the other
+thing I would add as well is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I would add as well is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I would add as well is that you
+know we we talk about the out of stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we we talk about the out of stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we we talk about the out of stock
+study that the UOVA uh conducted and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study that the UOVA uh conducted and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study that the UOVA uh conducted and the
+results we saw from that but what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results we saw from that but what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results we saw from that but what that
+doesn't show and and what is really hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't show and and what is really hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't show and and what is really hard
+to measure is how many out of stocks did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure is how many out of stocks did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure is how many out of stocks did
+we prevent? How many uh products did we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we prevent? How many uh products did we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we prevent? How many uh products did we
+save from going to the last two or three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save from going to the last two or three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save from going to the last two or three
+bottles of a product on the shelf which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottles of a product on the shelf which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottles of a product on the shelf which
+then may be dented or nobody wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then may be dented or nobody wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then may be dented or nobody wants to
+pick the last last item off the shelf.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick the last last item off the shelf.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick the last last item off the shelf.
+How many of those instances did we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How many of those instances did we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How many of those instances did we uh
+did we avert and keep that shelf fuller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we avert and keep that shelf fuller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we avert and keep that shelf fuller
+and the display fuller which we all know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the display fuller which we all know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the display fuller which we all know
+then sells more of that product? Um, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then sells more of that product? Um, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then sells more of that product? Um, so
+I think we are being proactive in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we are being proactive in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we are being proactive in in
+terms of that and obviously for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of that and obviously for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of that and obviously for those
+fast selling items or things that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast selling items or things that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast selling items or things that that
+didn't get executed correctly, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get executed correctly, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get executed correctly, then
+we're getting that product out much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting that product out much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting that product out much
+quicker to to fill that gap as well.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quicker to to fill that gap as well.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quicker to to fill that gap as well.
+And from from our point of view is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And from from our point of view is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And from from our point of view is in
+former times it was only a game between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+former times it was only a game between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+former times it was only a game between
+the supplier and the retailer and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supplier and the retailer and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supplier and the retailer and the
+logistic service provider was not exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistic service provider was not exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistic service provider was not exist
+existent. And if you have then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existent. And if you have then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existent. And if you have then a
+proactive way that you bring forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proactive way that you bring forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proactive way that you bring forward
+that you go into that technology that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you go into that technology that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you go into that technology that
+you learn then you can show that you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learn then you can show that you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learn then you can show that you are
+a connecting uh a binding uh uh medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a connecting uh a binding uh uh medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a connecting uh a binding uh uh medium
+uh and to help both to improve their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and to help both to improve their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and to help both to improve their
+supply chain and this is what we learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain and this is what we learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain and this is what we learned
+out of of the of the overall RFID trials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of of the of the overall RFID trials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of of the of the overall RFID trials
+and the other one is that you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other one is that you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other one is that you have to
+work clo very close together. Yes, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work clo very close together. Yes, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work clo very close together. Yes, you
+have exchanged datas. The the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have exchanged datas. The the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have exchanged datas. The the biggest
+problem in the beginning was to to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in the beginning was to to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in the beginning was to to have
+the right datas available to start for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right datas available to start for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right datas available to start for
+RFID. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RFID. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RFID. Yeah.
+I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think
+also the better having better accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the better having better accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the better having better accuracy
+is going to lead to more accountability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to lead to more accountability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to lead to more accountability
+um and better forecasting. For example,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and better forecasting. For example,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and better forecasting. For example,
+the one of the promotional uh examples I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one of the promotional uh examples I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one of the promotional uh examples I
+used, the promotion didn't do well.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used, the promotion didn't do well.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used, the promotion didn't do well.
+Well, did it do not do well because um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, did it do not do well because um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, did it do not do well because um
+it didn't get out to the floor on time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't get out to the floor on time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't get out to the floor on time
+or did it not do well because it didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or did it not do well because it didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or did it not do well because it didn't
+uh attract the uh consumer demand.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh attract the uh consumer demand.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh attract the uh consumer demand.
+Having accurate data which allows us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Having accurate data which allows us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Having accurate data which allows us to
+execute the the display flawlessly is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute the the display flawlessly is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute the the display flawlessly is
+then going to allow um the manufacturer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then going to allow um the manufacturer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then going to allow um the manufacturer
+to be more accountable to the retailer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be more accountable to the retailer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be more accountable to the retailer
+for the right kind of products and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the right kind of products and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the right kind of products and
+promotions the retailer more accountable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promotions the retailer more accountable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promotions the retailer more accountable
+to the manufacturer and together that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the manufacturer and together that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the manufacturer and together that
+will create a a more ideal forecasting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will create a a more ideal forecasting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will create a a more ideal forecasting
+um mechanism.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um mechanism.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um mechanism.
+Thank you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank you.
+Uh hello my name is Harold Beck from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh hello my name is Harold Beck from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh hello my name is Harold Beck from the
+University of Sherbrook. I'm a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of Sherbrook. I'm a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of Sherbrook. I'm a uh
+professor of marketing. First of all,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor of marketing. First of all,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor of marketing. First of all,
+I'd just like to say I'm really excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd just like to say I'm really excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd just like to say I'm really excited
+about everything I I heard today and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about everything I I heard today and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about everything I I heard today and I
+have so many questions. My head is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so many questions. My head is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so many questions. My head is
+spinning, but Bill, I I'm only going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning, but Bill, I I'm only going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning, but Bill, I I'm only going to
+start with one question right now. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with one question right now. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with one question right now. Okay.
+Um so, I'm really glad to see uh on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so, I'm really glad to see uh on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so, I'm really glad to see uh on a
+retail point of view uh the diffusion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retail point of view uh the diffusion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retail point of view uh the diffusion of
+the RFID technology within the store and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the RFID technology within the store and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the RFID technology within the store and
+uh we're going more and more towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're going more and more towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're going more and more towards
+promotions uh eventually helping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promotions uh eventually helping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promotions uh eventually helping
+customers do cross-selling and upselling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers do cross-selling and upselling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers do cross-selling and upselling
+opportunities. Now, I know a while back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities. Now, I know a while back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities. Now, I know a while back
+uh Gillette did a pilot with RFID tags
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Gillette did a pilot with RFID tags
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Gillette did a pilot with RFID tags
+and the whole Caspian movement,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the whole Caspian movement,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the whole Caspian movement,
+consumers against supermarket privacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers against supermarket privacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers against supermarket privacy
+invasion and and numbering. Um they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invasion and and numbering. Um they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invasion and and numbering. Um they
+started boycotting uh Gillette because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started boycotting uh Gillette because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started boycotting uh Gillette because
+of that initiative. And I know also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that initiative. And I know also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that initiative. And I know also
+Walmart had some difficulties with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walmart had some difficulties with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walmart had some difficulties with
+uh consumer um tracking within their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh consumer um tracking within their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh consumer um tracking within their
+stores a while back. Now my question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores a while back. Now my question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores a while back. Now my question is
+do you foresee in the near future uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you foresee in the near future uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you foresee in the near future uh
+using RFID in order to interact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using RFID in order to interact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using RFID in order to interact with
+consumers and the second part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers and the second part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers and the second part of the
+question is what are you doing against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what are you doing against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what are you doing against
+the possible uh push back from different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possible uh push back from different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possible uh push back from different
+consumer groups?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer groups?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer groups?
+Well just two quick answers. I I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well just two quick answers. I I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well just two quick answers. I I think
+right now it is a supply chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now it is a supply chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now it is a supply chain
+technology. it is a is a technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology. it is a is a technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology. it is a is a technology
+that's going to better enable us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to better enable us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to better enable us to
+satisfy shopper needs through supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy shopper needs through supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy shopper needs through supply
+chain improvements. Um so no, we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain improvements. Um so no, we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain improvements. Um so no, we're not
+thinking about what comes beyond that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what comes beyond that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what comes beyond that.
+Secondly, um over the last few years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Secondly, um over the last few years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Secondly, um over the last few years
+through the good work of um of EPC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the good work of um of EPC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the good work of um of EPC
+Global uh and EPC Global subscribers who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Global uh and EPC Global subscribers who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Global uh and EPC Global subscribers who
+sit on the public policy steering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit on the public policy steering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit on the public policy steering
+committee uh principles and guidelines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee uh principles and guidelines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee uh principles and guidelines
+have been put in place for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been put in place for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been put in place for the
+responsible use of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+technology and just add to that then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and just add to that then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and just add to that then I
+think it's it's around uh communicating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's it's around uh communicating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's it's around uh communicating
+that message, educating our associates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that message, educating our associates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that message, educating our associates
+and and customers of why we are using it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and customers of why we are using it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and customers of why we are using it
+and and how it's going to benefit them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and how it's going to benefit them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and how it's going to benefit them
+from us using it in the supply chain to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from us using it in the supply chain to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from us using it in the supply chain to
+to better serve them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to better serve them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to better serve them.
+Do you see within the next maybe 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do you see within the next maybe 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do you see within the next maybe 10
+years um the possibility of of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years um the possibility of of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years um the possibility of of having
+enough education among the consumer in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough education among the consumer in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough education among the consumer in
+order to be able to use that technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to be able to use that technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to be able to use that technology
+to to help them be more informed about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to help them be more informed about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to help them be more informed about
+their purchases?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think I think like um you know the EPC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I think like um you know the EPC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I think like um you know the EPC
+and the the logo uh will become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the logo uh will become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the logo uh will become
+ubiquitous and um much the same as Intel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubiquitous and um much the same as Intel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubiquitous and um much the same as Intel
+inside you know consumers will uh will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside you know consumers will uh will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside you know consumers will uh will
+relate to that and and see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to that and and see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to that and and see the
+advantages of of that that case or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages of of that that case or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages of of that that case or
+product having that thank you enabled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product having that thank you enabled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product having that thank you enabled
+I'm John Hrich from Mars Incorporated so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm John Hrich from Mars Incorporated so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm John Hrich from Mars Incorporated so
+my question is about the benefit case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my question is about the benefit case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my question is about the benefit case
+and if we take Dick's kind of diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we take Dick's kind of diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we take Dick's kind of diffusion
+model and cross cross it with Klaus's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and cross cross it with Klaus's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and cross cross it with Klaus's
+supplyain chain model and you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplyain chain model and you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplyain chain model and you look at
+the benefits and the cost they seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benefits and the cost they seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benefits and the cost they seem to
+be lumpily distributed through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be lumpily distributed through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be lumpily distributed through that
+matrix. So, one of the barriers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. So, one of the barriers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. So, one of the barriers to
+adoption is the dislocation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adoption is the dislocation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adoption is the dislocation of the
+benefit and the cost. And I know that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit and the cost. And I know that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit and the cost. And I know that's
+starting to cause um uh slowing the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to cause um uh slowing the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to cause um uh slowing the rate
+of um of adoption. Just even thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um of adoption. Just even thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um of adoption. Just even thinking
+about it, not even thinking, not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it, not even thinking, not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it, not even thinking, not even
+working, but thinking um if that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working, but thinking um if that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working, but thinking um if that's a
+barrier to thinking um it seems to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier to thinking um it seems to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier to thinking um it seems to be
+one of the areas and if the combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the areas and if the combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the areas and if the combination
+between the cells in that matrix are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the cells in that matrix are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the cells in that matrix are
+really where the benefits are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really where the benefits are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really where the benefits are in
+collaboration. So, I'd like you to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration. So, I'd like you to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration. So, I'd like you to ask
+answer two questions. One is what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer two questions. One is what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer two questions. One is what about
+that benefit case? Is it really as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that benefit case? Is it really as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that benefit case? Is it really as
+lumpily distributed as it seems? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lumpily distributed as it seems? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lumpily distributed as it seems? And
+two, is there a need for research and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two, is there a need for research and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two, is there a need for research and
+collaborative tools to help the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborative tools to help the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborative tools to help the
+supplier, the manufacturer, and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplier, the manufacturer, and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplier, the manufacturer, and the
+retailer to get together to have the if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retailer to get together to have the if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retailer to get together to have the if
+the benefits in the collaboration space,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benefits in the collaboration space,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benefits in the collaboration space,
+do we need some research to help drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we need some research to help drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we need some research to help drive
+that? Because I think that's a a big gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? Because I think that's a a big gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? Because I think that's a a big gap
+right now. I think the answer to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now. I think the answer to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now. I think the answer to your
+question is absolutely. the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is absolutely. the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is absolutely. the more
+research we have to to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research we have to to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research we have to to understand the
+the collaboration zone, understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the collaboration zone, understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the collaboration zone, understand the
+the cause and effect of putting an EPC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cause and effect of putting an EPC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cause and effect of putting an EPC
+tag on a product and and being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag on a product and and being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag on a product and and being able to
+track that product and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track that product and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track that product and then
+uh uh adjust process to to to increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh adjust process to to to increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh adjust process to to to increase
+the efficiency of of flow to to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the efficiency of of flow to to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the efficiency of of flow to to the
+shelf to the consumer is is clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shelf to the consumer is is clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shelf to the consumer is is clearly
+where there needs to be collaboration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there needs to be collaboration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there needs to be collaboration
+between manufacturer, retailer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between manufacturer, retailer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between manufacturer, retailer and
+academia. Um I think what I tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academia. Um I think what I tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academia. Um I think what I tried to
+communicate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate is
+um we believe that you can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we believe that you can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we believe that you can't do
+everything at once. You have to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything at once. You have to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything at once. You have to pick
+your lumps. Uh we've picked uh displays,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your lumps. Uh we've picked uh displays,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your lumps. Uh we've picked uh displays,
+promotional displays, new item
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promotional displays, new item
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promotional displays, new item
+compliance as a big lump that can uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliance as a big lump that can uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliance as a big lump that can uh uh
+justify a a uh a favorable uh benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justify a a uh a favorable uh benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justify a a uh a favorable uh benefit
+cost ratio. and some higher uh advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost ratio. and some higher uh advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost ratio. and some higher uh advantage
+type products like blades and razors or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type products like blades and razors or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type products like blades and razors or
+press white strips that are high margin,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press white strips that are high margin,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press white strips that are high margin,
+high velocity, high shrink um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high velocity, high shrink um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high velocity, high shrink um you know
+they they are lumps that can justify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they are lumps that can justify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they are lumps that can justify the
+cost. So start there because you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost. So start there because you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost. So start there because you can't
+do everything at one time and then um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do everything at one time and then um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do everything at one time and then um
+based on that learning um you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on that learning um you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on that learning um you will
+better understand how to do other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better understand how to do other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better understand how to do other
+products uh how to smooth out the lumps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products uh how to smooth out the lumps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products uh how to smooth out the lumps
+and get a get a consistency across your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get a get a consistency across your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get a get a consistency across your
+your product line.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your product line.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your product line.
+Yeah, we have done exactly the same. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, we have done exactly the same. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, we have done exactly the same. We
+are looking more to the fashion industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are looking more to the fashion industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are looking more to the fashion industry
+because we can see that the garment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can see that the garment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can see that the garment
+which costs $100 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which costs $100 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which costs $100 or
+$200 can bear more the cost but we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$200 can bear more the cost but we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$200 can bear more the cost but we have
+more the efficiency there and we will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more the efficiency there and we will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more the efficiency there and we will do
+this. We will roll out more on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. We will roll out more on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. We will roll out more on the
+fashion side and we will do trials on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion side and we will do trials on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion side and we will do trials on
+the other sides to learn. This is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other sides to learn. This is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other sides to learn. This is our
+philosophy and uh this we will follow.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/qFcra-xNYrw.txt b/qFcra-xNYrw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..817e94bae529287d55d9b84d1be3bb8cef09d1ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qFcra-xNYrw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1499 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hello and welcome to the second lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello and welcome to the second lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello and welcome to the second lecture
+on the binomial theorem in this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the binomial theorem in this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the binomial theorem in this lecture
+uh we will look at the binomial theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we will look at the binomial theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we will look at the binomial theorem
+and some of the related results which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of the related results which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of the related results which
+can be derived from binomial theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be derived from binomial theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be derived from binomial theorem
+first recall the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first recall the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first recall the definition of
+NCR which is the number of ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NCR which is the number of ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NCR which is the number of ways of
+choosing R objects from n distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing R objects from n distinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing R objects from n distinct
+objects and which can be written as n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and which can be written as n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and which can be written as n
+factorial ID n - R factorial * R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial ID n - R factorial * R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial ID n - R factorial * R
+factorial so the binomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theorem is given by uh this result this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is given by uh this result this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is given by uh this result this
+x +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x +
+y ra to the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is n c0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n c0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n c0
+x to the n y to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x to the n y to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x to the n y to the
+0 plus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 plus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 plus n
+C1 x to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 x to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 x to the
+nus1 Y to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nus1 Y to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nus1 Y to the
+1+ so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1+ so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1+ so on
+till n c n minus 1 x the 1 y the 0 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till n c n minus 1 x the 1 y the 0 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till n c n minus 1 x the 1 y the 0 plus
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+CN x to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CN x to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CN x to the
+0 y to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 y to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 y to the
+N where NCR is the number of way ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N where NCR is the number of way ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N where NCR is the number of way ways of
+choosing R objects from n distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing R objects from n distinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing R objects from n distinct
+objects this can be more succinctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects this can be more succinctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects this can be more succinctly
+written as the summation Ral 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as the summation Ral 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as the summation Ral 0 to
+n NC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n NC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n NC
+r x the nus r y to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r x the nus r y to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r x the nus r y to the
+R so the binomial theorem can be taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R so the binomial theorem can be taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R so the binomial theorem can be taken
+to be an identity in X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be an identity in X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be an identity in X and
+Y the binomial theorem is applicable for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y the binomial theorem is applicable for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y the binomial theorem is applicable for
+X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and
+Y uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+complex and N being a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integer at this point I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer at this point I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer at this point I would like to
+mention that generalizations of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention that generalizations of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention that generalizations of the
+binomial theorem for the case when n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial theorem for the case when n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial theorem for the case when n is
+any real number also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exist so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist so in the
+definition in the expression of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition in the expression of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition in the expression of the
+binomial theorem uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial theorem uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial theorem uh we
+take x to the 0 to be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take x to the 0 to be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take x to the 0 to be equal to
+1 for all X which are complex numbers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 for all X which are complex numbers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 for all X which are complex numbers so
+in respect of the value of x we Define X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in respect of the value of x we Define X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in respect of the value of x we Define X
+the 0 to be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 so you notice that uh there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so you notice that uh there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so you notice that uh there
+are n +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are n +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are n +
+1 terms in the binomial theorem uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 terms in the binomial theorem uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 terms in the binomial theorem uh and
+they're not n terms but n plus one terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not n terms but n plus one terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not n terms but n plus one terms
+in the binomial theorem and you notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the binomial theorem and you notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the binomial theorem and you notice
+that there is sort of a pattern to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is sort of a pattern to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is sort of a pattern to the
+terms in the bionomial theorem and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms in the bionomial theorem and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms in the bionomial theorem and that
+is well captured by the general term of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well captured by the general term of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well captured by the general term of
+the binomial theorem in general the r +1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the binomial theorem in general the r +1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the binomial theorem in general the r +1
+term in the expansion of x + y to the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term in the expansion of x + y to the N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term in the expansion of x + y to the N
+can be written as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be written as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be written as
+NCR x to the nus r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NCR x to the nus r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NCR x to the nus r
+time y to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+R so to give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R so to give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R so to give you an
+example of the application of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of the application of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of the application of the
+binomial theorem um let's look at x +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial theorem um let's look at x +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial theorem um let's look at x +
+y power 1 so from the binomial theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y power 1 so from the binomial theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y power 1 so from the binomial theorem
+we get that this is nothing but 1 C 0 x^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get that this is nothing but 1 C 0 x^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get that this is nothing but 1 C 0 x^
+1 y^ 0 + 1 C1 x^ 0 y ^ 1 which gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 y^ 0 + 1 C1 x^ 0 y ^ 1 which gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 y^ 0 + 1 C1 x^ 0 y ^ 1 which gives us
+X + Y which is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X + Y which is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X + Y which is what we
+expect so we can also derive for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect so we can also derive for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect so we can also derive for the
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+when we have x + y s this is nothing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we have x + y s this is nothing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we have x + y s this is nothing but
+2 c0 x^ 2 y^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 c0 x^ 2 y^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 c0 x^ 2 y^
+0+ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0+ 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0+ 2
+C1 x^ 1 y^ 1 + 2 C2 and x^ 0 Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 x^ 1 y^ 1 + 2 C2 and x^ 0 Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 x^ 1 y^ 1 + 2 C2 and x^ 0 Y
+2 and since 2 c0 is 1 we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and since 2 c0 is 1 we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and since 2 c0 is 1 we have
+x² 2 C1 is nothing but 2 we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x² 2 C1 is nothing but 2 we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x² 2 C1 is nothing but 2 we have
+2xy and 2 C2 again is one so we have + y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2xy and 2 C2 again is one so we have + y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2xy and 2 C2 again is one so we have + y
+s and this is the well-known result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and this is the well-known result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and this is the well-known result of
+of x + 5 the whole sare = x² + 2x y + y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x + 5 the whole sare = x² + 2x y + y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x + 5 the whole sare = x² + 2x y + y
+s uh similarly you can derive that x + y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s uh similarly you can derive that x + y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s uh similarly you can derive that x + y
+the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole
+cube is X Cub + 3 x²
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube is X Cub + 3 x²
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube is X Cub + 3 x²
+y + 3 x Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y + 3 x Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y + 3 x Y
+2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 +
+y and you can derive this result from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y and you can derive this result from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y and you can derive this result from
+the binomial expansion as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the binomial expansion as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the binomial expansion as
+well so one way in which you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so one way in which you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so one way in which you can
+interpret the binomial theorem is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret the binomial theorem is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret the binomial theorem is this
+follows um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows um
+so to derive x + y raised to the N is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to derive x + y raised to the N is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to derive x + y raised to the N is
+equal to this expression you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to this expression you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to this expression you just
+consider x + y ra to the N is nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider x + y ra to the N is nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider x + y ra to the N is nothing
+but x +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but x +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but x +
+y * x + y and so on * x +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y * x + y and so on * x +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y * x + y and so on * x +
+y for a total of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y for a total of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y for a total of
+uh n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh n
+terms and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and the
+interpretation of this expansion can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of this expansion can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of this expansion can be
+given as follows so if you choose n X's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given as follows so if you choose n X's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given as follows so if you choose n X's
+then you choose an X from each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you choose an X from each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you choose an X from each of these
+each of these parenthesis here and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these parenthesis here and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these parenthesis here and so
+there is only one way of choosing X's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is only one way of choosing X's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is only one way of choosing X's
+from each of these parenthesis so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each of these parenthesis so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each of these parenthesis so
+there's only one way of choosing nx's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one way of choosing nx's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one way of choosing nx's
+and Zer Y and that gives you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Zer Y and that gives you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Zer Y and that gives you the
+coefficient of x^ n y^ 0 and if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of x^ n y^ 0 and if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of x^ n y^ 0 and if you want
+to choose n minus one X's from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose n minus one X's from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose n minus one X's from this
+expression then you have to choose n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression then you have to choose n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression then you have to choose n
+minus one X's from the N possible x's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one X's from the N possible x's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one X's from the N possible x's
+and you have to choose y from the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to choose y from the N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to choose y from the N
+possible Y and that can be done in N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible Y and that can be done in N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible Y and that can be done in N
+choose one ways and that gives you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose one ways and that gives you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose one ways and that gives you the
+coefficient of x^ nus 1 * y^ 1 and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of x^ nus 1 * y^ 1 and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of x^ nus 1 * y^ 1 and so on
+so in this way you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this way you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this way you can
+derive the you can provide a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive the you can provide a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive the you can provide a
+combinatorial interpretation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorial interpretation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorial interpretation of the
+binomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expansion so as I mentioned uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion so as I mentioned uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion so as I mentioned uh
+previously there are generalizations for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously there are generalizations for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously there are generalizations for
+the binomial theorem for the case when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the binomial theorem for the case when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the binomial theorem for the case when
+uh this exponent n is not necessarily a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this exponent n is not necessarily a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this exponent n is not necessarily a
+positive integer but when it can be any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive integer but when it can be any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive integer but when it can be any
+real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number so this is the general result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so this is the general result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so this is the general result of
+the binomial theorem and you can derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the binomial theorem and you can derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the binomial theorem and you can derive
+several related results by playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several related results by playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several related results by playing
+around with the general result of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with the general result of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with the general result of the
+binomial theorem for instance you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial theorem for instance you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial theorem for instance you could
+replace y by minus y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace y by minus y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace y by minus y
+in the theorem and upon doing so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the theorem and upon doing so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the theorem and upon doing so you
+would get an expression for x - y raised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get an expression for x - y raised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get an expression for x - y raised
+to the N this is going to be n c0 x to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the N this is going to be n c0 x to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the N this is going to be n c0 x to
+the N - y 0 plus n C1 x to the N minus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N - y 0 plus n C1 x to the N minus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N - y 0 plus n C1 x to the N minus1
+- y to the 1 and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- y to the 1 and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- y to the 1 and so
+on till
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on till
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on till
+ncn x to the 0 - y ra to the n and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ncn x to the 0 - y ra to the n and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ncn x to the 0 - y ra to the n and this
+can be more simply written as summation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be more simply written as summation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be more simply written as summation
+Ral 0 to n minus 1 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ral 0 to n minus 1 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ral 0 to n minus 1 to the
+r n c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r n c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r n c
+r x to the nus r y to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r x to the nus r y to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r x to the nus r y to the
+R so this result is very similar to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R so this result is very similar to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R so this result is very similar to the
+result we derived for the binomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result we derived for the binomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result we derived for the binomial
+theorem the second result which we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem the second result which we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem the second result which we can
+derive is by replacing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y by
+1 in which case we can derive an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 in which case we can derive an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 in which case we can derive an
+expansion for x + 1 rais to the n as n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion for x + 1 rais to the n as n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion for x + 1 rais to the n as n
+c0 x to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c0 x to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c0 x to the
+n 1 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n 1 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n 1 to the
+0 plus n C1 x to the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 plus n C1 x to the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 plus n C1 x to the n
+minus1 one to the one and so on to ncn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 one to the one and so on to ncn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 one to the one and so on to ncn
+x to the 0 1 to the n and this can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x to the 0 1 to the n and this can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x to the 0 1 to the n and this can be
+written as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as
+nc0 x to the N plus n C1 X the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nc0 x to the N plus n C1 X the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nc0 x to the N plus n C1 X the n
+minus1 and so on till n c n x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 and so on till n c n x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 and so on till n c n x
+to0 now to arrive at a more simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to0 now to arrive at a more simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to0 now to arrive at a more simpler
+expression of this result use the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of this result use the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of this result use the fact
+that NCR is ncn minus r and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that NCR is ncn minus r and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that NCR is ncn minus r and you can
+derive this to be = to n c n x to the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive this to be = to n c n x to the N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive this to be = to n c n x to the N
+plus n c nus1 x the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus n c nus1 x the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus n c nus1 x the
+nus1 and so on till NT 0 x to the 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nus1 and so on till NT 0 x to the 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nus1 and so on till NT 0 x to the 0 and
+this last expression can simply be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this last expression can simply be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this last expression can simply be
+written as summation r equal to 0 to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as summation r equal to 0 to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as summation r equal to 0 to n
+NC r x to the r and so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NC r x to the r and so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NC r x to the r and so this is the
+binomial expansion of x + 1 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+N similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N similarly
+you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also
+derive this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive this
+result from the binomial expansion you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result from the binomial expansion you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result from the binomial expansion you
+can derive an expansion for x + y to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can derive an expansion for x + y to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can derive an expansion for x + y to the
+n + x - y to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n + x - y to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n + x - y to the
+n and if you apply the binomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and if you apply the binomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and if you apply the binomial
+expansion uh for these two separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion uh for these two separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion uh for these two separate
+Expressions you will get uh 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions you will get uh 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions you will get uh 2
+* n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* n
+c0 uh x to the n y to the 0 plus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c0 uh x to the n y to the 0 plus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c0 uh x to the n y to the 0 plus n
+C2 X the nus 2 Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 X the nus 2 Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 X the nus 2 Y
+2 and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and so
+on the alternate terms will cancel out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the alternate terms will cancel out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the alternate terms will cancel out
+and it will leave you with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will leave you with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will leave you with this
+result so that's it for this lecture U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result so that's it for this lecture U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result so that's it for this lecture U
+so hope you had fun listening to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hope you had fun listening to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hope you had fun listening to the
+binomial theorem and some of its related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial theorem and some of its related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial theorem and some of its related
+results in the next lecture we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in the next lecture we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in the next lecture we'll be
+looking at some examples of the usage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at some examples of the usage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at some examples of the usage of
+the binomial the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the binomial the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the binomial the
+and some possible problems you will face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some possible problems you will face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some possible problems you will face
+in an exam situation thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an exam situation thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an exam situation thank
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/qgICsL7ybWc.txt b/qgICsL7ybWc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fc45ed584bb45a4820e9ea9c78038ab1529b84c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qgICsL7ybWc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1251 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+as a preparation for more complex and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a preparation for more complex and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a preparation for more complex and
+more difficult models we will start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more difficult models we will start by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more difficult models we will start by
+looking at the simplest model that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the simplest model that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the simplest model that there
+is that involves a linear relation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that involves a linear relation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that involves a linear relation and
+normal random variables the specifics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal random variables the specifics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal random variables the specifics of
+the model are as follows there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model are as follows there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model are as follows there's an
+unknown parameter modeled as a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown parameter modeled as a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown parameter modeled as a random
+variable theta that we wish to estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable theta that we wish to estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable theta that we wish to estimate
+what we have in our hands is theta plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have in our hands is theta plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have in our hands is theta plus
+some additive noise W and this sum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some additive noise W and this sum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some additive noise W and this sum is
+our observation X the assumptions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our observation X the assumptions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our observation X the assumptions that
+we make are that theta and W are normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make are that theta and W are normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make are that theta and W are normal
+random variables and to keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables and to keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables and to keep the
+calculations simple we assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations simple we assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations simple we assume that
+they're standard normal random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're standard normal random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're standard normal random variables
+furthermore we assume that theta and W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore we assume that theta and W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore we assume that theta and W
+are independent of each other according
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are independent of each other according
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are independent of each other according
+to the Bayesian program inference about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Bayesian program inference about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Bayesian program inference about
+theta is essentially the calculation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is essentially the calculation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is essentially the calculation of
+the posterior distribution of theta if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the posterior distribution of theta if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the posterior distribution of theta if I
+tell you that the observation capital X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that the observation capital X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that the observation capital X
+takes on a specific value little X to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes on a specific value little X to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes on a specific value little X to
+calculate this posterior distribution we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this posterior distribution we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this posterior distribution we
+invoke the appropriate form of the Bayes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invoke the appropriate form of the Bayes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invoke the appropriate form of the Bayes
+rule we have the prior of theta it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule we have the prior of theta it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule we have the prior of theta it's a
+standard normal now we need to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard normal now we need to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard normal now we need to figure
+out the conditional distribution of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the conditional distribution of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the conditional distribution of x
+given theta what is it if I tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given theta what is it if I tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given theta what is it if I tell you
+that the random variable capital theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the random variable capital theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the random variable capital theta
+takes on a specific value little theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes on a specific value little theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes on a specific value little theta
+then in that conditional universe our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in that conditional universe our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in that conditional universe our
+observation is going to be that specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation is going to be that specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation is going to be that specific
+value of theta which is our little theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of theta which is our little theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of theta which is our little theta
+plus the noise term capital W this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the noise term capital W this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the noise term capital W this is
+the relation that holds in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relation that holds in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relation that holds in the
+conditional universe where we are told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional universe where we are told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional universe where we are told
+the value of theta now W is independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of theta now W is independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of theta now W is independent
+of theta so even though I have told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theta so even though I have told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theta so even though I have told you
+the value of theta the distribution of W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of theta the distribution of W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of theta the distribution of W
+does not change it is still a standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not change it is still a standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not change it is still a standard
+normal so X is a standard normal plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal so X is a standard normal plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal so X is a standard normal plus a
+constant theta what that does is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant theta what that does is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant theta what that does is that it
+changes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the
+mean of the normal distribution but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean of the normal distribution but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean of the normal distribution but it
+will still be a normal random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will still be a normal random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will still be a normal random variable
+so in this conditional universe X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this conditional universe X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this conditional universe X is
+going to be a normal random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a normal random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a normal random variable
+with mean equal to theta and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with mean equal to theta and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with mean equal to theta and with
+variance equal to the variance of W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance equal to the variance of W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance equal to the variance of W
+which is equal to one so now we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equal to one so now we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equal to one so now we know
+what this distribution is and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this distribution is and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this distribution is and we can
+move with the calculation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move with the calculation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move with the calculation of the
+posterior so we have the denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior so we have the denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior so we have the denominator
+term which I'm writing here and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term which I'm writing here and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term which I'm writing here and then we
+have the density of theta since it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the density of theta since it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the density of theta since it is a
+standard normal it takes the form of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard normal it takes the form of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard normal it takes the form of a
+constant we do not really care about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant we do not really care about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant we do not really care about the
+value of that constant what we care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of that constant what we care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of that constant what we care
+really is the term on the exponent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is the term on the exponent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is the term on the exponent and
+then we have the conditional density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have the conditional density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have the conditional density of
+x given theta which is a normal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x given theta which is a normal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x given theta which is a normal with
+these parameters and therefore it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these parameters and therefore it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these parameters and therefore it takes
+the form C e to the minus 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form C e to the minus 1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form C e to the minus 1/2
+it's a density in X and so up here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a density in X and so up here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a density in X and so up here we
+have X minus the mean of that density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have X minus the mean of that density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have X minus the mean of that density
+but the mean is equal to theta squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the mean is equal to theta squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the mean is equal to theta squared
+and this is the final form now what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the final form now what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the final form now what we
+notice here is that we have a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice here is that we have a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice here is that we have a few
+constant terms another term that depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant terms another term that depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant terms another term that depends
+on X and then a quadratic in theta so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on X and then a quadratic in theta so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on X and then a quadratic in theta so we
+can write all this as some function of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write all this as some function of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write all this as some function of X
+and then e to the negative of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then e to the negative of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then e to the negative of some
+quadratic in theta now when we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic in theta now when we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic in theta now when we're doing
+inference we are given the value of x so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference we are given the value of x so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference we are given the value of x so
+let us fix a particular value of little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us fix a particular value of little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us fix a particular value of little
+pecks and concentrate on the dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pecks and concentrate on the dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pecks and concentrate on the dependence
+on theta so with X being fixed this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on theta so with X being fixed this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on theta so with X being fixed this is
+just a constant and as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a constant and as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a constant and as a function of
+theta it's e to the minus something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta it's e to the minus something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta it's e to the minus something
+quadratic in theta and we recognize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic in theta and we recognize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic in theta and we recognize that
+this is a normal PDF so we conclude that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a normal PDF so we conclude that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a normal PDF so we conclude that
+the posterior distribution of faith
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the posterior distribution of faith
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the posterior distribution of faith
+given our observation is normal since it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given our observation is normal since it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given our observation is normal since it
+is normal the expected value of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is normal the expected value of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is normal the expected value of this
+conditional PDF will be the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional PDF will be the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional PDF will be the same as the
+peak of that PDF and this would be our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak of that PDF and this would be our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak of that PDF and this would be our
+point estimate of theta in particular if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point estimate of theta in particular if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point estimate of theta in particular if
+we use either the map maximum a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use either the map maximum a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use either the map maximum a
+posteriori probability or the list min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posteriori probability or the list min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posteriori probability or the list min
+squares estimator which is defined as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares estimator which is defined as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares estimator which is defined as
+the conditional expectation of theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional expectation of theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional expectation of theta
+given the observation that we have made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the observation that we have made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the observation that we have made
+so this conditional expectation is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this conditional expectation is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this conditional expectation is just
+the mean of this posterior distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean of this posterior distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean of this posterior distribution
+it is also the peak of that posterior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is also the peak of that posterior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is also the peak of that posterior
+distribution so let us find what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so let us find what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so let us find what the
+peak is to find the peak we focus on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak is to find the peak we focus on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak is to find the peak we focus on the
+exponent term which is ignoring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent term which is ignoring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent term which is ignoring the
+minus sign the exponent term is this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign the exponent term is this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign the exponent term is this one
+and to find the peak of the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to find the peak of the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to find the peak of the distribution
+we need to find the place where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to find the place where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to find the place where this
+exponent term is smallest to find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent term is smallest to find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent term is smallest to find out
+when this term is smallest we take its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this term is smallest we take its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this term is smallest we take its
+derivative with respect to theta and set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to theta and set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to theta and set
+it equal to 0 the derivative of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it equal to 0 the derivative of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it equal to 0 the derivative of this
+term is theta the derivative of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is theta the derivative of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is theta the derivative of this
+term is theta minus X we set this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is theta minus X we set this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is theta minus X we set this to
+zero and when we solve this equation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and when we solve this equation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and when we solve this equation we
+find two theta equal to X therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find two theta equal to X therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find two theta equal to X therefore
+theta is equal to x over two and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is equal to x over two and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is equal to x over two and so we
+conclude from here that the peak of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude from here that the peak of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude from here that the peak of the
+distribution occurs when theta is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution occurs when theta is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution occurs when theta is equal
+to x over two and this is our estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to x over two and this is our estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to x over two and this is our estimate
+of theta so our estimate takes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theta so our estimate takes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theta so our estimate takes into
+account that we believe that theta is 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account that we believe that theta is 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account that we believe that theta is 0
+on the average but also takes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the average but also takes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the average but also takes into
+account the observation that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account the observation that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account the observation that we have
+made and comes up with a value that's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made and comes up with a value that's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made and comes up with a value that's in
+between our prior mean which was 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between our prior mean which was 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between our prior mean which was 0 and
+the observation which is little X so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observation which is little X so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observation which is little X so
+this is what the estimates are if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what the estimates are if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what the estimates are if we
+want to talk about estimators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about estimators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about estimators
+which are now random variables what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are now random variables what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are now random variables what
+would they be the estimator is a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would they be the estimator is a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would they be the estimator is a random
+variable that takes this value whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that takes this value whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that takes this value whenever
+capital X takes the value of little X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital X takes the value of little X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital X takes the value of little X
+therefore it's the random variable which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it's the random variable which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it's the random variable which
+is equal to capital X over 2 this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to capital X over 2 this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to capital X over 2 this is a
+relation between random variables this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between random variables this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between random variables this
+is a corresponding relation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a corresponding relation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a corresponding relation between
+numbers if you are given a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers if you are given a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers if you are given a specific
+value for a little X how special is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value for a little X how special is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value for a little X how special is this
+example it turns out that the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it turns out that the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it turns out that the same
+structure of the solution shows up even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the solution shows up even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the solution shows up even
+if we assume that theta and W are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we assume that theta and W are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we assume that theta and W are
+independent normal random variables but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent normal random variables but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent normal random variables but
+with some general means and variances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some general means and variances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some general means and variances
+you should be able to verify on your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be able to verify on your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be able to verify on your own
+by repeating the calculations that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by repeating the calculations that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by repeating the calculations that we
+just carried out that the posterior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just carried out that the posterior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just carried out that the posterior
+distribution of theta will still be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of theta will still be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of theta will still be
+normal and since it is normal the peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal and since it is normal the peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal and since it is normal the peak
+of the distribution is the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the distribution is the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the distribution is the same as the
+expected value so the expected value or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value so the expected value or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value so the expected value or
+least mean squares estimator coincides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least mean squares estimator coincides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least mean squares estimator coincides
+with the maximum a posteriori
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the maximum a posteriori
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the maximum a posteriori
+probability estimator and finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability estimator and finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability estimator and finally
+although this formula will not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although this formula will not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although this formula will not be
+exactly true there will be a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly true there will be a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly true there will be a similar
+formula for the estimators namely the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the estimators namely the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the estimators namely the
+estimator will turn out to be a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator will turn out to be a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator will turn out to be a linear
+function of the measurements we will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the measurements we will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the measurements we will see
+that these conclusions are actually even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these conclusions are actually even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these conclusions are actually even
+more general than that and this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more general than that and this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more general than that and this is what
+makes it very appealing to work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it very appealing to work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it very appealing to work with
+normal random variables and linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal random variables and linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal random variables and linear
+relations
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/qpT5gDAQtD0.txt b/qpT5gDAQtD0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..05da2add85466589b4764b9f4cec7a00789b5e6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qpT5gDAQtD0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,875 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's talk why this matters let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's talk why this matters let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's talk why this matters let's
+do why this matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why does this matter well because see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does this matter well because see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does this matter well because see
+these guys were trying to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys were trying to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys were trying to figure out
+what was inside of an atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was inside of an atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was inside of an atom
+but other people like john baird said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but other people like john baird said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but other people like john baird said
+well wait a second you just gave me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well wait a second you just gave me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well wait a second you just gave me a
+paintbrush
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paintbrush
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paintbrush
+you gave me a paintbrush look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you gave me a paintbrush look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you gave me a paintbrush look at this
+that's a paintbrush
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a paintbrush
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a paintbrush
+painting with a magnet it really is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting with a magnet it really is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting with a magnet it really is and
+the screen would light up over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen would light up over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen would light up over here
+and so so he said well i can paint i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so he said well i can paint i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so he said well i can paint i can
+paint pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paint pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paint pictures
+and this really is the first television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this really is the first television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this really is the first television
+screen this was the first tv screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen this was the first tv screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen this was the first tv screen
+and and all they needed to do there okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and all they needed to do there okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and all they needed to do there okay
+right there it is that's a cathode rim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there it is that's a cathode rim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there it is that's a cathode rim
+tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube
+maybe that's one of thompson's students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's one of thompson's students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's one of thompson's students
+who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who
+who won a nobel prize and and you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who won a nobel prize and and you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who won a nobel prize and and you put
+but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now
+you put this down and you put these sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put this down and you put these sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put this down and you put these sort
+of things around it what are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things around it what are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things around it what are those
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+magnetic fields that's all it is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic fields that's all it is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic fields that's all it is it's
+just magnetic fields it's thompson's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just magnetic fields it's thompson's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just magnetic fields it's thompson's
+experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments
+right but now they're using it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but now they're using it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but now they're using it
+to zip the beam around faster than your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zip the beam around faster than your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zip the beam around faster than your
+eyes can keep up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes can keep up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes can keep up with
+so that it looks like a picture now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that it looks like a picture now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that it looks like a picture now
+electron painting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron painting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron painting
+had never been done before because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had never been done before because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had never been done before because we
+didn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know
+that we had these electrons but as soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had these electrons but as soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had these electrons but as soon
+as we knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we knew
+boy did that launch a completely new era
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy did that launch a completely new era
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy did that launch a completely new era
+of screens right the era
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of screens right the era
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of screens right the era
+of screens we we don't use cathode ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of screens we we don't use cathode ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of screens we we don't use cathode ray
+tubes don't say ask your grandparents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubes don't say ask your grandparents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubes don't say ask your grandparents
+they'll tell you about the cathode ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll tell you about the cathode ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll tell you about the cathode ray
+tube tvs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube tvs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube tvs
+which they all had um but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they all had um but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they all had um but uh
+you know we don't use cathode ray tubes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we don't use cathode ray tubes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we don't use cathode ray tubes
+to paint with electrons today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to paint with electrons today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to paint with electrons today
+in that way but we still paint with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that way but we still paint with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that way but we still paint with
+electrons today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons today
+right your oled screen is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right your oled screen is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right your oled screen is still
+simply an electron based painting tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply an electron based painting tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply an electron based painting tool
+right right okay we're just pumping the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right okay we're just pumping the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right okay we're just pumping the
+electrons into the phosphor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons into the phosphor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons into the phosphor
+in a different way right and we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a different way right and we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a different way right and we'll be
+talking about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about that
+uh as we go through the rest of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as we go through the rest of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as we go through the rest of this
+week and we understand how electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week and we understand how electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week and we understand how electrons
+interact with light coming in and out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with light coming in and out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with light coming in and out of
+an atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an atom
+okay so that's my why this matters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's my why this matters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's my why this matters and
+by the way a side note here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way a side note here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way a side note here is that
+when tvs first came along it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when tvs first came along it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when tvs first came along it
+you know green was pretty easy there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know green was pretty easy there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know green was pretty easy there
+were a lot of chemistries that were used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a lot of chemistries that were used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a lot of chemistries that were used
+for this screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this screen
+right you put a different chemistry here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you put a different chemistry here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you put a different chemistry here
+and it lights up differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it lights up differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it lights up differently
+when electrons hit it why wait until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when electrons hit it why wait until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when electrons hit it why wait until
+wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+green was easy yellow was easy red was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green was easy yellow was easy red was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green was easy yellow was easy red was
+hard red was hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard red was hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard red was hard
+they couldn't get a good red and um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they couldn't get a good red and um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they couldn't get a good red and um and
+of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course
+uh and and that's why there were no cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and that's why there were no cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and that's why there were no cut
+that's essentially the reason there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's essentially the reason there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's essentially the reason there were
+no color tvs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no color tvs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no color tvs
+until the 60s right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the 60s right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the 60s right
+and the answer of course was here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer of course was here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer of course was here the
+answer was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer was
+that there was a phosphor that worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there was a phosphor that worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there was a phosphor that worked
+but it was yitrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was yitrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was yitrium
+orthovanadate with a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthovanadate with a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthovanadate with a little bit of
+europium added to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+europium added to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+europium added to it
+just a little bit of europium why did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little bit of europium why did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little bit of europium why did
+that work again we need to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that work again we need to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that work again we need to understand
+how electrons interact with matter which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how electrons interact with matter which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how electrons interact with matter which
+is where we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where we're going
+and speaking of yitrium speaking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and speaking of yitrium speaking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and speaking of yitrium speaking of
+yitrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yitrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yitrium
+this is also a side story but it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also a side story but it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also a side story but it's kind
+of worth noting you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of worth noting you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of worth noting you know
+elements are named often elements can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are named often elements can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are named often elements can be
+named after many things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named after many things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named after many things
+all right in this case it was named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right in this case it was named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right in this case it was named
+after guturbee sweden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after guturbee sweden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after guturbee sweden
+yet turvy sweden is a pretty cool place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet turvy sweden is a pretty cool place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet turvy sweden is a pretty cool place
+they have this one cave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have this one cave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have this one cave
+you gotta go to it it's really cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you gotta go to it it's really cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you gotta go to it it's really cool
+because four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because four
+elements of the periodic table were all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of the periodic table were all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of the periodic table were all
+discovered from uterby sweden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered from uterby sweden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered from uterby sweden
+in this one cave four and i keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this one cave four and i keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this one cave four and i keep
+thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking
+where is that cave in cambridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they can't they cannot discover any more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't they cannot discover any more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't they cannot discover any more
+elements because there's no other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements because there's no other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements because there's no other way
+to mess with the name youtubey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mess with the name youtubey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mess with the name youtubey
+that's pretty cool that's pretty cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty cool that's pretty cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty cool that's pretty cool
+that's a cool cave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a cool cave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a cool cave
+that's worth visiting
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/r2Qb0vsxa8Y.txt b/r2Qb0vsxa8Y.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..34df773e43fec1a7bba5a50bff2b8e7429c5c0d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/r2Qb0vsxa8Y.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,643 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+We've defined moment of inertia of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've defined moment of inertia of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've defined moment of inertia of a
+rigid body already and we often are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid body already and we often are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid body already and we often are
+interested in it because when we rotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in it because when we rotate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in it because when we rotate
+a body about an axis, say an axis that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a body about an axis, say an axis that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a body about an axis, say an axis that's
+passing through the center of mass, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing through the center of mass, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing through the center of mass, then
+our kinetic energy depends on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our kinetic energy depends on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our kinetic energy depends on that
+moment of inertia through that axis. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of inertia through that axis. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of inertia through that axis. But
+we may also want to consider rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we may also want to consider rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we may also want to consider rotation
+about another axis. So suppose we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about another axis. So suppose we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about another axis. So suppose we
+consider an axis passing through close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider an axis passing through close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider an axis passing through close
+to the end and we rotate the body around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the end and we rotate the body around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the end and we rotate the body around
+this axis. You can see from overhead um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this axis. You can see from overhead um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this axis. You can see from overhead um
+like that. Then we want to now consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. Then we want to now consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. Then we want to now consider
+how the mass is distributed about an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the mass is distributed about an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the mass is distributed about an
+axis that was parallel to the axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis that was parallel to the axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis that was parallel to the axis
+passing through the center of mass. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing through the center of mass. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing through the center of mass. So
+we'll now make a little calculation. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll now make a little calculation. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll now make a little calculation. But
+first we want to quote the theorem. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we want to quote the theorem. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we want to quote the theorem. So
+let's just draw an example of our rigid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just draw an example of our rigid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just draw an example of our rigid
+body.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body.
+And let's take the center of mass and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And let's take the center of mass and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And let's take the center of mass and
+let's consider an axis that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider an axis that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider an axis that's going
+perpendicular to the center of mass. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the center of mass. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the center of mass. We
+can think of the object as rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of the object as rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of the object as rotating
+about that axis. And now let's consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that axis. And now let's consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that axis. And now let's consider
+another axis passing through a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another axis passing through a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another axis passing through a different
+point but also parallel to this axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but also parallel to this axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but also parallel to this axis
+separated by a distance d. Then the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated by a distance d. Then the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated by a distance d. Then the key
+result that we want is that the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result that we want is that the moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result that we want is that the moment
+of inertia about an axis passing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inertia about an axis passing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inertia about an axis passing
+perpendicular to the plane of the object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the plane of the object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the plane of the object
+through the axis S is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the axis S is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the axis S is equal to the
+moment of inertia about an axis passing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of inertia about an axis passing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of inertia about an axis passing
+through the center of mass. Notice these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the center of mass. Notice these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the center of mass. Notice these
+are parallel axes. Plus the mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are parallel axes. Plus the mass of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are parallel axes. Plus the mass of the
+object times the distance between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object times the distance between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object times the distance between the
+two parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two parallel
+axes. And this is a result that is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axes. And this is a result that is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axes. And this is a result that is very
+useful when calculating moments of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful when calculating moments of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful when calculating moments of
+inertia. Of course, we could calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia. Of course, we could calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia. Of course, we could calculate
+the moment about any axis we wanted, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment about any axis we wanted, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment about any axis we wanted, and
+we'll see that in a moment. For example,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see that in a moment. For example,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see that in a moment. For example,
+we know that for a rod of length L, that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that for a rod of length L, that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that for a rod of length L, that
+the moment of inertia through the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment of inertia through the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment of inertia through the center
+of mass was 112th M. Let's call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mass was 112th M. Let's call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mass was 112th M. Let's call the
+length of the rod L. So, we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the rod L. So, we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the rod L. So, we have a
+length L. And let's assume it's a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length L. And let's assume it's a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length L. And let's assume it's a um
+uniform object. And we'll calculate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform object. And we'll calculate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform object. And we'll calculate a
+moment of inertia through an axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of inertia through an axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of inertia through an axis
+through the end. And so in this case, D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the end. And so in this case, D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the end. And so in this case, D
+is equal to L /2. And so I about the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to L /2. And so I about the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to L /2. And so I about the end
+axis is 1112th M L^2 plus the mass time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis is 1112th M L^2 plus the mass time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis is 1112th M L^2 plus the mass time
+L / 2^ 2. And a 12 + A4 is 1/3 M L 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L / 2^ 2. And a 12 + A4 is 1/3 M L 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L / 2^ 2. And a 12 + A4 is 1/3 M L 2.
+And that's means that all you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's means that all you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's means that all you need to
+know is the moment through the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is the moment through the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is the moment through the center of
+mass and you can calculate the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and you can calculate the moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and you can calculate the moment
+through any other axis. Very useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through any other axis. Very useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through any other axis. Very useful
+theorem called the parallel axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem called the parallel axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem called the parallel axis
+theorem. Now as I said we can calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem. Now as I said we can calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem. Now as I said we can calculate
+the moment about s. And just to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment about s. And just to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment about s. And just to show you
+very quickly, if we pick S here and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly, if we pick S here and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly, if we pick S here and we
+pick our little dm there and we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick our little dm there and we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick our little dm there and we have a
+distance X, then the moment about S. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance X, then the moment about S. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance X, then the moment about S. And
+let's say that DM is equal to the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that DM is equal to the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that DM is equal to the total
+mass divided by the length times some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass divided by the length times some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass divided by the length times some
+little distance dx. Then the moment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little distance dx. Then the moment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little distance dx. Then the moment is
+dm * x^2, where x, we'll give this an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dm * x^2, where x, we'll give this an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dm * x^2, where x, we'll give this an
+integration variable. x prime goes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration variable. x prime goes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration variable. x prime goes from
+zero to x prime= l. And so we have for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to x prime= l. And so we have for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to x prime= l. And so we have for
+our dm m / l dx prime. Remember that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our dm m / l dx prime. Remember that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our dm m / l dx prime. Remember that's
+our integration variable. And we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our integration variable. And we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our integration variable. And we have
+x2. So that's x prime squared. And this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2. So that's x prime squared. And this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2. So that's x prime squared. And this
+is just the integral of x cubed over 3.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the integral of x cubed over 3.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the integral of x cubed over 3.
+So we have 1/3 m l x prime cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have 1/3 m l x prime cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have 1/3 m l x prime cubed
+evaluated from 0 to l. And that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated from 0 to l. And that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated from 0 to l. And that comes
+out to 1/3 m l 2. And that's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to 1/3 m l 2. And that's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to 1/3 m l 2. And that's in
+agreement with the parallel axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement with the parallel axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement with the parallel axis
+theorem. And that's an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem. And that's an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem. And that's an example of
+parallel axis theorems. You can do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel axis theorems. You can do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel axis theorems. You can do the
+same thing with a disk or other s or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing with a disk or other s or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing with a disk or other s or
+other objects.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/rZKUmNvCjis.txt b/rZKUmNvCjis.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e1b46bd7a980ca86c256e242119f4b4402e23389
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rZKUmNvCjis.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1323 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+as an introduction to the main topic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an introduction to the main topic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an introduction to the main topic of
+this lecture sequence let us go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture sequence let us go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture sequence let us go through
+a simple example and on the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple example and on the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple example and on the way
+review what we have learned so far the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review what we have learned so far the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review what we have learned so far the
+example that we're going to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that we're going to consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that we're going to consider
+involves three tosses of a biased coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves three tosses of a biased coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves three tosses of a biased coin
+it's a coin that results in heads with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a coin that results in heads with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a coin that results in heads with
+probability P we're going to make this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability P we're going to make this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability P we're going to make this a
+little more precise and the coin is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more precise and the coin is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more precise and the coin is
+biased in the sense that this number P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biased in the sense that this number P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biased in the sense that this number P
+is not necessarily the same as one-half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not necessarily the same as one-half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not necessarily the same as one-half
+we represent this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we represent this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we represent this particular
+probabilistic experiment in terms of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic experiment in terms of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic experiment in terms of a
+tree that shows us the different stages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree that shows us the different stages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree that shows us the different stages
+of the experiment each particular branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the experiment each particular branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the experiment each particular branch
+corresponds to a sequence of possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a sequence of possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a sequence of possible
+results in the different stages and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in the different stages and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in the different stages and the
+leaves of this tree correspond to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves of this tree correspond to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves of this tree correspond to the
+possible outcomes the branches of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible outcomes the branches of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible outcomes the branches of this
+tree are annotated by certain numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree are annotated by certain numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree are annotated by certain numbers
+and these numbers are to be interpreted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these numbers are to be interpreted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these numbers are to be interpreted
+appropriately as probabilities or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately as probabilities or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately as probabilities or
+conditional probabilities so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probabilities so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probabilities so for example
+this number here is interpreted as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number here is interpreted as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number here is interpreted as the
+probability of heads in the first toss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of heads in the first toss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of heads in the first toss
+an event that we denote as h1 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an event that we denote as h1 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an event that we denote as h1 this
+number here is to be interpreted as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number here is to be interpreted as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number here is to be interpreted as a
+conditional probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probability
+it's the conditional probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the conditional probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the conditional probability of
+obtaining heads in the second toss given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtaining heads in the second toss given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtaining heads in the second toss given
+that the first toss resulted in hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the first toss resulted in hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the first toss resulted in hands
+and finally this number here is to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally this number here is to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally this number here is to be
+interpreted as the conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreted as the conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreted as the conditional
+probability of heads in the third toss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of heads in the third toss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of heads in the third toss
+given that the first toss resulted in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that the first toss resulted in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that the first toss resulted in
+heads and the second toss also resulted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads and the second toss also resulted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads and the second toss also resulted
+in heads let us now continue with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in heads let us now continue with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in heads let us now continue with some
+calculations first we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations first we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations first we're going to
+practice the multiplication rule which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice the multiplication rule which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice the multiplication rule which
+is which allows us to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is which allows us to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is which allows us to calculate the
+probability of a certain outcome in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a certain outcome in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a certain outcome in this
+case the outcome of interest is tails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the outcome of interest is tails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the outcome of interest is tails
+followed by heads followed by tails so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by heads followed by tails so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by heads followed by tails so
+we're talking about this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about this particular
+outcome here according to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome here according to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome here according to the
+multiplication rule to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication rule to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication rule to find the
+probability of a particular final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a particular final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a particular final
+outcome we multiply probabilities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome we multiply probabilities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome we multiply probabilities and
+conditional probabilities along the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probabilities along the path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probabilities along the path
+that lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lead
+to this particular outcome so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this particular outcome so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this particular outcome so in this
+case it's 1 minus P times P times 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's 1 minus P times P times 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's 1 minus P times P times 1
+minus P let us now calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus P let us now calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus P let us now calculate the
+probability of a certain event the event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a certain event the event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a certain event the event
+of interest is the event that we obtain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interest is the event that we obtain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interest is the event that we obtain
+exactly one head in the three tosses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly one head in the three tosses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly one head in the three tosses
+this is an event that can happen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an event that can happen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an event that can happen in
+multiple ways here's one possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple ways here's one possibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple ways here's one possibility
+where we have a single head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have a single head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have a single head
+here's another possibility and here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another possibility and here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another possibility and here's a
+third one these are the three possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third one these are the three possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third one these are the three possible
+ways that we have a can have exactly one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that we have a can have exactly one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that we have a can have exactly one
+hand depending on who are exactly that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand depending on who are exactly that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand depending on who are exactly that
+single hand appears is it in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single hand appears is it in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single hand appears is it in the first
+toss in the second or in the third to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toss in the second or in the third to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toss in the second or in the third to
+find the total probability of this event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the total probability of this event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the total probability of this event
+we need to add the probability of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to add the probability of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to add the probability of the
+different outcomes that corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different outcomes that corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different outcomes that corresponds to
+this event the probability of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this event the probability of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this event the probability of this
+outcome is P times 1 minus P squared the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome is P times 1 minus P squared the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome is P times 1 minus P squared the
+probability of this outcome is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of this outcome is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of this outcome is what we
+calculated it's again P times 1 minus P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated it's again P times 1 minus P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated it's again P times 1 minus P
+squared and the probability of the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and the probability of the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and the probability of the third
+one is also P times 1 minus P squared so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is also P times 1 minus P squared so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is also P times 1 minus P squared so
+the answer is 3 P times 1 minus P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is 3 P times 1 minus P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is 3 P times 1 minus P
+squared notice that each one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared notice that each one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared notice that each one of the
+three different ways that this event can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different ways that this event can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different ways that this event can
+happen have the same probability so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen have the same probability so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen have the same probability so
+these three outcomes are equally likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three outcomes are equally likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three outcomes are equally likely
+finally let us calculate a conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally let us calculate a conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally let us calculate a conditional
+probability and this is essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and this is essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and this is essentially the
+Bayes rule suppose that we were told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bayes rule suppose that we were told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bayes rule suppose that we were told
+that there was exactly one hand so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there was exactly one hand so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there was exactly one hand so in
+particular the blue event has occurred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the blue event has occurred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the blue event has occurred
+and we're interested in the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're interested in the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're interested in the probability
+that the first toss is heads which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the first toss is heads which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the first toss is heads which
+corresponds to this event here these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to this event here these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to this event here these are
+all the outcomes in which the first toss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the outcomes in which the first toss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the outcomes in which the first toss
+is equal to hands so given that the blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to hands so given that the blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to hands so given that the blue
+event happened what is the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event happened what is the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event happened what is the probability
+that the green event happens you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the green event happens you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the green event happens you can
+guess the answer that it should be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess the answer that it should be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess the answer that it should be one
+third why is that each one of these blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third why is that each one of these blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third why is that each one of these blue
+outcomes has the same probability so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes has the same probability so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes has the same probability so
+when you condition on the blue outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you condition on the blue outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you condition on the blue outcome
+having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having
+happened the conditional probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened the conditional probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened the conditional probability of
+each one of these should be one-third so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these should be one-third so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these should be one-third so
+even that the blue outcome happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even that the blue outcome happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even that the blue outcome happened
+there's probability one-third that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's probability one-third that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's probability one-third that this
+particular one has happened and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular one has happened and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular one has happened and this is
+the only one that makes the green event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only one that makes the green event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only one that makes the green event
+happen but let us see if we can derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen but let us see if we can derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen but let us see if we can derive
+this answer in a formal manner let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this answer in a formal manner let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this answer in a formal manner let's see
+if we're going to get one-third we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're going to get one-third we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're going to get one-third we use
+the definition of conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of conditional
+probabilities the conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities the conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities the conditional
+probability is the ratio first of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is the ratio first of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is the ratio first of the
+probability that both events happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+divided by the probability of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the probability of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the probability of the
+conditioning event which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning event which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning event which is the
+probability of one hand now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of one hand now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of one hand now the
+probability of both events happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of both events happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of both events happening
+that we have exactly one hand and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have exactly one hand and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have exactly one hand and the
+first toss is heads this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first toss is heads this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first toss is heads this is the
+intersection of the blue event and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of the blue event and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of the blue event and the
+green event which can happen only in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green event which can happen only in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green event which can happen only in
+this particular outcome namely the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular outcome namely the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular outcome namely the
+sequence heads tails tails and has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence heads tails tails and has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence heads tails tails and has
+probability P times 1 minus P squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability P times 1 minus P squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability P times 1 minus P squared
+the denominator is something that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the denominator is something that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the denominator is something that we
+have already calculated it's 3 P times 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have already calculated it's 3 P times 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have already calculated it's 3 P times 1
+minus P squared and so the final answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus P squared and so the final answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus P squared and so the final answer
+is 1/3 as we have guessed let me now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1/3 as we have guessed let me now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1/3 as we have guessed let me now
+make a few comments about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a few comments about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a few comments about this
+particular example this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular example this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular example this particular
+example is pretty special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is pretty special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is pretty special
+in the following respect we have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the following respect we have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the following respect we have that
+the probability of h2 heads in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of h2 heads in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of h2 heads in the
+second toss given that the first one was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second toss given that the first one was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second toss given that the first one was
+heads is equal to P and the same is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads is equal to P and the same is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads is equal to P and the same is true
+for the conditional probability of heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the conditional probability of heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the conditional probability of heads
+in the second toss given that the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the second toss given that the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the second toss given that the first
+one was tails in other words our beliefs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was tails in other words our beliefs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was tails in other words our beliefs
+about what may happen in the second toss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what may happen in the second toss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what may happen in the second toss
+remains the same there's a probability P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains the same there's a probability P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains the same there's a probability P
+of obtaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of obtaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of obtaining
+heads no matter what happens in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads no matter what happens in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads no matter what happens in the
+first toss telling you the result of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first toss telling you the result of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first toss telling you the result of the
+first toss doesn't change your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first toss doesn't change your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first toss doesn't change your
+leaves about what may happen and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves about what may happen and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves about what may happen and with
+what probability in the second stores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what probability in the second stores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what probability in the second stores
+and if you were to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you were to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you were to calculate the
+unconditional probability of heads in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional probability of heads in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional probability of heads in
+the second toss what you would get using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second toss what you would get using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second toss what you would get using
+the total probability theorem would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total probability theorem would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total probability theorem would be
+the following it's probability of heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following it's probability of heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following it's probability of heads
+in the first toss times probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first toss times probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first toss times probability of
+heads in the second given heads in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads in the second given heads in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads in the second given heads in the
+first plus the probability of tails in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first plus the probability of tails in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first plus the probability of tails in
+the first toss times the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first toss times the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first toss times the probability of
+heads in the second toss given tails in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads in the second toss given tails in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads in the second toss given tails in
+the first and if you do the algebra this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first and if you do the algebra this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first and if you do the algebra this
+turns out to be equal to P again so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be equal to P again so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be equal to P again so the
+unconditional probability of heads in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional probability of heads in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional probability of heads in
+the second toss turns out to be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second toss turns out to be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second toss turns out to be the same
+as the conditional probabilities again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the conditional probabilities again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the conditional probabilities again
+knowing what happened in the first toss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing what happened in the first toss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing what happened in the first toss
+doesn't change your beliefs about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change your beliefs about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change your beliefs about the
+second toss which were associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second toss which were associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second toss which were associated with
+this particular probability P so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular probability P so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular probability P so what
+we're going to do next is to generalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do next is to generalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do next is to generalize
+this special situation by giving a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this special situation by giving a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this special situation by giving a
+definition of Independence of events and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of Independence of events and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of Independence of events and
+then discuss various properties and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then discuss various properties and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then discuss various properties and
+concepts associated with Independence
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/raoGbWJeR50.txt b/raoGbWJeR50.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bea40b8ac7c5d0eb8a9899b0fbcc10d24d446596
--- /dev/null
+++ b/raoGbWJeR50.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,18763 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer high-quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, who has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question? What chapter did we read?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the common sense.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yes, people are always asking me what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes, people are always asking me what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes, people are always asking me what
+common sense is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common sense is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common sense is and
+I try to explain that there's no such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I try to explain that there's no such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I try to explain that there's no such
+thing but uh it's relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+namely you're always in the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely you're always in the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely you're always in the context of
+some social group or other and common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some social group or other and common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some social group or other and common
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+is the collection of knowledge that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the collection of knowledge that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the collection of knowledge that you
+assume other people know. So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume other people know. So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume other people know. So that
+uh and of course there's some things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and of course there's some things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and of course there's some things
+that everybody knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everybody knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everybody knows
+like elementary physics. If you release
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like elementary physics. If you release
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like elementary physics. If you release
+something it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it
+falls. And if you tell somebody that,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls. And if you tell somebody that,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls. And if you tell somebody that,
+they'll think there's something wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll think there's something wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll think there's something wrong
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+you because why are you telling them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you because why are you telling them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you because why are you telling them
+things that they don't know that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that they don't know that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that they don't know that they
+already know and that presumably you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know and that presumably you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know and that presumably you
+know that they know and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that they know and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that they know and so
+forth.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So what problems did you Yes. So I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what problems did you Yes. So I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what problems did you Yes. So I have
+a question. You talk uh about building a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question. You talk uh about building a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question. You talk uh about building a
+baby machine, right? Yes. And then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby machine, right? Yes. And then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby machine, right? Yes. And then you
+kind of get into some of the problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of get into some of the problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of get into some of the problems
+with building a baby machine and kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with building a baby machine and kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with building a baby machine and kind of
+how it's a an issue of maybe it's tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it's a an issue of maybe it's tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it's a an issue of maybe it's tricky
+to get it to represent data in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get it to represent data in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get it to represent data in a
+meaningful way. And so what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful way. And so what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful way. And so what I'm
+wondering is with real babies, we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering is with real babies, we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering is with real babies, we have
+lots and lots and lots of reinforcement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots and lots and lots of reinforcement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots and lots and lots of reinforcement
+within prime. It's what we were talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within prime. It's what we were talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within prime. It's what we were talking
+about earlier on in the class. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about earlier on in the class. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about earlier on in the class. And so
+I'm wondering if you did have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm wondering if you did have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm wondering if you did have something
+like a baby machine lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a baby machine lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a baby machine lots of
+reinforcement on the baby machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement on the baby machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement on the baby machine
+allowing it to know not only what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing it to know not only what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing it to know not only what's
+right and wrong but and is it thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and wrong but and is it thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and wrong but and is it thinking
+about things in the right way? Couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about things in the right way? Couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about things in the right way? Couldn't
+that potentially lead to a better baby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that potentially lead to a better baby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that potentially lead to a better baby
+machine? Well, people have tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine? Well, people have tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine? Well, people have tried to
+make machines that are based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make machines that are based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make machines that are based on
+reinforcement. But uh but what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement. But uh but what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement. But uh but what is it
+that you're reinforcing? Well, right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're reinforcing? Well, right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're reinforcing? Well, right.
+So, I mean, not just reinforcing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I mean, not just reinforcing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I mean, not just reinforcing the
+action and the result, maybe also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action and the result, maybe also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action and the result, maybe also
+reinforcing how it's thinking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcing how it's thinking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcing how it's thinking about the
+action. Uh, yes, if you could see what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action. Uh, yes, if you could see what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action. Uh, yes, if you could see what's
+that's really what the critic selector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really what the critic selector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really what the critic selector
+model supposed to do. I don't think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model supposed to do. I don't think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model supposed to do. I don't think I
+talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked
+about I probably should have had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I probably should have had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I probably should have had a
+little section in the book about how one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little section in the book about how one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little section in the book about how one
+develops critics but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh in fact I was noticing that I there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in fact I was noticing that I there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in fact I was noticing that I there
+wasn't any place that I said that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't any place that I said that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't any place that I said that a
+critic uh may use a whole way to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critic uh may use a whole way to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critic uh may use a whole way to think
+to work. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work. So,
+uh, maybe the book looks too simplistic,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, maybe the book looks too simplistic,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, maybe the book looks too simplistic,
+but, uh, there's a real trouble with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but, uh, there's a real trouble with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but, uh, there's a real trouble with
+reinforcement, and I think you put your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement, and I think you put your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement, and I think you put your
+finger on it. Namely, you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finger on it. Namely, you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finger on it. Namely, you don't
+reinforce the external behavior, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforce the external behavior, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforce the external behavior, which
+is which is all the parent can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is which is all the parent can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is which is all the parent can
+do. U, but what you want is the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. U, but what you want is the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. U, but what you want is the machine
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+reinforce the process that got the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforce the process that got the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforce the process that got the right
+that got a good result.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that got a good result.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that got a good result.
+And I think somewhere in the book uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I think somewhere in the book uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I think somewhere in the book uh I
+quote Alan Newell who pointed this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote Alan Newell who pointed this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote Alan Newell who pointed this out
+uh a long time ago like in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a long time ago like in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a long time ago like in the
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+1960s that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1960s that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1960s that
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh for example in a chess program if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for example in a chess program if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for example in a chess program if you
+want a chess program to learn it's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a chess program to learn it's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a chess program to learn it's no
+use learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from its suppose that the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from its suppose that the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from its suppose that the machine
+managed to win a game. Then if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed to win a game. Then if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed to win a game. Then if you take
+the princip the old principles before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the princip the old principles before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the princip the old principles before
+cognitive psychology, what you do is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive psychology, what you do is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive psychology, what you do is you
+reinforce the last move uh namely the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforce the last move uh namely the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforce the last move uh namely the
+one that produced the checkmate. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that produced the checkmate. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that produced the checkmate. But
+that won't get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that won't get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that won't get you
+anywhere. Uh except that after a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere. Uh except that after a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere. Uh except that after a million
+years, you might reinforce a lot of ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years, you might reinforce a lot of ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years, you might reinforce a lot of ways
+to get to the checkmate. But what Newell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to the checkmate. But what Newell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to the checkmate. But what Newell
+says, if you're going to make a chess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says, if you're going to make a chess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says, if you're going to make a chess
+machine learn, it's going to have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learn, it's going to have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learn, it's going to have to do
+some kind of credit assignment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of credit assignment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of credit assignment and
+reinforce the strategy that got you into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforce the strategy that got you into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforce the strategy that got you into
+the winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the winning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the winning
+position. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position. So,
+uh, I'm not throwing away the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, I'm not throwing away the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, I'm not throwing away the idea of
+reinforcement. It's just that for almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement. It's just that for almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement. It's just that for almost
+a hundred years,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred years,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred years,
+psychologists tried to make theories of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologists tried to make theories of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologists tried to make theories of
+rewarding the machine for success. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewarding the machine for success. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewarding the machine for success. And
+dozens of people have started, I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dozens of people have started, I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dozens of people have started, I don't
+know if it's dozens, have tried to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if it's dozens, have tried to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if it's dozens, have tried to make
+baby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby
+machines. There's a guy named Ben
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines. There's a guy named Ben
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines. There's a guy named Ben
+Girtzel who talks about a project to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Girtzel who talks about a project to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Girtzel who talks about a project to
+make a machine that will start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a machine that will start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a machine that will start with
+almost nothing and learn. And I suspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost nothing and learn. And I suspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost nothing and learn. And I suspect
+Jeff Hawkins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeff Hawkins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeff Hawkins
+uh sort sort of is talking about making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort sort of is talking about making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort sort of is talking about making
+such a machine. And over the years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a machine. And over the years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a machine. And over the years
+various people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various people have
+uh not only proposed such machines but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not only proposed such machines but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not only proposed such machines but
+fooled venture capitalists into uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fooled venture capitalists into uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fooled venture capitalists into uh
+starting companies to develop them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting companies to develop them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting companies to develop them and
+they all flattened out. uh maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all flattened out. uh maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all flattened out. uh maybe the
+first interesting machine that started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first interesting machine that started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first interesting machine that started
+with very little was Douglas Lennet's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with very little was Douglas Lennet's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with very little was Douglas Lennet's
+PhD thesis which was called automated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PhD thesis which was called automated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PhD thesis which was called automated
+mathematician
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician
+and another project that he did after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another project that he did after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another project that he did after
+that called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that called
+urrisco which uh learned from experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urrisco which uh learned from experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urrisco which uh learned from experience
+and both of them flattened out after a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and both of them flattened out after a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and both of them flattened out after a
+while that is they very rapidly learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while that is they very rapidly learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while that is they very rapidly learned
+some interesting things and Then uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some interesting things and Then uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some interesting things and Then uh it
+became minutes or hours for them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became minutes or hours for them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became minutes or hours for them to
+learn another interesting thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn another interesting thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn another interesting thing and
+eventually days. So all the baby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually days. So all the baby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually days. So all the baby
+machines have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines have
+u that I've heard of have flattened out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u that I've heard of have flattened out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u that I've heard of have flattened out
+and not got very far. So I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not got very far. So I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not got very far. So I think
+the I suspect that what's happened in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I suspect that what's happened in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I suspect that what's happened in
+human evolution is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human evolution is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human evolution is that
+uh I mean uh one question is how could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I mean uh one question is how could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I mean uh one question is how could
+such a machine invent a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a machine invent a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a machine invent a new
+representation for some uh new kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation for some uh new kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation for some uh new kind of
+problem and I suspect that we're our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and I suspect that we're our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and I suspect that we're our
+brains come with genetic provisions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains come with genetic provisions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains come with genetic provisions for
+making things like semantic networks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making things like semantic networks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making things like semantic networks and
+scripts and uh certainly things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scripts and uh certainly things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scripts and uh certainly things like
+transframes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transframes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transframes.
+And when you have a transframe at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And when you have a transframe at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And when you have a transframe at a
+higher level, it can uh say if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher level, it can uh say if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher level, it can uh say if you're
+thinking this way then or if the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking this way then or if the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking this way then or if the problem
+is of this kind uh then I used this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of this kind uh then I used this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of this kind uh then I used this
+strategy and that worked really well or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy and that worked really well or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy and that worked really well or
+I used that strategy and it didn't and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I used that strategy and it didn't and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I used that strategy and it didn't and
+that way uh you develop critic selector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way uh you develop critic selector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way uh you develop critic selector
+pairs. But I don't think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs. But I don't think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs. But I don't think that
+uh any baby machine that doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh any baby machine that doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh any baby machine that doesn't have
+uh provisions for this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh provisions for this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh provisions for this kind of
+multi-level activity would spontaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-level activity would spontaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-level activity would spontaneously
+develop them in in less than very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop them in in less than very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop them in in less than very large
+numbers of trials like 10 to the 15th or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of trials like 10 to the 15th or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of trials like 10 to the 15th or
+20th. uh in fact we have 10 to the 20th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20th. uh in fact we have 10 to the 20th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20th. uh in fact we have 10 to the 20th
+ancestors if you go back to the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestors if you go back to the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestors if you go back to the first
+animals and so we got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals and so we got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals and so we got this
+uh evolution was very massive and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh evolution was very massive and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh evolution was very massive and if you
+take the evolution of mammals there must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the evolution of mammals there must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the evolution of mammals there must
+have been 10 to the 15th uh mammals by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been 10 to the 15th uh mammals by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been 10 to the 15th uh mammals by
+now. Uh now most of them aren't our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now. Uh now most of them aren't our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now. Uh now most of them aren't our
+direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct
+ancestors but there's a thing called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestors but there's a thing called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestors but there's a thing called
+lateral transfer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral transfer of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral transfer of
+genes and no one knows how important it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes and no one knows how important it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes and no one knows how important it
+is but I suspect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but I suspect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but I suspect that
+uh here you have birds and here you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here you have birds and here you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here you have birds and here you have
+people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and
+uh maybe at some point in our ancestry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe at some point in our ancestry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe at some point in our ancestry
+when birds and mammals weren't so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when birds and mammals weren't so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when birds and mammals weren't so far
+apart uh they both had somewhat similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart uh they both had somewhat similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart uh they both had somewhat similar
+brains. They came from some common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains. They came from some common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains. They came from some common
+vertebrate ancestor, namely the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertebrate ancestor, namely the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertebrate ancestor, namely the
+dinosaurs were a kind of bird that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinosaurs were a kind of bird that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinosaurs were a kind of bird that some
+people believe, but not a flying bird,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people believe, but not a flying bird,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people believe, but not a flying bird,
+but a bird that still had hands and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a bird that still had hands and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a bird that still had hands and uh
+was a frisky little mammal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a frisky little mammal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a frisky little mammal.
+And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And
+uh one theory is that every now and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one theory is that every now and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one theory is that every now and then
+there's some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some kind of
+virus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus
+that here this strain of birds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here this strain of birds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here this strain of birds
+developed some interesting brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed some interesting brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed some interesting brain
+structure which is genetically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure which is genetically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure which is genetically
+controlled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled
+by a few genes. And this this bird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a few genes. And this this bird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a few genes. And this this bird
+ancestor gets infected by a virus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestor gets infected by a virus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestor gets infected by a virus and
+like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the
+uh Asian bird flu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Asian bird flu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Asian bird flu
+uh some little mammal catches that virus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some little mammal catches that virus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some little mammal catches that virus
+and in the unlikely case that the virus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the unlikely case that the virus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the unlikely case that the virus
+infects a germ cell, you might get a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infects a germ cell, you might get a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infects a germ cell, you might get a new
+gene. See what I'm saying? Once in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene. See what I'm saying? Once in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene. See what I'm saying? Once in a
+very long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long
+time, your species can inherit a gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, your species can inherit a gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, your species can inherit a gene
+from an unrelated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an unrelated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an unrelated
+species. So that means that the gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species. So that means that the gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species. So that means that the gene
+pool is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pool is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pool is
+enormous. And if this happens every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous. And if this happens every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous. And if this happens every
+million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million
+years on the whole planet,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years on the whole planet,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years on the whole planet,
+then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's
+uh it's 100 million years since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's 100 million years since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's 100 million years since the
+mammals appeared. And uh so we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammals appeared. And uh so we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammals appeared. And uh so we could
+have caught a hundred of these brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have caught a hundred of these brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have caught a hundred of these brain
+genes from from some relatives. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes from from some relatives. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes from from some relatives. So
+lateral transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral transfer
+uh of a whole intact gene by a virus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of a whole intact gene by a virus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of a whole intact gene by a virus or
+something is ex presumably it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is ex presumably it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is ex presumably it's very
+very rare. But there is evidence for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rare. But there is evidence for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rare. But there is evidence for
+some of these. Some animals have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these. Some animals have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these. Some animals have
+identical genes to other animals that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical genes to other animals that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical genes to other animals that
+are not related to them by uh that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not related to them by uh that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not related to them by uh that are
+pretty far away.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty far away.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty far away.
+And this ability to catch useful genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this ability to catch useful genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this ability to catch useful genes
+from other species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from other species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from other species
+uh means that in the rare event that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh means that in the rare event that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh means that in the rare event that it
+happens, you're getting hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens, you're getting hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens, you're getting hundreds of
+millions of years of evolution for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of years of evolution for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of years of evolution for that
+structure. Now, most of those genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. Now, most of those genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. Now, most of those genes
+won't do anything because they won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't do anything because they won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't do anything because they won't
+come along with the right stuff to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come along with the right stuff to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come along with the right stuff to
+activate them. But uh my point is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activate them. But uh my point is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activate them. But uh my point is that
+evolution is has a larger scale than uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution is has a larger scale than uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution is has a larger scale than uh
+most people are told because how many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people are told because how many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people are told because how many of
+you have heard of this lateral transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have heard of this lateral transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have heard of this lateral transfer
+of genetic material? It happens all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of genetic material? It happens all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of genetic material? It happens all the
+time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in
+bacteria that is every few minutes in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria that is every few minutes in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria that is every few minutes in a
+petri dish. So there it's generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+petri dish. So there it's generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+petri dish. So there it's generally
+understood that uh bacteria uh can catch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood that uh bacteria uh can catch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood that uh bacteria uh can catch
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+little what are they called? They have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little what are they called? They have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little what are they called? They have
+circular chromosomes and sometimes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular chromosomes and sometimes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular chromosomes and sometimes a
+little loop splits off and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little loop splits off and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little loop splits off and another
+bacterium eats this one and uh its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterium eats this one and uh its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterium eats this one and uh its
+genetic stuff gets incorporated. So if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic stuff gets incorporated. So if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic stuff gets incorporated. So if
+you get a bacteria that's resistant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a bacteria that's resistant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a bacteria that's resistant to
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+antibiotic, all of a sudden other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotic, all of a sudden other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotic, all of a sudden other
+unrelated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrelated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrelated
+bacteras can acquire that resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteras can acquire that resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteras can acquire that resistance
+because antibiotic resistance is often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because antibiotic resistance is often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because antibiotic resistance is often
+carried by a single gene. It's some gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carried by a single gene. It's some gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carried by a single gene. It's some gene
+that makes something that uh inactivates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes something that uh inactivates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes something that uh inactivates
+the antibiotic or whatever.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+That's a long story, but uh people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a long story, but uh people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a long story, but uh people are
+still proposing baby machines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still proposing baby machines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still proposing baby machines and
+they're hoping that they don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're hoping that they don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're hoping that they don't have to
+have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something
+like the genetically organized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sixle structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixle structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixle structure of
+differentiated kinds of processes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiated kinds of processes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiated kinds of processes that
+that the emotion machine book proposes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+In fact, uh we're looking for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In fact, uh we're looking for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In fact, uh we're looking for some
+philanthropists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philanthropists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philanthropists
+to to support programming more of that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to support programming more of that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to support programming more of that.
+It's a big job and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a big job and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a big job and
+uh push Singh uh PhD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh push Singh uh PhD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh push Singh uh PhD
+thesis is the first attempt to make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis is the first attempt to make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis is the first attempt to make some
+of that structure. He did about three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that structure. He did about three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that structure. He did about three
+levels of it and made large numbers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of it and made large numbers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of it and made large numbers of
+arbitrary decisions because when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary decisions because when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary decisions because when you're
+writing a program you have to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing a program you have to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing a program you have to make
+something work and it's going to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something work and it's going to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something work and it's going to take a
+lot of high level thinking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of high level thinking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of high level thinking about the
+architecture before we try to program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture before we try to program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture before we try to program
+anything much larger but u I hope in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything much larger but u I hope in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything much larger but u I hope in the
+next few years we'll get support to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next few years we'll get support to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next few years we'll get support to do
+that anybody who wants to help can help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anybody who wants to help can help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anybody who wants to help can help
+but right now we don't have funding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but right now we don't have funding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but right now we don't have funding to
+hire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It's terribly tempting to try to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's terribly tempting to try to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's terribly tempting to try to make a
+baby machine. There's one theory uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby machine. There's one theory uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby machine. There's one theory uh the
+theory of algorithmic probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of algorithmic probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of algorithmic probability
+uh which some people think I mean some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which some people think I mean some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which some people think I mean some
+people think if you just collect basian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think if you just collect basian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think if you just collect basian
+statistics enough you make a m you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics enough you make a m you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics enough you make a m you can
+make a machine to solve any kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a machine to solve any kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a machine to solve any kind of
+problem but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but
+uh you need to be very smart to decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you need to be very smart to decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you need to be very smart to decide
+which you need credit assignment to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you need credit assignment to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you need credit assignment to make
+a basian statistics machine get better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a basian statistics machine get better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a basian statistics machine get better
+and better at some point there are lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and better at some point there are lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and better at some point there are lots
+of them that work pretty well on certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them that work pretty well on certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them that work pretty well on certain
+problems and then as far as I know they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and then as far as I know they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and then as far as I know they
+flatten out and it takes longer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flatten out and it takes longer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flatten out and it takes longer and
+longer to for them to invent a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer to for them to invent a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer to for them to invent a new
+category because you need some credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category because you need some credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category because you need some credit
+assignment like process to decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment like process to decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment like process to decide
+which which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which
+uh all probabilities are conditional on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all probabilities are conditional on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all probabilities are conditional on
+uh things in the state of the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh things in the state of the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh things in the state of the current
+environment and to make a basian network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and to make a basian network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and to make a basian network
+that efficiently figures out which which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that efficiently figures out which which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that efficiently figures out which which
+new factors might be relevant uh might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new factors might be relevant uh might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new factors might be relevant uh might
+require some real thinking rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require some real thinking rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require some real thinking rather than
+just collecting statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just collecting statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just collecting statistics
+blindly. Conditional probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blindly. Conditional probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blindly. Conditional probability
+machines in principle could eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines in principle could eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines in principle could eventually
+learn anything but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn anything but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn anything but
+uh but they don't look practical to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but they don't look practical to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but they don't look practical to me
+anyway. uh there's this theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway. uh there's this theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway. uh there's this theory of
+algorithmic probability which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic probability which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic probability which was
+developed by Ray Solomonghov who lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed by Ray Solomonghov who lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed by Ray Solomonghov who lives
+in Cambridge and the Russian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Cambridge and the Russian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Cambridge and the Russian
+mathematician Kolorov when he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician Kolorov when he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician Kolorov when he was
+investigating the foundations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigating the foundations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigating the foundations of
+probability and also uh Gregory Chaitton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and also uh Gregory Chaitton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and also uh Gregory Chaitton
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+IBM made some contributions to that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IBM made some contributions to that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IBM made some contributions to that and
+that suggests a kind of machine that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that suggests a kind of machine that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that suggests a kind of machine that um
+sort of collects sequences of operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of collects sequences of operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of collects sequences of operations
+uh that have insignificant and makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that have insignificant and makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that have insignificant and makes
+combinations and sort of considers all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations and sort of considers all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations and sort of considers all
+possible programs of a certain length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible programs of a certain length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible programs of a certain length
+and uh figures out which of them uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh figures out which of them uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh figures out which of them uh
+succeed most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed most
+often. So in principle that's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often. So in principle that's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often. So in principle that's another
+theory which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory which
+uh could be a baby machine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh could be a baby machine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh could be a baby machine that
+eventually learns uh enough to be smart.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually learns uh enough to be smart.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually learns uh enough to be smart.
+But uh the mathemat that that's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But uh the mathemat that that's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But uh the mathemat that that's a very
+beautiful mathematical theory but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful mathematical theory but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful mathematical theory but it's
+sort of uncomputable. What you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uncomputable. What you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uncomputable. What you have to
+do is look at what all possible touring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is look at what all possible touring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is look at what all possible touring
+machines of a certain complexity will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines of a certain complexity will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines of a certain complexity will do
+and and see which of them uh solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and see which of them uh solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and see which of them uh solve the
+most problems in some set and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most problems in some set and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most problems in some set and
+uh then the theory suggests how to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then the theory suggests how to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then the theory suggests how to make
+uh how to extend these as you add more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how to extend these as you add more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how to extend these as you add more
+problems.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems.
+But but uh nobody's found a practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+approximation. The algorithmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation. The algorithmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation. The algorithmic
+probability involves looking at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability involves looking at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability involves looking at all
+possible touring machines and uh waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible touring machines and uh waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible touring machines and uh waiting
+them by their complexity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them by their complexity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them by their complexity and
+uh using that to decide which which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh using that to decide which which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh using that to decide which which
+machine to apply to solve which problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine to apply to solve which problem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine to apply to solve which problem.
+It's a very elegant theory but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a very elegant theory but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a very elegant theory but
+uh you have to look at all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have to look at all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have to look at all possible
+machines to get get these numbers and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines to get get these numbers and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines to get get these numbers and uh
+if you look at a finite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at a finite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at a finite number of
+machines then you get an approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines then you get an approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines then you get an approximation
+to it and a few mathematicians have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it and a few mathematicians have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it and a few mathematicians have
+tried to think of practical heristics to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to think of practical heristics to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to think of practical heristics to
+make these things work. I don't know of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make these things work. I don't know of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make these things work. I don't know of
+any that ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any that ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any that ever
+passed ever learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+much.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much.
+But the baby machine appeals to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the baby machine appeals to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the baby machine appeals to
+investors because it's so easy to say,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors because it's so easy to say,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors because it's so easy to say,
+"We'll just reward it when it succeeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"We'll just reward it when it succeeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"We'll just reward it when it succeeds
+and it'll get better and better."
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+There are still scripts inside uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are still scripts inside uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are still scripts inside uh
+humans, procedural scripts that are come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans, procedural scripts that are come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans, procedural scripts that are come
+with a baby to do things like in a baby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a baby to do things like in a baby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a baby to do things like in a baby
+bird it will be building like in a bird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird it will be building like in a bird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird it will be building like in a bird
+it could be building a nest or in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be building a nest or in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be building a nest or in a
+horse it'll be running or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horse it'll be running or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horse it'll be running or something like
+that. It's a nice question. Are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. It's a nice question. Are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. It's a nice question. Are those
+scripts or or what? But lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scripts or or what? But lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scripts or or what? But lots
+of just consider a beaver.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It chops these trees down and drags them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It chops these trees down and drags them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It chops these trees down and drags them
+over to the right place in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to the right place in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to the right place in the in the
+river. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I suppose you don't need a script if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I suppose you don't need a script if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I suppose you don't need a script if
+you have a lot of if then that are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a lot of if then that are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a lot of if then that are just
+right. If you see this situation, do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. If you see this situation, do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. If you see this situation, do
+that. And then you have a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And then you have a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And then you have a sort of
+superscript which turns on some block of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superscript which turns on some block of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superscript which turns on some block of
+these when you're when you're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these when you're when you're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these when you're when you're in the
+neighborhood of a tree and you're in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood of a tree and you're in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood of a tree and you're in a
+state that you're building a dam or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that you're building a dam or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that you're building a dam or
+something that results in the script.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that results in the script.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that results in the script.
+Incidentally, the the animal where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Incidentally, the the animal where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Incidentally, the the animal where the
+scripts are best understood are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scripts are best understood are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scripts are best understood are
+spiders. It's a spiders are easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiders. It's a spiders are easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiders. It's a spiders are easy to
+breed and keep in the laboratory. Uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breed and keep in the laboratory. Uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breed and keep in the laboratory. Uh I
+don't believe anyone's ever raised a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't believe anyone's ever raised a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't believe anyone's ever raised a
+beaver.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that successfully built a dam. But in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that successfully built a dam. But in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that successfully built a dam. But in
+spiders,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiders,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiders,
+uh, they know a lot of genes. And if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, they know a lot of genes. And if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, they know a lot of genes. And if you
+knock out a certain gene, the spider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knock out a certain gene, the spider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knock out a certain gene, the spider
+will build the web just so far and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will build the web just so far and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will build the web just so far and it
+won't make the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't make the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't make the second
+uh you know in a typical orb spider web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know in a typical orb spider web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know in a typical orb spider web
+they make three or four I think three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make three or four I think three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make three or four I think three
+uh lines coming out from a center and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lines coming out from a center and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lines coming out from a center and
+then they make a very coarse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they make a very coarse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they make a very coarse
+spiral and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiral and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiral and
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+they weave a very fine spiral in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they weave a very fine spiral in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they weave a very fine spiral in between
+these and eat the coarse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and eat the coarse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and eat the coarse
+one and so on. And there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and so on. And there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and so on. And there's a lot of
+steps are known in this script like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps are known in this script like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps are known in this script like how
+they uh swing the initial fiber fiber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they uh swing the initial fiber fiber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they uh swing the initial fiber fiber
+over and go run down it and make another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and go run down it and make another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and go run down it and make another
+one that goes down and I forget what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that goes down and I forget what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that goes down and I forget what
+happens then. And they've been able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens then. And they've been able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens then. And they've been able to
+knock out genes so that these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knock out genes so that these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knock out genes so that these things
+will get up to a certain point and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get up to a certain point and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get up to a certain point and then
+stop. And then if you take that spider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop. And then if you take that spider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop. And then if you take that spider
+in a net in a drop it into a web where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a net in a drop it into a web where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a net in a drop it into a web where
+another spider has got past that stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another spider has got past that stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another spider has got past that stage
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+your gene deleted spider can finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your gene deleted spider can finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your gene deleted spider can finish
+it. But it isn't clear that these are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. But it isn't clear that these are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. But it isn't clear that these are in
+a script. It uh no one knows very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a script. It uh no one knows very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a script. It uh no one knows very much
+about how these uh processes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how these uh processes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how these uh processes are
+activated at each step. And they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated at each step. And they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated at each step. And they could
+be just if then. If the web looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be just if then. If the web looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be just if then. If the web looks like
+this, do that. But I don't don't know. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, do that. But I don't don't know. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, do that. But I don't don't know. I
+was trying to make a distinction kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was trying to make a distinction kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was trying to make a distinction kind of
+a distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a distinction
+between the words that I was using was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the words that I was using was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the words that I was using was
+linguistic versus sublinguistic scripts.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguistic versus sublinguistic scripts.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguistic versus sublinguistic scripts.
+Well, birds learn songs. And that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, birds learn songs. And that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, birds learn songs. And that looks
+like uh a really clearly wired in script
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh a really clearly wired in script
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh a really clearly wired in script
+of some sort. But I I didn't mean to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some sort. But I I didn't mean to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some sort. But I I didn't mean to
+interrupt. Yeah. What I was saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrupt. Yeah. What I was saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrupt. Yeah. What I was saying is
+that scripts that are linguistic versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that scripts that are linguistic versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that scripts that are linguistic versus
+scripts that are non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scripts that are non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scripts that are non
+sublinguistic. So linguistic scripts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sublinguistic. So linguistic scripts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sublinguistic. So linguistic scripts
+would be that you can modify and debug.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be that you can modify and debug.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be that you can modify and debug.
+Mhm.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mhm.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mhm.
+uh and represent the debugging and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and represent the debugging and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and represent the debugging and all
+that in words and so on. And some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in words and so on. And some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in words and so on. And some of the
+uh sub linguistic scripts would be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sub linguistic scripts would be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sub linguistic scripts would be uh
+still procedural but things that not you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still procedural but things that not you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still procedural but things that not you
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well memory retrieval scripts or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well memory retrieval scripts or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well memory retrieval scripts or some
+low.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low.
+Yeah. When Deoy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. When Deoy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. When Deoy
+collects all of the things that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collects all of the things that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collects all of the things that this
+infant has said for three or four years,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infant has said for three or four years,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infant has said for three or four years,
+uh, then you might be able to mine it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, then you might be able to mine it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, then you might be able to mine it to
+see that the child said something on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the child said something on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the child said something on one
+occasion and a little later there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasion and a little later there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasion and a little later there's a
+different version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different version
+which which is an edited version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which is an edited version of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which is an edited version of the
+first. Maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first. Maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first. Maybe
+uh a huge datab bank of everything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a huge datab bank of everything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a huge datab bank of everything that
+a child ever said would would make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a child ever said would would make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a child ever said would would make
+it would would be a good database for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would would be a good database for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would would be a good database for
+making theories about that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making theories about that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making theories about that.
+The main reason why I said that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The main reason why I said that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The main reason why I said that because
+I was trying to understand how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was trying to understand how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was trying to understand how to
+implement ways of thinking and if if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement ways of thinking and if if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement ways of thinking and if if you
+if you try to algorithmically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you try to algorithmically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you try to algorithmically
+uh define a significant way of thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh define a significant way of thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh define a significant way of thinking
+by making an analogy or dividing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by making an analogy or dividing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by making an analogy or dividing and
+conquering and things like that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquering and things like that then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquering and things like that then
+it's much better represented using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much better represented using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much better represented using
+English or some of the terms some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English or some of the terms some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English or some of the terms some of the
+typical terms that we use using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical terms that we use using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical terms that we use using
+sequences of symbols that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences of symbols that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences of symbols that you can
+manipulate doesn't have to be language.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate doesn't have to be language.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate doesn't have to be language.
+But um that is deaf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But um that is deaf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But um that is deaf
+people are pretty smart even if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are pretty smart even if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are pretty smart even if they're
+not total language. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what I what I really mean is is all all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I what I really mean is is all all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I what I really mean is is all all
+all the all the things that we have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the all the things that we have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the all the things that we have in
+language like analogy or semantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language like analogy or semantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language like analogy or semantic
+hierarchies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchies
+um things that allow us to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um things that allow us to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um things that allow us to make
+generalizations a bit of grammar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizations a bit of grammar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizations a bit of grammar and
+things like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that.
+It makes it easier. It makes it much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It makes it easier. It makes it much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It makes it easier. It makes it much
+more expressive uh to write programs or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more expressive uh to write programs or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more expressive uh to write programs or
+write scripts of large scale thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write scripts of large scale thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write scripts of large scale thinking
+activities in in English than to program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities in in English than to program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities in in English than to program
+them using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them using
+uh restrictive language like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh restrictive language like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh restrictive language like
+like if then like productions or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if then like productions or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if then like productions or if
+then. Yeah. Uh, I'm sure that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then. Yeah. Uh, I'm sure that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then. Yeah. Uh, I'm sure that the
+difference between humans and most other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between humans and most other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between humans and most other
+animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals
+is not necessarily language, but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not necessarily language, but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not necessarily language, but the
+ability to manipulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to manipulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to manipulate
+strings or little trees of symbols. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings or little trees of symbols. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings or little trees of symbols. And
+at some point, you say, "I'm going to,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point, you say, "I'm going to,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point, you say, "I'm going to,
+this worked pretty well. I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this worked pretty well. I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this worked pretty well. I'm going to
+make a copy, but I'll reverse these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a copy, but I'll reverse these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a copy, but I'll reverse these
+two."
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two."
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two."
+Uh, a typical bug in Gerald Susman's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, a typical bug in Gerald Susman's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, a typical bug in Gerald Susman's
+1972 thesis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1972 thesis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1972 thesis is
+uh you have a couple of sub you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have a couple of sub you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have a couple of sub you have a
+problem you split it into some sub goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you split it into some sub goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you split it into some sub goals
+then you try them in a certain order and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you try them in a certain order and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you try them in a certain order and
+it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't
+work because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work because
+uh your first action has changed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh your first action has changed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh your first action has changed the
+condition so that the second one doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition so that the second one doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition so that the second one doesn't
+apply.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply.
+And a good heristic is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And a good heristic is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And a good heristic is
+uh that example came up when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+were trying to make a robot build stacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were trying to make a robot build stacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were trying to make a robot build stacks
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+blocks, stuff like that. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh suppose you wanted to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this. So you say, well, there's a bottle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. So you say, well, there's a bottle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. So you say, well, there's a bottle
+on top of one brick and there's a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of one brick and there's a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of one brick and there's a and
+that brick is on top of another. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that brick is on top of another. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that brick is on top of another. So
+let's achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's achieve
+this. By the way, uh, our robot had only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. By the way, uh, our robot had only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. By the way, uh, our robot had only
+one hand. I forgot to mention that. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hand. I forgot to mention that. Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hand. I forgot to mention that. Uh,
+so now you're stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you're stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you're stuck
+because now you want to put this brick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now you want to put this brick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now you want to put this brick
+on that and you can't lift it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that and you can't lift it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that and you can't lift it.
+But it would have been better if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But it would have been better if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But it would have been better if you
+said, "Well, let's do this first and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, "Well, let's do this first and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, "Well, let's do this first and
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+that." And Jerry Susman's thesis has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that." And Jerry Susman's thesis has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that." And Jerry Susman's thesis has
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+10 common bugs in procedures and various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 common bugs in procedures and various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 common bugs in procedures and various
+ways to change your goal structure to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to change your goal structure to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to change your goal structure to
+achieve it. And that was 1972. And I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve it. And that was 1972. And I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve it. And that was 1972. And I've
+never seen another thesis on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never seen another thesis on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never seen another thesis on
+bugs. Anybody run across one?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bugs. Anybody run across one?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bugs. Anybody run across one?
+Did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ever I annoyed my colleagues by keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever I annoyed my colleagues by keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever I annoyed my colleagues by keep
+continually referring to Susman's thesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continually referring to Susman's thesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continually referring to Susman's thesis
+and Patrick Winston's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Patrick Winston's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Patrick Winston's
+thesis which uh did all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis which uh did all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis which uh did all sorts of
+sensible common sensical things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible common sensical things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible common sensical things
+and then there's this army of AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's this army of AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's this army of AI
+researchers who try to make basian nets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers who try to make basian nets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers who try to make basian nets
+work or um genetic make algorithms work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work or um genetic make algorithms work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work or um genetic make algorithms work
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+whatever.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever.
+And none of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And none of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And none of
+them include the process of dividing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them include the process of dividing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them include the process of dividing a
+problem into several parts and trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem into several parts and trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem into several parts and trying to
+solve them separately and overcoming the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve them separately and overcoming the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve them separately and overcoming the
+bugs like that that happen if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bugs like that that happen if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bugs like that that happen if you don't
+get them in the right order or uh don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get them in the right order or uh don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get them in the right order or uh don't
+satisfy the right constraints.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I keep complaining that very little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I keep complaining that very little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I keep complaining that very little
+has happened at very high levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has happened at very high levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has happened at very high levels
+uh in a long time. Now what has happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in a long time. Now what has happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in a long time. Now what has happened
+is that the uh methods for doing basian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the uh methods for doing basian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the uh methods for doing basian
+induction have improved greatly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction have improved greatly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction have improved greatly and
+they're industrially very useful for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're industrially very useful for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're industrially very useful for uh
+various kinds of problems but nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various kinds of problems but nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various kinds of problems but nobody
+knows what kinds of problems they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what kinds of problems they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what kinds of problems they're
+good for. They just know some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for. They just know some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for. They just know some
+examples and uh neural nets are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and uh neural nets are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and uh neural nets are very
+good for making uh voice recognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for making uh voice recognition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for making uh voice recognition
+slightly better or and so forth. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly better or and so forth. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly better or and so forth. So
+these are mature fields but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are mature fields but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are mature fields but there
+doesn't seem to be any place for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem to be any place for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem to be any place for
+researchers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers
+to do things on a higher level and debug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do things on a higher level and debug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do things on a higher level and debug
+higher level kinds of common sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher level kinds of common sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher level kinds of common sense
+reasoning.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning.
+I wonder if people have even written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wonder if people have even written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wonder if people have even written
+papers on debugging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers on debugging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers on debugging
+uh on debugging common sense knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on debugging common sense knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on debugging common sense knowledge
+databases just procedural scripts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases just procedural scripts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases just procedural scripts to
+uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to
+identify bugs in chains of reasoning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify bugs in chains of reasoning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify bugs in chains of reasoning and
+just activate them and see us if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just activate them and see us if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just activate them and see us if there's
+a problem there. Well, there are a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem there. Well, there are a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem there. Well, there are a lot
+of books on system programming and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of books on system programming and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of books on system programming and I've
+never read one of them from end to end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never read one of them from end to end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never read one of them from end to end
+and maybe there's somewhere in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe there's somewhere in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe there's somewhere in there
+probably a hundred books on how to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a hundred books on how to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a hundred books on how to write
+programs and maybe each of them has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs and maybe each of them has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs and maybe each of them has a
+few paragraphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few paragraphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few paragraphs
+on a how to plan ahead so you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a how to plan ahead so you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a how to plan ahead so you don't have
+any bugs or b how you fix bugs. And it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any bugs or b how you fix bugs. And it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any bugs or b how you fix bugs. And it
+would be nice if uh there were a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be nice if uh there were a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be nice if uh there were a way to
+collect those paragraphs and see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect those paragraphs and see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect those paragraphs and see if
+there's some community wisdom, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some community wisdom, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some community wisdom, but
+uh but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but the
+uh natural language search engines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh natural language search engines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh natural language search engines
+aren't good enough to find those. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't good enough to find those. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't good enough to find those. I
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh in Jerry Susman or Richard Stolman or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in Jerry Susman or Richard Stolman or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in Jerry Susman or Richard Stolman or
+somebody like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody like
+that in those person's brains there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in those person's brains there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in those person's brains there's a
+great deal of knowledge that the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great deal of knowledge that the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great deal of knowledge that the rest of
+us don't have.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there should be some way to take their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be some way to take their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be some way to take their
+PhD thesis away and make them write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PhD thesis away and make them write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PhD thesis away and make them write
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one. Speaking of birds,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Speaking of birds,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Speaking of birds,
+uh in the 1990s it was discovered that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the 1990s it was discovered that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the 1990s it was discovered that
+uh in some birds that learn songs like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in some birds that learn songs like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in some birds that learn songs like
+canaries, the part of the brain that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canaries, the part of the brain that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canaries, the part of the brain that
+contains the scripts for the song
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains the scripts for the song
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains the scripts for the song
+atrophies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atrophies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atrophies and
+dies every spring.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dies every spring.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dies every spring.
+and a new bunch of brain tissue appears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a new bunch of brain tissue appears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a new bunch of brain tissue appears
+in that same canary and it learns the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that same canary and it learns the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that same canary and it learns the
+song over again from its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song over again from its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song over again from its
+friends. So there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends. So there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends. So there's
+a peculiar case in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a peculiar case in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a peculiar case in which
+uh brain tissue continues to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh brain tissue continues to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh brain tissue continues to get
+replaced every year. Birds live quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced every year. Birds live quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced every year. Birds live quite a
+long time too. And uh so is the song
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time too. And uh so is the song
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time too. And uh so is the song
+ever forgotten? the song is forgotten if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever forgotten? the song is forgotten if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever forgotten? the song is forgotten if
+you if the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if the uh
+if its friends are if you take the bird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if its friends are if you take the bird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if its friends are if you take the bird
+if if the bird doesn't have anybody to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if the bird doesn't have anybody to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if the bird doesn't have anybody to
+copy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh I don't know that that's a good fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh I don't know that that's a good fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh I don't know that that's a good fact
+to know because it's it's nobody has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know because it's it's nobody has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know because it's it's nobody has
+found anything like that in any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found anything like that in any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found anything like that in any other
+animal yet. Do the songs change? What do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal yet. Do the songs change? What do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal yet. Do the songs change? What do
+the songs change it? The songs change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the songs change it? The songs change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the songs change it? The songs change
+over the songs change over the years.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the songs change over the years.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the songs change over the years.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+But they're very specific. And if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But they're very specific. And if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But they're very specific. And if you
+sing the wrong song, the bird will bite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sing the wrong song, the bird will bite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sing the wrong song, the bird will bite
+you or run away or something.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Maybe.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe.
+Yeah. Maybe the spider that's missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Maybe the spider that's missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Maybe the spider that's missing
+the gene that goes and um joins the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gene that goes and um joins the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gene that goes and um joins the
+other spider and finishes the web. Maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other spider and finishes the web. Maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other spider and finishes the web. Maybe
+it could maybe um if it got there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could maybe um if it got there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could maybe um if it got there a
+little earlier, it could learn whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little earlier, it could learn whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little earlier, it could learn whatever
+it lacked due to the missing gene. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it lacked due to the missing gene. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it lacked due to the missing gene. It's
+it's not clear that they can learn it,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not clear that they can learn it,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not clear that they can learn it,
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um once they know more details, they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um once they know more details, they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um once they know more details, they
+might be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to
+uh insert new genes so that it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh insert new genes so that it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh insert new genes so that it makes
+better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+webs. I don't know.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's interesting
+that biology is like other things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that biology is like other things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that biology is like other things and
+they're only you get whole communities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're only you get whole communities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're only you get whole communities
+that get interested in one particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that get interested in one particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that get interested in one particular
+animal or one aspect of an animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal or one aspect of an animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal or one aspect of an animal
+because it's easy to observe or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's easy to observe or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's easy to observe or
+something and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and
+um I doubt that anybody knows as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I doubt that anybody knows as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I doubt that anybody knows as much
+about any other insect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about any other insect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about any other insect
+I don't mean insect. Is a spider isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't mean insect. Is a spider isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't mean insect. Is a spider isn't
+an insect, is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an insect, is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an insect, is
+it? It's an arthropod or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it? It's an arthropod or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it? It's an arthropod or
+something. That's just a name.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, if you talk about that you don't the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, if you talk about that you don't the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, if you talk about that you don't the
+the baby machines are not succeeding.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the baby machines are not succeeding.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the baby machines are not succeeding.
+So, what about the learning machines? Do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, what about the learning machines? Do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, what about the learning machines? Do
+they are how are we able to construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are how are we able to construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are how are we able to construct
+machines that run? There are machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines that run? There are machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines that run? There are machines
+that learn v the statistical machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that learn v the statistical machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that learn v the statistical machines
+and the neural network machines learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the neural network machines learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the neural network machines learn
+various things but they flatten out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various things but they flatten out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various things but they flatten out and
+I don't know of any case where any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know of any case where any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know of any case where any of
+them have learned higher level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them have learned higher level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them have learned higher level
+strategies.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies.
+This is Jose Valente who was a PhD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is Jose Valente who was a PhD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is Jose Valente who was a PhD
+here when 83
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when 83
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when 83
+83. Uh and I could tell a long story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+83. Uh and I could tell a long story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+83. Uh and I could tell a long story
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+him. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him. Uh
+but in the 60s and 70s and 80s it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the 60s and 70s and 80s it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the 60s and 70s and 80s it was
+generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally
+believed that animals could not learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believed that animals could not learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believed that animals could not learn
+without doing things. Uh there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without doing things. Uh there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without doing things. Uh there was a
+professor here Dick Held. Did you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor here Dick Held. Did you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor here Dick Held. Did you know
+him? Dick Held did a lot of wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him? Dick Held did a lot of wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him? Dick Held did a lot of wonderful
+experiments. For
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments. For
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments. For
+example, he would take a kitten and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, he would take a kitten and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, he would take a kitten and he
+would take the kitten all around the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take the kitten all around the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take the kitten all around the lab
+and show it where the food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was and then he'd bring the cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and then he'd bring the cat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and then he'd bring the cat
+back and the cat would never go to where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and the cat would never go to where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and the cat would never go to where
+the food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the food
+was. However, if you let the cat explore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was. However, if you let the cat explore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was. However, if you let the cat explore
+the place and it found the food, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place and it found the food, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place and it found the food, you
+bring it back, then next time it will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring it back, then next time it will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring it back, then next time it will go
+right to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to that
+place. And uh it became a doctrine in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place. And uh it became a doctrine in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place. And uh it became a doctrine in
+cognitive psychology that people could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive psychology that people could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive psychology that people could
+not learn unless it involved sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not learn unless it involved sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not learn unless it involved sensory
+motor activities.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh well, Jose found a uh cerebral pausy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh well, Jose found a uh cerebral pausy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh well, Jose found a uh cerebral pausy
+patient imprisoned in a hospital because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient imprisoned in a hospital because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient imprisoned in a hospital because
+this kid could hardly move anything and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kid could hardly move anything and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kid could hardly move anything and
+had never done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had never done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had never done
+anything. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything. And
+uh uh the nursing staff, tell me if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the nursing staff, tell me if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the nursing staff, tell me if I'm
+wrong about any of this, the nursing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong about any of this, the nursing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong about any of this, the nursing
+staff considered him to be completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff considered him to be completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff considered him to be completely
+ and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ and
+hopeless. And Jose hooked him up. He
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopeless. And Jose hooked him up. He
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopeless. And Jose hooked him up. He
+could move his head. So, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could move his head. So, uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could move his head. So, uh,
+what? Oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what? Oh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what? Oh,
+thumb. I thought it was the head stick,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thumb. I thought it was the head stick,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thumb. I thought it was the head stick,
+right? And gave him a keyboard and, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And gave him a keyboard and, uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And gave him a keyboard and, uh,
+he very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he very
+quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly
+uh, learned to, I don't know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, learned to, I don't know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, learned to, I don't know how
+quickly, but learned to make the logo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly, but learned to make the logo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly, but learned to make the logo
+turtle move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turtle move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turtle move
+around. Uh but then he did something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around. Uh but then he did something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around. Uh but then he did something
+that the psychologist thought was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the psychologist thought was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the psychologist thought was
+impossible. Namely,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible. Namely,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible. Namely,
+uh if you want the turtle to move to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you want the turtle to move to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you want the turtle to move to the
+left, you type the right character and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left, you type the right character and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left, you type the right character and
+it turns left. Uh so if you if I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns left. Uh so if you if I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns left. Uh so if you if I wanted
+the turtle to go here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the turtle to go here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the turtle to go here,
+uh I would tell it to turn left.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I would tell it to turn left.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I would tell it to turn left.
+But if the turtle was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here, then you have to tell the turtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, then you have to tell the turtle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, then you have to tell the turtle
+to turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right. And uh it was predicted that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. And uh it was predicted that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. And uh it was predicted that uh
+because he had never had this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he had never had this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he had never had this kind of
+experience, he wouldn't be able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience, he wouldn't be able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience, he wouldn't be able to do
+this abstraction. And uh but he did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this abstraction. And uh but he did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this abstraction. And uh but he did it
+very quickly. And uh somehow Jose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly. And uh somehow Jose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly. And uh somehow Jose
+concluded that for example he couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concluded that for example he couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concluded that for example he couldn't
+talk but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk but uh
+Jose found by carefully interpreting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jose found by carefully interpreting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jose found by carefully interpreting the
+noises he made that he did know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noises he made that he did know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noises he made that he did know
+English even though he had never shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English even though he had never shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English even though he had never shown
+the ability. And after a few years he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability. And after a few years he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability. And after a few years he
+was three or four years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was three or four years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was three or four years
+Five five. Yes. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Five five. Yes. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Five five. Yes. And then
+uh this gentleman uh re essentially got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this gentleman uh re essentially got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this gentleman uh re essentially got
+him to get skillful enough that he got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him to get skillful enough that he got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him to get skillful enough that he got
+admitted I think to Amherst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitted I think to Amherst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitted I think to Amherst
+UMass graduated and got a job as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UMass graduated and got a job as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UMass graduated and got a job as a
+registar at BEu and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registar at BEu and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registar at BEu and
+uh uh all this was impossible according
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh all this was impossible according
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh all this was impossible according
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+general principles of the time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general principles of the time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general principles of the time.
+So, one of the adviserss on his PhD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, one of the adviserss on his PhD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, one of the adviserss on his PhD
+committee said, "That's remarkable." Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee said, "That's remarkable." Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee said, "That's remarkable." Uh,
+but maybe it was just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe it was just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe it was just an
+accident. And this person wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident. And this person wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident. And this person wouldn't
+approve the thesis unless he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approve the thesis unless he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approve the thesis unless he had
+demonstrated on a statistically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrated on a statistically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrated on a statistically
+significant bunch of subjects like five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant bunch of subjects like five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant bunch of subjects like five
+or 10,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 10,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 10,
+uh, which would have taken 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, which would have taken 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, which would have taken 50
+years. and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years. and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years. and
+uh Papard and I somehow managed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Papard and I somehow managed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Papard and I somehow managed to
+replace enough members of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+committee. It's a great story. Then he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee. It's a great story. Then he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee. It's a great story. Then he
+went back to Brazil and did a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went back to Brazil and did a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went back to Brazil and did a lot of
+stuff involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff involving
+rehabilitating people and other things I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rehabilitating people and other things I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rehabilitating people and other things I
+don't know about, but it's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know about, but it's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know about, but it's a great
+story. Yeah. So, humans can learn by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story. Yeah. So, humans can learn by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story. Yeah. So, humans can learn by
+watching. And uh 25 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ago, a lot of psychologists would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago, a lot of psychologists would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago, a lot of psychologists would say
+no, they can't. They have to use their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no, they can't. They have to use their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no, they can't. They have to use their
+body and do sensory motor things. It was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body and do sensory motor things. It was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body and do sensory motor things. It was
+very strange how deeply rooted this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strange how deeply rooted this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strange how deeply rooted this
+belief was.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Do you want to give a lecture?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh well, I remember your work and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh well, I remember your work and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh well, I remember your work and I
+remember especially the problem of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember especially the problem of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember especially the problem of uh
+changing the faculty committee because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the faculty committee because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the faculty committee because
+uh here was this great thesis and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here was this great thesis and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here was this great thesis and its
+committee didn't like it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee didn't like it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee didn't like it.
+was involving the mechanical engineers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was involving the mechanical engineers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was involving the mechanical engineers.
+There was a mechanical engineer who said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There was a mechanical engineer who said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There was a mechanical engineer who said
+it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't
+science. I never figured out what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science. I never figured out what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science. I never figured out what was
+bothering him, but we managed to get him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bothering him, but we managed to get him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bothering him, but we managed to get him
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+resign. This is not typical. Uh I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resign. This is not typical. Uh I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resign. This is not typical. Uh I should
+say I don't want you to get a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I don't want you to get a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I don't want you to get a bad
+impression of the academic uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impression of the academic uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impression of the academic uh
+establishment. Nothing like that ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishment. Nothing like that ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishment. Nothing like that ever
+happened to me in 40 years of teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to me in 40 years of teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to me in 40 years of teaching
+except that one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that one.
+One of the most clever thing about being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One of the most clever thing about being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One of the most clever thing about being
+a graduate students to select your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a graduate students to select your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a graduate students to select your
+community. Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community. Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community. Yes.
+Uh my daughter Margaret did a thesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh my daughter Margaret did a thesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh my daughter Margaret did a thesis
+which involved experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which involved experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which involved experimental
+psychology and she made the mistake of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology and she made the mistake of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology and she made the mistake of
+getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting
+the best professor in haptics to be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best professor in haptics to be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best professor in haptics to be on
+her committee. And uh so instead of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her committee. And uh so instead of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her committee. And uh so instead of a
+few experiments showing that that her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few experiments showing that that her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few experiments showing that that her
+theory was right, she had to do a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory was right, she had to do a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory was right, she had to do a year
+and a half of running these experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half of running these experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half of running these experiments
+on many many subjects. And that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on many many subjects. And that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on many many subjects. And that's good
+science. But when you're right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science. But when you're right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science. But when you're right and
+obviously right, it's a waste of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously right, it's a waste of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously right, it's a waste of
+time. The person who gets the theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. The person who gets the theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. The person who gets the theory
+should uh get credit for it right away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should uh get credit for it right away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should uh get credit for it right away
+and encourage other people who are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and encourage other people who are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and encourage other people who are not
+so original to to replicate it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so original to to replicate it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so original to to replicate it.
+So, but she wasn't my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+student. In fact, I was lucky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student. In fact, I was lucky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student. In fact, I was lucky
+uh because in fact my daughter was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because in fact my daughter was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because in fact my daughter was in
+the same department at the media lab as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same department at the media lab as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same department at the media lab as
+I was and that would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was and that would have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was and that would have been
+considered bad except that she was there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first because she had grown up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first because she had grown up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first because she had grown up in the
+logo as a little kid. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logo as a little kid. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logo as a little kid. Yeah.
+I've heard a little bit about the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've heard a little bit about the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've heard a little bit about the the
+work of Eric Mueller who's doing work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work of Eric Mueller who's doing work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work of Eric Mueller who's doing work
+also with common sense but also from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also with common sense but also from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also with common sense but also from the
+angle of event calculus. Yes. And what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of event calculus. Yes. And what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of event calculus. Yes. And what
+what your what your thoughts about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your what your thoughts about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your what your thoughts about this
+are how this relates. In fact, he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are how this relates. In fact, he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are how this relates. In fact, he's
+inspiring and his his project is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiring and his his project is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiring and his his project is
+uh in many ways more developed than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in many ways more developed than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in many ways more developed than
+ours. He's not working on it recently,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ours. He's not working on it recently,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ours. He's not working on it recently,
+but uh Eric Muller's Daydreamer was his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh Eric Muller's Daydreamer was his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh Eric Muller's Daydreamer was his
+PhD thesis which studied common sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PhD thesis which studied common sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PhD thesis which studied common sense
+thinking in a very non-logical way. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking in a very non-logical way. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking in a very non-logical way. And
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+uh what's his common sense thing called?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's his common sense thing called?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's his common sense thing called?
+Thought treasure. That's probably the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thought treasure. That's probably the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thought treasure. That's probably the
+most advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most advanced
+uh multi-level problem solver that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh multi-level problem solver that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh multi-level problem solver that there
+is, but it only works in the blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is, but it only works in the blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is, but it only works in the blocks
+world of simple geometric things, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of simple geometric things, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of simple geometric things, but
+it's very important probably. and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh he spends his time as a well-paid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he spends his time as a well-paid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he spends his time as a well-paid
+consultant for IBM on all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consultant for IBM on all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consultant for IBM on all sorts of
+irrelevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant
+things and if I got a lot of money I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and if I got a lot of money I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and if I got a lot of money I
+would liberate him to work on this. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would liberate him to work on this. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would liberate him to work on this. So
+Eric Mueller is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eric Mueller is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eric Mueller is one of
+the best thinkers about common sense. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best thinkers about common sense. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best thinkers about common sense. I
+only know of five or six other people of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only know of five or six other people of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only know of five or six other people of
+who have really thought about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have really thought about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have really thought about this
+problem much. It's it's quite remarkable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem much. It's it's quite remarkable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem much. It's it's quite remarkable
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+uh so few people have Douglas Lennon has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so few people have Douglas Lennon has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so few people have Douglas Lennon has
+done a lot of thinking about common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done a lot of thinking about common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done a lot of thinking about common
+sense reasoning. Uh and he's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense reasoning. Uh and he's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense reasoning. Uh and he's also
+produced this uh psych project which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced this uh psych project which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced this uh psych project which has
+a huge amount of common sense knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge amount of common sense knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge amount of common sense knowledge
+but the two things haven't gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the two things haven't gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the two things haven't gone
+together. So psych does not have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. So psych does not have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. So psych does not have a
+system to do common sense reasoning with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to do common sense reasoning with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to do common sense reasoning with
+the knowledge it has. And uh here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the knowledge it has. And uh here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the knowledge it has. And uh here we
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+a almost equally big knowledge base of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a almost equally big knowledge base of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a almost equally big knowledge base of
+that uh called open mind that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh called open mind that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh called open mind that has
+collected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected
+uh all sorts of common sense fragments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all sorts of common sense fragments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all sorts of common sense fragments
+of knowledge from the web from people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of knowledge from the web from people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of knowledge from the web from people
+not from the web but from thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not from the web but from thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not from the web but from thousands of
+people who like the project and type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who like the project and type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who like the project and type
+stuff in. uh and we don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff in. uh and we don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff in. uh and we don't have a
+powerful common sense reasoning system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful common sense reasoning system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful common sense reasoning system
+to use it although we're making progress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use it although we're making progress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use it although we're making progress
+on it and I don't know if there's any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it and I don't know if there's any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it and I don't know if there's any
+other is there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other is there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other is there a
+third do you know if there's any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third do you know if there's any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third do you know if there's any other
+big common sense knowledge base someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big common sense knowledge base someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big common sense knowledge base someone
+said that uh word net has a substantial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that uh word net has a substantial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that uh word net has a substantial
+amount of such stuff but I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of such stuff but I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of such stuff but I haven't
+looked at it it's mostly a taxonomy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at it it's mostly a taxonomy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at it it's mostly a taxonomy
+words. We conducted an experiment about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words. We conducted an experiment about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words. We conducted an experiment about
+two nights ago and yes, apparently word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two nights ago and yes, apparently word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two nights ago and yes, apparently word
+net does have significant amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net does have significant amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net does have significant amount of
+common sense which measure measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common sense which measure measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common sense which measure measured
+against open mind. Um we had alignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against open mind. Um we had alignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against open mind. Um we had alignment
+levels of like 40%.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of like 40%.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of like 40%.
+Really? Yeah. Uh for things you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Really? Yeah. Uh for things you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Really? Yeah. Uh for things you could
+actually compare. It's interesting.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually compare. It's interesting.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually compare. It's interesting.
+Yeah. paper next week.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. paper next week.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. paper next week.
+That's uh that project was organized by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's uh that project was organized by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's uh that project was organized by
+a psychologist named George
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a psychologist named George
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a psychologist named George
+Miller who when I was an undergraduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh adopted me liked my ideas about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh adopted me liked my ideas about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh adopted me liked my ideas about
+learning machines and so forth and got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning machines and so forth and got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning machines and so forth and got
+me the money to build that first neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the money to build that first neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the money to build that first neural
+net machine and uh in exchange I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net machine and uh in exchange I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net machine and uh in exchange I
+explained what was wrong with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained what was wrong with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained what was wrong with the
+Mccullik Pitts paper on neural nets.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mccullik Pitts paper on neural nets.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mccullik Pitts paper on neural nets.
+because I was a better mathematician
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I was a better mathematician
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I was a better mathematician
+than him. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh I had miraculously good luck as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I had miraculously good luck as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I had miraculously good luck as a
+young student of running into just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young student of running into just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young student of running into just the
+right people. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right people. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right people. It
+was very lucky. I haven't seen much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very lucky. I haven't seen much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very lucky. I haven't seen much of
+George Miller since, but and he didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George Miller since, but and he didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George Miller since, but and he didn't
+do much.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do much.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do much.
+uh he's the person who produced the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he's the person who produced the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he's the person who produced the
+revolutionary paper called the magical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutionary paper called the magical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutionary paper called the magical
+number 7 plus or minus two which unified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 7 plus or minus two which unified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 7 plus or minus two which unified
+a whole lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole lot of
+uh facts about everyday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh facts about everyday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh facts about everyday
+psychology and then my impression is he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology and then my impression is he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology and then my impression is he
+went into some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went into some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went into some kind
+of not getting anything done state for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of not getting anything done state for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of not getting anything done state for
+about 20 years and suddenly snapped out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 20 years and suddenly snapped out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 20 years and suddenly snapped out
+of it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it and
+uh created did word net and stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh created did word net and stuff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh created did word net and stuff like
+that. It's nice story again. I wish I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. It's nice story again. I wish I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. It's nice story again. I wish I
+knew more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it. Uh that's why he's on the front page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Uh that's why he's on the front page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Uh that's why he's on the front page
+of list of people that I was influenced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of list of people that I was influenced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of list of people that I was influenced
+by in in the emotion machine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by in in the emotion machine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by in in the emotion machine.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What? Louis Van is also working on I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What? Louis Van is also working on I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What? Louis Van is also working on I
+haven't heard of that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't heard of that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't heard of that but
+uh he's an inspiring inventor. Louis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he's an inspiring inventor. Louis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he's an inspiring inventor. Louis
+Van who we tried to get to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Van who we tried to get to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Van who we tried to get to be a
+professor here but he what job did he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor here but he what job did he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor here but he what job did he
+take? Do you know?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uhhuh. Uh yes. He's full of ideas. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uhhuh. Uh yes. He's full of ideas. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uhhuh. Uh yes. He's full of ideas. I
+don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know
+if if he has powerful ideas about common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if he has powerful ideas about common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if he has powerful ideas about common
+sense, but if he doesn't, he probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense, but if he doesn't, he probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense, but if he doesn't, he probably
+will. He invented those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will. He invented those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will. He invented those
+captas, the things that everyone uses to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captas, the things that everyone uses to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captas, the things that everyone uses to
+prevent robots from logging into their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent robots from logging into their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent robots from logging into their
+into the, you know, these distorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the, you know, these distorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the, you know, these distorted
+letters and stuff.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Someone like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Someone like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Someone like
+Hoffadder, if he were actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hoffadder, if he were actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hoffadder, if he were actually a
+programmer, could probably read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer, could probably read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer, could probably read the
+captures because uh Hoffadder has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captures because uh Hoffadder has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captures because uh Hoffadder has
+Douglas Hoffadder, the Girdle Cherbach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Douglas Hoffadder, the Girdle Cherbach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Douglas Hoffadder, the Girdle Cherbach
+guy, has some pretty powerful theories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy, has some pretty powerful theories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy, has some pretty powerful theories
+of how you could read uh things in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how you could read uh things in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how you could read uh things in all
+sorts of distorted fonts, but I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of distorted fonts, but I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of distorted fonts, but I don't
+know if he's tried to break this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+code. Ray Curtzswhil was, I think, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code. Ray Curtzswhil was, I think, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code. Ray Curtzswhil was, I think, the
+first person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first person
+to make optical character readers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make optical character readers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make optical character readers that
+could read multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fonts. But it can't read captures.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fonts. But it can't read captures.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fonts. But it can't read captures.
+They're too far out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're too far out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're too far out.
+A lot of people can't read captions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A lot of people can't read captions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A lot of people can't read captions
+either. Is that right? Yeah. Oh, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either. Is that right? Yeah. Oh, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either. Is that right? Yeah. Oh, I
+didn't know that. when they get too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know that. when they get too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know that. when they get too
+distorted. They can ask for another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorted. They can ask for another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorted. They can ask for another one
+though, can't usually. Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The um the the case sensitive catch.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The um the the case sensitive catch.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The um the the case sensitive catch.
+Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+Oh, yeah. So, Oh, because you can't tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, yeah. So, Oh, because you can't tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, yeah. So, Oh, because you can't tell
+what case it is sometimes, right? Is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what case it is sometimes, right? Is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what case it is sometimes, right? Is
+that a big or a little C? It's half hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a big or a little C? It's half hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a big or a little C? It's half hard
+to tell when it's sort of squiggly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell when it's sort of squiggly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell when it's sort of squiggly and
+enlarged grotesqually.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlarged grotesqually.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlarged grotesqually.
+I guess they could just they could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess they could just they could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess they could just they could just
+leave the seas out if they wanted. Still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the seas out if they wanted. Still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the seas out if they wanted. Still
+be pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+secure. Also could have pictures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure. Also could have pictures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure. Also could have pictures of
+movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actors. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors. That
+would that would only let a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that would only let a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that would only let a certain
+class of people to log in.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If you have a product that people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you have a product that people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you have a product that people who
+like movies are likely to buy,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like movies are likely to buy,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like movies are likely to buy,
+you could make your company more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could make your company more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could make your company more
+efficient.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. I think in the lecture that we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. I think in the lecture that we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. I think in the lecture that we saw
+here about double standard he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here about double standard he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here about double standard he was
+talking about how he thinks that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about how he thinks that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about how he thinks that if you
+gather enough common sense data then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gather enough common sense data then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gather enough common sense data then
+they'll be able to learn automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll be able to learn automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll be able to learn automatically
+but real babies started out without any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but real babies started out without any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but real babies started out without any
+common sense data they do learn on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common sense data they do learn on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common sense data they do learn on their
+own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well are you referring to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well are you referring to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well are you referring to some
+particular uh I think they're psych
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh I think they're psych
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh I think they're psych
+they're sharing how many facts they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sharing how many facts they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sharing how many facts they have
+and they like they have they had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they like they have they had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they like they have they had this
+graph and they said that once they reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and they said that once they reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and they said that once they reach
+At a certain point, they hope to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+At a certain point, they hope to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+At a certain point, they hope to be
+large enough to be able to build upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large enough to be able to build upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large enough to be able to build upon
+its own and and just expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own and and just expand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own and and just expand
+exponentially.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially.
+Well, if you had knowledge about how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, if you had knowledge about how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, if you had knowledge about how to
+do common sense reasoning,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do common sense reasoning,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do common sense reasoning,
+uh then you can imagine a system that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then you can imagine a system that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then you can imagine a system that
+would somehow find that knowledge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would somehow find that knowledge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would somehow find that knowledge and
+then be able to do common sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then be able to do common sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then be able to do common sense
+reasoning. But I don't if you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning. But I don't if you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning. But I don't if you have the
+right architecture, you don't need any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right architecture, you don't need any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right architecture, you don't need any
+to start with anything. You can start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with anything. You can start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with anything. You can start
+from scratch and you still I disagree. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from scratch and you still I disagree. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from scratch and you still I disagree. I
+disagree with the point that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagree with the point that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagree with the point that you're
+saying babies don't have sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying babies don't have sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying babies don't have sense of
+knowledge.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge.
+Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well,
+I mean, psych psych has enough common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean, psych psych has enough common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean, psych psych has enough common
+sense knowledge. What it doesn't have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense knowledge. What it doesn't have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense knowledge. What it doesn't have is
+knowledge about how to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge about how to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge about how to use the
+knowledge.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge.
+The other thing is and I'm not sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The other thing is and I'm not sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The other thing is and I'm not sure
+you'd call that common sense because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd call that common sense because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd call that common sense because uh
+it's not the kind of thing people can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the kind of thing people can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the kind of thing people can
+articulate, but you'd call it being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulate, but you'd call it being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulate, but you'd call it being
+smart.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart.
+One of the ideas is that if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One of the ideas is that if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One of the ideas is that if you have a
+lot of knowledge, it may it facilitates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of knowledge, it may it facilitates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of knowledge, it may it facilitates
+learning so that um you can integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning so that um you can integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning so that um you can integrate
+new information by attaching it to more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new information by attaching it to more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new information by attaching it to more
+information that you already know. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that you already know. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that you already know. Um
+that's a problem with psych however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a problem with psych however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a problem with psych however
+because it it actually doesn't get any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it it actually doesn't get any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it it actually doesn't get any
+better at assimilating new knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better at assimilating new knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better at assimilating new knowledge
+despite the fact that it's got a lot. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite the fact that it's got a lot. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite the fact that it's got a lot. So
+um they've noted this and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they've noted this and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they've noted this and they're
+actually changing kind of the focus of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually changing kind of the focus of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually changing kind of the focus of
+it um of the project. They're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um of the project. They're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um of the project. They're not
+they're no longer manually adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're no longer manually adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're no longer manually adding
+predicates by hand, but looking at ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicates by hand, but looking at ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicates by hand, but looking at ways
+that they can um do some sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can um do some sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can um do some sort of like
+induction to generalize new predicates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction to generalize new predicates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction to generalize new predicates
+from the existing predicates because I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the existing predicates because I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the existing predicates because I I
+was considering this statement and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was considering this statement and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was considering this statement and
+thinking about real babies and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about real babies and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about real babies and then they
+are born with some instincts and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are born with some instincts and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are born with some instincts and they
+have their parents around them but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have their parents around them but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have their parents around them but they
+do start learning facts from the start.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do start learning facts from the start.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do start learning facts from the start.
+I mean maybe it takes a few years to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean maybe it takes a few years to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean maybe it takes a few years to
+start doing it on their own or they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start doing it on their own or they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start doing it on their own or they are
+learning without being just fed directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning without being just fed directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning without being just fed directly
+with well they may be learning all sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with well they may be learning all sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with well they may be learning all sorts
+of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things
+internally. Uh did you read my internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally. Uh did you read my internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally. Uh did you read my internal
+grounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounding
+essay? That's the theory that the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essay? That's the theory that the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essay? That's the theory that the human
+baby has might have four or five levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby has might have four or five levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby has might have four or five levels
+of learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of learning
+uh most of which are not connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh most of which are not connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh most of which are not connected to
+the real world at all but to little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real world at all but to little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real world at all but to little
+neural structures. So one part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural structures. So one part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural structures. So one part of the
+brain we may have evolved some little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain we may have evolved some little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain we may have evolved some little
+structures that have some group theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that have some group theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that have some group theory
+like property and a big part of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like property and a big part of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like property and a big part of your
+brain might learn how to work that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain might learn how to work that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain might learn how to work that
+because it's simpler than the outer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's simpler than the outer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's simpler than the outer
+world. But if you have the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world. But if you have the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world. But if you have the right
+mechanism that's more important than to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism that's more important than to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism that's more important than to
+have a collection of knowledge. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a collection of knowledge. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a collection of knowledge. Yeah.
+You can't use knowledge till you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can't use knowledge till you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can't use knowledge till you can
+reason about it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+One problem with psych, which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One problem with psych, which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One problem with psych, which is
+presumably going to be difficult. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably going to be difficult. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably going to be difficult. I
+haven't paid as much attention to it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't paid as much attention to it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't paid as much attention to it as
+Bo and Dustin have, but uh I suspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bo and Dustin have, but uh I suspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bo and Dustin have, but uh I suspect
+that they're going to have to re do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're going to have to re do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're going to have to re do
+something, do two things to fix it. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something, do two things to fix it. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something, do two things to fix it. And
+one is that every ordinary statement has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is that every ordinary statement has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is that every ordinary statement has
+exceptions. And I don't psych have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions. And I don't psych have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions. And I don't psych have any
+way to deal with those.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to deal with those.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to deal with those.
+But my my tip my typ micro theory has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But my my tip my typ micro theory has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But my my tip my typ micro theory has to
+be locally consistent. So my typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be locally consistent. So my typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be locally consistent. So my typical
+dialogue is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue is this
+uh you ask you know that if if you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you ask you know that if if you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you ask you know that if if you see
+an umbrella somebody with an umbrella
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an umbrella somebody with an umbrella
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an umbrella somebody with an umbrella
+and you ask you ask a child why did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you ask you ask a child why did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you ask you ask a child why did the
+person get the umbrella and the child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person get the umbrella and the child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person get the umbrella and the child
+will say because he thinks it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will say because he thinks it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will say because he thinks it's going to
+rain. And you say well but then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rain. And you say well but then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rain. And you say well but then what
+does the umbrella have to do with that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the umbrella have to do with that?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the umbrella have to do with that?
+and he says, "Well, people don't like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he says, "Well, people don't like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he says, "Well, people don't like to
+get wet." And then you say, "Well, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get wet." And then you say, "Well, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get wet." And then you say, "Well, then
+why do they take baths or showers or go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do they take baths or showers or go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do they take baths or showers or go
+swimming?" And then the child says, "Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swimming?" And then the child says, "Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swimming?" And then the child says, "Uh,
+that's a good point. I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good point. I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good point. I don't
+know." And I don't think psych psych
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know." And I don't think psych psych
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know." And I don't think psych psych
+doesn't have exceptions. And almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have exceptions. And almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have exceptions. And almost
+every statement about the world uh has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every statement about the world uh has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every statement about the world uh has
+exceptions. Statements about uh algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions. Statements about uh algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions. Statements about uh algebra
+or group theory don't have exceptions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or group theory don't have exceptions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or group theory don't have exceptions.
+But that's because you've made the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But that's because you've made the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But that's because you've made the
+world. It doesn't have it's not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world. It doesn't have it's not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world. It doesn't have it's not very
+complicated. And the other thing psych
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated. And the other thing psych
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated. And the other thing psych
+probably needs and it might be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably needs and it might be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably needs and it might be able to
+generate it is analogies. So you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate it is analogies. So you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate it is analogies. So you want to
+say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that
+uh putting a t-shirt over your head is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh putting a t-shirt over your head is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh putting a t-shirt over your head is
+almost as good as umbrella if you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost as good as umbrella if you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost as good as umbrella if you're not
+going to be out in the rain very long.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be out in the rain very long.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be out in the rain very long.
+And uh how would it know that? Well, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh how would it know that? Well, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh how would it know that? Well, it
+would have to know something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to know something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to know something about the
+dynamics and heaven knows what else to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics and heaven knows what else to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics and heaven knows what else to
+do that. And you might want to every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that. And you might want to every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that. And you might want to every
+time you find an analogy, you might want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you find an analogy, you might want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you find an analogy, you might want
+to give it a prominent place in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give it a prominent place in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give it a prominent place in your
+database. And I don't think psych has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database. And I don't think psych has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database. And I don't think psych has
+any way to do that because it's got an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any way to do that because it's got an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any way to do that because it's got an
+ontology. I don't know. But if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ontology. I don't know. But if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ontology. I don't know. But if you have
+a hierarchy, then it's hard to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hierarchy, then it's hard to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hierarchy, then it's hard to make a
+semantic network or something with cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantic network or something with cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantic network or something with cross
+links. And it was designed from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+links. And it was designed from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+links. And it was designed from the
+start without that. So do you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start without that. So do you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start without that. So do you know if
+they have some way to fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have some way to fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have some way to fix
+it? So there's 20 years of work based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it? So there's 20 years of work based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it? So there's 20 years of work based on
+uh some assumptions that are right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some assumptions that are right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some assumptions that are right and
+some that are wrong.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some that are wrong.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some that are wrong.
+But I don't see why you couldn't get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But I don't see why you couldn't get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But I don't see why you couldn't get a
+thousand people out on the web to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand people out on the web to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand people out on the web to go
+over the site database and add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the site database and add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the site database and add
+exceptions to it and add similarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions to it and add similarity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions to it and add similarity
+links. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+links. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+links. So,
+uh, once you've got a big database, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, once you've got a big database, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, once you've got a big database, I
+presume you can fix it if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presume you can fix it if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presume you can fix it if the
+proprietors understand that it needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fixing. I hate predicate calculus.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What is a better language to program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What is a better language to program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What is a better language to program
+than psych? English.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than psych? English.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than psych? English.
+The comments. Have you read the comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The comments. Have you read the comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The comments. Have you read the comments
+in psych? They do have some natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in psych? They do have some natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in psych? They do have some natural
+language.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language.
+Well, there's this big thing. I forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, there's this big thing. I forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, there's this big thing. I forget
+what it's called. I think it's comments.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's called. I think it's comments.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's called. I think it's comments.
+And there's a comment on most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there's a comment on most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there's a comment on most of the
+items. And the comment is better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items. And the comment is better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items. And the comment is better than
+the the comment actually says what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the comment actually says what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the comment actually says what the
+thing means in English.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+When when Lennet started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When when Lennet started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When when Lennet started
+psych, his idea is that you would start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psych, his idea is that you would start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psych, his idea is that you would start
+with something like an encyclopedia that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something like an encyclopedia that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something like an encyclopedia that
+has a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a lot of
+knowledge and line by line you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge and line by line you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge and line by line you would
+convert the statements in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert the statements in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert the statements in the
+encyclopedia into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encyclopedia into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encyclopedia into
+uh statements in the database.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then
+for bad reasons he eliminated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for bad reasons he eliminated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for bad reasons he eliminated the
+sources that the statements were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources that the statements were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources that the statements were
+obtained from. Now when it's a statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained from. Now when it's a statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained from. Now when it's a statement
+in a when there's a sentence in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a when there's a sentence in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a when there's a sentence in a
+encyclopedia it's in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encyclopedia it's in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encyclopedia it's in a
+paragraph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraph
+and that paragraph contains all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that paragraph contains all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that paragraph contains all sorts of
+stuff that you need to really understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that you need to really understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that you need to really understand
+the sentence. So in the early versions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sentence. So in the early versions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sentence. So in the early versions
+of psych there were links to the source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of psych there were links to the source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of psych there were links to the source
+English text and then he flushed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English text and then he flushed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English text and then he flushed
+that because I think the list machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because I think the list machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because I think the list machine
+didn't have enough memory or some wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have enough memory or some wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have enough memory or some wrong
+reason like that and also he didn't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason like that and also he didn't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason like that and also he didn't want
+the words in psych to be the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the words in psych to be the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the words in psych to be the same as the
+English words because then people would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English words because then people would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English words because then people would
+think he's being pretentious and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think he's being pretentious and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think he's being pretentious and it
+really understood those concepts. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really understood those concepts. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really understood those concepts. So,
+uh, he was reluctant to use English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, he was reluctant to use English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, he was reluctant to use English
+words in the early stages and had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words in the early stages and had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words in the early stages and had
+hyphenated expressions that would tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyphenated expressions that would tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyphenated expressions that would tell
+you more or less what they were.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you more or less what they were.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you more or less what they were.
+And in retrospect, I think that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in retrospect, I think that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in retrospect, I think that the
+ambiguities in English, there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguities in English, there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguities in English, there are two
+kinds of ambiguities for a word. One is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of ambiguities for a word. One is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of ambiguities for a word. One is
+it may have several completely different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may have several completely different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may have several completely different
+meanings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanings
+because this word came from Anglo-Saxon.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this word came from Anglo-Saxon.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this word came from Anglo-Saxon.
+it meant this and it came from Hungarian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it meant this and it came from Hungarian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it meant this and it came from Hungarian
+which meant that and so there are lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which meant that and so there are lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which meant that and so there are lots
+of words that have two two or even three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of words that have two two or even three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of words that have two two or even three
+or four completely unrelated sets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or four completely unrelated sets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or four completely unrelated sets of
+meanings and you don't want to represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanings and you don't want to represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanings and you don't want to represent
+those in the database. But if you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those in the database. But if you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those in the database. But if you take a
+word like take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh that has uh the order of a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that has uh the order of a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that has uh the order of a hundred
+really distinct meanings which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really distinct meanings which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really distinct meanings which are
+pretty much analogous because they refer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much analogous because they refer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much analogous because they refer
+to the same sort of transframe with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the same sort of transframe with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the same sort of transframe with
+different things in it and uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things in it and uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things in it and uh so
+u those ambiguities in English words are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u those ambiguities in English words are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u those ambiguities in English words are
+very valuable that's what those books by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very valuable that's what those books by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very valuable that's what those books by
+Leoff and others are about that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leoff and others are about that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leoff and others are about that there's
+a huge amount of common sense knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge amount of common sense knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge amount of common sense knowledge
+hidden in in many ordinary words like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden in in many ordinary words like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden in in many ordinary words like
+the future lies ahead of us as though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future lies ahead of us as though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future lies ahead of us as though
+time were the same as space and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time were the same as space and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time were the same as space and that
+sort of thing whole books about that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing whole books about that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing whole books about that and
+I don't think psych knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that and if you express things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and if you express things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and if you express things in
+English those ambiguities are valuable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English those ambiguities are valuable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English those ambiguities are valuable
+because they let you construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they let you construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they let you construct
+penalogies. So that's a third thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalogies. So that's a third thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalogies. So that's a third thing that
+or maybe that's the same as saying it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe that's the same as saying it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe that's the same as saying it
+doesn't have similarity links but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have similarity links but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have similarity links but
+eventually I think a database has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually I think a database has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually I think a database has to
+have exceptions similarities and analogy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have exceptions similarities and analogy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have exceptions similarities and analogy
+generators and penalies in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generators and penalies in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generators and penalies in other words
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh no one's doing that yet.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh no one's doing that yet.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh no one's doing that yet.
+one of you could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it. And then you could get those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. And then you could get those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. And then you could get those
+thousands of people out on the web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of people out on the web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of people out on the web
+typing in elaborate penalogies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typing in elaborate penalogies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typing in elaborate penalogies and
+making something that we could really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+use. When you were devising the model 6.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use. When you were devising the model 6.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use. When you were devising the model 6.
+What were some layers that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What were some layers that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What were some layers that you
+considered but didn't include?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered but didn't include?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered but didn't include?
+Uh I don't remember any others actually.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh, I mean, at each point there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, I mean, at each point there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, I mean, at each point there was a
+layer that would watch what the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer that would watch what the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer that would watch what the other
+one was doing. And,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was doing. And,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was doing. And,
+uh, naming the top one self-conscious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, naming the top one self-conscious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, naming the top one self-conscious
+emotions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh, I had the layer and I didn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, I had the layer and I didn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, I had the layer and I didn't know
+what it was called. And I think I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it was called. And I think I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it was called. And I think I got
+that from uh an article by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from uh an article by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from uh an article by
+oops I forget.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um but it's quoted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+somewhere and people keeps uh Aaron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere and people keeps uh Aaron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere and people keeps uh Aaron
+Slowman has four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Slowman has four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Slowman has four
+layers and his fourth layer is a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers and his fourth layer is a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers and his fourth layer is a big
+mess and I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess and I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess and I think it
+uh should be split into three layers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh should be split into three layers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh should be split into three layers
+each of which is less of a mess but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It's annoying how people try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's annoying how people try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's annoying how people try to
+oversimplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things. As you know, I figure that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. As you know, I figure that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. As you know, I figure that if
+you're going to make a model of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to make a model of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to make a model of the
+mind, you should have more boxes than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind, you should have more boxes than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind, you should have more boxes than
+you need because it can't hurt. I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need because it can't hurt. I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need because it can't hurt. I mean
+Akam's razor is okay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Akam's razor is okay for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Akam's razor is okay for
+physics but uh even the physicists have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics but uh even the physicists have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics but uh even the physicists have
+in their mind the possibility that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their mind the possibility that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their mind the possibility that uh
+that there are a few more laws they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are a few more laws they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are a few more laws they
+haven't got yet and they don't they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't got yet and they don't they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't got yet and they don't they
+don't say this is it. There's an article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't say this is it. There's an article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't say this is it. There's an article
+in the current science about the missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spin namely uh they have a good theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin namely uh they have a good theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin namely uh they have a good theory
+of gluons and quarks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gluons and quarks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gluons and quarks and
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+predict that the spin of an atom is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict that the spin of an atom is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict that the spin of an atom is only
+about half of what it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about half of what it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about half of what it should be
+according to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theory. No, the spin is the actual spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory. No, the spin is the actual spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory. No, the spin is the actual spin
+is twice what the theory predicts.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is twice what the theory predicts.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is twice what the theory predicts.
+This is an article about the missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is an article about the missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is an article about the missing
+spin and he says we need another law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin and he says we need another law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin and he says we need another law
+much as I hate to admit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as I hate to admit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as I hate to admit
+it. Maybe there's one more force that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Maybe there's one more force that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Maybe there's one more force that we
+need just to account for the missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need just to account for the missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need just to account for the missing
+spin. I'm sure all the other physicists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin. I'm sure all the other physicists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin. I'm sure all the other physicists
+are screaming and saying no, you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are screaming and saying no, you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are screaming and saying no, you just
+haven't figured out how to derive it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't figured out how to derive it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't figured out how to derive it
+right from the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right from the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right from the old
+laws. But I think in psychology there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws. But I think in psychology there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws. But I think in psychology there's
+no harm in having empty boxes in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no harm in having empty boxes in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no harm in having empty boxes in your
+diagram.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram.
+just instead of the compulsion to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just instead of the compulsion to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just instead of the compulsion to make
+the theory as simple as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory as simple as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory as simple as you
+can just doesn't make sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just doesn't make sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just doesn't make sense to
+me. I mean my theory is pretty simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me. I mean my theory is pretty simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me. I mean my theory is pretty simple
+just has a lot of boxes and it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just has a lot of boxes and it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just has a lot of boxes and it's not
+clear what box to put things in but who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear what box to put things in but who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear what box to put things in but who
+cares uh eventually somebody will get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cares uh eventually somebody will get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cares uh eventually somebody will get an
+idea that says clearly this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that says clearly this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that says clearly this is
+self-reflective and not just reflective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-reflective and not just reflective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-reflective and not just reflective
+and uh I think processes that use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I think processes that use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I think processes that use the
+various self-im images described in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various self-im images described in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various self-im images described in
+chapter nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter nine
+uh have to go there and in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have to go there and in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have to go there and in some sense
+they're above all the other processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're above all the other processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're above all the other processes
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+uh not meaning that they're necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not meaning that they're necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not meaning that they're necessarily
+more important or more powerful, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more important or more powerful, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more important or more powerful, but
+they they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they just
+need these self-im images talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need these self-im images talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need these self-im images talk about
+ways to think that the lower levels will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to think that the lower levels will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to think that the lower levels will
+use. When you're being sociable, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use. When you're being sociable, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use. When you're being sociable, then
+you're not thinking geometrically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not thinking geometrically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not thinking geometrically
+or mathematically perhaps.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah, the model layers from and above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, the model layers from and above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, the model layers from and above
+are very similar and maybe the mind what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very similar and maybe the mind what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very similar and maybe the mind what
+do you think about the option that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think about the option that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think about the option that the
+mind keeps spawning additional layers as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind keeps spawning additional layers as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind keeps spawning additional layers as
+it needs up and up and there are all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it needs up and up and there are all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it needs up and up and there are all the
+types of self-reflectives but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of self-reflectives but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of self-reflectives but there are
+different hierarchies or more self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different hierarchies or more self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different hierarchies or more self
+models you have you may split it up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models you have you may split it up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models you have you may split it up and
+just give them resources to manage them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give them resources to manage them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give them resources to manage them
+and then create well uh that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then create well uh that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then create well uh that you could
+certainly do that in a computer program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly do that in a computer program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly do that in a computer program
+I I think in the brain you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think in the brain you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think in the brain you're going to
+have uh various kinds of recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh various kinds of recursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh various kinds of recursive
+processes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes and
+uh you don't need an anatomical layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you don't need an anatomical layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you don't need an anatomical layer
+for that necessarily. So if a layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that necessarily. So if a layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that necessarily. So if a layer
+feeds back on itself then an observer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeds back on itself then an observer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeds back on itself then an observer
+might think you it's several layers but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um but my image is that this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but my image is that this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but my image is that this is actually
+a sort of hardware thing and uh six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of hardware thing and uh six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of hardware thing and uh six
+layers looks like it's enough and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers looks like it's enough and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers looks like it's enough and I
+didn't think five layers was enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't think five layers was enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't think five layers was enough
+but I don't sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't sub
+layers And in fact what you're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers And in fact what you're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers And in fact what you're saying
+about more layers building up I think a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about more layers building up I think a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about more layers building up I think a
+lot of uh large scale skills developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of uh large scale skills developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of uh large scale skills developed
+by large assemblies of uh ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by large assemblies of uh ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by large assemblies of uh ways of
+thinking that you just you use it when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that you just you use it when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that you just you use it when
+you need it. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need it. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need it. So
+yeah I think you make new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think you make new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think you make new
+representations. I'm not sure that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations. I'm not sure that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations. I'm not sure that what
+collections of skills that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collections of skills that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collections of skills that
+uh I mean what I was trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I mean what I was trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I mean what I was trying to
+understand is is this issue of why do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand is is this issue of why do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand is is this issue of why do we
+become better at solving problems at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become better at solving problems at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become better at solving problems at a
+larger time scale. So when you're young,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger time scale. So when you're young,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger time scale. So when you're young,
+we could solve problems for maybe 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could solve problems for maybe 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could solve problems for maybe 5
+minutes, 10 minutes, but when you become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes, 10 minutes, but when you become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes, 10 minutes, but when you become
+older, you can spend like many years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older, you can spend like many years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older, you can spend like many years
+refining your high level goal stays for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refining your high level goal stays for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refining your high level goal stays for
+many years, but you end up refining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years, but you end up refining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years, but you end up refining
+little things and uh you know solving a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little things and uh you know solving a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little things and uh you know solving a
+very small sub problem would end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small sub problem would end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small sub problem would end up
+might end up using your different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might end up using your different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might end up using your different
+layers, but don't affect the whole big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers, but don't affect the whole big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers, but don't affect the whole big
+structure of your large.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of your large.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of your large.
+Yeah. Well, you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm not sure that needs architectural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure that needs architectural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure that needs architectural
+changes. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes. You
+uh I mean I once worked on not theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I mean I once worked on not theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I mean I once worked on not theory
+for a few months and I don't think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a few months and I don't think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a few months and I don't think it
+need it that involved building a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it that involved building a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it that involved building a lot of
+substructures not really higher level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substructures not really higher level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substructures not really higher level
+ones.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I wonder what people's model of how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wonder what people's model of how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wonder what people's model of how they
+spend their time. There must be various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend their time. There must be various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend their time. There must be various
+models. Most of us waste most of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models. Most of us waste most of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models. Most of us waste most of our
+time. Doesn't bother us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Doesn't bother us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Doesn't bother us
+much. Some people are always working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much. Some people are always working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much. Some people are always working on
+the same thing and some people don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing and some people don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing and some people don't
+work on anything for very long.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I wonder how much time a cat can spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wonder how much time a cat can spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wonder how much time a cat can spend
+on solving a problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on solving a problem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on solving a problem.
+My dog sits there on the couch for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+My dog sits there on the couch for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+My dog sits there on the couch for
+several hours a day looking at something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several hours a day looking at something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several hours a day looking at something
+and making sure that no one takes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and making sure that no one takes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and making sure that no one takes it
+away. It's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pathetic. Then if you get it to go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathetic. Then if you get it to go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathetic. Then if you get it to go in
+another room, it turns into a regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another room, it turns into a regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another room, it turns into a regular
+dog in about two or three seconds.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog in about two or three seconds.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog in about two or three seconds.
+So, it's got this parasitic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, it's got this parasitic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, it's got this parasitic
+u state of mind that it can't get out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u state of mind that it can't get out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u state of mind that it can't get out of
+without help. Eventually, it gets out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without help. Eventually, it gets out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without help. Eventually, it gets out of
+it when it's hungry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it when it's hungry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it when it's hungry
+enough. Poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing. I imagine some people would watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. I imagine some people would watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. I imagine some people would watch
+football until they die except that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+football until they die except that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+football until they die except that they
+would get hungry and that they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get hungry and that they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get hungry and that they have to
+get out of that state. So, uh, I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out of that state. So, uh, I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out of that state. So, uh, I don't
+think my dog is very different from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think my dog is very different from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think my dog is very different from a
+sports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sports
+watcher, except that the thing she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watcher, except that the thing she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watcher, except that the thing she's
+watching doesn't even move. So, she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching doesn't even move. So, she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching doesn't even move. So, she's
+really good at watching.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It might be a magazine that's three or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It might be a magazine that's three or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It might be a magazine that's three or
+four feet away. You don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four feet away. You don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four feet away. You don't know what
+she's guarding until if you get close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's guarding until if you get close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's guarding until if you get close to
+the magazine, then she jumps up and gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magazine, then she jumps up and gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magazine, then she jumps up and gets
+it. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. But
+uh she seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh she seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh she seems to
+be focused on one particular thing all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+afternoon.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And retrievers do that. They have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And retrievers do that. They have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And retrievers do that. They have a
+special register for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special register for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special register for what
+they're not retrievers,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not retrievers,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not retrievers,
+but what what's the kind of dog that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what what's the kind of dog that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what what's the kind of dog that is
+guarding something?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarding something?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarding something?
+You can train a dog to guard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can train a dog to guard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can train a dog to guard
+something. And unfortunately, this dog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something. And unfortunately, this dog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something. And unfortunately, this dog
+has it built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in. What are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guarding? Maybe we're each doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that. I wonder if we should take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. I wonder if we should take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. I wonder if we should take a
+break.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I couldn't sit in a class for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I couldn't sit in a class for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I couldn't sit in a class for two
+hours, come to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours, come to think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours, come to think of
+it. Uh, does anyone want some popcorn?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mental clock.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental clock.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental clock.
+Oh, well, there are these brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, well, there are these brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, well, there are these brain
+waves and nobody really knows what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves and nobody really knows what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves and nobody really knows what they
+do, but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suspect like there's that micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspect like there's that micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspect like there's that micro
+psychosis theory somewhere in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychosis theory somewhere in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychosis theory somewhere in the
+book which suggests that uh maybe you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book which suggests that uh maybe you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book which suggests that uh maybe you go
+through a cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a cycle
+of you remember the planker process you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you remember the planker process you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you remember the planker process you
+generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate
+possibilities then you filter them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities then you filter them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities then you filter them and
+then you elaborate on one a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you elaborate on one a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you elaborate on one a little bit
+and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh reformulate the problem and do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reformulate the problem and do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reformulate the problem and do it
+again. And I suspect that maybe one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. And I suspect that maybe one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. And I suspect that maybe one
+brain wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain wave
+uh there's one that runs about four or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+five per second and there's one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five per second and there's one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five per second and there's one that
+What are the main brain waves? Anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What are the main brain waves? Anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What are the main brain waves? Anybody
+know?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theta. They think theta is for binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta. They think theta is for binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta. They think theta is for binding
+together. 40. That's 40 Hz. Okay. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. 40. That's 40 Hz. Okay. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. 40. That's 40 Hz. Okay. So,
+that's a fast one. And there's this four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a fast one. And there's this four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a fast one. And there's this four
+and six ones. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and six ones. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and six ones. So,
+yeah. Delta.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah. Delta.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah. Delta.
+Nothing like Greek letters.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nothing like Greek letters.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nothing like Greek letters.
+And every now and then you see some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And every now and then you see some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And every now and then you see some
+theory of them. And I suspect that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of them. And I suspect that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of them. And I suspect that those
+theories are are nutty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories are are nutty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories are are nutty
+because because neurologists don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because neurologists don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because neurologists don't have
+high level theories of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level theories of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level theories of
+mind. So uh uh you could certainly have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind. So uh uh you could certainly have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind. So uh uh you could certainly have
+micro cycles for this manic depressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro cycles for this manic depressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro cycles for this manic depressive
+panker brainstorming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panker brainstorming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panker brainstorming
+idea and uh I think you need a cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and uh I think you need a cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and uh I think you need a cycle
+for if you read the society of mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for if you read the society of mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for if you read the society of mind
+there's this idea that a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this idea that a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this idea that a lot of
+reasoning is done by uh linking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning is done by uh linking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning is done by uh linking
+frames uh or transframes and moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames uh or transframes and moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames uh or transframes and moving
+paying attention to the if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying attention to the if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying attention to the if you're
+thinking about a situ situation and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about a situ situation and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about a situ situation and it's
+represented by a frame with slots. Then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by a frame with slots. Then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by a frame with slots. Then
+sometimes you're thinking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you're thinking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you're thinking about the
+agent that's causing the act for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent that's causing the act for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent that's causing the act for a
+transframe. You're thinking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transframe. You're thinking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transframe. You're thinking about the
+agent that causes the action. You're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent that causes the action. You're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent that causes the action. You're
+thinking about what is changed by having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what is changed by having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what is changed by having
+done the action or description of where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done the action or description of where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done the action or description of where
+the situation ends up. Now, if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation ends up. Now, if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation ends up. Now, if you have
+two trans frames, what you want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two trans frames, what you want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two trans frames, what you want to do is
+at least temporarily make a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least temporarily make a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least temporarily make a new
+transframe that says if I do A and get B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transframe that says if I do A and get B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transframe that says if I do A and get B
+and then do something and get C, I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then do something and get C, I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then do something and get C, I'll
+make a transframe for the net result.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a transframe for the net result.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a transframe for the net result.
+Right? The consequence of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? The consequence of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? The consequence of these two
+actions is this is this transframe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions is this is this transframe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions is this is this transframe that
+skips the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skips the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skips the middle
+step. Now, I suspect that almost all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step. Now, I suspect that almost all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step. Now, I suspect that almost all
+reasoning uses chaining operations like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning uses chaining operations like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning uses chaining operations like
+that. How do you use two pieces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. How do you use two pieces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. How do you use two pieces of
+knowledge? Well, you use this one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge? Well, you use this one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge? Well, you use this one and
+that one to say, if they're about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one to say, if they're about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one to say, if they're about
+actions to say that this combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions to say that this combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions to say that this combination
+will produce this effect, but then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will produce this effect, but then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will produce this effect, but then you
+have to think, well, will it really?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think, well, will it really?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think, well, will it really?
+What are the side effects and so forth?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What are the side effects and so forth?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What are the side effects and so forth?
+And so if if that kind of chaining is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so if if that kind of chaining is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so if if that kind of chaining is
+very important in reasoning, maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important in reasoning, maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important in reasoning, maybe
+there's a brain wave for that. And what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a brain wave for that. And what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a brain wave for that. And what
+that brain does is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that brain does is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that brain does is
+uh it does some clever thing of looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it does some clever thing of looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it does some clever thing of looking
+at what's in this first slot and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what's in this first slot and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what's in this first slot and then
+opening the last slot and sticking those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening the last slot and sticking those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening the last slot and sticking those
+both into a temporary frame. So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both into a temporary frame. So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both into a temporary frame. So that's
+how you would do A implies B and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you would do A implies B and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you would do A implies B and B
+implies C gives you A implies C. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies C gives you A implies C. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies C gives you A implies C. So
+that's a candidate for something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a candidate for something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a candidate for something that's
+so important that there might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so important that there might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so important that there might be a
+hardware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware
+uh provision for activating these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh little semantic nets that are stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh little semantic nets that are stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh little semantic nets that are stuck
+in the slots of frame and reassembling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the slots of frame and reassembling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the slots of frame and reassembling
+them temporarily into a smaller frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them temporarily into a smaller frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them temporarily into a smaller frame
+and skipping the stuff that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and skipping the stuff that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and skipping the stuff that's
+irrelevant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant.
+So that might be that might happen at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that might be that might happen at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that might be that might happen at
+six cycles per second or maybe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six cycles per second or maybe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six cycles per second or maybe it
+happens at 40. And by changing the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens at 40. And by changing the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens at 40. And by changing the phase
+of this thing so that it activates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this thing so that it activates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this thing so that it activates
+different slots, you can draw different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different slots, you can draw different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different slots, you can draw different
+conclusions from from pairs of frames.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions from from pairs of frames.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions from from pairs of frames.
+So that's what neurologists should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's what neurologists should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's what neurologists should be
+thinking about.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about.
+And did did someone say something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And did did someone say something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And did did someone say something about
+binding?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding?
+Yeah. Um Jack Cohen actually has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Um Jack Cohen actually has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Um Jack Cohen actually has a
+pretty good the best theory that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good the best theory that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good the best theory that I've
+seen on how frequencies relate to brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen on how frequencies relate to brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen on how frequencies relate to brain
+waves and what this might mean. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves and what this might mean. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves and what this might mean. And
+basically um what he says is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically um what he says is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically um what he says is that it
+relates to the size of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates to the size of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates to the size of the the
+processor. So if you have a processor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor. So if you have a processor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor. So if you have a processor
+that's 9 mm it may be at it may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 9 mm it may be at it may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 9 mm it may be at it may be
+oscillating at a few hundred hertz.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating at a few hundred hertz.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating at a few hundred hertz.
+Whereas if you have a processor that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whereas if you have a processor that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whereas if you have a processor that is
+the the size of the entire brain it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the size of the entire brain it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the size of the entire brain it'll
+be operating in a delta wave which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be operating in a delta wave which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be operating in a delta wave which is
+maybe 9 hertz. Mhm. So basically it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 9 hertz. Mhm. So basically it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 9 hertz. Mhm. So basically it
+relates to the size of the muscle. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates to the size of the muscle. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates to the size of the muscle. So
+it'll be turning a whole section on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be turning a whole section on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be turning a whole section on and
+off, but it takes a while for it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off, but it takes a while for it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off, but it takes a while for it to
+settle down or for it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settle down or for it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settle down or for it to
+how do you change a context? You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you change a context? You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you change a context? You
+probably take a a large fraction of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably take a a large fraction of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably take a a large fraction of a
+second to change the context and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second to change the context and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second to change the context and
+database that you're reasoning with.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database that you're reasoning with.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database that you're reasoning with.
+Yeah. But the question is what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. But the question is what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. But the question is what what
+happens in each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in each of these
+cycles? But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles? But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles? But
+uh but that's one theory. But this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but that's one theory. But this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but that's one theory. But this
+theory that it's for chaining might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that it's for chaining might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that it's for chaining might
+might be another function. And there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be another function. And there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be another function. And there's
+no reason you couldn't use the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no reason you couldn't use the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no reason you couldn't use the same
+cycle for several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things. Yeah. How long does a critic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. Yeah. How long does a critic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. Yeah. How long does a critic
+take to turn off a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take to turn off a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take to turn off a set of
+resources if it's turning off half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources if it's turning off half the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources if it's turning off half the
+brain? Well, I don't know. Maybe that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain? Well, I don't know. Maybe that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain? Well, I don't know. Maybe that's
+maybe that can be done very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that can be done very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that can be done very quickly
+whereas maybe it takes a long time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas maybe it takes a long time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas maybe it takes a long time to
+turn off a particular part that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn off a particular part that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn off a particular part that's
+bothering you because you have to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bothering you because you have to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bothering you because you have to uh
+localize it. So it could be the exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localize it. So it could be the exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localize it. So it could be the exactly
+the opposite and the the slow things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite and the the slow things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite and the the slow things are
+the ones that make important little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that make important little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that make important little
+changes. He could do an experiment.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes. He could do an experiment.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes. He could do an experiment.
+Yeah. In the mind that there's stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. In the mind that there's stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. In the mind that there's stuff
+that you do often or it's important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you do often or it's important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you do often or it's important to
+your survival. you do it very quickly no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your survival. you do it very quickly no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your survival. you do it very quickly no
+matter what size of the brain it affects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what size of the brain it affects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what size of the brain it affects
+but if it's a resource that you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it's a resource that you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it's a resource that you have to
+turn on and off rarely then it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn on and off rarely then it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn on and off rarely then it gets
+longer I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer I
+suppose although if you take external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose although if you take external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose although if you take external
+actions it takes 150 milliseconds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions it takes 150 milliseconds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions it takes 150 milliseconds to
+react to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react to
+anything and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and
+uh another reason that I think sports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh another reason that I think sports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh another reason that I think sports
+are silly competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are silly competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are silly competitive
+sports is that you know the fastest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sports is that you know the fastest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sports is that you know the fastest
+runner is only about 1 half% faster than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+50 50 other ones. If you run a 4-minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 50 other ones. If you run a 4-minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 50 other ones. If you run a 4-minute
+mile, there are 100 people who can run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mile, there are 100 people who can run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mile, there are 100 people who can run
+four minutes and two seconds. And so,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh I should say with the exception of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I should say with the exception of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I should say with the exception of uh
+what's his name? the uh guy who ran the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's his name? the uh guy who ran the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's his name? the uh guy who ran the
+first four-minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first four-minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first four-minute
+mile, B Roger Banister,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mile, B Roger Banister,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mile, B Roger Banister,
+uh he did a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he did a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he did a lot of
+physiology and strategy and because he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiology and strategy and because he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiology and strategy and because he
+was he was a very fast runner and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was he was a very fast runner and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was he was a very fast runner and he
+figured out how to beat the other guys.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out how to beat the other guys.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out how to beat the other guys.
+There were only two other guys who were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There were only two other guys who were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There were only two other guys who were
+also almost running four-minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also almost running four-minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also almost running four-minute
+miles. And Banister figured out four or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles. And Banister figured out four or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles. And Banister figured out four or
+five tricks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five tricks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five tricks
+uh that he used all at once. One is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that he used all at once. One is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that he used all at once. One is uh
+if you look back to see how close the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look back to see how close the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look back to see how close the
+other guy is, you you lose a tenth of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other guy is, you you lose a tenth of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other guy is, you you lose a tenth of a
+second. And uh so he had to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second. And uh so he had to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second. And uh so he had to figure out
+how close the guy behind him was without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how close the guy behind him was without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how close the guy behind him was without
+looking. And he uh studied the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking. And he uh studied the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking. And he uh studied the
+trajectories of the guy's last 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories of the guy's last 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories of the guy's last 20
+races. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+races. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+races. And
+uh the important thing is knowing to win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the important thing is knowing to win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the important thing is knowing to win
+to win this uh a running race, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to win this uh a running race, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to win this uh a running race, you know,
+you have to sprint at the end. If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to sprint at the end. If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to sprint at the end. If you
+sprint a little too early, then you run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprint a little too early, then you run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprint a little too early, then you run
+out of steam. There's no third wind.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of steam. There's no third wind.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of steam. There's no third wind.
+There's what they call a second wind.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's what they call a second wind.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's what they call a second wind.
+So, uh you're almost exhausted, but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh you're almost exhausted, but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh you're almost exhausted, but you
+can still run another 40 or 50 meters by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still run another 40 or 50 meters by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still run another 40 or 50 meters by
+turning on this this extra reserve. but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning on this this extra reserve. but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning on this this extra reserve. but
+if you turn it on uh two seconds too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you turn it on uh two seconds too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you turn it on uh two seconds too
+early, then you won't make it. And he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early, then you won't make it. And he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early, then you won't make it. And he
+figured out exactly when the other guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out exactly when the other guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out exactly when the other guys
+were most likely to do this to go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were most likely to do this to go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were most likely to do this to go into
+their final sprint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their final sprint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their final sprint
+uh from all their previous phrases. He
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from all their previous phrases. He
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from all their previous phrases. He
+had a notebook of the stuff. and uh he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a notebook of the stuff. and uh he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a notebook of the stuff. and uh he
+did his final sprint about 1 second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did his final sprint about 1 second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did his final sprint about 1 second
+before the others did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the others did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the others did
+uh at some risk because it was a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at some risk because it was a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at some risk because it was a little
+earlier than he's used to. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier than he's used to. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier than he's used to. So
+uh but generally as far as I can see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but generally as far as I can see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but generally as far as I can see it
+uh some people have a few milliseconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some people have a few milliseconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some people have a few milliseconds
+faster reaction time and uh and they win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster reaction time and uh and they win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster reaction time and uh and they win
+and who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and who
+cares. It's amazing how all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cares. It's amazing how all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cares. It's amazing how all the
+superstitions about these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh, well, I'm wasting your time with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, well, I'm wasting your time with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, well, I'm wasting your time with my
+prejudices.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I've looked up the brain waves. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've looked up the brain waves. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've looked up the brain waves. Yeah.
+And the the main types are alpha, beta,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the the main types are alpha, beta,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the the main types are alpha, beta,
+delta, theta. And the frequencies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta, theta. And the frequencies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta, theta. And the frequencies are
+the frequencies are delta is is four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequencies are delta is is four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequencies are delta is is four
+hertz and is associated with deep sleep.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hertz and is associated with deep sleep.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hertz and is associated with deep sleep.
+Uh theta is between four and 8 hertz. uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh theta is between four and 8 hertz. uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh theta is between four and 8 hertz. uh
+and is associated with uh with dreaming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is associated with uh with dreaming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is associated with uh with dreaming
+and lighter sleep. Uh alpha is between 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lighter sleep. Uh alpha is between 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lighter sleep. Uh alpha is between 8
+and 12 hertz and is the typical uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 12 hertz and is the typical uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 12 hertz and is the typical uh
+frequency of brain waves. Uh and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of brain waves. Uh and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of brain waves. Uh and then
+beta is frequency above 12 hertz which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta is frequency above 12 hertz which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta is frequency above 12 hertz which
+is associated with busy thinking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is associated with busy thinking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is associated with busy thinking and
+active concentration. Incidentally, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active concentration. Incidentally, uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active concentration. Incidentally, uh,
+as I recall, one thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I recall, one thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I recall, one thing that's
+interesting is when you're thinking hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is when you're thinking hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is when you're thinking hard
+about something, the brain waves become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about something, the brain waves become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about something, the brain waves become
+very irregular and they're hard to spot.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very irregular and they're hard to spot.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very irregular and they're hard to spot.
+So, mostly they may be housekeeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, mostly they may be housekeeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, mostly they may be housekeeping
+things that uh aren't involved with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that uh aren't involved with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that uh aren't involved with
+exactly how you're thinking because when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how you're thinking because when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how you're thinking because when
+somebody's relaxed, then these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's relaxed, then these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's relaxed, then these these
+waves are quite large and when they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves are quite large and when they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves are quite large and when they're
+uh interested in something, they're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh interested in something, they're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh interested in something, they're very
+noisy and irregular. Yeah, you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noisy and irregular. Yeah, you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noisy and irregular. Yeah, you can see
+that in the pictures they have. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the pictures they have. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the pictures they have. They
+have a special name, gamma, for when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a special name, gamma, for when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a special name, gamma, for when
+they can't quite make it out. You can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't quite make it out. You can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't quite make it out. You can
+see the pictures on that. You can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the pictures on that. You can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the pictures on that. You can see
+the pictures. This This is the gamma.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pictures. This This is the gamma.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pictures. This This is the gamma.
+Oh, I think I'll get one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, I think I'll get one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, I think I'll get one.
+Which one is this? Uh, that's the gamma.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Which one is this? Uh, that's the gamma.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Which one is this? Uh, that's the gamma.
+No, which which Oh, which cell phone?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, which which Oh, which cell phone?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, which which Oh, which cell phone?
+Yes, this is this is a T-Mobile NDA.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes, this is this is a T-Mobile NDA.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes, this is this is a T-Mobile NDA.
+Wow.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right. I could put these talks on it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. I could put these talks on it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. I could put these talks on it and
+then you wouldn't have to come here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interrupt. Well, it'll be nice to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrupt. Well, it'll be nice to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrupt. Well, it'll be nice to see
+the next 10 theories of brain waves in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next 10 theories of brain waves in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next 10 theories of brain waves in
+the next 10 or 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+years. So, these waves are very big in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years. So, these waves are very big in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years. So, these waves are very big in
+the first two are big in sleep, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first two are big in sleep, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first two are big in sleep, but
+they're still present a little bit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're still present a little bit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're still present a little bit in
+when you're awake, I think. Sorry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+One problem is that these are the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One problem is that these are the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One problem is that these are the first
+brain activities discovered because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain activities discovered because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain activities discovered because you
+can pick them up at the on the scalp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pick them up at the on the scalp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pick them up at the on the scalp
+without without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without without
+machinery but they're only a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machinery but they're only a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machinery but they're only a few
+microvolts. So it an EEG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microvolts. So it an EEG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microvolts. So it an EEG
+requires a lot of uh shielding and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires a lot of uh shielding and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires a lot of uh shielding and
+insulation whereas an electroc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulation whereas an electroc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulation whereas an electroc
+cardiogram is really big and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardiogram is really big and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardiogram is really big and you can
+pick it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on if you buy an analog voltmeter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on if you buy an analog voltmeter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on if you buy an analog voltmeter and
+have big patches you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have big patches you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have big patches you
+can see these rather large currents.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see these rather large currents.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see these rather large currents.
+They're mill vololts rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're mill vololts rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're mill vololts rather than
+microvolts.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microvolts.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microvolts.
+So muscle muscle potentials are order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So muscle muscle potentials are order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So muscle muscle potentials are order of
+magnitude bigger than neural potentials.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude bigger than neural potentials.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude bigger than neural potentials.
+What are the scalp voltages for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What are the scalp voltages for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What are the scalp voltages for the
+things you're looking at or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yes. I couldn't believe what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. I couldn't believe what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. I couldn't believe what happened
+when feet came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when feet came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when feet came
+out. Transistors that had an input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. Transistors that had an input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. Transistors that had an input
+impedance of a thousand megga ohms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impedance of a thousand megga ohms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impedance of a thousand megga ohms
+instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead
+of instead of just a couple of million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of instead of just a couple of million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of instead of just a couple of million
+ohms. All of a sudden, you could build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ohms. All of a sudden, you could build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ohms. All of a sudden, you could build a
+one transistor thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one transistor thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one transistor thing that
+would detect when somebody came into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would detect when somebody came into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would detect when somebody came into the
+room because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room because
+the electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+changes. But how hard is it to stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes. But how hard is it to stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes. But how hard is it to stick
+very small needles through the through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small needles through the through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small needles through the through
+the skull? Is there an easy way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the skull? Is there an easy way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the skull? Is there an easy way to do
+that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that?
+That sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That sounds
+You'd think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You'd think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You'd think
+that if you could focus a laser down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yourself. Yeah, but you want to put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself. Yeah, but you want to put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself. Yeah, but you want to put a
+fiber optic or something or ideally or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wire. Well, eventually there'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire. Well, eventually there'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire. Well, eventually there'll be
+volunteers and it'll be illegal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteers and it'll be illegal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteers and it'll be illegal
+to to uh indulge them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to uh indulge them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to uh indulge them.
+I know it's been done once or twice with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know it's been done once or twice with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know it's been done once or twice with
+people who are paralyzed. They they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are paralyzed. They they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are paralyzed. They they'll
+poke very thin gold wires through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poke very thin gold wires through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poke very thin gold wires through the
+skull and I think I know there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skull and I think I know there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skull and I think I know there's one
+case where where it's been successful as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where where it's been successful as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where where it's been successful as
+this person can move a cursor on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person can move a cursor on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person can move a cursor on the
+screen and things. And is it sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen and things. And is it sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen and things. And is it sort of
+permanent? They keep it. Yeah, pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent? They keep it. Yeah, pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent? They keep it. Yeah, pretty
+much. Well, once you get good at that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much. Well, once you get good at that?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much. Well, once you get good at that?
+Yep.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Bo is trying to do these things by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bo is trying to do these things by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bo is trying to do these things by
+piping infrared and things and looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piping infrared and things and looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piping infrared and things and looking
+for slightly slower changes. But if he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for slightly slower changes. But if he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for slightly slower changes. But if he
+succeeds, he can get a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeeds, he can get a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeeds, he can get a lot of
+information without making holes in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information without making holes in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information without making holes in your
+head. Very low resolution.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head. Very low resolution.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head. Very low resolution.
+Mhm.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mhm.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mhm.
+but higher resol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but it's higher resolution than you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's higher resolution than you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's higher resolution than you can
+get with EEG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get with EEG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get with EEG
+presumably it's higher spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably it's higher spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably it's higher spatial
+resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah well if you could get 10 bits out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well if you could get 10 bits out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well if you could get 10 bits out
+you wouldn't have to type anymore you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wouldn't have to type anymore you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wouldn't have to type anymore you
+can tell when you're using you know left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell when you're using you know left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell when you're using you know left
+versus centimeter basically different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus centimeter basically different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus centimeter basically different
+areas of the frontal cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas of the frontal cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas of the frontal cortex
+I would Just like something so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would Just like something so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would Just like something so I can
+think the mouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the mouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the mouse
+pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer
+around and I think I could do with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and I think I could do with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and I think I could do with my
+toes. Does anybody want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toes. Does anybody want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toes. Does anybody want to
+make a shoe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a shoe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a shoe
+mouse? Then you wouldn't have to stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+typing. What have you done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typing. What have you done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typing. What have you done in
+that? Did you make mice for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? Did you make mice for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? Did you make mice for some
+handicapped people?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+still kinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still kinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still kinking
+and blowing. Blowing. Oh, so you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blowing. Blowing. Oh, so you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blowing. Blowing. Oh, so you you
+were still working with completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were still working with completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were still working with completely
+paralyzed people. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Did any of them get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Did any of them get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Did any of them get
+jobs? Do you know what happened? Mike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs? Do you know what happened? Mike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs? Do you know what happened? Mike
+was his name, wasn't it? You know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was his name, wasn't it? You know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was his name, wasn't it? You know what
+happened recently? No, I haven't. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened recently? No, I haven't. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened recently? No, I haven't. I
+haven't been in touch with him. Well, he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't been in touch with him. Well, he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't been in touch with him. Well, he
+had this job as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this job as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this job as
+registar and then one day he found out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registar and then one day he found out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registar and then one day he found out
+that he could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he could
+get a bigger salary if he didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work.
+So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this
+from the government. So here is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the government. So here is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the government. So here is this
+tragedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tragedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tragedy
+where when you go on social security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where when you go on social security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where when you go on social security
+uh you're penalized if you can do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you're penalized if you can do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you're penalized if you can do some
+work. It's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work. It's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work. It's just
+u a really weird collection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u a really weird collection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u a really weird collection of
+legislation that ends up making people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legislation that ends up making people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legislation that ends up making people
+less productive because I'm sure he'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less productive because I'm sure he'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less productive because I'm sure he'd
+like to he said he'd like to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to he said he'd like to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to he said he'd like to work
+part-time but to to leave the house.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part-time but to to leave the house.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part-time but to to leave the house.
+Yeah. To be able to do that. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+That's a terrible end to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+story. The world is funny.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, what's a good question?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+There were a few occurrences of a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There were a few occurrences of a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There were a few occurrences of a very
+basic question that might be good to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic question that might be good to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic question that might be good to
+talk about. One of them which was how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about. One of them which was how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about. One of them which was how do
+you know that this is the correct true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that this is the correct true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that this is the correct true
+theory? This these specific six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory? This these specific six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory? This these specific six
+layers. Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers. Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers. Well,
+uh, any good theory could be chopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, any good theory could be chopped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, any good theory could be chopped
+into six layers. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into six layers. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into six layers. So,
+um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well, another question is, uh, do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, another question is, uh, do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, another question is, uh, do you
+want one theory? Because, uh, presumably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want one theory? Because, uh, presumably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want one theory? Because, uh, presumably
+if you have a complicated system, there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a complicated system, there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a complicated system, there
+are different models for different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different models for different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different models for different
+purposes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And I don't know how to answer that. I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I don't know how to answer that. I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I don't know how to answer that. I'm
+sure a lot of people will want say, is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure a lot of people will want say, is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure a lot of people will want say, is
+this the right theory?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the right theory?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the right theory?
+But I don't see how it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But I don't see how it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But I don't see how it can be
+wrong. It doesn't make any sense to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong. It doesn't make any sense to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong. It doesn't make any sense to to
+use AAM's razor until you have two two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use AAM's razor until you have two two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use AAM's razor until you have two two
+pretty different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty different
+theories. So I don't know a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories. So I don't know a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories. So I don't know a good
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+Maybe somebody like Eric Mueller has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe somebody like Eric Mueller has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe somebody like Eric Mueller has
+uh has another theory. Erin Slowman's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh has another theory. Erin Slowman's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh has another theory. Erin Slowman's
+theory is so similar to this one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory is so similar to this one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory is so similar to this one that
+he's just he has the top layer is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's just he has the top layer is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's just he has the top layer is very
+wide sideways and it has all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide sideways and it has all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide sideways and it has all sorts of
+bookkeeping and management stuff. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookkeeping and management stuff. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookkeeping and management stuff. And
+uh I'm sure if you prodded him he could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm sure if you prodded him he could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm sure if you prodded him he could
+divide it into layers and say, "Well, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide it into layers and say, "Well, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide it into layers and say, "Well, I
+don't like so many layers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like so many layers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like so many layers.
+I was thinking of relating it in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was thinking of relating it in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was thinking of relating it in terms
+of modeling in the process of science. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of modeling in the process of science. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of modeling in the process of science. I
+was thinking of like Bor's model of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was thinking of like Bor's model of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was thinking of like Bor's model of the
+atom for example which we know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom for example which we know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom for example which we know is
+incorrect in a lot of cases. Which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrect in a lot of cases. Which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrect in a lot of cases. Which
+model? Bor's model of the atom? Bore.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model? Bor's model of the atom? Bore.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model? Bor's model of the atom? Bore.
+Yes. Um so if you wanted to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Um so if you wanted to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Um so if you wanted to find the
+weight of an electron for example, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight of an electron for example, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight of an electron for example, you
+would need to assume this incorrect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need to assume this incorrect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need to assume this incorrect
+model in order to say that there even is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model in order to say that there even is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model in order to say that there even is
+an electron. It's just it seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron. It's just it seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron. It's just it seems like
+more of a tool for thought rather than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of a tool for thought rather than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of a tool for thought rather than a
+declaration of what is true as kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declaration of what is true as kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declaration of what is true as kind of
+like a belief system. Well, what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a belief system. Well, what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a belief system. Well, what's
+really true is is a di functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really true is is a di functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really true is is a di functional
+diagram of what all those parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram of what all those parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram of what all those parts of the
+brain do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain do
+and every simplification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every simplification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every simplification
+uh would be good for some purposes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh would be good for some purposes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh would be good for some purposes and
+bad for others.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh another thing is to compare it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh another thing is to compare it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh another thing is to compare it to
+other theories. And if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other theories. And if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other theories. And if you look at
+theories of emotions,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories of emotions,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories of emotions,
+uh there are a lot of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there are a lot of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there are a lot of these
+two-dimensional things which have X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional things which have X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional things which have X and
+Y and there are these four basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and there are these four basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and there are these four basic
+emotions and then there are four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotions and then there are four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotions and then there are four
+secondary ones which are mixtures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary ones which are mixtures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary ones which are mixtures of
+these and uh those things look very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and uh those things look very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and uh those things look very
+stupid to me even even though people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid to me even even though people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid to me even even though people
+like to collect evidence. So I think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to collect evidence. So I think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to collect evidence. So I think you
+can only compare this six layer theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only compare this six layer theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only compare this six layer theory
+with some other one like Aaron Slman's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some other one like Aaron Slman's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some other one like Aaron Slman's
+and the trouble is we communicated so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the trouble is we communicated so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the trouble is we communicated so
+much that they're almost the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much that they're almost the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much that they're almost the same
+anyway. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway. Yeah.
+Um well I wanted to say a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um well I wanted to say a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um well I wanted to say a couple of
+things. One was I thought that there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. One was I thought that there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. One was I thought that there was
+a part in your book and maybe it was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a part in your book and maybe it was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a part in your book and maybe it was the
+introduction or um or maybe it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction or um or maybe it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction or um or maybe it was
+somewhere in the middle where um where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in the middle where um where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in the middle where um where
+you talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you talked about
+You know how you didn't claim that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know how you didn't claim that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know how you didn't claim that it
+was like be theory but just something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like be theory but just something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like be theory but just something
+that should be considered as food to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be considered as food to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be considered as food to
+thought for thought. I thought you said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought for thought. I thought you said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought for thought. I thought you said
+that in the introduction I suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the introduction I suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the introduction I suppose
+but one thing that I Nancy knows more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one thing that I Nancy knows more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one thing that I Nancy knows more
+about what's in the book than I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what's in the book than I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what's in the book than I do
+probably because she proof read it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably because she proof read it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably because she proof read it a
+lot. Sorry. But I was thinking too about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot. Sorry. But I was thinking too about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot. Sorry. But I was thinking too about
+like did he ever did he ever support his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like did he ever did he ever support his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like did he ever did he ever support his
+theories? I mean how do you prove a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories? I mean how do you prove a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories? I mean how do you prove a
+theory of psychology and it seems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of psychology and it seems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of psychology and it seems that
+there are some some sort of facets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some some sort of facets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some some sort of facets of
+psychology that don't really get proven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology that don't really get proven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology that don't really get proven
+like okay Skinner had his he proved his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay Skinner had his he proved his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay Skinner had his he proved his
+P did his experiments but did Freud ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P did his experiments but did Freud ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P did his experiments but did Freud ever
+really prove it or well also even Howard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really prove it or well also even Howard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really prove it or well also even Howard
+Gardner I was reading recently I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gardner I was reading recently I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gardner I was reading recently I'm not
+sure that his theory of multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that his theory of multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that his theory of multiple
+intelligence is is really I mean I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence is is really I mean I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence is is really I mean I I
+think he himself is also very humble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think he himself is also very humble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think he himself is also very humble
+about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it
+Well, these are simple. Everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, these are simple. Everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, these are simple. Everybody
+uh in this business uh I think realizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in this business uh I think realizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in this business uh I think realizes
+that they're making simple descriptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're making simple descriptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're making simple descriptions
+of some very complicated thing. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some very complicated thing. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some very complicated thing. So the
+idea is it true or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is it true or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is it true or not
+isn't that's a sort of all ornone idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't that's a sort of all ornone idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't that's a sort of all ornone idea
+that's not appropriate. Now Freud is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not appropriate. Now Freud is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not appropriate. Now Freud is to
+me Freud is very much like PGE because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me Freud is very much like PGE because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me Freud is very much like PGE because
+PG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PG
+uh developed almost all his ideas from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh developed almost all his ideas from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh developed almost all his ideas from
+watching three children for several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching three children for several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching three children for several
+years and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and
+uh then when he grew up he was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then when he grew up he was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then when he grew up he was a
+botonist at first. Uh then as his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+botonist at first. Uh then as his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+botonist at first. Uh then as his
+theories became popular he got in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories became popular he got in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories became popular he got in a
+position to uh to have a laboratory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position to uh to have a laboratory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position to uh to have a laboratory and
+he hired people to do similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he hired people to do similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he hired people to do similar
+experiments on hundreds of children. uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments on hundreds of children. uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments on hundreds of children. uh
+Seymour Papert was director of that lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seymour Papert was director of that lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seymour Papert was director of that lab
+for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while
+incidentally for five years and uh most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidentally for five years and uh most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidentally for five years and uh most
+of PGE's observations from the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of PGE's observations from the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of PGE's observations from the three
+children were confirmed by by these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children were confirmed by by these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children were confirmed by by these
+experiments and some were modified a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and some were modified a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and some were modified a
+little but mostly he turned out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little but mostly he turned out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little but mostly he turned out to be
+right. He his interpretation of how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. He his interpretation of how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. He his interpretation of how the
+children thought about things uh was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children thought about things uh was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children thought about things uh was
+more or less true. And today there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less true. And today there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less true. And today there are a
+lot of people who argue that uh children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people who argue that uh children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people who argue that uh children
+get conservation a little earlier than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get conservation a little earlier than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get conservation a little earlier than
+PGE said but but these are uh really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PGE said but but these are uh really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PGE said but but these are uh really
+very minor things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very minor things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very minor things.
+Um, PJ talks about when children can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, PJ talks about when children can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, PJ talks about when children can
+count and some people have observed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count and some people have observed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count and some people have observed that
+uh that some infants can distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that some infants can distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that some infants can distinguish
+between two or three three things very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two or three three things very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two or three three things very
+early but as though this refutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early but as though this refutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early but as though this refutes
+PJ but they don't consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PJ but they don't consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PJ but they don't consider the
+possibility that the infant is using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that the infant is using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that the infant is using a
+different system doing it in a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different system doing it in a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different system doing it in a different
+way which is discarded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way which is discarded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way which is discarded
+uh during the subsequent years. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh during the subsequent years. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh during the subsequent years. So
+there's some data on when children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some data on when children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some data on when children
+recognize faces and I'm convinced that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize faces and I'm convinced that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize faces and I'm convinced that
+uh very young infants recognize faces in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very young infants recognize faces in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very young infants recognize faces in
+a certain way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain way
+uh and they don't which they don't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and they don't which they don't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and they don't which they don't use
+later. And so it's this is a stop gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later. And so it's this is a stop gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later. And so it's this is a stop gap
+that's used for uh improving attachment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's used for uh improving attachment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's used for uh improving attachment
+of the infant to the mother or mother to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the infant to the mother or mother to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the infant to the mother or mother to
+the infant rather. and it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infant rather. and it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infant rather. and it's a little
+prop that goes away and it's it's a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prop that goes away and it's it's a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prop that goes away and it's it's a uh
+many months later that the child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many months later that the child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many months later that the child
+actually recognizes facial features in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually recognizes facial features in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually recognizes facial features in
+more or less the way the adults do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less the way the adults do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less the way the adults do and
+it's not still not known much about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not still not known much about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not still not known much about how
+that works. So Freud uh uh as far as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works. So Freud uh uh as far as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works. So Freud uh uh as far as I
+can see except for the a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see except for the a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see except for the a few
+controversial things like uh the role of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversial things like uh the role of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversial things like uh the role of
+infant sex in infants uh I think he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infant sex in infants uh I think he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infant sex in infants uh I think he was
+on to some theory of attachment but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to some theory of attachment but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to some theory of attachment but
+didn't formulate it very well but all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't formulate it very well but all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't formulate it very well but all
+the phenomenon he observes are uh like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phenomenon he observes are uh like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phenomenon he observes are uh like
+repression and sublimation and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repression and sublimation and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repression and sublimation and people
+not knowing what their real motives are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not knowing what their real motives are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not knowing what their real motives are
+uh that's as solid as anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and he doesn't because he's before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he doesn't because he's before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he doesn't because he's before
+computer science as PG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science as PG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science as PG
+was he doesn't have procedural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was he doesn't have procedural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was he doesn't have procedural
+representations of how these things work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations of how these things work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations of how these things work
+but because he was stuck in the past so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because he was stuck in the past so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because he was stuck in the past so
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+speak can you imagine trying to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak can you imagine trying to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak can you imagine trying to do
+psychology before computer science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+As far as I can tell,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As far as I can tell,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As far as I can tell,
+Aristotle was as good as good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aristotle was as good as good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aristotle was as good as good at
+psychology as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology as
+uh as uh people like Freud and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as uh people like Freud and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as uh people like Freud and things
+didn't really change till the till
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really change till the till
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really change till the till
+people like George Miller in the 1950s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like George Miller in the 1950s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like George Miller in the 1950s
+and60s started to introduce more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and60s started to introduce more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and60s started to introduce more
+procedural concepts.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think somewhere in the book I quoted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think somewhere in the book I quoted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think somewhere in the book I quoted
+that uh statement by Surl who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh statement by Surl who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh statement by Surl who was
+saying when I was younger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying when I was younger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying when I was younger
+people likened the brain to a telephone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people likened the brain to a telephone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people likened the brain to a telephone
+switchboard or a or something or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switchboard or a or something or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switchboard or a or something or other
+and today the latest fad is likening it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and today the latest fad is likening it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and today the latest fad is likening it
+to a computer and he's suggesting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a computer and he's suggesting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a computer and he's suggesting that
+this is just the local fad. And I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just the local fad. And I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just the local fad. And I don't
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+so. I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so. I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so. I think
+the computer the idea of uh procedures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer the idea of uh procedures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer the idea of uh procedures
+that can edit themselves and things is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can edit themselves and things is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can edit themselves and things is
+here for good. It's not a fad.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sorry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry.
+Well, what I want to know is how come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, what I want to know is how come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, what I want to know is how come
+speakers got so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good? Because uh three or four years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good? Because uh three or four years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good? Because uh three or four years
+ago, cell phones only made little treble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago, cell phones only made little treble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago, cell phones only made little treble
+beeps and now they seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+produce all the way down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce all the way down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce all the way down
+to what is it about 150 or 200 hertz.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what is it about 150 or 200 hertz.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what is it about 150 or 200 hertz.
+Now what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now what's the
+trick? Anybody know why why is a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick? Anybody know why why is a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick? Anybody know why why is a half
+inch size speaker so much better than it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inch size speaker so much better than it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inch size speaker so much better than it
+used to be?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think some things have gone from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think some things have gone from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think some things have gone from
+speakers to electromagnetic recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers to electromagnetic recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers to electromagnetic recent
+years. You think they've gone backwards?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years. You think they've gone backwards?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years. You think they've gone backwards?
+So it actually moves a lot. Yeah. When
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it actually moves a lot. Yeah. When
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it actually moves a lot. Yeah. When
+you get right down to it, the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get right down to it, the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get right down to it, the human
+throat has an aperture that's only this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throat has an aperture that's only this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throat has an aperture that's only this
+big.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+But I never expected to hear hi-fi from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But I never expected to hear hi-fi from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But I never expected to hear hi-fi from
+a half inch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+speaker. I was just thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker. I was just thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker. I was just thinking
+about mentioning that how semantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about mentioning that how semantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about mentioning that how semantic
+networks frames might represent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks frames might represent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks frames might represent the
+brain.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain.
+Um I'm just thinking uh since we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I'm just thinking uh since we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I'm just thinking uh since we are
+able to visualize how a frame might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to visualize how a frame might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to visualize how a frame might
+occur in a 2D space, how a semantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur in a 2D space, how a semantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur in a 2D space, how a semantic
+network might be represented in a 2D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network might be represented in a 2D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network might be represented in a 2D
+space? In what space? In in a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space? In what space? In in a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space? In what space? In in a two
+dimensional space? Mhm.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space? Mhm.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space? Mhm.
+Um, is it is it possible that higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, is it is it possible that higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, is it is it possible that higher
+level areas are are utilizing some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level areas are are utilizing some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level areas are are utilizing some of
+the lower level visual areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower level visual areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower level visual areas
+to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something if you will or I forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something if you will or I forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something if you will or I forget
+u are the higher vision levels used by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u are the higher vision levels used by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u are the higher vision levels used by
+blind people? I think I read somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind people? I think I read somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind people? I think I read somewhere
+that they are but I can't remember if um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are but I can't remember if um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are but I can't remember if um
+no I'm not saying the higher visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I'm not saying the higher visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I'm not saying the higher visual
+level higher visual areas using lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level higher visual areas using lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level higher visual areas using lower
+visual areas. I'm saying higher thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual areas. I'm saying higher thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual areas. I'm saying higher thinking
+areas using high level visual areas.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas using high level visual areas.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas using high level visual areas.
+Well, what if you're blind? Oh, that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, what if you're blind? Oh, that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, what if you're blind? Oh, that
+doesn't matter because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter because uh
+representations and we will still Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations and we will still Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations and we will still Yeah.
+Well, I was just wondering if braille is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I was just wondering if braille is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I was just wondering if braille is
+represented in the visual area for blind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented in the visual area for blind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented in the visual area for blind
+people. I'm pretty sure. Wow. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people. I'm pretty sure. Wow. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people. I'm pretty sure. Wow. Yeah.
+There's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a
+there's an interesting study on that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an interesting study on that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an interesting study on that.
+Basically,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basically,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basically,
+um disrupt activity in the visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um disrupt activity in the visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um disrupt activity in the visual
+cortex. Um and a blind person uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex. Um and a blind person uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex. Um and a blind person uh
+basically is just as good as a sighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically is just as good as a sighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically is just as good as a sighted
+person for reading Braille. Um but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person for reading Braille. Um but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person for reading Braille. Um but if
+you take a sighted person and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a sighted person and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a sighted person and sort of
+blind them for a week, they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind them for a week, they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind them for a week, they actually
+could be as good at pretty much as good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be as good at pretty much as good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be as good at pretty much as good
+as Braille as a blind person. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Braille as a blind person. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Braille as a blind person. But
+actually introducing um visual data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually introducing um visual data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually introducing um visual data
+through the eyes will sort of push our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the eyes will sort of push our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the eyes will sort of push our
+elbow out the capacity to process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elbow out the capacity to process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elbow out the capacity to process
+braille. So you could learn faster or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+braille. So you could learn faster or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+braille. So you could learn faster or I
+don't know if it's faster but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if it's faster but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if it's faster but I think
+it's I think the implication was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I think the implication was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I think the implication was that
+the visual cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visual cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visual cortex
+um does some sort of data management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um does some sort of data management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um does some sort of data management
+that makes uh processing braille easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes uh processing braille easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes uh processing braille easier
+and it's really only available if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's really only available if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's really only available if your
+eyes aren't shouting at it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes aren't shouting at it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes aren't shouting at it.
+I remember reading,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remember reading,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remember reading,
+show ahead. I remember reading that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show ahead. I remember reading that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show ahead. I remember reading that the
+um that the visual in blind people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that the visual in blind people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that the visual in blind people that
+the visual cortex will be used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visual cortex will be used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visual cortex will be used for
+hearing and for other senses too. For
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing and for other senses too. For
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing and for other senses too. For
+hearing also. I thought it was for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing also. I thought it was for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing also. I thought it was for
+hearing. It was either for hearing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing. It was either for hearing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing. It was either for hearing or
+touch.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch.
+That's one of the explanations for why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's one of the explanations for why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's one of the explanations for why
+there are so many disproportionately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are so many disproportionately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are so many disproportionately
+many blind musicians.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Is it disproportionate? It is. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Also, it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Also, it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Also, it's a
+it could be because the job is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be because the job is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be because the job is
+available. Yeah, that's the alternate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available. Yeah, that's the alternate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available. Yeah, that's the alternate
+explanation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This kind of reminds me of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This kind of reminds me of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This kind of reminds me of
+the tricks people are starting to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tricks people are starting to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tricks people are starting to use
+now in in high performance computing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in in high performance computing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in in high performance computing to
+to make the graphics card do number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the graphics card do number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the graphics card do number
+crunching instead of just play graphics.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crunching instead of just play graphics.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crunching instead of just play graphics.
+I can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can think
+chords and I can't think of them if my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chords and I can't think of them if my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chords and I can't think of them if my
+hands are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands are
+closed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed.
+So, it's really peculiar. The sound goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, it's really peculiar. The sound goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, it's really peculiar. The sound goes
+away in my mind when cuz I grew up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away in my mind when cuz I grew up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away in my mind when cuz I grew up with
+a keyboard.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A friend of mine is a mathematician and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A friend of mine is a mathematician and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A friend of mine is a mathematician and
+he says he thinks in R2. So he he can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says he thinks in R2. So he he can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says he thinks in R2. So he he can
+manipulate things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate things
+visually. That's kind of how he solves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visually. That's kind of how he solves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visually. That's kind of how he solves
+equations. R2 you mean in in a plane two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations. R2 you mean in in a plane two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations. R2 you mean in in a plane two
+dimensional plane which he you know uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional plane which he you know uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional plane which he you know uses
+his visual area to kind of do symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his visual area to kind of do symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his visual area to kind of do symbol
+manipulation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation.
+I imagine he could do it with his eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I imagine he could do it with his eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I imagine he could do it with his eyes
+closed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I knew a woman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I knew a woman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I knew a woman
+who could remember all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who could remember all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who could remember all sorts of
+things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And I asked her what some date was and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I asked her what some date was and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I asked her what some date was and
+she just some No, I asked her what she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she just some No, I asked her what she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she just some No, I asked her what she
+was doing sometime in the future.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was doing sometime in the future.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was doing sometime in the future.
+And it turned out that she kept a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it turned out that she kept a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it turned out that she kept a
+calendar here in her visual field and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calendar here in her visual field and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calendar here in her visual field and
+she had a little notebook here and she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she had a little notebook here and she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she had a little notebook here and she
+had some other stuff. And uh she could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some other stuff. And uh she could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some other stuff. And uh she could
+write stuff into the calendar or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write stuff into the calendar or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write stuff into the calendar or the
+notepad and it would stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notepad and it would stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notepad and it would stay
+there. And so I asked how she got it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. And so I asked how she got it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. And so I asked how she got it and
+she said she'd always had it as far back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she said she'd always had it as far back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she said she'd always had it as far back
+as she could remember. just for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as she could remember. just for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as she could remember. just for the
+future or is it was it her history as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future or is it was it her history as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future or is it was it her history as
+well? No, it was it was the calendar is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well? No, it was it was the calendar is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well? No, it was it was the calendar is
+about the current month or so, but she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the current month or so, but she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the current month or so, but she
+can uh stick in it and then then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh stick in it and then then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh stick in it and then then it's
+there all month. I didn't I forgot to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all month. I didn't I forgot to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all month. I didn't I forgot to
+ask her if she can remember last month,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask her if she can remember last month,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask her if she can remember last month,
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+uh she said that uh she was surprised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh she said that uh she was surprised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh she said that uh she was surprised
+when she found that other people didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when she found that other people didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when she found that other people didn't
+have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+There's an article by Francis Golton who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's an article by Francis Golton who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's an article by Francis Golton who
+was what great psychologist of the 19th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+century. I think I mentioned this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century. I think I mentioned this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century. I think I mentioned this
+in if you look on my web page there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in if you look on my web page there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in if you look on my web page there's
+something called introduction to logo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called introduction to logo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called introduction to logo
+works which is a cute article about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works which is a cute article about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works which is a cute article about uh
+some aspects of children's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some aspects of children's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some aspects of children's
+thinking and uh Golton was in many ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking and uh Golton was in many ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking and uh Golton was in many ways
+he was the first good experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was the first good experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was the first good experimental
+psychologist he wrote a book in about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologist he wrote a book in about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologist he wrote a book in about
+1880 called inquiry into human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1880 called inquiry into human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1880 called inquiry into human
+faculty. And in this book, there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty. And in this book, there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty. And in this book, there's a
+chapter about how people think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter about how people think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter about how people think about
+numbers. And what he says is that about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers. And what he says is that about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers. And what he says is that about
+30% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30% of
+people presumably in England in the 19th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people presumably in England in the 19th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people presumably in England in the 19th
+century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century
+uh have places in their visual field for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have places in their visual field for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have places in their visual field for
+numbers and they're uh and they're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and they're uh and they're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and they're uh and they're very
+definite. Like a child might have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite. Like a child might have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite. Like a child might have one
+here and two here and three here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and two here and three here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and two here and three here and
+four here. And uh there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four here. And uh there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four here. And uh there's no
+particular thing in common about where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular thing in common about where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular thing in common about where
+these numbers are. But then uh for a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers are. But then uh for a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers are. But then uh for a lot
+of those people, they then have five,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those people, they then have five,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those people, they then have five,
+six, seven, eight, nine in a row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six, seven, eight, nine in a row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six, seven, eight, nine in a row
+somewhere. And he thinks that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere. And he thinks that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere. And he thinks that that's
+because they I think I forget what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they I think I forget what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they I think I forget what I
+read the paper but I've forgotten but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the paper but I've forgotten but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the paper but I've forgotten but
+obvious conjecture is that they learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious conjecture is that they learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious conjecture is that they learned
+these first numbers painfully. Did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these first numbers painfully. Did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these first numbers painfully. Did you
+know that two year olds only go up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that two year olds only go up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that two year olds only go up to
+two and three year olds only count to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and three year olds only count to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and three year olds only count to
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+generally and four year olds count to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally and four year olds count to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally and four year olds count to
+four and then quickly uh go up to 10 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and then quickly uh go up to 10 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and then quickly uh go up to 10 or
+more.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more.
+And that's very strange that you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's very strange that you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's very strange that you can't
+get a 2year-old to count to four very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a 2year-old to count to four very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a 2year-old to count to four very
+well. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. Yeah.
+I thought it was really interesting what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought it was really interesting what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought it was really interesting what
+you were saying before about the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were saying before about the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were saying before about the um
+about how infants are are said to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how infants are are said to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how infants are are said to
+recognize numbers of kids. And I've read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize numbers of kids. And I've read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize numbers of kids. And I've read
+though I've read about those studies how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though I've read about those studies how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though I've read about those studies how
+you know they'll see like a like two um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they'll see like a like two um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they'll see like a like two um
+items flashed on a screen and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items flashed on a screen and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items flashed on a screen and then
+they'll see three and then you and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll see three and then you and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll see three and then you and then
+you mentioned that maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mentioned that maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mentioned that maybe
+that they have that opportunity to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have that opportunity to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have that opportunity to know
+that when they're infants and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when they're infants and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when they're infants and then they
+forget it. And just today I was reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget it. And just today I was reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget it. And just today I was reading
+about um a study where that and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um a study where that and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um a study where that and I think
+it's unreplicated at this point but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's unreplicated at this point but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's unreplicated at this point but that
+showed that um that infants up until I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed that um that infants up until I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed that um that infants up until I
+think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's
+um well anyway before 9 months that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well anyway before 9 months that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well anyway before 9 months that
+they're able to distinguish not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're able to distinguish not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're able to distinguish not only
+human faces but also monkey faces and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human faces but also monkey faces and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human faces but also monkey faces and
+that by around 9 months they lose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by around 9 months they lose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by around 9 months they lose the
+ability to and they can only distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to and they can only distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to and they can only distinguish
+faces within their own species. Wow. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces within their own species. Wow. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces within their own species. Wow. And
+it makes you wonder whether that number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes you wonder whether that number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes you wonder whether that number
+recognition that ability to kind of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition that ability to kind of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition that ability to kind of um
+you know when infants gaze longer at two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when infants gaze longer at two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when infants gaze longer at two
+items or two dots on a screen than they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items or two dots on a screen than they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items or two dots on a screen than they
+would at one dot on a screen or three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would at one dot on a screen or three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would at one dot on a screen or three
+dots when they sense that change whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots when they sense that change whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots when they sense that change whether
+it's just pattern recognition that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just pattern recognition that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just pattern recognition that
+they're sensing and and that Oh, good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sensing and and that Oh, good.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sensing and and that Oh, good.
+Yeah. In fact, I had a conjecture in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. In fact, I had a conjecture in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. In fact, I had a conjecture in
+that logo works paper that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that logo works paper that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that logo works paper that
+uh there's only a few patterns that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's only a few patterns that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's only a few patterns that
+three objects can make. That is it forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three objects can make. That is it forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three objects can make. That is it forms
+a sort of triangle and it could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of triangle and it could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of triangle and it could be a
+long thin one or they could be about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long thin one or they could be about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long thin one or they could be about
+equal or it could be like in a line only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal or it could be like in a line only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal or it could be like in a line only
+with a very big angle. So uh you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a very big angle. So uh you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a very big angle. So uh you could
+recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize
+threeness just by recognizing five or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threeness just by recognizing five or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threeness just by recognizing five or
+six patterns. Whereas with four things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six patterns. Whereas with four things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six patterns. Whereas with four things
+uh there might be 20 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there might be 20 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there might be 20 or
+so much more different patterns. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much more different patterns. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much more different patterns. And so
+uh it could be that around the age of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it could be that around the age of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it could be that around the age of
+three you have to give up. I'm sure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three you have to give up. I'm sure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three you have to give up. I'm sure you
+still keep them but but then you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still keep them but but then you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still keep them but but then you have to
+start representing numbers in a another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start representing numbers in a another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start representing numbers in a another
+better way. And uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better way. And uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better way. And uh
+uh I mean any everybody in this room can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I mean any everybody in this room can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I mean any everybody in this room can
+count if I have a picture you can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count if I have a picture you can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count if I have a picture you can look
+at it for a while and say there's 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it for a while and say there's 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it for a while and say there's 15
+points there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points there.
+And I suspect that when I do that I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I suspect that when I do that I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I suspect that when I do that I have
+an imaginary line that starts up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an imaginary line that starts up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an imaginary line that starts up here
+and it goes bleep bleep bleep bleep.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it goes bleep bleep bleep bleep.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it goes bleep bleep bleep bleep.
+In other words, I'm not using a pattern,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In other words, I'm not using a pattern,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In other words, I'm not using a pattern,
+but I'm using a sequential process uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm using a sequential process uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm using a sequential process uh
+that in my case involves making this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in my case involves making this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in my case involves making this
+imaginary line because that keeps me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary line because that keeps me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary line because that keeps me
+from counting things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from counting things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from counting things
+twice. Uh there probably people who will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice. Uh there probably people who will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice. Uh there probably people who will
+miscount 10 things because they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miscount 10 things because they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miscount 10 things because they don't
+they don't have such an orderly way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have such an orderly way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have such an orderly way and
+they have to remember which ones they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to remember which ones they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to remember which ones they've
+counted so far and uh by the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counted so far and uh by the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counted so far and uh by the time
+there's 15 points, you're liable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's 15 points, you're liable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's 15 points, you're liable to
+forget, you know. uh anyway uh Golton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget, you know. uh anyway uh Golton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget, you know. uh anyway uh Golton
+uh observes this about and he calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh observes this about and he calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh observes this about and he calls
+these number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these number
+forms and I thought that maybe this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms and I thought that maybe this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms and I thought that maybe this is
+very important because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important because
+uh then there's the 70% of people how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then there's the 70% of people how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then there's the 70% of people how
+many of you have a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+form how many of you think of one as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form how many of you think of one as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form how many of you think of one as
+being sort of up and to the left rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being sort of up and to the left rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being sort of up and to the left rather
+than no one here. Well, many adults
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than no one here. Well, many adults
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than no one here. Well, many adults
+forget it because a larger fraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget it because a larger fraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget it because a larger fraction of
+children that I've asked have them. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children that I've asked have them. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children that I've asked have them. But
+uh I had a friend who remembered how he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I had a friend who remembered how he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I had a friend who remembered how he
+got it. He had his professor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it. He had his professor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it. He had his professor of
+mathematics at Harvard and he he sees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics at Harvard and he he sees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics at Harvard and he he sees
+numbers as uh quite a lot of them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers as uh quite a lot of them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers as uh quite a lot of them as
+having definite places and they're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having definite places and they're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having definite places and they're in
+different colors. Uh, and he said, "By
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different colors. Uh, and he said, "By
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different colors. Uh, and he said, "By
+the way, I remember how I got them. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way, I remember how I got them. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way, I remember how I got them. I
+used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to
+uh when I was very young, I used to lean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when I was very young, I used to lean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when I was very young, I used to lean
+out the window and think about numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the window and think about numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the window and think about numbers
+and I'd sort of imagine them on a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'd sort of imagine them on a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'd sort of imagine them on a little
+hill across the yard and um that stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hill across the yard and um that stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hill across the yard and um that stuck
+with me. Anyway, so the these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me. Anyway, so the these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me. Anyway, so the these things
+would happen by little mental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen by little mental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen by little mental
+accidents. But the interesting thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidents. But the interesting thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidents. But the interesting thing is
+that since this is not part of modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that since this is not part of modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that since this is not part of modern
+psychology and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology and
+uh so it might be that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so it might be that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so it might be that there's
+differences between uh those people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences between uh those people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences between uh those people who
+have these visual representations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these visual representations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these visual representations and
+others who don't and it might be that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others who don't and it might be that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others who don't and it might be that uh
+you should adapt how you teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should adapt how you teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should adapt how you teach
+arithmetic if if you must teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic if if you must teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic if if you must teach
+arithmetic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh having a uniform form way of teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh having a uniform form way of teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh having a uniform form way of teaching
+doesn't make sense if there are three or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make sense if there are three or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make sense if there are three or
+four kinds of people in your class who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four kinds of people in your class who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four kinds of people in your class who
+think about these things in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about these things in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about these things in different
+ways. So that's a big educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways. So that's a big educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways. So that's a big educational
+problem. I mean all teachers probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. I mean all teachers probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. I mean all teachers probably
+know that some children learn much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that some children learn much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that some children learn much more
+from verbal descriptions than than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from verbal descriptions than than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from verbal descriptions than than
+diagrams. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams. And
+uh maybe some teachers don't know that,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe some teachers don't know that,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe some teachers don't know that,
+but that means that you might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that means that you might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that means that you might want to
+change the educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the educational
+uh environment a little bit for people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh environment a little bit for people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh environment a little bit for people
+who are more visual or more auditory or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are more visual or more auditory or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are more visual or more auditory or
+more both or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more both or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more both or
+whatever.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh,
+in these days it's hard to ask teachers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these days it's hard to ask teachers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these days it's hard to ask teachers
+to do anything because they have their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do anything because they have their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do anything because they have their
+hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+full with those standard test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problems. Does Brazil have them? Not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems. Does Brazil have them? Not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems. Does Brazil have them? Not
+yet.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It has to be It's pretty dangerous.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I remember one experiment that I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remember one experiment that I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remember one experiment that I did
+while I was in Geneva on numbers and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I was in Geneva on numbers and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I was in Geneva on numbers and the
+the task was very simple. It was to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the task was very simple. It was to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the task was very simple. It was to ask
+children to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children to
+um construct the same amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um construct the same amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um construct the same amount of
+uh you know blocks or pebbles. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know blocks or pebbles. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know blocks or pebbles. Yeah.
+Somewhere else. And they could look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Somewhere else. And they could look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Somewhere else. And they could look at
+the series. So I they could look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series. So I they could look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series. So I they could look at the
+other one. No, they looked at an a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one. No, they looked at an a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one. No, they looked at an a
+certain arrangement. Oh, yeah. And in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain arrangement. Oh, yeah. And in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain arrangement. Oh, yeah. And in
+some situation, the arrangement was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some situation, the arrangement was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some situation, the arrangement was
+regular. So it was three rows of four.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular. So it was three rows of four.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular. So it was three rows of four.
+And in the other one, it was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in the other one, it was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in the other one, it was just
+marbles that were like messy. So you ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marbles that were like messy. So you ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marbles that were like messy. So you ask
+them to look at it. They can do whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to look at it. They can do whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to look at it. They can do whatever
+they want. They can take notes and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want. They can take notes and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want. They can take notes and so
+on. And then you cover it and you ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. And then you cover it and you ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. And then you cover it and you ask
+them to reconstruct the cinema
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to reconstruct the cinema
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to reconstruct the cinema
+elsewhere. And this was about 4 year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere. And this was about 4 year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere. And this was about 4 year
+olds. And what was interesting is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+olds. And what was interesting is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+olds. And what was interesting is when
+the collection was regular, what you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the collection was regular, what you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the collection was regular, what you get
+is this combination between gestural and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this combination between gestural and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this combination between gestural and
+visual with very small numbers. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual with very small numbers. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual with very small numbers. They
+never counted the whole amount because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never counted the whole amount because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never counted the whole amount because
+that was like two too high numbers. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was like two too high numbers. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was like two too high numbers. So
+they would say things like and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would say things like and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would say things like and there are
+three and they are three and they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and they are three and they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and they are three and they are
+three and they are three and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and they are three and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and they are three and then they
+would reconstruct you using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would reconstruct you using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would reconstruct you using
+this. But what was interesting is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. But what was interesting is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. But what was interesting is that
+when the collection was not regular when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the collection was not regular when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the collection was not regular when
+it was messy the singing came in and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was messy the singing came in and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was messy the singing came in and it
+became more important singing singing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became more important singing singing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became more important singing singing.
+So they they they would not just with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So they they they would not just with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So they they they would not just with
+the gesture but they would say and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gesture but they would say and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gesture but they would say and there
+is one and there is two and there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one and there is two and there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one and there is two and there is
+three and there is five. No not five.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and there is five. No not five.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and there is five. No not five.
+Five was too big a number. Mhm. And and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Five was too big a number. Mhm. And and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Five was too big a number. Mhm. And and
+many of the children would do that. Wow.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the children would do that. Wow.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the children would do that. Wow.
+So what what was interesting here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what what was interesting here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what what was interesting here is
+that they found all these ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they found all these ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they found all these ways
+of building these clusters that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of building these clusters that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of building these clusters that were
+small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+numbers. inventing the glue to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers. inventing the glue to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers. inventing the glue to bring
+them together and using the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together and using the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together and using the different
+modalities that they have available to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modalities that they have available to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modalities that they have available to
+actually create this template that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually create this template that then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually create this template that then
+they would use to produce the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would use to produce the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would use to produce the same
+number. That's very funny. I guess we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number. That's very funny. I guess we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number. That's very funny. I guess we
+grown-ups find it very hard to imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grown-ups find it very hard to imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grown-ups find it very hard to imagine
+when counting four things was a big job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when counting four things was a big job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when counting four things was a big job
+and you needed to make a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you needed to make a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you needed to make a special
+representation for it. And when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation for it. And when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation for it. And when you
+asked the at the end, you know, how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked the at the end, you know, how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked the at the end, you know, how many
+are they? They they had a really hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they? They they had a really hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they? They they had a really hard
+time because because as you explained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because because as you explained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because because as you explained
+when you were inventing this rule for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you were inventing this rule for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you were inventing this rule for
+15, the hard thing is to not count one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15, the hard thing is to not count one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15, the hard thing is to not count one
+scene twice and Yes. and get all medal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene twice and Yes. and get all medal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene twice and Yes. and get all medal
+ups, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ups, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ups, right?
+The children I was working with, they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The children I was working with, they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The children I was working with, they
+knew they knew how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew they knew how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew they knew how to
+count. You know what do we have five and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count. You know what do we have five and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count. You know what do we have five and
+you ask them how until how much can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ask them how until how much can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ask them how until how much can you
+count? They say 100. But they cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count? They say 100. But they cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count? They say 100. But they cannot
+really keep the the card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really keep the the card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really keep the the card
+enough. They they they get messed up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough. They they they get messed up.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough. They they they get messed up.
+They don't have good strategy of putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They don't have good strategy of putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They don't have good strategy of putting
+aside what they have counted. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aside what they have counted. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aside what they have counted. But
+anyway, what was what was worthwhile for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway, what was what was worthwhile for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway, what was what was worthwhile for
+this conversation is this use of rhythm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this conversation is this use of rhythm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this conversation is this use of rhythm
+also not just patterns as a way of wow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also not just patterns as a way of wow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also not just patterns as a way of wow
+meonic technique almost well in my that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meonic technique almost well in my that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meonic technique almost well in my that
+paper on music which is on my homepage I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper on music which is on my homepage I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper on music which is on my homepage I
+had about 10 theories of what people use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had about 10 theories of what people use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had about 10 theories of what people use
+music for and I hadn't thought of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music for and I hadn't thought of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music for and I hadn't thought of that
+one so uh if you have a rhythmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so uh if you have a rhythmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so uh if you have a rhythmic
+structure then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure then you
+put arbitrary more arbitrary things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put arbitrary more arbitrary things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put arbitrary more arbitrary things in
+it than you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it than you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it than you could
+without without this temporal division.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yes, it's a great mystery why so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes, it's a great mystery why so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes, it's a great mystery why so why
+people like music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in that paper I have the theory that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in that paper I have the theory that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in that paper I have the theory that
+popular music is used to stop you from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular music is used to stop you from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular music is used to stop you from
+thinking various kinds of thoughts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking various kinds of thoughts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking various kinds of thoughts
+whereas classical music uh encourage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas classical music uh encourage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas classical music uh encourage
+encourages you to think about dichotomy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourages you to think about dichotomy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourages you to think about dichotomy.
+What? Said it's a nice dichotomy. Yes. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What? Said it's a nice dichotomy. Yes. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What? Said it's a nice dichotomy. Yes. I
+don't know if I put it that simply. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if I put it that simply. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if I put it that simply. I
+think I concealed it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I concealed it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I concealed it.
+Where does jazz follow me?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh I don't like it much, but I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh I don't like it much, but I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh I don't like it much, but I don't
+don't have a good theory of why.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh well, older jazz has this repetitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh well, older jazz has this repetitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh well, older jazz has this repetitive
+chord structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord structure
+which what do you call this 12 bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which what do you call this 12 bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which what do you call this 12 bar
+thing? Is that blues? Blues. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing? Is that blues? Blues. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing? Is that blues? Blues. That's
+incredibly boring for me. The guitar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly boring for me. The guitar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly boring for me. The guitar
+parts are very interesting sometimes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts are very interesting sometimes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts are very interesting sometimes.
+Yes, I suppose. Uh you mean the rhythm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes, I suppose. Uh you mean the rhythm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes, I suppose. Uh you mean the rhythm
+section also or? Well, no. The drums and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section also or? Well, no. The drums and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section also or? Well, no. The drums and
+bass are very straightforward. Yeah. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bass are very straightforward. Yeah. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bass are very straightforward. Yeah. You
+don't want to distract people by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to distract people by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to distract people by
+although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although
+uh every eight bars or so the rhythm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh every eight bars or so the rhythm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh every eight bars or so the rhythm
+section does one little thing and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section does one little thing and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section does one little thing and then
+you get interested again very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get interested again very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get interested again very small
+variations but but breaking it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations but but breaking it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations but but breaking it into
+temporal blocks is sort of skeleton for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal blocks is sort of skeleton for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal blocks is sort of skeleton for
+making larger structures. if you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making larger structures. if you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making larger structures. if you didn't
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+measures. I don't understand ragas. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures. I don't understand ragas. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures. I don't understand ragas. Uh
+they have 14 beats per measure and I I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have 14 beats per measure and I I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have 14 beats per measure and I I'm
+completely incapable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely incapable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely incapable
+of of counting that without counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. So
+anyway, I think it's 9:01.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Did the popcorn get eaten?
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/sBM2jr-ul6o.txt b/sBM2jr-ul6o.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..93f51f2d0eb64c57a0c949ca307c407069df274e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sBM2jr-ul6o.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12091 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get
+started so we're going to number the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started so we're going to number the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started so we're going to number the
+classes as if when you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes as if when you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes as if when you have a
+substantial thing to do over the weekend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial thing to do over the weekend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial thing to do over the weekend
+as you did this time um that that counts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you did this time um that that counts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you did this time um that that counts
+as a class when you watch me talk uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a class when you watch me talk uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a class when you watch me talk uh on
+a screen so we'll call this class four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a screen so we'll call this class four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a screen so we'll call this class four
+even though this is the third time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though this is the third time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though this is the third time we
+get together and um last time we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get together and um last time we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get together and um last time we were
+together I suppose this should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together I suppose this should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together I suppose this should be
+penultimate class if I'm numbering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penultimate class if I'm numbering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penultimate class if I'm numbering the
+other one we talked quite a bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one we talked quite a bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one we talked quite a bit about
+what is a note right and um let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a note right and um let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a note right and um let's just
+take a second to review because uh there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a second to review because uh there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a second to review because uh there
+were a couple people who weren't here on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a couple people who weren't here on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a couple people who weren't here on
+Friday um what what are some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday um what what are some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday um what what are some of the
+things that are complicated when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are complicated when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are complicated when you're
+talking about what is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+note quick hand and shout when it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note quick hand and shout when it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note quick hand and shout when it's
+quiet or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiet or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiet or
+just does it need a pitch does it need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just does it need a pitch does it need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just does it need a pitch does it need a
+duration does it does it need a pitch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration does it does it need a pitch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration does it does it need a pitch
+does it need a duration great um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it need a duration great um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it need a duration great um
+what was the problem when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+went you couldn't tell if notes were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went you couldn't tell if notes were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went you couldn't tell if notes were
+slur you couldn't tell if notes uh not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slur you couldn't tell if notes uh not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slur you couldn't tell if notes uh not
+so much slurred you can tell what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much slurred you can tell what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much slurred you can tell what's the
+other word he's looking for tide yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other word he's looking for tide yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other word he's looking for tide yeah
+goes that could be four tied notes right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes that could be four tied notes right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes that could be four tied notes right
+um depending on if we think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um depending on if we think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um depending on if we think of the
+notation as one domain as our definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation as one domain as our definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation as one domain as our definition
+of the note or if we think of what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the note or if we think of what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the note or if we think of what we
+hear as a domain domain good anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear as a domain domain good anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear as a domain domain good anything
+else that screwed up um our easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else that screwed up um our easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else that screwed up um our easy
+conception of what a note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conception of what a note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conception of what a note
+is remember or make up your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is remember or make up your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is remember or make up your
+own you had 14 notes in a gando we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+had yeah go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ahead well for us you have two notes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead well for us you have two notes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead well for us you have two notes and
+you have to kind of between the two yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to kind of between the two yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to kind of between the two yeah
+what was what was that called else yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was what was that called else yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was what was that called else yeah
+John Trill a Trill yep Trill is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John Trill a Trill yep Trill is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John Trill a Trill yep Trill is one of
+them and the other one that we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and the other one that we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and the other one that we talked
+about was yep tremolo tremolo how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about was yep tremolo tremolo how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about was yep tremolo tremolo how many
+notes does it take to write a Trill on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes does it take to write a Trill on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes does it take to write a Trill on a
+on a St a standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a St a standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a St a standard
+score one how many notes does it take to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score one how many notes does it take to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score one how many notes does it take to
+write a tremolo two how many notes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a tremolo two how many notes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a tremolo two how many notes are
+there in a trill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in a trill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in a trill
+whole Gob right a lot lot of them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole Gob right a lot lot of them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole Gob right a lot lot of them as
+many as you can put in yeah so so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many as you can put in yeah so so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many as you can put in yeah so so these
+kinds of different representations we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of different representations we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of different representations we
+did a lot on today we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a lot on today we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a lot on today we're going to be
+talking more about not just what is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking more about not just what is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking more about not just what is a
+note but how can we represent a note or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note but how can we represent a note or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note but how can we represent a note or
+how can we represent something else for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we represent something else for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we represent something else for
+a computer um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a computer um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a computer um you know
+what I made really nice handouts that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I made really nice handouts that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I made really nice handouts that I
+put online and didn't forgot to put them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put online and didn't forgot to put them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put online and didn't forgot to put them
+out so I'm going to keep one for myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so I'm going to keep one for myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so I'm going to keep one for myself
+and we'll try to do a group here going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll try to do a group here going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll try to do a group here going
+this way a group here going this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way a group here going this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way a group here going this this
+way and um in the back where I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and um in the back where I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and um in the back where I see
+people the least um I see the fewest uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people the least um I see the fewest uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people the least um I see the fewest uh
+name tag so if you don't mind I'd really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name tag so if you don't mind I'd really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name tag so if you don't mind I'd really
+like to get to know everybody by by name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to get to know everybody by by name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to get to know everybody by by name
+there's um some discussion of various uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's um some discussion of various uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's um some discussion of various uh
+configuration problems and a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration problems and a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration problems and a few
+Solutions and a few things still left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions and a few things still left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions and a few things still left
+unsolved um on canvas if you'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsolved um on canvas if you'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsolved um on canvas if you'd like
+stick around after class or um and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick around after class or um and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick around after class or um and we'll
+talk through some of those things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk through some of those things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk through some of those things and
+the was another question um who raised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the was another question um who raised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the was another question um who raised
+it Hannah um no um about whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Hannah um no um about whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Hannah um no um about whether or not
+the standard library is okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard library is okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard library is okay so the
+standard Li and that includes things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard Li and that includes things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard Li and that includes things
+like math and regex and things in Python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like math and regex and things in Python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like math and regex and things in Python
+that some classes don't let you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some classes don't let you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some classes don't let you uh
+import yes if it comes with python when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+import yes if it comes with python when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+import yes if it comes with python when
+you download it you may use it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you download it you may use it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you download it you may use it on
+anything so I'll unlock the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything so I'll unlock the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything so I'll unlock the entire
+standard Library so go ahead and import
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard Library so go ahead and import
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard Library so go ahead and import
+math within the math Li Library some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math within the math Li Library some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math within the math Li Library some
+people saw that there's a particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people saw that there's a particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people saw that there's a particularly
+useful function in the math Library what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful function in the math Library what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful function in the math Library what
+what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's
+that log log yeah the log when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that log log yeah the log when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that log log yeah the log when you're
+dealing with frequencies and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with frequencies and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with frequencies and things
+you'll see that the logarithm function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that the logarithm function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that the logarithm function
+uh so if anybody reimplemented the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so if anybody reimplemented the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so if anybody reimplemented the
+entire logarithm function um uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire logarithm function um uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire logarithm function um uh you
+know uh you you we we can talk about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh you you we we can talk about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh you you we we can talk about uh
+getting a life no no no you did great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a life no no no you did great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a life no no no you did great
+super we can give extra um points on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super we can give extra um points on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super we can give extra um points on
+that but but yeah um if it's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but but yeah um if it's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but but yeah um if it's something
+that you have to download via pip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to download via pip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to download via pip
+then always ask beforeand uh but I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then always ask beforeand uh but I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then always ask beforeand uh but I do
+want to say at the end of the semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say at the end of the semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say at the end of the semester
+when you have final projects it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have final projects it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have final projects it's
+anything goes so if you can find it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything goes so if you can find it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything goes so if you can find it on
+the Internet or you can build it uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Internet or you can build it uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Internet or you can build it uh you
+can use it okay we're going to start uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use it okay we're going to start uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use it okay we're going to start uh
+we're not as talkative as we were on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not as talkative as we were on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not as talkative as we were on
+Friday Friday we were very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday Friday we were very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday Friday we were very very
+energetic so maybe we'll we'll start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetic so maybe we'll we'll start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetic so maybe we'll we'll start
+with um talking amongst ourselves um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um talking amongst ourselves um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um talking amongst ourselves um I
+want you to you have one bite how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to you have one bite how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to you have one bite how many
+bits are in a bite eight good so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits are in a bite eight good so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits are in a bite eight good so you
+have you have eight positions where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you have eight positions where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you have eight positions where you
+can have ones or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have ones or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have ones or
+zeros um and I want you to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros um and I want you to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros um and I want you to try to
+encode pitch and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encode pitch and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encode pitch and
+duration so the two things that in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration so the two things that in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration so the two things that in one
+representation one definition of a note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation one definition of a note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation one definition of a note
+are two of the fundamental parts of it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two of the fundamental parts of it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two of the fundamental parts of it I
+want you to try to encode a note in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to try to encode a note in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to try to encode a note in one
+bite and then talk about what kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bite and then talk about what kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bite and then talk about what kinds of
+things you've had to decide you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you've had to decide you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you've had to decide you're not
+going to represent in order to make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to represent in order to make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to represent in order to make that
+possible I'd like to do this in groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible I'd like to do this in groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible I'd like to do this in groups
+of two so um it's very yeah everybody is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two so um it's very yeah everybody is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two so um it's very yeah everybody is
+either at a desk with somebody else or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either at a desk with somebody else or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either at a desk with somebody else or
+not at a desk with somebody else so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at a desk with somebody else so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at a desk with somebody else so if
+you could just uh make that the group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could just uh make that the group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could just uh make that the group
+and we'll give it about uh about three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll give it about uh about three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll give it about uh about three
+minutes okay let's let's come together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes okay let's let's come together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes okay let's let's come together
+and let's um see we'll we started middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's um see we'll we started middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's um see we'll we started middle
+of the alphabet last time let's uh who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the alphabet last time let's uh who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the alphabet last time let's uh who's
+a group um involving somebody with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a group um involving somebody with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a group um involving somebody with a
+name toward the end of the alphabet I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name toward the end of the alphabet I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name toward the end of the alphabet I
+don't think we have any z's X's y's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think we have any z's X's y's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think we have any z's X's y's
+Vanessa and Adam either way I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vanessa and Adam either way I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vanessa and Adam either way I had
+started this you guys would be going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started this you guys would be going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started this you guys would be going
+first um what what's something that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first um what what's something that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first um what what's something that you
+uh comp that you decided to encode and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh comp that you decided to encode and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh comp that you decided to encode and
+what something you decided to compromise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what something you decided to compromise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what something you decided to compromise
+on I think we decided that it was more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on I think we decided that it was more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on I think we decided that it was more
+important to like preserve information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to like preserve information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to like preserve information
+about Pitch than it was to information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Pitch than it was to information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Pitch than it was to information
+okay so that's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's always
+um a choice the so we're going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a choice the so we're going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a choice the so we're going to have a
+lot more information or all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more information or all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more information or all the
+information on Pitch rather than on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on Pitch rather than on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on Pitch rather than on
+duration good so we we have to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration good so we we have to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration good so we we have to make a
+compromise that even though I said these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compromise that even though I said these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compromise that even though I said these
+two things maybe one of them is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things maybe one of them is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things maybe one of them is more
+important than another great um going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important than another great um going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important than another great um going
+alphabetically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabetically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabetically
+backwards oh we should have started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards oh we should have started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards oh we should have started with
+Vincent and Jake sorry uh yeah I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vincent and Jake sorry uh yeah I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vincent and Jake sorry uh yeah I think
+what we decided first was that like M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we decided first was that like M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we decided first was that like M
+group pitch is most important and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group pitch is most important and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group pitch is most important and so we
+decided to like prioritize uh encoding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to like prioritize uh encoding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to like prioritize uh encoding
+like the 12 discreet chromatic Western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the 12 discreet chromatic Western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the 12 discreet chromatic Western
+pitches okay so we we've decided to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitches okay so we we've decided to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitches okay so we we've decided to
+limit to Western pitches which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit to Western pitches which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit to Western pitches which is
+already a compromise um losing all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already a compromise um losing all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already a compromise um losing all those
+great microtones and we said we want 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great microtones and we said we want 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great microtones and we said we want 12
+of them great how many how many bits is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them great how many how many bits is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them great how many how many bits is
+it going to take to encode 12 distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it going to take to encode 12 distinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it going to take to encode 12 distinct
+things let's let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things let's let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things let's let's do
+fingers good I see a lot of fours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers good I see a lot of fours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers good I see a lot of fours
+because why why is it four uh Somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because why why is it four uh Somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because why why is it four uh Somebody
+explain um anyone want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain um anyone want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain um anyone want
+to yeah Jordan uh 2 4 is 16 so 2 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yeah Jordan uh 2 4 is 16 so 2 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yeah Jordan uh 2 4 is 16 so 2 to the
+4 is 16 and what's I have to do with 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 is 16 and what's I have to do with 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 is 16 and what's I have to do with 12
+you can have that many like combinations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have that many like combinations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have that many like combinations
+I guess permutations you can have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess permutations you can have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess permutations you can have that
+many permutations into there um what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many permutations into there um what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many permutations into there um what's
+two to the um 2 to the 3 everybody eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to the um 2 to the 3 everybody eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to the um 2 to the 3 everybody eight
+eight so it's said yeah that eight is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight so it's said yeah that eight is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight so it's said yeah that eight is
+less than or well no is less than 12 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or well no is less than 12 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or well no is less than 12 is
+less than or equal to 16 therefore we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to 16 therefore we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to 16 therefore we
+need 2 to the 4th so we need four bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need 2 to the 4th so we need four bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need 2 to the 4th so we need four bits
+for that so we have four bits in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that so we have four bits in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that so we have four bits in one
+thing for um for pitch class is that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for um for pitch class is that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for um for pitch class is that a
+term that everybody knows it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that everybody knows it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that everybody knows it's not a
+term taught in all of uh of 301 first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term taught in all of uh of 301 first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term taught in all of uh of 301 first
+semester Theory it's um well say sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester Theory it's um well say sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester Theory it's um well say sort of
+encoding c as zero C sharp or dlat as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding c as zero C sharp or dlat as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding c as zero C sharp or dlat as
+One D as two or also I suppose C double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One D as two or also I suppose C double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One D as two or also I suppose C double
+sharp or e flat um we don't really care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp or e flat um we don't really care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp or e flat um we don't really care
+so we're going to use four things for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to use four things for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to use four things for
+pitch class something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch class something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch class something like that
+great and uh anybody else use um do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great and uh anybody else use um do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great and uh anybody else use um do
+something like this any other groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this any other groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this any other groups
+Jason and okay so quite a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jason and okay so quite a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jason and okay so quite a number of
+groups um let's see uh yeah we'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups um let's see uh yeah we'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups um let's see uh yeah we'll go
+with Phil and Angelica's group what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Phil and Angelica's group what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Phil and Angelica's group what what
+did you do with your other part oh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you do with your other part oh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you do with your other part oh we
+try to like up with duration so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to like up with duration so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to like up with duration so
+sacrifice the like octave PES uhuh just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sacrifice the like octave PES uhuh just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sacrifice the like octave PES uhuh just
+encod the duration so how many durations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encod the duration so how many durations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encod the duration so how many durations
+can you encode with what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remaining 16 16 what are some durations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining 16 16 what are some durations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining 16 16 what are some durations
+that that you might have chosen to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that you might have chosen to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that you might have chosen to to
+encode or we'll go move on to uh uh Lila
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encode or we'll go move on to uh uh Lila
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encode or we'll go move on to uh uh Lila
+Leela Lila lla and John um we could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leela Lila lla and John um we could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leela Lila lla and John um we could do
+whole notes half notes dotted four notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole notes half notes dotted four notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole notes half notes dotted four notes
+Etc whole notes half notes dotted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc whole notes half notes dotted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc whole notes half notes dotted
+quarter notes uh explain a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter notes uh explain a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter notes uh explain a little bit
+more to your Etc oh yeah so you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more to your Etc oh yeah so you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more to your Etc oh yeah so you can have
+like your basically like whole half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like your basically like whole half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like your basically like whole half
+quarter then you like add the Dodge CU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter then you like add the Dodge CU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter then you like add the Dodge CU
+we have 16 bits to work with Okay whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have 16 bits to work with Okay whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have 16 bits to work with Okay whole
+half quarter and E eth and so how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half quarter and E eth and so how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half quarter and E eth and so how many
+how many bits is going to take if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many bits is going to take if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many bits is going to take if we
+just stop there only two only two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just stop there only two only two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just stop there only two only two
+because we have two to the two squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have two to the two squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have two to the two squared
+is four right so we can put that into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is four right so we can put that into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is four right so we can put that into
+there and then if we want to encode if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then if we want to encode if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then if we want to encode if
+it has a DOT or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a DOT or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a DOT or
+not is that another bit so then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not is that another bit so then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not is that another bit so then we have
+dot or not what happens if we say h we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot or not what happens if we say h we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot or not what happens if we say h we
+just put one more thing in we'll put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put one more thing in we'll put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put one more thing in we'll put in
+16th what do we get as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16th what do we get as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16th what do we get as a
+problem can we squeeze that into four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem can we squeeze that into four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem can we squeeze that into four
+bit into two bits no so once you decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit into two bits no so once you decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit into two bits no so once you decide
+that you're going to be able to encode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to be able to encode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to be able to encode
+16th you might as well go and do your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16th you might as well go and do your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16th you might as well go and do your
+32nd 64th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32nd 64th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32nd 64th
+do we want to do 128th or breath double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we want to do 128th or breath double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we want to do 128th or breath double
+whole note they're both both pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole note they're both both pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole note they're both both pretty
+uncommon so so we're slightly wasting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncommon so so we're slightly wasting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncommon so so we're slightly wasting
+some space on some pretty uncommon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some space on some pretty uncommon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some space on some pretty uncommon
+things but we get the dot um so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but we get the dot um so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but we get the dot um so that's
+three think about doing just 16th notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three think about doing just 16th notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three think about doing just 16th notes
+as your base and then you can have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as your base and then you can have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as your base and then you can have all
+like multiples of 16th okay you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like multiples of 16th okay you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like multiples of 16th okay you can have
+multiples of 16th so you have 16th as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiples of 16th so you have 16th as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiples of 16th so you have 16th as a
+base and then how um if you had like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base and then how um if you had like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base and then how um if you had like the
+number two or one I guess you'd get like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two or one I guess you'd get like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two or one I guess you'd get like
+Z would be note or I guess or maybe not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z would be note or I guess or maybe not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z would be note or I guess or maybe not
+maybe You' want like maybe you'd want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe You' want like maybe you'd want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe You' want like maybe you'd want to
+be able to have zero time but if you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to have zero time but if you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to have zero time but if you had
+zero is 1/6th note then one would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is 1/6th note then one would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is 1/6th note then one would be
+26th notes would be an eighth note and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+26th notes would be an eighth note and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+26th notes would be an eighth note and
+then you can do like dots and stuff and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can do like dots and stuff and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can do like dots and stuff and
+you can do all of that stuff and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do all of that stuff and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do all of that stuff and you can
+encode up to something that has 16 16th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encode up to something that has 16 16th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encode up to something that has 16 16th
+notes right with that way um which would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes right with that way um which would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes right with that way um which would
+be a whole note so that's that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a whole note so that's that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a whole note so that's that's pretty
+that's pretty great way um it does mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty great way um it does mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty great way um it does mean
+we are spending quite a bit of uh energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are spending quite a bit of uh energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are spending quite a bit of uh energy
+dealing with things that are uh a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with things that are uh a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with things that are uh a little
+bit unusual but yeah anybody have any um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit unusual but yeah anybody have any um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit unusual but yeah anybody have any um
+any ways that we didn't talk about very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any ways that we didn't talk about very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any ways that we didn't talk about very
+much second El yeah uh we thought that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much second El yeah uh we thought that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much second El yeah uh we thought that
+it was important to encode octave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was important to encode octave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was important to encode octave
+information too uhhuh um so we spent six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information too uhhuh um so we spent six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information too uhhuh um so we spent six
+bits encoding like the 6 or 64 of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits encoding like the 6 or 64 of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits encoding like the 6 or 64 of the
+midi note numbers okay and then two bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midi note numbers okay and then two bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midi note numbers okay and then two bits
+on duration 64 mini notes so now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on duration 64 mini notes so now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on duration 64 mini notes so now we have
+octave good 64 out of the 88 keys in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octave good 64 out of the 88 keys in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octave good 64 out of the 88 keys in the
+keyboard um you decide to do just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keyboard um you decide to do just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keyboard um you decide to do just the
+outside ones right and leave out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside ones right and leave out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside ones right and leave out the
+ones in the middle okay good and um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones in the middle okay good and um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones in the middle okay good and um and
+then two bits for uh for duration so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then two bits for uh for duration so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then two bits for uh for duration so we
+get maybe whole half quarter eth not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get maybe whole half quarter eth not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get maybe whole half quarter eth not too
+much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more
+great um super this great thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great um super this great thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great um super this great thinking
+exercise why might you want to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise why might you want to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise why might you want to do that
+well there's some people who use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's some people who use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's some people who use
+oops that's the most confusing slide in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops that's the most confusing slide in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops that's the most confusing slide in
+a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while
+there are quite a number of people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are quite a number of people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are quite a number of people who
+are very interested in um not even one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very interested in um not even one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very interested in um not even one
+bite but six bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bite but six bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bite but six bit
+encodings and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encodings and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encodings and
+um for instance in the Braille music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for instance in the Braille music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for instance in the Braille music
+code one of the important things is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code one of the important things is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code one of the important things is
+being able to encode um the seven dionic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to encode um the seven dionic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to encode um the seven dionic
+notes because the dionic notes tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes because the dionic notes tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes because the dionic notes tend to
+be used much more often and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used much more often and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used much more often and maybe
+somewhere else you have something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else you have something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else you have something that
+tells you the key signature the seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you the key signature the seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you the key signature the seven
+dionic notes and eight durations in six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dionic notes and eight durations in six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dionic notes and eight durations in six
+bits um how do they do that how do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits um how do they do that how do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits um how do they do that how do they
+get eight durations they've doubled up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get eight durations they've doubled up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get eight durations they've doubled up
+and said look if you're on 128th note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said look if you're on 128th note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said look if you're on 128th note
+you're really unlikely to move to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really unlikely to move to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really unlikely to move to a
+whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole
+note so that contextually you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note so that contextually you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note so that contextually you take
+advantage of the fact that it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of the fact that it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of the fact that it's very
+rare to have a whole note and then a 64
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rare to have a whole note and then a 64
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rare to have a whole note and then a 64
+note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note
+um and if if it's really really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and if if it's really really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and if if it's really really really
+unclear fortunately they put in a space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unclear fortunately they put in a space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unclear fortunately they put in a space
+uh the Braille music code it puts in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the Braille music code it puts in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the Braille music code it puts in a
+space where um there's an end of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space where um there's an end of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space where um there's an end of a
+measure so if you're really unclear like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure so if you're really unclear like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure so if you're really unclear like
+I I wonder if these are all 128 no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I wonder if these are all 128 no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I wonder if these are all 128 no no
+the measure ended okay they're they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measure ended okay they're they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measure ended okay they're they're
+probably the long notes so that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the long notes so that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the long notes so that's one
+one reason why you might be thinking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reason why you might be thinking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reason why you might be thinking of
+very efficient encoding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very efficient encoding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very efficient encoding
+um many things are lost there we'll take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um many things are lost there we'll take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um many things are lost there we'll take
+I don't want to spend as much time on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want to spend as much time on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want to spend as much time on
+this but get back in your same group and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but get back in your same group and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but get back in your same group and
+talk about what you could do if now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about what you could do if now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about what you could do if now you
+had three bytes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had three bytes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had three bytes on
+average to encode your notes so that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average to encode your notes so that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average to encode your notes so that if
+we have a typical score and I'll leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a typical score and I'll leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a typical score and I'll leave
+you to think what a typical score uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to think what a typical score uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to think what a typical score uh
+looks like that um you could be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like that um you could be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like that um you could be doing
+sometimes you take a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you take a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you take a little bit more
+sometimes a little bit less so just talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes a little bit less so just talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes a little bit less so just talk
+through you don't need to come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through you don't need to come up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through you don't need to come up with a
+full representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full representation
+like this for it but just what are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this for it but just what are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this for it but just what are some
+of the things that you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that you might
+add okay let's come back together what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add okay let's come back together what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add okay let's come back together what
+are some things we use this enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some things we use this enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some things we use this enormous
+Bounty of space of three bytes to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bounty of space of three bytes to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bounty of space of three bytes to do
+that you didn't do before um let let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you didn't do before um let let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you didn't do before um let let's
+just go go around you can say pass but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go go around you can say pass but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go go around you can say pass but
+we'll start over here in second row and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll start over here in second row and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll start over here in second row and
+go um I guess left to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go um I guess left to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go um I guess left to
+right we say day for okay great we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we say day for okay great we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we say day for okay great we're
+we've stopped leaving out o Ive for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've stopped leaving out o Ive for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've stopped leaving out o Ive for
+everybody right um another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody right um another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody right um another
+group Dots Dots okay we have dots in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group Dots Dots okay we have dots in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group Dots Dots okay we have dots in
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+great articulation articulation o yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great articulation articulation o yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great articulation articulation o yeah
+um it's every note needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's every note needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's every note needed
+articulation so this is where average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulation so this is where average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulation so this is where average
+might come into play right you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might come into play right you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might come into play right you might
+have something some sort of a flag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something some sort of a flag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something some sort of a flag
+somewhere some condition that says uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere some condition that says uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere some condition that says uh
+more information to come and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more information to come and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more information to come and then you
+can use additional space great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use additional space great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use additional space great
+articulations other things uh we said do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulations other things uh we said do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulations other things uh we said do
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+Dynamics volume Dynamics or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics volume Dynamics or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics volume Dynamics or
+volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume
+mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix
+volume just in case I forget to mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume just in case I forget to mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume just in case I forget to mention
+it at some point a lot of people in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at some point a lot of people in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at some point a lot of people in the
+computer Music World call the Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer Music World call the Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer Music World call the Dynamics
+of volume the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of volume the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of volume the
+velocity uh which is which really tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity uh which is which really tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity uh which is which really tells
+you that the um that the piano was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that the um that the piano was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that the um that the piano was the
+first instrument they were thinking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first instrument they were thinking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first instrument they were thinking of
+encoding because it's how fast you hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding because it's how fast you hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding because it's how fast you hit
+the note um how fast you hit the key on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the note um how fast you hit the key on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the note um how fast you hit the key on
+the clarinet doesn't really make it any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clarinet doesn't really make it any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clarinet doesn't really make it any
+um any louder um but velocity Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um any louder um but velocity Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um any louder um but velocity Dynamics
+volume velocity uh good continue on I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume velocity uh good continue on I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume velocity uh good continue on I
+guess you could do something like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess you could do something like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess you could do something like what
+you just said for the flag where like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just said for the flag where like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just said for the flag where like if
+it's an extreme range of a note or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an extreme range of a note or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an extreme range of a note or
+extreme duration then you say like oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme duration then you say like oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme duration then you say like oh
+this is an unusually long extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an unusually long extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an unusually long extreme
+cases to follow right or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases to follow right or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases to follow right or something like
+that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to
+follow and yeah so that could be these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow and yeah so that could be these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow and yeah so that could be these
+could be little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be little
+Flags suppose do people think flags look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flags suppose do people think flags look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flags suppose do people think flags look
+yeah flags look better going left don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah flags look better going left don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah flags look better going left don't
+they good um other continuing around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they good um other continuing around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they good um other continuing around
+other things to chose that aren't on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things to chose that aren't on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things to chose that aren't on
+here so I think one thing was I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I think one thing was I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I think one thing was I guess
+like time signature and stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like time signature and stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like time signature and stuff
+because um it encoded with like just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um it encoded with like just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um it encoded with like just the
+reference of the musical half notes yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference of the musical half notes yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference of the musical half notes yeah
+information isn't necessarily stored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information isn't necessarily stored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information isn't necessarily stored
+within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within
+the I actually made um yeah I put in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I actually made um yeah I put in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I actually made um yeah I put in and
+anything else on this slide that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else on this slide that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else on this slide that I
+didn't put on the other one because yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't put on the other one because yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't put on the other one because yeah
+I thought maybe time signature could go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought maybe time signature could go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought maybe time signature could go
+in key signature other things to go at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in key signature other things to go at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in key signature other things to go at
+the beginning what what else comes at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning what what else comes at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning what what else comes at
+the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+piece so chout out key signature time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece so chout out key signature time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece so chout out key signature time
+signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature
+Tempo name of the piece name of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tempo name of the piece name of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tempo name of the piece name of the
+piece metadata name of the piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece metadata name of the piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece metadata name of the piece
+metadata very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metadata very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metadata very
+important who wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important who wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important who wrote
+it Metadate sorry that was that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Metadate sorry that was that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Metadate sorry that was that was
+yesterday's metadata now metadata um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday's metadata now metadata um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday's metadata now metadata um
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+CL good um quickly go through the front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CL good um quickly go through the front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CL good um quickly go through the front
+row if you have something that you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row if you have something that you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row if you have something that you'd
+like to throw onto this uh we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to throw onto this uh we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to throw onto this uh we'll
+continue uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue uh
+was that Adam did you you guys just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that Adam did you you guys just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that Adam did you you guys just
+smoke right no no did you because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoke right no no did you because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoke right no no did you because you
+you you shouted out when I said anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you shouted out when I said anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you shouted out when I said anything
+else you put in your encoding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else you put in your encoding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else you put in your encoding
+Vanessa ties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vanessa ties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vanessa ties
+good that lets you build a lot of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good that lets you build a lot of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good that lets you build a lot of things
+Jordan Misha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jordan Misha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jordan Misha
+anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+triet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triet
+triplets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triplets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triplets
+yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+triplets yeah and I was just um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triplets yeah and I was just um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triplets yeah and I was just um
+what's the generalization of triplets if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the generalization of triplets if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the generalization of triplets if
+they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+not three anyone know term for tuplets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not three anyone know term for tuplets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not three anyone know term for tuplets
+or tuplets or t more often tuplets in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or tuplets or t more often tuplets in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or tuplets or t more often tuplets in
+the British pronunciation tlets more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the British pronunciation tlets more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the British pronunciation tlets more
+often in the English um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often in the English um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often in the English um
+pronunciation good um anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+else why would we want and so here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else why would we want and so here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else why would we want and so here are
+some examples by the way of how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples by the way of how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples by the way of how the
+braille code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+braille code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+braille code
+uses an average of one B but allows for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses an average of one B but allows for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses an average of one B but allows for
+or one cell six bits um but allows for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or one cell six bits um but allows for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or one cell six bits um but allows for
+other things so if you have accidentals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things so if you have accidentals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things so if you have accidentals
+we can be adding particular marks to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can be adding particular marks to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can be adding particular marks to say
+hey there's going to be something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey there's going to be something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey there's going to be something else
+coming next look up what this extended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming next look up what this extended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming next look up what this extended
+Mark is or sometimes there is a sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mark is or sometimes there is a sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mark is or sometimes there is a sign
+that you can use for saying hey I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can use for saying hey I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can use for saying hey I know
+you'd think that I'm all in 302 notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd think that I'm all in 302 notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd think that I'm all in 302 notes
+I'm probably going to jump to a 16th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm probably going to jump to a 16th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm probably going to jump to a 16th
+note but actually I'm going to jump all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note but actually I'm going to jump all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note but actually I'm going to jump all
+the way up to a a half note or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way up to a a half note or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way up to a a half note or something
+so there is there are some cautionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is there are some cautionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is there are some cautionary
+signs for that um and beams and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs for that um and beams and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs for that um and beams and things
+of that sort can be put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that sort can be put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that sort can be put
+in um yeah Adam is there a morse code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um yeah Adam is there a morse code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um yeah Adam is there a morse code
+for music notation Morse code um not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for music notation Morse code um not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for music notation Morse code um not
+that I know of not that I know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I know of not that I know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I know of not that I know the
+Braille by the way music code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Braille by the way music code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Braille by the way music code
+predates the um Braille text Lou bral um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predates the um Braille text Lou bral um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predates the um Braille text Lou bral um
+invented the music code first first and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented the music code first first and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented the music code first first and
+then decided to do it with text uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then decided to do it with text uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then decided to do it with text uh
+before in part because um text is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before in part because um text is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before in part because um text is
+already a little bit easier to read with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already a little bit easier to read with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already a little bit easier to read with
+raised Impressions whereas music was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised Impressions whereas music was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised Impressions whereas music was
+just impossible to read with raised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just impossible to read with raised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just impossible to read with raised
+Impressions so there was more of a need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Impressions so there was more of a need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Impressions so there was more of a need
+for reading music than there was um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for reading music than there was um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for reading music than there was um for
+text at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text at the
+time um and just for a second let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um and just for a second let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um and just for a second let's just
+think what could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what could you
+do that you couldn't do with this if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that you couldn't do with this if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that you couldn't do with this if you
+had about a megabyte per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had about a megabyte per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had about a megabyte per
+note that's a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bytes people have thought of this all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bytes people have thought of this all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bytes people have thought of this all
+the time and you've probably done it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time and you've probably done it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time and you've probably done it and
+you're not even thinking of it you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not even thinking of it you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not even thinking of it you've
+probably used a megabyte encoding per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably used a megabyte encoding per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably used a megabyte encoding per
+note already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note already
+today I know that John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I know that John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I know that John
+has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+just I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I
+see have like different like features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see have like different like features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see have like different like features
+for like the output of the notes so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like the output of the notes so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like the output of the notes so like
+like a stere mono sound stereo mono
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a stere mono sound stereo mono
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a stere mono sound stereo mono
+sound or yeah you're getting getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound or yeah you're getting getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound or yeah you're getting getting
+yeah Fidelity the Fidel just the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Fidelity the Fidel just the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Fidelity the Fidel just the the
+audio wave of the note you can encode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio wave of the note you can encode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio wave of the note you can encode
+the exact you know why do you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact you know why do you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact you know why do you need to
+encode um is this a c or saying when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encode um is this a c or saying when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encode um is this a c or saying when you
+can just hear it and you can also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just hear it and you can also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just hear it and you can also be
+encoding with that yeah the Fidelity the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding with that yeah the Fidelity the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding with that yeah the Fidelity the
+mono thing you're encoding the in exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mono thing you're encoding the in exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mono thing you're encoding the in exact
+instrument how it was performed you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument how it was performed you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument how it was performed you're
+losing generality right because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing generality right because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing generality right because you're
+encoding one performance of a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding one performance of a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding one performance of a particular
+piece and not um every performance but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and not um every performance but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and not um every performance but
+maybe maybe you can do one megabyte plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe you can do one megabyte plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe you can do one megabyte plus
+um plus an average of three bytes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um plus an average of three bytes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um plus an average of three bytes to
+also store what the note was supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also store what the note was supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also store what the note was supposed to
+be so so we'll be able to get the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so so we'll be able to get the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so so we'll be able to get the best
+of all worlds um okay what do we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all worlds um okay what do we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all worlds um okay what do we have
+why do I care about efficiency it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do I care about efficiency it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do I care about efficiency it's in
+part because we're at a point where um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part because we're at a point where um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part because we're at a point where um
+we can start storing a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can start storing a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can start storing a lot of
+information about notes uh you know most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about notes uh you know most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about notes uh you know most
+of us don't bat an eye anymore at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us don't bat an eye anymore at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us don't bat an eye anymore at the
+notion were streaming in high def or 4K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion were streaming in high def or 4K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion were streaming in high def or 4K
+or what whatever and you know gigabytes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what whatever and you know gigabytes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what whatever and you know gigabytes
+of billions of did I said billions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of billions of did I said billions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of billions of did I said billions
+before I meant Millions four billions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I meant Millions four billions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I meant Millions four billions of
+bytes in an hour just to watch a movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bytes in an hour just to watch a movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bytes in an hour just to watch a movie
+so why do we care about if we can store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why do we care about if we can store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why do we care about if we can store
+one extra um thing in the note it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one extra um thing in the note it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one extra um thing in the note it's
+because um almost entirely based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um almost entirely based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um almost entirely based on
+history this is one of the earliest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history this is one of the earliest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history this is one of the earliest
+encodings of um of a musical piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encodings of um of a musical piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encodings of um of a musical piece of
+the dissertation from 1982 but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dissertation from 1982 but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dissertation from 1982 but this is
+going in the 60s and things and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in the 60s and things and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in the 60s and things and we
+started with um with Punch Cards and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with um with Punch Cards and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with um with Punch Cards and
+punching cards takes a long time so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punching cards takes a long time so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punching cards takes a long time so the
+more efficient you can get with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more efficient you can get with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more efficient you can get with your
+encoding the fewer cards you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding the fewer cards you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding the fewer cards you're going to
+need and this has left consequences on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need and this has left consequences on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need and this has left consequences on
+us um for today by the way I always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us um for today by the way I always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us um for today by the way I always
+thought that oh punch card you can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that oh punch card you can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that oh punch card you can you
+know you get 1 2 3 4 5 six seven 8 nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you get 1 2 3 4 5 six seven 8 nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you get 1 2 3 4 5 six seven 8 nine
+10 you know you can you get 10 bits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 you know you can you get 10 bits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 you know you can you get 10 bits of
+information it turns out you punch too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information it turns out you punch too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information it turns out you punch too
+many holes in a punch card and you try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many holes in a punch card and you try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many holes in a punch card and you try
+to put it through the punch card reader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put it through the punch card reader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put it through the punch card reader
+and it jams so you actually have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it jams so you actually have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it jams so you actually have a
+limited number of ones you can do per uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited number of ones you can do per uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited number of ones you can do per uh
+bite or per per row in a punch card but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bite or per per row in a punch card but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bite or per per row in a punch card but
+we're still so we're still having to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're still so we're still having to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're still so we're still having to
+deal with some of the choices that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with some of the choices that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with some of the choices that were
+made um in order back when computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made um in order back when computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made um in order back when computers
+might have 4 kilobytes of of memory or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have 4 kilobytes of of memory or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have 4 kilobytes of of memory or
+16 kilobytes of memory for every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 kilobytes of memory for every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 kilobytes of memory for every single
+thing so if you want to store um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so if you want to store um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so if you want to store um you
+know 16 kilobytes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 16 kilobytes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 16 kilobytes of
+16 16,000 bytes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 16,000 bytes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 16,000 bytes
+you if you're storing 10 bytes per note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you're storing 10 bytes per note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you're storing 10 bytes per note
+you only store 1,600 notes you can't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only store 1,600 notes you can't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only store 1,600 notes you can't get
+through a whole piece but if you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a whole piece but if you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a whole piece but if you can get
+it down to two matters and so we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down to two matters and so we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down to two matters and so we have a
+lot of ways that are very compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of ways that are very compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of ways that are very compact
+representations there are still out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations there are still out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations there are still out
+there and that we're only over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and that we're only over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and that we're only over time
+feeling like you know we can expand a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling like you know we can expand a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling like you know we can expand a
+little bit this is your first file your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit this is your first file your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit this is your first file your
+first encoding format that you've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first encoding format that you've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first encoding format that you've seen
+in this class I believe right besides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class I believe right besides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class I believe right besides
+stupid weird ones I make up on the on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid weird ones I make up on the on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid weird ones I make up on the on
+the Fly this is um called Muse data this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fly this is um called Muse data this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fly this is um called Muse data this
+was one of the first U major projects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one of the first U major projects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one of the first U major projects of
+encoding uh yeah of encoding a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding uh yeah of encoding a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding uh yeah of encoding a lot of
+music into things made uh by Walter huet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music into things made uh by Walter huet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music into things made uh by Walter huet
+of huet Packard Fame and um let's try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of huet Packard Fame and um let's try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of huet Packard Fame and um let's try to
+guess what some of the things might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what some of the things might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what some of the things might be
+in this what um let's let's start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this what um let's let's start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this what um let's let's start with
+something really obvious what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something really obvious what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something really obvious what do you
+think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this
+means rest okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means rest okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means rest okay
+good we're obviously already in a period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good we're obviously already in a period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good we're obviously already in a period
+where we can afford four bytes to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we can afford four bytes to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we can afford four bytes to write
+out rest rather than putting R in so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out rest rather than putting R in so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out rest rather than putting R in so
+that's this tells you that this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this tells you that this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this tells you that this is a
+little bit later than other things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit later than other things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit later than other things that
+were happening um somebody else take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were happening um somebody else take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were happening um somebody else take a
+guess what something else might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what something else might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what something else might
+be y go ahead Z does q s for quarter Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be y go ahead Z does q s for quarter Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be y go ahead Z does q s for quarter Q
+might s for quarter um let's see we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might s for quarter um let's see we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might s for quarter um let's see we we
+we might find something that will help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might find something that will help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might find something that will help
+us with that El I'll go easy measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us with that El I'll go easy measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us with that El I'll go easy measure
+starts for measure and measure stands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts for measure and measure stands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts for measure and measure stands
+for measure and one stands for one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for measure and one stands for one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for measure and one stands for one and
+two stands for two right um is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two stands for two right um is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two stands for two right um is there
+anything that would let you think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that would let you think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that would let you think that
+QQ cube in one measure might be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QQ cube in one measure might be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QQ cube in one measure might be the
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+thing yeah t time signature T time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing yeah t time signature T time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing yeah t time signature T time
+signature 34 right um every everybody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature 34 right um every everybody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature 34 right um every everybody's
+notation teacher always told you never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation teacher always told you never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation teacher always told you never
+put a slash in a time signature when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a slash in a time signature when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a slash in a time signature when
+you're writing on the page well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're writing on the page well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're writing on the page well in
+computer stuff we always do because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer stuff we always do because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer stuff we always do because we
+have nothing better to separate them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have nothing better to separate them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have nothing better to separate them
+good Q's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good Q's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good Q's that
+um you think these are notes notes good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you think these are notes notes good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you think these are notes notes good
+good interesting thing is that they end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good interesting thing is that they end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good interesting thing is that they end
+up encoding the duration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up encoding the duration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up encoding the duration
+twice uh since this one I've tried to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice uh since this one I've tried to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice uh since this one I've tried to do
+long time you know what do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time you know what do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time you know what do you think
+that is and it's almost impossible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is and it's almost impossible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is and it's almost impossible to
+get so you have the quarter note and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get so you have the quarter note and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get so you have the quarter note and you
+also have something that says a quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have something that says a quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have something that says a quarter
+takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes
+two something ticks maybe some things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two something ticks maybe some things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two something ticks maybe some things
+like that and so you encode it twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and so you encode it twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and so you encode it twice
+once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once
+what's the difference between this two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the difference between this two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the difference between this two
+that each quarter is two of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each quarter is two of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each quarter is two of something
+and that this is a q who needs what for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that this is a q who needs what for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that this is a q who needs what for
+what yeah what's printed on the page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what yeah what's printed on the page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what yeah what's printed on the page
+versus what's played what's printed on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus what's played what's printed on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus what's played what's printed on
+the page and what's played so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the page and what's played so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the page and what's played so that you
+don't need to convert between Visual and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to convert between Visual and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to convert between Visual and
+um and and time duration and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and time duration and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and time duration and this is a
+function um in almost all modern uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function um in almost all modern uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function um in almost all modern uh
+storage things uh still today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage things uh still today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage things uh still today
+it's also helpful for um there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also helpful for um there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also helpful for um there are some
+very weird cases that U that you'll run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very weird cases that U that you'll run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very weird cases that U that you'll run
+into in one of the readings later where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into in one of the readings later where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into in one of the readings later where
+composers have used durations to mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composers have used durations to mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composers have used durations to mean
+something slightly different from what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something slightly different from what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something slightly different from what
+uh they actually what they generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they actually what they generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they actually what they generally
+are okay um so this is some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are okay um so this is some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are okay um so this is some of the
+reasons why we went through efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why we went through efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why we went through efficiency
+you're going to be um on the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be um on the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be um on the second
+problem set the one that um you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set the one that um you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set the one that um you'll get
+on Friday which will be done in groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Friday which will be done in groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Friday which will be done in groups
+you're going to be coming up with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be coming up with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be coming up with your
+own representation system for some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own representation system for some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own representation system for some sort
+of thing that is music except for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing that is music except for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing that is music except for the
+thing I'm just about to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I'm just about to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I'm just about to talk about
+common western music notation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common western music notation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common western music notation so
+something else besides normal scores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else besides normal scores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else besides normal scores
+that we see all the time and you'll need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we see all the time and you'll need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we see all the time and you'll need
+to make the same choices decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the same choices decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the same choices decisions
+mistakes maybe that um that pioneering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes maybe that um that pioneering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes maybe that um that pioneering
+people did uh in the 60s and 70s and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people did uh in the 60s and 70s and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people did uh in the 60s and 70s and um
+hopefully um learn something about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully um learn something about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully um learn something about what
+trade-offs happen along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way so we're going to be talking uh oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so we're going to be talking uh oops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so we're going to be talking uh oops
+this slide's a little bit out of order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slide's a little bit out of order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slide's a little bit out of order
+should be here this slide should be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be here this slide should be um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be here this slide should be um
+about something in the class which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about something in the class which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about something in the class which is
+called common western music notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called common western music notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called common western music notation
+often abbreviated to leave out one word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often abbreviated to leave out one word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often abbreviated to leave out one word
+uh one letter either common western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one letter either common western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one letter either common western
+music notation common music notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music notation common music notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music notation common music notation
+common Western notation some like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common Western notation some like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common Western notation some like that
+um this is an example of what I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is an example of what I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is an example of what I think
+most people would believe is common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people would believe is common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people would believe is common
+western music notation it uses notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western music notation it uses notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western music notation it uses notes
+staves clefts things uh left to right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staves clefts things uh left to right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staves clefts things uh left to right
+means earlier to later up to down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means earlier to later up to down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means earlier to later up to down
+means higher to lower right so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means higher to lower right so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means higher to lower right so that
+here's a whole bunch of high notes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a whole bunch of high notes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a whole bunch of high notes and
+here's a whole bunch of low notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a whole bunch of low notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a whole bunch of low notes
+right no except for that there's certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right no except for that there's certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right no except for that there's certain
+there's certain things that we say only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's certain things that we say only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's certain things that we say only
+within a particular staff is higher and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a particular staff is higher and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a particular staff is higher and
+lower and then we have divisions and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower and then we have divisions and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower and then we have divisions and we
+move on to other systems and stuff so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on to other systems and stuff so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on to other systems and stuff so um
+yeah so these are things that uh are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so these are things that uh are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so these are things that uh are
+standard in common common western music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard in common common western music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard in common common western music
+notation uh that was a piece by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation uh that was a piece by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation uh that was a piece by uh
+Joseph bong the chaler Des s George this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joseph bong the chaler Des s George this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joseph bong the chaler Des s George this
+is a piece by uh clar Shuman her Piano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a piece by uh clar Shuman her Piano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a piece by uh clar Shuman her Piano
+Trio um Trio for piano violin and cello
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trio um Trio for piano violin and cello
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trio um Trio for piano violin and cello
+and see some things that we consider to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see some things that we consider to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see some things that we consider to
+be common western music notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be common western music notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be common western music notation
+including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including
+slurs ties Grace notes beams all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slurs ties Grace notes beams all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slurs ties Grace notes beams all these
+types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of
+things common western music notation can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things common western music notation can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things common western music notation can
+represent a piece of music in multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent a piece of music in multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent a piece of music in multiple
+ways this is an ARA from uh Wulf Kong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways this is an ARA from uh Wulf Kong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways this is an ARA from uh Wulf Kong
+Mozart's Opera Don Giovani um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mozart's Opera Don Giovani um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mozart's Opera Don Giovani um
+song in that IIM May by Dona and um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song in that IIM May by Dona and um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song in that IIM May by Dona and um we
+have the top of each of these systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the top of each of these systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the top of each of these systems
+voice part Italian translation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice part Italian translation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice part Italian translation to
+English two two staves for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+piano and then the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piano and then the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piano and then the exact
+same music in some way here's her part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same music in some way here's her part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same music in some way here's her part
+here except for the English is gone very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here except for the English is gone very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here except for the English is gone very
+helpfully replaced with German and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpfully replaced with German and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpfully replaced with German and um
+her nice trouble cff was nicely replaced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her nice trouble cff was nicely replaced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her nice trouble cff was nicely replaced
+by soprano cff for ease of reading for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by soprano cff for ease of reading for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by soprano cff for ease of reading for
+all of us because she's a soprano and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of us because she's a soprano and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of us because she's a soprano and
+the piano is gone replaced with take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the piano is gone replaced with take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the piano is gone replaced with take a
+guess what are these parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what are these parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what are these parts
+for orchestra or Orchestra yeah so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for orchestra or Orchestra yeah so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for orchestra or Orchestra yeah so we
+have we have um strings we have other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we have um strings we have other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we have um strings we have other
+things going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things going
+on one of the questions would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one of the questions would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one of the questions would
+be when we have multiple representations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be when we have multiple representations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be when we have multiple representations
+of the same piece how do we translate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the same piece how do we translate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the same piece how do we translate
+from one to another is there a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one to another is there a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one to another is there a way that
+we can go from this exact moment to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can go from this exact moment to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can go from this exact moment to that
+exact moment and what kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact moment and what kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact moment and what kinds of
+relationships would make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships would make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships would make that
+possible um so jumping back to clar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible um so jumping back to clar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible um so jumping back to clar
+schuman's Piano Trio um there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schuman's Piano Trio um there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schuman's Piano Trio um there are some
+things that are that violate particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are that violate particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are that violate particular
+Norms of common western music notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norms of common western music notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norms of common western music notation
+such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such
+as well I mean there part of it but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well I mean there part of it but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well I mean there part of it but they
+violate the basic basic principles what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violate the basic basic principles what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violate the basic basic principles what
+are these things up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these things up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these things up
+here not not Grace notes um let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here not not Grace notes um let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here not not Grace notes um let's say
+a a quarter note takes one tick a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a quarter note takes one tick a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a quarter note takes one tick a half
+note takes two ticks of some sort an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note takes two ticks of some sort an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note takes two ticks of some sort an
+eighth note takes half a tick how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighth note takes half a tick how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighth note takes half a tick how much
+does a Grace note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+take yeah usually half the a lot of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take yeah usually half the a lot of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take yeah usually half the a lot of time
+usually half the aot of time so so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually half the aot of time so so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually half the aot of time so so if I
+put a that that's that's very true in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a that that's that's very true in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a that that's that's very true in
+one sense so correct absolutely correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sense so correct absolutely correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sense so correct absolutely correct
+it's also not true in another sense so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also not true in another sense so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also not true in another sense so
+if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have
+44 and I put in a dotted half note and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+44 and I put in a dotted half note and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+44 and I put in a dotted half note and
+then I put in a Grace note that takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I put in a Grace note that takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I put in a Grace note that takes
+half of that so it's one qu so I still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of that so it's one qu so I still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of that so it's one qu so I still
+have enough room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough room
+for that amount of space right can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that amount of space right can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that amount of space right can
+everyone see from back here that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone see from back here that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone see from back here that's a
+dotted what's what's wrong with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotted what's what's wrong with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotted what's what's wrong with this
+representation Adam the grace note also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation Adam the grace note also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation Adam the grace note also
+eats away at the actual time for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eats away at the actual time for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eats away at the actual time for the
+note the grace yes so the grace note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note the grace yes so the grace note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note the grace yes so the grace note
+steals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steals
+time from the note that it's next to or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time from the note that it's next to or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time from the note that it's next to or
+it seals it sometimes from the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seals it sometimes from the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seals it sometimes from the one
+before um so in terms of how how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before um so in terms of how how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before um so in terms of how how many
+Grace notes can you how many Grace notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grace notes can you how many Grace notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grace notes can you how many Grace notes
+can you put in a 44 measure let's put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you put in a 44 measure let's put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you put in a 44 measure let's put it
+this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question 16 no you can put as many in as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question 16 no you can put as many in as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question 16 no you can put as many in as
+you want because the Grace notes just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want because the Grace notes just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want because the Grace notes just
+steal time so for instance here we're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steal time so for instance here we're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steal time so for instance here we're in
+68 so we have two dotted dotted um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+68 so we have two dotted dotted um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+68 so we have two dotted dotted um
+eighth note beats and we have a dotted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighth note beats and we have a dotted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighth note beats and we have a dotted
+cordin note so we have a dotted cordin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cordin note so we have a dotted cordin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cordin note so we have a dotted cordin
+note here and the equivalent of a dotted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note here and the equivalent of a dotted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note here and the equivalent of a dotted
+cord note here and we can squeeze in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord note here and we can squeeze in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord note here and we can squeeze in
+five gra notes there s 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five gra notes there s 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five gra notes there s 8
+doesn't matter but where conceptually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter but where conceptually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter but where conceptually do
+you play that and if we have this notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you play that and if we have this notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you play that and if we have this notion
+that in Western uh common western music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in Western uh common western music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in Western uh common western music
+everything that happens at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that happens at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that happens at the same time
+is vertically aligned I hope your theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is vertically aligned I hope your theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is vertically aligned I hope your theory
+teachers taught you that that's most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers taught you that that's most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers taught you that that's most
+important rule in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important rule in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important rule in
+general how do we know where to align
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general how do we know where to align
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general how do we know where to align
+these notes with the Grace notes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these notes with the Grace notes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these notes with the Grace notes so
+that's um that's one violation thing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's um that's one violation thing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's um that's one violation thing the
+limits of common western music notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits of common western music notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits of common western music notation
+are not strictly defined this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not strictly defined this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not strictly defined this is a very
+common p uh genre of music from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common p uh genre of music from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common p uh genre of music from uh
+around 1700
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 1700
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 1700
+1687 Elizabeth CLA jaet de ja de um very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1687 Elizabeth CLA jaet de ja de um very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1687 Elizabeth CLA jaet de ja de um very
+interesting piece a lot of things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting piece a lot of things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting piece a lot of things that
+look like common music notation until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like common music notation until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like common music notation until
+you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start
+getting what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting what is
+this what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what are
+these all the symbols of common western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these all the symbols of common western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these all the symbols of common western
+music notation but used in a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music notation but used in a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music notation but used in a different
+way these are um unmeasured preludes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way these are um unmeasured preludes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way these are um unmeasured preludes so
+certain places that should be played in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain places that should be played in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain places that should be played in
+time and certain other things that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and certain other things that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and certain other things that some
+most people believe um these tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people believe um these tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people believe um these tell you
+play these notes for exactly how long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play these notes for exactly how long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play these notes for exactly how long
+you want I kind of figure some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want I kind of figure some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want I kind of figure some other
+people think maybe improvise something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think maybe improvise something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think maybe improvise something
+on those notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but it's common western music notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's common western music notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's common western music notation
+but it becomes a problem for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it becomes a problem for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it becomes a problem for the
+computer what's the problem for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer what's the problem for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer what's the problem for the
+computer when it's all handwritten and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer when it's all handwritten and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer when it's all handwritten and
+so there's all kinds of ambiguity can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's all kinds of ambiguity can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's all kinds of ambiguity can
+you you can tell that okay this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can tell that okay this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can tell that okay this is going
+going and that's an A and that's a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going and that's an A and that's a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going and that's an A and that's a you
+know that's an A and that's an e and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's an A and that's an e and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's an A and that's an e and
+that's a c and oh that's either a d or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a c and oh that's either a d or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a c and oh that's either a d or
+an e right we can conceive of a note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an e right we can conceive of a note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an e right we can conceive of a note
+that is hard to read does your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is hard to read does your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is hard to read does your
+representation have a way of of notating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation have a way of of notating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation have a way of of notating
+that so um musical um handwritten scores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so um musical um handwritten scores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so um musical um handwritten scores
+also tend to contain lots of things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also tend to contain lots of things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also tend to contain lots of things that
+um that don't that violate common music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that don't that violate common music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that don't that violate common music
+notation I saw a bean manuscript once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation I saw a bean manuscript once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation I saw a bean manuscript once
+where he was just going along going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he was just going along going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he was just going along going
+along on two states then it became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along on two states then it became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along on two states then it became
+obvious that the top part was just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious that the top part was just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious that the top part was just going
+to repeat sorry the bottom part was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to repeat sorry the bottom part was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to repeat sorry the bottom part was just
+going to repeat what it was doing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to repeat what it was doing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to repeat what it was doing so
+goes along and just use the top one next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes along and just use the top one next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes along and just use the top one next
+time he's drawing the next system and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time he's drawing the next system and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time he's drawing the next system and he
+needs another staff oh and there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs another staff oh and there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs another staff oh and there's this
+empty staff above so he go goes ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty staff above so he go goes ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty staff above so he go goes ahead
+and uses it so you can be jumping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uses it so you can be jumping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uses it so you can be jumping
+forward and backwards in time in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward and backwards in time in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward and backwards in time in the
+same thing there are small almost every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing there are small almost every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing there are small almost every
+composer um uh of of significance has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composer um uh of of significance has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composer um uh of of significance has
+made uh their own tweaks to uh common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made uh their own tweaks to uh common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made uh their own tweaks to uh common
+music notation this is by uh the 20th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music notation this is by uh the 20th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music notation this is by uh the 20th
+Century composer Igor trinsky later in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Century composer Igor trinsky later in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Century composer Igor trinsky later in
+his life he started to ask why do we um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his life he started to ask why do we um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his life he started to ask why do we um
+when you have instruments that don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have instruments that don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have instruments that don't
+play very much why do we waste all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play very much why do we waste all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play very much why do we waste all the
+staff putting them out so it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff putting them out so it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff putting them out so it's really
+easy to see what's resting if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to see what's resting if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to see what's resting if you just
+start the staff where they come in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start the staff where they come in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start the staff where they come in and
+end it when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end it when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end it when they
+end a little bit um there limits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end a little bit um there limits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end a little bit um there limits of
+common western music notation come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common western music notation come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common western music notation come out
+in certain uh pieces this was I think my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in certain uh pieces this was I think my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in certain uh pieces this was I think my
+freshman uh composition assignment uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freshman uh composition assignment uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freshman uh composition assignment uh
+when I was trying to be a composer where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was trying to be a composer where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was trying to be a composer where
+I've used some things that look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've used some things that look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've used some things that look like
+normal notes but then at this point I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal notes but then at this point I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal notes but then at this point I
+didn't want to calculate what the Tempo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want to calculate what the Tempo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want to calculate what the Tempo
+was so just hold it for about 2 seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so just hold it for about 2 seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so just hold it for about 2 seconds
+hold this for about 2 seconds and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold this for about 2 seconds and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold this for about 2 seconds and then
+get to this point and this part should a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to this point and this part should a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to this point and this part should a
+chill Rondo so we'll just show about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chill Rondo so we'll just show about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chill Rondo so we'll just show about how
+kind of end like a 64th note is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of end like a 64th note is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of end like a 64th note is that
+part of common western music notation it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of common western music notation it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of common western music notation it
+wasn't 50 years ago but there's quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't 50 years ago but there's quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't 50 years ago but there's quite a
+number of scores that do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of scores that do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of scores that do it
+now a lot of the music being written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a lot of the music being written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a lot of the music being written
+today are stretching common western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today are stretching common western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today are stretching common western
+music notation quite to the limits this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music notation quite to the limits this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music notation quite to the limits this
+is uh uh Kate soer who's uh was a peer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh uh Kate soer who's uh was a peer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh uh Kate soer who's uh was a peer
+priz finalist a few years back teaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priz finalist a few years back teaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priz finalist a few years back teaches
+at Smith college one of her pieces from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Smith college one of her pieces from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Smith college one of her pieces from
+uh part of iik SE her Opera um she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh part of iik SE her Opera um she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh part of iik SE her Opera um she
+herself said it um where moves back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself said it um where moves back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself said it um where moves back and
+forth in the voice between sung and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth in the voice between sung and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth in the voice between sung and
+spoken and uses these other symbols to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoken and uses these other symbols to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoken and uses these other symbols to
+tell you how much uh to open and close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you how much uh to open and close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you how much uh to open and close
+the mouth and something a little bit odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mouth and something a little bit odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mouth and something a little bit odd
+about the violin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lots of things odd I'm thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of things odd I'm thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of things odd I'm thinking about
+the staff itself it's not a usual cluff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the staff itself it's not a usual cluff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the staff itself it's not a usual cluff
+for the violin now we violin in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the violin now we violin in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the violin now we violin in
+percussion cff with four lines what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percussion cff with four lines what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percussion cff with four lines what do
+you think those four lines represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think those four lines represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think those four lines represent
+what does a violin have four of strings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does a violin have four of strings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does a violin have four of strings
+strings so just what string to play on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings so just what string to play on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings so just what string to play on
+you'll figure out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+notes uh this is a piece by um Brian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes uh this is a piece by um Brian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes uh this is a piece by um Brian
+ferow part of a compositional group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ferow part of a compositional group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ferow part of a compositional group
+called new comp lexity uh which if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called new comp lexity uh which if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called new comp lexity uh which if we
+look just at the first measure there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look just at the first measure there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look just at the first measure there's
+almost nothing that violates common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost nothing that violates common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost nothing that violates common
+western music notation principles that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western music notation principles that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western music notation principles that
+we learn in our Theory classes but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learn in our Theory classes but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learn in our Theory classes but they
+kind of take it to the extreme so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of take it to the extreme so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of take it to the extreme so for
+instance first measure is 28 where um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance first measure is 28 where um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance first measure is 28 where um
+we're going to put in in place of four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to put in in place of four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to put in in place of four
+what the four 16th notes of 28 we'll put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the four 16th notes of 28 we'll put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the four 16th notes of 28 we'll put
+s16th notes in within that um for most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s16th notes in within that um for most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s16th notes in within that um for most
+of these we're going to put 21 30 second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these we're going to put 21 30 second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these we're going to put 21 30 second
+notes in the place of the first 20 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes in the place of the first 20 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes in the place of the first 20 of
+them or 2 and then within that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them or 2 and then within that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them or 2 and then within that we can
+have triplets so that tuplets can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have triplets so that tuplets can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have triplets so that tuplets can be
+nested almost indefinitely and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nested almost indefinitely and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nested almost indefinitely and there's
+no reason why our time signatures have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no reason why our time signatures have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no reason why our time signatures have
+to be powers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be powers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be powers of
+two so people are playing with things a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so people are playing with things a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so people are playing with things a
+lot okay Professor stop talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot okay Professor stop talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot okay Professor stop talking about
+the weird music this is all all strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weird music this is all all strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weird music this is all all strange
+new music it's no nobody in the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new music it's no nobody in the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new music it's no nobody in the great
+past like Mozart would do things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past like Mozart would do things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past like Mozart would do things like
+this so this is we go back to Mozart um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so this is we go back to Mozart um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so this is we go back to Mozart um
+this is again Don Giovani the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is again Don Giovani the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is again Don Giovani the end of the
+First Act it's very cool moment if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First Act it's very cool moment if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First Act it's very cool moment if you
+don't know the Opera they go to a a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the Opera they go to a a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the Opera they go to a a very
+very rich Ball and it's kind of like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rich Ball and it's kind of like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rich Ball and it's kind of like um
+going to a club today with multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to a club today with multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to a club today with multiple
+rooms and multiple multiple you know um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooms and multiple multiple you know um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooms and multiple multiple you know um
+people uh DJs or whatever doing things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh DJs or whatever doing things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh DJs or whatever doing things
+and so here at this big ball we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here at this big ball we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here at this big ball we're going
+to have in one room in 34 a stately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have in one room in 34 a stately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have in one room in 34 a stately
+Minette for the upper upper classes they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minette for the upper upper classes they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minette for the upper upper classes they
+like their 34 dances at the time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like their 34 dances at the time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like their 34 dances at the time and
+then in another room we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in another room we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in another room we're going to have
+a dance in two four for sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dance in two four for sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dance in two four for sort of the
+middle class uh cuz they like those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle class uh cuz they like those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle class uh cuz they like those
+things and then for the farmers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and then for the farmers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and then for the farmers and
+things uh we're going to have uh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh we're going to have uh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh we're going to have uh they
+like they like their trible time 38 5 68
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they like their trible time 38 5 68
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they like their trible time 38 5 68
+Dances all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dances all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dances all
+together at the same time the bar lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together at the same time the bar lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together at the same time the bar lines
+when you say um well let's start at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you say um well let's start at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you say um well let's start at
+measure 22 you go I'm sorry my measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure 22 you go I'm sorry my measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure 22 you go I'm sorry my measure
+22 or her measure 22 because you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22 or her measure 22 because you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22 or her measure 22 because you don't
+have a concept that measures um are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Universal this is um I think this is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal this is um I think this is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal this is um I think this is now
+this is Revel or DBC I think it's I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Revel or DBC I think it's I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Revel or DBC I think it's I
+think it's DBC the dance D um very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's DBC the dance D um very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's DBC the dance D um very very
+common everything looks great everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common everything looks great everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common everything looks great everything
+looks great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks great
+until what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mean we're in treble cff and trouble cff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean we're in treble cff and trouble cff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean we're in treble cff and trouble cff
+but we have a base cff um just just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have a base cff um just just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have a base cff um just just for
+this one note does it also go here no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one note does it also go here no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one note does it also go here no
+you can tell what this is what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can tell what this is what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can tell what this is what that
+means just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means just
+better not to write a whole another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better not to write a whole another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better not to write a whole another
+staff just for one note right but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff just for one note right but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff just for one note right but you
+can have two CS simultaneously on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have two CS simultaneously on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have two CS simultaneously on the
+same staff you can also uh there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same staff you can also uh there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same staff you can also uh there are
+examples from Bach of two time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples from Bach of two time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples from Bach of two time
+signatures uh in the same staff or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures uh in the same staff or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures uh in the same staff or
+changing time signatures mid measure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing time signatures mid measure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing time signatures mid measure and
+what does that mean so almost every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean so almost every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean so almost every
+composer has pushed the limits in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composer has pushed the limits in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composer has pushed the limits in some
+ways of conventional music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of conventional music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of conventional music
+notation jump back to clar Schuman one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation jump back to clar Schuman one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation jump back to clar Schuman one
+more time there's certain things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time there's certain things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time there's certain things that
+might be very obvious to us but that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be very obvious to us but that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be very obvious to us but that can
+be very difficult for uh encoding in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very difficult for uh encoding in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very difficult for uh encoding in
+such a way that it's completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a way that it's completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a way that it's completely
+unambiguous for a device as stupid as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unambiguous for a device as stupid as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unambiguous for a device as stupid as a
+computer such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer such
+as where in the measure does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+begin you all are musicians you all know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin you all are musicians you all know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin you all are musicians you all know
+that this line is continuing up to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this line is continuing up to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this line is continuing up to here
+and that's why there's something empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why there's something empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why there's something empty
+here and empty here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and empty here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and empty here
+but how would you ever how would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how would you ever how would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how would you ever how would you
+teach a computer to make that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach a computer to make that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach a computer to make that kind of
+abstraction that lines can move from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction that lines can move from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction that lines can move from
+staff to staff and therefore don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff to staff and therefore don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff to staff and therefore don't need
+to be um filled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be um filled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be um filled
+in so um any questions on this sorry on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so um any questions on this sorry on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so um any questions on this sorry on
+on any of these things or any discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on any of these things or any discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on any of these things or any discussion
+points and Adam we'll start with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and Adam we'll start with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and Adam we'll start with you
+that rest supposed to be what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rest supposed to be what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rest supposed to be what is this
+rest this at the beginning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest this at the beginning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest this at the beginning of the
+there's a oh this one here uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a oh this one here uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a oh this one here uh this is
+because your professor did not print a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because your professor did not print a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because your professor did not print a
+PDF but took a really fast screenshot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF but took a really fast screenshot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF but took a really fast screenshot
+from finale and so it's even it's even a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from finale and so it's even it's even a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from finale and so it's even it's even a
+new thing that um our user interface so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new thing that um our user interface so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new thing that um our user interface so
+this is the user interface that says um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the user interface that says um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the user interface that says um
+this is a hidden rest until we get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a hidden rest until we get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a hidden rest until we get to
+this note that has to be added onto here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this note that has to be added onto here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this note that has to be added onto here
+super great no one's ever ever seen that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super great no one's ever ever seen that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super great no one's ever ever seen that
+but yes the user interfaces also end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yes the user interfaces also end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yes the user interfaces also end up
+being part of our conception of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being part of our conception of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being part of our conception of of
+notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+good other points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or so where does common western music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so where does common western music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so where does common western music
+notation end where does other things go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation end where does other things go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation end where does other things go
+and um sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um sorry
+and what might we want to represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what might we want to represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what might we want to represent
+that's not common western music notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not common western music notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not common western music notation
+so this is a a type of thing I work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a a type of thing I work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a a type of thing I work on
+from time to time this is um church
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from time to time this is um church
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from time to time this is um church
+music from uh I think the early 17th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music from uh I think the early 17th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music from uh I think the early 17th
+century or or late late Sometime Late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century or or late late Sometime Late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century or or late late Sometime Late
+17th century maybe um and looks very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17th century maybe um and looks very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17th century maybe um and looks very
+much like ours but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like ours but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like ours but
+just the note shapes are a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the note shapes are a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the note shapes are a little bit
+different common western music notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different common western music notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different common western music notation
+just with a little little twist maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just with a little little twist maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just with a little little twist maybe
+not sure but it's not too far off all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure but it's not too far off all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure but it's not too far off all of
+our notation goes back and back and back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our notation goes back and back and back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our notation goes back and back and back
+in time or it has come from things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time or it has come from things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time or it has come from things
+decisions beave for let's start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions beave for let's start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions beave for let's start with
+this is Western music notation this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Western music notation this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Western music notation this is
+the first um music notation of Western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first um music notation of Western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first um music notation of Western
+Europe from about the 9th century um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe from about the 9th century um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe from about the 9th century um
+this is the chant for uh the mass on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the chant for uh the mass on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the chant for uh the mass on
+East on Christmas day um and what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+East on Christmas day um and what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+East on Christmas day um and what these
+things do is they tell you how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things do is they tell you how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things do is they tell you how many
+notes there are and if they go this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes there are and if they go this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes there are and if they go this case
+one 23 um and they go start low go high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one 23 um and they go start low go high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one 23 um and they go start low go high
+come back down about the same the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back down about the same the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back down about the same the same
+higher note same thing we have up down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher note same thing we have up down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher note same thing we have up down
+most of these go up and down here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of these go up and down here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of these go up and down here we
+have one two three notes going down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one two three notes going down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one two three notes going down
+three notes going down um the height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three notes going down um the height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three notes going down um the height
+means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+nothing it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing it is
+music might we want to represent this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music might we want to represent this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music might we want to represent this
+and how might we want to and some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how might we want to and some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how might we want to and some of the
+things people are always wondering we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things people are always wondering we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things people are always wondering we
+have pages and pages and Pages thousands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have pages and pages and Pages thousands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have pages and pages and Pages thousands
+of pages of Music in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pages of Music in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pages of Music in this
+notation how is it helpful for somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation how is it helpful for somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation how is it helpful for somebody
+to know how many notes to sing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know how many notes to sing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know how many notes to sing and
+whether they go up and down but not What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they go up and down but not What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they go up and down but not What
+notes they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes they
+are right so that's something a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are right so that's something a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are right so that's something a lot of
+people out um wish we had met yesterday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people out um wish we had met yesterday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people out um wish we had met yesterday
+be a little bit more obvious um this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little bit more obvious um this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little bit more obvious um this is
+a piece from around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece from around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece from around
+1420 uh B cordier um piece B bons uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1420 uh B cordier um piece B bons uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1420 uh B cordier um piece B bons uh in
+the shape of a heart there something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape of a heart there something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape of a heart there something
+about the the shape of the piece is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the the shape of the piece is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the the shape of the piece is that
+something we want to represent where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we want to represent where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we want to represent where
+we're making our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're making our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're making our
+representations about the same period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations about the same period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations about the same period
+it's a piece in the shape instead of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a piece in the shape instead of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a piece in the shape instead of a
+heart in know shape of a harp hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart in know shape of a harp hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart in know shape of a harp hard to
+say um where it's basically the music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say um where it's basically the music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say um where it's basically the music
+notation of its time except that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation of its time except that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation of its time except that it's
+sideways but um we're writing on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sideways but um we're writing on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sideways but um we're writing on the
+strings so we need twice as many strings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings so we need twice as many strings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings so we need twice as many strings
+and we don't write anything on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spaces getting back to more modern music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces getting back to more modern music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces getting back to more modern music
+some of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the things that
+definitely violate almost every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely violate almost every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely violate almost every
+principle of common western music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of common western music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of common western music
+notation but use some of them this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation but use some of them this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation but use some of them this is a
+Cornelius cardu piece Treatise which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cornelius cardu piece Treatise which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cornelius cardu piece Treatise which
+uses a lot of notational symbols a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses a lot of notational symbols a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses a lot of notational symbols a lot
+of things that look like music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that look like music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that look like music
+notation but it's up to you to interpret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation but it's up to you to interpret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation but it's up to you to interpret
+them done differently every group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them done differently every group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them done differently every group
+performs this quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performs this quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performs this quite
+differently if you're going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently if you're going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently if you're going to have a
+graphical score where you use music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphical score where you use music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphical score where you use music
+notation elements but they don't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation elements but they don't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation elements but they don't mean
+anything maybe a musical score doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything maybe a musical score doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything maybe a musical score doesn't
+necessarily need to have any uh elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily need to have any uh elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily need to have any uh elements
+at all Earl Brown's folio from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all Earl Brown's folio from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all Earl Brown's folio from uh
+December uh yeah uh December what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1962 that's all things that have come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1962 that's all things that have come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1962 that's all things that have come
+out of the West um Japan China every uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the West um Japan China every uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the West um Japan China every uh
+many cultures around the world have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cultures around the world have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cultures around the world have
+developed their own notational systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and then there are notational systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then there are notational systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then there are notational systems
+that have been made to try to study the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been made to try to study the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been made to try to study the
+physicality in this case of Inuit throat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicality in this case of Inuit throat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicality in this case of Inuit throat
+songs of um without using anything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+songs of um without using anything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+songs of um without using anything that
+might have the cultural baggage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have the cultural baggage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have the cultural baggage of
+Western mation so we start notating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western mation so we start notating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western mation so we start notating the
+um the actual you know the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the actual you know the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the actual you know the the
+spectrograms is that a form of music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrograms is that a form of music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrograms is that a form of music
+notation and so how would do that um one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation and so how would do that um one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation and so how would do that um one
+more of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+taure just giving a sense of some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taure just giving a sense of some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taure just giving a sense of some of the
+notations that might be happening in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notations that might be happening in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notations that might be happening in the
+world in addition to notations that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world in addition to notations that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world in addition to notations that um
+that have been sort of created uh over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been sort of created uh over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been sort of created uh over
+time by people um there are invented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time by people um there are invented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time by people um there are invented
+notations that tend to that have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notations that tend to that have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notations that tend to that have been
+found to be very useful times this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found to be very useful times this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found to be very useful times this is
+something called tubs if anybody has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called tubs if anybody has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called tubs if anybody has
+taken the time unit box system I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken the time unit box system I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken the time unit box system I think
+was invented around the 1970s I'll look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was invented around the 1970s I'll look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was invented around the 1970s I'll look
+up exact uh time later but the notion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up exact uh time later but the notion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up exact uh time later but the notion is
+kind of like I did with the um bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like I did with the um bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like I did with the um bits
+things that you can specify what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you can specify what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you can specify what the
+smallest tick you want to notate is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest tick you want to notate is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest tick you want to notate is and
+specify when somebody plays or if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify when somebody plays or if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify when somebody plays or if you
+need to specify different things they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to specify different things they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to specify different things they
+might play you can put that in the Box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might play you can put that in the Box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might play you can put that in the Box
+this has become a very uh useful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has become a very uh useful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has become a very uh useful and
+used system uh especially uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used system uh especially uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used system uh especially uh in the
+notation of West African
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+music lots of notational system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music lots of notational system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music lots of notational system
+representations have been created uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations have been created uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations have been created uh
+many of which have not been successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of which have not been successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of which have not been successful
+this is the turntable list notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the turntable list notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the turntable list notation
+system because there's nothing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system because there's nothing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system because there's nothing that's
+greater and cooler than spinning at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater and cooler than spinning at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater and cooler than spinning at a
+bar while reading music notation right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar while reading music notation right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar while reading music notation right
+but it's it is a way of notating what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's it is a way of notating what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's it is a way of notating what
+somebody did for reproduction later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody did for reproduction later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody did for reproduction later
+let me see if I let me see if my sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me see if I let me see if my sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me see if I let me see if my sound
+is working before doing this I'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is working before doing this I'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is working before doing this I'll be
+very disappointing I should have checked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very disappointing I should have checked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very disappointing I should have checked
+that ahead of time give me one second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ahead of time give me one second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ahead of time give me one second
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um but not all notation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um but not all notation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um but not all notation and
+representational systems end up being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representational systems end up being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representational systems end up being
+very successful I think this is super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very successful I think this is super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very successful I think this is super
+cool I don't know why I made a joke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool I don't know why I made a joke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool I don't know why I made a joke
+about it I think it's really Innovative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it I think it's really Innovative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it I think it's really Innovative
+uh the website has been down for about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the website has been down for about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the website has been down for about
+six years now so I assume uh it did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six years now so I assume uh it did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six years now so I assume uh it did not
+take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+off one of the earliest um mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off one of the earliest um mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off one of the earliest um mechanical
+notational representation systems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notational representation systems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notational representation systems that
+that's still very influential is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's still very influential is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's still very influential is the
+player piano role or we just call it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player piano role or we just call it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player piano role or we just call it the
+piano role now where the actual punching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piano role now where the actual punching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piano role now where the actual punching
+of the of the notes on the staves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the notes on the staves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the notes on the staves
+becomes a very important uh part of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a very important uh part of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a very important uh part of how
+um well it encodes the notes so we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well it encodes the notes so we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well it encodes the notes so we get
+again the same kinds of Notions of up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the same kinds of Notions of up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the same kinds of Notions of up
+and down though side and side for height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down though side and side for height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down though side and side for height
+I guess sort of height turns sideways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess sort of height turns sideways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess sort of height turns sideways
+and as the role progresses there's a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as the role progresses there's a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as the role progresses there's a a
+cursor there's this technical name for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cursor there's this technical name for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cursor there's this technical name for
+it I can't remember in piano roles um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I can't remember in piano roles um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I can't remember in piano roles um
+that is reading at that moment what um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is reading at that moment what um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is reading at that moment what um
+what should be happening and or what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should be happening and or what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should be happening and or what is
+happening at that moment there are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening at that moment there are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening at that moment there are other
+ways of controlling usually on the side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of controlling usually on the side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of controlling usually on the side
+what the dynamic of the entire piano is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the dynamic of the entire piano is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the dynamic of the entire piano is
+but usually not of encoding what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but usually not of encoding what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but usually not of encoding what the
+dynamic of any individual note is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic of any individual note is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic of any individual note is and
+quite often written along the side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite often written along the side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite often written along the side
+though there will be the lyrics of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though there will be the lyrics of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though there will be the lyrics of the
+song written kind of like um when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song written kind of like um when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song written kind of like um when you're
+driving and it says like you know slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving and it says like you know slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving and it says like you know slow
+Crossing pedestrian Crossing you WR read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crossing pedestrian Crossing you WR read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crossing pedestrian Crossing you WR read
+upside down so you learn to read it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside down so you learn to read it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside down so you learn to read it that
+way so that you can sing along with what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so that you can sing along with what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so that you can sing along with what
+the piano is playing very cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the piano is playing very cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the piano is playing very cool
+multimedia questions about about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multimedia questions about about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multimedia questions about about um
+things going forward or discussion or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things going forward or discussion or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things going forward or discussion or
+just things you're thinking about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just things you're thinking about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just things you're thinking about um
+because you're going to be thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're going to be thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're going to be thinking
+about something to represent that isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about something to represent that isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about something to represent that isn't
+common western music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common western music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common western music
+notation over the next week yeah Adam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation over the next week yeah Adam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation over the next week yeah Adam
+that abstract painting that you showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that abstract painting that you showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that abstract painting that you showed
+up the notes that reminds a bit of line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the notes that reminds a bit of line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the notes that reminds a bit of line
+writer line writer oh yes the um the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writer line writer oh yes the um the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writer line writer oh yes the um the the
+game where you're riding on the you draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game where you're riding on the you draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game where you're riding on the you draw
+all the things and then you get to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the things and then you get to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the things and then you get to see
+how the um how the motorcycle jumps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the um how the motorcycle jumps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the um how the motorcycle jumps
+around is that one us some people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around is that one us some people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around is that one us some people have
+that composition in which line riter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that composition in which line riter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that composition in which line riter
+motions are synced to a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motions are synced to a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motions are synced to a piece of
+classical music very very very cool nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical music very very very cool nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical music very very very cool nice
+yeah I want to see that at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I want to see that at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I want to see that at some point
+yes is this just kind of like a big View
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes is this just kind of like a big View
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes is this just kind of like a big View
+music books yeah P um it is but um often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music books yeah P um it is but um often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music books yeah P um it is but um often
+something that you could also attach to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you could also attach to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you could also attach to
+your home piano so that you you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your home piano so that you you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your home piano so that you you have
+your home piano early on and then later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your home piano early on and then later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your home piano early on and then later
+they become or I might have my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they become or I might have my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they become or I might have my
+chronology reversed but then they become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chronology reversed but then they become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chronology reversed but then they become
+um sort of things that um that become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of things that um that become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of things that um that become
+standard loone objects um but there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard loone objects um but there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard loone objects um but there were
+there were um things that allowed people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were um things that allowed people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were um things that allowed people
+to feel more like they were playing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to feel more like they were playing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to feel more like they were playing the
+piano um by having you um pedal it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piano um by having you um pedal it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piano um by having you um pedal it and
+control the volume so you could do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the volume so you could do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the volume so you could do and
+control certain levels of softness kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control certain levels of softness kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control certain levels of softness kind
+of like using a Betty Crocker Bake Mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like using a Betty Crocker Bake Mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like using a Betty Crocker Bake Mix
+to bake your cake you get feeling that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bake your cake you get feeling that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bake your cake you get feeling that
+you really did something to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really did something to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really did something to make the
+music but not the really hard Parts um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music but not the really hard Parts um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music but not the really hard Parts um
+yeah cool yeah these These are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah cool yeah these These are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah cool yeah these These are
+interesting we have um some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting we have um some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting we have um some of these
+over at the Lewis music library which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over at the Lewis music library which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over at the Lewis music library which
+I'm going to be talking more about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to be talking more about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to be talking more about uh
+later as we um go into representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later as we um go into representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later as we um go into representation
+things but the Lewis music library just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but the Lewis music library just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but the Lewis music library just
+over here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here um
+has put as one of its um sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has put as one of its um sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has put as one of its um sort of
+long-term Visions to try to get um all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term Visions to try to get um all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term Visions to try to get um all
+of the different technologies that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the different technologies that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the different technologies that have
+been used to encode and playback music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been used to encode and playback music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been used to encode and playback music
+over time so there's wax cylinders and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time so there's wax cylinders and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time so there's wax cylinders and
+piano rolls and stuff and real to reels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piano rolls and stuff and real to reels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piano rolls and stuff and real to reels
+and trying to make it so that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to make it so that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to make it so that there's
+some that are very valuable and need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some that are very valuable and need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some that are very valuable and need to
+be preserved and some that um we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be preserved and some that um we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be preserved and some that um we can
+just play with and you do wouldn't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just play with and you do wouldn't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just play with and you do wouldn't want
+to have a problem but if you did end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a problem but if you did end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a problem but if you did end up
+breaking the real tape it's okay we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking the real tape it's okay we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking the real tape it's okay we got
+we got more um yeah so definitely if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got more um yeah so definitely if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got more um yeah so definitely if you
+haven't been to lisis music library uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't been to lisis music library uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't been to lisis music library uh
+check out what they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check out what they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check out what they have
+there they also have a theramin if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they also have a theramin if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they also have a theramin if you
+want to play with that and and you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to play with that and and you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to play with that and and you might
+be using them at the end of the semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be using them at the end of the semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be using them at the end of the semester
+when we make some videos because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we make some videos because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we make some videos because they
+have a nice podcast video recording um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a nice podcast video recording um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a nice podcast video recording um
+space for editing there okay so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space for editing there okay so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space for editing there okay so we've
+been thinking uh a lot about the common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been thinking uh a lot about the common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been thinking uh a lot about the common
+western music notation in sort of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western music notation in sort of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western music notation in sort of in
+general terms now I want to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general terms now I want to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general terms now I want to think about
+uh a little bit computer representations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a little bit computer representations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a little bit computer representations
+I don't know why I didn't write the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know why I didn't write the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know why I didn't write the word
+computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer
+representations and again these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations and again these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations and again these are
+slides that I'm borrowing from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides that I'm borrowing from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides that I'm borrowing from a
+composition package named uh Bel Bon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition package named uh Bel Bon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition package named uh Bel Bon
+exactly the named after that um piece in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the named after that um piece in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the named after that um piece in
+the shape of the heart um things so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape of the heart um things so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape of the heart um things so we
+talked about this extremely fast on day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this extremely fast on day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this extremely fast on day
+one but I want to slow down a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but I want to slow down a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but I want to slow down a little bit
+more um the two main ways that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more um the two main ways that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more um the two main ways that people
+have ch chosen um generally to encode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ch chosen um generally to encode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ch chosen um generally to encode
+common western music notation for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common western music notation for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common western music notation for the
+computer are in terms of the container
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer are in terms of the container
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer are in terms of the container
+based thing the Box based so you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based thing the Box based so you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based thing the Box based so you have a
+big box that might be the whole score um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big box that might be the whole score um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big box that might be the whole score um
+you know some kind of a uh thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some kind of a uh thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some kind of a uh thing and
+then you have smaller boxes that um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have smaller boxes that um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have smaller boxes that um you
+know that might be Parts within those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that might be Parts within those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that might be Parts within those
+you have measures and quite often um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have measures and quite often um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have measures and quite often um
+voices become things inside that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voices become things inside that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voices become things inside that and
+then going all the way down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then going all the way down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then going all the way down to
+notes so this um representation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes so this um representation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes so this um representation the
+other second one that is uh very common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other second one that is uh very common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other second one that is uh very common
+is the time sliced based container so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the time sliced based container so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the time sliced based container so
+everything that happens at a certain U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that happens at a certain U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that happens at a certain U
+moment in musical time is it in its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment in musical time is it in its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment in musical time is it in its own
+slot some people would not put um these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slot some people would not put um these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slot some people would not put um these
+in three different slots because or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in three different slots because or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in three different slots because or
+these four things that in four different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these four things that in four different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these four things that in four different
+slots because all of these things happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slots because all of these things happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slots because all of these things happen
+musically at time zero right they the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musically at time zero right they the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musically at time zero right they the
+clef um you know there there is no um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clef um you know there there is no um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clef um you know there there is no um
+note or anything that there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note or anything that there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note or anything that there's no
+conceptual notion that the clef comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual notion that the clef comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual notion that the clef comes
+first and then the time sign then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then the time sign then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then the time sign then the
+key signature comes then the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key signature comes then the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key signature comes then the time
+signature comes then the first note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature comes then the first note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature comes then the first note
+except that we have to write them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that we have to write them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that we have to write them in
+certain order on notation but all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain order on notation but all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain order on notation but all of
+them are present at the very beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are present at the very beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are present at the very beginning
+of the score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the score
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the score
+so I want to start talking about some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to start talking about some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to start talking about some of
+the reasons why you might want to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reasons why you might want to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reasons why you might want to use
+one of these and why they're all bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these and why they're all bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these and why they're all bad
+choices every choice you make is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices every choice you make is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices every choice you make is going
+to be a bad choice at some point so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a bad choice at some point so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a bad choice at some point so
+thinking about um the part-based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about um the part-based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about um the part-based
+representation you can immediately see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation you can immediately see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation you can immediately see
+certain problems uh anyone know an oia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain problems uh anyone know an oia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain problems uh anyone know an oia
+sta what you use that for Somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sta what you use that for Somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sta what you use that for Somebody
+explain that so Adam I think we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain that so Adam I think we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain that so Adam I think we've been
+really great but I want to hear a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really great but I want to hear a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really great but I want to hear a few
+more voices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more voices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more voices
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+now anyone ever heard that term AIO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now anyone ever heard that term AIO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now anyone ever heard that term AIO
+staff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff
+no it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's a little
+stuff no no pianist violence see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff no no pianist violence see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff no no pianist violence see it
+quite often especially when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite often especially when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite often especially when you're
+starting when you're playing a conero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting when you're playing a conero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting when you're playing a conero
+sign is in a really hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign is in a really hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign is in a really hard
+part yeah Hannah alternative way to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part yeah Hannah alternative way to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part yeah Hannah alternative way to play
+that yes it's an alternative way to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yes it's an alternative way to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yes it's an alternative way to play
+that measure this this is a hypothetical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that measure this this is a hypothetical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that measure this this is a hypothetical
+one because I don't think that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because I don't think that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because I don't think that would
+ever be an alternative way to play this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever be an alternative way to play this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever be an alternative way to play this
+but quite often if it goes too high um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but quite often if it goes too high um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but quite often if it goes too high um
+for some people especially for singers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some people especially for singers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some people especially for singers
+actually singers see O is a lot because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually singers see O is a lot because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually singers see O is a lot because
+uh if something's not in your voice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if something's not in your voice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if something's not in your voice
+range some things they'll write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range some things they'll write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range some things they'll write a
+different different part yeah so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different different part yeah so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different different part yeah so you
+have a staff that just appears for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a staff that just appears for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a staff that just appears for a
+minute we said that our top level thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute we said that our top level thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute we said that our top level thing
+might be the parts beyond that sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be the parts beyond that sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be the parts beyond that sometimes
+for a piano thing you might have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a piano thing you might have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a piano thing you might have the
+part and then staff one and staff two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and then staff one and staff two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and then staff one and staff two
+but here we have a staff that just comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here we have a staff that just comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here we have a staff that just comes
+up and if everything is in a box and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and if everything is in a box and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and if everything is in a box and one
+of the lowest boxes is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+measure you have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problems what do you do when you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems what do you do when you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems what do you do when you want to
+say if everything's in a box that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if everything's in a box that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if everything's in a box that a
+crescendo goes from the beginning to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crescendo goes from the beginning to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crescendo goes from the beginning to the
+next how how might you solve some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next how how might you solve some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next how how might you solve some of
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+computationally when everything has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally when everything has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally when everything has to
+be in a box and think of a box as like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in a box and think of a box as like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in a box and think of a box as like
+an array or a to yeah go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an array or a to yeah go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an array or a to yeah go
+ahead have like a flag start something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead have like a flag start something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead have like a flag start something
+in one box and then CL yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one box and then CL yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one box and then CL yeah so
+everything could have a start and an end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything could have a start and an end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything could have a start and an end
+or certain things might maybe a note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or certain things might maybe a note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or certain things might maybe a note
+doesn't need to have a start and end but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't need to have a start and end but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't need to have a start and end but
+yeah you might have a flag for starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you might have a flag for starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you might have a flag for starts
+and ends so there are some ways around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ends so there are some ways around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ends so there are some ways around
+it um other possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um other possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um other possibilities
+anybody yeah go ahead maybe just put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody yeah go ahead maybe just put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody yeah go ahead maybe just put
+them a higher level up like they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a higher level up like they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a higher level up like they don't
+belong inside measures maybe they belong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong inside measures maybe they belong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong inside measures maybe they belong
+inside Parts yeah so you move move up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside Parts yeah so you move move up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside Parts yeah so you move move up
+one level that's great um when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one level that's great um when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one level that's great um when you do
+that um that works quite often but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that works quite often but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that works quite often but then
+you have a second problem that comes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a second problem that comes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a second problem that comes up
+and that don't worry this problem was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that don't worry this problem was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that don't worry this problem was
+going to come up anyhow um especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come up anyhow um especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come up anyhow um especially
+once Mozart brings his three bands to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once Mozart brings his three bands to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once Mozart brings his three bands to
+the page but you have maybe here's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the page but you have maybe here's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the page but you have maybe here's your
+part and you have your measures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and you have your measures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and you have your measures and
+things and now you want to elevate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and now you want to elevate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and now you want to elevate the
+crescendo that went across two measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crescendo that went across two measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crescendo that went across two measures
+you want to El elevate it up to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to El elevate it up to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to El elevate it up to the next
+part the next thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um let's assume that these are some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's assume that these are some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's assume that these are some sort
+of arrays so we're putting commas them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of arrays so we're putting commas them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of arrays so we're putting commas them
+then you might have the problem maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you might have the problem maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you might have the problem maybe
+you put it here maybe you put it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put it here maybe you put it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put it here maybe you put it here
+but suddenly the array is no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but suddenly the array is no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but suddenly the array is no longer
+sequential in other words that certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequential in other words that certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequential in other words that certain
+things can appear at points that are out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things can appear at points that are out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things can appear at points that are out
+of line and so we s call this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of line and so we s call this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of line and so we s call this the
+forward backwards cursor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward backwards cursor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward backwards cursor
+so that we're at a certain point but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we're at a certain point but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we're at a certain point but we
+need to look back or to look forward in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to look back or to look forward in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to look back or to look forward in
+order to see what's happening at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to see what's happening at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to see what's happening at that
+point but it's also a very good solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but it's also a very good solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but it's also a very good solution
+and it's something that happens quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's something that happens quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's something that happens quite
+often so two great Solutions any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often so two great Solutions any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often so two great Solutions any
+other doesn't even have to be that great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other doesn't even have to be that great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other doesn't even have to be that great
+those are like the two industry most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are like the two industry most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are like the two industry most
+standard uh ways of getting around this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard uh ways of getting around this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard uh ways of getting around this
+I can plant a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can plant a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can plant a better
+thing okay good that's that's fine I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay good that's that's fine I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay good that's that's fine I
+should have said those are two of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have said those are two of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have said those are two of the
+three great industry standard ways and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three great industry standard ways and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three great industry standard ways and
+one of you would have come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of you would have come up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of you would have come up with a
+third way and invented something new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third way and invented something new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third way and invented something new
+never never say that there's no more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never never say that there's no more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never never say that there's no more
+possibilities to MIT student um here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities to MIT student um here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities to MIT student um here is
+one of the the problem that we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the the problem that we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the the problem that we were
+talking about this earlier with a Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this earlier with a Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this earlier with a Time
+based system that Grace notes which take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based system that Grace notes which take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based system that Grace notes which take
+up no concept no no number of ticks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up no concept no no number of ticks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up no concept no no number of ticks in
+the time signature but of course take up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time signature but of course take up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time signature but of course take up
+time um to play and take up space on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um to play and take up space on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um to play and take up space on the
+page how are they engraved and they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page how are they engraved and they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page how are they engraved and they they
+end up being one of the great problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up being one of the great problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up being one of the great problems
+of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time
+method so you could say hey I'm great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method so you could say hey I'm great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method so you could say hey I'm great
+I'm not a bagpiper so I don't use Grace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not a bagpiper so I don't use Grace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not a bagpiper so I don't use Grace
+notes bagpipers use Grace notes all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes bagpipers use Grace notes all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes bagpipers use Grace notes all over
+the time so I can do the timebase system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time so I can do the timebase system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time so I can do the timebase system
+or somebody else can say look my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or somebody else can say look my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or somebody else can say look my my
+piece is forte from the beginning to end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece is forte from the beginning to end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece is forte from the beginning to end
+I'm never going to have a crescendo I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm never going to have a crescendo I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm never going to have a crescendo I
+don't need to worry about I can use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to worry about I can use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to worry about I can use the
+part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part
+system the one of the things this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the one of the things this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the one of the things this class
+CL is not just is not computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CL is not just is not computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CL is not just is not computational
+representation but it's computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation but it's computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation but it's computational
+music theory and Analysis eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music theory and Analysis eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music theory and Analysis eventually
+we're going to be diving into our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be diving into our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be diving into our
+representations and doing musical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations and doing musical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations and doing musical
+analysis on them right and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis on them right and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis on them right and there's
+certain things that we often like to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things that we often like to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things that we often like to do
+um we said uh first class Yahoo is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we said uh first class Yahoo is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we said uh first class Yahoo is
+written a parallel fifth almost every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written a parallel fifth almost every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written a parallel fifth almost every
+hand went up um that's we call Voice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand went up um that's we call Voice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand went up um that's we call Voice
+leading where we're looking at how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading where we're looking at how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading where we're looking at how
+certain chords or certain voices at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain chords or certain voices at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain chords or certain voices at one
+moment move to something at another uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment move to something at another uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment move to something at another uh
+anybody have a have a professor who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody have a have a professor who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody have a have a professor who
+frowned on this do we know it yeah um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frowned on this do we know it yeah um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frowned on this do we know it yeah um
+overlap they sometimes call this where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap they sometimes call this where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap they sometimes call this where
+the bottom note has jumped above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom note has jumped above the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom note has jumped above the
+place where the top note had recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where the top note had recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where the top note had recently
+vacated in certain styles of music it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacated in certain styles of music it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacated in certain styles of music it's
+not um very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not um very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not um very
+idiomatic well let's analyze how would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiomatic well let's analyze how would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiomatic well let's analyze how would
+we find overlap in the part base system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find overlap in the part base system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find overlap in the part base system
+in the in the Box um system in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the Box um system in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the Box um system in the
+container system we'd probably have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container system we'd probably have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container system we'd probably have
+there's one container for this part or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one container for this part or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one container for this part or
+measure and then there's going to be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure and then there's going to be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure and then there's going to be one
+container for the up stemed notes that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container for the up stemed notes that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container for the up stemed notes that's
+a voice one container for the down stem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a voice one container for the down stem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a voice one container for the down stem
+notes we need to know if at this moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes we need to know if at this moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes we need to know if at this moment
+um at at this moment this note has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at at this moment this note has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at at this moment this note has
+crossed over the previous notes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossed over the previous notes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossed over the previous notes in the
+other container so we have to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other container so we have to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other container so we have to be able to
+jump back back and forth among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump back back and forth among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump back back and forth among
+containers and that's it's not very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containers and that's it's not very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containers and that's it's not very good
+to do so the time slice we want to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do so the time slice we want to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do so the time slice we want to look
+at everything that's happening here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at everything that's happening here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at everything that's happening here and
+then everything that's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then everything that's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then everything that's happening
+here and then it becomes a problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then it becomes a problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then it becomes a problem of
+yes but but how does this note in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes but but how does this note in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes but but how does this note in the
+First Slice relate to the second so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First Slice relate to the second so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First Slice relate to the second so for
+voice leading problems uh to jump to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice leading problems uh to jump to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice leading problems uh to jump to the
+conclusion there neither system works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion there neither system works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion there neither system works
+well they both have problem they both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they both have problem they both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they both have problem they both
+have big conceptual difficulties that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have big conceptual difficulties that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have big conceptual difficulties that
+make voice leading one of the one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make voice leading one of the one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make voice leading one of the one of the
+hard problems that uh always needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard problems that uh always needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard problems that uh always needs to be
+solved specifically for music before any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved specifically for music before any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved specifically for music before any
+deeper analysis can happen and it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper analysis can happen and it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper analysis can happen and it means
+that generally speaking you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that generally speaking you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that generally speaking you're going to
+be writing a system from moving from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be writing a system from moving from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be writing a system from moving from one
+representation to another from a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation to another from a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation to another from a time
+wise to a box wise and how to move back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise to a box wise and how to move back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise to a box wise and how to move back
+and forth and have your system be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth and have your system be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth and have your system be able
+to have multiple representations it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have multiple representations it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have multiple representations it's
+one of the major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problems last little topic for today and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems last little topic for today and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems last little topic for today and
+I think we're done with slides so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we're done with slides so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we're done with slides so I can
+put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this
+up um is just some of the terms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up um is just some of the terms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up um is just some of the terms that
+you're going to come up actually two two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to come up actually two two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to come up actually two two
+little things I'll always make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little things I'll always make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little things I'll always make sure
+because I don't like to keep anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't like to keep anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't like to keep anybody
+late I want to cover the last uh last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late I want to cover the last uh last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late I want to cover the last uh last
+item on there um you will get problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item on there um you will get problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item on there um you will get problem
+set two on Friday after you turn in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set two on Friday after you turn in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set two on Friday after you turn in
+problem set one it will also will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set one it will also will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set one it will also will be a
+onewe assignment um there is one assign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onewe assignment um there is one assign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onewe assignment um there is one assign
+one reading uh to add on it's about I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reading uh to add on it's about I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reading uh to add on it's about I
+think 15 pages or so but uh 20 pages but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think 15 pages or so but uh 20 pages but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think 15 pages or so but uh 20 pages but
+most of its pictures um uh that you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of its pictures um uh that you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of its pictures um uh that you'll
+find on canvas it is a article by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find on canvas it is a article by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find on canvas it is a article by
+Nicholas cook uh who's one of the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nicholas cook uh who's one of the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nicholas cook uh who's one of the main
+people in this field called uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in this field called uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in this field called uh
+computational comparative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational comparative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational comparative and
+computational musicology and it is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational musicology and it is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational musicology and it is um
+it's one of the foundational texts in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of the foundational texts in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of the foundational texts in
+this field um so I want read it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this field um so I want read it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this field um so I want read it it's
+little it's uh 18 19 years old now so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little it's uh 18 19 years old now so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little it's uh 18 19 years old now so
+it's a little bit out of date you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit out of date you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit out of date you'll see
+some of the encoding some of the ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the encoding some of the ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the encoding some of the ways of
+writing computer code are are are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing computer code are are are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing computer code are are are a
+little um archaic now but what it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little um archaic now but what it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little um archaic now but what it says
+is still really really good um so you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still really really good um so you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still really really good um so you'll
+find that online and we'll discuss that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that online and we'll discuss that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that online and we'll discuss that
+there's certain questions uh to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's certain questions uh to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's certain questions uh to start
+thinking about you don't need to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about you don't need to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about you don't need to write
+out answers to them but but maybe sketch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out answers to them but but maybe sketch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out answers to them but but maybe sketch
+down an answer to one or two of them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down an answer to one or two of them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down an answer to one or two of them so
+that you can um be quite participatory t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can um be quite participatory t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can um be quite participatory t
+on uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh on
+Friday and um if you've haven't been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday and um if you've haven't been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday and um if you've haven't been
+reading very many uh scholarly articles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading very many uh scholarly articles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading very many uh scholarly articles
+or this is your first time uh reading an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or this is your first time uh reading an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or this is your first time uh reading an
+article written for academics I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article written for academics I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article written for academics I have
+like a little six-minute optional video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a little six-minute optional video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a little six-minute optional video
+on how I read these articles that maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how I read these articles that maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how I read these articles that maybe
+even if you are a master at uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you are a master at uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you are a master at uh you know
+great at doing this it might still be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great at doing this it might still be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great at doing this it might still be
+useful to see how a professor um doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to see how a professor um doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to see how a professor um doesn't
+read from the beginning to the end um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read from the beginning to the end um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read from the beginning to the end um in
+one set so if you want that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one set so if you want that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one set so if you want that
+um that could that might be particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that could that might be particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that could that might be particularly
+useful so we have about four minutes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful so we have about four minutes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful so we have about four minutes for
+the last topic and the one thing that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last topic and the one thing that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last topic and the one thing that I
+want uh that you'll probably want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want uh that you'll probably want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want uh that you'll probably want to
+look at the outline for I usually put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the outline for I usually put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the outline for I usually put
+the outline for you to get later but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outline for you to get later but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outline for you to get later but um
+something and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and it's
+about the different um music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the different um music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the different um music
+representation some of the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation some of the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation some of the different
+terms that we're going to be using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that we're going to be using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that we're going to be using a
+lot um has anybody taken uh uh more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot um has anybody taken uh uh more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot um has anybody taken uh uh more than
+one or or a couple philosophy classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or or a couple philosophy classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or or a couple philosophy classes
+and come across this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+term philosophy class what about in a CS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term philosophy class what about in a CS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term philosophy class what about in a CS
+class computer science anybody ever see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class computer science anybody ever see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class computer science anybody ever see
+I'm not going to ask for a definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to ask for a definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to ask for a definition
+right now unless you want to do it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now unless you want to do it yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now unless you want to do it yeah
+great um so ontologies are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great um so ontologies are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great um so ontologies are sort of
+this ontology is the study some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ontology is the study some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ontology is the study some people
+say of essence of meaning of what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say of essence of meaning of what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say of essence of meaning of what it
+means to mean something general uhu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means to mean something general uhu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means to mean something general uhu
+philosophy and computer science have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy and computer science have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy and computer science have two
+slightly different definitions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different definitions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different definitions of
+ontology so you're going to start seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ontology so you're going to start seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ontology so you're going to start seeing
+the word ontology in a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word ontology in a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word ontology in a lot of
+representations it has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations it has to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations it has to do with
+representation for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation for for
+philosophy and this is I mean really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy and this is I mean really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy and this is I mean really
+philos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philos
+so um your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um your
+you're getting a lot about um what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting a lot about um what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting a lot about um what are
+the limits of something that Mak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limits of something that Mak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limits of something that Mak
+something no longer something so we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something no longer something so we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something no longer something so we did
+a lot of philosophical ontological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of philosophical ontological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of philosophical ontological
+discussions in the fir today and on um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions in the fir today and on um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions in the fir today and on um
+and last class right um what's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and last class right um what's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and last class right um what's what's
+something that we were trying to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we were trying to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we were trying to play
+find the limits of so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the limits of so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the limits of so
+much when something is no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something a a note yeah WR that there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a a note yeah WR that there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a a note yeah WR that there so
+what's some things when is a note one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's some things when is a note one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's some things when is a note one
+note when is a note two notes when is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note when is a note two notes when is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note when is a note two notes when is a
+note six notes right we pl with that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note six notes right we pl with that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note six notes right we pl with that um
+when is common western music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when is common western music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when is common western music
+notation no longer can does that apply I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation no longer can does that apply I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation no longer can does that apply I
+kind of you know uh did the the Frog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of you know uh did the the Frog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of you know uh did the the Frog
+boiling in hot water trick like kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling in hot water trick like kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling in hot water trick like kind of
+slowly slowly slowly moved out until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly slowly slowly moved out until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly slowly slowly moved out until
+finally it's like wait a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally it's like wait a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally it's like wait a second
+Professor that's a whole bunch of STS on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor that's a whole bunch of STS on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor that's a whole bunch of STS on
+a page right um but but we got there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a page right um but but we got there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a page right um but but we got there
+very very slowly how do we put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very slowly how do we put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very slowly how do we put a
+dividing line um so it's a philosophical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing line um so it's a philosophical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing line um so it's a philosophical
+definition and then and that's and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and then and that's and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and then and that's and we're
+going to be using that one in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be using that one in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be using that one in this class
+because this is also a humani class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is also a humani class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is also a humani class
+we're be thinking about those types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're be thinking about those types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're be thinking about those types of
+things what is the limit of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things what is the limit of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things what is the limit of something
+what is a note what is um C if a piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a note what is um C if a piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a note what is um C if a piece
+of music is every note and every um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of music is every note and every um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of music is every note and every um and
+every duration that's in there how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every duration that's in there how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every duration that's in there how many
+notes can you get wrong and still say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes can you get wrong and still say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes can you get wrong and still say
+that you're playing you know uh B to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're playing you know uh B to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're playing you know uh B to
+Vince uh how C your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vince uh how C your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vince uh how C your
+Sonata 10% 5% one note wrong and it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sonata 10% 5% one note wrong and it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sonata 10% 5% one note wrong and it is
+not the piece these are some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the piece these are some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the piece these are some of the
+things that that the philosophical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that that the philosophical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that that the philosophical
+definition does we're not going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition does we're not going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition does we're not going to get
+to the second half here but so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the second half here but so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the second half here but so just
+we'll end with the computer science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll end with the computer science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll end with the computer science
+usage which is also very very cool and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usage which is also very very cool and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usage which is also very very cool and
+related and that would be what are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related and that would be what are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related and that would be what are all
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+objects yeah disle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects yeah disle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects yeah disle
+objects names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relationships used in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+representation so on on ontology of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation so on on ontology of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation so on on ontology of a
+file of of your computer's file system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file of of your computer's file system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file of of your computer's file system
+might say that there are documents and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say that there are documents and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say that there are documents and
+there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are
+folders can folders can documents go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folders can folders can documents go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folders can folders can documents go in
+folders yes can folders go in documents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folders yes can folders go in documents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folders yes can folders go in documents
+no can documents go in documents no can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no can documents go in documents no can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no can documents go in documents no can
+folders go in folders okay so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folders go in folders okay so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folders go in folders okay so we're
+starting to make some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to make some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to make some kind of
+representation of something can a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of something can a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of something can a a
+document appear twice somewhere in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document appear twice somewhere in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document appear twice somewhere in your
+hard drive diff different operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard drive diff different operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard drive diff different operating
+systems yes no they're ways of doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems yes no they're ways of doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems yes no they're ways of doing it
+um so these are all the decisions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so these are all the decisions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so these are all the decisions that
+make up the systems and objects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make up the systems and objects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make up the systems and objects and
+representations in use we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations in use we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations in use we're going to
+start up again on Friday by talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start up again on Friday by talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start up again on Friday by talking
+about some of the ontologies that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of the ontologies that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of the ontologies that we've
+already been creating some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already been creating some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already been creating some of the
+relationships and some of the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships and some of the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships and some of the different
+ways starting to get back into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways starting to get back into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways starting to get back into
+programming we haven't really done that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming we haven't really done that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming we haven't really done that
+for a little bit in class um some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a little bit in class um some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a little bit in class um some of the
+ways that we might represent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that we might represent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that we might represent the
+relationships between notes and pitches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships between notes and pitches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships between notes and pitches
+and durations and so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+else e
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/sJ7p2AuOYlA.txt b/sJ7p2AuOYlA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..589c3277e6ba0b3c8be10acec046868d35da0a87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sJ7p2AuOYlA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14203 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer high-quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mmit.edu. So today, what we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mmit.edu. So today, what we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mmit.edu. So today, what we want to
+do is we want to talk about um this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we want to talk about um this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we want to talk about um this idea
+of autoregulation, right? So what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of autoregulation, right? So what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of autoregulation, right? So what
+happens when a gene regulates its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when a gene regulates its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when a gene regulates its own
+expression? And I think that this is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression? And I think that this is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression? And I think that this is um
+a really nice topic because it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really nice topic because it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really nice topic because it really
+encapsulates several of the big themes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encapsulates several of the big themes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encapsulates several of the big themes
+that we're going to be seeing throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to be seeing throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to be seeing throughout
+the semester. Right? So first there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester. Right? So first there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester. Right? So first there's
+this idea of a network motif. All right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of a network motif. All right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of a network motif. All right?
+So this uh this motif, it's the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this uh this motif, it's the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this uh this motif, it's the simplest
+possible motif where a gene regulates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible motif where a gene regulates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible motif where a gene regulates
+itself. It occurs more frequently than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself. It occurs more frequently than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself. It occurs more frequently than
+you expect by chance. We'll kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you expect by chance. We'll kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you expect by chance. We'll kind of
+explain what we mean by that. And um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain what we mean by that. And um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain what we mean by that. And um and
+then possibly an evolutionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then possibly an evolutionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then possibly an evolutionary
+explanation is that this thing may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation is that this thing may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation is that this thing may be
+advantageous in one way or another.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantageous in one way or another.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantageous in one way or another.
+Okay. Now there are two basic kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now there are two basic kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now there are two basic kinds of
+negative autoregulation uh or sorry two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative autoregulation uh or sorry two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative autoregulation uh or sorry two
+basic kinds of autoregulation. There's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic kinds of autoregulation. There's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic kinds of autoregulation. There's
+negative and positive. All right. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and positive. All right. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and positive. All right. So
+negative means that uh that protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative means that uh that protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative means that uh that protein
+represses its own expression. Positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represses its own expression. Positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represses its own expression. Positive
+autoregulation would mean that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoregulation would mean that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoregulation would mean that it is
+activating or upregulating its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activating or upregulating its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activating or upregulating its own
+expression. Okay. So down here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression. Okay. So down here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression. Okay. So down here is
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+autoregulation. All right. And these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoregulation. All right. And these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoregulation. All right. And these
+things have very different uh very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things have very different uh very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things have very different uh very
+different possible purposes. All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different possible purposes. All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different possible purposes. All right.
+We'll see that there are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll see that there are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll see that there are going to
+basically two things that negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically two things that negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically two things that negative
+autoregulation might do for us. first is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoregulation might do for us. first is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoregulation might do for us. first is
+that it speeds the on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time relative to simple sort of no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time relative to simple sort of no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time relative to simple sort of no
+regulation. Um but the other thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation. Um but the other thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation. Um but the other thing is
+kind of an interesting thing which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of an interesting thing which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of an interesting thing which is
+that the uh protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the uh protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the uh protein
+concentration uh is somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration uh is somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration uh is somehow
+robust. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust. All
+right we uh and robust means that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we uh and robust means that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we uh and robust means that it's
+uh comparatively nonsensitive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh comparatively nonsensitive or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh comparatively nonsensitive or
+insensitive to something. In particular,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insensitive to something. In particular,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insensitive to something. In particular,
+this means protein concentration is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means protein concentration is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means protein concentration is
+robust to uh to say fluctuations in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust to uh to say fluctuations in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust to uh to say fluctuations in the
+uh production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh production
+rate. And in various contexts, we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate. And in various contexts, we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate. And in various contexts, we're
+going to see how uh this how robustness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see how uh this how robustness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see how uh this how robustness
+is an important goal that uh biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an important goal that uh biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an important goal that uh biology
+might have a cell might have. And that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have a cell might have. And that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have a cell might have. And that
+you would like this protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would like this protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would like this protein
+concentration to be robust to a wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration to be robust to a wide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration to be robust to a wide
+range of things. But in this case,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of things. But in this case,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of things. But in this case,
+anytime you talk about robustness, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime you talk about robustness, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime you talk about robustness, you
+have to say, all right, it's robust. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to say, all right, it's robust. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to say, all right, it's robust. You
+know, what is it that's robust against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, what is it that's robust against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, what is it that's robust against
+what? In this case, it's protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what? In this case, it's protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what? In this case, it's protein
+concentration is robust to fluctuations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration is robust to fluctuations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration is robust to fluctuations
+in the production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rate. Right? Now, positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate. Right? Now, positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate. Right? Now, positive
+autoregulation on the other hand in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoregulation on the other hand in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoregulation on the other hand in some
+ways makes these two things um worse in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways makes these two things um worse in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways makes these two things um worse in
+you know we'll we'll kind of discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we'll we'll kind of discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we'll we'll kind of discuss
+what we mean by that but it it perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we mean by that but it it perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we mean by that but it it perhaps
+uh performs some other functions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh performs some other functions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh performs some other functions in
+particular it allows for the possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular it allows for the possibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular it allows for the possibility
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+bstability and hence memory and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bstability and hence memory and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bstability and hence memory and we'll
+kind of explain how memory uh appears in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of explain how memory uh appears in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of explain how memory uh appears in
+this process.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, but before we get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, but before we get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, but before we get into
+autoregulation, I just want to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoregulation, I just want to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoregulation, I just want to do a
+quick review of this uh thing about u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick review of this uh thing about u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick review of this uh thing about u
+sort of getting intuition about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of getting intuition about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of getting intuition about
+biochemical binding, binding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemical binding, binding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemical binding, binding of
+activators for example to the promoter,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activators for example to the promoter,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activators for example to the promoter,
+but also how we can use this thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also how we can use this thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also how we can use this thing about
+sequestration in order to generate what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequestration in order to generate what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequestration in order to generate what
+we call this ultra sensitive response.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call this ultra sensitive response.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call this ultra sensitive response.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Now, when we when we talk about this,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, when we when we talk about this,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, when we when we talk about this,
+we're often thinking about a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're often thinking about a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're often thinking about a question
+that we'd like the the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'd like the the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'd like the the rate of
+expression of some uh of some gene to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of some uh of some gene to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of some uh of some gene to be
+uh sensitive or be ultra sensitive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sensitive or be ultra sensitive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sensitive or be ultra sensitive to
+the concentration of something, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration of something, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration of something, right?
+So if you have say a X activating Y then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you have say a X activating Y then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you have say a X activating Y then
+you know what you might like in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what you might like in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what you might like in many
+cases is for there to be an essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases is for there to be an essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases is for there to be an essentially
+digital response where if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital response where if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital response where if you think
+about the production rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the production rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the production rate of
+Y you as a function of this input X you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y you as a function of this input X you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y you as a function of this input X you
+might like it to just be very sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might like it to just be very sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might like it to just be very sharp
+right to be essentially zero quickly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to be essentially zero quickly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to be essentially zero quickly to
+come up and then saturated at some level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up and then saturated at some level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up and then saturated at some level
+beta maybe.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta maybe.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta maybe.
+Now the question is how is it that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now the question is how is it that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now the question is how is it that you
+can how is it that you can do that? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can how is it that you can do that? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can how is it that you can do that? And
+one uh one thing that we discussed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh one thing that we discussed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh one thing that we discussed that
+could get you something kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get you something kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get you something kind of like
+this uh does anybody remember what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh does anybody remember what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh does anybody remember what what
+the the base solution might be?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the base solution might be?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the base solution might be?
+Cooperative regulation, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cooperative regulation, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cooperative regulation, right?
+Cooperative regulation. Right? So if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cooperative regulation. Right? So if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cooperative regulation. Right? So if
+it's the case that you have for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the case that you have for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the case that you have for example
+a tetrimer of X that is somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tetrimer of X that is somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tetrimer of X that is somehow
+activating Y then you can get something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activating Y then you can get something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activating Y then you can get something
+looks maybe not this sharp but um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks maybe not this sharp but um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks maybe not this sharp but um but
+much sharper than what you would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much sharper than what you would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much sharper than what you would get
+which is the simple Mikuel Metton type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the simple Mikuel Metton type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the simple Mikuel Metton type
+looking curve if you just had a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking curve if you just had a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking curve if you just had a single
+monomer of X activating Y right so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomer of X activating Y right so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomer of X activating Y right so one
+solution is indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cooperivity but I think that there's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperivity but I think that there's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperivity but I think that there's uh
+there's another interesting one that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another interesting one that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another interesting one that is
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+um well second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well second
+solution is uh is this this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is uh is this this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is uh is this this idea of
+molecular titration.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And I kind of explained the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And I kind of explained the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And I kind of explained the basic
+idea at the end of the lecture uh on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea at the end of the lecture uh on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea at the end of the lecture uh on uh
+on Tuesday but then I what we want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Tuesday but then I what we want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Tuesday but then I what we want to do
+is try to get a sense of what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is try to get a sense of what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is try to get a sense of what the
+requirements might be for the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements might be for the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements might be for the kind of
+the bindings in order to generate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bindings in order to generate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bindings in order to generate this
+effect. Right? Right. So what what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect. Right? Right. So what what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect. Right? Right. So what what we
+have is a situation where we have again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is a situation where we have again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is a situation where we have again
+just X is regulating Y. Okay. But it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just X is regulating Y. Okay. But it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just X is regulating Y. Okay. But it's a
+little bit more complicated because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more complicated because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more complicated because this
+protein X in addition to binding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein X in addition to binding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein X in addition to binding the
+promoter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoter and
+activating an activating expression of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activating an activating expression of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activating an activating expression of
+Y, we also have the possibility that X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y, we also have the possibility that X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y, we also have the possibility that X
+can bind to something else.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can bind to something else.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can bind to something else.
+In particular, there might be some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In particular, there might be some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In particular, there might be some other
+protein maybe W which can bind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein maybe W which can bind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein maybe W which can bind
+reversibly into some complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversibly into some complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversibly into some complex
+wx. Okay. Now for some situations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wx. Okay. Now for some situations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wx. Okay. Now for some situations in
+particular if this is uh if we describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular if this is uh if we describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular if this is uh if we describe
+this by some KW and this by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by some KW and this by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by some KW and this by some
+KD right we can ask in what regime will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KD right we can ask in what regime will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KD right we can ask in what regime will
+this generate an ultra sensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this generate an ultra sensitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this generate an ultra sensitive
+response where as a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response where as a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response where as a function of the
+total concentration of X right so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total concentration of X right so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total concentration of X right so we
+might want to if we we might want to for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to if we we might want to for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to if we we might want to for
+example call that X total just to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example call that X total just to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example call that X total just to be
+clear right we'd like it that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear right we'd like it that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear right we'd like it that there's
+very little expression of Y but then all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little expression of Y but then all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little expression of Y but then all
+of a sudden to that uh kind of maximal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sudden to that uh kind of maximal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sudden to that uh kind of maximal
+if you like expression of y. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like expression of y. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like expression of y. The
+question is well what do we need in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is well what do we need in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is well what do we need in
+terms of these kw kds and so forth.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of these kw kds and so forth.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of these kw kds and so forth.
+Okay. All right. So there are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. All right. So there are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. All right. So there are going to
+be three different conditions that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be three different conditions that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be three different conditions that we're
+going to kind of play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with. All
+right. First might be the relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. First might be the relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. First might be the relationship
+between this KD. All right. the affinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this KD. All right. the affinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this KD. All right. the affinity
+of binding of that transcription factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of binding of that transcription factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of binding of that transcription factor
+to the promoter um as compared to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the promoter um as compared to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the promoter um as compared to this
+KW. All right, I will uh write some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KW. All right, I will uh write some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KW. All right, I will uh write some
+options but as always you should start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options but as always you should start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options but as always you should start
+thinking you don't need to watch me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking you don't need to watch me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking you don't need to watch me
+write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+don't know again. So I'll give you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know again. So I'll give you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know again. So I'll give you uh
+just 30 seconds to think about. Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right. So it's it's the it's the guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So it's it's the it's the guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So it's it's the it's the guy
+that has units of concentration, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has units of concentration, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has units of concentration, right?
+So uh lower in both these cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh lower in both these cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh lower in both these cases
+corresponds to tighter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+binding. And I'll let you Yeah. think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding. And I'll let you Yeah. think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding. And I'll let you Yeah. think
+for 20 seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right. Do you need more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time? And it's okay if you haven't are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time? And it's okay if you haven't are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time? And it's okay if you haven't are
+not 100% convinced of something. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not 100% convinced of something. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not 100% convinced of something. It's
+useful to just make a guess and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to just make a guess and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to just make a guess and then we
+can we can discuss. Shall we go for it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we can discuss. Shall we go for it?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we can discuss. Shall we go for it?
+All right. Every everybody have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Every everybody have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Every everybody have your
+tools in front of you. All right. Ready?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools in front of you. All right. Ready?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools in front of you. All right. Ready?
+Uh, three, two,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one. Okay. All right. So, we have uh I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Okay. All right. So, we have uh I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Okay. All right. So, we have uh I'd
+say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a
+fair fair amount of disagreement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair fair amount of disagreement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair fair amount of disagreement
+actually. I'd say we got some A's, B's,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually. I'd say we got some A's, B's,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually. I'd say we got some A's, B's,
+C's. Um, everybody, well, not every I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C's. Um, everybody, well, not every I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C's. Um, everybody, well, not every I
+don't know. There might be one or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know. There might be one or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know. There might be one or two
+D's. All right. Yes. Why don't we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D's. All right. Yes. Why don't we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D's. All right. Yes. Why don't we go
+ahead and turn to a neighbor there? You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and turn to a neighbor there? You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and turn to a neighbor there? You
+should definitely be able to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should definitely be able to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should definitely be able to find a
+neighbor that disagrees with you. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor that disagrees with you. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor that disagrees with you. All
+right. So, uh, and try to convince them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So, uh, and try to convince them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So, uh, and try to convince them
+that you Yeah. All right. So, Oh, yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you Yeah. All right. So, Oh, yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you Yeah. All right. So, Oh, yeah.
+Sorry. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry. Okay.
+No, no, no, no. The Right. So, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, no, no, no. The Right. So, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, no, no, no. The Right. So, the
+question is um what conditions do these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is um what conditions do these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is um what conditions do these
+things need in order to have an ultra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things need in order to have an ultra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things need in order to have an ultra
+sensitive response where the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive response where the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive response where the rate of
+production of what?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production of what?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production of what?
+Yeah. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh, okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So that all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that all of the
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Witch is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right, why don't we go ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, why don't we go ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, why don't we go ahead and
+reconvene uh and maybe I'll just get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconvene uh and maybe I'll just get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconvene uh and maybe I'll just get a
+sense of um of of what your uh the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of um of of what your uh the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of um of of what your uh the state
+of your thinking is right now. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your thinking is right now. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your thinking is right now. All
+right. So once again the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So once again the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So once again the question is
+uh we want to know what relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we want to know what relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we want to know what relationship
+between all these binding affinities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between all these binding affinities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between all these binding affinities
+concentrations has to be in order to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations has to be in order to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations has to be in order to get
+an ultra sensitive response where it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ultra sensitive response where it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ultra sensitive response where it's a
+function of the total amount of X you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the total amount of X you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the total amount of X you uh
+you start you kind of add X at first you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start you kind of add X at first you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start you kind of add X at first you
+don't get really much of any expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get really much of any expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get really much of any expression
+of all of a sudden you get a lot. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all of a sudden you get a lot. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all of a sudden you get a lot. Okay.
+And first we want to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And first we want to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And first we want to know the
+relationship between KD and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between KD and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between KD and
+KW. Okay. Let's go ahead and vote.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KW. Okay. Let's go ahead and vote.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KW. Okay. Let's go ahead and vote.
+Ready? Uh, three, two, one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ready? Uh, three, two, one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ready? Uh, three, two, one.
+Oh, I'm sorry. What? What? We're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, I'm sorry. What? What? We're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, I'm sorry. What? What? We're still
+on this one. So, yeah, you can ignore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this one. So, yeah, you can ignore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this one. So, yeah, you can ignore
+these. It's just it takes me time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these. It's just it takes me time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these. It's just it takes me time to
+write, you know? So, I I I wanted to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write, you know? So, I I I wanted to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write, you know? So, I I I wanted to you
+take advantage of your discussion. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take advantage of your discussion. Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take advantage of your discussion. Uh,
+yeah. No, we're still on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah. No, we're still on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah. No, we're still on this
+one. Do Do you guys understand what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Do Do you guys understand what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Do Do you guys understand what I'm
+trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to
+ask? Okay. All right. Ready? All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask? Okay. All right. Ready? All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask? Okay. All right. Ready? All right.
+Three, two, one. All right. I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Three, two, one. All right. I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Three, two, one. All right. I'm going to
+cover this so nobody gets confused. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover this so nobody gets confused. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover this so nobody gets confused. All
+right. All right. So, uh, we have a fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. All right. So, uh, we have a fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. All right. So, uh, we have a fair
+pocket of C's back there, but then, um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket of C's back there, but then, um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket of C's back there, but then, um,
+a fair, you know, some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fair, you know, some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fair, you know, some other
+distributions. All right. So, or we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions. All right. So, or we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions. All right. So, or we got
+some discussion over here. So, maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some discussion over here. So, maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some discussion over here. So, maybe
+somebody can, uh, can offer their,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody can, uh, can offer their,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody can, uh, can offer their,
+uh, their insight.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. What did your neighbor think? My
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. What did your neighbor think? My
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. What did your neighbor think? My
+neighbor thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor thought
+that at first there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So, all right. So, you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, all right. So, you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, all right. So, you're
+arguing that you want KW to be much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing that you want KW to be much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing that you want KW to be much
+smaller than KD here because as you add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than KD here because as you add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than KD here because as you add
+X, you want it initially for them all to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X, you want it initially for them all to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X, you want it initially for them all to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+sequestered by uh by molecule W. Is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequestered by uh by molecule W. Is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequestered by uh by molecule W. Is that
+okay? All right. So does somebody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay? All right. So does somebody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay? All right. So does somebody else
+want you know somebody's neighbor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you know somebody's neighbor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you know somebody's neighbor
+thought it should instead be B. Could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it should instead be B. Could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it should instead be B. Could
+you want to offer their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+argument everybody's neighbor is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument everybody's neighbor is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument everybody's neighbor is now
+convinced that that C is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is okay. All right. So I'm going to I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay. All right. So I'm going to I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay. All right. So I'm going to I'm
+going to side with that. Right. So what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to side with that. Right. So what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to side with that. Right. So what
+you the idea here is that what you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the idea here is that what you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the idea here is that what you'd
+really like is principle if that kw is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like is principle if that kw is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like is principle if that kw is
+perfect and that that corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect and that that corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect and that that corresponds to
+going to zero right then that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to zero right then that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to zero right then that means that
+if you if you plot the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x as a function of x total then uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x as a function of x total then uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x as a function of x total then uh what
+what does it what does it uh start out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it what does it uh start out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it what does it uh start out
+being if if if kw is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being if if if kw is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being if if if kw is zero
+zero right all right and and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right all right and and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right all right and and when
+thinking about the concentration of 3x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the concentration of 3x.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the concentration of 3x.
+Do we have to think about or worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do we have to think about or worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do we have to think about or worry about
+how much X is bound to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much X is bound to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much X is bound to the
+promoter? No. I we'll say that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoter? No. I we'll say that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoter? No. I we'll say that you know
+that so long as you have any reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so long as you have any reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so long as you have any reasonable
+concentration of X, then the one X that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of X, then the one X that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of X, then the one X that
+binds to that promoter, binds to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binds to that promoter, binds to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binds to that promoter, binds to that
+DNA is not going to affect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA is not going to affect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA is not going to affect the
+concentration of of 3X, right? So, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of of 3X, right? So, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of of 3X, right? So, we
+really just have to worry about how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just have to worry about how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just have to worry about how much
+is bound to W. Okay. All right. So, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bound to W. Okay. All right. So, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bound to W. Okay. All right. So, it's
+going to be zero. And this is this is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be zero. And this is this is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be zero. And this is this is in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+limit of uh KW going to zero. Right. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of uh KW going to zero. Right. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of uh KW going to zero. Right. And
+all right. So when is it that something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right. So when is it that something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right. So when is it that something
+starts happening?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right? So it's it's when you get and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So it's it's when you get and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So it's it's when you get and and
+is it the concentration of W or is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it the concentration of W or is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it the concentration of W or is it
+maybe we can be a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we can be a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we can be a little bit more
+precise? What should I actually write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise? What should I actually write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise? What should I actually write
+here? Should I just write W or should I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here? Should I just write W or should I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here? Should I just write W or should I
+write W total? I think right because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write W total? I think right because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write W total? I think right because uh
+you know the free W is changing all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the free W is changing all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the free W is changing all the
+time. Uh and indeed at as you approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Uh and indeed at as you approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Uh and indeed at as you approach
+here the free W goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero. Right? So over here the free w is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Right? So over here the free w is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Right? So over here the free w is
+equal to wt, but then it decreases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to wt, but then it decreases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to wt, but then it decreases
+linearly until you get here. And now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly until you get here. And now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly until you get here. And now
+there's no free w. And it's at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no free w. And it's at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no free w. And it's at that
+stage that this uh free x is going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage that this uh free x is going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage that this uh free x is going to go
+up with a slope of what?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+One, right? Right. Exactly. All the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One, right? Right. Exactly. All the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One, right? Right. Exactly. All the x
+that you add is just turns into free x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you add is just turns into free x.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you add is just turns into free x.
+Right. So this goes up with slope one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So this goes up with slope one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So this goes up with slope one.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so this is uh this is the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so this is uh this is the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so this is uh this is the idea
+behind this mechanism, right? This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind this mechanism, right? This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind this mechanism, right? This is
+what I'm drawing is the case of perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm drawing is the case of perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm drawing is the case of perfect
+sequestration, right? And in this case,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequestration, right? And in this case,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequestration, right? And in this case,
+what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens
+is if you look at the uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you look at the uh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you look at the uh uh the
+production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of
+Y, all right, as a function again of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y, all right, as a function again of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y, all right, as a function again of X
+total, all right, the production rate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total, all right, the production rate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total, all right, the production rate in
+here is going to be equal to what?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is going to be equal to what?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is going to be equal to what?
+zero,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero,
+right? Until you get to this WT and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Until you get to this WT and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Until you get to this WT and then
+it's going to come up. And how is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to come up. And how is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to come up. And how is it
+going to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come
+up? Does it does it immediately come all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up? Does it does it immediately come all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up? Does it does it immediately come all
+the way up to maximum?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way up to maximum?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way up to maximum?
+No. So, what determines how how rapidly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No. So, what determines how how rapidly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No. So, what determines how how rapidly
+that's going to happen?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The concentration free X and we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The concentration free X and we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The concentration free X and we actually
+know what the concentration of free X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the concentration of free X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the concentration of free X is
+here now,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right? All right. So it's the KD of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? All right. So it's the KD of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? All right. So it's the KD of the
+binding, right? So this is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding, right? So this is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding, right? So this is going to be
+some All right. So this is again a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some All right. So this is again a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some All right. So this is again a
+McKennel Metton looking kind of curve,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McKennel Metton looking kind of curve,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McKennel Metton looking kind of curve,
+right? Where the half maximal here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Where the half maximal here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Where the half maximal here is
+just going to be this WT plus that KD.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Right. So this is there's a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Right. So this is there's a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Right. So this is there's a sense
+that this is uh ultra sensitive because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is uh ultra sensitive because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is uh ultra sensitive because
+initially you don't get much of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially you don't get much of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially you don't get much of any
+expression then all of a sudden you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression then all of a sudden you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression then all of a sudden you
+start getting kind of significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start getting kind of significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start getting kind of significant
+amounts.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. All right. Are there any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. All right. Are there any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. All right. Are there any questions
+about the basic the intuition here? I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the basic the intuition here? I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the basic the intuition here? I
+mean, we still have to kind of come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, we still have to kind of come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, we still have to kind of come back
+and think a little bit more carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think a little bit more carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think a little bit more carefully
+kind of quantitatively about what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of quantitatively about what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of quantitatively about what this
+mechanism means for the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism means for the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism means for the other
+comparisons. But at least based on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons. But at least based on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons. But at least based on this
+this uh idea of of the perfect situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh idea of of the perfect situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh idea of of the perfect situation
+where the sequestration uh of of W with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the sequestration uh of of W with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the sequestration uh of of W with
+X is complete, then this is kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is complete, then this is kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is complete, then this is kind of the
+idea of what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on. All right. Is it clear right now?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. All right. Is it clear right now?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. All right. Is it clear right now?
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+Which direction?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Which direction?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Which direction?
+Yeah. In in in what I'm drawing here or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. In in in what I'm drawing here or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. In in in what I'm drawing here or
+what you drew there. This one. Yeah. Oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you drew there. This one. Yeah. Oh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you drew there. This one. Yeah. Oh,
+okay. So, um right. Uh right. Well, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. So, um right. Uh right. Well, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. So, um right. Uh right. Well, the
+definition of KW is going to be that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of KW is going to be that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of KW is going to be that uh
+KW and this is a definition, right? It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KW and this is a definition, right? It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KW and this is a definition, right? It's
+it has units of concentration. So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has units of concentration. So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has units of concentration. So that
+means we have to put up um this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means we have to put up um this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means we have to put up um this is the
+concentration of w concentration of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of w concentration of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of w concentration of x
+concentration of wx right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. Okay. Any other questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Okay. Any other questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Okay. Any other questions about
+this?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this?
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Right. So this is what we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Right. So this is what we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Right. So this is what we were
+saying is that um there's just one copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is that um there's just one copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is that um there's just one copy
+of this gene right so you know so given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this gene right so you know so given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this gene right so you know so given
+that there might be you know in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there might be you know in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there might be you know in this
+case this might be a thousand of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case this might be a thousand of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case this might be a thousand of these
+protein you know then it's just not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein you know then it's just not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein you know then it's just not a
+significant yeah in the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+okay so in this class u whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in this class u whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in this class u whenever
+possible at least in the lectures I yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible at least in the lectures I yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible at least in the lectures I yeah
+so we'll always try try to stick with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll always try try to stick with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll always try try to stick with
+the dissociation constant which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dissociation constant which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dissociation constant which is the
+the guy that has units of concentration.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guy that has units of concentration.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guy that has units of concentration.
+Um you can also talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um you can also talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um you can also talk about the
+association constant and then you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association constant and then you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association constant and then you know
+they also use K for that horribly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also use K for that horribly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also use K for that horribly
+confusing right um so um yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing right um so um yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing right um so um yeah so
+whenever possible I will just I'll I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever possible I will just I'll I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever possible I will just I'll I'll
+be referring to the dissociation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be referring to the dissociation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be referring to the dissociation
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh that's right no I um it's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that's right no I um it's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that's right no I um it's a good
+thing that my K's are so clearly big K's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that my K's are so clearly big K's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that my K's are so clearly big K's
+that there's no possible source for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's no possible source for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's no possible source for
+confusion there right um yes But you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion there right um yes But you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion there right um yes But you
+know if you're ever confused about which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you're ever confused about which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you're ever confused about which
+K or what not I'm referring to please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K or what not I'm referring to please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K or what not I'm referring to please
+just ask. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ask. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ask. Okay.
+All right. Any any other questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Any any other questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Any any other questions about
+the basing mechanism? Yeah. Just just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basing mechanism? Yeah. Just just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basing mechanism? Yeah. Just just to
+clarify. So if we take the other limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarify. So if we take the other limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarify. So if we take the other limit
+for KD going to zero would it be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for KD going to zero would it be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for KD going to zero would it be the
+same? So free X versus X total would it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same? So free X versus X total would it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same? So free X versus X total would it
+be the same slope but starting from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same slope but starting from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same slope but starting from
+zero? Shift left. Oh okay. Oh the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero? Shift left. Oh okay. Oh the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero? Shift left. Oh okay. Oh the other
+limit of KD going to zero. Yeah. So all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of KD going to zero. Yeah. So all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of KD going to zero. Yeah. So all
+right this is an interesting point. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is an interesting point. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is an interesting point. Um
+right. So I think um this plot is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So I think um this plot is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So I think um this plot is sort
+of independent of KD because uh binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of independent of KD because uh binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of independent of KD because uh binding
+to that promoter doesn't affect the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that promoter doesn't affect the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that promoter doesn't affect the free
+concentration of X anyways, right? Um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of X anyways, right? Um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of X anyways, right? Um it
+does affect this though, right? Because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does affect this though, right? Because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does affect this though, right? Because
+if KD kind of gets smaller and smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if KD kind of gets smaller and smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if KD kind of gets smaller and smaller
+then this curve actually gets more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this curve actually gets more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this curve actually gets more and
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+steep.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steep.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steep.
+Okay. Um does that answer your question?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Right. Right. Okay. Yes. Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Right. Right. Okay. Yes. Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Right. Right. Okay. Yes. Yes.
+Okay, that's a good point. Um, right. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that's a good point. Um, right. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that's a good point. Um, right. So
+that's question of but now you're taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's question of but now you're taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's question of but now you're taking
+two limits of things going to zero. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two limits of things going to zero. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two limits of things going to zero. So
+we have to be a little bit careful,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to be a little bit careful,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to be a little bit careful,
+right? I mean because it still maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? I mean because it still maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? I mean because it still maybe
+depends on what you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on what you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on what you know the
+relationship between those two as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between those two as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between those two as they
+as they go to zero. Yeah. So we'll maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they go to zero. Yeah. So we'll maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they go to zero. Yeah. So we'll maybe
+um Yes. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Yes. Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Yes. Okay. So
+um I Yeah. No, that's fair. Um but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I Yeah. No, that's fair. Um but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I Yeah. No, that's fair. Um but the
+idea is that if if if you're in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that if if if you're in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that if if if you're in this
+other limit then you end up not having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other limit then you end up not having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other limit then you end up not having
+uh significant sequestration in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh significant sequestration in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh significant sequestration in the
+sense that as you start adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that as you start adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that as you start adding
+uh as you start adding X you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as you start adding X you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as you start adding X you start
+getting expression of that protein early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting expression of that protein early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting expression of that protein early
+on and so then this the whole mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so then this the whole mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so then this the whole mechanism
+doesn't work right so it's true that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work right so it's true that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work right so it's true that in
+principle that thing is steep but it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle that thing is steep but it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle that thing is steep but it was
+never inhibited to begin with right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never inhibited to begin with right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never inhibited to begin with right
+because the moment you started adding X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the moment you started adding X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the moment you started adding X
+you start getting expression of of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start getting expression of of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start getting expression of of um
+from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene
+Okay, are there other questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, are there other questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, are there other questions about
+that? Let's try out uh this next one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? Let's try out uh this next one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? Let's try out uh this next one.
+All right. Uh now this is question of K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Uh now this is question of K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Uh now this is question of K
+um right? So this is the binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right? So this is the binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right? So this is the binding
+affinity of um X to that sequester as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity of um X to that sequester as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity of um X to that sequester as
+compared to the total amount of of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the total amount of of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the total amount of of that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+W. All right. So what's going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W. All right. So what's going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W. All right. So what's going to be the
+requirement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement
+there? So we'll go ahead and give you 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there? So we'll go ahead and give you 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there? So we'll go ahead and give you 30
+seconds to kind of Excuse me. already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds to kind of Excuse me. already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds to kind of Excuse me. already
+have what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have what they
+wanted like what's this more specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted like what's this more specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted like what's this more specific
+question right okay so here this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question right okay so here this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question right okay so here this is the
+case where w went to zero or k sorry kw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where w went to zero or k sorry kw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where w went to zero or k sorry kw
+went to zero right so that's um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to zero right so that's um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to zero right so that's um and
+indeed this works and the question is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed this works and the question is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed this works and the question is um
+in general I mean kw is not actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general I mean kw is not actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general I mean kw is not actually
+going to be equal to zero so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equal to zero so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equal to zero so the
+question is does um no and it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is does um no and it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is does um no and it might be
+relevant for this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant for this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant for this question
+still but yeah but it's um yeah because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still but yeah but it's um yeah because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still but yeah but it's um yeah because
+I mean in some ways This is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean in some ways This is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean in some ways This is the
+idealized version and any real real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealized version and any real real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealized version and any real real
+thing is going to have just some numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is going to have just some numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is going to have just some numbers
+for these things. The question is will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these things. The question is will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these things. The question is will
+those numbers work right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right. Do you need more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Do you need more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Do you need more
+time? All right. Let's go ahead and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time? All right. Let's go ahead and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time? All right. Let's go ahead and make
+our best guess. All right. In order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our best guess. All right. In order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our best guess. All right. In order to
+get ultra sensitivity in response to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get ultra sensitivity in response to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get ultra sensitivity in response to uh
+of Y to concentration of X, what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y to concentration of X, what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y to concentration of X, what is it
+that you need here? All right. Ready?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need here? All right. Ready?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need here? All right. Ready?
+Three, two,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Three, two,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Three, two,
+one. All right. So, we got some A's,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. All right. So, we got some A's,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. All right. So, we got some A's,
+some B's, some D's.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some B's, some D's.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some B's, some D's.
+C is not very popular. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is not very popular. Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is not very popular. Uh,
+okay. All right. Okay. So, it seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. All right. Okay. So, it seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. All right. Okay. So, it seems like
+um Okay. Well, yeah. Why don't we Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Okay. Well, yeah. Why don't we Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Okay. Well, yeah. Why don't we Yeah,
+let's go ahead and spend 30 seconds.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go ahead and spend 30 seconds.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go ahead and spend 30 seconds.
+Turn to your neighbor. You should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Turn to your neighbor. You should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Turn to your neighbor. You should be
+able to find someone that disagrees with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to find someone that disagrees with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to find someone that disagrees with
+you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+All you're doing is you're moving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All you're doing is you're moving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All you're doing is you're moving the
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Why don't we go ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Why don't we go ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Why don't we go ahead and
+reconvene and uh you can uh give your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconvene and uh you can uh give your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconvene and uh you can uh give your
+argument to the group. Um all right. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument to the group. Um all right. Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument to the group. Um all right. Uh,
+does somebody want to volunteer an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does somebody want to volunteer an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does somebody want to volunteer an
+explanation?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah, I haven't had time to test this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, I haven't had time to test this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, I haven't had time to test this.
+That's just fine. Well, you know, your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's just fine. Well, you know, your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's just fine. Well, you know, your
+neighbor will appreciate. Um, so I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor will appreciate. Um, so I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor will appreciate. Um, so I was
+thinking that the time scale of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that the time scale of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that the time scale of like
+that is set by how quickly that slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is set by how quickly that slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is set by how quickly that slope
+the curving slope rises.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curving slope rises.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curving slope rises.
+Okay. So time scale I'm a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So time scale I'm a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So time scale I'm a little bit
+worried about scale. Okay. Okay. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about scale. Okay. Okay. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about scale. Okay. Okay. Okay.
+All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+How quickly that curve second rises once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How quickly that curve second rises once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How quickly that curve second rises once
+you go above zero. Okay. That's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go above zero. Okay. That's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go above zero. Okay. That's sort of
+the only feature on on that graph. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only feature on on that graph. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only feature on on that graph. Okay.
+And that should be in like sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that should be in like sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that should be in like sense
+determined by K K. Which one? Which K?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by K K. Which one? Which K?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by K K. Which one? Which K?
+Oh the K of the uh K D. Yes. Oh no.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh the K of the uh K D. Yes. Oh no.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh the K of the uh K D. Yes. Oh no.
+Okay. Right. So I think I I think I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Right. So I think I I think I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Right. So I think I I think I I
+like everything you're saying although I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like everything you're saying although I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like everything you're saying although I
+think you're you're about to answer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you're you're about to answer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you're you're about to answer the
+next one. Yes. Um although the next one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one. Yes. Um although the next one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one. Yes. Um although the next one
+I think is in some ways the hardest one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think is in some ways the hardest one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think is in some ways the hardest one.
+So So you're you're ready. Right. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So So you're you're ready. Right. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So So you're you're ready. Right. Um
+which we've determined should be a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we've determined should be a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we've determined should be a lot
+more than KW. Right. So we we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than KW. Right. So we we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than KW. Right. So we we know that
+KD should be more than a lot more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KD should be more than a lot more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KD should be more than a lot more than
+KW.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KW.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KW.
+And I think that this should be a decent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I think that this should be a decent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I think that this should be a decent
+amount less than or sorry. So, I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount less than or sorry. So, I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount less than or sorry. So, I think
+the KD should be a decent amount smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the KD should be a decent amount smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the KD should be a decent amount smaller
+than WT. All right. So, you think KD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than WT. All right. So, you think KD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than WT. All right. So, you think KD
+should be a decent amount smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a decent amount smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a decent amount smaller than
+W2? Okay. So, you really are answering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2? Okay. So, you really are answering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2? Okay. So, you really are answering
+the next question. All right. But no,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next question. All right. But no,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next question. All right. But no,
+I think that this is important. Oh, no.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that this is important. Oh, no.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that this is important. Oh, no.
+I I agree it's important. You know, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I agree it's important. You know, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I agree it's important. You know, it's
+uh but I think Well, anyway, but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but I think Well, anyway, but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but I think Well, anyway, but but
+it's just that basically basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just that basically basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just that basically basically
+speaking, you know, if you let WT become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking, you know, if you let WT become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking, you know, if you let WT become
+too small, then in comparison to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too small, then in comparison to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too small, then in comparison to
+everything else all the all the relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else all the all the relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else all the all the relevant
+quantities then this feature which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities then this feature which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities then this feature which is
+really determining the ultra sensitivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really determining the ultra sensitivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really determining the ultra sensitivity
+shrinks to zero size okay that's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrinks to zero size okay that's what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrinks to zero size okay that's what I
+wanted to say um okay yeah no I I um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to say um okay yeah no I I um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to say um okay yeah no I I um I
+very much like that explanation um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much like that explanation um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much like that explanation um and
+and since we have it on tape we can now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since we have it on tape we can now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since we have it on tape we can now
+play it again in in a few minutes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play it again in in a few minutes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play it again in in a few minutes and
+then no um right uh yeah okay I um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then no um right uh yeah okay I um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then no um right uh yeah okay I um I
+think that you're saying you're making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that you're saying you're making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that you're saying you're making a
+very nice argument and actually I um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice argument and actually I um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice argument and actually I um
+we'll we'll go ahead and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll go ahead and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll go ahead and even
+um does anybody want to argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um does anybody want to argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um does anybody want to argue
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, so what he's arguing is that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so what he's arguing is that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so what he's arguing is that what
+you Right. Um, yeah. So, he's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you Right. Um, yeah. So, he's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you Right. Um, yeah. So, he's actually
+arguing that it's this over here, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing that it's this over here, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing that it's this over here, which
+is that what sets the scale that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that what sets the scale that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that what sets the scale that this
+thing increases by is the KD, right? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing increases by is the KD, right? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing increases by is the KD, right? And
+you you want um, you know, and you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you want um, you know, and you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you want um, you know, and you want
+this thing to kind of come up quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing to kind of come up quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing to kind of come up quickly
+relative to this other scale, which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to this other scale, which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to this other scale, which is
+the total W, right? All right. So if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total W, right? All right. So if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total W, right? All right. So if
+total W is just like too small here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total W is just like too small here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total W is just like too small here,
+then it's not like you get any ultra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's not like you get any ultra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's not like you get any ultra
+sensitive response, right? Because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive response, right? Because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive response, right? Because you
+want it to be kind of like low low and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it to be kind of like low low and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it to be kind of like low low and
+then come up kind of quickly. So there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then come up kind of quickly. So there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then come up kind of quickly. So there's
+some sense that you want this scale to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense that you want this scale to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense that you want this scale to
+be of order this scale or maybe even a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be of order this scale or maybe even a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be of order this scale or maybe even a
+bit shorter. Is that I mean was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit shorter. Is that I mean was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit shorter. Is that I mean was that
+Yeah. Um and I I um I agree that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Um and I I um I agree that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Um and I I um I agree that this is
+actually one that that generates a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually one that that generates a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually one that that generates a lot
+of argument and discussion in general uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of argument and discussion in general uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of argument and discussion in general uh
+because it's you know because I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's you know because I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's you know because I think
+you know reasonable people can disagree,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know reasonable people can disagree,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know reasonable people can disagree,
+right? But um but I yeah no I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? But um but I yeah no I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? But um but I yeah no I think that
+this is actually um I I will side with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually um I I will side with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually um I I will side with
+you on this. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you on this. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you on this. Okay.
+Um but does any uh but uh uh All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but does any uh but uh uh All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but does any uh but uh uh All right.
+But yeah. So uh yeah but what about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But yeah. So uh yeah but what about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But yeah. So uh yeah but what about what
+about this comparison because you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this comparison because you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this comparison because you you
+haven't said anything about KW, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't said anything about KW, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't said anything about KW, right?
+So I think combining combining one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I think combining combining one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I think combining combining one.
+Okay. Okay. Fine. That's why I was I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. Fine. That's why I was I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. Fine. That's why I was I was
+trying to Okay. No, no, no. You're okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to Okay. No, no, no. You're okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to Okay. No, no, no. You're okay.
+Fair enough. But you're um but it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fair enough. But you're um but it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fair enough. But you're um but it's just
+too many logical leaps. Okay. No, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many logical leaps. Okay. No, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many logical leaps. Okay. No, I
+think it's true. And there's a reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's true. And there's a reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's true. And there's a reason
+that I ordered the questions in this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I ordered the questions in this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I ordered the questions in this way
+so that so that this one you could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that so that this one you could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that so that this one you could you
+know otherwise I agree that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know otherwise I agree that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know otherwise I agree that if you
+combine these things you do get and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine these things you do get and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine these things you do get and
+which one do you get? I think a is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one do you get? I think a is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one do you get? I think a is that
+is that what other people got? Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that what other people got? Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that what other people got? Yes.
+Okay. And all right and is there okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And all right and is there okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And all right and is there okay I
+agree that actually you can get to A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree that actually you can get to A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree that actually you can get to A
+here from the combination of C and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here from the combination of C and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here from the combination of C and B
+here but it's a little bit crazy. Can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but it's a little bit crazy. Can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but it's a little bit crazy. Can
+someone I mean is there is there another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone I mean is there is there another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone I mean is there is there another
+a more direct explanation we can give?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more direct explanation we can give?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more direct explanation we can give?
+Um yeah go ahead. Well, if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um yeah go ahead. Well, if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um yeah go ahead. Well, if you don't
+have a lot of W,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of W,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of W,
+then your binding is is too sensitive.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then your binding is is too sensitive.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then your binding is is too sensitive.
+You'll add a little bit of X and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You'll add a little bit of X and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You'll add a little bit of X and the
+binding will all be used up and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding will all be used up and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding will all be used up and you'll
+be making immediately. Yes. You want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be making immediately. Yes. You want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be making immediately. Yes. You want a
+lot of W to be able to Right. You want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of W to be able to Right. You want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of W to be able to Right. You want
+Yeah. And and I guess Okay. Yeah. Go.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. And and I guess Okay. Yeah. Go.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. And and I guess Okay. Yeah. Go.
+And maybe in the back.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, that just makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+But still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But still
+it doesn't necessarily I mean you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't necessarily I mean you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't necessarily I mean you have
+more sensitive fluctuations if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sensitive fluctuations if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sensitive fluctuations if you have
+a loweration capacity but it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a loweration capacity but it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a loweration capacity but it doesn't
+really change.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sure. Okay. Yeah. So I think that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sure. Okay. Yeah. So I think that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sure. Okay. Yeah. So I think that this
+is actually subtle. All right. Because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually subtle. All right. Because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually subtle. All right. Because
+there are two ways that having more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two ways that having more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two ways that having more of
+this WT helps, right? One is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this WT helps, right? One is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this WT helps, right? One is that it
+pushes this boundary further to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushes this boundary further to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushes this boundary further to the
+right, but the other is that it makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, but the other is that it makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, but the other is that it makes it
+kind of a better sequestering agent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a better sequestering agent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a better sequestering agent
+because there are just more of these W's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are just more of these W's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are just more of these W's
+to bind. And if you go and you you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bind. And if you go and you you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bind. And if you go and you you do
+the calculation, I encourage you to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculation, I encourage you to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculation, I encourage you to to
+do it, what what you actually find is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it, what what you actually find is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it, what what you actually find is
+that the concentration of free X um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the concentration of free X um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the concentration of free X um is
+given approximately by X total divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given approximately by X total divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given approximately by X total divided
+by W T over K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by W T over K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by W T over K
+subW. Okay. So what you see is that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subW. Okay. So what you see is that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subW. Okay. So what you see is that um
+the free concentration of X um and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free concentration of X um and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free concentration of X um and this
+is this is in the region this is for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is in the region this is for um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is in the region this is for um
+uh for X total less than and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for X total less than and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for X total less than and maybe
+significantly less than W total. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly less than W total. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly less than W total. Okay.
+um right but the idea is that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right but the idea is that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right but the idea is that when
+you're in this sequestering regime we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in this sequestering regime we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in this sequestering regime we
+see is the concentration of X um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is the concentration of X um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is the concentration of X um it's
+going to increase linearly with a total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to increase linearly with a total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to increase linearly with a total
+X but it's going to be kind of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X but it's going to be kind of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X but it's going to be kind of you know
+sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort
+of suppressed by this amount here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of suppressed by this amount here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of suppressed by this amount here okay
+where this ratio is much larger than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this ratio is much larger than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this ratio is much larger than one
+right because what you want to be much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because what you want to be much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because what you want to be much
+larger than one wt T over KW right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than one wt T over KW right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than one wt T over KW right and
+this is kind of telling you how good of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of telling you how good of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of telling you how good of
+a sequester this guy this W is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequester this guy this W is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequester this guy this W is because
+you want to buy entirely the end you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to buy entirely the end you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to buy entirely the end you
+need to have kind of enough to to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have kind of enough to to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have kind of enough to to keep
+the free concentration of X from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free concentration of X from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free concentration of X from
+growing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. All right. All right. Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yes. All right. So this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. All right. So this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. All right. So this is a very
+important point which is that um you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important point which is that um you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important point which is that um you you
+need it needs to be possible for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it needs to be possible for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it needs to be possible for the
+cell to make enough X to overcome the W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell to make enough X to overcome the W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell to make enough X to overcome the W
+right I mean if if you if if there's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean if if you if if there's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean if if you if if there's so
+much of this sequestering protein that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of this sequestering protein that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of this sequestering protein that
+that you cannot even get beyond that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you cannot even get beyond that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you cannot even get beyond that
+then you're never I mean it's true that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're never I mean it's true that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're never I mean it's true that
+you might have a nice ultra sensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have a nice ultra sensitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have a nice ultra sensitive
+switch out there but you could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch out there but you could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch out there but you could just
+can't get there right so yeah so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get there right so yeah so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get there right so yeah so this is
+uh certainly uh certainly relevant as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh certainly uh certainly relevant as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh certainly uh certainly relevant as
+All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right. So incidentally if um if you plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So incidentally if um if you plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So incidentally if um if you plot
+free x as a function of xt on a log log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale
+okay the question is what um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the question is what um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the question is what um you know
+what is it going to look like right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it going to look like right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it going to look like right and
+that we know that on a linear scale it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we know that on a linear scale it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we know that on a linear scale it
+looks something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks something like that
+right so if it's on a log log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if it's on a log log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if it's on a log log
+scale question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um and log log is nice because you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and log log is nice because you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and log log is nice because you can
+really get the full dynamic range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really get the full dynamic range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really get the full dynamic range of
+what's going on. Right? So if you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on. Right? So if you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on. Right? So if you this
+is if you plot x and this is free x,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you plot x and this is free x,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you plot x and this is free x,
+right? As a function of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? As a function of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? As a function of x
+total in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total in this
+regime, right? For
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime, right? For
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime, right? For
+um for large x and x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+total, what is it going to end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total, what is it going to end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total, what is it going to end up
+looking like?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It's a straight line. Okay. Um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a straight line. Okay. Um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a straight line. Okay. Um and
+eventually it's going to be straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually it's going to be straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually it's going to be straight
+line with slope one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line with slope one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line with slope one
+actually, right? Because they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually, right? Because they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually, right? Because they're just
+uh linear related to each other. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh linear related to each other. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh linear related to each other. Now
+down um and in the low regime, what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down um and in the low regime, what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down um and in the low regime, what is
+it going to look like for small, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it going to look like for small, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it going to look like for small, you
+know, below well below this region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, below well below this region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, below well below this region of
+WT?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+With with what slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, this is uh does everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, this is uh does everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, this is uh does everybody
+agree? No, we have we have a we have a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree? No, we have we have a we have a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree? No, we have we have a we have a a
+disagreeable uh you know. No. All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagreeable uh you know. No. All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagreeable uh you know. No. All right.
+So, wait. What's the uh I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, wait. What's the uh I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, wait. What's the uh I think it's
+going to be also slope one but just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be also slope one but just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be also slope one but just
+Yeah. Okay. Right. So, it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Okay. Right. So, it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Okay. Right. So, it's actually
+also slope one but has a lower. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also slope one but has a lower. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also slope one but has a lower. All
+right. So this is um this is dangerous.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So this is um this is dangerous.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So this is um this is dangerous.
+I mean this is why I brought this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean this is why I brought this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean this is why I brought this up
+just because it's really easy to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because it's really easy to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because it's really easy to kind of
+look at these things and think that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at these things and think that yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at these things and think that yeah
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+still they're still linearly related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still they're still linearly related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still they're still linearly related to
+each other. So when you take the logs it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other. So when you take the logs it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other. So when you take the logs it
+just affects the the level. Okay. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just affects the the level. Okay. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just affects the the level. Okay. So you
+still get the same slope but it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still get the same slope but it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still get the same slope but it's going
+to be kind of down here somewhere and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be kind of down here somewhere and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be kind of down here somewhere and
+then in this regime you kind of get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in this regime you kind of get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in this regime you kind of get this
+ultra you know this thing where it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultra you know this thing where it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultra you know this thing where it goes
+up suddenly. One thing that I I strongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up suddenly. One thing that I I strongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up suddenly. One thing that I I strongly
+encourage everyone to do is in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage everyone to do is in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage everyone to do is in these
+sorts of problems it's wonderful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of problems it's wonderful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of problems it's wonderful to
+spend time to um oh sorry this is log xt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend time to um oh sorry this is log xt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend time to um oh sorry this is log xt
+and sorry log of freex log of xt right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sorry log of freex log of xt right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sorry log of freex log of xt right
+um it's just uh it's really very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's just uh it's really very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's just uh it's really very
+valuable uh to plot things in multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable uh to plot things in multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable uh to plot things in multiple
+different ways by hand or by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways by hand or by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways by hand or by the
+computer or both or whatnot just to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer or both or whatnot just to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer or both or whatnot just to make
+sure that you're keeping track of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that you're keeping track of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that you're keeping track of of
+what's going on because often uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on because often uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on because often uh what
+you see and what you think is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see and what you think is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see and what you think is very
+different depending on what you plot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different depending on what you plot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different depending on what you plot and
+um and you'd like to be able to see your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you'd like to be able to see your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you'd like to be able to see your
+problem from as many different angles as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem from as many different angles as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem from as many different angles as
+possible.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible.
+Okay. All right. Uh I think that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. All right. Uh I think that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. All right. Uh I think that we've
+probably spent about as much time on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably spent about as much time on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably spent about as much time on
+this as we ought to. Uh but are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as we ought to. Uh but are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as we ought to. Uh but are there
+are there any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there any
+other questions about about how this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions about about how this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions about about how this is
+going to um how this is going to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to um how this is going to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to um how this is going to come
+about?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about?
+Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Uh, that's an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh, that's an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh, that's an interesting
+question. Although we have to be careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. Although we have to be careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. Although we have to be careful
+about um you if you really wanted to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um you if you really wanted to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um you if you really wanted to be
+more switch like you'd probably use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more switch like you'd probably use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more switch like you'd probably use
+positive autoregulation. Um, and um I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive autoregulation. Um, and um I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive autoregulation. Um, and um I'm
+not aware of cases where they they this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not aware of cases where they they this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not aware of cases where they they this
+has been combined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+although I yeah I yeah I it's likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I yeah I yeah I it's likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I yeah I yeah I it's likely
+that there are some I just don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are some I just don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are some I just don't know
+them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them.
+Okay. Okay. Um All right. So you I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. Um All right. So you I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. Um All right. So you I want
+to switch gears to this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to switch gears to this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to switch gears to this um
+autoregulation which is something of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoregulation which is something of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoregulation which is something of
+course that you guys just read about and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that you guys just read about and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that you guys just read about and
+it looked like your understanding of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looked like your understanding of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looked like your understanding of it
+was was solid. Um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was solid. Um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was solid. Um but
+um we want to move through these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we want to move through these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we want to move through these
+different ideas. First this idea of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ideas. First this idea of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ideas. First this idea of a
+network motif, right? Um and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network motif, right? Um and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network motif, right? Um and this is
+just the simplest example of a network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the simplest example of a network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the simplest example of a network
+motif and and it's so simple we you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motif and and it's so simple we you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motif and and it's so simple we you know
+often don't even call it a network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often don't even call it a network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often don't even call it a network
+motif.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motif.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motif.
+Um but the idea here is that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but the idea here is that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but the idea here is that we have
+some uh some network all right and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh some network all right and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh some network all right and it
+has maybe um nodes and e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+edges and the example that they give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges and the example that they give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges and the example that they give
+that UI gives in his book um n was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that UI gives in his book um n was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that UI gives in his book um n was uh
+420 and e was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+520. All right. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+520. All right. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+520. All right. Now
+uh there's a basic question that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a basic question that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a basic question that if you
+have an a network with nodes and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an a network with nodes and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an a network with nodes and then
+you have directed edges all right these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have directed edges all right these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have directed edges all right these
+are edges that have an arrow pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are edges that have an arrow pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are edges that have an arrow pointing
+you know on one end okay now uh in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know on one end okay now uh in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know on one end okay now uh in that
+case and if you allow self-directed uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and if you allow self-directed uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and if you allow self-directed uh
+uh edges how many um how many possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh edges how many um how many possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh edges how many um how many possible
+edges are there does uh anybody remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges are there does uh anybody remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges are there does uh anybody remember
+kind of what this looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what's
+possible, right? I mean and not even in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible, right? I mean and not even in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible, right? I mean and not even in
+terms of the actual number I mean just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the actual number I mean just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the actual number I mean just
+in terms of n for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+self total self-directed or sorry not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self total self-directed or sorry not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self total self-directed or sorry not so
+sorry total uh total directed edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry total uh total directed edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry total uh total directed edges
+total num total number of possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total num total number of possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total num total number of possible
+directed edges if we include self edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed edges if we include self edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed edges if we include self edges
+I guess it's n squ right and uh you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess it's n squ right and uh you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess it's n squ right and uh you can
+think about this in multiple ways uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this in multiple ways uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this in multiple ways uh one
+is just that well you can start at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just that well you can start at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just that well you can start at any
+of the nodes and you can end any of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the nodes and you can end any of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the nodes and you can end any of the
+nodes and that gives you n^ squ right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and that gives you n^ squ right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and that gives you n^ squ right um
+but there's another way that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's another way that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's another way that you could
+uh this is e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is e
+max right it's indeed n squ you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max right it's indeed n squ you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max right it's indeed n squ you could
+also think about this if you like as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also think about this if you like as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also think about this if you like as
+just uh saying well you know as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh saying well you know as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh saying well you know as they
+point out there's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um uh 12 n * n minus one is the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh 12 n * n minus one is the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh 12 n * n minus one is the total
+number of pairs in the network right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of pairs in the network right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of pairs in the network right and
+then for each of the pairs you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for each of the pairs you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for each of the pairs you could
+have an edge pointing either direction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an edge pointing either direction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an edge pointing either direction.
+So that gives you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that gives you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that gives you a
+two. Right? Plus you can have n south
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. Right? Plus you can have n south
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. Right? Plus you can have n south
+edges.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges.
+Right. Right. And so this is um and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. Right. And so this is um and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. Right. And so this is um and of
+course these are just different ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course these are just different ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course these are just different ways of
+counting n squ. But it's it's useful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting n squ. But it's it's useful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting n squ. But it's it's useful to
+just think about it in different ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think about it in different ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think about it in different ways to
+make sure that you're comfortable with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that you're comfortable with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that you're comfortable with
+the the combinators of it in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the combinators of it in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the combinators of it in particular
+because um next u next week or the week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um next u next week or the week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um next u next week or the week
+after that we're going to be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that we're going to be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that we're going to be talking
+about network motifs in more detail.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about network motifs in more detail.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about network motifs in more detail.
+particular the feed forward loop and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the feed forward loop and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the feed forward loop and
+then we really have to keep track of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we really have to keep track of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we really have to keep track of
+these sorts of combinatorics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sorts of combinatorics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sorts of combinatorics
+better. All right. Right. So the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better. All right. Right. So the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better. All right. Right. So the the the
+way that that he thinks about this is he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that that he thinks about this is he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that that he thinks about this is he
+says all right well we're going to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says all right well we're going to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says all right well we're going to uh
+invoke this uh null model of a network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invoke this uh null model of a network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invoke this uh null model of a network
+this erdo ready network right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this erdo ready network right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this erdo ready network right
+where we uh we just simply say we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we uh we just simply say we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we uh we just simply say we're
+going to assign the the e edges randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assign the the e edges randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assign the the e edges randomly
+across the e max possible right so of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the e max possible right so of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the e max possible right so of
+all possible edges we're going to place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible edges we're going to place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible edges we're going to place
+the uh the edges randomly and then and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the edges randomly and then and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the edges randomly and then and
+then generate some random network.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. All right. So, this is um this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. All right. So, this is um this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. All right. So, this is um this is
+basically what we typically call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what we typically call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what we typically call a
+random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random
+network. Um and and that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network. Um and and that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network. Um and and that's going to
+allow us to define some null model,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow us to define some null model,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow us to define some null model,
+right? That if everything were random,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? That if everything were random,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? That if everything were random,
+we can ask for example, how many self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can ask for example, how many self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can ask for example, how many self
+edges do we expect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right? Well, one way to construct this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Well, one way to construct this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Well, one way to construct this
+erosion network. Yeah. But how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erosion network. Yeah. But how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erosion network. Yeah. But how do you
+know you don't have other kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you don't have other kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you don't have other kind of
+constraints you know in this system? How
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints you know in this system? How
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints you know in this system? How
+do you know that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know that you know
+transcription might require in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription might require in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription might require in some
+cases you know auto regulation?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases you know auto regulation?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases you know auto regulation?
+Okay. Although one of the answers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Although one of the answers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Although one of the answers that
+was given as a good answer was um was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was given as a good answer was um was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was given as a good answer was um was
+that evolution is the only thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that evolution is the only thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that evolution is the only thing that
+can that you know if you find any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can that you know if you find any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can that you know if you find any
+network that you do evolution. Okay. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network that you do evolution. Okay. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network that you do evolution. Okay. So,
+so that's the argument that that URI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the argument that that URI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the argument that that URI
+makes and you're maybe saying maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes and you're maybe saying maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes and you're maybe saying maybe
+that's a not a good argument, right? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a not a good argument, right? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a not a good argument, right? And
+that um what what is saying is well um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um what what is saying is well um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um what what is saying is well um
+you know if you see these networks more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you see these networks more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you see these networks more
+frequently than you'd expect by chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently than you'd expect by chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently than you'd expect by chance
+and of course you can define what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course you can define what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course you can define what you
+mean by chance then um then you can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by chance then um then you can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by chance then um then you can say
+oh maybe it was maybe it was selected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh maybe it was maybe it was selected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh maybe it was maybe it was selected
+for it was evolved right and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it was evolved right and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it was evolved right and I think
+that in the case of this auto regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the case of this auto regulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the case of this auto regulation
+case I think the results are not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I think the results are not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I think the results are not very
+sensitive um but I think that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive um but I think that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive um but I think that this
+question of what the right null model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of what the right null model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of what the right null model is
+uh is much much more you know is a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is much much more you know is a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is much much more you know is a real
+issue especially when you're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue especially when you're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue especially when you're talking
+about um about some of these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um about some of these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um about some of these other
+networks and what we'll see for the feed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks and what we'll see for the feed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks and what we'll see for the feed
+forward loop is that you have to decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward loop is that you have to decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward loop is that you have to decide
+um well well one thing we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well well one thing we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well well one thing we're going to
+see is an era reeni random network is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is an era reeni random network is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is an era reeni random network is
+very much not an accurate description of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much not an accurate description of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much not an accurate description of
+um of real transcription networks right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of real transcription networks right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of real transcription networks right
+so then you could say well that's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you could say well that's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you could say well that's not a
+good null model to use and so yeah we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good null model to use and so yeah we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good null model to use and so yeah we'll
+definitely uh we'll definitely spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely uh we'll definitely spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely uh we'll definitely spend
+some more time thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this all right so in the context of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all right so in the context of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all right so in the context of the
+Erdos ready network though one way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Erdos ready network though one way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Erdos ready network though one way that
+you can kind of generated it is that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can kind of generated it is that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can kind of generated it is that for
+each of the emacs kind of possible each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the emacs kind of possible each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the emacs kind of possible each
+of these total number of edges you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these total number of edges you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these total number of edges you just
+say Right? There's some probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Right? There's some probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Right? There's some probability that
+you're going to actually place a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to actually place a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to actually place a real
+edge there. And that probability is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge there. And that probability is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge there. And that probability is just
+E over N^2. E is the number of edges. N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E over N^2. E is the number of edges. N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E over N^2. E is the number of edges. N
+square is the number of possible edges.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square is the number of possible edges.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square is the number of possible edges.
+Right? So if you just uh if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So if you just uh if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So if you just uh if you just
+create a random network in that way,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a random network in that way,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a random network in that way,
+then uh this is a manifestation of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh this is a manifestation of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh this is a manifestation of a
+random network that has at least the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random network that has at least the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random network that has at least the the
+basic properties, you know, the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic properties, you know, the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic properties, you know, the number
+of the same number of edges as our as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the same number of edges as our as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the same number of edges as our as
+our real network. Okay? Right? And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our real network. Okay? Right? And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our real network. Okay? Right? And so
+from this you say well you know how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this you say well you know how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this you say well you know how many
+how many self edges would you expect in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many self edges would you expect in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many self edges would you expect in
+this in this world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this world
+right and well you can say well in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case there there are two way two ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case there there are two way two ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case there there are two way two ways of
+thinking about this right so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this right so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this right so you can
+either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either
+say all right we're going to take for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say all right we're going to take for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say all right we're going to take for
+each of the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the n
+edges there's one possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges there's one possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges there's one possible
+kind of self directed arrow, right? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of self directed arrow, right? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of self directed arrow, right? And
+for each of those cases, we can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each of those cases, we can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each of those cases, we can just
+multiply this by P, right? And this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply this by P, right? And this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply this by P, right? And this
+gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us
+E over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E over
+N, right? Uh you could also think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N, right? Uh you could also think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N, right? Uh you could also think about
+it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as
+um well, yeah, we'll just there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well, yeah, we'll just there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well, yeah, we'll just there are
+multiple ways to do the counting, but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple ways to do the counting, but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple ways to do the counting, but um
+right, so this in an EOS training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, so this in an EOS training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, so this in an EOS training
+network, you would say, all right, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network, you would say, all right, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network, you would say, all right, you
+would expect to get roughly E over N um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect to get roughly E over N um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect to get roughly E over N um
+autoregulatory loops. Okay. And this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoregulatory loops. Okay. And this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoregulatory loops. Okay. And this is
+of order one,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of order one,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of order one,
+right? So this was 1.2 in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So this was 1.2 in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So this was 1.2 in the case of
+the network that analyzes in in his in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network that analyzes in in his in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network that analyzes in in his in
+his book or his paper. Right. Right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his book or his paper. Right. Right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his book or his paper. Right. Right.
+Whereas how how many were actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whereas how how many were actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whereas how how many were actually
+observed in the network that he he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed in the network that he he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed in the network that he he
+studied?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+There were 40. Right. So so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There were 40. Right. So so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There were 40. Right. So so in the
+observed transcriptional network, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed transcriptional network, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed transcriptional network, this
+was an E.coli.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he found that there were 40, right? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he found that there were 40, right? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he found that there were 40, right? And
+and the basic statement here is that 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the basic statement here is that 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the basic statement here is that 40
+is just much larger than 1.2. Okay? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just much larger than 1.2. Okay? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just much larger than 1.2. Okay? And
+you can quantify this a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can quantify this a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can quantify this a little bit
+better because um you it's really you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better because um you it's really you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better because um you it's really you
+expect 1.2 plus or minus the square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect 1.2 plus or minus the square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect 1.2 plus or minus the square root
+of this. All right? Given in in a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this. All right? Given in in a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this. All right? Given in in a random
+network like this, but that means you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network like this, but that means you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network like this, but that means you'd
+expect kind of 0, one, two, maybe three,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect kind of 0, one, two, maybe three,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect kind of 0, one, two, maybe three,
+right? So 40 is definitely not what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So 40 is definitely not what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So 40 is definitely not what you
+would expect based on an early for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect based on an early for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect based on an early for any
+network. So this is the sense in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network. So this is the sense in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network. So this is the sense in which
+it's a network motif. is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a network motif. is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a network motif. is that the
+observed network is just doesn't look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed network is just doesn't look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed network is just doesn't look
+like a random network in this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a random network in this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a random network in this very
+particular sense. Okay. And of these 40,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular sense. Okay. And of these 40,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular sense. Okay. And of these 40,
+does anybody remember kind of uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody remember kind of uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody remember kind of uh the
+distribution between um negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution between um negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution between um negative
+autoregulation and positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoregulation and positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoregulation and positive
+autoreulation?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoreulation?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoreulation?
+Yeah, I think it was like 34 and six was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, I think it was like 34 and six was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, I think it was like 34 and six was
+my recollection. I didn't write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my recollection. I didn't write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my recollection. I didn't write this
+down. So most of these guys had the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. So most of these guys had the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. So most of these guys had the form
+of X inhibiting X but some had the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X inhibiting X but some had the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X inhibiting X but some had the form
+of X activating X. Right? So this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X activating X. Right? So this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X activating X. Right? So this was
+something like 34 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 34 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 34 and
+six. Okay. What you would say then is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six. Okay. What you would say then is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six. Okay. What you would say then is
+that negative autoregulation is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that negative autoregulation is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that negative autoregulation is a very
+strong network motif whereas positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong network motif whereas positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong network motif whereas positive
+autoregulation is a weaker network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoregulation is a weaker network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoregulation is a weaker network
+network motif but still something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network motif but still something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network motif but still something that
+occurs perhaps more than you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs perhaps more than you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs perhaps more than you would
+expect by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect by
+chance. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Are there any questions about that? You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are there any questions about that? You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are there any questions about that? You
+know, where that argument came from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, where that argument came from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, where that argument came from
+uh other concerns about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it. All right. All right. So then from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. All right. All right. So then from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. All right. All right. So then from
+this and says, "Okay, well maybe these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and says, "Okay, well maybe these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and says, "Okay, well maybe these
+things evolved for a reason, right?" And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things evolved for a reason, right?" And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things evolved for a reason, right?" And
+uh so what we'll do over the next half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so what we'll do over the next half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so what we'll do over the next half
+hour is just argue or discuss um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour is just argue or discuss um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour is just argue or discuss um what
+you know what possible evolutionary um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what possible evolutionary um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what possible evolutionary um
+ad advantages such such a network motif
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ad advantages such such a network motif
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ad advantages such such a network motif
+might have.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have.
+Yeah. Can you really like propose like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Can you really like propose like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Can you really like propose like
+explanations like that? Oh, you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations like that? Oh, you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations like that? Oh, you can
+always you can propose whatever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always you can propose whatever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always you can propose whatever you
+want. Yeah. But like having much like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want. Yeah. But like having much like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want. Yeah. But like having much like
+value like how it's unfable, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value like how it's unfable, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value like how it's unfable, you know,
+like you can't No, I would say that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you can't No, I would say that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you can't No, I would say that this
+is a major issue in a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a major issue in a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a major issue in a lot of
+evolutionary arguments and I would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary arguments and I would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary arguments and I would say
+that the purpose of ideas and hypotheses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the purpose of ideas and hypotheses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the purpose of ideas and hypotheses
+is to get you to go and make new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to get you to go and make new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to get you to go and make new
+measurements, right? And so right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements, right? And so right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements, right? And so right now
+we're at the stage okay well maybe these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're at the stage okay well maybe these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're at the stage okay well maybe these
+things are occurring more frequently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are occurring more frequently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are occurring more frequently
+you'd expect by chance. So now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd expect by chance. So now we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd expect by chance. So now we can
+just sit down and think oh why might you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sit down and think oh why might you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sit down and think oh why might you
+know what advantage might it give and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what advantage might it give and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what advantage might it give and
+then we can go and try to experimentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can go and try to experimentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can go and try to experimentally
+ask whether that those advantages are at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask whether that those advantages are at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask whether that those advantages are at
+least manifest in real systems doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least manifest in real systems doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least manifest in real systems doesn't
+prove that that's why they evolved but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that that's why they evolved but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that that's why they evolved but
+it makes you more comfortable with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes you more comfortable with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes you more comfortable with the
+argument right I you know you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument right I you know you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument right I you know you know
+ultimately we assign some you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately we assign some you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately we assign some you know we
+have some Beijian probability somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some Beijian probability somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some Beijian probability somewhere
+in our brain and and and the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our brain and and and the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our brain and and and the more
+evidence that we accumulate that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that we accumulate that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that we accumulate that's
+consistent with these ideas the the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with these ideas the the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with these ideas the the um
+the more likely that we we think it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more likely that we we think it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more likely that we we think it is
+but you in general you don't prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you in general you don't prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you in general you don't prove
+things in this sort of evolutionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in this sort of evolutionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in this sort of evolutionary
+space the way you prove things in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space the way you prove things in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space the way you prove things in many
+other fields.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other fields.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other fields.
+Yeah. Isn't it? I don't know. I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Isn't it? I don't know. I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Isn't it? I don't know. I feel
+like it's hard to call this an argument.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's hard to call this an argument.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's hard to call this an argument.
+It feels more like just an observation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It feels more like just an observation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It feels more like just an observation.
+Which thing is an argument versus sub? I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Which thing is an argument versus sub? I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Which thing is an argument versus sub? I
+I guess like the thing is like well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess like the thing is like well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess like the thing is like well it
+should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be
+evolutionary advantageous. That's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary advantageous. That's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary advantageous. That's an
+argument. But essentially the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument. But essentially the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument. But essentially the whole
+thing is an observation and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is an observation and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is an observation and then there's
+a little bit of an argument in the end.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of an argument in the end.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of an argument in the end.
+Yeah. I will let each person decide what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. I will let each person decide what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. I will let each person decide what
+fraction observation argument. I I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction observation argument. I I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction observation argument. I I don't
+um yeah I don't feel especially strongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah I don't feel especially strongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah I don't feel especially strongly
+about it. I I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it. I I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it. I I do
+um my guess is that it did evolve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um my guess is that it did evolve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um my guess is that it did evolve for
+you know because it provides some useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know because it provides some useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know because it provides some useful
+function uh and and therefore I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh and and therefore I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh and and therefore I think
+it's valuable to uh explore what those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's valuable to uh explore what those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's valuable to uh explore what those
+useful functions might be but um but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful functions might be but um but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful functions might be but um but for
+example it's very hard to know u which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it's very hard to know u which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it's very hard to know u which
+of these explanation you know the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these explanation you know the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these explanation you know the the
+you know this thing about respon you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this thing about respon you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this thing about respon you
+know increasing the response time or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know increasing the response time or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know increasing the response time or
+sorry increasing the response rate as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry increasing the response rate as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry increasing the response rate as
+compared to um increasing robustness uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to um increasing robustness uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to um increasing robustness uh
+how do you decide which one's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you decide which one's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you decide which one's more
+important I mean this gets you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important I mean this gets you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important I mean this gets you know you
+can you know then I I think once again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you know then I I think once again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you know then I I think once again
+reasonable people can disagree about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable people can disagree about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable people can disagree about
+these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here. All right. Um so there were um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. All right. Um so there were um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. All right. Um so there were um so
+so first negative autoregulation because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first negative autoregulation because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first negative autoregulation because
+this is the one that is the stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the one that is the stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the one that is the stronger
+network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network
+motif. All right. Um I think that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motif. All right. Um I think that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motif. All right. Um I think that the
+book does a nice you know kind of a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book does a nice you know kind of a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book does a nice you know kind of a nice
+explanation of why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation of why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation of why
+it it decreases the response time. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it decreases the response time. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it decreases the response time. Uh
+but let's maybe okay we can just ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's maybe okay we can just ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's maybe okay we can just ask
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um okay response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay response
+time and this is for negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+autoregulation response time goes down.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoregulation response time goes down.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoregulation response time goes down.
+Okay. And does is this for running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And does is this for running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And does is this for running
+on,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on,
+off,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off,
+both? Maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+neither or e, don't know. Now, I'll give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither or e, don't know. Now, I'll give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither or e, don't know. Now, I'll give
+you just 10 seconds to think about this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just 10 seconds to think about this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just 10 seconds to think about this.
+Uh, it's nice if you just remember it,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, it's nice if you just remember it,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, it's nice if you just remember it,
+but it's also maybe even better if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's also maybe even better if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's also maybe even better if you
+can figure it out, right? because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can figure it out, right? because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can figure it out, right? because you
+know in uh in a week you're probably not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in uh in a week you're probably not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in uh in a week you're probably not
+going to just have it memorized but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to just have it memorized but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to just have it memorized but you
+should be able to think through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to think through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to think through the
+logic of it and understand why this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic of it and understand why this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic of it and understand why this this
+is going to be what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is. All right. So the question is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. All right. So the question is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. All right. So the question is um
+negative auto regulation maybe it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative auto regulation maybe it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative auto regulation maybe it does
+something maybe it decreases the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something maybe it decreases the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something maybe it decreases the
+response time but does it decrease the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response time but does it decrease the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response time but does it decrease the
+response time for turning a gene on for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response time for turning a gene on for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response time for turning a gene on for
+turning it off for both neither or don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning it off for both neither or don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning it off for both neither or don't
+know and when you say turning it off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and when you say turning it off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and when you say turning it off
+what exactly the process you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what exactly the process you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what exactly the process you're
+imagining uh I I'm imagining a process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagining uh I I'm imagining a process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagining uh I I'm imagining a process
+where uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh the
+expression turns off immediately right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression turns off immediately right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression turns off immediately right
+so there's a signal that just stops of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a signal that just stops of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a signal that just stops of
+what transcription
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what transcription
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what transcription
+right so Then it's just um the I chop up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so Then it's just um the I chop up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so Then it's just um the I chop up
+all the plyases and no more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the plyases and no more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the plyases and no more
+expression which you know so a signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression which you know so a signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression which you know so a signal
+comes and tells the pyraces to stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes and tells the pyraces to stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes and tells the pyraces to stop
+making.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. All right. So do you need more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time? No. All right. Ready? Three, two,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time? No. All right. Ready? Three, two,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time? No. All right. Ready? Three, two,
+one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So, okay. We actually are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, okay. We actually are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, okay. We actually are all
+over the place on this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the place on this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the place on this.
+Um, okay. Turn to your neighbor. Uh, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, okay. Turn to your neighbor. Uh, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, okay. Turn to your neighbor. Uh, and
+you you should be able to explain one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you should be able to explain one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you should be able to explain one
+way or the other why this is why what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way or the other why this is why what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way or the other why this is why what's
+going on. definitely doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I thought for sure but I wasn't sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought for sure but I wasn't sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought for sure but I wasn't sure
+about I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I
+don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+think I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It looks like the maximum volume.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I guess it's just very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+goes down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down
+normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally
+like I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I guess
+I thought most of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+let's go ahead and uh and reconvene and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go ahead and uh and reconvene and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go ahead and uh and reconvene and
+I just want to remind everybody that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to remind everybody that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to remind everybody that
+when I say simple regulation I mean uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I say simple regulation I mean uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I say simple regulation I mean uh
+that there's no um autoregulation right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's no um autoregulation right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's no um autoregulation right
+so it's just it's just responding to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's just it's just responding to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's just it's just responding to a
+signal right that for a stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal right that for a stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal right that for a stable
+protein the time for to to kind of get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein the time for to to kind of get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein the time for to to kind of get
+to say for example half saturating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say for example half saturating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say for example half saturating
+concentration here is defined by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration here is defined by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration here is defined by the
+cell generation time and that's true for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell generation time and that's true for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell generation time and that's true for
+turning on and for turning off right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning on and for turning off right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning on and for turning off right and
+what was the strategy that you could use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the strategy that you could use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the strategy that you could use
+if you wanted to uh decrease the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wanted to uh decrease the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wanted to uh decrease the
+response time in this in this situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so you could increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you could increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you could increase the
+degradation rate right and does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation rate right and does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation rate right and does that
+affect the on off or both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the on off or both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the on off or both
+both Okay, but there's a cost which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both Okay, but there's a cost which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both Okay, but there's a cost which was
+what increase, right? You have to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what increase, right? You have to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what increase, right? You have to make a
+bunch of protein and then you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of protein and then you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of protein and then you're just
+going to chop it up right after you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to chop it up right after you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to chop it up right after you make
+it, right? So that's so this is a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, right? So that's so this is a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, right? So that's so this is a you
+know there's one there is a reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's one there is a reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's one there is a reasonable
+you know there is a way to uh make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there is a way to uh make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there is a way to uh make
+things faster but there's a significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things faster but there's a significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things faster but there's a significant
+cost. The question is if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost. The question is if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost. The question is if you have
+negative autoregulation okay so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative autoregulation okay so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative autoregulation okay so in this
+case right once again you have X that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case right once again you have X that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case right once again you have X that is
+repressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repressing
+itself you know what is it that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself you know what is it that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself you know what is it that it's
+going to uh do all right so is it going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to uh do all right so is it going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to uh do all right so is it going
+to affect the on time off time or both?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to affect the on time off time or both?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to affect the on time off time or both?
+Let's just see where we are. Ready?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's just see where we are. Ready?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's just see where we are. Ready?
+Three, two,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one. Okay, so we're um It's interesting.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Okay, so we're um It's interesting.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Okay, so we're um It's interesting.
+I mean, we're I Okay, we're moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean, we're I Okay, we're moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean, we're I Okay, we're moving
+towards C, it seems. Um Okay, so can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards C, it seems. Um Okay, so can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards C, it seems. Um Okay, so can
+somebody give me an explanation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C? Did we read the chapter? I mean, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C? Did we read the chapter? I mean, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C? Did we read the chapter? I mean, the
+chapter doesn't discuss the the effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter doesn't discuss the the effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter doesn't discuss the the effect
+of negative auto regulation on turning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of negative auto regulation on turning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of negative auto regulation on turning
+off. I don't think it does. Well, it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off. I don't think it does. Well, it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off. I don't think it does. Well, it's a
+good thing that good good thing we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing that good good thing we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing that good good thing we're
+doing that here then.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that here then.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that here then.
+Right. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. All
+right. All right. So, first of all,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. All right. So, first of all,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. All right. So, first of all,
+yeah, somebody give the explanation. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, somebody give the explanation. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, somebody give the explanation. I
+mean, does t on go up, down, or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, does t on go up, down, or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, does t on go up, down, or
+sideways?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sideways?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sideways?
+Yeah. So, T on it's if it's time that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So, T on it's if it's time that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So, T on it's if it's time that it
+goes down. I always get this confused,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down. I always get this confused,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down. I always get this confused,
+right? So, time is what goes down. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So, time is what goes down. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So, time is what goes down. So,
+the rate goes up, right? Okay. So, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate goes up, right? Okay. So, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate goes up, right? Okay. So, it's
+negative auto regulation. It's faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative auto regulation. It's faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative auto regulation. It's faster
+turning on. We decided, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Uh and and does somebody want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh and and does somebody want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh and and does somebody want to
+give the explanation for why this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+your equilibrium your equilibrium level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your equilibrium your equilibrium level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your equilibrium your equilibrium level
+is lower but yeah there's a right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lower but yeah there's a right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lower but yeah there's a right the
+initial Yeah. Exactly. Yeah. So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial Yeah. Exactly. Yeah. So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial Yeah. Exactly. Yeah. So this is
+actually surprisingly difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually surprisingly difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually surprisingly difficult to
+explain even though it's not a deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain even though it's not a deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain even though it's not a deep
+concept but somehow right but the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept but somehow right but the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept but somehow right but the idea
+is that you start out expressing a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you start out expressing a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you start out expressing a lot
+so that if you had kept on expressing at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that if you had kept on expressing at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that if you had kept on expressing at
+that high level you would have done some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that high level you would have done some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that high level you would have done some
+exponential and it would have taken a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and it would have taken a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and it would have taken a
+cell generation time to come way up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell generation time to come way up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell generation time to come way up here
+right but instead what happens is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but instead what happens is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but instead what happens is that
+you shoot on up but then once you get up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shoot on up but then once you get up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shoot on up but then once you get up
+here you repress expression so then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you repress expression so then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you repress expression so then you
+get you know you get an effective thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you know you get an effective thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you know you get an effective thing
+where the time it takes you to get half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the time it takes you to get half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the time it takes you to get half
+of your equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your equilibrium
+that that goes down. Okay. So, T on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that goes down. Okay. So, T on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that goes down. Okay. So, T on here
+is shorter than here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yes. So, in negative auto regulation,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. So, in negative auto regulation,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. So, in negative auto regulation,
+we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're
+increasing what the book calls beta to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing what the book calls beta to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing what the book calls beta to
+have the same steady state. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same steady state. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same steady state. That's
+right. So uh the the sort of initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So uh the the sort of initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So uh the the sort of initial
+beta the rate that maximal rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta the rate that maximal rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta the rate that maximal rate of
+expression that that goes up in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression that that goes up in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression that that goes up in the case
+of non negative auto regulation but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of non negative auto regulation but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of non negative auto regulation but then
+you you start repressing expression once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you start repressing expression once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you start repressing expression once
+your concentration of of X here starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your concentration of of X here starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your concentration of of X here starts
+is gets to some reasonable level right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gets to some reasonable level right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gets to some reasonable level right
+so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+um right so now we're just talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right so now we're just talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right so now we're just talking about
+um production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um production
+rate um of X and that's as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate um of X and that's as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate um of X and that's as a function of
+X right and in And this this logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X right and in And this this logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X right and in And this this logic
+approximation is when it just is maximal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation is when it just is maximal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation is when it just is maximal
+until it gets to some K and then and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it gets to some K and then and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it gets to some K and then and
+then is completely repressed. So real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is completely repressed. So real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is completely repressed. So real
+versions will be much smoother. But this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions will be much smoother. But this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions will be much smoother. But this
+is just useful to kind of start getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just useful to kind of start getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just useful to kind of start getting
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intuition and and the idea is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition and and the idea is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition and and the idea is that you
+shoot up to this K and then you stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot up to this K and then you stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot up to this K and then you stop
+expressing. Right? So in this in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressing. Right? So in this in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressing. Right? So in this in this
+limit actually it's it's not even a it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit actually it's it's not even a it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit actually it's it's not even a it's
+not even a it go it's there's a kink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even a it go it's there's a kink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even a it go it's there's a kink
+here because it just shoots up and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because it just shoots up and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because it just shoots up and then
+it turns around right but you know any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns around right but you know any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns around right but you know any
+real system will be smoother right yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real system will be smoother right yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real system will be smoother right yes
+question to get the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question to get the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question to get the same
+level you would need a stronger promoter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level you would need a stronger promoter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level you would need a stronger promoter
+yes yeah you want a stronger promoter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah you want a stronger promoter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah you want a stronger promoter
+because you because you really want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you because you really want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you because you really want to
+have high expression initially and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have high expression initially and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have high expression initially and then
+and then and then later uh repress that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and then later uh repress that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and then later uh repress that
+okay so uh negative auto regulation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh negative auto regulation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh negative auto regulation in
+uh allows you to um speed up turning on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh allows you to um speed up turning on.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh allows you to um speed up turning on.
+So T on goes down without increasing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So T on goes down without increasing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So T on goes down without increasing the
+problem which is a good thing because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which is a good thing because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which is a good thing because
+your cell would die if you produce too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cell would die if you produce too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cell would die if you produce too
+much. Okay. Okay. So yeah this is yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much. Okay. Okay. So yeah this is yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much. Okay. Okay. So yeah this is yeah
+yes yes um this is this is uh a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes um this is this is uh a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes um this is this is uh a very
+important point which I was about to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important point which I was about to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important point which I was about to get
+to right which is that um you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to right which is that um you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to right which is that um you know this
+is something that was done um but we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that was done um but we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that was done um but we we
+could have done that without negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have done that without negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have done that without negative
+auto regulation right but by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auto regulation right but by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auto regulation right but by by
+increasing the degradation rate right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing the degradation rate right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing the degradation rate right so
+the question that we're bringing up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question that we're bringing up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question that we're bringing up here
+is is there is there that same cost that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is there is there that same cost that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is there is there that same cost that
+we were referring to before of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were referring to before of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were referring to before of these
+this feudal expression of protein at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equilibrium. So there's it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium. So there's it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium. So there's it's actually
+not and that's that's um and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and that's that's um and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and that's that's um and I think
+this is a this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a this is a
+um a subtle point. you start out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a subtle point. you start out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a subtle point. you start out
+expressing a lot but then later you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressing a lot but then later you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressing a lot but then later you you
+you actually bring down your um rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually bring down your um rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually bring down your um rate of
+expression and in any case the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and in any case the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and in any case the uh the
+the rate of there doesn't there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate of there doesn't there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate of there doesn't there's no
+degradation in this in this right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation in this in this right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation in this in this right the
+only effect of degradation is due to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only effect of degradation is due to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only effect of degradation is due to uh
+the dilution the growth of the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dilution the growth of the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dilution the growth of the cell
+right so given you have the if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so given you have the if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so given you have the if you have
+the same concentration then actually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same concentration then actually you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same concentration then actually you
+have to make you don't make any more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make you don't make any more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make you don't make any more
+protein than you did here if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein than you did here if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein than you did here if you have
+the same uh same concentration in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same uh same concentration in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same uh same concentration in
+equilibrium right so this is uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium right so this is uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium right so this is uh this is
+neat because this speeds stop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat because this speeds stop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat because this speeds stop the
+response when you're turning on without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response when you're turning on without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response when you're turning on without
+the the associated cost of making that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the associated cost of making that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the associated cost of making that
+protein then degrading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it. Any questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Any questions about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Any questions about that
+statement? Okay. So now what about off?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement? Okay. So now what about off?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement? Okay. So now what about off?
+Does the is the off time the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does the is the off time the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does the is the off time the same as the
+on time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here? All right. So what sets how fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here? All right. So what sets how fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here? All right. So what sets how fast
+should the off time be slower because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should the off time be slower because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should the off time be slower because
+you have a you have less degradation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a you have less degradation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a you have less degradation
+right and in principle is there any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and in principle is there any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and in principle is there any
+active degradation that we've invoked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active degradation that we've invoked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active degradation that we've invoked
+right on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on this
+no we I mean of course we could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no we I mean of course we could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no we I mean of course we could have
+both negative autoreation and and active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both negative autoreation and and active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both negative autoreation and and active
+degradation but in principle right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation but in principle right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation but in principle right now
+you can have the negative autoregulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have the negative autoregulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have the negative autoregulation
+without any active degradation right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any active degradation right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any active degradation right in
+that case how long does it take for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case how long does it take for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case how long does it take for that
+uh concentration to go away when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh concentration to go away when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh concentration to go away when you
+stop expressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cell generation scale. So again, a cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell generation scale. So again, a cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell generation scale. So again, a cell
+generation guy, right? So this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation guy, right? So this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation guy, right? So this thing
+actually looks the exact same as this,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right? Okay. So the these guys are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Okay. So the these guys are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Okay. So the these guys are the
+same whereas this this one is is faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same whereas this this one is is faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same whereas this this one is is faster
+than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one because the idea is that the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because the idea is that the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because the idea is that the best
+that you can I mean unless you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can I mean unless you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can I mean unless you're going
+to actively degrade it, right? All you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actively degrade it, right? All you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actively degrade it, right? All you
+can do is you can shut off expression,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is you can shut off expression,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is you can shut off expression,
+right? But then if you turn off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? But then if you turn off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? But then if you turn off
+expression on the negative auto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression on the negative auto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression on the negative auto
+regulation, it's the exact same thing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation, it's the exact same thing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation, it's the exact same thing as
+turning off expression in the absence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning off expression in the absence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning off expression in the absence of
+the ne I mean either case you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ne I mean either case you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ne I mean either case you're just
+you just stop making protein. Right? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just stop making protein. Right? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just stop making protein. Right? So
+the concentration just uh goes down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration just uh goes down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration just uh goes down
+because it's being diluted away during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's being diluted away during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's being diluted away during
+cell growth. Okay? Right? So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell growth. Okay? Right? So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell growth. Okay? Right? So this is
+saying that the respon response time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that the respon response time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that the respon response time
+goes down only when turning on in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down only when turning on in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down only when turning on in the
+case of um of negative autoregulation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Are there any questions about that idea?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Correct. Yeah. Right. So the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Correct. Yeah. Right. So the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Correct. Yeah. Right. So the idea is
+that um this beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um this beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um this beta
+um might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um might
+be you know so this is the beta beta of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you know so this is the beta beta of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you know so this is the beta beta of
+negative autoregulation. It could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative autoregulation. It could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative autoregulation. It could be
+much larger than the beta of simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much larger than the beta of simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much larger than the beta of simple
+regulation in order to get to the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation in order to get to the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation in order to get to the same
+equilibrium.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. Um all right actually I don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Um all right actually I don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Um all right actually I don't want
+to. Okay. So what about this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to. Okay. So what about this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to. Okay. So what about this idea of
+robustness?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robustness?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robustness?
+Okay. Well, here we have uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Well, here we have uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Well, here we have uh this is
+production rate and uh and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production rate and uh and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production rate and uh and then
+degradation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation
+rate. Okay. So, this is an alpha x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate. Okay. So, this is an alpha x.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate. Okay. So, this is an alpha x.
+Oops. And so my question here is um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oops. And so my question here is um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oops. And so my question here is um I
+told you that robustness you have to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you that robustness you have to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you that robustness you have to say
+something as robust as something else.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something as robust as something else.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something as robust as something else.
+Yeah. Question. So my question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Question. So my question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Question. So my question
+is in this case you're saying that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in this case you're saying that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in this case you're saying that the
+means disappear.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means disappear.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means disappear.
+Okay. T off is u is this idea of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. T off is u is this idea of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. T off is u is this idea of the
+it's the T one half. So this is the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the T one half. So this is the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the T one half. So this is the time
+that it takes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it takes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it takes for
+the protein concentration to reach half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein concentration to reach half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein concentration to reach half
+of u to go from halfway the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of u to go from halfway the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of u to go from halfway the distance
+from where you were to where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from where you were to where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from where you were to where you're
+going to end up. What the signal not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to end up. What the signal not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to end up. What the signal not
+disappear but like to half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear but like to half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear but like to half of the
+original signal. Okay. Right. So yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original signal. Okay. Right. So yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original signal. Okay. Right. So yeah.
+So the signal could do a range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the signal could do a range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the signal could do a range of
+different things and it could be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things and it could be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things and it could be that
+the signal just changes so that instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal just changes so that instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal just changes so that instead
+of going down to zero you go down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of going down to zero you go down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of going down to zero you go down to
+some other value. Is that what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other value. Is that what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other value. Is that what you're
+imagining? Yes. Right. So in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagining? Yes. Right. So in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagining? Yes. Right. So in that case
+you still go exponentially to this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still go exponentially to this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still go exponentially to this new
+value. And so actually the t that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value. And so actually the t that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value. And so actually the t that the
+response time there is still actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response time there is still actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response time there is still actually
+the cell generation time. So it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell generation time. So it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell generation time. So it doesn't
+matter in the in the absence of any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter in the in the absence of any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter in the in the absence of any of
+these of for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these of for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these of for example
+autoregulation the time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoregulation the time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoregulation the time the
+characteristic time scale is always uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic time scale is always uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic time scale is always uh
+is always the cell generation time. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always the cell generation time. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always the cell generation time. It's
+a stable protein. Doesn't matter whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stable protein. Doesn't matter whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stable protein. Doesn't matter whether
+you're going up, down, or you know um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going up, down, or you know um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going up, down, or you know um
+all the way to zero or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or all right. So the question here is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or all right. So the question here is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or all right. So the question here is uh
+okay X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay X
+equilibrium is uh is robust to what?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium is uh is robust to what?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium is uh is robust to what?
+Okay. Uh to um and this is to small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh to um and this is to small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh to um and this is to small
+changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what? All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what? All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what? All
+right, it's going to be our a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alpha. All right. So, this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha. All right. So, this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha. All right. So, this is going to
+be our first example of um an advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be our first example of um an advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be our first example of um an advanced
+use of our cards. Okay. So, the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of our cards. Okay. So, the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of our cards. Okay. So, the way that
+it works is that you can choose more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works is that you can choose more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works is that you can choose more
+than one. Okay. Now, this requires some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one. Okay. Now, this requires some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one. Okay. Now, this requires some
+manual dexterity. All right? So, what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manual dexterity. All right? So, what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manual dexterity. All right? So, what
+you have to do is if you think that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do is if you think that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do is if you think that the
+answer is more than one of these things,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is more than one of these things,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is more than one of these things,
+then what you have to do is show me more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you have to do is show me more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you have to do is show me more
+than one card. Okay?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one card. Okay?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one card. Okay?
+Um, right. These cards are amazing,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, right. These cards are amazing,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, right. These cards are amazing,
+right? You know, you can do so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? You know, you can do so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? You know, you can do so many
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+combinations. All right. I'll give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations. All right. I'll give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations. All right. I'll give you
+20 seconds to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it. What do those things mean?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. What do those things mean?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. What do those things mean?
+Okay. Um the question is all right. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um the question is all right. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um the question is all right. The
+equilibrium concentration of protein X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium concentration of protein X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium concentration of protein X
+is robust means it does not change right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is robust means it does not change right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is robust means it does not change right
+in response to small changes in what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in response to small changes in what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in response to small changes in what
+quantities right. So if I change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities right. So if I change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities right. So if I change the
+degradation rate does it change if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation rate does it change if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation rate does it change if I
+change the beta and this is the and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the beta and this is the and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the beta and this is the and I'm
+asking about this case here perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking about this case here perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking about this case here perfect
+negative autoregulation. All right just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative autoregulation. All right just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative autoregulation. All right just
+so that we can try to establish our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we can try to establish our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we can try to establish our
+intuition here. All right. K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition here. All right. K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition here. All right. K is
+this repression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this repression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this repression
+threshold. None means it's not robust to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold. None means it's not robust to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold. None means it's not robust to
+any of these things. DK always means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these things. DK always means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these things. DK always means
+don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know. Actually, I'll give you an extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know. Actually, I'll give you an extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know. Actually, I'll give you an extra
+30 seconds. This might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And so this one's the production rate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this one's the production rate.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this one's the production rate.
+This one's the degradation rate. Um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This one's the degradation rate. Um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This one's the degradation rate. Um this
+figure might be useful to you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sorry. K. Yeah. So um so K is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry. K. Yeah. So um so K is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry. K. Yeah. So um so K is the
+concentration of the protein X at which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of the protein X at which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of the protein X at which
+this super effective repression kicks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this super effective repression kicks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this super effective repression kicks
+in. Right? So we're assuming perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. Right? So we're assuming perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. Right? So we're assuming perfect
+negative autoregulation. So there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative autoregulation. So there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative autoregulation. So there's this
+um beta is the rate of expression for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um beta is the rate of expression for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um beta is the rate of expression for
+low concentrations. Then the moment that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low concentrations. Then the moment that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low concentrations. Then the moment that
+you get to concentration K um you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to concentration K um you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to concentration K um you get
+perfect repression. So no more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expression. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right. Do you need more time? No.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Do you need more time? No.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Do you need more time? No.
+Question. Um, by saying that X equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Question. Um, by saying that X equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Question. Um, by saying that X equal to
+3 is robust, do you mean that uh when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 is robust, do you mean that uh when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 is robust, do you mean that uh when
+you change these parameters, X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you change these parameters, X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you change these parameters, X
+equilibrium stays exactly the same or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium stays exactly the same or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium stays exactly the same or
+yes, we'll say X equilibrium for for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes, we'll say X equilibrium for for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes, we'll say X equilibrium for for now
+we'll say yeah for what what we'll mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll say yeah for what what we'll mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll say yeah for what what we'll mean
+right now is that a small change in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now is that a small change in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now is that a small change in this
+parameter leads to no change in X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter leads to no change in X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter leads to no change in X
+equilibrium. Now for any real example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium. Now for any real example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium. Now for any real example
+what we'll typically mean is we it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll typically mean is we it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll typically mean is we it's
+going to be some sort of sensitivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be some sort of sensitivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be some sort of sensitivity
+analysis for example where you'll say oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis for example where you'll say oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis for example where you'll say oh
+you know a 1% change in a parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a 1% change in a parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a 1% change in a parameter
+leads to a less than 1% change in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to a less than 1% change in you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to a less than 1% change in you
+know for example but this is a it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for example but this is a it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for example but this is a it's in
+this case there's there's going to be no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case there's there's going to be no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case there's there's going to be no
+change I'll tell you and you know just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change I'll tell you and you know just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change I'll tell you and you know just
+so you know just so we can get um get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know just so we can get um get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know just so we can get um get
+the intuition clear here. All right do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intuition clear here. All right do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intuition clear here. All right do
+do you need more time? All right let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you need more time? All right let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you need more time? All right let's
+go ahead and vote. Remember you can vote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead and vote. Remember you can vote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead and vote. Remember you can vote
+for more than one thing if you like.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for more than one thing if you like.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for more than one thing if you like.
+Ready? Three, two,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ready? Three, two,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ready? Three, two,
+one. All right, we got um All right,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. All right, we got um All right,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. All right, we got um All right,
+some people are using our more than one,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people are using our more than one,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people are using our more than one,
+you know, and of course I can give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, and of course I can give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, and of course I can give you
+a, you know, a hint. The reason that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a, you know, a hint. The reason that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a, you know, a hint. The reason that I'm
+letting you vote more than once is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letting you vote more than once is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letting you vote more than once is
+because more than one thing is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because more than one thing is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because more than one thing is going to
+be um all right. So I it's a majority of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be um all right. So I it's a majority of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be um all right. So I it's a majority of
+the group has got this, but um not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group has got this, but um not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group has got this, but um not
+everyone. So let's discuss, but can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone. So let's discuss, but can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone. So let's discuss, but can
+somebody give an explanation for why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody give an explanation for why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody give an explanation for why
+both alpha and beta are going to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both alpha and beta are going to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both alpha and beta are going to work
+here? So the Equ the equilibrium is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here? So the Equ the equilibrium is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here? So the Equ the equilibrium is
+basically when degradation equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically when degradation equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically when degradation equals
+production. All right. So the equ I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production. All right. So the equ I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production. All right. So the equ I want
+make sure okay the equilibrium is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure okay the equilibrium is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure okay the equilibrium is when
+the production rate is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the production rate is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the production rate is equal to the
+degradation rate. All right. So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation rate. All right. So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation rate. All right. So this is
+a very important thing to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very important thing to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very important thing to make sure
+we're on top of. And in this case you we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're on top of. And in this case you we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're on top of. And in this case you we
+have a very sharp kind of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very sharp kind of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very sharp kind of this
+production term. Right. Okay. So then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production term. Right. Okay. So then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production term. Right. Okay. So then
+yeah. So then what happens? Well I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah. So then what happens? Well I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah. So then what happens? Well I mean
+the solution is the intersection right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution is the intersection right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution is the intersection right?
+So in this case the what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in this case the what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in this case the what is the
+equilibrium concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium concentration
+is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+K. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K. All
+right. Now I strongly encourage you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Now I strongly encourage you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Now I strongly encourage you
+whenever possible to draw things out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever possible to draw things out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever possible to draw things out
+because this is a problem that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a problem that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a problem that when you
+have the drawing is reasonable to do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the drawing is reasonable to do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the drawing is reasonable to do and
+if you don't have the drawing you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't have the drawing you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't have the drawing you're
+going to get yourself tied up into weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get yourself tied up into weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get yourself tied up into weird
+knots. Okay. Right. And indeed what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knots. Okay. Right. And indeed what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knots. Okay. Right. And indeed what you
+can see is that we can ch if we change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see is that we can ch if we change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see is that we can ch if we change
+alpha what happens in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha what happens in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha what happens in this
+plot right changes the slope right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot right changes the slope right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot right changes the slope right and
+you can see that if we change the slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that if we change the slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that if we change the slope
+by small amounts we get no change in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by small amounts we get no change in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by small amounts we get no change in the
+in where this crossing point is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in where this crossing point is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in where this crossing point is right
+and even for a real system you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even for a real system you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even for a real system you know if
+it kind of came around you'd see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kind of came around you'd see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kind of came around you'd see that
+it's going to end up being a less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to end up being a less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to end up being a less than
+proportional change in the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional change in the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional change in the equilibrium
+right okay then what about uh what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay then what about uh what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay then what about uh what about
+beta that just raises and lowers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta that just raises and lowers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta that just raises and lowers
+Right? And again that doesn't change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? And again that doesn't change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? And again that doesn't change the
+equilibrium. All right? Of course if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium. All right? Of course if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium. All right? Of course if we
+change K then we get a one one change.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change K then we get a one one change.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change K then we get a one one change.
+Right? So a 10% change in K leads to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So a 10% change in K leads to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So a 10% change in K leads to a
+10% change in the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% change in the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% change in the equilibrium
+concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X. Right? So this is the sense in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X. Right? So this is the sense in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X. Right? So this is the sense in which
+the equilibrium concentration in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium concentration in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium concentration in
+negative autoregulation is robust to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative autoregulation is robust to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative autoregulation is robust to
+changes in both they often in the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in both they often in the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in both they often in the book
+they say oh the production rate but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say oh the production rate but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say oh the production rate but it's
+actually also in principle the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually also in principle the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually also in principle the
+degradation rate over some range right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation rate over some range right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation rate over some range right
+um and this could be useful because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this could be useful because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this could be useful because
+there are lots of things that are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of things that are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of things that are going
+to affect the production rate of um of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to affect the production rate of um of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to affect the production rate of um of
+of a protein and also the degradation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a protein and also the degradation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a protein and also the degradation
+rate for that matter right the division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate for that matter right the division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate for that matter right the division
+rate changes it whereas It may be that K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate changes it whereas It may be that K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate changes it whereas It may be that K
+is subject to less severe changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is subject to less severe changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is subject to less severe changes
+because that's determined by for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's determined by for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's determined by for example
+the the bi the kinetics of binding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the bi the kinetics of binding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the bi the kinetics of binding of
+this protein to this promoter right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this protein to this promoter right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this protein to this promoter right and
+and that is perhaps less subject to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is perhaps less subject to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is perhaps less subject to
+changes. It could still change depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes. It could still change depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes. It could still change depending
+upon the pH and so forth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon the pH and so forth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon the pH and so forth of
+uh of the you know the interior of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of the you know the interior of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of the you know the interior of the
+cell but at least it's probably not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell but at least it's probably not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell but at least it's probably not
+subject to the the big changes uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to the the big changes uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to the the big changes uh that
+alpha and beta are are going to be going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha and beta are are going to be going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha and beta are are going to be going
+to experience right so the argument that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to experience right so the argument that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to experience right so the argument that
+URI makes for why it is that we see so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+URI makes for why it is that we see so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+URI makes for why it is that we see so
+much negative autoregulation in the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much negative autoregulation in the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much negative autoregulation in the cell
+is because uh it both increases the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because uh it both increases the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because uh it both increases the um
+the rate that the cell can respond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate that the cell can respond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate that the cell can respond to
+changes in the on direction at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in the on direction at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in the on direction at least
+uh but also that it makes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but also that it makes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but also that it makes the
+concentration of the protein more robust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of the protein more robust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of the protein more robust
+to changes in several of the parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to changes in several of the parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to changes in several of the parameters
+that govern uh the uh the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that govern uh the uh the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that govern uh the uh the equilibrium
+concentration. Okay? You know, and once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration. Okay? You know, and once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration. Okay? You know, and once
+again, you know, you can argue about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, you know, you can argue about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, you know, you can argue about
+which one of these is more important. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one of these is more important. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one of these is more important. Um
+but but I think they're they're both uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but I think they're they're both uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but I think they're they're both uh
+likely playing a significant role in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely playing a significant role in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely playing a significant role in
+different cases.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right, I'm going to want to move on,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, I'm going to want to move on,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, I'm going to want to move on,
+but I will tell you that only over some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I will tell you that only over some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I will tell you that only over some
+range of these parameters, alpha, beta,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of these parameters, alpha, beta,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of these parameters, alpha, beta,
+k will this thing be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k will this thing be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k will this thing be
+robust. Okay, so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust. Okay, so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust. Okay, so for
+example, if this comes up too high,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, if this comes up too high,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, if this comes up too high,
+we're going to lose this phenomenon of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to lose this phenomenon of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to lose this phenomenon of
+robustness. Okay, so I expect you to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robustness. Okay, so I expect you to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robustness. Okay, so I expect you to be
+able to tell me in some later date the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to tell me in some later date the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to tell me in some later date the
+conditions in which that might happen.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions in which that might happen.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions in which that might happen.
+Okay. And I'm gonna I'm available for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And I'm gonna I'm available for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And I'm gonna I'm available for
+the next half hour after class. So if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next half hour after class. So if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next half hour after class. So if
+you do not know what I'm talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do not know what I'm talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do not know what I'm talking about
+right there, please hang out with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there, please hang out with me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there, please hang out with me
+after and I'll tell you the solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after and I'll tell you the solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after and I'll tell you the solution to
+that question on the exam. Okay. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question on the exam. Okay. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question on the exam. Okay. All
+right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um All right. But I do want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um All right. But I do want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um All right. But I do want to talk
+about uh positive autoregulation because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh positive autoregulation because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh positive autoregulation because
+this is another um interesting beast.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another um interesting beast.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another um interesting beast.
+Right. So if negative autoregulation has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So if negative autoregulation has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So if negative autoregulation has
+those nice properties, then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those nice properties, then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those nice properties, then you can
+imagine that positive autoregulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that positive autoregulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that positive autoregulation
+will have some drawbacks. in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have some drawbacks. in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have some drawbacks. in the same
+kind of ways. All right. But um but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of ways. All right. But um but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of ways. All right. But um but it
+leads to some other uh very I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to some other uh very I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to some other uh very I think
+interesting just qualitative features.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting just qualitative features.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting just qualitative features.
+Okay. All right. So pos this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. All right. So pos this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. All right. So pos this
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+positive positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+autoregulation. All right. Right? So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoregulation. All right. Right? So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoregulation. All right. Right? So we
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+some X that is activating itself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some X that is activating itself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some X that is activating itself and
+often we think about cases where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often we think about cases where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often we think about cases where it's
+activating its own expression in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activating its own expression in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activating its own expression in a
+cooperative fashion. Right? In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperative fashion. Right? In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperative fashion. Right? In
+particular, we might assume that x dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular, we might assume that x dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular, we might assume that x dot
+is equal to for example some beta kn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to for example some beta kn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to for example some beta kn
+plus some beta 1 of some cooperative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus some beta 1 of some cooperative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus some beta 1 of some cooperative
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here where n might be 2 3 4 right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where n might be 2 3 4 right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where n might be 2 3 4 right and
+then again minus alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then again minus alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then again minus alpha
+x right um now if you just look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x right um now if you just look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x right um now if you just look at this
+you might think oh I don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might think oh I don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might think oh I don't know what
+this is going to do and so forth but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to do and so forth but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to do and so forth but you
+got to draw things out right once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to draw things out right once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to draw things out right once you
+draw it then you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw it then you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw it then you'll
+see that it's pretty straightforward.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it's pretty straightforward.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it's pretty straightforward.
+forward. All right. So again, this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward. All right. So again, this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward. All right. So again, this is
+the production and the degradation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rates, right? So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates, right? So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates, right? So that's
+production and degradation for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production and degradation for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production and degradation for example
+might look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might look like
+this. All right? So this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. All right? So this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. All right? So this is the
+production. This is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production. This is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production. This is the
+degradation. Right? So that's the alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation. Right? So that's the alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation. Right? So that's the alpha
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+term, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term, right?
+One question would be how many fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One question would be how many fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One question would be how many fixed
+points does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points does
+this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have? So fixed point means that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have? So fixed point means that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have? So fixed point means that if you
+started right there and in the absence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started right there and in the absence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started right there and in the absence
+of any noise you would stay right there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of any noise you would stay right there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of any noise you would stay right there.
+Okay? So including both stable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? So including both stable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? So including both stable and
+unstable fixed points.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh, can you read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that? I'll give you 15 seconds to count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? I'll give you 15 seconds to count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? I'll give you 15 seconds to count
+them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. Ready? Three, two,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one. All right. It seems like we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. All right. It seems like we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. All right. It seems like we have
+pretty good agreement that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good agreement that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good agreement that there are
+indeed three fixed points. All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed three fixed points. All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed three fixed points. All right.
+Once again, the fixed point is where um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Once again, the fixed point is where um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Once again, the fixed point is where um
+is where these these curves cross. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where these these curves cross. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where these these curves cross. Okay.
+So, we have one right here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we have one right here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we have one right here.
+One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One
+here and one here. All right. Now, um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and one here. All right. Now, um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and one here. All right. Now, um,
+how many how many are stable? We're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many how many are stable? We're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many how many are stable? We're
+going to do this verbally. Ready? Three,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do this verbally. Ready? Three,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do this verbally. Ready? Three,
+two, one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two, one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two, one.
+Two. All right. Let's try it again.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Two. All right. Let's try it again.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Two. All right. Let's try it again.
+Ready? Three, two, one. Two. Yeah. See,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ready? Three, two, one. Two. Yeah. See,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ready? Three, two, one. Two. Yeah. See,
+you get so used to the um cards, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get so used to the um cards, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get so used to the um cards, it's
+hard to see. Yeah. Okay. Um, right. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to see. Yeah. Okay. Um, right. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to see. Yeah. Okay. Um, right. So,
+and Right. So, the there are the ones on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Right. So, the there are the ones on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Right. So, the there are the ones on
+the ends are the stable ones, right? uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ends are the stable ones, right? uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ends are the stable ones, right? uh
+and you can just see here that around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can just see here that around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can just see here that around
+this point the production rate over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point the production rate over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point the production rate over here
+is more than the degradation rate. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more than the degradation rate. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more than the degradation rate. That
+means that if you leave that fixed point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that if you leave that fixed point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that if you leave that fixed point
+you're going to get pushed away. So it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get pushed away. So it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get pushed away. So it's
+very nice to draw these little arrows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice to draw these little arrows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice to draw these little arrows
+here that make one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that make one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that make one
+happy. Okay. All right. So this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy. Okay. All right. So this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy. Okay. All right. So this thing
+here is stable unstable and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stable. Right. Now uh the reason we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable. Right. Now uh the reason we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable. Right. Now uh the reason we call
+this bstability is because there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bstability is because there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bstability is because there are two
+stable fixed points right this is um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable fixed points right this is um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable fixed points right this is um but
+this is important because uh this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is important because uh this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is important because uh this is the
+bas this phenomena is the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bas this phenomena is the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bas this phenomena is the basic
+um the basic dynamical system origin of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the basic dynamical system origin of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the basic dynamical system origin of
+uh of memory. Okay. Now it's not obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of memory. Okay. Now it's not obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of memory. Okay. Now it's not obvious
+um how memory comes from this. So um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how memory comes from this. So um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how memory comes from this. So um so
+memory is in general this idea that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory is in general this idea that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory is in general this idea that that
+the gene network or the cell can retain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gene network or the cell can retain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gene network or the cell can retain
+a memory of its past state. Okay. And um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a memory of its past state. Okay. And um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a memory of its past state. Okay. And um
+and we're going to see examples of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to see examples of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to see examples of this
+over the next um over the next few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the next um over the next few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the next um over the next few
+weeks. But uh just to be clear if for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks. But uh just to be clear if for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks. But uh just to be clear if for
+example we imagine a situation where um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we imagine a situation where um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we imagine a situation where um
+the alpha changes okay it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alpha changes okay it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alpha changes okay it could be
+division rate um for example high food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division rate um for example high food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division rate um for example high food
+low food environments. What we can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low food environments. What we can do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low food environments. What we can do is
+we can plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um well you know often you plot for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well you know often you plot for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well you know often you plot for
+example equilibrium but that's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example equilibrium but that's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example equilibrium but that's a little
+bit trickier. So I'm just going to plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit trickier. So I'm just going to plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit trickier. So I'm just going to plot
+the production rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as a function of
+alpha. Okay. Now um the question is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha. Okay. Now um the question is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha. Okay. Now um the question is if
+we change alpha what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we change alpha what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we change alpha what's going to
+happen right now for a fixed alpha you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen right now for a fixed alpha you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen right now for a fixed alpha you
+can see already that there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see already that there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see already that there are two
+different production rates that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different production rates that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different production rates that are
+stable at this in this case right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable at this in this case right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable at this in this case right but
+what happens if we increase alpha so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if we increase alpha so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if we increase alpha so we
+increase the growth rate so it goes like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the growth rate so it goes like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the growth rate so it goes like
+this right is that going to can that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right is that going to can that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right is that going to can that
+change the number of fixed points right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the number of fixed points right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the number of fixed points right
+and indeed what you can see is that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed what you can see is that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed what you can see is that as
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+line gets steeper here eventually that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line gets steeper here eventually that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line gets steeper here eventually that
+you only have a single fixed point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only have a single fixed point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only have a single fixed point and
+it's stable, right? That's known as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's stable, right? That's known as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's stable, right? That's known as a
+bifurcation in the dynamics of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bifurcation in the dynamics of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bifurcation in the dynamics of the
+system. Okay, so this is for a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. Okay, so this is for a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. Okay, so this is for a large
+alpha you end up okay and just to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha you end up okay and just to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha you end up okay and just to be
+clear this is beta KN down here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear this is beta KN down here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear this is beta KN down here and then
+up here is a beta is the beta 1, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here is a beta is the beta 1, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here is a beta is the beta 1, right?
+So what we can do is we know that beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what we can do is we know that beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what we can do is we know that beta
+kn is where we get for large alpha. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kn is where we get for large alpha. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kn is where we get for large alpha. All
+right. Now for small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Now for small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Now for small
+alpha do we end up getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha do we end up getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha do we end up getting
+another right we get another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another right we get another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another right we get another
+bifurcification. So actually there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bifurcification. So actually there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bifurcification. So actually there's
+only again one stable point up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only again one stable point up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only again one stable point up
+here at small alpha right and what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at small alpha right and what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at small alpha right and what what
+we're going to get is is what's known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get is is what's known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get is is what's known as
+a fold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bifurcation where solid lines denote uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bifurcation where solid lines denote uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bifurcation where solid lines denote uh
+stable points stable fixed points dash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable points stable fixed points dash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable points stable fixed points dash
+lines represent unstable fixed points.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines represent unstable fixed points.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines represent unstable fixed points.
+Okay, this is a stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, this is a stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, this is a stable
+um and and the dashed is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unstable. There's some region of alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable. There's some region of alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable. There's some region of alpha
+conditions where the system is bstable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions where the system is bstable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions where the system is bstable
+but then outside of that it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then outside of that it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then outside of that it's just
+monostable. Okay, can somebody explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monostable. Okay, can somebody explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monostable. Okay, can somebody explain
+why this thing why I would why I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this thing why I would why I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this thing why I would why I might
+make the argument that this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the argument that this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the argument that this thing
+displays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displays
+memory? Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory? Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory? Uh
+maybe no maybe a new well I mean one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe no maybe a new well I mean one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe no maybe a new well I mean one of
+those two is fine but any any new people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two is fine but any any new people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two is fine but any any new people
+want to uh ma explain my thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to uh ma explain my thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to uh ma explain my thought
+process?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+No. All right. Maybe you Okay. Well, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No. All right. Maybe you Okay. Well, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No. All right. Maybe you Okay. Well, so
+depending on whether we had high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on whether we had high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on whether we had high
+degradation or low degradation rates in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation or low degradation rates in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation or low degradation rates in
+the past, we'll be on the lower or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past, we'll be on the lower or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past, we'll be on the lower or the
+upper range of that if we return to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper range of that if we return to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper range of that if we return to
+normal. That's right. So the argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal. That's right. So the argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal. That's right. So the argument
+here is that let's say that this is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that let's say that this is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that let's say that this is some
+you know normal condition you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know normal condition you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know normal condition you know so
+you know you're this is where you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're this is where you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're this is where you are
+right now for example I don't know now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now for example I don't know now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now for example I don't know now
+depending upon whether you're sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending upon whether you're sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending upon whether you're sitting
+here or here that's perhaps giving you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or here that's perhaps giving you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or here that's perhaps giving you
+some information about the past state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some information about the past state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some information about the past state of
+the cell right because if you were here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell right because if you were here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell right because if you were here
+that means oh maybe in the past you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means oh maybe in the past you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means oh maybe in the past you were
+out at at high degradation rates whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out at at high degradation rates whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out at at high degradation rates whereas
+if you were here maybe you were at low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were here maybe you were at low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were here maybe you were at low
+and in particular you could reset things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular you could reset things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular you could reset things
+right if you start here then uh you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you start here then uh you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you start here then uh you can
+reset this memory module by coming over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reset this memory module by coming over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reset this memory module by coming over
+here. You'll then once you get to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. You'll then once you get to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. You'll then once you get to this
+point here, that's the bifurcation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here, that's the bifurcation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here, that's the bifurcation in
+the dynamics. It's a fold bifurcation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dynamics. It's a fold bifurcation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dynamics. It's a fold bifurcation.
+Then you come up, you come up here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then you come up, you come up here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then you come up, you come up here and
+now you'll retain this state in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you'll retain this state in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you'll retain this state in
+principle until you get over here. Of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle until you get over here. Of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle until you get over here. Of
+course, there could be stoastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course, there could be stoastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course, there could be stoastic
+switching dynamics. We're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching dynamics. We're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching dynamics. We're going to talk
+a lot about that in uh in the coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot about that in uh in the coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot about that in uh in the coming
+weeks. But at least uh in the limit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks. But at least uh in the limit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks. But at least uh in the limit of
+of low rates of stoastic switching, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of low rates of stoastic switching, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of low rates of stoastic switching, then
+this is this represents some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this represents some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this represents some sort of
+memory module kind of the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory module kind of the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory module kind of the simplest
+version of it. I'd say that in the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of it. I'd say that in the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of it. I'd say that in the cell
+most examples of such memory modules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most examples of such memory modules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most examples of such memory modules
+involve not just positive feedback of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve not just positive feedback of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve not just positive feedback of of
+one protein activating itself although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one protein activating itself although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one protein activating itself although
+this happens but often through a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happens but often through a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happens but often through a whole
+network where the one protein activates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network where the one protein activates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network where the one protein activates
+another activates another and that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another activates another and that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another activates another and that you
+come back or could be a repressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back or could be a repressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back or could be a repressing
+repressing and that you know two knots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repressing and that you know two knots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repressing and that you know two knots
+is a you know two negatives is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a you know two negatives is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a you know two negatives is a
+positive right just like three lefts as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive right just like three lefts as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive right just like three lefts as
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+right okay um right okay so are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay um right okay so are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay um right okay so are there
+any questions about in what the sense in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about in what the sense in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about in what the sense in
+which this thing can can serve as as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which this thing can can serve as as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which this thing can can serve as as a
+as basic memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as basic memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as basic memory
+module. And this thing is maybe not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module. And this thing is maybe not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module. And this thing is maybe not the
+most interesting example of it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most interesting example of it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most interesting example of it because
+alpha is such a global parameter. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha is such a global parameter. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha is such a global parameter. But
+you can also get similar dynamics as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also get similar dynamics as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also get similar dynamics as a
+function of for example the galactose in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of for example the galactose in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of for example the galactose in
+the concentration of some sugar in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration of some sugar in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration of some sugar in your
+media. Right? Um so given that different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media. Right? Um so given that different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media. Right? Um so given that different
+um different small molecules such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um different small molecules such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um different small molecules such as
+food sources can act as inputs into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food sources can act as inputs into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food sources can act as inputs into
+these gene networks, you can also get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these gene networks, you can also get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these gene networks, you can also get
+these sorts of dynamics as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sorts of dynamics as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sorts of dynamics as a function of
+what you might call um you know really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you might call um you know really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you might call um you know really
+you know some simple external uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some simple external uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some simple external uh
+molecule right which is nice because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule right which is nice because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule right which is nice because
+that means that you can have such you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that you can have such you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that you can have such you
+know memory modules that are really uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know memory modules that are really uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know memory modules that are really uh
+independent of all the other memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of all the other memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of all the other memory
+modules that are going on in your cell.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules that are going on in your cell.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules that are going on in your cell.
+Whereas if you had to vary alpha then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whereas if you had to vary alpha then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whereas if you had to vary alpha then
+this this changes everything right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this changes everything right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this changes everything right?
+Whereas if it's just if it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whereas if it's just if it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whereas if it's just if it's just
+concentration of some sugar outside,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of some sugar outside,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of some sugar outside,
+then you can imagine that that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can imagine that that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can imagine that that that
+could be very useful to retain a memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be very useful to retain a memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be very useful to retain a memory
+of of what the cell has encountered in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of what the cell has encountered in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of what the cell has encountered in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+past. All right. So today what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past. All right. So today what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past. All right. So today what we've
+been able to do is uh is analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been able to do is uh is analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been able to do is uh is analyze
+something about possible uh evolutionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about possible uh evolutionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about possible uh evolutionary
+explanations for why uh autoregulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations for why uh autoregulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations for why uh autoregulation
+is as uh commonly observed as it is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as uh commonly observed as it is.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as uh commonly observed as it is.
+Right? So negative autoregulation is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So negative autoregulation is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So negative autoregulation is the
+one that's observed perhaps most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's observed perhaps most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's observed perhaps most
+frequently. Uh and that I think has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently. Uh and that I think has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently. Uh and that I think has some
+very clear purposes. And this this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clear purposes. And this this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clear purposes. And this this idea
+of uh the concentration being robust to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh the concentration being robust to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh the concentration being robust to
+to other um to other biochemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other um to other biochemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other um to other biochemical
+parameters I think is is a big idea.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters I think is is a big idea.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters I think is is a big idea.
+We're going to see this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to see this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to see this idea of
+robustness crop up multiple times over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robustness crop up multiple times over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robustness crop up multiple times over
+the course of the semester. And I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course of the semester. And I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course of the semester. And I think
+that it's nice to think about robustness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's nice to think about robustness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's nice to think about robustness
+in this case because it's perhaps the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case because it's perhaps the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case because it's perhaps the
+simplest example of how robustness and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest example of how robustness and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest example of how robustness and
+that as an approach can be uh can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as an approach can be uh can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as an approach can be uh can be
+useful as a way of thinking about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful as a way of thinking about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful as a way of thinking about a
+problem. Uh we're later going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. Uh we're later going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. Uh we're later going to be
+thinking about robustness in the context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about robustness in the context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about robustness in the context
+of um of perfect adaptation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um of perfect adaptation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um of perfect adaptation in
+chemotaxis where where bacteria try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemotaxis where where bacteria try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemotaxis where where bacteria try to
+find food and there I think everything's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find food and there I think everything's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find food and there I think everything's
+more subtle because already the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more subtle because already the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more subtle because already the base
+phenomenon that is robust is a kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon that is robust is a kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon that is robust is a kind of a
+form of robustness and you know so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of robustness and you know so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of robustness and you know so it
+kind of gets you uh gets you mixed up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of gets you uh gets you mixed up.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of gets you uh gets you mixed up.
+So I think that it's it's good to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I think that it's it's good to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I think that it's it's good to be
+very clear about what robustness means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clear about what robustness means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clear about what robustness means
+here so that we can use that to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that we can use that to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that we can use that to think
+about robustness in other biological uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about robustness in other biological uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about robustness in other biological uh
+functions. All right, with that u have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions. All right, with that u have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions. All right, with that u have a
+good weekend, good luck on the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good weekend, good luck on the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good weekend, good luck on the problem
+set and I'll see you on Tuesday.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/sMKQywwkIjQ.txt b/sMKQywwkIjQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2a8d7ce9cb035aefff60358a030a7e42972b14a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sMKQywwkIjQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15747 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common license. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common license. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common license. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+In today's lecture, I want to continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In today's lecture, I want to continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In today's lecture, I want to continue
+where we were last time in talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we were last time in talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we were last time in talking about
+applications of the net present value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of the net present value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of the net present value
+rule to capital budgeting and project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule to capital budgeting and project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule to capital budgeting and project
+financing. And as promised today, what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing. And as promised today, what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing. And as promised today, what
+I'm going to do is to talk specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do is to talk specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do is to talk specifically
+about other alternatives to net present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about other alternatives to net present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about other alternatives to net present
+value that are not recommended, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that are not recommended, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that are not recommended, but
+which you need to know about simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you need to know about simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you need to know about simply
+because they actually are used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they actually are used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they actually are used in
+practice to some degree. And you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice to some degree. And you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice to some degree. And you have to
+be uh an intelligent consumer of all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh an intelligent consumer of all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh an intelligent consumer of all of
+these different ideas so that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different ideas so that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different ideas so that you can
+pick and choose. And actually there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick and choose. And actually there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick and choose. And actually there are
+some instances where these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some instances where these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some instances where these other
+alternatives can shed some light on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives can shed some light on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives can shed some light on the
+particular problem and challenges at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular problem and challenges at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular problem and challenges at
+hand. And I'll try to describe those as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand. And I'll try to describe those as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand. And I'll try to describe those as
+we go over them. Before I do, um, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go over them. Before I do, um, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go over them. Before I do, um, a
+student came up and asked me uh about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student came up and asked me uh about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student came up and asked me uh about a
+concept called adjusted present value.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept called adjusted present value.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept called adjusted present value.
+And I want to just make a note of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I want to just make a note of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I want to just make a note of that
+because so far we've been talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because so far we've been talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because so far we've been talking about
+NPV but in fact both the textbook as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NPV but in fact both the textbook as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NPV but in fact both the textbook as
+well as uh uh the sort of best practices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as uh uh the sort of best practices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as uh uh the sort of best practices
+would suggest that you use something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would suggest that you use something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would suggest that you use something
+called adjusted present value uh which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called adjusted present value uh which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called adjusted present value uh which
+basically makes adjustments for things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically makes adjustments for things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically makes adjustments for things
+like taxes, project interactions,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like taxes, project interactions,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like taxes, project interactions,
+strategic alternatives uh optionality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic alternatives uh optionality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic alternatives uh optionality
+and so on. And so I want to recommend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on. And so I want to recommend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on. And so I want to recommend
+that you first of all keep in mind this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you first of all keep in mind this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you first of all keep in mind this
+notion of adjusted present value. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of adjusted present value. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of adjusted present value. That's
+what you'll be learning about in 402 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you'll be learning about in 402 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you'll be learning about in 402 and
+in more advanced courses on capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in more advanced courses on capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in more advanced courses on capital
+budgeting and project financing. So for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budgeting and project financing. So for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budgeting and project financing. So for
+now NPV is the right answer, but when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now NPV is the right answer, but when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now NPV is the right answer, but when
+you learn more about how to make those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learn more about how to make those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learn more about how to make those
+adjustments, you're going to want to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustments, you're going to want to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustments, you're going to want to use
+them. And then we call uh the particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. And then we call uh the particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. And then we call uh the particular
+criterion uh APV instead of NPV. Just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criterion uh APV instead of NPV. Just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criterion uh APV instead of NPV. Just
+terminology that you should be aware of.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology that you should be aware of.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology that you should be aware of.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+All right. So what I want to do today as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So what I want to do today as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So what I want to do today as
+I said is to talk about three other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said is to talk about three other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said is to talk about three other
+approaches to capital budgeting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches to capital budgeting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches to capital budgeting that
+various uh professionals have used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various uh professionals have used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various uh professionals have used in
+the past and which some are used to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past and which some are used to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past and which some are used to a
+great extent even today and they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great extent even today and they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great extent even today and they are
+payback period and the discounted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payback period and the discounted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payback period and the discounted
+version of that called discounted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of that called discounted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of that called discounted
+payback. Second is the irr internal rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payback. Second is the irr internal rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payback. Second is the irr internal rate
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+return and the third is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return and the third is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return and the third is the
+profitability index.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitability index.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitability index.
+So each of these have uh its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So each of these have uh its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So each of these have uh its own
+particular uses and I'm going to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uses and I'm going to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uses and I'm going to try to
+describe them to you very briefly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe them to you very briefly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe them to you very briefly and
+then we're going to talk about different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to talk about different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to talk about different
+applications. Okay. The bottom line just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications. Okay. The bottom line just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications. Okay. The bottom line just
+to be sure that there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be sure that there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be sure that there's no
+misunderstanding. NPV is always the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misunderstanding. NPV is always the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misunderstanding. NPV is always the
+right thing to do. So that's what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right thing to do. So that's what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right thing to do. So that's what we're
+recommending for uh any capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommending for uh any capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommending for uh any capital
+budgeting application.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budgeting application.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budgeting application.
+However, you should still understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+However, you should still understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+However, you should still understand
+what these three other alternatives are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these three other alternatives are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these three other alternatives are
+so that you can speak about them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you can speak about them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you can speak about them
+intelligently, talk about their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligently, talk about their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligently, talk about their
+advantages and disadvantages. Okay. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages and disadvantages. Okay. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages and disadvantages. Okay. All
+right. So, let's get started. Payback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So, let's get started. Payback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So, let's get started. Payback
+period. Oh, question. Yeah. Just as far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period. Oh, question. Yeah. Just as far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period. Oh, question. Yeah. Just as far
+as the other stuff, I mean, you speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the other stuff, I mean, you speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the other stuff, I mean, you speak
+pretty pretty firmly about NPV being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty pretty firmly about NPV being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty pretty firmly about NPV being
+better. Yes. So, is it people using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better. Yes. So, is it people using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better. Yes. So, is it people using
+those other methods are wrong or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those other methods are wrong or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those other methods are wrong or less
+intelligent or Is there any way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent or Is there any way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent or Is there any way to
+kindly describe that? Well, uh, so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kindly describe that? Well, uh, so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kindly describe that? Well, uh, so the
+question is why are they using these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is why are they using these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is why are they using these
+other alternatives? Let me get to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other alternatives? Let me get to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other alternatives? Let me get to that
+later. Okay. I mean, one could argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later. Okay. I mean, one could argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later. Okay. I mean, one could argue
+that they're less intelligent. Not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're less intelligent. Not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're less intelligent. Not
+everybody is able to get into MIT and,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody is able to get into MIT and,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody is able to get into MIT and,
+uh, you know, take this wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, you know, take this wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, you know, take this wonderful
+course. Um, so by definition, they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course. Um, so by definition, they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course. Um, so by definition, they're
+less intelligent. Um, but no, I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less intelligent. Um, but no, I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less intelligent. Um, but no, I don't
+want to uh I don't want to make such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to uh I don't want to make such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to uh I don't want to make such a
+blanket statement. Um I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blanket statement. Um I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blanket statement. Um I think that
+partly you'll find that these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly you'll find that these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly you'll find that these other
+techniques have been used in practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques have been used in practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques have been used in practice
+both because of cultural uh uh inertia.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both because of cultural uh uh inertia.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both because of cultural uh uh inertia.
+They were the first to have come on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They were the first to have come on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They were the first to have come on the
+scene before NPV was fully worked out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene before NPV was fully worked out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene before NPV was fully worked out.
+So people are just used to doing things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So people are just used to doing things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So people are just used to doing things
+the way they're used to doing it. People
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way they're used to doing it. People
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way they're used to doing it. People
+don't like change necessarily when it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like change necessarily when it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like change necessarily when it's
+particularly forced upon them. But the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly forced upon them. But the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly forced upon them. But the
+second reason is that uh these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second reason is that uh these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second reason is that uh these other
+methods capture other aspects of risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods capture other aspects of risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods capture other aspects of risk
+that in certain cases may actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in certain cases may actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in certain cases may actually be
+more important for the particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more important for the particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more important for the particular
+individual decision makers. For example,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual decision makers. For example,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual decision makers. For example,
+you know, we've talked about a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, we've talked about a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, we've talked about a lot of
+different kinds of risk, market risk,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of risk, market risk,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of risk, market risk,
+estimation risk, credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation risk, credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation risk, credit
+risk. But what's the most important risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk. But what's the most important risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk. But what's the most important risk
+to all of you once you start working in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all of you once you start working in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all of you once you start working in
+your jobs?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What?
+Exactly. career risk. Career risk is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exactly. career risk. Career risk is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exactly. career risk. Career risk is
+probably the most uh important risk from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the most uh important risk from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the most uh important risk from
+the typical perspective of the decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the typical perspective of the decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the typical perspective of the decision
+maker. And frankly, some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maker. And frankly, some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maker. And frankly, some of these
+measures that I'm about to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures that I'm about to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures that I'm about to describe
+focus on career risk more than they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on career risk more than they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on career risk more than they do
+on the risk to the investor or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the risk to the investor or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the risk to the investor or the
+shareholder. What I'd like you all to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shareholder. What I'd like you all to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shareholder. What I'd like you all to
+focus on in doing your jobs is to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on in doing your jobs is to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on in doing your jobs is to try to
+maximize the value of the company from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize the value of the company from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize the value of the company from
+the perspective of the owners of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perspective of the owners of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perspective of the owners of the
+company. You are agents of the owners.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company. You are agents of the owners.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company. You are agents of the owners.
+So therefore you want to maximize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So therefore you want to maximize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So therefore you want to maximize the
+value to the shareholders. Uh but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value to the shareholders. Uh but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value to the shareholders. Uh but in
+fact the way people behave is often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the way people behave is often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the way people behave is often
+somewhat different. So we we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat different. So we we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat different. So we we'll talk
+about that as we describe each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that as we describe each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that as we describe each of these
+measures. In fact let's talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures. In fact let's talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures. In fact let's talk about the
+first measure as a way to illustrate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first measure as a way to illustrate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first measure as a way to illustrate the
+point uh about career risk. Payback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point uh about career risk. Payback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point uh about career risk. Payback
+period is a very simple concept. It is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period is a very simple concept. It is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period is a very simple concept. It is
+simply the minimum number of years that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply the minimum number of years that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply the minimum number of years that
+it requires for a particular investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it requires for a particular investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it requires for a particular investment
+to pay back. So if you invest a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay back. So if you invest a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay back. So if you invest a million
+dollars in a project and it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars in a project and it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars in a project and it's going to
+generate some revenues, the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate some revenues, the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate some revenues, the question is
+how long is it going to take before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long is it going to take before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long is it going to take before the
+project earns a million dollars? Namely,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project earns a million dollars? Namely,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project earns a million dollars? Namely,
+it pays back the original investment. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it pays back the original investment. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it pays back the original investment. So
+the definition here is simple. If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition here is simple. If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition here is simple. If you
+assume that CF-1 through CFK are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that CF-1 through CFK are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that CF-1 through CFK are the
+cash flows to the project and you invest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flows to the project and you invest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flows to the project and you invest
+a certain amount of cash CF0 initially,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain amount of cash CF0 initially,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain amount of cash CF0 initially,
+then the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the question
+is how long a period do you need so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how long a period do you need so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how long a period do you need so that
+the sum of the future cash flows exceeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the future cash flows exceeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the future cash flows exceeds
+the initial investment? What's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial investment? What's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial investment? What's the
+minimum number of periods for that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum number of periods for that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum number of periods for that to
+happen? And that minimum K is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen? And that minimum K is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen? And that minimum K is called the
+payback period. Okay. Now, right away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payback period. Okay. Now, right away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payback period. Okay. Now, right away
+you see that there's a problem, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that there's a problem, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that there's a problem, right?
+Because we're adding cash flows in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because we're adding cash flows in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because we're adding cash flows in
+different periods. So, I hope by now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different periods. So, I hope by now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different periods. So, I hope by now
+when you look at an expression like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at an expression like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at an expression like
+that, it causes you great cognitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, it causes you great cognitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, it causes you great cognitive
+dissonance and uh you know, pain to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissonance and uh you know, pain to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissonance and uh you know, pain to look
+at that. It's like adding pounds to yen.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that. It's like adding pounds to yen.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that. It's like adding pounds to yen.
+Remember, we did that the first day of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remember, we did that the first day of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remember, we did that the first day of
+class, right? Three pounds plus 25 yen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class, right? Three pounds plus 25 yen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class, right? Three pounds plus 25 yen
+is what? I don't know. So when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what? I don't know. So when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what? I don't know. So when you're
+adding these cash flows, it doesn't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding these cash flows, it doesn't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding these cash flows, it doesn't make
+sense because you're adding different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense because you're adding different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense because you're adding different
+units. But let's forget about that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units. But let's forget about that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units. But let's forget about that for
+now. Let's just look at the equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now. Let's just look at the equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now. Let's just look at the equation and
+try to define what we mean from it. For
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to define what we mean from it. For
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to define what we mean from it. For
+independent projects, a criterion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent projects, a criterion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent projects, a criterion that
+you might construct using payback is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might construct using payback is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might construct using payback is to
+accept the project if K is less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept the project if K is less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept the project if K is less than or
+equal to some prespecified threshold T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to some prespecified threshold T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to some prespecified threshold T
+star. And for mutually exclusive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star. And for mutually exclusive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star. And for mutually exclusive
+projects where you can only take one,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects where you can only take one,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects where you can only take one,
+pick the project that has the smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick the project that has the smallest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick the project that has the smallest
+uh payback period subject to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh payback period subject to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh payback period subject to that
+threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold
+tar. Now, that's the typical approach to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tar. Now, that's the typical approach to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tar. Now, that's the typical approach to
+using payback. Clearly, this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using payback. Clearly, this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using payback. Clearly, this is a
+relatively short-sighted approach. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively short-sighted approach. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively short-sighted approach. It
+doesn't take into account scale, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't take into account scale, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't take into account scale, you
+know, how much money you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, how much money you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, how much money you're going to
+make from this. It doesn't take into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make from this. It doesn't take into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make from this. It doesn't take into
+account risk other than the risk of not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account risk other than the risk of not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account risk other than the risk of not
+getting paid back. So it's a very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting paid back. So it's a very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting paid back. So it's a very very
+narrow focus in terms of what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow focus in terms of what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow focus in terms of what it's
+trying to accomplish. Okay. Now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to accomplish. Okay. Now we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to accomplish. Okay. Now we can
+try to fix this and we can fix this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to fix this and we can fix this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to fix this and we can fix this by
+using discounted payback. So now at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using discounted payback. So now at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using discounted payback. So now at
+least the cash flows are in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the cash flows are in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the cash flows are in the same
+units. And so we you can use discounted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units. And so we you can use discounted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units. And so we you can use discounted
+payback but it's still ignores the cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payback but it's still ignores the cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payback but it's still ignores the cash
+flows after the payback period. So in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows after the payback period. So in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows after the payback period. So in
+particular, you can have a project that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular, you can have a project that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular, you can have a project that
+requires cash inflow today that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires cash inflow today that then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires cash inflow today that then
+generates a bunch of positive cash flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates a bunch of positive cash flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates a bunch of positive cash flows
+thereafter, but then after the payback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thereafter, but then after the payback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thereafter, but then after the payback
+period in some future date, it generates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period in some future date, it generates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period in some future date, it generates
+tremendously negative cash flows either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously negative cash flows either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously negative cash flows either
+because of some kind of liabilities that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of some kind of liabilities that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of some kind of liabilities that
+it incurs or some other additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it incurs or some other additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it incurs or some other additional
+investments that it requires to keep it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investments that it requires to keep it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investments that it requires to keep it
+going. All of that stuff is ignored by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going. All of that stuff is ignored by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going. All of that stuff is ignored by
+payback. So, in particular, this can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payback. So, in particular, this can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payback. So, in particular, this can
+have a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a negative
+NPV, but you might still want to take it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NPV, but you might still want to take it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NPV, but you might still want to take it
+because it pays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it pays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it pays
+back in a relatively short period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in a relatively short period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in a relatively short period of
+time. That's a mistake. But you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. That's a mistake. But you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. That's a mistake. But you can
+understand how something like this ended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how something like this ended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how something like this ended
+up getting put into practice, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up getting put into practice, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up getting put into practice, right?
+Career risk. If you're a manager of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Career risk. If you're a manager of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Career risk. If you're a manager of a
+division and your job when you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division and your job when you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division and your job when you were
+hired is to turn it around and make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hired is to turn it around and make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hired is to turn it around and make it
+profitable, then it's very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitable, then it's very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitable, then it's very important
+that you take on projects with short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you take on projects with short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you take on projects with short
+payback periods. But that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payback periods. But that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payback periods. But that's not
+necessarily in the best interest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily in the best interest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily in the best interest of the
+company or of the investors or even of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company or of the investors or even of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company or of the investors or even of
+yourself if the incentives have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself if the incentives have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself if the incentives have been
+properly calibrated. In other words, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly calibrated. In other words, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly calibrated. In other words, if
+as part of your compensation contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as part of your compensation contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as part of your compensation contract
+they say, "Here you get a bunch of stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say, "Here you get a bunch of stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say, "Here you get a bunch of stock
+in the company. We want you to maximize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the company. We want you to maximize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the company. We want you to maximize
+the value of the shareholders. Then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the shareholders. Then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the shareholders. Then what
+you ought to be doing is maximizing NPV.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ought to be doing is maximizing NPV.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ought to be doing is maximizing NPV.
+You're not supposed to be focusing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're not supposed to be focusing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're not supposed to be focusing on
+other aspects. But as a practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other aspects. But as a practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other aspects. But as a practical
+matter, people look at this. People want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter, people look at this. People want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter, people look at this. People want
+to know how long is it going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know how long is it going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know how long is it going to be
+before this thing pays back. Now, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this thing pays back. Now, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this thing pays back. Now, I
+don't want to argue that it's completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to argue that it's completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to argue that it's completely
+irrational. Can anybody give me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrational. Can anybody give me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrational. Can anybody give me a
+rationale for why payback is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationale for why payback is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationale for why payback is actually a
+sensible thing to consider? Yeah, David.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible thing to consider? Yeah, David.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible thing to consider? Yeah, David.
+You know, in an MPV calculation, you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know, in an MPV calculation, you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know, in an MPV calculation, you're
+assuming that you know what cash flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that you know what cash flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that you know what cash flow
+way out the future. Exactly. And if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way out the future. Exactly. And if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way out the future. Exactly. And if you
+have a big cash flow on the future,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a big cash flow on the future,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a big cash flow on the future,
+there's so little certainty attached to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so little certainty attached to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so little certainty attached to
+that. That's right. You want to wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. That's right. You want to wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. That's right. You want to wait
+effort more towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort more towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort more towards
+that. That's right. So apart from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. That's right. So apart from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. That's right. So apart from the
+career risk which which you mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career risk which which you mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career risk which which you mentioned
+but I want to I want to downplay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I want to I want to downplay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I want to I want to downplay that
+because I want to argue that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want to argue that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want to argue that it is
+possible for payback to add value to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible for payback to add value to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible for payback to add value to
+shareholders simply because there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shareholders simply because there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shareholders simply because there's an
+implicit recognition for those who use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit recognition for those who use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit recognition for those who use
+payback that it's really hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payback that it's really hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payback that it's really hard to
+estimate what's going to happen in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate what's going to happen in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate what's going to happen in the
+distant future. So, if you've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distant future. So, if you've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distant future. So, if you've got a
+project that pays back sooner rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project that pays back sooner rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project that pays back sooner rather
+than later, that's probably better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than later, that's probably better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than later, that's probably better
+because there's less certainty about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's less certainty about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's less certainty about
+what's going to happen in the future.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen in the future.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen in the future.
+Now, there's a lot of ifs in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, there's a lot of ifs in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, there's a lot of ifs in that
+statement, right? If really what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement, right? If really what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement, right? If really what you're
+concerned about is the growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned about is the growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned about is the growing
+uncertainty of the project, that ought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty of the project, that ought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty of the project, that ought
+to be reflected in the discount rates.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be reflected in the discount rates.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be reflected in the discount rates.
+So, I'm not saying that you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I'm not saying that you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I'm not saying that you should
+ignore it. What I'm saying is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore it. What I'm saying is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore it. What I'm saying is that
+payback is not necessarily the best way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payback is not necessarily the best way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payback is not necessarily the best way
+of capturing it. Although I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capturing it. Although I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capturing it. Although I think we
+could acknowledge that it does serve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could acknowledge that it does serve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could acknowledge that it does serve a
+useful purpose in the sense that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful purpose in the sense that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful purpose in the sense that it is
+focusing your attention on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing your attention on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing your attention on the
+relatively recent periods of cash flows.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively recent periods of cash flows.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively recent periods of cash flows.
+All right. But there may be better ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. But there may be better ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. But there may be better ways
+of of taking care of that if that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of taking care of that if that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of taking care of that if that's the
+issue. A question or comment. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue. A question or comment. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue. A question or comment. Yeah.
+Liquidity. Yeah. Yeah, like if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Liquidity. Yeah. Yeah, like if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Liquidity. Yeah. Yeah, like if you have
+a project that takes a cash outflow up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a project that takes a cash outflow up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a project that takes a cash outflow up
+front and then like years and years out,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front and then like years and years out,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front and then like years and years out,
+it gives you a big cash flow, right? But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives you a big cash flow, right? But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives you a big cash flow, right? But
+from you know that time to the cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you know that time to the cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you know that time to the cash
+outflow, you have you get nothing. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outflow, you have you get nothing. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outflow, you have you get nothing. Yeah.
+Like that could present some problems.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like that could present some problems.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like that could present some problems.
+That that's right. So another aspect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That that's right. So another aspect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That that's right. So another aspect of
+payback is this liquidity issue. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payback is this liquidity issue. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payback is this liquidity issue. In
+other words, projects that pay back in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words, projects that pay back in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words, projects that pay back in a
+shorter period of time require less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter period of time require less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter period of time require less
+liquidity over longer horizons. However,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidity over longer horizons. However,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidity over longer horizons. However,
+once again, I'm going to say if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again, I'm going to say if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again, I'm going to say if
+liquidity is the issue, you ought to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidity is the issue, you ought to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidity is the issue, you ought to
+take that into account explicitly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that into account explicitly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that into account explicitly and
+understand what the term structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what the term structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what the term structure of
+your borrowing costs are over different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your borrowing costs are over different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your borrowing costs are over different
+periods. If you factored that in, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods. If you factored that in, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods. If you factored that in, then
+it should already be in there. If does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should already be in there. If does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should already be in there. If does
+that flow through to the discount rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that flow through to the discount rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that flow through to the discount rate
+or something? That's right. It it can it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something? That's right. It it can it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something? That's right. It it can it
+it should certainly because we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should certainly because we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should certainly because we know that
+there is a yield curve, right? The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a yield curve, right? The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a yield curve, right? The
+typical yield curve is upward sloping.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical yield curve is upward sloping.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical yield curve is upward sloping.
+Typical, I say not always, but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Typical, I say not always, but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Typical, I say not always, but the
+typical yield curve is upward sloping.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical yield curve is upward sloping.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical yield curve is upward sloping.
+What that's telling you is that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What that's telling you is that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What that's telling you is that there's
+a premium for borrowing longer. Uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a premium for borrowing longer. Uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a premium for borrowing longer. Uh so
+that basically gets at your liquidity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically gets at your liquidity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically gets at your liquidity
+issue. But if you have additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue. But if you have additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue. But if you have additional
+concerns above and beyond that, that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns above and beyond that, that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns above and beyond that, that
+should be reflected in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be reflected in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be reflected in your
+calculations. Payback is an inefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations. Payback is an inefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations. Payback is an inefficient
+way of of capturing that. It's a very 01
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of of capturing that. It's a very 01
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of of capturing that. It's a very 01
+kind of an approach to dealing with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of an approach to dealing with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of an approach to dealing with that
+kind of an issue. Yeah. I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of an issue. Yeah. I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of an issue. Yeah. I think that
+people use the payback when they believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use the payback when they believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use the payback when they believe
+that the cash flow is the same all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the cash flow is the same all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the cash flow is the same all over
+the period. It really makes sense. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the period. It really makes sense. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the period. It really makes sense. It's
+like a multiple. Yeah. So you're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a multiple. Yeah. So you're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a multiple. Yeah. So you're saying
+that it doesn't make sense. It makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it doesn't make sense. It makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it doesn't make sense. It makes
+sense when the cash flow will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense when the cash flow will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense when the cash flow will be the
+same. If if the cash Yes, that's right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same. If if the cash Yes, that's right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same. If if the cash Yes, that's right.
+If the cash flow is going to be level,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If the cash flow is going to be level,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If the cash flow is going to be level,
+then it makes sense. You're right. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it makes sense. You're right. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it makes sense. You're right. It's
+like multiple. You have a multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like multiple. You have a multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like multiple. You have a multiple
+industry. You use it and you have it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry. You use it and you have it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry. You use it and you have it.
+That's right. That's right. So there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's right. That's right. So there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's right. That's right. So there are
+conditions under which payback can give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions under which payback can give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions under which payback can give
+you sensible results. But think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sensible results. But think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sensible results. But think about
+how restrictive those conditions are.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how restrictive those conditions are.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how restrictive those conditions are.
+Right. You need to have level cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. You need to have level cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. You need to have level cash
+flows. And moreover, you have to be have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows. And moreover, you have to be have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows. And moreover, you have to be have
+you have to be comparing projects all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be comparing projects all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be comparing projects all of
+whom have level cash flows and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom have level cash flows and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom have level cash flows and have
+comparable risks. If they have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable risks. If they have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable risks. If they have different
+risks or different levels of cash flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks or different levels of cash flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks or different levels of cash flows
+or different liquidity, all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or different liquidity, all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or different liquidity, all of those
+things cannot be captured by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things cannot be captured by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things cannot be captured by
+payback. Okay? So, you know, I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payback. Okay? So, you know, I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payback. Okay? So, you know, I don't
+want to beat up too much on it. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to beat up too much on it. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to beat up too much on it. This is
+a relatively easy target. The point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relatively easy target. The point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relatively easy target. The point is
+that it provides some information and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it provides some information and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it provides some information and
+you should know what it is regardless of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should know what it is regardless of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should know what it is regardless of
+whether you're going to use it. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're going to use it. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're going to use it. You
+ought to be able to have that at your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ought to be able to have that at your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ought to be able to have that at your
+fingertips. So when somebody says, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingertips. So when somebody says, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingertips. So when somebody says, and
+undoubtedly somebody will say to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undoubtedly somebody will say to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undoubtedly somebody will say to you
+when you're put pushing a project,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're put pushing a project,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're put pushing a project,
+they're going to say, "What's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to say, "What's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to say, "What's the
+payback period?" You you need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payback period?" You you need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payback period?" You you need to know
+the answer. It's not good enough for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer. It's not good enough for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer. It's not good enough for you
+to say, you know, my 401 professor told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say, you know, my 401 professor told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say, you know, my 401 professor told
+me it doesn't make sense. You got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me it doesn't make sense. You got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me it doesn't make sense. You got to
+basically have an answer and then argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have an answer and then argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have an answer and then argue
+that, well, you know, payback, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, well, you know, payback, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, well, you know, payback, you know,
+doesn't summarize all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't summarize all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't summarize all of the
+characteristics that we're concerned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics that we're concerned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics that we're concerned
+about. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. Okay.
+Second method, the profitability index.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Second method, the profitability index.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Second method, the profitability index.
+Now, this one is another easy criterion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, this one is another easy criterion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, this one is another easy criterion
+to criticize, but it's so close to NPV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to criticize, but it's so close to NPV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to criticize, but it's so close to NPV
+that the only thing that really is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the only thing that really is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the only thing that really is an
+issue is the scale factor. So, let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue is the scale factor. So, let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue is the scale factor. So, let me
+explain. Profitability index is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain. Profitability index is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain. Profitability index is simply
+the gross present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gross present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gross present
+value as opposed to net present value.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value as opposed to net present value.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value as opposed to net present value.
+It's the gross present value divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's the gross present value divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's the gross present value divided by
+the initial investment.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial investment.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial investment.
+Okay, so the present value is simply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so the present value is simply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so the present value is simply the
+present value of all the cash flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present value of all the cash flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present value of all the cash flows
+divided by the initial investment. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the initial investment. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the initial investment. So
+you could think of it as a gross rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could think of it as a gross rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could think of it as a gross rate of
+return. In other words, one plus the net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return. In other words, one plus the net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return. In other words, one plus the net
+rate of return of your investment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of return of your investment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of return of your investment in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+project. If the profitability index is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project. If the profitability index is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project. If the profitability index is
+greater than one, take the project. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than one, take the project. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than one, take the project. If
+it's less than one, don't take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's less than one, don't take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's less than one, don't take the
+project. And if you've got a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project. And if you've got a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project. And if you've got a bunch of
+mutually exclusive projects, pick the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutually exclusive projects, pick the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutually exclusive projects, pick the
+one that has the highest profitability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that has the highest profitability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that has the highest profitability
+index.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index.
+Okay, that's the uh that's the approach.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that's the uh that's the approach.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that's the uh that's the approach.
+Now, what's wrong with this? It's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, what's wrong with this? It's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, what's wrong with this? It's not
+that far off from NPV. In fact, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that far off from NPV. In fact, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that far off from NPV. In fact, you
+could show that when the profitability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could show that when the profitability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could show that when the profitability
+index is greater than one, you've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index is greater than one, you've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index is greater than one, you've got a
+positive NPV project. When the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive NPV project. When the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive NPV project. When the
+profitability index is less than one,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitability index is less than one,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitability index is less than one,
+you got a negative NPV project. So in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got a negative NPV project. So in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got a negative NPV project. So in
+terms of taking or not taking a project,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of taking or not taking a project,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of taking or not taking a project,
+it's actually the same as NPV. You go.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually the same as NPV. You go.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually the same as NPV. You go.
+Yeah. The thing it doesn't tell you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. The thing it doesn't tell you is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. The thing it doesn't tell you is
+how much initial investment actually.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much initial investment actually.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much initial investment actually.
+That's right. Be $1 or1 billion. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's right. Be $1 or1 billion. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's right. Be $1 or1 billion. That's
+right. Exactly. There's nothing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Exactly. There's nothing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Exactly. There's nothing that
+tells you about scale. So if you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you about scale. So if you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you about scale. So if you guys
+give me a dollar and I give you back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me a dollar and I give you back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me a dollar and I give you back
+two, that's going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two, that's going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two, that's going to have a
+profitability index of two, which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitability index of two, which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitability index of two, which is
+going to look really good relative to, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look really good relative to, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look really good relative to, I
+don't know, an investment in Berkshire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know, an investment in Berkshire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know, an investment in Berkshire
+Hathaway 20 years ago because that may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hathaway 20 years ago because that may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hathaway 20 years ago because that may
+not have given you the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have given you the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have given you the same
+profitability index, but Warren Buffett
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitability index, but Warren Buffett
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitability index, but Warren Buffett
+has made a lot more money than just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has made a lot more money than just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has made a lot more money than just a
+dollar. So, this ignores scale and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar. So, this ignores scale and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar. So, this ignores scale and
+that's obviously something that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's obviously something that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's obviously something that you
+can't afford to do when you've got uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't afford to do when you've got uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't afford to do when you've got uh
+mutually exclusive projects where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutually exclusive projects where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutually exclusive projects where you're
+ranking them, right? You don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranking them, right? You don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranking them, right? You don't want to
+pick the one with the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick the one with the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick the one with the highest
+profitability index. What you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitability index. What you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitability index. What you want to do
+is to pick the one that is generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to pick the one that is generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to pick the one that is generating
+the most value for you in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most value for you in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most value for you in terms of
+dollars and cents. In other words, NPV.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars and cents. In other words, NPV.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars and cents. In other words, NPV.
+So once again, NPV although is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So once again, NPV although is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So once again, NPV although is very
+close to this is actually preferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to this is actually preferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to this is actually preferred
+because you're actually getting a hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're actually getting a hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're actually getting a hard
+uh amount of dollars and cents as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh amount of dollars and cents as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh amount of dollars and cents as the
+bottom line. Any questions about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom line. Any questions about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom line. Any questions about uh
+profitability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitability
+index? Okay. Oh yes. So a lot of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index? Okay. Oh yes. So a lot of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index? Okay. Oh yes. So a lot of time
+like the money that you have in hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the money that you have in hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the money that you have in hand
+investment is limited. Yes. Like does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment is limited. Yes. Like does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment is limited. Yes. Like does
+that play into a role when you project?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that play into a role when you project?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that play into a role when you project?
+Well, uh it it does h it does play a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, uh it it does h it does play a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, uh it it does h it does play a
+role. So the question is if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role. So the question is if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role. So the question is if you have a
+limited amount of money to uh invest,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited amount of money to uh invest,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited amount of money to uh invest,
+does that play a role? It absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that play a role? It absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that play a role? It absolutely
+does play a role, but it plays a role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does play a role, but it plays a role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does play a role, but it plays a role
+that is uh contrary to what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is uh contrary to what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is uh contrary to what the
+profitability index wants to do for you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitability index wants to do for you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitability index wants to do for you.
+The profitability index is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The profitability index is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The profitability index is simply
+telling you whether something is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you whether something is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you whether something is a
+positive or negative NPV. It's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or negative NPV. It's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or negative NPV. It's not
+telling you how much NPV you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you how much NPV you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you how much NPV you're going to
+get for the amount of money you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get for the amount of money you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get for the amount of money you're going
+to invest. So what you need to do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to invest. So what you need to do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to invest. So what you need to do is to
+focus on the ladder. In other words, how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the ladder. In other words, how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the ladder. In other words, how
+much cash are you going to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much cash are you going to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much cash are you going to be able to
+generate from a particular project? $50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate from a particular project? $50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate from a particular project? $50
+or $50 million. That really makes a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or $50 million. That really makes a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or $50 million. That really makes a big
+difference. Particularly if what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference. Particularly if what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference. Particularly if what you
+have is a limited amount of cash, scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is a limited amount of cash, scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is a limited amount of cash, scale
+is actually an important concept to you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually an important concept to you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually an important concept to you.
+Okay. The reason that economists and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. The reason that economists and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. The reason that economists and
+financial economists by extension focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial economists by extension focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial economists by extension focus
+on rates of return did that did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on rates of return did that did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on rates of return did that did that
+ever strike you as being rather odd. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever strike you as being rather odd. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever strike you as being rather odd. In
+other words, when you talk to business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words, when you talk to business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words, when you talk to business
+people very often they'll speak in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people very often they'll speak in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people very often they'll speak in terms
+of dollar amounts like you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dollar amounts like you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dollar amounts like you know a
+startup cost $15 million or the profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup cost $15 million or the profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup cost $15 million or the profits
+for last quarter was you know a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for last quarter was you know a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for last quarter was you know a million
+half dollars. They won't talk always in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half dollars. They won't talk always in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half dollars. They won't talk always in
+rates of return. Whereas economists,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates of return. Whereas economists,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates of return. Whereas economists,
+particularly financial economists, they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly financial economists, they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly financial economists, they
+express everything in rates of return. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express everything in rates of return. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express everything in rates of return. I
+mean that's what we've done in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's what we've done in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's what we've done in this
+course. We've spo spent most of our time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course. We've spo spent most of our time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course. We've spo spent most of our time
+focusing on R not on V, right? V for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on R not on V, right? V for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on R not on V, right? V for
+value, R for return. Anybody know why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value, R for return. Anybody know why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value, R for return. Anybody know why
+that is? Yeah. Always look about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is? Yeah. Always look about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is? Yeah. Always look about the
+opportunity that we miss. Maybe we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity that we miss. Maybe we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity that we miss. Maybe we can
+change the direction of our money and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the direction of our money and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the direction of our money and
+earn more in our investment. Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earn more in our investment. Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earn more in our investment. Well,
+that's true. But why focus on return as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true. But why focus on return as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true. But why focus on return as
+opposed to dollars? I mean, if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to dollars? I mean, if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to dollars? I mean, if we're
+thinking about changing the direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about changing the direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about changing the direction of
+our portfolio, you might think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our portfolio, you might think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our portfolio, you might think about
+investing, you know, instead of $100,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing, you know, instead of $100,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing, you know, instead of $100,000
+in high-tech stocks, take that money and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in high-tech stocks, take that money and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in high-tech stocks, take that money and
+invest, you know, $100,000 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest, you know, $100,000 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest, you know, $100,000 in
+manufacturing. It's still about dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing. It's still about dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing. It's still about dollars
+and cents, isn't it? When you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cents, isn't it? When you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cents, isn't it? When you think
+about your portfolio, at some point you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your portfolio, at some point you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your portfolio, at some point you
+got to look at how much money do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to look at how much money do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to look at how much money do you
+have, how much money did you have, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have, how much money did you have, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have, how much money did you have, and
+is the current greater than the latter?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the current greater than the latter?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the current greater than the latter?
+I mean, you want to know whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean, you want to know whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean, you want to know whether or not
+you've made money. Why the focus on R in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've made money. Why the focus on R in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've made money. Why the focus on R in
+this course? Yeah. Could be to get rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course? Yeah. Could be to get rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course? Yeah. Could be to get rid
+of the units. I know it is to get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the units. I know it is to get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the units. I know it is to get rid of
+the units, but why do we want to get rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the units, but why do we want to get rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the units, but why do we want to get rid
+of the units? Compare it to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the units? Compare it to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the units? Compare it to other
+numbers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers.
+Well, but wait a minute. Why can't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, but wait a minute. Why can't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, but wait a minute. Why can't you
+compare dollars to dollars? I mean,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare dollars to dollars? I mean,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare dollars to dollars? I mean,
+you're right that you can compare a 3%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right that you can compare a 3%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right that you can compare a 3%
+increase in General Motors to a 2%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in General Motors to a 2%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in General Motors to a 2%
+decline in Microsoft, but you could also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decline in Microsoft, but you could also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decline in Microsoft, but you could also
+compare a $100,000 increase in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare a $100,000 increase in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare a $100,000 increase in your
+portfolio in General Motors versus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio in General Motors versus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio in General Motors versus a
+$50,000 loss in Microsoft.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$50,000 loss in Microsoft.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$50,000 loss in Microsoft.
+Why? Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Courtney $50,000 might be nothing. Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Courtney $50,000 might be nothing. Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Courtney $50,000 might be nothing. Yeah,
+for that company, but it could be, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that company, but it could be, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that company, but it could be, you
+know, entire company's profit. So it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, entire company's profit. So it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, entire company's profit. So it
+shows the return on an individualized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows the return on an individualized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows the return on an individualized
+basis. It shows the return on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis. It shows the return on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis. It shows the return on an
+individualized basis and it gets rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individualized basis and it gets rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individualized basis and it gets rid of
+the scale. That's true. So you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scale. That's true. So you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scale. That's true. So you're you're
+able to compare the scale for different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to compare the scale for different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to compare the scale for different
+companies, but what's wrong with using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies, but what's wrong with using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies, but what's wrong with using
+dollars to do that? I mean, if you're an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars to do that? I mean, if you're an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars to do that? I mean, if you're an
+investor, so from the investor's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor, so from the investor's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor, so from the investor's
+perspective, if you're looking at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective, if you're looking at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective, if you're looking at an
+investment in General Electric versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment in General Electric versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment in General Electric versus
+Microsoft, wouldn't dollars make more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Microsoft, wouldn't dollars make more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Microsoft, wouldn't dollars make more
+sense rather than returns because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense rather than returns because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense rather than returns because you
+you could still compare them, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could still compare them, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could still compare them, right?
+Yeah. If you're going to invest X amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. If you're going to invest X amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. If you're going to invest X amount
+in both companies, it might create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both companies, it might create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both companies, it might create a
+greater impact on one and you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater impact on one and you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater impact on one and you want to
+see where your money,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see where your money,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see where your money,
+okay, you're on the right idea, but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay, you're on the right idea, but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay, you're on the right idea, but but
+you you have you have the the the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you have you have the the the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you have you have the the the right
+elements, but you haven't put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements, but you haven't put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements, but you haven't put it
+together. It's true that scale is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. It's true that scale is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. It's true that scale is the
+issue. So you've got your finger on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue. So you've got your finger on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue. So you've got your finger on that
+the right concept. But what about scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right concept. But what about scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right concept. But what about scale
+is the issue here. Amit I think you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the issue here. Amit I think you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the issue here. Amit I think you want
+to develop a theory that suits other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to develop a theory that suits other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to develop a theory that suits other
+investors that basically you can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors that basically you can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors that basically you can tell
+them what's your return in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them what's your return in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them what's your return in terms of
+percentages and then they can decide I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentages and then they can decide I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentages and then they can decide I
+want to $100 I want to million. Okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to $100 I want to million. Okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to $100 I want to million. Okay
+good. So that's that's following on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. So that's that's following on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. So that's that's following on
+Courtney's point that we want to develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Courtney's point that we want to develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Courtney's point that we want to develop
+a theory that suits all investors. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theory that suits all investors. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theory that suits all investors. So
+it's not focused on scale, but implicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not focused on scale, but implicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not focused on scale, but implicit
+in not focusing on scale, we're making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in not focusing on scale, we're making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in not focusing on scale, we're making
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+assumption. What are we assuming, Mike?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption. What are we assuming, Mike?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption. What are we assuming, Mike?
+Returns like focus in the marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Returns like focus in the marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Returns like focus in the marginal
+dollar. I mean, you should actually take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar. I mean, you should actually take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar. I mean, you should actually take
+the highest return. You know, if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highest return. You know, if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highest return. You know, if you
+have if someone's going to triple that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if someone's going to triple that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if someone's going to triple that
+$3 investment, you should at least put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$3 investment, you should at least put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$3 investment, you should at least put
+the first $3 in that bang your buck and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first $3 in that bang your buck and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first $3 in that bang your buck and
+then go down until you're getting to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then go down until you're getting to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then go down until you're getting to a
+lower marginal return, larger. And why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower marginal return, larger. And why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower marginal return, larger. And why
+should you do that? Why should you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you do that? Why should you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you do that? Why should you go
+down the down the line in that manner?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the down the line in that manner?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the down the line in that manner?
+Because that will maximize your overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because that will maximize your overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because that will maximize your overall
+return. Well, but wait a minute. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return. Well, but wait a minute. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return. Well, but wait a minute. I
+thought that if we put our money across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that if we put our money across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that if we put our money across
+all of these various different projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these various different projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these various different projects
+in proportion to uh you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in proportion to uh you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in proportion to uh you know the
+standard portfolio theory, the tangency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard portfolio theory, the tangency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard portfolio theory, the tangency
+portfolio, we get the biggest bang uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio, we get the biggest bang uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio, we get the biggest bang uh
+per unit risk. So are you saying we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit risk. So are you saying we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit risk. So are you saying we
+ought to deviate from that or what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ought to deviate from that or what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ought to deviate from that or what about
+the theory that we developed requires us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory that we developed requires us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory that we developed requires us
+to focus on returns rather than on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus on returns rather than on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus on returns rather than on
+dollars invested? You've all been very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars invested? You've all been very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars invested? You've all been very
+patient in not bringing up this issue.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient in not bringing up this issue.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient in not bringing up this issue.
+You've just taken it as given that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You've just taken it as given that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You've just taken it as given that I'm
+telling you the truth about focusing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you the truth about focusing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you the truth about focusing on
+returns. Why not focus on the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns. Why not focus on the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns. Why not focus on the actual
+dollars that you invest? Remy focusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars that you invest? Remy focusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars that you invest? Remy focusing
+on return.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+That's true. It it is it does make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's true. It it is it does make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's true. It it is it does make it
+easy to weigh it against the risk, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to weigh it against the risk, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to weigh it against the risk, but
+in the end, don't you care about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end, don't you care about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end, don't you care about what
+your dollars at risk are? You can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your dollars at risk are? You can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your dollars at risk are? You can't
+check out what it is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, you know, I could rewrite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, you know, I could rewrite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, you know, I could rewrite the
+tangency portfolio in terms of dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangency portfolio in terms of dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangency portfolio in terms of dollars
+instead of return. I don't want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of return. I don't want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of return. I don't want to do
+that. You're right. Why don't I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. You're right. Why don't I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. You're right. Why don't I want to
+do that? Aside from the fact that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that? Aside from the fact that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that? Aside from the fact that the
+fonts are not going to fit on that axis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fonts are not going to fit on that axis.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fonts are not going to fit on that axis.
+Well, you know, you're on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, you know, you're on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, you know, you're on the right
+track. All of you, I think you sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track. All of you, I think you sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track. All of you, I think you sense
+what I'm getting at, but you haven't put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm getting at, but you haven't put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm getting at, but you haven't put
+your finger on it. Let me let me tie it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your finger on it. Let me let me tie it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your finger on it. Let me let me tie it
+all together and tell you where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all together and tell you where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all together and tell you where you're
+getting because I I think that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting because I I think that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting because I I think that we're
+going to get there eventually. The idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get there eventually. The idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get there eventually. The idea
+the idea is that we want to come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that we want to come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that we want to come up with
+a framework that applies to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a framework that applies to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a framework that applies to all
+investors. That's true. And so it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors. That's true. And so it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors. That's true. And so it would
+be really convenient for us to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be really convenient for us to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be really convenient for us to be able
+to use returns and units of risk so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use returns and units of risk so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use returns and units of risk so that
+whatever dollars you have, you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever dollars you have, you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever dollars you have, you can
+simply apply the theory and find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply apply the theory and find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply apply the theory and find out
+where you are on that frontier and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you are on that frontier and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you are on that frontier and just
+simply multiply by the initial amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply multiply by the initial amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply multiply by the initial amount of
+wealth to figure out all your dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth to figure out all your dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth to figure out all your dollar
+investments. Underlying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investments. Underlying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investments. Underlying that
+approach is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach is a
+belief. And here's the belief. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief. And here's the belief. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief. And here's the belief. The
+belief is that we can invest however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief is that we can invest however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief is that we can invest however
+much money we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much money we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much money we
+want and get these kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and get these kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and get these kind of
+returns. That's the key that all of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns. That's the key that all of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns. That's the key that all of you
+are groping at implicitly. I think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are groping at implicitly. I think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are groping at implicitly. I think you
+understood this but you you you haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood this but you you you haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood this but you you you haven't
+articulated it. What we're assuming when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulated it. What we're assuming when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulated it. What we're assuming when
+we put down all these equations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put down all these equations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put down all these equations in
+returns is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns is that
+scale doesn't matter in the sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale doesn't matter in the sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale doesn't matter in the sense that
+no matter whether we're investing $100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter whether we're investing $100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter whether we're investing $100
+or $100 million or hundred billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or $100 million or hundred billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or $100 million or hundred billion
+dollars, we're going to get the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars, we're going to get the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars, we're going to get the same
+returns. And the fact of the matter is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns. And the fact of the matter is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns. And the fact of the matter is
+that's just not true. Scale absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just not true. Scale absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just not true. Scale absolutely
+does matter. It matters because the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does matter. It matters because the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does matter. It matters because the more
+money you put into certain kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money you put into certain kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money you put into certain kinds of
+investments, the harder it will be for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investments, the harder it will be for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investments, the harder it will be for
+those investments to maintain the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those investments to maintain the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those investments to maintain the same
+level of return. Now, that has a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of return. Now, that has a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of return. Now, that has a very
+different impact among different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different impact among different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different impact among different
+industries and among different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industries and among different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industries and among different
+investments. For example, right now, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investments. For example, right now, uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investments. For example, right now, uh,
+nanotechnology is just beginning to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanotechnology is just beginning to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanotechnology is just beginning to take
+off. And so if you end up putting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off. And so if you end up putting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off. And so if you end up putting a
+couple of extra, you know, uh, billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of extra, you know, uh, billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of extra, you know, uh, billion
+dollars in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars in
+nanotechnology, it's unlikely you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanotechnology, it's unlikely you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanotechnology, it's unlikely you're
+going to really affect the returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to really affect the returns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to really affect the returns
+because the technology is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the technology is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the technology is still
+emerging. But if you take a very highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging. But if you take a very highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging. But if you take a very highly
+capacity constrained strategy and try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity constrained strategy and try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity constrained strategy and try to
+implement that same idea, you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement that same idea, you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement that same idea, you're going
+to have a very hard time doing it. uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a very hard time doing it. uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a very hard time doing it. uh
+you know if you decide that you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you decide that you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you decide that you want to
+focus on uh you know middle middle level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on uh you know middle middle level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on uh you know middle middle level
+software uh for dealing with uh file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software uh for dealing with uh file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software uh for dealing with uh file
+server control mechanisms it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server control mechanisms it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server control mechanisms it's a
+relatively narrow sector in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively narrow sector in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively narrow sector in the
+technology sector and you want to put $2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology sector and you want to put $2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology sector and you want to put $2
+billion of extra money in that sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion of extra money in that sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion of extra money in that sector
+this month good luck you'll have a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this month good luck you'll have a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this month good luck you'll have a very
+hard time doing it not to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard time doing it not to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard time doing it not to say that
+people won't take the money I'm sure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people won't take the money I'm sure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people won't take the money I'm sure you
+can find people that yeah sure give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find people that yeah sure give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find people that yeah sure give me
+the money but they're not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money but they're not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money but they're not going to be
+able to produce the returns that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to produce the returns that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to produce the returns that you
+would expect from that very narrow slice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect from that very narrow slice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect from that very narrow slice
+of the economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the economy
+So all of what we've done in this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So all of what we've done in this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So all of what we've done in this course
+ignores scale from the perspective of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignores scale from the perspective of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignores scale from the perspective of
+risk and reward. But the one area where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk and reward. But the one area where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk and reward. But the one area where
+scale absolutely matters is NPV. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale absolutely matters is NPV. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale absolutely matters is NPV. In
+other words, when you're a project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words, when you're a project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words, when you're a project
+manager trying to figure out should I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager trying to figure out should I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager trying to figure out should I
+take project A or take project B, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take project A or take project B, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take project A or take project B, the
+scale matters. You know, as D pointed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale matters. You know, as D pointed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale matters. You know, as D pointed
+out, in certain cases, you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out, in certain cases, you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out, in certain cases, you don't have
+more money to put into a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more money to put into a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more money to put into a particular
+project. In other cases, you have too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project. In other cases, you have too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project. In other cases, you have too
+much money that is not suitable for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much money that is not suitable for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much money that is not suitable for a
+certain project. But the bottom line in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain project. But the bottom line in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain project. But the bottom line in
+both cases is NPV, dollars, actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both cases is NPV, dollars, actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both cases is NPV, dollars, actual
+dollars and cents. That's what you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars and cents. That's what you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars and cents. That's what you want
+to focus on from the perspective of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus on from the perspective of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus on from the perspective of
+capital budgeting or corporate finance.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital budgeting or corporate finance.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital budgeting or corporate finance.
+Mike, the NPV is really really good and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mike, the NPV is really really good and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mike, the NPV is really really good and
+the return is good, you should go get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the return is good, you should go get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the return is good, you should go get
+more capital. That's right. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more capital. That's right. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more capital. That's right. That's
+right. If the NPV is really, really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. If the NPV is really, really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. If the NPV is really, really
+good, first of all, you're going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good, first of all, you're going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good, first of all, you're going to take
+the project, but secondly, what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the project, but secondly, what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the project, but secondly, what you're
+going to do is you're going to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is you're going to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is you're going to try to
+figure how to scale the heck out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure how to scale the heck out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure how to scale the heck out of the
+project and take as much of it as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project and take as much of it as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project and take as much of it as you
+want. Why? Because more money is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want. Why? Because more money is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want. Why? Because more money is
+preferred to less money. Simple as that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred to less money. Simple as that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred to less money. Simple as that.
+And again, anybody that violates that,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And again, anybody that violates that,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And again, anybody that violates that,
+see me after class. Be happy to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see me after class. Be happy to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see me after class. Be happy to help
+you. Yeah. But if you did that, it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. Yeah. But if you did that, it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. Yeah. But if you did that, it would
+go back to your Exactly. It would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to your Exactly. It would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to your Exactly. It would
+change. It would change R. That's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change. It would change R. That's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change. It would change R. That's the
+point. That's why you shouldn't focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. That's why you shouldn't focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. That's why you shouldn't focus on
+R from the perspective of capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R from the perspective of capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R from the perspective of capital
+budgeting. From an investor's point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budgeting. From an investor's point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budgeting. From an investor's point of
+view, from a point of view of you and me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view, from a point of view of you and me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view, from a point of view of you and me
+investing in the market, we're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing in the market, we're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing in the market, we're not going
+to affect R. I mean, I hate to depress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to affect R. I mean, I hate to depress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to affect R. I mean, I hate to depress
+all of you, but most of you, if you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of you, but most of you, if you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of you, but most of you, if you put
+your entire wealth into the market, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your entire wealth into the market, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your entire wealth into the market, you
+probably won't move the market by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably won't move the market by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably won't move the market by a
+whole lot. Okay? That's not true of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lot. Okay? That's not true of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lot. Okay? That's not true of
+everybody, and it's not true of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody, and it's not true of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody, and it's not true of all
+assets, but it's certainly true of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets, but it's certainly true of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets, but it's certainly true of the
+market as a whole. In other words, if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market as a whole. In other words, if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market as a whole. In other words, if we
+put all of our collective wealth into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put all of our collective wealth into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put all of our collective wealth into
+the S&P 500, we're not going to move it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S&P 500, we're not going to move it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S&P 500, we're not going to move it
+by a lot.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a lot.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a lot.
+Okay? But if you're a corporation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? But if you're a corporation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? But if you're a corporation and
+you put all of your corporate wealth in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put all of your corporate wealth in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put all of your corporate wealth in
+one particular division of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one particular division of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one particular division of the of the
+particular company you're in, that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular company you're in, that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular company you're in, that could
+have dramatic consequences for the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have dramatic consequences for the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have dramatic consequences for the rate
+of return for that project. So scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of return for that project. So scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of return for that project. So scale
+matters for capital budgeting. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters for capital budgeting. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters for capital budgeting. It
+doesn't matter if you're thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter if you're thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter if you're thinking about
+each of us as a small investor. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of us as a small investor. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of us as a small investor. And so
+what I derive for you in the capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I derive for you in the capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I derive for you in the capital
+asset pricing model is a derivation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset pricing model is a derivation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset pricing model is a derivation that
+assumes each of us is small. We're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumes each of us is small. We're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumes each of us is small. We're not
+going to affect prices or therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to affect prices or therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to affect prices or therefore
+returns. And so we can take returns as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns. And so we can take returns as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns. And so we can take returns as
+given. In other words, whether we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given. In other words, whether we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given. In other words, whether we're
+investing 100,000 or 200,000 or 15,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing 100,000 or 200,000 or 15,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing 100,000 or 200,000 or 15,000
+or even a million, the analytics that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even a million, the analytics that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even a million, the analytics that
+derived are pretty reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived are pretty reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived are pretty reasonable
+approximations. That's very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations. That's very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations. That's very different
+from evaluating a particular investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from evaluating a particular investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from evaluating a particular investment
+opportunity for a division of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for a division of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for a division of a
+corporation. That's not the stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporation. That's not the stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporation. That's not the stock
+market. We use the stock market as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market. We use the stock market as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market. We use the stock market as a
+guide for computing the discount rate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide for computing the discount rate.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide for computing the discount rate.
+But the bottom line analysis is how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the bottom line analysis is how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the bottom line analysis is how much
+of the investment can be supported by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the investment can be supported by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the investment can be supported by
+what you want to put into it. And as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want to put into it. And as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want to put into it. And as
+long as the NPV is looking good, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as the NPV is looking good, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as the NPV is looking good, you
+want to keep doing it. And to Ramy's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to keep doing it. And to Ramy's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to keep doing it. And to Ramy's
+point, the more you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point, the more you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point, the more you do
+it, most likely the less NPV will come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, most likely the less NPV will come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, most likely the less NPV will come
+out eventually. And you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out eventually. And you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out eventually. And you're going to
+drive the thing into the ground in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive the thing into the ground in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive the thing into the ground in the
+sense that you're going to keep doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that you're going to keep doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that you're going to keep doing it
+until it stops being profitable. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it stops being profitable. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it stops being profitable. That's
+only human. It's only natural. It's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only human. It's only natural. It's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only human. It's only natural. It's only
+good business to drive it into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good business to drive it into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good business to drive it into the
+ground, which is, by the way, what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground, which is, by the way, what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground, which is, by the way, what we
+did in the subprime mortgage market,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did in the subprime mortgage market,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did in the subprime mortgage market,
+right? That's why we're in the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? That's why we're in the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? That's why we're in the current
+crisis we're in. We basically drove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis we're in. We basically drove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis we're in. We basically drove that
+business into the ground and then some.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business into the ground and then some.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business into the ground and then some.
+Uh but it's a natural phenomenon of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh but it's a natural phenomenon of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh but it's a natural phenomenon of
+business practice to constantly be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business practice to constantly be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business practice to constantly be
+coming up with new ideas. The ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up with new ideas. The ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up with new ideas. The ones that
+work well, we're going to keep on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work well, we're going to keep on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work well, we're going to keep on
+implementing them. We give them more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing them. We give them more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing them. We give them more
+capital until they start declining in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital until they start declining in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital until they start declining in
+their rates of return. Then we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their rates of return. Then we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their rates of return. Then we take
+capital away for the next year or so.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital away for the next year or so.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital away for the next year or so.
+We're going to be taking capital away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to be taking capital away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to be taking capital away
+from the real estate markets.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the real estate markets.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the real estate markets.
+So any questions about uh about scale.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So any questions about uh about scale.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So any questions about uh about scale.
+So that was a bit of a digression but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that was a bit of a digression but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that was a bit of a digression but
+one a useful one in the sense that NPV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one a useful one in the sense that NPV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one a useful one in the sense that NPV
+is the right thing to do because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the right thing to do because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the right thing to do because it
+doesn't ignore scale whereas for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't ignore scale whereas for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't ignore scale whereas for the
+small investor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small investor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small investor
+ignoring scale makes perfect sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignoring scale makes perfect sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignoring scale makes perfect sense
+because then we were able to derive a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then we were able to derive a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then we were able to derive a
+theory that applies to most everybody.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that applies to most everybody.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that applies to most everybody.
+By the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+By the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+By the way that
+theory doesn't apply to some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory doesn't apply to some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory doesn't apply to some of the
+largest investors today. For example,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest investors today. For example,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest investors today. For example,
+certain sovereign wealth funds, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain sovereign wealth funds, uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain sovereign wealth funds, uh,
+certain public pension funds, they can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain public pension funds, they can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain public pension funds, they can't
+invest according to the basics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest according to the basics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest according to the basics of
+portfolio theory because when they put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio theory because when they put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio theory because when they put
+money to work, they're looking to put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to work, they're looking to put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to work, they're looking to put a
+couple of billion dollars to work in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of billion dollars to work in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of billion dollars to work in a
+single investment. It's not worth their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single investment. It's not worth their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single investment. It's not worth their
+time to try to figure out how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to try to figure out how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to try to figure out how to
+allocate 5 million here, 10 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate 5 million here, 10 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate 5 million here, 10 million
+here, 20 million there. There's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, 20 million there. There's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, 20 million there. There's not
+enough hours in the day when they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough hours in the day when they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough hours in the day when they're
+managing a $250 billion portfolio to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managing a $250 billion portfolio to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managing a $250 billion portfolio to be
+able to do that. And so when you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do that. And so when you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do that. And so when you're a
+large large investor, the theory that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large large investor, the theory that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large large investor, the theory that we
+developed here in this class, it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed here in this class, it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed here in this class, it doesn't
+apply. You need to take 15433 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply. You need to take 15433 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply. You need to take 15433 to
+understand how to deal with the issue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how to deal with the issue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how to deal with the issue of
+price impact and largecale investments.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price impact and largecale investments.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price impact and largecale investments.
+Fortunately or unfortunately, that won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fortunately or unfortunately, that won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fortunately or unfortunately, that won't
+be a problem for most of us. Uh so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a problem for most of us. Uh so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a problem for most of us. Uh so you
+have to keep that in mind. For most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to keep that in mind. For most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to keep that in mind. For most of
+us, the theory of uh investments that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us, the theory of uh investments that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us, the theory of uh investments that we
+developed in this class is perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed in this class is perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed in this class is perfectly
+appropriate. All right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate. All right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate. All right?
+except when we're talking about NPV.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except when we're talking about NPV.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except when we're talking about NPV.
+Yeah. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So,
+so in the course of this uh lecture,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the course of this uh lecture,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the course of this uh lecture,
+would there be any indices or variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would there be any indices or variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would there be any indices or variables
+that we could use to determine the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could use to determine the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could use to determine the the
+the point of diminishing returns for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of diminishing returns for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of diminishing returns for
+those sorts of cash flows? In in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those sorts of cash flows? In in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those sorts of cash flows? In in this
+particular context, no, you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular context, no, you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular context, no, you're going to
+learn about that in 402 as well as in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about that in 402 as well as in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about that in 402 as well as in
+434 and some of the more advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+434 and some of the more advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+434 and some of the more advanced
+courses on capital budgeting on how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses on capital budgeting on how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses on capital budgeting on how to
+scale an investment. But the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale an investment. But the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale an investment. But the basic
+principle you I think already know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle you I think already know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle you I think already know
+because you've taken microeconomics. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you've taken microeconomics. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you've taken microeconomics. The
+basic principle of how much to invest is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic principle of how much to invest is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic principle of how much to invest is
+not to invest until you start losing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to invest until you start losing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to invest until you start losing
+money. That's actually typically how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money. That's actually typically how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money. That's actually typically how
+it's done in practice. Uh that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's done in practice. Uh that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's done in practice. Uh that's not
+necessarily the best way of approaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily the best way of approaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily the best way of approaching
+it. According to an economist, the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. According to an economist, the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. According to an economist, the best
+way to invest is until the point at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to invest is until the point at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to invest is until the point at
+which the marginal benefits is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the marginal benefits is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the marginal benefits is actually
+equal to the marginal cost of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the marginal cost of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the marginal cost of the
+investment. So when you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment. So when you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment. So when you're trying to
+maximize profits, you're you're asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize profits, you're you're asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize profits, you're you're asking
+how much money should I invest in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much money should I invest in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much money should I invest in a
+particular division, you ought to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular division, you ought to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular division, you ought to keep
+investing until the point where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing until the point where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing until the point where the
+marginal benefit is equated to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal benefit is equated to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal benefit is equated to the
+marginal cost. In other words, where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost. In other words, where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost. In other words, where the
+profit maximizing point is is where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit maximizing point is is where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit maximizing point is is where the
+marginal uh revenue is equated to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal uh revenue is equated to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal uh revenue is equated to the
+marginal cost of investment. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost of investment. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost of investment. Right?
+That's true for any kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's true for any kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's true for any kind of an
+investment.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment.
+And the point is to be able to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the point is to be able to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the point is to be able to measure
+those things accurately enough to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things accurately enough to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things accurately enough to find
+that point. Okay? So we don't do that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point. Okay? So we don't do that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point. Okay? So we don't do that in
+this course because again we're assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course because again we're assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course because again we're assuming
+that you're relatively small relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're relatively small relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're relatively small relative to
+the grand scheme of the investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grand scheme of the investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grand scheme of the investment
+universe. But as you get bigger you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe. But as you get bigger you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe. But as you get bigger you need
+to develop other techniques to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to develop other techniques to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to develop other techniques to be able
+to deal with that. And one is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with that. And one is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with that. And one is this
+marginal benefit marginal cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal benefit marginal cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal benefit marginal cost
+approximation. Other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation. Other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation. Other
+questions? Okay. So that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions? Okay. So that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions? Okay. So that's the
+profitability index. And uh you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitability index. And uh you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitability index. And uh you know I
+just give you a couple of examples so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give you a couple of examples so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give you a couple of examples so
+you know you can take a look at them at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can take a look at them at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can take a look at them at
+your leisure. It's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your leisure. It's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your leisure. It's pretty
+straightforward. All right. Now let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward. All right. Now let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward. All right. Now let me
+talk about the last and probably most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the last and probably most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the last and probably most
+important alternative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important alternative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important alternative to
+NPV. This is something that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NPV. This is something that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NPV. This is something that's actually
+used in practice pretty commonly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in practice pretty commonly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in practice pretty commonly and
+there's certain areas where it's used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's certain areas where it's used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's certain areas where it's used
+almost exclusively. So it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost exclusively. So it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost exclusively. So it's a very
+important idea that I want to go over uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important idea that I want to go over uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important idea that I want to go over uh
+in detail.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in detail.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in detail.
+The idea behind the IRR looks simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The idea behind the IRR looks simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The idea behind the IRR looks simple
+enough on the surface of it. And those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough on the surface of it. And those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough on the surface of it. And those
+of you who remember back to the lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you who remember back to the lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you who remember back to the lectures
+that we did on bond mathematics, you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we did on bond mathematics, you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we did on bond mathematics, you'll
+recognize the IRR as nothing more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize the IRR as nothing more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize the IRR as nothing more than
+the yield to maturity of a bond. So if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yield to maturity of a bond. So if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yield to maturity of a bond. So if
+you pretend that this is like a bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pretend that this is like a bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pretend that this is like a bond
+where I subzero is the market price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I subzero is the market price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I subzero is the market price of
+the bond and the CF1 to CFT are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bond and the CF1 to CFT are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bond and the CF1 to CFT are the
+coupons and principal payment of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupons and principal payment of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupons and principal payment of the
+bond. Then the internal rate of return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond. Then the internal rate of return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond. Then the internal rate of return
+is nothing more than the yield to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nothing more than the yield to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nothing more than the yield to
+maturity of that bond. Okay, that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maturity of that bond. Okay, that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maturity of that bond. Okay, that's
+mathematically formally what it is. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically formally what it is. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically formally what it is. But
+it's got a different interpretation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got a different interpretation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got a different interpretation
+here. The interpretation is that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. The interpretation is that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. The interpretation is that I
+subzero is the amount of money you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subzero is the amount of money you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subzero is the amount of money you're
+paying for this project.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying for this project.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying for this project.
+Okay? And CF1 through CFT are the cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? And CF1 through CFT are the cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? And CF1 through CFT are the cash
+flows you're getting from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows you're getting from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows you're getting from the
+project. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project. And the
+IRR is that yield or that rate of return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IRR is that yield or that rate of return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IRR is that yield or that rate of return
+such that it makes the project break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that it makes the project break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that it makes the project break
+even. In other words, the present value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even. In other words, the present value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even. In other words, the present value
+of the future cash flows is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the future cash flows is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the future cash flows is actually
+equal to the amount of investment that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the amount of investment that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the amount of investment that
+you put into it at that IRR rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put into it at that IRR rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put into it at that IRR rate of
+return. Okay, any any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return. Okay, any any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return. Okay, any any questions about
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+definition? Now, implicit in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition? Now, implicit in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition? Now, implicit in that
+definition are a couple of hidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition are a couple of hidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition are a couple of hidden
+assumptions that makes this work. One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions that makes this work. One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions that makes this work. One
+assumption is that the only investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption is that the only investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption is that the only investment
+that you're going to make in the project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to make in the project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to make in the project
+is upfront. you're going to pay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is upfront. you're going to pay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is upfront. you're going to pay I
+subzero and you're not going to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subzero and you're not going to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subzero and you're not going to pay
+anything more for that project. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything more for that project. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything more for that project. It
+requires no more cash inflows from you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires no more cash inflows from you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires no more cash inflows from you
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+investor. The second assumption which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor. The second assumption which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor. The second assumption which I
+guess is sort of the same as the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess is sort of the same as the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess is sort of the same as the first
+is that all the cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that all the cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that all the cash
+flows are non- negative. They're either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows are non- negative. They're either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows are non- negative. They're either
+zero or positive. You don't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or positive. You don't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or positive. You don't have any
+future negative cash flows. So once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future negative cash flows. So once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future negative cash flows. So once you
+invest in your certain amount today then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest in your certain amount today then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest in your certain amount today then
+thereafter you simply collect money from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thereafter you simply collect money from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thereafter you simply collect money from
+the project that comes in over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the project that comes in over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the project that comes in over two
+periods. Now if you h if those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods. Now if you h if those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods. Now if you h if those two
+assumptions are satisfied then this may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions are satisfied then this may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions are satisfied then this may
+be a reasonable approach. Uh so just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a reasonable approach. Uh so just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a reasonable approach. Uh so just to
+be explicit the way that IRR is used is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be explicit the way that IRR is used is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be explicit the way that IRR is used is
+for independent projects accept a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for independent projects accept a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for independent projects accept a
+project if the IRRa is greater than some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project if the IRRa is greater than some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project if the IRRa is greater than some
+hurdle rate some irr. You can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurdle rate some irr. You can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurdle rate some irr. You can think of
+that as your internal uh or your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as your internal uh or your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as your internal uh or your your
+required rate of return. So as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required rate of return. So as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required rate of return. So as long as
+the break even IRR is equal to uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the break even IRR is equal to uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the break even IRR is equal to uh uh
+that or or greater than that threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or or greater than that threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or or greater than that threshold
+then you're okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're okay.
+Second, if you've got mutually exclusive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Second, if you've got mutually exclusive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Second, if you've got mutually exclusive
+projects, then you pick the one that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects, then you pick the one that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects, then you pick the one that has
+the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highest
+IRR. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IRR. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IRR. Okay.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I mean, you could have an out in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean, you could have an out in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean, you could have an out in the
+first year. Yeah. And you could have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first year. Yeah. And you could have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first year. Yeah. And you could have an
+in just a Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in just a Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in just a Yeah.
+I I'll show you in a minute why you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'll show you in a minute why you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'll show you in a minute why you need
+that assumption, those two assumptions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that assumption, those two assumptions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that assumption, those two assumptions.
+In fact, when people use irr, they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In fact, when people use irr, they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In fact, when people use irr, they don't
+bother with any assumptions. They just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother with any assumptions. They just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother with any assumptions. They just
+compute it. Okay? So, the assumption is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute it. Okay? So, the assumption is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute it. Okay? So, the assumption is
+to give them the benefit of the doubt. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give them the benefit of the doubt. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give them the benefit of the doubt. I
+want to come up with conditions under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to come up with conditions under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to come up with conditions under
+which it might actually make sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it might actually make sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it might actually make sense to
+use this. And those are the conditions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this. And those are the conditions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this. And those are the conditions.
+But for now, let's forget about all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But for now, let's forget about all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But for now, let's forget about all
+conditions and let me tell you what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and let me tell you what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and let me tell you what the
+problems are with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are with
+IRR. Okay? There are certain situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IRR. Okay? There are certain situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IRR. Okay? There are certain situations
+where using IRRa will lead to the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where using IRRa will lead to the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where using IRRa will lead to the same
+decisions as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions as
+NPV and there they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NPV and there they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NPV and there they
+are. There's only one cash outflow which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are. There's only one cash outflow which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are. There's only one cash outflow which
+occurs at time zero. There's only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs at time zero. There's only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs at time zero. There's only one
+project under consideration. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project under consideration. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project under consideration. So you
+don't have multiple projects that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have multiple projects that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have multiple projects that you're
+comparing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing.
+Third, the opportunity cost of capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Third, the opportunity cost of capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Third, the opportunity cost of capital
+is the same for all periods and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same for all periods and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same for all periods and the
+threshold rate that you use is set equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold rate that you use is set equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold rate that you use is set equal
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+uh opportunity cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh opportunity cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh opportunity cost of
+capital. Now, the reason that uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital. Now, the reason that uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital. Now, the reason that uh you
+need all of these I'm going to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need all of these I'm going to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need all of these I'm going to show you
+by way of counter examples, but let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by way of counter examples, but let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by way of counter examples, but let me
+just tell you right now upfront what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tell you right now upfront what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tell you right now upfront what the
+shortcomings are of IRR and why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortcomings are of IRR and why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortcomings are of IRR and why you
+might want to think twice before using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to think twice before using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to think twice before using
+it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it.
+One is that uh in certain cases the IRR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One is that uh in certain cases the IRR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One is that uh in certain cases the IRR
+may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not
+exist and in other cases uh you may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist and in other cases uh you may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist and in other cases uh you may have
+multiple irr. I'm going to show you in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple irr. I'm going to show you in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple irr. I'm going to show you in a
+minute. Okay. Second, you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute. Okay. Second, you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute. Okay. Second, you're going to
+get incorrect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get incorrect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get incorrect
+rankings for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rankings for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rankings for
+IRRs where you're looking at loans.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IRRs where you're looking at loans.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IRRs where you're looking at loans.
+loans, meaning you've got a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loans, meaning you've got a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loans, meaning you've got a negative
+cash flow starting today and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flow starting today and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flow starting today and then
+positive cash flows tomorrow. Excuse me.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive cash flows tomorrow. Excuse me.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive cash flows tomorrow. Excuse me.
+You have a positive cash inflow today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You have a positive cash inflow today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You have a positive cash inflow today
+and negative cash going out tomorrow and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and negative cash going out tomorrow and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and negative cash going out tomorrow and
+the day after like a mortgage. A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day after like a mortgage. A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day after like a mortgage. A
+mortgage, you get money up front and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgage, you get money up front and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgage, you get money up front and
+you're paying money out later on. If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're paying money out later on. If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're paying money out later on. If you
+do that, then you've actually got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that, then you've actually got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that, then you've actually got to
+flip around the ranking and take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip around the ranking and take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip around the ranking and take
+projects or loans with smaller irr, not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects or loans with smaller irr, not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects or loans with smaller irr, not
+higher IRS. And finally, it also ignores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher IRS. And finally, it also ignores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher IRS. And finally, it also ignores
+scale because it's a rate of return. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale because it's a rate of return. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale because it's a rate of return. It
+doesn't look at dollars and cents. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look at dollars and cents. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look at dollars and cents. Okay,
+Zeke, I u I have like no professional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zeke, I u I have like no professional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zeke, I u I have like no professional
+experience, but there's something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience, but there's something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience, but there's something that
+simply bothers me. How you told that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply bothers me. How you told that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply bothers me. How you told that for
+example that this model doesn't work if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that this model doesn't work if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that this model doesn't work if
+you have negative cash flow and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have negative cash flow and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have negative cash flow and that
+people can make mistakes and use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can make mistakes and use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can make mistakes and use
+negative cash flows in real life. How
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative cash flows in real life. How
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative cash flows in real life. How
+does this happen? I mean, how don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this happen? I mean, how don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this happen? I mean, how don't
+people have is this an Excel sheet? It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have is this an Excel sheet? It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have is this an Excel sheet? It's
+a simple calculation. How is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple calculation. How is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple calculation. How is this
+allowed in professional? Hold on. Hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed in professional? Hold on. Hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed in professional? Hold on. Hold
+on for one second. Let me show you. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on for one second. Let me show you. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on for one second. Let me show you. All
+right. I'm going to show you by example.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. I'm going to show you by example.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. I'm going to show you by example.
+It's not it's not as uh easy as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's not it's not as uh easy as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's not it's not as uh easy as you
+think. So, let me give you some examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think. So, let me give you some examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think. So, let me give you some examples
+for incorrect rankings. This is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for incorrect rankings. This is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for incorrect rankings. This is one
+example where as I said with a loan, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where as I said with a loan, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where as I said with a loan, you
+want to pick the project that's got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to pick the project that's got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to pick the project that's got a
+lower IRRa, not a higher IRR. All right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower IRRa, not a higher IRR. All right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower IRRa, not a higher IRR. All right?
+So, that's one issue. But let me give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, that's one issue. But let me give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, that's one issue. But let me give
+you an idea of the non-existence of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an idea of the non-existence of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an idea of the non-existence of an
+IRR.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IRR.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IRR.
+Project one has two negative cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Project one has two negative cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Project one has two negative cash
+flows. One in the first period and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows. One in the first period and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows. One in the first period and
+another one in period two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one in period two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one in period two.
+Okay. Project two has only one negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Project two has only one negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Project two has only one negative
+cash flow, but it happens in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flow, but it happens in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flow, but it happens in the second
+in period one, not not in period zero or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in period one, not not in period zero or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in period one, not not in period zero or
+in period two. Now, both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in period two. Now, both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in period two. Now, both of these
+projects are not particularly weird. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects are not particularly weird. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects are not particularly weird. I
+know it's true that they don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's true that they don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's true that they don't have
+negative cash flows on day one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative cash flows on day one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative cash flows on day one and
+positive thereafter, but I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive thereafter, but I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive thereafter, but I don't think
+you would look at these and say that gee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would look at these and say that gee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would look at these and say that gee
+this is really pathological or perverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really pathological or perverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really pathological or perverse
+in any way. It's just a different way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any way. It's just a different way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any way. It's just a different way of
+structuring your particular financing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structuring your particular financing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structuring your particular financing or
+your cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cash
+flows. It turns out that in both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows. It turns out that in both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows. It turns out that in both of
+these cases the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cases the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cases the
+IRRa doesn't actually exist. Now by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IRRa doesn't actually exist. Now by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IRRa doesn't actually exist. Now by
+exist what do I mean? Let's go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist what do I mean? Let's go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist what do I mean? Let's go back and
+look at exactly how to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at exactly how to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at exactly how to compute
+irr. To compute an irr, you have to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irr. To compute an irr, you have to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irr. To compute an irr, you have to find
+a number that satisfies this equation,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number that satisfies this equation,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number that satisfies this equation,
+right? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And
+so with the k period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with the k period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with the k period
+irration, we've got k cash flows over k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irration, we've got k cash flows over k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irration, we've got k cash flows over k
+years. What in the end are you trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years. What in the end are you trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years. What in the end are you trying to
+solve? What kind of an equation?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Nobody on high school math teams. Andy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobody on high school math teams. Andy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobody on high school math teams. Andy
+kth order polomial. Yeah, a kth order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kth order polomial. Yeah, a kth order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kth order polomial. Yeah, a kth order
+polomial. Right. You know, you know, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomial. Right. You know, you know, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomial. Right. You know, you know, you
+all know what that is, I hope.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all know what that is, I hope.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all know what that is, I hope.
+Right. Second order polomial is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. Second order polomial is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. Second order polomial is a
+quadratic, right? Ax^2 plus bx plus c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic, right? Ax^2 plus bx plus c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic, right? Ax^2 plus bx plus c
+equals z. Right? A third order polomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z. Right? A third order polomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z. Right? A third order polomial
+has a cube term and so on. A kth order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a cube term and so on. A kth order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a cube term and so on. A kth order
+polomial has powers of irr that are up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomial has powers of irr that are up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomial has powers of irr that are up
+to order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to order
+k. All right. Anybody tell me how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k. All right. Anybody tell me how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k. All right. Anybody tell me how many
+solutions there are of a k order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions there are of a k order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions there are of a k order
+polomial?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomial?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomial?
+Up to k solutions, right? And do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Up to k solutions, right? And do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Up to k solutions, right? And do you
+always have solutions?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Is odd? Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is odd? Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is odd? Yes.
+H they're getting some different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H they're getting some different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H they're getting some different
+theories now. So some says yes, some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories now. So some says yes, some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories now. So some says yes, some
+says no, some says where k is odd. By
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says no, some says where k is odd. By
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says no, some says where k is odd. By
+odd, I presume you mean not even as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd, I presume you mean not even as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd, I presume you mean not even as
+opposed to weird, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to weird, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to weird, right?
+It actually turns out that you can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It actually turns out that you can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It actually turns out that you can you
+can construct a solution for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can construct a solution for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can construct a solution for every
+single kith order polomial. But that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single kith order polomial. But that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single kith order polomial. But that's
+if you change the definition of what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you change the definition of what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you change the definition of what you
+mean by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by a
+solution. Right. Exactly. If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution. Right. Exactly. If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution. Right. Exactly. If you
+introduce a new set of numbers called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a new set of numbers called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a new set of numbers called
+complex numbers. By that I mean you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers. By that I mean you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers. By that I mean you know
+numbers where the square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers where the square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers where the square root of
+negative 1 makes sense. If you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 1 makes sense. If you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 1 makes sense. If you will
+extend the number system to include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend the number system to include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend the number system to include
+these weird things called complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these weird things called complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these weird things called complex
+numbers then it turns out that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers then it turns out that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers then it turns out that all
+polomials have all kth order polomials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomials have all kth order polomials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomials have all kth order polomials
+have exactly k solutions. How nice. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have exactly k solutions. How nice. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have exactly k solutions. How nice. The
+problem is that these solutions can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that these solutions can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that these solutions can
+involve complex numbers and as far as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve complex numbers and as far as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve complex numbers and as far as we
+know complex numbers don't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know complex numbers don't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know complex numbers don't have any
+ready interpretation in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready interpretation in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready interpretation in terms of
+interest and money. So in other words,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest and money. So in other words,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest and money. So in other words,
+the only solutions that matter for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only solutions that matter for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only solutions that matter for you
+and me for practical purposes is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and me for practical purposes is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and me for practical purposes is what
+are called real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called real
+solutions. And in particular, not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions. And in particular, not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions. And in particular, not only
+do they have to be real, but it's we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they have to be real, but it's we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they have to be real, but it's we
+would sort of be nice if they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would sort of be nice if they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would sort of be nice if they were
+positive numbers because interest rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive numbers because interest rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive numbers because interest rates
+again, although they can be negative,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, although they can be negative,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, although they can be negative,
+it's kind of hard to imagine what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of hard to imagine what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of hard to imagine what that
+implies over long periods of time. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies over long periods of time. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies over long periods of time. So
+when I say that a solution uh doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I say that a solution uh doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I say that a solution uh doesn't
+exist for these two cases, I I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist for these two cases, I I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist for these two cases, I I don't
+mean that they don't exist exist. Of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that they don't exist exist. Of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that they don't exist exist. Of
+course they exist. they have to exist.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course they exist. they have to exist.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course they exist. they have to exist.
+The problem is that the solutions these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The problem is that the solutions these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The problem is that the solutions these
+are are uh two period cash flows. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are uh two period cash flows. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are uh two period cash flows. So
+we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about
+quadratics. We all know the solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratics. We all know the solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratics. We all know the solution to
+the quadratic equation, right? Of ax^2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quadratic equation, right? Of ax^2 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quadratic equation, right? Of ax^2 +
+bx plus c= 0. What's the solution?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bx plus c= 0. What's the solution?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bx plus c= 0. What's the solution?
+Anybody tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quickly? B plus or - b square - 4 a c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly? B plus or - b square - 4 a c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly? B plus or - b square - 4 a c
+over 2 a. Remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 a. Remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 a. Remember
+that. It turns out that that you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. It turns out that that you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. It turns out that that you don't
+get uh real solutions all the time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get uh real solutions all the time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get uh real solutions all the time.
+meaning that in certain cases that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that in certain cases that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that in certain cases that
+formula will produce solutions that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula will produce solutions that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula will produce solutions that have
+the square root of negative -1 in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of negative -1 in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of negative -1 in there
+and that makes no sense from an economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that makes no sense from an economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that makes no sense from an economic
+perspective. It just so happens that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective. It just so happens that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective. It just so happens that in
+these two cases, you should go home and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two cases, you should go home and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two cases, you should go home and
+try it and you'll see for yourself. When
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try it and you'll see for yourself. When
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try it and you'll see for yourself. When
+you come up with the two solutions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come up with the two solutions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come up with the two solutions that
+exist for both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist for both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist for both of these
+cases, they're complex numbers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases, they're complex numbers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases, they're complex numbers.
+So, I challenge you to tell me what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I challenge you to tell me what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I challenge you to tell me what the
+right investment decision is by looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right investment decision is by looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right investment decision is by looking
+at those complex numbers. It it can't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at those complex numbers. It it can't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at those complex numbers. It it can't be
+done. Which means that irr doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done. Which means that irr doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done. Which means that irr doesn't
+always work. And here are two relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always work. And here are two relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always work. And here are two relatively
+reasonable examples that nobody should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable examples that nobody should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable examples that nobody should
+be expected to look at and say, "Ah, of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be expected to look at and say, "Ah, of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be expected to look at and say, "Ah, of
+course you can't use irr here." These
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you can't use irr here." These
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you can't use irr here." These
+are real life examples. And by the way,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are real life examples. And by the way,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are real life examples. And by the way,
+this is just two periods. If I had five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just two periods. If I had five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just two periods. If I had five
+periods and I had some positives, some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods and I had some positives, some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods and I had some positives, some
+negatives, it gets even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatives, it gets even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatives, it gets even more
+complicated. Okay, so even within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated. Okay, so even within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated. Okay, so even within a
+spreadsheet where you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet where you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet where you can see the
+positives and the negatives and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positives and the negatives and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positives and the negatives and you can
+compute IRR, you can do this in Excel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute IRR, you can do this in Excel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute IRR, you can do this in Excel
+and you should do that. You'll get, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you should do that. You'll get, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you should do that. You'll get, you
+know, these weird symbols that come up,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, these weird symbols that come up,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, these weird symbols that come up,
+you know, that that will start spitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, that that will start spitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, that that will start spitting
+out blood and say that it can't handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out blood and say that it can't handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out blood and say that it can't handle
+this. Unfortunately, if you did it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Unfortunately, if you did it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Unfortunately, if you did it in
+mat lab, which I know a number of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mat lab, which I know a number of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mat lab, which I know a number of you
+are likely to do, you will get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are likely to do, you will get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are likely to do, you will get an
+answer. Mat Lab has no problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer. Mat Lab has no problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer. Mat Lab has no problem with
+complex numbers. Okay, so that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers. Okay, so that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers. Okay, so that's one
+problem. Let me illustrate to you though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. Let me illustrate to you though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. Let me illustrate to you though
+where the the problem comes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the the problem comes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the the problem comes with
+multiplicity of solutions. So this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicity of solutions. So this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicity of solutions. So this is a
+graph of the polomial. In this case,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph of the polomial. In this case,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph of the polomial. In this case,
+it's a third order polomial, right? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a third order polomial, right? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a third order polomial, right? And
+so what I'm doing is I'm calculating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm doing is I'm calculating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm doing is I'm calculating the
+NPV of project one and of project two as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NPV of project one and of project two as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NPV of project one and of project two as
+a function of the underlying interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of the underlying interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of the underlying interest
+rate. And an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate. And an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate. And an
+irronditation where the NPV is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irronditation where the NPV is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irronditation where the NPV is equal to
+zero, right? The break even point. What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero, right? The break even point. What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero, right? The break even point. What
+you'll notice is that the zeros are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll notice is that the zeros are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll notice is that the zeros are
+where this curve intersects the y- axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this curve intersects the y- axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this curve intersects the y- axis
+or the the x axis, sorry. And so with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the the x axis, sorry. And so with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the the x axis, sorry. And so with
+the first project, you actually get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first project, you actually get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first project, you actually get a
+unique solution. It only crosses the x-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique solution. It only crosses the x-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique solution. It only crosses the x-
+axis once. Okay? So you get a unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis once. Okay? So you get a unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis once. Okay? So you get a unique
+real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real
+solution. But if you take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution. But if you take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution. But if you take a look at
+project two, project two crosses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project two, project two crosses the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project two, project two crosses the
+x-axis once, twice, three times. You get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis once, twice, three times. You get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis once, twice, three times. You get
+three solutions. They're all real, by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three solutions. They're all real, by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three solutions. They're all real, by
+the way. You get three real solutions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way. You get three real solutions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way. You get three real solutions.
+Which one would you like? Take your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Which one would you like? Take your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Which one would you like? Take your
+pick. you pick the biggest one or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick. you pick the biggest one or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick. you pick the biggest one or the
+smallest one or maybe average them or do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest one or maybe average them or do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest one or maybe average them or do
+something. I I don't know. The problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something. I I don't know. The problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something. I I don't know. The problem
+is that with irr if the pattern of cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that with irr if the pattern of cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that with irr if the pattern of cash
+flows is anything but strictly positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows is anything but strictly positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows is anything but strictly positive
+you get weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get weird
+results. Now I told you before that IRRa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results. Now I told you before that IRRa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results. Now I told you before that IRRa
+is used almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is used almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is used almost
+exclusively in one particular sector in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusively in one particular sector in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusively in one particular sector in
+one particular segment of the financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one particular segment of the financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one particular segment of the financial
+industry. Anybody know what that is?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry. Anybody know what that is?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry. Anybody know what that is?
+bond. Well, that would be a good uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond. Well, that would be a good uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond. Well, that would be a good uh a
+good uh answer. You're right. Yield to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good uh answer. You're right. Yield to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good uh answer. You're right. Yield to
+maturity is uh what irrra is in bonds. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maturity is uh what irrra is in bonds. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maturity is uh what irrra is in bonds. I
+that wasn't what I was thinking about,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wasn't what I was thinking about,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wasn't what I was thinking about,
+but you're absolutely right. IRRa in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're absolutely right. IRRa in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're absolutely right. IRRa in
+fact is used all the time in bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact is used all the time in bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact is used all the time in bonds
+because you quote yield to maturity. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you quote yield to maturity. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you quote yield to maturity. And
+it's not surprising because with bonds,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not surprising because with bonds,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not surprising because with bonds,
+you only have positive cash flows and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only have positive cash flows and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only have positive cash flows and
+you only have an initial payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only have an initial payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only have an initial payment
+upfront, which is the price of the bond.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upfront, which is the price of the bond.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upfront, which is the price of the bond.
+So all of the criteria that I required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So all of the criteria that I required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So all of the criteria that I required
+in order to make IRRa equivalent to NPV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to make IRRa equivalent to NPV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to make IRRa equivalent to NPV
+holds for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds for
+bonds. But I'm thinking about something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds. But I'm thinking about something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds. But I'm thinking about something
+else. What other part of the financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else. What other part of the financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else. What other part of the financial
+industry uses IRRa as a way of making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry uses IRRa as a way of making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry uses IRRa as a way of making
+investments and not only that but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investments and not only that but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investments and not only that but of
+quoting performance?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quoting performance?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quoting performance?
+What's that? Private equity. Exactly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's that? Private equity. Exactly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's that? Private equity. Exactly.
+Private equity. In private equity,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Private equity. In private equity,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Private equity. In private equity,
+almost every venture capitalist will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost every venture capitalist will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost every venture capitalist will
+tell you what their IRRa is of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what their IRRa is of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what their IRRa is of their
+portfolio. And there are a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio. And there are a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio. And there are a couple of
+reasons for this practice. One of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons for this practice. One of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons for this practice. One of course
+is that for most private equity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that for most private equity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that for most private equity
+ventures, it is all about cash upfront
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventures, it is all about cash upfront
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventures, it is all about cash upfront
+and then positive cash flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then positive cash flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then positive cash flows
+thereafter. Unless of course you require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thereafter. Unless of course you require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thereafter. Unless of course you require
+additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional
+financing like mezzanine financing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing like mezzanine financing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing like mezzanine financing in
+which case now you have a hard time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case now you have a hard time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case now you have a hard time
+using IRRa for the whole thing. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using IRRa for the whole thing. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using IRRa for the whole thing. You
+could use irra for the separate tranches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use irra for the separate tranches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use irra for the separate tranches
+of investments and again that's a a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of investments and again that's a a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of investments and again that's a a kind
+of a accommodation. It's a a fix for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a accommodation. It's a a fix for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a accommodation. It's a a fix for
+trying to deal with the weaknesses of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to deal with the weaknesses of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to deal with the weaknesses of
+IRR. If you focus just on the particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IRR. If you focus just on the particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IRR. If you focus just on the particular
+trunch of an investment, you've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trunch of an investment, you've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trunch of an investment, you've got a
+trunch of investment going in, cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trunch of investment going in, cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trunch of investment going in, cash
+flows going out, and it all satisfies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows going out, and it all satisfies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows going out, and it all satisfies
+the NPV criterion.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the NPV criterion.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the NPV criterion.
+Okay, but the other reason for focusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, but the other reason for focusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, but the other reason for focusing
+on IRRa is because again, this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on IRRa is because again, this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on IRRa is because again, this is an
+issue of scale. You want to compare two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue of scale. You want to compare two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue of scale. You want to compare two
+investments and they may require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investments and they may require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investments and they may require
+different dollar amounts. So you'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different dollar amounts. So you'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different dollar amounts. So you'd like
+to be able to compare their performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to compare their performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to compare their performance
+in some way that doesn't include the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some way that doesn't include the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some way that doesn't include the
+scale, right? Because you want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale, right? Because you want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale, right? Because you want to be
+able to compare across a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to compare across a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to compare across a bunch of
+different investments and see how each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different investments and see how each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different investments and see how each
+manager is doing uh per unit dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager is doing uh per unit dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager is doing uh per unit dollar
+invested. However, in the the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invested. However, in the the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invested. However, in the the bottom
+line of a venture capitalist is I got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line of a venture capitalist is I got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line of a venture capitalist is I got a
+billion dollars to invest. I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion dollars to invest. I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion dollars to invest. I have to
+figure out where to put my money. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out where to put my money. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out where to put my money. I
+can't afford to put my money in smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't afford to put my money in smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't afford to put my money in smaller
+investments that are not going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investments that are not going to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investments that are not going to give
+me the kind of return that I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the kind of return that I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the kind of return that I need to
+have. So in the end, a venture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have. So in the end, a venture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have. So in the end, a venture
+capitalist is going to have to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalist is going to have to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalist is going to have to look at
+scale anyway. But for historical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale anyway. But for historical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale anyway. But for historical and
+cultural reasons, you actually have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural reasons, you actually have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural reasons, you actually have the
+venture capital community, the only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venture capital community, the only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venture capital community, the only one
+that really focuses almost exclusively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really focuses almost exclusively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really focuses almost exclusively
+on using IRRa. And for their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on using IRRa. And for their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on using IRRa. And for their
+applications like the bond pricing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications like the bond pricing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications like the bond pricing
+example, it's generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, it's generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, it's generally
+okay, but it may not be. And so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay, but it may not be. And so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay, but it may not be. And so you
+should understand those conditions under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should understand those conditions under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should understand those conditions under
+which it may not be. And so I want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it may not be. And so I want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it may not be. And so I want you
+to refer to these and if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to refer to these and if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to refer to these and if you have a
+moment during your holiday break and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment during your holiday break and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment during your holiday break and
+you're bored, you might want to run a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're bored, you might want to run a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're bored, you might want to run a
+few of these in Excel. Just literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few of these in Excel. Just literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few of these in Excel. Just literally
+try to compute the appropriate irr in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to compute the appropriate irr in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to compute the appropriate irr in
+Excel and just prove to yourself that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Excel and just prove to yourself that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Excel and just prove to yourself that
+that you can't that you get some weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't that you get some weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't that you get some weird
+results out of that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results out of that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results out of that.
+Okay, any uh any question about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, any uh any question about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, any uh any question about uh
+irr? Oh, by the way, again, there are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irr? Oh, by the way, again, there are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irr? Oh, by the way, again, there are no
+formulas other than the quadratic for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas other than the quadratic for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas other than the quadratic for
+how to compute it. So, in most cases,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to compute it. So, in most cases,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to compute it. So, in most cases,
+when you want to compute IR, you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you want to compute IR, you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you want to compute IR, you have to
+use numerical methods. You have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use numerical methods. You have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use numerical methods. You have to
+basically solve a nonlinear equation uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically solve a nonlinear equation uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically solve a nonlinear equation uh
+for a zero. So, effectively, you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a zero. So, effectively, you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a zero. So, effectively, you have to
+do this. You have to find the zeros of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this. You have to find the zeros of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this. You have to find the zeros of
+these equations. And that could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these equations. And that could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these equations. And that could be a
+little bit of a of an exercise to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a of an exercise to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a of an exercise to do
+that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that.
+Okay. Uh there are other examples here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh there are other examples here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh there are other examples here
+where I try to come up with ways to fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I try to come up with ways to fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I try to come up with ways to fix
+IRR maybe by looking at incremental cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IRR maybe by looking at incremental cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IRR maybe by looking at incremental cash
+flows or uh you know looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows or uh you know looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows or uh you know looking at
+different ranking methods. But the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ranking methods. But the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ranking methods. But the
+bottom line is use NPV. Be aware of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom line is use NPV. Be aware of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom line is use NPV. Be aware of how
+to compute an IRRa but you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute an IRRa but you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute an IRRa but you should
+understand that IRR in in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that IRR in in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that IRR in in the in the
+cases where it matters either it agrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases where it matters either it agrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases where it matters either it agrees
+with NPV or or it doesn't. And if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with NPV or or it doesn't. And if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with NPV or or it doesn't. And if it
+doesn't, you can't use it because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't, you can't use it because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't, you can't use it because it's
+going to create all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to create all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to create all sorts of
+contradictions and weird results.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradictions and weird results.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradictions and weird results.
+Okay. So, I'm going to conclude this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, I'm going to conclude this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, I'm going to conclude this
+lecture on capital budgeting by talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on capital budgeting by talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on capital budgeting by talking
+about uh what people actually do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh what people actually do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh what people actually do in
+practice and uh give you a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice and uh give you a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice and uh give you a little bit of
+a preview about what you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a preview about what you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a preview about what you're going to
+learn in 402 uh as well as in 434 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn in 402 uh as well as in 434 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn in 402 uh as well as in 434 and
+other courses on corporate financing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other courses on corporate financing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other courses on corporate financing and
+capital budgeting.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital budgeting.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital budgeting.
+right now uh as of maybe 5 years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now uh as of maybe 5 years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now uh as of maybe 5 years ago
+when the survey was done uh for large US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the survey was done uh for large US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the survey was done uh for large US
+firms, believe it or not, payback period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms, believe it or not, payback period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms, believe it or not, payback period
+was probably the most popular. It's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was probably the most popular. It's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was probably the most popular. It's the
+one that people focused on the most.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that people focused on the most.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that people focused on the most.
+Again, not necessarily exclusively. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again, not necessarily exclusively. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again, not necessarily exclusively. So,
+it could well be that people use payback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could well be that people use payback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could well be that people use payback
+period as one criterion, but they use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period as one criterion, but they use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period as one criterion, but they use
+many others as well. But over 80% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many others as well. But over 80% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many others as well. But over 80% of the
+companies surveyed use payback period.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies surveyed use payback period.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies surveyed use payback period.
+65% use IRRa which is quite a lot but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+65% use IRRa which is quite a lot but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+65% use IRRa which is quite a lot but
+again a significant fraction of that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a significant fraction of that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a significant fraction of that is
+private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private
+equity and by the way for non-financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity and by the way for non-financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity and by the way for non-financial
+corporations that have private equity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations that have private equity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations that have private equity
+operations within it so for example you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations within it so for example you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations within it so for example you
+know General Motors has a part of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know General Motors has a part of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know General Motors has a part of their
+pension fund devoted to private equity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pension fund devoted to private equity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pension fund devoted to private equity
+investments they will use IRR as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investments they will use IRR as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investments they will use IRR as well
+because other venture capitalists use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because other venture capitalists use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because other venture capitalists use
+that NPV uh is actually gaining ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that NPV uh is actually gaining ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that NPV uh is actually gaining ground
+so it's now more popular than irr. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's now more popular than irr. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's now more popular than irr. If
+you surveyed multinationals and uh US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you surveyed multinationals and uh US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you surveyed multinationals and uh US
+corporations 20 years ago, it would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations 20 years ago, it would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations 20 years ago, it would have
+been flipped around. IRR would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been flipped around. IRR would have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been flipped around. IRR would have been
+way more popular than NPV, but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way more popular than NPV, but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way more popular than NPV, but that's
+changed a lot just in the last 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed a lot just in the last 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed a lot just in the last 20
+years. However, when you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years. However, when you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years. However, when you look at
+multinationals, you see that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multinationals, you see that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multinationals, you see that actually
+IRR is still more popular. So, uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IRR is still more popular. So, uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IRR is still more popular. So, uh that's
+something to uh to keep in mind when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to uh to keep in mind when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to uh to keep in mind when
+you're dealing with foreign companies.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're dealing with foreign companies.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're dealing with foreign companies.
+they may be looking at uh uh investments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may be looking at uh uh investments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may be looking at uh uh investments
+from a VC perspective as opposed to from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a VC perspective as opposed to from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a VC perspective as opposed to from
+a pure uh net cash flow NPV perspective.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pure uh net cash flow NPV perspective.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pure uh net cash flow NPV perspective.
+So that's something that uh you'll want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's something that uh you'll want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's something that uh you'll want
+to uh be wary of. And by the way, that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh be wary of. And by the way, that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh be wary of. And by the way, that's
+probably one area where you can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably one area where you can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably one area where you can make
+real progress in terms of an impact on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real progress in terms of an impact on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real progress in terms of an impact on
+uh your uh you know through your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh your uh you know through your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh your uh you know through your
+careers. Okay. Historical comparison.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careers. Okay. Historical comparison.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careers. Okay. Historical comparison.
+This gives you a little bit of a uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This gives you a little bit of a uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This gives you a little bit of a uh a
+time series of how things have changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time series of how things have changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time series of how things have changed
+over time. So back in 1959 payback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time. So back in 1959 payback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time. So back in 1959 payback
+period irrra uh was quite a bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period irrra uh was quite a bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period irrra uh was quite a bit more
+popular. Over time that's declined and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular. Over time that's declined and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular. Over time that's declined and
+over time irr has gained more ground but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time irr has gained more ground but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time irr has gained more ground but
+NPV as of 1981 uh was uh lagging far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NPV as of 1981 uh was uh lagging far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NPV as of 1981 uh was uh lagging far
+behind and within the last 20 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind and within the last 20 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind and within the last 20 years
+we've we see this chart where uh NPV has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've we see this chart where uh NPV has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've we see this chart where uh NPV has
+caught up a great deal. A large part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught up a great deal. A large part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught up a great deal. A large part of
+that, if you want to know where that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, if you want to know where that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, if you want to know where that
+came from, a large part of that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from, a large part of that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from, a large part of that was
+thanks to uh Breley and Meyers, uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks to uh Breley and Meyers, uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks to uh Breley and Meyers, uh the
+textbook that you're using now was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook that you're using now was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook that you're using now was
+probably the first major corporate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the first major corporate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the first major corporate
+finance textbook ever written uh way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance textbook ever written uh way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance textbook ever written uh way
+back in the uh the 1980s. And Stu Meyers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the uh the 1980s. And Stu Meyers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the uh the 1980s. And Stu Meyers
+um and Dick Breley wrote the book really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and Dick Breley wrote the book really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and Dick Breley wrote the book really
+because there was nothing else that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there was nothing else that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there was nothing else that was
+out there that corresponded to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there that corresponded to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there that corresponded to these
+kind of modern finance principles. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of modern finance principles. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of modern finance principles. And
+so, uh Stu and and Dick have a lot to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so, uh Stu and and Dick have a lot to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so, uh Stu and and Dick have a lot to do
+with uh with these numbers. uh as of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh with these numbers. uh as of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh with these numbers. uh as of
+today. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today. Okay.
+Um other issues that we were not able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um other issues that we were not able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um other issues that we were not able to
+take on in this course but which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take on in this course but which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take on in this course but which you
+will see in 402 and 434 is uh how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see in 402 and 434 is uh how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see in 402 and 434 is uh how to
+deal with uh other aspects of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with uh other aspects of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with uh other aspects of the
+capital budgeting process. For example,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital budgeting process. For example,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital budgeting process. For example,
+competitive response. When we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive response. When we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive response. When we think
+about making investments in projects, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about making investments in projects, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about making investments in projects, we
+are assuming everything else as given,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are assuming everything else as given,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are assuming everything else as given,
+right? When we think about this is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? When we think about this is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? When we think about this is sort
+of like putting money in a stock market.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like putting money in a stock market.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like putting money in a stock market.
+When you put your money in the stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When you put your money in the stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When you put your money in the stock
+market, you're assuming that the means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market, you're assuming that the means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market, you're assuming that the means
+and the variances are given that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the variances are given that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the variances are given that your
+investment has no impact on the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment has no impact on the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment has no impact on the market
+as a whole. For specific kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a whole. For specific kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a whole. For specific kinds of
+projects, that's not true at all. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects, that's not true at all. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects, that's not true at all. The
+perfect markets assumption that we make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect markets assumption that we make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect markets assumption that we make
+from the perspective of a small investor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the perspective of a small investor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the perspective of a small investor
+investing in the entire market. Those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing in the entire market. Those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing in the entire market. Those
+set of assumptions don't work for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of assumptions don't work for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of assumptions don't work for you
+making a decision about whether to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a decision about whether to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a decision about whether to
+invest in a new technology in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest in a new technology in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest in a new technology in your
+particular industry because most likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular industry because most likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular industry because most likely
+that new technology will have a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that new technology will have a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that new technology will have a very
+significant impact on that industry if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant impact on that industry if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant impact on that industry if
+it's any good. So therefore you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's any good. So therefore you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's any good. So therefore you're going
+to have to deal with competitors and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to deal with competitors and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to deal with competitors and the
+competitive response. things are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive response. things are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive response. things are going
+to change because of the way you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change because of the way you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change because of the way you make
+your investments. So that's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your investments. So that's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your investments. So that's something
+you'll have to take into account.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have to take into account.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have to take into account.
+Capital rationing, which means you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital rationing, which means you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital rationing, which means you don't
+have all the money in the world. There's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all the money in the world. There's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all the money in the world. There's
+a limit to how much money you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a limit to how much money you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a limit to how much money you can
+invest. So now given that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest. So now given that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest. So now given that there are
+limits to how much money you have, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits to how much money you have, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits to how much money you have, you
+got to pick your opportunities more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to pick your opportunities more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to pick your opportunities more
+carefully. And some of these capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully. And some of these capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully. And some of these capital
+rationing uh uh requirements are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationing uh uh requirements are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationing uh uh requirements are
+implemented over multi-year periods. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented over multi-year periods. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented over multi-year periods. So,
+for example, you might have a three-year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example, you might have a three-year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example, you might have a three-year
+budget of $100 million to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget of $100 million to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget of $100 million to make
+investments in new technology. Over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investments in new technology. Over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investments in new technology. Over
+three years, you can use up to $100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three years, you can use up to $100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three years, you can use up to $100
+million. So, now not only do you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million. So, now not only do you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million. So, now not only do you have to
+think about how to spread your money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how to spread your money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how to spread your money
+over opportunities this year, you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over opportunities this year, you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over opportunities this year, you've got
+to think about how to spread it out over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about how to spread it out over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about how to spread it out over
+a three-year period, and you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a three-year period, and you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a three-year period, and you have to
+think about spreading it out to projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about spreading it out to projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about spreading it out to projects
+that you don't even know exist right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't even know exist right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't even know exist right
+now. So the problems the challenges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now. So the problems the challenges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now. So the problems the challenges
+become much much more complex as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become much much more complex as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become much much more complex as you
+start making the assumptions more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start making the assumptions more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start making the assumptions more
+realistic. You've got now the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic. You've got now the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic. You've got now the very
+basics to understand how to do this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basics to understand how to do this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basics to understand how to do this uh
+for the very very simple cases. But the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the very very simple cases. But the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the very very simple cases. But the
+more advanced courses will one by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more advanced courses will one by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more advanced courses will one by one
+relax these assumptions and give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relax these assumptions and give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relax these assumptions and give you
+more tools to be able to handle more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more tools to be able to handle more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more tools to be able to handle more
+complex situations. So you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex situations. So you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex situations. So you know the
+examples that I give in this slide are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples that I give in this slide are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples that I give in this slide are
+looking at short run uh versus the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at short run uh versus the long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at short run uh versus the long
+run uh as well as dealing with general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run uh as well as dealing with general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run uh as well as dealing with general
+noise. In other words, you may be taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise. In other words, you may be taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise. In other words, you may be taking
+in lots of data. Not all of that data is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lots of data. Not all of that data is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lots of data. Not all of that data is
+equally meaningful. So you need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally meaningful. So you need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally meaningful. So you need to know
+what to ignore and what to focus on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to ignore and what to focus on.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to ignore and what to focus on.
+That'll be part of those challenges. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That'll be part of those challenges. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That'll be part of those challenges. You
+you'll get that in 402 and more in uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get that in 402 and more in uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get that in 402 and more in uh in
+434. Okay. So to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+434. Okay. So to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+434. Okay. So to
+summarize, we are now done with pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize, we are now done with pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize, we are now done with pretty
+much all of the finance theory that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much all of the finance theory that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much all of the finance theory that we
+need to value and to make decisions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to value and to make decisions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to value and to make decisions on
+virtually any kind of investment that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually any kind of investment that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually any kind of investment that's
+out there. Uh the key points for capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there. Uh the key points for capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there. Uh the key points for capital
+budgeting is use NPV or in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budgeting is use NPV or in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budgeting is use NPV or in the case of
+more advanced kinds of concepts, APV,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more advanced kinds of concepts, APV,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more advanced kinds of concepts, APV,
+right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+uh take all projects that are positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh take all projects that are positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh take all projects that are positive
+NPV and if they're mutually exclusive,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NPV and if they're mutually exclusive,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NPV and if they're mutually exclusive,
+take the one with the biggest NPV.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the one with the biggest NPV.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the one with the biggest NPV.
+Consider project interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consider project interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consider project interactions
+separately. So consider the project on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately. So consider the project on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately. So consider the project on a
+standalone basis. Then consider any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standalone basis. Then consider any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standalone basis. Then consider any
+interaction effects that may or may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction effects that may or may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction effects that may or may not
+exist. You can evaluate them separately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist. You can evaluate them separately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist. You can evaluate them separately
+and add them together at the end. Use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and add them together at the end. Use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and add them together at the end. Use
+after tax cash flows for the NPV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after tax cash flows for the NPV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after tax cash flows for the NPV
+calculations, not accounting earnings.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations, not accounting earnings.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations, not accounting earnings.
+And when you need to discount rate, use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And when you need to discount rate, use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And when you need to discount rate, use
+the capital asset pricing model. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capital asset pricing model. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capital asset pricing model. The
+capital asset pricing model provides you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital asset pricing model provides you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital asset pricing model provides you
+with a risk adjustment for the required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a risk adjustment for the required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a risk adjustment for the required
+rate of return.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of return.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of return.
+Okay? And be wary about risks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? And be wary about risks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? And be wary about risks that
+change over time. So every single year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change over time. So every single year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change over time. So every single year
+you use your cost of capital, make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use your cost of capital, make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use your cost of capital, make sure
+you can justify the particular risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can justify the particular risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can justify the particular risk
+associated with that year. Remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with that year. Remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with that year. Remember the
+example of drilling for oil and how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of drilling for oil and how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of drilling for oil and how the
+risks change dramatically as you go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks change dramatically as you go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks change dramatically as you go from
+oil exploration to oil production,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil exploration to oil production,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil exploration to oil production,
+right? Those are two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Those are two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Those are two different
+activities. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities. And
+finally, think about all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally, think about all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally, think about all the other
+alternatives to NPV. And you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives to NPV. And you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives to NPV. And you don't have
+to be a snob about it. Don't tell people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a snob about it. Don't tell people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a snob about it. Don't tell people
+NPV is the only way to go. It's either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NPV is the only way to go. It's either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NPV is the only way to go. It's either
+my way or the highway. uh you recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my way or the highway. uh you recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my way or the highway. uh you recognize
+that there are other elements of risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are other elements of risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are other elements of risk
+and reward that may be captured by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reward that may be captured by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reward that may be captured by
+payback by internal rate of return by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payback by internal rate of return by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payback by internal rate of return by
+the profitability index but in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the profitability index but in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the profitability index but in the end
+what you're going to want to base your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're going to want to base your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're going to want to base your
+decision on is primarily NPV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision on is primarily NPV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision on is primarily NPV
+considerations with these other factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations with these other factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations with these other factors
+thrown in as well and I'll conclude with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrown in as well and I'll conclude with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrown in as well and I'll conclude with
+one last comment about capital budgeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one last comment about capital budgeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one last comment about capital budgeting
+which is something that that is out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is something that that is out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is something that that is out
+completely outside the purview of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely outside the purview of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely outside the purview of this
+course, but it's not outside the purview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course, but it's not outside the purview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course, but it's not outside the purview
+of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your
+MBA. And that is that what I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MBA. And that is that what I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MBA. And that is that what I've been
+talking about for the exclusion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about for the exclusion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about for the exclusion of
+everything else in this course is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else in this course is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else in this course is the
+economic and financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic and financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic and financial
+considerations. Obviously, when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations. Obviously, when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations. Obviously, when you're
+engaged in trying to get a project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged in trying to get a project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged in trying to get a project
+approved or making a decision on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approved or making a decision on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approved or making a decision on a
+project, there are many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project, there are many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project, there are many other
+considerations that you should not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations that you should not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations that you should not
+forget about. considerations like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget about. considerations like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget about. considerations like
+political, social, cultural, uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political, social, cultural, uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political, social, cultural, uh
+implementation, uh all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation, uh all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation, uh all sorts of
+practical aspects that you need to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical aspects that you need to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical aspects that you need to put
+together. And so all of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. And so all of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. And so all of the other
+courses that you've been taking are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses that you've been taking are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses that you've been taking are
+designed to try to get you to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to try to get you to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to try to get you to think
+about that. But unfortunately or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that. But unfortunately or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that. But unfortunately or maybe
+inevitably in a in a curriculum like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inevitably in a in a curriculum like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inevitably in a in a curriculum like the
+MBA, we pick apart all of the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MBA, we pick apart all of the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MBA, we pick apart all of the various
+aspects of a decision and then study it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of a decision and then study it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of a decision and then study it
+to death and try to come up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to death and try to come up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to death and try to come up with the
+very best possible approaches for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very best possible approaches for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very best possible approaches for each
+of those particular silos. It's your job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those particular silos. It's your job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those particular silos. It's your job
+ultimately to put all of that together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately to put all of that together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately to put all of that together
+and you will do that. You will be asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will do that. You will be asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will do that. You will be asked
+to do that whether you know it or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that whether you know it or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that whether you know it or not
+when you start working. So what I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you start working. So what I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you start working. So what I've
+been focused on exclusively is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been focused on exclusively is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been focused on exclusively is the
+financial and economic considerations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial and economic considerations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial and economic considerations.
+And I believe you now have the tools to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I believe you now have the tools to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I believe you now have the tools to
+be able to analyze any project at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to analyze any project at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to analyze any project at least
+to get a starting point for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a starting point for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a starting point for an
+intellectually consistent way of looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectually consistent way of looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectually consistent way of looking
+at it. But don't for a moment think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it. But don't for a moment think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it. But don't for a moment think that
+those are the only things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the only things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the only things that are
+important. The political, social,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. The political, social,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. The political, social,
+cultural uh ramifications are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural uh ramifications are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural uh ramifications are going to
+be extraordinarily critical and only you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be extraordinarily critical and only you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be extraordinarily critical and only you
+will be able to figure out how to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be able to figure out how to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be able to figure out how to put
+that all together. All right. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all together. All right. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all together. All right. So
+hopefully in this particular course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully in this particular course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully in this particular course
+you've learned something valuable from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've learned something valuable from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've learned something valuable from
+that one aspect but just keep in mind it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one aspect but just keep in mind it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one aspect but just keep in mind it
+is only one aspect one perspective and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only one aspect one perspective and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only one aspect one perspective and
+there are others that you will have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are others that you will have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are others that you will have to
+incorporate into your uh way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate into your uh way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate into your uh way of
+thinking. Okay that's it for capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking. Okay that's it for capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking. Okay that's it for capital
+budgeting. Any uh any final questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budgeting. Any uh any final questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budgeting. Any uh any final questions
+before we move on to the to the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we move on to the to the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we move on to the to the final
+lecture of this course? Yes. One small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture of this course? Yes. One small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture of this course? Yes. One small
+question on IR again. Yeah. In the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question on IR again. Yeah. In the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question on IR again. Yeah. In the
+examples you show the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples you show the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples you show the
+the cash flows in the outears in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cash flows in the outears in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cash flows in the outears in the
+years except for the first one were more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years except for the first one were more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years except for the first one were more
+they were in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were in the
+opposite direction from the initial year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction from the initial year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction from the initial year
+cash flow but greater than the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flow but greater than the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flow but greater than the initial
+cash flow. Yeah. Does it matter if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flow. Yeah. Does it matter if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flow. Yeah. Does it matter if
+that's not the case? Well, so I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the case? Well, so I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the case? Well, so I guess
+the answer is it it depends. In other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is it it depends. In other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is it it depends. In other
+words, what you detected was not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words, what you detected was not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words, what you detected was not a
+universal pattern that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal pattern that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal pattern that can be
+systematized and then incorporated into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematized and then incorporated into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematized and then incorporated into
+IRR. In other words, if I had a longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IRR. In other words, if I had a longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IRR. In other words, if I had a longer
+period of time to be able to play with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time to be able to play with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time to be able to play with
+changes of sign and changes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes of sign and changes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes of sign and changes of
+magnitude, I can get any any kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude, I can get any any kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude, I can get any any kind of
+pattern that you want. For example, in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern that you want. For example, in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern that you want. For example, in
+this the dotted line curve, I can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the dotted line curve, I can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the dotted line curve, I can have
+this curve flip around the other way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve flip around the other way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve flip around the other way so
+that it starts negative, goes positive,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it starts negative, goes positive,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it starts negative, goes positive,
+and it goes up like that just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it goes up like that just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it goes up like that just by
+changing the sign patterns. Something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the sign patterns. Something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the sign patterns. Something
+else. If I had a cordic term in there, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else. If I had a cordic term in there, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else. If I had a cordic term in there, I
+can make it even more complicated. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make it even more complicated. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make it even more complicated. So
+the longer the number of periods, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the longer the number of periods, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the longer the number of periods, the
+more number of periods that I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more number of periods that I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more number of periods that I have to
+play with, the more patterns that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play with, the more patterns that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play with, the more patterns that you
+can create. So that it would be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can create. So that it would be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can create. So that it would be really
+impossible to to reduce it to a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible to to reduce it to a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible to to reduce it to a a
+systematic uh set other than um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic uh set other than um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic uh set other than um you know
+this procription here. If these four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this procription here. If these four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this procription here. If these four
+conditions are satisfied, then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions are satisfied, then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions are satisfied, then you're
+okay with using this as opposed to NPV.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay with using this as opposed to NPV.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay with using this as opposed to NPV.
+But that's the only simple case that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But that's the only simple case that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But that's the only simple case that uh
+where you can say something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can say something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can say something
+meaningful. By the way, the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful. By the way, the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful. By the way, the number of
+the number of zeros and the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of zeros and the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of zeros and the nature of
+the zeros of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zeros of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zeros of
+polomials that turns out to be related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomials that turns out to be related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomials that turns out to be related
+to a very very very famous and hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a very very very famous and hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a very very very famous and hard
+unsolved problem in mathematics known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsolved problem in mathematics known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsolved problem in mathematics known as
+the reman zeta hypothesis. We're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reman zeta hypothesis. We're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reman zeta hypothesis. We're not
+going to talk about that in this class.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about that in this class.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about that in this class.
+Unfortunately, it is beyond the scope of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unfortunately, it is beyond the scope of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unfortunately, it is beyond the scope of
+uh the school. Uh but but but I I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the school. Uh but but but I I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the school. Uh but but but I I just
+want to let you know that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to let you know that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to let you know that there is
+something inherently extraordinarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something inherently extraordinarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something inherently extraordinarily
+deep uh about uh the underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep uh about uh the underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep uh about uh the underlying
+contradictions that get generated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradictions that get generated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradictions that get generated by
+irr. You don't have to solve the remon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irr. You don't have to solve the remon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irr. You don't have to solve the remon
+zeta hypothesis to understand it. But it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeta hypothesis to understand it. But it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeta hypothesis to understand it. But it
+you can get very very complex very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get very very complex very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get very very complex very
+quickly uh by looking at these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly uh by looking at these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly uh by looking at these kinds of
+uh of patterns. So in fact it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of patterns. So in fact it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of patterns. So in fact it would be
+bad news for us if these patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad news for us if these patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad news for us if these patterns
+actually mattered for investing. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually mattered for investing. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually mattered for investing. The
+fact is they don't. The bottom line is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact is they don't. The bottom line is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact is they don't. The bottom line is
+NPV. You know, how much money are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NPV. You know, how much money are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NPV. You know, how much money are you
+generating from this investment period?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating from this investment period?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating from this investment period?
+And if you focus on that, you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you focus on that, you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you focus on that, you're not
+likely to make a lot of mistakes, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to make a lot of mistakes, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to make a lot of mistakes, but
+you should at least be aware about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should at least be aware about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should at least be aware about uh
+these other techniques. So that's why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other techniques. So that's why I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other techniques. So that's why I
+went over them. Okay. Yeah. David, talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went over them. Okay. Yeah. David, talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went over them. Okay. Yeah. David, talk
+a little bit more about the social,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more about the social,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more about the social,
+political, and cultural risks. Sure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political, and cultural risks. Sure.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political, and cultural risks. Sure.
+From the perspective of the CFO of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+From the perspective of the CFO of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+From the perspective of the CFO of a
+company, for example, has to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company, for example, has to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company, for example, has to make a
+decision of whether and where to invest,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision of whether and where to invest,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision of whether and where to invest,
+it makes, you know, sense that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes, you know, sense that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes, you know, sense that there
+will be some some political implications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be some some political implications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be some some political implications
+that cannot be captured by by the model,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cannot be captured by by the model,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cannot be captured by by the model,
+right? But if I'm a a private investor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? But if I'm a a private investor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? But if I'm a a private investor
+and I invest in a company that is listed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I invest in a company that is listed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I invest in a company that is listed
+in a stock exchange, I would expect all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a stock exchange, I would expect all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a stock exchange, I would expect all
+these considerations to be captured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these considerations to be captured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these considerations to be captured
+already in the stock price.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already in the stock price.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already in the stock price.
+Well, you know, yes and no. Uh, let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, you know, yes and no. Uh, let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, you know, yes and no. Uh, let me
+give you an example that is um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an example that is um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an example that is um a
+somewhat controversial one. I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat controversial one. I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat controversial one. I don't
+really know the answer to it, but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know the answer to it, but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know the answer to it, but at
+least we can talk about it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least we can talk about it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least we can talk about it in the
+context of current events.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of current events.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of current events.
+Uh, if you take a look at what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, if you take a look at what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, if you take a look at what happened
+with Bear Sterns, uh, versus what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Bear Sterns, uh, versus what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Bear Sterns, uh, versus what
+happened with Lehman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened with Lehman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened with Lehman
+Brothers, it's kind of hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brothers, it's kind of hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brothers, it's kind of hard to
+understand why what happened happened. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why what happened happened. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why what happened happened. I
+mean, you know, Bear Sterns was deemed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, you know, Bear Sterns was deemed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, you know, Bear Sterns was deemed
+too big to fail and so it was navigated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too big to fail and so it was navigated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too big to fail and so it was navigated
+to a soft landing with JP Morgan. Lehman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a soft landing with JP Morgan. Lehman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a soft landing with JP Morgan. Lehman
+on the other hand which in certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand which in certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand which in certain
+respects was even bigger and even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respects was even bigger and even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respects was even bigger and even more
+broadly intertwined in our financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly intertwined in our financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly intertwined in our financial
+system was allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system was allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system was allowed to
+fail. Now I don't understand that from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail. Now I don't understand that from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail. Now I don't understand that from
+an economic perspective. In fact I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an economic perspective. In fact I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an economic perspective. In fact I'm not
+sure there is an economic perspective to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure there is an economic perspective to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure there is an economic perspective to
+why it failed. Uh but there may be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it failed. Uh but there may be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it failed. Uh but there may be a
+political dimension. You know for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political dimension. You know for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political dimension. You know for
+example and I again this is pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and I again this is pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and I again this is pure
+speculation. So, you know, asking me for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculation. So, you know, asking me for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculation. So, you know, asking me for
+my views on on political elements, I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my views on on political elements, I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my views on on political elements, I'm
+happy to provide, but it's like, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to provide, but it's like, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to provide, but it's like, you
+know, asking uh you know, Roger Federer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, asking uh you know, Roger Federer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, asking uh you know, Roger Federer
+what he thinks about uh the S&P 500, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he thinks about uh the S&P 500, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he thinks about uh the S&P 500, you
+know, or not that I'm Roger Federer, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, or not that I'm Roger Federer, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, or not that I'm Roger Federer, but
+uh but but it's it's you know, asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but but it's it's you know, asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but but it's it's you know, asking
+somebody who's a professional in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who's a professional in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who's a professional in one
+area what they think about something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area what they think about something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area what they think about something
+else. I'm not sure is the a good idea.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else. I'm not sure is the a good idea.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else. I'm not sure is the a good idea.
+But the point is that my conjecture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the point is that my conjecture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the point is that my conjecture is
+that the reason Lehman Brothers was left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the reason Lehman Brothers was left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the reason Lehman Brothers was left
+to fail was because there was so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fail was because there was so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fail was because there was so much
+criticism and backlash from the Bear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism and backlash from the Bear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism and backlash from the Bear
+Sterns event that both Treasury and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sterns event that both Treasury and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sterns event that both Treasury and the
+Federal Reserve thought that it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Federal Reserve thought that it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Federal Reserve thought that it was
+politically untenable for them to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politically untenable for them to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politically untenable for them to do it
+again because if they did it again then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again because if they did it again then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again because if they did it again then
+they would be expected to do it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would be expected to do it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would be expected to do it again
+and again and again and again in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again and again and again in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again and again and again in which
+case all the firms would be in line to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case all the firms would be in line to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case all the firms would be in line to
+try to get a bailout.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to get a bailout.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to get a bailout.
+now and they are so right. So, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and they are so right. So, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and they are so right. So, so
+however to to highlight the complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however to to highlight the complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however to to highlight the complexity
+to highlight the complexity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to highlight the complexity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to highlight the complexity of the
+political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political
+dimension now that Lehman did fail and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension now that Lehman did fail and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension now that Lehman did fail and
+it caused such disastrous consequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it caused such disastrous consequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it caused such disastrous consequences
+now maybe it's truly impossible to let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now maybe it's truly impossible to let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now maybe it's truly impossible to let
+any company fail because people will say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any company fail because people will say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any company fail because people will say
+oh you remember Lehman Brothers and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you remember Lehman Brothers and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you remember Lehman Brothers and what
+happened there you better not do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened there you better not do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened there you better not do that
+again so I don't know the answer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so I don't know the answer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so I don't know the answer to the
+question about what the political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about what the political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about what the political
+landscape is going to look like uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape is going to look like uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape is going to look like uh a
+year from now uh or even you know six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year from now uh or even you know six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year from now uh or even you know six
+months from now. So I I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months from now. So I I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months from now. So I I don't know
+whether or not it's significant uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not it's significant uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not it's significant uh in
+terms of what will happen. But surely in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of what will happen. But surely in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of what will happen. But surely in
+the past politics has played a very big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past politics has played a very big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past politics has played a very big
+role even for private investors. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role even for private investors. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role even for private investors. But
+that actually wasn't the politics I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually wasn't the politics I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually wasn't the politics I was
+talking about that certainly matters a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about that certainly matters a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about that certainly matters a
+great deal now. But the kind of politics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great deal now. But the kind of politics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great deal now. But the kind of politics
+I was talking about was more within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was talking about was more within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was talking about was more within a
+company. So give you an example. You're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company. So give you an example. You're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company. So give you an example. You're
+a new division manager that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new division manager that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new division manager that was
+specifically hired by the CEO to turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically hired by the CEO to turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically hired by the CEO to turn
+around a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a
+division and in your first quarter on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division and in your first quarter on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division and in your first quarter on
+the job, you propose a very specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the job, you propose a very specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the job, you propose a very specific
+restructuring for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restructuring for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restructuring for that
+division. Chances are the CEO is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division. Chances are the CEO is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division. Chances are the CEO is going
+to agree with you knowing nothing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to agree with you knowing nothing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to agree with you knowing nothing about
+whether the proposal is smart or stupid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the proposal is smart or stupid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the proposal is smart or stupid
+or good or bad. Most likely the CEO is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or good or bad. Most likely the CEO is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or good or bad. Most likely the CEO is
+going to agree with you. Why is that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to agree with you. Why is that?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to agree with you. Why is that?
+You know why, right? You guys agree with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know why, right? You guys agree with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know why, right? You guys agree with
+me. If you agree with me, that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me. If you agree with me, that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me. If you agree with me, that means
+that you understand something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you understand something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you understand something about the
+political situation that has nothing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political situation that has nothing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political situation that has nothing to
+do with P&L, nothing to do with NPV,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with P&L, nothing to do with NPV,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with P&L, nothing to do with NPV,
+nothing to do with cost of capital or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do with cost of capital or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do with cost of capital or
+risk adjustment. Somebody just hired you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk adjustment. Somebody just hired you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk adjustment. Somebody just hired you
+to do a job and they're going to they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a job and they're going to they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a job and they're going to they're
+going to have to give you the benefit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to give you the benefit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to give you the benefit of
+the doubt for a little while before they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the doubt for a little while before they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the doubt for a little while before they
+can pull in the reins. That's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pull in the reins. That's what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pull in the reins. That's what I
+mean by political considerations. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by political considerations. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by political considerations. So,
+when you're thinking about capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're thinking about capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're thinking about capital
+budgeting, you've got to factor in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budgeting, you've got to factor in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budgeting, you've got to factor in all
+of these considerations, which is which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these considerations, which is which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these considerations, which is which
+is hard. It's what makes business uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hard. It's what makes business uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hard. It's what makes business uh
+both an art and a science. You need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both an art and a science. You need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both an art and a science. You need to
+have both of those elements represented.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have both of those elements represented.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have both of those elements represented.
+And so I just wanted to bring that up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so I just wanted to bring that up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so I just wanted to bring that up to
+remind you not to forget about those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you not to forget about those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you not to forget about those
+elements. It's it's that economists have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements. It's it's that economists have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements. It's it's that economists have
+a very bad habit, myself included. We we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very bad habit, myself included. We we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very bad habit, myself included. We we
+think that everything is economic. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that everything is economic. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that everything is economic. You
+know, to someone said that to a person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, to someone said that to a person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, to someone said that to a person
+that owns a hammer, everything looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that owns a hammer, everything looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that owns a hammer, everything looks
+like a nail. And you know, I agree. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a nail. And you know, I agree. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a nail. And you know, I agree. You
+know, as an economist, I have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, as an economist, I have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, as an economist, I have these
+tools that I think apply to everything.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools that I think apply to everything.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools that I think apply to everything.
+And there's a danger that that as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there's a danger that that as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there's a danger that that as an
+economist, I see everything from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economist, I see everything from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economist, I see everything from the
+economic perspective. And it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic perspective. And it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic perspective. And it's only
+after you've been hit over the head with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you've been hit over the head with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you've been hit over the head with
+a bunch of failures of your theories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of failures of your theories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of failures of your theories
+that you begin to realize maybe there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you begin to realize maybe there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you begin to realize maybe there's
+something else out there that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else out there that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else out there that's
+explaining behavior, which I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining behavior, which I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining behavior, which I'm going to
+talk about next. Uh but the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about next. Uh but the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about next. Uh but the the
+traditional approach of economists is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional approach of economists is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional approach of economists is to
+assume that everybody is rational,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that everybody is rational,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that everybody is rational,
+everybody's maximizing NPV, the markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's maximizing NPV, the markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's maximizing NPV, the markets
+work efficiently, and by the way, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work efficiently, and by the way, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work efficiently, and by the way, if
+that's the case, then your job is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the case, then your job is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the case, then your job is really
+easy. What makes it hard and I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy. What makes it hard and I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy. What makes it hard and I would
+argue fun and challenging is all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue fun and challenging is all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue fun and challenging is all the
+other stuff that makes this stuff not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other stuff that makes this stuff not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other stuff that makes this stuff not
+work the way it's supposed to all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work the way it's supposed to all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work the way it's supposed to all the
+time. You have to know when to use these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. You have to know when to use these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. You have to know when to use these
+methods and when to use other methods in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods and when to use other methods in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods and when to use other methods in
+order to be able to advance your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to be able to advance your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to be able to advance your
+particular objectives and ultimately you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular objectives and ultimately you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular objectives and ultimately you
+have to understand exactly what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to understand exactly what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to understand exactly what kind of
+objectives you want to achieve. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objectives you want to achieve. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objectives you want to achieve. So
+that's going to actually be the topic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to actually be the topic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to actually be the topic of
+the latter part of the next lecture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the latter part of the next lecture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the latter part of the next lecture is
+objectives. I've told you up until now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objectives. I've told you up until now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objectives. I've told you up until now
+that the objective for most shareholders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the objective for most shareholders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the objective for most shareholders
+and most corporate managers is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most corporate managers is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most corporate managers is to
+maximize NPV that is an approximation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize NPV that is an approximation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize NPV that is an approximation to
+a much more complex reality. So I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much more complex reality. So I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much more complex reality. So I'm
+about to change your view of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to change your view of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to change your view of that
+reality uh over the next uh lecture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality uh over the next uh lecture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality uh over the next uh lecture and
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+half. Okay, any other other questions?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Well, this concludes uh our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Well, this concludes uh our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Well, this concludes uh our
+lecture on capital budgeting and what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on capital budgeting and what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on capital budgeting and what I
+want to turn to now is the last lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to turn to now is the last lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to turn to now is the last lecture
+of the course which is efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the course which is efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the course which is efficient
+markets lecture 21. I'm going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets lecture 21. I'm going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets lecture 21. I'm going to get
+started on this just very uh briefly uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started on this just very uh briefly uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started on this just very uh briefly uh
+today uh because uh we're almost out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today uh because uh we're almost out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today uh because uh we're almost out of
+time. We got about another 10 minutes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. We got about another 10 minutes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. We got about another 10 minutes or
+so. Um I want to give you an overview of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so. Um I want to give you an overview of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so. Um I want to give you an overview of
+where we're going and why we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're going and why we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're going and why we're going to
+do this lecture. Typically, efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this lecture. Typically, efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this lecture. Typically, efficient
+markets is a lecture that is given in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets is a lecture that is given in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets is a lecture that is given in
+most corporate finance and introductory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most corporate finance and introductory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most corporate finance and introductory
+finance courses at the beginning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance courses at the beginning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance courses at the beginning of the
+course. And the reason it's said at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course. And the reason it's said at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course. And the reason it's said at the
+beginning is because actually we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning is because actually we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning is because actually we need
+this efficient markets hypothesis to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this efficient markets hypothesis to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this efficient markets hypothesis to
+justify most of what I taught you over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justify most of what I taught you over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justify most of what I taught you over
+the last 13 weeks. And let me explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last 13 weeks. And let me explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last 13 weeks. And let me explain
+why that is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that is.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that is.
+For the longest time now in this course,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For the longest time now in this course,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For the longest time now in this course,
+I've kept repeating that when we need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've kept repeating that when we need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've kept repeating that when we need a
+discount rate, when we need a price,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount rate, when we need a price,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount rate, when we need a price,
+when we need a value, where do we go? To
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we need a value, where do we go? To
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we need a value, where do we go? To
+the market. All of you. Right? And we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market. All of you. Right? And we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market. All of you. Right? And we
+did that the first day of class. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that the first day of class. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that the first day of class. I
+auctioned off certain items and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auctioned off certain items and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auctioned off certain items and we
+engaged in price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged in price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged in price
+discovery. That's an enormous benefit,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery. That's an enormous benefit,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery. That's an enormous benefit,
+this wisdom of crowds that we relied on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wisdom of crowds that we relied on.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wisdom of crowds that we relied on.
+And that's why at the very beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's why at the very beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's why at the very beginning of
+most of these finance courses, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of these finance courses, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of these finance courses, we
+typically teach our students to trust in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically teach our students to trust in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically teach our students to trust in
+the market. Now, I didn't do that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market. Now, I didn't do that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market. Now, I didn't do that in
+this course because I don't want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course because I don't want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course because I don't want you to
+trust the market. I want you to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust the market. I want you to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust the market. I want you to learn
+from experience when to trust the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from experience when to trust the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from experience when to trust the market
+and when not to. But the fact of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when not to. But the fact of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when not to. But the fact of the
+matter is the theories that we rely on,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter is the theories that we rely on,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter is the theories that we rely on,
+this notion of risk adjustment, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion of risk adjustment, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion of risk adjustment, this
+cost of capital, this CAPM, all of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of capital, this CAPM, all of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of capital, this CAPM, all of that
+relies on people being rational. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relies on people being rational. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relies on people being rational. It
+relies on all of you in this room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relies on all of you in this room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relies on all of you in this room
+wanting to hold the tangency portfolio.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanting to hold the tangency portfolio.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanting to hold the tangency portfolio.
+It relies on supply equaling demand. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It relies on supply equaling demand. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It relies on supply equaling demand. And
+unless we have that kind of behavior, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless we have that kind of behavior, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless we have that kind of behavior, a
+lot of our results go out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of our results go out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of our results go out the
+window. So I want to talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window. So I want to talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window. So I want to talk about the
+justification for that assumption in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justification for that assumption in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justification for that assumption in
+this particular lecture. I told you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular lecture. I told you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular lecture. I told you that
+I'm going to tie together all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to tie together all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to tie together all the
+various different loose strands of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various different loose strands of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various different loose strands of the
+course in this one lecture. And I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in this one lecture. And I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in this one lecture. And I do
+mean to do that. What I'm going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean to do that. What I'm going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean to do that. What I'm going to do is
+first of all make an argument for why it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all make an argument for why it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all make an argument for why it
+is you ought to trust in market prices.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you ought to trust in market prices.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you ought to trust in market prices.
+Why the wisdom of crowds is very wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why the wisdom of crowds is very wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why the wisdom of crowds is very wise
+most of the time. But then I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time. But then I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time. But then I want to
+spend the bulk of this lecture telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend the bulk of this lecture telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend the bulk of this lecture telling
+you why it can break down. Now I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you why it can break down. Now I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you why it can break down. Now I don't
+think I need to tell you that after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I need to tell you that after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I need to tell you that after the
+last 13 weeks. You've sort of seen that,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 13 weeks. You've sort of seen that,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 13 weeks. You've sort of seen that,
+you know, in real time. But I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, in real time. But I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, in real time. But I want to
+give you an understanding of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an understanding of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an understanding of what
+happened. And actually I'm going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened. And actually I'm going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened. And actually I'm going to be
+able to provide you with a complete and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to provide you with a complete and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to provide you with a complete and
+satisfactory theory that makes sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfactory theory that makes sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfactory theory that makes sense of
+everything that has happened over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that has happened over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that has happened over the
+last 13 weeks. Now you may be skeptical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 13 weeks. Now you may be skeptical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 13 weeks. Now you may be skeptical
+about that but but I promise you it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that but but I promise you it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that but but I promise you it will
+be it will be uh true that I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it will be uh true that I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it will be uh true that I have a
+theory which is not generally accepted.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory which is not generally accepted.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory which is not generally accepted.
+So I got to start with that disclaimer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I got to start with that disclaimer.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I got to start with that disclaimer.
+This is a theory that I'm going to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a theory that I'm going to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a theory that I'm going to tell
+you that is my own pet theory. It's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that is my own pet theory. It's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that is my own pet theory. It's not
+in any textbook because it's relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any textbook because it's relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any textbook because it's relatively
+new. Uh, and if you do a search for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new. Uh, and if you do a search for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new. Uh, and if you do a search for it
+on the internet, my name was the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the internet, my name was the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the internet, my name was the only
+name that's going to come up. So, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name that's going to come up. So, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name that's going to come up. So, so
+that's both good and bad. You're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's both good and bad. You're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's both good and bad. You're you're
+you're hearing it from the horse's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're hearing it from the horse's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're hearing it from the horse's
+mouth, but it is a horse that's telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouth, but it is a horse that's telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouth, but it is a horse that's telling
+you this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this.
+Um, so I'm going to start by first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so I'm going to start by first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so I'm going to start by first
+explaining to you what efficient markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining to you what efficient markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining to you what efficient markets
+is. I think you already know, right? You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. I think you already know, right? You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. I think you already know, right? You
+can trust the market prices. The market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can trust the market prices. The market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can trust the market prices. The market
+price tells you what you need to know.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price tells you what you need to know.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price tells you what you need to know.
+And after I make that argument, I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And after I make that argument, I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And after I make that argument, I'm
+going to then turn around and take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to then turn around and take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to then turn around and take the
+other side of the debate and give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side of the debate and give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side of the debate and give you
+all the reasons why people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the reasons why people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the reasons why people are
+irrational, silly, mistaken, stupid, all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrational, silly, mistaken, stupid, all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrational, silly, mistaken, stupid, all
+of the reasons that psychologists tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reasons that psychologists tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reasons that psychologists tell
+us markets are crazy and you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us markets are crazy and you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us markets are crazy and you should
+never trust in market prices. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never trust in market prices. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never trust in market prices. And then
+I'm going to try to bring together the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to try to bring together the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to try to bring together the
+two sides of the debate using some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sides of the debate using some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sides of the debate using some
+recent research from the cognitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent research from the cognitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent research from the cognitive
+neurosciences. So I'm going to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurosciences. So I'm going to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurosciences. So I'm going to actually
+talk a bit about the neurohysiology of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a bit about the neurohysiology of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a bit about the neurohysiology of
+the brain. And it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain. And it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain. And it turns out that
+research is going to be directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research is going to be directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research is going to be directly
+relevant to how we interpret what's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to how we interpret what's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to how we interpret what's been
+going on over the last 13 weeks as over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on over the last 13 weeks as over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on over the last 13 weeks as over
+the last 130 years. So let me start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last 130 years. So let me start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last 130 years. So let me start with
+that argument about efficient markets.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that argument about efficient markets.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that argument about efficient markets.
+Market efficiency says that there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market efficiency says that there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market efficiency says that there's no
+free lunch. There's no arbitrage. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free lunch. There's no arbitrage. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free lunch. There's no arbitrage. You
+don't get something for nothing. Prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get something for nothing. Prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get something for nothing. Prices
+fully reflect all available information.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully reflect all available information.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully reflect all available information.
+And there's no way to make money in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there's no way to make money in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there's no way to make money in the
+marketplace. Active management does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketplace. Active management does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketplace. Active management does not
+add any value.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add any value.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add any value.
+Now if you really believe this, why are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now if you really believe this, why are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now if you really believe this, why are
+you here? Why are you taking finance?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you here? Why are you taking finance?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you here? Why are you taking finance?
+Well, it turns out that there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, it turns out that there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, it turns out that there is a
+reason for taking finance, even if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for taking finance, even if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for taking finance, even if this
+is true, which is that finance is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true, which is that finance is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true, which is that finance is the
+language by which you conduct discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language by which you conduct discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language by which you conduct discussion
+and analysis in business negotiations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and analysis in business negotiations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and analysis in business negotiations.
+But even apart from this, I would argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But even apart from this, I would argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But even apart from this, I would argue
+that most of you are probably thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that most of you are probably thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that most of you are probably thinking
+you can beat the market if you work hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can beat the market if you work hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can beat the market if you work hard
+enough and if you're smart enough.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough and if you're smart enough.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough and if you're smart enough.
+That's not the perspective of modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's not the perspective of modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's not the perspective of modern
+finance theory. So remember I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance theory. So remember I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance theory. So remember I was
+telling you the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you the difference between
+Warren Buffett and modern finance. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warren Buffett and modern finance. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warren Buffett and modern finance. They
+do part company. Warren Buffett
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do part company. Warren Buffett
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do part company. Warren Buffett
+literally believes that he can pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally believes that he can pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally believes that he can pick
+stocks better than you and I can. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks better than you and I can. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks better than you and I can. And
+what academics would have you believe is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what academics would have you believe is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what academics would have you believe is
+that nobody can pick stocks. That it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nobody can pick stocks. That it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nobody can pick stocks. That it's
+all luck. And what you ought to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all luck. And what you ought to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all luck. And what you ought to do is
+simply buy the tangency portfolio. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply buy the tangency portfolio. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply buy the tangency portfolio. It's
+going to turn out that both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to turn out that both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to turn out that both of these
+perspectives are wrong and they're right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspectives are wrong and they're right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspectives are wrong and they're right
+in very specific ways. And I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in very specific ways. And I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in very specific ways. And I'm going to
+show you how to put it together.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you how to put it together.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you how to put it together.
+But let me first start by motivating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But let me first start by motivating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But let me first start by motivating
+this idea of efficient markets. Why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of efficient markets. Why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of efficient markets. Why you
+cannot make money. Why all information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot make money. Why all information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot make money. Why all information
+is incorporated into market prices. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is incorporated into market prices. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is incorporated into market prices. And
+to do that, I'm going to tell you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that, I'm going to tell you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that, I'm going to tell you about
+a research paper that was published in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a research paper that was published in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a research paper that was published in
+2003 by two economists, Michael Maloney
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2003 by two economists, Michael Maloney
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2003 by two economists, Michael Maloney
+and Harold Mhern titled The Complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Harold Mhern titled The Complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Harold Mhern titled The Complexity
+of Price Discovery in an Efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Price Discovery in an Efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Price Discovery in an Efficient
+Market: The Stock Market Reaction to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market: The Stock Market Reaction to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market: The Stock Market Reaction to the
+Challenger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Challenger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Challenger
+Crash. Now, this is a rather somber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crash. Now, this is a rather somber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crash. Now, this is a rather somber
+subject. It has to do with an event that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject. It has to do with an event that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject. It has to do with an event that
+occurred on January 28th, 1986 at 11:39
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred on January 28th, 1986 at 11:39
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred on January 28th, 1986 at 11:39
+a.m. At that time, the Challenger space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a.m. At that time, the Challenger space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a.m. At that time, the Challenger space
+shuttle exploded before our very eyes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuttle exploded before our very eyes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuttle exploded before our very eyes.
+Uh, apparently one of the booster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, apparently one of the booster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, apparently one of the booster
+rockets uh ignited and destroyed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rockets uh ignited and destroyed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rockets uh ignited and destroyed the
+space shuttle. 11:47 the space shuttle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space shuttle. 11:47 the space shuttle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space shuttle. 11:47 the space shuttle
+was reported to have exploded. it came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was reported to have exploded. it came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was reported to have exploded. it came
+across the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the uh the
+newswire. 1217, Lockheed, which was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newswire. 1217, Lockheed, which was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newswire. 1217, Lockheed, which was one
+of the contractors that built the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the contractors that built the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the contractors that built the
+shuttle, had no comment. 1252, Rockwell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuttle, had no comment. 1252, Rockwell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuttle, had no comment. 1252, Rockwell
+International, another one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+International, another one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+International, another one of the
+vendors that built parts for the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vendors that built parts for the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vendors that built parts for the space
+shuttle, they had no comment. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuttle, they had no comment. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuttle, they had no comment. This is
+all through the newswire.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all through the newswire.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all through the newswire.
+And over the course of the next several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And over the course of the next several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And over the course of the next several
+months, a presidential commission was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months, a presidential commission was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months, a presidential commission was uh
+impanled to study what happened with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impanled to study what happened with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impanled to study what happened with the
+space shuttle uh explosion. And many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space shuttle uh explosion. And many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space shuttle uh explosion. And many of
+you know the physicist Richard Feman was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the physicist Richard Feman was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the physicist Richard Feman was
+on that uh panel and uh wrote a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that uh panel and uh wrote a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that uh panel and uh wrote a
+dissenting opinion about what happened.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissenting opinion about what happened.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissenting opinion about what happened.
+But the bottom line after all the dust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the bottom line after all the dust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the bottom line after all the dust
+settled was that uh in June of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settled was that uh in June of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settled was that uh in June of that
+year, so about six months later, there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year, so about six months later, there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year, so about six months later, there
+was a report that was produced that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a report that was produced that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a report that was produced that
+showed that it was an O-ring, a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed that it was an O-ring, a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed that it was an O-ring, a piece of
+rubber around a booster rocket that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubber around a booster rocket that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubber around a booster rocket that
+ended up becoming brittle. And because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up becoming brittle. And because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up becoming brittle. And because
+it became brittle in the cold weather,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it became brittle in the cold weather,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it became brittle in the cold weather,
+there are gases that leaked from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are gases that leaked from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are gases that leaked from that
+booster rocket. And those gases ignited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+booster rocket. And those gases ignited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+booster rocket. And those gases ignited
+after takeoff. And so in the end after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after takeoff. And so in the end after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after takeoff. And so in the end after
+all of this analysis it was determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this analysis it was determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this analysis it was determined
+that the O-ring was at fault. And who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the O-ring was at fault. And who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the O-ring was at fault. And who
+produced this O-ring and the rocket? It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced this O-ring and the rocket? It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced this O-ring and the rocket? It
+was Martin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Martin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Martin
+Thiaol. They were the culprit or the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thiaol. They were the culprit or the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thiaol. They were the culprit or the the
+weak link in all of this according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak link in all of this according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak link in all of this according to
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+study. Now this was on June 9th, 1986.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Let me show you what happened to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me show you what happened to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me show you what happened to the
+stock prices of all of the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock prices of all of the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock prices of all of the different
+vendors for space shuttle parts right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vendors for space shuttle parts right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vendors for space shuttle parts right
+after the explosion on January the 28th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the explosion on January the 28th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the explosion on January the 28th
+6 months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 months
+earlier. So let me show you a graph.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier. So let me show you a graph.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier. So let me show you a graph.
+There are four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are four
+vendors Lockheed, Martin Marietta,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vendors Lockheed, Martin Marietta,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vendors Lockheed, Martin Marietta,
+Rockwell and Martin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rockwell and Martin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rockwell and Martin
+Thiacol. And these are the tickby tick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thiacol. And these are the tickby tick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thiacol. And these are the tickby tick
+price changes all normalized to start at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price changes all normalized to start at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price changes all normalized to start at
+a dollar at the very beginning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dollar at the very beginning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dollar at the very beginning of the
+sample uh which was at uh 11:00 or 11:39
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample uh which was at uh 11:00 or 11:39
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample uh which was at uh 11:00 or 11:39
+when the shuttle exploded. Okay, so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the shuttle exploded. Okay, so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the shuttle exploded. Okay, so this
+is where we start. We all start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where we start. We all start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where we start. We all start with
+them at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them at a
+dollar. Within minutes of the explosion,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar. Within minutes of the explosion,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar. Within minutes of the explosion,
+I'm talking minutes now, not nine months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm talking minutes now, not nine months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm talking minutes now, not nine months
+or six months. Within minutes, we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or six months. Within minutes, we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or six months. Within minutes, we see
+that the stock price that gets hit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the stock price that gets hit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the stock price that gets hit the
+hardest is Morton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardest is Morton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardest is Morton
+Thiol. All of them get hit, but by 1:00,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thiol. All of them get hit, but by 1:00,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thiol. All of them get hit, but by 1:00,
+Morton Thiacol's price is down below all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morton Thiacol's price is down below all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morton Thiacol's price is down below all
+the others. And this is all normalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the others. And this is all normalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the others. And this is all normalized
+so that they all start off at one. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that they all start off at one. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that they all start off at one. So
+it's not difference of scale. I rescaled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not difference of scale. I rescaled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not difference of scale. I rescaled
+them. And moreover, at the close of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. And moreover, at the close of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. And moreover, at the close of
+trading on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading on that
+day, the only stock that was down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day, the only stock that was down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day, the only stock that was down
+significantly, the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly, the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly, the only
+one was Martinol. They had to stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was Martinol. They had to stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was Martinol. They had to stop
+trading in that stock because it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading in that stock because it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading in that stock because it was
+down so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so
+far. This happened in less than six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far. This happened in less than six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far. This happened in less than six
+hours.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours.
+It took the commission six months to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It took the commission six months to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It took the commission six months to
+come up with the O-ring and Morton thol.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with the O-ring and Morton thol.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with the O-ring and Morton thol.
+Now, if you look at this, you don't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, if you look at this, you don't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, if you look at this, you don't see
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+O-ring, but you see Morton thol plain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O-ring, but you see Morton thol plain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O-ring, but you see Morton thol plain
+and simple, like a sore thumb. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and simple, like a sore thumb. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and simple, like a sore thumb. This is
+what I'm talking about. This is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm talking about. This is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm talking about. This is the
+wisdom of crowds. This is why when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wisdom of crowds. This is why when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wisdom of crowds. This is why when you
+look at market prices, you should look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at market prices, you should look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at market prices, you should look
+at them with a certain degree of awe and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at them with a certain degree of awe and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at them with a certain degree of awe and
+respect. It's because it aggregates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect. It's because it aggregates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect. It's because it aggregates
+information like you wouldn't believe.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information like you wouldn't believe.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information like you wouldn't believe.
+It's phenomenal. So, this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's phenomenal. So, this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's phenomenal. So, this is what
+economists like to trot out and say,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists like to trot out and say,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists like to trot out and say,
+"See, I told you so. This is what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"See, I told you so. This is what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"See, I told you so. This is what we're
+good at." What I'm going to talk to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at." What I'm going to talk to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at." What I'm going to talk to you
+about on Wednesday is all of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about on Wednesday is all of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about on Wednesday is all of the other
+examples of where this fails. So, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of where this fails. So, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of where this fails. So, this
+is the good news. On Wednesday, we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the good news. On Wednesday, we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the good news. On Wednesday, we're
+going to talk about the bad news. Okay?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about the bad news. Okay?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about the bad news. Okay?
+See you then.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/sOkQ4HBmZXo.txt b/sOkQ4HBmZXo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a693a979803004ae79902f585a480b874edcb365
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sOkQ4HBmZXo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,18915 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a creative common license. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a creative common license. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a creative common license. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu. Okay. So, uh let's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu. Okay. So, uh let's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu. Okay. So, uh let's uh
+situate ourselves where we are. Um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situate ourselves where we are. Um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situate ourselves where we are. Um so
+we're starting to really make a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're starting to really make a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're starting to really make a lot of
+progress here moving in the V model.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress here moving in the V model.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress here moving in the V model.
+Today's topic is uh session five trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Today's topic is uh session five trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Today's topic is uh session five trade
+space exploration concept selection and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space exploration concept selection and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space exploration concept selection and
+PDR preliminary design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+review. So there's a lot to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review. So there's a lot to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review. So there's a lot to talk about
+and I'm going to go relatively quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to go relatively quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to go relatively quickly
+through this. So first I want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this. So first I want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this. So first I want to talk
+about decision analysis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about decision analysis.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about decision analysis.
+Fundamentally uh when you come up for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fundamentally uh when you come up for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fundamentally uh when you come up for a
+PDR you have to make a big decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDR you have to make a big decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDR you have to make a big decision
+which is what concept are you going for?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what concept are you going for?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what concept are you going for?
+What is your system architecture? That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What is your system architecture? That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What is your system architecture? That's
+a big decision. You don't have all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big decision. You don't have all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big decision. You don't have all the
+details yet. The design is not fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details yet. The design is not fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details yet. The design is not fully
+done but you've chosen your key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done but you've chosen your key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done but you've chosen your key
+architecture. That's a big decision. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture. That's a big decision. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture. That's a big decision. And
+there's a whole branch of research and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole branch of research and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole branch of research and
+science called decision analysis. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science called decision analysis. So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science called decision analysis. So I
+want to tell you about that. uh talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to tell you about that. uh talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to tell you about that. uh talk
+about some of the issues in concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of the issues in concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of the issues in concept
+selection and then give you some tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection and then give you some tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection and then give you some tools
+for doing that in a kind of organized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doing that in a kind of organized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doing that in a kind of organized
+way. There's a couple of what I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. There's a couple of what I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. There's a couple of what I would
+say simple methods uh pew matrix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say simple methods uh pew matrix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say simple methods uh pew matrix and
+multi-attribute utility that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-attribute utility that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-attribute utility that are
+relatively I think straightforward and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively I think straightforward and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively I think straightforward and
+then there's a bit more um kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a bit more um kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a bit more um kind of
+advanced uh concept called non-dominance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced uh concept called non-dominance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced uh concept called non-dominance
+uh PTO frontiers getting into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh PTO frontiers getting into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh PTO frontiers getting into
+multi-objective optimization and so at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-objective optimization and so at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-objective optimization and so at a
+minimum when you choose your concept you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum when you choose your concept you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum when you choose your concept you
+want to choose a non-dominated concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to choose a non-dominated concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to choose a non-dominated concept
+and I'll explain what that means and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll explain what that means and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll explain what that means and
+then we'll close with discussing what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll close with discussing what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll close with discussing what is
+is a PDR. What do you do with the PDR?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a PDR. What do you do with the PDR?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a PDR. What do you do with the PDR?
+Uh what's the purpose of it? So here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh what's the purpose of it? So here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh what's the purpose of it? So here's
+here's a uh another way to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a uh another way to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a uh another way to explain
+essentially the flow of things uh as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the flow of things uh as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the flow of things uh as as
+we um come up to PDR. So the way you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we um come up to PDR. So the way you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we um come up to PDR. So the way you can
+think of it is you start with a need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it is you start with a need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it is you start with a need
+right and your requirements. Uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and your requirements. Uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and your requirements. Uh that's
+we've talked about that before. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about that before. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about that before. And then
+you have this creative phase which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this creative phase which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this creative phase which we
+talked about last time, right? You come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about last time, right? You come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about last time, right? You come
+up with a lot of ideas, a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a lot of ideas, a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a lot of ideas, a lot of
+concepts and uh and the funnel that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts and uh and the funnel that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts and uh and the funnel that you
+see here is is going up. So the each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here is is going up. So the each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here is is going up. So the each of
+these shapes here, the the the circle,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these shapes here, the the the circle,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these shapes here, the the the circle,
+the triangle, they're meant to represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triangle, they're meant to represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triangle, they're meant to represent
+fundamentally different concepts,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally different concepts,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally different concepts,
+different architecture, different way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different architecture, different way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different architecture, different way of
+satisfying the requirements. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying the requirements. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying the requirements. And so
+there's a lot of different things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of different things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of different things you
+could do. and the funnel opens up. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do. and the funnel opens up. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do. and the funnel opens up. This
+is the sort of the size of of of options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sort of the size of of of options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sort of the size of of of options
+or alternatives you're considering. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or alternatives you're considering. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or alternatives you're considering. And
+then you you have to you have to filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you you have to you have to filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you you have to you have to filter
+this down. In the end, you can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this down. In the end, you can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this down. In the end, you can only
+build one system, right? You have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build one system, right? You have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build one system, right? You have to
+choose one architecture. And this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose one architecture. And this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose one architecture. And this
+filtering down happens typically in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering down happens typically in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering down happens typically in two
+steps. One is uh what we call concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps. One is uh what we call concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps. One is uh what we call concept
+screening which is more qualitative.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screening which is more qualitative.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screening which is more qualitative.
+Okay. And then uh the actual concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And then uh the actual concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And then uh the actual concept
+selection is more quantitative based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection is more quantitative based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection is more quantitative based on
+models. based on data based on on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models. based on data based on on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models. based on data based on on on
+metrics and then you arrive at PDR. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metrics and then you arrive at PDR. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metrics and then you arrive at PDR. So
+in this in this sort of simplified view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this in this sort of simplified view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this in this sort of simplified view
+we've chosen the square right as our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've chosen the square right as our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've chosen the square right as our
+concept and we've made that decision by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept and we've made that decision by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept and we've made that decision by
+looking at at the different metrics. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at at the different metrics. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at at the different metrics. So
+you can see that on this on this graphic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that on this on this graphic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that on this on this graphic
+up here we have metric one metric two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here we have metric one metric two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here we have metric one metric two.
+You can see the triangle is dominated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can see the triangle is dominated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can see the triangle is dominated
+right the triangle doesn't do as well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the triangle doesn't do as well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the triangle doesn't do as well if
+we want to maximize metric one and two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to maximize metric one and two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to maximize metric one and two.
+So it wouldn't make sense to choose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it wouldn't make sense to choose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it wouldn't make sense to choose the
+triangle but the circle and the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle but the circle and the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle but the circle and the uh the
+square uh circle does better on metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square uh circle does better on metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square uh circle does better on metric
+two but less well on metric one. The the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two but less well on metric one. The the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two but less well on metric one. The the
+square does better on metric one not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square does better on metric one not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square does better on metric one not
+quite as well. And they cross over at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite as well. And they cross over at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite as well. And they cross over at
+some point. So whatever how you weigh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point. So whatever how you weigh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point. So whatever how you weigh
+this in decision-m the decision is made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in decision-m the decision is made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in decision-m the decision is made
+we're going to go for the square that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go for the square that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go for the square that's
+our concept and then you move to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our concept and then you move to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our concept and then you move to the
+actual system design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual system design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual system design
+postPDR which is uh all the details so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postPDR which is uh all the details so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postPDR which is uh all the details so
+we're expanding the box now the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're expanding the box now the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're expanding the box now the square
+and designing all the details within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and designing all the details within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and designing all the details within the
+structure the avionics the software the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure the avionics the software the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure the avionics the software the
+controls and uh net's design modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls and uh net's design modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls and uh net's design modeling
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+optimization and so here I'm showing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization and so here I'm showing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization and so here I'm showing you
+metric three which is maybe another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric three which is maybe another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric three which is maybe another
+metric and then design variable X1 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric and then design variable X1 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric and then design variable X1 which
+is some pretty detailed uh decision that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some pretty detailed uh decision that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some pretty detailed uh decision that
+you make within that concept and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make within that concept and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make within that concept and you're
+looking for the optimal in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for the optimal in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for the optimal in this case
+minimizing metric 3 it's this point here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing metric 3 it's this point here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing metric 3 it's this point here
+and then that gives you your and I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that gives you your and I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that gives you your and I put
+this deliberately in quotes optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this deliberately in quotes optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this deliberately in quotes optimal
+design that's what you show at the CDR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design that's what you show at the CDR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design that's what you show at the CDR
+and the critical design review and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the critical design review and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the critical design review and
+that's what you go and build so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you go and build so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you go and build so that's
+roughly the the flow of of decision-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly the the flow of of decision-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly the the flow of of decision-
+making any any question about that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making any any question about that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making any any question about that that
+general flow. So what we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general flow. So what we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general flow. So what we'll talk about
+today is essentially this portion here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is essentially this portion here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is essentially this portion here
+concept screening and concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept screening and concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept screening and concept
+selection. So um since you make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection. So um since you make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection. So um since you make a
+decision uh what is decision analysis?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision uh what is decision analysis?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision uh what is decision analysis?
+So decision analysis in general is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So decision analysis in general is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So decision analysis in general is
+methods and tools for ranking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods and tools for ranking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods and tools for ranking and
+choosing among competing alternatives or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing among competing alternatives or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing among competing alternatives or
+courses of action. And I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses of action. And I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses of action. And I just want to
+make um the word alternative. A lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make um the word alternative. A lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make um the word alternative. A lot of
+people use the word option and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use the word option and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use the word option and
+alternative sort of as synonyms. They're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative sort of as synonyms. They're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative sort of as synonyms. They're
+not okay. They're not. Options and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not okay. They're not. Options and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not okay. They're not. Options and
+alternatives are not the same thing. An
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives are not the same thing. An
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives are not the same thing. An
+alternative means if I choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative means if I choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative means if I choose
+A, I can't choose B and C. But the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A, I can't choose B and C. But the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A, I can't choose B and C. But the fact
+that you've chosen A or the square or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've chosen A or the square or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've chosen A or the square or
+whatever your concept is means that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever your concept is means that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever your concept is means that uh
+you cannot choose the other ones. An
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot choose the other ones. An
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot choose the other ones. An
+option means well given that I've chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option means well given that I've chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option means well given that I've chosen
+A, I could also add something on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A, I could also add something on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A, I could also add something on top of
+A. Right? It's kind of like if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A. Right? It's kind of like if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A. Right? It's kind of like if you're
+buying a new car, are you going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying a new car, are you going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying a new car, are you going to get
+the winter package or not? That's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the winter package or not? That's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the winter package or not? That's an
+option, but you've chosen, you know, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option, but you've chosen, you know, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option, but you've chosen, you know, a
+particular vehicle. So, so that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular vehicle. So, so that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular vehicle. So, so that that's
+important. So, alternatives are mutually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. So, alternatives are mutually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. So, alternatives are mutually
+exclusive choices or courses of action.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusive choices or courses of action.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusive choices or courses of action.
+So, you need the alternatives. Those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you need the alternatives. Those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you need the alternatives. Those are
+the components, four components of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the components, four components of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the components, four components of a
+decision. You need criteria which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision. You need criteria which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision. You need criteria which means
+how are you going to evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are you going to evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are you going to evaluate
+uh and compare the alternatives. Then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and compare the alternatives. Then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and compare the alternatives. Then
+you need value judgments. You now apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need value judgments. You now apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need value judgments. You now apply
+the criteria to the alternatives to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the criteria to the alternatives to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the criteria to the alternatives to
+compare them. And then finally you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare them. And then finally you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare them. And then finally you need
+a decision maker which is either an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a decision maker which is either an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a decision maker which is either an
+individual or a group with preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual or a group with preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual or a group with preferences
+to then make the choice. Okay, those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to then make the choice. Okay, those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to then make the choice. Okay, those are
+the four ingredients of decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four ingredients of decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four ingredients of decision
+analysis. And if we show this somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis. And if we show this somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis. And if we show this somewhat
+graphically, so here's our alternatives.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically, so here's our alternatives.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically, so here's our alternatives.
+we can do a b or c. Uh the criteria in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do a b or c. Uh the criteria in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do a b or c. Uh the criteria in
+this case are cost, performance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case are cost, performance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case are cost, performance and
+risk. Then we we basically evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk. Then we we basically evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk. Then we we basically evaluate
+uh in this case option or alternative a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in this case option or alternative a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in this case option or alternative a
+I should say for cost for performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should say for cost for performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should say for cost for performance
+for risk and and this gives us some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for risk and and this gives us some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for risk and and this gives us some
+score or number and then we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score or number and then we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score or number and then we need to
+figure out a way to combine this to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out a way to combine this to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out a way to combine this to uh
+rank the alternatives. And when it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank the alternatives. And when it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank the alternatives. And when it comes
+to ranking, there's a distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ranking, there's a distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ranking, there's a distinction
+between what's known as an ordinal scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between what's known as an ordinal scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between what's known as an ordinal scale
+and a cardinal scale. So in an ordinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a cardinal scale. So in an ordinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a cardinal scale. So in an ordinal
+ranking, all you really care about and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranking, all you really care about and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranking, all you really care about and
+do is say what's the best choice, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is say what's the best choice, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is say what's the best choice, the
+second best choice, and the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second best choice, and the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second best choice, and the third
+choice. You've ordered the alternative,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice. You've ordered the alternative,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice. You've ordered the alternative,
+but you don't know in an ordinal ranking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't know in an ordinal ranking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't know in an ordinal ranking
+or ordinal scale whether you know one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or ordinal scale whether you know one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or ordinal scale whether you know one
+and two were really close and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two were really close and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two were really close and then
+there's a g big gap between two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a g big gap between two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a g big gap between two and
+three or uh you don't know that and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or uh you don't know that and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or uh you don't know that and you
+don't really care. All you want is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really care. All you want is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really care. All you want is the
+rank order. Uh when you when you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank order. Uh when you when you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank order. Uh when you when you put
+things on a cardinal scale, so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on a cardinal scale, so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on a cardinal scale, so this is a
+continuous line, you actually uh get in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous line, you actually uh get in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous line, you actually uh get in
+a sense both the order but you also see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense both the order but you also see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense both the order but you also see
+how close the alternatives are. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how close the alternatives are. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how close the alternatives are. So
+that's a cardinal scale as opposed to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a cardinal scale as opposed to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a cardinal scale as opposed to an
+ordinal scale. Okay. So yes, please. How
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinal scale. Okay. So yes, please. How
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinal scale. Okay. So yes, please. How
+do you get like a discrete value for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you get like a discrete value for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you get like a discrete value for
+something like risk or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like risk or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like risk or something like
+that or and especially when an ordinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or and especially when an ordinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or and especially when an ordinal
+scale if you have two things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale if you have two things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale if you have two things that are
+really close to each other but the risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really close to each other but the risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really close to each other but the risk
+is kind of a blurried region. How do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of a blurried region. How do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of a blurried region. How do you
+So then they would be equivalent in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So then they would be equivalent in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So then they would be equivalent in
+terms of that criterion and uh you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of that criterion and uh you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of that criterion and uh you can
+actually have ties, right? You can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have ties, right? You can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have ties, right? You can have
+alternatives that are tied and and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives that are tied and and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives that are tied and and I'll
+talk about this is one of the issues in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this is one of the issues in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this is one of the issues in
+concept selection is how do you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept selection is how do you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept selection is how do you do
+tiebreaking? Good question. Any any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiebreaking? Good question. Any any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiebreaking? Good question. Any any
+questions at EPFL? I know this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions at EPFL? I know this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions at EPFL? I know this is very
+abstract but fundamentally that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract but fundamentally that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract but fundamentally that's what
+we do. Any any questions over there?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do. Any any questions over there?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do. Any any questions over there?
+Is it clear?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is it clear?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is it clear?
+Yes. Okay, good. So let's let's keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Okay, good. So let's let's keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Okay, good. So let's let's keep
+moving. Uh so what are the issues? I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving. Uh so what are the issues? I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving. Uh so what are the issues? I
+think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's
+So multiple criteria, how do you deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So multiple criteria, how do you deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So multiple criteria, how do you deal
+with them? We usually have multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them? We usually have multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them? We usually have multiple
+criteria. And how do we and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria. And how do we and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria. And how do we and and
+eventually when you make a decision,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually when you make a decision,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually when you make a decision,
+when you pick a concept, you're somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you pick a concept, you're somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you pick a concept, you're somehow
+combining these criteria into a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining these criteria into a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining these criteria into a single
+measure, whether you're doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure, whether you're doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure, whether you're doing that
+explicitly or not. So how do you deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly or not. So how do you deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly or not. So how do you deal
+with these multiple criteria? We'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these multiple criteria? We'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these multiple criteria? We'll talk
+about that. Here's your the point, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that. Here's your the point, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that. Here's your the point, you
+know, that you brought up. What what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, that you brought up. What what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, that you brought up. What what if
+there's ties? How do you break them? uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's ties? How do you break them? uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's ties? How do you break them? uh
+group decision making versus individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group decision making versus individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group decision making versus individual
+decision making. Who gets to really make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision making. Who gets to really make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision making. Who gets to really make
+the decision, right? And uh and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decision, right? And uh and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decision, right? And uh and this
+relates to the stakeholder analysis. Who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates to the stakeholder analysis. Who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates to the stakeholder analysis. Who
+has the power to make the decision in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the power to make the decision in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the power to make the decision in
+the end? And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end? And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end? And then
+uncertainty. Uh did we choose the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty. Uh did we choose the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty. Uh did we choose the right
+criteria? Did we evaluate uh each option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria? Did we evaluate uh each option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria? Did we evaluate uh each option
+properly? And then the big one is are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly? And then the big one is are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly? And then the big one is are
+the alter are the best alternatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alter are the best alternatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alter are the best alternatives
+represented? So you can choose among A,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented? So you can choose among A,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented? So you can choose among A,
+B and C, but maybe there's this much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and C, but maybe there's this much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and C, but maybe there's this much
+much better architecture or concept D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better architecture or concept D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better architecture or concept D
+out there, but it's not in the decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there, but it's not in the decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there, but it's not in the decision
+set because it didn't nobody thought of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set because it didn't nobody thought of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set because it didn't nobody thought of
+it or you know some other thing happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or you know some other thing happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or you know some other thing happened
+and it didn't come up in concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it didn't come up in concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it didn't come up in concept
+generation, right? So there's there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation, right? So there's there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation, right? So there's there's a
+lot of uncertainties when you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of uncertainties when you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of uncertainties when you're doing
+this. So you have to be aware of it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. So you have to be aware of it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. So you have to be aware of it.
+So let me uh talk about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let me uh talk about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let me uh talk about uh
+two again quote andquote simple methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two again quote andquote simple methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two again quote andquote simple methods
+for doing concept selection. The first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doing concept selection. The first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doing concept selection. The first
+one is called Q matrix and then I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is called Q matrix and then I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is called Q matrix and then I'll
+talk about utility analysis. So the Pew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about utility analysis. So the Pew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about utility analysis. So the Pew
+matrix essentially is a very uh discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix essentially is a very uh discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix essentially is a very uh discrete
+method. It uses essentially plus 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method. It uses essentially plus 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method. It uses essentially plus 0 and
+minus to score alternatives relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus to score alternatives relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus to score alternatives relative to
+a DATIM. A datim is a reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a DATIM. A datim is a reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a DATIM. A datim is a reference
+decision, a reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision, a reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision, a reference
+architecture. And this is named after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture. And this is named after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture. And this is named after
+Stuart Pew, who's a British um who is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stuart Pew, who's a British um who is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stuart Pew, who's a British um who is a
+British um professor of design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British um professor of design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British um professor of design
+essentially. And it's it's a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially. And it's it's a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially. And it's it's a very simple
+method. Uh and it's used extensively. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method. Uh and it's used extensively. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method. Uh and it's used extensively. Uh
+it does have some pitfalls as well, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does have some pitfalls as well, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does have some pitfalls as well, but
+it's it's very well known. So, uh Pew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's very well known. So, uh Pew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's very well known. So, uh Pew
+matrix. And then the second one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. And then the second one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. And then the second one is
+called utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called utility
+analysis. So it essentially maps all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis. So it essentially maps all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis. So it essentially maps all the
+criteria to a dimensionalist utility. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria to a dimensionalist utility. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria to a dimensionalist utility. Uh
+this is between zero and one. So zero is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is between zero and one. So zero is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is between zero and one. So zero is
+a completely useless system. It has zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a completely useless system. It has zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a completely useless system. It has zero
+utility and one is a system that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility and one is a system that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility and one is a system that has
+perfect utility. It it can't really be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect utility. It it can't really be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect utility. It it can't really be
+impro you could try to improve it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impro you could try to improve it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impro you could try to improve it but
+your satisfaction would not increase.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your satisfaction would not increase.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your satisfaction would not increase.
+Okay. uh and this is this has very deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. uh and this is this has very deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. uh and this is this has very deep
+mathematical uh theory particularly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical uh theory particularly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical uh theory particularly the
+von Noman and Morgan Stern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+von Noman and Morgan Stern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+von Noman and Morgan Stern
+um utility that um that uh that was was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um utility that um that uh that was was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um utility that um that uh that was was
+basically uh developed in the in the mid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh developed in the in the mid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh developed in the in the mid
+20th century. Anybody seen the movie A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20th century. Anybody seen the movie A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20th century. Anybody seen the movie A
+Beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beautiful
+Mind? Yeah. What uh what is what is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mind? Yeah. What uh what is what is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mind? Yeah. What uh what is what is a
+beautiful mind about?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you uh it's about John uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh it's about John uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh it's about John uh the
+mathematician John Nash who was an or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician John Nash who was an or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician John Nash who was an or a
+mathematician who won um uh I forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician who won um uh I forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician who won um uh I forget
+exactly what prize he had won um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what prize he had won um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what prize he had won um I
+thought the yeah um he won the Nobel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought the yeah um he won the Nobel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought the yeah um he won the Nobel
+Prize was it the Nobel Prize okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize was it the Nobel Prize okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize was it the Nobel Prize okay um
+game theory for what for game theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game theory for what for game theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game theory for what for game theory
+right and so so the one of Nash's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so so the one of Nash's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so so the one of Nash's
+contrib contributions was the idea of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrib contributions was the idea of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrib contributions was the idea of a
+Nash equilibrium. So we have multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nash equilibrium. So we have multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nash equilibrium. So we have multiple
+decision makers in in gaming and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision makers in in gaming and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision makers in in gaming and the
+question is uh you know you have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is uh you know you have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is uh you know you have your
+current strategy but is there a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current strategy but is there a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current strategy but is there a better
+move you could make and if if if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move you could make and if if if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move you could make and if if if you
+could make make a better move that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make make a better move that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make make a better move that
+improves your your uh satisfaction or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improves your your uh satisfaction or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improves your your uh satisfaction or
+your utility uh but but by doing this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your utility uh but but by doing this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your utility uh but but by doing this uh
+you decrease somebody else's utility you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you decrease somebody else's utility you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you decrease somebody else's utility you
+may not you may not go there. So if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not you may not go there. So if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not you may not go there. So if you
+reach a Nash equilibrium, it means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach a Nash equilibrium, it means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach a Nash equilibrium, it means that
+everybody believes that this is the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody believes that this is the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody believes that this is the best
+they can achieve. And and how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can achieve. And and how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can achieve. And and how do you
+measure that? Well, Nash actually uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure that? Well, Nash actually uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure that? Well, Nash actually uh
+developed his Nash equilibrium and gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed his Nash equilibrium and gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed his Nash equilibrium and gain
+theory building upon theories from of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory building upon theories from of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory building upon theories from of
+fun uh von Noman and Morgan Stern. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun uh von Noman and Morgan Stern. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun uh von Noman and Morgan Stern. So
+there's there's very deep theory behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's very deep theory behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's very deep theory behind
+it. I'm not going to go very deep into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. I'm not going to go very deep into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. I'm not going to go very deep into
+it, but so you know that that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, but so you know that that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, but so you know that that there's a
+lot behind utility analysis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot behind utility analysis.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot behind utility analysis.
+Okay. So, let me uh just talk you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, let me uh just talk you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, let me uh just talk you
+through the the basic steps for doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the the basic steps for doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the the basic steps for doing a
+Pew matrix analysis and I I'll show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pew matrix analysis and I I'll show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pew matrix analysis and I I'll show you
+a very simple example. First step, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very simple example. First step, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very simple example. First step, you
+choose or develop the criteria for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose or develop the criteria for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose or develop the criteria for
+comparison. Um so, you know h how what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison. Um so, you know h how what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison. Um so, you know h how what's
+important? How are we going to decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important? How are we going to decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important? How are we going to decide
+this uh selection? And obviously, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh selection? And obviously, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh selection? And obviously, this
+should be based on a set of system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be based on a set of system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be based on a set of system
+requirements and goals.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements and goals.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements and goals.
+Now we there's two flavors of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now we there's two flavors of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now we there's two flavors of
+requirements remember what uh let's ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements remember what uh let's ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements remember what uh let's ask
+here at EPFL uh you remember the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at EPFL uh you remember the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at EPFL uh you remember the two
+flavors of requirements what were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavors of requirements what were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavors of requirements what were the
+two flavors of requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two flavors of requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two flavors of requirements
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+two types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two types of
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+requirements the microphone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements the microphone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements the microphone
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+I mean there's actually six types right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean there's actually six types right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean there's actually six types right
+there's functional requirement ments,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's functional requirement ments,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's functional requirement ments,
+there's constraints, there's there's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's constraints, there's there's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's constraints, there's there's um
+interface requirements and so forth.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface requirements and so forth.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface requirements and so forth.
+What what I'm trying to get at is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What what I'm trying to get at is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What what I'm trying to get at is there
+there are requirements that use shall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are requirements that use shall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are requirements that use shall
+statements and then there's requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements and then there's requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements and then there's requirements
+that use should statements, right? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that use should statements, right? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that use should statements, right? So
+the shall statements are what what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shall statements are what what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shall statements are what what do
+the shall statements imply?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So basically for the sh it's um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So basically for the sh it's um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So basically for the sh it's um it's
+compulsory and for should it's a goal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compulsory and for should it's a goal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compulsory and for should it's a goal of
+the system. That's right. Exactly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system. That's right. Exactly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system. That's right. Exactly.
+So in some sense the shell state the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in some sense the shell state the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in some sense the shell state the
+criteria associated with shell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria associated with shell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria associated with shell
+statements don't necessarily make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements don't necessarily make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements don't necessarily make the
+best criteria for the pew matrix because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best criteria for the pew matrix because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best criteria for the pew matrix because
+by definition the concepts that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by definition the concepts that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by definition the concepts that you're
+evaluating should all satisfy the shall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating should all satisfy the shall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating should all satisfy the shall
+statements because if they don't they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements because if they don't they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements because if they don't they're
+essentially infeasible right and and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially infeasible right and and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially infeasible right and and you
+shouldn't se you shouldn't select among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't se you shouldn't select among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't se you shouldn't select among
+them in the first place so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the first place so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the first place so so
+architectures or concepts alter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures or concepts alter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures or concepts alter
+alternatives that violate shall you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives that violate shall you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives that violate shall you know
+shall requirements do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall requirements do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall requirements do not
+satisfy you know the the must-have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy you know the the must-have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy you know the the must-have
+requirements and you shouldn't so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements and you shouldn't so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements and you shouldn't so you
+shouldn't use criteria that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't use criteria that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't use criteria that are
+associated with hard constraints that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with hard constraints that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with hard constraints that's
+what I'm trying to say now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm trying to say now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm trying to say now the
+requirements that are associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements that are associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements that are associated with
+should statements those are good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should statements those are good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should statements those are good
+criteria for this Q matrix because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria for this Q matrix because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria for this Q matrix because the
+degree to which you satisfy this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree to which you satisfy this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree to which you satisfy this the
+goals are somewhat variable able.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals are somewhat variable able.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals are somewhat variable able.
+Therefore, you can then compare amongst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Therefore, you can then compare amongst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Therefore, you can then compare amongst
+alternatives. Okay, so that's number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives. Okay, so that's number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives. Okay, so that's number
+one. Number two, uh thank you that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Number two, uh thank you that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Number two, uh thank you that was
+that was good. Uh select the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was good. Uh select the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was good. Uh select the
+alternatives to be compared. So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives to be compared. So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives to be compared. So that
+those are coming out of concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are coming out of concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are coming out of concept
+generation. And one little bit tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation. And one little bit tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation. And one little bit tricky
+aspect here is when you're uh when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect here is when you're uh when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect here is when you're uh when
+you're putting together the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're putting together the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're putting together the
+alternatives, the concepts to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives, the concepts to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives, the concepts to be
+selected from, they should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected from, they should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected from, they should be
+represented at a similar level of detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented at a similar level of detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented at a similar level of detail
+of abstraction. It's it is it's not good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of abstraction. It's it is it's not good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of abstraction. It's it is it's not good
+to have one concept that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have one concept that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have one concept that's really
+detailed and you know a lot about it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed and you know a lot about it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed and you know a lot about it and
+often it's kind of an existing system or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often it's kind of an existing system or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often it's kind of an existing system or
+something you've done before and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you've done before and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you've done before and then
+there's this other concept that is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this other concept that is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this other concept that is very
+fuzzy. Uh why why shouldn't you compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuzzy. Uh why why shouldn't you compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuzzy. Uh why why shouldn't you compare
+something very detailed with something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very detailed with something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very detailed with something
+very very poorly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very poorly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very poorly
+defined? Why do you think that's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined? Why do you think that's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined? Why do you think that's not a
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+practice? What do you guys think here?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice? What do you guys think here?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice? What do you guys think here?
+Yes. Go ahead.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Go ahead.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Go ahead.
+Is it like it's not fair because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is it like it's not fair because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is it like it's not fair because that's
+right. It's a fairness issue and because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. It's a fairness issue and because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. It's a fairness issue and because
+the the concepts that are poorly defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the concepts that are poorly defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the concepts that are poorly defined
+often um you're you're too optimistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often um you're you're too optimistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often um you're you're too optimistic
+about them. That's sort of the typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them. That's sort of the typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them. That's sort of the typical
+this looks really good uh very promising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks really good uh very promising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks really good uh very promising
+but but it looks very promising because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but it looks very promising because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but it looks very promising because
+it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of
+illdefined. So um so that's important.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illdefined. So um so that's important.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illdefined. So um so that's important.
+Try to represent all the concepts at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Try to represent all the concepts at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Try to represent all the concepts at
+about the same level of detail when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the same level of detail when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the same level of detail when you
+make the comparison. That's number two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the comparison. That's number two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the comparison. That's number two.
+Number three, you actually go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Number three, you actually go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Number three, you actually go through
+and generate the scores. And the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and generate the scores. And the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and generate the scores. And the key
+thing here, this is maybe the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here, this is maybe the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here, this is maybe the most
+important thing about the Pew matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing about the Pew matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing about the Pew matrix is
+you always use a DATM. The DATM is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you always use a DATM. The DATM is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you always use a DATM. The DATM is a
+reference. One of the alternatives that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference. One of the alternatives that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference. One of the alternatives that
+you're going to compare is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to compare is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to compare is your
+reference. So what you do is you always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference. So what you do is you always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference. So what you do is you always
+compare every other alternative in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare every other alternative in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare every other alternative in the
+set against the datim and you say for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set against the datim and you say for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set against the datim and you say for
+each criterion is it better is it about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each criterion is it better is it about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each criterion is it better is it about
+the same or is it worse than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same or is it worse than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same or is it worse than the
+reference the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference the
+datim. So you don't compare all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+datim. So you don't compare all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+datim. So you don't compare all the
+alternatives pair-wise against each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives pair-wise against each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives pair-wise against each
+other. You always compare against the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other. You always compare against the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other. You always compare against the
+datim. Then you compute the total scores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+datim. Then you compute the total scores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+datim. Then you compute the total scores
+and I'll show you this in the example.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll show you this in the example.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll show you this in the example.
+And then there's variations like rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then there's variations like rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then there's variations like rather
+than better, equal, or worse, you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than better, equal, or worse, you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than better, equal, or worse, you could
+go to uh a five point, you know, much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to uh a five point, you know, much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to uh a five point, you know, much
+better, a little better, or about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better, a little better, or about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better, a little better, or about the
+same. So there's some variations on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same. So there's some variations on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same. So there's some variations on the
+scoring, but the classic method just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scoring, but the classic method just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scoring, but the classic method just
+uses better, the same or worse. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses better, the same or worse. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses better, the same or worse. So
+here's excuse me just a question. Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's excuse me just a question. Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's excuse me just a question. Yeah,
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+ahead. Just about the number three about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead. Just about the number three about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead. Just about the number three about
+generate scores and user datam by doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate scores and user datam by doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate scores and user datam by doing
+so don't you exclude solution that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so don't you exclude solution that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so don't you exclude solution that could
+have on the general picture be better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have on the general picture be better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have on the general picture be better
+than others.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than others.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than others.
+What do you mean by general picture?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What do you mean by general picture?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What do you mean by general picture?
+If you take all the solution that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you take all the solution that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you take all the solution that you
+have and at the end one performs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and at the end one performs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and at the end one performs
+slightly better than the other but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly better than the other but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly better than the other but you
+couldn't spot it uh by using the data.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't spot it uh by using the data.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't spot it uh by using the data.
+Yeah. So uh it's a it's a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So uh it's a it's a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So uh it's a it's a very good
+question and so this is a question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and so this is a question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and so this is a question of
+resolution right how good is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution right how good is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution right how good is your
+resolution the the main purpose of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution the the main purpose of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution the the main purpose of the
+Pew matrix is not for making the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pew matrix is not for making the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pew matrix is not for making the final
+choice right away the main purpose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice right away the main purpose of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice right away the main purpose of
+the Pew matrix is actually to eliminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Pew matrix is actually to eliminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Pew matrix is actually to eliminate
+concepts that are that are kind of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts that are that are kind of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts that are that are kind of you
+can tell already that they're they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell already that they're they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell already that they're they're
+not competitive and you don't typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not competitive and you don't typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not competitive and you don't typically
+do Q matrix one time and then say That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do Q matrix one time and then say That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do Q matrix one time and then say That's
+the best one. You use it essentially to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best one. You use it essentially to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best one. You use it essentially to
+eliminate, you know, clearly inferior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate, you know, clearly inferior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate, you know, clearly inferior
+solutions. Does that make sense?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm really sorry, but the like the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm really sorry, but the like the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm really sorry, but the like the the
+video got cut just in during your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video got cut just in during your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video got cut just in during your
+explanation. Okay. So, what let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation. Okay. So, what let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation. Okay. So, what let me
+repeat this. Um so the the purpose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat this. Um so the the purpose of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat this. Um so the the purpose of
+the Pew matrix is not to select the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Pew matrix is not to select the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Pew matrix is not to select the
+final concept as a result of doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final concept as a result of doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final concept as a result of doing the
+Pew matrix but to identify inferior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pew matrix but to identify inferior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pew matrix but to identify inferior
+concepts to eliminate them from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+set. Okay. Okay. All right. So here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set. Okay. Okay. All right. So here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set. Okay. Okay. All right. So here's a
+here's a kind of uh generic example uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a kind of uh generic example uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a kind of uh generic example uh
+to explain how this works. So here's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain how this works. So here's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain how this works. So here's our
+uh PW matrix, our evaluation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh PW matrix, our evaluation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh PW matrix, our evaluation
+matrix. On the rows we have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. On the rows we have our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. On the rows we have our
+criteria. There could be cost,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria. There could be cost,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria. There could be cost,
+performance, resilience,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance, resilience,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance, resilience,
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+effectiveness, um and and so those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectiveness, um and and so those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectiveness, um and and so those are
+called A, B, C, D, E, and F. So we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called A, B, C, D, E, and F. So we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called A, B, C, D, E, and F. So we have
+six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six
+criteria and then the the column each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria and then the the column each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria and then the the column each
+column represents a concept, a design,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column represents a concept, a design,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column represents a concept, a design,
+an architecture. And so, you know, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an architecture. And so, you know, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an architecture. And so, you know, this
+we're designing I guess we're designing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're designing I guess we're designing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're designing I guess we're designing
+beams here or levers or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beams here or levers or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beams here or levers or something like
+that. So, this is a solid cylinder. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So, this is a solid cylinder. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So, this is a solid cylinder. This
+is a cylinder that's hollow. This is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a cylinder that's hollow. This is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a cylinder that's hollow. This is a
+square cross-section. This is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square cross-section. This is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square cross-section. This is a
+triangular cross-section. You get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular cross-section. You get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular cross-section. You get the
+picture, right? They're they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture, right? They're they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture, right? They're they're
+qualitatively different. Uh, and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitatively different. Uh, and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitatively different. Uh, and then
+you know which one is our which one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know which one is our which one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know which one is our which one is
+our reference here? Which which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our reference here? Which which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our reference here? Which which
+concept? Number seven. Right? If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept? Number seven. Right? If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept? Number seven. Right? If you
+look at seven, this this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at seven, this this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at seven, this this sort of
+uh shallow triangle seven, it says DATM.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh shallow triangle seven, it says DATM.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh shallow triangle seven, it says DATM.
+You see that? Which means that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You see that? Which means that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You see that? Which means that this is
+our baseline, our reference, our DATM.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our baseline, our reference, our DATM.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our baseline, our reference, our DATM.
+And then what you do is as you fill this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then what you do is as you fill this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then what you do is as you fill this
+in you, so for you and and you can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you, so for you and and you can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you, so for you and and you can do it
+two ways. You can do uh pick say concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ways. You can do uh pick say concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ways. You can do uh pick say concept
+one the the solid cylinder and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the the solid cylinder and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the the solid cylinder and then
+compare it against seven for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare it against seven for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare it against seven for all
+criteria.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria.
+So A, so concept one is better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So A, so concept one is better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So A, so concept one is better than
+concept 7 in criterion A. So it gets a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept 7 in criterion A. So it gets a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept 7 in criterion A. So it gets a
+plus. It's also better in B. It gets a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus. It's also better in B. It gets a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus. It's also better in B. It gets a
+plus. It's worse in C and D. So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus. It's worse in C and D. So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus. It's worse in C and D. So this is
+a minus compared to seven and so forth.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus compared to seven and so forth.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus compared to seven and so forth.
+So so the two ways of filling it in is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So so the two ways of filling it in is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So so the two ways of filling it in is
+you do concept by concept, column-wise,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do concept by concept, column-wise,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do concept by concept, column-wise,
+or you can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can do it
+row-wise, right? And there's there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row-wise, right? And there's there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row-wise, right? And there's there's
+some arguments in favor of one or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some arguments in favor of one or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some arguments in favor of one or the
+other, but essentially you you fill in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other, but essentially you you fill in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other, but essentially you you fill in
+this matrix by um by always comparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix by um by always comparing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix by um by always comparing
+against number seven. Alexis, what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against number seven. Alexis, what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against number seven. Alexis, what's
+your question? Yeah, just a question.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your question? Yeah, just a question.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your question? Yeah, just a question.
+Should shouldn't we wait the criteria? I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Should shouldn't we wait the criteria? I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Should shouldn't we wait the criteria? I
+mean that if for example, if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that if for example, if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that if for example, if the
+criteria A is more important, should we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria A is more important, should we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria A is more important, should we
+put more weight on it? No. No. At this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put more weight on it? No. No. At this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put more weight on it? No. No. At this
+point, at this point in the Pew matrix,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point, at this point in the Pew matrix,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point, at this point in the Pew matrix,
+the criteria are unweighted. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the criteria are unweighted. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the criteria are unweighted. This is
+very important. You don't say B is twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important. You don't say B is twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important. You don't say B is twice
+as important as C. They're unweighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as important as C. They're unweighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as important as C. They're unweighted
+when you when you first do this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you when you first do this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you when you first do this.
+Eventually, when you do the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eventually, when you do the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eventually, when you do the final
+selection, you will probably weigh them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection, you will probably weigh them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection, you will probably weigh them.
+But when you first do this, there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But when you first do this, there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But when you first do this, there's no
+waiting. They're equal. Okay. Yes. Go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting. They're equal. Okay. Yes. Go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting. They're equal. Okay. Yes. Go
+ahead. Uh, are there any rules in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead. Uh, are there any rules in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead. Uh, are there any rules in
+picking your datam or do you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking your datam or do you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking your datam or do you just
+arbitrarily? So, I'll get into that. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily? So, I'll get into that. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily? So, I'll get into that. Um,
+you it should be a it should be a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it should be a it should be a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it should be a it should be a a
+design that you think is competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design that you think is competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design that you think is competitive
+that uh maybe you know it you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh maybe you know it you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh maybe you know it you know it
+maybe it's an existing sort of system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's an existing sort of system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's an existing sort of system
+with data on it uh kind of a a known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with data on it uh kind of a a known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with data on it uh kind of a a known
+quantity but if you don't have if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity but if you don't have if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity but if you don't have if you
+don't have any information if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any information if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any information if they're
+all equal then it's a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all equal then it's a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all equal then it's a random
+choice. Okay. So uh then once you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice. Okay. So uh then once you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice. Okay. So uh then once you've
+filled in this matrix so s here is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled in this matrix so s here is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled in this matrix so s here is for
+same right same about the same then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same right same about the same then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same right same about the same then you
+essentially sum all the pluses you sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially sum all the pluses you sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially sum all the pluses you sum
+all the minuses and then you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the minuses and then you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the minuses and then you have the
+net sort of the net result unweed right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net sort of the net result unweed right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net sort of the net result unweed right
+so here you can essentially compare that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here you can essentially compare that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here you can essentially compare that
+you can see that you know concept one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that you know concept one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that you know concept one is
+better in three and worse in three than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better in three and worse in three than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better in three and worse in three than
+the datim um you can see that uh you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the datim um you can see that uh you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the datim um you can see that uh you can
+see that um concept two is inferior in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that um concept two is inferior in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that um concept two is inferior in
+three criteria, better in two, and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three criteria, better in two, and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three criteria, better in two, and the
+same in one. But we're not actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same in one. But we're not actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same in one. But we're not actually
+summing. We're not actually summing at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing. We're not actually summing at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing. We're not actually summing at
+this point because we we're not waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point because we we're not waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point because we we're not waiting
+these. Okay. But it it gives you a basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these. Okay. But it it gives you a basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these. Okay. But it it gives you a basis
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+understanding. Okay. So, let's do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding. Okay. So, let's do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding. Okay. So, let's do a
+quick uh partner exercise. um what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick uh partner exercise. um what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick uh partner exercise. um what do
+you see as the main advantages and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see as the main advantages and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see as the main advantages and
+potential disadvantages or pitfalls of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential disadvantages or pitfalls of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential disadvantages or pitfalls of
+this method? So turn to your partner,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this method? So turn to your partner,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this method? So turn to your partner,
+discuss this for a few minutes and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss this for a few minutes and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss this for a few minutes and then
+we'll we'll see what you came up with.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll see what you came up with.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll see what you came up with.
+So it's a really it's really an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's a really it's really an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's a really it's really an
+unweighted method and it's your primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unweighted method and it's your primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unweighted method and it's your primary
+selection to eliminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection to eliminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection to eliminate
+uh that you know what to eliminate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that you know what to eliminate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that you know what to eliminate to
+simplify your convergence and not the it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify your convergence and not the it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify your convergence and not the it
+does not select your criteria or select
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not select your criteria or select
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not select your criteria or select
+the concept just to know what is falling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept just to know what is falling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept just to know what is falling
+out anyway to simplify the method. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out anyway to simplify the method. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out anyway to simplify the method. Okay.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+All right. Uh good. So uh let's uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Uh good. So uh let's uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Uh good. So uh let's uh let's
+see advantages. Let's get a couple here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see advantages. Let's get a couple here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see advantages. Let's get a couple here
+and then we'll sort of go back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll sort of go back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll sort of go back and forth
+uh between here and EPFL. So what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh between here and EPFL. So what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh between here and EPFL. So what are
+what's good about this method?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yes, go ahead. So I think Nate and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes, go ahead. So I think Nate and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes, go ahead. So I think Nate and I
+were talking that uh it is a relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking that uh it is a relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking that uh it is a relatively
+simple decision-m process. So instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple decision-m process. So instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple decision-m process. So instead of
+just going with some sort of gut feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going with some sort of gut feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going with some sort of gut feeling
+or not looking at everything, uh you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not looking at everything, uh you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not looking at everything, uh you can
+get stuff down on paper and actually see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get stuff down on paper and actually see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get stuff down on paper and actually see
+these criteria and how they relate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these criteria and how they relate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these criteria and how they relate to
+each other. Yep. So simplicity. What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other. Yep. So simplicity. What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other. Yep. So simplicity. What
+else?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else?
+Go ahead, Sam. Uh, it allows you to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Go ahead, Sam. Uh, it allows you to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Go ahead, Sam. Uh, it allows you to look
+at a large array of concepts very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a large array of concepts very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a large array of concepts very
+quickly. Okay. Large U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly. Okay. Large U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly. Okay. Large U
+samples. That's not a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sorry, that's quick, right? You said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry, that's quick, right? You said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry, that's quick, right? You said
+quick. Okay. Uh, what advantages EPFL?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick. Okay. Uh, what advantages EPFL?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick. Okay. Uh, what advantages EPFL?
+What did you guys come up with? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What did you guys come up with? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What did you guys come up with? So
+simple. It allows you to look at a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple. It allows you to look at a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple. It allows you to look at a lot
+of concepts. It's quick. What else?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So here at TPF we we got um basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here at TPF we we got um basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here at TPF we we got um basically
+the same things but this method is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same things but this method is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same things but this method is
+simple and it's pretty fast and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and it's pretty fast and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and it's pretty fast and um
+pretty straightforward too. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty straightforward too. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty straightforward too. So this
+is we think a good way to get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we think a good way to get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we think a good way to get rid of
+some of the the concepts uh pretty fast.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the the concepts uh pretty fast.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the the concepts uh pretty fast.
+Okay. Any anything else that we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Any anything else that we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Any anything else that we didn't
+catch?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch?
+There's one more. There's one I'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's one more. There's one I'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's one more. There's one I'd like
+to put on this list. Veronica, go ahead.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+qualitative kind of like say ideological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative kind of like say ideological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative kind of like say ideological
+but you're talking more about conceptual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're talking more about conceptual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're talking more about conceptual
+improvements rather than this is better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements rather than this is better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements rather than this is better
+because the requirement is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think yeah go ahead can you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think yeah go ahead can you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think yeah go ahead can you just
+quickly repeat that just that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly repeat that just that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly repeat that just that it's
+qualitative and that you see that as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative and that you see that as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative and that you see that as an
+advantage actually I think you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage actually I think you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage actually I think you can see
+it both ways Yeah. So, um I I think what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it both ways Yeah. So, um I I think what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it both ways Yeah. So, um I I think what
+you implied with this is it stimulates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you implied with this is it stimulates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you implied with this is it stimulates
+discussion, right? Stimulates debate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion, right? Stimulates debate.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion, right? Stimulates debate.
+There's maybe another uh criterion on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's maybe another uh criterion on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's maybe another uh criterion on
+the positive side.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive side.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive side.
+Go ahead.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Go ahead.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Go ahead.
+And it would be that it's extremely easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it would be that it's extremely easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it would be that it's extremely easy
+to explain to NASA or to Issa or to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain to NASA or to Issa or to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain to NASA or to Issa or to
+whoever your customer is because uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever your customer is because uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever your customer is because uh and
+they can relate to it as the criteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can relate to it as the criteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can relate to it as the criteria
+are mostly physical or scientific. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are mostly physical or scientific. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are mostly physical or scientific. I
+mean larger, stronger, lighter, cheaper.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean larger, stronger, lighter, cheaper.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean larger, stronger, lighter, cheaper.
+Um, it's probably very intuitive. Yes,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, it's probably very intuitive. Yes,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, it's probably very intuitive. Yes,
+as you say. Okay, great. Now, downsides.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you say. Okay, great. Now, downsides.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you say. Okay, great. Now, downsides.
+What are the downsides of the method?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What are the downsides of the method?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What are the downsides of the method?
+Go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Go
+ahead. Make sure you I think it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead. Make sure you I think it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead. Make sure you I think it um
+definitely depends on which you pick as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely depends on which you pick as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely depends on which you pick as
+a datim, right? Like if you pick like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a datim, right? Like if you pick like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a datim, right? Like if you pick like
+the the clearly best one as a datim,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the clearly best one as a datim,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the clearly best one as a datim,
+then it's not going to give you much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's not going to give you much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's not going to give you much
+information. or if you pick like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information. or if you pick like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information. or if you pick like the
+worst one as a DATM then all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst one as a DATM then all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst one as a DATM then all of them
+will be better and you kind of don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be better and you kind of don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be better and you kind of don't
+really gain much information from that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really gain much information from that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really gain much information from that.
+So you might have to like iterate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you might have to like iterate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you might have to like iterate with
+different datms. Yes, there's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different datms. Yes, there's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different datms. Yes, there's actually
+research on this. There's some research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research on this. There's some research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research on this. There's some research
+p this matrix this pew matrix method by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p this matrix this pew matrix method by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p this matrix this pew matrix method by
+the way has been studied like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way has been studied like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way has been studied like
+scientifically quite a bit. There's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientifically quite a bit. There's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientifically quite a bit. There's
+quite a literature on it and the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a literature on it and the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a literature on it and the point
+that you brought up was was studied like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you brought up was was studied like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you brought up was was studied like
+for examp they they would basically give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for examp they they would basically give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for examp they they would basically give
+the same criteria and the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same criteria and the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same criteria and the same
+alternatives to different groups of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives to different groups of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives to different groups of
+people but then give them a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people but then give them a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people but then give them a different
+datim and it's a little tricky is is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+datim and it's a little tricky is is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+datim and it's a little tricky is is is
+is the result different because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the result different because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the result different because it's a
+different group dynamic or is it but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different group dynamic or is it but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different group dynamic or is it but the
+this has been done sort of statistically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has been done sort of statistically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has been done sort of statistically
+and and the d the choice of datim has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the d the choice of datim has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the d the choice of datim has an
+impact on the outcome. Very good. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact on the outcome. Very good. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact on the outcome. Very good. That's
+that's a actually a pretty subtle point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a actually a pretty subtle point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a actually a pretty subtle point
+that that was excellent. What are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that was excellent. What are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that was excellent. What are some
+other Yes, please go ahead. While it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Yes, please go ahead. While it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Yes, please go ahead. While it's
+very easy to implement and anyone can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy to implement and anyone can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy to implement and anyone can do
+it is very subjective. So if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is very subjective. So if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is very subjective. So if you have
+somebody that doesn't have a whole lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody that doesn't have a whole lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody that doesn't have a whole lot
+of uh experience in a certain area um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh experience in a certain area um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh experience in a certain area um
+they may get a completely different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may get a completely different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may get a completely different
+answer than somebody who is an expert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer than somebody who is an expert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer than somebody who is an expert
+looking at the same subjectivity which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the same subjectivity which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the same subjectivity which
+basically repeatability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically repeatability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically repeatability
+uh may be low, right? You want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh may be low, right? You want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh may be low, right? You want to have
+so robustness of the method such that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so robustness of the method such that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so robustness of the method such that if
+you repeated this multiple times or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you repeated this multiple times or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you repeated this multiple times or you
+had gave it to different groups of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had gave it to different groups of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had gave it to different groups of
+people, you want to have some confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people, you want to have some confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people, you want to have some confidence
+that the results would come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the results would come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the results would come out
+similarly. Very good. Uh let's see uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly. Very good. Uh let's see uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly. Very good. Uh let's see uh
+EPFL any downsides. So DATM dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EPFL any downsides. So DATM dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EPFL any downsides. So DATM dependent
+subjective and what else? Um so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective and what else? Um so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective and what else? Um so what
+we're thinking is that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're thinking is that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're thinking is that the the
+criterias well depend from group to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criterias well depend from group to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criterias well depend from group to
+group doesn't seem to be clearly defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group doesn't seem to be clearly defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group doesn't seem to be clearly defined
+what you need although there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need although there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need although there are some
+that are straightforward and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are straightforward and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are straightforward and
+um our other point dat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um our other point dat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um our other point dat
+yeah uh dependence uh if you choose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh dependence uh if you choose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh dependence uh if you choose a
+very easy solution uh or let's say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy solution uh or let's say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy solution uh or let's say a
+very bad solution as a as a reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very bad solution as a as a reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very bad solution as a as a reference
+then all the others look good. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all the others look good. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all the others look good. And
+finally, if you have a um if you judge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally, if you have a um if you judge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally, if you have a um if you judge
+on the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the overall
+concept and maybe you discard one or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept and maybe you discard one or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept and maybe you discard one or two
+solutions, but inside those concepts,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions, but inside those concepts,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions, but inside those concepts,
+you have ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have ideas
+that that you could uh keep or use then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that you could uh keep or use then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that you could uh keep or use then
+uh then they might be uh lost.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then they might be uh lost.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then they might be uh lost.
+Okay. So, loss of subconcepts.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, loss of subconcepts.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, loss of subconcepts.
+Okay. Okay. Good. Uh anything else here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. Good. Uh anything else here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. Good. Uh anything else here,
+Mike?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mike?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mike?
+Um we were talking about how it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um we were talking about how it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um we were talking about how it's very
+easy to tune your metrics to be um like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to tune your metrics to be um like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to tune your metrics to be um like
+to be biased. I see. So gaming. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be biased. I see. So gaming. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be biased. I see. So gaming. Yeah.
+Right. Gaming gaming the basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. Gaming gaming the basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. Gaming gaming the basically
+producing a matrix to give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing a matrix to give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing a matrix to give you the
+answer you want that you already had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer you want that you already had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer you want that you already had
+pre-ordained sort of. Right. That that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-ordained sort of. Right. That that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-ordained sort of. Right. That that's
+essentially what you're saying. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what you're saying. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what you're saying. Yeah.
+Okay. Uh very good. So I these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh very good. So I these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh very good. So I these are all
+Go ahead. Go ahead. uh uh just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Go ahead. Go ahead. uh uh just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Go ahead. Go ahead. uh uh just sort of
+one last disadvantage of the method that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one last disadvantage of the method that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one last disadvantage of the method that
+I think is uh a bit interesting because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think is uh a bit interesting because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think is uh a bit interesting because
+uh I think the the way grading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think the the way grading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think the the way grading
+everything with plus or minus could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything with plus or minus could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything with plus or minus could be a
+bit coarse cuz you can imagine a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit coarse cuz you can imagine a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit coarse cuz you can imagine a system
+for instance that is very very good in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance that is very very good in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance that is very very good in
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+criteria and then pretty bad in all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria and then pretty bad in all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria and then pretty bad in all the
+others and it could be a good concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and it could be a good concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and it could be a good concept
+but is disregarded nonetheless. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is disregarded nonetheless. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is disregarded nonetheless. Uh
+what's your name?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's your name?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's your name?
+Uh, Pasta. Pascal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, Pasta. Pascal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, Pasta. Pascal.
+Sorry, Pascal. Is your name Pascal?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry, Pascal. Is your name Pascal?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry, Pascal. Is your name Pascal?
+Mastia.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Uh, keep that point until we we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh, keep that point until we we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh, keep that point until we we're
+going to talk about exactly that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about exactly that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about exactly that point
+when it comes to non-dominance. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes to non-dominance. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes to non-dominance. Okay.
+So, uh, please reserve. This is great.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh, please reserve. This is great.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh, please reserve. This is great.
+Uh, just we'll come back to that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, just we'll come back to that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, just we'll come back to that in a
+few minutes. Okay. All right. So, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few minutes. Okay. All right. So, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few minutes. Okay. All right. So, this
+is great. Uh I think you I think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is great. Uh I think you I think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is great. Uh I think you I think you
+really got it. This is exact this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really got it. This is exact this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really got it. This is exact this is a
+very good good list. So so you may say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good good list. So so you may say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good good list. So so you may say
+well uh okay this is good for like beams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh okay this is good for like beams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh okay this is good for like beams
+and you know very simple things. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know very simple things. So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know very simple things. So I
+want to show you an example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show you an example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show you an example of a
+application of the Pew matrix to what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of the Pew matrix to what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of the Pew matrix to what I
+would argue is a fairly complex complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would argue is a fairly complex complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would argue is a fairly complex complex
+uh architectural decision. And uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh architectural decision. And uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh architectural decision. And uh what
+I'll talk to you about is a thesis that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk to you about is a thesis that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk to you about is a thesis that
+was done here at MIT in uh 2003. So a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was done here at MIT in uh 2003. So a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was done here at MIT in uh 2003. So a
+while ago, 12 years ago by uh Brian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while ago, 12 years ago by uh Brian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while ago, 12 years ago by uh Brian
+Smith. He was an SDM student and was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Smith. He was an SDM student and was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Smith. He was an SDM student and was one
+of the easiest students ever to advise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the easiest students ever to advise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the easiest students ever to advise
+uh very knowledgeable in nuclear uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very knowledgeable in nuclear uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very knowledgeable in nuclear uh
+propulsion and nuclear power. He's now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propulsion and nuclear power. He's now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propulsion and nuclear power. He's now
+the branch chief for nuclear power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the branch chief for nuclear power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the branch chief for nuclear power
+propulsion at NASA Glenn Research Center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propulsion at NASA Glenn Research Center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propulsion at NASA Glenn Research Center
+in Ohio.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Ohio.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Ohio.
+And so at the time NASA had a mission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so at the time NASA had a mission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so at the time NASA had a mission
+that was kind of high priority called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was kind of high priority called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was kind of high priority called
+GMO, Jupiter icy moons mission. And when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GMO, Jupiter icy moons mission. And when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GMO, Jupiter icy moons mission. And when
+you go out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go out to
+Jupiter and you want to not just do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jupiter and you want to not just do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jupiter and you want to not just do a
+flyby, but you actually want to, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flyby, but you actually want to, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flyby, but you actually want to, you
+know, go to different orbits, you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, go to different orbits, you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, go to different orbits, you want
+to do high power imaging, you need a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do high power imaging, you need a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do high power imaging, you need a lot
+of power. You're far from the sun. RTGs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of power. You're far from the sun. RTGs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of power. You're far from the sun. RTGs
+only give you 100 watts or so per RTG.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only give you 100 watts or so per RTG.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only give you 100 watts or so per RTG.
+So nuclear power is pretty much the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So nuclear power is pretty much the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So nuclear power is pretty much the way
+to go. But there's a lot of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go. But there's a lot of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go. But there's a lot of different
+choices of different nuclear reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices of different nuclear reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices of different nuclear reactor
+architectures that would potentially uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures that would potentially uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures that would potentially uh
+and then couple that with the propulsion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then couple that with the propulsion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then couple that with the propulsion
+system. So that was the the challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. So that was the the challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. So that was the the challenge
+was you know sifting through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was you know sifting through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was you know sifting through the
+large space of possibility for nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large space of possibility for nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large space of possibility for nuclear
+electric power nuclear exploration class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric power nuclear exploration class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric power nuclear exploration class
+electric power and propulsion systems.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric power and propulsion systems.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric power and propulsion systems.
+And you know here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you know here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you know here's the
+the the way the study was set up is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the way the study was set up is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the way the study was set up is you
+know the expansion phase, the filtering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the expansion phase, the filtering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the expansion phase, the filtering
+and then the screening phase.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the screening phase.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the screening phase.
+So here's the architectural space the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here's the architectural space the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here's the architectural space the
+way it was defined. So nuclear electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it was defined. So nuclear electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it was defined. So nuclear electric
+power and propulsion is what we're after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and propulsion is what we're after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and propulsion is what we're after
+and there's different um ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's different um ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's different um ways to
+generate these alternatives. So the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate these alternatives. So the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate these alternatives. So the most
+important is the design vector, the type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is the design vector, the type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is the design vector, the type
+of reactor, the operating temperature,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reactor, the operating temperature,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reactor, the operating temperature,
+the power conversion scheme, the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power conversion scheme, the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power conversion scheme, the heat
+exchange and then the fuel type. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange and then the fuel type. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange and then the fuel type. And
+then there were uh requirements. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there were uh requirements. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there were uh requirements. So this
+is the power range, the delivery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the power range, the delivery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the power range, the delivery
+timeline, uh the fact that you should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeline, uh the fact that you should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeline, uh the fact that you should be
+able to do it in a single launch and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do it in a single launch and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do it in a single launch and
+then the operational lifetime of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the operational lifetime of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the operational lifetime of the
+system. So those were the shallow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. So those were the shallow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. So those were the shallow
+requirements. Every architecture had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements. Every architecture had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements. Every architecture had to
+meet these requirements otherwise it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet these requirements otherwise it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet these requirements otherwise it
+would not be considered. And then there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not be considered. And then there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not be considered. And then there
+were some things that was assumed as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were some things that was assumed as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were some things that was assumed as
+constants. They're shown here. There was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants. They're shown here. There was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants. They're shown here. There was
+a policy vector in terms of funding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a policy vector in terms of funding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a policy vector in terms of funding
+profiles, international partnerships, at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiles, international partnerships, at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiles, international partnerships, at
+what altitude you could insert the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what altitude you could insert the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what altitude you could insert the
+system into orbit and then influence on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system into orbit and then influence on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system into orbit and then influence on
+future missions. And the objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future missions. And the objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future missions. And the objective
+vector is the criteria for the decision.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector is the criteria for the decision.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector is the criteria for the decision.
+Techn TRL is technology readiness level.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Techn TRL is technology readiness level.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Techn TRL is technology readiness level.
+How much infrastructure do you need?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How much infrastructure do you need?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How much infrastructure do you need?
+Complexity, strategic value to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Complexity, strategic value to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Complexity, strategic value to the
+nation. This is a little fuzzy but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nation. This is a little fuzzy but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nation. This is a little fuzzy but
+basically what this means is could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what this means is could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what this means is could you
+use it for other applications than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it for other applications than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it for other applications than
+exploring Jupiter. Uh the schedule the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploring Jupiter. Uh the schedule the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploring Jupiter. Uh the schedule the
+launch packaging power specific mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch packaging power specific mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch packaging power specific mass
+which is uh watts per kilogram the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh watts per kilogram the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh watts per kilogram the uh
+lifetime. So it's interesting you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime. So it's interesting you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime. So it's interesting you have
+lifetime here and here. So there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime here and here. So there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime here and here. So there's a
+minimum lifetime right and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum lifetime right and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum lifetime right and if you
+satisfy this the the extra life you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy this the the extra life you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy this the the extra life you get
+can actually be used as a as a decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually be used as a as a decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually be used as a as a decision
+criteria. How does it interact with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria. How does it interact with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria. How does it interact with the
+payload? Like do you need a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payload? Like do you need a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payload? Like do you need a lot of
+shielding? And then adaptability. Can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding? And then adaptability. Can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding? And then adaptability. Can
+you adapt it for different missions?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you adapt it for different missions?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you adapt it for different missions?
+Yep. The previous slide listed both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yep. The previous slide listed both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yep. The previous slide listed both
+possible.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible.
+On the previous slide, we had both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+On the previous slide, we had both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+On the previous slide, we had both
+possible and feasible on there as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and feasible on there as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and feasible on there as
+different kind of criteria. Um what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of criteria. Um what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of criteria. Um what do
+you have for kind of a difference for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have for kind of a difference for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have for kind of a difference for
+those? So uh essentially possible is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those? So uh essentially possible is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those? So uh essentially possible is you
+know this is sort of the combinatorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is sort of the combinatorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is sort of the combinatorial
+space and then applying the the hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and then applying the the hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and then applying the the hard
+constraints based on the requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints based on the requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints based on the requirements
+vector gets you from possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector gets you from possible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector gets you from possible to
+feasible. they satisfy your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible. they satisfy your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible. they satisfy your your
+must-have requirements, your shell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must-have requirements, your shell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must-have requirements, your shell
+requirements and then you use in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements and then you use in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements and then you use in
+screening you use the objective vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screening you use the objective vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screening you use the objective vector
+these criteria you use to uh go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these criteria you use to uh go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these criteria you use to uh go from
+here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to
+here right so let me show you this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right so let me show you this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right so let me show you this uh
+what this looks like and I'll post this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this looks like and I'll post this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this looks like and I'll post this
+thesis if you're interested it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis if you're interested it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis if you're interested it's really
+the whole thesis is about doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thesis is about doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thesis is about doing this
+process um so here we have each column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process um so here we have each column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process um so here we have each column
+represents a different reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents a different reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents a different reactor
+architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture
+So and you can see in the legend what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So and you can see in the legend what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So and you can see in the legend what
+what these things mean. So for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these things mean. So for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these things mean. So for the
+reactor type we have a um liquid metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor type we have a um liquid metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor type we have a um liquid metal
+gas cooled or um heat pipe uh type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas cooled or um heat pipe uh type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas cooled or um heat pipe uh type
+reactor. These are three types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor. These are three types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor. These are three types of
+nuclear fision reactors. For fuel we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear fision reactors. For fuel we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear fision reactors. For fuel we
+have two types of fuel. If I remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two types of fuel. If I remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two types of fuel. If I remember
+correctly we have U2 or UN. For uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly we have U2 or UN. For uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly we have U2 or UN. For uh the
+temperature at which the reactor would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature at which the reactor would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature at which the reactor would
+be run, we have medium or high. For the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be run, we have medium or high. For the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be run, we have medium or high. For the
+conversions, this is the thermodynamics.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversions, this is the thermodynamics.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversions, this is the thermodynamics.
+The how do you get the heat out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The how do you get the heat out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The how do you get the heat out of the
+reactor? We have a braen or a rankine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor? We have a braen or a rankine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor? We have a braen or a rankine
+cycle uh or a thermmoelectric uh reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle uh or a thermmoelectric uh reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle uh or a thermmoelectric uh reactor
+which is basically directly converting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is basically directly converting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is basically directly converting
+the heat to electricity without a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat to electricity without a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat to electricity without a
+working fluid. And then um D is the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working fluid. And then um D is the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working fluid. And then um D is the heat
+exchange um sort of heat heat exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange um sort of heat heat exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange um sort of heat heat exchange
+architecture which is either direct or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture which is either direct or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture which is either direct or
+indirect. And so you can see that each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirect. And so you can see that each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirect. And so you can see that each
+of these uh columns represents a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these uh columns represents a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these uh columns represents a
+different uh kind of architecture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh kind of architecture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh kind of architecture and
+they're colored here by you know the so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're colored here by you know the so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're colored here by you know the so
+this is d the dark is a direct heat pipe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is d the dark is a direct heat pipe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is d the dark is a direct heat pipe
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+um uh direct heat pipe with liquid metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh direct heat pipe with liquid metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh direct heat pipe with liquid metal
+reactor and so forth. So that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor and so forth. So that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor and so forth. So that's that's
+essentially the the uh what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the the uh what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the the uh what you're
+seeing here is the filtered set that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing here is the filtered set that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing here is the filtered set that is
+that is deemed to be feasible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is deemed to be feasible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is deemed to be feasible
+potentially feasible and then uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially feasible and then uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially feasible and then uh the
+actual uh screening is done based on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual uh screening is done based on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual uh screening is done based on on
+this. So this this is the actual pew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. So this this is the actual pew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. So this this is the actual pew
+matrix here. So we have the um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix here. So we have the um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix here. So we have the um the
+concept combinations which are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept combinations which are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept combinations which are the
+columns. The datam here is the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns. The datam here is the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns. The datam here is the one
+that's shaded in gray. So it's a liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's shaded in gray. So it's a liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's shaded in gray. So it's a liquid
+metal reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal reactor
+um with a thermal it's a liquid metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with a thermal it's a liquid metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with a thermal it's a liquid metal
+thermmoelect electric reactor with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermmoelect electric reactor with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermmoelect electric reactor with
+indirect heat exchange un fuel type and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirect heat exchange un fuel type and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirect heat exchange un fuel type and
+a high operating temperature and it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high operating temperature and it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high operating temperature and it the
+why was this chosen? Well if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why was this chosen? Well if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why was this chosen? Well if you look
+here it says SP 100 reference. So the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it says SP 100 reference. So the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it says SP 100 reference. So the US
+actually has launched at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has launched at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has launched at least
+officially as far as we know one nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officially as far as we know one nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officially as far as we know one nuclear
+reactor into space and that's the SP100.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor into space and that's the SP100.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor into space and that's the SP100.
+You can look it up. It it's a there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can look it up. It it's a there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can look it up. It it's a there's a
+history behind it and uh that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history behind it and uh that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history behind it and uh that's the
+architecture of the SP 100. So it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture of the SP 100. So it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture of the SP 100. So it was
+launched, we had data on it. It's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launched, we had data on it. It's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launched, we had data on it. It's a
+known quantity. The Russians, it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known quantity. The Russians, it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known quantity. The Russians, it turns
+out Russia has launched a lot of nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out Russia has launched a lot of nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out Russia has launched a lot of nuclear
+reactors uh over the years. Uh but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors uh over the years. Uh but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors uh over the years. Uh but this
+is sort of the this is sort of the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of the this is sort of the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of the this is sort of the US
+baseline if you want to call it that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline if you want to call it that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline if you want to call it that.
+And then all of these other combinations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then all of these other combinations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then all of these other combinations
+are compared against the SP 100 the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are compared against the SP 100 the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are compared against the SP 100 the the
+reference reactor. And so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference reactor. And so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference reactor. And so you can see
+here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that
+um that the comparison is drawn against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that the comparison is drawn against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that the comparison is drawn against
+so zero means you know it's it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so zero means you know it's it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so zero means you know it's it's about
+uh so for TRL it means it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so for TRL it means it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so for TRL it means it's about
+equally mature. A plus means it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally mature. A plus means it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally mature. A plus means it's
+actually more mature. A negative means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually more mature. A negative means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually more mature. A negative means
+it's less mature than the SP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's less mature than the SP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's less mature than the SP
+100. And at the end of this, you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100. And at the end of this, you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100. And at the end of this, you can
+actually uh you look at the total pluses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh you look at the total pluses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh you look at the total pluses
+and zeros and minuses. And then in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zeros and minuses. And then in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zeros and minuses. And then in this
+case, uh what Brian did, he did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, uh what Brian did, he did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, uh what Brian did, he did
+calculate a net score. That's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate a net score. That's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate a net score. That's an
+unweighted score. Basically,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unweighted score. Basically,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unweighted score. Basically,
+uh if you give one point, so let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you give one point, so let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you give one point, so let's look
+at the first one. So it has four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the first one. So it has four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the first one. So it has four
+pluses, right? It has four pluses and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pluses, right? It has four pluses and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pluses, right? It has four pluses and it
+has five equal to the SP100 to the datam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has five equal to the SP100 to the datam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has five equal to the SP100 to the datam
+and has two minus. So it's worse than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has two minus. So it's worse than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has two minus. So it's worse than
+two better in four criteria and the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two better in four criteria and the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two better in four criteria and the same
+in five. So the net score would be plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in five. So the net score would be plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in five. So the net score would be plus
+two because it's better in in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two because it's better in in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two because it's better in in two
+criteria net but it's unweighted. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria net but it's unweighted. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria net but it's unweighted. And so
+in order to uh figure out what based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to uh figure out what based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to uh figure out what based on
+this net score so a zero net score would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this net score so a zero net score would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this net score so a zero net score would
+say it's about equal to to the datim but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's about equal to to the datim but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's about equal to to the datim but
+it maybe in other different criteria uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it maybe in other different criteria uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it maybe in other different criteria uh
+but but essentially it's about the same.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but essentially it's about the same.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but essentially it's about the same.
+If it's a plus two uh then it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If it's a plus two uh then it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If it's a plus two uh then it is
+potentially better than the SP 100 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially better than the SP 100 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially better than the SP 100 but
+you don't know that 100% because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know that 100% because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know that 100% because you
+haven't weighted the criteria. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't weighted the criteria. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't weighted the criteria. It's
+really used for screening. So the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really used for screening. So the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really used for screening. So the ones
+that are circled are uh the ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are circled are uh the ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are circled are uh the ones that
+are circled are are better essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are circled are are better essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are circled are are better essentially
+than than the datim and the ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than than the datim and the ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than than the datim and the ones that
+are uh this is I'm sorry the the rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh this is I'm sorry the the rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh this is I'm sorry the the rank
+this is the rank among the set. So if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the rank among the set. So if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the rank among the set. So if
+you have a one here you're in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a one here you're in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a one here you're in the in the
+rank one and there's two two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank one and there's two two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank one and there's two two
+architectures the first two are rank one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures the first two are rank one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures the first two are rank one
+and then we have this architecture which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have this architecture which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have this architecture which
+is rank two. the datim itself plus two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is rank two. the datim itself plus two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is rank two. the datim itself plus two
+other architectures are rank three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other architectures are rank three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other architectures are rank three and
+then you see that there's some like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you see that there's some like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you see that there's some like for
+example this architecture here is rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this architecture here is rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this architecture here is rank
+eight right so it it why is that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight right so it it why is that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight right so it it why is that because
+it's not better in any criteria than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not better in any criteria than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not better in any criteria than the
+datam it's the same in six and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+datam it's the same in six and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+datam it's the same in six and it's
+worse in five right so that gives you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse in five right so that gives you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse in five right so that gives you an
+indication that this particular concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indication that this particular concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indication that this particular concept
+probably is is not very attractive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably is is not very attractive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably is is not very attractive and
+you you would you would eliminate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you would you would eliminate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you would you would eliminate that
+okay so u that's essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so u that's essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so u that's essentially
+um that's essentially an application of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's essentially an application of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's essentially an application of
+the Pew matrix to a a pretty realworld
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Pew matrix to a a pretty realworld
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Pew matrix to a a pretty realworld
+complex uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex uh
+problem. So what the Pew matrix is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. So what the Pew matrix is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. So what the Pew matrix is for
+is essentially structured structuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially structured structuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially structured structuring
+and representing the evaluation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and representing the evaluation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and representing the evaluation
+procedure. It serves as a common visual.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure. It serves as a common visual.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure. It serves as a common visual.
+It provides some amount of discipline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It provides some amount of discipline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It provides some amount of discipline
+and helps break down uh self-sealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and helps break down uh self-sealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and helps break down uh self-sealing
+behavior. Meaning what that means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior. Meaning what that means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior. Meaning what that means is
+people defending their concepts you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people defending their concepts you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people defending their concepts you know
+without sort of seeing the bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without sort of seeing the bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without sort of seeing the bigger
+picture. Encourages teamwork. It helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture. Encourages teamwork. It helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture. Encourages teamwork. It helps
+you eliminate weaker ideas retain a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you eliminate weaker ideas retain a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you eliminate weaker ideas retain a set
+of stronger concepts. And then this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stronger concepts. And then this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stronger concepts. And then this is
+interesting divergence. It helps to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting divergence. It helps to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting divergence. It helps to
+identify opportunities for combination.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify opportunities for combination.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify opportunities for combination.
+There's also a way to use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's also a way to use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's also a way to use this
+methrix methods multiple times. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methrix methods multiple times. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methrix methods multiple times. And the
+way you would do this is you would say,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you would do this is you would say,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you would do this is you would say,
+"Okay, so these these are the stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Okay, so these these are the stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Okay, so these these are the stronger
+concepts here, right? The ones that do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts here, right? The ones that do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts here, right? The ones that do
+equally well or maybe even a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally well or maybe even a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally well or maybe even a little
+better than the datim. What are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than the datim. What are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than the datim. What are the
+strengths and weaknesses of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengths and weaknesses of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengths and weaknesses of each
+concept? And can can we hybridize them?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept? And can can we hybridize them?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept? And can can we hybridize them?
+Can we create some hybrid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can we create some hybrid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can we create some hybrid
+concepts?" And and so you you eliminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts?" And and so you you eliminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts?" And and so you you eliminate
+the weaker ones. The surviving concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weaker ones. The surviving concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weaker ones. The surviving concepts
+are kept and then maybe hybridized with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kept and then maybe hybridized with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kept and then maybe hybridized with
+each other. So you expand and create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other. So you expand and create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other. So you expand and create
+more concepts again. maybe a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more concepts again. maybe a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more concepts again. maybe a little bit
+more detailed and then you apply the Pew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detailed and then you apply the Pew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detailed and then you apply the Pew
+matrix again. So it's kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix again. So it's kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix again. So it's kind of an
+iterative application of the Pew matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative application of the Pew matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative application of the Pew matrix
+where you eliminate you keep strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you eliminate you keep strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you eliminate you keep strong
+concepts you hybridize them and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts you hybridize them and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts you hybridize them and then you
+repeat it two or three times and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat it two or three times and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat it two or three times and there's
+actually research on this as well.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually research on this as well.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually research on this as well.
+Professor Dan Fry who's here at MIT in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Dan Fry who's here at MIT in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Dan Fry who's here at MIT in
+mechanical engineering has done research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical engineering has done research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical engineering has done research
+on that and shown that uh that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that and shown that uh that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that and shown that uh that can
+actually lead to very good outcomes. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually lead to very good outcomes. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually lead to very good outcomes. So
+this this sort of gradual so then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this sort of gradual so then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this sort of gradual so then the
+you don't have just one expansion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have just one expansion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have just one expansion and
+and contraction of your concept space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and contraction of your concept space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and contraction of your concept space
+but it sort of goes multiple times but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it sort of goes multiple times but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it sort of goes multiple times but
+but eventually it does converge. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but eventually it does converge. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but eventually it does converge. So this
+is a more refined application of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a more refined application of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a more refined application of the
+method. What Q matrix is not good for is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method. What Q matrix is not good for is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method. What Q matrix is not good for is
+automatic decision making right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic decision making right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic decision making right uh
+completely controlling the process. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely controlling the process. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely controlling the process. So,
+you know, the idea of of sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, the idea of of sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, the idea of of sort of
+automating the Pew matrix is is should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automating the Pew matrix is is should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automating the Pew matrix is is should
+not be automatic and it's not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be automatic and it's not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be automatic and it's not really
+done. It's not really good for trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done. It's not really good for trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done. It's not really good for trade
+studies. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies. Um,
+challenges. So, here's some quotes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges. So, here's some quotes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges. So, here's some quotes.
+People who have a lot of experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+People who have a lot of experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+People who have a lot of experience
+exhibit an impatience. Get on with it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibit an impatience. Get on with it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibit an impatience. Get on with it.
+Uh, this procedure holds us back, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, this procedure holds us back, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, this procedure holds us back, right?
+strong-willed individuals who have a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong-willed individuals who have a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong-willed individuals who have a lot
+of experience and whose initial concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experience and whose initial concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experience and whose initial concepts
+have not emerged in the final selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not emerged in the final selection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not emerged in the final selection
+commence a defensive uh based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commence a defensive uh based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commence a defensive uh based on
+emotion, experience and bluster. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotion, experience and bluster. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotion, experience and bluster. Right?
+So there's this social dynamics that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's this social dynamics that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's this social dynamics that
+gets unfolded here. So therefore it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets unfolded here. So therefore it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets unfolded here. So therefore it is
+recommended to do Q matrix with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommended to do Q matrix with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommended to do Q matrix with a
+facilitator. Somebody who kind similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitator. Somebody who kind similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitator. Somebody who kind similar
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+brainstorming right where you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brainstorming right where you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brainstorming right where you have a
+facilitator. So you have a facilitator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitator. So you have a facilitator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitator. So you have a facilitator
+for Pew Matrix. So somebody who controls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Pew Matrix. So somebody who controls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Pew Matrix. So somebody who controls
+the flow and pace of the session records
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flow and pace of the session records
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flow and pace of the session records
+the results tries to maintain some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results tries to maintain some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results tries to maintain some
+discipline compare against the datim. I'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline compare against the datim. I'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline compare against the datim. I'
+I've seen pew matrix sessions where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've seen pew matrix sessions where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've seen pew matrix sessions where you
+start with the datim and then by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the datim and then by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the datim and then by the
+third or fourth concept people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third or fourth concept people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third or fourth concept people are
+starting to do pairwise comparisons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to do pairwise comparisons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to do pairwise comparisons and
+the datim is sort of lost that should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the datim is sort of lost that should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the datim is sort of lost that should
+not happen right uh preventing tangents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not happen right uh preventing tangents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not happen right uh preventing tangents
+um but encourage clarific what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but encourage clarific what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but encourage clarific what do we
+really mean by criteria uh clarification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really mean by criteria uh clarification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really mean by criteria uh clarification
+of the concepts and then opportunities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the concepts and then opportunities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the concepts and then opportunities
+for divergence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for divergence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for divergence and
+hybrids so the critique of the method is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybrids so the critique of the method is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybrids so the critique of the method is
+uh I think a lot of these things you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think a lot of these things you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think a lot of these things you've
+already mentioned the ranking depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already mentioned the ranking depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already mentioned the ranking depends on
+the choice of datim the waiting you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the choice of datim the waiting you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the choice of datim the waiting you know
+there's no real waiting in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no real waiting in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no real waiting in the in the
+classic method uh however you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic method uh however you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic method uh however you can
+implement a weighted version of the pew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement a weighted version of the pew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement a weighted version of the pew
+method but then you have to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method but then you have to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method but then you have to have the
+whole discussion about the waitings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole discussion about the waitings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole discussion about the waitings
+priori
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priori
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priori
+um next I'm going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um next I'm going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um next I'm going to talk about
+multi-attribute utility and so matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-attribute utility and so matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-attribute utility and so matrix
+and multiattribute utility could give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and multiattribute utility could give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and multiattribute utility could give
+you different rank order of alternatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you different rank order of alternatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you different rank order of alternatives
+so how how do you reconcile that uh The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how how do you reconcile that uh The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how how do you reconcile that uh The
+most important criteria may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important criteria may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important criteria may be
+intangible and missing from the list.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intangible and missing from the list.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intangible and missing from the list.
+And my personal opinion on this is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And my personal opinion on this is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And my personal opinion on this is that
+the Pew matrix is useful and simple to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Pew matrix is useful and simple to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Pew matrix is useful and simple to
+use. It stimulates discussion about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use. It stimulates discussion about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use. It stimulates discussion about the
+criteria, the alternatives, but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria, the alternatives, but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria, the alternatives, but it
+shouldn't be your only means of concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be your only means of concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be your only means of concept
+selection, but it's usually one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection, but it's usually one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection, but it's usually one of the
+first things you should do because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first things you should do because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first things you should do because you
+learn a lot from doing it. Okay. Any any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn a lot from doing it. Okay. Any any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn a lot from doing it. Okay. Any any
+questions about Pew Matrix before I move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about Pew Matrix before I move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about Pew Matrix before I move
+on? Yes, Sam. Should it always be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on? Yes, Sam. Should it always be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on? Yes, Sam. Should it always be done
+with a group that's I mean working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a group that's I mean working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a group that's I mean working
+together and and sort of discussing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and and sort of discussing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and and sort of discussing the
+concepts or could you also have people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts or could you also have people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts or could you also have people
+sort of individually filling them out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of individually filling them out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of individually filling them out
+and then combining the results? So yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then combining the results? So yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then combining the results? So yeah,
+usually you do it as a group uh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually you do it as a group uh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually you do it as a group uh because
+in the discussion with the group uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the discussion with the group uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the discussion with the group uh
+there's a lot of clarification that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of clarification that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of clarification that
+happens. Now if you do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens. Now if you do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens. Now if you do it
+separately and you firewall people from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately and you firewall people from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately and you firewall people from
+each other and have people do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and have people do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and have people do this
+individually and then try to combine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually and then try to combine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually and then try to combine the
+results right later that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results right later that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results right later that's actually
+called that's closer to a method called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called that's closer to a method called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called that's closer to a method called
+the deli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deli
+method and which I'm not going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method and which I'm not going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method and which I'm not going to talk
+about here but the deli method means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about here but the deli method means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about here but the deli method means
+you're you're asking these kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're asking these kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're asking these kind of
+questions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions to
+experts you they give you the answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts you they give you the answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts you they give you the answers
+and then you anonymize the answers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you anonymize the answers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you anonymize the answers and
+reflect the combined answers back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect the combined answers back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect the combined answers back to the
+group and then you eliminate the social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and then you eliminate the social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and then you eliminate the social
+dynamics and you can see whether is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics and you can see whether is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics and you can see whether is my
+was my assessment an outlier you know am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was my assessment an outlier you know am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was my assessment an outlier you know am
+I close to the center of the group so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I close to the center of the group so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I close to the center of the group so
+the the the deli method has a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the deli method has a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the deli method has a lot of
+benefits but it's not usually you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits but it's not usually you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits but it's not usually you you
+don't have the social dynamic in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the social dynamic in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the social dynamic in the
+same way uh which is sort of essential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way uh which is sort of essential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way uh which is sort of essential
+to make this work good question though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make this work good question though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make this work good question though
+any any questions at EPFL about pew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any questions at EPFL about pew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any questions at EPFL about pew
+matrix before I move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+No, it's clear. Okay, go ahead. Is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, it's clear. Okay, go ahead. Is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, it's clear. Okay, go ahead. Is it
+useful to almost have like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to almost have like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to almost have like an
+independent group do this as opposed to,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent group do this as opposed to,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent group do this as opposed to,
+you know, everyone generates their ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, everyone generates their ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, everyone generates their ideas
+and then everyone's trying to, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then everyone's trying to, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then everyone's trying to, you know,
+kind of fill out the matrix so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of fill out the matrix so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of fill out the matrix so that
+their idea wins? Usually not because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their idea wins? Usually not because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their idea wins? Usually not because uh
+if you give it to an independent group,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you give it to an independent group,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you give it to an independent group,
+they they'd know much less about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they'd know much less about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they'd know much less about the
+problem. You know, they probably weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. You know, they probably weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. You know, they probably weren't
+involved in generating the alternatives.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in generating the alternatives.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in generating the alternatives.
+they weren't involved in selecting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they weren't involved in selecting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they weren't involved in selecting the
+criteria you know they're they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria you know they're they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria you know they're they're
+probably not as knowledgeable and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not as knowledgeable and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not as knowledgeable and so
+there is there is an advantage of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is there is an advantage of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is there is an advantage of doing
+it you know within the team but then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know within the team but then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know within the team but then you
+know before you actually go and pull the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know before you actually go and pull the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know before you actually go and pull the
+trigger on a final that's the PDR you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger on a final that's the PDR you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger on a final that's the PDR you
+get that vetted by independent uh people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that vetted by independent uh people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that vetted by independent uh people
+that's sort of that's what happens at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of that's what happens at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of that's what happens at
+the PDR okay maybe one point here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PDR okay maybe one point here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PDR okay maybe one point here is
+that you can invite uh the external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can invite uh the external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can invite uh the external
+people to join your discussion so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to join your discussion so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to join your discussion so you
+have your design team and it's very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your design team and it's very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your design team and it's very good
+to have the two or three experts to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the two or three experts to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the two or three experts to come
+and sit in the meeting and then give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sit in the meeting and then give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sit in the meeting and then give
+their opinion and with the pure matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their opinion and with the pure matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their opinion and with the pure matrix
+as it's pretty straightforward and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it's pretty straightforward and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it's pretty straightforward and
+simple. You probably shouldn't then bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple. You probably shouldn't then bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple. You probably shouldn't then bias
+the result but you could probably enrich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result but you could probably enrich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result but you could probably enrich
+it. That's that's a great point. I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. That's that's a great point. I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. That's that's a great point. I I
+agree with that Vulkar. Absolutely.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with that Vulkar. Absolutely.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with that Vulkar. Absolutely.
+Yeah. Okay. So, let's uh switch gears to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Okay. So, let's uh switch gears to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Okay. So, let's uh switch gears to
+uh utility theory or multi-attribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh utility theory or multi-attribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh utility theory or multi-attribute
+utility theory. So, what's that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility theory. So, what's that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility theory. So, what's that all
+about? So like I said, utility is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about? So like I said, utility is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about? So like I said, utility is a very
+uh deeply rooted concept in economics.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh deeply rooted concept in economics.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh deeply rooted concept in economics.
+And so it's defined as utility is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so it's defined as utility is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so it's defined as utility is a
+measure of relative happiness or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of relative happiness or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of relative happiness or
+satisfaction or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfaction or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfaction or
+gratification gained by consuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gratification gained by consuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gratification gained by consuming
+different bundles of goods and services.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different bundles of goods and services.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different bundles of goods and services.
+This is sort of economic very you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is sort of economic very you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is sort of economic very you know
+this is how economists talk. Uh so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how economists talk. Uh so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how economists talk. Uh so it's
+it's the idea is you want to choose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the idea is you want to choose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the idea is you want to choose a
+concept or alternative that that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept or alternative that that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept or alternative that that that
+will maximize your happiness, your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will maximize your happiness, your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will maximize your happiness, your
+satisfaction, your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfaction, your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfaction, your your
+gratification. And whenever you buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gratification. And whenever you buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gratification. And whenever you buy
+something, when you go to uh Annast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something, when you go to uh Annast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something, when you go to uh Annast
+Takaria or wherever you guys have lunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Takaria or wherever you guys have lunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Takaria or wherever you guys have lunch
+or at EPFL, you go to the Rolex Center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at EPFL, you go to the Rolex Center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at EPFL, you go to the Rolex Center
+and you pick from the menu, you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you pick from the menu, you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you pick from the menu, you're
+actually doing just that, right? You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doing just that, right? You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doing just that, right? You
+have, you know, how much money do I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have, you know, how much money do I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have, you know, how much money do I have
+in my pocket? How hungry am I? Uh am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my pocket? How hungry am I? Uh am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my pocket? How hungry am I? Uh am I
+am I a vegetarian or not? That would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I a vegetarian or not? That would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I a vegetarian or not? That would
+filter out some menu items right away,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter out some menu items right away,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter out some menu items right away,
+right? And and you you pick every day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And and you you pick every day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And and you you pick every day
+you pick your lunch. Well, you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pick your lunch. Well, you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pick your lunch. Well, you're doing
+exactly this. You don't really know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly this. You don't really know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly this. You don't really know that
+you're doing it, but in your mind as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing it, but in your mind as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing it, but in your mind as
+you're picking from the menu and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're picking from the menu and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're picking from the menu and then
+making your choice, you're maximizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making your choice, you're maximizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making your choice, you're maximizing
+your utility at that moment. So, we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your utility at that moment. So, we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your utility at that moment. So, we do
+this every day. Here in this class we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this every day. Here in this class we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this every day. Here in this class we
+talk about you know designing complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about you know designing complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about you know designing complex
+systems. So we we need to sort of do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems. So we we need to sort of do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems. So we we need to sort of do it
+a little bit more deliberately but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more deliberately but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more deliberately but but
+this is not just some abstract thing. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not just some abstract thing. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not just some abstract thing. We
+do this every day and and so the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this every day and and so the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this every day and and so the idea is
+essentially we have this consumption set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially we have this consumption set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially we have this consumption set
+X which are our alternatives mutually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X which are our alternatives mutually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X which are our alternatives mutually
+exclusive alternatives and then we map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusive alternatives and then we map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusive alternatives and then we map
+that to the real scale. Uh we rank each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to the real scale. Uh we rank each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to the real scale. Uh we rank each
+member of the consumption set. So we map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of the consumption set. So we map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of the consumption set. So we map
+the alternatives on this utility scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alternatives on this utility scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alternatives on this utility scale
+in this case the cardinal scale between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case the cardinal scale between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case the cardinal scale between
+zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and
+one. So um the way this is done in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So um the way this is done in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So um the way this is done in order
+to do the mapping right from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the mapping right from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the mapping right from the
+criteria to um utility you need these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria to um utility you need these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria to um utility you need these
+mapping functions and we call these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping functions and we call these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping functions and we call these
+utility functions. They're called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility functions. They're called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility functions. They're called
+utility functions. So basically we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility functions. So basically we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility functions. So basically we have
+uh I'm going to use J here for for J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm going to use J here for for J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm going to use J here for for J
+means essentially your attribute your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means essentially your attribute your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means essentially your attribute your
+objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective
+um and then U is your utility. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then U is your utility. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then U is your utility. And so
+there are different shapes of utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are different shapes of utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are different shapes of utility
+functions and different scholars call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and different scholars call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and different scholars call
+them differently. So this is Cook. He
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them differently. So this is Cook. He
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them differently. So this is Cook. He
+says this is smaller is better or larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says this is smaller is better or larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says this is smaller is better or larger
+is better. And you see they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is better. And you see they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is better. And you see they're
+essentially monotonically increasing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially monotonically increasing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially monotonically increasing or
+decreasing curves. uh Messak another uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing curves. uh Messak another uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing curves. uh Messak another uh
+scholar in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholar in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholar in
+multi-objective design calls this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-objective design calls this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-objective design calls this class
+1S class 2s. So what would be an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1S class 2s. So what would be an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1S class 2s. So what would be an example
+of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+uh smaller is better utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function? What would be an example? What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function? What would be an example? What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function? What would be an example? What
+would be an example? Go ahead. Go ahead.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+An example would be like the weight of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+An example would be like the weight of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+An example would be like the weight of a
+launch vehicle that's decreasing the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch vehicle that's decreasing the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch vehicle that's decreasing the the
+the launch mass. Yeah. Launch. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the launch mass. Yeah. Launch. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the launch mass. Yeah. Launch. Okay.
+Launch mass. Okay. What about EPFL?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Launch mass. Okay. What about EPFL?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Launch mass. Okay. What about EPFL?
+Smaller is better.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Smaller is better.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Smaller is better.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Cost. Cost. Right. So, um, okay. Larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cost. Cost. Right. So, um, okay. Larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cost. Cost. Right. So, um, okay. Larger
+is better.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Revenue. Revenue. Revenue. Yeah. Maybe.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revenue. Revenue. Revenue. Yeah. Maybe.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revenue. Revenue. Revenue. Yeah. Maybe.
+Uh, range. Endurance.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, range. Endurance.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, range. Endurance.
+uh reliability, right? Then there's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reliability, right? Then there's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reliability, right? Then there's uh
+the next one is strictly concave or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one is strictly concave or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one is strictly concave or
+strictly convex, which is nominal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly convex, which is nominal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly convex, which is nominal is
+better. So the idea there is there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better. So the idea there is there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better. So the idea there is there's a
+sweet spot, right? You want you want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweet spot, right? You want you want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweet spot, right? You want you want the
+performance or the attribute to be at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance or the attribute to be at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance or the attribute to be at a
+pretty specific value and if you deviate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty specific value and if you deviate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty specific value and if you deviate
+from that uh on the up or down side then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that uh on the up or down side then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that uh on the up or down side then
+um then the utility decreases. So what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then the utility decreases. So what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then the utility decreases. So what
+would be an example of that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be an example of that?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be an example of that?
+Size of a meal for example. Size of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Size of a meal for example. Size of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Size of a meal for example. Size of a
+meal. Okay. Well, uh there some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meal. Okay. Well, uh there some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meal. Okay. Well, uh there some
+restaurants may beg to differ. Right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurants may beg to differ. Right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurants may beg to differ. Right.
+All you can eat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All you can eat.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All you can eat.
+Yes. Noric. Very good. Yes. Sam has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Noric. Very good. Yes. Sam has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Noric. Very good. Yes. Sam has to
+interface with something else.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. So if you there's a very specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So if you there's a very specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So if you there's a very specific
+interface condition. Yeah. Okay. Go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface condition. Yeah. Okay. Go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface condition. Yeah. Okay. Go
+ahead. At
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead. At
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead. At
+EPFL nominal is better.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EPFL nominal is better.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EPFL nominal is better.
+Like for example, ambient temperature.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like for example, ambient temperature.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like for example, ambient temperature.
+Yeah. So temperature, ambient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So temperature, ambient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So temperature, ambient
+temperature, right? We're humans are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature, right? We're humans are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature, right? We're humans are
+pretty uh we have a fairly narrow range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty uh we have a fairly narrow range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty uh we have a fairly narrow range
+where we say this is good. Now we can,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we say this is good. Now we can,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we say this is good. Now we can,
+you know, put on a sweater or, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, put on a sweater or, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, put on a sweater or, you know,
+but but it's a fairly narrow range. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but it's a fairly narrow range. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but it's a fairly narrow range. So
+the great example then the next one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great example then the next one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great example then the next one is
+range is better, which is uh concave or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range is better, which is uh concave or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range is better, which is uh concave or
+convex. So this is the idea that as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex. So this is the idea that as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex. So this is the idea that as long
+as you're within this interval within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you're within this interval within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you're within this interval within
+the interval itself you're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval itself you're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval itself you're sort of
+indifferent right but then when you when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent right but then when you when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent right but then when you when
+you drop outside the interval then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you drop outside the interval then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you drop outside the interval then
+utility decreases or increases. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility decreases or increases. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility decreases or increases. And then
+the last one is kind of very exotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last one is kind of very exotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last one is kind of very exotic
+non-monotonic utility functions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-monotonic utility functions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-monotonic utility functions that
+have multiple peaks. They exist in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have multiple peaks. They exist in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have multiple peaks. They exist in
+theory but in practice uh you almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory but in practice uh you almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory but in practice uh you almost
+never see them. I can't give you a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never see them. I can't give you a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never see them. I can't give you a good
+example of a multimodal one, but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a multimodal one, but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a multimodal one, but in
+theory uh they do exist. Well, there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory uh they do exist. Well, there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory uh they do exist. Well, there
+there is one and it's clearly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is one and it's clearly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is one and it's clearly the
+landing sites on a planet.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landing sites on a planet.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landing sites on a planet.
+Okay, because you have you have the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, because you have you have the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, because you have you have the one
+injection trajectory and then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injection trajectory and then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injection trajectory and then you have
+the primary sites or the primary ellipse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primary sites or the primary ellipse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primary sites or the primary ellipse
+then the secondary and uh it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the secondary and uh it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the secondary and uh it's uh
+non-monotonic mostly that way down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-monotonic mostly that way down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-monotonic mostly that way down
+doesn't go up it goes down. So you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't go up it goes down. So you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't go up it goes down. So you have
+ideal, then you're out of it, then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal, then you're out of it, then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal, then you're out of it, then you
+would land on rocks and then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would land on rocks and then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would land on rocks and then you have
+the next plateau and maybe a third one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next plateau and maybe a third one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next plateau and maybe a third one
+on one pass by. That's an interesting uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one pass by. That's an interesting uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one pass by. That's an interesting uh
+that's an interesting comment. Um I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an interesting comment. Um I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an interesting comment. Um I'm
+I'm trying to figure out what what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to figure out what what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to figure out what what's the
+attribute what's the engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute what's the engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute what's the engineering
+attribute that goes with that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+U well it's uh the tolerance of on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U well it's uh the tolerance of on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U well it's uh the tolerance of on the
+injection. I know that um at JPL by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injection. I know that um at JPL by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injection. I know that um at JPL by the
+way thanks for organizing the visit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way thanks for organizing the visit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way thanks for organizing the visit
+after I was with you. They made this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I was with you. They made this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I was with you. They made this
+presentation also of the landing of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation also of the landing of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation also of the landing of the
+rovers and they have the primary ellipse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rovers and they have the primary ellipse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rovers and they have the primary ellipse
+where they try to land. Well try it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they try to land. Well try it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they try to land. Well try it
+depends on the on the on the entry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the on the on the entry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the on the on the entry and
+then they have secondary if they if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they have secondary if they if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they have secondary if they if they
+miss the entry then they have a very bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss the entry then they have a very bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss the entry then they have a very bad
+uh option and then a little bit later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh option and then a little bit later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh option and then a little bit later
+they maybe can land on the next plateau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they maybe can land on the next plateau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they maybe can land on the next plateau
+or in the next crater which is useful.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in the next crater which is useful.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in the next crater which is useful.
+So they have this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So they have this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So they have this uh
+nonmonotonic uh but degrading function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonmonotonic uh but degrading function.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonmonotonic uh but degrading function.
+So first time is best, second would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So first time is best, second would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So first time is best, second would
+still work, but in between there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still work, but in between there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still work, but in between there's a
+part that doesn't go. Okay. Um got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part that doesn't go. Okay. Um got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part that doesn't go. Okay. Um got to
+think about that one. But that that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that one. But that that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that one. But that that's an
+interesting uh that's a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh that's a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh that's a pretty
+interesting example. So the the the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting example. So the the the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting example. So the the the main
+point here is that in order to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here is that in order to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here is that in order to calculate
+utility, you need a translation function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility, you need a translation function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility, you need a translation function
+between you know the the engineering or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between you know the the engineering or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between you know the the engineering or
+financial attributes of each alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial attributes of each alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial attributes of each alternative
+and utility. It's if it's not if it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and utility. It's if it's not if it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and utility. It's if it's not if it was
+directly that you'd just have a linear,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly that you'd just have a linear,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly that you'd just have a linear,
+right? It would be a 45 degree line,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? It would be a 45 degree line,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? It would be a 45 degree line,
+right? Or negative - 45. But but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Or negative - 45. But but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Or negative - 45. But but
+typically the mapping from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically the mapping from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically the mapping from your
+attribute values to the utility is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute values to the utility is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute values to the utility is
+nonlinear. That's what this says. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear. That's what this says. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear. That's what this says. So
+uh so then the challenge is uh well how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so then the challenge is uh well how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so then the challenge is uh well how
+how do you get these utility functions?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you get these utility functions?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you get these utility functions?
+Where do they come from? And the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Where do they come from? And the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Where do they come from? And the answer
+is you got to do interviews. You have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you got to do interviews. You have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you got to do interviews. You have to
+survey people, the decision makers, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey people, the decision makers, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey people, the decision makers, the
+stakeholders we talked about. They're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders we talked about. They're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders we talked about. They're
+the ones who have these utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones who have these utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones who have these utility
+functions in their minds even though if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions in their minds even though if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions in their minds even though if
+they're not. So you got to have to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not. So you got to have to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not. So you got to have to make
+those explicit. So here's an example. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those explicit. So here's an example. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those explicit. So here's an example. Uh
+you may have three different customers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have three different customers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have three different customers
+for your system. Here's your attribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your system. Here's your attribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your system. Here's your attribute
+some performance attribute. Customer one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some performance attribute. Customer one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some performance attribute. Customer one
+uh customer one is shown here. Uh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh customer one is shown here. Uh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh customer one is shown here. Uh they
+need a minimum amount of performance.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a minimum amount of performance.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a minimum amount of performance.
+But once you reach this threshold after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But once you reach this threshold after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But once you reach this threshold after
+that there's no more utility. But then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's no more utility. But then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's no more utility. But then
+customer two and customer three are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer two and customer three are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer two and customer three are
+different. They want you know their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different. They want you know their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different. They want you know their
+their their utility increases gradually.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their their utility increases gradually.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their their utility increases gradually.
+And in fact customer three doesn't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in fact customer three doesn't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in fact customer three doesn't see
+any much utility until you hit this much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any much utility until you hit this much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any much utility until you hit this much
+higher level. So one of the challenges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher level. So one of the challenges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher level. So one of the challenges
+then in designing these utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in designing these utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in designing these utility
+functions when you have multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions when you have multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions when you have multiple
+customers is to solicit this and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers is to solicit this and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers is to solicit this and there's
+interview and and survey techniques for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview and and survey techniques for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview and and survey techniques for
+doing that. uh and then combining those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that. uh and then combining those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that. uh and then combining those
+and then the other uh challenge in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the other uh challenge in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the other uh challenge in
+combining them is that remember at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining them is that remember at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining them is that remember at the
+system level utility is still between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system level utility is still between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system level utility is still between
+zero and one right so if you had for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and one right so if you had for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and one right so if you had for
+example two attributes and they both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example two attributes and they both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example two attributes and they both
+give you perfect utility and you add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you perfect utility and you add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you perfect utility and you add
+them together you'd get a utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together you'd get a utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together you'd get a utility
+of what you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what you have two
+attributes two but that that can't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes two but that that can't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes two but that that can't be
+because the total system utility can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the total system utility can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the total system utility can
+never be better than one. So you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never be better than one. So you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never be better than one. So you have to
+normalize as you combine the utilities,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalize as you combine the utilities,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalize as you combine the utilities,
+you have to normalize them and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to normalize them and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to normalize them and actually
+uh weigh them as well. So here's here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh weigh them as well. So here's here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh weigh them as well. So here's here's
+the equation. When you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation. When you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation. When you have two
+utilities, uh you basically have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities, uh you basically have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities, uh you basically have the
+utility of the system just from J1, your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility of the system just from J1, your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility of the system just from J1, your
+first attribute, times the utility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first attribute, times the utility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first attribute, times the utility of
+J2. This is the mixed term, right? the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J2. This is the mixed term, right? the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J2. This is the mixed term, right? the
+the combined term plus the utility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the combined term plus the utility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the combined term plus the utility of
+just U J1 plus the utility of just J2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just U J1 plus the utility of just J2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just U J1 plus the utility of just J2
+and then you have this K factor here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have this K factor here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have this K factor here
+this capital K factor which renormalizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this capital K factor which renormalizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this capital K factor which renormalizes
+everything to zero and one and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything to zero and one and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything to zero and one and if you
+have more than two then it's becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more than two then it's becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more than two then it's becomes
+kind of a matrix calculation so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a matrix calculation so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a matrix calculation so it's a
+little tricky for how to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little tricky for how to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little tricky for how to do this
+properly but it it's well known how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly but it it's well known how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly but it it's well known how to
+do this so the steps in multi-attribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this so the steps in multi-attribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this so the steps in multi-attribute
+utility analysis are to identify your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility analysis are to identify your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility analysis are to identify your
+objective ives and attributes. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective ives and attributes. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective ives and attributes. You
+develop an interview questionnaire. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop an interview questionnaire. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop an interview questionnaire. You
+administer that questionnaire. You then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administer that questionnaire. You then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administer that questionnaire. You then
+develop your aggregate utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop your aggregate utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop your aggregate utility
+functions. You determine the utility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions. You determine the utility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions. You determine the utility of
+your alternatives. And then you analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your alternatives. And then you analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your alternatives. And then you analyze
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+results. And there is one word of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results. And there is one word of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results. And there is one word of
+caution I want to give you which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caution I want to give you which is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caution I want to give you which is that
+utility is essentially the surrogate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility is essentially the surrogate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility is essentially the surrogate of
+value. But value often we express in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value. But value often we express in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value. But value often we express in in
+in dollars and monetary terms. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in dollars and monetary terms. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in dollars and monetary terms. But
+utility is unitless.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility is unitless.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility is unitless.
+So um let me uh just comment about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um let me uh just comment about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um let me uh just comment about
+utility maximization. Uh it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility maximization. Uh it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility maximization. Uh it's very
+common and generally well accepted. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common and generally well accepted. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common and generally well accepted. Um
+it it's a nonlinear combination of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's a nonlinear combination of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's a nonlinear combination of your
+criteria your your decision criteria.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria your your decision criteria.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria your your decision criteria.
+The downside of it is the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The downside of it is the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The downside of it is the physical
+meaning is is often lost because the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning is is often lost because the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning is is often lost because the the
+sort of engineering or customer focused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of engineering or customer focused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of engineering or customer focused
+attributes all get combined. So you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes all get combined. So you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes all get combined. So you say
+this system has a utility of 0.83 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system has a utility of 0.83 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system has a utility of 0.83 and
+this one has a utility of 75. So one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one has a utility of 75. So one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one has a utility of 75. So one is
+better than the other. But immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than the other. But immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than the other. But immediately
+you want to say well why is that? You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to say well why is that? You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to say well why is that? You
+know what does that mean? So then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what does that mean? So then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what does that mean? So then you
+have to backtrack and reverse engineer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to backtrack and reverse engineer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to backtrack and reverse engineer
+of how those utilities were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how those utilities were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how those utilities were
+calculated. Uh you need to obtain a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated. Uh you need to obtain a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated. Uh you need to obtain a
+mathematical representation for all your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical representation for all your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical representation for all your
+utility functions. And this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility functions. And this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility functions. And this is a
+probably not just US- ccentric comment.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not just US- ccentric comment.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not just US- ccentric comment.
+This is probably everywhere in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is probably everywhere in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is probably everywhere in the world
+more or less but uh the utility function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less but uh the utility function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less but uh the utility function
+can vary drastically depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can vary drastically depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can vary drastically depending on the
+decision maker. This is a big issue in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision maker. This is a big issue in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision maker. This is a big issue in
+government programs. So you guys uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government programs. So you guys uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government programs. So you guys uh it's
+uniform day I guess today. So uh how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform day I guess today. So uh how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform day I guess today. So uh how
+long is a typical tour of duty of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long is a typical tour of duty of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long is a typical tour of duty of a
+program manager in the Pentagon for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program manager in the Pentagon for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program manager in the Pentagon for you
+know a big program? What would you say?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a big program? What would you say?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a big program? What would you say?
+It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's
+usually three to four years. So three to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually three to four years. So three to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually three to four years. So three to
+four years like it's written here. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four years like it's written here. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four years like it's written here. And
+what what does that what does that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what does that what does that mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what does that what does that mean
+in practice for these utility functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice for these utility functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice for these utility functions
+and for programs?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sorry, I'm putting you on the spot here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, you don't usually have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, you don't usually have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, you don't usually have a lot of
+overlap between the PMs. So, as one goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap between the PMs. So, as one goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap between the PMs. So, as one goes
+out, another one's coming in. So, you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out, another one's coming in. So, you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out, another one's coming in. So, you're
+you're losing a lot of experience.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're losing a lot of experience.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're losing a lot of experience.
+gaining somebody who doesn't have much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaining somebody who doesn't have much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaining somebody who doesn't have much
+experience. So there's a learning curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience. So there's a learning curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience. So there's a learning curve
+here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right? That's right. What I'm getting at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? That's right. What I'm getting at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? That's right. What I'm getting at
+is so that there's definitely that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so that there's definitely that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so that there's definitely that
+effect, but the priorities may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect, but the priorities may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect, but the priorities may be
+different. you know, whereas the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different. you know, whereas the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different. you know, whereas the the
+prior program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior program
+manager really valued a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager really valued a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager really valued a lot
+um you know, performance or quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know, performance or quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know, performance or quick
+response and the next program manager
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and the next program manager
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and the next program manager
+because maybe the context has changed is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because maybe the context has changed is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because maybe the context has changed is
+is very very costconscious. It really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very very costconscious. It really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very very costconscious. It really
+wants a system that's very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants a system that's very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants a system that's very very
+affordable and is willing to sacrifice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affordable and is willing to sacrifice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affordable and is willing to sacrifice
+performance for that. So what the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance for that. So what the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance for that. So what the way
+you can think of this is the shape of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of this is the shape of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of this is the shape of
+the utility curves for those decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utility curves for those decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utility curves for those decision
+makers has now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makers has now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makers has now
+shifted and because of that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted and because of that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted and because of that the
+architecture or the choice of concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture or the choice of concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture or the choice of concept
+that you would go for may be different.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would go for may be different.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would go for may be different.
+This happens to NASA all the time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This happens to NASA all the time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This happens to NASA all the time.
+Right. Right. And so this is not just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. Right. And so this is not just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. Right. And so this is not just a
+DoD issue. This is and in commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DoD issue. This is and in commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DoD issue. This is and in commercial
+world you know a new CEO comes in, new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world you know a new CEO comes in, new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world you know a new CEO comes in, new
+CTO comes in uh and these utility curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CTO comes in uh and these utility curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CTO comes in uh and these utility curves
+actually shift. So you got to be you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually shift. So you got to be you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually shift. So you got to be you
+have to be aware of this. So one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be aware of this. So one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be aware of this. So one of the
+big topics there is particularly now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big topics there is particularly now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big topics there is particularly now
+with NASA is um how do we how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with NASA is um how do we how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with NASA is um how do we how do you
+choose an architecture a concept that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose an architecture a concept that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose an architecture a concept that is
+robust to changing utilities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust to changing utilities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust to changing utilities and
+decision makers. So maybe you don't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision makers. So maybe you don't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision makers. So maybe you don't go
+for the super duper best, most exciting,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the super duper best, most exciting,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the super duper best, most exciting,
+most capable concept, but you go for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most capable concept, but you go for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most capable concept, but you go for the
+one that's least likely to be overturned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's least likely to be overturned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's least likely to be overturned
+or disrupted with the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or disrupted with the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or disrupted with the next
+administration. And and this is a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administration. And and this is a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administration. And and this is a a
+discussion, active discussion right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion, active discussion right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion, active discussion right now
+at NASA headquarters. You know, what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at NASA headquarters. You know, what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at NASA headquarters. You know, what are
+the investments you can make that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the investments you can make that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the investments you can make that are
+going to provide utility even if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to provide utility even if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to provide utility even if the
+utility function of the future decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility function of the future decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility function of the future decision
+makers changes? It's a big big topic. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makers changes? It's a big big topic. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makers changes? It's a big big topic. Um
+the other thing is of course this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing is of course this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing is of course this
+requires your formulation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires your formulation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires your formulation of
+preferences. Those K factors those K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences. Those K factors those K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences. Those K factors those K
+those waitings a priori before you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those waitings a priori before you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those waitings a priori before you've
+actually scored the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually scored the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually scored the the
+alternatives. All right. So the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives. All right. So the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives. All right. So the the
+example I want to talk you through is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I want to talk you through is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I want to talk you through is um
+is essentially a space tug. So we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially a space tug. So we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially a space tug. So we're
+going to do trade space exploration.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do trade space exploration.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do trade space exploration.
+There's a trade space, a design space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a trade space, a design space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a trade space, a design space of
+alternatives, conceptual alternatives.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives, conceptual alternatives.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives, conceptual alternatives.
+And we're going to we're going to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we're going to we're going to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we're going to we're going to try to
+understand that using utility theory.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that using utility theory.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that using utility theory.
+And uh let me explain to you what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh let me explain to you what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh let me explain to you what we
+mean by space tug. So a space tug is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by space tug. So a space tug is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by space tug. So a space tug is
+essentially a satellite that has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a satellite that has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a satellite that has the
+ability to change its orbital elements.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to change its orbital elements.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to change its orbital elements.
+Right? There are six orbital elements.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? There are six orbital elements.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? There are six orbital elements.
+Uh semi- major axis, eccentricity,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh semi- major axis, eccentricity,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh semi- major axis, eccentricity,
+inclination, right? ascension of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclination, right? ascension of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclination, right? ascension of the
+ascending node uh and so forth of of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ascending node uh and so forth of of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ascending node uh and so forth of of a
+target satellite by a predefined amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target satellite by a predefined amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target satellite by a predefined amount
+without degrading its functionality in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without degrading its functionality in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without degrading its functionality in
+the process. So here's a a picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process. So here's a a picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process. So here's a a picture of
+the earth uh there's two orbits. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earth uh there's two orbits. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earth uh there's two orbits. The
+space tug is here in a in the black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space tug is here in a in the black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space tug is here in a in the black
+orbit and then our target satellite is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit and then our target satellite is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit and then our target satellite is
+in the orange orbit. And so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the orange orbit. And so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the orange orbit. And so the the
+typical process is uh the space tug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical process is uh the space tug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical process is uh the space tug
+waits in its parking orbit the black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waits in its parking orbit the black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waits in its parking orbit the black
+orbit. It gets tasked. It transfers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit. It gets tasked. It transfers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit. It gets tasked. It transfers to
+the other orbit, searches for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other orbit, searches for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other orbit, searches for the
+target, identifies it, rendevu an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target, identifies it, rendevu an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target, identifies it, rendevu an
+approach, docking and capture, does an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach, docking and capture, does an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach, docking and capture, does an
+orbital transfer, then releases the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital transfer, then releases the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital transfer, then releases the
+target satellite at the new orbit,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target satellite at the new orbit,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target satellite at the new orbit,
+verifies its status, and then either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifies its status, and then either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifies its status, and then either
+goes directly to the next target or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes directly to the next target or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes directly to the next target or
+returns to the parking orbit. And as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns to the parking orbit. And as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns to the parking orbit. And as you
+can imagine, depending on the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine, depending on the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine, depending on the plane
+changes that are required here, this can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes that are required here, this can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes that are required here, this can
+be quite expensive. uh it's less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be quite expensive. uh it's less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be quite expensive. uh it's less
+expensive in geocynchronous orbit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive in geocynchronous orbit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive in geocynchronous orbit and
+there there are some capabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are some capabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are some capabilities
+uh that we think heard about in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that we think heard about in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that we think heard about in the
+public that US and maybe other countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public that US and maybe other countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public that US and maybe other countries
+have as well to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have as well to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have as well to do this
+um and but there's also applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and but there's also applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and but there's also applications
+commercial applications for it so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial applications for it so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial applications for it so for
+example for space debris removal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for space debris removal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for space debris removal and
+things like that so that's what we mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that so that's what we mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that so that's what we mean
+by space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by space
+tug so what are the attributes what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tug so what are the attributes what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tug so what are the attributes what are
+the Uh so this is based on a paper uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Uh so this is based on a paper uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Uh so this is based on a paper uh
+from uh 2003 called understanding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh 2003 called understanding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh 2003 called understanding the
+orbital transfer vehicle trade space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital transfer vehicle trade space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital transfer vehicle trade space and
+uh so here's here's three attributes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so here's here's three attributes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so here's here's three attributes
+that are combined into utility. Total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are combined into utility. Total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are combined into utility. Total
+delta V capability. Delta V is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta V capability. Delta V is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta V capability. Delta V is the
+change in velocity. This essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in velocity. This essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in velocity. This essentially
+tells you where can it go. Uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you where can it go. Uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you where can it go. Uh you
+calculate that from from essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate that from from essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate that from from essentially the
+rocket equation. The second one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocket equation. The second one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocket equation. The second one is
+response time. How fast can it get there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response time. How fast can it get there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response time. How fast can it get there
+after it has been tasked? And there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after it has been tasked? And there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after it has been tasked? And there
+there's a big distinction between it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a big distinction between it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a big distinction between it's
+almost binary between electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost binary between electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost binary between electric
+propulsion which is very efficient but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propulsion which is very efficient but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propulsion which is very efficient but
+slow and uh and then chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow and uh and then chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow and uh and then chemical
+propulsion. The third is the mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propulsion. The third is the mass of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propulsion. The third is the mass of the
+observation or grappling equipment. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation or grappling equipment. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation or grappling equipment. And
+so this tells you what it can do when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this tells you what it can do when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this tells you what it can do when it
+gets there. So the size of target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets there. So the size of target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets there. So the size of target
+satellites that can be actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellites that can be actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellites that can be actually
+interacted with. Those are the three um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacted with. Those are the three um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacted with. Those are the three um
+attributes that define utility and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes that define utility and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes that define utility and you
+combi we combine those into a utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combi we combine those into a utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combi we combine those into a utility
+between zero and one. And then this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero and one. And then this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero and one. And then this in
+this case cost or a surrogate for cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case cost or a surrogate for cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case cost or a surrogate for cost
+is kept separately. This is the vehicle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kept separately. This is the vehicle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kept separately. This is the vehicle
+wet and dry mass. These are the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wet and dry mass. These are the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wet and dry mass. These are the cost
+drivers and this is calculated from some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers and this is calculated from some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers and this is calculated from some
+simple scaling relationships. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple scaling relationships. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple scaling relationships. And so
+what we're interested in is looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're interested in is looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're interested in is looking at
+the trade space of utility versus cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trade space of utility versus cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trade space of utility versus cost
+of the system.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system.
+So how is utility defined for a space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So how is utility defined for a space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So how is utility defined for a space
+tug? Um so we have uh response time um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tug? Um so we have uh response time um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tug? Um so we have uh response time um
+which is you know bad in electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is you know bad in electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is you know bad in electric
+systems. A total utility is a weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems. A total utility is a weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems. A total utility is a weighted
+sum and then we estimate the cost from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum and then we estimate the cost from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum and then we estimate the cost from
+wet and dry mass. So the delta v utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wet and dry mass. So the delta v utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wet and dry mass. So the delta v utility
+is shown here. This is in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is shown here. This is in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is shown here. This is in terms of
+meters/s. So 2 4 6 8 10 kilometers/s.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters/s. So 2 4 6 8 10 kilometers/s.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters/s. So 2 4 6 8 10 kilometers/s.
+These are pretty large delta v's. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These are pretty large delta v's. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These are pretty large delta v's. And
+what's interesting is this this uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's interesting is this this uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's interesting is this this uh this
+is a larger is better but it's a step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a larger is better but it's a step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a larger is better but it's a step
+curve. It's not a smooth curve. It's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve. It's not a smooth curve. It's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve. It's not a smooth curve. It's a
+step curve. Why is that? because um as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step curve. Why is that? because um as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step curve. Why is that? because um as
+you reach certain delta vs it enables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reach certain delta vs it enables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reach certain delta vs it enables
+you know operating just in geo or a leo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know operating just in geo or a leo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know operating just in geo or a leo
+geo transfer or a leo geo return right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geo transfer or a leo geo return right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geo transfer or a leo geo return right
+so you can you can use the space talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can you can use the space talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can you can use the space talk
+more than once the more delta v you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than once the more delta v you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than once the more delta v you have
+and it's a step curve because as you hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a step curve because as you hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a step curve because as you hit
+this value of delta v you can now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this value of delta v you can now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this value of delta v you can now
+operate in a different regime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate in a different regime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate in a different regime
+uh the capability the payload mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the capability the payload mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the capability the payload mass
+utility is is essentially discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility is is essentially discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility is is essentially discrete
+discretized between low, medium, high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretized between low, medium, high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretized between low, medium, high
+and extreme. H so low is for small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and extreme. H so low is for small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and extreme. H so low is for small
+satellites, medium is satellites up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellites, medium is satellites up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellites, medium is satellites up to
+one metric ton, up to three metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one metric ton, up to three metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one metric ton, up to three metric
+tonses and then more than five metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonses and then more than five metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonses and then more than five metric
+tons which are the big you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tons which are the big you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tons which are the big you know
+satellites in geocynchronous orbit. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellites in geocynchronous orbit. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellites in geocynchronous orbit. And
+then the waiting factors are we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the waiting factors are we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the waiting factors are we're going
+to weigh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to weigh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to weigh
+capability 30%, delta v 60% and the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability 30%, delta v 60% and the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability 30%, delta v 60% and the time
+responsiveness of the system 10%. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsiveness of the system 10%. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsiveness of the system 10%. So
+time responsiveness is not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time responsiveness is not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time responsiveness is not that
+important compared to the other two. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important compared to the other two. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important compared to the other two. So
+once we have this I'm I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we have this I'm I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we have this I'm I'm not going to
+go through all the details of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through all the details of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through all the details of the the
+calculations that um that's in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations that um that's in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations that um that's in that
+paper which I'll post. Uh you get this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper which I'll post. Uh you get this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper which I'll post. Uh you get this.
+So this is a cloud of points. Each point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is a cloud of points. Each point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is a cloud of points. Each point
+here represents a particular alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here represents a particular alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here represents a particular alternative
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+architecture and we have the cost of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture and we have the cost of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture and we have the cost of the
+system in millions of dollars. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in millions of dollars. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in millions of dollars. So this
+is not cheap, right? This is a billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not cheap, right? This is a billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not cheap, right? This is a billion
+dollars, two billion, three billion. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars, two billion, three billion. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars, two billion, three billion. And
+then we have this utility, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have this utility, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have this utility, this
+dimensionless utility. And of course,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless utility. And of course,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless utility. And of course,
+what we're particularly interested in is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're particularly interested in is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're particularly interested in is
+this lower right corner, high utility,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lower right corner, high utility,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lower right corner, high utility,
+lowerc cost systems. And um what we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowerc cost systems. And um what we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowerc cost systems. And um what we did
+here is to identify some uh particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is to identify some uh particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is to identify some uh particularly
+interesting architectures. They're shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting architectures. They're shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting architectures. They're shown
+here in the space. So let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the space. So let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the space. So let me just
+explain two of them. uh one of them here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain two of them. uh one of them here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain two of them. uh one of them here
+we and we gave them names that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we and we gave them names that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we and we gave them names that are
+recognizable. So this point here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizable. So this point here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizable. So this point here it's
+below 04 in ut so it's a rather low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below 04 in ut so it's a rather low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below 04 in ut so it's a rather low
+utility lower utility system but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility lower utility system but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility lower utility system but it's
+also relatively affordable is we call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also relatively affordable is we call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also relatively affordable is we call it
+the byprop lower earth orbit tender. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the byprop lower earth orbit tender. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the byprop lower earth orbit tender. So
+it's intended for use in lower earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's intended for use in lower earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's intended for use in lower earth
+orbit and it has a dry mass of about 680
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit and it has a dry mass of about 680
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit and it has a dry mass of about 680
+kg a wet mass of 1400. So the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kg a wet mass of 1400. So the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kg a wet mass of 1400. So the difference
+is propellant, right? About 800 kg of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is propellant, right? About 800 kg of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is propellant, right? About 800 kg of
+propellant and has reasonable size and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propellant and has reasonable size and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propellant and has reasonable size and
+mass fraction and it's fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass fraction and it's fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass fraction and it's fairly
+responsive. Another uh alternative is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsive. Another uh alternative is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsive. Another uh alternative is
+what we call the electric geoc cruiser.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call the electric geoc cruiser.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call the electric geoc cruiser.
+Sounds cool, doesn't it? This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sounds cool, doesn't it? This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sounds cool, doesn't it? This is
+basically a space tug that operates only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a space tug that operates only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a space tug that operates only
+in geocynchronous orbit. So you launch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in geocynchronous orbit. So you launch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in geocynchronous orbit. So you launch
+it to geocynchronous orbit, but once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to geocynchronous orbit, but once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to geocynchronous orbit, but once
+it's there, it can do a lot. Um, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's there, it can do a lot. Um, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's there, it can do a lot. Um, but
+it's electric, so it's kind of slow.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's electric, so it's kind of slow.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's electric, so it's kind of slow.
+711 kg dry mass, 1100 kg wet mass. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+711 kg dry mass, 1100 kg wet mass. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+711 kg dry mass, 1100 kg wet mass. Um,
+and it in uh it includes return of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it in uh it includes return of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it in uh it includes return of the
+tug to a safe orbit. And this is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tug to a safe orbit. And this is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tug to a safe orbit. And this is sort of
+a versatile space tug in the geo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a versatile space tug in the geo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a versatile space tug in the geo
+belt. So that that's the that's the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belt. So that that's the that's the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belt. So that that's the that's the idea
+is that you that you calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you that you calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you that you calculate the
+utility shown on the x-axis. You have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility shown on the x-axis. You have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility shown on the x-axis. You have
+the cost of the system. you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of the system. you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of the system. you have this
+cloud of points and you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud of points and you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud of points and you start
+understanding what are the interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding what are the interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding what are the interesting
+architectures in that trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures in that trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures in that trade
+space. Um this is the same trade space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. Um this is the same trade space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. Um this is the same trade space
+but now what we've done here is we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now what we've done here is we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now what we've done here is we've
+shown the choice of propulsion system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown the choice of propulsion system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown the choice of propulsion system is
+critical and what you can see here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical and what you can see here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical and what you can see here it's
+really almost impossible to get to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really almost impossible to get to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really almost impossible to get to a
+utility of one. It's very very hard and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility of one. It's very very hard and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility of one. It's very very hard and
+uh the reason for this is the rocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the reason for this is the rocket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the reason for this is the rocket
+equation. You you know you see how these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. You you know you see how these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. You you know you see how these
+so the the blue are the bipellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the blue are the bipellent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the blue are the bipellent
+architectures the uh purple are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures the uh purple are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures the uh purple are the
+cryogenic so these are locks hydrogen uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryogenic so these are locks hydrogen uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryogenic so these are locks hydrogen uh
+propulsion the yellow ones are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propulsion the yellow ones are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propulsion the yellow ones are the
+electric propulsion system and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric propulsion system and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric propulsion system and then we
+also have nuclear propulsion here which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have nuclear propulsion here which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have nuclear propulsion here which
+clearly is is challenging and has policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly is is challenging and has policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly is is challenging and has policy
+implications so you can see the nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications so you can see the nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications so you can see the nuclear
+propulsion gets you close to much higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propulsion gets you close to much higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propulsion gets you close to much higher
+utility but it's also much much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility but it's also much much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility but it's also much much more
+expensive but in all cases as you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive but in all cases as you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive but in all cases as you're
+trying to get more and more utility At
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get more and more utility At
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get more and more utility At
+some point you hit the wall because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point you hit the wall because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point you hit the wall because of
+the rocket equation which is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rocket equation which is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rocket equation which is very
+nonlinear. You know more fuel in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear. You know more fuel in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear. You know more fuel in order
+to carry more fuel. You need more dry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to carry more fuel. You need more dry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to carry more fuel. You need more dry
+mass. More fuel and dry mass requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass. More fuel and dry mass requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass. More fuel and dry mass requires
+more fuel to push and and this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fuel to push and and this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fuel to push and and this the
+system blows up on you. And you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system blows up on you. And you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system blows up on you. And you can see
+this in these curves. So you you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in these curves. So you you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in these curves. So you you get
+some physical intuition in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some physical intuition in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some physical intuition in terms of the
+shape of the space. Yeah. Is there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of the space. Yeah. Is there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of the space. Yeah. Is there a
+reason between this sort of layering of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason between this sort of layering of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason between this sort of layering of
+cost? Yeah. They're they're essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost? Yeah. They're they're essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost? Yeah. They're they're essentially
+um essentially if I remember correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um essentially if I remember correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um essentially if I remember correctly
+the um the capability of the system do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um the capability of the system do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um the capability of the system do
+you remember there's the small medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember there's the small medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember there's the small medium
+large you know the the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large you know the the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large you know the the size of the
+grappling equipment uh I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grappling equipment uh I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grappling equipment uh I think that's
+the taring that you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the taring that you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the taring that you see
+um well it depends on the waiting right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well it depends on the waiting right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well it depends on the waiting right
+so as you change the waiting among the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as you change the waiting among the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as you change the waiting among the
+attributes that space can get scrambled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes that space can get scrambled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes that space can get scrambled
+this is this this space is valid for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this this space is valid for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this this space is valid for
+that particular waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular waiting
+So any any questions about uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So any any questions about uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So any any questions about uh this is
+utility theory multi-attribute utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility theory multi-attribute utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility theory multi-attribute utility
+theory applied to trade space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory applied to trade space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory applied to trade space
+exploration any any question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploration any any question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploration any any question
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ahead do you have a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead do you have a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead do you have a question
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now what you see here is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now what you see here is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now what you see here is kind
+implicitly is it there's nothing here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly is it there's nothing here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly is it there's nothing here in
+the lower right corner. There's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower right corner. There's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower right corner. There's no
+system that has, you know, perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that has, you know, perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that has, you know, perfect
+utility and is is low cost, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility and is is low cost, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility and is is low cost, right?
+There's there's an empty space. We'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's there's an empty space. We'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's there's an empty space. We'd
+love to be here, but there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love to be here, but there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love to be here, but there's nothing
+there. So, the best we can do is get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. So, the best we can do is get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. So, the best we can do is get
+close to that. And that's what I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to that. And that's what I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to that. And that's what I want to
+talk about next, which is this concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about next, which is this concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about next, which is this concept
+of non-dominance. So, what do we mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of non-dominance. So, what do we mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of non-dominance. So, what do we mean by
+non-dominance? What is a Pareto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-dominance? What is a Pareto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-dominance? What is a Pareto
+frontier? And uh what is multi-objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier? And uh what is multi-objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier? And uh what is multi-objective
+optimization? The key point about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization? The key point about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization? The key point about this
+is that when you do when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that when you do when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that when you do when you do
+non-dominance filtering, when you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-dominance filtering, when you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-dominance filtering, when you look
+for Pareto frontiers, you do not need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Pareto frontiers, you do not need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Pareto frontiers, you do not need to
+express your preferences ahead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express your preferences ahead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express your preferences ahead of
+time, right? So when you do util when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, right? So when you do util when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, right? So when you do util when
+you do a weighted pew matrix or when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do a weighted pew matrix or when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do a weighted pew matrix or when you
+do utility theory, you had to define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do utility theory, you had to define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do utility theory, you had to define
+ahead of time before you did the scoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of time before you did the scoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of time before you did the scoring
+what's more important. you know, fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's more important. you know, fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's more important. you know, fuel
+efficiency is twice as important to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency is twice as important to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency is twice as important to me
+as cost, right? The waiting, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as cost, right? The waiting, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as cost, right? The waiting, the
+preferences had to be expressed a priori
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences had to be expressed a priori
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences had to be expressed a priori
+before you did the scoring. And and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you did the scoring. And and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you did the scoring. And and you
+know, there's there's arguments that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, there's there's arguments that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, there's there's arguments that
+that's not the best thing to do, but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the best thing to do, but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the best thing to do, but you
+can do it here. Uh in non-dominance, uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it here. Uh in non-dominance, uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it here. Uh in non-dominance, uh
+multi-objective optimization, eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-objective optimization, eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-objective optimization, eventually
+you have to express your preferences,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to express your preferences,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to express your preferences,
+but you do it after you've scored the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you do it after you've scored the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you do it after you've scored the
+options. That's a really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options. That's a really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options. That's a really important
+distinction. So, let me give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction. So, let me give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction. So, let me give you a
+little history here on this. And what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little history here on this. And what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little history here on this. And what's
+really interesting is there's a Loausan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting is there's a Loausan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting is there's a Loausan
+connection. Okay? There's a connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection. Okay? There's a connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection. Okay? There's a connection
+with Loausan. So, the word Pareto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Loausan. So, the word Pareto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Loausan. So, the word Pareto
+Frontier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frontier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frontier
+uh is named after a uh a scientist who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is named after a uh a scientist who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is named after a uh a scientist who
+actually started as an engineer, Vfredo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually started as an engineer, Vfredo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually started as an engineer, Vfredo
+Paredo. He uh was born in Paris in 1848
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paredo. He uh was born in Paris in 1848
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paredo. He uh was born in Paris in 1848
+um and then graduated from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then graduated from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then graduated from the
+University of Turin in 1870
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of Turin in 1870
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of Turin in 1870
+uh very much in engineering civil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very much in engineering civil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very much in engineering civil
+engineering. His thesis title was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering. His thesis title was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering. His thesis title was the
+fundamental principles of equilibrium in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental principles of equilibrium in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental principles of equilibrium in
+solid bodies something we take you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid bodies something we take you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid bodies something we take you know
+that's pretty basic now forces and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty basic now forces and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty basic now forces and
+torques in equilibrium on a on a on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torques in equilibrium on a on a on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torques in equilibrium on a on a on a
+body. Now um he worked you know as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body. Now um he worked you know as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body. Now um he worked you know as a
+civil engineer in Florence and then he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civil engineer in Florence and then he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civil engineer in Florence and then he
+got interested in philosophy, politics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got interested in philosophy, politics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got interested in philosophy, politics
+and economics and he started to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and economics and he started to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and economics and he started to think
+about this in terms of uh what how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this in terms of uh what how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this in terms of uh what how does
+this concept of equilibrium apply to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this concept of equilibrium apply to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this concept of equilibrium apply to
+economics and then in 1893 he actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics and then in 1893 he actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics and then in 1893 he actually
+became a professor at the University of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became a professor at the University of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became a professor at the University of
+Lausan which is located right next to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lausan which is located right next to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lausan which is located right next to uh
+EPFL and started applying this to um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EPFL and started applying this to um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EPFL and started applying this to um to
+uh to economics and sort of societal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to economics and sort of societal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to economics and sort of societal
+theory and um there there he did some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and um there there he did some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and um there there he did some
+some of his work was a bit controversial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of his work was a bit controversial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of his work was a bit controversial
+but the the the one that I want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the the one that I want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the the one that I want to talk
+about here is this the idea of the PTO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about here is this the idea of the PTO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about here is this the idea of the PTO
+optimum and I will let me just read this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimum and I will let me just read this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimum and I will let me just read this
+quote to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote to
+you. The optimum allocation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. The optimum allocation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. The optimum allocation of the
+resources of a society is not attained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources of a society is not attained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources of a society is not attained
+so long as it is possible to make at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so long as it is possible to make at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so long as it is possible to make at
+least one individual better off in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one individual better off in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one individual better off in his
+or her own estimation while keeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or her own estimation while keeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or her own estimation while keeping
+others as well off as before in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others as well off as before in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others as well off as before in their
+own estimation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own estimation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own estimation.
+So what it means is if you can if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what it means is if you can if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what it means is if you can if you
+can make an investment or make a change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make an investment or make a change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make an investment or make a change
+in society that makes a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in society that makes a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in society that makes a particular
+individual or group of individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual or group of individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual or group of individuals
+better off in their own estimation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better off in their own estimation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better off in their own estimation
+without having to take the resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having to take the resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having to take the resources
+from another group and make them less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from another group and make them less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from another group and make them less
+well off then you've you've not reached
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well off then you've you've not reached
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well off then you've you've not reached
+an optimal allocation of resources. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an optimal allocation of resources. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an optimal allocation of resources. You
+know, if there can be a win-win, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, if there can be a win-win, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, if there can be a win-win, if
+everybody can be better off by making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody can be better off by making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody can be better off by making
+certain investments, you haven't yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain investments, you haven't yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain investments, you haven't yet
+found the optimal strategy only when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found the optimal strategy only when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found the optimal strategy only when the
+only way to make somebody better off in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only way to make somebody better off in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only way to make somebody better off in
+their own estimation than somebody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own estimation than somebody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own estimation than somebody else
+is by taking and this is, you know, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by taking and this is, you know, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by taking and this is, you know, a
+big political debate still today, by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big political debate still today, by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big political debate still today, by
+taking from one group and redistributing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking from one group and redistributing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking from one group and redistributing
+resources to the other. When you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources to the other. When you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources to the other. When you're in
+that situation, then then you're at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that situation, then then you're at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that situation, then then you're at the
+Pareto optimal uh point. Okay? So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pareto optimal uh point. Okay? So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pareto optimal uh point. Okay? So that's
+uh that's the key idea uh underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's the key idea uh underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's the key idea uh underlying
+this. So what this means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. So what this means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. So what this means is
+mathematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically
+uh is that um an optimal solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is that um an optimal solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is that um an optimal solution
+xar is optimal if and only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xar is optimal if and only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xar is optimal if and only if
+um for a feasible solution. So first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for a feasible solution. So first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for a feasible solution. So first of
+all the solution has to be feasible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the solution has to be feasible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the solution has to be feasible and
+this is when you have multiple criteria.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is when you have multiple criteria.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is when you have multiple criteria.
+uh we're trying to do vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're trying to do vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're trying to do vector
+optimization and x must be what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization and x must be what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization and x must be what we call
+an efficient solution and it's efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an efficient solution and it's efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an efficient solution and it's efficient
+only if its objective vector j of x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if its objective vector j of x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if its objective vector j of x is
+non-dominated and what this means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-dominated and what this means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-dominated and what this means is
+that if you're looking at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you're looking at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you're looking at a
+point it's it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it's it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it's it's only
+efficient when it is not possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient when it is not possible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient when it is not possible to
+move from that point to another point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move from that point to another point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move from that point to another point
+without degrading uh at least one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without degrading uh at least one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without degrading uh at least one of the
+other objectives. Okay. So if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other objectives. Okay. So if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other objectives. Okay. So if you can
+move from a particular design point to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move from a particular design point to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move from a particular design point to
+another design point and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another design point and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another design point and all the
+objectives get better, you're not yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objectives get better, you're not yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objectives get better, you're not yet
+efficient. You're not yet at a Pareto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient. You're not yet at a Pareto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient. You're not yet at a Pareto
+optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal
+point. Um and this gets us to the notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. Um and this gets us to the notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. Um and this gets us to the notion
+of dominance. Okay. So dominance, let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dominance. Okay. So dominance, let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dominance. Okay. So dominance, let's
+say we have two designs, two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we have two designs, two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we have two designs, two
+alternatives,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives,
+uh J1 and J2. Those are their objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh J1 and J2. Those are their objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh J1 and J2. Those are their objective
+vectors. It means that uh this is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors. It means that uh this is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors. It means that uh this is for
+maximization. we're trying to maximize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization. we're trying to maximize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization. we're trying to maximize
+it means J1 dominates J2 weekly if J1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means J1 dominates J2 weekly if J1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means J1 dominates J2 weekly if J1 is
+better or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better or equal to
+J2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J2 and
+uh at least in one of the objectives I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at least in one of the objectives I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at least in one of the objectives I
+strictly better than J2. Okay, so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly better than J2. Okay, so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly better than J2. Okay, so you
+could have two alternatives. This gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have two alternatives. This gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have two alternatives. This gets
+back to Q matrix and the question who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to Q matrix and the question who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to Q matrix and the question who
+asked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked about the
+ties you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ties you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ties you did
+right so long ago it's like wait a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so long ago it's like wait a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so long ago it's like wait a
+minute it's like an hour ago you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute it's like an hour ago you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute it's like an hour ago you know so
+we have two alternatives okay they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have two alternatives okay they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have two alternatives okay they're
+all equal they're they're tied in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all equal they're they're tied in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all equal they're they're tied in all
+criteria except for one where J1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria except for one where J1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria except for one where J1 is
+better than J2 which means that J1 will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than J2 which means that J1 will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than J2 which means that J1 will
+dominate J2 but weakly because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate J2 but weakly because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate J2 but weakly because there's
+some ties right and Then there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ties right and Then there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ties right and Then there's a
+stronger definition which is that J2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger definition which is that J2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger definition which is that J2
+strongly dominates J2. J1 strongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly dominates J2. J1 strongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly dominates J2. J1 strongly
+dominates J2 if and only if it is better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominates J2 if and only if it is better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominates J2 if and only if it is better
+strictly better in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly better in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly better in all
+attributes. So for one to dominate J2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes. So for one to dominate J2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes. So for one to dominate J2
+strongly, it's got to be better in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly, it's got to be better in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly, it's got to be better in all
+attributes than J2. Does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes than J2. Does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes than J2. Does that make
+sense? Okay. So I know this is a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? Okay. So I know this is a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? Okay. So I know this is a bit
+abstract. So let's do a concept question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract. So let's do a concept question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract. So let's do a concept question
+that's sort of based on a on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of based on a on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of based on a on a
+hypothetical but but real example.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetical but but real example.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetical but but real example.
+So assume let's say you're you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So assume let's say you're you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So assume let's say you're you're in
+charge of designing a new commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge of designing a new commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge of designing a new commercial
+aircraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft
+and there's four criteria. You want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's four criteria. You want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's four criteria. You want to
+maximize range. You want to minimize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize range. You want to minimize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize range. You want to minimize the
+cost uh dollars per kil kilometer flown.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost uh dollars per kil kilometer flown.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost uh dollars per kil kilometer flown.
+You want to maximize the capacity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You want to maximize the capacity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You want to maximize the capacity of the
+airplane number of passengers. and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane number of passengers. and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane number of passengers. and you
+want to maximize cruise speed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to maximize cruise speed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to maximize cruise speed in
+kilometers/ hour. So it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometers/ hour. So it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometers/ hour. So it's a
+multiobjective aircraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiobjective aircraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiobjective aircraft
+design. You do all the work, you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design. You do all the work, you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design. You do all the work, you do
+concept generation, you come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept generation, you come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept generation, you come up with
+eight concepts for airplanes and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight concepts for airplanes and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight concepts for airplanes and you
+evaluate them and they're shown here 1 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate them and they're shown here 1 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate them and they're shown here 1 2
+3 etc through eight. So let's just look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 etc through eight. So let's just look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 etc through eight. So let's just look
+at number one. What does this mean?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at number one. What does this mean?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at number one. What does this mean?
+Airplane number one, concept number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Airplane number one, concept number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Airplane number one, concept number one
+has a range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a range of
+7,587 km. It has a operating cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7,587 km. It has a operating cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7,587 km. It has a operating cost of
+$321 per kilometer. It can carry 112
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$321 per kilometer. It can carry 112
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$321 per kilometer. It can carry 112
+passengers and it has a cruise speed or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers and it has a cruise speed or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers and it has a cruise speed or
+max speed of 950 kilometers per hour. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max speed of 950 kilometers per hour. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max speed of 950 kilometers per hour. So
+I'm going to leave this up. This is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to leave this up. This is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to leave this up. This is a
+like a five minute. This is sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a five minute. This is sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a five minute. This is sort of a
+con on the next slide. I'm going to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con on the next slide. I'm going to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con on the next slide. I'm going to ask
+you and we'll we'll come back to this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and we'll we'll come back to this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and we'll we'll come back to this.
+Which of these airplane designs these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Which of these airplane designs these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Which of these airplane designs these
+eights are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eights are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eights are
+non-dominated? meaning that they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-dominated? meaning that they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-dominated? meaning that they're not
+dominated by any of the other. And we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated by any of the other. And we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated by any of the other. And we're
+going to apply weak dominance here. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to apply weak dominance here. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to apply weak dominance here. That
+was going to be your question, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to be your question, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to be your question, right?
+Weak dominance. So, I don't think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Weak dominance. So, I don't think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Weak dominance. So, I don't think it
+actually matters. I don't think there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually matters. I don't think there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually matters. I don't think there's
+too many ties in here, but uh apply weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many ties in here, but uh apply weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many ties in here, but uh apply weak
+dominance. So, which of these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominance. So, which of these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominance. So, which of these are
+non-dominated? Meaning that you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-dominated? Meaning that you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-dominated? Meaning that you you
+wouldn't discard them right off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't discard them right off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't discard them right off the
+bat, right? Because there's some strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bat, right? Because there's some strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bat, right? Because there's some strong
+features that they have. So work through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features that they have. So work through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features that they have. So work through
+this. Uh you might want to write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Uh you might want to write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Uh you might want to write down
+uh which ones are uh non-dominated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which ones are uh non-dominated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which ones are uh non-dominated and
+then we'll we'll do the concept question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll we'll do the concept question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll we'll do the concept question
+and then we'll show you the answer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll show you the answer.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll show you the answer.
+I just want to make sure. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to make sure. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to make sure. So
+non-dominated as in there is not one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-dominated as in there is not one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-dominated as in there is not one
+that could be considered better than it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be considered better than it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be considered better than it
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+Yeah. So um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So um
+just this is the definition.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So, let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, let
+me So, please submit your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me So, please submit your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me So, please submit your
+answers. So, here's the choices. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers. So, here's the choices. Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers. So, here's the choices. Uh,
+which airplane designs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which airplane designs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which airplane designs are
+non-dominated? 5 six and seven? 1 1 3 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-dominated? 5 six and seven? 1 1 3 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-dominated? 5 six and seven? 1 1 3 4
+and 8 1 2 3 4 and 8 2 3 5 and six 1 3 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 8 1 2 3 4 and 8 2 3 5 and six 1 3 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 8 1 2 3 4 and 8 2 3 5 and six 1 3 4
+and 7 or you need this is not this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 7 or you need this is not this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 7 or you need this is not this is
+not answerable. You need more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not answerable. You need more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not answerable. You need more
+information to answer the question.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to answer the question.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to answer the question.
+Okay. So we have uh a pretty pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So we have uh a pretty pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So we have uh a pretty pretty good
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+here. So the wisdom of crowds I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So the wisdom of crowds I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So the wisdom of crowds I think
+prevails. So the correct answer is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevails. So the correct answer is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevails. So the correct answer is the
+third one. 1 2 3 4 and 8. So 36% of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third one. 1 2 3 4 and 8. So 36% of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third one. 1 2 3 4 and 8. So 36% of you
+got it right. Now let me let me show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it right. Now let me let me show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it right. Now let me let me show you
+the the solution to this. So it is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the solution to this. So it is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the solution to this. So it is in
+fact possible to answer this without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact possible to answer this without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact possible to answer this without
+additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional
+information. So the way to do this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information. So the way to do this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information. So the way to do this is
+you have to do pair-wise comparisons.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do pair-wise comparisons.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do pair-wise comparisons.
+Now you you said about uh I think your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now you you said about uh I think your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now you you said about uh I think your
+strategy you said what did you say early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy you said what did you say early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy you said what did you say early
+on if you just push you were looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on if you just push you were looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on if you just push you were looking at
+maximums. So you were saying who's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximums. So you were saying who's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximums. So you were saying who's the
+best performer among the concepts for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best performer among the concepts for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best performer among the concepts for
+each criteria and and you found those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each criteria and and you found those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each criteria and and you found those
+pretty easily I would assume right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easily I would assume right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easily I would assume right?
+Yeah. So what um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So what um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So what um
+okay so you got to get the sign right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you got to get the sign right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you got to get the sign right.
+Do you have the mic on by the way? Um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do you have the mic on by the way? Um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do you have the mic on by the way? Um so
+what would if if a concept is the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would if if a concept is the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would if if a concept is the best
+performer in a criterion? What does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performer in a criterion? What does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performer in a criterion? What does that
+tell you? Um it means that none of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you? Um it means that none of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you? Um it means that none of the
+other performers have something equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other performers have something equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other performers have something equal to
+or greater than that uh performer for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or greater than that uh performer for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or greater than that uh performer for
+that set criterion. So, and this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that set criterion. So, and this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that set criterion. So, and this this
+relates to the question. Is it is it m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates to the question. Is it is it m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates to the question. Is it is it m
+Martin? Martin in the red shirt first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martin? Martin in the red shirt first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martin? Martin in the red shirt first
+row. I didn't get your name right. I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row. I didn't get your name right. I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row. I didn't get your name right. I'm
+sorry. Bastian. Bastian. Bastian.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry. Bastian. Bastian. Bastian.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry. Bastian. Bastian. Bastian.
+Bastian. You remember at the start of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bastian. You remember at the start of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bastian. You remember at the start of
+the lecture you said, what did you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture you said, what did you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture you said, what did you say
+at the start of the lecture?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um I said that if you evaluate all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I said that if you evaluate all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I said that if you evaluate all the
+concepts um based on just plus or minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts um based on just plus or minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts um based on just plus or minus
+for the criteria, you might have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the criteria, you might have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the criteria, you might have one
+where you um evaluate um all the uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you um evaluate um all the uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you um evaluate um all the uh a
+bunch of criteria that are negatives but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of criteria that are negatives but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of criteria that are negatives but
+there's just one that is positive but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just one that is positive but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just one that is positive but
+that one might be very very positive.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one might be very very positive.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one might be very very positive.
+Right? So that's exactly the point here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So that's exactly the point here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So that's exactly the point here.
+That's exactly this point. If you are if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's exactly this point. If you are if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's exactly this point. If you are if
+this concept is the best performer in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this concept is the best performer in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this concept is the best performer in
+just one of the criteria like it has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one of the criteria like it has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one of the criteria like it has the
+best speed or the lowest cost but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best speed or the lowest cost but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best speed or the lowest cost but it's
+terrible terrible in everything else. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible terrible in everything else. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible terrible in everything else. It
+doesn't matter in terms of dominance it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter in terms of dominance it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter in terms of dominance it
+cannot it is non-dominated. It cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot it is non-dominated. It cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot it is non-dominated. It cannot be
+dominated by any other concept. If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated by any other concept. If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated by any other concept. If you
+are the best in class even just for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the best in class even just for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the best in class even just for one
+criteria. Does that make sense?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria. Does that make sense?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria. Does that make sense?
+You cannot be dominated by any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You cannot be dominated by any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You cannot be dominated by any other
+design if you're the best performer at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design if you're the best performer at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design if you're the best performer at
+in on just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in on just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in on just one
+criterion. So let's think about track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criterion. So let's think about track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criterion. So let's think about track
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+field, right? So the uh people who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field, right? So the uh people who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field, right? So the uh people who's
+doing track and field any athletes here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing track and field any athletes here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing track and field any athletes here
+like runners or or javelin or Veronica,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like runners or or javelin or Veronica,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like runners or or javelin or Veronica,
+I didn't know that about you. I used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't know that about you. I used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't know that about you. I used to
+run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run
+cross country and track. Okay, so 5K. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross country and track. Okay, so 5K. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross country and track. Okay, so 5K. Uh
+yeah, the 5K. All right. So, but so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, the 5K. All right. So, but so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, the 5K. All right. So, but so you
+let's say you I'm sure you were very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you I'm sure you were very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you I'm sure you were very
+good at 5K, right? And how's your shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at 5K, right? And how's your shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at 5K, right? And how's your shot
+put? I never competed in the shot put.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put? I never competed in the shot put.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put? I never competed in the shot put.
+Okay. So then we don't know, right? But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So then we don't know, right? But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So then we don't know, right? But
+uh the point I'm trying to make is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the point I'm trying to make is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the point I'm trying to make is you
+could be a super duper specialist in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a super duper specialist in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a super duper specialist in one
+criterion and and that's you know, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criterion and and that's you know, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criterion and and that's you know, you
+can win a gold medal with that, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can win a gold medal with that, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can win a gold medal with that, but
+you're very maybe not good in in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're very maybe not good in in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're very maybe not good in in other
+things. So that's the point here is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. So that's the point here is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. So that's the point here is in
+order to be dominated if you're the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to be dominated if you're the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to be dominated if you're the best
+performer in so right off the bat in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performer in so right off the bat in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performer in so right off the bat in
+this exercise here in our little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exercise here in our little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exercise here in our little
+exercise you can remove all the concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise you can remove all the concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise you can remove all the concepts
+that are best in class from the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are best in class from the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are best in class from the set
+because they cannot be dominated. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they cannot be dominated. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they cannot be dominated. So
+they have to be non-dominated. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to be non-dominated. Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to be non-dominated. Okay. So
+the way you do the scoring with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you do the scoring with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you do the scoring with
+pair-wise comparisons is you say let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair-wise comparisons is you say let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair-wise comparisons is you say let's
+compare one and two concept one and two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare one and two concept one and two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare one and two concept one and two.
+Well, one is better in um in range,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, one is better in um in range,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, one is better in um in range,
+right? Uh and it's better in in speed,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Uh and it's better in in speed,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Uh and it's better in in speed,
+but then the second concept is better in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then the second concept is better in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then the second concept is better in
+two and three. So, the score here is two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and three. So, the score here is two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and three. So, the score here is two
+versus two, which means neither one nor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus two, which means neither one nor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus two, which means neither one nor
+two dominate each other, right? Even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dominate each other, right? Even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dominate each other, right? Even if
+it's what if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what if it's
+3:1? What if it was a 3:1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3:1? What if it was a 3:1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3:1? What if it was a 3:1
+score? It would still be true, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score? It would still be true, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score? It would still be true, right?
+that one doesn't one it's it's in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one doesn't one it's it's in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one doesn't one it's it's in a
+sense better because it's better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense better because it's better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense better because it's better than
+the other but it doesn't dominate it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other but it doesn't dominate it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other but it doesn't dominate it.
+See because dominance is a very crisp uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+See because dominance is a very crisp uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+See because dominance is a very crisp uh
+definition. Now this is different right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition. Now this is different right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition. Now this is different right?
+Compare one versus number six. Concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Compare one versus number six. Concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Compare one versus number six. Concept
+one versus concept six. One is better in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one versus concept six. One is better in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one versus concept six. One is better in
+all four criteria to six. So clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all four criteria to six. So clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all four criteria to six. So clearly
+solution one dominates solution six. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution one dominates solution six. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution one dominates solution six. And
+as a rational decision maker, you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a rational decision maker, you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a rational decision maker, you can
+eliminate concept six from the from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate concept six from the from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate concept six from the from the
+set because it is completely dominated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set because it is completely dominated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set because it is completely dominated
+by concept one. Okay. So in order to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by concept one. Okay. So in order to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by concept one. Okay. So in order to be
+dominated, a solution must have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated, a solution must have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated, a solution must have
+essentially a score of zero in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a score of zero in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a score of zero in a
+pair-wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair-wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair-wise
+comparison. Now if we apply this to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison. Now if we apply this to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison. Now if we apply this to the
+full set of eight, we can actually show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full set of eight, we can actually show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full set of eight, we can actually show
+this as a matrix. I call that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a matrix. I call that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a matrix. I call that the
+domination matrix. It shows which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domination matrix. It shows which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domination matrix. It shows which
+solution dominate which other solution.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution dominate which other solution.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution dominate which other solution.
+the horizontal rows and the vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the horizontal rows and the vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the horizontal rows and the vertical
+rows. So the way you read this is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows. So the way you read this is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows. So the way you read this is so
+where you see these dots these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you see these dots these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you see these dots these are
+dominance relationships in the pair-wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominance relationships in the pair-wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominance relationships in the pair-wise
+comparison. So this tells you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison. So this tells you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison. So this tells you that
+solution two dominates solution five. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution two dominates solution five. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution two dominates solution five. Um
+this tells us if we look column-wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tells us if we look column-wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tells us if we look column-wise
+solution seven is dominated by solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution seven is dominated by solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution seven is dominated by solutions
+two and solution eight. So if we do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and solution eight. So if we do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and solution eight. So if we do the
+row sum, if we sum this along the rows,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row sum, if we sum this along the rows,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row sum, if we sum this along the rows,
+the row indicates how many solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the row indicates how many solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the row indicates how many solutions
+this particular solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular solution
+dominates. And but the question was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominates. And but the question was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominates. And but the question was
+about non-dominance. So we need to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about non-dominance. So we need to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about non-dominance. So we need to look
+at the column sum. The column sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the column sum. The column sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the column sum. The column sum
+indicates by how many other solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates by how many other solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates by how many other solutions
+the kith solution or concept is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kith solution or concept is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kith solution or concept is
+dominated. And when you do this column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated. And when you do this column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated. And when you do this column
+sum, you can see that uh concepts 1 2 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum, you can see that uh concepts 1 2 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum, you can see that uh concepts 1 2 3
+and four have a zero. They're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and four have a zero. They're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and four have a zero. They're not
+dominated by any other design. Column 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated by any other design. Column 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated by any other design. Column 8
+has a zero. And concepts five, six, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a zero. And concepts five, six, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a zero. And concepts five, six, and
+seven are dominated each by at least one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven are dominated each by at least one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven are dominated each by at least one
+other concept, which means that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other concept, which means that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other concept, which means that they're
+they're u they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're u they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're u they're
+dominated, right? And the others are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated, right? And the others are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated, right? And the others are
+non-dominated. So when you do your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-dominated. So when you do your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-dominated. So when you do your
+concept selection, you apply you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept selection, you apply you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept selection, you apply you can
+actually apply this to a much bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually apply this to a much bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually apply this to a much bigger
+set. You filter out all the dominated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set. You filter out all the dominated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set. You filter out all the dominated
+solutions. And it turns out the bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions. And it turns out the bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions. And it turns out the bigger
+your number of alternatives or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your number of alternatives or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your number of alternatives or
+architectures, the smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures, the smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures, the smaller
+percentage-wise the set will be of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage-wise the set will be of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage-wise the set will be of
+non-dominated solutions. And those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-dominated solutions. And those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-dominated solutions. And those are
+the ones you really want to focus on. Is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones you really want to focus on. Is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones you really want to focus on. Is
+that is that clear? I this I know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that clear? I this I know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that clear? I this I know this
+is uh this takes a little thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh this takes a little thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh this takes a little thinking about
+what does this really mean? But but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this really mean? But but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this really mean? But but
+that's a very rigorous way to do it. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very rigorous way to do it. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very rigorous way to do it. Um
+and then this this gets us to eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this this gets us to eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this this gets us to eventually
+this gets us to the notion of Pareto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gets us to the notion of Pareto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gets us to the notion of Pareto
+optimality. So what's the relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimality. So what's the relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimality. So what's the relationship
+between Pareto optimality and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Pareto optimality and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Pareto optimality and
+non-dominance? So let's say we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-dominance? So let's say we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-dominance? So let's say we have two
+objectives. J1, we want to maximize J1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objectives. J1, we want to maximize J1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objectives. J1, we want to maximize J1.
+Maybe that's you know uh performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe that's you know uh performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe that's you know uh performance
+endurance. We want to minimize J2. Maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endurance. We want to minimize J2. Maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endurance. We want to minimize J2. Maybe
+cost for example. So the the the utopian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost for example. So the the the utopian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost for example. So the the the utopian
+point or the optimal corner to be in is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point or the optimal corner to be in is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point or the optimal corner to be in is
+the lower right. Right? We want maximize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower right. Right? We want maximize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower right. Right? We want maximize
+J1, minimize J2. There's nothing here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J1, minimize J2. There's nothing here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J1, minimize J2. There's nothing here.
+It's empty. There's nothing feasible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's empty. There's nothing feasible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's empty. There's nothing feasible
+here. So the best we can do is get close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So the best we can do is get close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So the best we can do is get close
+to it. So when you look at a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it. So when you look at a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it. So when you look at a set of
+discrete points, discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete points, discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete points, discrete
+concepts, those concepts can have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts, those concepts can have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts, those concepts can have three
+properties. They can be D meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties. They can be D meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties. They can be D meaning
+dominated. So all the all the red points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated. So all the all the red points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated. So all the all the red points
+shown here uh are dominated. And and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here uh are dominated. And and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here uh are dominated. And and the
+way you can see this if you if you draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you can see this if you if you draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you can see this if you if you draw
+a little let me try to let me try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little let me try to let me try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little let me try to let me try to
+draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw
+a box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a box
+here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here.
+Um where's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+eraser? So let's let's pick a point a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eraser? So let's let's pick a point a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eraser? So let's let's pick a point a
+particular point.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular point.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular point.
+Uh let's pick this point right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh let's pick this point right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh let's pick this point right
+here. Why do we know that this point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Why do we know that this point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Why do we know that this point is
+dominated just looking at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated just looking at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated just looking at it
+graphically? How do you know that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically? How do you know that?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically? How do you know that?
+Go ahead. The point is not at the front.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Go ahead. The point is not at the front.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Go ahead. The point is not at the front.
+It's not at the front. But the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's not at the front. But the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's not at the front. But the way the
+way to find uh first of all whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to find uh first of all whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to find uh first of all whether it's
+dominated which is relative to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated which is relative to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated which is relative to the other
+solutions is we can just draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions is we can just draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions is we can just draw a
+horizontal line here right and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal line here right and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal line here right and a
+vertical line here and so in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical line here and so in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical line here and so in a
+multi-dimensional space you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-dimensional space you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-dimensional space you're
+essentially drawing like a hyper cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially drawing like a hyper cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially drawing like a hyper cube
+and here's down here is our utopia right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's down here is our utopia right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's down here is our utopia right
+this is where we would love to be but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where we would love to be but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where we would love to be but we
+can't be it's not feasible and you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be it's not feasible and you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be it's not feasible and you see
+in this box between the point and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this box between the point and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this box between the point and the
+utopia there is this other guy here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utopia there is this other guy here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utopia there is this other guy here this
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+here. And because it's there, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And because it's there, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And because it's there, it's
+closer to the utopia and it dominates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to the utopia and it dominates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to the utopia and it dominates
+this point, right? In both objectives.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point, right? In both objectives.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point, right? In both objectives.
+Let's take this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's take this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's take this point
+here. Let's do the same thing. Draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Let's do the same thing. Draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Let's do the same thing. Draw a
+vertical line and a horizontal line. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical line and a horizontal line. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical line and a horizontal line. And
+there's a whole bunch of points. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole bunch of points. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole bunch of points. All
+these points right here are all in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these points right here are all in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these points right here are all in the
+box closer to the the utopian point. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box closer to the the utopian point. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box closer to the the utopian point. So
+this point here is actually dominated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point here is actually dominated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point here is actually dominated by
+1 2 3 4 5 six seven other points, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 2 3 4 5 six seven other points, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 2 3 4 5 six seven other points, right?
+So that's that's essentially dominated.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's that's essentially dominated.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's that's essentially dominated.
+Let me erase this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again. Then we have we have these darker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. Then we have we have these darker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. Then we have we have these darker
+red uh purple points. Let me just circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red uh purple points. Let me just circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red uh purple points. Let me just circle
+them real quick.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them real quick.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them real quick.
+So we have this this point here, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have this this point here, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have this this point here, this
+point, this point, this point, this one,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point, this point, this point, this one,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point, this point, this point, this one,
+and this one. And those are what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one. And those are what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one. And those are what we call
+non-dominated like we just did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-dominated like we just did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-dominated like we just did the
+filtering, meaning there's no other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering, meaning there's no other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering, meaning there's no other
+point in the set that's better than it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the set that's better than it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the set that's better than it
+in all criteria. So you would you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all criteria. So you would you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all criteria. So you would you would
+consider them as concepts to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider them as concepts to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider them as concepts to choose
+from, but they're not exactly on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from, but they're not exactly on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from, but they're not exactly on that
+dashed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dashed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dashed
+line, which which means that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line, which which means that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line, which which means that there's a
+way to improve them. There's a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to improve them. There's a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to improve them. There's a way to
+tweak them to optimize them further if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweak them to optimize them further if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweak them to optimize them further if
+you could to get them right onto that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could to get them right onto that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could to get them right onto that
+dashed line. They're close, but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dashed line. They're close, but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dashed line. They're close, but they're
+not exactly on that dash line, right? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exactly on that dash line, right? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exactly on that dash line, right? So
+you could tweak these concepts to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could tweak these concepts to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could tweak these concepts to get
+them closer to the PTO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them closer to the PTO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them closer to the PTO
+front, but they're still they're pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front, but they're still they're pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front, but they're still they're pretty
+good because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good because they're
+non-dominated. And then we have those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-dominated. And then we have those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-dominated. And then we have those
+gray points which are shown here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gray points which are shown here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gray points which are shown here.
+There's three of them. Let me use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's three of them. Let me use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's three of them. Let me use a
+different color for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these. Let me use a different color.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these. Let me use a different color.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these. Let me use a different color.
+Maybe green.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe green.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe green.
+Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh
+sorry here this point this point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry here this point this point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry here this point this point and
+this point they are Pareto optimal mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point they are Pareto optimal mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point they are Pareto optimal mean
+meaning they're on the PTO front there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning they're on the PTO front there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning they're on the PTO front there's
+no way to improve them such that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no way to improve them such that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no way to improve them such that you
+could make both objectives better right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make both objectives better right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make both objectives better right
+if you want to make J1 better you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to make J1 better you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to make J1 better you have
+to sacrifice on J2 so the the only way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sacrifice on J2 so the the only way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sacrifice on J2 so the the only way
+to modify these points is to slide along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to modify these points is to slide along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to modify these points is to slide along
+the PTO front which meaning meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PTO front which meaning meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PTO front which meaning meaning
+you're trading off the objectives. Do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trading off the objectives. Do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trading off the objectives. Do
+you see that? And so in my in my spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that? And so in my in my spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that? And so in my in my spring
+class that I teach called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class that I teach called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class that I teach called
+multiddisciplinary system optimization,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiddisciplinary system optimization,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiddisciplinary system optimization,
+we get into this pretty deeply like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get into this pretty deeply like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get into this pretty deeply like how
+do you actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you actually do
+this? But the point the point I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this? But the point the point I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this? But the point the point I want to
+want you to keep for now is that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to keep for now is that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to keep for now is that when
+you select a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you select a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you select a
+concept, do not select a dominated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept, do not select a dominated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept, do not select a dominated
+one. Get rid of the dominated ones.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Get rid of the dominated ones.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Get rid of the dominated ones.
+filter them out and then you still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter them out and then you still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter them out and then you still have
+to choose among the others and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose among the others and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose among the others and that's
+where your preferences come in. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where your preferences come in. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where your preferences come in. Right?
+So given the the blue and green choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So given the the blue and green choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So given the the blue and green choices
+here, which one are you going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, which one are you going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, which one are you going to
+recommend at the end? And that dis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend at the end? And that dis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend at the end? And that dis
+that's a sort of a a preferences between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a sort of a a preferences between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a sort of a a preferences between
+maximizing J1 and minimizing J2. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing J1 and minimizing J2. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing J1 and minimizing J2. That's
+a that's a social process of coming up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that's a social process of coming up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that's a social process of coming up
+with your preferences. But you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your preferences. But you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your preferences. But you now
+determine those preferences after you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine those preferences after you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine those preferences after you've
+scored all the concepts. Do you do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scored all the concepts. Do you do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scored all the concepts. Do you do you
+see the difference? That's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the difference? That's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the difference? That's pretty
+fundamental. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental. Okay.
+So, one more thing and then we'll we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, one more thing and then we'll we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, one more thing and then we'll we'll
+wrap it up. So, now you've gone through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrap it up. So, now you've gone through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrap it up. So, now you've gone through
+all this work. You've done your concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this work. You've done your concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this work. You've done your concept
+generation, concept selection,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation, concept selection,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation, concept selection,
+scoring, and you you found the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scoring, and you you found the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scoring, and you you found the one
+concept that um that you're going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept that um that you're going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept that um that you're going to go
+forward with. That's when you do PDR.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward with. That's when you do PDR.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward with. That's when you do PDR.
+So, what is the PDR? The preliminary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, what is the PDR? The preliminary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, what is the PDR? The preliminary
+design review. You explain what concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design review. You explain what concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design review. You explain what concept
+and system architecture was chosen. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and system architecture was chosen. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and system architecture was chosen. You
+uh explain why it was chosen and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh explain why it was chosen and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh explain why it was chosen and uh and
+that's you want this to be approved as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you want this to be approved as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you want this to be approved as
+the design baseline for going forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design baseline for going forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design baseline for going forward
+and doing more detailed design work. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doing more detailed design work. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doing more detailed design work. You
+compare it against the rejected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare it against the rejected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare it against the rejected
+alternatives. Typically at the PDR you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives. Typically at the PDR you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives. Typically at the PDR you
+will spend some time on saying these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will spend some time on saying these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will spend some time on saying these are
+the other interesting concepts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other interesting concepts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other interesting concepts that
+almost were selected but we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost were selected but we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost were selected but we didn't
+because of these reasons.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of these reasons.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of these reasons.
+uh you show some quantitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you show some quantitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you show some quantitative
+analysis that gives confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis that gives confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis that gives confidence
+uh especially you want to show that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh especially you want to show that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh especially you want to show that the
+requirements that you had defined and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements that you had defined and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements that you had defined and
+agreed upon at the SRR can be satisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreed upon at the SRR can be satisfied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreed upon at the SRR can be satisfied
+by your chosen concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by your chosen concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by your chosen concept
+uh there may be still some risk or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there may be still some risk or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there may be still some risk or some
+uncertainty so any risk reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty so any risk reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty so any risk reduction
+experiments or prototypes so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments or prototypes so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments or prototypes so you can
+actually do prototyping at this stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do prototyping at this stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do prototyping at this stage
+you you don't want to spend too much on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you don't want to spend too much on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you don't want to spend too much on
+that but you want to do enough of it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but you want to do enough of it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but you want to do enough of it so
+you can reduce risks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can reduce risks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can reduce risks
+And then you do a preview of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then you do a preview of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then you do a preview of the
+detailed design phase between PDR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed design phase between PDR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed design phase between PDR
+leading up to CDR. So here I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading up to CDR. So here I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading up to CDR. So here I'm not going
+to read this, but this is the this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read this, but this is the this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read this, but this is the this is
+the description of what the PDR is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the description of what the PDR is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the description of what the PDR is all
+about. Uh in the NASA system engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. Uh in the NASA system engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. Uh in the NASA system engineering
+handbook uh on page 177 there's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handbook uh on page 177 there's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handbook uh on page 177 there's a very
+detailed description of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed description of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed description of you know
+entrance criteria, exit criteria, etc.,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrance criteria, exit criteria, etc.,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrance criteria, exit criteria, etc.,
+etc. So here's a a description from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc. So here's a a description from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc. So here's a a description from a
+PDR from a European program and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDR from a European program and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDR from a European program and you can
+see it's a pretty big group right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's a pretty big group right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's a pretty big group right this
+is like 30 40 people and uh because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like 30 40 people and uh because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like 30 40 people and uh because the
+PDR is such an important decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDR is such an important decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDR is such an important decision
+uh that's when you also invite external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's when you also invite external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's when you also invite external
+stakeholders and you want to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders and you want to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders and you want to make sure
+that people come away from the PDR with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people come away from the PDR with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people come away from the PDR with
+confidence that yeah you know we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence that yeah you know we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence that yeah you know we have a
+good system architecture we picked a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good system architecture we picked a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good system architecture we picked a
+good concept and it's worthwhile now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good concept and it's worthwhile now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good concept and it's worthwhile now
+putting all this work into getting it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting all this work into getting it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting all this work into getting it to
+a detailed design that can actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a detailed design that can actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a detailed design that can actually be
+built. Okay. Any any questions about PDR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built. Okay. Any any questions about PDR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built. Okay. Any any questions about PDR
+or any experiences from PDRs that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or any experiences from PDRs that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or any experiences from PDRs that people
+want to share? Yeah, I have a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to share? Yeah, I have a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to share? Yeah, I have a question
+about the PDR. Um, how so you said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the PDR. Um, how so you said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the PDR. Um, how so you said
+there's 30 people in that picture. How
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's 30 people in that picture. How
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's 30 people in that picture. How
+does how do you reconcile that with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does how do you reconcile that with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does how do you reconcile that with the
+7 plus -2 rule? Well, it's uh it's 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 plus -2 rule? Well, it's uh it's 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 plus -2 rule? Well, it's uh it's 7
+plus or minus 2 squared, right? So, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus 2 squared, right? So, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus 2 squared, right? So, you
+have you have uh you have a hierarchy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you have uh you have a hierarchy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you have uh you have a hierarchy of
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+Not everybody is a decision maker here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not everybody is a decision maker here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not everybody is a decision maker here,
+right? So you have you probably have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So you have you probably have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So you have you probably have
+people who did some of the thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who did some of the thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who did some of the thermal
+design, some people did the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design, some people did the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design, some people did the cost
+modeling. So um it's a great question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling. So um it's a great question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling. So um it's a great question
+actually. Uh you want you want many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually. Uh you want you want many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually. Uh you want you want many many
+voices and people who contributed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voices and people who contributed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voices and people who contributed to
+make sure the PDR presents all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure the PDR presents all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure the PDR presents all the
+information you have. Uh you don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you have. Uh you don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you have. Uh you don't want
+to do a PDR with just seven people,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a PDR with just seven people,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a PDR with just seven people,
+right? But I guess you could say like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? But I guess you could say like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? But I guess you could say like in
+the presentation I guess only seven plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the presentation I guess only seven plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the presentation I guess only seven plus
+minus two will people will be driving at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus two will people will be driving at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus two will people will be driving at
+that point in time and doing so there'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point in time and doing so there'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point in time and doing so there'll
+be a leadership right and uh yeah so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a leadership right and uh yeah so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a leadership right and uh yeah so the
+there is an organizational issue behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an organizational issue behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an organizational issue behind
+this but but the point here is it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but but the point here is it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but but the point here is it is a
+it is a uh it is a it's a big review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a uh it is a it's a big review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a uh it is a it's a big review
+it's a big milestone. Yeah please go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a big milestone. Yeah please go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a big milestone. Yeah please go
+ahead.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead.
+Uh the big issue here is that all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh the big issue here is that all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh the big issue here is that all the
+people that are not in decision makers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that are not in decision makers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that are not in decision makers
+that are on that picture they will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are on that picture they will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are on that picture they will have
+to implement the detailed design. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to implement the detailed design. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to implement the detailed design. So
+it's very important to have them in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very important to have them in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very important to have them in the
+process otherwise you have to go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process otherwise you have to go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process otherwise you have to go back to
+your organization and do the sort of PDR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your organization and do the sort of PDR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your organization and do the sort of PDR
+again to explain when the what'ss and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again to explain when the what'ss and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again to explain when the what'ss and
+the wise. So this is why we try to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wise. So this is why we try to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wise. So this is why we try to have
+these very large meetings. I mean, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these very large meetings. I mean, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these very large meetings. I mean, you
+do a PPDR and you do a dry run and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a PPDR and you do a dry run and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a PPDR and you do a dry run and you
+send the stuff in advance and you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send the stuff in advance and you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send the stuff in advance and you make
+sure that you really only agreeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that you really only agreeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that you really only agreeing
+finally if possible. You get the widths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally if possible. You get the widths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally if possible. You get the widths
+uh the the discrepancies off the table,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the discrepancies off the table,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the discrepancies off the table,
+but then you all agree that this is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then you all agree that this is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then you all agree that this is how
+to go forward and then the worker bees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go forward and then the worker bees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go forward and then the worker bees
+can go and do it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go and do it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go and do it.
+Yeah. So, that's another another reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So, that's another another reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So, that's another another reason
+for for being inclusive. I agree with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for being inclusive. I agree with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for being inclusive. I agree with
+that. Any other uh any who's gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Any other uh any who's gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Any other uh any who's gone
+through a PDR in their prior work. Do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a PDR in their prior work. Do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a PDR in their prior work. Do
+anybody want to share?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody want to share?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody want to share?
+Marissa, te tell us about how that went.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marissa, te tell us about how that went.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marissa, te tell us about how that went.
+I mean, as much I know there you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean, as much I know there you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean, as much I know there you can't
+probably share everything, but just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably share everything, but just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably share everything, but just for
+us. I mean, it was I mean, it's a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us. I mean, it was I mean, it's a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us. I mean, it was I mean, it's a pretty
+big milestone. You work you work a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big milestone. You work you work a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big milestone. You work you work a lot
+leading up to PDR and then you finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading up to PDR and then you finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading up to PDR and then you finally
+have all the really big stakeholders in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all the really big stakeholders in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all the really big stakeholders in
+the room and a lot of them have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room and a lot of them have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room and a lot of them have been
+involved during the design phases, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved during the design phases, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved during the design phases, but
+when you actually have them all sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you actually have them all sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you actually have them all sitting
+there um and kind of get I think getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um and kind of get I think getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um and kind of get I think getting
+the buy in was also a really I feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buy in was also a really I feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buy in was also a really I feel like
+that's a really big part of PDR. Like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a really big part of PDR. Like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a really big part of PDR. Like
+normally you're feeling pretty confident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally you're feeling pretty confident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally you're feeling pretty confident
+in your designs, but then actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your designs, but then actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your designs, but then actually
+making sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sure
+whoever the agencies that you're working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever the agencies that you're working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever the agencies that you're working
+with and your stakeholders are also kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and your stakeholders are also kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and your stakeholders are also kind
+of all on the same page. It's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all on the same page. It's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all on the same page. It's pretty
+critical. Do you discover problems or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical. Do you discover problems or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical. Do you discover problems or
+discrepancies during PDR? Yeah, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrepancies during PDR? Yeah, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrepancies during PDR? Yeah, I
+definitely think I mean you generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely think I mean you generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely think I mean you generally
+we've had delta PDRs um if things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've had delta PDRs um if things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've had delta PDRs um if things
+weren't completely thought through or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't completely thought through or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't completely thought through or
+you you'd have a fair number of action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you'd have a fair number of action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you'd have a fair number of action
+items that come out of PDR to go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items that come out of PDR to go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items that come out of PDR to go and
+address before you really are allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address before you really are allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address before you really are allowed to
+start moving towards CDR. Good. Good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start moving towards CDR. Good. Good.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start moving towards CDR. Good. Good.
+Any any comments or experiences with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Any any comments or experiences with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Any any comments or experiences with
+PDRs at EPFL?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+I did a PDR at European Space Agency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did a PDR at European Space Agency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did a PDR at European Space Agency
+during the Rexus Bexus program uh three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the Rexus Bexus program uh three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the Rexus Bexus program uh three
+years ago and as far as I remember it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago and as far as I remember it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago and as far as I remember it
+was very appreciated to bring as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very appreciated to bring as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very appreciated to bring as many
+details as possible and to be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details as possible and to be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details as possible and to be really
+close to the critical design review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the critical design review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the critical design review
+stage in the PDR.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage in the PDR.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage in the PDR.
+That's interesting.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's interesting.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's interesting.
+Um, so that that's that's good. I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so that that's that's good. I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so that that's that's good. I think
+there's good to have detail and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's good to have detail and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's good to have detail and so
+forth, but what's the downside? Can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth, but what's the downside? Can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth, but what's the downside? Can you
+think of a negative? What would be what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a negative? What would be what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a negative? What would be what
+would be not so good about uh almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be not so good about uh almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be not so good about uh almost
+being a CDR right there? Can you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a CDR right there? Can you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a CDR right there? Can you think
+of a a downside to it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probably not taking too much time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not taking too much time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not taking too much time in
+order to clarify the concept and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to clarify the concept and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to clarify the concept and the
+requirements because you are in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements because you are in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements because you are in a
+rush to do to finish the product. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rush to do to finish the product. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rush to do to finish the product. That's
+a that's a good point. Uh so it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that's a good point. Uh so it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that's a good point. Uh so it's it's
+more it takes more time. But what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more it takes more time. But what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more it takes more time. But what I'm
+thinking about is it's very difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about is it's very difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about is it's very difficult to
+then undo the decision or backtrack.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then undo the decision or backtrack.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then undo the decision or backtrack.
+Let's say that at the PDR that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's say that at the PDR that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's say that at the PDR that there's
+some some you know it could be that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some you know it could be that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some you know it could be that you
+really forgot something very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really forgot something very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really forgot something very important
+and that that your concept is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that your concept is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that your concept is actually
+flawed but you didn't know it as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flawed but you didn't know it as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flawed but you didn't know it as you
+were working inside your team and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were working inside your team and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were working inside your team and then
+if you have a design that's almost CDR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a design that's almost CDR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a design that's almost CDR
+quality it's very difficult to undo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality it's very difficult to undo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality it's very difficult to undo
+that. So I I would say that a PDR I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So I I would say that a PDR I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So I I would say that a PDR I
+actually I actually believe that at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I actually believe that at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I actually believe that at a
+PDR you should have some detail but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDR you should have some detail but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDR you should have some detail but but
+not too much yet. I I think a true PDR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too much yet. I I think a true PDR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too much yet. I I think a true PDR
+should be at the system architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be at the system architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be at the system architecture
+level with some detail but not all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level with some detail but not all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level with some detail but not all the
+details. But thank you. That's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details. But thank you. That's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details. But thank you. That's a great
+uh that's a great uh um comment. Thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's a great uh um comment. Thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's a great uh um comment. Thank
+you very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you very
+much. So uh let me close it here. So um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much. So uh let me close it here. So um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much. So uh let me close it here. So um
+in terms of concept selection during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of concept selection during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of concept selection during
+conceptual design we can use Q matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual design we can use Q matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual design we can use Q matrix
+selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection
+um and uh and that's essentially useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh and that's essentially useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh and that's essentially useful
+when we don't yet have those detailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we don't yet have those detailed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we don't yet have those detailed
+mathematical models. it's qualitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical models. it's qualitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical models. it's qualitative
+and then you know as we move more into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know as we move more into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know as we move more into
+preliminary design we use utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preliminary design we use utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preliminary design we use utility
+analysis um especially for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis um especially for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis um especially for
+non-commercial systems where you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-commercial systems where you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-commercial systems where you know a
+net present value a financial you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net present value a financial you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net present value a financial you know
+in commercial companies you will often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in commercial companies you will often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in commercial companies you will often
+do a financial analysis right as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a financial analysis right as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a financial analysis right as a
+measure of utility and then this concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of utility and then this concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of utility and then this concept
+of non-dominance is very very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of non-dominance is very very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of non-dominance is very very important
+uh generating many designs and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh generating many designs and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh generating many designs and then
+applying pareto filters to to to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying pareto filters to to to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying pareto filters to to to come
+down to the non-dominated set So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the non-dominated set So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the non-dominated set So that's
+essentially the essence of it. So I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the essence of it. So I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the essence of it. So I hope
+that was that was clear. Um A4 will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was that was clear. Um A4 will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was that was clear. Um A4 will be
+posted later today.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/sPsDI0dICtc.txt b/sPsDI0dICtc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6aa180d0ff0a270c25fdd982dc1a88d28e4d80df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sPsDI0dICtc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2123 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the fact is that angular momentum is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact is that angular momentum is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact is that angular momentum is an
+observable and as such it deserves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable and as such it deserves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable and as such it deserves
+attention there's an active way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention there's an active way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention there's an active way of
+thinking of observables and we have not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of observables and we have not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of observables and we have not
+developed it that much in this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed it that much in this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed it that much in this course
+but for example with a momentum operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for example with a momentum operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for example with a momentum operator
+you've learned that the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've learned that the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've learned that the momentum
+operator can be viewed as a differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator can be viewed as a differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator can be viewed as a differential
+operator it's a derivative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator it's a derivative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator it's a derivative and
+derivatives tell you how to move how a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives tell you how to move how a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives tell you how to move how a
+function varies so with a momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function varies so with a momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function varies so with a momentum
+operator for example you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator for example you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator for example you have the
+momentum operator P hat which is h-bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum operator P hat which is h-bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum operator P hat which is h-bar
+over I DV X and you could ask the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over I DV X and you could ask the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over I DV X and you could ask the
+question of okay so the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of okay so the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of okay so the momentum
+operator moves or takes a derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator moves or takes a derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator moves or takes a derivative
+does the momentum operator move a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the momentum operator move a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the momentum operator move a
+function does it generate a translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function does it generate a translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function does it generate a translation
+and the answer is yes that another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer is yes that another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer is yes that another way
+of thinking of the momentum operator as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thinking of the momentum operator as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thinking of the momentum operator as
+a generator of translations but how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a generator of translations but how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a generator of translations but how does
+it do it this is a hermitian operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it do it this is a hermitian operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it do it this is a hermitian operator
+and takes a derivative it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and takes a derivative it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and takes a derivative it doesn't
+translate the function but there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate the function but there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate the function but there is a
+universal trick that if you exponentiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal trick that if you exponentiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal trick that if you exponentiate
+I times the permission operator you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I times the permission operator you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I times the permission operator you get
+a new kind of operator that actually in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new kind of operator that actually in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new kind of operator that actually in
+this case moves things so we could think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case moves things so we could think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case moves things so we could think
+of exponentiating e to the I P hat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of exponentiating e to the I P hat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of exponentiating e to the I P hat and
+for purposes of unit they have to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for purposes of unit they have to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for purposes of unit they have to put
+the constant with units of length and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constant with units of length and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constant with units of length and an
+H bar here and now you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H bar here and now you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H bar here and now you have the
+exponential of an operator that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of an operator that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of an operator that's good
+that's a very interesting operator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very interesting operator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very interesting operator and
+we can ask what does it do when you act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can ask what does it do when you act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can ask what does it do when you act
+on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a
+function it's an operator and look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's an operator and look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's an operator and look
+simplify by putting what P is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify by putting what P is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify by putting what P is going to
+do P is H over I D DX so this is like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do P is H over I D DX so this is like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do P is H over I D DX so this is like a
+B DX exponentiated acting on Phi of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and as an exponential it cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as an exponential it cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as an exponential it cannot be
+expanded in a Taylor series with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded in a Taylor series with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded in a Taylor series with this
+funny object there but it would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny object there but it would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny object there but it would be the
+sum from N equals 0 to infinity 1 over N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from N equals 0 to infinity 1 over N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from N equals 0 to infinity 1 over N
+factorial a BD x I will write it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial a BD x I will write it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial a BD x I will write it as
+normal derivatives because we just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal derivatives because we just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal derivatives because we just have
+a function of X ad DS X to the n sy of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of X ad DS X to the n sy of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of X ad DS X to the n sy of X
+and you see that of course this is sy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see that of course this is sy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see that of course this is sy of
+X plus a deep sigh the X plus 1 over 2 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X plus a deep sigh the X plus 1 over 2 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X plus a deep sigh the X plus 1 over 2 a
+squared the second sy the x squared but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared the second sy the x squared but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared the second sy the x squared but
+this is nothing else but the Taylor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is nothing else but the Taylor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is nothing else but the Taylor
+series for this and there it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series for this and there it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series for this and there it is the
+miracle the e to the I momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miracle the e to the I momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miracle the e to the I momentum
+generates a translation it really moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates a translation it really moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates a translation it really moves
+the wave function so that in a sense is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function so that in a sense is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function so that in a sense is
+a deeper way of characterizing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a deeper way of characterizing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a deeper way of characterizing the
+momentum operator as a generator of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum operator as a generator of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum operator as a generator of
+translations with the angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translations with the angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translations with the angular momentum
+operators we will have that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators we will have that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators we will have that they
+generate rotations so I need a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate rotations so I need a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate rotations so I need a little
+bit more mathematics here because I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more mathematics here because I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more mathematics here because I have
+to deal with three dimensions a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with three dimensions a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with three dimensions a vector
+and produce an exponential that rotates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and produce an exponential that rotates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and produce an exponential that rotates
+the vector so that it gives you the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector so that it gives you the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector so that it gives you the wave
+function at a rotate at point but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function at a rotate at point but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function at a rotate at point but this
+will be the same story angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the same story angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the same story angular momentum
+will generate rotations the same way as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will generate rotations the same way as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will generate rotations the same way as
+momentum generates translations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum generates translations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum generates translations and
+there's yet another story that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's yet another story that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's yet another story that when you
+will appreciate the abstract properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will appreciate the abstract properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will appreciate the abstract properties
+of angular momentum that some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of angular momentum that some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of angular momentum that some of them
+will appear today you will realize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will appear today you will realize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will appear today you will realize that
+in addition of angular momentum that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition of angular momentum that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition of angular momentum that
+represents rotations of objects doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents rotations of objects doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents rotations of objects doing
+things there is another way of of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things there is another way of of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things there is another way of of having
+angular momentum and that's spin angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum and that's spin angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum and that's spin angular
+momentum that mysterious property of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum that mysterious property of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum that mysterious property of
+particles that have even though they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that have even though they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that have even though they
+have zero size they somehow they behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have zero size they somehow they behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have zero size they somehow they behave
+as if they were little balls of rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if they were little balls of rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if they were little balls of rotating
+and spinning that spin angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spinning that spin angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spinning that spin angular momentum
+has no ordinary wave functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no ordinary wave functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no ordinary wave functions
+associated to it and it's fractional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated to it and it's fractional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated to it and it's fractional
+sometimes and the study of angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes and the study of angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes and the study of angular
+momentum inspired by orbital angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum inspired by orbital angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum inspired by orbital angular
+momentum associated with normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum associated with normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum associated with normal
+rotations will let lead us to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations will let lead us to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations will let lead us to understand
+where spin angular momentum comes about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where spin angular momentum comes about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where spin angular momentum comes about
+so so it's a gigantic interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so it's a gigantic interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so it's a gigantic interesting
+subject and we're beginning with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject and we're beginning with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject and we're beginning with it
+today so it's really quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so it's really quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so it's really quantum mechanics
+in three dimensions central potentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let's begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's begin
+by mentioning that if we are in three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by mentioning that if we are in three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by mentioning that if we are in three
+dimensions and many things we did so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and many things we did so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and many things we did so far
+in this course we always took the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this course we always took the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this course we always took the time
+to write them in three dimensions so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write them in three dimensions so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write them in three dimensions so we
+wrote this for example as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote this for example as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote this for example as a
+generalization of the derivative form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization of the derivative form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization of the derivative form of
+the momentum operator meaning there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the momentum operator meaning there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the momentum operator meaning there's a
+px which is h-bar over i DV x py h bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+px which is h-bar over i DV x py h bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+px which is h-bar over i DV x py h bar
+over IV dy and pz equal H bar over i DD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over IV dy and pz equal H bar over i DD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over IV dy and pz equal H bar over i DD
+Z and we had commutator z' within px and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and we had commutator z' within px and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and we had commutator z' within px and
+X py + y + PZ and Z there were always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X py + y + PZ and Z there were always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X py + y + PZ and Z there were always
+the same commutator of the farm X px
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same commutator of the farm X px
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same commutator of the farm X px
+equal I h-bar similar similar things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal I h-bar similar similar things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal I h-bar similar similar things
+here with this we wrote the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with this we wrote the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with this we wrote the three
+dimensional Schrodinger equation which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional Schrodinger equation which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional Schrodinger equation which
+was minus H squared over 2m and instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was minus H squared over 2m and instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was minus H squared over 2m and instead
+of P squared three dimensional he would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of P squared three dimensional he would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of P squared three dimensional he would
+have a derivative if you were doing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a derivative if you were doing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a derivative if you were doing in
+one dimension for three dimensions you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dimension for three dimensions you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dimension for three dimensions you
+have the laplacian and this time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the laplacian and this time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the laplacian and this time you
+have a wave function that depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a wave function that depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a wave function that depends on the
+vector X plus V of R or V of X should I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector X plus V of R or V of X should I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector X plus V of R or V of X should I
+bite R let me write our vector V of R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry of R equal e sIFR this is our time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry of R equal e sIFR this is our time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry of R equal e sIFR this is our time
+independent Schrodinger equation this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent Schrodinger equation this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent Schrodinger equation this
+corresponds to the energy eigenstate but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the energy eigenstate but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the energy eigenstate but
+in three dimensions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in three dimensions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in three dimensions so
+this is the equation we wish to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the equation we wish to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the equation we wish to
+understand and our ability to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand and our ability to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand and our ability to understand
+that equation in a simple advanced way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equation in a simple advanced way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equation in a simple advanced way
+rests on a simplification that knot is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rests on a simplification that knot is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rests on a simplification that knot is
+not always true but it's true under so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not always true but it's true under so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not always true but it's true under so
+many circumstances that it's worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many circumstances that it's worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many circumstances that it's worth
+studying by itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying by itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying by itself
+and it's the case when you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the case when you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the case when you have a
+central potential and by that we mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central potential and by that we mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central potential and by that we mean
+that the potential is not quite a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the potential is not quite a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the potential is not quite a vector
+function of R but it's just a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of R but it's just a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of R but it's just a function
+of the magnitude of R that's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the magnitude of R that's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the magnitude of R that's a little
+bit funny way of writing it because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit funny way of writing it because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit funny way of writing it because I'm
+using the same letter V but they hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the same letter V but they hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the same letter V but they hope
+there's no confusion I mean that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no confusion I mean that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no confusion I mean that the
+potential just depends on the value of R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential just depends on the value of R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential just depends on the value of R
+so what this means physically is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this means physically is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this means physically is that
+over concentric spheres the potential is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over concentric spheres the potential is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over concentric spheres the potential is
+constant all over the surface of sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant all over the surface of sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant all over the surface of sphere
+z' of constant radius the potential is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z' of constant radius the potential is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z' of constant radius the potential is
+constant because it only depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant because it only depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant because it only depends on the
+radius and this potential is therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius and this potential is therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius and this potential is therefore
+spiracle ii symmetric you can rotate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiracle ii symmetric you can rotate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiracle ii symmetric you can rotate the
+world and the potential still looks the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and the potential still looks the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and the potential still looks the
+same because rotations don't change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same because rotations don't change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same because rotations don't change the
+magnitude of vectors if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of vectors if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of vectors if you have a
+vector of some length you rotate it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector of some length you rotate it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector of some length you rotate it it's
+a same length and therefore you remain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a same length and therefore you remain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a same length and therefore you remain
+on the sphere so this central potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the sphere so this central potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the sphere so this central potential
+are spherically curly symmetric by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are spherically curly symmetric by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are spherically curly symmetric by that
+we mean they're invariant under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mean they're invariant under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mean they're invariant under
+rotations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is the reason why angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the reason why angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the reason why angular
+momentum will play an important role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum will play an important role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum will play an important role
+because precisely the angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because precisely the angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because precisely the angular momentum
+operators in the fashion we discussed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators in the fashion we discussed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators in the fashion we discussed a
+minute ago generate rotation so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute ago generate rotation so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute ago generate rotation so they
+will have a nice interplay to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have a nice interplay to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have a nice interplay to be
+developed in the following lectures with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed in the following lectures with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed in the following lectures with
+the Hamiltonian so at this moment we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Hamiltonian so at this moment we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Hamiltonian so at this moment we
+have a central potential and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a central potential and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a central potential and let's
+assume that's the case and we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that's the case and we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that's the case and we need to
+understand a little more this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand a little more this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand a little more this
+differential equation so let me write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation so let me write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation so let me write
+the formula for the laplacian of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula for the laplacian of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula for the laplacian of a
+function it has a radial contribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know its second order derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know its second order derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know its second order derivatives
+and though it has a radial part and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and though it has a radial part and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and though it has a radial part and an
+angular part the units are 1 over length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular part the units are 1 over length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular part the units are 1 over length
+squared so you need if you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so you need if you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so you need if you have an
+angular part all over here is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular part all over here is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular part all over here is going to
+be angular you still need a 1 over on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be angular you still need a 1 over on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be angular you still need a 1 over on
+our squared here for the units to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our squared here for the units to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our squared here for the units to work
+out so here it is slightly complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so here it is slightly complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so here it is slightly complicated
+DV theta sine theta DD theta of well put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV theta sine theta DD theta of well put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV theta sine theta DD theta of well put
+the PSI plus 1 over sine squared theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PSI plus 1 over sine squared theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PSI plus 1 over sine squared theta
+the second D Phi squared all acting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second D Phi squared all acting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second D Phi squared all acting on
+sy now it's a complicated operator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sy now it's a complicated operator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sy now it's a complicated operator and
+here is some radial derivatives that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is some radial derivatives that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is some radial derivatives that
+here there are some angular derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there are some angular derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there are some angular derivatives
+so you see today's lectures will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see today's lectures will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see today's lectures will have
+many steps and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many steps and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many steps and
+you have to keep track of where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to keep track of where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to keep track of where we're
+going and what we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going and what we're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going and what we're going to do is
+build up a structure that allows us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up a structure that allows us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up a structure that allows us
+pretty much to forget about all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much to forget about all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much to forget about all these
+things that's our goal and angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that's our goal and angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that's our goal and angular
+momentum will play a role in doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum will play a role in doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum will play a role in doing this
+so there's in fact two things I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's in fact two things I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's in fact two things I want to
+justify two facts to be justified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justify two facts to be justified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justify two facts to be justified
+so I'll raise this the first fact is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll raise this the first fact is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll raise this the first fact is the
+relation between this differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between this differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between this differential
+operator and angular momentum so to fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and angular momentum so to fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and angular momentum so to fact
+to justify the first is that minus h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to justify the first is that minus h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to justify the first is that minus h
+squared 1 over sine theta v v theta sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared 1 over sine theta v v theta sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared 1 over sine theta v v theta sine
+theta DD theta plus 1 over sine squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta DD theta plus 1 over sine squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta DD theta plus 1 over sine squared
+theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta
+the second the Phi squared this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second the Phi squared this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second the Phi squared this whole
+thing can be viewed as the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing can be viewed as the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing can be viewed as the differential
+operator version of angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator version of angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator version of angular momentum
+remember DDX was a differential operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember DDX was a differential operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember DDX was a differential operator
+version of momentum so maybe this has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of momentum so maybe this has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of momentum so maybe this has to
+do with angular momentum and indeed this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with angular momentum and indeed this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with angular momentum and indeed this
+whole thing remember units of angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing remember units of angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing remember units of angular
+momentum is h-bar I'm gonna win this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum is h-bar I'm gonna win this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum is h-bar I'm gonna win this
+length times momentum and from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length times momentum and from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length times momentum and from the
+uncertainty principle you know that x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty principle you know that x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty principle you know that x
+times P has units of h-bar so angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times P has units of h-bar so angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times P has units of h-bar so angular
+momentum has units of h-bar so there's H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum has units of h-bar so there's H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum has units of h-bar so there's H
+bar squared here so this must be angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar squared here so this must be angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar squared here so this must be angular
+momentum squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum squared
+in fact if you think about angular it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact if you think about angular it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact if you think about angular it is
+x times P so x times the derivative so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x times P so x times the derivative so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x times P so x times the derivative so
+it's a first-order differential operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a first-order differential operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a first-order differential operator
+but this is a second-order one so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is a second-order one so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is a second-order one so this
+could not be just angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could not be just angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could not be just angular momentum
+anyway angular momentum is a vector so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway angular momentum is a vector so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway angular momentum is a vector so
+this will turn out to be and we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will turn out to be and we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will turn out to be and we will
+want to justify l squared the quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to justify l squared the quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to justify l squared the quantum
+version of the angular momentum operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the angular momentum operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the angular momentum operator
+squared and the other thing I am going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and the other thing I am going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and the other thing I am going
+to justify for right call this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to justify for right call this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to justify for right call this equation
+one so this is fact one and fact two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so this is fact one and fact two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so this is fact one and fact two is
+that equation one is relevant month when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equation one is relevant month when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equation one is relevant month when
+let me wait a second to complete this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me wait a second to complete this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me wait a second to complete this
+this equation is an equation for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation is an equation for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation is an equation for a
+particle moving in a potential a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle moving in a potential a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle moving in a potential a
+spherically symmetric potential it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherically symmetric potential it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherically symmetric potential it turns
+out that is relevant under more general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that is relevant under more general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that is relevant under more general
+circumstances if you have two particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances if you have two particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances if you have two particles
+whose potential energy if you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose potential energy if you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose potential energy if you have two
+particles you have a potential energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles you have a potential energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles you have a potential energy
+between them maybe it's electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them maybe it's electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them maybe it's electromagnetic
+if the potential energy just depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the potential energy just depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the potential energy just depends on
+the distance that separates them this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance that separates them this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance that separates them this
+two body problem can be reduced to a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two body problem can be reduced to a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two body problem can be reduced to a one
+body problem of this form this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body problem of this form this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body problem of this form this is a
+fairly non-trivial fact and absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly non-trivial fact and absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly non-trivial fact and absolutely
+interesting one because if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting one because if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting one because if you want to
+really solve the hydrogen atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really solve the hydrogen atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really solve the hydrogen atom
+you have an electron and a proton now it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an electron and a proton now it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an electron and a proton now it
+turns out that the proton is almost two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that the proton is almost two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that the proton is almost two
+thousand times heavier than the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand times heavier than the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand times heavier than the electron
+and therefore you could almost think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore you could almost think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore you could almost think
+that the proton creates a potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the proton creates a potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the proton creates a potential
+which the lectern moves but similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the lectern moves but similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the lectern moves but similar
+analysis is valid for a muon orbiting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis is valid for a muon orbiting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis is valid for a muon orbiting a
+nucleus and in that case the muon is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and in that case the muon is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and in that case the muon is
+still lighter than the proton but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still lighter than the proton but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still lighter than the proton but not
+that much lighter or maybe for a quark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much lighter or maybe for a quark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much lighter or maybe for a quark
+and an antiquark orbiting each other or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an antiquark orbiting each other or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an antiquark orbiting each other or
+an electron and a positron orbiting each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron and a positron orbiting each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron and a positron orbiting each
+other and this would be valid and useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and this would be valid and useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and this would be valid and useful
+so we need to somehow explain that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we need to somehow explain that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we need to somehow explain that as
+well if you really want to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you really want to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you really want to understand
+what's going on is that equation one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on is that equation one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on is that equation one is
+that is relevant when we have a two body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is relevant when we have a two body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is relevant when we have a two body
+problem with a potential function V of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with a potential function V of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with a potential function V of
+x1 x2 the potential energy given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 x2 the potential energy given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 x2 the potential energy given a
+configuration x1 and x2 of the first and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration x1 and x2 of the first and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration x1 and x2 of the first and
+second particle is a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second particle is a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second particle is a function of the
+separation only the absolute value or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation only the absolute value or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation only the absolute value or
+the length of the vector it's 1 minus x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this far we'll get through today this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this far we'll get through today this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this far we'll get through today this
+will be next lecture still
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/sPuazUPiV1k.txt b/sPuazUPiV1k.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..036a05728ecd970faa1aea6e4e28202138b83168
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sPuazUPiV1k.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3650 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: So you
+guys might have heard,
+
+we have a quiz tomorrow.
+
+So we're going to do
+a review for that.
+
+Did everyone turn in P set six?
+
+Yes?
+
+Good.
+
+All right, so
+what's on this quiz?
+
+Numerics and graph stuff.
+
+So are there any
+specific pain points?
+
+I have problems prepared.
+
+Now, and then at
+8:00 PM is going
+
+to be a review
+session for concepts.
+
+So now problems, 8:00 PM
+concepts, tomorrow [? Yakim ?]
+
+has office hours at
+5:00 PM, conveniently
+
+placed before the quiz.
+
+Poor guy.
+
+So take advantage of that.
+
+So yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Numerics, on
+P set we were mostly
+
+asked-- you said five,
+four, whichever came before.
+
+You mostly asked for the running
+times and things like that.
+
+But the numeric lecture
+notes are kind of detailed
+
+and go into Newtonian
+method and all that.
+
+How much detail do
+we need to know?
+
+PROFESSOR: So on the P set
+we make your life easier
+
+by giving you the
+pseudocode of the code
+
+that you needed to implement.
+
+And we ask you one
+algorithm design question,
+
+the problem of
+finding the k-th root.
+
+And that required
+you to understand
+
+almost everything
+that was going on.
+
+We'll want you to understand
+things that are going on
+
+to come up with something fairly
+similar to what you've seen.
+
+So yeah, I know
+that I told you guys
+
+before that ignore numerics.
+
+Just close your eyes and
+pretend it didn't happen.
+
+Actually it turns out there's a
+significant amount of numerics
+
+on the quiz.
+
+So we're going to start
+with a numerics problem,
+
+and go through it.
+
+I'm really sorry about that.
+
+Clearly I didn't have
+my way for this, right?
+
+OK so we started two
+big things in numerics.
+
+Karatsuba, which is
+really easy compared
+
+to Newton which requires
+a lot of understanding.
+
+So we're going to spend
+our time on Newton today.
+
+OK, so anything aside from that?
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: The thing we
+were just talking about
+
+before you were here
+was what kind of edges
+
+are produced by depth
+first search versus breadth
+
+first search?
+
+AUDIENCE: And why
+do they matter?
+
+PROFESSOR: And why
+do they matter.
+
+OK.
+
+AUDIENCE: Because it's probably
+going to be a question on the--
+
+PROFESSOR: So I'm going to
+go on this very quickly now,
+
+because I want to
+cover problems,
+
+but tonight-- this is on
+the outline for the review.
+
+So if you guys can
+make it tonight--
+
+AUDIENCE: It's late,
+so I can't make it.
+
+PROFESSOR: Sorry.
+
+Well, they are also
+in the lecture notes.
+
+But I'll go through
+them very quickly now.
+
+OK, anything else?
+
+AUDIENCE: Making trees
+with DFS and BFS,
+
+this might be tonight also.
+
+PROFESSOR: Making trees--
+
+AUDIENCE: Or your search trees.
+
+So instead of-- do you
+know what I mean by that?
+
+PROFESSOR: Do you mean
+graph transformation?
+
+AUDIENCE: So you've got a tree
+and you search through it.
+
+So then when you're
+searching through it,
+
+the result of searching
+it, you can put that
+
+into almost a binary tree.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK so
+how BFS and DFS work
+
+and how they produce
+trees, I'm assuming, right?
+
+Because if you start
+out with a tree,
+
+everything's going to be
+really nice and simple.
+
+AUDIENCE: Right.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Bidirectional search.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is that
+going to be included?
+
+PROFESSOR: At a very
+conceptual level
+
+because we didn't give
+you a P set on it.
+
+AUDIENCE: Was that
+what rubrics was?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: It was bidirectional?
+
+AUDIENCE: Well it's not going
+to be on it so, we're happy.
+
+PROFESSOR: Well I mean
+we didn't give you--
+
+you kind of had to solve a
+problem just by-- we have
+
+to tell you this
+is bidirectional
+
+BFS, go code it up.
+
+This is bi-directional
+Dijkstra, go code it up.
+
+So we're not going to ask you
+anything too fancy on them.
+
+So nothing past the P set.
+
+AUDIENCE: Will you
+have a question
+
+like when you were
+studying BFS, saying
+
+how there will be
+levels of graphs?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yep.
+
+AUDIENCE: Could there
+be anything about that?
+
+PROFESSOR: So levels of graphs
+as in the levels in BFS?
+
+Or the levels that we're using
+when we're building graphs?
+
+AUDIENCE: Copies of
+graphs and then--
+
+AUDIENCE: Transformations.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yep.
+
+OK, transformations and layers.
+
+Yeah, I think this is important.
+
+AUDIENCE: Any particular tips
+on what kind of transformations
+
+we might encounter?
+
+PROFESSOR: Sure.
+
+Problem one has this
+transformation, problem two--
+
+[AUDIENCE LAUGHTER]
+
+AUDIENCE: Basically,
+when do we use these?
+
+Is it when we are given more
+than one parameter for a cause.
+
+PROFESSOR: So I have
+some problems on this
+
+but we have to have a deal.
+
+You guys have to help me
+go through the problems
+
+fast enough so that we get here.
+
+OK?
+
+So if you know the
+answer, say the answer.
+
+Don't let me wait.
+
+OK.
+
+AUDIENCE: Also, when you run
+Dijkstra and Bellman-Ford
+
+on a graph, with
+positive edges, they
+
+produce the same
+shortest path weight
+
+but might have different trees?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes,
+that's conceivable.
+
+Because they--
+
+AUDIENCE: It's one of the
+questions on spring 2011.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So first off, they both
+have positive edges, so
+
+they both work, right?
+
+If you had to choose,
+which one would you choose?
+
+If you had to choose
+which are going to run,
+
+which one would you run?
+
+AUDIENCE: Dijkstra.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, why Dijkstra?
+
+AUDIENCE: It's faster.
+
+PROFESSOR: Faster.
+
+OK so positive edges,
+Dijkstra is faster.
+
+Now if you're going
+to run both of them,
+
+they relax edges in
+different orders.
+
+Right?
+
+So let's say we have this.
+
+I know you guys remember the
+sequence of diamonds, right?
+
+My nice example that shows that
+the number of paths in a graph
+
+is exponential in the
+number of vertices.
+
+So let's have one diamond.
+
+1, 1, 1, 1.
+
+S, A, B, T. So say we're
+looking for shortest path
+
+from S. Right?
+
+So the distance
+from S to S is zero,
+
+and everything else
+starts out as infinity.
+
+SA is infinity.
+
+SB is infinity.
+
+ST is infinity.
+
+Suppose I relax
+edges in this order.
+
+One, two, three, four.
+
+What am I going to get?
+
+If I relax SA, then the
+distance from S to A
+
+is going to become 1, right?
+
+Because it's 0 plus 1 1.
+
+And then the parent
+of A is going to be S.
+
+Now say I relax AT.
+
+The distance from S
+to T is going to be 2.
+
+Sorry.
+
+Parent of T is going
+to be A. Right?
+
+OK now I'm relaxing this one.
+
+This is going to become
+one and the parent of B
+
+is going to become S. And
+as I'm relaxing this one,
+
+nothing happens because I
+already had a distance of 2.
+
+Now if I relax them
+in this order instead,
+
+so the bottom one first and
+the top one is afterwards,
+
+I'm going to get
+the different path.
+
+Right?
+
+OK so what path do I
+have now from S to T?
+
+AUDIENCE: Right
+now you have SAT.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, why SAT?
+
+How do you compute the path?
+
+Parent pointers, right?
+
+Start at T, look at
+the parent pointer.
+
+Look at the parent pointer.
+
+So because I relax
+them in this order,
+
+this path was considered
+before this path.
+
+So the parent pointer of
+T is A but if I relax them
+
+in the other order, the
+parent pointer could be B.
+
+So by the way, this
+could happen if you're
+
+running Dijkstra
+or Bellman-Ford.
+
+Or if you're running
+Dijkstra, it's
+
+just about how you're going
+to have the ties separated.
+
+So your priority
+queue implementation
+
+might give you different paths.
+
+Does it make sense now?
+
+So if the order in
+which edges are relaxed.
+
+That's what defines with path
+you're going to end up with.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Hopefully useful.
+
+All right.
+
+I saw four hands before.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, just
+overall, how similar
+
+is this test compared
+to previous tests?
+
+PROFESSOR: Less algorithm
+design, more concepts.
+
+AUDIENCE: Nice.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes.
+
+PROFESSOR: Well OK,
+not less algorithm--
+
+so it's not going to be as
+much out-of-the-box thinking,
+
+it's going to be a lot more
+of what we drilled already.
+
+So as a hint, what
+kind of problem
+
+did we practice over,
+and over, and over?
+
+AUDIENCE: States
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Graph transformation, right?
+
+So chances are you'll see that.
+
+AUDIENCE: Wait, what's
+graph transformation?
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+PROFESSOR: So we start
+with a complicated problem
+
+and reduce it to a shortest path
+problem or to a shortest length
+
+path problem.
+
+OK.
+
+Cool.
+
+So that being said, let's go.
+
+Numerics, everyone's
+favorite topic.
+
+So suppose we're
+trying to compute this.
+
+Cube root of 6,006.
+
+And the problem
+statement says this,
+
+you start out with an
+initial approximation of one,
+
+and it wants two
+approximations after that.
+
+The problem also tells you which
+function we're going to use.
+
+But why don't we
+make this fun and try
+
+to guess what the
+function will be?
+
+AUDIENCE: x cubed minus 6,006?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK. x
+cubed minus 6,006
+
+why did I choose this function?
+
+Well, not me.
+
+Why did you choose
+this function?
+
+AUDIENCE: It's the root.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK so reason
+number one-- right?
+
+Important.
+
+Has to be zero at the
+answer, because that's
+
+what Newton's method gives us.
+
+And what else?
+
+AUDIENCE:
+Multiplication is easy.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So it's easy to compute
+whatever Newton's method wants
+
+us to compute.
+
+What does Newton's method
+want us to compute?
+
+So given an approximation,
+xi, how do we
+
+get to the next
+approximation, xi plus 1.
+
+Formula.
+
+By the way, this formula
+should be on your cheat sheets.
+
+If it's not, no
+sympathy for you.
+
+AUDIENCE: I don't remember.
+
+xi plus f over f prime.
+
+AUDIENCE: Where's the prime?
+
+AUDIENCE: Prime's on the bottom.
+
+PROFESSOR: So yeah,
+where's the prime?
+
+And is this right?
+
+AUDIENCE: Isn't
+there a constant?
+
+AUDIENCE: Isn't it minus?
+
+PROFESSOR: Isn't it minus?
+
+AUDIENCE: Maybe.
+
+AUDIENCE: There you go.
+
+PROFESSOR: So yeah,
+if you guys start out
+
+with the wrong formula
+you'd get the wrong answer.
+
+Again, no sympathy.
+
+So get that on your sheets.
+
+OK so this is what we
+need to compute, right?
+
+You start with an approximation
+and you have to subtract this.
+
+So this has to be
+easy to compute.
+
+What if I chose instead
+a very nice function.
+
+x-- sorry, x minus.
+
+This is clearly zero where
+I want it to be, right?
+
+AUDIENCE: But we
+don't know what six--
+
+PROFESSOR: But if
+I'm trying to compute
+
+the successive approximations,
+very good, I'm getting what?
+
+f of x over f prime of x is
+x minus square root 3 6,006
+
+over-- what's the
+derivative of this?
+
+AUDIENCE: One.
+
+PROFESSOR: One.
+
+So I haven't done
+anything, right?
+
+In order to compute the
+successive approximation,
+
+I have to know this number.
+
+So this doesn't get me anywhere,
+that's why it's a bad function.
+
+By the way, it's not enough
+that this is easy to compute.
+
+What you want is this guy
+has to be easy to compute.
+
+In the case of division,
+we had a function
+
+that looked pretty wacky.
+
+But then when we divided
+that by the derivative,
+
+we got something
+reasonably nice.
+
+So this has to be
+easy to compute.
+
+AUDIENCE: So we changed it
+from that one to this one just
+
+because this one is easier or--
+
+PROFESSOR: So we're
+using this one
+
+because this one-- let's see
+how easy this one is to compute.
+
+Computing this one requires
+that you know the answer
+
+to your original problem,
+which is not cool.
+
+Right.
+
+So you're trying to
+compute this number.
+
+But if you use this,
+Newton's approximation
+
+requires that you compute this.
+
+So you have to know this here.
+
+Which is what you're trying
+to do in the first place.
+
+AUDIENCE: Wait, I'm confused.
+
+We went from x
+cubed minus 6 over 6
+
+to x minus cube
+root of 6 over 6.
+
+So what's your--
+
+PROFESSOR: So this
+is a good function.
+
+We can use this.
+
+This is a bad function
+and I was asking
+
+why is this a bad function.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, OK.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So lets see, if we try
+to compute it using this,
+
+what do we get?
+
+xi minus
+
+AUDIENCE: x cubed minus 6,006.
+
+PROFESSOR: X cubed minus 6,006.
+
+Divided by--
+
+AUDIENCE: 3x cubed.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So someone simplify this for me.
+
+AUDIENCE: 6i minus x over 3
+plus 6,006 over 3 squared.
+
+Oh, well.
+
+It's 2,002.
+
+PROFESSOR: I'll
+choose the easy step.
+
+OK.
+
+So what's x1?
+
+AUDIENCE: You plug in x0.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+I heard a 2,002.
+
+I don't think it's--
+it's very close.
+
+AUDIENCE: 2,002 and two thirds.
+
+0.67.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, cool.
+
+So 0.67, let's
+get to that later.
+
+I don't like fractional numbers.
+
+I mean this is the
+right answer math-wise,
+
+but we'll get to that because
+if we want to code this up,
+
+we probably don't want
+fractional numbers.
+
+So very good point there.
+
+What if I want to compute x2?
+
+I take this guy and
+I plug it into where?
+
+This thing over here, right?
+
+So this way I can
+compute approximations
+
+that get closer and closer
+to my original value.
+
+OK.
+
+Does this ring a bell?
+
+Yes, everyone is
+happy with this?
+
+Cool.
+
+So how about the initial guess?
+
+Here we started with
+a known initial guess.
+
+Is this a good guess?
+
+AUDIENCE: It's a
+really bad guess.
+
+2,002?
+
+PROFESSOR: No, I mean 1.
+
+AUDIENCE: 1?
+
+That's also a really bad guess.
+
+AUDIENCE: Why
+would you even ask?
+
+AUDIENCE: 11 and a half.
+
+PROFESSOR: All right.
+
+So you're saying 11 and a
+half would be a nice guess.
+
+So, first off, let's
+see, what do we
+
+need to-- what does Newton's
+algorithm guarantee?
+
+What-- if the guess
+is really, really bad,
+
+would we get an
+answer all the time?
+
+Maybe takes forever but
+we'll get an answer.
+
+True or false?
+
+AUDIENCE: True.
+
+PROFESSOR: Not true.
+
+Sorry.
+
+AUDIENCE: But it has to be
+right for your answer to be--
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so what does
+Newton's method guarantee?
+
+[INTERPOSING VOICES]
+
+PROFESSOR: Yep, yep.
+
+So what is the fancy
+math name for that?
+
+AUDIENCE: Quadratic
+convergence or something.
+
+PROFESSOR: Quadratic
+convergence, all right.
+
+So this is what
+Newton guarantees.
+
+Quadratic-- so what
+does this mean?
+
+For all your approximations,
+they're all going to be xi.
+
+If we write them as true
+answer times 1 plus error, i.
+
+So this error is the relative
+error of the approximation.
+
+Newtons method guarantees
+that the error at each step
+
+is squared.
+
+So if this guy-- if
+E0 is greater than 1,
+
+would we get an answer?
+
+AUDIENCE: No.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK so what we need?
+
+What's the minimum that we need?
+
+E0 has to be between
+what and what?
+
+AUDIENCE: Negative 1?
+
+AUDIENCE: Is it negative
+1, 1 or 0 and 1?
+
+AUDIENCE: It would
+be 0 and 1, right?
+
+Because won't it
+be less than one?
+
+AUDIENCE: Negative 1.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, absolute value.
+
+PROFESSOR: I think if you
+score something smaller
+
+than negative 1
+you get a positive
+
+and then-- so, let's
+say this works.
+
+So then x0 has to be
+between what and what
+
+in relation to the real answer?
+
+AUDIENCE: The real answer
+minus x0 over [INAUDIBLE].
+
+AUDIENCE: 2 times the
+actual answer is 0.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK so this
+is a sucky guess.
+
+We can do a lot
+better, but at least it
+
+will make the thing converge.
+
+Fair enough?
+
+OK now what if I
+want a good guess?
+
+First off, let's backtrack
+to a more general problem
+
+because this is easy, right?
+
+To plug it into our calculator
+and you have the answer.
+
+So what if I'm trying to
+compute cube root of r.
+
+Can everyone see, by the way?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Mhmm.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So I'm trying to
+compute cube root of r.
+
+r is a number.
+
+Suppose I'm trying to compute,
+for example, cube root of 2.
+
+What's the first
+thing I need to do?
+
+I'm going to code
+this up, by the way.
+
+Well, not me but suppose
+we want to code this up.
+
+What's the first
+thing we want to do?
+
+AUDIENCE: I think we want an
+initial guess at a function.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK so we're going
+to need an initial guess.
+
+That's good.
+
+And what else do we want?
+
+AUDIENCE: We need to decide
+how much precision we want.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yep.
+
+And why is that?
+
+AUDIENCE: Because this
+cube root of 2 is 1.
+
+If you round down.
+
+That doesn't tell us very much.
+
+I don't know, we don't
+like the fractions.
+
+PROFESSOR: We don't
+like fractions.
+
+OK, why don't we like fractions?
+
+It's a lot easier to code.
+
+AUDIENCE: Decimal point there.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yep, you have to
+deal with the decimal point
+
+and we don't like that.
+
+So we want to take
+this problem, and we
+
+want to move it
+into integer land.
+
+So what we did
+here has fractions.
+
+We don't like that because
+that's a pain to code.
+
+We didn't make you code
+fractions on the P set, right?
+
+So then we better know
+how to avoid fractions
+
+if you want to solve
+real life problems.
+
+So we're going to say that
+we're happy with some amount
+
+of precision in the answer.
+
+And then we're going
+to do something
+
+that lets us do all our
+computations in integer land.
+
+Because that's a happy place.
+
+So how do I-- suppose
+I'm working in base B
+
+and I want d digits
+of precision.
+
+What do I want to compute?
+
+How do I transform the
+problem in that way?
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: You multiply 2
+root 3 times B to the d.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK so
+we want the answer
+
+to be 2 times B to the d.
+
+And if we're integer land, what
+are we actually going to get?
+
+So suppose B is 10-- let's work
+with familiar numbers-- d is 2.
+
+So we're going to
+want to compute
+
+square root of 3 2 times 100.
+
+Does anyone have a
+calculator and can tell me
+
+what square root of 3 is?
+
+First two digits?
+
+AUDIENCE: Cube root of 2.
+
+PROFESSOR: Sorry,
+cube root of 2.
+
+AUDIENCE: 1.2.
+
+PROFESSOR: So let's say that
+square root of 3 is 1.2345.
+
+Hopefully someone will
+fix this up for us.
+
+But let's say it's this.
+
+If I multiply it by
+100 what do I get?
+
+123 times 45.
+
+So multiply by 100 means
+you move the decimal point
+
+to the right.
+
+Right?
+
+So it's still not an integer.
+
+If we work in integer
+land, our algorithm
+
+will return an integer.
+
+What's the integer
+that we're hoping
+
+our algorithm will return?
+
+AUDIENCE: 1.23, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: We're
+hoping so, right?
+
+Why?
+
+What can you do with 123?
+
+Shift right.
+
+So if you divide this
+by 100, you get 1.23.
+
+And this is our answer with
+two digits of precision.
+
+AUDIENCE: Do you want
+the actual-- it's 1.2599.
+
+PROFESSOR: You guys are good.
+
+OK.
+
+So our algorithm will
+give us this, right?
+
+So it's not going to
+give us exactly cube
+
+root of 2 times 100.
+
+It's not going to give
+us exactly this value.
+
+What's it going to give us?
+
+AUDIENCE: Two digits--
+close to that.
+
+PROFESSOR: So it's going to
+give us an integer, right?
+
+So what kind of integer?
+
+Math.
+
+AUDIENCE: Truncated?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, what's
+the math for that?
+
+Truncated.
+
+Floor.
+
+Very good.
+
+So this is what we're
+actually going to compute.
+
+Actually, because
+we're in integer land,
+
+we're going to have
+floors at every step
+
+when we're doing
+that approximation.
+
+And there's a fancy
+proof for Newton
+
+that says that even though
+you're taking floors
+
+all the time, it will still
+converge to the right thing.
+
+So in order to compute
+this, how are we
+
+going to transform the problem?
+
+AUDIENCE: Slide
+the Bd into that.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+AUDIENCE: You're going to
+have to put a 3 in there.
+
+B to the 3d.
+
+PROFESSOR: So we're
+actually going
+
+to compute cube root
+of 2 times B to the 3d.
+
+Fair enough?
+
+And if we slide this
+right by the digits
+
+afterwards we're going to get
+our two digits of precision.
+
+OK.
+
+So now I figured
+out my precision.
+
+I want an initial guess--
+and actually I lied,
+
+there's one more problem.
+
+Running time.
+
+Do you guys want to start
+with the running time
+
+or initial guess?
+
+AUDIENCE: Initial guess.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK so what I
+want a good initial guess?
+
+AUDIENCE: Between 0 and 2x.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK so if I don't
+have that the algorithm will
+
+crash and burn.
+
+When we did Newton
+in recitation,
+
+I said that I would
+like two things.
+
+And I backed up, I coded
+that into P set five
+
+when I did the guess.
+
+So what are the
+two things that I
+
+want from a good initial guess?
+
+AUDIENCE: Order of magnitude?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Perfect.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, god.
+
+[LAUGHS]
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so
+order of magnitude
+
+is a fancy CSE way to say,
+right number of digits.
+
+Suppose we're computing this.
+
+Or suppose we're
+computing the cube
+
+root of some number
+in base B. So
+
+supposed r is somewhere
+between 0 and B.
+
+It's one digit in base
+B. How many digits
+
+is this result is going to have?
+
+AUDIENCE: The amount
+of digits divided by 3.
+
+The amount of digits
+in 2 times B to the 3d.
+
+Which is whatever
+B to the 3d is.
+
+AUDIENCE: D plus 1?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK so roughly
+either d or d plus 1.
+
+See, d plus 1.
+
+So a decent approximation would
+be a 1 followed by these zeros.
+
+An even better
+approximation is what
+
+if we can get the first
+digit right or almost right?
+
+How would we do that?
+
+AUDIENCE: Pick up the
+first digit of our r
+
+PROFESSOR: OK and I promise
+that r is one digit.
+
+Just So let's say we pick up r.
+
+And?
+
+AUDIENCE: We do
+Newtons method on that.
+
+And we just guess one?
+
+Is that a thing?
+
+PROFESSOR: Uhh--
+
+AUDIENCE: Take the
+cube root of it.
+
+AUDIENCE: It should be
+some kind of inefficient--
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah what's some
+kind of inefficient way
+
+that we can think of quickly?
+
+AUDIENCE: Can you--
+
+AUDIENCE: Binary?
+
+PROFESSOR: Did you
+say divide and--
+
+AUDIENCE: --divide it by 2r?
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, sorry.
+
+I thought You were>you
+were going to say divide
+
+and conquer.
+
+So I heard binary search,
+so binary search wins.
+
+So we're going to
+the binary search.
+
+Binary search from 0 to r.
+
+Right?
+
+In order to the binary search,
+suppose I have my guess,
+
+g, I want to see how g
+compares to cube root of r.
+
+How do I do this?
+
+So this is equivalent to
+g cubed compared to r.
+
+g cubed is to multiplication,
+so I know how to do that.
+
+OK?
+
+Make sense for everyone?
+
+Sorry, r.
+
+My bad.
+
+So this is going to be one
+digit in base, B, so hopefully
+
+not too much work.
+
+OK.
+
+But remember this, you can;t
+do the comparison directly
+
+because you can't
+compute this directly.
+
+So you need to do it this way.
+
+AUDIENCE: So r is just the
+first digit of the number?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yep.
+
+So we're going for a
+slightly easier problem.
+
+We're trying to compute the cube
+root of a single digit number
+
+to an arbitrary precision.
+
+You can make it harder, but
+there's no point right now.
+
+So we'll stick to this.
+
+So how much time will this take?
+
+How many approximations
+will I need to do?
+
+By the way, so suppose I
+compute my approximations.
+
+Right?
+
+So I compute x0, x1, x2,
+x3, so on and so forth.
+
+When do I stop?
+
+AUDIENCE: When both
+digits are the same?
+
+PROFESSOR: All the
+digits are the same.
+
+So when one approximation is
+the same with the next one.
+
+That's what you're?
+
+Right.
+
+So these are all integers.
+
+The moment I get two
+identical integers,
+
+I know there's no point
+to continue because I'm
+
+going to get the
+same value forever.
+
+Also this means
+that Newton's method
+
+has converged on this integer.
+
+So hopefully I will
+get the answer,
+
+which I can convert
+into the right answer.
+
+OK so how fast does this work?
+
+What is n?
+
+When am I going to stop?
+
+AUDIENCE: Log base 2 of d?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So n is-- so the number of
+digits in my approximation--
+
+the number of correct
+digits-- doubles every time.
+
+So after log these steps,
+I have the right answer.
+
+Now what if instead of doing
+this I did binary search?
+
+So instead of doing Newton's
+method I do binary search on 0
+
+to r?
+
+I can do that, right?
+
+Because I can get
+a guess and then
+
+I can use this to see if
+my guess is right or wrong.
+
+So in theory I could
+do it in binary search.
+
+How fast would that be?
+
+AUDIENCE: And what
+is the difference
+
+between big r and little r?
+
+PROFESSOR: Big R is-- oh,
+I didn't write the big r.
+
+Big r is this guy, here.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, OK, gotcha.
+
+OK.
+
+PROFESSOR: And this is little r.
+
+Sorry.
+
+Good question, I
+apologize for that.
+
+So R is little r
+times B to the 3d.
+
+AUDIENCE: D times log 2 of B--
+
+AUDIENCE: To the d.
+
+Log r to the d.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, it's
+the same thing.
+
+Right.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+On the y.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK so the
+number of guesses is
+
+AUDIENCE: Log big r.
+
+PROFESSOR: Log big r.
+
+And someone was one step ahead
+and said it's order of B times
+
+log little r.
+
+Or I think it's d plus little r.
+
+So this is order of d.
+
+Does this make
+sense for everyone?
+
+AUDIENCE: I didn't quite
+follow what happened there.
+
+PROFESSOR: So I'm doing a
+binary search on the range
+
+from 0 to r.
+
+How many steps?
+
+How many guesses?
+
+Log r.
+
+Right?
+
+This is binary search.
+
+R is little r times b to the 3d.
+
+So if we log this,
+log R is log little r
+
+plus 3d log B. B is order
+one, so we get order of log B.
+
+OK so Newton's method
+is exponentially faster
+
+in terms of the number of digits
+compared to binary search.
+
+So if you can pull it
+off with Newton's method
+
+and you have big
+numbers, you probably
+
+want to use Newton's method.
+
+Because binary search will
+give you a slower algorithm.
+
+OK, how are we doing
+with these concepts?
+
+I see everyone's unhappy.
+
+Is it because of Newton
+or something I said?
+
+AUDIENCE: Can you
+summarize the difference
+
+between binary search
+and Newton's, again?
+
+So you said binary
+search takes kind
+
+of long versus Newton's method.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So how do you do binary search?
+
+AUDIENCE: Divide and
+conquer, which is--
+
+PROFESSOR: Divide
+and conquer, right?
+
+You start out with an interval,
+you guess somewhere in half,
+
+and then you see which half of
+the interval you recurse onto.
+
+And your interval halves
+in size every time.
+
+So given the initial size of the
+interval, the number of guesses
+
+you have is log of
+that interval size.
+
+In this case we're guessing
+a number between 0 and r.
+
+So the big goal is to
+compute cube root of R.
+
+And we're guessing that
+hey, it has to be somewhere
+
+between 0 and R. So we're going
+to do binary search on this.
+
+And in order to see
+how our guess compares,
+
+we're going to use
+this trick, here.
+
+So the number of guesses
+we make is log R. Now
+
+R is that number, over there.
+
+It's little r times B to the 3d.
+
+So how many digits does it have?
+
+Roughly d digits.
+
+So log of R is
+going to be order d.
+
+OK so if you do binary search
+to guess a d digit number,
+
+the running time will
+be roughly order d.
+
+Order of the number of digits.
+
+If you use Newton's
+method and your function
+
+is good and
+everything converges,
+
+then you have
+quadratic convergence.
+
+Which guarantees that you'll
+have log of d guesses.
+
+Log of d approximations.
+
+So Newton's method is a
+lot faster for big numbers,
+
+because you have a log
+there instead of d.
+
+So this is the big
+difference between them.
+
+But for Newton, you
+need a lot of things.
+
+Right?
+
+You need that function,
+you need an initial guess,
+
+you need a lot of
+things to make it work.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: So is that just like
+the number of times it runs?
+
+Because don't you have a
+multiplication and a division?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yep.
+
+So this is the
+number of guesses.
+
+The total running time
+is quite different.
+
+You need to jump through a few
+more hoops to analyze that.
+
+But this is the number of
+guesses or approximations
+
+that each method makes.
+
+So if your math
+would be order one,
+
+this would be the running time.
+
+If the math isn't order one,
+then it gets more complicated.
+
+AUDIENCE: So what's the
+running time of a division?
+
+PROFESSOR: What is running
+time of the division using
+
+Newton's method?
+
+It's the same as the running
+time of the multiplication
+
+that you're using to
+compute your approximations.
+
+And it's like two pages
+of notes to prove that.
+
+So let's not go over that now.
+
+But the idea is that every
+time you're multiplying,
+
+you start multiplying
+small numbers
+
+and the numbers double in size
+when you're multiplying them.
+
+So only the last
+multiplication counts.
+
+All the others are
+tiny compared to that.
+
+OK.
+
+Anything else about Newton?
+
+Sorry guys, we have
+Newton on the exam
+
+so we have to go through this.
+
+Let's go through some
+fun graph problems.
+
+OK so we kicked off these two.
+
+Graphs the BFS edges and
+graph transformations.
+
+OK I'm going to do a
+graph transformation first
+
+because I think that's
+more useful than BFS edges,
+
+but hopefully I'm
+going to get to both.
+
+So suppose I have a graph.
+
+Each path is either red or blue.
+
+By the way, no political
+connection whatsoever.
+
+And you have weights
+on each path.
+
+So we want a path from S to T
+with the following constraint.
+
+So these weights are
+the costs of, maybe,
+
+how much gas you're
+spending to go on that road.
+
+So in order to switch from
+a red edge to a blue edge,
+
+you also have to pay some money.
+
+You have to pay a cost of 5.
+
+So if you're going
+to go-- if you're
+
+going to go from S
+to A-- let's call
+
+this guy A-- if you're
+going to go this way,
+
+then your total cost is 3, 1, 4.
+
+If you're going to go from S
+to B, then if you go this way,
+
+your total cost is
+going to be 3 plus 1
+
+plus 5 for switching from
+a red to a blue edge.
+
+So the cost for switching
+from red to blue is 5.
+
+The cost for switching
+from blue to red is 5.
+
+And I'll let you guys
+think of it for a bit
+
+while I erase the board.
+
+AUDIENCE: What's your goal in
+playing the best path from--
+
+PROFESSOR: Best path from S
+to T. Smallest total cost.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK.
+
+PROFESSOR: So any thoughts?
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: It's
+kind of on the run,
+
+but create a supernode
+connect all the red paths.
+
+And create another one
+connecting all the blue paths.
+
+And then try to find the
+shortest length to T just using
+
+those two graphs, I guess.
+
+PROFESSOR: So you're
+going to create
+
+a supernode
+connecting the paths.
+
+So how does this work?
+
+AUDIENCE: You create
+the path from S
+
+to T just using the reds.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK so I'm going
+to copy everything and use
+
+the reds.
+
+So S, C, D, T, and I'm
+only going to use the reds.
+
+All right, red, red, red.
+
+OK.
+
+AUDIENCE: And then-- wait,
+is that all the right paths?
+
+PROFESSOR: I hope so.
+
+AUDIENCE: All right,
+and then you're
+
+going to try doing that
+with the blue paths as well.
+
+PROFESSOR: So am I creating
+another copy of this?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Let's see, what else, what else?
+
+OK
+
+AUDIENCE: From S to T, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: A path from S to T?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah, so you
+just compare the path of S
+
+to the path of T.
+So you completely
+
+take that out, the
+additional cost [INAUDIBLE]
+
+just by comparing
+those two and seeing
+
+which ones are
+the shortest path.
+
+AUDIENCE: It's correct
+for this graph,
+
+but it's not correct in general.
+
+[INTERPOSING VOICES]
+
+AUDIENCE: And the last
+option would be combining--
+
+PROFESSOR: OK so if
+I do this so far.
+
+So I've taken the original graph
+and I've created two copies.
+
+One that has all
+of the red paths,
+
+one that has all the blue paths.
+
+AUDIENCE: Right.
+
+PROFESSOR: By the
+way, let's label this.
+
+The nodes are--
+
+AUDIENCE: So it would
+work in this specific case
+
+because you [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: So if you compute
+the two shortest paths here,
+
+you'll get the path using only
+reds, path using only blues.
+
+But you're not
+expressing the fact
+
+that you're allowed to alternate
+between reds and blues.
+
+How do you express that?
+
+AUDIENCE: Make a
+lot of corrections.
+
+AUDIENCE: Put two layers in--
+
+PROFESSOR: Two layers.
+
+OK so these are two layers.
+
+This is the red layer, and
+this is the blue layer.
+
+And how do I connect them?
+
+AUDIENCE: If there's
+an edge connecting them
+
+on the upper graph, we're
+just connecting them.
+
+AUDIENCE: Or connect
+the respective nodes
+
+and make it a 5.
+
+PROFESSOR: Both
+answers work, they
+
+have the same number of edges.
+
+The last answer is
+easier to visualize,
+
+so I'm going to go with that.
+
+So I can go from the red
+world to the blue world,
+
+and back, if I'm
+willing to pay 5.
+
+So this is what--
+
+AUDIENCE: And you just use
+those with the new edges.
+
+Or not DFS, but Dijkstra's.
+
+PROFESSOR: All right so all the
+edges here are positive, right?
+
+So I'm going to use Dijkstra.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is there any
+case in a positive graph
+
+that Dijkstra's slower
+than Bellman-Ford?
+
+Because one is like b log b,
+and the other one is like b e.
+
+Right?
+
+So if you have a lot of--
+
+PROFESSOR: OK so
+what is Dijkstra?
+
+AUDIENCE: B log b-
+
+PROFESSOR: Almost.
+
+AUDIENCE: T log
+b, I think, right?
+
+That's the theoretical
+best case ever,
+
+PROFESSOR: So actually,
+the theoretical is E plus--
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah,
+that's what I meant.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh.
+
+Oh--
+
+PROFESSOR: This is what
+you get with heaps,
+
+so this is what we
+got in the P set.
+
+AUDIENCE: What
+was the first one?
+
+AUDIENCE: The first one
+is like Fibonacci heaps.
+
+It's got a really
+high constant factor,
+
+so you never actually use it.
+
+PROFESSOR: So this is a
+nice theoretical thing,
+
+and this is what
+you get in practice.
+
+If you use the
+regular binary heaps.
+
+And so you compare
+this to Bellman-Ford
+
+which is-- whoops--
+V times E. I'm
+
+going to guess that this
+is faster no matter what.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes, OK.
+
+So the theoretical one could
+be slower, then, possible.
+
+The Fibonacci one?
+
+Because if you have a ton of
+vertices without many edges.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK If you
+have a ton of vertices
+
+but not too many edges.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: Then you're
+saying that this
+
+is going to be bigger than--
+so what do you do in that case?
+
+AUDIENCE: I mean you could just
+ignore the vertices, I guess.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK so if
+you have a ton of
+
+vertices and not
+that many edges.
+
+So if you have edges
+smaller-- sorry-- yeah,
+
+it's just smaller
+than vertices, then
+
+some vertices have
+to be unconnected.
+
+So what to do?
+
+AUDIENCE: You just ignore them.
+
+AUDIENCE: You're not going
+to reach them anyway.
+
+PROFESSOR: How do
+you ignore them?
+
+How do you ignore them in--
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, I see your point.
+
+So you're never going
+to get to them anyways.
+
+So--
+
+AUDIENCE: Well no, but
+once you've started at one,
+
+you're going to have
+to touch them all.
+
+They're all going
+to be in the heap.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: No, don't
+put them in the heap
+
+until you look at them.
+
+AUDIENCE: Well, there's
+a starting point, right?
+
+If you can't go anywhere in the
+starting point, you're done.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK so you take the
+starting point and you do--
+
+[INTERPOSING VOICES]
+
+PROFESSOR: Ok so I would take
+the starting point and do a BFS
+
+and ignore everything else.
+
+And that is clearly order of
+how many vertices and edges that
+
+are reachable from that.
+
+So that will give
+you a nice graph.
+
+Either that, or if you
+initialization your Dijkstra
+
+carefully enough, this
+actually only reflects
+
+the reachable
+edges and vertices.
+
+So you never have this.
+
+So either one works.
+
+In theory mode, it might be
+better to say I'll do a BFS
+
+and reduce the graph.
+
+Because that's easier to argue.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: So, for
+this, when you make all
+
+that-- I guess my
+question is are we
+
+going to be asked to
+talk about running times
+
+for different transformation?
+
+Or the algorithms?
+
+PROFESSOR: Well so at
+the very least, last time
+
+we said, this is the problem.
+
+Give us an algorithm
+with this running time.
+
+AUDIENCE: Right.
+
+PROFESSOR: So you have
+to be able to know
+
+your transformations.
+
+So not the running for
+computing the transformation,
+
+but you have to be able to know
+how much bigger the graph gets
+
+and what that implies
+for the running time.
+
+Turns out that usually
+for these transformations
+
+you can compute
+them in linear time.
+
+So the time for computing
+a transformation
+
+is much smaller than
+the time for running
+
+Dijkstra or Bellman-Ford.
+
+So that's why we don't
+really go into that.
+
+This one is definitely
+linear time.
+
+So what happens to the
+graph in this case?
+
+Number of edges and
+number of vertices.
+
+AUDIENCE: Number of
+edges increases by V
+
+and number of vertices.
+
+So increase by V.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's
+V, and times is 2.
+
+So you plug this into
+Bellman-Ford or Dijkstra,
+
+you find out the
+new running time.
+
+So every time you see what is
+the size of your new graph,
+
+and you plug that
+into the algorithm.
+
+OK so what is the
+intuition behind this?
+
+Did everyone get this problem?
+
+So it's the old problem
+that we're going through
+
+again and again, where you
+have a graph that's 2D,
+
+and we want to compute
+something that Dijkstra
+
+can't compute on it's own.
+
+Or that Bellman-Ford
+can't compute on it's own.
+
+So in order to be able
+to compute those things,
+
+we need to add additional
+states to the graph.
+
+And the way we do that is
+we make copies of the graph
+
+that we call layers.
+
+Because we're thinking that if
+you take that 2D map, and you
+
+create copies of
+it, you basically
+
+have a 3D graph where there
+is the original graph.
+
+That's the science part
+of the problem, the art
+
+part of solving the
+problem is figuring out
+
+what those layers are
+and how you connect them.
+
+Because by doing that you
+can solve a ton of problems,
+
+as we have seen in this class.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is there a
+possibility that you
+
+have a very large
+number of layers needed
+
+to be permutations
+of-- different choice
+
+to make instead of
+just a red or a blue?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yep.
+
+So is there a problem where
+we had a ton of layers?
+
+AUDIENCE: Mhmm.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yep.
+
+OK so two problems, right?
+
+AUDIENCE: One for every second.
+
+[LAUGHS]
+
+PROFESSOR: And so these
+are the layers, presumably.
+
+We had two problems that
+had a ton of layers.
+
+One of them was
+the highway problem
+
+where you had timetables.
+
+And there, the number
+of layers was the number
+
+of minutes in the day
+you're considering.
+
+So roughly, 1440.
+
+And the other one was StarCraft
+where the number of layers
+
+was something ginormous, right?
+
+So as long as that fits
+the theory, that's fine.
+
+As long as the number of layers
+fits whatever the problem wants
+
+you to compute, its OK.
+
+AUDIENCE: So transforming
+another layer,
+
+is that like in V time because
+copying the number of vertices?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah,
+so you should be
+
+able to implement this in
+order of V plus E, which
+
+is what you need to output
+the new graph description.
+
+I claim that for this you can.
+
+AUDIENCE: So for E prime, I
+guess, how'd you get that?
+
+PROFESSOR: So for
+each vertex you
+
+are going to create a
+red copy and a blue copy.
+
+2V, this is easy.
+
+Now, the red edges stay in here,
+the blue edges stay in here.
+
+So nothing changed so far.
+
+But each red vertex needs to
+be connected to the blue vertex
+
+by an edge of weight 5.
+
+So that means that we're going
+to copy over the original edges
+
+and we're going to add the
+edges that connect the vertices.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: So we're not going
+to ask about the running
+
+time of the
+transformations in general.
+
+Because we assume that they
+can be done in linear time.
+
+But you need to at least have a
+sense of whether your graph is
+
+going to double,
+whether it's going
+
+to increase exponentially, or
+what's going to happen to it.
+
+So let's make a small
+tweak to this problem.
+
+Suppose that the
+instead of having this,
+
+I can go from red to
+blue, but once I've
+
+gone from red to
+blue, I can't go back.
+
+So I can start out either red
+or blue, I can go red to blue,
+
+but once I'm in blue I
+can't go back to red.
+
+AUDIENCE: Make those
+directed edges.
+
+PROFESSOR: From where to where?
+
+AUDIENCE: Red to blue.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK so this is
+how I express constraints,
+
+in constraints among layers.
+
+Before, we had two
+layers, red and blue.
+
+And we connected them by
+an edge of weight 5, which
+
+says you can go from
+red world to blue world,
+
+and back, all you
+have to do is pay 5.
+
+If we have directed edges,
+then this is a constraint.
+
+If the constraint
+said there's no cost,
+
+but you can only go
+from red to blue,
+
+you still have to do two layers.
+
+And keep track of
+which layer you're in.
+
+But then your edge
+of the weight 0.
+
+Since we have to pay,
+the edge is weight 5.
+
+So we can use layers to
+express additional costs,
+
+or just to express constraints.
+
+Does this make sense?
+
+AUDIENCE: Does this include
+back edges, or forward edges,
+
+as well?
+
+PROFESSOR: Let's get to that.
+
+OK, so does this
+make sense so far?
+
+One more question, what shortest
+path do I want to compute here?
+
+To make sure that
+you guys got it.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, you have to
+do two of them maybe, four--
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, I
+like four of them.
+
+So I have to do SR, TR,
+SR, TB, SB, TR, SB, TB.
+
+Fortunately, our
+algorithms give us
+
+the shortest path
+from one source
+
+to all of the other vertices.
+
+So I'd only have to run
+Dijkstra or Bellman-Ford twice.
+
+What if I want to run
+the algorithm once?
+
+What do I do?
+
+AUDIENCE: You put
+vertices on the edges.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK so supernode
+as a source, supernode
+
+as a destination.
+
+And I connect them to what?
+
+AUDIENCE: Zero weight.
+
+PROFESSOR: To?
+
+AUDIENCE: The two.
+
+AUDIENCE: Final V.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, very good.
+
+And?
+
+AUDIENCE: Same.
+
+PROFESSOR: So what
+happened here?
+
+This says you can go anywhere.
+
+And this says you can
+come back from anywhere.
+
+AUDIENCE: Bridge
+between the worlds.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yep.
+
+[AUDIENCE LAUGHING]
+
+PROFESSOR: So do we want this
+to be directed or undirected,
+
+by the way, does it matter?
+
+AUDIENCE: Directed.
+
+You can only go one way--
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, depends on which
+problem you're talking about.
+
+PROFESSOR: I think if
+they're undirected,
+
+it shouldn't matter too
+much, because there shouldn't
+
+be a path where you go back to
+the source and then you switch.
+
+But this would be
+if you're on a quiz
+
+and you don't want
+to think about
+
+that, I'd make them directed
+just to be on the safe side.
+
+AUDIENCE: What were
+the four shortest
+
+paths you said we
+needed to calculate
+
+for the original problem,
+before you added the supernodes?
+
+PROFESSOR: So we don't
+know whether we start out
+
+with a red edge--
+
+AUDIENCE: Right.
+
+PROFESSOR: --with a blue edge.
+
+We don't know whether we end up
+with a red edge or a blue edge.
+
+AUDIENCE: Stay in red
+world, stay in blue world,
+
+red to blue and blue to red.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah OK, cool.
+
+So let's talk about BFS and
+DFS very briefly, I guess.
+
+So BFS and DFS.
+
+What does BFS give us?
+
+Why is it useful?
+
+AUDIENCE: Shortest paths.
+
+PROFESSOR: Shortest
+paths in terms
+
+of number of edges, right?
+
+No weight on the engines.
+
+So shortest paths using
+the number of edges.
+
+What does DFS give us?
+
+AUDIENCE: Topological start.
+
+PROFESSOR: Hey, man, you
+had this on the P set,
+
+I wouldn't call it nothing.
+
+OK, how does BFS
+look at the graph?
+
+How does it partition the graph?
+
+Nodes are grouped into--
+
+AUDIENCE: Levels.
+
+PROFESSOR: Levels.
+
+AUDIENCE: The light
+distance and the source.
+
+PROFESSOR: So you
+start with a source,
+
+and then all the nodes
+that are one edge
+
+away are at level one,
+all the nodes that
+
+are two edges away are level
+two, so on and so forth.
+
+What does DFS give us?
+
+A mess?
+
+A mess, right?
+
+So it gives us edge types.
+
+And it gives us exit times.
+
+Exit times are useful for
+topological sort, right?
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: It also
+gives us a tree.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, does
+BFS give us a tree?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes, they
+both give us trees.
+
+PROFESSOR: So both of
+them will give us trees.
+
+So what are those trees?
+
+For each node, BFS or
+DFS discovered that node
+
+by going from some parent
+node across an edge.
+
+So that edge belongs to
+the BFS or to the DFS tree.
+
+How do we compute those trees?
+
+AUDIENCE: Just do it?
+
+PROFESSOR: So how do
+you, in BFS and DFS,
+
+what do you compute to--
+
+AUDIENCE: Parent pointers?
+
+PROFESSOR: Parent pointers.
+
+So that's what you use
+to keep track of them.
+
+Sorry the question
+is bad but that's
+
+what I want you
+to get out of it.
+
+Parent pointers.
+
+So DFS and BFS will both
+compute trees of the graph.
+
+Are they the same trees
+or different trees?
+
+AUDIENCE: Probably different.
+
+PROFESSOR: Different
+trees, right?
+
+Let's take this.
+
+S, A, B, right?
+
+BFS will give us this,
+DFS will give us this.
+
+OK, what edge types
+do we have in DFS?
+
+AUDIENCE: Forward edges.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, forward.
+
+Cool.
+
+What are they?
+
+AUDIENCE: Those are
+just from parent
+
+to children that
+are being presented.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+AUDIENCE: So, I don't
+know how else to put it.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK so you should
+have this on your cheat sheet,
+
+right?
+
+If nobody knows the
+answer, you should have it
+
+on your cheat sheet.
+
+So tree edges, the ones that
+show up in the DFS tree.
+
+Backwards edges,
+
+AUDIENCE: Cross edges.
+
+PROFESSOR: Cross edges.
+
+AUDIENCE: Forward edges.
+
+PROFESSOR: And forward edges.
+
+If your graph is undirected,
+what types of edges
+
+do you not have?
+
+AUDIENCE: Forward edges.
+
+Forward edges and
+backward edges.
+
+Or no, forward edges.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So this is a lecture
+notes, and we're
+
+going to go over them tonight.
+
+But if you can't make it,
+they're in lecture notes.
+
+So you should have this
+on your cheat sheet
+
+if you don't know them.
+
+Right?
+
+Nobody answered today, so
+if you guys don't have them
+
+on your cheat sheet
+I will be upset.
+
+OK.
+
+Cool.
+
+More questions?
+
+AUDIENCE: Edges do not
+exist in BFS, edge types?
+
+PROFESSOR: DFS uses-- so
+out of BFS we get levels,
+
+and out DFS we get
+those edge types.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is there--
+about the edge types?
+
+PROFESSOR: Some algorithms
+use them in their proofs.
+
+So the proof for
+topological sort
+
+uses the fact that in
+directed acyclic graphs,
+
+you won't have some
+types of edges.
+
+For the other types
+of edges it argues
+
+that the order that you
+get from topological sort
+
+is the right order.
+
+So it's mostly theoretical
+but since we taught you
+
+about edge types, we
+might ask you about them.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: So does
+DFS actually-- is
+
+it able to distinguish
+between back-crossing over,
+
+or is it only-- does it only
+see that the node has already
+
+been visited by something?
+
+PROFESSOR: So how would you make
+it distinguish between them?
+
+You have to, right?
+
+Because otherwise, why
+are we studying them?
+
+There has to be a way to
+distinguish between them.
+
+AUDIENCE: Because the
+DFS does recursive calls
+
+and you know where the back is.
+
+PROFESSOR: So let's
+do a DFS tree quickly.
+
+So suppose we went like this.
+
+And then like this,
+this, and then this.
+
+Sorry, I'm trying really hard to
+make up an example on the spot
+
+such that I won't
+discount myself.
+
+How do I get that, do you know?
+
+AUDIENCE: Maybe an edge
+from the second one
+
+to the last one on the right.
+
+PROFESSOR: Here?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah and this
+will be the arrowhead,
+
+and you can start
+from the second one.
+
+PROFESSOR: This one?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+Wouldn't that be a forward edge?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK
+
+AUDIENCE: Because
+it's downward--
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, I like that.
+
+OK, I like that.
+
+OK so S, A, B, C,
+D, E. So assume
+
+this is the order that they
+listed in adjacency list.
+
+So let's label all of the edges.
+
+SA and SB are what?
+
+AUDIENCE: Forward edges.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK AC?
+
+AUDIENCE: Forward.
+
+PROFESSOR: CD?
+
+AUDIENCE: Forward.
+
+PROFESSOR: CE?
+
+AUDIENCE: Forward.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, AE?
+
+AUDIENCE: Aren't
+those tree edges?
+
+AUDIENCE: That's a forward edge.
+
+PROFESSOR: That
+took a while, guys.
+
+That took a while.
+
+AUDIENCE: It goes forward.
+
+AUDIENCE: Well no,
+forward means like you're
+
+skipping a generation.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK so
+the three edges.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: So the three
+edges are the ones
+
+that DFS uses to go forward.
+
+So they're the ones
+that map the DFS calls.
+
+So how do we express that?
+
+So suppose you're at some node
+u, and you have an edge, uv.
+
+AUDIENCE: The parent of v is u.
+
+PROFESSOR: So you're
+at here, right now.
+
+OK, so v.parent has to be u.
+
+And?
+
+v is?
+
+Is it visited or not?
+
+AUDIENCE: It's a new vertex.
+
+AUDIENCE: It's not.
+
+PROFESSOR: So v is
+not visited yet.
+
+So this is a tree edge.
+
+Now let's compare this
+to a forward edge.
+
+So what happens
+to a forward edge?
+
+AUDIENCE: Parents of children--
+
+AUDIENCE: Parent ancestors--
+
+PROFESSOR: So you're
+at here right now.
+
+And you're looking
+at the edge uv.
+
+Right? so we're
+looking at the edge uv.
+
+uv would point
+downward in the tree.
+
+What's true about--
+
+AUDIENCE: v.parent is u.
+
+AUDIENCE: No--
+
+AUDIENCE: Not necessarily.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So v.parent is u.
+
+So it can be the parent,
+or the grandparent,
+
+or-- so u has to be
+somewhere up the tree.
+
+Right?
+
+So I can have a ton
+of dot parents here.
+
+AUDIENCE: There has to be more
+than one dot parent, right?
+
+Because otherwise
+we get tree edge.
+
+It can't just be one parent.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+AUDIENCE: So you'd have to
+recurse up more than once.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yep.
+
+So for a node you go up until
+you find u, and if you found u,
+
+then it's a forward
+edge, otherwise,
+
+if you find the root of
+the tree then you give up.
+
+AUDIENCE: Well then
+it's a cross edge.
+
+If you go up and you get
+to the root but-- oh--
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, so if
+you got to the root,
+
+it is not the forward edge.
+
+Right now we're looking
+at what does it mean.
+
+So you have to be somewhere
+around the ancestor chain of u,
+
+so if you keep following v's
+parents, you have to see u.
+
+If not, it's not
+the forward edge.
+
+OK.
+
+And when you see
+it, did you visit it
+
+or did you not visit it?
+
+AUDIENCE: Already visited.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So now we have two more edge
+types, we have back edges,
+
+and we have cross edges.
+
+Right?
+
+Show me a back edge here.
+
+AUDIENCE: DA.
+
+PROFESSOR: DA is a back edge.
+
+OK back edges are
+also reasonably easy.
+
+So let's do those.
+
+What's a back edge.
+
+So I am at u now.
+
+I'm looking at the edge uv.
+
+AUDIENCE: It's a cycle.
+
+AUDIENCE: Node to ancestor.
+
+PROFESSOR: Sorry?
+
+AUDIENCE: It's a
+node to an ancestor.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK so who
+is who's ancestor?
+
+AUDIENCE: A is D's ancestor.
+
+AUDIENCE: V is u's ancestor.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So if I keep going,
+u.parent many times over,
+
+I should eventually
+see v. Uhh-- yeah.
+
+So the difference
+between this and this
+
+is who is who's parent?
+
+AUDIENCE: Wait, wouldn't
+u be a parent of v?
+
+Because we didn't go from
+A to C to D and then at D
+
+I realize that I
+can go to A, but I
+
+won't go because
+it's already visited?
+
+PROFESSOR: Wait.
+
+AUDIENCE: But assuming that--
+
+AUDIENCE: A is an ancestor of D.
+
+PROFESSOR: So A is
+an ancestor of D
+
+because by the time
+I got to D, I've
+
+already set the parent
+pointers for C and D.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes.
+
+But-- wait.
+
+u.parent is v. Then u is
+A here and v is D here--
+
+AUDIENCE: No u is D here.
+
+PROFESSOR: I'm at u
+right now, so I'm at D.
+
+And I'm looking at the edge uv.
+
+AUDIENCE: Do we have
+a cross edge in here?
+
+PROFESSOR: Do we have
+a cross edge in here.
+
+Good question.
+
+What is the cross edge?
+
+AUDIENCE: C?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK so this
+guy is a cross edge.
+
+So what is the difference
+between a cross edge
+
+and a forward edge?
+
+[CLASS MURMURS]
+
+AUDIENCE: It's not an ancestor.
+
+AUDIENCE: Ancester goes up to S.
+
+PROFESSOR: So a cross edge is
+very close to a forward edge
+
+except u is not an ancestor
+of v. v in the DFS tree.
+
+OK?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Yep.
+
+Yep.
+
+So the only common ancestor
+between B and C is the source.
+
+OK so please get these
+conditions in the notes.
+
+So as a summary, if it's
+an edge that DFS uses,
+
+it's a tree edge.
+
+If it's going against the way
+of the DFS, it's a back edge.
+
+If it fast forwards
+in DFS, so instead
+
+of going one level down, it
+does multiple levels down,
+
+then it's a forward edge.
+
+And otherwise, it's weird
+edge so it's a cross edge.
+
+One way to look at it.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is this
+only true because we
+
+were going alphabetically?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, this
+depends on the order
+
+in which the nodes are
+listed in the adjacency list.
+
+AUDIENCE: So it could've
+been pretty different
+
+if we went from A to E?
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh Yeah, yeah.
+
+Yep.
+
+AUDIENCE: I'm trying to
+solve this another way.
+
+The graph information--
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah
+
+AUDIENCE: --would you say that's
+moderate or an easy example?
+
+The transformation.
+
+PROFESSOR: This is
+on the easy side.
+
+So look at the problems
+that we had so far.
+
+There are more problems
+in this review packet.
+
+There are like six,
+seven, eight problems.
+
+It's going to be online.
+
+It's the notes for
+this recitation.
+
+Sorry, bad name.
+
+So the notes for
+this recitation.
+
+This is on the easy side.
+
+The StarCraft problem, last time
+is on the insanely difficult
+
+side, so that's not
+going to happen.
+
+AUDIENCE: I so
+don't even get that.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's
+on the hard side.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/shyN9JFhkpg.txt b/shyN9JFhkpg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9b14ca6a9522eca7874de6b89320c5a8b3b07e72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/shyN9JFhkpg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,475 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is the day one confessional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the day one confessional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the day one confessional
+lecture ended a couple hours ago just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture ended a couple hours ago just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture ended a couple hours ago just
+been trying to do the homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been trying to do the homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been trying to do the homework
+assignment on with the students holy cow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment on with the students holy cow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment on with the students holy cow
+it is really exhausting to teach and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is really exhausting to teach and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is really exhausting to teach and
+three hour three hours goes by way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three hour three hours goes by way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three hour three hours goes by way
+faster when you're talking it does when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster when you're talking it does when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster when you're talking it does when
+you are listening um I think overall it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are listening um I think overall it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are listening um I think overall it
+could have definitely been a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have definitely been a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have definitely been a lot more
+catastrophic than it was so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catastrophic than it was so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catastrophic than it was so that's
+always good I think the hardest thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always good I think the hardest thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always good I think the hardest thing
+was just getting people to be engaged in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just getting people to be engaged in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just getting people to be engaged in
+discussion it was just there just so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion it was just there just so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion it was just there just so
+quiet overall it was just hard to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiet overall it was just hard to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiet overall it was just hard to get
+them engaged in discussion Jamie was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them engaged in discussion Jamie was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them engaged in discussion Jamie was
+awesome but it's fine because she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome but it's fine because she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome but it's fine because she's
+taught middle school so she clearly has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught middle school so she clearly has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught middle school so she clearly has
+a very good handle I'm facilitating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very good handle I'm facilitating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very good handle I'm facilitating
+these kind of things once she got people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of things once she got people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of things once she got people
+to talk at some of the stuff that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk at some of the stuff that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk at some of the stuff that they
+were saying was great at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were saying was great at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were saying was great at the
+conversations that they were having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations that they were having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations that they were having
+about their experiences with online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their experiences with online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their experiences with online
+video I'm really glad that she prodded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video I'm really glad that she prodded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video I'm really glad that she prodded
+them a little bit more whereas I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a little bit more whereas I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a little bit more whereas I just
+wanted to give up after no one said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to give up after no one said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to give up after no one said
+anything we have a time goes by really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything we have a time goes by really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything we have a time goes by really
+fast is definitely pressed for time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast is definitely pressed for time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast is definitely pressed for time
+which shouldn't have surprised me but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which shouldn't have surprised me but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which shouldn't have surprised me but
+still did and just making sure to leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still did and just making sure to leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still did and just making sure to leave
+breathing room for students i mean i did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing room for students i mean i did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing room for students i mean i did
+try to pace off the video stuff so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to pace off the video stuff so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to pace off the video stuff so that
+they'd have sort of a breather from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd have sort of a breather from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd have sort of a breather from
+hearing someone just talk to them for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing someone just talk to them for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing someone just talk to them for
+three hours and but i do feel like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three hours and but i do feel like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three hours and but i do feel like it
+was just a super-dense lecture today I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just a super-dense lecture today I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just a super-dense lecture today I
+think passing it off with Chris at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think passing it off with Chris at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think passing it off with Chris at the
+end helped a lot but I would have liked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end helped a lot but I would have liked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end helped a lot but I would have liked
+to had more time to just have students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to had more time to just have students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to had more time to just have students
+get up and use the cameras and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get up and use the cameras and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get up and use the cameras and maybe
+work on the stem videos during class I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on the stem videos during class I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on the stem videos during class I
+know a teacher who teaches high school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a teacher who teaches high school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a teacher who teaches high school
+sociology and his philosophy is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociology and his philosophy is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociology and his philosophy is just
+like stay one step back one day ahead on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like stay one step back one day ahead on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like stay one step back one day ahead on
+this syllabus from the glass and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this syllabus from the glass and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this syllabus from the glass and I've
+been feeling a little bit like that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been feeling a little bit like that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been feeling a little bit like that in
+terms of the materials but maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the materials but maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the materials but maybe it's
+just the adrenaline from day one but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the adrenaline from day one but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the adrenaline from day one but I
+do feel like it was okay a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do feel like it was okay a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do feel like it was okay a little
+nervous for tomorrow with all the sixth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous for tomorrow with all the sixth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous for tomorrow with all the sixth
+graders a lot nervous about tomorrow but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graders a lot nervous about tomorrow but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graders a lot nervous about tomorrow but
+I have already met the kids and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have already met the kids and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have already met the kids and their
+kids just a matter of trying to balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids just a matter of trying to balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids just a matter of trying to balance
+everything I need to do for work aside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything I need to do for work aside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything I need to do for work aside
+from lecture now I get it now I now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from lecture now I get it now I now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from lecture now I get it now I now I
+get why why professors don't always want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get why why professors don't always want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get why why professors don't always want
+to prioritize lecturing so they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prioritize lecturing so they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prioritize lecturing so they don't
+want to thats there just aren't enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to thats there just aren't enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to thats there just aren't enough
+hours in the day i'm going to sleep like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours in the day i'm going to sleep like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours in the day i'm going to sleep like
+a rock tonight
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/skW0oXoAU0M.txt b/skW0oXoAU0M.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..52af4e555af94f0be0292662e0370791551afcb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/skW0oXoAU0M.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3793 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: I want to spend a
+little bit of time today
+
+finishing up what we were
+saying last time, about
+
+orthonormal expansions.
+
+Just, essentially, to get a
+better understanding of what
+
+it means to go from finite
+
+dimension to infinite dimension.
+
+For the most part, you can just
+ignore the question of
+
+being at an infinite dimensional
+space, and
+
+everything is pretty much the
+same as it is in finite
+
+dimensions.
+
+But there are a few things
+you have to be a
+
+little careful about.
+
+So, let's suppose that we have
+a set of orthonormal vectors.
+
+Like the sinc vectors for
+example, that we were using
+
+for the sinc functions that we
+were using, to talk about the
+
+Fourier series.
+
+And the thing that we said last
+time at the end of the
+
+hour, we quoted this theorem
+which was almost obvious, I
+
+think, in terms of the other
+things that we did.
+
+Which said that if you start
+out with some vector v, you
+
+can project it successively onto
+the set of orthonormal
+
+functions in such a way that you
+get closer and closer to
+
+the vector that you're
+looking for.
+
+And the theorem that we had was
+that the projection on the
+
+whole space, which we call u,
+in fact is the same as the
+
+limit of this sum of orthonormal
+functions as we
+
+take the limit adding more and
+more functions into this sum.
+
+So this was sort of the same
+kind of thing that we were
+
+doing when we were going --
+
+it's the same sort of thing that
+we did when we were doing
+
+the projection theorem for
+finite dimensions.
+
+You remember the thing that we
+did there was to first project
+
+this function onto a
+single waveform.
+
+Then we found the part of the
+waveform that was orthogonal
+
+to the first waveform.
+
+That gave us our second
+waveform.
+
+And the thing that we're doing
+here, which is sort of
+
+different, is we're starting
+out with the orthogonal
+
+sequence to start with.
+
+Anyway, the thing that we showed
+was that the vector we
+
+start with, minus this
+approximation, which is in the
+
+space generated by all of these
+p sub n's, that this
+
+difference has to be orthogonal
+to each p sub n.
+
+Because that was a way
+we constructed it.
+
+So this difference is -- well,
+the limit goes to zero, but
+
+also the difference is
+orthogonal to each phi sub x.
+
+This is the thing which is new,
+which we didn't get from
+
+looking at the Fourier series.
+
+We could have gotten it from
+looking at the Fourier series,
+
+but this is the thing which is
+general for every orthonormal
+
+expansion in the world.
+
+Not just a Fourier series,
+except all of them.
+
+And then we say that an inner
+product space has accountably
+
+infinite dimension.
+
+If accountably infinite set of
+orthonormal vectors exist,
+
+such that only the
+zero vectors are
+
+orthogonal to each other.
+
+This comes back to one of the
+issues that we faced when we
+
+were going through the
+Fourier series.
+
+Namely, we showed all this nice
+stuff, which was really
+
+about approximating a waveform
+by the Fourier series.
+
+The thing that we never showed,
+and the thing which is
+
+messy and difficult, is that
+if you take a time-limited
+
+function and expand it in a
+Fourier series, how do you
+
+know that when you get all done,
+you're actually going to
+
+get the function back again?
+
+This is the part of it which
+we never talked about.
+
+We talked about how you generate
+all of the Fourier
+
+coefficients, and all
+of that was fine.
+
+And we showed that when you
+were all done, this
+
+representation function that you
+had was in fact orthogonal
+
+the thing that was left over.
+
+But you never showed that
+the thing that was left
+
+over went to 0.
+
+And the thing this is saying
+is you don't have to worry
+
+about that too much.
+
+Because the thing which is left
+over has to be orthogonal
+
+to everything you
+started with.
+
+And this sum here has
+to go to some limit.
+
+What is this limit in the case
+of the Fourier series?
+
+Suppose we start out with an
+arbitrary L2 function.
+
+We now try to expand that
+arbitrary L2 function in a
+
+Fourier series from minus t
+over 2 to plus t over 2.
+
+And we can do that.
+
+When we're all done, this series
+here is in fact going
+
+to be the part of the function
+which lies between minus t
+
+over 2 and plus t over 2.
+
+And this difference here -- well
+v minus u, the difference
+
+between the original vector and
+this representation vector
+
+is going to be this part of
+the function which lies
+
+outside of minus t over
+2 to plus t over 2.
+
+So the next thing that we did
+then was to show that the
+
+truncated sinusoids and the sinc
+weighted sinusoids both
+
+in fact span L2.
+
+In other words, any function in
+L2, after you represent it
+
+in terms of that series, what
+you have left over has to be
+
+orthogonal.
+
+In other words, if you take this
+entire set of truncated
+
+sinusoids, every non-zero
+function is
+
+orthogonal to all of that.
+
+Every non-zero function in
+this L2 equivalent sense.
+
+So in fact, the thing you get
+out of this is this part of
+
+looking at functions which
+we always ignored.
+
+There's another issue that we
+ignored, when we were looking
+
+at functions, which
+comes out of this.
+
+Since v, by assumption
+is an L2 vector.
+
+In other words, it's an L2
+function aside from this L2
+
+equivalent stuff, and phi sub
+m is an L2 vector also, this
+
+inner product has to be
+finite, by the Schwarz
+
+inequality.
+
+How did we get around this when
+we were dealing with the
+
+Fourier series?
+
+Does anybody remember?
+
+Of course you don't remember.
+
+I hardly remembered that.
+
+The way we got around it
+was by saying that this
+
+orthonormal function which was
+in a truncated sinusoid.
+
+It was truncated to minus t over
+2 and plus t over 2, and
+
+the waveform was just
+e to the i 2 pi f t.
+
+The magnitude of that function
+was always less
+
+than or equal to 1.
+
+And because the magnitude was
+always less than or equal to
+
+1, you could just take the
+integral of v of t times phi
+
+sub n of t, and you could show
+directly that that integral
+
+always existed.
+
+Because of the special property
+of the sinusoids.
+
+Here what we're saying is,
+you don't have to worry
+
+about that any more.
+
+You can use arbitrary L2
+functions as the components of
+
+an L2 orthonormal expansion.
+
+And it still works.
+
+So every one of these things
+has to be finite also.
+
+So, in fact we're buying
+something out of this.
+
+At the end of the notes on
+Lectures Eight to Ten, you
+
+will notice something that I'm
+certainly not going to hold
+
+you responsible for.
+
+Something called the prolate
+spiroidal expansion.
+
+And it's just given there
+primarily as one more example
+
+of an orthonormal expansion.
+
+It's a very interesting
+orthonormal expansion because
+
+it has the property that if you
+start out asking how much
+
+energy can I concentrate within
+a fixed time interval,
+
+and a fixed bandwidth
+interval.
+
+Which is one of the things which
+make this whole subject
+
+a little bit fishy
+in a whole and
+
+certainly very, very messy.
+
+If I start out with a time
+limited function and go
+
+through the Fourier series,
+these truncated sinusoids
+
+spill their energy out of
+the band enormously.
+
+In fact, one of the problems at
+the end of Lectures Eight
+
+to Ten carries you through the
+process of just how much
+
+energy you can have outside
+of band by using
+
+these truncated sinusoids.
+
+Because truncated sinusoids,
+when you look at them in a
+
+Fourier series, have a lot
+of energy outside of
+
+where it should be.
+
+So that this particular set of
+prolate spiroidal functions
+
+gives you the answer to the
+following question.
+
+I would like to find that
+function, which is limited to
+
+minus t over 2 plus t over 2,
+which has the largest amount
+
+of energy, largest fraction of
+its energy, within the band
+
+minus w to plus w.
+
+What is that function?
+
+Well, that function happens to
+be the zero order prolate
+
+spheroidal function.
+
+It's the nice property
+that it has.
+
+And it's a nice function, which
+almost looks like a
+
+rectangular function.
+
+But it just trails off to 0.
+
+And I say, OK, if I want to
+construct an orthonormal
+
+expansion, and I want to find
+another function which is
+
+orthogonal to that function
+and has the next biggest
+
+amount fraction of its energy,
+inside of this -- strictly
+
+inside of this time limit, and
+as much of the energy within
+
+the frequency limit
+as possible,
+
+what's that next function?
+
+Well, you solve that problem.
+
+If you're very good at
+interval equations.
+
+And I certainly couldn't
+solve it.
+
+But, anyway, it has
+been solved.
+
+I mean, physicists for a long
+time have worried about that
+
+particular kind of question.
+
+Because it comes up in
+physics all the time.
+
+If you time-limit something
+and you take the Fourier
+
+integral, how can you also come
+as close to frequency
+
+limiting as possible?
+
+So this particular prolate
+spheroidal set of orthogonal
+
+functions, in fact, exactly
+solves the problem of how do
+
+you generate a set of
+orthonormal functions which in
+
+fact have as much energy
+as possible both
+
+frequency-limited and
+time-limited?
+
+And what you find when you do
+that is, when you take 2 w t
+
+of them, at that point the
+energy in these orthonormal
+
+functions, the part of it that's
+inside the band, really
+
+starts to cut off very,
+very sharply,
+
+when w and t are large.
+
+So that in fact you get 2 w t of
+these functions, which have
+
+almost all of their energy
+in this band.
+
+And everything else has almost
+no energy in the band.
+
+So if you ever get interested
+in the question of how many
+
+waveforms really are there,
+which are concentrated in time
+
+and frequency, that's the
+answer to the problem.
+
+And don't bother to read it now,
+but just remember that if
+
+you ever get interested in that
+problem, which I'm sure
+
+you will at some point or
+other, that's where the
+
+solution lies.
+
+And I hope I gave a reference
+to it there.
+
+I think I did.
+
+Anyway, we have these functions
+which span L2.
+
+And there's at least one
+other orthonormal
+
+expansion that we have.
+
+Which is both time- and
+frequency-limited.
+
+And either at the end of today
+or at the beginning of Monday,
+
+we're going to find another
+particularly important
+
+sequence of orthonormal
+functions.
+
+Which we actually use when
+we're transmitting data.
+
+So to give an example of what
+we were just talking about,
+
+the Fourier series functions
+span the space of functions
+
+over minus t over
+2 to t over 2.
+
+And when normalized, these
+functions become 1 over the
+
+square root of t times what
+we started with before.
+
+Namely, a sinusoid truncated.
+
+Before we were dealing with
+the orthogonal functions
+
+without the 1 over square
+root of t in it.
+
+If you want to make them
+orthonormal, you get this
+
+square root of 1 over t, because
+when you take the
+
+energy in this function,
+you get t.
+
+If you don't believe me, set k
+equal to 0 and look at that.
+
+And even I can integrate that.
+
+And when you integrate 1 from
+minus t over 2 to t
+
+over 2, you get 1.
+
+So, then you have to multiply
+by the square
+
+root of 1 over t.
+
+When you view the Fourier series
+functions in this way,
+
+it's nice because they're
+orthonormal.
+
+It's not nice because the
+square root of 1 over t
+
+appears everyplace.
+
+But the nice thing about it is
+that then when you expand in
+
+the Fourier series, you don't
+find this t anywhere.
+
+Namely, v is equal to the limit
+of these approximations
+
+where the n'th approximation is
+just the sum from minus m
+
+to m of alpha sub k. phi sub k
+and alpha sub k is just this
+
+inner product.
+
+So, again, you got something
+nicer by looking at these
+
+things in terms of vectors You
+get nice statements about how
+
+these things converge, and you
+also get a very compact way of
+
+writing out what the
+expressions are.
+
+You also get something a little
+bit fishy, which a lot
+
+of people in the communication
+field, especially ones who do
+
+theoretical work, run
+into problems with.
+
+And the problem is the
+following: when you start
+
+dealing all the time with
+vectors, and you forget about
+
+the underlying functions and the
+underlying integrals, you
+
+start to think that the
+subject is simpler
+
+than it really is.
+
+Because you forget about all
+the limiting issues.
+
+And when you forget about all
+the limiting issues, it's fine
+
+almost all the time.
+
+But every once in a while,
+you get trapped.
+
+And when you get trapped, you
+then have to go back behind
+
+all of the vector stuff and you
+have to start looking at
+
+these integrals again and it
+gets rather frustrating.
+
+So you ought to keep both
+of these things in mind.
+
+Let's go on, let's get back from
+mathematics into worrying
+
+about the question of how
+do you send data over
+
+communication channels.
+
+And this is just a picture that
+we saw starting on Day
+
+One of this course, which says
+the usual way of doing this
+
+is, you start out with --
+
+you start out with the source.
+
+You break the source down into
+binary data, and then you take
+
+the binary data and you transmit
+it over a channel.
+
+And this is the picture of
+what you get when you're
+
+trying to transmit binary
+data over a channel.
+
+And here, we've broken down the
+encoder, as we called it,
+
+into two pieces.
+
+One of which we call the
+discrete encoder and one of
+
+which we call modulation.
+
+Now, this is a little
+bit fishy also.
+
+Because there are a lot of
+people who now talk about
+
+coded modulation, where it
+turns out to be nice to
+
+combine this discrete encoder
+with the modulation function.
+
+And when you actually build
+modern-day full encoder,
+
+namely the whole thing from
+binary digits to what goes out
+
+on the channel, you very
+often combine these
+
+two functions together.
+
+What is it that allows
+people to do that?
+
+The fact that they first studied
+how to do it when they
+
+separate the problems into
+two separate problems.
+
+And when you separate the two
+problems, what we wind up with
+
+is binary digits coming in.
+
+You massage those binary digits
+strictly digitally.
+
+And what comes out is a
+sequence of symbols.
+
+And, usually, the sequence of
+symbols comes out at a slower
+
+rate, and the binary
+digits come in.
+
+For example, if you take two
+binary digits and you convert
+
+them into one symbol, from a
+symbol alphabet with force of
+
+size four, then for every
+two in you get one out.
+
+If you take three binary digits
+coming in, then you
+
+need a symbol alphabet
+of size eight here.
+
+If you move down in rate from
+four binary digits to one
+
+symbol, then of course you need
+an alphabet of size 16.
+
+So the size of the alphabet
+here is going up
+
+exponentially, as the great
+advantage that you get is
+
+going down.
+
+We will talk about that
+more as we move on.
+
+You should sort of keep in mind
+that there's a strange
+
+relationship between size of
+alphabet and the rate at which
+
+you can transmit.
+
+As you try to transmit at higher
+and higher rates here,
+
+the size of your alphabet goes
+up exponentially, with the
+
+rate gain that you get.
+
+In fact, when you look at
+Shannon's famous formula of
+
+how fast you can communicate
+on a channel, you find a
+
+logarithm of a signal
+to noise ratio.
+
+Of 1 plus a signal
+to noise ratio.
+
+When you look at that signal to
+noise ratio and you look at
+
+this alphabet size in here, you
+can almost see just from
+
+that why in fact that
+logarithm in
+
+these capacity formulas.
+
+And we'll come back
+to talk about that
+
+again more later also.
+
+But, anyway, what we're going
+to do at this point is to
+
+separate this into the problem
+of discrete encoding and
+
+modulation.
+
+And in modulation, you start
+out with some arbitrary
+
+alphabet of symbols.
+
+You turn the symbols in that
+alphabet into waveforms.
+
+You transmit the waveforms.
+
+You then get the symbol back,
+and then you put it into a
+
+digital encoder, which gets
+the binary digits back.
+
+Now, what order are we going
+to study these in?
+
+Well, we're going to study
+the modulation first.
+
+And we're not going to study
+this at all, essentially,
+
+except for a few very, very
+simple-minded examples.
+
+6.451, which is the course that
+follows after this, which
+
+might or might not be taught
+in the Spring term, and
+
+incidentally those of you who
+want it to be taught should
+
+send me an email saying you
+really need to take this next
+
+term for some reason or other.
+
+Because otherwise it will be
+given in Spring of the
+
+following year instead of
+Spring of this year.
+
+There's another side to that
+issue, which is a wireless
+
+course is going to be given in
+the Spring of this year.
+
+And if you want to take a
+wireless course and postpone
+
+taking the coding course until
+the following year, then in
+
+fact it might be better to
+do the postponing job.
+
+I would recommend that those of
+you who are interested in
+
+wireless take the course now.
+
+Because if you're looking for
+research problems in a
+
+communication area, wireless is
+probably the hottest area
+
+around, and the area
+where the most
+
+interesting problems occur.
+
+So, you have to make
+that tradeoff.
+
+If you want to take both
+of the courses, great.
+
+Send me an email and
+say you want to
+
+take the coding course.
+
+But anyway, there'll be very
+little coding in this course,
+
+very little discrete coding.
+
+And mostly we're going to look
+at simple ways of taking
+
+simple symbol sequences, turning
+them into waveforms
+
+and then transmitting
+them on channels.
+
+AUDIENCE: So, basically, when
+you do the source coding, you
+
+have to [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+binary --
+
+PROFESSOR: Binary to
+symbol to waveform.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, why don't I go
+from waveforms directly to
+
+waveforms instead of going from
+waveforms to symbols to
+
+binary digits, and then I just
+have to go back up again.
+
+A bunch of reasons.
+
+One of the reasons is that some
+of the stuff that you
+
+transmit is already digital
+to start with.
+
+When you look at what goes
+over a network today, for
+
+example, it's carrying
+digital data, it's
+
+carrying analog data.
+
+It's carrying images.
+
+It's carrying everything
+you can imagine.
+
+If you want to design a
+modulation system which goes
+
+directly from analog data to
+channel data, and you have a
+
+hundred different kinds of
+analog source data, and you
+
+have a hundred different kinds
+of channels, then you're going
+
+to have to build one encoder
+for every combination of
+
+source and channel.
+
+In other words, you've got to
+built ten thousand devices.
+
+If your interest is in keeping
+engineers employed, which I
+
+think is a very good interest,
+that's a very good
+
+philosophy to take.
+
+But, unfortunately, most people
+who build communication
+
+equipment say, we would really
+rather have just a hundred --
+
+well, two hundred different
+devices.
+
+One hundred devices which turn
+all these different sources
+
+into binary digits, and another
+hundred devices which
+
+turn the binary digits into
+something that can be
+
+transmitted over any channel
+you want to.
+
+I mean, this is just a
+general example of
+
+what people call layering.
+
+You want to turn systems into
+systems with a bunch of layers
+
+in them, where each layer is
+standardized in some way.
+
+And only has to take care of
+a few particular functions.
+
+And, in fact, that's what
+we're doing here also.
+
+Because we're dealing with
+one layer, which is
+
+doing discrete encoding.
+
+Which in fact is sort of
+generating, for the most part,
+
+binary digits out of the
+discrete encoder.
+
+Where, as you go through all of
+this stuff and you come out
+
+with binary digits, some of
+which are wrong, you can do
+
+the decoding and get the correct
+binary digits out.
+
+If you look at an awful lot of
+coding theory, you'll find out
+
+it doesn't pay any attention at
+all to what's going on in
+
+the channel.
+
+Lots of people who've studied
+coding all of their lives, and
+
+decoding all of their lives,
+live in this mathematical
+
+theory of abstract algebra.
+
+And they have no idea of
+what channels are.
+
+And they survive because of
+this layering principle.
+
+So if you want to employ
+engineers, it's nice to have
+
+layering also.
+
+Because engineers don't have
+to know as much then.
+
+Of course, you people
+should know it all.
+
+So because, then you
+can do anything.
+
+And you can be part of those
+very rare people who can put
+
+it all together.
+
+I was just at the 70th birthday
+party of Irwin Jacobs
+
+this past week.
+
+And Irwin Jacobs is the CEO of
+Qualcomm, which is the company
+
+that started to build CDMA
+wireless systems.
+
+For a long time, the CDMA
+systems were thought of as
+
+probably better than TDMA and
+FDMA, but much more expensive.
+
+And eventually, we're in the
+situation where all the new
+
+systems being designed
+are all using CMDA.
+
+As a result of this,
+Irwin Jacobs is a
+
+very wealthy person.
+
+We went to a symphony Friday
+night, out in San Diego, which
+
+was given specifically
+for him.
+
+Partly because he'd just
+given $110 million to
+
+the San Diego Symphony.
+
+So you can figure from that
+that he's fairly wealthy.
+
+Well the point of all of that
+is, he started out as a
+
+faculty member here.
+
+He was one of the authors of
+Rosencraft and Jacobs, which
+
+is sort of the Bible of digital
+communications systems
+
+from the `60s.
+
+And people still use it, it's
+still an excellent book.
+
+And in doing that, he really
+learned the communication
+
+trade from soup to --
+
+I guess, soup to nuts is
+the way we put it now.
+
+And he could do the
+whole thing.
+
+And because he could do the
+whole thing, because he
+
+understood coding, because he
+understood modulation, because
+
+he understood channels, this is
+why he could design systems
+
+that really work.
+
+I was talking to the Chief
+Technology Officer out there,
+
+and the Chief Technology Officer
+said his job was
+
+really very easy because Irwin
+did all of that himself.
+
+And he still does it.
+
+So it really makes sense to know
+something about all of
+
+these pieces.
+
+If you want to become
+a billionaire.
+
+And if you want to become a
+billionaire without cheating.
+
+Now, many people become
+billionaires by cheating, and
+
+you've heard of many
+of them but.
+
+Well, anyway.
+
+Enough of that.
+
+I mean, none of us really want
+to be billionaires anyway, --
+
+I mean, there's nothing you
+can do with more than a
+
+billion dollars, right?
+
+It's all wasted.
+
+Let's move on.
+
+We've gotten rid of digital
+coding, saying we're not going
+
+to deal with that here.
+
+Let me take the PAM out of here
+because I don't want to
+
+even say what it is yet.
+
+If we take this box I called
+modulation before, which was
+
+one of the two main pieces of
+a channel encoder, we can
+
+break it down into two pieces.
+
+Namely, mainly we're going to
+be layering things again.
+
+We start out with this symbol
+sequence, which is what comes
+
+out of the encoder, which is
+usually just a short sequence
+
+of binary digits.
+
+So the symbols can be thought
+of as two binary digits in a
+
+sequence, or four binary digits,
+or six tuples of
+
+binary digits, or
+what have you.
+
+And all of those are common.
+
+There's then a signal
+consolation that turns symbols
+
+into signals.
+
+Now, notation in the field is
+totally non-uniform, because
+
+most people use symbols and
+sequences and waveforms and
+
+binary n-tuples, all totally
+synonymously.
+
+And the distinction we'll try
+to make here is that symbols
+
+are things like binary digits,
+that don't have any numerical
+
+meaning to them.
+
+I mean, a 1 and a 0, the only
+thing important there is that
+
+1 and 0 are different
+from each other.
+
+All computer scientists call
+1 and 0's Alices and Bobs.
+
+Lots of other people
+call them plus-1's.
+
+and minus 1's.
+
+Doesn't make any difference
+what you'd call them, it's
+
+just an alphabet with
+two values in it.
+
+When we talk about signals,
+we're talking
+
+about numerical values.
+
+So in fact, you could have a
+signal constellation with two
+
+elements in it, where what
+you're doing is mapping 1 and
+
+0 into plus 1 and minus 1.
+
+Now, that's a pretty silly
+kind of situation, but it
+
+still has the value of saying,
+you're turning things where
+
+there's just an alphabeticized
+2 into something where you're
+
+saying, these are numerical
+values and you're interested
+
+in the difference between
+the numerical values.
+
+And the difference is measured
+in the ordinary way of
+
+measuring difference for
+numerical values.
+
+Or, these can be vectors also.
+
+But vectors in an inner product
+space where, again,
+
+you have length.
+
+And you have distance.
+
+So you have numerical
+values here.
+
+You don't have numerical
+values here.
+
+So we're going to talk about
+how you do this.
+
+And then, for the most part,
+we're going to define
+
+modulation as what happens when
+you go from the signal
+
+sequence to the waveform.
+
+You might realize that our
+notation is lousy here.
+
+Because I'm calling modulation
+this whole thing.
+
+And I'm also calling modulation
+just this thing.
+
+And I'm doing that because there
+doesn't seem to be any
+
+other reasonable word for either
+one of these things.
+
+So, and I'm going to
+later split this
+
+into two pieces also.
+
+But that will come later.
+
+So, anyway, we're going
+from symbols
+
+to signals to waveforms.
+
+Which might look remarkably
+similar to
+
+what we did with sources.
+
+But we just did it backwards
+with sources.
+
+We went from waveforms to
+signals to symbols there.
+
+And here we're doing
+the same thing.
+
+The modulator often converts a
+signal sequence to a baseband
+
+waveform, and then converts
+the baseband waveform to a
+
+passband waveform.
+
+And, just historically, people
+used to think of modulation as
+
+the process of taking something
+at baseband and
+
+converting it up to
+some passband.
+
+Now it's recognized that the
+interesting problem is not,
+
+how do you go from baseband
+to passband.
+
+Which is just multiplying by
+cosine wave, not much more to
+
+it than that.
+
+Well, it's a little more
+to it, but not much.
+
+And the interesting problem is,
+how do you convert signals
+
+into waveforms.
+
+Which is why we went, one of
+the reasons we went through
+
+all of this stuff about L2
+waveforms and orthonormal
+
+expansions and all
+of this stuff.
+
+So, for the time being, we're
+going to look at modulation
+
+and demodulation, without
+worrying about what bandwidth
+
+any of this occurs at.
+
+So we'll just look at
+it at baseband.
+
+So the simplest example of all
+of this, so simple that it
+
+almost looks like it's silly, is
+to map a sequence of binary
+
+digits into a sequence of
+signals from the constellation
+
+1 and minus 1.
+
+So all you're doing there is
+mapping 0 into 1 and mapping 1
+
+into minus 1.
+
+In other words, the 0 and 1
+binary digits are mapped into
+
+1 and minus 1.
+
+Why do you do it this way, which
+is a little confusing,
+
+mapping 0 into 1 instead
+of mapping 1 into 1?
+
+Well, primarily, so you can
+look at multiplication of
+
+signals in the same way as you
+look at modular to addition of
+
+binary digits.
+
+It just turns out to
+be a little more
+
+convenient that way.
+
+And it doesn't make a whole
+lot of difference.
+
+The point is, we're going from
+0 1's to signals which are 1
+
+and minus 1.
+
+Then this sequence of signals
+is mapped into a waveform
+
+which is the sum of u of k times
+the sinc function t over
+
+capital T minus k.
+
+In other words, you're thinking
+of each one of these
+
+signals, now, think of it as
+being a sum of impulses,
+
+delayed impulses.
+
+And then think of taking a
+little sinc, sinc t over t and
+
+putting it around each one
+of those impulses.
+
+In other words, think of
+passing each of those
+
+impulses, which is weighted by
+one of these values, u sub k,
+
+into a linear filter whose
+response is sine of x over x.
+
+Anybody
+
+see anything a little bit
+fishy about that?
+
+Have you ever built a filter
+whose response
+
+was sine x over x?
+
+AUDIENCE: It's hard to.
+
+PROFESSOR: It's hard to, why?
+
+AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Because it's
+not causal, yes.
+
+We're going to talk about
+that more later today.
+
+Communication engineers hardly
+ever talk about causality.
+
+They hardly ever talk about
+whether something
+
+is realized or not.
+
+And the reason I want to say
+this a number of times is that
+
+one of the parts of
+any receiver is a
+
+timing recovery circuit.
+
+And what the timing recovery
+circuit does is, it tries to
+
+figure out what the transmitter
+timing is, in
+
+terms of what it's receiving.
+
+And when you're figuring out
+what the transmitter timing is
+
+in terms of what you're
+receiving, the most convenient
+
+way of doing that, if you're
+sending a pulse or something,
+
+you would like the receiver
+timing to peak up at the same
+
+time that the transmitter timing
+is peaking up, in terms
+
+of the pulse.
+
+In other words, you want to
+get rid of the propagation
+
+delay and just ignore that.
+
+The receiver timing is going
+to be delayed from the
+
+transmitter timing exactly
+by the propagation delay.
+
+Now, if we always do that,
+causality becomes totally
+
+unimportant.
+
+Now, one of the problems with a
+sinc function is, it starts
+
+at time minus infinity.
+
+And even if you delay the
+receiver timing by an infinite
+
+amount of time you can never use
+the communications system
+
+until it's time to tear it down
+and bring in a new one.
+
+Which, unfortunately, is what
+happened to the third
+
+generation wireless systems.
+
+By the time, people figured
+out how to build them,
+
+everybody was saying, ah,
+old-fashioned stuff, we're
+
+going to go directly onto
+to fourth generation.
+
+And they might go directly
+from fourth generation to
+
+fifth generation.
+
+Who knows.
+
+Anyway, you can't implement
+these even with the receiver
+
+timing different than the
+transmitter timing.
+
+But you can always approximate
+things with enough delay
+
+between transmitter
+and receiver.
+
+So that you can approximate
+any filter you want to,
+
+without worrying about
+causality at all.
+
+And it's hard enough designing
+good filters without worrying
+
+about casuality that you don't
+want to bring that into your
+
+picture at the beginning.
+
+So communication engineers
+usually say that those timing
+
+issues are not important.
+
+And a little bit of delay is
+not going to hurt anything.
+
+All of Shannon's theory was as
+successful as it has been, and
+
+transformed the whole
+communication industry,
+
+because he never talked
+about delay at all.
+
+He just ignored the question
+of delay from
+
+beginning to end.
+
+And when you look at his
+capacity formulas, they are
+
+assuming that you have as much
+delay as you need between
+
+transmitter and receiver.
+
+And, assuming that that isn't
+important, and in terms of the
+
+propagation delays, and the
+filtering delays in most
+
+modern communication systems,
+those delays
+
+are not really important.
+
+The propagation delays
+you can't avoid.
+
+So you might as well
+ignore them.
+
+Which is why you build timing
+recovery circuits.
+
+And the filtering delays are
+usually unimportant.
+
+Relative to all of the
+other delays that
+
+come into these system.
+
+So for the most part,
+we're just going to
+
+ignore those questions.
+
+If you have no noise, no delay,
+and no attenuation, the
+
+received waveform is going
+to be the same as
+
+the transmitted waveform.
+
+And then what you would like
+to do is to sample that and
+
+convert it back to binary.
+
+So, that's what the receiving
+side of this
+
+trivial system is doing.
+
+Now, why can you ignore
+attenuation?
+
+Anybody have any idea why
+we might want to ignore
+
+attenuation?
+
+Well, it's like all of
+these other things.
+
+You don't ignore it, but the
+question you ask is, can I
+
+separate the issue of
+attentuation from the other
+
+issues that I want
+to look at now.
+
+In other words, can I layer
+this problem in such a way
+
+that we can deal with our
+problems one by one.
+
+And the problem of attentuation
+is something that
+
+communication engineers have had
+to deal with from day one.
+
+In dealing with it from day one,
+they have dealt with all
+
+of the different ways of losing
+power that you have.
+
+Which includes attenuation in
+the actual medium between
+
+transmitter and receiver.
+
+It deals with the attenuation
+you get in the receiver by
+
+building filters and by all the
+other things you do there.
+
+When you get all done with that,
+there's only one thing
+
+that's important.
+
+Because you can deal digitally
+with very, very small signals.
+
+And the only thing that's
+important is what
+
+happens to the noise.
+
+You get noise in the
+communication medium.
+
+That comes into the receiver.
+
+And now, any time you amplify
+what you receive, they're
+
+going to be amplifying the noise
+as well as amplifying
+
+the signal.
+
+An easy way to deal with that is
+to assume that there isn't
+
+any attentuation in what you're
+calling the signal,
+
+because you're going to amplify
+that to a reasonable
+
+value to operate on it anyway.
+
+So in fact you're amplifying
+the noise.
+
+So the only thing you're
+interested in is, what's the
+
+ratio between the signal power
+and the noise power.
+
+So, those issues, we can deal
+with completely separately
+
+from these issues of what
+kind of waveforms
+
+do we want to choose.
+
+What should we choose in place
+of this sinc function, which
+
+is impractical because it causes
+too much delay and it's
+
+also hard to build
+the filters.
+
+So we'd like to deal with that
+question separately from the
+
+question of attenuation.
+
+There's a short section in the
+notes, which I'm not going to
+
+go into, because you can read
+it just as easily as I can
+
+talk about it, about dB.
+
+And why people use dB to talk
+about all of these questions
+
+of energy losses.
+
+And why, in fact, there's a
+whole set of engineers whose
+
+function is to deal
+with link budgets.
+
+In other words, when you build
+a communications system,
+
+you're losing power everywhere
+along the way.
+
+You're losing it
+in the median.
+
+You're losing it by the way
+you build the antennas.
+
+You're losing some here, you're
+losing some there.
+
+And what these people do is,
+they look at all of these
+
+attenuations together.
+
+And they multiply together.
+
+So, in fact, it's easier to take
+the logarithm of all of
+
+these terms.
+
+And when you take the logarithm,
+that's where you
+
+get decibels from.
+
+Because these people, instead of
+taking natural logs, which
+
+would seem like a much more
+reasonable thing, always take
+
+the logarithm to the base 10
+and then divide by 10.
+
+And what the section in the
+notes says is that that's a
+
+practice which has grown up
+because it's very easy to do
+
+mental arithmetic with that.
+
+The logarithm to the base 10 of
+the number 2 which is one
+
+of the biggest numbers
+that ever appears.
+
+2's are more important
+than thousands, OK?
+
+And the logarithm to the
+base 2 of 10 is 0.3.
+
+And when you divide it
+by 10 you get 3 dB.
+
+So a factor of 2
+is called 3 dB.
+
+This means that a factor of 4,
+which is 2 squared, is 6 dB.
+
+Factor of 8 is 9 dB,
+and so forth.
+
+And this gives this table of
+all these numbers which all
+
+communication engineers
+memorize.
+
+The other reason for it is that
+if you're talking to a
+
+communication engineer, he will
+recognize you as a member
+
+of his fraternity if
+you let the word dB
+
+slip several times.
+
+Don't even have to know
+what it means.
+
+You just talk about dB.
+
+And you say, my income is 3
+dB lower than your income.
+
+And that makes him very happy.
+
+So.
+
+Anyway.
+
+That's all we need for
+this simple example.
+
+We now want to go into more
+complicated things.
+
+OK pulse amplitude
+and modulation.
+
+This is one of the major ways of
+turning bits into signals,
+
+and then turning the signals
+into waveforms again.
+
+Again, I'm doing this first
+not because it's the most
+
+important scheme to talk about,
+but because we want to
+
+understand these things
+one by one.
+
+And when we understand PAM,
+we'll then talk about QAM.
+
+And you'll understand that.
+
+And then we can go on
+to look at other
+
+variations of these things.
+
+So the signals in PAM
+are one dimensional.
+
+The constellation, the only
+thing it can be, since it's
+
+one dimensional, one
+real dimension, is
+
+a set of real numbers.
+
+So you're going to modulate
+these real numbers.
+
+And that, we're going
+to talk about later.
+
+How do you find this
+function here?
+
+We're just going to take these
+real numbers, which are coming
+
+into the transmitter
+one by one out
+
+of the digital encoder.
+
+You're going to take
+these numbers.
+
+You're going to view them as
+being multiplied by delayed
+
+impulses, and then pass
+through a filter.
+
+And the filter's response is
+just, impulse response is
+
+just, p of t.
+
+In other words, what we're doing
+is saying, we don't like
+
+the sinc function.
+
+Therefore, simplest thing to
+do is replace the sinc
+
+function by something
+we do like.
+
+So we're going to replace the
+sinc function by some filter
+
+characteristic, which we like.
+
+And that's the way to modify
+this previous example into
+
+something that makes
+better sense.
+
+So we're doing two things here
+when we're talking about PAM.
+
+One, we're talking about
+generalizing this binary
+
+signal set.
+
+And, two, we're talking about
+generalizing the sinc function
+
+into some arbitrary
+impulse response.
+
+So a standard PAM signal set
+uses equispaced signals
+
+symmetric around 0.
+
+And if you look at the picture,
+it makes it clear
+
+what this means.
+
+It's the same thing that we were
+using all along when we
+
+were talking about
+quantization.
+
+If you're looking at one
+dimensional quantization,
+
+that's a very natural
+way to choose the
+
+representation points.
+
+Here, we're doing everything
+in the opposite way.
+
+So we're starting out
+with these points.
+
+Well, we're starting out with
+eight symbols and turning them
+
+into eight signals.
+
+And when you take eight symbols
+and turn them into
+
+eight signals, perfectly natural
+thing to do is to make
+
+each of these signals equispaced
+from each other,
+
+and center them on the origin.
+
+This is not something we
+have to see later.
+
+I think you can see that if
+these symbols all are used
+
+with equal probability, and
+you're trying to reduce the
+
+amount of energy that the
+signals use, which will then
+
+go through into reducing the
+amount of energy in the
+
+waveforms that we're
+transmitting, it's nice to
+
+have them centered around 0.
+
+Because if they have a mean,
+that mean is just going to
+
+contribute directly to the
+expected mean square value of
+
+the signal that you're using.
+
+So why not center it around 0.
+
+Later on we'll see many
+reasons for not
+
+centering it around 0.
+
+But for now we're not going to
+worry about any of those, and
+
+we're going to center
+it around 0.
+
+And the other thing is,
+why do you want them
+
+to be equally spaced?
+
+Well, I'll talk about that
+in just a second.
+
+Anyway, the signal energy in
+these equally spaced signals,
+
+you can calculate it to be d
+squared times m squared minus
+
+1 divided by 12.
+
+I think we sort of did this when
+we were worrying about
+
+quantization.
+
+There's a problem at the end
+of lectures 11 and 12 which
+
+guides you by the hand in
+how to calculate this.
+
+Or you can sit down and just
+calculate it by hand, it's not
+
+hard to do.
+
+But, anyway, that's the mean
+square value of these signals.
+
+If you assume that they're
+equiprobable.
+
+Now, if you take m to be 2 to
+the b, now what's b? b is the
+
+number of binary digits which
+come into this signal former
+
+when you produce
+one signal out.
+
+Namely, if you bring in b binary
+digits, you need an
+
+alphabet of size 2 to the b.
+
+If you have an alphabet of size
+2 to b, then you're going
+
+to need m equals 2 to the
+b different signals.
+
+So, usually when you have a
+standard PAM system, that
+
+number there, 8 PAM,
+means 8 signals.
+
+8 is usually going to be
+replaced by 4, or 16, or 32,
+
+or 64, or what have you.
+
+And, usually, not
+anything else.
+
+Because you're usually going to
+deal with something which
+
+is a power of 2.
+
+Because the logarithm of this to
+the base 2 is the number of
+
+bits which are coming into the
+signal former for each signal
+
+that comes out.
+
+This goes up very rapidly
+as m squared goes up.
+
+In other words, you try to
+transmit data faster by
+
+bringing more and more bits in
+per signal that you transmit,
+
+it's a losing proposition
+very, very quickly.
+
+It's this business of a
+logarithm which comes into
+
+everything here.
+
+We're going to talk
+about noise later.
+
+We're not going to talk
+about it now.
+
+But, we have to recognize the
+existence of noise enough to
+
+realize that when you look at
+this diagram here, when you
+
+look at generating a waveform
+around this, or a waveform
+
+around this, however you receive
+these things, noise is
+
+going to corrupt what you
+receive here by a little bit.
+
+Usually it's Gaussian,
+which means it tails
+
+off very, very quickly.
+
+With larger amplitudes.
+
+And what that means is, when
+you send a three, the most
+
+likely thing to happen is
+that you're going to
+
+detect a three again.
+
+The next most likely thing
+is you'll detect
+
+either a four or a two.
+
+In other words, what's important
+here is this
+
+distance here.
+
+And hardly anything else.
+
+If you send these signals with
+equal probability, and the
+
+noise is additive, the noise
+does the same thing no matter
+
+where you are along here.
+
+Which says that this standard
+PAM set is almost the only
+
+thing you want to look at.
+
+So long as you assume that the
+noise is going to be additive.
+
+And the noise is going to affect
+everything along this
+
+line equally.
+
+It says that you just want to
+make the spacing between
+
+points big enough that it will
+pretty much avoid the noise.
+
+So, the point of all of
+that is that d is
+
+fixed, ahead of time.
+
+You can't play with that.
+
+You can play with m.
+
+When you play with m,
+you're playing a
+
+losing game with energy.
+
+So that's why standard PAM
+is the thing which
+
+is used with PAM.
+
+Not much you can do about it.
+
+And say here that the noise is
+independent of the signal.
+
+We will talk about this later.
+
+The noise being additive.
+
+The noise being independent of
+the signal are both saying
+
+almost the same thing.
+
+Which will be obvious to
+you in a little while.
+
+But not until we start
+talking about noise.
+
+We don't want to start talking
+about noise now.
+
+So, for now, we deal with the
+noise just by saying that
+
+every signal must be separated
+by some minimum amount.
+
+Again, what we said about
+delay and attenuation.
+
+Let me say it again, because
+it's important enough that you
+
+have to understand it.
+
+After you go through two or
+three problem sets, you will
+
+not understand it again.
+
+Because you'll get so used to
+dealing the receive signal as
+
+the same as the transmitted
+signal that you'll forget the
+
+weirdness in that.
+
+I mean, people become accustomed
+to extraordinarily
+
+weird things very,
+very easily.
+
+And especially when you're
+taking a course and trying to
+
+get the problems done, you just
+take things which are
+
+totally ridiculous and accept
+them if it lets you get
+
+through the problem set.
+
+So I want to tell you right up
+front that there is some
+
+weirdness associated here.
+
+It is something you have
+to think about.
+
+After you think about it once,
+you then accept this is a
+
+layering decision.
+
+You ignore delay, since the
+timing recovery locks the
+
+receiver clock to the
+transmitter clock plus the
+
+propagation delay.
+
+And in fact, it can lock the
+receive clock to any place
+
+that wants to lock it to.
+
+So we're going to lock it in
+such a way that the receive
+
+signal looks like the
+transmitted signal.
+
+And the attenuation is really
+part of the link budget.
+
+We can separate that from all
+the things we're going to do.
+
+I mean, if we don't separate
+that, you have to go into
+
+antenna design.
+
+And all this other stuff.
+
+And who wants to do that?
+
+I mean, we have enough
+to do in this course.
+
+It's pretty full anyway.
+
+So we're just going to scale the
+signal and noise together.
+
+And that's a separate issue.
+
+So now we want to look at the
+thing which is called PAM
+
+modulation.
+
+In other words, in this one
+slide we separated the
+
+question of choosing the signal
+constellation, which
+
+we've now solved by saying, we
+want to use signals that are
+
+equally spaced.
+
+So that's an easy one.
+
+From the question of, how do
+you choose the filter.
+
+So the PAM modulation is going
+to go by taking a sequence of
+
+signals, mapping it into a
+waveform, which is this
+
+expansion here.
+
+We're not assuming that these
+functions are orthogonal to
+
+each other.
+
+Although later, we will find
+out that they should be.
+
+But for now, p of t is just
+some arbitrary waveform.
+
+And we will try to figure out
+how to choose this waveform in
+
+such a way as to replace the
+sinc waveform with something
+
+which is better in terms of
+delay and almost as good in
+
+all other ways.
+
+We're not going to worry about
+the fact that p of t has to be
+
+realizable.
+
+Because with our arbitrary
+time reference at the
+
+receiver, it doesn't have
+to be realizable.
+
+It doesn't have to be causal.
+
+So, p of t could be
+sinc of t over t.
+
+Which would give us a nice
+baseband limited function.
+
+But it could be anything
+else at all.
+
+As we said before, sinc
+t over t a dies out
+
+impractically slowly.
+
+And it requires infinite delay
+at the transmitter.
+
+You can't even send these
+signals with a
+
+sinc t over t signal.
+
+Because to send them, you have
+to start out at the beginning
+
+of this little bit
+of wiggling.
+
+Now, you say, OK I'm going
+to truncate that
+
+when it's very small.
+
+And I don't worry about that.
+
+The point of what we're starting
+to look at now,
+
+though, is we're saying, OK,
+you truncate it, you do all
+
+these practical things.
+
+But it turns out that this
+problem of choosing this
+
+filter response has
+a very elegant
+
+and a very nice solution.
+
+And when we put noise in, it
+fits in perfectly with the
+
+idea of also choosing this
+filter in a particular way.
+
+Now, we've talked about many
+problems here which were
+
+solved almost immediately after
+Shannon came out with
+
+his way of looking at
+communication in 1948.
+
+Guess when this problem
+was solved?
+
+It was solved 20 years earlier
+than that by a guy by the name
+
+of Nyquist, who was at
+Bell Labs back when
+
+Bell Labs meant something.
+
+I mean, in `28 it was
+a great place.
+
+It was a great place until
+seven or eight years ago.
+
+Nyquist is important
+in feedback theory.
+
+He's done some of the most
+important things there.
+
+His Nyquist criterion in dealing
+with how do you choose
+
+these filters to avoid
+intersymbol interference is
+
+fairly simple.
+
+But it's a very, very
+nice result.
+
+So we're going to
+talk about it.
+
+And then we will use that to
+say, ok, we don't have to
+
+worry about intersymbol
+interference any more, so all
+
+we have to worry
+about is noise.
+
+So we're getting rid of these
+problems one by one.
+
+Our main problem is to choose
+this filter, so that we get
+
+some kind of reasonable
+compromise between time delay
+
+and bandwidth.
+
+That's -- that's basically the
+problem that we're facing.
+
+And Nyquist's solution
+to this was to say,
+
+forget about that also.
+
+Let's look at what set of
+filters work, and what set of
+
+filters don't work.
+
+And then you can take your
+choice among this set of
+
+folders that work.
+
+So our problem is, how do you
+take the waveform u of t,
+
+which you receive, and find
+these samples out of it?
+
+Now, we already know that if
+you use sinc functions, all
+
+you have to do is sample this
+and you get these u sub k's
+
+back again.
+
+But if this thing is some
+absolutely wild waveform,
+
+maybe that's not what you get.
+
+So we say, OK, how do we
+retrieve these signals from
+
+the waveform that was
+transmitted and therefore from
+
+the waveform that
+was received.
+
+We're separating this from
+the noise question.
+
+Even if there's no noise at all,
+we still have a question
+
+and how do you find
+those input values
+
+directly from the function.
+
+What we're going to do is to
+assume that the receiver
+
+filters u of t, with a linear
+time invariant filter, with
+
+impulse response q of t.
+
+Now, since we've said that
+p of t doesn't have to be
+
+causal, we might as well say
+that q of t doesn't have to be
+
+causal either.
+
+Because we've already thrown
+these details of
+
+delay to the winds.
+
+So the filtered waveform, then
+is going to be r of t.
+
+Will be the integral of what
+was transmitted, convolved
+
+with q of t.
+
+So this is what you receive.
+
+And then what we're going to do
+is, we're going to sample
+
+this waveform.
+
+So Nyquist said, let's restrict
+ourselves to looking
+
+at receivers which first filter
+by some filter we're
+
+going to decide on,
+and then sample.
+
+Why do you want to do that?
+
+Well, an interesting question.
+
+And Nyquist said, that's
+what we're going to do.
+
+And since Nyquist was famous,
+that's what we're going to do.
+
+One of the problems in the
+homework this week is to show
+
+that if you relax this a little
+bit and you say, well,
+
+I don't want to do what Nyquist
+said, what I want to
+
+do is to look at an arbitrary
+linear receiver which takes
+
+this received waveform, goes
+through any old linear
+
+operations that I want
+to go through, and
+
+solves for what --
+
+and from that, tries to pick
+out these coefficients.
+
+And the question is, can you
+do anything more than what
+
+Nyquist did.
+
+And the answer is, no.
+
+If you look at it in another
+way, you will find that in
+
+fact, if you know what the
+signal constellation is, you
+
+can look at non-linear
+receivers.
+
+Which in the absence of noise
+will let you pick out these
+
+coefficients in a much
+broader context than
+
+what Nyquist said.
+
+And why don't we do that?
+
+Well, because when noise comes
+in, that doesn't work at all.
+
+That's a lousy solution.
+
+So what we're going to do is
+say, OK, Mr. Nyquist, we'll
+
+play your silly game.
+
+We will have this filter
+at the transmitter.
+
+We'll have this filter
+at the receiver.
+
+We'll have the sampler and we'll
+look at what conditions
+
+we need in order to make
+the whole thing work.
+
+And then we will fit it in with
+noise and everything.
+
+It will fit in, in
+a very nice way.
+
+So we have a nice layered
+solution when we do that.
+
+And we will find --
+
+I mean, Nyquist had
+some of Shannon's
+
+genes in him, I think.
+
+Because what we find when we're
+all finished with this
+
+is that by avoiding -- by being
+able to receive these
+
+coefficients perfectly, which
+we'll refer to as avoiding
+
+intersymbol interference, it
+doesn't hurt us at all as far
+
+as taking care of the noise.
+
+In other words, you can have
+your cake and you can eat it
+
+too as far as intersymbol
+interference
+
+and noise is concerned.
+
+We wind up with a received
+waveform, which is the
+
+integral of the transmitted
+waveform times some filter.
+
+And we don't know how to
+choose this filter.
+
+But let's just -- this
+is a filter.
+
+This can be represented now in
+terms of u of t is equal to
+
+this transmitted waveform in
+terms of this other filter
+
+that we don't understand.
+
+So we now have two filters
+that we don't understand.
+
+And we have this
+integral here.
+
+Well, we can take this sum.
+
+We can bring this sum outside
+of the integral and have the
+
+sum of u sub k times, just some
+composite filter g of t
+
+where g of t is the
+convolution of p
+
+of t and q of t.
+
+Now, when you look at the notes,
+the notes are fairly
+
+careful in dealing with all
+these questions of L2 and
+
+convergence and all of
+this stuff that we've
+
+been talking about.
+
+Again, when you're trying to
+understand something for the
+
+first time, ignore all those
+mathematical issues.
+
+Try to find out what's
+going on.
+
+When you get an intuitive sense
+of what's going on, go
+
+back and look at the
+mathematics then.
+
+But don't fuss about the
+mathematics at this point.
+
+OK, so r of t, then, is just
+going to be the sum over k of
+
+these sample values that are
+coming in, times this
+
+composite filter, which is the
+convolution of the transmit
+
+filter and the recieve filter.
+
+Now, this shouldn't
+be surprising.
+
+If you think of u of t as
+being formed by taking a
+
+sequence of impulses, and then
+passing that sequence of
+
+impulses through a filter p of
+t, and then passing the output
+
+through a filter q of t, all
+you're doing is passing this
+
+sequence of impulses through
+the convolution of p
+
+of t and q of t.
+
+In other words, in terms of
+this received waveform, it
+
+couldn't care less what
+filtering you do at the
+
+transmitter and what filtering
+you do at the receiver.
+
+It's all one big filter as far
+as the receiver is concerned.
+
+When we study noise, what
+happens with the transmitter
+
+and what happens with
+the receiver will
+
+become important again.
+
+But, so far, none of this
+makes any difference.
+
+And this is all we need
+to worry about.
+
+Then, Nyquist said, a waveform
+g of t is ideal Nyquist.
+
+He didn't call it ideal
+Nyquist, he
+
+was very modest person.
+
+But since then, people call it
+ideal Nyquist because he was
+
+the guy that sorted
+it all out.
+
+It's ideal Nyquist with period
+t, and I usually leave out the
+
+period t because that's usually
+understood, if g of k
+
+t is equal to delta of k.
+
+In other words, if g of 0 is
+equal to 1 and g of k times t,
+
+for every non-zero integer
+k is equal to 0.
+
+In other words, if g has the
+same property that the sine
+
+function has, sine
+function is 1.
+
+It's 0.
+
+And it's 0 at every integer
+point beyond that.
+
+And Nyquist said, well, gee, all
+we need to do is make this
+
+filter has a property.
+
+And when you look at this, it's
+fairly obvious that that
+
+works, right?
+
+I mean, we want a
+sample RFT --
+
+say, at j times capital T. Or,
+if j times capital T, it's
+
+going to be the sum here of u
+sub k times g of j t r of t.
+
+r of j t is equal to sum
+over k of u k times g
+
+of j t minus k t.
+
+If the waveform is ideal
+Nyquist, then this quantity is
+
+0 for all integer k except
+when k is equal to j.
+
+So, this is just equal
+to u sub j.
+
+And conversely, if this waveform
+is not ideal Nyquist,
+
+you have the problem that you
+can pick two values. u sub k
+
+and u sub j, in such
+a way that they
+
+interfere with each other.
+
+In other words, that they add up
+at some sample point to the
+
+wrong value.
+
+One of them is going to come
+in and clobber the other.
+
+So, this is a necessary and
+sufficient condition for
+
+avoiding intersymbol
+interference.
+
+So long as you're not smart
+enough to look at what those
+
+actual values are.
+
+In other words, so long as
+you're only going to use a
+
+linear receiver, which is
+what that amounts to.
+
+While ignoring noise, r of t is
+determined by g of t, p of
+
+t and q of t otherwise
+irrelevant.
+
+That's what we said.
+
+We said this.
+
+If t of t is ideal Nyquist and
+r of k t equals u of k
+
+for all k and z.
+
+If f of t is not ideal Nyquist,
+and r f k t unequal
+
+to u k for some k and some
+choice of the sequence.
+
+Now, so far there's
+no big deal here.
+
+This is pretty easy
+to figure out.
+
+You don't need rocket science
+to say, once I pose the
+
+problem this why, which
+is where part of
+
+Nyquist's genius came from.
+
+The hard thing is always to
+post the right problem.
+
+It's not to solve it.
+
+Those of you who want to do Ph.D
+theses, believe me, 80%
+
+of the problem is finding
+the problem.
+
+20% of the problem
+is doing it.
+
+If you do a really outstanding
+thesis, 99% is finding the
+
+problem and 1% of
+it is doing it.
+
+And I believe that.
+
+I'm not exaggerating.
+
+An ideal Nyquist g of t implies
+that no intersymbol
+
+interference occurs at
+the above receiver.
+
+In other words, you have a
+receiver that actually works.
+
+We're going to see that choosing
+g of t to be ideal
+
+Nyquist fits in nicely when
+looking at the real problem,
+
+which is coping with both
+noise and intersymbol
+
+interference.
+
+And we've also seen that if g of
+t is sync of t over capital
+
+T, that works.
+
+It has no intersymbol
+interference because that's,
+
+one, at t equals 0, and it's 0
+at every other sample point.
+
+We don't like that, because
+it has too much delay.
+
+We want to make g of
+t strictly baseband
+
+limited to 1 over 2t.
+
+And this turns out to be
+the only solution.
+
+And we'll see that in
+a little while.
+
+In other words, if you want to
+do something which has better
+
+delay characteristics than the
+sinc function, your only way
+
+of doing it is spilling out
+into slightly higher
+
+frequencies.
+
+So, what Nyquist really wanted
+to find out, although you
+
+won't find that out by reading
+his paper because it's all
+
+this nice mathematical proof,
+is how much do you have to
+
+expand the bandwidth in order to
+get nice delay things which
+
+do the same thing.
+
+Well, we think about
+it a little bit.
+
+And we have an advantage that
+Nyquist didn't have.
+
+Because we understand
+about aliasing.
+
+Nyquist didn't understand
+about aliasing.
+
+Aliasing hadn't been
+done at that time.
+
+It was probably done
+as a result of
+
+what Nyquist had done.
+
+And if we look at the
+reconstruction from the
+
+samples, g of k t of g, we get
+this function s of t, which is
+
+the sum of all the samples
+times sinc of t
+
+over t, minus k.
+
+That's for an arbitrary
+filter.
+
+This baseband reconstruction
+by definition, when we were
+
+talking about alising, is
+just this function.
+
+We've said that g of t is ideal
+Nyquist, if and only if
+
+s of t is equal to sinc
+of t over capital t.
+
+Why is that?
+
+You look at this
+function here.
+
+You look at s of 0.
+
+And what do you get?
+
+You get the sum of g of
+k t times sinc of t
+
+over t minus k.
+
+If we have an ideal Nyquist
+filter, then all of these
+
+terms are 0 except when
+k is equal to 0.
+
+s of t, in general, if you have
+a ideal Nyquist filter,
+
+you only have one
+term in here.
+
+So s of t is just equal
+to sinc of t over t.
+
+Because all those other
+terms go away.
+
+If we take the Fourier transform
+of s of t equals
+
+sinc t over capital T, the
+Fourier transform is s s tilde
+
+of f is equal to t times
+the rectangle
+
+function of f times t.
+
+A sinc function of a Fourier
+transform is a rectangle.
+
+And the aliasing theorem then
+says that this Fourier
+
+transform of this low pass
+representation has to be equal
+
+to this sum of different
+frequency terms.
+
+That's what aliasing says.
+
+It says that this baseband
+representation is aliased into
+
+by all of these other
+frequency bands.
+
+And each of them come in and
+add to what you get in
+
+frequency here.
+
+Remember that diagram that we
+drew where we took this
+
+arbitrary frequency function and
+we picked up what was in
+
+each band, then we stuck it into
+the center band and then
+
+we added all these things up?
+
+That's what the aliasing
+thing says.
+
+So it says that g of t is ideal
+Nyquist if and only if
+
+this sum is equal to that.
+
+And that's the Nyquist
+criteria.
+
+That's what Nyquist did.
+
+But he did it long before
+anybody had heard of aliasing.
+
+There's a slightly easier way to
+look at aliasing criterion,
+
+which now becomes the
+Nyquist criterion.
+
+When what you're interested in
+is a waveform g of t, which is
+
+almost band-limited
+but not quite.
+
+So what we're going to assume
+is that it's limited to, at
+
+most, twice this -- this w here
+is 1 over 2t, which is
+
+called the Nyquist bandwidth.
+
+Everything is called
+Nyquist here, so.
+
+This value here is the minimum
+bandwidth you could be using.
+
+It's 1 over capital 2t.
+
+It's what you would get if you
+were using the sinc function.
+
+If you were using the sinc
+function, what you would get
+
+is something which is
+a rectangle here.
+
+Cut off, right at this point.
+
+And cut off right
+at this point.
+
+Nyquist is saying, suppose it's
+limited to at most 2w.
+
+In other words, suppose you
+have a slopover into other
+
+frequencies but, at most into
+the next frequency band and no
+
+more than that.
+
+Then, if you look at this thing,
+which is spilling out,
+
+and we take the same picture we
+were looking at before, we
+
+take this quantity.
+
+Bring it back down here.
+
+We take this quantity,
+bring it up here.
+
+And what do we get?
+
+This, added into here.
+
+This thing adds up
+right there.
+
+In other words -- well, let's
+take this one here.
+
+This thing here gets translated
+over to here.
+
+And added to this.
+
+This is assuming that g hat of
+f is real, and we're ignoring
+
+the complex part of it.
+
+So this gets added to this.
+
+This is just enough to turn
+this into something, which
+
+goes across here
+and down here.
+
+Down here.
+
+My finger is not perfect.
+
+But, anyway, when you add this
+to this, you get this ideal
+
+rectangular shape.
+
+What this is saying, in terms
+of just this upper side band
+
+here, this is going to be the
+same as this, from symmetry.
+
+So it's saying, if you take
+what's on the positive side of
+
+w, and you rotate it around this
+way, you rotate it around
+
+up here, if it's just enough to
+fill that in, then you've
+
+satisfied the Nyquist
+criteria.
+
+In other words, you want band
+edge symmetry here.
+
+You want this to be symmetrical
+to this.
+
+In that rotated 180
+degree sense.
+
+So it says that anything which
+has this band edged symmetry
+
+condition satisfies the property
+of no intersymbol
+
+interference.
+
+So this makes the problem
+easy for us.
+
+It says, we would like to have
+a rectangular function.
+
+That has too much delay, because
+in particular the
+
+inverse Fourier transform of
+that, because we have a
+
+discontinuity, can drop off,
+at most, as 1 over t.
+
+Which is pretty slow.
+
+We've gotten rid of
+the discontinuity.
+
+We've also gotten rid of the
+slope discontinuity, the way I
+
+drew the figure here.
+
+And, therefore, we can wind up
+with a function which decays
+
+as 1 over t cubed.
+
+Which is a whole lot better
+than 1 over t.
+
+And, excuse me for going
+a little over, but.
+
+The things people build in
+practice usually have
+
+something called a raised
+cosine filter.
+
+Which is this messy expression
+here, for
+
+the frequency response.
+
+But it really isn't that bad.
+
+In fact, it's just
+what this is.
+
+This frequency response is t
+over most of the frequency
+
+interval, up to 1 over 2t.
+
+It's t times a raised cosine
+over this part of the
+
+frequency band here.
+
+t times cosine squared, and the
+cosine squared just raises
+
+things up to be average
+out at 1/2, and it's
+
+0 everywhere else.
+
+So what you're doing here in
+that formula is simply making
+
+things t up to here.
+
+Making it a raised
+cosine here.
+
+And making it 0 everywhere
+else.
+
+And, depending on what do choose
+as alpha, that makes
+
+this sharper or less sharp.
+
+And people usually choose it
+to be about, alpha to be
+
+about 15% or so.
+
+Which means these filters chop
+off very, very rapidly.
+
+Is that hard to build?
+
+Doesn't make any difference.
+
+I mean, these days, anything
+which you can figure out how
+
+to compute, you can put it on
+a little chip and it costs
+
+nothing if you make
+enough of them.
+
+So you want to raise the cosine
+filter which cuts off
+
+at 15%, fine.
+
+Somebody spends a year
+designing it.
+
+And then you cookie-cut
+it forever after.
+
+So it doesn't cost anything.
+
+And, well, g of t also has an
+inverse transform which we
+
+won't worry about.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tCKk22kaZi4.txt b/tCKk22kaZi4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..84d38d3521fa29d9a6a93a236f665dbdc7e67b72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tCKk22kaZi4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8155 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+today we're going to start talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to start talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to start talking about
+what's under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's under
+the demand curve so basically what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand curve so basically what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand curve so basically what we
+did last time and what you did in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did last time and what you did in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did last time and what you did in
+section Friday is talk about sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section Friday is talk about sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section Friday is talk about sort of the
+workhorse model of economics which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workhorse model of economics which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workhorse model of economics which is
+applying demand model and we always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying demand model and we always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying demand model and we always
+start the class with that because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start the class with that because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start the class with that because that's
+the D model in the course but I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the D model in the course but I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the D model in the course but I think is
+any good sort of scientists and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any good sort of scientists and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any good sort of scientists and
+inquisitive minds you're probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inquisitive minds you're probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inquisitive minds you're probably
+immediately asking well where do these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately asking well where do these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately asking well where do these
+supplying demand curves come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplying demand curves come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplying demand curves come from
+they're not just come out of thin air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not just come out of thin air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not just come out of thin air
+how how do we think about them where do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how do we think about them where do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how do we think about them where do
+they come from and that's what we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come from and that's what we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come from and that's what we'll
+spend the base of the first half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend the base of the first half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend the base of the first half of the
+course going through and so we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course going through and so we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course going through and so we're gonna
+start today with the demand curve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start today with the demand curve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start today with the demand curve and
+the demand curve is gonna come from how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand curve is gonna come from how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand curve is gonna come from how
+consumers make choices okay and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers make choices okay and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers make choices okay and that
+will help us derive the demand curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help us derive the demand curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help us derive the demand curve
+then we'll turn next to supply curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll turn next to supply curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll turn next to supply curve
+which would come from how firms make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would come from how firms make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would come from how firms make
+production decisions but let's start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production decisions but let's start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production decisions but let's start
+with the demand curve and we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the demand curve and we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the demand curve and we're gonna
+start by talking to you about people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by talking to you about people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by talking to you about people's
+preferences and then their utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences and then their utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences and then their utility
+functions okay so our model of consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions okay so our model of consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions okay so our model of consumer
+decision-making is going to be a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision-making is going to be a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision-making is going to be a model
+of utility maximization that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of utility maximization that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of utility maximization that's going to
+be our fundamental remember of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be our fundamental remember of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be our fundamental remember of course
+all about constrained maximization our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about constrained maximization our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about constrained maximization our
+model today's can model if utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model today's can model if utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model today's can model if utility
+maximization and this model is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization and this model is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization and this model is going to
+have two components there's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two components there's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two components there's going to be
+consumer preferences which is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer preferences which is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer preferences which is what
+people want and there's gonna be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people want and there's gonna be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people want and there's gonna be a
+budget constraint which is what they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget constraint which is what they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget constraint which is what they can
+afford and we're gonna put these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afford and we're gonna put these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afford and we're gonna put these two
+things together we're going to maximize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things together we're going to maximize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things together we're going to maximize
+people's happiness or their choice or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's happiness or their choice or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's happiness or their choice or
+their their happiness given their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their their happiness given their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their their happiness given their
+preferences subject to the budget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences subject to the budget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences subject to the budget
+constraint they face and that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint they face and that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint they face and that could be
+the constrained maximization exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constrained maximization exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constrained maximization exercise
+that actually through the magic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually through the magic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually through the magic of
+economics is going to yield the demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics is going to yield the demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics is going to yield the demand
+curve and its yield a very sensible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and its yield a very sensible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and its yield a very sensible
+domain curve that you'll understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain curve that you'll understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain curve that you'll understand
+intuitively now so we're gonna do is do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively now so we're gonna do is do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively now so we're gonna do is do
+this in three steps step one over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in three steps step one over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in three steps step one over the
+next two lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next two lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next two lectures
+step one is we'll talk about preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step one is we'll talk about preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step one is we'll talk about preferences
+how do we model people's tastes we'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we model people's tastes we'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we model people's tastes we'll do
+that today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that today
+step two we'll talk about how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step two we'll talk about how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step two we'll talk about how we
+translate this to utility function how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate this to utility function how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate this to utility function how
+we mathematically represent people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mathematically represent people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mathematically represent people's
+preferences in the utility function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences in the utility function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences in the utility function
+we'll do that today as well and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do that today as well and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do that today as well and then
+next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time
+we'll talk about the budget constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about the budget constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about the budget constraints
+that people face so today we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people face so today we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people face so today we're going to
+talk about the maxim and next time we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the maxim and next time we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the maxim and next time we'll
+talk about the budget constraint that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the budget constraint that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the budget constraint that
+means today's lecture is quite fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means today's lecture is quite fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means today's lecture is quite fun
+today's lectures about unconstrained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lectures about unconstrained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lectures about unconstrained
+choice we're not going to worry all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice we're not going to worry all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice we're not going to worry all
+about what you can afford what anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what you can afford what anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what you can afford what anything
+costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs
+well worry about what things cost and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well worry about what things cost and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well worry about what things cost and a
+quarter of what you can afford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter of what you can afford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter of what you can afford
+okay today's the lecture where you won
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay today's the lecture where you won
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay today's the lecture where you won
+the lottery okay you won the lottery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lottery okay you won the lottery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lottery okay you won the lottery
+money is no object how do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money is no object how do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money is no object how do you think
+about what you want okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what you want okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what you want okay
+next time we'll say well you didn't win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time we'll say well you didn't win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time we'll say well you didn't win
+the lottery in fact is we run later in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lottery in fact is we run later in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lottery in fact is we run later in
+the semester no when's the lottery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester no when's the lottery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester no when's the lottery
+that's an incredibly bad deal but basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an incredibly bad deal but basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an incredibly bad deal but basic
+time will impose the budget constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time will impose the budget constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time will impose the budget constraints
+but for today we're just going to ignore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for today we're just going to ignore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for today we're just going to ignore
+that and talk about what do you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and talk about what do you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and talk about what do you want
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and to start this we're gonna start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to start this we're gonna start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to start this we're gonna start with
+the series of preference assumptions a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+series remember as I talked about last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series remember as I talked about last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series remember as I talked about last
+time models rely on simplifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time models rely on simplifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time models rely on simplifying
+assumptions otherwise we could never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions otherwise we could never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions otherwise we could never
+write down a model it'll go on forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down a model it'll go on forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down a model it'll go on forever
+okay and the key question is are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the key question is are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the key question is are those
+simplifying assumptions sensible do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifying assumptions sensible do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifying assumptions sensible do they
+do violence to reality in a way which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do violence to reality in a way which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do violence to reality in a way which
+makes you not believe the model or are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes you not believe the model or are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes you not believe the model or are
+they roughly consistent with reality in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they roughly consistent with reality in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they roughly consistent with reality in
+a way that allows you to go on with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way that allows you to go on with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way that allows you to go on with the
+model okay and we're gonna post three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model okay and we're gonna post three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model okay and we're gonna post three
+preference assumptions which I hope will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference assumptions which I hope will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference assumptions which I hope will
+not violate your sense of reasonableness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not violate your sense of reasonableness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not violate your sense of reasonableness
+the first is completeness what I mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first is completeness what I mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first is completeness what I mean by
+that is you have preferences over any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is you have preferences over any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is you have preferences over any
+set of goods you might choose from you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of goods you might choose from you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of goods you might choose from you
+might be indifferent you might say like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be indifferent you might say like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be indifferent you might say like
+a as much as B but you can't say I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a as much as B but you can't say I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a as much as B but you can't say I don't
+care or I don't know exact err that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care or I don't know exact err that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care or I don't know exact err that's a
+difference you can't say I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference you can't say I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference you can't say I don't know
+you can't literally say I don't know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't literally say I don't know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't literally say I don't know how
+I feel about this um you might say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel about this um you might say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel about this um you might say
+you're indifferent to things but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're indifferent to things but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're indifferent to things but you
+won't say I don't know how I feel about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't say I don't know how I feel about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't say I don't know how I feel about
+something that's completely okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's completely okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's completely okay the
+second is the assumption we've all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second is the assumption we've all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second is the assumption we've all
+become familiar with since kindergarten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become familiar with since kindergarten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become familiar with since kindergarten
+math which is transitivity if you prefer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math which is transitivity if you prefer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math which is transitivity if you prefer
+a to B and B to C you prefer A to C okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to B and B to C you prefer A to C okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to B and B to C you prefer A to C okay
+that's that's kind of I'm sure that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's kind of I'm sure that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's kind of I'm sure that's
+pretty clear you've done this a lot in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clear you've done this a lot in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clear you've done this a lot in
+other classes so these two are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other classes so these two are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other classes so these two are sort of
+standard assumption you might make any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard assumption you might make any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard assumption you might make any
+math class the third assumption is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math class the third assumption is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math class the third assumption is the
+one where the economics comes in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one where the economics comes in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one where the economics comes in which
+is the assumption of non-satiation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the assumption of non-satiation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the assumption of non-satiation or
+the assumption of more is better in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assumption of more is better in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assumption of more is better in this
+class we will assume more is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we will assume more is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we will assume more is always
+better than less okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than less okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than less okay
+we'll assume more is better than less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll assume more is better than less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll assume more is better than less
+now to be clear we're not going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to be clear we're not going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to be clear we're not going to say
+that the next unit makes you equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the next unit makes you equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the next unit makes you equally
+happy as the last unit in fact I'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy as the last unit in fact I'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy as the last unit in fact I'll talk
+about that in a few minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that in a few minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that in a few minutes
+well in fact assume it makes you less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in fact assume it makes you less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in fact assume it makes you less
+happy but we will say you always want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy but we will say you always want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy but we will say you always want
+more that face with a chance of more or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more that face with a chance of more or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more that face with a chance of more or
+less you'll always be happier with more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less you'll always be happier with more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less you'll always be happier with more
+okay and that's the non-satiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's the non-satiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's the non-satiation
+assumption okay and I'll talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption okay and I'll talk about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption okay and I'll talk about that
+some during a lecture but that's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some during a lecture but that's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some during a lecture but that's sort of
+what's going to give our models their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to give our models their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to give our models their
+power that's a sort of New Economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power that's a sort of New Economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power that's a sort of New Economics
+assumption that's going to give beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that's going to give beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that's going to give beyond
+our typical math assumptions this can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our typical math assumptions this can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our typical math assumptions this can
+you give our models their power okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give our models their power okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give our models their power okay so
+that's our assumptions so armed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our assumptions so armed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our assumptions so armed with
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+I want to start with the graphical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to start with the graphical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to start with the graphical
+representation of preferences when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of preferences when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of preferences when
+graphically represent people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically represent people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically represent people's
+preferences and I'll do so through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences and I'll do so through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences and I'll do so through
+something we call indifference curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+indifference curves okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curves okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curves okay
+these are based indifference curves are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are based indifference curves are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are based indifference curves are
+basically preference maps especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically preference maps especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically preference maps especially
+difference curves are graphical Maps a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference curves are graphical Maps a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference curves are graphical Maps a
+preferences okay so for example suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences okay so for example suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences okay so for example suppose
+your parents gave you some money to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your parents gave you some money to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your parents gave you some money to
+begin a semester and you spend that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin a semester and you spend that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin a semester and you spend that
+money on two things your parents are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money on two things your parents are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money on two things your parents are
+rich to give you tons of money spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich to give you tons of money spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich to give you tons of money spend
+that money on two things buying pizza or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that money on two things buying pizza or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that money on two things buying pizza or
+C or um or eating cookies okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C or um or eating cookies okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C or um or eating cookies okay
+so consider your considered preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so consider your considered preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so consider your considered preferences
+between pizza and cookies that's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between pizza and cookies that's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between pizza and cookies that's your
+two things you can do once again there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things you can do once again there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things you can do once again there's
+constrain model obviously in life we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrain model obviously in life we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrain model obviously in life we can
+do a million things with your money but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a million things with your money but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a million things with your money but
+it turns out if we consider the contrast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out if we consider the contrast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out if we consider the contrast
+we can do a tutor for things with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do a tutor for things with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do a tutor for things with your
+money you get a rich set of intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money you get a rich set of intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money you get a rich set of intuition
+that you can apply to a month much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can apply to a month much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can apply to a month much more
+multi-dimensional decision case so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-dimensional decision case so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-dimensional decision case so let's
+start with a two dimensional decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a two dimensional decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a two dimensional decision
+case you've got your money either gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you've got your money either gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you've got your money either gonna
+have pizza or gonna have cookies okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have pizza or gonna have cookies okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have pizza or gonna have cookies okay
+now consider three choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now consider three choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now consider three choices
+okay choice a is two pizzas and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay choice a is two pizzas and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay choice a is two pizzas and one
+cookie choice B is one Pizza one pizza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookie choice B is one Pizza one pizza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookie choice B is one Pizza one pizza
+and two cookies and choice C is two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two cookies and choice C is two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two cookies and choice C is two
+pizzas two cookies okay that's the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizzas two cookies okay that's the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizzas two cookies okay that's the three
+packages I want to compare and I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packages I want to compare and I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packages I want to compare and I'm going
+to assume and I'll mathematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assume and I'll mathematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assume and I'll mathematically
+rationalize in a few minutes but for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationalize in a few minutes but for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationalize in a few minutes but for now
+I'm going to assume you are indifferent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to assume you are indifferent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to assume you are indifferent
+between these two packages I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two packages I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two packages I'm going to
+assume you're equally happy with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume you're equally happy with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume you're equally happy with two
+slices of pizza and one cookie or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slices of pizza and one cookie or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slices of pizza and one cookie or two
+cookies and one slice of pizza okay I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies and one slice of pizza okay I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies and one slice of pizza okay I'm
+gonna assume that but I'm also gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna assume that but I'm also gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna assume that but I'm also gonna
+assume you prefer option C to both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume you prefer option C to both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume you prefer option C to both of
+these in fact I'm not I'm gonna assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in fact I'm not I'm gonna assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in fact I'm not I'm gonna assume
+that because that is what more is better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because that is what more is better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because that is what more is better
+gives you okay so your different view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you okay so your different view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you okay so your different view
+nice this indifference doesn't come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice this indifference doesn't come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice this indifference doesn't come from
+any property road I'll buy that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any property road I'll buy that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any property road I'll buy that's an
+assumption that's just a just for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that's just a just for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that's just a just for this
+case I'm assuming that this comes to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I'm assuming that this comes to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I'm assuming that this comes to the
+third prop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third prop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third prop
+I rode up there you prefer package chic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I rode up there you prefer package chic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I rode up there you prefer package chic
+as more is always better than less okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as more is always better than less okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as more is always better than less okay
+so now let's graph your preferences and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's graph your preferences and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's graph your preferences and
+we do so in Figure two one OK in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do so in Figure two one OK in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do so in Figure two one OK in the
+handout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout
+okay so here's your indifference curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's your indifference curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's your indifference curve
+so we've graphed on the x-axis your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've graphed on the x-axis your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've graphed on the x-axis your
+number of number of cookies on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of number of cookies on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of number of cookies on the
+y-axis slices of pizza okay now you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-axis slices of pizza okay now you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-axis slices of pizza okay now you have
+we've graphed the three choices I laid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've graphed the three choices I laid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've graphed the three choices I laid
+here choice a which is two slices of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here choice a which is two slices of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here choice a which is two slices of
+pizza and one cookie choice B which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza and one cookie choice B which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza and one cookie choice B which is
+two cookies in one slice of pizza and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cookies in one slice of pizza and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cookies in one slice of pizza and
+choice C which is two of both and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice C which is two of both and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice C which is two of both and I've
+drawn on this graph here indifference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn on this graph here indifference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn on this graph here indifference
+curves the way indifference curves looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves the way indifference curves looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves the way indifference curves looks
+is there's one indifference curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there's one indifference curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there's one indifference curve
+between a and B because those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a and B because those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a and B because those are the
+points among which you're indifferent so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points among which you're indifferent so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points among which you're indifferent so
+when a difference curve represents is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a difference curve represents is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a difference curve represents is
+all combinations of consumption among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all combinations of consumption among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all combinations of consumption among
+which you are indifferent so why we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you are indifferent so why we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you are indifferent so why we call
+it a difference curve so a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a difference curve so a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a difference curve so a difference
+curve which will be sort of with the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve which will be sort of with the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve which will be sort of with the big
+warhorses of this course a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warhorses of this course a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warhorses of this course a difference
+curve represents all combinations along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve represents all combinations along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve represents all combinations along
+which you are indifferent you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you are indifferent you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you are indifferent you are
+indifferent between a and B therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent between a and B therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent between a and B therefore
+they lie on the same curve okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they lie on the same curve okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they lie on the same curve okay so
+that's sort of our preference map our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of our preference map our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of our preference map our
+indifference curves and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curves and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curves and these
+indifference curves are gonna have four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curves are gonna have four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curves are gonna have four
+properties four properties that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties four properties that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties four properties that you have
+two that follow naturally from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that follow naturally from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that follow naturally from this
+that's really three and a half the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really three and a half the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really three and a half the third
+and fourth are really pretty much the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fourth are really pretty much the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fourth are really pretty much the
+same but I like to write the minus four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same but I like to write the minus four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same but I like to write the minus four
+for properties that follow from the from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for properties that follow from the from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for properties that follow from the from
+these underlying assumptions property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these underlying assumptions property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these underlying assumptions property
+one is consumers prefer higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is consumers prefer higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is consumers prefer higher
+indifference curves consumers prefer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curves consumers prefer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curves consumers prefer
+higher indifference curves okay and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher indifference curves okay and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher indifference curves okay and that
+just fall for more is better that is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just fall for more is better that is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just fall for more is better that is an
+indifference curve that's higher goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curve that's higher goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curve that's higher goes to
+their package that has at least as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their package that has at least as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their package that has at least as much
+of one thing and more of the other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one thing and more of the other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one thing and more of the other thing
+therefore you prefer it okay so as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you prefer it okay so as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you prefer it okay so as a
+difference curve shift out people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference curve shift out people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference curve shift out people are
+happier okay so in that higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happier okay so in that higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happier okay so in that higher
+indifference curve Point C you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curve Point C you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curve Point C you are
+happier than points a and B because more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happier than points a and B because more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happier than points a and B because more
+is better okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is better okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is better okay
+the second is that indifference curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second is that indifference curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second is that indifference curves
+never cross indifference curves never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never cross indifference curves never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never cross indifference curves never
+cross okay actually that's I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross okay actually that's I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross okay actually that's I'm gonna
+that's third actually I want to come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's third actually I want to come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's third actually I want to come to
+that in order second third is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in order second third is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in order second third is the
+difference occurs whoever's second is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference occurs whoever's second is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference occurs whoever's second is
+indifference curves are downward sloping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seconds and difference curves are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds and difference curves are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds and difference curves are
+downward sloping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward sloping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward sloping
+okay indifference curves are downward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay indifference curves are downward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay indifference curves are downward
+sloping let's talk about that first okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloping let's talk about that first okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloping let's talk about that first okay
+that simply comes from the principle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that simply comes from the principle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that simply comes from the principle of
+non-satiation so look at figure two -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-satiation so look at figure two -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-satiation so look at figure two -
+here's an upward sloping indifference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an upward sloping indifference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an upward sloping indifference
+curve okay why does that violate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve okay why does that violate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve okay why does that violate the
+principle non-satiation why does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle non-satiation why does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle non-satiation why does that
+violate that yeah they're yours less how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violate that yeah they're yours less how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violate that yeah they're yours less how
+do you have work like or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have work like or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have work like or
+yeah exactly so basically you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly so basically you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly so basically you're
+indifferent on this curve you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent on this curve you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent on this curve you're
+indifferent me one of each and two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent me one of each and two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent me one of each and two of
+each you can't be indifferent two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each you can't be indifferent two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each you can't be indifferent two of
+each has got to be better than one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each has got to be better than one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each has got to be better than one of
+each so an upward sloping and DIF curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each so an upward sloping and DIF curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each so an upward sloping and DIF curve
+would violate non-satiation so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would violate non-satiation so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would violate non-satiation so that's
+the second property of indifference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second property of indifference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second property of indifference
+curve the third property may discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve the third property may discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve the third property may discover
+the difference curves never cross okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference curves never cross okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference curves never cross okay
+we could see that in Figure two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could see that in Figure two three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could see that in Figure two three
+okay someone else tell me why this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay someone else tell me why this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay someone else tell me why this
+violates the properties I wrote up their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violates the properties I wrote up their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violates the properties I wrote up their
+indifference curves crossing yeah what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curves crossing yeah what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curves crossing yeah what's
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cuz the B and C P is strictly better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz the B and C P is strictly better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz the B and C P is strictly better
+that's right but but they're they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right but but they're they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right but but they're they're
+also but they're also both on the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also but they're also both on the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also but they're also both on the same
+curve is a so you're saying they're both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve is a so you're saying they're both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve is a so you're saying they're both
+you're indifferent with a for both B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're indifferent with a for both B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're indifferent with a for both B and
+C but you can't be because B is strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C but you can't be because B is strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C but you can't be because B is strictly
+better than C so violates transitivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than C so violates transitivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than C so violates transitivity
+okay so the problem with crossing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the problem with crossing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the problem with crossing
+indifference curves they violate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curves they violate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curves they violate
+transitivity and then finally the fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitivity and then finally the fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitivity and then finally the fourth
+is sort of a cute extra assumption but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of a cute extra assumption but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of a cute extra assumption but I
+think it's important to clarify which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's important to clarify which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's important to clarify which is
+that there is only one indifference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is only one indifference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is only one indifference
+curve through every possible consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve through every possible consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve through every possible consumption
+bundle only one I see through every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundle only one I see through every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundle only one I see through every
+bundle okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundle okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundle okay
+you can't have two indifference curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't have two indifference curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't have two indifference curves
+going through the same bundle okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through the same bundle okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through the same bundle okay and
+that's because of completeness if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because of completeness if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because of completeness if you
+have two and difference Coast wants the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two and difference Coast wants the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two and difference Coast wants the
+same bundle you wouldn't know how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same bundle you wouldn't know how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same bundle you wouldn't know how you
+felt okay so they can only be one going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt okay so they can only be one going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt okay so they can only be one going
+through every bundle cuz you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through every bundle cuz you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through every bundle cuz you know how
+you feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you feel
+you may feel indifferent but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may feel indifferent but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may feel indifferent but you know
+how you feel you can't say I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you feel you can't say I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you feel you can't say I don't know
+okay so that's sort of a extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's sort of a extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's sort of a extra
+assumption sort of completes the link to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption sort of completes the link to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption sort of completes the link to
+the properties okay so that's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties okay so that's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties okay so that's basically
+how indifference curves work now I find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how indifference curves work now I find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how indifference curves work now I find
+when I took this course before you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I took this course before you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I took this course before you were
+God maybe before your parents were born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God maybe before your parents were born
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God maybe before your parents were born
+I don't know certainly before you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know certainly before you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know certainly before you guys
+were born okay when I took this course I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were born okay when I took this course I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were born okay when I took this course I
+found this course full of a lot of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found this course full of a lot of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found this course full of a lot of light
+bulb moments that is stuff will just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulb moments that is stuff will just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulb moments that is stuff will just
+sort of these and then boom an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of these and then boom an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of these and then boom an example
+really make it work for me and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really make it work for me and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really make it work for me and the
+example that made indifference curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that made indifference curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that made indifference curves
+work to me was actually during my first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work to me was actually during my first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work to me was actually during my first
+UROP when my Europe was with a grad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UROP when my Europe was with a grad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UROP when my Europe was with a grad
+student and that grad student had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student and that grad student had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student and that grad student had to
+decide where he was can accept the job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide where he was can accept the job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide where he was can accept the job
+he'd a series of job obviously I decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'd a series of job obviously I decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'd a series of job obviously I decide
+and basically said here's the way I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically said here's the way I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically said here's the way I'm
+thinking about it I'm indifferent I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it I'm indifferent I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it I'm indifferent I
+haven't I have indifference map but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't I have indifference map but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't I have indifference map but I
+care about two things I care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about two things I care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about two things I care about
+school location and I care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school location and I care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school location and I care about
+Economics Department quality okay I care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economics Department quality okay I care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economics Department quality okay I care
+about the quality of my colleagues and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the quality of my colleagues and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the quality of my colleagues and
+the research that's done there in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the research that's done there in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the research that's done there in the
+location and basically his he had two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location and basically his he had two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location and basically his he had two
+offers one was from Princeton which he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offers one was from Princeton which he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offers one was from Princeton which he
+put up here no offense to New Jerseyans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put up here no offense to New Jerseyans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put up here no offense to New Jerseyans
+but Princeton as a young single person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Princeton as a young single person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Princeton as a young single person
+sucks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sucks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sucks
+okay fine when you're married to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay fine when you're married to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay fine when you're married to have
+kids but deadlies young single person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids but deadlies young single person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids but deadlies young single person
+and the other so that's Princeton down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other so that's Princeton down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other so that's Princeton down
+here was Santa Cruz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here was Santa Cruz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here was Santa Cruz
+okay awesome candidates the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay awesome candidates the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay awesome candidates the most
+beautiful University in America okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful University in America okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful University in America okay but
+not as good an economics department and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as good an economics department and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as good an economics department and
+he decided he was roughly and different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he decided he was roughly and different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he decided he was roughly and different
+between the two but he had a third offer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two but he had a third offer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two but he had a third offer
+from the IMF which is the research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the IMF which is the research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the IMF which is the research
+institution in DC which has he had a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution in DC which has he had a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution in DC which has he had a lot
+of good colleagues NDC's way better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of good colleagues NDC's way better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of good colleagues NDC's way better than
+Princeton New Jersey even it's not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Princeton New Jersey even it's not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Princeton New Jersey even it's not as
+good to see him to Cruz so he decided he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to see him to Cruz so he decided he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to see him to Cruz so he decided he
+would take the offer at the IMF okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take the offer at the IMF okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take the offer at the IMF okay
+even though the IMF had worse colleagues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though the IMF had worse colleagues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though the IMF had worse colleagues
+in Princeton and worse location of Santa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Princeton and worse location of Santa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Princeton and worse location of Santa
+Cruz it was still better in combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cruz it was still better in combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cruz it was still better in combination
+the two of them given his preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two of them given his preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two of them given his preferences
+and that's how he used in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's how he used in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's how he used in different
+skirts he'll make his decision okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skirts he'll make his decision okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skirts he'll make his decision okay so
+that's sort of an example of of applying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of an example of of applying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of an example of of applying
+and once again no offense to the New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once again no offense to the New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once again no offense to the New
+Jerseyans in the room of which I am one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerseyans in the room of which I am one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerseyans in the room of which I am one
+but believe me you'd rather be in Santa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but believe me you'd rather be in Santa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but believe me you'd rather be in Santa
+Cruz okay so now let's go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cruz okay so now let's go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cruz okay so now let's go from
+preferences to utility functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now we're gonna move from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we're gonna move from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we're gonna move from
+preferences which we represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences which we represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences which we represent
+graphically to utility functions which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically to utility functions which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically to utility functions which
+we're gonna represent mathematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna represent mathematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna represent mathematically
+remember I want you understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I want you understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I want you understand
+everything in this course at three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in this course at three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in this course at three
+levels graphically mathematically and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels graphically mathematically and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels graphically mathematically and
+most importantly of all intuitively okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most importantly of all intuitively okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most importantly of all intuitively okay
+so graphic is indifference curves now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so graphic is indifference curves now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so graphic is indifference curves now
+we'll come to the mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come to the mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come to the mathematical
+representation which utility function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation which utility function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation which utility function
+okay and the idea is that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the idea is that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the idea is that every
+individual all of you in this room have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual all of you in this room have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual all of you in this room have
+a stable well behaved underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stable well behaved underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stable well behaved underlying
+mathematical representation of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical representation of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical representation of your
+preferences which we call utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences which we call utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences which we call utility
+function okay now once again that's to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay now once again that's to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay now once again that's to
+be very complicated your preference over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very complicated your preference over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very complicated your preference over
+lots of different things we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of different things we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of different things we're gonna
+make things simple by writing out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make things simple by writing out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make things simple by writing out
+two-dimensional representation for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional representation for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional representation for now
+of your indifference curve we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your indifference curve we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your indifference curve we're gonna
+say how do we a mathematically represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say how do we a mathematically represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say how do we a mathematically represent
+your feelings about Pizza versus cookies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your feelings about Pizza versus cookies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your feelings about Pizza versus cookies
+okay imagine that's all you care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay imagine that's all you care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay imagine that's all you care about
+in the world is pizza and cookies how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world is pizza and cookies how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world is pizza and cookies how do
+we a mathematically represent that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we a mathematically represent that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we a mathematically represent that so
+for example we could write down that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example we could write down that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example we could write down that
+your utility function is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your utility function is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your utility function is equal to the
+square root of the number of slice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of the number of slice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of the number of slice of
+pizza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza
+times the number of cookies we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the number of cookies we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the number of cookies we could
+write that down I'm not saying that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that down I'm not saying that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that down I'm not saying that's
+right I'm not saying it works for anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm not saying it works for anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm not saying it works for anyone
+in this room or even everyone this room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this room or even everyone this room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this room or even everyone this room
+but that is a possible way to represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that is a possible way to represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that is a possible way to represent
+utility okay what this would say this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility okay what this would say this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility okay what this would say this is
+convenient we will use we'll end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient we will use we'll end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient we will use we'll end up
+using square roots formal law for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using square roots formal law for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using square roots formal law for
+utility functions a lot of convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility functions a lot of convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility functions a lot of convenient
+mathematical properties and it happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical properties and it happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical properties and it happens
+to jibe with our example right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to jibe with our example right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to jibe with our example right because
+in this example you're different between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this example you're different between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this example you're different between
+two pizzas and one cookie or one pizza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pizzas and one cookie or one pizza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pizzas and one cookie or one pizza
+to cookie that both square root of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cookie that both square root of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cookie that both square root of two
+and you prefer two beats and two cookies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you prefer two beats and two cookies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you prefer two beats and two cookies
+that's two okay so this gives you a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's two okay so this gives you a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's two okay so this gives you a high
+utility for two pits and two cookies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility for two pits and two cookies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility for two pits and two cookies
+okay then one pizza then one Pete's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then one pizza then one Pete's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then one pizza then one Pete's and
+two cookie or two pizza and one cookie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cookie or two pizza and one cookie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cookie or two pizza and one cookie
+so now the question is what does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now the question is what does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now the question is what does this
+mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+what is utility okay well utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is utility okay well utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is utility okay well utility
+doesn't actually mean anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't actually mean anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't actually mean anything
+there's not really a thing out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not really a thing out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not really a thing out there
+called noodles okay in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called noodles okay in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called noodles okay in other words
+utility is not a cardinal concept it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility is not a cardinal concept it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility is not a cardinal concept it is
+only an ordinal concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only an ordinal concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only an ordinal concept
+you cannot say your utility you are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot say your utility you are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot say your utility you are you
+cannot literally say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot literally say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot literally say
+my utilities X % higher than your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my utilities X % higher than your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my utilities X % higher than your
+utility but you can rank them so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility but you can rank them so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility but you can rank them so we're
+gonna assume that utility can be ranked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna assume that utility can be ranked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna assume that utility can be ranked
+to allow you to rank choices even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to allow you to rank choices even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to allow you to rank choices even if
+generally we might slip some and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally we might slip some and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally we might slip some and sort of
+pretend utilities Cardinal for some cute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretend utilities Cardinal for some cute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretend utilities Cardinal for some cute
+examples but by and large we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples but by and large we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples but by and large we're gonna
+think of utility as purely ordinal it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of utility as purely ordinal it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of utility as purely ordinal it's
+just a way to rank your choices it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a way to rank your choices it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a way to rank your choices it's
+just when you have a set of choices out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just when you have a set of choices out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just when you have a set of choices out
+there were many dimensions a if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were many dimensions a if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were many dimensions a if your
+choice in life was always over one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice in life was always over one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice in life was always over one
+dimension and more was better it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension and more was better it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension and more was better it would
+always be easier to rank it right you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be easier to rank it right you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be easier to rank it right you'd
+never have a problem once your choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never have a problem once your choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never have a problem once your choice
+over more than one dimension now if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over more than one dimension now if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over more than one dimension now if you
+want to rank them you need some way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to rank them you need some way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to rank them you need some way to
+combine them that's what this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine them that's what this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine them that's what this function
+does it allows you essentially to weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it allows you essentially to weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it allows you essentially to weight
+the different elements of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different elements of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different elements of your
+consumption bundle so you can rank them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption bundle so you can rank them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption bundle so you can rank them
+when it comes time to choose okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes time to choose okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes time to choose okay now
+this is obviously incredibly simple but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is obviously incredibly simple but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is obviously incredibly simple but
+it turns out to be amazingly powerful in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out to be amazingly powerful in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out to be amazingly powerful in
+explaining real world behavior okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining real world behavior okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining real world behavior okay and
+so I want to do today's work with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to do today's work with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to do today's work with the
+underlying mathematics of utility and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying mathematics of utility and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying mathematics of utility and
+then we'll come back we'll see in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll come back we'll see in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll come back we'll see in the
+next few lectures how it could actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next few lectures how it could actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next few lectures how it could actually
+be used to explain decisions so a key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used to explain decisions so a key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used to explain decisions so a key
+concept we're gonna talk about in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept we're gonna talk about in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept we're gonna talk about in this
+class is marginal utility margit hill is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is marginal utility margit hill is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is marginal utility margit hill is
+just the derivative of the utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the derivative of the utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the derivative of the utility
+function with respect to one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function with respect to one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function with respect to one of the
+elements so there marg utility for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements so there marg utility for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements so there marg utility for
+cookies of cookies is utility of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies of cookies is utility of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies of cookies is utility of the
+next cookie given how many cookies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next cookie given how many cookies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next cookie given how many cookies
+you've had this class can be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've had this class can be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've had this class can be very
+focused on marginal decision making in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on marginal decision making in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on marginal decision making in
+economics it's all about how you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics it's all about how you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics it's all about how you think
+about the next unit turns out that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the next unit turns out that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the next unit turns out that makes
+life a ton easier turns out it's way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life a ton easier turns out it's way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life a ton easier turns out it's way
+easier to say do you want the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to say do you want the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to say do you want the next
+cookie then they say how many cookies do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookie then they say how many cookies do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookie then they say how many cookies do
+you want because if you want the next we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want because if you want the next we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want because if you want the next we
+that's sort of a very isolated decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of a very isolated decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of a very isolated decision
+you say ok I've had this many cookies do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say ok I've had this many cookies do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say ok I've had this many cookies do
+I want the next cookie whereas before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want the next cookie whereas before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want the next cookie whereas before
+you start eating today how many cookies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start eating today how many cookies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start eating today how many cookies
+do you want that's sort of a harder more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want that's sort of a harder more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want that's sort of a harder more
+global decision so we're gonna focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global decision so we're gonna focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global decision so we're gonna focus on
+this stepwise decision making process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stepwise decision making process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stepwise decision making process of
+do you want the next unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want the next unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want the next unit
+the next cook your the next slice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next cook your the next slice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next cook your the next slice of
+pizza ok and the key feature of utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza ok and the key feature of utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza ok and the key feature of utility
+functions we'll work with throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions we'll work with throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions we'll work with throughout the
+semester is that they will feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester is that they will feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester is that they will feature
+diminishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diminishing marginal utility Mars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing marginal utility Mars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing marginal utility Mars
+utility will fall as you have more of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility will fall as you have more of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility will fall as you have more of a
+good the more of a good you've had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good the more of a good you've had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good the more of a good you've had the
+less happiness you'll derive from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less happiness you'll derive from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less happiness you'll derive from the
+next unit okay now we can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next unit okay now we can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next unit okay now we can see that
+graphically in Figure two for figure two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically in Figure two for figure two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically in Figure two for figure two
+for graphs on the x-axis the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for graphs on the x-axis the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for graphs on the x-axis the number of
+cookies holding constant pizza so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies holding constant pizza so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies holding constant pizza so let's
+say you're having two pizza slices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you're having two pizza slices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you're having two pizza slices and
+you want to say what's my benefit from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to say what's my benefit from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to say what's my benefit from
+the next cookie and I'm on the Left axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next cookie and I'm on the Left axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next cookie and I'm on the Left axis
+violating what I just said like 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violating what I just said like 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violating what I just said like 15
+seconds ago we graph utility now once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds ago we graph utility now once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds ago we graph utility now once
+again the util numbers don't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the util numbers don't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the util numbers don't mean
+anything it's just to give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything it's just to give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything it's just to give you an
+ordinal sense what you see here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinal sense what you see here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinal sense what you see here is that
+if you have one cookie your utility is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have one cookie your utility is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have one cookie your utility is
+1.4 square root of two times one if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.4 square root of two times one if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.4 square root of two times one if you
+have two cookies utility goes up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two cookies utility goes up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two cookies utility goes up to
+square root of four which is two you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of four which is two you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of four which is two you are
+happy with two cookies but you are less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy with two cookies but you are less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy with two cookies but you are less
+happy from the second cookie than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy from the second cookie than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy from the second cookie than the
+first cookie okay and you could see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first cookie okay and you could see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first cookie okay and you could see that
+in Figure if you flip back and forth 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Figure if you flip back and forth 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Figure if you flip back and forth 3
+to 4 and 2/5 you can see that okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 4 and 2/5 you can see that okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 4 and 2/5 you can see that okay the
+first cookie going from zero to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first cookie going from zero to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first cookie going from zero to one
+cookie gave you one so in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookie gave you one so in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookie gave you one so in this case
+we're not graphing the margin utility so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not graphing the margin utility so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not graphing the margin utility so
+figure 2 4 is the level of utility which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure 2 4 is the level of utility which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure 2 4 is the level of utility which
+is not really something you can measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not really something you can measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not really something you can measure
+in fact figure 2 5 is something you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact figure 2 5 is something you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact figure 2 5 is something you can
+measure which is margin utility what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure which is margin utility what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure which is margin utility what's
+your happiness we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your happiness we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your happiness we'll talk about
+measuring this from the next cookie you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring this from the next cookie you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring this from the next cookie you
+see the first cookie gives you a utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the first cookie gives you a utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the first cookie gives you a utility
+and a utility increment of 1.4 okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a utility increment of 1.4 okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a utility increment of 1.4 okay you
+go for utility of zero two utility one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go for utility of zero two utility one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go for utility of zero two utility one
+point for the next cookie gives utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point for the next cookie gives utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point for the next cookie gives utility
+in current of 0.59 ok you go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in current of 0.59 ok you go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in current of 0.59 ok you go from
+utility of one point four one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility of one point four one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility of one point four one two
+utility of to the next cookie gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility of to the next cookie gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility of to the next cookie gives
+utility increment of 0.45 the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility increment of 0.45 the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility increment of 0.45 the square
+root of 3 so now we flip back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of 3 so now we flip back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of 3 so now we flip back to the
+previous page we're going from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous page we're going from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous page we're going from the
+square root of 4 so we're going from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of 4 so we're going from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of 4 so we're going from the
+square root of 4 I'm sorry to the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of 4 I'm sorry to the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of 4 I'm sorry to the square
+root of 6 square root of 6 is only 0.45
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of 6 square root of 6 is only 0.45
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of 6 square root of 6 is only 0.45
+more than the square root of 4 and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than the square root of 4 and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than the square root of 4 and so on
+so each additional cookie makes you less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each additional cookie makes you less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each additional cookie makes you less
+and less happy it makes you happier it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and less happy it makes you happier it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and less happy it makes you happier it
+has to because more is better but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to because more is better but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to because more is better but
+makes you less and less happy okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes you less and less happy okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes you less and less happy okay and
+this makes sense just think about any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this makes sense just think about any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this makes sense just think about any
+decision in life starting with nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision in life starting with nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision in life starting with nothing
+of something and having the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something and having the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something and having the first one
+slice of pizza a cookie deciding on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice of pizza a cookie deciding on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice of pizza a cookie deciding on
+which movie to go to the first movie the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which movie to go to the first movie the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which movie to go to the first movie the
+one you want to see the most okay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you want to see the most okay it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you want to see the most okay it's
+gonna make you happier then you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna make you happier then you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna make you happier then you want to
+see the one you want to see not quite as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the one you want to see not quite as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the one you want to see not quite as
+much the first cookie when you're hungry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the first cookie when you're hungry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the first cookie when you're hungry
+will make you happier than the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make you happier than the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make you happier than the second
+cookie the first slice of pizza make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookie the first slice of pizza make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookie the first slice of pizza make
+happen now you may be close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen now you may be close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen now you may be close to
+indifferent that second slice of pee she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent that second slice of pee she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent that second slice of pee she
+makes you almost as happy as the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes you almost as happy as the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes you almost as happy as the first
+but the first will make you happier okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the first will make you happier okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the first will make you happier okay
+if you think about that's really sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about that's really sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about that's really sort of
+that first step you were hungry in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first step you were hungry in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first step you were hungry in that
+first one makes you feel happier now but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one makes you feel happier now but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one makes you feel happier now but
+you got to remember you always want more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to remember you always want more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to remember you always want more
+cookies now you might say wait a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies now you might say wait a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies now you might say wait a second
+this is stupid okay once I've had 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is stupid okay once I've had 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is stupid okay once I've had 10
+cookies I'm gonna barf the 11th cookie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies I'm gonna barf the 11th cookie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies I'm gonna barf the 11th cookie
+you can actually make me worse off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually make me worse off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually make me worse off
+because I don't like barfing but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't like barfing but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't like barfing but in
+economics we have to remember you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics we have to remember you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics we have to remember you don't
+have to eat the 11th cookie you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to eat the 11th cookie you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to eat the 11th cookie you could
+give it away so if I save you want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it away so if I save you want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it away so if I save you want the
+11th cookie you can save it for later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11th cookie you can save it for later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11th cookie you can save it for later
+you could give it to a friend so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could give it to a friend so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could give it to a friend so you
+always want it in the worst case you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always want it in the worst case you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always want it in the worst case you
+throw it out it can't make you're worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw it out it can't make you're worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw it out it can't make you're worse
+off it could only make you better off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off it could only make you better off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off it could only make you better off
+and that's what we're sort of more is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we're sort of more is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we're sort of more is
+better assumption comes from obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better assumption comes from obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better assumption comes from obviously
+in the limit you know if you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the limit you know if you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the limit you know if you get a
+million cookies they're garbage game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million cookies they're garbage game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million cookies they're garbage game
+gets full you have no friends to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets full you have no friends to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets full you have no friends to give
+them to I understand the limit these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to I understand the limit these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to I understand the limit these
+things fall apart okay but that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things fall apart okay but that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things fall apart okay but that's a
+basic idea of Moore's better than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic idea of Moore's better than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic idea of Moore's better than the
+basic idea of diminishing marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic idea of diminishing marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic idea of diminishing marginal
+utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility
+okay any questions about that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+utility function can never be negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility function can never be negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility function can never be negative
+because we get well utility once again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we get well utility once again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we get well utility once again
+utility is not an ordinal concept you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility is not an ordinal concept you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility is not an ordinal concept you
+can set up utility functions such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can set up utility functions such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can set up utility functions such that
+the numbers negative you can set that up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers negative you can set that up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers negative you can set that up
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+the margin utility is always positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the margin utility is always positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the margin utility is always positive
+you always get some benefit from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you always get some benefit from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you always get some benefit from the
+next unit utility once again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next unit utility once again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next unit utility once again the
+measurements are relevant so you can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements are relevant so you can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements are relevant so you can be
+negative to get set it up yeah I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative to get set it up yeah I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative to get set it up yeah I could
+write my utility function like this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write my utility function like this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write my utility function like this you
+know something like that so it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know something like that so it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know something like that so it could be
+negative that's just a sort of scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative that's just a sort of scaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative that's just a sort of scaling
+factor but marginal utility is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor but marginal utility is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor but marginal utility is always
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+you're always happier or it's not it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're always happier or it's not it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're always happier or it's not it's
+not negative you're always happy or at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not negative you're always happy or at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not negative you're always happy or at
+least indifferent to get in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least indifferent to get in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least indifferent to get in the next
+unit yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh I'm sorry you look think you're to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm sorry you look think you're to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm sorry you look think you're to
+five know the marginal because he can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five know the marginal because he can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five know the marginal because he can go
+down each fraction of a cookie the Marge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down each fraction of a cookie the Marge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down each fraction of a cookie the Marge
+utility marshal is always diminishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well it's really hard to do it from zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's really hard to do it from zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's really hard to do it from zero
+that's really tricky it's sort of much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really tricky it's sort of much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really tricky it's sort of much
+easy to start from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to start from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to start from one
+so corner solutions we'll talk a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so corner solutions we'll talk a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so corner solutions we'll talk a lot of
+corner solutions as class they get ugly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner solutions as class they get ugly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner solutions as class they get ugly
+think of it starting from one starving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it starting from one starving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it starting from one starving
+that first cookie every fraction of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first cookie every fraction of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first cookie every fraction of a
+cookie makes you happier but less and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookie makes you happier but less and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookie makes you happier but less and
+less happy with each fraction good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less happy with each fraction good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less happy with each fraction good
+question alright good questions alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question alright good questions alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question alright good questions alright
+so now let's let's talk about let's slip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's let's talk about let's slip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's let's talk about let's slip
+back from the math to the graphics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back from the math to the graphics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back from the math to the graphics and
+talk about where indifference curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about where indifference curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about where indifference curves
+come from I just drew them out but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from I just drew them out but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from I just drew them out but in
+fact indifference curves are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact indifference curves are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact indifference curves are the
+graphical representation of what comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphical representation of what comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphical representation of what comes
+out of utility function okay and indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of utility function okay and indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of utility function okay and indeed
+the slope of the indifference curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope of the indifference curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope of the indifference curve
+we're gonna call the marginal rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna call the marginal rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna call the marginal rate of
+substitution the rate essentially at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution the rate essentially at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution the rate essentially at
+which you're willing to substitute one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you're willing to substitute one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you're willing to substitute one
+good for the other larae willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for the other larae willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for the other larae willing to
+substitute cookies for pizza is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute cookies for pizza is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute cookies for pizza is your
+marginal rate of substitution and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal rate of substitution and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal rate of substitution and we'll
+define that as the slope of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define that as the slope of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define that as the slope of the
+indifference curve Delta P over Delta C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curve Delta P over Delta C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curve Delta P over Delta C
+that is your marginal rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is your marginal rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is your marginal rate of
+substitution little indifference curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution little indifference curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution little indifference curve
+tells you the rate should will in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you the rate should will in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you the rate should will in a
+substitute you just follow along and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute you just follow along and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute you just follow along and say
+look I'm willing to give up so in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look I'm willing to give up so in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look I'm willing to give up so in other
+words if you look at figure two six you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words if you look at figure two six you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words if you look at figure two six you
+say look I'm indifferent between point A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say look I'm indifferent between point A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say look I'm indifferent between point A
+and point B one cut one slice of pizza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and point B one cut one slice of pizza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and point B one cut one slice of pizza
+I'm sorry one cookie and four slices of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry one cookie and four slices of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry one cookie and four slices of
+pizza is the same to me as two cookies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza is the same to me as two cookies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza is the same to me as two cookies
+two slices to B so why is it the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two slices to B so why is it the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two slices to B so why is it the same
+because they both give me utility square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they both give me utility square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they both give me utility square
+root of four right so given this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of four right so given this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of four right so given this
+mathematical I'm not saying you are I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical I'm not saying you are I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical I'm not saying you are I'm
+saying give me this mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying give me this mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying give me this mathematical
+representation okay you aren't different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation okay you aren't different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation okay you aren't different
+between point a and point B so what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between point a and point B so what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between point a and point B so what that
+says and what's the slope with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says and what's the slope with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says and what's the slope with the
+indifference curve what's the arc slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curve what's the arc slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curve what's the arc slope
+between point a and point B the slope is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between point a and point B the slope is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between point a and point B the slope is
+negative two so your marginal rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative two so your marginal rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative two so your marginal rate of
+substitution is negative two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution is negative two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution is negative two
+you aren't different okay you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you aren't different okay you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you aren't different okay you're in
+different between 1/4 and 2 2 therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different between 1/4 and 2 2 therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different between 1/4 and 2 2 therefore
+you're willing to substitute or give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're willing to substitute or give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're willing to substitute or give
+away two slices of pizza to get one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away two slices of pizza to get one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away two slices of pizza to get one
+cookie Delta P Delta C is is negative 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookie Delta P Delta C is is negative 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookie Delta P Delta C is is negative 2
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now it turns out you can define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it turns out you can define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it turns out you can define the
+margin rate of substitution over any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin rate of substitution over any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin rate of substitution over any
+segment of a difference curve and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment of a difference curve and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment of a difference curve and what's
+interesting is it changes it diminishes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is it changes it diminishes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is it changes it diminishes
+look what happens when we move from two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look what happens when we move from two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look what happens when we move from two
+pizzas and two cookies to from point B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizzas and two cookies to from point B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizzas and two cookies to from point B
+to Point C now the margeurite sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Point C now the margeurite sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Point C now the margeurite sub
+solution only negative 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution only negative 1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution only negative 1/2
+now I'm only willing to give up one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm only willing to give up one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm only willing to give up one
+slice of pizza to get two cookies what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice of pizza to get two cookies what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice of pizza to get two cookies what's
+happening first I was willing give up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening first I was willing give up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening first I was willing give up to
+slice of pizza get one cookie now only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice of pizza get one cookie now only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice of pizza get one cookie now only
+wouldn't give up willing to give up one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't give up willing to give up one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't give up willing to give up one
+slice apiece so to get two cookies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice apiece so to get two cookies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice apiece so to get two cookies
+what's happening yeah because of exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening yeah because of exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening yeah because of exactly
+diminishing margin Atilla T has caused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing margin Atilla T has caused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing margin Atilla T has caused
+the margin rate of substitution itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the margin rate of substitution itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the margin rate of substitution itself
+to itself to diminish for those who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to itself to diminish for those who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to itself to diminish for those who are
+really kind of better at math than I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really kind of better at math than I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really kind of better at math than I am
+it turns out technically mathematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out technically mathematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out technically mathematically
+large utilities and always diminishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large utilities and always diminishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large utilities and always diminishing
+you can drop cases mrs is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can drop cases mrs is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can drop cases mrs is always
+diminishing so you can think of margin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing so you can think of margin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing so you can think of margin
+is always diminishing it's fine for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always diminishing it's fine for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always diminishing it's fine for this
+class we get the higher-level math and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we get the higher-level math and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we get the higher-level math and
+economics you'll see Marge utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics you'll see Marge utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics you'll see Marge utility
+doesn't have to diminish mrs has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to diminish mrs has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to diminish mrs has to
+diminish okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminish okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminish okay
+mrs is always diminishing as you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mrs is always diminishing as you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mrs is always diminishing as you go
+along the indifference curve that slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the indifference curve that slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the indifference curve that slope
+is always falling okay so basically what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always falling okay so basically what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always falling okay so basically what
+we can right now is how the mrs relates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can right now is how the mrs relates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can right now is how the mrs relates
+utility function our first sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility function our first sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility function our first sort of
+mind-blowing result is that the mrs is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind-blowing result is that the mrs is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind-blowing result is that the mrs is
+equal to the negative of the Margy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the negative of the Margy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the negative of the Margy
+utility of cookies over the marge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility of cookies over the marge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility of cookies over the marge
+utility of pizza that's our first key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility of pizza that's our first key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility of pizza that's our first key
+definition its equal to the negative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition its equal to the negative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition its equal to the negative of
+the margit Ilia the good on the x-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the margit Ilia the good on the x-axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the margit Ilia the good on the x-axis
+over the marge utility good although on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the marge utility good although on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the marge utility good although on
+the y-axis okay essentially the madre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the y-axis okay essentially the madre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the y-axis okay essentially the madre
+substitution tells you how your relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution tells you how your relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution tells you how your relative
+marginal utilities evolve as you move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal utilities evolve as you move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal utilities evolve as you move
+down the indifference curve when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the indifference curve when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the indifference curve when you
+start at Point a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at Point a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at Point a
+you have lots of Pizza and not a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have lots of Pizza and not a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have lots of Pizza and not a lot of
+cookies when you have lots of pizza your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies when you have lots of pizza your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies when you have lots of pizza your
+margin utility is small here's the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin utility is small here's the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin utility is small here's the key
+insight this is the thing which once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight this is the thing which once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight this is the thing which once
+again it's a light bulb thing if you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's a light bulb thing if you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's a light bulb thing if you get
+this and make your life so much easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and make your life so much easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and make your life so much easier
+margin utilities are negative functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin utilities are negative functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin utilities are negative functions
+of quantity the more you have of a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quantity the more you have of a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quantity the more you have of a thing
+the less you want the next unit of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the less you want the next unit of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the less you want the next unit of it
+that's why for example cookies is now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why for example cookies is now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why for example cookies is now in
+the numerator and pizzas in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numerator and pizzas in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numerator and pizzas in the
+denominator flipping from this side okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator flipping from this side okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator flipping from this side okay
+the more you have the good the less you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more you have the good the less you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more you have the good the less you
+want it so start at Point a you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it so start at Point a you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it so start at Point a you have
+lots of pizza and not a lot of cookies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of pizza and not a lot of cookies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of pizza and not a lot of cookies
+you don't really want more pizza you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't really want more pizza you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't really want more pizza you
+want more cookies that means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want more cookies that means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want more cookies that means the
+denominator is small the mores utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator is small the mores utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator is small the mores utility
+of pizza is small you don't really want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pizza is small you don't really want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pizza is small you don't really want
+it but the marginal if cookies is high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but the marginal if cookies is high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but the marginal if cookies is high
+you don't many of them so this is a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't many of them so this is a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't many of them so this is a big
+number now let's move to point B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number now let's move to point B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number now let's move to point B and
+think about your DX decision well now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about your DX decision well now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about your DX decision well now
+your margin Chile of Pizza if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your margin Chile of Pizza if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your margin Chile of Pizza if you're
+gonna go from two to one slice of pizza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna go from two to one slice of pizza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna go from two to one slice of pizza
+now Pizza is worth a lot more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now Pizza is worth a lot more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now Pizza is worth a lot more than
+cookies so now it gets smaller so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies so now it gets smaller so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies so now it gets smaller so
+essentially as you move along that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially as you move along that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially as you move along that
+indifference curve because of this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curve because of this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curve because of this you
+want because diminishing margin Atilla T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want because diminishing margin Atilla T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want because diminishing margin Atilla T
+it leads this issue of a diminishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it leads this issue of a diminishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it leads this issue of a diminishing
+marginal rate of substitution okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal rate of substitution okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal rate of substitution okay so
+basically as you along indifference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically as you along indifference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically as you along indifference
+curve you're more and more willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve you're more and more willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve you're more and more willing to
+give up the good on the x-axis to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give up the good on the x-axis to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give up the good on the x-axis to get
+the good on the y-axis as you move from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good on the y-axis as you move from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good on the y-axis as you move from
+the upper left to the lower right on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper left to the lower right on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper left to the lower right on
+that indifference map figure two six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that indifference map figure two six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that indifference map figure two six
+you're well you're more willing to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're well you're more willing to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're well you're more willing to give
+up the good on the on the x-axis to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the good on the on the x-axis to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the good on the on the x-axis to get
+the good on the y-axis and what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good on the y-axis and what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good on the y-axis and what this
+implies is that indifference curves are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies is that indifference curves are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies is that indifference curves are
+con indifference curves are convex to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con indifference curves are convex to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con indifference curves are convex to
+the origin indifference curves are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin indifference curves are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin indifference curves are
+convex to the origin it's very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex to the origin it's very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex to the origin it's very important
+okay that let's see that they are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that let's see that they are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that let's see that they are they
+are not concave theory the convex are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not concave theory the convex are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not concave theory the convex are
+straight let's say they're net they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight let's say they're net they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight let's say they're net they're
+not concave to the origin okay to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not concave to the origin okay to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not concave to the origin okay to be
+technical difference curves can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical difference curves can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical difference curves can be
+linear we'll come to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear we'll come to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear we'll come to that
+but they can't be concave the origin why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they can't be concave the origin why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they can't be concave the origin why
+well let's look at the next figure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's look at the next figure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's look at the next figure the
+last figure figure 2:7 what would happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last figure figure 2:7 what would happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last figure figure 2:7 what would happen
+if indifference curves were concave to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if indifference curves were concave to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if indifference curves were concave to
+the origin then that would say moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin then that would say moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin then that would say moving
+from one pizza so now I've drawn a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one pizza so now I've drawn a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one pizza so now I've drawn a
+concave indifference curve and with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concave indifference curve and with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concave indifference curve and with this
+is curved if it's curved move from point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is curved if it's curved move from point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is curved if it's curved move from point
+A to point B leaves you indifference so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A to point B leaves you indifference so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A to point B leaves you indifference so
+you're happy to give up one slice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're happy to give up one slice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're happy to give up one slice of
+pizza to get one cookie starting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza to get one cookie starting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza to get one cookie starting with
+four slice of beats in one cookie you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four slice of beats in one cookie you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four slice of beats in one cookie you
+are happy to give up one slice of pizza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are happy to give up one slice of pizza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are happy to give up one slice of pizza
+to get one cookie now starting from two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get one cookie now starting from two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get one cookie now starting from two
+and three you're now willing to give up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three you're now willing to give up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three you're now willing to give up
+two slices of pizza to get one cookie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two slices of pizza to get one cookie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two slices of pizza to get one cookie
+what does that violate why is that not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that violate why is that not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that violate why is that not
+make sense yeah yeah glad to vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense yeah yeah glad to vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense yeah yeah glad to vision
+margin utility here you were you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin utility here you were you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin utility here you were you were
+you were only you were happy to have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were only you were happy to have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were only you were happy to have one
+slice speeds to get one cookie now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice speeds to get one cookie now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice speeds to get one cookie now I
+really have to slice to pieces to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have to slice to pieces to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have to slice to pieces to get
+won't cook even though you have less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't cook even though you have less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't cook even though you have less
+pizza and more cookies that can't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza and more cookies that can't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza and more cookies that can't be
+right as you have less pizza more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right as you have less pizza more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right as you have less pizza more
+cookies cookies pizzas should become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies cookies pizzas should become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies cookies pizzas should become
+more valuable not less valuable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more valuable not less valuable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more valuable not less valuable and
+cookies should become less valuable not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies should become less valuable not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies should become less valuable not
+more valuable so a concave to the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more valuable so a concave to the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more valuable so a concave to the origin
+indifference curve would violate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curve would violate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curve would violate the
+principle diminishing marginal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle diminishing marginal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle diminishing marginal and
+diminishing marginal rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing marginal rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing marginal rate of
+substitution okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution okay
+yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's very interesting so in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very interesting so in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very interesting so in some sense
+what that is saying is that your utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that is saying is that your utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that is saying is that your utility
+function is really over sets you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is really over sets you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is really over sets you're
+saying utility functions and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying utility functions and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying utility functions and over
+trading cards it's over sets so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading cards it's over sets so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading cards it's over sets so
+basically that's what sort of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically that's what sort of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically that's what sort of you know
+what's sort of a bit you know our models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's sort of a bit you know our models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's sort of a bit you know our models
+are flexible one way say they're loose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are flexible one way say they're loose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are flexible one way say they're loose
+another way say they're flexible so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way say they're flexible so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way say they're flexible so one
+but one of the challenges you'll face on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one of the challenges you'll face on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one of the challenges you'll face on
+this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course
+is thinking about what is decision set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is thinking about what is decision set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is thinking about what is decision set
+over which I'm writing my utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over which I'm writing my utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over which I'm writing my utility
+function you're saying it's that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you're saying it's that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you're saying it's that's not
+trading cards so that's why it happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading cards so that's why it happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading cards so that's why it happens
+ok other questions good question yeah in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok other questions good question yeah in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok other questions good question yeah in
+the back what about like addictive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back what about like addictive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back what about like addictive
+things were like the more you have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things were like the more you have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things were like the more you have it
+the more you want to buy yeah that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more you want to buy yeah that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more you want to buy yeah that's
+that's a really religion question I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a really religion question I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a really religion question I
+spend a lot of my research life actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a lot of my research life actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a lot of my research life actually
+I do a lot of read a lot of research for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do a lot of read a lot of research for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do a lot of read a lot of research for
+a number of years on thinking about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of years on thinking about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of years on thinking about how
+you properly model just addictive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you properly model just addictive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you properly model just addictive
+decisions like smoking and making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions like smoking and making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions like smoking and making
+decisions like smoking essentially it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions like smoking essentially it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions like smoking essentially it
+really is that your utility function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is that your utility function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is that your utility function
+itself shifts as you get more addictive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself shifts as you get more addictive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself shifts as you get more addictive
+it's not that your margin utility the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that your margin utility the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that your margin utility the
+next cigarettes still worth less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next cigarettes still worth less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next cigarettes still worth less than
+the first cigarette it's just that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first cigarette it's just that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first cigarette it's just that as
+you get more addicted that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get more addicted that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get more addicted that first
+cigarette gets worth more and more to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cigarette gets worth more and more to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cigarette gets worth more and more to
+you so when you wake up in the morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so when you wake up in the morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so when you wake up in the morning
+feeling crappy that first cigarette
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling crappy that first cigarette
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling crappy that first cigarette
+still does more for you than the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still does more for you than the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still does more for you than the second
+cigarette it's just the next thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cigarette it's just the next thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cigarette it's just the next thing you
+wake up feeling crappy er okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wake up feeling crappy er okay so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wake up feeling crappy er okay so we
+model addiction it's something where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model addiction it's something where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model addiction it's something where
+essentially each day cigarettes do less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially each day cigarettes do less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially each day cigarettes do less
+and less for you get essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and less for you get essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and less for you get essentially
+adjusted to new you get habituated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusted to new you get habituated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusted to new you get habituated to
+higher levels and this is why you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher levels and this is why you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher levels and this is why you know I
+do a lot of work you know this is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a lot of work you know this is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a lot of work you know this is why
+unfortunately we saw last year the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately we saw last year the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately we saw last year the
+number the highest number of deaths from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number the highest number of deaths from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number the highest number of deaths from
+accidental overdose in US history 72,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental overdose in US history 72,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental overdose in US history 72,000
+people died from drug overdose last year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people died from drug overdose last year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people died from drug overdose last year
+more than ever died traffic accidents in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than ever died traffic accidents in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than ever died traffic accidents in
+our nation's history okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our nation's history okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our nation's history okay
+why because people get habituated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because people get habituated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because people get habituated to
+certain levels and the exhibition a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain levels and the exhibition a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain levels and the exhibition a
+certain level so people get hooked on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain level so people get hooked on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain level so people get hooked on
+oxycontin they get obituaries I'm a be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxycontin they get obituaries I'm a be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxycontin they get obituaries I'm a be
+switched to heroin and their to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switched to heroin and their to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switched to heroin and their to a
+certain level and now have this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain level and now have this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain level and now have this thing
+called fentanyl which is a synthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called fentanyl which is a synthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called fentanyl which is a synthetic
+opioid brought over from China which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opioid brought over from China which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opioid brought over from China which is
+incredibly powerful and dealers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly powerful and dealers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly powerful and dealers are
+mixing the fentanyl in with the heroin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing the fentanyl in with the heroin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing the fentanyl in with the heroin
+and the people shoot up not realizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the people shoot up not realizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the people shoot up not realizing
+that they're habituated level not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're habituated level not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're habituated level not
+realizing they have this dangerous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizing they have this dangerous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizing they have this dangerous
+substances and they overdose and die and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substances and they overdose and die and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substances and they overdose and die and
+that's because they've gotten habituated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because they've gotten habituated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because they've gotten habituated
+to high level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to high level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to high level
+they don't realize that getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't realize that getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't realize that getting a
+different product so it's not about not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different product so it's not about not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different product so it's not about not
+diminishing marginal tea it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing marginal tea it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing marginal tea it's about
+different underlying different products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different underlying different products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different underlying different products
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+other questions sorry for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions sorry for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions sorry for that
+depressing note but it's important to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depressing note but it's important to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depressing note but it's important to be
+thinking about that's why once again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about that's why once again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about that's why once again
+we're the dismal science we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're the dismal science we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're the dismal science we have to
+think about these things okay now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about these things okay now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about these things okay now let's
+come to a great example that I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to a great example that I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to a great example that I hope
+you've wondered about and maybe you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've wondered about and maybe you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've wondered about and maybe you've
+already figured out in your life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already figured out in your life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already figured out in your life
+but I hope you've at least stopped and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I hope you've at least stopped and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I hope you've at least stopped and
+wondered about which is the prices of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondered about which is the prices of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondered about which is the prices of
+different sizes of goods in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sizes of goods in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sizes of goods in a
+convenience store say okay take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience store say okay take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience store say okay take
+Starbucks you can get at all iced coffee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Starbucks you can get at all iced coffee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Starbucks you can get at all iced coffee
+for 225 or the next size whatever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 225 or the next size whatever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 225 or the next size whatever the
+hell they call it bigger okay you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hell they call it bigger okay you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hell they call it bigger okay you can
+get 470 more cents so 225 and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 470 more cents so 225 and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 470 more cents so 225 and you can
+double it for seventy more cents or take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double it for seventy more cents or take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double it for seventy more cents or take
+McDonald's a small drink is a dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McDonald's a small drink is a dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McDonald's a small drink is a dollar
+twenty two and the local McDonald's but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty two and the local McDonald's but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty two and the local McDonald's but
+for 50 more cents you can double the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 50 more cents you can double the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 50 more cents you can double the
+size okay what's going on here it why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size okay what's going on here it why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size okay what's going on here it why
+did it give you twice as much liquid or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it give you twice as much liquid or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it give you twice as much liquid or
+if you go for ice cream it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go for ice cream it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go for ice cream it's the same
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+why do you view twice as much for much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you view twice as much for much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you view twice as much for much
+less than twice as much money what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than twice as much money what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than twice as much money what's
+going on yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly that's a great way to explain it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly that's a great way to explain it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly that's a great way to explain it
+the point is it's all about diminishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is it's all about diminishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is it's all about diminishing
+margin utility okay when you come in to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin utility okay when you come in to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin utility okay when you come in to
+McDonald's on a hot day you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McDonald's on a hot day you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McDonald's on a hot day you are
+desperate for that soda but you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desperate for that soda but you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desperate for that soda but you're not
+as desperate to have twice as much soda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as desperate to have twice as much soda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as desperate to have twice as much soda
+you'd like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like it
+you're probably want to pay more for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're probably want to pay more for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're probably want to pay more for it
+but you don't like it nearly as much as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't like it nearly as much as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't like it nearly as much as
+that first Minnesota so those prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first Minnesota so those prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first Minnesota so those prices
+simply reflects the market's reaction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply reflects the market's reaction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply reflects the market's reaction to
+understanding diminishing marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding diminishing marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding diminishing marginal
+utility now we even talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility now we even talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility now we even talked about the
+supply side of the market yet I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply side of the market yet I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply side of the market yet I'm not
+getting top providers make decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting top providers make decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting top providers make decisions
+that's a much deeper issue I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a much deeper issue I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a much deeper issue I'm just
+saying that this is diminishing marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that this is diminishing marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that this is diminishing marginal
+in action how it works in the market and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in action how it works in the market and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in action how it works in the market and
+that's why you see this okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why you see this okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why you see this okay so
+basically um what you see is that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically um what you see is that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically um what you see is that that
+first bite of ice cream for example is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first bite of ice cream for example is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first bite of ice cream for example is
+worth more and that's why the ice cream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth more and that's why the ice cream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth more and that's why the ice cream
+is twice as big doesn't cost twice as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is twice as big doesn't cost twice as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is twice as big doesn't cost twice as
+much now so basically what this means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much now so basically what this means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much now so basically what this means is
+if you think about our semantic demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about our semantic demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about our semantic demand
+and supply model on a hot day or any day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and supply model on a hot day or any day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and supply model on a hot day or any day
+the demands for the first 16 ounces is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demands for the first 16 ounces is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demands for the first 16 ounces is
+higher than the demand for the second 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than the demand for the second 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than the demand for the second 16
+ounces but the cost of perusing 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ounces but the cost of perusing 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ounces but the cost of perusing 16
+ounces is the same so let's think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ounces is the same so let's think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ounces is the same so let's think about
+this it's always risky when I try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's always risky when I try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's always risky when I try to
+draw a graph in the board but let's bear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a graph in the board but let's bear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a graph in the board but let's bear
+with me okay so let's say that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me okay so let's say that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me okay so let's say that there's a
+simple supply and demand model you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple supply and demand model you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple supply and demand model you have
+this you have this supply function for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you have this supply function for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you have this supply function for
+soda and let's assume it's roughly flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soda and let's assume it's roughly flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soda and let's assume it's roughly flat
+okay let's assume sort of the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's assume sort of the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's assume sort of the cost of
+firm procedure you know within some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm procedure you know within some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm procedure you know within some
+range the firm basically every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range the firm basically every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range the firm basically every
+incremental 16 ounces cost of them the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental 16 ounces cost of them the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental 16 ounces cost of them the
+same so that's sort of their supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so that's sort of their supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so that's sort of their supply
+curve okay and then you have some demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve okay and then you have some demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve okay and then you have some demand
+curve okay you have some demand curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve okay you have some demand curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve okay you have some demand curve
+which is downward sloping okay and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is downward sloping okay and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is downward sloping okay and they
+set some price and this is the demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set some price and this is the demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set some price and this is the demand
+for 16 ounces now yeah what's the demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 16 ounces now yeah what's the demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 16 ounces now yeah what's the demand
+for the next 16 ounces okay yeah isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the next 16 ounces okay yeah isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the next 16 ounces okay yeah isn't
+gonna work we have to have an upward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna work we have to have an upward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna work we have to have an upward
+sloping supply curve sorry about that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloping supply curve sorry about that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloping supply curve sorry about that we
+have a slightly upward sloping supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a slightly upward sloping supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a slightly upward sloping supply
+curve okay now we have the demand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve okay now we have the demand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve okay now we have the demand for
+the next so so here's your here's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next so so here's your here's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next so so here's your here's your
+price here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price here's
+dollar 22 okay now you say well what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar 22 okay now you say well what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar 22 okay now you say well what's
+my demand when I sell 32 ounces well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my demand when I sell 32 ounces well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my demand when I sell 32 ounces well it
+turns out demand as it shift out twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out demand as it shift out twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out demand as it shift out twice
+as much it just shifts out a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much it just shifts out a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much it just shifts out a little bit
+more so you can only charge a dollar 72
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so you can only charge a dollar 72
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so you can only charge a dollar 72
+for the next 16 ounces probably if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the next 16 ounces probably if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the next 16 ounces probably if you
+want to go to the big if you can go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go to the big if you can go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go to the big if you can go to
+the 7-eleven where you can get sizes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 7-eleven where you can get sizes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 7-eleven where you can get sizes up
+to you know as big as your house okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know as big as your house okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know as big as your house okay
+they keep these curves keep getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they keep these curves keep getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they keep these curves keep getting
+closer and closer to each other so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer and closer to each other so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer and closer to each other so those
+price increments get smaller and smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price increments get smaller and smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price increments get smaller and smaller
+and that's why you get the monster you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why you get the monster you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why you get the monster you
+know ginormous gulp at 7-eleven is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know ginormous gulp at 7-eleven is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know ginormous gulp at 7-eleven is
+really just not that indict not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just not that indict not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just not that indict not that
+different from the price of getting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the price of getting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the price of getting the
+small little mini size okay because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small little mini size okay because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small little mini size okay because the
+diminishing margin utility all right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing margin utility all right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing margin utility all right and
+so that's how the market that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's how the market that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's how the market that's
+essentially how we can take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially how we can take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially how we can take this
+abstract concept this sort of crazy math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract concept this sort of crazy math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract concept this sort of crazy math
+and turn into literally what you see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turn into literally what you see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turn into literally what you see in
+the store you walk into okay questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the store you walk into okay questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the store you walk into okay questions
+about that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+awesome awesome question and every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome awesome question and every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome awesome question and every
+single thing it was going to be your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single thing it was going to be your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single thing it was going to be your
+first granola right so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+great great question yeah well I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great great question yeah well I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great great question yeah well I mean
+the risk of my going to this model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risk of my going to this model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risk of my going to this model is
+you know once we once we get nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know once we once we get nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know once we once we get nonlinear
+we do things in this class we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do things in this class we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do things in this class we have to
+start talking about supply factors I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start talking about supply factors I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start talking about supply factors I
+want to talk to but there's two answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk to but there's two answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk to but there's two answers
+one is packaging efficiencies but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is packaging efficiencies but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is packaging efficiencies but the
+other is if you actually go to Costco
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other is if you actually go to Costco
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other is if you actually go to Costco
+and look at their prices for many things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at their prices for many things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at their prices for many things
+they're not actually better than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not actually better than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not actually better than the
+supermarket so actually the price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supermarket so actually the price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supermarket so actually the price of
+buying the giant like eight thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying the giant like eight thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying the giant like eight thousand
+bars of granola is actually not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bars of granola is actually not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bars of granola is actually not that
+much more than not that much less than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more than not that much less than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more than not that much less than a
+thousand time buying a eight pack at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand time buying a eight pack at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand time buying a eight pack at
+eight granola bars it turns out it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight granola bars it turns out it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight granola bars it turns out it's
+less but it's not nearly as much less as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less but it's not nearly as much less as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less but it's not nearly as much less as
+these examples as sodas at McDonald's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these examples as sodas at McDonald's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these examples as sodas at McDonald's
+what's exactly your point utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's exactly your point utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's exactly your point utility
+diminishes less so they don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishes less so they don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishes less so they don't want to
+charge as much less in multiple packages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge as much less in multiple packages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge as much less in multiple packages
+so you can actually if you compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can actually if you compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can actually if you compare
+Parrish the gap in perishable product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parrish the gap in perishable product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parrish the gap in perishable product
+pricing by size it's much larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing by size it's much larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing by size it's much larger than
+the gap in non-perishable pricing by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gap in non-perishable pricing by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gap in non-perishable pricing by
+size great point yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's a without recycle your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+awesome and that is why they don't let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome and that is why they don't let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome and that is why they don't let
+you walk back in with the same cup and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you walk back in with the same cup and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you walk back in with the same cup and
+refill it right that's exactly right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refill it right that's exactly right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refill it right that's exactly right
+and that comes to this point it's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that comes to this point it's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that comes to this point it's sort
+of like it's non-perishable as you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like it's non-perishable as you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like it's non-perishable as you get
+longer apart so um but you know it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer apart so um but you know it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer apart so um but you know it's all
+this really should think so at Fenway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really should think so at Fenway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really should think so at Fenway
+okay you can get you get like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can get you get like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can get you get like a
+regular-sized soda it's like crazy it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular-sized soda it's like crazy it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular-sized soda it's like crazy it's
+like six bucks then for like eight bucks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like six bucks then for like eight bucks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like six bucks then for like eight bucks
+you get a big soda then for ten bucks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a big soda then for ten bucks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a big soda then for ten bucks
+you get a refillable big soda okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a refillable big soda okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a refillable big soda okay now
+the question is can you bring that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is can you bring that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is can you bring that
+refillable soda back to additional games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refillable soda back to additional games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refillable soda back to additional games
+technically not but I do and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically not but I do and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically not but I do and and
+basically they sort of understand so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically they sort of understand so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically they sort of understand so so
+this interesting question of sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interesting question of sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interesting question of sort of the
+perishability of things and how that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perishability of things and how that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perishability of things and how that's
+and how that's gonna affect things going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how that's gonna affect things going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how that's gonna affect things going
+on it's a really it's a really it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it's a really it's a really it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it's a really it's a really it's an
+interesting question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question
+other comments okay I'm going to stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other comments okay I'm going to stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other comments okay I'm going to stop
+there those are great comments thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there those are great comments thanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there those are great comments thanks
+everyone for participating and we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone for participating and we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone for participating and we will
+come back next time and talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back next time and talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back next time and talk about the
+sad reality that we haven't won the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sad reality that we haven't won the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sad reality that we haven't won the
+lottery and we have limited amounts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lottery and we have limited amounts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lottery and we have limited amounts of
+money
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tGqogBLtK4M.txt b/tGqogBLtK4M.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0e0e996f94f17f6c4b744a96b77da4f0438ec3f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tGqogBLtK4M.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,515 @@
+What do rain, bees, and vectors have in common?
+They're all ways that MIT physicists visualize
+
+the concept of "flux." In this video, we'll
+explore flux as it relates to Gauss' law.
+
+If you've ever had trouble choosing the right
+Gaussian surface, getting a quantity out of
+
+an integral, or just wanted to know what flux
+is, get ready: this video is for you.
+
+This video is part of the Derivatives and
+Integrals video series.
+
+Derivatives and integrals are used to analyze
+the properties of a system. Derivatives describe
+
+local properties of systems, and integrals
+quantify their cumulative properties.
+
+"Hello. My name is Peter Fisher. I am a professor
+in the physics department at MIT, and today
+
+I'll be talking with you about electric flux
+and Gauss' Law.
+
+By this time in your course you've seen and
+used Gauss' Law quite a bit. You have a good
+
+handle on the electric field, what it does
+and how it works. We will also assume that
+
+you know how to take an area integral, a skill
+that is important to Gauss' Law but which
+
+is not taught in this video.
+
+Our end goal is to improve your ability to
+use Gauss' Law. To do this, we'll help you
+
+develop an organized view of electric flux
+and what goes into it. We'll also spend a
+
+lot of time talking about symmetry and how
+to use it to your advantage.
+
+We're going to start by thinking about what
+goes into flux and the interrelationships
+
+between these quantities, so that we can use
+flux more effectively.
+
+As a refresher, here are the two equations
+we'll be working with today: the definition
+
+of flux and Gauss' Law. You may have seen
+these written with a double integral, or with
+
+slightly different notation, so take a quick
+look to make sure you're familiar with all
+
+the pieces.
+
+To really use symmetry to our best advantage
+in Gauss' Law, we need to understand a few
+
+more basic things. We need to be able to use
+vector areas, to categorize charge distributions,
+
+and to determine when and how the two can
+work together.
+
+The underlying reason we want to use symmetry
+is that integrals are difficult, significantly
+
+more difficult than derivatives. There are
+many situations in which we cannot determine
+
+the flux integral. Therefore, we seek to simplify.
+
+The integrals we're dealing with are surface
+integrals, also called area integrals. There
+
+are two basic kinds, open and closed, as you
+can see on the screen. An open surface uses
+
+an open integral, and a closed surface uses
+a closed integral. Flux can be defined for
+
+any surface, but Gauss' Law uses only closed
+integrals.
+
+When we take the integral, we use dA, a tiny
+piece of the area. dA is a vector piece of
+
+the area, so it has a direction to it as well.
+dA always points perpendicular to the surface.
+
+With closed surfaces we usually choose dA
+to point outward from the surface.
+
+dA usually gets represented as two other differentials,
+such as dx times dy. Which two depends on
+
+the coordinate system you choose, with some
+being more complex than others. Sometimes
+
+we will need these, so it's good to have them.
+The good part is that if we use symmetry correctly,
+
+we can avoid having to do an integral at all.
+
+Let's pursue our goal of not doing an integral.
+We have this integral of E dot dA. Let's write
+
+the dot product as a cosine. Under certain
+circumstances, we can remove the E from the
+
+integral. We can only do that when our electric
+field has uniform magnitude over the entire
+
+surface. You can see some examples on the
+bottom of the screen.
+
+We can remove the cosine(theta) from our integral
+only when the angle between the area and the
+
+electric field doesn't change. The left-hand
+example shows a field that always points in
+
+the same direction, and an area that always
+points in the same direction. The middle example
+
+has a field whose direction changes, but it
+always points outward, just like the area
+
+vector from the cylinder points outward. It
+still works. In the right-hand example, the
+
+field has a constant direction, but the area
+vector does not. The angle between them changes,
+
+so we couldn't remove the cosine from the
+integral.
+
+If we want to move both the field and the
+cosine out of the integral, we need to fulfill
+
+both conditions. The left-hand and center
+examples only fill one condition each. The
+
+example on the right has both, and would be
+ideal to use.
+
+Before we move on, a reminder about flux and
+angles. Only electric field lines that actually
+
+pass through a surface provide flux. When
+the surface is parallel to the field, no flux
+
+is provided. This is particularly useful for
+some three-dimensional surfaces, such as the
+
+empty cylinder to the right. If we remember
+this, we can really simplify our integrals.
+
+Another thing to remember: Flux is a scalar.
+As long as the field strength is the same,
+
+and the angle between the field and surface
+stays the same, the flux will be the same.
+
+We don't have to worry about the flux pointing
+in a particular direction, because it's just
+
+a number with no direction.
+
+Now we know how we would like the field and
+the area to line up. Next we need to understand
+
+the circumstances that make that possible.
+We need to look at electric charge distributions
+
+and their symmetry.
+
+Electric charge can come as a single point,
+as in an electron or proton, but it can also
+
+take other shapes. It might be stretched into
+a line, spread throughout a volume, or spread
+
+over a surface. Not a Gaussian surface - remember,
+that's something we make up to solve a problem.
+
+Charge is spread on a physical object. You
+can stretch the charge out into lines, spread
+
+it on thick wires or spherical shells, build
+a solid ball out of it, or even just smear
+
+it around on an object.
+
+An object has symmetry when it has exactly
+similar parts that are either facing each
+
+other, or arranged around an axis. On the
+screen are some pictures of objects that have
+
+symmetry.
+
+There are three categories that we'll investigate,
+and three types of symmetry to consider. Our
+
+hope is to have a highly symmetric charge
+distribution, with any of the three types
+
+of symmetry. That's when Gauss' Law is easiest
+to apply.
+
+These examples have little or no symmetry
+to them, and are not the sort of thing for
+
+which we can use Gauss' Law.
+
+These three charge distributions have visible
+symmetry, but it's not enough. We need a charge
+
+distribution so symmetric that the field it
+generates is also symmetric.
+
+Let us show why. Let's say we have a charged
+cube, which is certainly a symmetric object.
+
+We can draw the field from it fairly easily.
+If we place a cubical Gaussian surface around
+
+the charge, we can see the problem: the field
+and the surface have different angles in different
+
+places. There's some symmetry here, but not
+enough to allow us to pull everything out
+
+of the integral.
+
+These cases are ideal: a point charge, a spherical
+shell, an infinite sheet of charge, or an
+
+infinite cylindrical shell of charge. No doubt
+you've used Gauss' Law with these charge distributions
+
+before. How can we describe such distributions
+and find others like them?
+
+All three of those have a special quality:
+if you move in two directions, they look exactly
+
+the same. No matter how far you move across
+the plane in the x or y directions, it looks
+
+identical. Move along the cylinder or around
+it, and it looks the same. Rotate around the
+
+sphere around the equator or the poles, and
+you can't tell the difference.
+
+We can also add similar objects together or
+scale them however we like. By integrating
+
+the fields from a lot of shells, we can create
+a solid object, just like these Russian nesting
+
+dolls.
+
+Of course, perfectly symmetric charge distributions
+are rare in real life. This is probably because
+
+infinitely long cylinders are so hard to find.
+Thus we often use Gauss' Law in cases where
+
+the charge distributions are close to one
+of our symmetric cases. We can usually obtain
+
+excellent estimates of the true electric field
+in this way.
+
+Two approximations are particularly common:
+when the object is so large that we can treat
+
+it as being infinite, or when we are so close
+to the object that its large-scale features
+
+become unimportant. In these cases, we often
+treat the object as being an infinite plane.
+
+Here's an example of the first approximation.
+Compare the distance from your point of interest
+
+to the object, to the size of the object itself.
+If the smallest dimension of the object is
+
+ten times your distance from it, you can rely
+on a very good estimation from Gauss' Law,
+
+even if your plane isn't really infinite.
+
+To use the other approximation, we want a
+situation where the curvature is very small
+
+in the place we care about. For example, it
+would be very difficult for us to find the
+
+field at this point. However, if we zoom in,
+we can reach a point where the surface looks
+
+like a flat plane. Finding an estimate for
+the field at this point will be much easier.
+
+Now we have the background we need. It's time
+to put all the pieces together and pick our
+
+Gaussian surface.
+
+We'll do a quick review in case you missed
+something, and give you an example or two.
+
+After that, it's your turn to pick the best
+surface for a given situation.
+
+In order to simplify our integrals as much
+as possible, we seek out situations with as
+
+much symmetry as we can get. The symmetry
+in the charge distribution isn't something
+
+we can control, but our choice of surface
+will determine whether there is symmetry in
+
+how the electric field meets the Gaussian
+surface. And that's always the key: you choose
+
+the surface to make the problem easier for
+you. Finally, it's important to remember that
+
+in some cases, Gauss' Law won't be helpful,
+and it's good to look for another method.
+
+Here are three charge distributions: a long
+cylinder, a sphere, and a flat plane. To maximize
+
+the effects of symmetry, we choose surfaces
+that match up well with the charge distributions.
+
+To find the field near a cylinder, we surround
+it with another cylinder. To find the field
+
+near a sphere, we encase it in a sphere. To
+find the field near a charged plane, we use
+
+a box-shaped surface. Sometimes people will
+use a cylindrical surface instead, and count
+
+the flux that goes through the top of the
+cylinder. Both approaches are valid.
+
+Here is your first challenge: choose the Gaussian
+surface that will best fit this charge distribution.
+
+We want to know the electric field at a certain
+distance from the center of this solid sphere.
+
+What surface would you choose?
+
+A sphere inside our existing sphere will be
+easiest. This example helps us remember that
+
+the Gaussian surface can be inside an object.
+The area of the surface will be the usual
+
+four thirds pi r cubed. We'll need to remember
+to use only the charge inside our volume,
+
+not the whole charge of the sphere.
+
+Here's challenge number two. We would like
+to know the electric charge contained in a
+
+thundercloud. Let's say that the inside of
+the cloud has an electric field that looks
+
+like this.
+
+What surface would you choose?
+
+A box-shaped surface will take advantage of
+the Cartesian symmetry in this electric field.
+
+Because of the alignment between the sides
+of the box and the electric field, they will
+
+not contribute to the flux integral. We can
+use just the area of the top and bottom of
+
+the box, and the field at those locations,
+to find the flux. This is a common technique.
+
+Here's challenge number three: finding the
+electric field at a certain distance from
+
+the center of charged disc.
+
+What surface would you choose?
+
+No surface will work! The problem is that
+there's not enough symmetry in this situation
+
+to pick an appropriate surface.
+
+If we can't get an exact solution, we would
+like to approximate the field. Unfortunately,
+
+if we look at the distances involved, we are
+not close enough to the disc to make a good
+
+approximation.
+
+In the end, this is not a good Gauss' Law
+problem. It is solved much more easily through
+
+other techniques, such as integration and
+Coulomb's Law. An example can be found in
+
+the supplemental materials for this video.
+
+Here is the final challenge. A top and side
+view of the field are shown.
+
+What surface would align well with this field?
+
+A cylindrical surface would work very well
+with this circular field. You can see that
+
+the field is perpendicular to the area vector
+at all points. Our dot product is now giving
+
+us a cosine of ninety degrees at all times.
+This means a zero value for the flux at all
+
+points. We don't even need to determine the
+area of the cylinder.
+
+If our flux is zero, the total charge inside
+must also be zero. We might guess that positive
+
+and negative charges together could create
+this field, but as it turns out, they cannot.
+
+Fields that look like this are created by
+a changing magnetic field, using Faraday's
+
+Law, which you will learn more about later
+in your course.
+
+There are some times when you'll just have
+to integrate; there's no way around it. Not
+
+every situation is perfectly symmetric. When
+you come to these situations, look for the
+
+following things to help you out. First, an
+area vector that you can define easily. Second,
+
+an electric field that you can easily find
+or that is defined for you in a problem. Third,
+
+see if you can create a surface where either
+the magnitude of the field or its angle is
+
+uniform. The more of these you can take advantage
+of, the better.
+
+Let's review.
+
+The more symmetry we can take advantage of
+in our problem, the easier time we'll have
+
+with Gauss' Law and flux. Ideally, we want
+a situation where the charge, the field it
+
+creates, and the Gaussian surface we choose
+all have the same symmetry, so that we can
+
+simplify the integral as much as possible.
+
+For the final segment of this video, we wanted
+to answer a common question about electromagnetism.
+
+What is flux? What does it mean? How can we
+understand it?
+
+We took a video camera into the physics department
+at MIT to find out how physics professors
+
+and students think about flux. Here's what
+we found out.
+
+Thank you 
+
+for watching this video. We 
+hope that it has 
+
+improved your understanding of flux and Gauss'
+Law. Good luck in your future exploration
+
+of electromagnetism.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tkyv1D1tZGg.txt b/tkyv1D1tZGg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2f205eb6860757f9b715ffa48700986a537ca214
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tkyv1D1tZGg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7011 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license
+your support will help MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+quality educational resources for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality educational resources for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality educational resources for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay start with review and and preview I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay start with review and and preview I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay start with review and and preview I
+put a P up there because we're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a P up there because we're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a P up there because we're really
+looking into the Fourier parts that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking into the Fourier parts that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking into the Fourier parts that just
+started this morning but maybe and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started this morning but maybe and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started this morning but maybe and
+there'll be some homework from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be some homework from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be some homework from these
+early sections about the Fourier stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early sections about the Fourier stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early sections about the Fourier stuff
+so we maybe we should just do a few of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we maybe we should just do a few of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we maybe we should just do a few of
+those problems or discuss here today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those problems or discuss here today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those problems or discuss here today
+just in advance can I say one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in advance can I say one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in advance can I say one thing
+about MATLAB and and the MATLAB homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about MATLAB and and the MATLAB homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about MATLAB and and the MATLAB homework
+first and and maybe open a conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and and maybe open a conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and and maybe open a conversation
+about it so there are really two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it so there are really two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it so there are really two
+different problems that I'm personally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different problems that I'm personally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different problems that I'm personally
+quite interested in one one is to model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite interested in one one is to model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite interested in one one is to model
+I'll say model problems because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll say model problems because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll say model problems because they're
+therefore regular polygons in a circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore regular polygons in a circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore regular polygons in a circle
+and I'll draw an octagon again but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll draw an octagon again but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll draw an octagon again but not
+but so M sides and and I'm interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so M sides and and I'm interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so M sides and and I'm interested in
+as M goes to infinity and I'm interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as M goes to infinity and I'm interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as M goes to infinity and I'm interested
+in two different problems so one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two different problems so one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two different problems so one of them
+is our MATLAB problem - is the Laplace's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our MATLAB problem - is the Laplace's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our MATLAB problem - is the Laplace's
+equation what was it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with u equals zero on the circle okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with u equals zero on the circle okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with u equals zero on the circle okay so
+that's our problem totally open for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our problem totally open for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our problem totally open for
+discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion
+how many have started on that oh good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many have started on that oh good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many have started on that oh good
+okay well then you all know more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well then you all know more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well then you all know more about
+it than I and that's great I'd be happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it than I and that's great I'd be happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it than I and that's great I'd be happy
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+learn so if I said everything there yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn so if I said everything there yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn so if I said everything there yeah
+we've got poissons equation inside we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got poissons equation inside we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got poissons equation inside we've
+got you equals zero in the circle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got you equals zero in the circle so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got you equals zero in the circle so
+with the problems well-defined and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the problems well-defined and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the problems well-defined and the
+solution should be 1 minus x squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution should be 1 minus x squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution should be 1 minus x squared
+minus y squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus y squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus y squared
+no yeah 1 minus x squared minus y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no yeah 1 minus x squared minus y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no yeah 1 minus x squared minus y
+squared right ok so that's the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared right ok so that's the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared right ok so that's the correct
+solution maybe I could also tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution maybe I could also tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution maybe I could also tell you
+about the second problem that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the second problem that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the second problem that I'm
+interested in because it hasn't come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in because it hasn't come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in because it hasn't come up
+in class but it's very important to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class but it's very important to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class but it's very important to it
+would be the eigenvalue problem so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the eigenvalue problem so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the eigenvalue problem so this
+is problem number one the steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is problem number one the steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is problem number one the steady state
+problem when you've got a source and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem when you've got a source and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem when you've got a source and you
+want to fake you find out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to fake you find out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to fake you find out the
+temperature distribution problem number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature distribution problem number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature distribution problem number
+two would be the eigenvalue problem - u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two would be the eigenvalue problem - u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two would be the eigenvalue problem - u
+xx - u YY I take those minuses so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xx - u YY I take those minuses so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xx - u YY I take those minuses so that
+the eigen value will be positive so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigen value will be positive so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigen value will be positive so
+that's what the eigenvalue problem might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the eigenvalue problem might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the eigenvalue problem might
+look like and again let me say with u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like and again let me say with u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like and again let me say with u
+equals 0 on the boundary on the circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 on the boundary on the circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 on the boundary on the circle
+ok so so this is you would you a person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so so this is you would you a person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so so this is you would you a person
+would say this is Laplace's I can value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say this is Laplace's I can value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say this is Laplace's I can value
+problem because we have a pastas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because we have a pastas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because we have a pastas
+equation we've got eigenvalue so it's as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we've got eigenvalue so it's as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we've got eigenvalue so it's as
+always it's not linear because we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always it's not linear because we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always it's not linear because we have
+two unknowns lambdas multiplying U and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two unknowns lambdas multiplying U and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two unknowns lambdas multiplying U and
+we have boundary conditions and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have boundary conditions and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have boundary conditions and this
+would describe a normal modes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would describe a normal modes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would describe a normal modes for
+example of a circular drum if I had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a circular drum if I had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a circular drum if I had a
+drum or a polygon drum so if maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drum or a polygon drum so if maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drum or a polygon drum so if maybe I
+connect the you know to actually create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect the you know to actually create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect the you know to actually create
+build the drum I might fold in the sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build the drum I might fold in the sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build the drum I might fold in the sides
+there and have a polygon and again I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and have a polygon and again I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and have a polygon and again I
+hope that the eigenvalues of the polygon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope that the eigenvalues of the polygon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope that the eigenvalues of the polygon
+this same at this equation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this same at this equation in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this same at this equation in the
+polygon which are not known by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polygon which are not known by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polygon which are not known by the way
+to best of my knowledge we know it only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to best of my knowledge we know it only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to best of my knowledge we know it only
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+equal three which would be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal three which would be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal three which would be an
+equilateral triangle and m equal four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilateral triangle and m equal four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilateral triangle and m equal four
+which would be a square and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be a square and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be a square and those
+eigenvalues because of Fourier or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues because of Fourier or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues because of Fourier or
+something our dual are humanly doable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something our dual are humanly doable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something our dual are humanly doable
+but I think five on up is I may be wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think five on up is I may be wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think five on up is I may be wrong
+about six but I don't yeah I'm not sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about six but I don't yeah I'm not sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about six but I don't yeah I'm not sure
+about M equals six a hexagon sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about M equals six a hexagon sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about M equals six a hexagon sometimes
+gives you enough help but beyond that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you enough help but beyond that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you enough help but beyond that
+you're on your own with fine with Matt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on your own with fine with Matt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on your own with fine with Matt
+with finite elements to help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with finite elements to help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with finite elements to help you
+so there's a whole sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a whole sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a whole sequence of
+eigenfunctions you and eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenfunctions you and eigenvalues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenfunctions you and eigenvalues
+lambda just the way there were in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda just the way there were in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda just the way there were in one
+dimension and and on the circle they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension and and on the circle they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension and and on the circle they
+involve Bessel that's where Bessel you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve Bessel that's where Bessel you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve Bessel that's where Bessel you
+know he showed up he figured out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know he showed up he figured out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know he showed up he figured out the
+functions and they're not especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and they're not especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and they're not especially
+nice functions you know they're there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice functions you know they're there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice functions you know they're there
+but they're studied for centuries Bessel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're studied for centuries Bessel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're studied for centuries Bessel
+functions come into that but here I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions come into that but here I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions come into that but here I have
+the same question I mean let me just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same question I mean let me just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same question I mean let me just say
+for me this could be a UROP project if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me this could be a UROP project if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me this could be a UROP project if
+anybody was an undergraduate or it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody was an undergraduate or it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody was an undergraduate or it could
+be a project over January or something I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a project over January or something I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a project over January or something I
+I'd like to know something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to know something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to know something about the
+what happens as M goes to infinity for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens as M goes to infinity for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens as M goes to infinity for
+these for the as the polygon approaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these for the as the polygon approaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these for the as the polygon approaches
+a circle so I'm hoping maybe on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a circle so I'm hoping maybe on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a circle so I'm hoping maybe on your
+some some of the homeworks that come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some of the homeworks that come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some of the homeworks that come in
+you'll if it's not too difficult and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll if it's not too difficult and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll if it's not too difficult and
+maybe it's not to let em go up a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's not to let em go up a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's not to let em go up a bit
+there is one thing that the code were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is one thing that the code were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is one thing that the code were
+working with is linear elements right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with is linear elements right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with is linear elements right
+we're using linear finite elements so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using linear finite elements so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using linear finite elements so
+we're not getting high accuracy so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not getting high accuracy so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not getting high accuracy so I
+would really like to move up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would really like to move up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would really like to move up to
+quadratic elements but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic elements but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic elements but
+at least those you remember quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least those you remember quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least those you remember quadratic
+elements would be once where well first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements would be once where well first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements would be once where well first
+I first I have that well let me draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I first I have that well let me draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I first I have that well let me draw the
+the one that we've drawn in class before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that we've drawn in class before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that we've drawn in class before
+this we only have to look at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we only have to look at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we only have to look at one
+triangle and then we cut it up into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle and then we cut it up into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle and then we cut it up into
+triangular elements by taking some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular elements by taking some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular elements by taking some
+pieces here taking the points above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces here taking the points above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces here taking the points above
+which I hope we're now correct on the on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I hope we're now correct on the on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I hope we're now correct on the on
+the website making though connecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the website making though connecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the website making though connecting
+those edges and then connecting these is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those edges and then connecting these is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those edges and then connecting these is
+that right is that our mesh okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right is that our mesh okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right is that our mesh okay and
+then the weak and then so that mesh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the weak and then so that mesh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the weak and then so that mesh is
+controlled by N one two endpoints so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled by N one two endpoints so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled by N one two endpoints so I
+mentor also in its gonna have to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentor also in its gonna have to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentor also in its gonna have to get
+large to to give me accuracy and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large to to give me accuracy and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large to to give me accuracy and another
+way toward more accuracy is instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way toward more accuracy is instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way toward more accuracy is instead of
+linear elements second-degree so do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear elements second-degree so do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear elements second-degree so do you
+remember I wrote those down say here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I wrote those down say here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I wrote those down say here's
+let me let me take that little triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me take that little triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me take that little triangle
+out here as a bigger triangle it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here as a bigger triangle it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here as a bigger triangle it would
+be it would look something like that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it would look something like that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it would look something like that I
+guess they're the second-degree elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess they're the second-degree elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess they're the second-degree elements
+have those six mesh points you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have those six mesh points you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have those six mesh points you remember
+I drew those but we didn't really have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I drew those but we didn't really have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I drew those but we didn't really have
+time to get further with them the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to get further with them the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to get further with them the the
+functions the trial functions fee which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions the trial functions fee which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions the trial functions fee which
+are one at a typical mesh point and zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are one at a typical mesh point and zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are one at a typical mesh point and zero
+at all the others they are computable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all the others they are computable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all the others they are computable
+because we just have but we're up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we just have but we're up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we just have but we're up to
+second degree so it's a little you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second degree so it's a little you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second degree so it's a little you know
+second degree things then the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second degree things then the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second degree things then the first
+derivatives which come into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives which come into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives which come into the
+integrations are linear and not constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrations are linear and not constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrations are linear and not constant
+so a little bit harder but finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a little bit harder but finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a little bit harder but finite
+elements linear or quadratic or higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements linear or quadratic or higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements linear or quadratic or higher
+could be used for this problem as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be used for this problem as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be used for this problem as we
+know and for this problem what I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and for this problem what I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and for this problem what I wanted
+to add that I've not mentioned in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add that I've not mentioned in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add that I've not mentioned in class
+and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think
+we may just not get a chance to do it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we may just not get a chance to do it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we may just not get a chance to do it is
+what does the finite element method look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does the finite element method look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does the finite element method look
+like for an eigenvalue problem because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for an eigenvalue problem because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for an eigenvalue problem because
+eigenvalues are highly important you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues are highly important you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues are highly important you
+know that's that's the way to that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's that's the way to that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's that's the way to that's the
+different way to understand there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way to understand there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way to understand there's the
+matrix K and it's entries but then there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix K and it's entries but then there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix K and it's entries but then there
+are the eigenvalues and you might think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the eigenvalues and you might think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the eigenvalues and you might think
+that what do you think is the discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what do you think is the discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what do you think is the discrete
+eigen value problem copying this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen value problem copying this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen value problem copying this one
+here's my point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my point
+you might your first guess would be well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might your first guess would be well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might your first guess would be well
+this is like k right this is like k you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like k right this is like k you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like k right this is like k you
+write our K to D you I should call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write our K to D you I should call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write our K to D you I should call it
+maybe well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe well
+sorry I'll call it K because K to D I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I'll call it K because K to D I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I'll call it K because K to D I
+have specifically reserved for the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have specifically reserved for the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have specifically reserved for the for
+the Laplace I can value i stiffness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Laplace I can value i stiffness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Laplace I can value i stiffness
+matrix on a square mesh square mesh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix on a square mesh square mesh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix on a square mesh square mesh with
+triangles the K to D that that was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles the K to D that that was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles the K to D that that was one
+specific matrix for one specific mesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific matrix for one specific mesh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific matrix for one specific mesh
+and here we have a different mesh so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we have a different mesh so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we have a different mesh so I
+should just call it K okay I think if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should just call it K okay I think if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should just call it K okay I think if
+anybody was gonna make a guess they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody was gonna make a guess they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody was gonna make a guess they
+would say okay okay u equal lambda u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say okay okay u equal lambda u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say okay okay u equal lambda u
+I'll you maybe I use capital lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll you maybe I use capital lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll you maybe I use capital lambda
+because I'm using capital u is that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm using capital u is that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm using capital u is that is
+this the finite element method I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the finite element method I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the finite element method I can
+value problem and if you if you answered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value problem and if you if you answered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value problem and if you if you answered
+yes I would have to say well that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I would have to say well that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I would have to say well that's a
+reasonable answer but it's wrong the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable answer but it's wrong the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable answer but it's wrong the
+eigenvalue problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue problem
+when i take the differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i take the differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i take the differential equation
+look for the plus Laplace's equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for the plus Laplace's equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for the plus Laplace's equation
+with lambda u on the right side and i go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with lambda u on the right side and i go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with lambda u on the right side and i go
+to make it I go to do finite elements it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it I go to do finite elements it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it I go to do finite elements it
+produces K out of this stuff out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces K out of this stuff out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces K out of this stuff out of the
+weak form all that stuff but it produces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak form all that stuff but it produces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak form all that stuff but it produces
+another matrix on the right-hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another matrix on the right-hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another matrix on the right-hand side
+from the constant term and we have not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the constant term and we have not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the constant term and we have not
+really mentioned it it's the mass matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really mentioned it it's the mass matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really mentioned it it's the mass matrix
+so this instead of just the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this instead of just the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this instead of just the identity
+here it's there's a mass matrix so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's there's a mass matrix so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's there's a mass matrix so that
+is the problem that you could do I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the problem that you could do I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the problem that you could do I could
+have made a MATLAB project I guess and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have made a MATLAB project I guess and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have made a MATLAB project I guess and I
+bet I'd do it next fall right you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet I'd do it next fall right you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet I'd do it next fall right you guys
+did the first one this one or or you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the first one this one or or you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the first one this one or or you're
+doing it now and I'm gonna pause in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it now and I'm gonna pause in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it now and I'm gonna pause in a
+minute for questions about it or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute for questions about it or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute for questions about it or or
+discussion of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of it
+but this one brings in something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this one brings in something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this one brings in something called
+the mass matrix so let me just say what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass matrix so let me just say what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass matrix so let me just say what
+those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are
+yeah if I write down the entries in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if I write down the entries in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if I write down the entries in the
+mass matrix you'll you'll sort of get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass matrix you'll you'll sort of get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass matrix you'll you'll sort of get an
+idea of why they are so what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of why they are so what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of why they are so what are the
+entries in the stiffness matrix k IJ you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries in the stiffness matrix k IJ you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries in the stiffness matrix k IJ you
+remember is the integral of the fee I DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember is the integral of the fee I DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember is the integral of the fee I DX
+the fee J DX plus the fee i dy DV j dy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fee J DX plus the fee i dy DV j dy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fee J DX plus the fee i dy DV j dy
+DX dy and that's what you're computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX dy and that's what you're computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX dy and that's what you're computing
+and that's what that code is computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what that code is computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what that code is computing
+and when P is linear be linear then then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when P is linear be linear then then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when P is linear be linear then then
+slopes are constant so all you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slopes are constant so all you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slopes are constant so all you have to
+do and that what that code in the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and that what that code in the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and that what that code in the book
+is doing is figuring out what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing is figuring out what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing is figuring out what are the
+slopes this thing's are constant so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slopes this thing's are constant so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slopes this thing's are constant so we
+just need to know the area of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need to know the area of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need to know the area of the of the
+integration where where are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration where where are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration where where are we
+integrating the area triangle by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating the area triangle by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating the area triangle by
+triangle fine that's what we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle fine that's what we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle fine that's what we're doing
+that's that's what that code is just set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's what that code is just set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's what that code is just set
+up to do now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to do now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to do now
+I have to tell you what is mij the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to tell you what is mij the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to tell you what is mij the mass
+matrix I just think you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix I just think you don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix I just think you don't want to
+have we haven't done too badly with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we haven't done too badly with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we haven't done too badly with
+finite elements in here you know we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite elements in here you know we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite elements in here you know we did
+it 1d where we got it kind of straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it 1d where we got it kind of straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it 1d where we got it kind of straight
+and now we're seeing what it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we're seeing what it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we're seeing what it looks like
+in 2d but I had not really mentioned a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2d but I had not really mentioned a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2d but I had not really mentioned a
+mass matrix so here it comes the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass matrix so here it comes the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass matrix so here it comes the mass
+matrix will be the integral of V I times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix will be the integral of V I times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix will be the integral of V I times
+V J dxdy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V J dxdy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V J dxdy
+it's the it's the zero order no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the it's the zero order no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the it's the zero order no
+derivatives just plain zero order as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives just plain zero order as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives just plain zero order as you
+expect from the fact that the the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect from the fact that the the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect from the fact that the the term
+in the continuous part is zero order so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the continuous part is zero order so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the continuous part is zero order so
+it's this mass matrix that comes in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this mass matrix that comes in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this mass matrix that comes in and
+maybe we could just look to see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we could just look to see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we could just look to see what
+what would what kind of where will the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would what kind of where will the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would what kind of where will the
+which entries will be zero and which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which entries will be zero and which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which entries will be zero and which
+will not how sparse is it what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not how sparse is it what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not how sparse is it what is the
+mass matrix look like and can we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass matrix look like and can we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass matrix look like and can we just
+like let me do 1d first so there's a fee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like let me do 1d first so there's a fee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like let me do 1d first so there's a fee
+right there's another one there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's another one there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's another one there's
+another one so what do you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one so what do you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one so what do you think about
+the mass matrix one fee multiplied by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass matrix one fee multiplied by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass matrix one fee multiplied by
+another fee and integrated is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another fee and integrated is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another fee and integrated is it
+diagonal no because he each fee overlaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal no because he each fee overlaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal no because he each fee overlaps
+the it's two neighbors so tell me what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it's two neighbors so tell me what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it's two neighbors so tell me what
+kind of a matrix M is going to be in 1d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a matrix M is going to be in 1d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a matrix M is going to be in 1d
+tri diagonal tri diagonal it'll be tri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tri diagonal tri diagonal it'll be tri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tri diagonal tri diagonal it'll be tri
+diagonal now so was K so K and M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal now so was K so K and M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal now so was K so K and M
+actually have non zeros in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have non zeros in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have non zeros in the same
+places the same sparsity pattern but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places the same sparsity pattern but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places the same sparsity pattern but of
+course not the same numbers in there k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course not the same numbers in there k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course not the same numbers in there k
+had like minus ones and twos or fours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had like minus ones and twos or fours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had like minus ones and twos or fours
+and minus ones this matrix well actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus ones this matrix well actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus ones this matrix well actually
+what can you tell me about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can you tell me about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can you tell me about this
+tridiagonal matrix well when I integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tridiagonal matrix well when I integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tridiagonal matrix well when I integrate
+that against this well again I would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that against this well again I would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that against this well again I would do
+it element by element because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it element by element because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it element by element because this
+against this there were the only overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against this there were the only overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against this there were the only overlap
+here right I'll just draw that one place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right I'll just draw that one place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right I'll just draw that one place
+that they overlap and what's the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they overlap and what's the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they overlap and what's the point
+they're both positive so the mass matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both positive so the mass matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both positive so the mass matrix
+is its rows don't add to zero its rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is its rows don't add to zero its rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is its rows don't add to zero its rows
+tend to add to one but it's not diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to add to one but it's not diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to add to one but it's not diagonal
+that's the difference okay so that's I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the difference okay so that's I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the difference okay so that's I
+just felt I couldn't feel you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just felt I couldn't feel you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just felt I couldn't feel you know I
+couldn't have done a decent job in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't have done a decent job in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't have done a decent job in in
+describing finite elements if I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing finite elements if I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing finite elements if I didn't
+describe this didn't mention this mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe this didn't mention this mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe this didn't mention this mass
+matrix and maybe I better say where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and maybe I better say where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and maybe I better say where it
+comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from
+yeah well I can value problem it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well I can value problem it may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well I can value problem it may
+come number two but that's pretty high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come number two but that's pretty high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come number two but that's pretty high
+up the list so so let me tell you where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the list so so let me tell you where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the list so so let me tell you where
+where does this mass matrix come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does this mass matrix come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does this mass matrix come from
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first let me tell you about eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first let me tell you about eigenvalues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first let me tell you about eigenvalues
+of a matrix eigenvalues yeah yeah so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a matrix eigenvalues yeah yeah so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a matrix eigenvalues yeah yeah so so
+the answer was is is this the finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer was is is this the finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer was is is this the finite
+element eigenvalue problem only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element eigenvalue problem only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element eigenvalue problem only if
+there's an M there and now I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay first of all what what MATLAB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay first of all what what MATLAB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay first of all what what MATLAB
+command solves that problem let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command solves that problem let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command solves that problem let's just
+be a little practical for a moment what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little practical for a moment what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little practical for a moment what
+what MATLAB command gives me the eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what MATLAB command gives me the eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what MATLAB command gives me the eigen
+the matrix of eigenvectors the matrix of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix of eigenvectors the matrix of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix of eigenvectors the matrix of
+eigenvalues would come from egg of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues would come from egg of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues would come from egg of what
+if I want this is I'd call this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want this is I'd call this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want this is I'd call this the
+generalized eigenvalue problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized eigenvalue problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized eigenvalue problem
+generalized because it's got somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized because it's got somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized because it's got somebody
+over here and it's just k apostrophe m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and it's just k apostrophe m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and it's just k apostrophe m
+or of course you get the same answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or of course you get the same answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or of course you get the same answer
+well you get the same eigen values i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you get the same eigen values i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you get the same eigen values i
+guess the same eigenvectors yeah if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess the same eigenvectors yeah if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess the same eigenvectors yeah if you
+or I go of M inverse K of course if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I go of M inverse K of course if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I go of M inverse K of course if you
+want to do it with just one matrix then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do it with just one matrix then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do it with just one matrix then
+bring him inverse over here but M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring him inverse over here but M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring him inverse over here but M
+inverse the inverse of this tri diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse the inverse of this tri diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse the inverse of this tri diagonal
+matrix is full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is full
+oh no zeros in the in the inverse so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no zeros in the in the inverse so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no zeros in the in the inverse so I
+everybody would much prefer this tri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody would much prefer this tri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody would much prefer this tri
+diagonal tri diagonal one so that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal tri diagonal one so that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal tri diagonal one so that's how
+MATLAB would do it and what I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MATLAB would do it and what I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MATLAB would do it and what I want to
+know is back in this problem how close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is back in this problem how close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is back in this problem how close
+to the finite element guys come to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the finite element guys come to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the finite element guys come to the
+to the on polygons come to the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the on polygons come to the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the on polygons come to the correct
+solution on circles I'm hoping that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution on circles I'm hoping that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution on circles I'm hoping that for
+problem one you can maybe keep m and n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem one you can maybe keep m and n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem one you can maybe keep m and n
+equal or maybe and maybe four times M or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal or maybe and maybe four times M or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal or maybe and maybe four times M or
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+but let them grow and see well for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let them grow and see well for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let them grow and see well for
+example at the center of the circle or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example at the center of the circle or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example at the center of the circle or
+how quickly do you approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how quickly do you approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how quickly do you approach
+the correct answer one at the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct answer one at the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct answer one at the center of
+the circle it's I think it's gonna be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circle it's I think it's gonna be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circle it's I think it's gonna be a
+good problem let me open to so I started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good problem let me open to so I started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good problem let me open to so I started
+out just talking there what about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out just talking there what about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out just talking there what about what
+about there MATLAB problem you've made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about there MATLAB problem you've made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about there MATLAB problem you've made
+us start on it is it going have you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us start on it is it going have you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us start on it is it going have you got
+a graph maybe of the or what to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a graph maybe of the or what to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a graph maybe of the or what to what
+could what is reasonable to graft to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could what is reasonable to graft to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could what is reasonable to graft to
+give Peter to to look at who's done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give Peter to to look at who's done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give Peter to to look at who's done
+something on that MATLAB problem yeah go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on that MATLAB problem yeah go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on that MATLAB problem yeah go
+ahead tell me what tell us all what to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead tell me what tell us all what to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead tell me what tell us all what to
+do okay yeah I see so was n if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay yeah I see so was n if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay yeah I see so was n if you just
+fix them like eight and let in get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+significantly yeah it wouldn't of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly yeah it wouldn't of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly yeah it wouldn't of course
+converged to the right answer it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converged to the right answer it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converged to the right answer it'll
+converge if it does to some kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge if it does to some kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge if it does to some kind of an
+answer to the for the polygon right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to the for the polygon right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to the for the polygon right
+that's right so I you know as I wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right so I you know as I wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right so I you know as I wrote
+the problem I didn't know whether I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem I didn't know whether I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem I didn't know whether I
+dared say let em get increased to but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dared say let em get increased to but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dared say let em get increased to but of
+course that's the real question and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that's the real question and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that's the real question and what
+happened then is the air shrink okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened then is the air shrink okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened then is the air shrink okay
+and now maybe it's possible to see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now maybe it's possible to see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now maybe it's possible to see how
+fast or something that's always oh okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast or something that's always oh okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast or something that's always oh okay
+at the center okay and I can I just then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the center okay and I can I just then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the center okay and I can I just then
+all have hope for more comment let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have hope for more comment let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have hope for more comment let me
+say one more thing my theory is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say one more thing my theory is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say one more thing my theory is that the
+error at the center is quite a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error at the center is quite a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error at the center is quite a bit
+smaller than the error closer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than the error closer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than the error closer to the
+boundary I would be interested in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary I would be interested in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary I would be interested in an
+error is it fairly even who my theory is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error is it fairly even who my theory is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error is it fairly even who my theory is
+wrong one be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong one be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong one be
+the first time but and maybe if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time but and maybe if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time but and maybe if it's
+because it's linear yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's linear yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's linear yeah
+my theory is more for better elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my theory is more for better elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my theory is more for better elements
+like okay but I'd be interested to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay but I'd be interested to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay but I'd be interested to know
+yeah this why do I think why why do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this why do I think why why do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this why do I think why why do I
+have this theory which you guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this theory which you guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this theory which you guys are
+going to prove wrong anyway but still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to prove wrong anyway but still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to prove wrong anyway but still
+it's after you've proved it wrong you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's after you've proved it wrong you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's after you've proved it wrong you
+won't listen to me if I tell it to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't listen to me if I tell it to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't listen to me if I tell it to you
+so I know I'll tell it my theory is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I know I'll tell it my theory is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I know I'll tell it my theory is that
+the error the error around the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the error the error around the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the error the error around the boundary
+is sort of you know there's no error at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of you know there's no error at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of you know there's no error at
+these vertices and then there's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these vertices and then there's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these vertices and then there's sort of
+gonna be an error because it's the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be an error because it's the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be an error because it's the real
+answer is not zero along here it's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is not zero along here it's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is not zero along here it's sort
+of near zero but not quite you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of near zero but not quite you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of near zero but not quite you know
+there's an error so there's errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an error so there's errors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an error so there's errors
+around here from getting the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around here from getting the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around here from getting the boundary
+wrong squaring it off and but my theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong squaring it off and but my theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong squaring it off and but my theory
+is that errors the boundary stuff drops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that errors the boundary stuff drops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that errors the boundary stuff drops
+off quickly as you go inside that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off quickly as you go inside that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off quickly as you go inside that's why
+I think you know from those you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you know from those you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you know from those you remember
+those well we'll see them again either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those well we'll see them again either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those well we'll see them again either
+today or Friday those are to the enth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today or Friday those are to the enth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today or Friday those are to the enth
+cost NX type things that cost n cos n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost NX type things that cost n cos n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost NX type things that cost n cos n
+theta yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta yeah
+you remember those are the typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember those are the typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember those are the typical
+solutions to Laplace's equation and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to Laplace's equation and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to Laplace's equation and then
+so that if it has some coefficient of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that if it has some coefficient of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that if it has some coefficient of
+course a n and and I look at that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course a n and and I look at that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course a n and and I look at that that
+might be a piece of error and it's way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a piece of error and it's way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a piece of error and it's way
+bigger when R is 1 and way smaller when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger when R is 1 and way smaller when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger when R is 1 and way smaller when
+R is 0 so anyway that's sort of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R is 0 so anyway that's sort of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R is 0 so anyway that's sort of my
+theory that that the that if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that that the that if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that that the that if you have
+like physically you have a like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like physically you have a like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like physically you have a like a
+circular plate and you're your key B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular plate and you're your key B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular plate and you're your key B
+you're maintaining the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're maintaining the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're maintaining the boundary
+temperature at some sort of oscillation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature at some sort of oscillation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature at some sort of oscillation
+like near one but up and down from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like near one but up and down from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like near one but up and down from one
+then I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I think
+further inside it doesn't know it hardly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further inside it doesn't know it hardly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further inside it doesn't know it hardly
+knows about that oscillation minor this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows about that oscillation minor this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows about that oscillation minor this
+is my theory that that inside the toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my theory that that inside the toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my theory that that inside the toward
+the center of the circle it only sees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of the circle it only sees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of the circle it only sees
+kind of a average boundary temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a average boundary temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a average boundary temperature
+and not your little ups and downs so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not your little ups and downs so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not your little ups and downs so
+when M is big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when M is big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when M is big
+I expect that part of the air the up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I expect that part of the air the up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I expect that part of the air the up and
+down part to be not so significant in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down part to be not so significant in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down part to be not so significant in
+the center anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center anyway
+now that's my theory yeah oh good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's my theory yeah oh good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's my theory yeah oh good
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whoo okay so we only looked at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoo okay so we only looked at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoo okay so we only looked at the
+center would would all be the same as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center would would all be the same as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center would would all be the same as it
+would it I mean where if we're only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it I mean where if we're only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it I mean where if we're only
+looking at one point where it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at one point where it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at one point where it should be
+one at the center but but along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one at the center but but along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one at the center but but along the
+thing I I don't know I if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I I don't know I if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I I don't know I if you look at
+both and see a significant difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both and see a significant difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both and see a significant difference in
+the in the behavior I'd be interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the behavior I'd be interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the behavior I'd be interested
+yeah yeah you know all these problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah you know all these problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah you know all these problems
+are things that there's no single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things that there's no single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things that there's no single
+solution to yeah the error between 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to yeah the error between 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to yeah the error between 1
+minus R squared oh wait we've got slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus R squared oh wait we've got slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus R squared oh wait we've got slope
+error - that's a very icy right right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error - that's a very icy right right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error - that's a very icy right right
+so there's slope errors in there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's slope errors in there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's slope errors in there and
+everybody knows then everybody in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody knows then everybody in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody knows then everybody in
+working the problem I mentioned that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working the problem I mentioned that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working the problem I mentioned that the
+boundary conditions on this piece of pie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions on this piece of pie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions on this piece of pie
+were zero on here and normal derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were zero on here and normal derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were zero on here and normal derivative
+somehow it got printed D udh but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow it got printed D udh but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow it got printed D udh but that
+was an accident it should have been d UD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an accident it should have been d UD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an accident it should have been d UD
+n DN is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n DN is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n DN is zero
+so no I'm on conditions on the on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no I'm on conditions on the on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no I'm on conditions on the on the
+thing and then I was a little scared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and then I was a little scared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and then I was a little scared
+about that point but I think phooey on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that point but I think phooey on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that point but I think phooey on
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+it's just don't worry about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just don't worry about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just don't worry about it
+but what I was going to say how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what I was going to say how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what I was going to say how do you
+what do you do to take into account this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you do to take into account this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you do to take into account this
+D UD n equals zero this this slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D UD n equals zero this this slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D UD n equals zero this this slope
+condition on these long boundaries what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition on these long boundaries what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition on these long boundaries what
+should you do in finite elements to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you do in finite elements to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you do in finite elements to take
+account for that and the answer is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for that and the answer is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for that and the answer is a
+nice one nice word nothing right nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice one nice word nothing right nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice one nice word nothing right nothing
+your your finite element method should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your finite element method should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your finite element method should
+not you don't impose any condition along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you don't impose any condition along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you don't impose any condition along
+these boundaries you just use the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these boundaries you just use the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these boundaries you just use the code
+as it is with zeroes on this boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it is with zeroes on this boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it is with zeroes on this boundary
+and and it should work yeah should work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it should work yeah should work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it should work yeah should work
+any comments on other other people okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any comments on other other people okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any comments on other other people okay
+what did did you get reasonable results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did did you get reasonable results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did did you get reasonable results
+or tell me something cuz you guys looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or tell me something cuz you guys looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or tell me something cuz you guys looked
+at those graphs and I have not any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at those graphs and I have not any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at those graphs and I have not any
+feedback yet on those I'm happy to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback yet on those I'm happy to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback yet on those I'm happy to get
+email to about people that means so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email to about people that means so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email to about people that means so all
+the email first of all that corrected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the email first of all that corrected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the email first of all that corrected
+the typos in the original coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the typos in the original coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the typos in the original coordinate
+positions and now that pointed out I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions and now that pointed out I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions and now that pointed out I
+better look at M is very very welcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better look at M is very very welcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better look at M is very very welcome
+yeah yeah it doesn't mean that everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah it doesn't mean that everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah it doesn't mean that everybody
+has to do this you know if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do this you know if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do this you know if you've
+completed that MATLAB assignment you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed that MATLAB assignment you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed that MATLAB assignment you
+never want to see it again and and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never want to see it again and and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never want to see it again and and you
+kept em equal eight it's okay but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept em equal eight it's okay but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept em equal eight it's okay but if
+you're if you're interested to see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're if you're interested to see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're if you're interested to see what
+happens if M goes to 16 or 32 I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if M goes to 16 or 32 I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if M goes to 16 or 32 I'm
+interested also right yeah yeah okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested also right yeah yeah okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested also right yeah yeah okay so
+anyway there's that's the problem we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway there's that's the problem we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway there's that's the problem we're
+really thinking about and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really thinking about and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really thinking about and that's a
+problem that that is equally important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that that is equally important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that that is equally important
+but it seemed reasonable just to do one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it seemed reasonable just to do one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it seemed reasonable just to do one
+of the two right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two right
+and we were set up to do that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we were set up to do that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we were set up to do that we have
+the code for the stiffness matrix we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code for the stiffness matrix we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code for the stiffness matrix we
+would need a new code to do these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need a new code to do these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need a new code to do these these
+integrals because this will be linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals because this will be linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals because this will be linear
+times linear right it'll be this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times linear right it'll be this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times linear right it'll be this this
+I'll have to compute that one times this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll have to compute that one times this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll have to compute that one times this
+one and I would need new formulas that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and I would need new formulas that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and I would need new formulas that
+are not in the I need formulas for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not in the I need formulas for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not in the I need formulas for this
+so this will be linear times linear so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this will be linear times linear so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this will be linear times linear so
+I'll be integrating x squared type stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be integrating x squared type stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be integrating x squared type stuff
+and XY z-- because I'm in 2d and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and XY z-- because I'm in 2d and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and XY z-- because I'm in 2d and Y
+Squared's so it would take a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Squared's so it would take a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Squared's so it would take a little more
+code but not much yeah yeah I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code but not much yeah yeah I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code but not much yeah yeah I think the
+mess oh here's a question for you here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess oh here's a question for you here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess oh here's a question for you here's
+a question for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question for you
+suppose I have my trial functions Phii
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I have my trial functions Phii
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I have my trial functions Phii
+of X what do they add up to let me let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X what do they add up to let me let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X what do they add up to let me let
+me again draw a mesh so I've got a mesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me again draw a mesh so I've got a mesh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me again draw a mesh so I've got a mesh
+these are these are you know I'm sorry I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are these are you know I'm sorry I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are these are you know I'm sorry I
+want to put in some more some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to put in some more some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to put in some more some more
+triangles here lots of triangles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles here lots of triangles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles here lots of triangles
+whatever let me get some work vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever let me get some work vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever let me get some work vertices
+to like if I'm getting in trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like if I'm getting in trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like if I'm getting in trouble
+okay whatever Sophie I is the piecewise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay whatever Sophie I is the piecewise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay whatever Sophie I is the piecewise
+linear guy that is one at node I so I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear guy that is one at node I so I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear guy that is one at node I so I've
+got all these different nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got all these different nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got all these different nodes
+here's oh there I need a node there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's oh there I need a node there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's oh there I need a node there so
+I've got 1 2 3 there's a node there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got 1 2 3 there's a node there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got 1 2 3 there's a node there's
+more nodes if I add them all up this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more nodes if I add them all up this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more nodes if I add them all up this is
+just like in an insight question I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like in an insight question I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like in an insight question I've
+got all these well you could add up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got all these well you could add up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got all these well you could add up
+these hats in 1d what's the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these hats in 1d what's the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these hats in 1d what's the sum of the
+hats in one dimension one good good good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hats in one dimension one good good good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hats in one dimension one good good good
+that sum is one that's a it's a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sum is one that's a it's a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sum is one that's a it's a nice
+fact that these guys add up to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that these guys add up to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that these guys add up to one
+and now why is it still true here in 2d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now why is it still true here in 2d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now why is it still true here in 2d
+that these little pyramids will add to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these little pyramids will add to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these little pyramids will add to
+one yeah that's an insight question it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one yeah that's an insight question it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one yeah that's an insight question it's
+worth thinking about why do those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth thinking about why do those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth thinking about why do those
+pyramids add to one let me let me leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyramids add to one let me let me leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyramids add to one let me let me leave
+that question for I'm thinking it but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question for I'm thinking it but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question for I'm thinking it but we
+haven't haven't imposed any boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't haven't imposed any boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't haven't imposed any boundary
+conditions yet we've got them all and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions yet we've got them all and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions yet we've got them all and I
+claim that if we add up all the pyramids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that if we add up all the pyramids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that if we add up all the pyramids
+including the boundary chopped off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the boundary chopped off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the boundary chopped off
+pyramids from the boundary that will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyramids from the boundary that will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyramids from the boundary that will get
+one throughout the whole now it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one throughout the whole now it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one throughout the whole now it'll be
+fee of X and why because now I'm moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee of X and why because now I'm moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee of X and why because now I'm moving
+to 2d with pyramids I think we'll still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2d with pyramids I think we'll still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2d with pyramids I think we'll still
+have one let me give you a minute to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one let me give you a minute to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one let me give you a minute to
+think about that one and then we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that one and then we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that one and then we could
+turn to Fourier questions if you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn to Fourier questions if you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn to Fourier questions if you would
+like we could do some problem from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we could do some problem from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we could do some problem from the
+from the text and he thoughts about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the text and he thoughts about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the text and he thoughts about this
+guy why should all those little all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy why should all those little all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy why should all those little all
+those individual pyramids add up to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those individual pyramids add up to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those individual pyramids add up to a
+flat roof why did it work here well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat roof why did it work here well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat roof why did it work here well you
+probably it worked because you could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably it worked because you could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably it worked because you could you
+could you could see it right somehow it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you could see it right somehow it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you could see it right somehow it
+still work if the nodes are not equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still work if the nodes are not equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still work if the nodes are not equally
+spaced so we've got a hat function for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced so we've got a hat function for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced so we've got a hat function for
+that guy and a hat function for this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that guy and a hat function for this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that guy and a hat function for this guy
+and a hat function for this guy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a hat function for this guy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a hat function for this guy and
+these these guys are in there too we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these guys are in there too we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these guys are in there too we
+haven't imposed anything so those one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't imposed anything so those one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't imposed anything so those one
+two one two three four five functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two one two three four five functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two one two three four five functions
+five fees they add up to one and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five fees they add up to one and why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five fees they add up to one and why
+what are you gonna say it's obvious but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you gonna say it's obvious but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you gonna say it's obvious but
+that's what professors are allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what professors are allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what professors are allowed to
+say things are obvious you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say things are obvious you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say things are obvious you have to
+to actually say why which is not as easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually say why which is not as easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually say why which is not as easy
+so why do they add to one let me look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why do they add to one let me look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why do they add to one let me look
+inside one element why do the two why do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside one element why do the two why do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside one element why do the two why do
+the sum of these two guys add to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of these two guys add to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of these two guys add to a
+flat-top inside that inside that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat-top inside that inside that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat-top inside that inside that
+interval yeah at the endpoints you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval yeah at the endpoints you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval yeah at the endpoints you've
+got it because at the end what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it because at the end what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it because at the end what's
+happening at the endpoints this guy one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening at the endpoints this guy one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening at the endpoints this guy one
+of the guys that the right guy is 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the guys that the right guy is 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the guys that the right guy is 1 and
+all other guys are zero right and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all other guys are zero right and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all other guys are zero right and this
+guy is also at 1 because it's it's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy is also at 1 because it's it's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy is also at 1 because it's it's right
+guy it has height 1 and all others 0 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy it has height 1 and all others 0 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy it has height 1 and all others 0 so
+at the nodes we are at 1 because of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the nodes we are at 1 because of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the nodes we are at 1 because of one
+person really one element yeah and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right but the sum of them is why is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but the sum of them is why is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but the sum of them is why is this
+some of them always 1 why is slope 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them always 1 why is slope 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them always 1 why is slope 0
+yeah yeah yeah the slope is cancel right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah the slope is cancel right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah the slope is cancel right
+or we know that in between it will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we know that in between it will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we know that in between it will be a
+linear function that would be one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear function that would be one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear function that would be one way to
+look at it if I add up a linear function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it if I add up a linear function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it if I add up a linear function
+and a linear function the sum is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a linear function the sum is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a linear function the sum is a
+linear function so I'm getting a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear function so I'm getting a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear function so I'm getting a linear
+function which is 1 at those points so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is 1 at those points so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is 1 at those points so
+what is that function 1 right you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is that function 1 right you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is that function 1 right you know
+that's the straight line so that idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the straight line so that idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the straight line so that idea
+will work here too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will work here too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will work here too
+if look inside some little triangle here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if look inside some little triangle here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if look inside some little triangle here
+okay that's got one two three corners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's got one two three corners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's got one two three corners
+okay and and if I look at this sum what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and and if I look at this sum what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and and if I look at this sum what
+is it at this corner if I look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it at this corner if I look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it at this corner if I look at that
+sum at this corner one guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum at this corner one guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum at this corner one guy
+one the one for that pyramid and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the one for that pyramid and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the one for that pyramid and all
+others are 0 so the sum is 1 there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others are 0 so the sum is 1 there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others are 0 so the sum is 1 there
+the sum is 1 there that sum is 1 there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum is 1 there that sum is 1 there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum is 1 there that sum is 1 there
+so that so that on this blowing up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that so that on this blowing up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that so that on this blowing up this
+little triangle this is at height 1 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little triangle this is at height 1 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little triangle this is at height 1 this
+is at height 1 this is a tight one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at height 1 this is a tight one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at height 1 this is a tight one so
+what's the roof flat right yeah that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the roof flat right yeah that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the roof flat right yeah that's
+it's just a nice way to see the nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a nice way to see the nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a nice way to see the nice
+property of these fees that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of these fees that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of these fees that there's a
+fee for every node and and they add to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee for every node and and they add to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee for every node and and they add to
+one yeah yeah so that's that's good okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one yeah yeah so that's that's good okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one yeah yeah so that's that's good okay
+I've said well I was going to say one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've said well I was going to say one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've said well I was going to say one
+more thing and I am about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more thing and I am about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more thing and I am about this
+eigenvalue problem just because I I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue problem just because I I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue problem just because I I'll
+never have a chance again so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never have a chance again so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never have a chance again so this is
+this is the moment to say something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the moment to say something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the moment to say something
+about the eigenvalues lambda eigenvalue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the eigenvalues lambda eigenvalue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the eigenvalues lambda eigenvalue
+where does it where do these I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does it where do these I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does it where do these I'm
+answering the question where does K come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answering the question where does K come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answering the question where does K come
+from where does M come from well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from where does M come from well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from where does M come from well the
+eigenvalue is boy we've really got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue is boy we've really got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue is boy we've really got
+dramatic music here is that the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic music here is that the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic music here is that the great
+gates of kiev I think might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gates of kiev I think might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gates of kiev I think might be
+Mussorgsky they if you like drums and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mussorgsky they if you like drums and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mussorgsky they if you like drums and
+the big noise it's not music actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big noise it's not music actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big noise it's not music actually
+but you get a lot of noise out of it Wow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you get a lot of noise out of it Wow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you get a lot of noise out of it Wow
+okay no more than we do but okay so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay no more than we do but okay so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay no more than we do but okay so so
+the eigenvalues in the matrix case for K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvalues in the matrix case for K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvalues in the matrix case for K
+X equal lambda M X the eigenvalue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X equal lambda M X the eigenvalue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X equal lambda M X the eigenvalue
+problem lambda the lowest eigen value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem lambda the lowest eigen value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem lambda the lowest eigen value
+lambda lowest has a nice property it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda lowest has a nice property it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda lowest has a nice property it's
+the minimum of sort of our energy over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum of sort of our energy over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum of sort of our energy over
+our other energy this is I just think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our other energy this is I just think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our other energy this is I just think
+well this is something you should see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is something you should see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is something you should see
+that that this is this this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that this is this this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that this is this this is a
+quotient here it's it's it's got a name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotient here it's it's it's got a name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotient here it's it's it's got a name
+called the Rayleigh quotient and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the Rayleigh quotient and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the Rayleigh quotient and it
+would appear in the book so really I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would appear in the book so really I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would appear in the book so really I
+guess I'm what I'm doing is calling your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I'm what I'm doing is calling your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I'm what I'm doing is calling your
+attention to something that's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to something that's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to something that's in the
+book that that this ratio of X transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book that that this ratio of X transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book that that this ratio of X transpose
+KX to X transpose MX if I look over all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX to X transpose MX if I look over all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX to X transpose MX if I look over all
+vectors X the the best the the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors X the the best the the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors X the the best the the lowest
+one is the eigenvector the best x is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the eigenvector the best x is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the eigenvector the best x is the
+eigenvector and the ratio is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector and the ratio is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector and the ratio is the
+eigenvalue right yeah that's this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue right yeah that's this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue right yeah that's this is
+like my point that I wanted to mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like my point that I wanted to mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like my point that I wanted to mention
+the Rayleigh quotient here it is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Rayleigh quotient here it is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Rayleigh quotient here it is in the
+matrix case and there would be similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix case and there would be similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix case and there would be similar
+Rayleigh quotient in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rayleigh quotient in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rayleigh quotient in the in the
+continuous case I'll just leave it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous case I'll just leave it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous case I'll just leave it at
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+that that in describing eigenvalues we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that in describing eigenvalues we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that in describing eigenvalues we
+can talk about KX equal lambda MX like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can talk about KX equal lambda MX like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can talk about KX equal lambda MX like
+this or we can get energy into it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or we can get energy into it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or we can get energy into it and
+and you remember the whole point about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you remember the whole point about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you remember the whole point about
+finite elements is look at the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite elements is look at the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite elements is look at the energy
+look at the quadratics multiply things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the quadratics multiply things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the quadratics multiply things
+by things that's that's you know some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by things that's that's you know some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by things that's that's you know some
+came from the weak form it didn't come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from the weak form it didn't come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from the weak form it didn't come
+from the from this strong form in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the from this strong form in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the from this strong form in the
+differential equation here we just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation here we just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation here we just have
+single terms if we got to these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single terms if we got to these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single terms if we got to these things
+through that process of of multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that process of of multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that process of of multiplying
+by use and integrating that that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by use and integrating that that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by use and integrating that that's what
+gave us these products and it works also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave us these products and it works also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave us these products and it works also
+in the matrix case okay yeah that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the matrix case okay yeah that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the matrix case okay yeah that was a
+lot of speech making about topics that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of speech making about topics that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of speech making about topics that
+we simply didn't have time for in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we simply didn't have time for in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we simply didn't have time for in in
+class I'm ready for any question or I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class I'm ready for any question or I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class I'm ready for any question or I'm
+ready to maybe do a Fourier example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to maybe do a Fourier example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to maybe do a Fourier example
+which would you like that cuz this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would you like that cuz this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would you like that cuz this is
+what we're this is where we really are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're this is where we really are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're this is where we really are
+yeah I'll even take one that'll be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'll even take one that'll be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'll even take one that'll be on
+the homework just so you'll have a start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the homework just so you'll have a start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the homework just so you'll have a start
+okay okay that may take a square pulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay that may take a square pulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay that may take a square pulse
+yeah this is a good one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this is a good one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this is a good one
+I think yeah this is a good one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think yeah this is a good one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think yeah this is a good one in
+section 4-1 there's a question for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section 4-1 there's a question for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section 4-1 there's a question for the
+Fourier series of a square pulse okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier series of a square pulse okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier series of a square pulse okay so
+what does the square pulse look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does the square pulse look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does the square pulse look like
+here is minus PI to PI here's 0 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is minus PI to PI here's 0 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is minus PI to PI here's 0 the
+square pulse goes along here up square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square pulse goes along here up square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square pulse goes along here up square
+pulse and down actually I may be the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse and down actually I may be the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse and down actually I may be the one
+in the yeah let me go to L over 2 oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the yeah let me go to L over 2 oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the yeah let me go to L over 2 oh
+I'll just go to I'll call it H yeah let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just go to I'll call it H yeah let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just go to I'll call it H yeah let
+me let me find the eigen the the Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let me find the eigen the the Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let me find the eigen the the Fourier
+series for this function it goes along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series for this function it goes along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series for this function it goes along
+at 0 it jumps up to 1 over interval of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 0 it jumps up to 1 over interval of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 0 it jumps up to 1 over interval of
+length to H going from minus H to H and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length to H going from minus H to H and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length to H going from minus H to H and
+then back down to 0 and then repeats so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then back down to 0 and then repeats so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then back down to 0 and then repeats so
+buh-buh-buh square pulse what's the so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buh-buh-buh square pulse what's the so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buh-buh-buh square pulse what's the so
+that's my function is that function odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my function is that function odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my function is that function odd
+or even or neither one it's even so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even or neither one it's even so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even or neither one it's even so I
+can call that C of X and figure that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can call that C of X and figure that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can call that C of X and figure that I'm
+gonna use cosines for that one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna use cosines for that one right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna use cosines for that one right
+ok so tell me a formula for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so tell me a formula for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so tell me a formula for the
+coefficients the what's the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients the what's the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients the what's the integral
+that I have to do so my C of X is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have to do so my C of X is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have to do so my C of X is going
+to be some a not its we have to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be some a not its we have to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be some a not its we have to think
+what's a not and then a 1 cos x a - cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a not and then a 1 cos x a - cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a not and then a 1 cos x a - cost
+yeah and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and so on
+so on a K cos KX okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's the formula for a K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+before I plug in that function I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I plug in that function I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I plug in that function I would
+like to get the formula so I'm looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to get the formula so I'm looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to get the formula so I'm looking
+for the formula the it's a formula to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the formula the it's a formula to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the formula the it's a formula to
+remember so it's really we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember so it's really we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember so it's really we're not
+wasting your time because it's you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasting your time because it's you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasting your time because it's you're
+gonna see it on the board and it'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna see it on the board and it'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna see it on the board and it'll just
+take a mental photograph of it what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a mental photograph of it what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a mental photograph of it what do
+you think it's gonna be how am I going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think it's gonna be how am I going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think it's gonna be how am I going
+to get it I'll multiply both sides of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get it I'll multiply both sides of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get it I'll multiply both sides of
+the of the equation by cos KX right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the equation by cos KX right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the equation by cos KX right and
+I'll integrate so and then when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll integrate so and then when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll integrate so and then when I
+integrate the cosines are orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate the cosines are orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate the cosines are orthogonal
+just like the signs this morning all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the signs this morning all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the signs this morning all
+those terms will go except for this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those terms will go except for this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those terms will go except for this term
+when I multiply this by cos KX I'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I multiply this by cos KX I'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I multiply this by cos KX I'll have
+cos KX squared here I'll have a cos KX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cos KX squared here I'll have a cos KX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cos KX squared here I'll have a cos KX
+and here I'll have a whole lot cos KX is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here I'll have a whole lot cos KX is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here I'll have a whole lot cos KX is
+but when I integrate all this stuff is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when I integrate all this stuff is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when I integrate all this stuff is
+going to disappear the only well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to disappear the only well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to disappear the only well the
+only one and this will disappear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one and this will disappear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one and this will disappear
+this is it so a K is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is it so a K is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is it so a K is going to be the
+integral of my function times cos KX DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of my function times cos KX DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of my function times cos KX DX
+divided by what divided by the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by what divided by the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by what divided by the integral
+of cos KX squared because I haven't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cos KX squared because I haven't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cos KX squared because I haven't I
+haven't normalized things so I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't normalized things so I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't normalized things so I don't
+know that that's 1 and in fact it isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that that's 1 and in fact it isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that that's 1 and in fact it isn't
+1 so I have to remember put that number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so I have to remember put that number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so I have to remember put that number
+in okay so that's the formula and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in okay so that's the formula and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in okay so that's the formula and that
+number turns out to be PI again if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number turns out to be PI again if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number turns out to be PI again if I'm
+integrating from minus PI to PI then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating from minus PI to PI then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating from minus PI to PI then the
+average value of the cosine squared is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average value of the cosine squared is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average value of the cosine squared is
+1/2 it's sort of as much above 1/2 as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 it's sort of as much above 1/2 as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 it's sort of as much above 1/2 as it
+is below 1/2 and so the average is 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is below 1/2 and so the average is 1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is below 1/2 and so the average is 1/2
+the interval is 2 pi so pi okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval is 2 pi so pi okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval is 2 pi so pi okay that's
+the formula please just take a mental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula please just take a mental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula please just take a mental
+photograph catch that one all right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph catch that one all right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph catch that one all right now
+I've got my particular C of X my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got my particular C of X my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got my particular C of X my my
+square wave square pulse very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square wave square pulse very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square wave square pulse very very
+important very important Fourier series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important very important Fourier series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important very important Fourier series
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+yeah famous famous one okay so what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah famous famous one okay so what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah famous famous one okay so what do I
+have from minus PI to PI well so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have from minus PI to PI well so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have from minus PI to PI well so what's
+my integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my integral
+well my integral really doesn't go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well my integral really doesn't go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well my integral really doesn't go from
+minus PI to PI because my function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus PI to PI because my function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus PI to PI because my function is
+mostly zero where does my integral go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly zero where does my integral go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly zero where does my integral go
+negative H to H right and in that region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative H to H right and in that region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative H to H right and in that region
+what is C of X 1 so now I'm just you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is C of X 1 so now I'm just you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is C of X 1 so now I'm just you see
+it's gonna be nice from negative H to H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna be nice from negative H to H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna be nice from negative H to H
+where see it the way this is one I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where see it the way this is one I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where see it the way this is one I just
+have to integrate cost KX so what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to integrate cost KX so what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to integrate cost KX so what do I
+get sine KX over K and the PI so you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get sine KX over K and the PI so you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get sine KX over K and the PI so you see
+again that that K is showing up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that that K is showing up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that that K is showing up in the
+denominator and that's going to give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator and that's going to give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator and that's going to give me
+the typical decay rate of 1 over K for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for for functions with steps for step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for functions with steps for step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for functions with steps for step
+functions and now I have to evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and now I have to evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and now I have to evaluate
+this between minus PI and PI and know H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this between minus PI and PI and know H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this between minus PI and PI and know H
+better be H between minus H and H so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better be H between minus H and H so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better be H between minus H and H so
+what do I get for that I get sine KH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I get for that I get sine KH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I get for that I get sine KH
+right like the top and what do I get at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like the top and what do I get at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like the top and what do I get at
+- so now I want to subtract what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- so now I want to subtract what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- so now I want to subtract what is the
+sine of minus KH it's negative right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine of minus KH it's negative right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine of minus KH it's negative right so
+as I expect with an even function like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I expect with an even function like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I expect with an even function like
+cosine the am I just getting twice I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+could take it from zero to H and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take it from zero to H and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take it from zero to H and it
+would give me one of them and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give me one of them and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give me one of them and the other
+one yep I think so and divided by K pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so those are the Fourier coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are the Fourier coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are the Fourier coefficients
+except for a zero a zero has a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for a zero a zero has a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for a zero a zero has a slightly
+different formula because for a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different formula because for a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different formula because for a zero
+well yeah why is a zero different how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yeah why is a zero different how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yeah why is a zero different how do
+how do you come up with a zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you come up with a zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you come up with a zero and
+what's its meaning a zero has a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's its meaning a zero has a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's its meaning a zero has a nice
+meaning so this is yeah this is worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning so this is yeah this is worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning so this is yeah this is worth
+having come this afternoon for a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having come this afternoon for a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having come this afternoon for a zero
+will be what well I could get it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be what well I could get it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be what well I could get it the
+same way what will I multiply both sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way what will I multiply both sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way what will I multiply both sides
+by if I want to pick off a zero just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by if I want to pick off a zero just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by if I want to pick off a zero just one
+and it's not a cosine it's it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not a cosine it's it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not a cosine it's it's the
+cosine of zero x it's the one and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of zero x it's the one and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of zero x it's the one and then I
+integrate I'm just gonna get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate I'm just gonna get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate I'm just gonna get the
+integral from minus PI to PI of C of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from minus PI to PI of C of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from minus PI to PI of C of x
+times one divided by the integral from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times one divided by the integral from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times one divided by the integral from
+minus PI that's two PI of 1 times 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus PI that's two PI of 1 times 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus PI that's two PI of 1 times 1
+right D has to be a little higher X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right D has to be a little higher X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right D has to be a little higher X
+right same method multiplied both sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right same method multiplied both sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right same method multiplied both sides
+by 1 which was the very first of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 1 which was the very first of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 1 which was the very first of my
+orthogonal functions integrated all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal functions integrated all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal functions integrated all the
+other integrals went up went away right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other integrals went up went away right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other integrals went up went away right
+the integral of cosine over a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of cosine over a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of cosine over a whole
+interval it's periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval it's periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval it's periodic
+you get the same at the two ends so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the same at the two ends so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the same at the two ends so the
+it's difference is zero so so we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's difference is zero so so we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's difference is zero so so we just
+the only term left with it was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only term left with it was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only term left with it was the
+constant and now what is the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and now what is the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and now what is the integral
+what's the denominator now that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the denominator now that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the denominator now that was the
+little slight twist 2 pi denominators 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little slight twist 2 pi denominators 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little slight twist 2 pi denominators 2
+pi yeah that's that's why it's not yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi yeah that's that's why it's not yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi yeah that's that's why it's not yeah
+it slightly irregular I have to divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it slightly irregular I have to divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it slightly irregular I have to divide
+by 2 pi and now what word would you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 2 pi and now what word would you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 2 pi and now what word would you use
+to describe if I have a function and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe if I have a function and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe if I have a function and I
+integrate it and I divide by the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate it and I divide by the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate it and I divide by the length
+what am I getting there's a English word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what am I getting there's a English word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what am I getting there's a English word
+that would describe what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would describe what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would describe what this is
+average thank you average this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average thank you average this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average thank you average this is the
+average and it has to be this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average and it has to be this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average and it has to be this this
+constant term is always the average and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant term is always the average and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant term is always the average and
+what will it be for this so this was a K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will it be for this so this was a K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will it be for this so this was a K
+and what is it what is a not then so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is it what is a not then so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is it what is a not then so
+what is you can now tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is you can now tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is you can now tell me
+so everybody's remembering this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everybody's remembering this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everybody's remembering this formula
+you integrate the function and divide by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you integrate the function and divide by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you integrate the function and divide by
+the 2pi now we've got a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2pi now we've got a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2pi now we've got a particular
+function so what is the integral of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so what is the integral of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so what is the integral of that
+function so what what does this equal in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so what what does this equal in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so what what does this equal in
+for this particular C of X what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this particular C of X what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this particular C of X what's the
+area under that function C of X - H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area under that function C of X - H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area under that function C of X - H
+right so - H over 2 pi cancel the twos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so - H over 2 pi cancel the twos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so - H over 2 pi cancel the twos
+so there's the constant term a knot is H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's the constant term a knot is H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's the constant term a knot is H
+over PI and the and the cosine terms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over PI and the and the cosine terms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over PI and the and the cosine terms are
+yeah actually we're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah actually we're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah actually we're going to get
+something nice a really nice way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something nice a really nice way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something nice a really nice way to
+complete this will be if I put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete this will be if I put this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete this will be if I put this
+together put this series together so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together put this series together so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together put this series together so now
+I'm saying that this square pulse is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that constant term H over pi plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that constant term H over pi plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that constant term H over pi plus the
+next term a 1 well let's see all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next term a 1 well let's see all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next term a 1 well let's see all these
+terms have 2 over PI's why yeah I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms have 2 over PI's why yeah I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms have 2 over PI's why yeah I'm a
+little surprised that's H over ya know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little surprised that's H over ya know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little surprised that's H over ya know I
+guess that's right 2 over pi yeah right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess that's right 2 over pi yeah right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess that's right 2 over pi yeah right
+so I've got sine H I think and I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've got sine H I think and I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've got sine H I think and I'm just
+copying this 2 over PI sine H sine H is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copying this 2 over PI sine H sine H is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copying this 2 over PI sine H sine H is
+that what I want over 1 that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what I want over 1 that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what I want over 1 that's the
+coefficient of sine of cosine X right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of sine of cosine X right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of sine of cosine X right
+that was a one was the coefficient of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a one was the coefficient of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a one was the coefficient of
+cosine 1x and then a 2 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine 1x and then a 2 is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine 1x and then a 2 is the
+coefficient of cosine 2x so that'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of cosine 2x so that'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of cosine 2x so that'll be
+sine 2h K is 2 so I have a 2 down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine 2h K is 2 so I have a 2 down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine 2h K is 2 so I have a 2 down here
+cosine 2 X and so on yeah I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine 2 X and so on yeah I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine 2 X and so on yeah I think that's
+the Fourier series that would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fourier series that would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fourier series that would be the
+Fourier series for the square pulse yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier series for the square pulse yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier series for the square pulse yeah
+that would be the Fourier series for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be the Fourier series for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be the Fourier series for the
+square pulse could I test any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square pulse could I test any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square pulse could I test any
+interesting cases suppose H is all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting cases suppose H is all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting cases suppose H is all the
+way out to PI yeah suppose I take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way out to PI yeah suppose I take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way out to PI yeah suppose I take that
+case let H go all the way out to PI then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case let H go all the way out to PI then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case let H go all the way out to PI then
+what's my function if H is if H equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's my function if H is if H equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's my function if H is if H equals
+PI then what have I got what have I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PI then what have I got what have I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PI then what have I got what have I
+gonna graph of I'm just one it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna graph of I'm just one it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna graph of I'm just one it's just a
+1 if h is pi what happens that becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 if h is pi what happens that becomes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 if h is pi what happens that becomes a
+1 and what about these other things what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and what about these other things what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and what about these other things what
+is this thing when H is PI 0 all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this thing when H is PI 0 all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this thing when H is PI 0 all the
+other terms go away just yeah it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other terms go away just yeah it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other terms go away just yeah it's just
+a song a sine of 2 pi that would go away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a song a sine of 2 pi that would go away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a song a sine of 2 pi that would go away
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+so if H is PI if I go out to the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if H is PI if I go out to the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if H is PI if I go out to the place
+where I don't have any step but I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I don't have any step but I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I don't have any step but I don't
+have any jumps at all because it's now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any jumps at all because it's now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any jumps at all because it's now
+all the way out there then these terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way out there then these terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way out there then these terms
+all disappear and I just have this and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all disappear and I just have this and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all disappear and I just have this and I
+would like to ask you and it's got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to ask you and it's got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to ask you and it's got to
+come up on Friday too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up on Friday too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up on Friday too
+what happens if H goes to zero well let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if H goes to zero well let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if H goes to zero well let
+me just take H going to zero what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just take H going to zero what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just take H going to zero what
+happens to this whole thing what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to this whole thing what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to this whole thing what happens
+to my function as H goes to zero goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my function as H goes to zero goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my function as H goes to zero goes to
+zero right squeezed it to nothing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right squeezed it to nothing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right squeezed it to nothing and
+and if H is zero then sine H is zero or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if H is zero then sine H is zero or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if H is zero then sine H is zero or
+nothing I get zero equals zero that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing I get zero equals zero that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing I get zero equals zero that's
+that's not interesting enough to mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not interesting enough to mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not interesting enough to mention
+on Friday but but there is one case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Friday but but there is one case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Friday but but there is one case
+that's that is important suppose I make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that is important suppose I make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that is important suppose I make
+the height yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height yeah
+make a guess suppose I make the height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Ike I make the height higher as I make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ike I make the height higher as I make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ike I make the height higher as I make
+the base smaller I'm gonna keep the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base smaller I'm gonna keep the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base smaller I'm gonna keep the area
+as one so I'm gonna if this has a base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as one so I'm gonna if this has a base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as one so I'm gonna if this has a base
+of 2 H I'm gonna have a height of 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2 H I'm gonna have a height of 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2 H I'm gonna have a height of 1 over
+2 H so if I keep the area at 1 so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 H so if I keep the area at 1 so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 H so if I keep the area at 1 so the
+height now is 1 over 2 H so now I'm my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height now is 1 over 2 H so now I'm my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height now is 1 over 2 H so now I'm my
+square pulse I've divided it by 2 H I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square pulse I've divided it by 2 H I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square pulse I've divided it by 2 H I
+have a 1 over 2 H multiplying everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a 1 over 2 H multiplying everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a 1 over 2 H multiplying everything
+and now if I let H go to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now if I let H go to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now if I let H go to zero
+something more interesting will happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more interesting will happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more interesting will happen
+and what just tell me first what well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what just tell me first what well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what just tell me first what well
+what what do you expect to happen Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what do you expect to happen Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what do you expect to happen Delta
+right Delta Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Delta Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Delta Delta
+so I'll get what I'll see show up will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll get what I'll see show up will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll get what I'll see show up will
+be the Fourier series for the Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the Fourier series for the Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the Fourier series for the Delta
+function when I divide by 2 H so I yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function when I divide by 2 H so I yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function when I divide by 2 H so I yeah
+so I have sine H's over HS and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have sine H's over HS and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have sine H's over HS and of course
+what's the great fact about sine H over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the great fact about sine H over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the great fact about sine H over
+H as H goes to 0 it goes to everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H as H goes to 0 it goes to everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H as H goes to 0 it goes to everybody
+know what that that's a big deal yeah 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what that that's a big deal yeah 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what that that's a big deal yeah 1
+sine H is the same size as H for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine H is the same size as H for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine H is the same size as H for for
+very small H and approaches 1 yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small H and approaches 1 yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small H and approaches 1 yeah so
+we'll see the Delta function Friday ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see the Delta function Friday ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see the Delta function Friday ok
+so you've got you've got a sort of mini
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've got you've got a sort of mini
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've got you've got a sort of mini
+lecture instead of a real chance to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture instead of a real chance to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture instead of a real chance to ask
+about homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about homework
+next widens they should be different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next widens they should be different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next widens they should be different
+because there will be a Fourier series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there will be a Fourier series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there will be a Fourier series
+homework and I'll be ready to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework and I'll be ready to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework and I'll be ready to answer
+questions about it okay thanks
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tm51lwadMOc.txt b/tm51lwadMOc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a8409b001641bcaa9e1ae605e21a238501f53384
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tm51lwadMOc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9379 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so professor Gossard gave the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so professor Gossard gave the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so professor Gossard gave the lecture
+last week I'm going to pick up where he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last week I'm going to pick up where he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last week I'm going to pick up where he
+left off but let's talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left off but let's talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left off but let's talk about the
+concept questions from the from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept questions from the from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept questions from the from the
+homework you've been working on so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework you've been working on so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework you've been working on so the
+first one is our cart you expect to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one is our cart you expect to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one is our cart you expect to be
+able to eliminate the terms involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to eliminate the terms involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to eliminate the terms involving
+gravity in the equations of motion by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity in the equations of motion by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity in the equations of motion by
+choosing coordinates with respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing coordinates with respect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing coordinates with respect to the
+static equilibrium position so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static equilibrium position so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static equilibrium position so we've
+talked about that and this this one does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about that and this this one does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about that and this this one does
+the restoring force on the pendulum what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the restoring force on the pendulum what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the restoring force on the pendulum what
+makes it come back to you know to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it come back to you know to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it come back to you know to zero
+after its damped out and hang straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after its damped out and hang straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after its damped out and hang straight
+down what gravity does that gravity term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down what gravity does that gravity term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down what gravity does that gravity term
+varies with the the torque that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies with the the torque that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies with the the torque that the
+gravity puts around the pivot is mg L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity puts around the pivot is mg L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity puts around the pivot is mg L
+over 2 sine theta so the gravity term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 sine theta so the gravity term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 sine theta so the gravity term is
+involved with the motion variable theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved with the motion variable theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved with the motion variable theta
+so this case gravity is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this case gravity is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this case gravity is going to be
+involved in the natural frequency and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the natural frequency and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the natural frequency and in
+the equations of motion no matter what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equations of motion no matter what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equations of motion no matter what
+so you'll will you will not be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll will you will not be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll will you will not be able to
+eliminate their gravity terms next this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate their gravity terms next this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate their gravity terms next this
+one this is a vibration isolation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this is a vibration isolation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this is a vibration isolation
+question will the addition of damping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question will the addition of damping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question will the addition of damping
+increase or reduce the vibration of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase or reduce the vibration of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase or reduce the vibration of the
+table in response to the floor motion at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table in response to the floor motion at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table in response to the floor motion at
+30 Hertz so I guess this depends on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 Hertz so I guess this depends on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 Hertz so I guess this depends on what
+the natural frequency of the system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural frequency of the system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural frequency of the system is
+but we're trying to do vibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're trying to do vibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're trying to do vibration
+isolation and presuming if you read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation and presuming if you read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation and presuming if you read the
+problem you're supposed to find a sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you're supposed to find a sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you're supposed to find a sort
+of stiffness such that you can reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stiffness such that you can reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stiffness such that you can reduce
+the response of the table by 12 dB I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response of the table by 12 dB I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response of the table by 12 dB I
+think it said from the wrist motion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it said from the wrist motion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it said from the wrist motion of
+the floor so that's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the floor so that's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the floor so that's something
+substantially less than one and you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantially less than one and you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantially less than one and you will
+be out the this one takes a best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be out the this one takes a best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be out the this one takes a best
+describe with a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the transfer function for response of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transfer function for response of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transfer function for response of
+the floor response of the table over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the floor response of the table over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the floor response of the table over the
+motion of the floor the magnitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of the floor the magnitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of the floor the magnitude of
+that transfer function that's just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that transfer function that's just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that transfer function that's just the
+ratio of X to Y that looks like this if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of X to Y that looks like this if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of X to Y that looks like this if
+the damping is zero and as you add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the damping is zero and as you add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the damping is zero and as you add
+damping all points cross right here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping all points cross right here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping all points cross right here this
+little if some damping ring does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little if some damping ring does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little if some damping ring does that
+more damping does this and in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more damping does this and in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more damping does this and in order to
+accomplish the what's been described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish the what's been described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish the what's been described
+this is one point o here if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one point o here if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one point o here if you're
+trying to get make this table respond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get make this table respond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get make this table respond
+less than the floor you must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than the floor you must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than the floor you must be
+somewhere out here where you're below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere out here where you're below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere out here where you're below
+one so this is omega over Omega N and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so this is omega over Omega N and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so this is omega over Omega N and
+right here at resonance you're at 1.0 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here at resonance you're at 1.0 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here at resonance you're at 1.0 so
+this is some you know a 2 or 3 or 4 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is some you know a 2 or 3 or 4 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is some you know a 2 or 3 or 4 for
+this value out here let's say here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this value out here let's say here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this value out here let's say here's
+where you find the answer to be and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you find the answer to be and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you find the answer to be and
+without damping you're there and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without damping you're there and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without damping you're there and that's
+12 DB down if you add damping it pushes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 DB down if you add damping it pushes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 DB down if you add damping it pushes
+you up these curves does that make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you up these curves does that make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you up these curves does that make the
+risk is that that make the response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk is that that make the response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk is that that make the response
+larger the undesirable response the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger the undesirable response the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger the undesirable response the
+motional table larger or smaller as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motional table larger or smaller as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motional table larger or smaller as you
+add damping at that operating point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+increases it right okay so in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases it right okay so in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases it right okay so in this case
+we'll the addition to damping increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll the addition to damping increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll the addition to damping increase
+to reduce the vibration it'll increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce the vibration it'll increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce the vibration it'll increase
+it but damping is a necessary evil you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but damping is a necessary evil you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but damping is a necessary evil you
+need you need some damping in the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need you need some damping in the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need you need some damping in the system
+so it doesn't if you bump it it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it doesn't if you bump it it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it doesn't if you bump it it doesn't
+sit there and oscillate all day long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit there and oscillate all day long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit there and oscillate all day long
+next okay this is a platform do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next okay this is a platform do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next okay this is a platform do you
+think I could actually do it did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I could actually do it did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I could actually do it did you
+read this so this is a Coast Guard light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read this so this is a Coast Guard light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read this so this is a Coast Guard light
+station off of Cuttyhunk down in off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station off of Cuttyhunk down in off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station off of Cuttyhunk down in off of
+Woods Hole basically is doing this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Woods Hole basically is doing this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Woods Hole basically is doing this in
+time with the motion of a platform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time with the motion of a platform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time with the motion of a platform
+resonance is a wonderful thing if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance is a wonderful thing if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance is a wonderful thing if you
+can make the force be right at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make the force be right at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make the force be right at the
+natural frequency of the structure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequency of the structure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequency of the structure it
+actually doesn't take a lot of force to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doesn't take a lot of force to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doesn't take a lot of force to
+drive the amplitude to pretty large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive the amplitude to pretty large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive the amplitude to pretty large
+if the damping's small so I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the damping's small so I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the damping's small so I think the
+damping in this case is about 1% and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping in this case is about 1% and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping in this case is about 1% and
+that means the amplification a dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means the amplification a dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means the amplification a dynamic
+amplification 1 over 2 Zeta is about 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplification 1 over 2 Zeta is about 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplification 1 over 2 Zeta is about 50
+so I actually could do this this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I actually could do this this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I actually could do this this is a
+true story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true story
+ok next for small motions about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok next for small motions about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok next for small motions about the
+horizontal you expect a natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal you expect a natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal you expect a natural
+frequency to be a function of gravity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency to be a function of gravity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency to be a function of gravity so
+so this is on some of you about equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is on some of you about equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is on some of you about equal
+yes now when it's just horizontal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes now when it's just horizontal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes now when it's just horizontal the
+torque that gravity provides is some mg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque that gravity provides is some mg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque that gravity provides is some mg
+pulling down on the disks it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling down on the disks it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling down on the disks it
+center of mass somewhere in that body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass somewhere in that body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass somewhere in that body
+not at the pivot but let's say it's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at the pivot but let's say it's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at the pivot but let's say it's some
+distance a away so the torque that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance a away so the torque that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance a away so the torque that
+gravity the restoring torque is be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity the restoring torque is be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity the restoring torque is be some
+mg cross R cross mg mg R if R is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mg cross R cross mg mg R if R is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mg cross R cross mg mg R if R is a
+distance and that's a torque and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and that's a torque and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and that's a torque and that
+length of that moment arm might vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of that moment arm might vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of that moment arm might vary
+it's going to vary like cosine theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to vary like cosine theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to vary like cosine theta
+around horizontal and if they tis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around horizontal and if they tis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around horizontal and if they tis and
+what's for small angles what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's for small angles what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's for small angles what's the
+cosine goes to 1 so you find out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine goes to 1 so you find out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine goes to 1 so you find out that
+this just looks like mg R it's or small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just looks like mg R it's or small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just looks like mg R it's or small
+angles of vibration and you can in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles of vibration and you can in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles of vibration and you can in fact
+get it out of it doesn't enter into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it out of it doesn't enter into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it out of it doesn't enter into the
+equation for the natural frequency so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for the natural frequency so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for the natural frequency so
+natural frequency thing won't be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequency thing won't be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequency thing won't be a
+function of gravity because of this its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of gravity because of this its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of gravity because of this its
+small angle vibration around a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small angle vibration around a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small angle vibration around a
+horizontal point okay when will the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal point okay when will the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal point okay when will the
+acceleration system is 1/2 that required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration system is 1/2 that required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration system is 1/2 that required
+to make the mass slide what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the mass slide what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the mass slide what's the
+magnitude of the friction force so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the friction force so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the friction force so
+friction is one of those things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction is one of those things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction is one of those things that
+it's only as big as you need it to be so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only as big as you need it to be so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only as big as you need it to be so
+if the largest friction that this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the largest friction that this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the largest friction that this thing
+can sustain is in fact mu mg answer a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sustain is in fact mu mg answer a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sustain is in fact mu mg answer a
+but F equals MA if the acceleration is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but F equals MA if the acceleration is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but F equals MA if the acceleration is
+half of what is required to have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of what is required to have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of what is required to have that
+thing be just slip it will just slip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing be just slip it will just slip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing be just slip it will just slip
+when it you when you are at 8th wave a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it you when you are at 8th wave a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it you when you are at 8th wave a
+force which is mu mg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force which is mu mg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force which is mu mg
+and so that force is equal to mass times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that force is equal to mass times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that force is equal to mass times
+acceleration the acceleration then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration the acceleration then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration the acceleration then you
+can figure out what that will be just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can figure out what that will be just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can figure out what that will be just
+when it slips but now if you reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it slips but now if you reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it slips but now if you reduce
+acceleration to half that the friction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration to half that the friction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration to half that the friction
+force required to keep it in place is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force required to keep it in place is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force required to keep it in place is
+only half as big and it will be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only half as big and it will be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only half as big and it will be that
+friction force and it'll be half of mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction force and it'll be half of mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction force and it'll be half of mu
+mg so it's actually B and X is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mg so it's actually B and X is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mg so it's actually B and X is that it
+no okay this is a simple but actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay this is a simple but actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay this is a simple but actually
+sometimes hard to see through question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes hard to see through question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes hard to see through question
+what initial conditions will be required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what initial conditions will be required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what initial conditions will be required
+this this problem can be solved by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this problem can be solved by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this problem can be solved by
+initial conditions is it mortar launches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions is it mortar launches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions is it mortar launches
+this shell and the trick to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shell and the trick to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shell and the trick to this
+question key to this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question key to this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question key to this question
+it's the for your mathematical model of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the for your mathematical model of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the for your mathematical model of
+the system your equation of motion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system your equation of motion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system your equation of motion is
+write the equation of motion without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the equation of motion without the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the equation of motion without the
+shell because once it shoots this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell because once it shoots this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell because once it shoots this thing
+the shell is gone and it's vibrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shell is gone and it's vibrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shell is gone and it's vibrating
+it's now system without that 25 kilogram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's now system without that 25 kilogram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's now system without that 25 kilogram
+mortar shell part of the system is gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortar shell part of the system is gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortar shell part of the system is gone
+now it's just the mass of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's just the mass of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's just the mass of the system
+without the mortar shell needed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the mortar shell needed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the mortar shell needed and
+there are two initial conditions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two initial conditions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two initial conditions that
+then you can say well that when you shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can say well that when you shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can say well that when you shot
+the motor set the shell that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motor set the shell that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motor set the shell that was a
+certain amount of momentum and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain amount of momentum and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain amount of momentum and from
+conservation of momentum you can figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of momentum you can figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of momentum you can figure
+out what the momentum of the the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what the momentum of the the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what the momentum of the the main
+mass has to be equal and opposite to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass has to be equal and opposite to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass has to be equal and opposite to the
+shell you shot so that gives you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell you shot so that gives you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell you shot so that gives you an
+initial velocity but there's also an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial velocity but there's also an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial velocity but there's also an
+initial displacement in this problem so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial displacement in this problem so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial displacement in this problem so
+that's the key to figuring this out so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the key to figuring this out so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the key to figuring this out so
+what initial conditions would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what initial conditions would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what initial conditions would be
+required and at C both an initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required and at C both an initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required and at C both an initial
+velocity and an initial displacement but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and an initial displacement but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and an initial displacement but
+the key is to make your mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key is to make your mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key is to make your mathematical
+model about the system without the shell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model about the system without the shell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model about the system without the shell
+okay good got it all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good got it all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good got it all right
+so today we're going to pick up where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today we're going to pick up where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today we're going to pick up where
+professor Gossard left off but I'm also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor Gossard left off but I'm also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor Gossard left off but I'm also
+going to do a bit of a summary right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do a bit of a summary right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do a bit of a summary right now
+about vibration and modeling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about vibration and modeling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about vibration and modeling the
+different kinds of systems that we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of systems that we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of systems that we talk
+about we talk about vibration they vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about we talk about vibration they vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about we talk about vibration they vary
+from simple single degree of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from simple single degree of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from simple single degree of freedom
+Massa leaders like a simple pendulum one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massa leaders like a simple pendulum one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massa leaders like a simple pendulum one
+degree of freedom to continuous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of freedom to continuous system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of freedom to continuous system
+beams and vibrate and so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beams and vibrate and so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beams and vibrate and so I'm going to
+try to give you this sort of an overview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to give you this sort of an overview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to give you this sort of an overview
+of vibration to sort of give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vibration to sort of give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vibration to sort of give you a
+little understanding embryo a map of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little understanding embryo a map of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little understanding embryo a map of
+information kind of let you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information kind of let you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information kind of let you know what
+the body of vibration analysis looks is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body of vibration analysis looks is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body of vibration analysis looks is
+and what part of it that will have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what part of it that will have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what part of it that will have a
+chance we're having we're covering in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance we're having we're covering in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance we're having we're covering in
+this course so I think I will it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course so I think I will it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course so I think I will it's a
+little more bored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we classify dynamics problems into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we classify dynamics problems into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we classify dynamics problems into
+for convenience rigid bodies rigid body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for convenience rigid bodies rigid body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for convenience rigid bodies rigid body
+dynamics and flexible bodies one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics and flexible bodies one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics and flexible bodies one way to
+think of and this course is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of and this course is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of and this course is basically
+about rigid body dynamics and under this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about rigid body dynamics and under this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about rigid body dynamics and under this
+we then have two categories that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we then have two categories that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we then have two categories that are
+convenient single degree of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient single degree of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient single degree of freedom
+systems and multiple degree of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and multiple degree of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and multiple degree of freedom
+systems for the purposes of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems for the purposes of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems for the purposes of energy
+talking about vibration single degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about vibration single degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about vibration single degree of
+freedom systems have one equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom systems have one equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom systems have one equation of
+motion and if they vibrate they have and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and if they vibrate they have and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and if they vibrate they have and
+if I'll put over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'll put over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'll put over here
+if vibration occurs then you have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if vibration occurs then you have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if vibration occurs then you have one
+natural frequency and mode it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequency and mode it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequency and mode it's it's
+sort of silly to talk about mode shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of silly to talk about mode shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of silly to talk about mode shape
+for a single degree freedom system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a single degree freedom system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a single degree freedom system
+because it's only relative to itself so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's only relative to itself so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's only relative to itself so
+one natural frequency in one sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one natural frequency in one sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one natural frequency in one sort of
+degenerate mode shape multiple degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate mode shape multiple degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate mode shape multiple degree of
+freedom systems have n equations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom systems have n equations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom systems have n equations of
+motion for the number of degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion for the number of degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion for the number of degrees of
+freedom and if they vibrate they have n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom and if they vibrate they have n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom and if they vibrate they have n
+Omega eyes or nm n values of Omega I for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega eyes or nm n values of Omega I for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega eyes or nm n values of Omega I for
+I equals 1 to n you get n natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I equals 1 to n you get n natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I equals 1 to n you get n natural
+frequencies of the system and you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies of the system and you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies of the system and you will
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+fit in mode shapes so an N degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit in mode shapes so an N degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit in mode shapes so an N degree of
+freedom this is equal to the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom this is equal to the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom this is equal to the number of
+degrees of freedom an N degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom an N degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom an N degree of
+freedom system will have n natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom system will have n natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom system will have n natural
+frequencies and n mode shapes that go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and n mode shapes that go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and n mode shapes that go
+along with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with it
+now what about what about flexible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what about what about flexible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what about what about flexible
+bodies so a string taut string like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies so a string taut string like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies so a string taut string like a
+guitar string this and actually I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guitar string this and actually I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guitar string this and actually I should
+say over here these rigid body things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say over here these rigid body things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say over here these rigid body things we
+have found what kind of equations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have found what kind of equations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have found what kind of equations of
+motion these are ordinary differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion these are ordinary differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion these are ordinary differential
+equations and there's a finite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and there's a finite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and there's a finite number of
+them so forth the flexible bodies like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so forth the flexible bodies like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so forth the flexible bodies like
+taut strings have are described by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taut strings have are described by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taut strings have are described by
+partial differential equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the number of degrees of freedom ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of degrees of freedom ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of degrees of freedom ends
+here is the number of degrees of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the number of degrees of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the number of degrees of freedom
+actually goes to infinity and you get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually goes to infinity and you get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually goes to infinity and you get an
+infinite number of Omega eyes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite number of Omega eyes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite number of Omega eyes the
+natural frequencies and an infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequencies and an infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequencies and an infinite
+number of corresponding mode shapes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of corresponding mode shapes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of corresponding mode shapes so
+just you know just about everything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know just about everything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know just about everything in
+the world can be made to vibrate so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world can be made to vibrate so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world can be made to vibrate so how
+do you so how do you tell if a you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you so how do you tell if a you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you so how do you tell if a you know
+you've written you've got a mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've written you've got a mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've written you've got a mechanical
+system a rigid body has got three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system a rigid body has got three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system a rigid body has got three
+degrees of freedom how do you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom how do you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom how do you know
+whether or not it's going to vibrate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not it's going to vibrate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not it's going to vibrate it
+will exhibit vibration well one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will exhibit vibration well one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will exhibit vibration well one thing
+you could do is figure out all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do is figure out all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do is figure out all the
+equations of motion and solve them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion and solve them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion and solve them and
+see if cosine Omega T is a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if cosine Omega T is a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if cosine Omega T is a solution
+right that's kind of a hard way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's kind of a hard way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's kind of a hard way the
+other way does it go up to it and give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way does it go up to it and give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way does it go up to it and give
+it a smack and see if it vibrates that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a smack and see if it vibrates that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a smack and see if it vibrates that's
+the simple way okay if you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple way okay if you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple way okay if you have the
+mechanical system just give it a whack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical system just give it a whack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical system just give it a whack
+and if it oscillates around some stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it oscillates around some stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it oscillates around some stable
+equilibrium position it exhibits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium position it exhibits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium position it exhibits
+vibration so this is a flexible system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration so this is a flexible system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration so this is a flexible system
+you can actually probably see this from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually probably see this from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually probably see this from
+an area just by giving this frame a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an area just by giving this frame a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an area just by giving this frame a
+smack and sit there and vibrate and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smack and sit there and vibrate and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smack and sit there and vibrate and it
+has it at some natural frequency but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has it at some natural frequency but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has it at some natural frequency but
+that's a continuous system the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a continuous system the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a continuous system the this
+continuously improving little demo so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously improving little demo so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously improving little demo so
+professor Gossard for his lecture last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor Gossard for his lecture last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor Gossard for his lecture last
+week had done this really neat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week had done this really neat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week had done this really neat
+embellishment which allows you to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embellishment which allows you to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embellishment which allows you to figure
+out and excite the two different natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and excite the two different natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and excite the two different natural
+modes but this system you have equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes but this system you have equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes but this system you have equations
+of motion for it you could write it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motion for it you could write it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motion for it you could write it and
+if you come up and give it a whack it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you come up and give it a whack it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you come up and give it a whack it
+oscillates and you could also find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillates and you could also find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillates and you could also find out
+that sure enough cosine Omega T sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sure enough cosine Omega T sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sure enough cosine Omega T sine
+Omega T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega T
+solutions to the equations of motion so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to the equations of motion so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to the equations of motion so
+systems that vibrate are things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that vibrate are things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that vibrate are things are
+systems that oscillate about static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that oscillate about static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that oscillate about static
+equilibrium positions and another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium positions and another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium positions and another way
+you can say that it's when mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say that it's when mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say that it's when mechanical
+vibration occurs is always an exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration occurs is always an exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration occurs is always an exchange
+of energy between kinetic and potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy between kinetic and potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy between kinetic and potential
+attic and potential so our pendulum it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attic and potential so our pendulum it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attic and potential so our pendulum it
+goes when it reaches zero velocity up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes when it reaches zero velocity up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes when it reaches zero velocity up
+here it's all potential energy reaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's all potential energy reaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's all potential energy reaches
+maximum velocity down here it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum velocity down here it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum velocity down here it's all
+kinetic it goes back and forth there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic it goes back and forth there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic it goes back and forth there's a
+sloshes back and forth the energy system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloshes back and forth the energy system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloshes back and forth the energy system
+from kinetic to potential and back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from kinetic to potential and back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from kinetic to potential and back in
+all vibration has that property okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all vibration has that property okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all vibration has that property okay so
+that scented some basic properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that scented some basic properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that scented some basic properties of
+vibration now yes it's all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's a lot of there's a whole body of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of there's a whole body of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of there's a whole body of
+knowledge about vibration and we choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge about vibration and we choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge about vibration and we choose
+or for the purposes of this class we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or for the purposes of this class we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or for the purposes of this class we
+choose to break it down into two kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to break it down into two kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to break it down into two kinds
+of vibration and one is what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vibration and one is what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vibration and one is what we call
+free vibration and that we've learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free vibration and that we've learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free vibration and that we've learned
+already his response but only response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already his response but only response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already his response but only response
+is a response to initial conditions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a response to initial conditions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a response to initial conditions and
+what we call forced vibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now forces can come of all kinds and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now forces can come of all kinds and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now forces can come of all kinds and we
+for the purposes of this this course we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the purposes of this this course we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the purposes of this this course we
+look at a particular kind of force so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a particular kind of force so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a particular kind of force so we
+focus on harmonic excitation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on harmonic excitation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on harmonic excitation so
+excitation that looks like is of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation that looks like is of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation that looks like is of the
+form cosine Omega T or e to the I Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form cosine Omega T or e to the I Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form cosine Omega T or e to the I Omega
+T these are these these are external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+excitations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we've choose to break down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've choose to break down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've choose to break down the
+analysis of the vibration of systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of the vibration of systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of the vibration of systems
+into response to initial conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into response to initial conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into response to initial conditions
+called free vibration no external forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called free vibration no external forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called free vibration no external forces
+and forced vibration but we focus on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forced vibration but we focus on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forced vibration but we focus on a
+particular kind harmonic and we go up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular kind harmonic and we go up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular kind harmonic and we go up in
+one step further and say we're only just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one step further and say we're only just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one step further and say we're only just
+we're going only going to study steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going only going to study steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going only going to study steady
+state then steady state means you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state then steady state means you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state then steady state means you've
+waited a long time turned it on let it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waited a long time turned it on let it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waited a long time turned it on let it
+shake for quite a while all the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shake for quite a while all the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shake for quite a while all the initial
+startup transients have been damped out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup transients have been damped out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup transients have been damped out
+and you're just left with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're just left with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're just left with the
+steady-state vibration and that leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady-state vibration and that leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady-state vibration and that leads to
+things like the transfer functions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like the transfer functions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like the transfer functions for
+single degree freedom systems that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single degree freedom systems that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single degree freedom systems that we've
+talked about okay now there's one other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+breakdown subdivision that we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdown subdivision that we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdown subdivision that we need to
+talk about and that is whether systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about and that is whether systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about and that is whether systems
+are linear or non-linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's answers all set up so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's answers all set up so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's answers all set up so you can
+see it this is a double pendulum how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it this is a double pendulum how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it this is a double pendulum how
+many degrees of freedom - okay and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many degrees of freedom - okay and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many degrees of freedom - okay and in
+general the kinks equations of motion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general the kinks equations of motion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general the kinks equations of motion of
+this thing are going to be nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing are going to be nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing are going to be nonlinear
+right you know no the pendulum is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know no the pendulum is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know no the pendulum is we
+just a simple pendulum is the restoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a simple pendulum is the restoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a simple pendulum is the restoring
+torque is MGL sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque is MGL sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque is MGL sine
+betta so you know it's got sine Thetas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betta so you know it's got sine Thetas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betta so you know it's got sine Thetas
+and that and this one gets quite messy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that and this one gets quite messy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that and this one gets quite messy
+and especially if you give it large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and especially if you give it large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and especially if you give it large
+amplitudes and that really isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes and that really isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes and that really isn't
+vibration it's not it's looping over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration it's not it's looping over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration it's not it's looping over
+itself and then doing other things so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and then doing other things so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and then doing other things so
+cosine Omega T is not a solution is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Omega T is not a solution is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Omega T is not a solution is not
+a solution of this it's got to be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution of this it's got to be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution of this it's got to be more
+complicated than that so when this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than that so when this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than that so when this thing
+is exhibiting large motions it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exhibiting large motions it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exhibiting large motions it's the
+equations of motion are completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion are completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion are completely
+nonlinear and you're going to need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear and you're going to need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear and you're going to need a
+computer to crank out the full solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer to crank out the full solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer to crank out the full solution
+to that got to integrate these nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that got to integrate these nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that got to integrate these nonlinear
+equations of motion but as the amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion but as the amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion but as the amplitude
+settles down to something pretty small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settles down to something pretty small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settles down to something pretty small
+it's on now it's vibrating about an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on now it's vibrating about an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on now it's vibrating about an
+equilibrium position the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium position the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium position the equilibrium
+position straight down and the damping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position straight down and the damping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position straight down and the damping
+of it has made it such that the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it has made it such that the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it has made it such that the only
+motion left is it's called its first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion left is it's called its first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion left is it's called its first
+mode of vibration and so if we linearize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode of vibration and so if we linearize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode of vibration and so if we linearize
+the equations of motion assuming small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equations of motion assuming small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equations of motion assuming small
+amplitudes around static equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes around static equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes around static equilibrium
+positions then we can then it then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions then we can then it then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions then we can then it then we
+can find a vibration solution and work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find a vibration solution and work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find a vibration solution and work
+it out by hand probably that's first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out by hand probably that's first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out by hand probably that's first
+mode for this system and if I'm careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode for this system and if I'm careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode for this system and if I'm careful
+I can they're second mode and for small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can they're second mode and for small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can they're second mode and for small
+oscillations it has a very clear single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations it has a very clear single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations it has a very clear single
+frequency that vibrates that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency that vibrates that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency that vibrates that the
+amplitude decays of time because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude decays of time because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude decays of time because of
+damping okay and for every natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping okay and for every natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping okay and for every natural
+frequency there is a particular mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency there is a particular mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency there is a particular mode
+shape that goes along with that natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape that goes along with that natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape that goes along with that natural
+frequency the first one for this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency the first one for this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency the first one for this system
+have to wait for this thing to damp out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to wait for this thing to damp out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to wait for this thing to damp out
+now it's got a little mix of the two but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's got a little mix of the two but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's got a little mix of the two but
+I think is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think is it
+the for the second natural frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for the second natural frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for the second natural frequency
+motion dies out faster than the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion dies out faster than the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion dies out faster than the first
+because it has more cycles per unit time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has more cycles per unit time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has more cycles per unit time
+so it settles down this is now mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it settles down this is now mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it settles down this is now mostly
+first mode vibration and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first mode vibration and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first mode vibration and you can see
+that both are move both move in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that both are move both move in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that both are move both move in the same
+direction the bottom one a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction the bottom one a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction the bottom one a little more
+the top and that's the first mode it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top and that's the first mode it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top and that's the first mode it has
+a unique natural frequency and a mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a unique natural frequency and a mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a unique natural frequency and a mode
+shape that specific only - that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape that specific only - that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape that specific only - that goes
+along with that natural frequency okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with that natural frequency okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with that natural frequency okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so their final just further breakdown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so their final just further breakdown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so their final just further breakdown
+here I'll call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's basically into non-linear and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+linearized so in the in our discussions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearized so in the in our discussions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearized so in the in our discussions
+of vibration in this course we basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vibration in this course we basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vibration in this course we basically
+talk to only talked about this so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to only talked about this so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to only talked about this so we're
+only doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's that's quite a breakdown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's that's quite a breakdown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's that's quite a breakdown
+you start at all possible vibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start at all possible vibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start at all possible vibration
+systems rigid bodies single degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems rigid bodies single degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems rigid bodies single degree
+freedom multi degree freedom but finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom multi degree freedom but finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom multi degree freedom but finite
+number of degrees of freedom or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of degrees of freedom or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of degrees of freedom or
+continuous they can have linear or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous they can have linear or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous they can have linear or
+nonlinear equations of motion but if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear equations of motion but if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear equations of motion but if we
+require them to be linear then we're and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require them to be linear then we're and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require them to be linear then we're and
+that's what we're going to look at then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're going to look at then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're going to look at then
+we sort of narrowed this down what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sort of narrowed this down what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sort of narrowed this down what we're
+looking at to this so there's lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at to this so there's lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at to this so there's lots of
+other things possible to look at like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things possible to look at like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things possible to look at like
+that really nonlinear motion of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really nonlinear motion of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really nonlinear motion of that
+two-dimensional thing but our study of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional thing but our study of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional thing but our study of
+vibration is here this is what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration is here this is what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration is here this is what we're
+doing at 2 W 3 but there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing at 2 W 3 but there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing at 2 W 3 but there's a lot of
+important problems that are covered by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important problems that are covered by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important problems that are covered by
+that lots of lots of real things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lots of lots of real things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lots of lots of real things in
+nature that are problematic for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature that are problematic for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature that are problematic for
+engineers a problematic for design can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers a problematic for design can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers a problematic for design can
+be analyzed with linear equations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be analyzed with linear equations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be analyzed with linear equations of
+motion and even if they're not linear if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and even if they're not linear if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and even if they're not linear if
+you do the linear solution first it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the linear solution first it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the linear solution first it
+gives you a starting point to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a starting point to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a starting point to think
+about what's the behavior of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what's the behavior of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what's the behavior of the
+nonlinear systems but this is our study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear systems but this is our study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear systems but this is our study
+of vibration and we're going to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vibration and we're going to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vibration and we're going to do that
+for and what we had started doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in two ways we look at the response to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two ways we look at the response to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two ways we look at the response to
+initial conditions called free vibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions called free vibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions called free vibration
+and we look at response steady-state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we look at response steady-state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we look at response steady-state
+response of now these linear systems -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of now these linear systems -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of now these linear systems -
+forced vibration and last week you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced vibration and last week you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced vibration and last week you
+looked you were looking for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked you were looking for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked you were looking for the first
+time or the professor Gossard Pleasant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time or the professor Gossard Pleasant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time or the professor Gossard Pleasant
+lecture about the free vibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture about the free vibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture about the free vibration
+response of a basically a two degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of a basically a two degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of a basically a two degree
+freedom system so why it was a why do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom system so why it was a why do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom system so why it was a why do
+two degree freedom systems well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two degree freedom systems well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two degree freedom systems well the
+simplest next thing step up from single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest next thing step up from single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest next thing step up from single
+degree and they're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree and they're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree and they're sort of
+mathematically tractable you can do them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically tractable you can do them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically tractable you can do them
+on paper we emphasize you know looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on paper we emphasize you know looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on paper we emphasize you know looking
+at two degree freedom systems because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at two degree freedom systems because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at two degree freedom systems because we
+do the math on the board do the math and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the math on the board do the math and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the math on the board do the math and
+paper but as you get two more degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper but as you get two more degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper but as you get two more degrees of
+freedom basically you're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom basically you're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom basically you're going to have
+to do it's easier to do it using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it's easier to do it using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it's easier to do it using the
+computer and in order to do that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and in order to do that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and in order to do that you
+need to know some linear algebra so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know some linear algebra so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know some linear algebra so I'm
+kind of curious what in terms of linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of curious what in terms of linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of curious what in terms of linear
+algebra like multiplying two matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra like multiplying two matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra like multiplying two matrices
+together or finding the determinant of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together or finding the determinant of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together or finding the determinant of a
+matrix or inverting a matrix how many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix or inverting a matrix how many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix or inverting a matrix how many of
+you or actually have had you know sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you or actually have had you know sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you or actually have had you know sort
+of been taught that how many at may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of been taught that how many at may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of been taught that how many at may have
+me perhaps haven't was it an eighty do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me perhaps haven't was it an eighty do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me perhaps haven't was it an eighty do
+you do that in 1803 now is that where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that in 1803 now is that where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that in 1803 now is that where
+you do it okay good so that's helpful I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it okay good so that's helpful I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it okay good so that's helpful I
+wasn't here whether or not I can assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't here whether or not I can assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't here whether or not I can assume
+that you at least that you know how know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you at least that you know how know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you at least that you know how know
+what the determinant of a matrix is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the determinant of a matrix is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the determinant of a matrix is that
+would be that's great that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be that's great that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be that's great that's really
+helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful
+okay let's talk so we want a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's talk so we want a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's talk so we want a linear
+equations of motion and I've done a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion and I've done a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion and I've done a
+little bit about linearization but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about linearization but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about linearization but not
+much so let's talk a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much so let's talk a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much so let's talk a little bit about
+that for a second for a pendulum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we know the equation of motion for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know the equation of motion for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know the equation of motion for
+actually we could make this a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we could make this a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we could make this a more
+complicated pendulum you know it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated pendulum you know it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated pendulum you know it could
+be a stick or any rigid body swinging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a stick or any rigid body swinging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a stick or any rigid body swinging
+about this point a we know that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this point a we know that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this point a we know that we can
+write the equation of motion icz with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the equation of motion icz with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the equation of motion icz with
+respect to a theta double dot plus MGL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to a theta double dot plus MGL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to a theta double dot plus MGL
+we'll make L the distance here to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll make L the distance here to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll make L the distance here to the
+wherever G is the MGL sine theta and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever G is the MGL sine theta and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever G is the MGL sine theta and for
+free vibration that's all there is to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free vibration that's all there is to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free vibration that's all there is to it
+and to linearize this equation we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to linearize this equation we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to linearize this equation we just
+say well we know that sine theta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well we know that sine theta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well we know that sine theta is
+equal to 1 theta minus theta cubed over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 theta minus theta cubed over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 theta minus theta cubed over
+3 factorial plus theta to the fifth over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 factorial plus theta to the fifth over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 factorial plus theta to the fifth over
+5 factorial and the cosine theta just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 factorial and the cosine theta just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 factorial and the cosine theta just to
+have it available here is 1 minus theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it available here is 1 minus theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it available here is 1 minus theta
+squared over 2 factorial so forth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over 2 factorial so forth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over 2 factorial so forth and
+when we say linearize we really mean we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we say linearize we really mean we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we say linearize we really mean we
+want our equations to involve the motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want our equations to involve the motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want our equations to involve the motion
+variables at most to first order so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables at most to first order so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables at most to first order so the
+first order term for scientists theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order term for scientists theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order term for scientists theta
+there's no first order term for cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no first order term for cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no first order term for cosine
+theta squared is data squared it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta squared is data squared it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta squared is data squared it's
+nonlinear so the the small angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear so the the small angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear so the the small angle
+approximation for cosine is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation for cosine is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation for cosine is it's
+approximately 1 and 2 sine as it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately 1 and 2 sine as it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately 1 and 2 sine as it's
+approximately theta for small motions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately theta for small motions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately theta for small motions
+theta small so when we linearize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta small so when we linearize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta small so when we linearize this
+equation we just substitute in for sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we just substitute in for sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we just substitute in for sine
+theta it's linear approximation and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta it's linear approximation and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta it's linear approximation and we
+get MGL theta so we've seen that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get MGL theta so we've seen that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get MGL theta so we've seen that one
+many times and that's your linearized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times and that's your linearized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times and that's your linearized
+equation of motion but now you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion but now you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion but now you've got
+this week's homework and get a harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this week's homework and get a harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this week's homework and get a harder
+problem and that's our cart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and here you have theta and an X are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you have theta and an X are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you have theta and an X are
+your two equations equation didn't we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your two equations equation didn't we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your two equations equation didn't we
+you've worked this probably for and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've worked this probably for and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've worked this probably for and you
+know what the previous homeworks you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the previous homeworks you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the previous homeworks you've
+gotten the equation of motion I'll write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten the equation of motion I'll write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten the equation of motion I'll write
+one of them down here so one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them down here so one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them down here so one of the
+equations of motion is this is M 1 M 2 K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion is this is M 1 M 2 K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion is this is M 1 M 2 K
+B and this stick is a stick it's a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and this stick is a stick it's a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and this stick is a stick it's a long
+G in the middle so the equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G in the middle so the equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G in the middle so the equation of
+motion for this looks like m1 plus m2 X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion for this looks like m1 plus m2 X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion for this looks like m1 plus m2 X
+double dot plus m2 L over 2 theta double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double dot plus m2 L over 2 theta double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double dot plus m2 L over 2 theta double
+dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+- m 2l over to theta dot squared theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- m 2l over to theta dot squared theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- m 2l over to theta dot squared theta
+and then plus BX dot plus KX and equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then plus BX dot plus KX and equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then plus BX dot plus KX and equals
+and in fact this one has a force on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact this one has a force on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact this one has a force on it
+it's equal to F of T now is that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's equal to F of T now is that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's equal to F of T now is that a
+nonlinear equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is the force equation mass times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the force equation mass times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the force equation mass times
+acceleration or forces you know you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration or forces you know you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration or forces you know you got
+another equation of motion here which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another equation of motion here which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another equation of motion here which is
+the torque one this is just one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the torque one this is just one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the torque one this is just one of them
+so is it linear' nonlinear how many v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is it linear' nonlinear how many v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is it linear' nonlinear how many v
+how many think it's nonlinear okay what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many think it's nonlinear okay what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many think it's nonlinear okay what
+and if I have by numbers of terms here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I have by numbers of terms here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I have by numbers of terms here
+one two three four five and that's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two three four five and that's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two three four five and that's not a
+motion that just doesn't involve motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion that just doesn't involve motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion that just doesn't involve motion
+so if one through five which one's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if one through five which one's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if one through five which one's the
+vidonne linear term three okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vidonne linear term three okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vidonne linear term three okay
+so how do you linearize that thing yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do you linearize that thing yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do you linearize that thing yeah
+in fact it's third order so the just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it's third order so the just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it's third order so the just the
+reason I wanted to mention this today if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I wanted to mention this today if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I wanted to mention this today if
+you haven't thought about being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't thought about being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't thought about being
+confronted with linearization problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confronted with linearization problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confronted with linearization problems
+before we're trying to linearize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we're trying to linearize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we're trying to linearize the
+system so that we can by making it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so that we can by making it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so that we can by making it
+linear we can make cosine Omega T a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear we can make cosine Omega T a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear we can make cosine Omega T a
+solution right we want cosine Omega T to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution right we want cosine Omega T to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution right we want cosine Omega T to
+be a solution to this thing so if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a solution to this thing so if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a solution to this thing so if you if
+you let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you've got a term that looks like M L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've got a term that looks like M L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've got a term that looks like M L
+over m 2l over 2 theta dot squared theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over m 2l over 2 theta dot squared theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over m 2l over 2 theta dot squared theta
+well theta in this problem some function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well theta in this problem some function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well theta in this problem some function
+of time we're hoping we want to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time we're hoping we want to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time we're hoping we want to find a
+solution that has some amplitude times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that has some amplitude times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that has some amplitude times
+say a cosine Omega T and theta dot is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a cosine Omega T and theta dot is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a cosine Omega T and theta dot is
+minus Omega theta naught sine Omega T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Omega theta naught sine Omega T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Omega theta naught sine Omega T
+and so that expression up there the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that expression up there the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that expression up there the
+magnitude of that expression or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of that expression or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of that expression or the
+magnitude of theta dot squared theta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of theta dot squared theta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of theta dot squared theta is
+proportional to you get a theta naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to you get a theta naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to you get a theta naught
+here and you get it Omega squared theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you get it Omega squared theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you get it Omega squared theta
+naught squared here so this term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught squared here so this term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught squared here so this term is
+proportional to theta naught cubed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to theta naught cubed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to theta naught cubed and
+if the angle theta is small then then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the angle theta is small then then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the angle theta is small then then a
+small angle cubed is really small and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small angle cubed is really small and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small angle cubed is really small and so
+the way you the way you linearize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you the way you linearize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you the way you linearize this
+equation is to throw this out so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is to throw this out so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is to throw this out so you
+throw if you when you've done all your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw if you when you've done all your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw if you when you've done all your
+tricks you can like replacing theta sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks you can like replacing theta sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks you can like replacing theta sine
+theta with theta and cosine theta with 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta with theta and cosine theta with 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta with theta and cosine theta with 1
+and you still end up with terms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you still end up with terms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you still end up with terms that
+have our two higher order than 1 in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our two higher order than 1 in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our two higher order than 1 in the
+motion variable theta or X you throw it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion variable theta or X you throw it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion variable theta or X you throw it
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so if you throw that term out then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you throw that term out then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you throw that term out then
+you end up with a nice linear equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up with a nice linear equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up with a nice linear equation
+of motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now for the rest of today we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now for the rest of today we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now for the rest of today we're
+going to talk about free vibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about free vibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about free vibration
+solution so we're not going to worry for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so we're not going to worry for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so we're not going to worry for
+the moment about the forced vibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment about the forced vibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment about the forced vibration
+steady-state transfer function stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady-state transfer function stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady-state transfer function stuff
+we're talking just about free vibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking just about free vibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking just about free vibration
+and this is a linear equations of motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a linear equations of motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a linear equations of motion
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so vibration is a pretty big body of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so vibration is a pretty big body of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so vibration is a pretty big body of
+knowledge and we've really we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge and we've really we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge and we've really we're doing
+all that we're doing an introduction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that we're doing an introduction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that we're doing an introduction to
+vibration about half a dozen lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration about half a dozen lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration about half a dozen lectures
+here so there's lots of things that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so there's lots of things that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so there's lots of things that I'm
+not going to have time to teach you but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to have time to teach you but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to have time to teach you but
+there are a few things I really want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a few things I really want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a few things I really want you
+to go away with understanding and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go away with understanding and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go away with understanding and one
+one of these key concepts is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these key concepts is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these key concepts is that the
+vibration of a multiple degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration of a multiple degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration of a multiple degree of
+freedom system say this this is a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom system say this this is a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom system say this this is a two
+degree of freedom system that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of freedom system that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of freedom system that the
+vibration of this system the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration of this system the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration of this system the free
+vibration can be made up of the su sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration can be made up of the su sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration can be made up of the su sum
+of two parts and any any vibration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two parts and any any vibration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two parts and any any vibration of
+the system at all so any arbitrary set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system at all so any arbitrary set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system at all so any arbitrary set
+of initial conditions I give it let it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of initial conditions I give it let it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of initial conditions I give it let it
+go this key concept is they responsibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go this key concept is they responsibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go this key concept is they responsibly
+made up of two pieces vibration in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made up of two pieces vibration in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made up of two pieces vibration in each
+of the two modes and if you can solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two modes and if you can solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two modes and if you can solve
+the vibration that's in first mode first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vibration that's in first mode first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vibration that's in first mode first
+mode the one where they're going to kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode the one where they're going to kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode the one where they're going to kind
+of together second mode their opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of together second mode their opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of together second mode their opposite
+one another that the total solution can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one another that the total solution can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one another that the total solution can
+be made up a contribution for mode one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be made up a contribution for mode one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be made up a contribution for mode one
+and a contribution for mode two okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a contribution for mode two okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a contribution for mode two okay so
+this is this concept called mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+superposition it's really quite powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition it's really quite powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition it's really quite powerful
+so you can figure out the response of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can figure out the response of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can figure out the response of
+the first mode in the system figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first mode in the system figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first mode in the system figure out
+the response of the second modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response of the second modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response of the second modes
+contribution add them together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution add them together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution add them together and
+that's the total solution and that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the total solution and that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the total solution and that this
+this is this works this concept works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this works this concept works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this works this concept works
+like it like there's all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it like there's all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it like there's all sorts of
+caveats that one gets into but basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caveats that one gets into but basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caveats that one gets into but basically
+this is true for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lightly damped systems get into heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightly damped systems get into heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightly damped systems get into heavy
+damping and strange damping you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping and strange damping you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping and strange damping you have to
+make some adjustments but for lightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some adjustments but for lightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some adjustments but for lightly
+damped systems you'll find that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damped systems you'll find that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damped systems you'll find that this
+concept of mode superposition works out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of mode superposition works out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of mode superposition works out
+just fine so an illustration of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just fine so an illustration of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just fine so an illustration of this
+ascent really simple illustration in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ascent really simple illustration in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ascent really simple illustration in
+some ways easier than this one I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways easier than this one I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways easier than this one I don't
+know if I can get this so you can see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I can get this so you can see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I can get this so you can see it
+in the picture or not maybe not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the picture or not maybe not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the picture or not maybe not really
+this is just to little lead weights this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just to little lead weights this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just to little lead weights this
+is a double pendulum it has two natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a double pendulum it has two natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a double pendulum it has two natural
+frequencies one is that one you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies one is that one you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies one is that one you see the
+two weights go in the same direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two weights go in the same direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two weights go in the same direction
+bottom weight a little bit more larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom weight a little bit more larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom weight a little bit more larger
+angle than that it's in the top weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle than that it's in the top weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle than that it's in the top weight
+and it's at a particular frequency and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's at a particular frequency and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's at a particular frequency and
+that's the mode shape that goes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the mode shape that goes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the mode shape that goes through
+this frequency so another key concept is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this frequency so another key concept is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this frequency so another key concept is
+that for free vibration the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for free vibration the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for free vibration the total
+solution is made up of the vibration the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is made up of the vibration the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is made up of the vibration the
+free vibration of each mode and in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free vibration of each mode and in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free vibration of each mode and in each
+mode has a particular frequency and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode has a particular frequency and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode has a particular frequency and a
+particular shape to it so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular shape to it so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular shape to it so that's the
+first mode frequency and the first mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first mode frequency and the first mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first mode frequency and the first mode
+shape the second mode a little harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape the second mode a little harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape the second mode a little harder
+time getting it started that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time getting it started that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time getting it started that looks like
+that masses move in opposite directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that masses move in opposite directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that masses move in opposite directions
+it's kind of rotating around where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of rotating around where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of rotating around where you
+can't see it do it in the plane it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't see it do it in the plane it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't see it do it in the plane it's
+hard to do here it doesn't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to do here it doesn't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to do here it doesn't want to
+behave like it's confined to a plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they're going in opposite directions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going in opposite directions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going in opposite directions and
+the frequencies higher but the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequencies higher but the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequencies higher but the this
+motion that mode shape is a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion that mode shape is a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion that mode shape is a fixed
+feature of this mode of vibration along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature of this mode of vibration along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature of this mode of vibration along
+with its natural frequency so this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with its natural frequency so this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with its natural frequency so this idea
+of mode superposition ok and a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mode superposition ok and a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mode superposition ok and a second
+concept here is that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for free vibration of each mode it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it oscillates at a unique frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it oscillates at a unique frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it oscillates at a unique frequency
+for this two degree of freedom system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this two degree of freedom system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this two degree of freedom system
+you have two natural frequencies Omega 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two natural frequencies Omega 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two natural frequencies Omega 1
+and Omega 2 and for each at each Omega n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Omega 2 and for each at each Omega n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Omega 2 and for each at each Omega n
+there is a corresponding mode shape so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a corresponding mode shape so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a corresponding mode shape so
+any any vibration of a linear system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any vibration of a linear system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any vibration of a linear system
+free vibration of it any vibration at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free vibration of it any vibration at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free vibration of it any vibration at
+all is composed of a superposition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all is composed of a superposition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all is composed of a superposition of
+the two modes part of this motions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two modes part of this motions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two modes part of this motions in
+the first mode at its natural frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first mode at its natural frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first mode at its natural frequency
+and in its shape and part of the motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in its shape and part of the motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in its shape and part of the motion
+when I give a is has a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I give a is has a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I give a is has a second
+contribution which is at the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution which is at the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution which is at the natural
+frequency of the second mode and in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of the second mode and in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of the second mode and in its
+shape so I'm going to give you a a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape so I'm going to give you a a quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape so I'm going to give you a a quick
+demo and ask you if see if you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo and ask you if see if you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo and ask you if see if you can use
+what I just said to analyze a motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is just a block on some strings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just a block on some strings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just a block on some strings
+and I'm going to show you emotion and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to show you emotion and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to show you emotion and I
+want you to tell me whether or not it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to tell me whether or not it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to tell me whether or not it
+could possibly be a natural frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could possibly be a natural frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could possibly be a natural frequency
+emotion at in one mode no or it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotion at in one mode no or it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotion at in one mode no or it's the
+other answer is it's a it's the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other answer is it's a it's the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other answer is it's a it's the sum of
+multiple modes but I'm going to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple modes but I'm going to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple modes but I'm going to show you
+emotion and want you to tell me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotion and want you to tell me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotion and want you to tell me and
+argue on the basis of what I've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue on the basis of what I've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue on the basis of what I've just
+told you whether or not you are seeing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you whether or not you are seeing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you whether or not you are seeing a
+single mode of vibration and use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single mode of vibration and use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single mode of vibration and use the
+clamp here so I don't have to stand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clamp here so I don't have to stand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clamp here so I don't have to stand
+there and hold it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I'm going to displace it so the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm going to displace it so the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm going to displace it so the way
+you do free vibration you give it an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do free vibration you give it an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do free vibration you give it an
+initial displacement some initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial displacement some initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial displacement some initial
+conditions and let go so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and let go so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and let go so I'm going to
+pull this over and back let go just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull this over and back let go just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull this over and back let go just
+watch closely what you see it do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right now it's doing more way I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now it's doing more way I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now it's doing more way I want
+it looks like going a circle right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like going a circle right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like going a circle right now
+and that looks like it just going back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that looks like it just going back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that looks like it just going back
+and forth on a diagonal and then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth on a diagonal and then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth on a diagonal and then it's
+going to start circling the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start circling the other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start circling the other way
+it's going in a circle and now it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going in a circle and now it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going in a circle and now it goes
+to on the diagonal left and right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to on the diagonal left and right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to on the diagonal left and right and
+then it starts back into a circle again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it starts back into a circle again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it starts back into a circle again
+are you observing a natural mode of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you observing a natural mode of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you observing a natural mode of
+vibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration
+it looks like it's single frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like it's single frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like it's single frequency
+right it looks like it's all happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it looks like it's all happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it looks like it's all happening
+one that one frequency but is it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that one frequency but is it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that one frequency but is it a
+natural mode one a unique natural mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wants to make a case for whether it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to make a case for whether it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to make a case for whether it is
+or isn't ok how many believe that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or isn't ok how many believe that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or isn't ok how many believe that it's
+you're seeing a natural mode of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing a natural mode of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing a natural mode of
+vibration no how many think you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration no how many think you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration no how many think you're not
+seeing a natural mode of vibration see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing a natural mode of vibration see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing a natural mode of vibration see
+if you're awake ok you know believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're awake ok you know believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're awake ok you know believe that
+the natural mode you make the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural mode you make the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural mode you make the case
+what's ary how do you use sort of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's ary how do you use sort of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's ary how do you use sort of this
+definition of a natural mode to tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a natural mode to tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a natural mode to tell me
+why this can't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and that the evidence you see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that the evidence you see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that the evidence you see is
+because what does it do okay so if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what does it do okay so if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what does it do okay so if it
+circles around part of the time then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles around part of the time then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles around part of the time then
+goes straight back and forth part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes straight back and forth part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes straight back and forth part of the
+time is it a constant mode shape of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is it a constant mode shape of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is it a constant mode shape of
+vibration no and there's the that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration no and there's the that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration no and there's the that's all
+you need to observe if the thing doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to observe if the thing doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to observe if the thing doesn't
+keep a constant single shape at a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep a constant single shape at a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep a constant single shape at a single
+frequency it's not a natural mode so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency it's not a natural mode so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency it's not a natural mode so
+let's take it let's do a different case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take it let's do a different case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take it let's do a different case
+I flicked it just this way and ignore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I flicked it just this way and ignore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I flicked it just this way and ignore
+that a little bit of torsion so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a little bit of torsion so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a little bit of torsion so just
+going back and forth in line other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back and forth in line other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back and forth in line other than
+slowly damping out that has just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly damping out that has just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly damping out that has just one
+motion to it and it's at one natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion to it and it's at one natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion to it and it's at one natural
+frequency so do you think that's a mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency so do you think that's a mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency so do you think that's a mode
+that's probably is too and so is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably is too and so is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably is too and so is this
+one and observe and ignore that high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and observe and ignore that high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and observe and ignore that high
+frequencies back and forth it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies back and forth it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies back and forth it's just a
+pendulum and it's just stays just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum and it's just stays just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum and it's just stays just
+pendulum motion no circular around or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum motion no circular around or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum motion no circular around or
+any of that so that's also a natural and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of that so that's also a natural and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of that so that's also a natural and
+it occurs at a particular frequency so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it occurs at a particular frequency so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it occurs at a particular frequency so
+these are two pennies are two individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are two pennies are two individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are two pennies are two individual
+pendulum oceans one this way and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum oceans one this way and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum oceans one this way and one
+that way and what I was doing at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way and what I was doing at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way and what I was doing at the
+beginning is I pulled it to the side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning is I pulled it to the side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning is I pulled it to the side
+which would start one of those modes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would start one of those modes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would start one of those modes and
+I pulled it back which will put some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I pulled it back which will put some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I pulled it back which will put some
+energy into the other mode and let it go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy into the other mode and let it go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy into the other mode and let it go
+and now what you have is the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now what you have is the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now what you have is the sum of
+these two different motions adding up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two different motions adding up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two different motions adding up to
+go and it goes in circles and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and it goes in circles and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and it goes in circles and then
+straight lines and the fact that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight lines and the fact that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight lines and the fact that they
+this is a phenomenon called beading and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a phenomenon called beading and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a phenomenon called beading and
+it is because these two pendulum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is because these two pendulum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is because these two pendulum
+even though there have strings of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though there have strings of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though there have strings of the
+same length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same length
+they actually have slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually have slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually have slightly different
+natural frequencies you could at their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequencies you could at their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequencies you could at their
+each single degree of freedom systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each single degree of freedom systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each single degree of freedom systems
+are two independent single degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two independent single degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two independent single degree
+freedom systems each with their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom systems each with their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom systems each with their own
+natural frequency but if you mix them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequency but if you mix them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequency but if you mix them
+then they're going to exhibit this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they're going to exhibit this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they're going to exhibit this
+motion okay so that's something really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion okay so that's something really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion okay so that's something really
+important to remember a quiz question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to remember a quiz question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to remember a quiz question
+that I like to ask is it's easy to it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I like to ask is it's easy to it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I like to ask is it's easy to it's
+easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to
+a grade and it's no math required is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a grade and it's no math required is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a grade and it's no math required is to
+literally I've often done this in exams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally I've often done this in exams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally I've often done this in exams
+walk-in with something like that block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk-in with something like that block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk-in with something like that block
+of wood and say you know is this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wood and say you know is this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wood and say you know is this a
+natural mode okay that's time to do one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now let's pick up where professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's pick up where professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's pick up where professor
+Gossard left off just go to talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gossard left off just go to talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gossard left off just go to talking
+about natural frequencies and mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about natural frequencies and mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about natural frequencies and mode
+shapes of linearized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes of linearized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes of linearized
+two degree of freedom systems but I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two degree of freedom systems but I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two degree of freedom systems but I want
+to generalize a little bit of what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generalize a little bit of what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generalize a little bit of what he
+did so he in his lecture analyzed this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did so he in his lecture analyzed this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did so he in his lecture analyzed this
+system like this okay I'll just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system like this okay I'll just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system like this okay I'll just kind of
+put the highlights here and this is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the highlights here and this is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the highlights here and this is now
+solving for natural frequencies and mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shapes you came up with a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes you came up with a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes you came up with a set of
+equations of motion for this this was I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion for this this was I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion for this this was I
+guess M 1 M 2 and the equations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess M 1 M 2 and the equations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess M 1 M 2 and the equations of
+motion for this are M 1 in matrix form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now I'm going to do this to emphasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to do this to emphasize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to do this to emphasize
+something in general there could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in general there could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in general there could be
+damping in our linearized system and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping in our linearized system and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping in our linearized system and we
+have a stiffness matrix K 1 plus K 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a stiffness matrix K 1 plus K 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a stiffness matrix K 1 plus K 2
+minus K 2 and in general there could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus K 2 and in general there could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus K 2 and in general there could be
+forces which are functions of time on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces which are functions of time on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces which are functions of time on
+that system now if we want to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that system now if we want to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that system now if we want to find
+natural frequencies and mode shapes we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequencies and mode shapes we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequencies and mode shapes we
+go looking for what we call the undamped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go looking for what we call the undamped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go looking for what we call the undamped
+natural frequencies and mode shapes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequencies and mode shapes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequencies and mode shapes so
+this problem doesn't even have dampers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem doesn't even have dampers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem doesn't even have dampers
+in it but if it did for the purpose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it but if it did for the purpose of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it but if it did for the purpose of
+finding natural frequencies and mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding natural frequencies and mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding natural frequencies and mode
+shapes you just set to 0 and with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes you just set to 0 and with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes you just set to 0 and with the
+forces you do the same thing and now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces you do the same thing and now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces you do the same thing and now you
+have undamped unforced equations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have undamped unforced equations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have undamped unforced equations of
+motion and this is then of the form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and this is then of the form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and this is then of the form of
+mass matrix times an acceleration vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass matrix times an acceleration vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass matrix times an acceleration vector
+X 1 X 2 plus a stiffness matrix times a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X 1 X 2 plus a stiffness matrix times a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X 1 X 2 plus a stiffness matrix times a
+displacement vector equals 0 so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement vector equals 0 so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement vector equals 0 so in
+matrix notation looks like that and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix notation looks like that and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix notation looks like that and now
+so in ghent this is the way you would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in ghent this is the way you would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in ghent this is the way you would do
+any rigid body vibration problem it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any rigid body vibration problem it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any rigid body vibration problem it
+could this is two degrees of freedom but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could this is two degrees of freedom but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could this is two degrees of freedom but
+this is the general expression for an N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the general expression for an N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the general expression for an N
+degree of freedom system and if we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of freedom system and if we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of freedom system and if we had
+three masses here then you'd these would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three masses here then you'd these would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three masses here then you'd these would
+be 3 by 3 matrices instead of two by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 3 by 3 matrices instead of two by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 3 by 3 matrices instead of two by
+twos so that's the basic formulation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twos so that's the basic formulation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twos so that's the basic formulation and
+you went through last time the 2 by 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you went through last time the 2 by 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you went through last time the 2 by 2
+you can actually go through and find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually go through and find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually go through and find the
+fourth order equation in omega and solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth order equation in omega and solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth order equation in omega and solve
+for 2 roots of Omega squared and you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 2 roots of Omega squared and you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 2 roots of Omega squared and you got
+the two natural frequencies plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two natural frequencies plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two natural frequencies plug
+back in you got the two mode shapes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in you got the two mode shapes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in you got the two mode shapes to
+go along with them so that was you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go along with them so that was you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go along with them so that was you did
+it that way so you can by hand so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that way so you can by hand so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that way so you can by hand so that
+you can see how you can work out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see how you can work out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see how you can work out the
+natural frequencies so how can you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequencies so how can you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequencies so how can you do
+I'm going to show you the more a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to show you the more a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to show you the more a
+approach that you more likely use one a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach that you more likely use one a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach that you more likely use one a
+computer and if you get to larger orders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and if you get to larger orders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and if you get to larger orders
+and degree of freedom systems you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and degree of freedom systems you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and degree of freedom systems you're
+going to want to do this instead of by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to want to do this instead of by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to want to do this instead of by
+hand have a computer do the work for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand have a computer do the work for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand have a computer do the work for you
+so listen let's this is the generic form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so listen let's this is the generic form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so listen let's this is the generic form
+let's just assume for a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just assume for a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just assume for a minute
+it's an N degree of freedom system so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an N degree of freedom system so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an N degree of freedom system so
+these are n by n matrices how would we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are n by n matrices how would we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are n by n matrices how would we
+find the natural frequencies and mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the natural frequencies and mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the natural frequencies and mode
+shapes of this general system so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes of this general system so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes of this general system so you
+assume to assume solutions of the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume to assume solutions of the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume to assume solutions of the form
+of what I've been describing in natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what I've been describing in natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what I've been describing in natural
+mode any natural mode of the system has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode any natural mode of the system has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode any natural mode of the system has
+a particular shape to it and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular shape to it and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular shape to it and a
+particular frequency and that's the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular frequency and that's the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular frequency and that's the key
+that's the key assumption here you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the key assumption here you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the key assumption here you some
+solutions of the form that this vector X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions of the form that this vector X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions of the form that this vector X
+I'm going to instead of writing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to instead of writing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to instead of writing the
+brackets like this I'll just I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets like this I'll just I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets like this I'll just I'm going
+to make this so X here is just with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make this so X here is just with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make this so X here is just with a
+line underneath it so X is of the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line underneath it so X is of the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line underneath it so X is of the form
+you know it's x1 of T down to X n if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's x1 of T down to X n if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's x1 of T down to X n if you
+have n degrees of freedom you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have n degrees of freedom you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have n degrees of freedom you're looking
+for a solution for that thing and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a solution for that thing and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a solution for that thing and it's
+going to have an amplitude to it a 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have an amplitude to it a 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have an amplitude to it a 1
+down to a n and in it this is any one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to a n and in it this is any one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to a n and in it this is any one
+mode so any one mode will look like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode so any one mode will look like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode so any one mode will look like a
+set of amplitudes that govern its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of amplitudes that govern its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of amplitudes that govern its
+mode shape and it will oscillate we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode shape and it will oscillate we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode shape and it will oscillate we can
+write the oscillation as cosine Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the oscillation as cosine Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the oscillation as cosine Omega
+now put an eye here it's the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now put an eye here it's the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now put an eye here it's the I
+thoroughly Qin C minus some phase angles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoroughly Qin C minus some phase angles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoroughly Qin C minus some phase angles
+so in general each mode some solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in general each mode some solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in general each mode some solutions
+I'll say here for each mode so each mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll say here for each mode so each mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll say here for each mode so each mode
+the any mode mode I will look like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the any mode mode I will look like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the any mode mode I will look like this
+it'll have a shape to it governed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll have a shape to it governed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll have a shape to it governed by
+this and these are basically in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and these are basically in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and these are basically in
+constants once determined this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants once determined this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants once determined this is just a
+constant and here is your time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and here is your time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and here is your time
+dependence and it's going to left out my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence and it's going to left out my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence and it's going to left out my
+T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T
+it's going to oscillate at some natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to oscillate at some natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to oscillate at some natural
+frequency so we know this is what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency so we know this is what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency so we know this is what the
+solution has to look like and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution has to look like and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution has to look like and we can
+take this and plug it in to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this and plug it in to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this and plug it in to this
+equation this vector of responses is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation this vector of responses is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation this vector of responses is
+some vector of amplitudes times say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some vector of amplitudes times say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some vector of amplitudes times say
+cosine Omega t minus T and just plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Omega t minus T and just plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Omega t minus T and just plug
+that into this set of matrix equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into this set of matrix equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into this set of matrix equations
+note that X double dot is just a you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that X double dot is just a you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that X double dot is just a you get
+minus Omega squared a cosine Omega T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Omega squared a cosine Omega T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Omega squared a cosine Omega T and
+we now substitute these in to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you get minus Omega squared for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get minus Omega squared for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get minus Omega squared for the
+first term minus Omega squared times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term minus Omega squared times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term minus Omega squared times the
+mass matrix a cosine Omega t minus V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass matrix a cosine Omega t minus V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass matrix a cosine Omega t minus V
+Plus this stiffness matrix a I better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus this stiffness matrix a I better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus this stiffness matrix a I better
+consistent notation here excuse me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent notation here excuse me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent notation here excuse me a
+cosine Omega t minus V and all that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Omega t minus V and all that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Omega t minus V and all that's
+equal to zero so this these go away and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero so this these go away and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero so this these go away and
+cancel them out and we can factor out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel them out and we can factor out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel them out and we can factor out
+this a quantity and we get minus Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a quantity and we get minus Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a quantity and we get minus Omega
+squared M plus K times a equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared M plus K times a equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared M plus K times a equals zero
+so you do this with any linearize and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you do this with any linearize and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you do this with any linearize and
+degree freedom system that you know has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree freedom system that you know has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree freedom system that you know has
+a vibration solution to it these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vibration solution to it these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vibration solution to it these are the
+unknown mode shapes and so in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown mode shapes and so in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown mode shapes and so in order to
+satisfy this equation either this a has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy this equation either this a has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy this equation either this a has
+to be 0 which is a trivial solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 0 which is a trivial solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 0 which is a trivial solution
+there's no motion no mode shape or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is this is trivial not too useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this is trivial not too useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this is trivial not too useful
+either ASB 0 or the determinant of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either ASB 0 or the determinant of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either ASB 0 or the determinant of this
+quantity has to be 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so but the way you do that on a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but the way you do that on a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but the way you do that on a computer
+so that would be beginning the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would be beginning the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would be beginning the way you
+would analyze this by hand you find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would analyze this by hand you find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would analyze this by hand you find the
+determinant of that matrix and it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of that matrix and it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of that matrix and it will
+be if it is a second if it's a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be if it is a second if it's a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be if it is a second if it's a two
+degree freedom system you get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree freedom system you get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree freedom system you get an
+equation in omega to the fourth which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in omega to the fourth which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in omega to the fourth which
+has two roots for Omega square if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two roots for Omega square if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two roots for Omega square if it's a
+three degree freedom system you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three degree freedom system you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three degree freedom system you'll get
+an equation and make it to the sixth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equation and make it to the sixth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equation and make it to the sixth
+when you write out that determinant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you write out that determinant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you write out that determinant and
+it has three roots for Omega squared and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has three roots for Omega squared and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has three roots for Omega squared and
+in degree of freedom system has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in degree of freedom system has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in degree of freedom system has an
+equation that's to order to n Omega to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that's to order to n Omega to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that's to order to n Omega to
+the to nth power and it'll have n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to nth power and it'll have n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to nth power and it'll have n
+solutions or roots for the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions or roots for the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions or roots for the natural
+frequency for Omega squared but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency for Omega squared but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency for Omega squared but that
+would be if you're trying to grind this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be if you're trying to grind this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be if you're trying to grind this
+out by hand the way you do this on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out by hand the way you do this on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out by hand the way you do this on a
+computer maybe I get a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer maybe I get a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer maybe I get a little bit more
+on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+come back here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'll go back to the earlier form I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll go back to the earlier form I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll go back to the earlier form I
+had here plus K a equals zero now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had here plus K a equals zero now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had here plus K a equals zero now I'm
+going to multiply by M inverse so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to multiply by M inverse so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to multiply by M inverse so if I
+take if I multiply if I invert the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take if I multiply if I invert the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take if I multiply if I invert the mass
+matrix if I multiply the matrix by its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix if I multiply the matrix by its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix if I multiply the matrix by its
+inverse what do you get if I multiply M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse what do you get if I multiply M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse what do you get if I multiply M
+times M inverse you get a unit matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times M inverse you get a unit matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times M inverse you get a unit matrix
+right it has ones on the diagonal so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it has ones on the diagonal so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it has ones on the diagonal so I'm
+going to multiply through here by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to multiply through here by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to multiply through here by this
+and so this gives me a minus Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this gives me a minus Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this gives me a minus Omega
+squared and M times M inverse gives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and M times M inverse gives me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and M times M inverse gives me
+the unit matrix ones on the diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit matrix ones on the diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit matrix ones on the diagonal
+times a plus M inverse times K a equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a plus M inverse times K a equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a plus M inverse times K a equals
+zero and this product is just a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and this product is just a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and this product is just a matrix
+product M inverse times K and I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product M inverse times K and I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product M inverse times K and I'm going
+to call it the a matrix and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call it the a matrix and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call it the a matrix and I'm going to
+move this to the other side so I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move this to the other side so I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move this to the other side so I have a
+I have a linear algebra expression of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a linear algebra expression of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a linear algebra expression of
+the form a times the vector equals Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form a times the vector equals Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form a times the vector equals Omega
+squared times the unit matrix times a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared times the unit matrix times a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared times the unit matrix times a
+and I could I could go ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I could I could go ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I could I could go ahead and
+multiply multiply this out for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply multiply this out for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply multiply this out for example
+this times that I'll get a vector so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this times that I'll get a vector so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this times that I'll get a vector so
+this just looks like Omega squared a if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just looks like Omega squared a if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just looks like Omega squared a if
+you multiply it out a vector times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you multiply it out a vector times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you multiply it out a vector times the
+matrix is a vector on the left side a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is a vector on the left side a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is a vector on the left side a
+vector times a matrix gives B back of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector times a matrix gives B back of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector times a matrix gives B back of
+Ector it's just the unit but it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ector it's just the unit but it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ector it's just the unit but it's just
+the unit matrix so it gives me back the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit matrix so it gives me back the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit matrix so it gives me back the
+vector times Omega squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector times Omega squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector times Omega squared
+is in what is known as standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in what is known as standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in what is known as standard
+eigenvalue formulation this is standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue formulation this is standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue formulation this is standard
+eigenvalue problem now it's a problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue problem now it's a problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue problem now it's a problem of
+the form a times a vector equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form a times a vector equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form a times a vector equals
+something a lambda times a a parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a lambda times a a parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a lambda times a a parameter
+which we know happens to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we know happens to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we know happens to be the
+frequency squared but this is standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency squared but this is standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency squared but this is standard
+eigenvalue formulation ah good mega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue formulation ah good mega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue formulation ah good mega
+squared a so a times the unit vector you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared a so a times the unit vector you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared a so a times the unit vector you
+get some a back as a vector and I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some a back as a vector and I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some a back as a vector and I got
+the Omega squared in front of it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Omega squared in front of it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Omega squared in front of it and
+oftentimes in you know manual for MATLAB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oftentimes in you know manual for MATLAB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oftentimes in you know manual for MATLAB
+or something they'll describe this as is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something they'll describe this as is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something they'll describe this as is
+some some parameter it's a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some parameter it's a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some parameter it's a constant
+times a and this is standard what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a and this is standard what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a and this is standard what they
+call eigenvalue formulation and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call eigenvalue formulation and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call eigenvalue formulation and in
+MATLAB in MATLAB if you say for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MATLAB in MATLAB if you say for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MATLAB in MATLAB if you say for example
+e equals AG of a this will return this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e equals AG of a this will return this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e equals AG of a this will return this
+returns a vector which is the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns a vector which is the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns a vector which is the natural
+frequency squared it will return these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency squared it will return these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency squared it will return these
+lambdas in the first one is Omega one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambdas in the first one is Omega one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambdas in the first one is Omega one
+squared down to Omega N squared and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared down to Omega N squared and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared down to Omega N squared and if
+you go with this function if you go a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go with this function if you go a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go with this function if you go a
+little further if you say V comma D is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little further if you say V comma D is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little further if you say V comma D is
+AG a then this produces it gives you two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AG a then this produces it gives you two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AG a then this produces it gives you two
+it gives you two matrices back it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives you two matrices back it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives you two matrices back it gives
+you V and V is a matrix which it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you V and V is a matrix which it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you V and V is a matrix which it's
+columns are the mode shapes so a 1 to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns are the mode shapes so a 1 to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns are the mode shapes so a 1 to a
+n this is mode 1 over to a 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n this is mode 1 over to a 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n this is mode 1 over to a 1
+to a n promote n gives you two matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a n promote n gives you two matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a n promote n gives you two matrices
+one that's that and another one a D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's that and another one a D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's that and another one a D
+matrix which has the Omega as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix which has the Omega as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix which has the Omega as the
+lambdas lambda one lambda in on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambdas lambda one lambda in on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambdas lambda one lambda in on the
+diagonals and it's a diagonal matrix so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonals and it's a diagonal matrix so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonals and it's a diagonal matrix so
+it gives you two great matrices back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives you two great matrices back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives you two great matrices back
+ones and has the eigenvectors the mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and has the eigenvectors the mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and has the eigenvectors the mode
+shapes and another matrix whose diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes and another matrix whose diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes and another matrix whose diagonal
+elements are the natural frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are the natural frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are the natural frequency
+squared and that's that's all there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and that's that's all there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and that's that's all there is
+dollars to with it I cooked without if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars to with it I cooked without if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars to with it I cooked without if
+you do this numerically and there's lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do this numerically and there's lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do this numerically and there's lots
+of there's different program lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of there's different program lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of there's different program lots of
+different programs there's multiple ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different programs there's multiple ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different programs there's multiple ways
+of doing this in MATLAB when you do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing this in MATLAB when you do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing this in MATLAB when you do it
+this way it doesn't come out sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way it doesn't come out sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way it doesn't come out sometimes
+nicely ordered and what I call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely ordered and what I call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely ordered and what I call
+normalized but it does produce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized but it does produce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized but it does produce the
+eigenvalues are called eigen values and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues are called eigen values and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues are called eigen values and
+eigen vectors the eigen values of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen vectors the eigen values of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen vectors the eigen values of the
+net are the lambdas the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net are the lambdas the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net are the lambdas the natural
+frequency squared and the eigenvectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency squared and the eigenvectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency squared and the eigenvectors
+are these mode shapes that go with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these mode shapes that go with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these mode shapes that go with each
+natural frequency once you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequency once you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequency once you know the
+natural frequencies and mode shapes now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequencies and mode shapes now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequencies and mode shapes now
+we want to get back to talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to get back to talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to get back to talking about
+solutions this idea of mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions this idea of mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions this idea of mode
+superposition and if you had given a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition and if you had given a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition and if you had given a set
+of initial conditions what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of initial conditions what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of initial conditions what is the
+response how do you add these two modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response how do you add these two modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response how do you add these two modes
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+so we've four let's go back down we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've four let's go back down we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've four let's go back down we'll
+return to two degree of freedom systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to two degree of freedom systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to two degree of freedom systems
+like this one to do an example and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this one to do an example and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this one to do an example and we
+assume that the solution was some a1 a2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the solution was some a1 a2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the solution was some a1 a2
+cosine Omega t minus a phase angle that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Omega t minus a phase angle that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Omega t minus a phase angle that
+each mode would have this character to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each mode would have this character to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each mode would have this character to
+it and I'm going to I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and I'm going to I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and I'm going to I'm going to
+normalize my mode shapes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for each mode shape of the system so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for each mode shape of the system so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for each mode shape of the system so
+this is could be for mode one this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is could be for mode one this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is could be for mode one this is
+the mode shape for mode one this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mode shape for mode one this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mode shape for mode one this is
+natural frequency one and a phase angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequency one and a phase angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequency one and a phase angle
+one each mode shape I could write I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one each mode shape I could write I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one each mode shape I could write I
+could write this then as I could factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write this then as I could factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write this then as I could factor
+out an a the a one pull out a 1 divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out an a the a one pull out a 1 divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out an a the a one pull out a 1 divided
+by a 1 so this is going to be written as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a 1 so this is going to be written as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a 1 so this is going to be written as
+a 1 times 1 + a2 over a1 so I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1 times 1 + a2 over a1 so I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1 times 1 + a2 over a1 so I just
+factored out so for mode 1 its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factored out so for mode 1 its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factored out so for mode 1 its
+normalized mode shape by normalized you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized mode shape by normalized you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized mode shape by normalized you
+just pick some way of stomach in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pick some way of stomach in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pick some way of stomach in some
+way that you repeatedly use you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that you repeatedly use you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that you repeatedly use you're
+consistent in its use I typically type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent in its use I typically type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent in its use I typically type
+will say let's make the top element of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will say let's make the top element of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will say let's make the top element of
+the vector one and to make the top one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector one and to make the top one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector one and to make the top one
+one you factor out whatever its value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you factor out whatever its value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you factor out whatever its value is
+that you get back from the computer or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get back from the computer or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get back from the computer or
+from your calculation you factor that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your calculation you factor that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your calculation you factor that
+out of every member now you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of every member now you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of every member now you have a
+normalized mode shape whose top element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized mode shape whose top element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized mode shape whose top element
+is one there's lots of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one there's lots of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one there's lots of other
+normalization schemes that's just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization schemes that's just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization schemes that's just one
+way to do it and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's one of the mode shapes the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution is x1 x2 and this is where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is x1 x2 and this is where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is x1 x2 and this is where the
+mode superposition part comes in is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode superposition part comes in is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode superposition part comes in is some
+undetermined constant a 1 times the mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undetermined constant a 1 times the mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undetermined constant a 1 times the mode
+shape a 2 over a 1 for mode 1 cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape a 2 over a 1 for mode 1 cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape a 2 over a 1 for mode 1 cosine
+Omega 1 t minus c1 and I'm going to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 1 t minus c1 and I'm going to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 1 t minus c1 and I'm going to run
+out of room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now the responses to initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the responses to initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the responses to initial
+conditions I'm going to this has got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions I'm going to this has got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions I'm going to this has got
+another term I'm just going to rewrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another term I'm just going to rewrite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another term I'm just going to rewrite
+it here so we're looking our total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here so we're looking our total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here so we're looking our total
+motion response now by mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion response now by mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion response now by mode
+superposition will be a1 one a2 over a1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition will be a1 one a2 over a1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition will be a1 one a2 over a1
+mode one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the free vibration response of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the free vibration response of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the free vibration response of any
+two degree of freedom system linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two degree of freedom system linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two degree of freedom system linear
+linearized equation any two degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearized equation any two degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearized equation any two degree
+freedom linear system can be made up of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom linear system can be made up of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom linear system can be made up of
+the sum of two terms the motion in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of two terms the motion in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of two terms the motion in its
+first at its first natural frequency in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first at its first natural frequency in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first at its first natural frequency in
+its first mode shape and another term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its first mode shape and another term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its first mode shape and another term
+which is the motion at its second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the motion at its second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the motion at its second
+natural frequency in its second mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequency in its second mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequency in its second mode
+shape but now you have two undetermined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape but now you have two undetermined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape but now you have two undetermined
+constants out here a1 and a2 well where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants out here a1 and a2 well where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants out here a1 and a2 well where
+do you where do they come from they you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you where do they come from they you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you where do they come from they you
+got to use your initial conditions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to use your initial conditions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to use your initial conditions to
+get those and I'll write down let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get those and I'll write down let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get those and I'll write down let's see
+I got just and maybe enough time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got just and maybe enough time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got just and maybe enough time to
+write this down these are functions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this down these are functions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this down these are functions of
+time so in so a1 and a2 come from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so in so a1 and a2 come from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so in so a1 and a2 come from the
+ICS the initial conditions so at t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ICS the initial conditions so at t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ICS the initial conditions so at t
+equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0
+for example plug in T equals 0 into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example plug in T equals 0 into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example plug in T equals 0 into this
+you get cosine fee and over here another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get cosine fee and over here another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get cosine fee and over here another
+v1 and another way over here cosine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v1 and another way over here cosine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v1 and another way over here cosine of
+minus v1 is cosine feet one so you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus v1 is cosine feet one so you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus v1 is cosine feet one so you just
+put in T equals zero you find out that X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in T equals zero you find out that X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in T equals zero you find out that X
+1 at 0 which I'll write x1 0 and x2 of 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is equal to I'll actually write them out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to I'll actually write them out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to I'll actually write them out
+this is going to be a 1 times 1 cosine V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be a 1 times 1 cosine V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be a 1 times 1 cosine V
+1 plus a 2 times 1 cosine V 2 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus a 2 times 1 cosine V 2 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus a 2 times 1 cosine V 2 and the
+second equation that this gives you is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second equation that this gives you is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second equation that this gives you is a
+1 and now to keep from writing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and now to keep from writing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and now to keep from writing these
+many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+many times I'm going to let this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times I'm going to let this first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times I'm going to let this first
+a2 over a1 or mode one BR one and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a2 over a1 or mode one BR one and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a2 over a1 or mode one BR one and the
+second one a 2 over a1 for mode 2 I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one a 2 over a1 for mode 2 I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one a 2 over a1 for mode 2 I'll
+just call it r2 then I can write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just call it r2 then I can write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just call it r2 then I can write this
+out so this this the second equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so this this the second equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so this this the second equation
+this is r1 cosine B 1 plus a 2 R 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is r1 cosine B 1 plus a 2 R 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is r1 cosine B 1 plus a 2 R 2
+cosine V 2 and now this I have initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine V 2 and now this I have initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine V 2 and now this I have initial
+conditions that are normally given this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions that are normally given this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions that are normally given this
+would be an initial displacement on 1 an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be an initial displacement on 1 an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be an initial displacement on 1 an
+initial displacement on to the fees I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial displacement on to the fees I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial displacement on to the fees I
+don't know and the A's I don't know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know and the A's I don't know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know and the A's I don't know I
+have 4 unknowns and two equations how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 4 unknowns and two equations how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 4 unknowns and two equations how do
+I get two more equations I take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get two more equations I take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get two more equations I take the
+derivative of this expression for to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this expression for to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this expression for to get
+velocity I get an a Omega here and an a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity I get an a Omega here and an a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity I get an a Omega here and an a
+Omega here and I plug in T equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega here and I plug in T equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega here and I plug in T equals zero
+and I get two more equations so x1 dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get two more equations so x1 dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get two more equations so x1 dot
+and X 2 dot equal at T equals 0 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and X 2 dot equal at T equals 0 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and X 2 dot equal at T equals 0 this
+gives me two more equations and I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me two more equations and I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me two more equations and I have a
+place to write them for example X 1 dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to write them for example X 1 dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to write them for example X 1 dot
+or X 10.9 Ischl condition on velocity x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or X 10.9 Ischl condition on velocity x2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or X 10.9 Ischl condition on velocity x2
+0 dot this is two equations I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 dot this is two equations I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 dot this is two equations I would
+write I've got time to write down one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write I've got time to write down one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write I've got time to write down one of
+them and you could do the other just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and you could do the other just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and you could do the other just the
+other four exercise you find this is a 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other four exercise you find this is a 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other four exercise you find this is a 1
+Omega 1 sine B 1 plus a 2 Omega 2 sine V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 1 sine B 1 plus a 2 Omega 2 sine V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 1 sine B 1 plus a 2 Omega 2 sine V
+2 and the second equation is you get a 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and the second equation is you get a 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and the second equation is you get a 1
+R 1 Omega 1 sine B 1 plus a 2 R 2 Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R 1 Omega 1 sine B 1 plus a 2 R 2 Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R 1 Omega 1 sine B 1 plus a 2 R 2 Omega
+2 sine B 2 so these now you have 1 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 sine B 2 so these now you have 1 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 sine B 2 so these now you have 1 2
+then this is initial conditions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is initial conditions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is initial conditions on
+velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity
+there's your initial values of velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's your initial values of velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's your initial values of velocity
+now you have 1 2 3 4 equations in 1 2 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have 1 2 3 4 equations in 1 2 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have 1 2 3 4 equations in 1 2 3
+4 unknowns the a 1 a 2 V 1 V 2 and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guess I will give you the answer there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I will give you the answer there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I will give you the answer there
+you have it once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a little tedious but this is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little tedious but this is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little tedious but this is sort
+of in the spirit of we do two degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in the spirit of we do two degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in the spirit of we do two degree
+freedom systems so that we can see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom systems so that we can see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom systems so that we can see how
+it works and then for four more larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works and then for four more larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works and then for four more larger
+degrees of freedom systems you do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom systems you do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom systems you do this
+with a computer so but the solution for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a computer so but the solution for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a computer so but the solution for
+a one is one over R two minus R one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one is one over R two minus R one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one is one over R two minus R one so
+all in terms now of things you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in terms now of things you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in terms now of things you know
+these are two s and our ones are part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are two s and our ones are part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are two s and our ones are part of
+the mode shape and the the other rest is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mode shape and the the other rest is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mode shape and the the other rest is
+initial conditions are X 1 0 minus X 2 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions are X 1 0 minus X 2 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions are X 1 0 minus X 2 0
+squared plus R 2 V 1 0 minus V 2 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus R 2 V 1 0 minus V 2 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus R 2 V 1 0 minus V 2 0
+quantity squared over Omega 1 squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity squared over Omega 1 squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity squared over Omega 1 squared
+whole thing square root but now this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing square root but now this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing square root but now this is
+all stuff you know the initial given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all stuff you know the initial given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all stuff you know the initial given
+initial conditions on velocity given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions on velocity given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions on velocity given
+initial conditions on displacement you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions on displacement you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions on displacement you
+know the natural frequency you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the natural frequency you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the natural frequency you know the
+pieces of the mode shapes just plug it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of the mode shapes just plug it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of the mode shapes just plug it
+in you're going to get a number the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you're going to get a number the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you're going to get a number the
+magnitude of a 1 for the given initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of a 1 for the given initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of a 1 for the given initial
+conditions a 2 very similar expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions a 2 very similar expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions a 2 very similar expression
+minus R 1 X 1 0 plus X 2 0 squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's you'd solve for a two and fie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's you'd solve for a two and fie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's you'd solve for a two and fie
+one it's a little simpler minus tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's a little simpler minus tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's a little simpler minus tangent
+inverse B to zero minus r2 v1 zero all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse B to zero minus r2 v1 zero all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse B to zero minus r2 v1 zero all
+over Omega 1 R 2 X 1 0 minus X 2 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Omega 1 R 2 X 1 0 minus X 2 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Omega 1 R 2 X 1 0 minus X 2 0
+that's one of the phase angles and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the phase angles and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the phase angles and the
+other phase angle very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other phase angle very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other phase angle very similar
+expression minus tangent inverse minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression minus tangent inverse minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression minus tangent inverse minus
+r1 v1 zero plus v2 zero like a 2 R 1 X 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r1 v1 zero plus v2 zero like a 2 R 1 X 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r1 v1 zero plus v2 zero like a 2 R 1 X 1
+0 minus X 2 0 so just expressions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 minus X 2 0 so just expressions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 minus X 2 0 so just expressions in
+terms of all the in terms of the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of all the in terms of the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of all the in terms of the initial
+conditions and you can get all four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and you can get all four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and you can get all four
+quantities you can also do this on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities you can also do this on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities you can also do this on the
+computer but in the few short lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer but in the few short lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer but in the few short lectures
+that we have we're not going to get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have we're not going to get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have we're not going to get into
+that but did you show you where it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but did you show you where it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but did you show you where it goes
+you could do this now they're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do this now they're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do this now they're very
+straightforward ways have done it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward ways have done it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward ways have done it with
+matrix algebra on the computer and next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix algebra on the computer and next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix algebra on the computer and next
+time I'll do maybe it's a quick example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I'll do maybe it's a quick example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I'll do maybe it's a quick example
+didn't quite get to it today of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't quite get to it today of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't quite get to it today of a
+response to initial conditions problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to initial conditions problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to initial conditions problem
+plug it in there see what happens so but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug it in there see what happens so but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug it in there see what happens so but
+we're out of time see on Thursday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tniGFmPQc0E.txt b/tniGFmPQc0E.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0e49d21c20ab9a604b2c69d7aefeae29df362502
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tniGFmPQc0E.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,491 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Let's examine again an object that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's examine again an object that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's examine again an object that's
+undergoing circular motion and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoing circular motion and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoing circular motion and we'll
+choose our polar coordinates r hat theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose our polar coordinates r hat theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose our polar coordinates r hat theta
+hat we'll make it cylindrical with a k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat we'll make it cylindrical with a k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat we'll make it cylindrical with a k
+hat. Now now that we've completed our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat. Now now that we've completed our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat. Now now that we've completed our
+kinematic description of the motion now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematic description of the motion now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematic description of the motion now
+let's see how we apply Newton's second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see how we apply Newton's second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see how we apply Newton's second
+law to circular motion.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law to circular motion.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law to circular motion.
+Well, when we write Newton's second law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, when we write Newton's second law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, when we write Newton's second law
+as F= ma, that remember we can divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as F= ma, that remember we can divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as F= ma, that remember we can divide
+these two sides. This side the how is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two sides. This side the how is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two sides. This side the how is a
+geometric description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric description
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric description
+of the motion and this side is the why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the motion and this side is the why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the motion and this side is the why
+and this is the dynamics of the motion.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the dynamics of the motion.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the dynamics of the motion.
+And the dynamics come from analyzing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the dynamics come from analyzing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the dynamics come from analyzing the
+forces that are acting on this object.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces that are acting on this object.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces that are acting on this object.
+So when we're applying this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when we're applying this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when we're applying this
+mathematically to circular motion, F=
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically to circular motion, F=
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically to circular motion, F=
+ma, this is a vector equation. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ma, this is a vector equation. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ma, this is a vector equation. And so
+what we need to do is think about each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we need to do is think about each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we need to do is think about each
+component separately. Sometimes I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component separately. Sometimes I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component separately. Sometimes I can
+just distinguish the components that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just distinguish the components that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just distinguish the components that I'm
+talking about over here. And so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about over here. And so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about over here. And so we have
+that the radial component of the forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the radial component of the forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the radial component of the forces
+and that comes an anal an analysis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that comes an anal an analysis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that comes an anal an analysis of
+the dynamics the physics of the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dynamics the physics of the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dynamics the physics of the problem
+and this side is mass times the radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this side is mass times the radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this side is mass times the radial
+component of the acceleration a r. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the acceleration a r. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the acceleration a r. Now
+these are very different things and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are very different things and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are very different things and it's
+by the second law that we're equating in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the second law that we're equating in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the second law that we're equating in
+quantity these two components.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity these two components.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity these two components.
+Now, if we wrote that equation this side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, if we wrote that equation this side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, if we wrote that equation this side
+out in a little bit more detail, we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in a little bit more detail, we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in a little bit more detail, we'll
+save ourselves a little space when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save ourselves a little space when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save ourselves a little space when we
+handle the tangential direction. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle the tangential direction. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle the tangential direction. The
+forces come from an analysis of free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces come from an analysis of free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces come from an analysis of free
+body force diagrams. And over here, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body force diagrams. And over here, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body force diagrams. And over here, we
+know the acceleration is always inward.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the acceleration is always inward.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the acceleration is always inward.
+And I'll choose to write this as r omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'll choose to write this as r omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'll choose to write this as r omega
+squared. And so this will be our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared. And so this will be our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared. And so this will be our
+starting point for analyzing the radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point for analyzing the radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point for analyzing the radial
+motion for an object that's undergoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion for an object that's undergoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion for an object that's undergoing
+circular motion. Now remember there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular motion. Now remember there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular motion. Now remember there
+could be a tangential motion too. And in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a tangential motion too. And in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a tangential motion too. And in
+the tangential direction the tangential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tangential direction the tangential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tangential direction the tangential
+forces are equal to m a tangential. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces are equal to m a tangential. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces are equal to m a tangential. And
+as we saw this is again the second law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we saw this is again the second law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we saw this is again the second law
+equating two different things. We have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equating two different things. We have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equating two different things. We have
+that we can write the tangential force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can write the tangential force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can write the tangential force
+as r d ^2 theta dt^ squar and sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as r d ^2 theta dt^ squar and sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as r d ^2 theta dt^ squar and sometimes
+we've been writing that as r alphaz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been writing that as r alphaz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been writing that as r alphaz
+but this equation here is what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this equation here is what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this equation here is what we're
+going to apply for the tangential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to apply for the tangential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to apply for the tangential
+forces. If the tangential forces are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces. If the tangential forces are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces. If the tangential forces are
+zero then there's no angular there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then there's no angular there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then there's no angular there's no
+tangential acceleration. We know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangential acceleration. We know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangential acceleration. We know that
+for circular motion the radial forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for circular motion the radial forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for circular motion the radial forces
+can never be zero because this term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can never be zero because this term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can never be zero because this term is
+always non zero and points radially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always non zero and points radially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always non zero and points radially
+inward. And now we'll look at a variety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inward. And now we'll look at a variety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inward. And now we'll look at a variety
+of examples applying Newton's second law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of examples applying Newton's second law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of examples applying Newton's second law
+to circular motion.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tynCH4dosA8.txt b/tynCH4dosA8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f71bebc21c4d5c16516d35f642c8735d426f3f93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tynCH4dosA8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13891 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+little things. Um, what we'll do is, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little things. Um, what we'll do is, uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little things. Um, what we'll do is, uh,
+this stuff will go on the web. Usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff will go on the web. Usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff will go on the web. Usually
+we put it up the night before. We had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put it up the night before. We had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put it up the night before. We had
+some problems with Stellar, but normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some problems with Stellar, but normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some problems with Stellar, but normally
+you can actually see the lecture notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually see the lecture notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually see the lecture notes
+the night before on the web, uh, as PDF,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the night before on the web, uh, as PDF,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the night before on the web, uh, as PDF,
+and there will always be a paper copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there will always be a paper copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there will always be a paper copy
+for you here, uh, as well. Let me go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you here, uh, as well. Let me go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you here, uh, as well. Let me go
+through a few practical things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a few practical things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a few practical things.
+Um, so, um, you know who we are.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so, um, you know who we are.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so, um, you know who we are.
+uh we have no TA this year which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have no TA this year which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have no TA this year which is
+because normally we have a TA because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because normally we have a TA because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because normally we have a TA because
+there's enough here. So we're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's enough here. So we're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's enough here. So we're actually
+going to run this with students out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run this with students out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run this with students out of
+our own group uh because there are five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our own group uh because there are five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our own group uh because there are five
+lab sessions uh and there you will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab sessions uh and there you will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab sessions uh and there you will have
+students from our own group uh helping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students from our own group uh helping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students from our own group uh helping
+you. Um we will meet here for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. Um we will meet here for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. Um we will meet here for the
+lectures 1390 but the labs will be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures 1390 but the labs will be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures 1390 but the labs will be in
+1115. There'll be five of them and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1115. There'll be five of them and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1115. There'll be five of them and and
+we'll we'll announce them uh well ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll announce them uh well ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll announce them uh well ahead
+of time. Um there is a course website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time. Um there is a course website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time. Um there is a course website
+which is on stellar. Um there's not much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is on stellar. Um there's not much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is on stellar. Um there's not much
+on there like I said because we had some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on there like I said because we had some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on there like I said because we had some
+problems with it. But sort of later in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with it. But sort of later in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with it. But sort of later in
+the day and tomorrow you'll see course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day and tomorrow you'll see course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day and tomorrow you'll see course
+materials being uploaded on there. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials being uploaded on there. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials being uploaded on there. This
+is where extra readings for example will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where extra readings for example will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where extra readings for example will
+be uploaded or links to readings in case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uploaded or links to readings in case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uploaded or links to readings in case
+we can't post them um ourselves. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't post them um ourselves. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't post them um ourselves. Um
+grades are determined by five problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grades are determined by five problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grades are determined by five problem
+sets. So there are five lab sessions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets. So there are five lab sessions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets. So there are five lab sessions.
+The way they work is that um instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The way they work is that um instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The way they work is that um instead of
+coming to class we meet in the lab and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to class we meet in the lab and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to class we meet in the lab and
+we give you an assignment modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we give you an assignment modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we give you an assignment modeling
+assignment and you start it there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment and you start it there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment and you start it there and
+then you sort of you know you will never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you sort of you know you will never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you sort of you know you will never
+be able to finish it in that 90 minutes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to finish it in that 90 minutes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to finish it in that 90 minutes.
+Uh but then you sort of take it home and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh but then you sort of take it home and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh but then you sort of take it home and
+typically you have two to three weeks uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically you have two to three weeks uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically you have two to three weeks uh
+for a do so think of it as an extended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a do so think of it as an extended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a do so think of it as an extended
+homework problem. Um we start you in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework problem. Um we start you in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework problem. Um we start you in the
+lab because we feel you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab because we feel you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab because we feel you know it's
+important we solve the practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important we solve the practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important we solve the practical
+problems. you know, you have to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems. you know, you have to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems. you know, you have to get a
+code running or something to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code running or something to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code running or something to do the
+modeling. So once that's uh done, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling. So once that's uh done, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling. So once that's uh done, you
+know, uh you can just take it home and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, uh you can just take it home and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, uh you can just take it home and
+and finish it there. And um we we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finish it there. And um we we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finish it there. And um we we will
+give you computer access. So you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you computer access. So you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you computer access. So you don't
+need your own computing resources of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need your own computing resources of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need your own computing resources of
+where to run that. So we'll work that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where to run that. So we'll work that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where to run that. So we'll work that
+all out uh in the first lab. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all out uh in the first lab. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all out uh in the first lab. And so
+because of that, there's no final exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that, there's no final exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that, there's no final exam
+in this course. I wouldn't really know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this course. I wouldn't really know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this course. I wouldn't really know
+um what to ask. Um there's one thing,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what to ask. Um there's one thing,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what to ask. Um there's one thing,
+you know, we really like students, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, we really like students, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, we really like students, if
+you're a graduate student to register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a graduate student to register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a graduate student to register
+for credit. Uh so not just listener
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for credit. Uh so not just listener
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for credit. Uh so not just listener
+status. Uh you know this is a course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status. Uh you know this is a course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status. Uh you know this is a course
+that's not required in any program. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not required in any program. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not required in any program. So
+the only way these courses stay alive is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way these courses stay alive is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way these courses stay alive is
+if people actually register for them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if people actually register for them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if people actually register for them.
+It's a sad thing but u the university
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a sad thing but u the university
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a sad thing but u the university
+administration only counts registered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administration only counts registered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administration only counts registered
+students in a class. So if we don't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students in a class. So if we don't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students in a class. So if we don't do
+this we have 20 people sitting here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we have 20 people sitting here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we have 20 people sitting here but
+on paper my dean tells me I only had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on paper my dean tells me I only had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on paper my dean tells me I only had
+three people in class. Um and that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three people in class. Um and that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three people in class. Um and that's how
+it's counted in the department. So so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's counted in the department. So so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's counted in the department. So so we
+really want people to register. also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want people to register. also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want people to register. also
+that forces you to do the problems and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that forces you to do the problems and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that forces you to do the problems and I
+feel in a modeling course there really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel in a modeling course there really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel in a modeling course there really
+isn't much use if you don't do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't much use if you don't do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't much use if you don't do the
+problems. uh postocs of course can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems. uh postocs of course can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems. uh postocs of course can't
+really register so those are free to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really register so those are free to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really register so those are free to to
+just come and listen but I hope if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just come and listen but I hope if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just come and listen but I hope if
+you're postto or anything else visitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're postto or anything else visitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're postto or anything else visitor
+that you also come and to the labs to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you also come and to the labs to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you also come and to the labs to do
+those u we have I think we have about 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those u we have I think we have about 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those u we have I think we have about 20
+seats so we'll be fine uh with that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seats so we'll be fine uh with that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seats so we'll be fine uh with that okay
+um we don't have a a very specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we don't have a a very specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we don't have a a very specific
+course text um but like I said in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course text um but like I said in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course text um but like I said in some
+case we'll give you review articles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we'll give you review articles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we'll give you review articles
+we'll give you handouts um there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll give you handouts um there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll give you handouts um there's
+There's a few good books though that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a few good books though that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a few good books though that you
+may want to browse through on occasion.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may want to browse through on occasion.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may want to browse through on occasion.
+Um, sort of depending on what's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, sort of depending on what's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, sort of depending on what's your
+main interest. Um, the book by Alan and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main interest. Um, the book by Alan and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main interest. Um, the book by Alan and
+Tilsy is sort of an old classic on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilsy is sort of an old classic on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilsy is sort of an old classic on on
+computer simulation of liquids. In the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer simulation of liquids. In the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer simulation of liquids. In the
+end, it's really a book on molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end, it's really a book on molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end, it's really a book on molecular
+dynamics. Uh, it's quite old by now, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics. Uh, it's quite old by now, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics. Uh, it's quite old by now, but
+it's sort of a good very good basis to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of a good very good basis to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of a good very good basis to
+start from. Uh, it doesn't have sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start from. Uh, it doesn't have sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start from. Uh, it doesn't have sort of
+the most advanced algorithms or new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most advanced algorithms or new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most advanced algorithms or new
+techniques in it per se, but it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques in it per se, but it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques in it per se, but it's really
+still a very u good book. Um Rob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a very u good book. Um Rob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a very u good book. Um Rob
+Phillips wrote a newer book um on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phillips wrote a newer book um on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phillips wrote a newer book um on
+essentially modeling which both contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially modeling which both contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially modeling which both contains
+continuum and atomistic modeling uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuum and atomistic modeling uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuum and atomistic modeling uh that
+has a heavy slant on mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a heavy slant on mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a heavy slant on mechanical
+behavior. So if you're more interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior. So if you're more interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior. So if you're more interested
+in that that may be a book uh that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that that may be a book uh that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that that may be a book uh that you
+want to look into. Um Jensen uh is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look into. Um Jensen uh is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look into. Um Jensen uh is one
+of my favorites. um although it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my favorites. um although it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my favorites. um although it's
+heavily chemistry focused uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily chemistry focused uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily chemistry focused uh you know
+modeling of molecules and so but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling of molecules and so but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling of molecules and so but it's
+actually very uh clearly written um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very uh clearly written um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very uh clearly written um and
+the is um a great book if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the is um a great book if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the is um a great book if you want to
+focus on abinio methods and quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on abinio methods and quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on abinio methods and quantum
+mechanics which we'll do later in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics which we'll do later in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics which we'll do later in the
+course um and Franklan Smith uh is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course um and Franklan Smith uh is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course um and Franklan Smith uh is my
+favorite for statistical mechanics if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite for statistical mechanics if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite for statistical mechanics if
+you want to learn about you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to learn about you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to learn about you know the
+statistical mechanics of molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical mechanics of molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical mechanics of molecular
+dynamics and Monte Carlo methods and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics and Monte Carlo methods and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics and Monte Carlo methods and
+things like that uh this is really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that uh this is really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that uh this is really a
+this is really a very very good book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really a very very good book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really a very very good book
+very thoroughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very thoroughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very thoroughly
+done.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done.
+Okay. Um so I should say a few words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um so I should say a few words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um so I should say a few words
+about about the course objectives. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about the course objectives. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about the course objectives. Um
+when we designed this course um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we designed this course um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we designed this course um we
+deliberately made it a somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberately made it a somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberately made it a somewhat
+introductory and overview subject. Um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory and overview subject. Um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory and overview subject. Um we
+wanted this to be a course that was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted this to be a course that was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted this to be a course that was not
+for experts. Uh so if you already know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for experts. Uh so if you already know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for experts. Uh so if you already know
+everything about abinio methods and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything about abinio methods and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything about abinio methods and
+molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo, you
+may actually start getting bored after a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may actually start getting bored after a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may actually start getting bored after a
+while. We really wanted this to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while. We really wanted this to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while. We really wanted this to be a
+course that um an average graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that um an average graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that um an average graduate
+student uh somebody who was doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student uh somebody who was doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student uh somebody who was doing
+experimental research for example also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental research for example also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental research for example also
+could take. Um so so what we mainly try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take. Um so so what we mainly try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take. Um so so what we mainly try
+to do is teach the tools of of modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is teach the tools of of modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is teach the tools of of modern
+computational material science and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational material science and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational material science and and
+how they can be applied to diverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they can be applied to diverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they can be applied to diverse
+materials problems. So we will give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials problems. So we will give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials problems. So we will give you
+uh technical details of the tools but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh technical details of the tools but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh technical details of the tools but
+only to the extent that you need them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only to the extent that you need them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only to the extent that you need them to
+understand how you can apply them. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how you can apply them. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how you can apply them. Okay.
+So we will of course tell you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we will of course tell you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we will of course tell you for
+example what molecular dynamics is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example what molecular dynamics is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example what molecular dynamics is what
+the basis is of it what some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis is of it what some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis is of it what some of the
+basic algorithms are but we will not go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic algorithms are but we will not go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic algorithms are but we will not go
+into the very detailed sort of novel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the very detailed sort of novel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the very detailed sort of novel
+algorithms to make it you know a factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms to make it you know a factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms to make it you know a factor
+of two faster or something like that. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two faster or something like that. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two faster or something like that. So
+we don't we will not do a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't we will not do a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't we will not do a lot of
+detailed algorithmic work in the course.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed algorithmic work in the course.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed algorithmic work in the course.
+So there's a heavy focusing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's a heavy focusing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's a heavy focusing on
+understanding the physics that goes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the physics that goes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the physics that goes in
+and because of that the physics and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because of that the physics and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because of that the physics and the
+applications that can come out. Um so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications that can come out. Um so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications that can come out. Um so um
+because of that um you will on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that um you will on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that um you will on
+occasionally see us teach materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally see us teach materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally see us teach materials
+theory rather than computation because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory rather than computation because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory rather than computation because
+in some cases I feel the hard part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases I feel the hard part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases I feel the hard part of
+computation is knowing what to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation is knowing what to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation is knowing what to compute
+and for that you need some basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for that you need some basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for that you need some basic
+materials theory. like when I do a case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials theory. like when I do a case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials theory. like when I do a case
+study on diffusion uh towards the end, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study on diffusion uh towards the end, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study on diffusion uh towards the end, I
+may have to tell you a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have to tell you a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have to tell you a little bit about
+diffusion theory, you know, activation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion theory, you know, activation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion theory, you know, activation
+barriers and correlation factors and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers and correlation factors and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers and correlation factors and so
+because then we can actually connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then we can actually connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then we can actually connect
+that to the things we um um we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to the things we um um we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to the things we um um we can
+calculate. Okay. So, so you should think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate. Okay. So, so you should think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate. Okay. So, so you should think
+of this as a course in sort of modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this as a course in sort of modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this as a course in sort of modeling
+towards material science and materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards material science and materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards material science and materials
+application. Um we do very little purely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application. Um we do very little purely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application. Um we do very little purely
+numerical work actually almost none uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical work actually almost none uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical work actually almost none uh
+to speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to speak
+of. Okay. Um so the way I see atomistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of. Okay. Um so the way I see atomistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of. Okay. Um so the way I see atomistic
+modeling is really as sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling is really as sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling is really as sort of the
+integration of these um kind of four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration of these um kind of four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration of these um kind of four
+basic fields. Physics, mathematics,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic fields. Physics, mathematics,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic fields. Physics, mathematics,
+computer science and material science.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science and material science.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science and material science.
+And that's what we'll uh um how we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's what we'll uh um how we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's what we'll uh um how we'll
+tend to uh approach it. Let me go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to uh approach it. Let me go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to uh approach it. Let me go
+through the calendar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the calendar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the calendar
+um because it sort of gives you a broad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because it sort of gives you a broad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because it sort of gives you a broad
+outline of the course. You know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outline of the course. You know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outline of the course. You know this
+calendar is always subject to change. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calendar is always subject to change. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calendar is always subject to change. Um
+even though professor we teach this with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though professor we teach this with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though professor we teach this with
+two people uh we we we never seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two people uh we we we never seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two people uh we we we never seem to
+able to get our travel schedules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get our travel schedules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get our travel schedules
+coordinated. Um uh in some cases we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinated. Um uh in some cases we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinated. Um uh in some cases we also
+slip a little but the the the gross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slip a little but the the the gross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slip a little but the the the gross
+outline will remain the same.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outline will remain the same.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outline will remain the same.
+Essentially there's sort of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Essentially there's sort of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Essentially there's sort of the first
+section which I would say is energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section which I would say is energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section which I would say is energy
+descriptions uh which is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptions uh which is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptions uh which is essentially
+kind of from here to here. Um this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of from here to here. Um this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of from here to here. Um this is
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+methods and it starts with sort of more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods and it starts with sort of more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods and it starts with sort of more
+empirical methods potentials things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical methods potentials things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical methods potentials things like
+embedded a method uh and then it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded a method uh and then it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded a method uh and then it goes
+into abonial. So this is largely DFT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into abonial. So this is largely DFT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into abonial. So this is largely DFT
+although we do some um quantum chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although we do some um quantum chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although we do some um quantum chemistry
+B we give it some quantum chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B we give it some quantum chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B we give it some quantum chemistry
+basis as well. Uh after that is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis as well. Uh after that is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis as well. Uh after that is really
+finite temperature techniques. So we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite temperature techniques. So we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite temperature techniques. So we do
+um you know molecular dynamics MD and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know molecular dynamics MD and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know molecular dynamics MD and
+that runs into coarse graining theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that runs into coarse graining theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that runs into coarse graining theory
+and Monte Carlo. So this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Monte Carlo. So this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Monte Carlo. So this is really
+finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperature. Okay. And after that um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature. Okay. And after that um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature. Okay. And after that um it
+really is a sort of I'll be honest a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is a sort of I'll be honest a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is a sort of I'll be honest a set
+of random topics. Um you know we do case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of random topics. Um you know we do case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of random topics. Um you know we do case
+studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies
+um you know last year I did one on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know last year I did one on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know last year I did one on
+hyperdynamics which is accelerated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperdynamics which is accelerated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperdynamics which is accelerated
+molecular dynamics. We did one on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular dynamics. We did one on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular dynamics. We did one on
+diffusion. This year we have great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion. This year we have great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion. This year we have great
+ambitions to do one on green kubo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambitions to do one on green kubo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambitions to do one on green kubo
+relations and how you can extract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations and how you can extract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations and how you can extract
+transport properties. Um we have a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport properties. Um we have a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport properties. Um we have a great
+lecture from Chris Wolverton which we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture from Chris Wolverton which we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture from Chris Wolverton which we've
+done every year which students really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done every year which students really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done every year which students really
+like. Chris is uh the head of scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like. Chris is uh the head of scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like. Chris is uh the head of scientific
+computing in Ford Motor Company and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing in Ford Motor Company and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing in Ford Motor Company and
+gives a lecture on how they use um even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives a lecture on how they use um even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives a lecture on how they use um even
+first principles calculation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first principles calculation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first principles calculation and
+modeling in general in Ford and has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling in general in Ford and has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling in general in Ford and has
+brilliant case studies really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant case studies really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant case studies really a
+fascinating lecture how they save the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating lecture how they save the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating lecture how they save the
+company millions by it's a great story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company millions by it's a great story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company millions by it's a great story
+how they save the company millions by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they save the company millions by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they save the company millions by
+doing quantum mechanics um so stay tuned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing quantum mechanics um so stay tuned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing quantum mechanics um so stay tuned
+for that so that's roughly how we work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that so that's roughly how we work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that so that's roughly how we work
+as you can see there are labs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see there are labs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see there are labs
+interspersed three four where is number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interspersed three four where is number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interspersed three four where is number
+three here we go uh essentially one on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three here we go uh essentially one on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three here we go uh essentially one on
+sort of generic modeling which is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of generic modeling which is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of generic modeling which is really
+getting you introduced to building cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting you introduced to building cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting you introduced to building cells
+and we do this with potential models um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we do this with potential models um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we do this with potential models um
+two on density functional theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two on density functional theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two on density functional theory
+um one on molecular dynamics and one on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one on molecular dynamics and one on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one on molecular dynamics and one on
+Monte Carlo and course grading uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monte Carlo and course grading uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monte Carlo and course grading uh
+methods so that's uh roughly how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods so that's uh roughly how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods so that's uh roughly how the
+course will work so are there any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course will work so are there any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course will work so are there any
+questions on the schedule or topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on the schedule or topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on the schedule or topic
+coverage uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coverage uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coverage uh in the
+course. Okay. Yes. How long are the labs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course. Okay. Yes. How long are the labs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course. Okay. Yes. How long are the labs
+and when do they take? Well, the labs so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when do they take? Well, the labs so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when do they take? Well, the labs so
+they start uh they are essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they start uh they are essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they start uh they are essentially
+during lecture time. Uh but then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during lecture time. Uh but then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during lecture time. Uh but then you
+will have to continue it by your own. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have to continue it by your own. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have to continue it by your own. So
+we get you started on the problem,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get you started on the problem,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get you started on the problem,
+introduce you uh show you where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce you uh show you where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce you uh show you where the
+codes are, how to run them and or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes are, how to run them and or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes are, how to run them and or
+typically in the earlier labs that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically in the earlier labs that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically in the earlier labs that are
+not computationally intensive like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not computationally intensive like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not computationally intensive like the
+first one, you can literally run things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one, you can literally run things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one, you can literally run things
+and you know the answer comes back in no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know the answer comes back in no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know the answer comes back in no
+time. So we actually get some results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. So we actually get some results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. So we actually get some results
+already in class and discuss them. On
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already in class and discuss them. On
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already in class and discuss them. On
+some of the you know computationally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the you know computationally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the you know computationally
+more intensive ones like DFT, uh there'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more intensive ones like DFT, uh there'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more intensive ones like DFT, uh there'd
+be less of that and there'll be sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be less of that and there'll be sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be less of that and there'll be sort of
+more time that you need to spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time that you need to spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time that you need to spend
+afterwards with them. Okay. They tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards with them. Okay. They tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards with them. Okay. They tend to
+have about a due date that's two to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have about a due date that's two to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have about a due date that's two to
+three weeks after the actual lab.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three weeks after the actual lab.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three weeks after the actual lab.
+Okay. Any other questions?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Any other questions?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Any other questions?
+Okay. Um so you know I wanted to talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um so you know I wanted to talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um so you know I wanted to talk a
+little about um the growing importance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little about um the growing importance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little about um the growing importance
+of modeling. Um you know it's um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of modeling. Um you know it's um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of modeling. Um you know it's um I
+started computational modeling in 1988
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started computational modeling in 1988
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started computational modeling in 1988
+when it was a rarity especially in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it was a rarity especially in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it was a rarity especially in
+material science department. Um now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material science department. Um now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material science department. Um now you
+see it everywhere. It's it's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it everywhere. It's it's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it everywhere. It's it's one of
+these enormously growing fields. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these enormously growing fields. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these enormously growing fields. Uh
+you'd be surprised but even atomistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd be surprised but even atomistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd be surprised but even atomistic
+level modeling is probably now more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level modeling is probably now more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level modeling is probably now more
+intensively done in industry than it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensively done in industry than it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensively done in industry than it is
+in academia. um you know we think of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in academia. um you know we think of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in academia. um you know we think of it
+as a broader academic subject but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a broader academic subject but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a broader academic subject but it
+really has taken a foothold uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really has taken a foothold uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really has taken a foothold uh in
+corporations. I wanted to show you a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations. I wanted to show you a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations. I wanted to show you a few
+examples of how I think that really show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of how I think that really show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of how I think that really show
+the impact of modeling where modeling is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impact of modeling where modeling is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impact of modeling where modeling is
+used to make important decisions. I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to make important decisions. I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to make important decisions. I mean
+this is a picture from the ASI program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a picture from the ASI program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a picture from the ASI program
+um when the US was planning to sign the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when the US was planning to sign the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when the US was planning to sign the
+nuclear stockpile treaty which meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear stockpile treaty which meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear stockpile treaty which meant
+that um you know the nuclear stockpile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um you know the nuclear stockpile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um you know the nuclear stockpile
+treaty is basically that um you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treaty is basically that um you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treaty is basically that um you cannot
+test uh nuclear missiles anymore by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test uh nuclear missiles anymore by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test uh nuclear missiles anymore by
+setting them off is essentially that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting them off is essentially that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting them off is essentially that so
+the US was concerned how could we verify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US was concerned how could we verify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US was concerned how could we verify
+the reliability of nuclear missiles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reliability of nuclear missiles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reliability of nuclear missiles
+because they're essentially going to sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're essentially going to sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're essentially going to sit
+for a hundred years in their silo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a hundred years in their silo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a hundred years in their silo
+um and there was an enormous program in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and there was an enormous program in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and there was an enormous program in
+the US for literally they would just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US for literally they would just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US for literally they would just
+blow one up once in a while to see if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow one up once in a while to see if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow one up once in a while to see if it
+still works. Um and now they can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still works. Um and now they can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still works. Um and now they can't do
+that anymore. Um although the US has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anymore. Um although the US has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anymore. Um although the US has
+actually not ratified the nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not ratified the nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not ratified the nuclear
+stockpile treaty, they still are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stockpile treaty, they still are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stockpile treaty, they still are sort of
+sticking with it. Uh and some I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking with it. Uh and some I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking with it. Uh and some I don't
+know smart people decided what are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know smart people decided what are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know smart people decided what are we
+going to do with all this money which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do with all this money which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do with all this money which
+was several hundred million dollars. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was several hundred million dollars. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was several hundred million dollars. So
+they decided well we're going to model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they decided well we're going to model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they decided well we're going to model
+the reliability of nuclear missiles. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reliability of nuclear missiles. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reliability of nuclear missiles. So,
+and that led to what's called the ASKI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that led to what's called the ASKI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that led to what's called the ASKI
+program, the advanced simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program, the advanced simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program, the advanced simulation
+computing initiative, which is literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing initiative, which is literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing initiative, which is literally
+one of the largest computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the largest computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the largest computational
+modeling programs in the world. Now, uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling programs in the world. Now, uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling programs in the world. Now, uh
+it's definitely not all atomistics. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's definitely not all atomistics. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's definitely not all atomistics. Um
+but, uh there definitely is a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but, uh there definitely is a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but, uh there definitely is a large
+atomistic component on it. And the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomistic component on it. And the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomistic component on it. And the whole
+idea was, you know, as they call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea was, you know, as they call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea was, you know, as they call it
+cynically, it's modeling from button to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cynically, it's modeling from button to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cynically, it's modeling from button to
+boom. Um so, they model everything.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom. Um so, they model everything.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom. Um so, they model everything.
+aging of plutonium, aging of corrosion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aging of plutonium, aging of corrosion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aging of plutonium, aging of corrosion
+of the alloys, um you know, corrosion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the alloys, um you know, corrosion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the alloys, um you know, corrosion of
+the electronics. Um whether that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electronics. Um whether that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electronics. Um whether that's
+actually whether the time is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually whether the time is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually whether the time is actually
+ripe for that is another question.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripe for that is another question.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripe for that is another question.
+Whether you can reliably model all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whether you can reliably model all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whether you can reliably model all these
+things is another question. But you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is another question. But you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is another question. But you know
+just another example that u computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just another example that u computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just another example that u computing
+has taken on a quite important role.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has taken on a quite important role.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has taken on a quite important role.
+Here's my favorite. Um, you know, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's my favorite. Um, you know, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's my favorite. Um, you know, this
+is um or was I don't know if if was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um or was I don't know if if was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um or was I don't know if if was this
+was the largest computer u for a while,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the largest computer u for a while,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the largest computer u for a while,
+the Earth Simulator in Japan. Um, when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Earth Simulator in Japan. Um, when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Earth Simulator in Japan. Um, when
+it came out, it was the largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it came out, it was the largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it came out, it was the largest
+computer. It I think it eclipsed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer. It I think it eclipsed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer. It I think it eclipsed the
+fastest computer in the US by a factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fastest computer in the US by a factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fastest computer in the US by a factor
+of five when it came out and it solarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of five when it came out and it solarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of five when it came out and it solarly
+used um to model um uh environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used um to model um uh environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used um to model um uh environmental
+processes. Okay. The whole idea was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes. Okay. The whole idea was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes. Okay. The whole idea was uh
+the Japanese had the ambitious idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Japanese had the ambitious idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Japanese had the ambitious idea that
+they really wanted to use this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really wanted to use this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really wanted to use this for
+predicting climate change in the end.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting climate change in the end.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting climate change in the end.
+There's other work done it but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's other work done it but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's other work done it but that's
+its main purpose. Um I think now blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its main purpose. Um I think now blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its main purpose. Um I think now blue
+light that's being built but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light that's being built but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light that's being built but that's
+actually not quite active in Liverour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not quite active in Liverour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not quite active in Liverour
+will be bigger than this but again you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be bigger than this but again you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be bigger than this but again you
+see enormous computational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see enormous computational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see enormous computational resources
+spent uh this is I think like a several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent uh this is I think like a several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent uh this is I think like a several
+hundred million dollar setup uh enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred million dollar setup uh enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred million dollar setup uh enormous
+computational resources being being set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational resources being being set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational resources being being set
+up to deal with what's in the end a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to deal with what's in the end a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to deal with what's in the end a very
+important problem um environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important problem um environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important problem um environmental
+change. Okay. Um, people usually don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change. Okay. Um, people usually don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change. Okay. Um, people usually don't
+believe me, but I once in my head made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe me, but I once in my head made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe me, but I once in my head made
+up a list of companies where I knew they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a list of companies where I knew they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a list of companies where I knew they
+were doing first principles modeling in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing first principles modeling in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing first principles modeling in
+companies. And this is not a complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies. And this is not a complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies. And this is not a complete
+study. This is just the ones that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study. This is just the ones that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study. This is just the ones that I
+visited that I know of. Um, there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visited that I know of. Um, there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visited that I know of. Um, there's
+actually now a complete study out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually now a complete study out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually now a complete study out and
+I'll put the link on the web.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll put the link on the web.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll put the link on the web.
+study that was sponsored by the National
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study that was sponsored by the National
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study that was sponsored by the National
+Science Foundation and the University of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Science Foundation and the University of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Science Foundation and the University of
+Lyola where literally a panel for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lyola where literally a panel for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lyola where literally a panel for two
+years visited companies all around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years visited companies all around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years visited companies all around the
+world and looked at what they did with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and looked at what they did with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and looked at what they did with
+modeling and so there's an enormously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling and so there's an enormously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling and so there's an enormously
+comprehensive list there of the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehensive list there of the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehensive list there of the kind of
+work that's being done in companies um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that's being done in companies um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that's being done in companies um
+with computational modeling on materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with computational modeling on materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with computational modeling on materials
+um but again so you see a lot of big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but again so you see a lot of big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but again so you see a lot of big
+companies on here actually um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies on here actually um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies on here actually um the
+largest groups that I know of are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest groups that I know of are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest groups that I know of are
+probably at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably at
+uh Motorola, Seammens, Ford,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Motorola, Seammens, Ford,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Motorola, Seammens, Ford,
+uh Nippon Steel and I think these days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Nippon Steel and I think these days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Nippon Steel and I think these days
+at Toyota as well. These are these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Toyota as well. These are these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Toyota as well. These are these are
+all have very substantial groups in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have very substantial groups in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have very substantial groups in
+atomistic modeling uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomistic modeling uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomistic modeling uh on
+materials. Okay, so this course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials. Okay, so this course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials. Okay, so this course is
+supposed to be interactive. You know, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be interactive. You know, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be interactive. You know, we
+used to have this course in a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to have this course in a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to have this course in a small
+room. It's this is a bit of an unusually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room. It's this is a bit of an unusually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room. It's this is a bit of an unusually
+big setting for us. So normally like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big setting for us. So normally like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big setting for us. So normally like
+there's not enough seats for people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not enough seats for people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not enough seats for people
+which makes us feel much better. Uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which makes us feel much better. Uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which makes us feel much better. Uh but
+so this is supposed to be somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is supposed to be somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is supposed to be somewhat
+interactive. So um you know like MBA MBA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive. So um you know like MBA MBA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive. So um you know like MBA MBA
+classes do. They ask you questions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes do. They ask you questions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes do. They ask you questions and
+you're supposed to answer. Um but so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're supposed to answer. Um but so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're supposed to answer. Um but so why
+do you think you know why are you here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think you know why are you here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think you know why are you here
+in the end? Why do you think modeling is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end? Why do you think modeling is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end? Why do you think modeling is
+useful? I know there's some familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful? I know there's some familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful? I know there's some familiar
+faces here, people who do it for their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces here, people who do it for their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces here, people who do it for their
+research, but I mean what do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research, but I mean what do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research, but I mean what do you think
+is why is it what's so useful about why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why is it what's so useful about why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why is it what's so useful about why
+do you think companies do it? Because in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think companies do it? Because in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think companies do it? Because in
+the end companies do it because it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end companies do it because it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end companies do it because it makes
+them money.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them money.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them money.
+or it saves them money. So what's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it saves them money. So what's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it saves them money. So what's so
+great about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it? It's too early in the morning for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it? It's too early in the morning for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it? It's too early in the morning for
+that. What can you do better or faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. What can you do better or faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. What can you do better or faster
+or what what is it that you cannot do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what what is it that you cannot do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what what is it that you cannot do
+maybe unless you do it with modeling?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe unless you do it with modeling?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe unless you do it with modeling?
+Yes sir. Set exact variables like your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes sir. Set exact variables like your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes sir. Set exact variables like your
+experiment. You might think you've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment. You might think you've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment. You might think you've been
+trying to set variables that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to set variables that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to set variables that they're
+changing a little bit. You hit the nail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing a little bit. You hit the nail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing a little bit. You hit the nail
+right on. That's actually number one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on. That's actually number one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on. That's actually number one.
+It's not the one you usually bring up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's not the one you usually bring up.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's not the one you usually bring up.
+Control. The number one reason people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Control. The number one reason people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Control. The number one reason people
+use modeling is control. That you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use modeling is control. That you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use modeling is control. That you
+actually in essence think of it as doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in essence think of it as doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in essence think of it as doing
+experiments in a controlled environment.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments in a controlled environment.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments in a controlled environment.
+Okay. So you you because you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So you you because you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So you you because you have
+enormous control, you can very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous control, you can very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous control, you can very quickly
+understand what goes on in your systems.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what goes on in your systems.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what goes on in your systems.
+Okay. Assuming that the answer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Assuming that the answer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Assuming that the answer that
+comes out is right. That is the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out is right. That is the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out is right. That is the number
+one reason. Okay. to solve to isolate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reason. Okay. to solve to isolate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reason. Okay. to solve to isolate
+phenomena by sort of controlling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena by sort of controlling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena by sort of controlling the
+variables. But what else do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+think? There's usually one that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think? There's usually one that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think? There's usually one that people
+always bring up right away.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+You don't have to do the experiment. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You don't have to do the experiment. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You don't have to do the experiment. So
+to predict things without having to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to predict things without having to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to predict things without having to do
+the work of the experiment. And that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work of the experiment. And that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work of the experiment. And that's
+definitely becoming more and more an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely becoming more and more an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely becoming more and more an
+important role. Okay. It's still done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important role. Okay. It's still done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important role. Okay. It's still done
+less than you think. You know, most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than you think. You know, most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than you think. You know, most
+modeling is still done on materials that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling is still done on materials that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling is still done on materials that
+have already been made, okay, and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have already been made, okay, and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have already been made, okay, and that
+people have already done the experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have already done the experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have already done the experiment
+on and that they're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and that they're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and that they're trying to
+understand. But more and more what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand. But more and more what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand. But more and more what you
+bring up, which is trying to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring up, which is trying to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring up, which is trying to predict
+truly before you actually uh do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly before you actually uh do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly before you actually uh do the
+experiment, the sort of, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment, the sort of, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment, the sort of, you know,
+virtual searching for materials is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual searching for materials is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual searching for materials is is
+playing a more and more important role.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing a more and more important role.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing a more and more important role.
+Let me show you a few examples that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me show you a few examples that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me show you a few examples that um
+um sort of point this out. You know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of point this out. You know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of point this out. You know,
+there's another one that we didn't bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another one that we didn't bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another one that we didn't bring
+up and it's doing the kind of using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and it's doing the kind of using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and it's doing the kind of using
+modeling where you cannot do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling where you cannot do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling where you cannot do the
+experiment or where it's really very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment or where it's really very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment or where it's really very
+hard or very expensive to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard or very expensive to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard or very expensive to do the
+experiment. Um, and here's one. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment. Um, and here's one. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment. Um, and here's one. This is
+from um, uh, Alfie's group which is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from um, uh, Alfie's group which is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from um, uh, Alfie's group which is I
+think Cambridge or London close by.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Cambridge or London close by.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Cambridge or London close by.
+Okay. um where you know knowing what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. um where you know knowing what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. um where you know knowing what the
+composition is of the mantle of in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition is of the mantle of in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition is of the mantle of in the
+earth uh both the composition and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth uh both the composition and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth uh both the composition and the
+phases that are present is an enormously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases that are present is an enormously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases that are present is an enormously
+difficult problem but it's sort of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult problem but it's sort of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult problem but it's sort of one
+of these actually quite literally hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these actually quite literally hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these actually quite literally hot
+problems um in sort of materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems um in sort of materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems um in sort of materials
+geology. uh you know we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geology. uh you know we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geology. uh you know we know that
+there's iron and magnesium and oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's iron and magnesium and oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's iron and magnesium and oxygen
+and silicon and a few other things but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and silicon and a few other things but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and silicon and a few other things but
+in the end we really don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end we really don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end we really don't know what
+phases they form what their elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases they form what their elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases they form what their elastic
+properties are and things like that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties are and things like that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties are and things like that and
+the experiments are really hard you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiments are really hard you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiments are really hard you know
+somewhere uh in the mantle pressures are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere uh in the mantle pressures are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere uh in the mantle pressures are
+I think anywhere from you know 50 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think anywhere from you know 50 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think anywhere from you know 50 to
+maybe 300 gigap pascals um these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 300 gigap pascals um these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 300 gigap pascals um these are
+really hard experiments to do you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard experiments to do you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard experiments to do you know I
+was yesterday at the University of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was yesterday at the University of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was yesterday at the University of
+Illinois in the department of geology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Illinois in the department of geology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Illinois in the department of geology
+ology and you know they show me the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ology and you know they show me the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ology and you know they show me the way
+they do high pressure experiments with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do high pressure experiments with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do high pressure experiments with
+diamond anvil cells. You need about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamond anvil cells. You need about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamond anvil cells. You need about a
+quarter to half a karat diamond first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter to half a karat diamond first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter to half a karat diamond first of
+all. So these people have a safe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all. So these people have a safe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all. So these people have a safe in
+their lab. It's pretty cool where their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their lab. It's pretty cool where their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their lab. It's pretty cool where their
+diamonds sit. Um and then you have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamonds sit. Um and then you have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamonds sit. Um and then you have to do
+you know you have to make really small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you have to make really small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you have to make really small
+samples push very hard with a diamond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples push very hard with a diamond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples push very hard with a diamond
+anvil. Okay. So you're really kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anvil. Okay. So you're really kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anvil. Okay. So you're really kind of
+pushing on it. This sits in an enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing on it. This sits in an enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing on it. This sits in an enormous
+container because you have to keep a 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container because you have to keep a 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container because you have to keep a 100
+gigap pascal on this thing. And then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigap pascal on this thing. And then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigap pascal on this thing. And then you
+have to characterize it. Can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to characterize it. Can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to characterize it. Can you
+imagine? So you you have this enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine? So you you have this enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine? So you you have this enormous
+holder because you're putting it under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holder because you're putting it under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holder because you're putting it under
+100 GPA and you got to sort of see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 GPA and you got to sort of see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 GPA and you got to sort of see
+inside. Okay. So they're really hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside. Okay. So they're really hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside. Okay. So they're really hard
+experiments to do. You can't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments to do. You can't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments to do. You can't really
+control the temperature very well. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the temperature very well. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the temperature very well. So
+this is where modeling is great if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where modeling is great if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where modeling is great if you
+believe the answers. So a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe the answers. So a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe the answers. So a lot of people
+do computational quantum mechanics on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do computational quantum mechanics on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do computational quantum mechanics on
+phases under high pressure. Um high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases under high pressure. Um high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases under high pressure. Um high
+pressure is trivial. Huh. In computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure is trivial. Huh. In computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure is trivial. Huh. In computation
+you just push on it. You change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just push on it. You change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just push on it. You change the
+lattice parameter and you constrain it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice parameter and you constrain it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice parameter and you constrain it.
+you control the variable and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you control the variable and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you control the variable and you have
+high pressure 300 gigap pascal no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high pressure 300 gigap pascal no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high pressure 300 gigap pascal no
+problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Um this one I particularly like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um this one I particularly like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um this one I particularly like um
+there was an article in the New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was an article in the New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was an article in the New York
+Times um you know this is when science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times um you know this is when science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times um you know this is when science
+made the New York Times which doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the New York Times which doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the New York Times which doesn't
+happen too often in 1999 uh that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen too often in 1999 uh that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen too often in 1999 uh that people
+had basically been able to visualize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had basically been able to visualize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had basically been able to visualize
+uh electron densities orbitals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh electron densities orbitals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh electron densities orbitals and
+that's the left picture. Um you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the left picture. Um you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the left picture. Um you actually
+this is I think in copper oxide I forgot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is I think in copper oxide I forgot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is I think in copper oxide I forgot
+what this is in one in some copper oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is in one in some copper oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is in one in some copper oxide
+where they literally were able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they literally were able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they literally were able to
+visualize the orbitals and they look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize the orbitals and they look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize the orbitals and they look
+like d orbitals don't they?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like d orbitals don't they?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like d orbitals don't they?
+Um this is actually one of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um this is actually one of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um this is actually one of these things
+that you know is quite an experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know is quite an experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know is quite an experimental
+feat. I mean it made the New York Times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feat. I mean it made the New York Times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feat. I mean it made the New York Times
+because people could do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people could do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people could do it
+experimentally. Um this is trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally. Um this is trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally. Um this is trivial
+computationally. I mean you know when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally. I mean you know when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally. I mean you know when
+you do computational quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do computational quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do computational quantum mechanics
+you will get orbitals and orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will get orbitals and orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will get orbitals and orbital
+populations um that doesn't mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations um that doesn't mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations um that doesn't mean that
+the experiment is use is useless okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment is use is useless okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment is use is useless okay
+because the experiment could be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the experiment could be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the experiment could be the
+critical verification of what you do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical verification of what you do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical verification of what you do in
+your theory but I'm just showing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your theory but I'm just showing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your theory but I'm just showing you
+that these things have an enormously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these things have an enormously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these things have an enormously
+different level of complexity and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different level of complexity and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different level of complexity and you
+know if you're ever going to use both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you're ever going to use both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you're ever going to use both
+computations and experiment the one key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations and experiment the one key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations and experiment the one key
+thing that will put you ahead is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that will put you ahead is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that will put you ahead is
+understanding what is most efficient for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding what is most efficient for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding what is most efficient for
+a given problem either computation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given problem either computation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given problem either computation or
+experiment because the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment because the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment because the the the
+complexity of either has nothing to has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of either has nothing to has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of either has nothing to has
+no relation to each other. So for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no relation to each other. So for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no relation to each other. So for some
+problems computation is extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems computation is extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems computation is extremely
+efficient and experiment is really hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient and experiment is really hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient and experiment is really hard
+and for some problems it's the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for some problems it's the other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for some problems it's the other way
+around and understanding where to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and understanding where to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and understanding where to use
+what if you're going to use both I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if you're going to use both I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if you're going to use both I think
+is the thing that would really um get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the thing that would really um get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the thing that would really um get
+you ahead and unfortunately most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ahead and unfortunately most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ahead and unfortunately most of the
+time that doesn't happen because usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that doesn't happen because usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that doesn't happen because usually
+people only do one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people only do one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people only do one of the
+two. Okay, here's for example, this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. Okay, here's for example, this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. Okay, here's for example, this is
+actually from professor Marzari u the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually from professor Marzari u the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually from professor Marzari u the
+electron density in uh lead titanate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron density in uh lead titanate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron density in uh lead titanate
+which is a perovskite a ferroelectric.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a perovskite a ferroelectric.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a perovskite a ferroelectric.
+So you see beautiful orbitals without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you see beautiful orbitals without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you see beautiful orbitals without
+the graininess of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graininess of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graininess of
+experiments. Um you know the other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments. Um you know the other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments. Um you know the other thing
+is sometimes you can do things fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sometimes you can do things fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sometimes you can do things fast
+computationally. Uh this is out of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally. Uh this is out of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally. Uh this is out of my
+own work. Um you know one of the areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own work. Um you know one of the areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own work. Um you know one of the areas
+we work in is predicting crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we work in is predicting crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we work in is predicting crystal
+structure. Um typically getting a phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. Um typically getting a phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. Um typically getting a phase
+diagram of a material used to be take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram of a material used to be take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram of a material used to be take
+about a PhD thesis. Okay, takes you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a PhD thesis. Okay, takes you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a PhD thesis. Okay, takes you that
+long to make all the samples, do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long to make all the samples, do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long to make all the samples, do the
+structural analysis, get the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural analysis, get the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural analysis, get the phase
+boundaries, and so um in a in about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries, and so um in a in about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries, and so um in a in about a
+six-mon time frame, um we ran 15,000, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six-mon time frame, um we ran 15,000, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six-mon time frame, um we ran 15,000, it
+says 10,000, we're up at 15,000 first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says 10,000, we're up at 15,000 first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says 10,000, we're up at 15,000 first
+principles calculations to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles calculations to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles calculations to find the
+structures, the ground state structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures, the ground state structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures, the ground state structures
+in 80 metallic systems, 80 binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 80 metallic systems, 80 binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 80 metallic systems, 80 binary
+metallic systems. So in some sense we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metallic systems. So in some sense we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metallic systems. So in some sense we
+did 80 PhD thesises um in you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did 80 PhD thesises um in you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did 80 PhD thesises um in you know in
+about six months. So there are certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about six months. So there are certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about six months. So there are certain
+things that you can now solve more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you can now solve more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you can now solve more
+efficiently computationally than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently computationally than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently computationally than
+experimentally and I think it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally and I think it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally and I think it makes
+sense like let's say you are looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense like let's say you are looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense like let's say you are looking for
+structure of material to first do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of material to first do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of material to first do the
+computation and then when you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation and then when you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation and then when you need to
+resolve issues then do the experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve issues then do the experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve issues then do the experiment
+rather than first kind of blindly do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than first kind of blindly do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than first kind of blindly do the
+experiment.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment.
+Um, and we'll talk a little more little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and we'll talk a little more little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and we'll talk a little more little
+more later about these things. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more later about these things. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more later about these things. Um,
+control, we already talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control, we already talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control, we already talked about
+control. That's the number one. Here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control. That's the number one. Here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control. That's the number one. Here's
+one of the first examples of uh where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the first examples of uh where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the first examples of uh where I
+sort of saw that applied. Um, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of saw that applied. Um, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of saw that applied. Um, you know,
+in the early 80s, aluminum lithium was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the early 80s, aluminum lithium was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the early 80s, aluminum lithium was
+sort of one of the key alloys that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of one of the key alloys that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of one of the key alloys that
+people thought of for airframes because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people thought of for airframes because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people thought of for airframes because
+of course, you know, now airframes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course, you know, now airframes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course, you know, now airframes are
+aluminum copper. Um, if you want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum copper. Um, if you want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum copper. Um, if you want to make
+if you want to make it lighter, you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to make it lighter, you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to make it lighter, you have
+to go to lighter elements. Well, lithium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to lighter elements. Well, lithium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to lighter elements. Well, lithium
+is the lightest solid element. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the lightest solid element. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the lightest solid element. So,
+substituting the copper away and using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituting the copper away and using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituting the copper away and using
+aluminum lithium alloys was supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum lithium alloys was supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum lithium alloys was supposed to
+make really light alloys. It didn't pan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make really light alloys. It didn't pan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make really light alloys. It didn't pan
+out because they're not very weldable.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out because they're not very weldable.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out because they're not very weldable.
+So, you actually find very little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you actually find very little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you actually find very little
+aluminum lithium on airplanes these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum lithium on airplanes these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum lithium on airplanes these
+days. Um, but the key issue in aluminum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days. Um, but the key issue in aluminum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days. Um, but the key issue in aluminum
+lithium is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lithium is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lithium is that
+um um this is the stable phase diagram.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um this is the stable phase diagram.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um this is the stable phase diagram.
+So there's an an FCC solid solution in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's an an FCC solid solution in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's an an FCC solid solution in
+equilibrium with a compound. But what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium with a compound. But what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium with a compound. But what
+actually strengthens the material is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually strengthens the material is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually strengthens the material is a
+metastable precipitate which is in here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metastable precipitate which is in here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metastable precipitate which is in here.
+And because it's metastable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And because it's metastable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And because it's metastable
+uh it's very hard to study because to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's very hard to study because to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's very hard to study because to
+study it you need to make it big to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study it you need to make it big to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study it you need to make it big to
+strengthen the alloys you have to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengthen the alloys you have to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengthen the alloys you have to keep
+it small but to to study it like with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it small but to to study it like with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it small but to to study it like with
+microscopy you need to make it big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopy you need to make it big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopy you need to make it big
+enough but the problem is you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough but the problem is you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough but the problem is you can't
+anneal the precipit because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anneal the precipit because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anneal the precipit because it's
+metastable. If you kneel it too long it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metastable. If you kneel it too long it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metastable. If you kneel it too long it
+goes away. Okay. So this is this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes away. Okay. So this is this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes away. Okay. So this is this was a
+great one for computation you know uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great one for computation you know uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great one for computation you know uh in
+computation something that's metastable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation something that's metastable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation something that's metastable
+you can easily make it stable by not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can easily make it stable by not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can easily make it stable by not
+letting the system evolve to whatever is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letting the system evolve to whatever is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letting the system evolve to whatever is
+stable and that's what was done here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable and that's what was done here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable and that's what was done here.
+This is a calculated phase diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a calculated phase diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a calculated phase diagram
+completely from first principles with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely from first principles with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely from first principles with
+the stable equilibria in in solid lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stable equilibria in in solid lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stable equilibria in in solid lines
+and then the metastable equilibrium.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the metastable equilibrium.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the metastable equilibrium.
+This was the precipitate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phase and so you can just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and so you can just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and so you can just sort of
+isolate this thing and uh look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolate this thing and uh look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolate this thing and uh look at it
+separately. Okay. Um let me skip that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately. Okay. Um let me skip that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately. Okay. Um let me skip that
+one. Um you can use computation often to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Um you can use computation often to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Um you can use computation often to
+prove or disprove hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove or disprove hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove or disprove hypothesis
+uh in cases where it's hard to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in cases where it's hard to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in cases where it's hard to see
+experimentally. Um you know a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally. Um you know a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally. Um you know a really
+ongoing and long story has been the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ongoing and long story has been the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ongoing and long story has been the
+defects in silicon. you know, how do uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects in silicon. you know, how do uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects in silicon. you know, how do uh
+vacancies or interstitials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies or interstitials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies or interstitials
+uh look like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh look like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh look like in
+silicon? The reason that they're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon? The reason that they're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon? The reason that they're a
+little odd is because it's such an open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little odd is because it's such an open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little odd is because it's such an open
+structure, whereas in a closedbacked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure, whereas in a closedbacked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure, whereas in a closedbacked
+metal, you know, a vacancy is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal, you know, a vacancy is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal, you know, a vacancy is just
+taking an atom out and interstitial is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking an atom out and interstitial is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking an atom out and interstitial is
+just taking putting one in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just taking putting one in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just taking putting one in the
+interstitial position, but because in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitial position, but because in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitial position, but because in
+silicon it's such a closacked and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon it's such a closacked and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon it's such a closacked and
+covealently bonded network. Every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covealently bonded network. Every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covealently bonded network. Every time
+you take an atom out, you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take an atom out, you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take an atom out, you can actually
+have quite a bit of rearrangement of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have quite a bit of rearrangement of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have quite a bit of rearrangement of the
+other atom. It's quite of an old problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other atom. It's quite of an old problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other atom. It's quite of an old problem
+and it's probably um a problem where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's probably um a problem where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's probably um a problem where
+computation has has sort of made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation has has sort of made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation has has sort of made
+considerable impact. If you have an idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerable impact. If you have an idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerable impact. If you have an idea
+for how the vacancy or interstitial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how the vacancy or interstitial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how the vacancy or interstitial
+should look like, you can test it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should look like, you can test it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should look like, you can test it
+computationally. You can calculate its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally. You can calculate its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally. You can calculate its
+energy and compare it to sort of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and compare it to sort of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and compare it to sort of other
+potential um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+arrangements. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um I'll I'll this is my last piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I'll I'll this is my last piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I'll I'll this is my last piece of
+philosophy. After that we'll start doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy. After that we'll start doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy. After that we'll start doing
+real work. But this is one that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real work. But this is one that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real work. But this is one that if you
+didn't remember anything for the from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't remember anything for the from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't remember anything for the from
+the class except one thing this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class except one thing this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class except one thing this is the
+one I want you to remember. Um if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I want you to remember. Um if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I want you to remember. Um if you do
+modeling and people will come up to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling and people will come up to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling and people will come up to you
+and they will call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they will call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they will call it
+simulation and modeling is not the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation and modeling is not the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation and modeling is not the same
+as simulation. You should keep that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as simulation. You should keep that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as simulation. You should keep that in
+mind. we actually do computation maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind. we actually do computation maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind. we actually do computation maybe
+we do modeling we rarely ever do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do modeling we rarely ever do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do modeling we rarely ever do
+simulation we sometime do simulation um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation we sometime do simulation um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation we sometime do simulation um
+the reason is that you know reality is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason is that you know reality is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason is that you know reality is
+very often too complex to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very often too complex to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very often too complex to
+simulate okay so rather what we do is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate okay so rather what we do is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate okay so rather what we do is um
+we isolate parts of reality okay we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we isolate parts of reality okay we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we isolate parts of reality okay we say
+you know this subset is important and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this subset is important and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this subset is important and we
+do computation on that and what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do computation on that and what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do computation on that and what that
+means is that you will very often have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is that you will very often have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is that you will very often have
+to make judgments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make judgments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make judgments
+Okay? Like, you know, if you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? Like, you know, if you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? Like, you know, if you're going to
+study corrosion, let's say you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study corrosion, let's say you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study corrosion, let's say you're going
+to study corrosion of a high strength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to study corrosion of a high strength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to study corrosion of a high strength
+steel, there is no way in hell you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel, there is no way in hell you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel, there is no way in hell you're
+going to simulate that because you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to simulate that because you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to simulate that because you don't
+even know what the relevant variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even know what the relevant variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even know what the relevant variables
+are. You don't even know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are. You don't even know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are. You don't even know what the
+relevant environments are. Okay? So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant environments are. Okay? So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant environments are. Okay? So,
+what you're going to have to do is learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're going to have to do is learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're going to have to do is learn
+a lot about the science of corrosion,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot about the science of corrosion,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot about the science of corrosion,
+okay? and take one isolated element, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay? and take one isolated element, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay? and take one isolated element, you
+know, maybe surface attack by chlorine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, maybe surface attack by chlorine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, maybe surface attack by chlorine
+or something like that or, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that or, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that or, you know,
+hydrogen going in and locally and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen going in and locally and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen going in and locally and
+brittleing the material. So, you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brittleing the material. So, you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brittleing the material. So, you will
+never just take your high strength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never just take your high strength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never just take your high strength
+steel, put it in a computer and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel, put it in a computer and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel, put it in a computer and sort of
+wait for a long time, okay? Because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait for a long time, okay? Because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait for a long time, okay? Because you
+don't even know what environment to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even know what environment to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even know what environment to
+impose on that system. Okay? So rarely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose on that system. Okay? So rarely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose on that system. Okay? So rarely
+do we do simulation to solve complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we do simulation to solve complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we do simulation to solve complex
+problems. Sometimes we will isolate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems. Sometimes we will isolate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems. Sometimes we will isolate a
+piece and then simulate that. But we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and then simulate that. But we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and then simulate that. But we
+rarely simulate the full reality. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rarely simulate the full reality. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rarely simulate the full reality. And
+because of that it's really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that it's really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that it's really important
+that you know the science of the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know the science of the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know the science of the field
+you work in. Okay? You cannot have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you work in. Okay? You cannot have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you work in. Okay? You cannot have
+impact with computation without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact with computation without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact with computation without
+understanding your field of application.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding your field of application.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding your field of application.
+Period. Because you will never know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Period. Because you will never know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Period. Because you will never know what
+to compute. Okay? So I think if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute. Okay? So I think if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute. Okay? So I think if you want
+to remember one thing that's the one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember one thing that's the one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember one thing that's the one the
+hardest part of computing is knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardest part of computing is knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardest part of computing is knowing
+what to compute. Okay you know everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to compute. Okay you know everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to compute. Okay you know everybody
+can learn molecular dynamics everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can learn molecular dynamics everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can learn molecular dynamics everybody
+can learn abinio methods but using them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can learn abinio methods but using them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can learn abinio methods but using them
+in an intelligent way sort of becomes um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an intelligent way sort of becomes um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an intelligent way sort of becomes um
+the hard part and I like the quote from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hard part and I like the quote from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hard part and I like the quote from
+Frank Jensen you know computers don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frank Jensen you know computers don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frank Jensen you know computers don't
+solve problems people do but to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve problems people do but to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve problems people do but to
+paraphrase something. Okay, I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paraphrase something. Okay, I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paraphrase something. Okay, I'm going to
+skip this. Um, I'll I'll I'll let you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip this. Um, I'll I'll I'll let you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip this. Um, I'll I'll I'll let you
+read. This is an article we put on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read. This is an article we put on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read. This is an article we put on the
+web uh from James Langanger. Um, people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web uh from James Langanger. Um, people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web uh from James Langanger. Um, people
+are trying to establish computing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are trying to establish computing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are trying to establish computing as
+sort of the third branch of science.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the third branch of science.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the third branch of science.
+There's experiment, there's theory, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's experiment, there's theory, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's experiment, there's theory, and
+there's computing. And it's sort of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's computing. And it's sort of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's computing. And it's sort of an
+interesting uh article. Okay. So, let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh article. Okay. So, let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh article. Okay. So, let me
+sort of get to uh the real science that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of get to uh the real science that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of get to uh the real science that
+we can do today at least a little bit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do today at least a little bit.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do today at least a little bit.
+Um so the first sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so the first sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so the first sort of
+maybe I don't know few weeks or so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I don't know few weeks or so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I don't know few weeks or so we're
+going to talk about energy models and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about energy models and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about energy models and
+the reason is the reason we start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason is the reason we start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason is the reason we start with
+energy models is because I feel that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy models is because I feel that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy models is because I feel that
+unless you have an adequate energetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you have an adequate energetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you have an adequate energetic
+description of your material you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of your material you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of your material you really
+don't know if what comes out of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if what comes out of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if what comes out of your
+computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation
+um is actually right or relevant. So um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is actually right or relevant. So um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is actually right or relevant. So um
+typically people um distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically people um distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically people um distinguish
+empirical energy models from abinio or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical energy models from abinio or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical energy models from abinio or
+quantum mechanical. So this is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanical. So this is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanical. So this is what we
+sometimes call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes call
+aboninio or first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+principles. In some sense in empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles. In some sense in empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles. In some sense in empirical
+models all you do is you take some form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models all you do is you take some form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models all you do is you take some form
+for the energy and you fit it to any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the energy and you fit it to any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the energy and you fit it to any
+data you may have. Um in sometimes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you may have. Um in sometimes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you may have. Um in sometimes that
+data is quantum mechanically computed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is quantum mechanically computed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is quantum mechanically computed.
+Uh in quantum mechanics you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh in quantum mechanics you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh in quantum mechanics you sort of
+leave the fitting aside and you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the fitting aside and you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the fitting aside and you go
+straight to just solving the sher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight to just solving the sher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight to just solving the sher
+equation for whatever problem uh you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for whatever problem uh you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for whatever problem uh you're
+trying to solve. Um there are methods in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve. Um there are methods in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve. Um there are methods in
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+uh which are semi-empirical um which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which are semi-empirical um which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which are semi-empirical um which are
+essentially quantum mechanical in form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially quantum mechanical in form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially quantum mechanical in form
+but empirical in the parameters uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but empirical in the parameters uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but empirical in the parameters uh
+essentially tied binding fits into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially tied binding fits into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially tied binding fits into this
+things that the chemists often do like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that the chemists often do like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that the chemists often do like
+mindo and nindo. So these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mindo and nindo. So these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mindo and nindo. So these are
+effectively uh you could think of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively uh you could think of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively uh you could think of them
+as um um parameterized shreddinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as um um parameterized shreddinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as um um parameterized shreddinger
+equations almost where the overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations almost where the overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations almost where the overlap
+integrals between wave functions are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals between wave functions are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals between wave functions are not
+computed but are parameterized so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed but are parameterized so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed but are parameterized so you
+save a lot of time. Uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save a lot of time. Uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save a lot of time. Uh you know
+personally I believe that that middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally I believe that that middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally I believe that that middle
+field is is is losing in importance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is is is losing in importance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is is is losing in importance
+considerably. Um I think if we'd given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerably. Um I think if we'd given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerably. Um I think if we'd given
+this class 10 years ago, we would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class 10 years ago, we would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class 10 years ago, we would have
+talked a lot about that because people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked a lot about that because people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked a lot about that because people
+see that as a way of like well it's much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that as a way of like well it's much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that as a way of like well it's much
+faster than abinishio but you keep some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than abinishio but you keep some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than abinishio but you keep some
+of the accuracy of it. I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the accuracy of it. I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the accuracy of it. I think that's
+less and less true these days. Um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less and less true these days. Um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less and less true these days. Um you
+don't keep as much accuracy as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't keep as much accuracy as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't keep as much accuracy as you
+usually want to and it's not as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually want to and it's not as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually want to and it's not as much
+faster anymore. So while there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster anymore. So while there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster anymore. So while there are
+obviously still problems where this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously still problems where this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously still problems where this is
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+um more and more people just do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um more and more people just do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um more and more people just do the
+abinio period you know computers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abinio period you know computers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abinio period you know computers are
+cheap these days. Um the reason we teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap these days. Um the reason we teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap these days. Um the reason we teach
+you about empirical models is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about empirical models is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about empirical models is because
+first of all you will encounter and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all you will encounter and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all you will encounter and if
+you're going to do really really large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to do really really large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to do really really large
+problems they can be quite useful. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems they can be quite useful. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems they can be quite useful. Um,
+and also they're a really great handle I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also they're a really great handle I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also they're a really great handle I
+find to teach you some of the essential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find to teach you some of the essential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find to teach you some of the essential
+energy physics that you need to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy physics that you need to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy physics that you need to deal
+with when studying different materials.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with when studying different materials.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with when studying different materials.
+And so that's why I'll spend two two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so that's why I'll spend two two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so that's why I'll spend two two and
+a half lectures on um empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half lectures on um empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half lectures on um empirical
+models.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And so obviously keep the obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And so obviously keep the obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And so obviously keep the obvious
+in mind that you know if you work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind that you know if you work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind that you know if you work with
+potentials you have no information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials you have no information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials you have no information about
+electrons. you just have energies as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons. you just have energies as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons. you just have energies as a
+function of position. Uh if you work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of position. Uh if you work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of position. Uh if you work
+with semi-empirical and quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with semi-empirical and quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with semi-empirical and quantum
+mechanics, you also have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics, you also have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics, you also have more
+information. You you you know something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information. You you you know something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information. You you you know something
+about the electronic structure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the electronic structure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the electronic structure of the
+material. Which one is best? I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material. Which one is best? I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material. Which one is best? I think
+that's an irrelevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an irrelevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an irrelevant
+question. Depends what you can afford.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. Depends what you can afford.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. Depends what you can afford.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So
+essentially what you want if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what you want if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what you want if you want to
+do an empirical modeling method is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do an empirical modeling method is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do an empirical modeling method is that
+you want to have the energy as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to have the energy as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to have the energy as a
+function of all the nuclear coordinates.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of all the nuclear coordinates.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of all the nuclear coordinates.
+Okay, that already itself implies an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that already itself implies an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that already itself implies an
+assumption because the energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption because the energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption because the energy is
+actually a function of the nuclear and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a function of the nuclear and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a function of the nuclear and
+the electronic coordinates. Uh typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electronic coordinates. Uh typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electronic coordinates. Uh typically
+what we do is we variationally remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do is we variationally remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do is we variationally remove
+the electronic coordinates. Okay. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electronic coordinates. Okay. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electronic coordinates. Okay. And
+that's essentially the what's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's essentially the what's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's essentially the what's called the
+borneheimr approximation. If you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borneheimr approximation. If you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borneheimr approximation. If you think
+you know if your atom if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if your atom if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if your atom if you have a
+bunch of atoms together so you know they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of atoms together so you know they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of atoms together so you know they
+you have some a set of coordinates that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some a set of coordinates that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some a set of coordinates that
+describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+positions. People think that the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions. People think that the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions. People think that the energy
+is uniquely determined by that set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uniquely determined by that set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uniquely determined by that set of
+coordinates, but that's actually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates, but that's actually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates, but that's actually not
+true because um you have electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true because um you have electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true because um you have electronic
+states and in many cases for a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and in many cases for a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and in many cases for a given
+state of the nuclei you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the nuclei you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the nuclei you can have
+multiple electronic states. Okay, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple electronic states. Okay, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple electronic states. Okay, you
+there'll be a ground state but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be a ground state but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be a ground state but you can
+be in excited states as well.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in excited states as well.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in excited states as well.
+What the Borne Oppenheimer approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What the Borne Oppenheimer approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What the Borne Oppenheimer approximation
+essentially assumes is that for any set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially assumes is that for any set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially assumes is that for any set
+of nuclear coordinates you are always in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nuclear coordinates you are always in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nuclear coordinates you are always in
+the electronic ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electronic ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electronic ground
+state. So ER is derived from ER si by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state. So ER is derived from ER si by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state. So ER is derived from ER si by
+essentially variationally removing S by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially variationally removing S by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially variationally removing S by
+minimizing over S. Okay. So what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing over S. Okay. So what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing over S. Okay. So what's the
+sort of physical implementation here?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of physical implementation here?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of physical implementation here?
+Um, you know, if you're in a stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, you know, if you're in a stationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, you know, if you're in a stationary
+configuration and you wait long enough,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration and you wait long enough,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration and you wait long enough,
+this is probably okay. You know, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is probably okay. You know, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is probably okay. You know, if
+you're atoms sit there frozen in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're atoms sit there frozen in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're atoms sit there frozen in some
+position, if you wait long enough, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position, if you wait long enough, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position, if you wait long enough, the
+electrons will go to their ground state,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons will go to their ground state,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons will go to their ground state,
+especially when you're at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when you're at zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when you're at zero
+temperature. Um, where this can reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature. Um, where this can reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature. Um, where this can reach
+havoc is in certain modes of dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+havoc is in certain modes of dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+havoc is in certain modes of dynamics
+because what you're really assuming is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what you're really assuming is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what you're really assuming is
+that if you move your atoms, your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you move your atoms, your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you move your atoms, your
+electrons follow infinitely fast. Okay?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons follow infinitely fast. Okay?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons follow infinitely fast. Okay?
+Because if you move the atom a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because if you move the atom a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because if you move the atom a little
+bit, okay, the energy change is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit, okay, the energy change is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit, okay, the energy change is the
+energy change when the electrons relax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy change when the electrons relax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy change when the electrons relax
+immediately to their ground state as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately to their ground state as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately to their ground state as you
+move the atoms. Okay. Um, that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the atoms. Okay. Um, that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the atoms. Okay. Um, that's
+essentially the Borne Oppenheimer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the Borne Oppenheimer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the Borne Oppenheimer
+approximation. So when is this not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation. So when is this not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation. So when is this not going
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+true? It's when the atoms move really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true? It's when the atoms move really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true? It's when the atoms move really
+fast or the electrons move really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast or the electrons move really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast or the electrons move really
+slow. Okay, and there are cases like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow. Okay, and there are cases like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow. Okay, and there are cases like
+that. This is one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. This is one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. This is one of these
+approximations that we want to believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations that we want to believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations that we want to believe
+is always true because it's very hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always true because it's very hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always true because it's very hard to
+do anything else. So we kind of kid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do anything else. So we kind of kid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do anything else. So we kind of kid
+ourselves and uh because it's very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves and uh because it's very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves and uh because it's very hard
+to verify as well. But you know there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to verify as well. But you know there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to verify as well. But you know there
+are long lived excited states in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are long lived excited states in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are long lived excited states in
+materials. um you know there are defects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials. um you know there are defects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials. um you know there are defects
+in semiconductors for example uh EL2 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in semiconductors for example uh EL2 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in semiconductors for example uh EL2 in
+gi marshide was a famous one that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gi marshide was a famous one that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gi marshide was a famous one that has
+very long lived excited states where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long lived excited states where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long lived excited states where
+there are essentially two born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are essentially two born
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are essentially two born
+oppenheimer surfaces let's call one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oppenheimer surfaces let's call one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oppenheimer surfaces let's call one the
+ground state one and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state one and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state one and then there's
+another one that's the excited state one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one that's the excited state one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one that's the excited state one
+and the interesting thing was they gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the interesting thing was they gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the interesting thing was they gave
+you different nuclear coordinates so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you different nuclear coordinates so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you different nuclear coordinates so if
+you minimized under one potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you minimized under one potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you minimized under one potential
+surface and under the other one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and under the other one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and under the other one you
+ended up in a different nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up in a different nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up in a different nuclear
+configuration so you see then you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration so you see then you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration so you see then you have a
+problem you can't find the lowest energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you can't find the lowest energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you can't find the lowest energy
+configuration of the nuclei unless you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration of the nuclei unless you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration of the nuclei unless you
+know what the electrons do. So you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the electrons do. So you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the electrons do. So you now
+have a coupled problem. Okay. Uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a coupled problem. Okay. Uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a coupled problem. Okay. Uh so
+that's a sort of nonobvious violation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a sort of nonobvious violation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a sort of nonobvious violation of
+the Borne Oppenheimer approximation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Borne Oppenheimer approximation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Borne Oppenheimer approximation in
+fast dynamics. You know things that move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast dynamics. You know things that move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast dynamics. You know things that move
+fast like protons you know the lightest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast like protons you know the lightest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast like protons you know the lightest
+nucleus. So protons can move very fast.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus. So protons can move very fast.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus. So protons can move very fast.
+In some case the electrons won't follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In some case the electrons won't follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In some case the electrons won't follow
+fast enough in insulators.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast enough in insulators.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast enough in insulators.
+Okay. Let's say you study diffusion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Let's say you study diffusion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Let's say you study diffusion of
+charged ions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged ions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged ions in
+insulators. Okay. Uh you know I work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulators. Okay. Uh you know I work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulators. Okay. Uh you know I work on
+I work on battery materials. It's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I work on battery materials. It's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I work on battery materials. It's all
+about lithium plus diffusion. Lithium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about lithium plus diffusion. Lithium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about lithium plus diffusion. Lithium
+ions diffuse. Well if the ion diffuses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions diffuse. Well if the ion diffuses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions diffuse. Well if the ion diffuses
+if the ion hops very fast but I'm in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the ion hops very fast but I'm in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the ion hops very fast but I'm in an
+insulator. Maybe the electron won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulator. Maybe the electron won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulator. Maybe the electron won't
+follow fast enough. Okay. So I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow fast enough. Okay. So I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow fast enough. Okay. So I'm I'm
+going away from the Borne Oppoenheimer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going away from the Borne Oppoenheimer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going away from the Borne Oppoenheimer
+surface there. Okay. So this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface there. Okay. So this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface there. Okay. So this problem
+actually appears more than you think.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually appears more than you think.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually appears more than you think.
+It's just that we don't know how to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's just that we don't know how to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's just that we don't know how to deal
+with it. So, we kind of like shush, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it. So, we kind of like shush, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it. So, we kind of like shush, you
+know, remove it from our thoughts. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, remove it from our thoughts. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, remove it from our thoughts. Um,
+the other obvious violation of Borne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other obvious violation of Borne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other obvious violation of Borne
+Oppenheimer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oppenheimer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oppenheimer
+is when you're at non-zero temperature.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when you're at non-zero temperature.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when you're at non-zero temperature.
+You know, when you're at non-zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know, when you're at non-zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know, when you're at non-zero
+temperature, you have a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature, you have a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature, you have a finite
+probability to actually occupy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability to actually occupy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability to actually occupy the
+higher level electron excitations. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher level electron excitations. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher level electron excitations. So,
+the higher energy electronic states.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the higher energy electronic states.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the higher energy electronic states.
+That's not a really big problem. it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's not a really big problem. it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's not a really big problem. it it
+is technically a violation of the Borne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is technically a violation of the Borne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is technically a violation of the Borne
+Oppenheimer approximation but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oppenheimer approximation but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oppenheimer approximation but
+essentially it's easy to solve you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially it's easy to solve you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially it's easy to solve you can
+replace this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace this
+minimum so minimizing it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum so minimizing it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum so minimizing it by
+statistically averaging over the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistically averaging over the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistically averaging over the right
+levels okay by literally doing a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels okay by literally doing a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels okay by literally doing a sort of
+statistical waiting of how the levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical waiting of how the levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical waiting of how the levels
+are populated literally do a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are populated literally do a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are populated literally do a sort of
+statistical mechanics approach and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical mechanics approach and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical mechanics approach and we'll
+talk much more about these things when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk much more about these things when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk much more about these things when
+we talk about co grading methods in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about co grading methods in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about co grading methods in the
+sort of later part of the course so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of later part of the course so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of later part of the course so
+temperature isn't a big deal for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature isn't a big deal for um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature isn't a big deal for um
+Borne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Borne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Borne
+Oppenheimer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, um here's what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, um here's what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, um here's what we're going to
+do on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do on
+potentials. Um you know, there there as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials. Um you know, there there as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials. Um you know, there there as
+many different potentials as there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different potentials as there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different potentials as there are
+people. Everybody has their favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people. Everybody has their favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people. Everybody has their favorite
+one. So, we're going to pick and choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So, we're going to pick and choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So, we're going to pick and choose
+and I'm mainly going to pick and choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm mainly going to pick and choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm mainly going to pick and choose
+based on the the materials physics I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the the materials physics I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the the materials physics I can
+teach you with them. Um, so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach you with them. Um, so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach you with them. Um, so we're going
+to talk about a few particular forums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about a few particular forums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about a few particular forums
+and the physical limitations that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the physical limitations that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the physical limitations that they
+introduce. Um, and I'm going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce. Um, and I'm going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce. Um, and I'm going to start
+with with pair potentials because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with pair potentials because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with pair potentials because
+they're the obvious one. Uh, that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the obvious one. Uh, that'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the obvious one. Uh, that'll
+sort of be today and then that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of be today and then that'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of be today and then that'll
+obviously lead us the failures of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously lead us the failures of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously lead us the failures of those
+will lead us into many body potentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will lead us into many body potentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will lead us into many body potentials
+and pair functionals. Uh, this one will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pair functionals. Uh, this one will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pair functionals. Uh, this one will
+be particularly relevant for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be particularly relevant for um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be particularly relevant for um
+covealent deoized materials like metals.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And this is sort of for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is sort of for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is sort of for
+deoized sorry sorry covealent localized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deoized sorry sorry covealent localized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deoized sorry sorry covealent localized
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um so we're mainly going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we're mainly going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we're mainly going to talk about
+the form of these things you know I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form of these things you know I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form of these things you know I'm
+not going to spend a whole lot of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to spend a whole lot of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to spend a whole lot of time
+talking about um the detailed parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about um the detailed parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about um the detailed parameters
+you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so here's pair potentials. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so here's pair potentials. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so here's pair potentials. Um,
+obviously what what are you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously what what are you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously what what are you really
+saying when you use pair potentials to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying when you use pair potentials to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying when you use pair potentials to
+model something? You're saying that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model something? You're saying that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model something? You're saying that if I
+have a bunch of atoms together, I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bunch of atoms together, I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bunch of atoms together, I can
+sum their energy from pair-wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum their energy from pair-wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum their energy from pair-wise
+interactions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions.
+So you're saying that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you're saying that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you're saying that this
+interaction between these two atoms has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between these two atoms has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between these two atoms has
+nothing to do with whether this atom or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do with whether this atom or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do with whether this atom or
+that atom is present. That's essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that atom is present. That's essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that atom is present. That's essentially
+the physics of what you're saying.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physics of what you're saying.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physics of what you're saying.
+You're summing the energy. In some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're summing the energy. In some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're summing the energy. In some
+cases, you take a constant, okay, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases, you take a constant, okay, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases, you take a constant, okay, and
+then simply a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then simply a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then simply a
+sum of interaction potentials that only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of interaction potentials that only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of interaction potentials that only
+depend on the distance, okay, between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the distance, okay, between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the distance, okay, between
+two atoms.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two atoms.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two atoms.
+um pair potentials pretty much always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um pair potentials pretty much always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um pair potentials pretty much always
+have the same form. They are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same form. They are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same form. They are
+attractive at intermediate to long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distance and they are repulsive at short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distance and they have to be repulsive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and they have to be repulsive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and they have to be repulsive
+at short distance because otherwise your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at short distance because otherwise your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at short distance because otherwise your
+system sort of collapses into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system sort of collapses into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system sort of collapses into
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+itself. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself. Um
+my phone.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+You left what?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You left what?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You left what?
+I didn't see your phone.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+No
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No
+problem. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh, every lecture will have some, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, every lecture will have some, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, every lecture will have some, you
+know, um, something like that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, um, something like that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, um, something like that that
+something odd happens. We do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something odd happens. We do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something odd happens. We do it
+deliberately. No. Um uh one issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberately. No. Um uh one issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberately. No. Um uh one issue
+practical issue with potentials is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical issue with potentials is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical issue with potentials is that
+you have to truncate them. Okay? Because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to truncate them. Okay? Because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to truncate them. Okay? Because
+you want to keep this pair wide distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to keep this pair wide distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to keep this pair wide distance
+not out to infinity. Most potentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not out to infinity. Most potentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not out to infinity. Most potentials
+just the form they have they sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the form they have they sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the form they have they sort of
+slowly decay. Um and people do all kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly decay. Um and people do all kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly decay. Um and people do all kinds
+of tricks. So the problem is if you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tricks. So the problem is if you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tricks. So the problem is if you say
+you know I'm only going to I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I'm only going to I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I'm only going to I'm going to
+truncate up to here uh that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truncate up to here uh that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truncate up to here uh that you have
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+discontinuity. Um let me sort of see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity. Um let me sort of see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity. Um let me sort of see if
+I can make a white slide if I remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can make a white slide if I remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can make a white slide if I remember
+how to do this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+magic.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic.
+Okay. So let's say you know I truncate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So let's say you know I truncate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So let's say you know I truncate
+the potential here at this distance then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential here at this distance then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential here at this distance then
+essentially my potential really looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially my potential really looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially my potential really looks
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this. I have this discontinuity in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. I have this discontinuity in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. I have this discontinuity in it
+which is not very good because whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not very good because whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not very good because whenever
+atoms move in and out of this range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms move in and out of this range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms move in and out of this range
+um they actually have a strong energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they actually have a strong energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they actually have a strong energy
+jump as they move in and out of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump as they move in and out of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump as they move in and out of that
+range. So people do all kinds of tricks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range. So people do all kinds of tricks.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range. So people do all kinds of tricks.
+You can uh smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can uh smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can uh smooth
+this you know like attach some spline to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know like attach some spline to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know like attach some spline to
+it that smooths this out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that smooths this out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that smooths this out to
+zero. Uh sometimes you want to have zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Uh sometimes you want to have zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Uh sometimes you want to have zero
+literally zero at some distance.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally zero at some distance.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally zero at some distance.
+Sometimes you also like zero derivative.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sometimes you also like zero derivative.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sometimes you also like zero derivative.
+So you have continuous forces. Some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you have continuous forces. Some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you have continuous forces. Some
+people use shifted potentials. It's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use shifted potentials. It's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use shifted potentials. It's kind
+of cute. If you know that this has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cute. If you know that this has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cute. If you know that this has some
+value, let's say epsilon here, you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value, let's say epsilon here, you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value, let's say epsilon here, you just
+shift the potential up by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift the potential up by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift the potential up by
+epsilon. So now it's zero at your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon. So now it's zero at your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon. So now it's zero at your
+cutoff. But of course the force would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutoff. But of course the force would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutoff. But of course the force would
+still be discontinuous because the force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be discontinuous because the force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be discontinuous because the force
+would be uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+derivative. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, the most simple potential form that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, the most simple potential form that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, the most simple potential form that
+you'll sometimes see used is the Leonard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll sometimes see used is the Leonard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll sometimes see used is the Leonard
+Jones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jones
+potential which has an R to the 6th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential which has an R to the 6th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential which has an R to the 6th
+which is the attractive part.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the attractive part.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the attractive part.
+Okay, that gives you the attraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that gives you the attraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that gives you the attraction
+since it has the negative sign in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it has the negative sign in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it has the negative sign in front
+and the R to the 12th which gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the R to the 12th which gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the R to the 12th which gives you
+the repulsion.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um the the r to the 6 term uh can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the r to the 6 term uh can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the r to the 6 term uh can
+actually be physically justified. Uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be physically justified. Uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be physically justified. Uh it
+comes from uh the interaction between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from uh the interaction between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from uh the interaction between
+fluctuating dipoles. If you have an atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuating dipoles. If you have an atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuating dipoles. If you have an atom
+here with its electron cloud and an atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with its electron cloud and an atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with its electron cloud and an atom
+here and if these are inert atoms so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and if these are inert atoms so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and if these are inert atoms so
+with a filled electron shell so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a filled electron shell so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a filled electron shell so there's
+no covealent bonding going on with them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no covealent bonding going on with them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no covealent bonding going on with them.
+So these are either um ions with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So these are either um ions with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So these are either um ions with a
+filled shell or they're noble gases. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled shell or they're noble gases. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled shell or they're noble gases. Um
+then there is no direct covealent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there is no direct covealent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there is no direct covealent
+interaction. So the interaction you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction. So the interaction you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction. So the interaction you get
+is from fluctuating dipoles. So you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from fluctuating dipoles. So you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from fluctuating dipoles. So you know
+at some point there's a um a dipole that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point there's a um a dipole that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point there's a um a dipole that
+just from fluctuations that sets up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from fluctuations that sets up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from fluctuations that sets up here
+and that will induce a dipole in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will induce a dipole in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will induce a dipole in the
+other electron cloud. And so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other electron cloud. And so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other electron cloud. And so the
+interaction between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between these
+dipoles and these dipoles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipoles and these dipoles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipoles and these dipoles
+uh if you actually look at it gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you actually look at it gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you actually look at it gives you
+an r to the 6th. So this piece is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an r to the 6th. So this piece is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an r to the 6th. So this piece is
+physically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically
+justifiable and that's sort of where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justifiable and that's sort of where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justifiable and that's sort of where
+Leonard Jones got it from. Uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leonard Jones got it from. Uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leonard Jones got it from. Uh it's
+essentially the form of what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the form of what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the form of what's called
+the Vanderwal's interaction. Okay, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Vanderwal's interaction. Okay, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Vanderwal's interaction. Okay, which
+is the interaction between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the interaction between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the interaction between
+inverts. Um so where does the ar the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverts. Um so where does the ar the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverts. Um so where does the ar the
+12th comes from? You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see I mean obviously you need something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I mean obviously you need something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I mean obviously you need something
+steep to get that you need you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steep to get that you need you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steep to get that you need you know
+otherwise the ions fly into each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise the ions fly into each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise the ions fly into each other
+you need this sort of steep repulsive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need this sort of steep repulsive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need this sort of steep repulsive
+part when the ions come very close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part when the ions come very close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part when the ions come very close
+together and essentially what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and essentially what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and essentially what the
+physics of it is the pi repulsion you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics of it is the pi repulsion you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics of it is the pi repulsion you
+know as the electron clouds come into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know as the electron clouds come into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know as the electron clouds come into
+each other remember that electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other remember that electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other remember that electrons
+cannot occupy exactly the same quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot occupy exactly the same quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot occupy exactly the same quantum
+state and so as you bring them closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and so as you bring them closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and so as you bring them closer to
+closer you're almost forcing them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer you're almost forcing them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer you're almost forcing them to
+occupy the same quantum state. But why r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+12th? It's really because it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12th? It's really because it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12th? It's really because it's the
+square of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of r
+6. Um there is no physical justification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6. Um there is no physical justification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6. Um there is no physical justification
+for r to the 12th. Um Leonard Jones used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for r to the 12th. Um Leonard Jones used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for r to the 12th. Um Leonard Jones used
+it because it makes the math of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because it makes the math of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because it makes the math of some
+things you want to do with it easy. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you want to do with it easy. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you want to do with it easy. Uh
+and because it's the square of r to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because it's the square of r to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because it's the square of r to the
+6th. Um so you know if you like r to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6th. Um so you know if you like r to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6th. Um so you know if you like r to the
+10th, r to the 14th, r to the 16th, go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10th, r to the 14th, r to the 16th, go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10th, r to the 14th, r to the 16th, go
+ahead. Um they're really people always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead. Um they're really people always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead. Um they're really people always
+take the Leonard Jones potential because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the Leonard Jones potential because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the Leonard Jones potential because
+it's there and like I said for the R to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's there and like I said for the R to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's there and like I said for the R to
+the 6th you know I grant you that maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 6th you know I grant you that maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 6th you know I grant you that maybe
+you should sort of keep that that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should sort of keep that that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should sort of keep that that is a
+true Vender Walls interaction but the R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true Vender Walls interaction but the R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true Vender Walls interaction but the R
+to the 12th there is no reason that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 12th there is no reason that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 12th there is no reason that it
+should be R to the 12th okay anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be R to the 12th okay anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be R to the 12th okay anything
+sometimes you actually want steeper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you actually want steeper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you actually want steeper
+potentials so you make it like R to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials so you make it like R to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials so you make it like R to the
+20th or something or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20th or something or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20th or something or whatever
+um okay you know the other thing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay you know the other thing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay you know the other thing is that
+people use Leonard Jones potentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use Leonard Jones potentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use Leonard Jones potentials
+to attract atoms together that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to attract atoms together that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to attract atoms together that has
+nothing to do with Vanderwal's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do with Vanderwal's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do with Vanderwal's
+interaction. Okay, to actually look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction. Okay, to actually look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction. Okay, to actually look at
+things that almost have some coalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that almost have some coalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that almost have some coalent
+interaction and then there's actually no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction and then there's actually no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction and then there's actually no
+reason to keep the r to the sixth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to keep the r to the sixth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to keep the r to the sixth
+either. Okay, because the r to the sixth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either. Okay, because the r to the sixth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either. Okay, because the r to the sixth
+is really only physically justifiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really only physically justifiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really only physically justifiable
+for Vanderwal's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Vanderwal's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Vanderwal's uh
+terms. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms. Okay.
+Um the interesting thing about Leonard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the interesting thing about Leonard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the interesting thing about Leonard
+Jones, it's actually the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jones, it's actually the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jones, it's actually the simplest
+potential because it only has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential because it only has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential because it only has two
+parameters. There's essentially a and b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters. There's essentially a and b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters. There's essentially a and b
+or if you renormalize the potential um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you renormalize the potential um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you renormalize the potential um
+there's an energy scale and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an energy scale and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an energy scale and there's a
+length scale. So you see if you write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length scale. So you see if you write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length scale. So you see if you write it
+in this form you see that the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this form you see that the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this form you see that the potential
+is in units of epsilon and the length or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in units of epsilon and the length or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in units of epsilon and the length or
+the sigma which is the distance sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sigma which is the distance sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sigma which is the distance sorry
+the r which is the distance is in units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the r which is the distance is in units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the r which is the distance is in units
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+sigma. Okay so what that means is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma. Okay so what that means is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma. Okay so what that means is that
+there's essentially only one leard jones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's essentially only one leard jones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's essentially only one leard jones
+system in the world. You you will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in the world. You you will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in the world. You you will see
+tabulated Leonard Jones parameters for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabulated Leonard Jones parameters for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabulated Leonard Jones parameters for
+like a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a lot of
+materials. But if you think of it, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials. But if you think of it, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials. But if you think of it, the
+energy scale of your potential sets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy scale of your potential sets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy scale of your potential sets the
+temperature scale of the system and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature scale of the system and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature scale of the system and the
+length scale sets the volume or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length scale sets the volume or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length scale sets the volume or
+therefore the pressure scale. So if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the pressure scale. So if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the pressure scale. So if you
+take one Leonard Jones system at a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take one Leonard Jones system at a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take one Leonard Jones system at a given
+temperature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and
+pressure,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure,
+okay, that will always be the same as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay, that will always be the same as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay, that will always be the same as a
+Leonard Jones system with other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leonard Jones system with other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leonard Jones system with other
+parameters, but at another temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters, but at another temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters, but at another temperature
+and pressure. So there's sort of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pressure. So there's sort of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pressure. So there's sort of an
+unique transformation going between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique transformation going between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique transformation going between
+allerg systems. Yes, sir.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+No. You know, sometimes people leave out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No. You know, sometimes people leave out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No. You know, sometimes people leave out
+that factor of two. Um but I'm I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that factor of two. Um but I'm I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that factor of two. Um but I'm I'm sorry
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I'm not sure I think you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm not sure I think you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm not sure I think you know the
+reason uh the factor two is there um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason uh the factor two is there um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason uh the factor two is there um if
+you differentiate it and that way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you differentiate it and that way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you differentiate it and that way you
+find the minimum is exactly at sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the minimum is exactly at sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the minimum is exactly at sigma
+okay because if you differentiate the 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because if you differentiate the 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because if you differentiate the 12
+you get you know a factor of 12 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get you know a factor of 12 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get you know a factor of 12 you
+differentiate the six you get a six so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate the six you get a six so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate the six you get a six so
+it's just to make I mean you could leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just to make I mean you could leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just to make I mean you could leave
+the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two
+out okay but then sigma is not the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay but then sigma is not the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay but then sigma is not the value
+where potential is minimum that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where potential is minimum that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where potential is minimum that's the
+reason people put sigma there uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason people put sigma there uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason people put sigma there uh
+because I I think you know I may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I I think you know I may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I I think you know I may be
+wrong but I think in this form this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong but I think in this form this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong but I think in this form this is
+sigma okay and I actually think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma okay and I actually think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma okay and I actually think that
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+epsilon but I should verify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so there's essentially only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so there's essentially only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so there's essentially only one
+Leonard Jones ah there's Leonard Jones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leonard Jones ah there's Leonard Jones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leonard Jones ah there's Leonard Jones
+forgot his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot his
+I think it's sir now. Sir Leonard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Jones. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um you know the reason that usually two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um you know the reason that usually two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um you know the reason that usually two
+parameters is just not enough in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters is just not enough in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters is just not enough in a
+potential and the reason is that um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and the reason is that um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and the reason is that um you
+often usually you want to mimic at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often usually you want to mimic at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often usually you want to mimic at least
+three properties right of a material. uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three properties right of a material. uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three properties right of a material. uh
+it's its length scale which is its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's its length scale which is its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's its length scale which is its
+lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice
+parameter, its energy scale which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter, its energy scale which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter, its energy scale which we
+think of as its cohesive energy which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of as its cohesive energy which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of as its cohesive energy which is
+the potential depth but you also want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential depth but you also want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential depth but you also want to
+get its elasticity right. Okay. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get its elasticity right. Okay. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get its elasticity right. Okay. And so
+that's sort of three fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of three fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of three fundamental
+properties to get right because its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties to get right because its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties to get right because its
+elasticity tells you sort of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity tells you sort of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity tells you sort of its
+response to you know uh any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to you know uh any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to you know uh any
+perturbations and the problem is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations and the problem is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations and the problem is that
+aer potential only has two parameters.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aer potential only has two parameters.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aer potential only has two parameters.
+So you cannot fit three things with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you cannot fit three things with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you cannot fit three things with two
+parameters. So most people will go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters. So most people will go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters. So most people will go to
+things with three parameters usually. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things with three parameters usually. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things with three parameters usually. So
+they can get these three things right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can get these three things right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can get these three things right.
+Um and you know one classic is a mors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and you know one classic is a mors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and you know one classic is a mors
+potential which has d which sets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential which has d which sets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential which has d which sets the
+energy scale. R not which sets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy scale. R not which sets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy scale. R not which sets the
+length scale uh and alpha which sets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length scale uh and alpha which sets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length scale uh and alpha which sets the
+elasticity scale because you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity scale because you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity scale because you can see
+alpha sets in some sense the curvature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha sets in some sense the curvature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha sets in some sense the curvature
+of the potential. it's what you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the potential. it's what you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the potential. it's what you sort of
+multiply with the distance differential.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply with the distance differential.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply with the distance differential.
+Okay. So alpha will be a measure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So alpha will be a measure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So alpha will be a measure of the
+um elastic behavior.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um elastic behavior.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um elastic behavior.
+um in particular in oxides the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in particular in oxides the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in particular in oxides the form
+that's most popular is what's called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's most popular is what's called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's most popular is what's called a
+Borne Meyer or a Buckingham potential um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Borne Meyer or a Buckingham potential um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Borne Meyer or a Buckingham potential um
+which is essentially a decaying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is essentially a decaying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is essentially a decaying
+exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential
+uh a Vanderwal's term and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a Vanderwal's term and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a Vanderwal's term and then the
+second order term in Vanderwal's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order term in Vanderwal's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order term in Vanderwal's
+perturbation theory which is the R to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory which is the R to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory which is the R to
+the 8 parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um the weird thing about this potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the weird thing about this potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the weird thing about this potential
+that you have to be somewhat but careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to be somewhat but careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to be somewhat but careful
+about is that it's um diverges at short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is that it's um diverges at short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is that it's um diverges at short
+distances. If you plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances. If you plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances. If you plot
+it, okay, if you plot the exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, okay, if you plot the exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, okay, if you plot the exponential
+um that goes to a finite value of a when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that goes to a finite value of a when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that goes to a finite value of a when
+r is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r is
+zero. So the exponential does something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. So the exponential does something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. So the exponential does something
+like this and this is a it's actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and this is a it's actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and this is a it's actually a
+lot steeper in reality. Typically a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot steeper in reality. Typically a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot steeper in reality. Typically a is
+very large. uh but these terms the r^ 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large. uh but these terms the r^ 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large. uh but these terms the r^ 6
+and the r to the e 1 / r 6 and 1 / r 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the r to the e 1 / r 6 and 1 / r 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the r to the e 1 / r 6 and 1 / r 8
+diverge when r goes to zero. So they on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverge when r goes to zero. So they on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverge when r goes to zero. So they on
+the other hand look like this where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand look like this where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand look like this where this
+goes to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to minus
+infinity. So when you add the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity. So when you add the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity. So when you add the two
+up you sort of get something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this. I'm sorry this is supposed to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. I'm sorry this is supposed to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. I'm sorry this is supposed to go
+down. So you know if you look only up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. So you know if you look only up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. So you know if you look only up to
+here this potential looks fine but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this potential looks fine but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this potential looks fine but if
+you go past it if you in some sense go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go past it if you in some sense go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go past it if you in some sense go
+into the core uh the potential diverges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the core uh the potential diverges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the core uh the potential diverges
+and you may think that's you know that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you may think that's you know that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you may think that's you know that's
+sort of silly you never go there but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of silly you never go there but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of silly you never go there but you
+sometimes do because of numerical issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes do because of numerical issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes do because of numerical issues
+you know sometimes what happens in in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sometimes what happens in in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sometimes what happens in in a
+say a simulation is that you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a simulation is that you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a simulation is that you know in
+when you start let's say you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you start let's say you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you start let's say you do
+something molecular dynamics which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something molecular dynamics which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something molecular dynamics which is
+essentially evolve olving atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially evolve olving atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially evolve olving atoms
+according to their force. You know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to their force. You know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to their force. You know if
+you may start in a configuration very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may start in a configuration very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may start in a configuration very
+far from equilibrium. So in the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far from equilibrium. So in the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far from equilibrium. So in the initial
+steps atoms move with tremendous force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps atoms move with tremendous force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps atoms move with tremendous force
+and so because of that you know they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so because of that you know they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so because of that you know they can
+literally just overshoot and shoot into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally just overshoot and shoot into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally just overshoot and shoot into
+each other and what you see is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and what you see is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and what you see is that
+actually the state with two atoms on top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the state with two atoms on top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the state with two atoms on top
+of each other is a highly bonded state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each other is a highly bonded state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each other is a highly bonded state
+in this kind of potential. So you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this kind of potential. So you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this kind of potential. So you will
+never escape it. You will really just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never escape it. You will really just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never escape it. You will really just
+put atoms on top of each other. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put atoms on top of each other. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put atoms on top of each other. And
+trust me, if you work with Borne Meyer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust me, if you work with Borne Meyer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust me, if you work with Borne Meyer
+potentials and you're sort of not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials and you're sort of not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials and you're sort of not
+careful, you will see that you will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful, you will see that you will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful, you will see that you will see
+atoms sit on top of each other. Exactly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms sit on top of each other. Exactly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms sit on top of each other. Exactly.
+Because of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem. Okay, I got some Morse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. Okay, I got some Morse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. Okay, I got some Morse
+potential parameters out of a book. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential parameters out of a book. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential parameters out of a book. It's
+probably rather useless. Nobody would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably rather useless. Nobody would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably rather useless. Nobody would
+use this anymore for metals to be honest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this anymore for metals to be honest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this anymore for metals to be honest
+because I'll show you a bit later why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'll show you a bit later why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'll show you a bit later why
+these pair potentials are not very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pair potentials are not very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pair potentials are not very good
+for metals. Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you're asking about how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+calculate. Um let me come to that as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate. Um let me come to that as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate. Um let me come to that as a
+question I will specifically address. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I will specifically address. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I will specifically address. Um
+but thank you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um you know I wanted to show you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know I wanted to show you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know I wanted to show you sort of
+the difference between um a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between um a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between um a few
+potentials for a specific bond. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials for a specific bond. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials for a specific bond. This is
+the CH bond in methane. Um and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CH bond in methane. Um and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CH bond in methane. Um and so
+they're all fitted to have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all fitted to have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all fitted to have the same
+bonding energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding energy
+um and the same modulus. So the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the same modulus. So the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the same modulus. So the same
+bond distance, the same bonding energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond distance, the same bonding energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond distance, the same bonding energy
+and same modulus. Um, and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and same modulus. Um, and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and same modulus. Um, and this is the
+exact curve in solid line. Um, the dash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact curve in solid line. Um, the dash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact curve in solid line. Um, the dash
+dash dotted is the Morse potential.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dash dotted is the Morse potential.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dash dotted is the Morse potential.
+That's actually the one that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's actually the one that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's actually the one that's very
+close to the U exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the U exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the U exact
+line. Um, let's see if I get this right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line. Um, let's see if I get this right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line. Um, let's see if I get this right.
+This is just a harmonic potential. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is just a harmonic potential. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is just a harmonic potential. So,
+this is something like what they call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something like what they call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something like what they call
+P2. This is sort of K * um delta R 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2. This is sort of K * um delta R 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2. This is sort of K * um delta R 2.
+where delta R is the distance away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where delta R is the distance away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where delta R is the distance away from
+the equilibrium bond geometry and P4 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium bond geometry and P4 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium bond geometry and P4 is
+a fourth order polomial. So this is K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fourth order polomial. So this is K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fourth order polomial. So this is K
+that would be K plus you know let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be K plus you know let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be K plus you know let's say
+L delta R cub to the fourth power. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L delta R cub to the fourth power. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L delta R cub to the fourth power. Um
+and I I think the interesting thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I think the interesting thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I think the interesting thing is
+that near the minimum they all look the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that near the minimum they all look the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that near the minimum they all look the
+same. They they pretty much have to they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same. They they pretty much have to they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same. They they pretty much have to they
+have the same position in the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same position in the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same position in the minimum
+and they have the same curvature. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have the same curvature. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have the same curvature. Okay.
+Um so if you're only going to be looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so if you're only going to be looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so if you're only going to be looking
+at very short displacements around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at very short displacements around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at very short displacements around
+equilibrium actually just your quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium actually just your quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium actually just your quadratic
+is fine and you'll see that often people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fine and you'll see that often people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fine and you'll see that often people
+who model small deformations in organic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who model small deformations in organic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who model small deformations in organic
+systems in polymers and so will often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems in polymers and so will often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems in polymers and so will often
+just use spring models essentially a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use spring models essentially a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use spring models essentially a
+harmonic potential. So to decide what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic potential. So to decide what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic potential. So to decide what
+potential you need you should think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential you need you should think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential you need you should think
+about how far you want to go away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how far you want to go away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how far you want to go away from
+equilibrium. If you go very far away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium. If you go very far away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium. If you go very far away
+from equilibrium, obviously this Morse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from equilibrium, obviously this Morse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from equilibrium, obviously this Morse
+potential does a fine job. Um, if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential does a fine job. Um, if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential does a fine job. Um, if you
+stay very close to equilibrium, you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay very close to equilibrium, you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay very close to equilibrium, you may
+not want to put in that effort. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not want to put in that effort. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not want to put in that effort. It's
+much easier to work with a spring model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much easier to work with a spring model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much easier to work with a spring model
+uh than to actually work with a Morse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh than to actually work with a Morse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh than to actually work with a Morse
+potential. Okay, it's much faster to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential. Okay, it's much faster to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential. Okay, it's much faster to
+evaluate a quadratic.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, you know, I always thought I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, you know, I always thought I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, you know, I always thought I should
+put a section in my lectures on how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a section in my lectures on how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a section in my lectures on how to
+fit potentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit potentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit potentials
+and every time I look up papers and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every time I look up papers and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every time I look up papers and I
+can never find anything systematic. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can never find anything systematic. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can never find anything systematic. So,
+I think the rule is you fit to anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the rule is you fit to anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the rule is you fit to anything
+you can get your hands on. Um, and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get your hands on. Um, and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get your hands on. Um, and as
+we'll point out later more carefully,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll point out later more carefully,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll point out later more carefully,
+um, since potentials only have a limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, since potentials only have a limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, since potentials only have a limited
+region of applicability, you want to fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of applicability, you want to fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of applicability, you want to fit
+as close as possible to the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as close as possible to the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as close as possible to the things
+you're going to calculate, to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to calculate, to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to calculate, to the
+environments you're going to calculate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments you're going to calculate.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments you're going to calculate.
+But so in theory, that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But so in theory, that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But so in theory, that could be
+anything. They're sort of the obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything. They're sort of the obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything. They're sort of the obvious
+candidates. You you always want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidates. You you always want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidates. You you always want to get
+the length scale and the energy scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length scale and the energy scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length scale and the energy scale
+pretty much right and the stiffness, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much right and the stiffness, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much right and the stiffness, you
+know, sort of obvious. um you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, sort of obvious. um you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, sort of obvious. um you know in
+some cases you want to get um low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases you want to get um low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases you want to get um low
+symmetry environment right. So if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry environment right. So if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry environment right. So if you
+only fit to you know crystal structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only fit to you know crystal structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only fit to you know crystal structures
+uh you may have very poor uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you may have very poor uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you may have very poor uh
+reproduction of low symmetry things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction of low symmetry things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction of low symmetry things like
+u uh surface energies okay or what goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u uh surface energies okay or what goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u uh surface energies okay or what goes
+on in a liquid and so in some cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in a liquid and so in some cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in a liquid and so in some cases
+people explicitly fit to that. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people explicitly fit to that. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people explicitly fit to that. I
+wouldn't worry too much about this. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't worry too much about this. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't worry too much about this. This
+is going to become a lot clear as I talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to become a lot clear as I talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to become a lot clear as I talk
+to you about the physics that's missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you about the physics that's missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you about the physics that's missing
+in pair potentials and how you correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in pair potentials and how you correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in pair potentials and how you correct
+uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to
+that. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Okay.
+Um so I I tried to find what I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so I I tried to find what I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so I I tried to find what I thought
+is maybe the first example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is maybe the first example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is maybe the first example of
+computational modeling with potentials.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational modeling with potentials.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational modeling with potentials.
+Um you know it's probably not the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um you know it's probably not the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um you know it's probably not the first
+but I think maybe one of the first that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think maybe one of the first that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think maybe one of the first that
+was done on computer. Um you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was done on computer. Um you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was done on computer. Um you know this
+was done by Vineyard's group. Um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was done by Vineyard's group. Um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was done by Vineyard's group. Um and
+it's essentially studying radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's essentially studying radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's essentially studying radiation
+damage in copper. You know this is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage in copper. You know this is from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage in copper. You know this is from
+1960.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1960.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1960.
+I mean, you know, I don't know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean, you know, I don't know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean, you know, I don't know if you
+remember punch cards for computers. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember punch cards for computers. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember punch cards for computers. I
+think this is from before punch cards.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is from before punch cards.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is from before punch cards.
+So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+um, but they managed to um program a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, but they managed to um program a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, but they managed to um program a
+small molecular dynamics and essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small molecular dynamics and essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small molecular dynamics and essentially
+what they're doing is they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're doing is they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're doing is they have a
+crystal of copper and they're shooting I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal of copper and they're shooting I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal of copper and they're shooting I
+think they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they're
+shooting some ions in it. Um, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting some ions in it. Um, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting some ions in it. Um, you
+actually see that the orbit that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see that the orbit that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see that the orbit that the
+radiation damage follows. So, you knock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation damage follows. So, you knock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation damage follows. So, you knock
+out atoms and you sort of displacement.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out atoms and you sort of displacement.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out atoms and you sort of displacement.
+Ironically, this is a simulation people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ironically, this is a simulation people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ironically, this is a simulation people
+still do these days. Molecular dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still do these days. Molecular dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still do these days. Molecular dynamics
+on radiation damage. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1960. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1960. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1960. Okay.
+So, let me talk a little about the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, let me talk a little about the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, let me talk a little about the sort
+of obvious problems with pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of obvious problems with pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of obvious problems with pair
+potentials. Uh, and this is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials. Uh, and this is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials. Uh, and this is one of the
+things that um we're going to then show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that um we're going to then show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that um we're going to then show
+you in the lab. You actually going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in the lab. You actually going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in the lab. You actually going to
+make you demonstrate this in the lab.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you demonstrate this in the lab.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you demonstrate this in the lab.
+And once you understand the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And once you understand the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And once you understand the physical
+limitations of pair potential, you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations of pair potential, you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations of pair potential, you'll
+see that the solutions which is pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the solutions which is pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the solutions which is pair
+functional methods or or cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional methods or or cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional methods or or cluster
+potential are actually quite obvious why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential are actually quite obvious why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential are actually quite obvious why
+they came about. Um and when I talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came about. Um and when I talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came about. Um and when I talk
+about failures of pair potentials, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about failures of pair potentials, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about failures of pair potentials, I
+don't talk about failures of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't talk about failures of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't talk about failures of the
+parameters. I talk about failures of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters. I talk about failures of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters. I talk about failures of the
+form. And there's a lot of people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form. And there's a lot of people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form. And there's a lot of people who
+say, well, you know, I just, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, well, you know, I just, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, well, you know, I just, you know,
+if this doesn't work, I just need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this doesn't work, I just need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this doesn't work, I just need to
+change my parameters in my potential.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change my parameters in my potential.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change my parameters in my potential.
+There are certain things that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are certain things that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are certain things that you can
+never get right with pair potentials.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never get right with pair potentials.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never get right with pair potentials.
+Okay? Because they are um in violation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? Because they are um in violation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? Because they are um in violation
+of sort of the particular form which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sort of the particular form which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sort of the particular form which is
+a pair-wise interaction. Um so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pair-wise interaction. Um so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pair-wise interaction. Um so you know
+one is obviously that you count pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is obviously that you count pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is obviously that you count pair
+potentials count bonds. That's what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials count bonds. That's what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials count bonds. That's what you
+should keep in mind. Um you know they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should keep in mind. Um you know they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should keep in mind. Um you know they
+really essentially sum the cohesive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really essentially sum the cohesive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really essentially sum the cohesive
+energy on an atom is largely determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy on an atom is largely determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy on an atom is largely determined
+by how many things are around it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by how many things are around it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by how many things are around it because
+it really sums bonds around it. it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really sums bonds around it. it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really sums bonds around it. it
+doesn't care much about the organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't care much about the organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't care much about the organization
+of atoms. So if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of atoms. So if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of atoms. So if you
+take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this
+triangle you know let's say these bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle you know let's say these bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle you know let's say these bonds
+are one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are one
+angstrom okay or I take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstrom okay or I take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstrom okay or I take this
+chain where the bonds are one angstrom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain where the bonds are one angstrom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain where the bonds are one angstrom
+okay here I have four atoms here I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here I have four atoms here I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here I have four atoms here I have
+three but there are three bonds in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three but there are three bonds in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three but there are three bonds in each
+case these have essentially the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case these have essentially the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case these have essentially the same
+energy in a pair potential law okay what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in a pair potential law okay what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in a pair potential law okay what
+the only thing that would distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing that would distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing that would distinguish
+them is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is sort
+you know longer range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know longer range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know longer range
+interactions. Okay, but that's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions. Okay, but that's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions. Okay, but that's not the
+physics that in many cases makes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics that in many cases makes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics that in many cases makes this
+different. Okay, the physics that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different. Okay, the physics that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different. Okay, the physics that in
+many cases make this difference for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cases make this difference for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cases make this difference for
+example could be angular bonding or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example could be angular bonding or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example could be angular bonding or
+could be that you know the presence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be that you know the presence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be that you know the presence of
+this truly influences the bond between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this truly influences the bond between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this truly influences the bond between
+these two and we'll actually uh show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two and we'll actually uh show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two and we'll actually uh show you
+how to solve both problems. They're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to solve both problems. They're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to solve both problems. They're
+actually different problems that lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually different problems that lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually different problems that lead to
+different solutions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different solutions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different solutions.
+um you know another nice example if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know another nice example if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know another nice example if you
+take an ethylene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+molecule let's say you were trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule let's say you were trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule let's say you were trying to
+solve that model that with pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve that model that with pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve that model that with pair
+potentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials
+um if I flap these bonds here so I kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I flap these bonds here so I kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I flap these bonds here so I kind
+of you know bend open the hydrogens um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know bend open the hydrogens um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know bend open the hydrogens um
+that really doesn't cost me any energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really doesn't cost me any energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really doesn't cost me any energy
+if I have a pair potential okay because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a pair potential okay because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a pair potential okay because
+the pair potential just measures this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pair potential just measures this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pair potential just measures this
+distance and this distance so if I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and this distance so if I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and this distance so if I just
+sort of flap this hope and that distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of flap this hope and that distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of flap this hope and that distance
+stays the same. Okay. uh you know you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays the same. Okay. uh you know you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays the same. Okay. uh you know you'd
+have only if you had some indirect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have only if you had some indirect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have only if you had some indirect
+interaction between these hydrogens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between these hydrogens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between these hydrogens
+would you pick up that energy difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you pick up that energy difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you pick up that energy difference
+but you see if you made a potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you see if you made a potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you see if you made a potential
+between the hydrogens's you'd be putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the hydrogens's you'd be putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the hydrogens's you'd be putting
+the wrong physics in because the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong physics in because the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong physics in because the reason
+that energy changes as I change that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that energy changes as I change that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that energy changes as I change that
+bond has nothing to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond has nothing to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond has nothing to do with the
+interaction between the hydrogens's but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between the hydrogens's but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between the hydrogens's but
+it has all to do with the hybridization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has all to do with the hybridization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has all to do with the hybridization
+of the carbon that the carbon is sp2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the carbon that the carbon is sp2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the carbon that the carbon is sp2
+hybridized and one certain bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridized and one certain bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridized and one certain bond
+angles. Okay. So, it's not it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles. Okay. So, it's not it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles. Okay. So, it's not it's not
+because you can fix it with pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can fix it with pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can fix it with pair
+potentials that you fix it,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right? Okay. Um the other thing you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Okay. Um the other thing you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Okay. Um the other thing you will
+see is if you use pair potentials and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is if you use pair potentials and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is if you use pair potentials and
+you look say for low energy crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look say for low energy crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look say for low energy crystal
+structures, you will almost always end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures, you will almost always end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures, you will almost always end
+up in closebacked systems. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in closebacked systems. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in closebacked systems. And the
+reason is that in pair potential models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is that in pair potential models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is that in pair potential models
+atoms try to maximize their coordination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms try to maximize their coordination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms try to maximize their coordination
+because really you sum the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because really you sum the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because really you sum the energy
+pair-wise coming from atoms around you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair-wise coming from atoms around you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair-wise coming from atoms around you.
+So if you can make you know if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you can make you know if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you can make you know if you have
+a sort of negative a bonding energy with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of negative a bonding energy with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of negative a bonding energy with
+atoms around you you try to get as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms around you you try to get as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms around you you try to get as many
+as you can around you. Okay. So you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can around you. Okay. So you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can around you. Okay. So you will
+maximize coordination. You know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize coordination. You know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize coordination. You know the
+ground states of most potential models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground states of most potential models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground states of most potential models
+for elements are HCP exagonal close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for elements are HCP exagonal close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for elements are HCP exagonal close
+packed and FCC face centered close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packed and FCC face centered close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packed and FCC face centered close
+packed. Okay. So it's extremely hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packed. Okay. So it's extremely hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packed. Okay. So it's extremely hard to
+stabilize things like a diamond cubic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilize things like a diamond cubic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilize things like a diamond cubic
+structure you know which is an open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure you know which is an open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure you know which is an open
+structure. if you have a picture for it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. if you have a picture for it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. if you have a picture for it.
+Um the other thing is which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is maybe more obvious but um pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is maybe more obvious but um pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is maybe more obvious but um pair
+potentials are not stable against cheer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials are not stable against cheer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials are not stable against cheer
+and now you could argue most materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you could argue most materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you could argue most materials
+aren't stable against shear but if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't stable against shear but if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't stable against shear but if I
+take a square of atoms let's say this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a square of atoms let's say this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a square of atoms let's say this is
+just a piece out of a latis okay if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a piece out of a latis okay if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a piece out of a latis okay if I
+shear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this I can shear this and keep all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I can shear this and keep all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I can shear this and keep all these
+distances the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+same. So in a sort of nearest neighbor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same. So in a sort of nearest neighbor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same. So in a sort of nearest neighbor
+pair potential model the energy has not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair potential model the energy has not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair potential model the energy has not
+changed. So if the energy has not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed. So if the energy has not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed. So if the energy has not
+changed that means that my elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed that means that my elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed that means that my elastic
+constant in sheer is zero. Okay. Now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant in sheer is zero. Okay. Now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant in sheer is zero. Okay. Now you
+could say you know this is why real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say you know this is why real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say you know this is why real
+materials don't form square latises and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials don't form square latises and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials don't form square latises and
+simple cubic latis and that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple cubic latis and that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple cubic latis and that's actually
+true but a real material has some amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true but a real material has some amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true but a real material has some amount
+of resistance against shear even in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of resistance against shear even in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of resistance against shear even in a
+sort of square configuration. Uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of square configuration. Uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of square configuration. Uh and
+here you see by construction it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you see by construction it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you see by construction it doesn't
+have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any
+u resistance.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um let me sort of what I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um let me sort of what I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um let me sort of what I'm going to do
+is try to break down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is try to break down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is try to break down
+um what in different materials classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what in different materials classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what in different materials classes
+like metals or organic solids what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like metals or organic solids what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like metals or organic solids what the
+failure is of pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure is of pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure is of pair
+potentials and then we'll go into sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials and then we'll go into sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials and then we'll go into sort
+of what the remedies are for that. Um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what the remedies are for that. Um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what the remedies are for that. Um so
+in metals the main thing is this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in metals the main thing is this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in metals the main thing is this problem
+that if you do a pair potential model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you do a pair potential model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you do a pair potential model
+and you look at the bonding energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you look at the bonding energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you look at the bonding energy of
+this red atom it's really essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this red atom it's really essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this red atom it's really essentially
+six times the single bond energy of a of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six times the single bond energy of a of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six times the single bond energy of a of
+the red with the white one. Okay. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red with the white one. Okay. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red with the white one. Okay. And so
+that's why for pair potentials people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why for pair potentials people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why for pair potentials people
+say the cohesive energy scales with Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the cohesive energy scales with Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the cohesive energy scales with Z
+which is the coordination number.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And if you do quantum mechanics or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you do quantum mechanics or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you do quantum mechanics or even
+more approximate theory but that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more approximate theory but that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more approximate theory but that have
+the essentials of hybridization in them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the essentials of hybridization in them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the essentials of hybridization in them
+you find that actually uh for metals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find that actually uh for metals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find that actually uh for metals and
+with metals I mean things that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with metals I mean things that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with metals I mean things that have
+covealent deoized bonding which you call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covealent deoized bonding which you call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covealent deoized bonding which you call
+metallic bonding um the cohesive energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metallic bonding um the cohesive energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metallic bonding um the cohesive energy
+go of an atom goes like the square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go of an atom goes like the square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go of an atom goes like the square root
+of Z okay so it's not linear in Z at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Z okay so it's not linear in Z at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Z okay so it's not linear in Z at all
+so So if you have more bonds, you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so So if you have more bonds, you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so So if you have more bonds, you start
+gaining less and less incrementally. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaining less and less incrementally. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaining less and less incrementally. And
+you can see that I made a picture here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that I made a picture here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that I made a picture here.
+This is out of a I think what's really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is out of a I think what's really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is out of a I think what's really a
+great article if you want to read more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great article if you want to read more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great article if you want to read more
+about this. It's in a review article on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this. It's in a review article on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this. It's in a review article on
+the embedded atom method. Uh we'll put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the embedded atom method. Uh we'll put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the embedded atom method. Uh we'll put
+this on the restricted site of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on the restricted site of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on the restricted site of the
+course website. Um this is actually for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course website. Um this is actually for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course website. Um this is actually for
+nickel the cohesive energy per atom as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nickel the cohesive energy per atom as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nickel the cohesive energy per atom as a
+function of the coordination it's in. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the coordination it's in. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the coordination it's in. So
+of course 12 here this is the FCC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course 12 here this is the FCC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course 12 here this is the FCC
+solid two is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid two is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid two is the
+dimer. So this is just two atoms in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimer. So this is just two atoms in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimer. So this is just two atoms in the
+gas phase. And what do you think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+11? How do you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+11? This is actually experimental data.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+11 is from the vacancy formation energy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 is from the vacancy formation energy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 is from the vacancy formation energy.
+Um if you make a vacancy in a crystal,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um if you make a vacancy in a crystal,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um if you make a vacancy in a crystal,
+the atoms around it are 11fold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atoms around it are 11fold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atoms around it are 11fold
+coordinated instead of 12. See in FCC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinated instead of 12. See in FCC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinated instead of 12. See in FCC
+you have 12fold coordination. But if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have 12fold coordination. But if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have 12fold coordination. But if you
+take an atom away, those atoms around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an atom away, those atoms around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an atom away, those atoms around
+there have 11fold coordination. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have 11fold coordination. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have 11fold coordination. So this
+comes from the vacancy coordination. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the vacancy coordination. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the vacancy coordination. Now
+you know there's three points here. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's three points here. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's three points here. They
+drew a square root through them. uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew a square root through them. uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew a square root through them. uh you
+probably could draw other things but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably could draw other things but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably could draw other things but
+what we do know from quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do know from quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do know from quantum mechanics
+is that essentially the first order is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that essentially the first order is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that essentially the first order is
+square root of Z behavior and not Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of Z behavior and not Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of Z behavior and not Z
+behavior. Um you can also sort of see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior. Um you can also sort of see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior. Um you can also sort of see
+that uh in silicon this is a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh in silicon this is a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh in silicon this is a slightly
+confusing graph but um this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing graph but um this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing graph but um this is the
+energy per bond in red for silicon in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy per bond in red for silicon in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy per bond in red for silicon in
+different coordinations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different coordinations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different coordinations.
+Okay. So what you see is that um the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So what you see is that um the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So what you see is that um the the
+energy per bond actually goes down as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy per bond actually goes down as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy per bond actually goes down as
+you make more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make more
+bonds. So even though as you coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds. So even though as you coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds. So even though as you coordinate
+an atom with more atoms around it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an atom with more atoms around it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an atom with more atoms around it the
+total cohesive energy may go down if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total cohesive energy may go down if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total cohesive energy may go down if you
+divide that energy by the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide that energy by the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide that energy by the number of
+bonds that number becomes smaller and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds that number becomes smaller and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds that number becomes smaller and
+smaller. Okay. It's almost like an atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller. Okay. It's almost like an atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller. Okay. It's almost like an atom
+in a covealent bonding has only so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a covealent bonding has only so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a covealent bonding has only so much
+bonding power to give and you know if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding power to give and you know if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding power to give and you know if it
+only bonds to one atom it gives all its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only bonds to one atom it gives all its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only bonds to one atom it gives all its
+bonding power to that one atom. If it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding power to that one atom. If it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding power to that one atom. If it
+has to bond to a lot it has to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to bond to a lot it has to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to bond to a lot it has to kind of
+divide that between all those. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide that between all those. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide that between all those. So this
+is an important concept to remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an important concept to remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an important concept to remember that
+in covealent materials okay um cohesive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in covealent materials okay um cohesive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in covealent materials okay um cohesive
+energy is not linear in coordination.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is not linear in coordination.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is not linear in coordination.
+Okay, bonding strength gets weaker as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, bonding strength gets weaker as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, bonding strength gets weaker as
+you add more bonds and we'll sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add more bonds and we'll sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add more bonds and we'll sort of
+come back to that. This is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to that. This is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to that. This is this is
+important when you go between when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important when you go between when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important when you go between when you
+make potentials in one coordination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make potentials in one coordination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make potentials in one coordination
+environment and start using them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and start using them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and start using them in
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um here's a quantum mechanical result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um here's a quantum mechanical result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um here's a quantum mechanical result
+for aluminum.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for aluminum.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for aluminum.
+Um so this is the cohesive energy again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so this is the cohesive energy again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so this is the cohesive energy again
+as a function of the coordination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of the coordination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of the coordination
+number. So this is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number. So this is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number. So this is actually a
+calculation and again what you see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation and again what you see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation and again what you see is
+that even though as you coordinate more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even though as you coordinate more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even though as you coordinate more
+the cohesive energy goes down but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cohesive energy goes down but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cohesive energy goes down but it
+doesn't go down linear. If you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't go down linear. If you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't go down linear. If you want to
+think of it the increment you're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it the increment you're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it the increment you're getting
+from adding a bond starts getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from adding a bond starts getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from adding a bond starts getting
+smaller and smaller. You know, if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and smaller. You know, if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and smaller. You know, if you go
+from like 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from like 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from like 1 to
+two, you could say this is your bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two, you could say this is your bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two, you could say this is your bonding
+energy. This is the extra energy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy. This is the extra energy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy. This is the extra energy you
+get. If you go from 11 to 12, all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get. If you go from 11 to 12, all you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get. If you go from 11 to 12, all you
+gain is this. So the bond energy when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain is this. So the bond energy when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain is this. So the bond energy when
+you go from the 11 to 12th is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go from the 11 to 12th is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go from the 11 to 12th is much
+smaller than the bonding energy when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than the bonding energy when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than the bonding energy when you
+go from one to two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from one to two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from one to two.
+Okay? So the cohesive energy with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? So the cohesive energy with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? So the cohesive energy with
+coordination is a convex function. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination is a convex function. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination is a convex function. It's
+important to uh keep in mind and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to uh keep in mind and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to uh keep in mind and of
+course you cannot get that with pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you cannot get that with pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you cannot get that with pair
+potentials. With pair potentials this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials. With pair potentials this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials. With pair potentials this
+will essentially look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+linear. Now what's the slope of it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear. Now what's the slope of it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear. Now what's the slope of it in
+pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+potentials? It's a trick question.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials? It's a trick question.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials? It's a trick question.
+What's the slope of that line?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, Z is the the coordinate, so I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, Z is the the coordinate, so I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, Z is the the coordinate, so I need
+to factor in front. See, the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to factor in front. See, the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to factor in front. See, the problem is
+you don't know. This is in the end the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know. This is in the end the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know. This is in the end the
+fundamental problem. It depends on where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental problem. It depends on where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental problem. It depends on where
+you fit it. If you fit from 11 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fit it. If you fit from 11 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fit it. If you fit from 11 to
+12, you fit from 11 to 12, then this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12, you fit from 11 to 12, then this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12, you fit from 11 to 12, then this is
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+slope. Then you're going to have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope. Then you're going to have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope. Then you're going to have this
+curve.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve.
+If you frit from one to two, you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you frit from one to two, you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you frit from one to two, you're
+going to have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have this
+curve. And do you see that you know they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve. And do you see that you know they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve. And do you see that you know they
+really give substantial error when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really give substantial error when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really give substantial error when you
+go away from the coordination in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go away from the coordination in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go away from the coordination in which
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fit. I'm going to show you that with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit. I'm going to show you that with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit. I'm going to show you that with the
+last result. This is basically saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last result. This is basically saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last result. This is basically saying
+the same thing. Um what I took here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing. Um what I took here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing. Um what I took here this
+is out of Anders Carlson's paper which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is out of Anders Carlson's paper which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is out of Anders Carlson's paper which
+is on our reference list which we put on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on our reference list which we put on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on our reference list which we put on
+the web. It's a great review paper on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web. It's a great review paper on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web. It's a great review paper on
+potentials and not just pair potentials.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials and not just pair potentials.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials and not just pair potentials.
+Um and we give with every main topic not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and we give with every main topic not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and we give with every main topic not
+every lecture with every main topic we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every lecture with every main topic we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every lecture with every main topic we
+give a list of references and they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a list of references and they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a list of references and they just
+sort of go on the additional materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of go on the additional materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of go on the additional materials
+on the stellar website. Um this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the stellar website. Um this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the stellar website. Um this is the
+pair potential for copper fitted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair potential for copper fitted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair potential for copper fitted to
+different properties.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different properties.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different properties.
+Um the lowest one is the one fitted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the lowest one is the one fitted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the lowest one is the one fitted to
+the dimer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+molecule. So this is just a copper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule. So this is just a copper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule. So this is just a copper
+copper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper
+dimer. You see it's the strongest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimer. You see it's the strongest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimer. You see it's the strongest of
+them all. It's the strongest of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all. It's the strongest of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all. It's the strongest of all the
+potentials. And why? Because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials. And why? Because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials. And why? Because there's
+only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one
+bond. Okay? You remember all the bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond. Okay? You remember all the bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond. Okay? You remember all the bonding
+energy goes in that one bond. um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy goes in that one bond. um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy goes in that one bond. um the
+equation of state that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of state that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of state that's
+essentially you know looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you know looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you know looking at the
+cohesive energy of the solid as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cohesive energy of the solid as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cohesive energy of the solid as a
+function of latice parameter. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one that's the almost the smallest one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's the almost the smallest one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's the almost the smallest one.
+That's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solid. See a lot smaller because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid. See a lot smaller because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid. See a lot smaller because you're
+counting now bond strength in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting now bond strength in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting now bond strength in
+coordination 12 where every bond is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination 12 where every bond is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination 12 where every bond is
+weaker. So you try to map that onto a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker. So you try to map that onto a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker. So you try to map that onto a
+pair potential and you get in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair potential and you get in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair potential and you get in some sense
+a much weaker interaction per pair.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much weaker interaction per pair.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much weaker interaction per pair.
+Okay. And what Anders Carlson did, he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And what Anders Carlson did, he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And what Anders Carlson did, he
+also extracted it from phonons. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also extracted it from phonons. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also extracted it from phonons. This is
+actually one is really small uh and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually one is really small uh and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually one is really small uh and from
+defects. And the defect one even has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects. And the defect one even has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects. And the defect one even has a
+different minimum. Actually, they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different minimum. Actually, they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different minimum. Actually, they all
+have a different minimum.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So you know all what this is telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you know all what this is telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you know all what this is telling you
+what I'm trying to demonstrate is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm trying to demonstrate is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm trying to demonstrate is that
+you know for metals and for anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for metals and for anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for metals and for anything
+that's actually covealent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually covealent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually covealent
+uh but this is worse for coalently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but this is worse for coalently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but this is worse for coalently
+localized your potential is extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized your potential is extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized your potential is extremely
+environment dependent. It's essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment dependent. It's essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment dependent. It's essentially
+coordination dependent. Okay. And we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination dependent. Okay. And we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination dependent. Okay. And we'll
+sort of show you uh in the next lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of show you uh in the next lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of show you uh in the next lecture
+um how that shows up in certain physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how that shows up in certain physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how that shows up in certain physical
+properties.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties.
+um and then how you solve that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then how you solve that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then how you solve that because
+turns out there's a very elegant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out there's a very elegant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out there's a very elegant
+solution to the problem and and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to the problem and and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to the problem and and I think
+you can already see where we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can already see where we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can already see where we're going to
+take this. The problem is that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this. The problem is that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this. The problem is that our
+bonding energy is linear in coordination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding energy is linear in coordination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding energy is linear in coordination
+with a pair potential. So all we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a pair potential. So all we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a pair potential. So all we need to
+do to fix this problem is to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to fix this problem is to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to fix this problem is to make it
+nonlinear. And that's that leads you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear. And that's that leads you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear. And that's that leads you
+into what are called pair functionals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into what are called pair functionals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into what are called pair functionals
+rather than pair potentials. And things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than pair potentials. And things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than pair potentials. And things
+like, you know, there's a whole class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, you know, there's a whole class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, you know, there's a whole class of
+methods, things like the embedded atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods, things like the embedded atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods, things like the embedded atom
+method, glue models, effective medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method, glue models, effective medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method, glue models, effective medium
+theories, they all go by different name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories, they all go by different name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories, they all go by different name
+are essentially pair functional models.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are essentially pair functional models.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are essentially pair functional models.
+There are still things that count the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are still things that count the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are still things that count the
+coordination around you in some form or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination around you in some form or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination around you in some form or
+another. It's just that they make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another. It's just that they make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another. It's just that they make the
+energy evolve nonlinear with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy evolve nonlinear with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy evolve nonlinear with that
+coordination. And they're very elegant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination. And they're very elegant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination. And they're very elegant
+methods. They're still empirical methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods. They're still empirical methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods. They're still empirical methods
+but very elegant methods that solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but very elegant methods that solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but very elegant methods that solve the
+essential problem of pair potentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential problem of pair potentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential problem of pair potentials
+without a lot of extra work. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without a lot of extra work. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without a lot of extra work. And so
+we'll talk about that uh on Thursday. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about that uh on Thursday. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about that uh on Thursday. So
+I'll end here. I'll be happy if there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll end here. I'll be happy if there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll end here. I'll be happy if there
+are questions be happy to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are questions be happy to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are questions be happy to take
+questions. Um Professor Marzar and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions. Um Professor Marzar and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions. Um Professor Marzar and I
+will be here for a few more minutes if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be here for a few more minutes if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be here for a few more minutes if
+there's anybody has questions about sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's anybody has questions about sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's anybody has questions about sort
+of how the course will run uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how the course will run uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how the course will run uh in
+general.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/u1_Wq00b4J8.txt b/u1_Wq00b4J8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d7ad665807f8edb4347c1a6de3410b91429dc4a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/u1_Wq00b4J8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7811 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+my name is David Su I'm a professor at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my name is David Su I'm a professor at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my name is David Su I'm a professor at
+MIT in the department of urban studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT in the department of urban studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT in the department of urban studies
+and planning and this is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and planning and this is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and planning and this is another
+installment or another lecture in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installment or another lecture in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installment or another lecture in my
+series of lectures on Urban Energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of lectures on Urban Energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of lectures on Urban Energy
+Systems and policy today we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Systems and policy today we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Systems and policy today we're going to
+talk about the notion of Energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the notion of Energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the notion of Energy
+Efficiency the notion of Energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Efficiency the notion of Energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Efficiency the notion of Energy
+Efficiency or the idea of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Efficiency or the idea of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Efficiency or the idea of energy
+efficiency is something I've worked on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency is something I've worked on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency is something I've worked on
+for a long time but I think it's worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time but I think it's worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time but I think it's worth
+examining what Energy Efficiency is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examining what Energy Efficiency is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examining what Energy Efficiency is what
+Energy Efficiency is not and what it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Efficiency is not and what it may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Efficiency is not and what it may
+or may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or may not
+achieve the materials for today are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve the materials for today are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve the materials for today are all
+in the syllabus you can link to all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the syllabus you can link to all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the syllabus you can link to all of
+them in the PDF if you have the PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the PDF if you have the PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the PDF if you have the PDF
+copies and it's worth I guess starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies and it's worth I guess starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies and it's worth I guess starting
+today's lecture with this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture with this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture with this kind of
+profile of Bruno lur he's a called here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile of Bruno lur he's a called here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile of Bruno lur he's a called here
+a post truth philosopher but I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a post truth philosopher but I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a post truth philosopher but I actually
+don't think that it necessarily captures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think that it necessarily captures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think that it necessarily captures
+what his work is about uh he was quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what his work is about uh he was quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what his work is about uh he was quite
+influential in the time I was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential in the time I was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential in the time I was in
+graduate school and I think quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate school and I think quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate school and I think quite
+influential since in terms of talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential since in terms of talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential since in terms of talking
+about how humans interact with the Nate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how humans interact with the Nate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how humans interact with the Nate
+natural world and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural world and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural world and
+environment at the time I was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment at the time I was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment at the time I was in
+graduate school in the 90s and the Au a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate school in the 90s and the Au a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate school in the 90s and the Au a
+lot of his work was focused on science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of his work was focused on science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of his work was focused on science
+technology namely how science scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology namely how science scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology namely how science scientific
+facts and how Technologies were produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts and how Technologies were produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts and how Technologies were produced
+so he writes about highspeed rail he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he writes about highspeed rail he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he writes about highspeed rail he
+writes about the early internet in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes about the early internet in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes about the early internet in
+France he goes on to write about other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+France he goes on to write about other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+France he goes on to write about other
+topics about how do humans relate to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics about how do humans relate to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics about how do humans relate to the
+natural world and so in this magazine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural world and so in this magazine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural world and so in this magazine
+profile the New York Times magazine they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile the New York Times magazine they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile the New York Times magazine they
+write in the subtitle he spent decades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write in the subtitle he spent decades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write in the subtitle he spent decades
+deconstructing the ways the scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deconstructing the ways the scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deconstructing the ways the scientists
+claim their Authority a lot of his work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim their Authority a lot of his work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim their Authority a lot of his work
+is about how institutions and systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about how institutions and systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about how institutions and systems
+create kinds of knowledge or create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create kinds of knowledge or create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create kinds of knowledge or create
+certain cultures so I would argue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain cultures so I would argue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain cultures so I would argue that
+he's not perhaps a postr philosopher as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's not perhaps a postr philosopher as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's not perhaps a postr philosopher as
+much as one who examines these systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as one who examines these systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as one who examines these systems
+institutions that surround certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions that surround certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions that surround certain
+Technologies and that's a theme I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies and that's a theme I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies and that's a theme I want
+to bring forward in this class I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring forward in this class I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring forward in this class I think
+you've probably heard me allude to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've probably heard me allude to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've probably heard me allude to this
+a number of times before how we create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of times before how we create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of times before how we create
+institutions how we create markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions how we create markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions how we create markets
+policies a those all shape how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies a those all shape how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies a those all shape how
+Technologies develop it's also relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies develop it's also relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies develop it's also relevant
+this week because Bruno Lor just died
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this week because Bruno Lor just died
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this week because Bruno Lor just died
+actually a few days ago this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a few days ago this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a few days ago this is this is
+an obituary in the guardian you can read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an obituary in the guardian you can read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an obituary in the guardian you can read
+obituaries in other major newspapers a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obituaries in other major newspapers a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obituaries in other major newspapers a
+lot of newspapers say that he's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of newspapers say that he's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of newspapers say that he's one of
+our most one of the most misunderstood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our most one of the most misunderstood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our most one of the most misunderstood
+French philosophers but his work was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French philosophers but his work was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French philosophers but his work was
+inherently interdisplinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherently interdisplinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherently interdisplinary
+does touch on how humans create what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does touch on how humans create what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does touch on how humans create what we
+consider to be objective scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider to be objective scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider to be objective scientific
+realities but also how that shapes how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realities but also how that shapes how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realities but also how that shapes how
+we see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see the
+world and so this is kind of a theme I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and so this is kind of a theme I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and so this is kind of a theme I
+want to bring forward to talk about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to bring forward to talk about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to bring forward to talk about what
+is Energy Efficiency we can take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Energy Efficiency we can take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Energy Efficiency we can take this
+very abstract definition I kind of came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very abstract definition I kind of came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very abstract definition I kind of came
+up with this very parown definition that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with this very parown definition that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with this very parown definition that
+I thought nobody could possibly disagree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought nobody could possibly disagree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought nobody could possibly disagree
+with it's the efficient provision of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it's the efficient provision of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it's the efficient provision of
+Energy Services instead of Simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Services instead of Simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Services instead of Simply
+focusing on the efficient use of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on the efficient use of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on the efficient use of energy
+I've tried to reposition it a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've tried to reposition it a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've tried to reposition it a little bit
+focusing on the services we get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on the services we get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on the services we get from
+energy and also the provision you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and also the provision you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and also the provision you know
+this energy does not come from nowhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this energy does not come from nowhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this energy does not come from nowhere
+it comes from systems so if we kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes from systems so if we kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes from systems so if we kind of
+break down this paired down definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break down this paired down definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break down this paired down definition
+of Energy Efficiency we'll focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Energy Efficiency we'll focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Energy Efficiency we'll focus on
+Services We can question what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Services We can question what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Services We can question what the
+meaning of service is itself what is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of service is itself what is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of service is itself what is a
+reasonable expectation of service here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable expectation of service here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable expectation of service here
+in North America or at least where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in North America or at least where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in North America or at least where we're
+having this class this year we expect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having this class this year we expect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having this class this year we expect to
+have energy fairly abundant and reliable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have energy fairly abundant and reliable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have energy fairly abundant and reliable
+and cheap we expect to be able to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cheap we expect to be able to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cheap we expect to be able to uh
+access electricity anytime we flick on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access electricity anytime we flick on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access electricity anytime we flick on a
+switch we expect to be able to GA up our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch we expect to be able to GA up our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch we expect to be able to GA up our
+car anytime we need to of course we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car anytime we need to of course we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car anytime we need to of course we know
+that when those systems are disrupted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when those systems are disrupted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when those systems are disrupted
+such as in our hurricane as in Hurricane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as in our hurricane as in Hurricane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as in our hurricane as in Hurricane
+Ian which is Florida's just recovering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ian which is Florida's just recovering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ian which is Florida's just recovering
+from now we know service can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now we know service can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now we know service can be
+disrupted we know Wildfire can disrupt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrupted we know Wildfire can disrupt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrupted we know Wildfire can disrupt
+service and so this you know we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service and so this you know we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service and so this you know we don't
+expect it to happen in these quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect it to happen in these quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect it to happen in these quote
+unquote I guess um what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unquote I guess um what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unquote I guess um what we call
+disasters or periodic disasters but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disasters or periodic disasters but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disasters or periodic disasters but we
+also know these things happen fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also know these things happen fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also know these things happen fairly
+frequently and increasingly frequently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently and increasingly frequently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently and increasingly frequently
+in our older grid so we have to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our older grid so we have to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our older grid so we have to ask
+ourselves for the future as we plan what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves for the future as we plan what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves for the future as we plan what
+our systems are going to look like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our systems are going to look like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our systems are going to look like in
+the future what is a reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future what is a reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future what is a reasonable
+expectation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of
+service of course we also should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service of course we also should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service of course we also should
+recognize that our ideas about what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that our ideas about what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that our ideas about what's
+Energy Services are will vary according
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Services are will vary according
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Services are will vary according
+to our expectations and norms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our expectations and norms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our expectations and norms and
+institutions those all vary by places by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions those all vary by places by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions those all vary by places by
+people and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and by
+culture if we talk about energy we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture if we talk about energy we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture if we talk about energy we have
+to ask ourselves what counts uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask ourselves what counts uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask ourselves what counts uh for
+example if we consider renewable energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if we consider renewable energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if we consider renewable energy
+we consider it renewable because we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we consider it renewable because we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we consider it renewable because we get
+essentially wind and solar energy from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially wind and solar energy from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially wind and solar energy from
+larger geophysical forces or from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger geophysical forces or from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger geophysical forces or from the
+sun which is essentially an infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun which is essentially an infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun which is essentially an infinite
+source of energy falling on the earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of energy falling on the earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of energy falling on the earth
+which also Powers ecosystems but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which also Powers ecosystems but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which also Powers ecosystems but
+consider where we draw the boundary for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider where we draw the boundary for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider where we draw the boundary for
+what we consider energy we consider uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we consider energy we consider uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we consider energy we consider uh
+renewable resources to be essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewable resources to be essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewable resources to be essentially
+infinite because they come from the Sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite because they come from the Sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite because they come from the Sun
+at the same time we consider fossil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time we consider fossil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time we consider fossil
+fuels to be relatively finite not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuels to be relatively finite not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuels to be relatively finite not only
+the amount that's produced but also of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount that's produced but also of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount that's produced but also of
+course the amount that the atmosphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the amount that the atmosphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the amount that the atmosphere
+can absorb of carbon dioxide or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can absorb of carbon dioxide or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can absorb of carbon dioxide or other
+greous gas emissions but also consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greous gas emissions but also consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greous gas emissions but also consider
+if we draw our boundary around cities we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we draw our boundary around cities we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we draw our boundary around cities we
+as I mentioned in the first lecture we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I mentioned in the first lecture we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I mentioned in the first lecture we
+have Upstream emissions and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Upstream emissions and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Upstream emissions and we have
+Downstream emissions consider trash uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Downstream emissions consider trash uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Downstream emissions consider trash uh
+trash was originally consumed materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trash was originally consumed materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trash was originally consumed materials
+those required energies to manufacture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those required energies to manufacture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those required energies to manufacture
+them that's Upstream emissions we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that's Upstream emissions we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that's Upstream emissions we
+consider the place of consumption quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the place of consumption quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the place of consumption quite
+often to be cities and then we consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often to be cities and then we consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often to be cities and then we consider
+the downstream missions the energy or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the downstream missions the energy or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the downstream missions the energy or
+the emissions associated with disposing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the emissions associated with disposing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the emissions associated with disposing
+of tra if we Trace through energy in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tra if we Trace through energy in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tra if we Trace through energy in the
+same way there's obviously embodied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way there's obviously embodied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way there's obviously embodied
+emissions Upstream there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions Upstream there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions Upstream there's the
+consumption what we consider to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption what we consider to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption what we consider to be
+consumption in let's say cities and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption in let's say cities and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption in let's say cities and then
+there's embodied energy going out with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's embodied energy going out with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's embodied energy going out with
+the track of course it requires energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the track of course it requires energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the track of course it requires energy
+to get rid of trash also energy can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get rid of trash also energy can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get rid of trash also energy can be
+generated from trash as in waste to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated from trash as in waste to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated from trash as in waste to
+energy incinerators so how you account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy incinerators so how you account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy incinerators so how you account
+for what pces energy matters and how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what pces energy matters and how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what pces energy matters and how we
+think about Energy Efficiency and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about Energy Efficiency and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about Energy Efficiency and of
+course provision uh like I said before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course provision uh like I said before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course provision uh like I said before
+energy doesn't come from nowhere it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy doesn't come from nowhere it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy doesn't come from nowhere it has
+to be provided by somebody or by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be provided by somebody or by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be provided by somebody or by some
+agency we know that provision of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agency we know that provision of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agency we know that provision of energy
+is not equal to all people we expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not equal to all people we expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not equal to all people we expect
+that we have access to as much abundant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have access to as much abundant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have access to as much abundant
+energy at a reasonable price as we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy at a reasonable price as we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy at a reasonable price as we want
+that's clearly not true in some parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's clearly not true in some parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's clearly not true in some parts of
+even North America not everyone has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even North America not everyone has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even North America not everyone has
+enough money to pay the utility bills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough money to pay the utility bills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough money to pay the utility bills
+and there's many issues raised by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's many issues raised by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's many issues raised by
+provision do we expect people to pay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provision do we expect people to pay for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provision do we expect people to pay for
+all their energy we obviously subsidize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all their energy we obviously subsidize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all their energy we obviously subsidize
+other activities and other aspects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other activities and other aspects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other activities and other aspects of
+Life other public goods such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Life other public goods such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Life other public goods such as
+Transportation why don't we subsidize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transportation why don't we subsidize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transportation why don't we subsidize
+energy we have a system built where rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy we have a system built where rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy we have a system built where rate
+payers or users pay for exactly how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payers or users pay for exactly how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payers or users pay for exactly how much
+they use what does that mean for how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use what does that mean for how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use what does that mean for how
+much they pay for how much we invest or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much they pay for how much we invest or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much they pay for how much we invest or
+should we invest in the future in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we invest in the future in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we invest in the future in other
+kinds of energy these are all questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of energy these are all questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of energy these are all questions
+about Energy Efficiency so again this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Energy Efficiency so again this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Energy Efficiency so again this
+gets back to the question of how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets back to the question of how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets back to the question of how do we
+Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define
+efficiency which brings me to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency which brings me to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency which brings me to the
+Elizabeth shove article sign for today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elizabeth shove article sign for today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elizabeth shove article sign for today
+which is titled I think quite usefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is titled I think quite usefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is titled I think quite usefully
+what is wrong with Energy Efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is wrong with Energy Efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is wrong with Energy Efficiency
+just to summarize some of the critiques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to summarize some of the critiques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to summarize some of the critiques
+of Energy Efficiency in her article uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Energy Efficiency in her article uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Energy Efficiency in her article uh
+the first one is that the recognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is that the recognition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is that the recognition
+that Energy Efficiency is not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Energy Efficiency is not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Energy Efficiency is not going to
+meet climate change on its own even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet climate change on its own even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet climate change on its own even if
+we consider the theoretical limits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we consider the theoretical limits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we consider the theoretical limits of
+Energy Efficiency as one of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Efficiency as one of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Efficiency as one of the other
+articles also considers we also I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles also considers we also I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles also considers we also I think
+should recognize that we are unlikely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should recognize that we are unlikely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should recognize that we are unlikely to
+read the theoretical limit but even the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the theoretical limit but even the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the theoretical limit but even the
+theoretical limit is not going to reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical limit is not going to reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical limit is not going to reduce
+greenhouse gas emissions completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenhouse gas emissions completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenhouse gas emissions completely
+also there's a question of rebound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also there's a question of rebound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also there's a question of rebound
+effects this is an area that's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects this is an area that's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects this is an area that's been
+studied quite a bit in literature it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied quite a bit in literature it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied quite a bit in literature it's
+also called the jbans Paradox after a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also called the jbans Paradox after a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also called the jbans Paradox after a
+British Economist who looked at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British Economist who looked at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British Economist who looked at the
+likely um scarcity or the British Navy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely um scarcity or the British Navy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely um scarcity or the British Navy
+running out of coal of course he studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running out of coal of course he studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running out of coal of course he studies
+this Paradox and sees that the British
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Paradox and sees that the British
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Paradox and sees that the British
+Navy then transfers or changes over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Navy then transfers or changes over to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Navy then transfers or changes over to
+oil or its ships and uses more energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil or its ships and uses more energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil or its ships and uses more energy
+than before so it's kind of given this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than before so it's kind of given this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than before so it's kind of given this
+rebound effect so the idea that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebound effect so the idea that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebound effect so the idea that if you
+use more efficiency more efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use more efficiency more efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use more efficiency more efficient
+technology user expectations rebound and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology user expectations rebound and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology user expectations rebound and
+people actually use more energy than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people actually use more energy than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people actually use more energy than
+before another simple example is do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before another simple example is do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before another simple example is do we
+actually save energy with Energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually save energy with Energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually save energy with Energy
+Efficiency if we have a more efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Efficiency if we have a more efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Efficiency if we have a more efficient
+car do people feel less guilty or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car do people feel less guilty or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car do people feel less guilty or less
+let's say uh constrained to drive more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say uh constrained to drive more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say uh constrained to drive more
+uh if Energy Efficiency or gas prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if Energy Efficiency or gas prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if Energy Efficiency or gas prices
+are a constraining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a constraining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a constraining
+effect there's also the critique of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect there's also the critique of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect there's also the critique of
+Energy Efficiency that simply improving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Efficiency that simply improving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Efficiency that simply improving
+the system rather than over overhauling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system rather than over overhauling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system rather than over overhauling
+or rethinking the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+completely and of course uh the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely and of course uh the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely and of course uh the main
+point of sh's article which actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of sh's article which actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of sh's article which actually
+references Bruno Lor quite a bit is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+references Bruno Lor quite a bit is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+references Bruno Lor quite a bit is that
+when we think about Energy Efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we think about Energy Efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we think about Energy Efficiency
+we're basically counting some things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're basically counting some things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're basically counting some things
+rather than others this is what Bruno
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than others this is what Bruno
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than others this is what Bruno
+Lor calls purification you basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lor calls purification you basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lor calls purification you basically
+purify the object of study we focused on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purify the object of study we focused on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purify the object of study we focused on
+energy itself without thinking about all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy itself without thinking about all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy itself without thinking about all
+the political or social entanglements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the political or social entanglements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the political or social entanglements of
+the energy to get there in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy to get there in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy to get there in the first
+place for example we talk about reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place for example we talk about reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place for example we talk about reducing
+our oil use we may not be focused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our oil use we may not be focused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our oil use we may not be focused
+necessarily on where the oil comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily on where the oil comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily on where the oil comes from
+as in discussions of energy Independence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in discussions of energy Independence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in discussions of energy Independence
+or energy dependence if we are getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or energy dependence if we are getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or energy dependence if we are getting
+oil from Venezuela and Nigeria and Iran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil from Venezuela and Nigeria and Iran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil from Venezuela and Nigeria and Iran
+and Russia as we quite often do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Russia as we quite often do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Russia as we quite often do in
+global oil markets we're basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global oil markets we're basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global oil markets we're basically
+focused on making our use of oil more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on making our use of oil more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on making our use of oil more
+more efficient without necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more efficient without necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more efficient without necessarily
+taking into account some of these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking into account some of these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking into account some of these other
+factors obviously discussions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors obviously discussions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors obviously discussions of
+security often take into account the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security often take into account the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security often take into account the
+idea of Energy Efficiency as reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of Energy Efficiency as reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of Energy Efficiency as reducing
+our dependence on foreign sources of oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our dependence on foreign sources of oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our dependence on foreign sources of oil
+is a phrase you'll hear quite often and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a phrase you'll hear quite often and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a phrase you'll hear quite often and
+finally the main critique of Energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally the main critique of Energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally the main critique of Energy
+Efficiency that summarizes some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Efficiency that summarizes some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Efficiency that summarizes some of these
+other critiques is that it's essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other critiques is that it's essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other critiques is that it's essentially
+a status quo uh view of energy it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a status quo uh view of energy it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a status quo uh view of energy it
+basically frames or bounds the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically frames or bounds the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically frames or bounds the problem
+in certain ways it says that we expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in certain ways it says that we expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in certain ways it says that we expect
+to have a certain level of service we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a certain level of service we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a certain level of service we
+may not take into account what our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not take into account what our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not take into account what our
+future rebound effects are or we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future rebound effects are or we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future rebound effects are or we
+essentially maintaining the status quo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially maintaining the status quo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially maintaining the status quo
+by Framing the problem in a certain way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Framing the problem in a certain way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Framing the problem in a certain way
+rather than radically rethinking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than radically rethinking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than radically rethinking the
+problem maai takes a different approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem maai takes a different approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem maai takes a different approach
+I'm going through these texts and I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going through these texts and I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going through these texts and I want
+to show you how the texts reflect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you how the texts reflect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you how the texts reflect
+different viewpoints or rhetorical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different viewpoints or rhetorical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different viewpoints or rhetorical
+framings M says in chapter 19 every big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framings M says in chapter 19 every big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framings M says in chapter 19 every big
+effort helps we've established the UK's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort helps we've established the UK's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort helps we've established the UK's
+present lifestyle can't be sustained on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present lifestyle can't be sustained on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present lifestyle can't be sustained on
+its own Renewables so what are our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own Renewables so what are our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own Renewables so what are our
+options if we wish to get off fossil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options if we wish to get off fossil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options if we wish to get off fossil
+fuels and live sustainably we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuels and live sustainably we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuels and live sustainably we can
+balance the energy budget either by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance the energy budget either by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance the energy budget either by
+reducing demand or increasing Supply or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing demand or increasing Supply or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing demand or increasing Supply or
+of course by doing both but he skips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course by doing both but he skips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course by doing both but he skips
+down to say in the second paragraph have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to say in the second paragraph have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to say in the second paragraph have
+no Illusions to achieve our goal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no Illusions to achieve our goal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no Illusions to achieve our goal of
+getting off fossil fuels these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting off fossil fuels these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting off fossil fuels these
+reductions in demand and increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions in demand and increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions in demand and increases
+Supply must be big so his emphasis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply must be big so his emphasis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply must be big so his emphasis is
+that we have to do big things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to do big things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to do big things that
+Energy Efficiency should basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Efficiency should basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Efficiency should basically
+reflect this sense which is what matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect this sense which is what matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect this sense which is what matters
+is the total impact on the problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the total impact on the problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the total impact on the problem of
+energies climate and if you had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies climate and if you had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies climate and if you had to
+characterize it as an equation simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize it as an equation simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize it as an equation simply
+impact equals the volume of the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact equals the volume of the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact equals the volume of the problem
+times the change so as he says if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the change so as he says if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the change so as he says if
+everyone does a little we only achieve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone does a little we only achieve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone does a little we only achieve a
+little we need big changes in demand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little we need big changes in demand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little we need big changes in demand and
+Supply but if we make changes we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply but if we make changes we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply but if we make changes we have to
+apply those changes to large volumes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply those changes to large volumes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply those changes to large volumes or
+the entirety of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entirety of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entirety of the
+problem from the col Allwood papers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem from the col Allwood papers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem from the col Allwood papers the
+2010 papers you see that these equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2010 papers you see that these equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2010 papers you see that these equation
+a couple times there the potential for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple times there the potential for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple times there the potential for
+saving energy there's the scale of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving energy there's the scale of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving energy there's the scale of
+energy flow and it's multiply times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy flow and it's multiply times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy flow and it's multiply times the
+target the difference between the target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target the difference between the target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target the difference between the target
+efficiency and the current efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency and the current efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency and the current efficiency
+this fundamentally reflects a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fundamentally reflects a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fundamentally reflects a different
+view of Energy Efficiency it matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of Energy Efficiency it matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of Energy Efficiency it matters
+what how efficient we can get compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what how efficient we can get compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what how efficient we can get compared
+to our current level of efficiency so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our current level of efficiency so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our current level of efficiency so
+what matters is the potential for Energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what matters is the potential for Energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what matters is the potential for Energy
+savings measured versus current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings measured versus current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings measured versus current
+efficiency the Delta essentially depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency the Delta essentially depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency the Delta essentially depends
+on this bracketed term the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this bracketed term the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this bracketed term the difference
+between Target efficiency and current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Target efficiency and current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Target efficiency and current
+efficiency this is a very different view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency this is a very different view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency this is a very different view
+because as Colin all would point out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as Colin all would point out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as Colin all would point out and
+I'll highlight later in one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll highlight later in one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll highlight later in one of the
+tables that our current use of energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables that our current use of energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables that our current use of energy is
+only about 10 or 11% of the energy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only about 10 or 11% of the energy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only about 10 or 11% of the energy the
+primary energy we consume is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary energy we consume is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary energy we consume is actually
+harvested or used as final services so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harvested or used as final services so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harvested or used as final services so
+as they argue if we can increase our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they argue if we can increase our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they argue if we can increase our
+Energy Efficiency we can drastically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Efficiency we can drastically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Efficiency we can drastically
+reduce our use of primary energy or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce our use of primary energy or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce our use of primary energy or
+greenhouse gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenhouse gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenhouse gas
+missions if you look at how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missions if you look at how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missions if you look at how they
+characterize the problem they also say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize the problem they also say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize the problem they also say
+upfront in one of their papers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upfront in one of their papers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upfront in one of their papers the
+reasons for using energy more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons for using energy more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons for using energy more
+efficiently are clear and then they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently are clear and then they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently are clear and then they go
+down to say there's this Kai identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to say there's this Kai identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to say there's this Kai identity
+which is essentially a product of four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is essentially a product of four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is essentially a product of four
+dve s population per capita wealth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dve s population per capita wealth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dve s population per capita wealth
+energy use intensity which is energy per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy use intensity which is energy per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy use intensity which is energy per
+unit of wealth and carbon intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of wealth and carbon intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of wealth and carbon intensity
+which is CO2 per unit of energy and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is CO2 per unit of energy and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is CO2 per unit of energy and they
+go right to say the first two drivers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go right to say the first two drivers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go right to say the first two drivers
+are socioeconomic and are diff difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are socioeconomic and are diff difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are socioeconomic and are diff difficult
+to limit in practice getting back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to limit in practice getting back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to limit in practice getting back to the
+Bruno Lor view or Elizabeth shub's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bruno Lor view or Elizabeth shub's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bruno Lor view or Elizabeth shub's uh
+critique of Energy Efficiency we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critique of Energy Efficiency we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critique of Energy Efficiency we have to
+critique whether or not these first two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critique whether or not these first two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critique whether or not these first two
+drivers are in fact difficult to limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers are in fact difficult to limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers are in fact difficult to limit
+in practice but also when we often say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice but also when we often say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice but also when we often say
+that climate change is a Tech is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that climate change is a Tech is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that climate change is a Tech is no
+longer a technical problem it's a social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer a technical problem it's a social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer a technical problem it's a social
+and political problem we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and political problem we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and political problem we have to
+question whether or not we can simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question whether or not we can simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question whether or not we can simply
+take these first two drivers and leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these first two drivers and leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these first two drivers and leave
+them off the table they spend most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them off the table they spend most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them off the table they spend most of
+the time their two papers usefully I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time their two papers usefully I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time their two papers usefully I
+think focused on the third and fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think focused on the third and fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think focused on the third and fourth
+drivers which are technical options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers which are technical options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers which are technical options
+which are require energy we used more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are require energy we used more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are require energy we used more
+efficiently and the decarbonization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently and the decarbonization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently and the decarbonization of
+energy supplies something we've talked a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy supplies something we've talked a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy supplies something we've talked a
+lot about this class but what I'm trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot about this class but what I'm trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot about this class but what I'm trying
+to reemphasize in this class and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reemphasize in this class and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reemphasize in this class and the
+reason why I started off by talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why I started off by talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why I started off by talking
+about Bruno Lor Elizabeth shove is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Bruno Lor Elizabeth shove is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Bruno Lor Elizabeth shove is that
+we cannot avoid the entanglement of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we cannot avoid the entanglement of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we cannot avoid the entanglement of some
+of these technical issues with social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these technical issues with social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these technical issues with social
+political context and we have to address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political context and we have to address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political context and we have to address
+the soci and economic drivers of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the soci and economic drivers of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the soci and economic drivers of energy
+consumption namely per capita wealth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption namely per capita wealth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption namely per capita wealth and
+per capita energy use in wealthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per capita energy use in wealthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per capita energy use in wealthy
+countries of course they do go on to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries of course they do go on to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries of course they do go on to say
+that significant socioeconomic barriers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that significant socioeconomic barriers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that significant socioeconomic barriers
+also limit the uptake of new efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also limit the uptake of new efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also limit the uptake of new efficient
+designs these include Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs these include Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs these include Market
+imperfections um such as a lack of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfections um such as a lack of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfections um such as a lack of
+adequate information and financing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adequate information and financing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adequate information and financing
+higher perceived costs and differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher perceived costs and differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher perceived costs and differential
+benefits to the owner and user you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits to the owner and user you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits to the owner and user you'll
+recognize many of these factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize many of these factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize many of these factors
+including behavioral barriers such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including behavioral barriers such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including behavioral barriers such as
+consumer Trends and habits you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer Trends and habits you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer Trends and habits you'll
+recognize many of these factors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize many of these factors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize many of these factors are
+things we identified in previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we identified in previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we identified in previous
+readings such as the reading by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings such as the reading by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings such as the reading by
+bloomstein Ed Al 1980 as I said in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bloomstein Ed Al 1980 as I said in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bloomstein Ed Al 1980 as I said in a
+previous lecture I te that article every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous lecture I te that article every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous lecture I te that article every
+year because all those barriers still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year because all those barriers still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year because all those barriers still
+exist there's still barriers that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist there's still barriers that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist there's still barriers that we
+need to overcome but let's get into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to overcome but let's get into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to overcome but let's get into the
+meat of their analysis if only because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meat of their analysis if only because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meat of their analysis if only because I
+think they do some useful kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they do some useful kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they do some useful kind of
+defining in some ways chunking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining in some ways chunking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining in some ways chunking the
+problem breaking down the problem into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem breaking down the problem into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem breaking down the problem into a
+more practicable set of problems they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more practicable set of problems they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more practicable set of problems they
+make this distinction between conversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this distinction between conversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this distinction between conversion
+devices and path of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices and path of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices and path of
+systems they they classify things as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems they they classify things as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems they they classify things as
+energy sources we essentially transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy sources we essentially transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy sources we essentially transform
+fuels there's some fuel loss in going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuels there's some fuel loss in going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuels there's some fuel loss in going to
+refined fuels and electricity for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refined fuels and electricity for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refined fuels and electricity for
+example we go from petroleum to gasoline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we go from petroleum to gasoline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we go from petroleum to gasoline
+there's some fuel loss if we go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some fuel loss if we go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some fuel loss if we go from
+coal we can't necessarily use coal in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal we can't necessarily use coal in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal we can't necessarily use coal in
+our homes but we can use electricity as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our homes but we can use electricity as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our homes but we can use electricity as
+we know we lose uh generate we need lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know we lose uh generate we need lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know we lose uh generate we need lose
+energy to generation distribution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to generation distribution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to generation distribution and
+then this goes all the way through to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this goes all the way through to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this goes all the way through to
+end use conversion what we ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end use conversion what we ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end use conversion what we ultimately
+want is a set of services let's say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want is a set of services let's say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want is a set of services let's say we
+want light in our homes that light in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want light in our homes that light in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want light in our homes that light in
+our homes requires electricity so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our homes requires electricity so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our homes requires electricity so we
+have to go through the set of losses to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go through the set of losses to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go through the set of losses to
+get to the endus conversion the end use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the endus conversion the end use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the endus conversion the end use
+conversion converts electricity into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion converts electricity into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion converts electricity into
+light and as they say in their article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and as they say in their article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and as they say in their article
+once things have converted to this end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once things have converted to this end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once things have converted to this end
+use it's very hard to harvest them again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it's very hard to harvest them again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it's very hard to harvest them again
+in other words there's some fin service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words there's some fin service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words there's some fin service
+that we want there's some useful energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want there's some useful energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want there's some useful energy
+that goes into that final service but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes into that final service but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes into that final service but
+there's a whole series of losses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole series of losses the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole series of losses the
+fuel loss the generation loss generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel loss the generation loss generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel loss the generation loss generation
+distribution loss conversion losses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution loss conversion losses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution loss conversion losses and
+system losses and that's the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system losses and that's the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system losses and that's the total
+losses and they distinguish the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses and they distinguish the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses and they distinguish the final
+Service as the thing we want and passive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Service as the thing we want and passive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Service as the thing we want and passive
+systems are essentially systems that do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems are essentially systems that do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems are essentially systems that do
+not transform energy again they receive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not transform energy again they receive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not transform energy again they receive
+energy at the end they're essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy at the end they're essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy at the end they're essentially
+the nodes at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nodes at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nodes at the end of the
+system another way to look at energy use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system another way to look at energy use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system another way to look at energy use
+is that we have some dist IAL level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we have some dist IAL level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we have some dist IAL level of
+energy use we may have a lower hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy use we may have a lower hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy use we may have a lower hopefully
+level of current energy use though as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of current energy use though as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of current energy use though as
+I've shown you before current energy use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've shown you before current energy use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've shown you before current energy use
+is probably higher than it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably higher than it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably higher than it was
+historically but the point they want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically but the point they want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically but the point they want to
+make is that we have potential to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make is that we have potential to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make is that we have potential to
+realize Energy Efficiency we have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize Energy Efficiency we have our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize Energy Efficiency we have our
+current level of energy use there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current level of energy use there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current level of energy use there's some
+level of reduction in energy use which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of reduction in energy use which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of reduction in energy use which
+is economic in other words it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is economic in other words it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is economic in other words it would
+actually save money or is cost effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually save money or is cost effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually save money or is cost effective
+to save using energy by let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to save using energy by let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to save using energy by let's say
+deploying new technologies or policies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deploying new technologies or policies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deploying new technologies or policies
+having said that our economic potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having said that our economic potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having said that our economic potential
+for reduction here about 40% is lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for reduction here about 40% is lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for reduction here about 40% is lower
+than our technical potential because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than our technical potential because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than our technical potential because
+theoretically we could reduce our energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically we could reduce our energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically we could reduce our energy
+use by 55% it looks like here if we app
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use by 55% it looks like here if we app
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use by 55% it looks like here if we app
+applied every possible technology but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied every possible technology but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied every possible technology but
+the difference between Technical and E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between Technical and E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between Technical and E
+economic potential is that some things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic potential is that some things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic potential is that some things
+are economically cost effective some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are economically cost effective some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are economically cost effective some
+things are technologically possible but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are technologically possible but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are technologically possible but
+not yet economically cost effective so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yet economically cost effective so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yet economically cost effective so
+that's the difference between these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the difference between these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the difference between these two
+lines and of course our theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and of course our theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and of course our theoretical
+potential is a theoretical calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is a theoretical calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is a theoretical calculation
+of how much how these systems could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how much how these systems could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how much how these systems could
+possibly work most efficiently to reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly work most efficiently to reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly work most efficiently to reduce
+their energy consumption completely and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their energy consumption completely and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their energy consumption completely and
+so these three distinctions economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these three distinctions economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these three distinctions economic
+technical theoretical potential are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical theoretical potential are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical theoretical potential are
+something you'll see quite often in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you'll see quite often in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you'll see quite often in
+Energy Efficiency we also have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Efficiency we also have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Efficiency we also have to
+question necessarily how these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question necessarily how these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question necessarily how these
+potentials are calculated economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials are calculated economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials are calculated economic
+potential is obviously defined in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is obviously defined in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is obviously defined in terms
+of a certain set of market conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a certain set of market conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a certain set of market conditions
+now technical potential is based on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now technical potential is based on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now technical potential is based on a
+certain set of technologies that exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain set of technologies that exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain set of technologies that exist
+now and theoretical poten is how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and theoretical poten is how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and theoretical poten is how we
+calculate the potential but obviously a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the potential but obviously a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the potential but obviously a
+new technology or different set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new technology or different set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new technology or different set of
+Demands might actually reduce energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Demands might actually reduce energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Demands might actually reduce energy
+consumption just as much as these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption just as much as these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption just as much as these
+potentials having said that again you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials having said that again you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials having said that again you'll
+see these different definitions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see these different definitions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see these different definitions of
+potential used quite often this is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential used quite often this is from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential used quite often this is from
+the doe Energy Efficiency potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the doe Energy Efficiency potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the doe Energy Efficiency potential
+studies catalog you'll see they draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies catalog you'll see they draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies catalog you'll see they draw a
+different way technical potential is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way technical potential is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way technical potential is one
+Circle this is how much we could reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Circle this is how much we could reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Circle this is how much we could reduce
+energy use technically economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy use technically economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy use technically economic
+potential is a subset of that achievable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is a subset of that achievable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is a subset of that achievable
+potential is smaller still because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is smaller still because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is smaller still because
+that's considered uh let's say what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's considered uh let's say what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's considered uh let's say what's
+socially achievable or politically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socially achievable or politically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socially achievable or politically
+achievable which is not the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achievable which is not the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achievable which is not the same thing
+as economically potential uh sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as economically potential uh sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as economically potential uh sorry
+economically realizable and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economically realizable and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economically realizable and then
+achievable and then finally program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achievable and then finally program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achievable and then finally program
+potential there's a skepticism even from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential there's a skepticism even from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential there's a skepticism even from
+the Department of energy about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Department of energy about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Department of energy about how
+effective social or government programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective social or government programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective social or government programs
+can be the program potential is smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be the program potential is smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be the program potential is smaller
+than the technical economic or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the technical economic or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the technical economic or
+theoretically achievable potential for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically achievable potential for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically achievable potential for
+any given policy technology or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any given policy technology or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any given policy technology or
+Market but they do a useful catalog I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market but they do a useful catalog I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market but they do a useful catalog I
+guess showing studies at the utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess showing studies at the utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess showing studies at the utility
+level showing that there's studies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level showing that there's studies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level showing that there's studies that
+uh e economic and achievable electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh e economic and achievable electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh e economic and achievable electric
+electricity savings are between 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity savings are between 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity savings are between 1 and
+1.5% they show that the utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5% they show that the utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5% they show that the utility
+performance is here looks like maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance is here looks like maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance is here looks like maybe
+averaging around 0.5 to 1% there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging around 0.5 to 1% there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging around 0.5 to 1% there's a
+higher achievable potential and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher achievable potential and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher achievable potential and there's
+a higher economic potential especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a higher economic potential especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a higher economic potential especially
+out here at the end you can see they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here at the end you can see they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here at the end you can see they
+categorize 36 38 and 50 studies they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categorize 36 38 and 50 studies they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categorize 36 38 and 50 studies they
+also emphasize in this catalog that most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also emphasize in this catalog that most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also emphasize in this catalog that most
+studies focus on certain sectors they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies focus on certain sectors they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies focus on certain sectors they
+focus on residential Industrial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on residential Industrial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on residential Industrial and
+Commercial sectors they do much less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commercial sectors they do much less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commercial sectors they do much less
+focus on agriculture distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on agriculture distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on agriculture distribution
+irrigation and Street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrigation and Street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrigation and Street
+lighting which brings us back to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting which brings us back to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting which brings us back to our
+sank diagram of the US economy in 2021
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sank diagram of the US economy in 2021
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sank diagram of the US economy in 2021
+here's our four major sectors here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's our four major sectors here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's our four major sectors here
+residential commercial industrial you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residential commercial industrial you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residential commercial industrial you'll
+notice in that previous diagram they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice in that previous diagram they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice in that previous diagram they
+don't show Transportation because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't show Transportation because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't show Transportation because we
+obviously have many ways to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously have many ways to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously have many ways to make
+Transportation more efficient but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transportation more efficient but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transportation more efficient but it's
+essentially considered somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially considered somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially considered somewhat
+different partly because it's outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different partly because it's outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different partly because it's outside
+the jurisdiction of utilities uh we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jurisdiction of utilities uh we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jurisdiction of utilities uh we know
+we directly fuel our vehicles we pump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we directly fuel our vehicles we pump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we directly fuel our vehicles we pump
+gasoline we think of that as essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gasoline we think of that as essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gasoline we think of that as essentially
+a different system than our system for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different system than our system for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different system than our system for
+Energy Efficiency for residential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Efficiency for residential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Efficiency for residential
+commercial industrial which is largely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial industrial which is largely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial industrial which is largely
+governed by utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governed by utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governed by utility
+companies what's useful I think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies what's useful I think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies what's useful I think about
+the colon allward papers is a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the colon allward papers is a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the colon allward papers is a lot of
+diagrams that show how things connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams that show how things connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams that show how things connect
+for example they show that we have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example they show that we have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example they show that we have three
+possible energy sources here on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible energy sources here on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible energy sources here on the left
+oil gas and coal we have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil gas and coal we have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil gas and coal we have three
+conversion Technologies petrol engines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion Technologies petrol engines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion Technologies petrol engines
+diesel engines and electric motors we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diesel engines and electric motors we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diesel engines and electric motors we
+have three modes of transportation cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three modes of transportation cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three modes of transportation cars
+buses and trains and we have a final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buses and trains and we have a final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buses and trains and we have a final
+service that we want to get which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service that we want to get which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service that we want to get which is
+passenger transport the key thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passenger transport the key thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passenger transport the key thing about
+this kind of horizontal slice through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of horizontal slice through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of horizontal slice through
+these vers various Technologies is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these vers various Technologies is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these vers various Technologies is that
+some fuel sources or energy sources can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fuel sources or energy sources can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fuel sources or energy sources can
+only connect to certain conversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only connect to certain conversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only connect to certain conversion
+devices which connect to certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices which connect to certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices which connect to certain
+vehicles for example oil can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles for example oil can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles for example oil can only
+produce petrol or diesel we know how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce petrol or diesel we know how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce petrol or diesel we know how we
+have car Bus and Train versions that use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have car Bus and Train versions that use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have car Bus and Train versions that use
+uh petrol or diesel to get passenger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh petrol or diesel to get passenger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh petrol or diesel to get passenger
+transport but if we want to use an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport but if we want to use an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport but if we want to use an
+electric motor we can only in this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric motor we can only in this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric motor we can only in this uh
+paper get our electricity from gas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper get our electricity from gas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper get our electricity from gas and
+coal sources and we can have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal sources and we can have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal sources and we can have to
+Electrify our cars buses and trains of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electrify our cars buses and trains of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electrify our cars buses and trains of
+course it's also worth thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it's also worth thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it's also worth thinking about
+what this chain leaves out it obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this chain leaves out it obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this chain leaves out it obviously
+doesn't include something simple like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't include something simple like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't include something simple like
+walking you know ebikes or micr Mobility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking you know ebikes or micr Mobility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking you know ebikes or micr Mobility
+might use electric motors but walking is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might use electric motors but walking is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might use electric motors but walking is
+not something that's counted as a energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not something that's counted as a energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not something that's counted as a energy
+source it may fulfill our need for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source it may fulfill our need for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source it may fulfill our need for
+passenger transport and actually may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passenger transport and actually may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passenger transport and actually may
+fulfill other needs like let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fulfill other needs like let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fulfill other needs like let's say
+increased psychological benefit or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased psychological benefit or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased psychological benefit or
+increased Health but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased Health but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased Health but it's not
+necessarily captured in how we how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily captured in how we how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily captured in how we how we
+measure these things there's that often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure these things there's that often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure these things there's that often
+uh quoted saying you can't manage what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh quoted saying you can't manage what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh quoted saying you can't manage what
+you don't measure this paper these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't measure this paper these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't measure this paper these
+papers are all about measuring certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers are all about measuring certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers are all about measuring certain
+things and thinking about how to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and thinking about how to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and thinking about how to make
+them more efficient of course when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them more efficient of course when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them more efficient of course when you
+measure certain certain things you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure certain certain things you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure certain certain things you're
+not counting other things I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not counting other things I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not counting other things I think it's
+attributed to Einstein but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributed to Einstein but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributed to Einstein but it's not
+necessarily clear if you said it he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily clear if you said it he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily clear if you said it he said
+you know not everything that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know not everything that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know not everything that can be
+counted counts and not everything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counted counts and not everything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counted counts and not everything that
+counts can be counted it's not necess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts can be counted it's not necess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts can be counted it's not necess
+what he said but it's a famous quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he said but it's a famous quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he said but it's a famous quote
+attributed to him this is the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributed to him this is the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributed to him this is the point of
+Energy Efficiency also we need to count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Efficiency also we need to count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Efficiency also we need to count
+certain things but we also need to Value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things but we also need to Value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things but we also need to Value
+some things that can't necessarily be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things that can't necessarily be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things that can't necessarily be
+counted if you look at some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counted if you look at some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counted if you look at some of the
+vertical slices though there's some very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical slices though there's some very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical slices though there's some very
+useful kind of back of the envelope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful kind of back of the envelope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful kind of back of the envelope
+figures for you to look at we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures for you to look at we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures for you to look at we have the
+total amount of energy use from our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total amount of energy use from our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total amount of energy use from our
+energy source about the majority of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy source about the majority of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy source about the majority of it
+is used is more than half of it is used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is used is more than half of it is used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is used is more than half of it is used
+in direct fuel use about 40% of it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in direct fuel use about 40% of it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in direct fuel use about 40% of it looks
+to be used electricity and a very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be used electricity and a very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be used electricity and a very small
+portion is used actually is heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion is used actually is heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion is used actually is heat
+directly the energy sources are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly the energy sources are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly the energy sources are
+overwhelmingly oil and coal this is 2010
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelmingly oil and coal this is 2010
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelmingly oil and coal this is 2010
+so may be superseded gas is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so may be superseded gas is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so may be superseded gas is probably
+higher Renewables are probably higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher Renewables are probably higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher Renewables are probably higher
+biomass and nuclear are probably roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomass and nuclear are probably roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomass and nuclear are probably roughly
+the same in terms of conversion devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same in terms of conversion devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same in terms of conversion devices
+the overwhelmingly used conversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overwhelmingly used conversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overwhelmingly used conversion
+devices for transforming energy are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices for transforming energy are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices for transforming energy are
+diesel engines electric heaters electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diesel engines electric heaters electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diesel engines electric heaters electric
+motors and biomass burners and gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motors and biomass burners and gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motors and biomass burners and gas
+burners if you look at the passive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burners if you look at the passive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burners if you look at the passive
+systems appliances heated and cooled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems appliances heated and cooled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems appliances heated and cooled
+space steam systems and driven systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space steam systems and driven systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space steam systems and driven systems
+dominate our path of systems you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate our path of systems you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate our path of systems you can see
+if we break down our 475 exit jeels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we break down our 475 exit jeels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we break down our 475 exit jeels of
+energy buildings and factories are quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy buildings and factories are quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy buildings and factories are quite
+High vehicles are actually relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High vehicles are actually relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High vehicles are actually relatively
+low but of course all these things mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low but of course all these things mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low but of course all these things mix
+in to get all our final Services we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in to get all our final Services we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in to get all our final Services we need
+Vehicles we need buildings we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vehicles we need buildings we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vehicles we need buildings we need
+factories all mixed together so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factories all mixed together so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factories all mixed together so if you
+look at the breakdown of final Services
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the breakdown of final Services
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the breakdown of final Services
+you can see they try to classify how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see they try to classify how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see they try to classify how we
+use our energy thermal comfort and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use our energy thermal comfort and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use our energy thermal comfort and
+subsidence are relatively high but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidence are relatively high but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidence are relatively high but
+structure Freight transport and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure Freight transport and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure Freight transport and
+passenger transport are still relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passenger transport are still relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passenger transport are still relatively
+high amounts of energy because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high amounts of energy because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high amounts of energy because they
+consume materials because they consume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume materials because they consume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume materials because they consume
+embodied energy as well as direct fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embodied energy as well as direct fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embodied energy as well as direct fuel
+use so one thing to point out the S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use so one thing to point out the S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use so one thing to point out the S
+diagram and the all paper is that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and the all paper is that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and the all paper is that some
+of these things are shown as slows but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things are shown as slows but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things are shown as slows but
+through each of these vertical slices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through each of these vertical slices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through each of these vertical slices
+you can't necessarily Trace energy all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't necessarily Trace energy all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't necessarily Trace energy all
+the way through for example if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way through for example if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way through for example if you go
+from oil oil can only be used in diesel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from oil oil can only be used in diesel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from oil oil can only be used in diesel
+engines and petrol engines and oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines and petrol engines and oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines and petrol engines and oil
+burners so we can kind of account for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burners so we can kind of account for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burners so we can kind of account for
+all this direct fuel use but you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this direct fuel use but you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this direct fuel use but you know we
+we use some portion of oil some portion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use some portion of oil some portion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use some portion of oil some portion
+of gas coal nuclear renewable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gas coal nuclear renewable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gas coal nuclear renewable to
+generate electricity but as you start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate electricity but as you start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate electricity but as you start to
+move through through these vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move through through these vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move through through these vertical
+slies it gets harder and harder to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slies it gets harder and harder to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slies it gets harder and harder to
+account for where these flows go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for where these flows go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for where these flows go
+directly for example let's take trucks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly for example let's take trucks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly for example let's take trucks
+we go from diesel engines and petrol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go from diesel engines and petrol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go from diesel engines and petrol
+engines they may map to some extent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines they may map to some extent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines they may map to some extent to
+cars and trucks but you can see these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars and trucks but you can see these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars and trucks but you can see these
+flows don't quite line up because across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows don't quite line up because across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows don't quite line up because across
+the vertical slices is very hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertical slices is very hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertical slices is very hard to
+account for how many Diesel and how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for how many Diesel and how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for how many Diesel and how many
+petrol trucks we have having said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+petrol trucks we have having said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+petrol trucks we have having said that
+we also know some portion of our trucks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also know some portion of our trucks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also know some portion of our trucks
+planes and ships and trains go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes and ships and trains go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes and ships and trains go into
+Freight transport they categorize these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freight transport they categorize these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freight transport they categorize these
+in various ways how do we categorize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in various ways how do we categorize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in various ways how do we categorize
+Truck transport versus car for passenger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Truck transport versus car for passenger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Truck transport versus car for passenger
+transport we know in the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport we know in the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport we know in the United States
+SUVs are classified as trucks which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SUVs are classified as trucks which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SUVs are classified as trucks which
+makes them ex exempt from previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes them ex exempt from previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes them ex exempt from previous
+efficiency standards so the point is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency standards so the point is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency standards so the point is as
+you go across these vertical SLI in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go across these vertical SLI in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go across these vertical SLI in this
+particular sanki diagram you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular sanki diagram you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular sanki diagram you can't
+always Trace all the flows in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always Trace all the flows in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always Trace all the flows in the same
+way that you can in the previous s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that you can in the previous s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that you can in the previous s
+diagrams we looked at you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams we looked at you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams we looked at you can see that
+there's a few gaps in between some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a few gaps in between some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a few gaps in between some of
+these flows because where electric heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these flows because where electric heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these flows because where electric heat
+go it goes to a lot of these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go it goes to a lot of these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go it goes to a lot of these different
+systems not necessarily just a heating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems not necessarily just a heating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems not necessarily just a heating
+and cooling space but it may let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cooling space but it may let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cooling space but it may let's say
+go to Industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uses having said that we should also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses having said that we should also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses having said that we should also
+look at exactly what they're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at exactly what they're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at exactly what they're trying to
+measure in this paper they make a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure in this paper they make a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure in this paper they make a very
+clear well they make a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear well they make a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear well they make a series of
+distinctions between xgy energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctions between xgy energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctions between xgy energy and
+entropy they quote this Rosen in denser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy they quote this Rosen in denser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy they quote this Rosen in denser
+paper from 2008 saying that xgy is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper from 2008 saying that xgy is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper from 2008 saying that xgy is a
+measure of the usefulness or value or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of the usefulness or value or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of the usefulness or value or
+quality of an energy form this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of an energy form this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of an energy form this is
+defined using thermodynamic principles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined using thermodynamic principles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined using thermodynamic principles
+as the maximum amount of work which can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the maximum amount of work which can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the maximum amount of work which can
+be produced by a system or a flow of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be produced by a system or a flow of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be produced by a system or a flow of
+matter or energy as it comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter or energy as it comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter or energy as it comes to
+equilibrium with a reference environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium with a reference environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium with a reference environment
+and the reason why they make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason why they make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason why they make this
+distinction is because I've said before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction is because I've said before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction is because I've said before
+and also maai writes in his book that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also maai writes in his book that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also maai writes in his book that
+there's high grade forms of energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's high grade forms of energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's high grade forms of energy and
+low grade forms of energy and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low grade forms of energy and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low grade forms of energy and this
+intrinsic distinction between these is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic distinction between these is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic distinction between these is
+entropy for example electricity or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy for example electricity or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy for example electricity or
+mechanical work is the kind of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical work is the kind of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical work is the kind of energy
+that can be uh captured quite easily and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be uh captured quite easily and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be uh captured quite easily and
+recaptured and can also be used for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recaptured and can also be used for many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recaptured and can also be used for many
+different things but if you try to heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things but if you try to heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things but if you try to heat
+up a space once you put heat energy into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a space once you put heat energy into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a space once you put heat energy into
+a room it's very hard to recapture that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a room it's very hard to recapture that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a room it's very hard to recapture that
+energy then make a distinction can the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy then make a distinction can the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy then make a distinction can the
+first electricity or mechanical work is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first electricity or mechanical work is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first electricity or mechanical work is
+a high graded form of energy and maai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high graded form of energy and maai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high graded form of energy and maai
+calls heat a low-g graded form of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls heat a low-g graded form of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls heat a low-g graded form of energy
+they make a distinction here by XG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make a distinction here by XG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make a distinction here by XG
+saying XG is how much output work can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying XG is how much output work can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying XG is how much output work can be
+captured for the maximum theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured for the maximum theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured for the maximum theoretical
+work that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that can be
+captured here's their definition in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured here's their definition in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured here's their definition in
+their papers they say XG efficiency is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their papers they say XG efficiency is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their papers they say XG efficiency is
+based on the first and second laws of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the first and second laws of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the first and second laws of
+their Dynamics they use it because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their Dynamics they use it because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their Dynamics they use it because they
+want to provide an equitable measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to provide an equitable measure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to provide an equitable measure of
+conversion efficiency they Define it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion efficiency they Define it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion efficiency they Define it as
+mechanical work is mechanical work like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical work is mechanical work like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical work is mechanical work like
+electricity can be captured and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity can be captured and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity can be captured and
+recaptured quite easily you put into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recaptured quite easily you put into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recaptured quite easily you put into a
+storage system whether not it's physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage system whether not it's physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage system whether not it's physical
+or mechanical or chemical can quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or mechanical or chemical can quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or mechanical or chemical can quite
+often recapture a very large portion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often recapture a very large portion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often recapture a very large portion of
+the energy that's not the same thing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy that's not the same thing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy that's not the same thing for
+a heat battery let's say you put as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a heat battery let's say you put as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a heat battery let's say you put as I
+said last week heat into a hot water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said last week heat into a hot water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said last week heat into a hot water
+heater you can store the energy for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heater you can store the energy for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heater you can store the energy for a
+long time but it's very hard to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time but it's very hard to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time but it's very hard to take the
+the heat energy out of the water and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat energy out of the water and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat energy out of the water and
+recapture for future use or converting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recapture for future use or converting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recapture for future use or converting
+it back to let's say electricity or fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back to let's say electricity or fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back to let's say electricity or fuel
+so the reason why uh we look at this col
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the reason why uh we look at this col
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the reason why uh we look at this col
+all paper this is actually more like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all paper this is actually more like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all paper this is actually more like a
+traditional sank diagram because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional sank diagram because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional sank diagram because they
+actually are much uh they find it easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are much uh they find it easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are much uh they find it easier
+I think in this paper to measure exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think in this paper to measure exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think in this paper to measure exactly
+what the theoretical efficiency limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the theoretical efficiency limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the theoretical efficiency limits
+are they can trace exactly where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they can trace exactly where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they can trace exactly where the
+energy sources go because they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy sources go because they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy sources go because they're not
+going into different services or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into different services or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into different services or
+different categories of services they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different categories of services they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different categories of services they
+Define things more clearly as come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define things more clearly as come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define things more clearly as come from
+energy sources to direct fuel use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy sources to direct fuel use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy sources to direct fuel use to
+conversion devices they don't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion devices they don't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion devices they don't have the
+same vertical slice as the other diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same vertical slice as the other diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same vertical slice as the other diagram
+does and you can see quite clearly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does and you can see quite clearly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does and you can see quite clearly in
+this paper exactly where our energy goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper exactly where our energy goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper exactly where our energy goes
+to we start with 475 exit Jews this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to we start with 475 exit Jews this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to we start with 475 exit Jews this is
+global energy demand in 2005 it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global energy demand in 2005 it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global energy demand in 2005 it's
+probably much higher almost 20 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably much higher almost 20 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably much higher almost 20 years
+later but the point is that we only get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later but the point is that we only get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later but the point is that we only get
+to about 11% of the total energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to about 11% of the total energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to about 11% of the total energy is
+converted into useful energy namely in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted into useful energy namely in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted into useful energy namely in
+the forms of motion heat and cooling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forms of motion heat and cooling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forms of motion heat and cooling
+light and sound the other 89% we lose to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and sound the other 89% we lose to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and sound the other 89% we lose to
+combustion heat exchange oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion heat exchange oxidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion heat exchange oxidation
+mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing
+as we transfer heat we lose energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we transfer heat we lose energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we transfer heat we lose energy
+through heat exchange exhaust heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through heat exchange exhaust heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through heat exchange exhaust heat
+losses and electrical resistance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses and electrical resistance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses and electrical resistance and
+friction fision this is not to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction fision this is not to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction fision this is not to say that
+they say the theoretical limit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say the theoretical limit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say the theoretical limit is
+recovering the 89% of Energy Efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovering the 89% of Energy Efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovering the 89% of Energy Efficiency
+or energy that's lost having said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or energy that's lost having said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or energy that's lost having said that
+we know that we have existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that we have existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that we have existing
+Technologies and systems all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies and systems all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies and systems all these
+various losses are because of conversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various losses are because of conversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various losses are because of conversion
+losses the Technologies we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses the Technologies we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses the Technologies we have the
+systems we have convert energy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems we have convert energy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems we have convert energy in
+certain ways into certain kinds of end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain ways into certain kinds of end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain ways into certain kinds of end
+uses that we want like light and heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses that we want like light and heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses that we want like light and heat
+and motion and all those conversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and motion and all those conversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and motion and all those conversion
+Technologies may be inefficient what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies may be inefficient what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies may be inefficient what the
+point of this paper these two papers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of this paper these two papers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of this paper these two papers are
+is that how theoretically efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that how theoretically efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that how theoretically efficient
+could we be they argue that we could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we be they argue that we could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we be they argue that we could be
+89% more efficient 89% efficient more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+89% more efficient 89% efficient more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+89% more efficient 89% efficient more
+efficient would reduce our primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient would reduce our primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient would reduce our primary
+energy use quite a bit and reduce our uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy use quite a bit and reduce our uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy use quite a bit and reduce our uh
+climate change problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change problems
+also so if you look at how they Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also so if you look at how they Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also so if you look at how they Define
+Energy Efficiency they have a quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Efficiency they have a quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Efficiency they have a quality
+Factor exergy efficiency the key column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor exergy efficiency the key column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor exergy efficiency the key column
+to look at here I think is the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at here I think is the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at here I think is the right
+hand side you can look at exactly how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side you can look at exactly how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side you can look at exactly how
+efficient are various our various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient are various our various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient are various our various
+Technologies are for Upstream conversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies are for Upstream conversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies are for Upstream conversion
+you can see that electricity generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that electricity generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that electricity generation
+from oil is relatively efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from oil is relatively efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from oil is relatively efficient
+actually but much less efficient than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually but much less efficient than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually but much less efficient than
+fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel
+Transformations such as preparing direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations such as preparing direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations such as preparing direct
+fuel use or renewable energy resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel use or renewable energy resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel use or renewable energy resources
+you can see that oil biomass gas coal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that oil biomass gas coal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that oil biomass gas coal
+and nuclear are much less exergy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nuclear are much less exergy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nuclear are much less exergy
+efficient than renewable or fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient than renewable or fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient than renewable or fuel
+Transformations combining heat and power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations combining heat and power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations combining heat and power
+and heat are also relatively low in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and heat are also relatively low in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and heat are also relatively low in
+terms of their exergy transformation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of their exergy transformation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of their exergy transformation the
+other thing to notice here is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing to notice here is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing to notice here is that this
+kind of quality Factor gets at the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of quality Factor gets at the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of quality Factor gets at the idea
+of how easily you can convert the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how easily you can convert the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how easily you can convert the energy
+to xrg and so they put in 100% basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to xrg and so they put in 100% basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to xrg and so they put in 100% basically
+as a plug here it basically accounts for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a plug here it basically accounts for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a plug here it basically accounts for
+let's say fuel losses or transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say fuel losses or transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say fuel losses or transformation
+losses and you can see that nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses and you can see that nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses and you can see that nuclear
+Renewables and fuel transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Renewables and fuel transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Renewables and fuel transformation
+ations such as direct fuel use are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ations such as direct fuel use are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ations such as direct fuel use are all
+relatively efficient if only because um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively efficient if only because um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively efficient if only because um
+Renewables and nuclear power Ed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Renewables and nuclear power Ed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Renewables and nuclear power Ed
+electricity electricity is relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity electricity is relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity electricity is relatively
+little as lost in terms of transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little as lost in terms of transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little as lost in terms of transmission
+compared to other types of energy fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to other types of energy fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to other types of energy fuel
+transformation is considered to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation is considered to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation is considered to be
+relative efficient because it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative efficient because it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative efficient because it's going to
+be produced as a direct fuel this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be produced as a direct fuel this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be produced as a direct fuel this is
+only measuring the efficiency of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only measuring the efficiency of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only measuring the efficiency of the
+Upstream conversion not necessarily the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Upstream conversion not necessarily the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Upstream conversion not necessarily the
+end use down the road which we'll see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end use down the road which we'll see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end use down the road which we'll see in
+this uh next actually table this table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh next actually table this table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh next actually table this table
+shows the exg efficiency of end use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows the exg efficiency of end use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows the exg efficiency of end use
+conversion devices you can see across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion devices you can see across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion devices you can see across
+the board all of our end uses for motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board all of our end uses for motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board all of our end uses for motion
+for heat and for other services are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for heat and for other services are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for heat and for other services are all
+relatively low all devices convert about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively low all devices convert about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively low all devices convert about
+25% of the possible theoretical maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25% of the possible theoretical maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25% of the possible theoretical maximum
+xrg uh and you can see that's true for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xrg uh and you can see that's true for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xrg uh and you can see that's true for
+almost all of our different Technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all of our different Technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all of our different Technologies
+diesel petrol aircraft engines oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diesel petrol aircraft engines oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diesel petrol aircraft engines oil
+burners by biomass brunners and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burners by biomass brunners and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burners by biomass brunners and so on
+one point I always make to engineers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point I always make to engineers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point I always make to engineers in
+this class is that if you look at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class is that if you look at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class is that if you look at these
+two tables and the thany diagrams if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two tables and the thany diagrams if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two tables and the thany diagrams if
+you're working on these technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working on these technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working on these technologies
+that should hopefully be motivating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should hopefully be motivating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should hopefully be motivating
+because you improve one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you improve one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you improve one of these
+Technologies a little bit that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies a little bit that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies a little bit that
+technology if that technology can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology if that technology can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology if that technology can be
+scaled and adopted widely they can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled and adopted widely they can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled and adopted widely they can have
+a huge impact on our total use efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge impact on our total use efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge impact on our total use efficient
+use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of
+energy if we look at the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy if we look at the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy if we look at the kind of
+compound efficiency which takes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound efficiency which takes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound efficiency which takes into
+account fuel transformation electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account fuel transformation electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account fuel transformation electricity
+generation and use device conversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation and use device conversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation and use device conversion
+again for some actually uh these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again for some actually uh these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again for some actually uh these uh
+electricity generation does not factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity generation does not factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity generation does not factor
+into like the aircraft engines or coil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into like the aircraft engines or coil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into like the aircraft engines or coil
+coal burners they put 100% of the plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal burners they put 100% of the plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal burners they put 100% of the plug
+here but the key point is you multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but the key point is you multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but the key point is you multiply
+these factors together and to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these factors together and to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these factors together and to get a
+compound efficiency so we started out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound efficiency so we started out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound efficiency so we started out
+with a very efficient fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a very efficient fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a very efficient fuel
+transformation in direct fuel use as in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation in direct fuel use as in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation in direct fuel use as in
+aircraft engines diesel engines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft engines diesel engines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft engines diesel engines and
+petrol engines but then we exhaust a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+petrol engines but then we exhaust a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+petrol engines but then we exhaust a lot
+of the energy out because you have to we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the energy out because you have to we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the energy out because you have to we
+have to burn the fuel directly a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to burn the fuel directly a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to burn the fuel directly a lot of
+heat goes out the tailpipe or the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat goes out the tailpipe or the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat goes out the tailpipe or the back
+of the engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the engine
+so we actually get fairly low compound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we actually get fairly low compound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we actually get fairly low compound
+efficiencies again across all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies again across all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies again across all the
+converion devices where we get final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converion devices where we get final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converion devices where we get final
+Services you can see that the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Services you can see that the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Services you can see that the overall
+average is quite low we have an overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average is quite low we have an overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average is quite low we have an overall
+average of average 11% of actual final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of average 11% of actual final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of average 11% of actual final
+energy use or final services from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy use or final services from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy use or final services from the
+original primary energy going in and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original primary energy going in and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original primary energy going in and so
+we can take this thinking further this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can take this thinking further this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can take this thinking further this
+is a the report by Griffith at Al called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a the report by Griffith at Al called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a the report by Griffith at Al called
+rewiring America argues that we can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewiring America argues that we can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewiring America argues that we can have
+basically a highly electrified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a highly electrified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a highly electrified
+decarbonized US Energy sector basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarbonized US Energy sector basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarbonized US Energy sector basically
+providing all the same services that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing all the same services that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing all the same services that the
+US economy current currently provides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US economy current currently provides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US economy current currently provides
+and argues that we have massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and argues that we have massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and argues that we have massive
+efficiencies in electrification they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies in electrification they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies in electrification they
+actually Trace all the energy use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually Trace all the energy use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually Trace all the energy use
+through all the US government reports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all the US government reports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all the US government reports
+they can find they identify places where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can find they identify places where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can find they identify places where
+some of the sanki diagram they find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the sanki diagram they find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the sanki diagram they find
+either misleading or duplicative because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either misleading or duplicative because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either misleading or duplicative because
+we're actually using fossil fuels they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually using fossil fuels they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually using fossil fuels they
+argue that there's some large por about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that there's some large por about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that there's some large por about
+8% of the energy economy is misleading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8% of the energy economy is misleading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8% of the energy economy is misleading
+accounting of existing primary energy if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting of existing primary energy if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting of existing primary energy if
+we eliminate fossil fuels we'll get rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we eliminate fossil fuels we'll get rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we eliminate fossil fuels we'll get rid
+of this 8% if we uh we have current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this 8% if we uh we have current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this 8% if we uh we have current
+losses in residential commercial and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses in residential commercial and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses in residential commercial and the
+industrial sector because we use fossil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial sector because we use fossil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial sector because we use fossil
+fuels if we Electrify these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuels if we Electrify these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuels if we Electrify these things
+they'll eliminate basically another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll eliminate basically another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll eliminate basically another
+looks like about 15% or 16% of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like about 15% or 16% of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like about 15% or 16% of energy
+use if you Electrify Vehicles they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use if you Electrify Vehicles they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use if you Electrify Vehicles they
+eliminate another 10% electricity use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate another 10% electricity use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate another 10% electricity use
+and you can see what they're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see what they're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see what they're trying to
+do is they're getting from the 97 or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is they're getting from the 97 or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is they're getting from the 97 or so
+quads the US consumed 100 quads and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quads the US consumed 100 quads and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quads the US consumed 100 quads and
+they're trying to increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're trying to increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're trying to increase the
+percentage of Energy Services at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of Energy Services at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of Energy Services at the end
+Energy Services increasing to 27% and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Services increasing to 27% and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Services increasing to 27% and
+trying to get rid of what they call with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get rid of what they call with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get rid of what they call with
+quotes waste they argue that some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotes waste they argue that some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotes waste they argue that some of
+these waste can be captured through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these waste can be captured through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these waste can be captured through
+electrication they also do this as in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrication they also do this as in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrication they also do this as in a
+super stanky diagram I encourage you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super stanky diagram I encourage you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super stanky diagram I encourage you if
+you have the PDF to click on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the PDF to click on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the PDF to click on this
+interactive link what was quite useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive link what was quite useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive link what was quite useful
+about this interactive diagram is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this interactive diagram is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this interactive diagram is you
+can click on any of the final Services
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can click on any of the final Services
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can click on any of the final Services
+we desire and it'll show you where all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we desire and it'll show you where all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we desire and it'll show you where all
+the energy comes from the in the U in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy comes from the in the U in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy comes from the in the U in
+its history or path the reason why this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its history or path the reason why this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its history or path the reason why this
+is really useful is if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really useful is if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really useful is if you think about
+efficiency we have a set of final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency we have a set of final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency we have a set of final
+surfaces here that we demand at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces here that we demand at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces here that we demand at the
+right we have a set of primary energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we have a set of primary energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we have a set of primary energy
+sources going on the left if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources going on the left if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources going on the left if you can
+reduce consumption on this right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce consumption on this right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce consumption on this right hand
+side you eliminate all the Upstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side you eliminate all the Upstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side you eliminate all the Upstream
+happening and crucially you eliminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and crucially you eliminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and crucially you eliminate
+all the previous inefficiencies or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the previous inefficiencies or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the previous inefficiencies or
+losses in other words if you reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses in other words if you reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses in other words if you reduce
+consumption let's say 1% here you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption let's say 1% here you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption let's say 1% here you are
+going to reduce much more than 1% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to reduce much more than 1% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to reduce much more than 1% of
+primary energy use on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary energy use on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary energy use on the left
+because all the efficiency gains by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all the efficiency gains by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all the efficiency gains by
+simply not demanding the final service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply not demanding the final service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply not demanding the final service
+in the end so this is again why we focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end so this is again why we focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end so this is again why we focus
+on consumption in this class I want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on consumption in this class I want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on consumption in this class I want you
+to think of efficiency as percolating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think of efficiency as percolating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think of efficiency as percolating
+through the whole system if we reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the whole system if we reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the whole system if we reduce
+our consumption or demand how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our consumption or demand how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our consumption or demand how much
+efficiency doesn't lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency doesn't lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency doesn't lead to
+upstream and this brings me back just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstream and this brings me back just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstream and this brings me back just to
+this set of final Services we desire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set of final Services we desire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set of final Services we desire
+passing through transport freay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing through transport freay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing through transport freay
+transport structures suance like Food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport structures suance like Food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport structures suance like Food
+hygiene and thermal Comfort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hygiene and thermal Comfort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hygiene and thermal Comfort
+communication illumination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication illumination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication illumination
+what I want you to think about is if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want you to think about is if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want you to think about is if we
+make these things more efficient either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make these things more efficient either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make these things more efficient either
+in our conversion devices or in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our conversion devices or in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our conversion devices or in our
+demand or use of them for example we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand or use of them for example we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand or use of them for example we
+know about a third of all food in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about a third of all food in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about a third of all food in
+developed countries is thrown away if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed countries is thrown away if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed countries is thrown away if we
+reduce our demand for food by being less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce our demand for food by being less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce our demand for food by being less
+wasteful how much would we reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasteful how much would we reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasteful how much would we reduce
+Upstream both in terms of our vehicles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Upstream both in terms of our vehicles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Upstream both in terms of our vehicles
+factories buildings But ultimately the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factories buildings But ultimately the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factories buildings But ultimately the
+direct fuel use and motion that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct fuel use and motion that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct fuel use and motion that actually
+went into producing a third of food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went into producing a third of food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went into producing a third of food
+that's wasted we also know that uh have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's wasted we also know that uh have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's wasted we also know that uh have
+we could have different demands for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could have different demands for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could have different demands for
+theral Comfort based on the calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theral Comfort based on the calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theral Comfort based on the calculation
+we did in class last week if we simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did in class last week if we simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did in class last week if we simply
+wore a sweater or simply had lowered the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wore a sweater or simply had lowered the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wore a sweater or simply had lowered the
+degree on our thermostats by one lowered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree on our thermostats by one lowered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree on our thermostats by one lowered
+our thermostats by one degree we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our thermostats by one degree we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our thermostats by one degree we know
+that we' actually reduce quite a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we' actually reduce quite a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we' actually reduce quite a bit of
+energy use that goes into thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy use that goes into thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy use that goes into thermal
+Comfort one of the largest categories of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Comfort one of the largest categories of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Comfort one of the largest categories of
+energy use so what we're going to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy use so what we're going to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy use so what we're going to think
+through in class uh on Thursday is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through in class uh on Thursday is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through in class uh on Thursday is I
+want you to think of yourself as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to think of yourself as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to think of yourself as a
+member of team Heat or motion or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of team Heat or motion or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of team Heat or motion or other
+and we're going to ask ourselves these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to ask ourselves these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to ask ourselves these
+questions in groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions in groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions in groups
+how much energy or Greenhouse Gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much energy or Greenhouse Gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much energy or Greenhouse Gap
+missions could theoretically be saved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missions could theoretically be saved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missions could theoretically be saved
+for your team which single technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your team which single technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your team which single technology
+Improvement for your team this can be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement for your team this can be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement for your team this can be a
+technology in terms of fuel conversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology in terms of fuel conversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology in terms of fuel conversion
+or electricity generation or end use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or electricity generation or end use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or electricity generation or end use
+conversion would achieve the greatest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion would achieve the greatest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion would achieve the greatest
+production of energy and greenhouse gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production of energy and greenhouse gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production of energy and greenhouse gas
+emissions what reduction in primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions what reduction in primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions what reduction in primary
+energy could your team achieve with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy could your team achieve with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy could your team achieve with a
+20% reduction in final Services how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20% reduction in final Services how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20% reduction in final Services how
+could you achieve a 50% reduction in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you achieve a 50% reduction in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you achieve a 50% reduction in
+primary energy and which technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary energy and which technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary energy and which technology
+would you try not try to improve or why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you try not try to improve or why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you try not try to improve or why
+I'd just like you to think through these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd just like you to think through these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd just like you to think through these
+old chain of Technologies systems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old chain of Technologies systems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old chain of Technologies systems and
+demands thank you very much and I'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demands thank you very much and I'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demands thank you very much and I'll see
+you in class soon
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/u5uvIbaIl3U.txt b/u5uvIbaIl3U.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3ff8e4e077a6e7c0a6ce73c83a43dd82adcfeb6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/u5uvIbaIl3U.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8787 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what we were doing last time is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we were doing last time is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we were doing last time is we
+we're still focused the first two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're still focused the first two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're still focused the first two
+lectures were trying to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures were trying to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures were trying to understand the
+biosynthetic pathway for cholesterol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthetic pathway for cholesterol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthetic pathway for cholesterol
+bias it's good thanks for cholesterol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias it's good thanks for cholesterol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias it's good thanks for cholesterol
+biosynthesis and we almost got to where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis and we almost got to where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis and we almost got to where
+we wanted to go but we didn't quite get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted to go but we didn't quite get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted to go but we didn't quite get
+there so what we've been focusing on is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so what we've been focusing on is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so what we've been focusing on is
+a new way of forming carbon-carbon bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new way of forming carbon-carbon bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new way of forming carbon-carbon bonds
+using C 5 units isopentenyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using C 5 units isopentenyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using C 5 units isopentenyl
+pyrophosphate dimethylallyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphate dimethylallyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphate dimethylallyl
+pyrophosphate and to do that we had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphate and to do that we had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphate and to do that we had an
+initiation process where those molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiation process where those molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiation process where those molecules
+were these these molecules were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were these these molecules were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were these these molecules were
+generated from acetyl co way and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated from acetyl co way and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated from acetyl co way and then
+the last lecture we were focused on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last lecture we were focused on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last lecture we were focused on how
+we did the elongation process where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did the elongation process where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did the elongation process where we
+took a bunch of these IPP units strung
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a bunch of these IPP units strung
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a bunch of these IPP units strung
+them together to make farnesyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together to make farnesyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together to make farnesyl
+pyrophosphate which is c 15 and I showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphate which is c 15 and I showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphate which is c 15 and I showed
+you that C 15 could be linear it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that C 15 could be linear it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that C 15 could be linear it
+cyclized and we went through the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclized and we went through the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclized and we went through the general
+rules of what you're going to see with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules of what you're going to see with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules of what you're going to see with
+all terpene chemistry which is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all terpene chemistry which is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all terpene chemistry which is quite
+diverse given that there are estimated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverse given that there are estimated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverse given that there are estimated
+to be 70,000 natural products in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 70,000 natural products in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 70,000 natural products in the
+turkey known okay so we had gotten to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turkey known okay so we had gotten to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turkey known okay so we had gotten to
+production of farnesyl pyrophosphate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production of farnesyl pyrophosphate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production of farnesyl pyrophosphate and
+now the next step remember a cholesterol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the next step remember a cholesterol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the next step remember a cholesterol
+if you look at its structure this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at its structure this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at its structure this is a
+precursor to its structure is a C 30 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursor to its structure is a C 30 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursor to its structure is a C 30 and
+so the next step is quite an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next step is quite an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next step is quite an interesting
+enzymatic reaction which we're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymatic reaction which we're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymatic reaction which we're not going
+to talk about in any detail but those of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about in any detail but those of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about in any detail but those of
+you are interested can go look it up but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are interested can go look it up but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are interested can go look it up but
+how do you take two si si si 15 s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you take two si si si 15 s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you take two si si si 15 s and
+form of C 30 so you lose your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of C 30 so you lose your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of C 30 so you lose your
+pyrophosphates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphates
+and you can see when you generate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see when you generate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see when you generate this
+now you have a linear si 30 which of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have a linear si 30 which of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have a linear si 30 which of
+course is a complete hydrocarbon and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is a complete hydrocarbon and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is a complete hydrocarbon and is
+insoluble so this now sort of defines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insoluble so this now sort of defines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insoluble so this now sort of defines
+that you need to be in the membrane to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to be in the membrane to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to be in the membrane to
+be able to do any further chemistry so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to do any further chemistry so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to do any further chemistry so
+those of you who are interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who are interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who are interested
+mechanisms of how things work that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms of how things work that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms of how things work that's
+really sort of a fascinating system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sort of a fascinating system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sort of a fascinating system
+that's really pretty well worked out at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really pretty well worked out at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really pretty well worked out at
+this stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stage
+but today what I'm gonna do is focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but today what I'm gonna do is focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but today what I'm gonna do is focus on
+the next step is how do we get from C 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next step is how do we get from C 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next step is how do we get from C 30
+which is this linear squalene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this linear squalene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this linear squalene
+hydrocarbon into Lenoir stall which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrocarbon into Lenoir stall which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrocarbon into Lenoir stall which is
+then the precursor just steroids but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the precursor just steroids but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the precursor just steroids but
+also the precursor to cholesterol which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the precursor to cholesterol which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the precursor to cholesterol which
+is what we're focusing on in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we're focusing on in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we're focusing on in this
+particular module so what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular module so what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular module so what we're going to
+be looking at is how we went from 2f PPS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be looking at is how we went from 2f PPS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be looking at is how we went from 2f PPS
+we're still doing chain elongation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're still doing chain elongation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're still doing chain elongation to
+ac30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ac30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ac30
+and then the question is how do you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the question is how do you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the question is how do you get
+from C 32 which is linear' to a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from C 32 which is linear' to a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from C 32 which is linear' to a linear
+hep oxide and I'm not gonna draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hep oxide and I'm not gonna draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hep oxide and I'm not gonna draw the
+whole structure up but we're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole structure up but we're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole structure up but we're still
+winning and then the next step is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning and then the next step is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning and then the next step is this
+step I want to talk about so this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step I want to talk about so this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step I want to talk about so this is one
+Oster all synthase ok so that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oster all synthase ok so that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oster all synthase ok so that's what
+we're going in the next few minutes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going in the next few minutes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going in the next few minutes to
+get to our final product so if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to our final product so if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to our final product so if you look
+at this reaction remember we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this reaction remember we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this reaction remember we're going to
+do a cyclisation what do you need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a cyclisation what do you need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a cyclisation what do you need to do
+to do cyclisation so what was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do cyclisation so what was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do cyclisation so what was the
+general rule that I gave you last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general rule that I gave you last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general rule that I gave you last time
+does anybody remember if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody remember if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody remember if you want to
+cyclize something we talked about it we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclize something we talked about it we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclize something we talked about it we
+looked at a number of examples what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at a number of examples what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at a number of examples what are
+we doing those examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we doing those examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we doing those examples
+anybody remember so here's a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody remember so here's a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody remember so here's a second
+example I gave you two rules if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I gave you two rules if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I gave you two rules if you go
+back and you look at your notes we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and you look at your notes we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and you look at your notes we've
+protonated the olefin and that triggered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protonated the olefin and that triggered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protonated the olefin and that triggered
+off the cyclization and here perhaps you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the cyclization and here perhaps you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the cyclization and here perhaps you
+could have protonated the olefin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have protonated the olefin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have protonated the olefin to
+trigger off the cyclization but in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger off the cyclization but in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger off the cyclization but in the
+end cholesterol has a hydroxyl group in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end cholesterol has a hydroxyl group in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end cholesterol has a hydroxyl group in
+the c 3 position so the next step in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the c 3 position so the next step in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the c 3 position so the next step in the
+pathway which also will involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway which also will involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway which also will involve
+ultimately protonation and ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately protonation and ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately protonation and ring
+cyclization so those are the two rules I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclization so those are the two rules I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclization so those are the two rules I
+gave you during the last lecture on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you during the last lecture on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you during the last lecture on
+yet to this aprox I'd we have to do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet to this aprox I'd we have to do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet to this aprox I'd we have to do some
+chemistry does anybody know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry does anybody know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry does anybody know what
+cofactor is you would use to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cofactor is you would use to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cofactor is you would use to do this
+reaction anybody got any ideas from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction anybody got any ideas from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction anybody got any ideas from
+introductory biochemistry you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory biochemistry you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory biochemistry you have a
+vitamin bottle what vitamin would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitamin bottle what vitamin would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitamin bottle what vitamin would be
+involved in doing this transformation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in doing this transformation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in doing this transformation or
+could be involved with doing this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be involved with doing this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be involved with doing this kind
+of a transformation it's an oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a transformation it's an oxidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a transformation it's an oxidation
+requires oxygen gas so what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires oxygen gas so what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires oxygen gas so what are the
+possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so nad does nad this is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so nad does nad this is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so nad does nad this is a good
+teaching point does an nad react with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching point does an nad react with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching point does an nad react with
+oxygen who suggested nad okay why does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen who suggested nad okay why does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen who suggested nad okay why does
+an nad react with oxygen that's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an nad react with oxygen that's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an nad react with oxygen that's one of
+the things you learn in any introductory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things you learn in any introductory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things you learn in any introductory
+course nad ETH does not react with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course nad ETH does not react with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course nad ETH does not react with
+oxygen why what is the chemistry of nad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen why what is the chemistry of nad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen why what is the chemistry of nad
+NADH well okay maybe I should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NADH well okay maybe I should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NADH well okay maybe I should be
+teaching 507 so nad NADH just we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching 507 so nad NADH just we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching 507 so nad NADH just we just
+went through this with a conversion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through this with a conversion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through this with a conversion of
+acetyl co a moiety of mevalonic acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl co a moiety of mevalonic acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl co a moiety of mevalonic acid
+onto the alcohol it involves hydride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the alcohol it involves hydride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the alcohol it involves hydride
+transfer and if you try to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer and if you try to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer and if you try to do this
+chemistry instead of two electrons at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry instead of two electrons at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry instead of two electrons at a
+time one electron at a time and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time one electron at a time and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time one electron at a time and you
+looked at the reduction potentials it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the reduction potentials it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the reduction potentials it
+would be way uphill thermodynamically so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be way uphill thermodynamically so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be way uphill thermodynamically so
+nad NADH never does one electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nad NADH never does one electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nad NADH never does one electron
+chemistry so that's not going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry so that's not going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry so that's not going to be a
+possibility yeah so that would be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility yeah so that would be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility yeah so that would be one
+thing and we're gonna see iron heme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and we're gonna see iron heme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and we're gonna see iron heme
+irons play a key role in all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irons play a key role in all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irons play a key role in all of this
+process there's two turns out to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process there's two turns out to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process there's two turns out to be a
+flavo protein that's the other redox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavo protein that's the other redox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavo protein that's the other redox
+active cofactor so this is a flavin mono
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active cofactor so this is a flavin mono
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active cofactor so this is a flavin mono
+oxygenase you don't need to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygenase you don't need to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygenase you don't need to remember
+this we understand the details I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we understand the details I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we understand the details I'm not
+going to talk about the detailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about the detailed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about the detailed
+mechanism but flavin cofactors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism but flavin cofactors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism but flavin cofactors are
+extremely well understood the chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely well understood the chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely well understood the chemistry
+of them is extremely well understood now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them is extremely well understood now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them is extremely well understood now
+okay so we've gotten to our oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we've gotten to our oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we've gotten to our oxygen
+squalene and now we finally got into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squalene and now we finally got into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squalene and now we finally got into
+this really cool step so how do we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really cool step so how do we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really cool step so how do we go
+from this step okay so this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this step okay so this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this step okay so this is this
+molecule here and what I'm emphasizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule here and what I'm emphasizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule here and what I'm emphasizing
+again is we're going from a linear step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is we're going from a linear step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is we're going from a linear step
+into the cyclic product so remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the cyclic product so remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the cyclic product so remember
+triggering off cyclisation there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triggering off cyclisation there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triggering off cyclisation there were
+two rules protonation okay protonation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two rules protonation okay protonation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two rules protonation okay protonation
+of an olefin in this case you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an olefin in this case you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an olefin in this case you have some
+kind of protonation of the Epoque side F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of protonation of the Epoque side F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of protonation of the Epoque side F
+oxides are not very good leaving groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxides are not very good leaving groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxides are not very good leaving groups
+you need to protonate it and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to protonate it and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to protonate it and that is
+then going to trigger off this cascade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then going to trigger off this cascade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then going to trigger off this cascade
+of reactions to allow you to generate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reactions to allow you to generate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reactions to allow you to generate a
+molecule with four rings okay and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule with four rings okay and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule with four rings okay and this
+all occurs with a single enzymatic a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all occurs with a single enzymatic a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all occurs with a single enzymatic a
+single enzymatic step and so the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single enzymatic step and so the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single enzymatic step and so the way you
+can visualize this happening and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can visualize this happening and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can visualize this happening and again
+you don't need to copy this down it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need to copy this down it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need to copy this down it's
+all if you look at your handouts ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all if you look at your handouts ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all if you look at your handouts ahead
+of time there's some things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time there's some things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time there's some things that are
+written down that would take you 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written down that would take you 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written down that would take you 10
+minutes to copy and then you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes to copy and then you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes to copy and then you probably
+get it written down incorrectly because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it written down incorrectly because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it written down incorrectly because
+you're looking like this it's the hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking like this it's the hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking like this it's the hard
+things that are hard to write down are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are hard to write down are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are hard to write down are
+all given to you in your handouts okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all given to you in your handouts okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all given to you in your handouts okay
+you could write it down if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could write it down if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could write it down if you want
+that's fine but okay so what we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine but okay so what we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine but okay so what we want to
+do is we want to ring open so we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we want to ring open so we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we want to ring open so we need to
+protonate the abox ID and that generates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protonate the abox ID and that generates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protonate the abox ID and that generates
+what a carbo-cation okay and then now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a carbo-cation okay and then now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a carbo-cation okay and then now
+what happens we generate another carbo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens we generate another carbo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens we generate another carbo
+cation and now what happens we generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cation and now what happens we generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cation and now what happens we generate
+another carbo cation and now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another carbo cation and now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another carbo cation and now what
+happens we generate another carbo cation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens we generate another carbo cation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens we generate another carbo cation
+and we end up with a carbo cation at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we end up with a carbo cation at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we end up with a carbo cation at
+this position okay so I'm gonna draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this position okay so I'm gonna draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this position okay so I'm gonna draw the
+structure of this so we have ring opened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of this so we have ring opened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of this so we have ring opened
+and let me also emphasize that the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me also emphasize that the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me also emphasize that the key
+to this process occurring on to give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this process occurring on to give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this process occurring on to give us
+long Oster all is the conformation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long Oster all is the conformation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long Oster all is the conformation of
+the linear molecule okay so what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linear molecule okay so what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linear molecule okay so what do we
+see here what does this look like if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here what does this look like if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here what does this look like if you
+can in terms of cyclohexanes what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can in terms of cyclohexanes what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can in terms of cyclohexanes what does
+this look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this look like
+if you have suck local cyclohexyl rings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have suck local cyclohexyl rings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have suck local cyclohexyl rings
+what kinds of confirmations do they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kinds of confirmations do they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kinds of confirmations do they have
+chair and chair and boat so was a key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chair and chair and boat so was a key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chair and chair and boat so was a key
+here is that you have a chair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that you have a chair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that you have a chair
+conformation here you have a chair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformation here you have a chair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformation here you have a chair
+conformation here but here you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformation here but here you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformation here but here you have a
+boat conformation and one of the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat conformation and one of the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat conformation and one of the general
+rules I told you last time about terpene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules I told you last time about terpene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules I told you last time about terpene
+chemistry in general was what do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry in general was what do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry in general was what do the
+enzymes do in the active site to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes do in the active site to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes do in the active site to to
+transform something that's linear into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform something that's linear into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform something that's linear into
+something that's cyclic they need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's cyclic they need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's cyclic they need to
+fold the molecule into the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold the molecule into the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold the molecule into the right
+conformation and that can in part be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformation and that can in part be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformation and that can in part be
+done the fact is the active site is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done the fact is the active site is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done the fact is the active site is very
+hydrophobic we talked about that and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic we talked about that and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic we talked about that and you
+can also have aromatics that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also have aromatics that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also have aromatics that could
+potentially I'm not drawing out all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially I'm not drawing out all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially I'm not drawing out all
+these intermediates but could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these intermediates but could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these intermediates but could
+potentially facilitate not only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially facilitate not only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially facilitate not only the
+confirmation but stabilization somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmation but stabilization somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmation but stabilization somewhat
+of the intermediates that you observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the intermediates that you observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the intermediates that you observe
+along the reaction pathway so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the reaction pathway so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the reaction pathway so here's
+another example of the importance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example of the importance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example of the importance of
+shape to defining the chemistry that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape to defining the chemistry that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape to defining the chemistry that's
+actually going to happen and in contrast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to happen and in contrast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to happen and in contrast
+to the enzymes we talked about last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the enzymes we talked about last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the enzymes we talked about last time
+which were type 1 you probably don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which were type 1 you probably don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which were type 1 you probably don't
+remember that but this is again a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that but this is again a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that but this is again a
+different superfamily involved that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different superfamily involved that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different superfamily involved that you
+observe and it's observed quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe and it's observed quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe and it's observed quite
+frequently so these are type 2 so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently so these are type 2 so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently so these are type 2 so if you
+look up the structures and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up the structures and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up the structures and in the
+article you had to read by Christensen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article you had to read by Christensen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article you had to read by Christensen
+the second type of structure there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second type of structure there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second type of structure there are
+two general types of structure this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two general types of structure this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two general types of structure this is
+the second type of structure involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second type of structure involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second type of structure involved in
+making interesting terpene molecules so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making interesting terpene molecules so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making interesting terpene molecules so
+what I'm doing now is showing you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we've cyclized this to leave us with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've cyclized this to leave us with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've cyclized this to leave us with a
+carbo-cation and remember if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbo-cation and remember if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbo-cation and remember if you have
+just a stick as opposed to a stick with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a stick as opposed to a stick with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a stick as opposed to a stick with
+a hydrogen that's a methyl group so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hydrogen that's a methyl group so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hydrogen that's a methyl group so here
+at the ring juncture we have a hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the ring juncture we have a hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the ring juncture we have a hydrogen
+we have a trans ring Junction and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a trans ring Junction and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a trans ring Junction and again
+if we have a stick with nothing on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have a stick with nothing on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have a stick with nothing on it
+it's a methyl group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we're into a chair conformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're into a chair conformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're into a chair conformation
+again and then we need to attach the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and then we need to attach the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and then we need to attach the
+last ring so we have three six membered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last ring so we have three six membered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last ring so we have three six membered
+rings and a five membered ring and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rings and a five membered ring and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rings and a five membered ring and in
+the end what have we generated we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end what have we generated we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end what have we generated we've
+generated a carbo-cation so I've written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated a carbo-cation so I've written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated a carbo-cation so I've written
+this as a single step nobody has seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a single step nobody has seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a single step nobody has seen
+the intermediates you could write it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intermediates you could write it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intermediates you could write it as
+multiple steps I mean the fact is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple steps I mean the fact is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple steps I mean the fact is it
+would be it's pretty hard to trap any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be it's pretty hard to trap any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be it's pretty hard to trap any of
+these carbo cations and people spent a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these carbo cations and people spent a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these carbo cations and people spent a
+lot of time trapping them so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of time trapping them so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of time trapping them so what you
+see I think is quite amazing but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I think is quite amazing but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I think is quite amazing but we
+aren't finished yet okay because we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't finished yet okay because we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't finished yet okay because we have
+a carbo-cation we need to get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a carbo-cation we need to get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a carbo-cation we need to get rid of
+that and what you need to do and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and what you need to do and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and what you need to do and this is
+you'll have one of these problems on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have one of these problems on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have one of these problems on the
+problem set that will be next week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set that will be next week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set that will be next week
+you'll be given something simple not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be given something simple not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be given something simple not as
+complicated as cholesterol but what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated as cholesterol but what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated as cholesterol but what you
+need to think about is wait a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to think about is wait a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to think about is wait a while
+these methyl groups end up in what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these methyl groups end up in what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these methyl groups end up in what's the
+stereochemistry of the reaction okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereochemistry of the reaction okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereochemistry of the reaction okay
+so then this geometry becomes critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then this geometry becomes critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then this geometry becomes critical
+if you're thinking they need to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're thinking they need to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're thinking they need to think
+about the stereo electronic control of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the stereo electronic control of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the stereo electronic control of
+hydride and methyl anion equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydride and methyl anion equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydride and methyl anion equivalent
+migrations so what you have in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migrations so what you have in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migrations so what you have in this
+particular reaction is you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular reaction is you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular reaction is you're going to
+have and and I like this example because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and and I like this example because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and and I like this example because
+again I gave you a set of rules that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I gave you a set of rules that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I gave you a set of rules that you
+can see that are associated typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that are associated typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that are associated typically
+with carbo cation reactions in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with carbo cation reactions in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with carbo cation reactions in general
+and this one does all of them okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one does all of them okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one does all of them okay so
+one of the rules was that you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the rules was that you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the rules was that you have a
+hydrogen migrate with a pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen migrate with a pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen migrate with a pair of
+electrons that's a hydride again you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that's a hydride again you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that's a hydride again you
+have a second hydrogen migrate with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a second hydrogen migrate with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a second hydrogen migrate with a
+pair of electrons so I'm not drawing out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of electrons so I'm not drawing out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of electrons so I'm not drawing out
+all the intermediates now what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the intermediates now what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the intermediates now what we have
+is a methyl group migrate with its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a methyl group migrate with its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a methyl group migrate with its
+electrons we now have a second methyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons we now have a second methyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons we now have a second methyl
+group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group
+migrate with its electrons and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migrate with its electrons and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migrate with its electrons and in the
+end we're left with a cation here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end we're left with a cation here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end we're left with a cation here and
+there work the last step in many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there work the last step in many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there work the last step in many of
+these reactions is loss of a proton okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these reactions is loss of a proton okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these reactions is loss of a proton okay
+so here we would have loss of a proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we would have loss of a proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we would have loss of a proton
+and if you look at the stereochemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look at the stereochemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look at the stereochemistry
+and you look at the final product which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you look at the final product which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you look at the final product which
+I'm not going to draw out you end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to draw out you end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to draw out you end up
+with this molecule so this is a flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this molecule so this is a flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this molecule so this is a flat
+rendition of what I've actually drawn on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rendition of what I've actually drawn on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rendition of what I've actually drawn on
+the board so this is an example of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board so this is an example of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board so this is an example of all
+of the chemistry I talked about as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the chemistry I talked about as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the chemistry I talked about as being
+general and all of these 70,000 terpenes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general and all of these 70,000 terpenes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general and all of these 70,000 terpenes
+you'll find most of them don't do all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find most of them don't do all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find most of them don't do all of
+the chemistry this one does all a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemistry this one does all a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemistry this one does all a
+different kind of chemistry's associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of chemistry's associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of chemistry's associated
+with carbo cation type chemistry's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with carbo cation type chemistry's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with carbo cation type chemistry's that
+hopefully some of you are warned about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully some of you are warned about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully some of you are warned about
+in introductory organic chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in introductory organic chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in introductory organic chemistry
+classes so again to me this is the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes so again to me this is the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes so again to me this is the most
+amazing reaction I think I've ever seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing reaction I think I've ever seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing reaction I think I've ever seen
+I told you already that I heard about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I told you already that I heard about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I told you already that I heard about
+this in 1969 when they just figured out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in 1969 when they just figured out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in 1969 when they just figured out
+that this could happen enzymatically and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this could happen enzymatically and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this could happen enzymatically and
+this became the basis for those of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this became the basis for those of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this became the basis for those of you
+if there are any synthetic people here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there are any synthetic people here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there are any synthetic people here
+for people doing Cascades react Kate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people doing Cascades react Kate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people doing Cascades react Kate
+cascade reactions like Jim Tim Jameson's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascade reactions like Jim Tim Jameson's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascade reactions like Jim Tim Jameson's
+lab does this but back in those days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab does this but back in those days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab does this but back in those days
+they were using this approach the font
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were using this approach the font
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were using this approach the font
+trying to define the folding to do all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to define the folding to do all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to define the folding to do all
+these steps just like Nature had figured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these steps just like Nature had figured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these steps just like Nature had figured
+out how to do this and if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how to do this and if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how to do this and if you look at
+the number of asymmetric centers you end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of asymmetric centers you end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of asymmetric centers you end
+up with seven asymmetric centers and no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with seven asymmetric centers and no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with seven asymmetric centers and no
+other products that people could detect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other products that people could detect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other products that people could detect
+so this is quite an amazing feat okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is quite an amazing feat okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is quite an amazing feat okay so
+this is the model that I just drew in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the model that I just drew in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the model that I just drew in
+the board and so we still aren't quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board and so we still aren't quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board and so we still aren't quite
+there yet because if you look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yet because if you look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yet because if you look at this
+structure and you look at the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and you look at the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and you look at the final
+structure of cholesterol you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of cholesterol you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of cholesterol you have a
+methyl group here here and you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl group here here and you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl group here here and you're going
+to have a methyl group here so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a methyl group here so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a methyl group here so we have
+one two three methyl groups and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two three methyl groups and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two three methyl groups and if you
+look at the final product cholesterol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the final product cholesterol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the final product cholesterol
+they're all gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all gone
+so you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need
+19 more steps to get to cholesterol okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 more steps to get to cholesterol okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 more steps to get to cholesterol okay
+this is not a simple bio synthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a simple bio synthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a simple bio synthetic
+pathway so to get from cholesterol so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway so to get from cholesterol so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway so to get from cholesterol so
+this is one Austral so we've gotten to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the precursor to steroids and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the precursor to steroids and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the precursor to steroids and
+cholesterol and when we start talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol and when we start talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol and when we start talking
+about regulation you'll see that inland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about regulation you'll see that inland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about regulation you'll see that inland
+Australia is again a central player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Australia is again a central player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Australia is again a central player
+because it can partition between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it can partition between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it can partition between
+different kinds of natural products that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of natural products that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of natural products that
+we aren't going to be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we aren't going to be talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we aren't going to be talking about
+other kinds of natural products we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of natural products we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of natural products we
+aren't going to be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't going to be talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't going to be talking about
+but to get to less wrong which I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to get to less wrong which I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to get to less wrong which I'm
+abbreviating from now on as CH it's 19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviating from now on as CH it's 19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviating from now on as CH it's 19
+steps okay so let's go over here my goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps okay so let's go over here my goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps okay so let's go over here my goal
+is not to teach you about the chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not to teach you about the chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not to teach you about the chemistry
+of all this I'm not sure how easily you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all this I'm not sure how easily you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all this I'm not sure how easily you
+can see it hopefully you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see it hopefully you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see it hopefully you have the
+handouts with you but we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handouts with you but we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handouts with you but we have this
+methyl group this methyl group and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl group this methyl group and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl group this methyl group and this
+methyl group that need to be removed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl group that need to be removed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl group that need to be removed
+over here so that methyl group is gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here so that methyl group is gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here so that methyl group is gone
+and these two methyl groups are gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these two methyl groups are gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these two methyl groups are gone
+okay so how do we do that and so all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do we do that and so all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do we do that and so all of
+this reaction so we're losing we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction so we're losing we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction so we're losing we have
+loss of three methyl groups and all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss of three methyl groups and all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss of three methyl groups and all of
+these are and all of these reactions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are and all of these reactions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are and all of these reactions are
+catalyzed by one kind of an enzyme which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyzed by one kind of an enzyme which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyzed by one kind of an enzyme which
+is a cytochrome p450 oxen and walks of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a cytochrome p450 oxen and walks of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a cytochrome p450 oxen and walks of
+Jenice so we're going to see that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jenice so we're going to see that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jenice so we're going to see that all
+the reactions are catalyzed by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactions are catalyzed by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactions are catalyzed by a
+cytochrome p450 why don't walk sachin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytochrome p450 why don't walk sachin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytochrome p450 why don't walk sachin
+'is not a flavin mano and cities and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+'is not a flavin mano and cities and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+'is not a flavin mano and cities and if
+you look at the chemistry Flavin's are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the chemistry Flavin's are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the chemistry Flavin's are
+not anywhere near as strong our oxidants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not anywhere near as strong our oxidants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not anywhere near as strong our oxidants
+as team dependent oxidation so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as team dependent oxidation so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as team dependent oxidation so if you
+have something really hard to oxidize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something really hard to oxidize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something really hard to oxidize
+you're never gonna use a flavin you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're never gonna use a flavin you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're never gonna use a flavin you're
+going to use a heme and what do we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use a heme and what do we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use a heme and what do we know
+about all these enzymes I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all these enzymes I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all these enzymes I'm not going to
+talk about this in detail but you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this in detail but you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this in detail but you have
+an iron 3 he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an iron 3 he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an iron 3 he
+and for those of you don't remember what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for those of you don't remember what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for those of you don't remember what
+he is we're going to be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he is we're going to be talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he is we're going to be talking about
+this in more detail in the section of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in more detail in the section of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in more detail in the section of
+reactive oxygen species it's a pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive oxygen species it's a pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive oxygen species it's a pro
+tempore for nine that's what you see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempore for nine that's what you see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempore for nine that's what you see in
+hemoglobin it's the exact same cofactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemoglobin it's the exact same cofactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemoglobin it's the exact same cofactor
+you see in hemoglobin but what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see in hemoglobin but what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see in hemoglobin but what's
+distinct about this is that instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct about this is that instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct about this is that instead of
+having a histidine ligand and has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a histidine ligand and has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a histidine ligand and has a
+thiolate ligand and that's key to why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thiolate ligand and that's key to why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thiolate ligand and that's key to why
+p450s can catalyze these unactivated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p450s can catalyze these unactivated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p450s can catalyze these unactivated
+hydroxylation sew-on can catalyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxylation sew-on can catalyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxylation sew-on can catalyze
+hydroxylation zuv unactivated bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxylation zuv unactivated bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxylation zuv unactivated bonds
+whereas hemoglobin reversibly finds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas hemoglobin reversibly finds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas hemoglobin reversibly finds
+oxygen okay so these p450s use the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen okay so these p450s use the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen okay so these p450s use the same
+system and an oxygen system and what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and an oxygen system and what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and an oxygen system and what do
+they do and so what I do is refer you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do and so what I do is refer you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do and so what I do is refer you
+over here too let's look simply at seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here too let's look simply at seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here too let's look simply at seven
+through ten okay and we're removing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through ten okay and we're removing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through ten okay and we're removing this
+methyl group okay so we're removing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl group okay so we're removing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl group okay so we're removing this
+little methyl group in the a ring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little methyl group in the a ring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little methyl group in the a ring the
+first ring is the a ring sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so stereospecific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so stereospecific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so stereospecific
+and so I'm not drawing the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I'm not drawing the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I'm not drawing the rest of the
+structure in all right our goal is if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure in all right our goal is if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure in all right our goal is if we
+go through 9 through 10 and then 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through 9 through 10 and then 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through 9 through 10 and then 11
+through 13 we want to get rid of both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through 13 we want to get rid of both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through 13 we want to get rid of both of
+these methyl groups okay and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these methyl groups okay and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these methyl groups okay and it's
+thought that one enzyme but they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that one enzyme but they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that one enzyme but they don't
+know can catalyze multiple oxidations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know can catalyze multiple oxidations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know can catalyze multiple oxidations
+and why don't they know where do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why don't they know where do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why don't they know where do you
+think all this chemistry happens you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think all this chemistry happens you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think all this chemistry happens you
+have cholesterol what do we know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have cholesterol what do we know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have cholesterol what do we know about
+the structure of cholesterol it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of cholesterol it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of cholesterol it's a
+ so what do you think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ so what do you think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ so what do you think the
+chemistry happens in the membranes yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry happens in the membranes yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry happens in the membranes yeah
+and so that's manic string people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's manic string people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's manic string people are
+50s hundreds you go to meetings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50s hundreds you go to meetings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50s hundreds you go to meetings
+thousands of people go still go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of people go still go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of people go still go to
+people for 50 meetings on their major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people for 50 meetings on their major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people for 50 meetings on their major
+targets of all kinds of therapeutics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targets of all kinds of therapeutics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targets of all kinds of therapeutics and
+they're almost all membrane-associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're almost all membrane-associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're almost all membrane-associated
+which has been problematic in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has been problematic in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has been problematic in terms of
+isolation and characterization and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation and characterization and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation and characterization and here
+despite a lot of effort people really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite a lot of effort people really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite a lot of effort people really
+still don't know the sequence of events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still don't know the sequence of events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still don't know the sequence of events
+or have isolated and purified the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or have isolated and purified the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or have isolated and purified the
+enzymes they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes they're all
+in the ER okay which is what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ER okay which is what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ER okay which is what we're going
+to come back to and they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come back to and they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come back to and they're all
+membrane-associated so what happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane-associated so what happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane-associated so what happens in
+these reactions is you take a methyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these reactions is you take a methyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these reactions is you take a methyl
+group and then you oxidize it with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and then you oxidize it with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and then you oxidize it with one
+p450 okay so we somehow use oxygen ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p450 okay so we somehow use oxygen ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p450 okay so we somehow use oxygen ion
+chemistry to do a hydroxylation reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry to do a hydroxylation reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry to do a hydroxylation reaction
+have you seen that before in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you seen that before in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you seen that before in the first
+hard part of this first part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard part of this first part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard part of this first part of the
+semester anybody remembers say anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester anybody remembers say anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester anybody remembers say anything
+maybe you didn't see it I missed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you didn't see it I missed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you didn't see it I missed a
+couple of lectures do you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of lectures do you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of lectures do you remember
+seeing hydroxylation reactions anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing hydroxylation reactions anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing hydroxylation reactions anywhere
+Liz do you talk did you was that in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Liz do you talk did you was that in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Liz do you talk did you was that in any
+of the natural products okay so but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the natural products okay so but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the natural products okay so but what
+you'll see I think this is like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see I think this is like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see I think this is like a
+decorative like a decorating module that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decorative like a decorating module that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decorative like a decorating module that
+you saw on the knob ribosomal peptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw on the knob ribosomal peptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw on the knob ribosomal peptide
+synthesis but here these these things as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis but here these these things as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis but here these these things as
+an in the non-ribosomal peptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an in the non-ribosomal peptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an in the non-ribosomal peptide
+synthesis are absolutely specific and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis are absolutely specific and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis are absolutely specific and so
+you have one hydroxylation you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have one hydroxylation you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have one hydroxylation you have a
+second hydroxylation you have a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second hydroxylation you have a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second hydroxylation you have a third
+hydroxylation which is chemically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxylation which is chemically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxylation which is chemically
+distinct and then the question is how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct and then the question is how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct and then the question is how do
+you get rid of this altogether because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get rid of this altogether because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get rid of this altogether because
+our goal is to remove the methyl okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our goal is to remove the methyl okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our goal is to remove the methyl okay
+that's what our goal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what our goal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what our goal is
+okay so we've gone hydroxymethyl the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we've gone hydroxymethyl the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we've gone hydroxymethyl the
+aldehyde the acid so now you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldehyde the acid so now you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldehyde the acid so now you have an
+acid next to the alcohol how do you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid next to the alcohol how do you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid next to the alcohol how do you get
+rid of that because anybody what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of that because anybody what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of that because anybody what kind of
+chemistry could you do to allow you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry could you do to allow you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry could you do to allow you to
+lose the co2 you need to speak louder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose the co2 you need to speak louder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose the co2 you need to speak louder
+don't you don't I mean you know just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you don't I mean you know just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you don't I mean you know just
+tell me what you think do what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what you think do what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what you think do what
+decarboxylation but can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarboxylation but can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarboxylation but can you
+decarboxylate so you're right we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarboxylate so you're right we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarboxylate so you're right we want to
+decarboxylate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do you have to do to decarboxylate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reduce the alcohol what what are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the alcohol what what are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the alcohol what what are you
+gonna do these are the kinds of you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do these are the kinds of you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do these are the kinds of you'll
+see these these are reactions happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see these these are reactions happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see these these are reactions happen
+over and over again and in biochemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again and in biochemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again and in biochemical
+pathways right you want to oxidize it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways right you want to oxidize it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways right you want to oxidize it so
+what happens if you look at this pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if you look at this pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if you look at this pathway
+over here in this step you use it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here in this step you use it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here in this step you use it should
+be an ADP so you use n ADP and what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an ADP so you use n ADP and what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an ADP so you use n ADP and what does
+that do I'm not going to write this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do I'm not going to write this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do I'm not going to write this out
+but it oxidizes this to a ketone and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it oxidizes this to a ketone and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it oxidizes this to a ketone and now
+what do you have you have a BTEC beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you have you have a BTEC beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you have you have a BTEC beta
+keto acid and beta keto acids rapidly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keto acid and beta keto acids rapidly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keto acid and beta keto acids rapidly
+undergo decarboxylation reaction so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergo decarboxylation reaction so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergo decarboxylation reaction so this
+is a strategy that nature uses over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a strategy that nature uses over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a strategy that nature uses over and
+over again in many biosynthetic pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again in many biosynthetic pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again in many biosynthetic pathways
+and the thing that's interesting if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the thing that's interesting if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the thing that's interesting if you
+look at that pathway in detail and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that pathway in detail and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that pathway in detail and again
+you're not responsible for that but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not responsible for that but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not responsible for that but then
+it does the same thing on the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does the same thing on the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does the same thing on the next
+methyl so in the end you end up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl so in the end you end up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl so in the end you end up with a
+carbon with two hydrogen's here okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon with two hydrogen's here okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon with two hydrogen's here okay but
+it's not straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not straightforward
+but this kind of sequence of events you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this kind of sequence of events you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this kind of sequence of events you
+actually see a lot in metabolic pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see a lot in metabolic pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see a lot in metabolic pathways
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so I don't want to really say much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't want to really say much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't want to really say much more
+about this that 19 steps you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this that 19 steps you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this that 19 steps you need to
+remove three methyl groups all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove three methyl groups all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove three methyl groups all the
+enzymes they're ER bound making it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes they're ER bound making it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes they're ER bound making it
+difficult to study the ends of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to study the ends of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to study the ends of
+individual enzymatic reactions and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual enzymatic reactions and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual enzymatic reactions and we
+would like to know the order but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to know the order but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to know the order but we
+don't know it at this stage what we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know it at this stage what we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know it at this stage what we know
+is what we see at the end okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we see at the end okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we see at the end okay so
+finally um I wanted to get here at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally um I wanted to get here at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally um I wanted to get here at the
+end of lecture two we've gotten here a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of lecture two we've gotten here a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of lecture two we've gotten here a
+little later um we've started with acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little later um we've started with acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little later um we've started with acid
+Hilco a we made the major building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hilco a we made the major building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hilco a we made the major building
+blocks for all terpenes IPP any dimethyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks for all terpenes IPP any dimethyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks for all terpenes IPP any dimethyl
+AP p and we've gotten to form this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AP p and we've gotten to form this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AP p and we've gotten to form this very
+complicated molecule everything starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated molecule everything starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated molecule everything starts
+with acetic away and you can this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with acetic away and you can this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with acetic away and you can this is
+classic work by conrad block who won the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic work by conrad block who won the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic work by conrad block who won the
+Nobel Prize for this work who then by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel Prize for this work who then by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel Prize for this work who then by
+doing label chasing which you learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing label chasing which you learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing label chasing which you learned
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+hopefully an introductory chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully an introductory chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully an introductory chemistry
+figured out help them to figure out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out help them to figure out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out help them to figure out this
+complex biosynthetic alpha which isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex biosynthetic alpha which isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex biosynthetic alpha which isn't
+so easy because things are membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so easy because things are membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so easy because things are membrane
+bound and very lipophilic okay so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound and very lipophilic okay so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound and very lipophilic okay so we've
+got cholesterol okay so this module is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got cholesterol okay so this module is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got cholesterol okay so this module is
+on cholesterol and we've been able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on cholesterol and we've been able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on cholesterol and we've been able to
+biosynthesize it through an amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesize it through an amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesize it through an amazing
+sequence of reactions that have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of reactions that have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of reactions that have been
+studied over the decades but we can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied over the decades but we can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied over the decades but we can also
+get cholesterol we want to ask the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get cholesterol we want to ask the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get cholesterol we want to ask the
+question first of all why are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question first of all why are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question first of all why are we
+interesting cholesterol I think you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting cholesterol I think you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting cholesterol I think you've
+already seen hints of that with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already seen hints of that with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already seen hints of that with the
+statins and hitting hmg-coa reductase we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statins and hitting hmg-coa reductase we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statins and hitting hmg-coa reductase we
+have issues when cholesterol levels are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have issues when cholesterol levels are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have issues when cholesterol levels are
+too high or too low we need to control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too high or too low we need to control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too high or too low we need to control
+the levels of cholesterol and the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the levels of cholesterol and the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the levels of cholesterol and the second
+way we can get cholesterol besides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we can get cholesterol besides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we can get cholesterol besides
+making it as we get it from our diet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it as we get it from our diet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it as we get it from our diet
+okay so if we get it from the diet the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if we get it from the diet the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if we get it from the diet the
+molecule we'll see is not very soluble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule we'll see is not very soluble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule we'll see is not very soluble
+how is it distributed into the tissues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is it distributed into the tissues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is it distributed into the tissues
+and then if you've distributed a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you've distributed a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you've distributed a lot of
+cholesterol from your diet you certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol from your diet you certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol from your diet you certainly
+don't want to keep making cholesterol so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to keep making cholesterol so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to keep making cholesterol so
+the question is how do you control those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is how do you control those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is how do you control those
+two events what are the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two events what are the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two events what are the general
+mechanisms of regulation of the levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms of regulation of the levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms of regulation of the levels
+of cholesterol and we're going to at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cholesterol and we're going to at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cholesterol and we're going to at the
+end look at the some of the classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end look at the some of the classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end look at the some of the classic
+experiments that Brown and Goldstein did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that Brown and Goldstein did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that Brown and Goldstein did
+to understand how cholesterol which from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand how cholesterol which from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand how cholesterol which from
+the diet can get into the bloodstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diet can get into the bloodstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diet can get into the bloodstream
+can get transferred into cells and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get transferred into cells and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get transferred into cells and so
+that's what that's where we're going and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what that's where we're going and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what that's where we're going and
+again the reading is the reading I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the reading is the reading I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the reading is the reading I've
+already given you before okay so why do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already given you before okay so why do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already given you before okay so why do
+we care about this we have a 30 step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we care about this we have a 30 step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we care about this we have a 30 step
+synthesis we're getting it from the diet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis we're getting it from the diet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis we're getting it from the diet
+we have keek which key issues and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have keek which key issues and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have keek which key issues and
+homeostasis which is what our focus is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeostasis which is what our focus is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeostasis which is what our focus is
+going to be okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be okay
+so why don't we care about cholesterol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why don't we care about cholesterol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why don't we care about cholesterol
+we care about cholesterol because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we care about cholesterol because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we care about cholesterol because it's
+associated with human health and cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with human health and cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with human health and cluster
+coronary artery disease probably many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coronary artery disease probably many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coronary artery disease probably many of
+you know people who have had heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know people who have had heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know people who have had heart
+attacks and so elevated cholesterol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks and so elevated cholesterol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks and so elevated cholesterol
+levels have been known for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels have been known for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels have been known for
+sometime to be associated with plaques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometime to be associated with plaques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometime to be associated with plaques
+are arteriosclerotic plaques which can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are arteriosclerotic plaques which can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are arteriosclerotic plaques which can
+lead to heart attacks and stroke so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to heart attacks and stroke so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to heart attacks and stroke so what
+happens is a cholesterol deposits you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is a cholesterol deposits you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is a cholesterol deposits you
+have the we try to remove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the we try to remove the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the we try to remove the
+cholesterol you generate a lot of scar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol you generate a lot of scar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol you generate a lot of scar
+tissue which then inhibits blood flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue which then inhibits blood flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue which then inhibits blood flow
+and then you're in trouble if you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're in trouble if you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're in trouble if you can't
+figure out how to unblock the blood flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to unblock the blood flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to unblock the blood flow
+okay so that's the main motivator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the main motivator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the main motivator and
+we'll see another main motivator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see another main motivator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see another main motivator is
+related to young children dying of heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to young children dying of heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to young children dying of heart
+attacks which is what got brown and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks which is what got brown and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks which is what got brown and
+brown and Goldstein into the area of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brown and Goldstein into the area of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brown and Goldstein into the area of
+cholesterol homeostasis so there have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol homeostasis so there have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol homeostasis so there have
+been three Nobel Prizes given four for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been three Nobel Prizes given four for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been three Nobel Prizes given four for
+work on cholesterol over the years I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on cholesterol over the years I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on cholesterol over the years I
+mean this is a classic paper some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this is a classic paper some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this is a classic paper some of the
+classic papers are actually quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic papers are actually quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic papers are actually quite
+interesting to read and often the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to read and often the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to read and often the
+original papers get things wrong okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original papers get things wrong okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original papers get things wrong okay so
+it was mostly right but not completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was mostly right but not completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was mostly right but not completely
+right but anyhow I mean I think if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but anyhow I mean I think if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but anyhow I mean I think if you
+you put it into the context 1928 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put it into the context 1928 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put it into the context 1928 you
+know how would you do experiments like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how would you do experiments like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how would you do experiments like
+that we had no IR we had no NMR we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had no IR we had no NMR we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had no IR we had no NMR we had
+no mass spec what do we have we had ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no mass spec what do we have we had ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no mass spec what do we have we had ways
+of degrading things okay you guys people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of degrading things okay you guys people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of degrading things okay you guys people
+don't do that anymore this is if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do that anymore this is if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do that anymore this is if you go
+back and you look at the discoveries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and you look at the discoveries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and you look at the discoveries
+before nineteen seventy or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before nineteen seventy or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before nineteen seventy or something
+these feats of pulling out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these feats of pulling out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these feats of pulling out the
+structures with the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures with the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures with the right
+stereochemistry is really I think quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereochemistry is really I think quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereochemistry is really I think quite
+astonishing and I think what's most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astonishing and I think what's most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astonishing and I think what's most
+amazing to me is this old literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing to me is this old literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing to me is this old literature
+it's actually much more reproducible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually much more reproducible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually much more reproducible
+than anything in the current literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than anything in the current literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than anything in the current literature
+okay so the current literature where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the current literature where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the current literature where
+you're spewing out papers a lot of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're spewing out papers a lot of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're spewing out papers a lot of which
+will never get reproduced so we won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will never get reproduced so we won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will never get reproduced so we won't
+know if it's reproducible but if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if it's reproducible but if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if it's reproducible but if you go
+back and you do anything I mean I'm you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and you do anything I mean I'm you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and you do anything I mean I'm you
+know in the old days you had it you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in the old days you had it you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in the old days you had it you had
+it you had a Lauren German because a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you had a Lauren German because a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you had a Lauren German because a lot
+of the original papers all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the original papers all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the original papers all of the
+chemical papers were in German they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical papers were in German they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical papers were in German they did
+seminal experiments back in those days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seminal experiments back in those days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seminal experiments back in those days
+and most of the time it was correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most of the time it was correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most of the time it was correct
+okay so anyhow these guys think you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so anyhow these guys think you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so anyhow these guys think you know
+the structure almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure almost
+okay and then Conrad block figured out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then Conrad block figured out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then Conrad block figured out
+it along with fritz lien and figured out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it along with fritz lien and figured out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it along with fritz lien and figured out
+how you make cholesterol by labeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you make cholesterol by labeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you make cholesterol by labeling
+experiments now you know many of you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments now you know many of you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments now you know many of you how
+many did label chasing in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many did label chasing in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many did label chasing in an
+introductory biochemistry course any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory biochemistry course any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory biochemistry course any of
+you have problem sets with label chasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have problem sets with label chasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have problem sets with label chasing
+so it's quite distinct and I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's quite distinct and I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's quite distinct and I mean I
+talked with John ethic men all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked with John ethic men all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked with John ethic men all those
+problems we're label chasing and I used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems we're label chasing and I used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems we're label chasing and I used
+to say oh no who wants to do label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say oh no who wants to do label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say oh no who wants to do label
+chasing but the fact is now if you read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chasing but the fact is now if you read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chasing but the fact is now if you read
+any of the current papers in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the current papers in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the current papers in the
+literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature
+everybody is labeled chasing and now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody is labeled chasing and now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody is labeled chasing and now we
+have much better ways of actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have much better ways of actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have much better ways of actually
+chasing while labels using mass spec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chasing while labels using mass spec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chasing while labels using mass spec
+methods so you can hardly pick up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods so you can hardly pick up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods so you can hardly pick up a
+journal nowadays without thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal nowadays without thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal nowadays without thinking about
+label chasing so these guys who were way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label chasing so these guys who were way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label chasing so these guys who were way
+ahead of their time but it was much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of their time but it was much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of their time but it was much
+harder in those days and then here here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder in those days and then here here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder in those days and then here here
+are brown and goldstein they won the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are brown and goldstein they won the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are brown and goldstein they won the
+Nobel Prize for the discovery of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel Prize for the discovery of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel Prize for the discovery of
+low-density lipoprotein and may still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-density lipoprotein and may still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-density lipoprotein and may still
+win another Nobel Prize for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win another Nobel Prize for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win another Nobel Prize for the
+regulatory mechanisms that we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory mechanisms that we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory mechanisms that we'll talk
+about at the end of lecture five okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about at the end of lecture five okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about at the end of lecture five okay so
+um the first thing I want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the first thing I want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the first thing I want to talk about
+and what your three is focused on what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what your three is focused on what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what your three is focused on what I
+want to do is focus on the properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is focus on the properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is focus on the properties of
+cholesterol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so so we want to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so we want to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so we want to look at the
+properties of cholesterol then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of cholesterol then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of cholesterol then we're
+going to ask the question how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ask the question how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ask the question how does
+cholesterol how does cholesterol get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol how does cholesterol get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol how does cholesterol get
+from the diet to the bloodstream and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the diet to the bloodstream and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the diet to the bloodstream and
+then we're going to ask the question how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to ask the question how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to ask the question how
+does cholesterol get from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does cholesterol get from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does cholesterol get from the
+bloodstream into the tissues where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bloodstream into the tissues where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bloodstream into the tissues where it's
+essential for membrane controlling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential for membrane controlling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential for membrane controlling
+membrane fluidity so what do we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane fluidity so what do we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane fluidity so what do we know
+about the part about cholesterol itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the part about cholesterol itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the part about cholesterol itself
+if you look at the structure what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the structure what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the structure what do we
+have we have a grease ball and a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we have a grease ball and a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we have a grease ball and a little
+hydrophilic head okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophilic head okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophilic head okay
+and so this cholesterol moiety if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this cholesterol moiety if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this cholesterol moiety if you
+look at the structure up there it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the structure up there it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the structure up there it's
+really pretty rigid and in fact rigidify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really pretty rigid and in fact rigidify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really pretty rigid and in fact rigidify
+so this is rigid and in fact rigidify x'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is rigid and in fact rigidify x'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is rigid and in fact rigidify x'
+membranes and you can see this if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membranes and you can see this if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membranes and you can see this if you go
+back and look at this hard to see these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and look at this hard to see these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and look at this hard to see these
+little things but those are cholesterol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little things but those are cholesterol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little things but those are cholesterol
+stuck within the phospholipid bilayers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck within the phospholipid bilayers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck within the phospholipid bilayers
+and this is Keith and this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is Keith and this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is Keith and this is something
+that I think a lot of people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think a lot of people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think a lot of people are
+spending a lot more time line and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending a lot more time line and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending a lot more time line and we're
+getting much better at this now people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting much better at this now people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting much better at this now people
+would stay away from membranes because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would stay away from membranes because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would stay away from membranes because
+it's so and membrane proteins because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so and membrane proteins because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so and membrane proteins because
+it's so hard to work with and they stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so hard to work with and they stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so hard to work with and they stick
+to everything how do you control all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to everything how do you control all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to everything how do you control all
+this and brown and goldstein really did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and brown and goldstein really did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and brown and goldstein really did
+some of the classic experiments that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the classic experiments that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the classic experiments that
+taught us how to deal with these type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught us how to deal with these type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught us how to deal with these type of
+really hydrophobic molecules and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hydrophobic molecules and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hydrophobic molecules and so
+cholesterol is pretty important ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol is pretty important ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol is pretty important ten
+percent of the membranes actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the membranes actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the membranes actually have
+up the lipids and the membranes are from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the lipids and the membranes are from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the lipids and the membranes are from
+cholesterol so if you look at this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol so if you look at this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol so if you look at this you
+would think it wouldn't be very soluble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would think it wouldn't be very soluble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would think it wouldn't be very soluble
+and in fact the solubility of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact the solubility of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact the solubility of this
+solubility is about five micro molar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility is about five micro molar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility is about five micro molar
+okay so it's it isn't very soluble but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's it isn't very soluble but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's it isn't very soluble but
+in fact as an adult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have 35 to 50 grams we have 35 to 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have 35 to 50 grams we have 35 to 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have 35 to 50 grams we have 35 to 50
+grams of cholesterol and we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grams of cholesterol and we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grams of cholesterol and we know that
+per day one gram is derived from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per day one gram is derived from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per day one gram is derived from
+synthesis and the liver so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis and the liver so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis and the liver so the
+predominant organ where cholesterol was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predominant organ where cholesterol was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predominant organ where cholesterol was
+made like we just were describing is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made like we just were describing is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made like we just were describing is the
+liver but we also have and I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liver but we also have and I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liver but we also have and I don't know
+how good these numbers are I got them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how good these numbers are I got them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how good these numbers are I got them
+out of some book it's not an expert in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of some book it's not an expert in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of some book it's not an expert in
+this but anyhow these are all rough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but anyhow these are all rough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but anyhow these are all rough
+numbers and you'll see these in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and you'll see these in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and you'll see these in other
+nutrient uptake systems you want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrient uptake systems you want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrient uptake systems you want to have
+some vague idea of the contributions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some vague idea of the contributions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some vague idea of the contributions to
+the two distinct processes we get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two distinct processes we get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two distinct processes we get from
+the diet say 200 to 300 milligrams from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diet say 200 to 300 milligrams from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diet say 200 to 300 milligrams from
+the diet so then if you think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diet so then if you think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diet so then if you think about this
+cholesterol we're going to see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol we're going to see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol we're going to see is
+transported in the blood so we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transported in the blood so we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transported in the blood so we're gonna
+see Cole and we'll see how that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oops transported and we know something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops transported and we know something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops transported and we know something
+about the amounts and if you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the amounts and if you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the amounts and if you do a
+calculation that says that you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation that says that you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation that says that you would
+have five milli molar cholesterol okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have five milli molar cholesterol okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have five milli molar cholesterol okay
+so that's impossible the number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's impossible the number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's impossible the number is
+squishy but it's impossible so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squishy but it's impossible so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squishy but it's impossible so you have
+this insoluble mess so the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this insoluble mess so the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this insoluble mess so the question is
+how do you deal with it okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you deal with it okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you deal with it okay and so
+that's what we need to think about so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we need to think about so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we need to think about so
+how does cholesterol move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so how does cholesterol move go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how does cholesterol move go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how does cholesterol move go
+from the blood to given the solubility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the blood to given the solubility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the blood to given the solubility
+problems okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems okay
+so here's again the structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's again the structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's again the structure of
+cholesterol again it's pretty rigid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol again it's pretty rigid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol again it's pretty rigid and
+it inserts itself into membranes okay we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it inserts itself into membranes okay we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it inserts itself into membranes okay we
+did get cholesterol from you all know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did get cholesterol from you all know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did get cholesterol from you all know
+you could get cholesterol from beef and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could get cholesterol from beef and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could get cholesterol from beef and
+chicken and eggs I guess there aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chicken and eggs I guess there aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chicken and eggs I guess there aren't
+very many do any of you eat it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very many do any of you eat it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very many do any of you eat it
+McDonald's or is that a passe thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McDonald's or is that a passe thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McDonald's or is that a passe thing I
+love McDonald's anyhow that was my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love McDonald's anyhow that was my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love McDonald's anyhow that was my
+favorite when I was at Wisconsin there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite when I was at Wisconsin there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite when I was at Wisconsin there
+was only one restaurant near where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was only one restaurant near where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was only one restaurant near where the
+biochemistry department was and I went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry department was and I went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry department was and I went
+there every day and my favorite thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there every day and my favorite thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there every day and my favorite thing
+was like two of those things slathered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like two of those things slathered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like two of those things slathered
+in cheese with french fries okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cheese with french fries okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cheese with french fries okay
+anyhow fortunately I very little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyhow fortunately I very little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyhow fortunately I very little
+cholesterol but anyhow you get the diets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol but anyhow you get the diets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol but anyhow you get the diets
+of cholesterol in what you eat can in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cholesterol in what you eat can in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cholesterol in what you eat can in
+fact be problematic and and party it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact be problematic and and party it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact be problematic and and party it
+really sort of depends on how lucky you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sort of depends on how lucky you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sort of depends on how lucky you
+are genetically right that's sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are genetically right that's sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are genetically right that's sort of the
+key thing okay so what do we do we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key thing okay so what do we do we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key thing okay so what do we do we have
+this insoluble we have this is soluble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this insoluble we have this is soluble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this insoluble we have this is soluble
+molecule and the question is how are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and the question is how are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and the question is how are we
+going to get this a soluble molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get this a soluble molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get this a soluble molecule
+into the tissues where it's needed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the tissues where it's needed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the tissues where it's needed to
+control the fluidity of the membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the fluidity of the membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the fluidity of the membrane
+that's the issue so the second thing I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the issue so the second thing I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the issue so the second thing I'm
+just gonna introduce you to and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gonna introduce you to and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gonna introduce you to and this is
+taken from vote and vote so many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken from vote and vote so many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken from vote and vote so many of you
+may have read that if you had seven oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have read that if you had seven oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have read that if you had seven oh
+five or something but in five of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five or something but in five of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five or something but in five of our
+cell phone we don't cover material we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell phone we don't cover material we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell phone we don't cover material we
+don't cover this reaction so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't cover this reaction so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't cover this reaction so I'm going
+to spend a few minutes going over it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend a few minutes going over it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend a few minutes going over it so
+what has to happen is cholesterol is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what has to happen is cholesterol is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what has to happen is cholesterol is
+found in Lippo lipoprotein Protocol's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and so and we know a lot about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so and we know a lot about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so and we know a lot about the
+composition of these lipoprotein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition of these lipoprotein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition of these lipoprotein
+particles which is taken from vote vote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles which is taken from vote vote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles which is taken from vote vote
+and what you can see is and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you can see is and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you can see is and I think
+again the relative amounts isn't all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the relative amounts isn't all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the relative amounts isn't all
+that important but you can see you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that important but you can see you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that important but you can see you have
+and we're gonna be focusing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're gonna be focusing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're gonna be focusing on
+low-density lipoprotein which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-density lipoprotein which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-density lipoprotein which is the
+major deliverer of cholesterol to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major deliverer of cholesterol to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major deliverer of cholesterol to the
+tissues and why is that true so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissues and why is that true so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissues and why is that true so if you
+look at free cholesterol we see we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at free cholesterol we see we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at free cholesterol we see we see
+ten seven to ten percent I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten seven to ten percent I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten seven to ten percent I'm going to
+tell you about the structure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you about the structure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you about the structure of the
+lipoproteins in a minute but most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipoproteins in a minute but most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipoproteins in a minute but most of the
+cholesterol is actually esterified with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol is actually esterified with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol is actually esterified with
+fatty acids and you can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acids and you can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acids and you can see that the
+cholesterol esters are thirty five to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol esters are thirty five to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol esters are thirty five to
+forty percent so if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forty percent so if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forty percent so if you look at the
+total amount of cholesterol and the LDL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total amount of cholesterol and the LDL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total amount of cholesterol and the LDL
+particles compared to all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles compared to all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles compared to all the other
+particles it's much higher okay so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles it's much higher okay so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles it's much higher okay so what
+do you see and and what do you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see and and what do you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see and and what do you have to
+worry about if you're getting this from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about if you're getting this from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about if you're getting this from
+the diet so what would you expect to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diet so what would you expect to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diet so what would you expect to see
+you would expect to see proteins you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would expect to see proteins you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would expect to see proteins you
+would see phospho lipids okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see phospho lipids okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see phospho lipids okay so this is
+a phospho lipid you would expect to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a phospho lipid you would expect to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a phospho lipid you would expect to see
+try acyl glycerol everybody know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try acyl glycerol everybody know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try acyl glycerol everybody know what
+tri acyl glycerol is okay we expect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tri acyl glycerol is okay we expect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tri acyl glycerol is okay we expect to
+see fatty acids we expect to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see fatty acids we expect to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see fatty acids we expect to see
+cholesterol and if you look over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol and if you look over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol and if you look over here
+what people have done have isolated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people have done have isolated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people have done have isolated
+different particles how do they isolate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different particles how do they isolate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different particles how do they isolate
+the particles the particles are isolated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particles the particles are isolated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particles the particles are isolated
+based on density differences and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on density differences and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on density differences and if you
+look at all of these different different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at all of these different different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at all of these different different
+compositions they vary between very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compositions they vary between very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compositions they vary between very low
+density lipoprotein intermediate density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density lipoprotein intermediate density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density lipoprotein intermediate density
+lipoprotein high density lipoprotein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipoprotein high density lipoprotein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipoprotein high density lipoprotein
+they have different amounts of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have different amounts of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have different amounts of these
+different species and in fact most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different species and in fact most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different species and in fact most of
+our very hydrophobic stuff on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our very hydrophobic stuff on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our very hydrophobic stuff on the
+outside and more hydrophilic stuff on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside and more hydrophilic stuff on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside and more hydrophilic stuff on
+the exterior on the inside and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exterior on the inside and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exterior on the inside and more
+hydrophilic stuff on the exterior which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophilic stuff on the exterior which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophilic stuff on the exterior which
+is more dense and then that tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more dense and then that tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more dense and then that tells you
+something about how these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about how these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about how these things
+sediment by centrifugation method and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sediment by centrifugation method and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sediment by centrifugation method and a
+density gradient so these lipoprotein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density gradient so these lipoprotein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density gradient so these lipoprotein
+particles and we're going to see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and we're going to see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and we're going to see this
+kind of method in next week's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of method in next week's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of method in next week's
+recitations are separated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitations are separated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitations are separated by
+centrifugation due to density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrifugation due to density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrifugation due to density
+differences okay so let's just briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences okay so let's just briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences okay so let's just briefly
+look at LDL that's what we're gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at LDL that's what we're gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at LDL that's what we're gonna be
+dealing with today and it's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with today and it's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with today and it's important
+because LDL is what we're gonna try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because LDL is what we're gonna try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because LDL is what we're gonna try to
+take into the cell and the composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take into the cell and the composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take into the cell and the composition
+of the LDL is key to thinking about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the LDL is key to thinking about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the LDL is key to thinking about how
+to studying that process and the classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to studying that process and the classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to studying that process and the classic
+brown and gold Snee experiments so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brown and gold Snee experiments so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brown and gold Snee experiments so if we
+look at the cartoon of LDL that you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the cartoon of LDL that you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the cartoon of LDL that you see
+up there what you see is a particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there what you see is a particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there what you see is a particle
+they're sort of circular this probe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sort of circular this probe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sort of circular this probe the
+LDL particles which is what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LDL particles which is what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LDL particles which is what we're going
+to be focusing on low-density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be focusing on low-density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be focusing on low-density
+lipoprotein particles have only a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipoprotein particles have only a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipoprotein particles have only a single
+protein and this protein is called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein and this protein is called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein and this protein is called a
+poby it's a huge protein and it covers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poby it's a huge protein and it covers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poby it's a huge protein and it covers
+about 50% of the surface of the particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 50% of the surface of the particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 50% of the surface of the particle
+itself again these things change in size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself again these things change in size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself again these things change in size
+we'll see when we actually look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see when we actually look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see when we actually look at the
+transport process what do we know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport process what do we know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport process what do we know it's
+on the exterior on the exterior what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the exterior on the exterior what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the exterior on the exterior what you
+see okay all over the exterior these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see okay all over the exterior these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see okay all over the exterior these
+things are phospholipids okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are phospholipids okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are phospholipids okay
+so this the phosphate is on the outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this the phosphate is on the outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this the phosphate is on the outside
+the the fatty acids are on the inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the fatty acids are on the inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the fatty acids are on the inside
+what else do you see on the exterior you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else do you see on the exterior you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else do you see on the exterior you
+see a lot of cholesterol molecules which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a lot of cholesterol molecules which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a lot of cholesterol molecules which
+I'm indicating like this okay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm indicating like this okay and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm indicating like this okay and then
+it turns out the the predominant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out the the predominant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out the the predominant and
+that may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may
+he covers I don't know 20 angstroms but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he covers I don't know 20 angstroms but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he covers I don't know 20 angstroms but
+the particles are like 200 angstroms 220
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particles are like 200 angstroms 220
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particles are like 200 angstroms 220
+angstroms so what's in the center and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms so what's in the center and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms so what's in the center and
+what's in the center so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in the center so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in the center so this is the
+interior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior
+you basically have tri acyl glycerols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically have tri acyl glycerols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically have tri acyl glycerols
+and then you have cholesterol and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have cholesterol and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have cholesterol and
+remember cholesterol has three one lone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember cholesterol has three one lone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember cholesterol has three one lone
+3 prime hydroxyl group and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 prime hydroxyl group and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 prime hydroxyl group and this is
+esterified with a fatty acid okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+esterified with a fatty acid okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+esterified with a fatty acid okay and so
+this is also in the interior okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also in the interior okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also in the interior okay so
+that's the composition of the LDL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the composition of the LDL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the composition of the LDL
+particles and the question is again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and the question is again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and the question is again
+where do they come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do they come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do they come from
+starting with stuff we get from the diet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with stuff we get from the diet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with stuff we get from the diet
+okay so that's we're going to be focused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's we're going to be focused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's we're going to be focused
+on and that's what we're going to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and that's what we're going to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and that's what we're going to try
+the cholesterol is stuck on the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cholesterol is stuck on the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cholesterol is stuck on the surface
+and in the interior yeah and we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the interior yeah and we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the interior yeah and we're not
+talking about this in detail at all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this in detail at all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this in detail at all I
+don't know how many slicer Aunt Sarah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how many slicer Aunt Sarah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how many slicer Aunt Sarah
+and I don't really know that much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't really know that much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't really know that much about
+all of these different proteins you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these different proteins you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these different proteins you
+don't have to go read about them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to go read about them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to go read about them in
+detail okay so I'm giving you sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail okay so I'm giving you sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail okay so I'm giving you sort of a
+cartoon general overview of what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon general overview of what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon general overview of what you
+need to think about there splice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to think about there splice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to think about there splice
+variants almost any protein and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variants almost any protein and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variants almost any protein and in
+humans you know ie and the P CSK the we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans you know ie and the P CSK the we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans you know ie and the P CSK the we
+talked about there there were nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about there there were nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about there there were nine
+isozymes okay so isozymes and eukaryotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isozymes okay so isozymes and eukaryotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isozymes okay so isozymes and eukaryotic
+systems are something you have to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems are something you have to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems are something you have to worry
+about a lot for this lecture and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a lot for this lecture and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a lot for this lecture and for
+what I want to say you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to say you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to say you don't have to
+worry about that okay and if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about that okay and if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about that okay and if you want to
+read about it go for it okay so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read about it go for it okay so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read about it go for it okay so we have
+LDL particles and the distinct from all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LDL particles and the distinct from all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LDL particles and the distinct from all
+these other particles which have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other particles which have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other particles which have
+different densities different proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different densities different proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different densities different proteins
+and there are two cartoons I want to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are two cartoons I want to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are two cartoons I want to use
+this cartoon was taken from Botafogo I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cartoon was taken from Botafogo I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cartoon was taken from Botafogo I
+think it was a thirty issue the one from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it was a thirty issue the one from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it was a thirty issue the one from
+the fourth issue which I'll show you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth issue which I'll show you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth issue which I'll show you in
+a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minute
+I think it's much better so I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's much better so I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's much better so I'm gonna
+change the handout but anyhow I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the handout but anyhow I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the handout but anyhow I just
+wanted very briefly walk you through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted very briefly walk you through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted very briefly walk you through
+this is a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a real
+complicated process and from my reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated process and from my reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated process and from my reading
+is really not completely understood but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really not completely understood but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really not completely understood but
+you have diet you know what do you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have diet you know what do you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have diet you know what do you have
+in your diet Troy so glycerol as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your diet Troy so glycerol as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your diet Troy so glycerol as
+phospholipids proteins they get taken is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phospholipids proteins they get taken is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phospholipids proteins they get taken is
+a diet they get into the intestine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a diet they get into the intestine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a diet they get into the intestine and
+somehow in that process they need to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow in that process they need to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow in that process they need to get
+packaged into one of these lipoprotein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packaged into one of these lipoprotein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packaged into one of these lipoprotein
+particles and the lupo protein particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and the lupo protein particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and the lupo protein particle
+there really is the predominant one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there really is the predominant one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there really is the predominant one that
+comes from the inside of the intestine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the inside of the intestine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the inside of the intestine
+are these things called chylomicrons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these things called chylomicrons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these things called chylomicrons and
+you can see they have a lot of proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see they have a lot of proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see they have a lot of proteins
+they have a lot of try acyl glycerol on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a lot of try acyl glycerol on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a lot of try acyl glycerol on
+they have a lot of phospholipids anyhow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a lot of phospholipids anyhow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a lot of phospholipids anyhow
+the composition varies and the sizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the composition varies and the sizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the composition varies and the sizes
+also vary so these chylomicrons come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also vary so these chylomicrons come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also vary so these chylomicrons come
+from the diet so how does how do these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the diet so how does how do these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the diet so how does how do these
+lipoproteins deliver LDL to tissues that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipoproteins deliver LDL to tissues that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipoproteins deliver LDL to tissues that
+extra hepatic tissues that's what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra hepatic tissues that's what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra hepatic tissues that's what we're
+really after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really after
+and so these chylomicrons let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so these chylomicrons let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so these chylomicrons let me just
+show you the next slide for a second I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you the next slide for a second I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you the next slide for a second I
+think this is probably a better one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is probably a better one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is probably a better one
+anyhow so these chylomicrons somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyhow so these chylomicrons somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyhow so these chylomicrons somehow
+they have to package all this stuff into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to package all this stuff into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to package all this stuff into
+these go in the into these lipoproteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these go in the into these lipoproteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these go in the into these lipoproteins
+you know how that happens I don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how that happens I don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how that happens I don't really
+know very much about it maybe somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know very much about it maybe somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know very much about it maybe somebody
+does I don't know that much about it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does I don't know that much about it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does I don't know that much about it so
+anyhow it gets packaged into these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyhow it gets packaged into these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyhow it gets packaged into these
+little particles and then it goes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little particles and then it goes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little particles and then it goes into
+the intestinal lymph which then goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intestinal lymph which then goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intestinal lymph which then goes
+into the bloodstream and then it needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the bloodstream and then it needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the bloodstream and then it needs
+to start circulating so everything comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start circulating so everything comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start circulating so everything comes
+that from the diet comes from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from the diet comes from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from the diet comes from these
+Kyllo micro micron particles okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kyllo micro micron particles okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kyllo micro micron particles okay so
+what happens when you go adjacent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when you go adjacent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when you go adjacent to
+adipose tissue for muscles okay so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adipose tissue for muscles okay so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adipose tissue for muscles okay so what
+you need if you're going to make if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need if you're going to make if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need if you're going to make if
+you're going to be involved with fat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be involved with fat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be involved with fat
+metabolism or you need energy to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism or you need energy to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism or you need energy to run
+down the street you need fatty acids so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the street you need fatty acids so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the street you need fatty acids so
+whether the fatty acids come from they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the fatty acids come from they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the fatty acids come from they
+come from the tri acyl glycerol so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from the tri acyl glycerol so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from the tri acyl glycerol so what
+you have are lipases and all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have are lipases and all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have are lipases and all of these
+chylomicrons and the like lipases then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chylomicrons and the like lipases then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chylomicrons and the like lipases then
+when you get near the tissue let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get near the tissue let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get near the tissue let's see
+okay here we get near the tissue the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here we get near the tissue the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here we get near the tissue the
+muscle or the adipose tissue a light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle or the adipose tissue a light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle or the adipose tissue a light
+does everybody know what a lipase is or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does everybody know what a lipase is or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does everybody know what a lipase is or
+do you want me to write that reaction on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want me to write that reaction on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want me to write that reaction on
+the board does everybody know what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board does everybody know what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board does everybody know what a
+lipase is no okay so a lipase okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipase is no okay so a lipase okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipase is no okay so a lipase okay so
+here's your try acyl glycerol okay with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's your try acyl glycerol okay with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's your try acyl glycerol okay with
+different fatty acids so this is a T a G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different fatty acids so this is a T a G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different fatty acids so this is a T a G
+this is glycerol okay it's stereo this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is glycerol okay it's stereo this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is glycerol okay it's stereo this
+is a chiral Center and so what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a chiral Center and so what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a chiral Center and so what happens
+then is lipase is simply an ester ace it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is lipase is simply an ester ace it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is lipase is simply an ester ace it
+hydrolyzes the bond so I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolyzes the bond so I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolyzes the bond so I'm not going to
+draw the reaction out but the lipase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+catalyzes release this is a fatty acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyzes release this is a fatty acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyzes release this is a fatty acid
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and it actually cuts off two of them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it actually cuts off two of them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it actually cuts off two of them and
+so most of the time you have mono
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so most of the time you have mono
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so most of the time you have mono
+isolated fatty acids but again from what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated fatty acids but again from what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated fatty acids but again from what
+we're talking about this is not not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about this is not not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about this is not not
+really important because really what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important because really what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important because really what we
+want to do is get to the low-density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is get to the low-density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is get to the low-density
+lipoproteins okay so what you see when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipoproteins okay so what you see when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipoproteins okay so what you see when
+you start doing this is that if you drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start doing this is that if you drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start doing this is that if you drop
+off try a fabulous roll or more in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off try a fabulous roll or more in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off try a fabulous roll or more in a way
+so gross rolls here and you drop off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so gross rolls here and you drop off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so gross rolls here and you drop off
+something else to the other tissues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else to the other tissues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else to the other tissues
+along the way the sizes of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the way the sizes of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the way the sizes of your
+particles change size okay so they call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles change size okay so they call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles change size okay so they call
+these things then the remnants from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things then the remnants from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things then the remnants from your
+starting material and it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting material and it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting material and it turns out
+there's a receptor that takes up Kyllo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a receptor that takes up Kyllo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a receptor that takes up Kyllo
+micron remnants into the liver so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micron remnants into the liver so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micron remnants into the liver so the
+central player in all of this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central player in all of this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central player in all of this is the
+liver okay so you got to take stuff we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liver okay so you got to take stuff we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liver okay so you got to take stuff we
+get it from the diet but we got to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it from the diet but we got to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it from the diet but we got to get
+it into the liver and that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into the liver and that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into the liver and that's where
+everything's controlled and now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's controlled and now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's controlled and now it's
+predominantly where cholesterol is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predominantly where cholesterol is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predominantly where cholesterol is
+actually biosynthesized so if you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually biosynthesized so if you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually biosynthesized so if you start
+if you start you you bring in what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you start you you bring in what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you start you you bring in what are
+you bringing in you're bringing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bringing in you're bringing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bringing in you're bringing in
+cholesterol because you've dropped off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol because you've dropped off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol because you've dropped off
+triethyl glycerols and lipids and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triethyl glycerols and lipids and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triethyl glycerols and lipids and
+phospholipids to the tissues so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phospholipids to the tissues so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phospholipids to the tissues so what's
+predominantly left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predominantly left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predominantly left
+what's predominantly left is cholesterol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's predominantly left is cholesterol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's predominantly left is cholesterol
+so from these chylomicrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay you drop off fatty acids and mono
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you drop off fatty acids and mono
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you drop off fatty acids and mono
+acyl glycerols to adipocytes or muscle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acyl glycerols to adipocytes or muscle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acyl glycerols to adipocytes or muscle
+and then what you have left is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what you have left is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what you have left is
+cholesterol you have a lot of stuff left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol you have a lot of stuff left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol you have a lot of stuff left
+but cholesterol is a major thing which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but cholesterol is a major thing which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but cholesterol is a major thing which
+is then going to go to the liver okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then going to go to the liver okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then going to go to the liver okay
+and so then once this gets into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then once this gets into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then once this gets into the
+liver the liver has all this machinery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liver the liver has all this machinery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liver the liver has all this machinery
+to repackage things and they can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to repackage things and they can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to repackage things and they can make
+very low-density lipoproteins again so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low-density lipoproteins again so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low-density lipoproteins again so
+you can go back and look at this it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go back and look at this it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go back and look at this it's
+very complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated
+they then in the bloodstream can drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they then in the bloodstream can drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they then in the bloodstream can drop
+off stuff along the way to tissues as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off stuff along the way to tissues as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off stuff along the way to tissues as
+well and then they change into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and then they change into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and then they change into
+intermediate density lipoproteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate density lipoproteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate density lipoproteins
+which then can change into low density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which then can change into low density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which then can change into low density
+lipoproteins and it's these low density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipoproteins and it's these low density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipoproteins and it's these low density
+lipoproteins that are gonna then deliver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipoproteins that are gonna then deliver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipoproteins that are gonna then deliver
+cholesterol that has more cholesterol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol that has more cholesterol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol that has more cholesterol
+than any of these other particles either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than any of these other particles either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than any of these other particles either
+to extra hepatic tissues or back into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to extra hepatic tissues or back into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to extra hepatic tissues or back into
+the liver okay so you have a complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liver okay so you have a complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liver okay so you have a complicated
+set of transport systems that we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of transport systems that we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of transport systems that we're not
+going to spend any time on but it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to spend any time on but it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to spend any time on but it's all
+related to the fact that cholesterol is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the fact that cholesterol is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the fact that cholesterol is
+basically not a happy camper and water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically not a happy camper and water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically not a happy camper and water
+and so we've got to figure out how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we've got to figure out how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we've got to figure out how to
+move cholesterol how to move cholesterol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move cholesterol how to move cholesterol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move cholesterol how to move cholesterol
+around okay okay so that just summarizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around okay okay so that just summarizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around okay okay so that just summarizes
+what I didn't show you over here you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I didn't show you over here you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I didn't show you over here you all
+have heard about high density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have heard about high density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have heard about high density
+cholesterol low density cholesterol and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol low density cholesterol and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol low density cholesterol and
+high density cholesterol is distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high density cholesterol is distinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high density cholesterol is distinct
+from all these other lipoprotein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all these other lipoprotein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all these other lipoprotein
+particles and it's sort of scavenges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and it's sort of scavenges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and it's sort of scavenges
+excess cholesterol from the these extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess cholesterol from the these extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess cholesterol from the these extra
+these extra hepatic cells and returns it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these extra hepatic cells and returns it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these extra hepatic cells and returns it
+to the liver okay but unlike the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the liver okay but unlike the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the liver okay but unlike the
+receptor mediated endocytosis we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor mediated endocytosis we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor mediated endocytosis we're
+going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk
+with the LDL receptor this receptor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the LDL receptor this receptor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the LDL receptor this receptor is
+completely distinct I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely distinct I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely distinct I'm not going to
+talk about it but the mechanism is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about it but the mechanism is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about it but the mechanism is
+distinct from these other receptors that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct from these other receptors that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct from these other receptors that
+people have also studied in some detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have also studied in some detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have also studied in some detail
+ok ok so the other thing that I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok ok so the other thing that I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok ok so the other thing that I wanted
+to briefly say is that in addition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to briefly say is that in addition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to briefly say is that in addition to
+cholesterol what you see and I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol what you see and I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol what you see and I'm not
+going to spend much time on this either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to spend much time on this either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to spend much time on this either
+but I think it's a worth mentioning is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think it's a worth mentioning is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think it's a worth mentioning is
+when you get cholesterol back into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get cholesterol back into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get cholesterol back into the
+liver what can you do with that excess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liver what can you do with that excess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liver what can you do with that excess
+cholesterol if you have too much of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol if you have too much of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol if you have too much of it
+how do you control the level sets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you control the level sets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you control the level sets the
+key thing we're going to be trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key thing we're going to be trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key thing we're going to be trying to
+focus on what have we learned at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on what have we learned at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on what have we learned at least
+to some level in control of lust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some level in control of lust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some level in control of lust
+cholesterol levels but it turns out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol levels but it turns out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol levels but it turns out in
+the liver so the key organ and all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liver so the key organ and all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liver so the key organ and all of
+this is the liver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the liver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the liver
+cholesterol can be metabolized to form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol can be metabolized to form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol can be metabolized to form
+molecules that have four rings just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules that have four rings just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules that have four rings just like
+cholesterol that are called bile acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol that are called bile acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol that are called bile acids
+okay and these are multiple steps I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and these are multiple steps I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and these are multiple steps I'm
+not going to draw out the steps but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to draw out the steps but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to draw out the steps but if
+you look at a bile acid okay and I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at a bile acid okay and I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at a bile acid okay and I have
+cartoons of bile acids over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoons of bile acids over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoons of bile acids over here
+so here's cholesterol and if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's cholesterol and if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's cholesterol and if you look at
+this it's hard to see it but if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's hard to see it but if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's hard to see it but if you look
+at it really sort of it looks a lot like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it really sort of it looks a lot like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it really sort of it looks a lot like
+cholesterol okay the only difference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol okay the only difference is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol okay the only difference is
+the only differences are you add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only differences are you add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only differences are you add
+additional hydroxyl groups okay so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional hydroxyl groups okay so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional hydroxyl groups okay so in
+cholesterol we have a 3 alpha hydroxyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol we have a 3 alpha hydroxyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol we have a 3 alpha hydroxyl
+group in in the bile acids you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group in in the bile acids you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group in in the bile acids you have two
+additional hydroxyl groups put on again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional hydroxyl groups put on again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional hydroxyl groups put on again
+by cytochrome p450s so you have hydroxyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by cytochrome p450s so you have hydroxyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by cytochrome p450s so you have hydroxyl
+group at c7 you have a hydroxyl group at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group at c7 you have a hydroxyl group at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group at c7 you have a hydroxyl group at
+12 and alpha simply means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 and alpha simply means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 and alpha simply means the
+stereochemistry so on the stereo at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereochemistry so on the stereo at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereochemistry so on the stereo at
+chemistry the hydroxyl group is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry the hydroxyl group is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry the hydroxyl group is on the
+same face so that's what I mean here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same face so that's what I mean here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same face so that's what I mean here so
+what you have then is hydrophobic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have then is hydrophobic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have then is hydrophobic and
+hydrophilic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in an addition if you look at the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an addition if you look at the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an addition if you look at the very
+end it turns out you have you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end it turns out you have you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end it turns out you have you have
+molecules glycine or taurine which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules glycine or taurine which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules glycine or taurine which are
+on which are on the which are on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on which are on the which are on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on which are on the which are on the
+handout which has a negative charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout which has a negative charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout which has a negative charge
+and again it's on the same face so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again it's on the same face so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again it's on the same face so we
+have a bunch of hydroxyl something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bunch of hydroxyl something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bunch of hydroxyl something
+charged and they act as emulsifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged and they act as emulsifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged and they act as emulsifying
+agents and that's all you're really sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents and that's all you're really sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents and that's all you're really sort
+of need to know so these become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of need to know so these become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of need to know so these become
+emulsifying and they really play sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emulsifying and they really play sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emulsifying and they really play sort of
+key role and also helping to take things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key role and also helping to take things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key role and also helping to take things
+back into the cell and this is a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into the cell and this is a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into the cell and this is a really
+complicated process and in fact I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated process and in fact I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated process and in fact I think
+it was here 15 years ago something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was here 15 years ago something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was here 15 years ago something
+people used to try to remove bile acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people used to try to remove bile acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people used to try to remove bile acids
+this is a mechanism of controlling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a mechanism of controlling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a mechanism of controlling
+cholesterol levels and what you did was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol levels and what you did was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol levels and what you did was
+actually way I'm way over again ok what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually way I'm way over again ok what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually way I'm way over again ok what
+you actually did was eat if any of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually did was eat if any of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually did was eat if any of you
+ever work with daleks anion exchange you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever work with daleks anion exchange you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever work with daleks anion exchange you
+used to eat the resin you have in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to eat the resin you have in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to eat the resin you have in the
+lab called Daleks because it would bind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab called Daleks because it would bind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab called Daleks because it would bind
+the negatively charged materials and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negatively charged materials and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negatively charged materials and so
+really it was very hard for people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it was very hard for people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it was very hard for people to
+stomach this but that was before we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stomach this but that was before we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stomach this but that was before we had
+really sort of Wonder drugs Dow X eating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sort of Wonder drugs Dow X eating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sort of Wonder drugs Dow X eating
+Daleks and these little grainy resins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Daleks and these little grainy resins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Daleks and these little grainy resins
+you should go look in the lab if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should go look in the lab if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should go look in the lab if you're
+doing a year off that's what we used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a year off that's what we used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a year off that's what we used to
+treat that's how we used to treat high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat that's how we used to treat high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat that's how we used to treat high
+levels of cholesterol okay so anyhow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of cholesterol okay so anyhow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of cholesterol okay so anyhow
+bile acids also play a key role we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bile acids also play a key role we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bile acids also play a key role we're
+not talking about this in detail so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not talking about this in detail so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not talking about this in detail so the
+next time we're going to come back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time we're going to come back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time we're going to come back and
+we now sort of see what the properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now sort of see what the properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now sort of see what the properties
+of cholesterol are that they're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cholesterol are that they're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cholesterol are that they're in
+lipoproteins and we want to focus on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipoproteins and we want to focus on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipoproteins and we want to focus on the
+key experiments that showed how LDL is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key experiments that showed how LDL is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key experiments that showed how LDL is
+taken into cells okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/uDBGHmhAmT8.txt b/uDBGHmhAmT8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..edf75596e8478129faf0955ad75385b3181115b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/uDBGHmhAmT8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5979 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to
+variability simulation this should look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability simulation this should look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability simulation this should look
+kind of familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of familiar
+this is much simpler simulation than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is much simpler simulation than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is much simpler simulation than
+before it's not going to take all day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it's not going to take all day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it's not going to take all day
+but it's going to illustrate one point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's going to illustrate one point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's going to illustrate one point
+very well which is what's the impact of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well which is what's the impact of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well which is what's the impact of
+variability on process performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability on process performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability on process performance
+that's our learning objective and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our learning objective and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our learning objective and we're
+going to look at it through the poker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at it through the poker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at it through the poker
+chip simulation we're going to look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip simulation we're going to look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip simulation we're going to look at a
+computer simulation because one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer simulation because one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer simulation because one of the
+problems with variability is sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with variability is sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with variability is sometimes
+to understand a variable system you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand a variable system you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand a variable system you need
+a lot of data a lot of cases and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of data a lot of cases and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of data a lot of cases and and
+we're also going to explore some simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're also going to explore some simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're also going to explore some simple
+relationships that help us think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships that help us think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships that help us think
+including that that cue theory equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including that that cue theory equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including that that cue theory equations
+that L showed that help us understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that L showed that help us understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that L showed that help us understand
+variable processes this is a piece of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable processes this is a piece of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable processes this is a piece of a
+rather old data on an engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather old data on an engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather old data on an engineering
+process with high variability the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process with high variability the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process with high variability the
+traditional process shown here with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional process shown here with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional process shown here with a
+high cycle time and high variability was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high cycle time and high variability was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high cycle time and high variability was
+actually the process that was value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the process that was value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the process that was value
+stream map in the module we showed I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream map in the module we showed I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream map in the module we showed I
+believe it was two days ago now that had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe it was two days ago now that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe it was two days ago now that had
+that very messy value stream mount right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very messy value stream mount right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very messy value stream mount right
+with all the arrows going everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all the arrows going everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all the arrows going everywhere
+it's a very unpredictable process it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very unpredictable process it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very unpredictable process it
+ended up having very high variability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up having very high variability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up having very high variability
+now the problem with that given that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the problem with that given that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the problem with that given that
+that process was embedded in a larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that process was embedded in a larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that process was embedded in a larger
+process which was to produce an airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process which was to produce an airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process which was to produce an airplane
+it was just the drawing release process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was just the drawing release process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was just the drawing release process
+the problem wasn't even so much the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem wasn't even so much the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem wasn't even so much the fact
+that it took a long time although that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it took a long time although that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it took a long time although that
+wasn't great the problem was that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't great the problem was that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't great the problem was that the
+variability was almost as high as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability was almost as high as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability was almost as high as the
+actual time which means it could take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual time which means it could take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual time which means it could take
+almost no time it could take double the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost no time it could take double the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost no time it could take double the
+amount of time and how easy is it to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time and how easy is it to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time and how easy is it to do
+organized work in a in an environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized work in a in an environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized work in a in an environment
+where even the allegedly simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where even the allegedly simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where even the allegedly simple
+processes are so unpredictable it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes are so unpredictable it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes are so unpredictable it's very
+bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad
+now they managed to actually do a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they managed to actually do a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they managed to actually do a lot
+about that by applying lean but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that by applying lean but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that by applying lean but you can
+you can see how disruptive that high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see how disruptive that high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see how disruptive that high
+variability is going to be the Accounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability is going to be the Accounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability is going to be the Accounts
+Payable module also reinforced that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Payable module also reinforced that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Payable module also reinforced that that
+the high variability was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high variability was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high variability was very
+destructive to that process on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructive to that process on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructive to that process on top of
+that you're gonna have quality problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're gonna have quality problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're gonna have quality problems
+variable process that's highly likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable process that's highly likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable process that's highly likely
+they may be variable because of mistakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may be variable because of mistakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may be variable because of mistakes
+or it may be that the variable process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it may be that the variable process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it may be that the variable process
+makes it easier to make mistakes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it easier to make mistakes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it easier to make mistakes and
+then we'll we're also going to talk both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll we're also going to talk both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll we're also going to talk both
+in Six Sigma and today about the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Six Sigma and today about the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Six Sigma and today about the process
+capability being affected by variability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability being affected by variability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability being affected by variability
+okay so we're gonna do I said there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're gonna do I said there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're gonna do I said there's
+already a dice game we're gonna do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already a dice game we're gonna do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already a dice game we're gonna do a
+computer sim and we're going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer sim and we're going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer sim and we're going to look at
+some simple relationships we're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some simple relationships we're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some simple relationships we're also
+going to sort of foreshadow some stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sort of foreshadow some stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sort of foreshadow some stuff
+we're going to do in the quality and Six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do in the quality and Six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do in the quality and Six
+Sigma not on these bullets I'm gonna try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma not on these bullets I'm gonna try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma not on these bullets I'm gonna try
+to go I'm talking fast right now because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go I'm talking fast right now because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go I'm talking fast right now because
+I'm gonna try to carve out a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna try to carve out a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna try to carve out a little bit
+of time at the end to discuss some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time at the end to discuss some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time at the end to discuss some of
+the things you can do about variability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things you can do about variability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things you can do about variability
+because I think that's particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think that's particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think that's particularly
+important to our healthcare audience to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to our healthcare audience to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to our healthcare audience to
+some extent our engineers but particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some extent our engineers but particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some extent our engineers but particular
+our healthcare people one of the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our healthcare people one of the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our healthcare people one of the big
+issues with applying any kind of process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues with applying any kind of process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues with applying any kind of process
+improvement and a very high variability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement and a very high variability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement and a very high variability
+environment is is just getting your mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment is is just getting your mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment is is just getting your mind
+wrapped around what does an average mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrapped around what does an average mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrapped around what does an average mean
+what is even a standard deviation mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is even a standard deviation mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is even a standard deviation mean
+in a in a process where the variability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in a process where the variability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in a process where the variability
+has weird distributions and odd special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has weird distributions and odd special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has weird distributions and odd special
+cases and outliers well we'll try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases and outliers well we'll try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases and outliers well we'll try to
+carve out a little bit of time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carve out a little bit of time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carve out a little bit of time to
+actually talk about some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually talk about some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually talk about some of the
+practical things you can do to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical things you can do to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical things you can do to get
+variability under control here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability under control here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability under control here's a
+perfect system what you are sitting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect system what you are sitting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect system what you are sitting in
+front of is a perfect balance single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of is a perfect balance single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of is a perfect balance single
+piece flow system or near single it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece flow system or near single it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece flow system or near single it's
+very small batch system it has tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small batch system it has tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small batch system it has tasks
+arranged in an in order and actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranged in an in order and actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranged in an in order and actually a
+u-shaped cell that's not a pull cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u-shaped cell that's not a pull cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u-shaped cell that's not a pull cell
+it's more of a push cell but still it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more of a push cell but still it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more of a push cell but still it's
+a u-shaped cell every task has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a u-shaped cell every task has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a u-shaped cell every task has an
+inventory in front of it a little buffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory in front of it a little buffer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory in front of it a little buffer
+inventory to make sure that it has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory to make sure that it has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory to make sure that it has the
+things it needs to do to do its work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it needs to do to do its work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it needs to do to do its work
+every task is perfectly balanced so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every task is perfectly balanced so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every task is perfectly balanced so that
+this is a there's no bottlenecks in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a there's no bottlenecks in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a there's no bottlenecks in the
+system the only thing the only thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the only thing the only thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the only thing the only thing
+imperfect about the system is its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfect about the system is its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfect about the system is its
+variability okay and the this half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability okay and the this half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability okay and the this half of
+the room your your mats actually say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room your your mats actually say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room your your mats actually say
+mailroom and PFR check and well you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mailroom and PFR check and well you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mailroom and PFR check and well you get
+that you get the picture or look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get the picture or look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get the picture or look
+the accounts payable process here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the accounts payable process here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the accounts payable process here you
+guys on the health care side actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys on the health care side actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys on the health care side actually
+have familiar-looking maths from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have familiar-looking maths from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have familiar-looking maths from
+yesterday because you had a process that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday because you had a process that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday because you had a process that
+had variability issues yesterday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had variability issues yesterday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had variability issues yesterday
+the point here both sides of the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point here both sides of the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point here both sides of the room
+are denticles and the point we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are denticles and the point we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are denticles and the point we're
+actually trying to make here is an awful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually trying to make here is an awful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually trying to make here is an awful
+lot of processes look like this even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of processes look like this even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of processes look like this even if
+you get them perfect if they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get them perfect if they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get them perfect if they have
+variability in them they're gonna behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability in them they're gonna behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability in them they're gonna behave
+in ways that that are actually even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ways that that are actually even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ways that that are actually even
+worse than one might might expect so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse than one might might expect so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse than one might might expect so
+let's find out how the system behaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's find out how the system behaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's find out how the system behaves
+this is the game it's very simple game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the game it's very simple game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the game it's very simple game
+what we're going to ask you to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to ask you to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to ask you to do is
+every day we're gonna call the shifts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day we're gonna call the shifts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day we're gonna call the shifts
+days every day we are going to process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days every day we are going to process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days every day we are going to process
+chips we are going to process one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips we are going to process one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips we are going to process one
+six-sided die with this chip so anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six-sided die with this chip so anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six-sided die with this chip so anywhere
+from one to six chips there's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one to six chips there's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one to six chips there's our
+variability the way we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability the way we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability the way we are going to
+process them is we are going to pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process them is we are going to pick up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process them is we are going to pick up
+chips from our inbox if you are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips from our inbox if you are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips from our inbox if you are the
+customer or patient person you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer or patient person you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer or patient person you have a
+big pile of chips so you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big pile of chips so you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big pile of chips so you have an
+infinite quantity of chips you just pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite quantity of chips you just pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite quantity of chips you just pick
+up chips from there everybody else has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up chips from there everybody else has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up chips from there everybody else has a
+finite number of chips as they can pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite number of chips as they can pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite number of chips as they can pick
+up the ones in their inbox so you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the ones in their inbox so you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the ones in their inbox so you will
+be rolling a dice picking up that number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be rolling a dice picking up that number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be rolling a dice picking up that number
+of chips from your inbox if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chips from your inbox if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chips from your inbox if you don't
+have enough okay too bad if you roll a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough okay too bad if you roll a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough okay too bad if you roll a
+six and you only have three which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six and you only have three which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six and you only have three which is
+what everybody has now then you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what everybody has now then you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what everybody has now then you just
+pick up the three and then everybody at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up the three and then everybody at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up the three and then everybody at
+the same time to avoid confusion passes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time to avoid confusion passes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time to avoid confusion passes
+those chips the number of chips that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those chips the number of chips that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those chips the number of chips that
+they that they can pass to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they that they can pass to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they that they can pass to the next
+person in line and then at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person in line and then at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person in line and then at the end of
+each day we will write down how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each day we will write down how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each day we will write down how many
+chips we passed the only tricky part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips we passed the only tricky part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips we passed the only tricky part
+about that is that both the archive here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that is that both the archive here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that is that both the archive here
+and the discharge there a certain number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the discharge there a certain number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the discharge there a certain number
+of chips every day will go into that mat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chips every day will go into that mat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chips every day will go into that mat
+and the customers the the people that or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the customers the the people that or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the customers the the people that or
+the patients have to record that number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patients have to record that number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patients have to record that number
+that's kind of the overall throughput of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of the overall throughput of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of the overall throughput of
+the system so that's that's a slight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system so that's that's a slight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system so that's that's a slight
+trickiness at the end that's what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trickiness at the end that's what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trickiness at the end that's what we're
+going to do so for example here's day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do so for example here's day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do so for example here's day
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+everybody has three chips if this person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody has three chips if this person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody has three chips if this person
+rolls a three they pick up all three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolls a three they pick up all three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolls a three they pick up all three
+chips send them along this person rolls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips send them along this person rolls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips send them along this person rolls
+a two they can only pick up two chips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two they can only pick up two chips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two they can only pick up two chips
+this person rolls a five they can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person rolls a five they can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person rolls a five they can only
+pick up three chips because that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up three chips because that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up three chips because that's all
+they have no waiting for this person to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have no waiting for this person to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have no waiting for this person to
+send the two along so then you have five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send the two along so then you have five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send the two along so then you have five
+now that's cheating everybody just gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's cheating everybody just gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's cheating everybody just gets
+to pass one the chips only get passed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pass one the chips only get passed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pass one the chips only get passed
+one station per day okay this person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one station per day okay this person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one station per day okay this person
+rolls a one etc this person rolls a six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolls a one etc this person rolls a six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolls a one etc this person rolls a six
+they only have three so they pass three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they only have three so they pass three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they only have three so they pass three
+and then this is what it looks like at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this is what it looks like at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this is what it looks like at
+the end of that day three have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of that day three have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of that day three have been
+passed along to out so this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed along to out so this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed along to out so this the
+inventory went up three came out two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory went up three came out two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory went up three came out two
+went in so that went down a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went in so that went down a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went in so that went down a little bit
+three went in only one left so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three went in only one left so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three went in only one left so that's
+got more let's see one went in and three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got more let's see one went in and three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got more let's see one went in and three
+came out so that person only has one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out so that person only has one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out so that person only has one the
+overall throughput of the system was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall throughput of the system was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall throughput of the system was
+three we're gonna we're going to record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three we're gonna we're going to record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three we're gonna we're going to record
+how many did you do how many do you pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many did you do how many do you pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many did you do how many do you pass
+along so either your die roll or how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along so either your die roll or how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along so either your die roll or how
+many you had whatever whatever number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many you had whatever whatever number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many you had whatever whatever number is
+smaller how many did you pass along and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller how many did you pass along and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller how many did you pass along and
+and and then at the end of the round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then at the end of the round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then at the end of the round
+what is your work in progress everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is your work in progress everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is your work in progress everyone
+starts with three so that number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts with three so that number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts with three so that number is
+already filled in at the end of each day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already filled in at the end of each day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already filled in at the end of each day
+you're gonna record your number yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna record your number yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna record your number yeah so
+here's an example our person they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an example our person they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an example our person they're
+passed one job long and some work built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed one job long and some work built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed one job long and some work built
+up so so at the end of that day they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so so at the end of that day they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so so at the end of that day they had
+five etc the customer or patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five etc the customer or patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five etc the customer or patient
+worksheet is a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worksheet is a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worksheet is a little bit more
+complicated because they're sending the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because they're sending the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because they're sending the
+work out that's basically always going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out that's basically always going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out that's basically always going
+to be the die roll because you have lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the die roll because you have lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the die roll because you have lots
+and lots of chips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lots of chips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lots of chips
+you're going to record the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to record the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to record the number of
+jobs that actually came through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs that actually came through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs that actually came through the
+system and here the youth shaped cell is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and here the youth shaped cell is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and here the youth shaped cell is
+going to help us so the number of jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to help us so the number of jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to help us so the number of jobs
+that are added not in but added to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are added not in but added to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are added not in but added to the
+finished pile that each round is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished pile that each round is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished pile that each round is is
+recorded here and then you're also going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded here and then you're also going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded here and then you're also going
+to keep track of the total whip on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep track of the total whip on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep track of the total whip on the
+whole table the total work in progress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole table the total work in progress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole table the total work in progress
+in the whole table which starts at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the whole table which starts at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the whole table which starts at
+twelve now you could just count every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twelve now you could just count every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twelve now you could just count every
+time but that would be really slow so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but that would be really slow so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but that would be really slow so
+instead we're going to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead we're going to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead we're going to use a
+conservation law there's an old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation law there's an old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation law there's an old
+aerodynamicists so they love concert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerodynamicists so they love concert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerodynamicists so they love concert
+right but a former a retired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but a former a retired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but a former a retired
+aerodynamicist a former arid analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerodynamicist a former arid analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerodynamicist a former arid analysis
+they love conservation laws it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they love conservation laws it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they love conservation laws it's a
+conservation of chips laws if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of chips laws if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of chips laws if you know
+that you sent out six and three got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you sent out six and three got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you sent out six and three got
+finished then three must have gone into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished then three must have gone into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished then three must have gone into
+the system and they didn't fall on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system and they didn't fall on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system and they didn't fall on the
+floor or get eaten or anything so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor or get eaten or anything so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor or get eaten or anything so this
+number must have gone up by three so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number must have gone up by three so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number must have gone up by three so
+there's a little equation there that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little equation there that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little equation there that
+will help you figure out the new work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help you figure out the new work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help you figure out the new work in
+progress so everybody I think they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress so everybody I think they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress so everybody I think they can
+do that much math and I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that much math and I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that much math and I think that's
+actually written on your sheet so um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually written on your sheet so um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually written on your sheet so um you
+should be able to do that okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to do that okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to do that okay and
+there's an example if three go in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an example if three go in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an example if three go in and
+three come out it stays the same if to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three come out it stays the same if to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three come out it stays the same if to
+go in and one comes out then that extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in and one comes out then that extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in and one comes out then that extra
+chip must be sitting on the table so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip must be sitting on the table so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip must be sitting on the table so it
+goes up by one and we can keep doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up by one and we can keep doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up by one and we can keep doing
+that ad infinitum okay what do we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ad infinitum okay what do we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ad infinitum okay what do we think
+should happen yeah any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should happen yeah any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should happen yeah any questions about
+the process completed then what we log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process completed then what we log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process completed then what we log
+into work in progress progress is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into work in progress progress is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into work in progress progress is
+whatever the next person the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the next person the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the next person the person
+actually gives just to graduate because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually gives just to graduate because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually gives just to graduate because
+here everybody's going to pass them at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here everybody's going to pass them at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here everybody's going to pass them at
+the same time okay we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time okay we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time okay we're going to be
+very formal about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very formal about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very formal about that
+standard process but we're gonna ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard process but we're gonna ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard process but we're gonna ask
+everybody to pass them all at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody to pass them all at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody to pass them all at the same
+time so then yeah you'll just have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so then yeah you'll just have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so then yeah you'll just have to
+look and see what actually what you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look and see what actually what you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look and see what actually what you have
+left in the round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left in the round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left in the round
+that's right that's all extra you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right that's all extra you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right that's all extra you know
+if you roll the three it had four chips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you roll the three it had four chips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you roll the three it had four chips
+here right even move three whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right even move three whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right even move three whatever
+whatever they came in right so whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever they came in right so whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever they came in right so whatever
+sitting on that mat at the end of round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting on that mat at the end of round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting on that mat at the end of round
+yeah so the average of a six-sided die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the average of a six-sided die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the average of a six-sided die
+is three and a half so what do we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is three and a half so what do we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is three and a half so what do we think
+this system should be able to do over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system should be able to do over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system should be able to do over
+we're going to do 20 rounds what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do 20 rounds what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do 20 rounds what do you
+think it should be able to do over 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it should be able to do over 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it should be able to do over 20
+rounds is it gonna process three and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounds is it gonna process three and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounds is it gonna process three and a
+half of these die rolls gonna even out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe right everyone's like thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe right everyone's like thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe right everyone's like thinking
+mm-hmm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mm-hmm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mm-hmm
+sixty so that would be three ish so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixty so that would be three ish so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixty so that would be three ish so you
+think it's gonna be it's not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's gonna be it's not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's gonna be it's not going to be
+perfect but it's gonna be close to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah first round you're only gonna get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah first round you're only gonna get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah first round you're only gonna get
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+less than less than 35 okay you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than less than 35 okay you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than less than 35 okay you're
+thinking a lot less okay yeah okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking a lot less okay yeah okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking a lot less okay yeah okay so
+yeah some people are struggling with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah some people are struggling with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah some people are struggling with
+this intuitively this is hard it's hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this intuitively this is hard it's hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this intuitively this is hard it's hard
+to figure out what this thing should do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what this thing should do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what this thing should do
+ones I've already sort of biased the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones I've already sort of biased the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones I've already sort of biased the
+conversation by in in intimating that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation by in in intimating that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation by in in intimating that
+the system is going to behave badly but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system is going to behave badly but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system is going to behave badly but
+you know one one's intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one one's intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one one's intuition
+unfortunately about random systems is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately about random systems is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately about random systems is
+that they should even out people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they should even out people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they should even out people
+actually have them in the way that human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have them in the way that human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have them in the way that human
+brain works is badly biased towards just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain works is badly biased towards just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain works is badly biased towards just
+figuring random things will even out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring random things will even out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring random things will even out
+there's all sorts of interesting sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all sorts of interesting sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all sorts of interesting sort of
+gambling fallacies that are almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gambling fallacies that are almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gambling fallacies that are almost
+hardwired into people's brains you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardwired into people's brains you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardwired into people's brains you know
+the law of averages now there is no law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law of averages now there is no law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law of averages now there is no law
+of averages it tends you know that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of averages it tends you know that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of averages it tends you know that there
+is we'll see I won't go into that any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we'll see I won't go into that any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we'll see I won't go into that any
+deeper than than that because what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper than than that because what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper than than that because what we're
+going to do given that we can't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do given that we can't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do given that we can't really
+figure it out our priori and if we try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure it out our priori and if we try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure it out our priori and if we try
+to do statistics on it it actually gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do statistics on it it actually gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do statistics on it it actually gets
+really complicated really fast we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really complicated really fast we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really complicated really fast we're
+gonna do it alright so let's go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do it alright so let's go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do it alright so let's go ahead
+and do our do our process okay what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do our do our process okay what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do our do our process okay what I'm
+going to ask everybody to do the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ask everybody to do the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ask everybody to do the first
+couple rounds is follow my cue I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple rounds is follow my cue I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple rounds is follow my cue I'm going
+to dictate the process then we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dictate the process then we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dictate the process then we're going
+to write now and our facilitators will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write now and our facilitators will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write now and our facilitators will
+check and make sure you're doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check and make sure you're doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check and make sure you're doing it
+right first we just pick up the dice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right first we just pick up the dice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right first we just pick up the dice
+everybody holding their dice okay roll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody holding their dice okay roll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody holding their dice okay roll
+it okay pick up that mini that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay pick up that mini that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay pick up that mini that many
+chips or three if you only got three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips or three if you only got three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips or three if you only got three and
+now everybody together pass passing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now everybody together pass passing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now everybody together pass passing to
+the right yeah this is a properly done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right yeah this is a properly done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right yeah this is a properly done
+actually more or less by accident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually more or less by accident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually more or less by accident
+properly done use safe cell we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly done use safe cell we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly done use safe cell we're
+passing to the right unless you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing to the right unless you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing to the right unless you're
+left-handed in which case it's not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-handed in which case it's not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-handed in which case it's not so
+proper but okay everybody done that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper but okay everybody done that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper but okay everybody done that now
+write down what you did how many did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down what you did how many did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down what you did how many did you
+pass does the okay the customer person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass does the okay the customer person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass does the okay the customer person
+has a slightly harder job everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a slightly harder job everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a slightly harder job everybody
+figuring that out yep okay so the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring that out yep okay so the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring that out yep okay so the only
+the only the only communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only the only communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only the only communication
+necessary should be the the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary should be the the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary should be the the number of
+chips finished right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips finished right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips finished right
+all right day to everybody rola date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pick up that number of dice or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up that number of dice or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up that number of dice or whatever
+you have and pass it to the right all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have and pass it to the right all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have and pass it to the right all
+right write down your results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right write down your results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right write down your results
+the amount that was finished needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount that was finished needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount that was finished needs to be
+communicated no other talking please and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicated no other talking please and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicated no other talking please and
+finally day 10 not finally but they 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally day 10 not finally but they 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally day 10 not finally but they 10
+roll dice pick up chips pass them to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll dice pick up chips pass them to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll dice pick up chips pass them to the
+right and write everything down now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and write everything down now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and write everything down now
+we're going to pause and ask how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to pause and ask how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to pause and ask how this
+process is doing who has only one chip a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is doing who has only one chip a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is doing who has only one chip a
+couple people have only one chip who has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple people have only one chip who has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple people have only one chip who has
+eight chips or more eight or more ten or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight chips or more eight or more ten or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight chips or more eight or more ten or
+more it looks like we have a winner how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more it looks like we have a winner how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more it looks like we have a winner how
+many that's right yes yeah sixes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many that's right yes yeah sixes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many that's right yes yeah sixes are
+good today so yeah that's the that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good today so yeah that's the that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good today so yeah that's the that's the
+one difference so what should we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one difference so what should we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one difference so what should we do
+about this process we've got at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this process we've got at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this process we've got at least
+two people who are keeping their in bin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two people who are keeping their in bin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two people who are keeping their in bin
+clear you know they're sitting back they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear you know they're sitting back they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear you know they're sitting back they
+they're definitely they have extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're definitely they have extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're definitely they have extra
+capacity yeah we've got at least one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity yeah we've got at least one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity yeah we've got at least one
+person who just cannot keep up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who just cannot keep up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who just cannot keep up and
+probably has to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so does that mean there's a bottleneck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so does that mean there's a bottleneck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so does that mean there's a bottleneck
+there must be right no of course not she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there must be right no of course not she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there must be right no of course not she
+has the same dice as everybody else this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the same dice as everybody else this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the same dice as everybody else this
+is a transparent so it's this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a transparent so it's this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a transparent so it's this this
+process is behaving badly and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is behaving badly and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is behaving badly and is
+actually throwing out bad cute clues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually throwing out bad cute clues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually throwing out bad cute clues
+about itself right that looks like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about itself right that looks like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about itself right that looks like a
+bottleneck it isn't it's just bad luck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck it isn't it's just bad luck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck it isn't it's just bad luck
+some people look like they're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people look like they're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people look like they're doing
+really well no they're just lucky and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well no they're just lucky and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well no they're just lucky and
+let's see if that let's see if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if that let's see if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if that let's see if the
+trends continue they eleven hand them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trends continue they eleven hand them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trends continue they eleven hand them
+along write everything down okay so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along write everything down okay so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along write everything down okay so how
+did that go how much let's see who has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that go how much let's see who has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that go how much let's see who has
+14 or better see if we broke our old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 or better see if we broke our old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 or better see if we broke our old
+record up several people what do we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do we got here 13 no not quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we got here 13 no not quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we got here 13 no not quite
+okay so 15 we have a new winner eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so 15 we have a new winner eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so 15 we have a new winner eight
+okay down to eight so magically got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay down to eight so magically got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay down to eight so magically got
+better how about our people that had had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better how about our people that had had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better how about our people that had had
+one before anybody have one now still we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one before anybody have one now still we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one before anybody have one now still we
+still got some people with with not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still got some people with with not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still got some people with with not so
+many I think we have one repeat winner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many I think we have one repeat winner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many I think we have one repeat winner
+do it do we not okay so there we go the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it do we not okay so there we go the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it do we not okay so there we go the
+system is in fact behaving fairly badly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is in fact behaving fairly badly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is in fact behaving fairly badly
+we even had an unintended lesson in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we even had an unintended lesson in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we even had an unintended lesson in
+failure of Standard Process right when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure of Standard Process right when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure of Standard Process right when
+we got off standard process we also had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got off standard process we also had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got off standard process we also had
+some high variability in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some high variability in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some high variability in in the
+performance of our process there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of our process there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of our process there's some
+calculations you can do they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations you can do they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations you can do they're
+self-explanatory we're going to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-explanatory we're going to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-explanatory we're going to give you
+a few minutes to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few minutes to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few minutes to do that
+only a few if you don't quite get them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a few if you don't quite get them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a few if you don't quite get them
+finished that's probably okay the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished that's probably okay the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished that's probably okay the one
+thing we would really like to see is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we would really like to see is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we would really like to see is the
+customer just getting the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer just getting the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer just getting the average
+throughput they act that that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughput they act that that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughput they act that that first
+average for the customers is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average for the customers is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average for the customers is an
+important number because we want to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important number because we want to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important number because we want to see
+what our performance looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so you've got 2.7 average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you've got 2.7 average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you've got 2.7 average
+throughput an m1 what's your average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughput an m1 what's your average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughput an m1 what's your average
+throughput 2.6 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughput 2.6 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughput 2.6 okay
+your guess looks like people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your guess looks like people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your guess looks like people are
+finishing up the numbers 2.6 average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finishing up the numbers 2.6 average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finishing up the numbers 2.6 average
+three point three point oh three point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three point three point oh three point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three point three point oh three point
+oh five two point three and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh five two point three and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh five two point three and another
+average still working on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average still working on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average still working on it
+okay what about utilizations what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what about utilizations what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what about utilizations what was
+our what was our average utilization at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our what was our average utilization at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our what was our average utilization at
+at our first medical table seven seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at our first medical table seven seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at our first medical table seven seven
+okay part seven four okay eight seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay part seven four okay eight seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay part seven four okay eight seven
+okay we got a good one there two point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we got a good one there two point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we got a good one there two point
+six six and two point eight and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six six and two point eight and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six six and two point eight and what's
+the utilization point eight okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utilization point eight okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utilization point eight okay so
+interesting thing here and we can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing here and we can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing here and we can look
+at some of the other details another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some of the other details another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some of the other details another
+thing I just asked you to look at your a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I just asked you to look at your a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I just asked you to look at your a
+sort of personal sheet there is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of personal sheet there is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of personal sheet there is there
+any strong trend in the inventories the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any strong trend in the inventories the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any strong trend in the inventories the
+inventories we're definitely going up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventories we're definitely going up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventories we're definitely going up
+from three maybe some of them were going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from three maybe some of them were going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from three maybe some of them were going
+down what's the overall trend in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down what's the overall trend in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down what's the overall trend in
+inventory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+give or take what up and stabilize here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give or take what up and stabilize here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give or take what up and stabilize here
+we take just kept going up what up okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take just kept going up what up okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take just kept going up what up okay
+that was even with three with three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was even with three with three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was even with three with three
+people with only one the average overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with only one the average overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with only one the average overall
+still went up that's interesting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still went up that's interesting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still went up that's interesting and
+what was the what was the personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the what was the personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the what was the personal
+productivity that the utilization factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity that the utilization factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity that the utilization factor
+of say you the one who would never had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of say you the one who would never had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of say you the one who would never had
+any inventory what was your personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any inventory what was your personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any inventory what was your personal
+productivity 0.74 and what about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity 0.74 and what about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity 0.74 and what about the
+purse the people that had lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purse the people that had lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purse the people that had lots of
+inventory 0.68 yeah point eight eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory 0.68 yeah point eight eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory 0.68 yeah point eight eight
+okay so this person is working very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this person is working very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this person is working very
+efficiently but has lots of inventory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently but has lots of inventory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently but has lots of inventory
+this person is working not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person is working not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person is working not very
+efficiently but it has lots of inventory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently but it has lots of inventory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently but it has lots of inventory
+this person doesn't have very much him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person doesn't have very much him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person doesn't have very much him
+this system is behaving very oddly it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system is behaving very oddly it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system is behaving very oddly it's
+behaving in ways that are that are that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaving in ways that are that are that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaving in ways that are that are that
+are difficult to understand so what not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are difficult to understand so what not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are difficult to understand so what not
+always passing the exact number we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always passing the exact number we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always passing the exact number we're
+all okay so there's some unused capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all okay so there's some unused capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all okay so there's some unused capacity
+right your role six you only have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right your role six you only have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right your role six you only have one
+now but the inventory is going up is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but the inventory is going up is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but the inventory is going up is
+that problem gonna go away eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good answer so I mean you've got at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good answer so I mean you've got at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good answer so I mean you've got at the
+root of it right there's also sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of it right there's also sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of it right there's also sort of a
+system problem right which is okay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system problem right which is okay it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system problem right which is okay it's
+behaving badly because of that which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaving badly because of that which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaving badly because of that which
+makes it behave worse right because your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it behave worse right because your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it behave worse right because your
+inventory is unpredictable so you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory is unpredictable so you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory is unpredictable so you might
+the chance even if there's lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chance even if there's lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chance even if there's lots of
+inventory the chance that there'd be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory the chance that there'd be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory the chance that there'd be a
+low inventory and you'd waste a six is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low inventory and you'd waste a six is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low inventory and you'd waste a six is
+still there doesn't go away even as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still there doesn't go away even as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still there doesn't go away even as the
+inventory comes up we don't we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory comes up we don't we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory comes up we don't we don't
+know what's going to happen and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's going to happen and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's going to happen and things
+depend on each other the amount that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on each other the amount that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on each other the amount that you
+have an inventory depends on the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an inventory depends on the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an inventory depends on the person
+next to you who's rolling dice even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to you who's rolling dice even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to you who's rolling dice even if
+you're doing great if they roll ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing great if they roll ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing great if they roll ones
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+a whole string of ones you got nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole string of ones you got nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole string of ones you got nothing
+to work with right so even if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work with right so even if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work with right so even if you're
+rolling all sixes or precisely on three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolling all sixes or precisely on three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolling all sixes or precisely on three
+and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half
+you're still not being able to perform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're still not being able to perform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're still not being able to perform
+because of the way the system is hooked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the way the system is hooked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the way the system is hooked
+together and this is really the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and this is really the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and this is really the key
+every time anybody rolls a six and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time anybody rolls a six and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time anybody rolls a six and
+doesn't have enough chips that capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have enough chips that capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have enough chips that capacity
+is wasted and it never comes back it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is wasted and it never comes back it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is wasted and it never comes back it you
+can never get it back and that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can never get it back and that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can never get it back and that's where
+the law of averages fails right there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law of averages fails right there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law of averages fails right there's
+a mechanical engineer we call it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mechanical engineer we call it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mechanical engineer we call it a
+ratchet effect right if it can go one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratchet effect right if it can go one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratchet effect right if it can go one
+way but it can't go the other right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but it can't go the other right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but it can't go the other right we
+can lose capacity we never get it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can lose capacity we never get it back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can lose capacity we never get it back
+so so that's why we're seeing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that's why we're seeing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that's why we're seeing these
+lower utilizations even though we did 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower utilizations even though we did 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower utilizations even though we did 20
+rounds what you'd think would be enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounds what you'd think would be enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounds what you'd think would be enough
+time for things to even out okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for things to even out okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for things to even out okay now
+we're going to run a computer simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to run a computer simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to run a computer simulation
+the first thing that any person when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing that any person when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing that any person when
+confronted with tangled data like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confronted with tangled data like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confronted with tangled data like this
+should think as we need more data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should think as we need more data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should think as we need more data
+and in fact we do although we as we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact we do although we as we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact we do although we as we will
+see in this particular case even a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in this particular case even a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in this particular case even a very
+large amount of data does not help us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large amount of data does not help us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large amount of data does not help us
+we're going to run a computer simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to run a computer simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to run a computer simulation
+which does this little exercise for 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which does this little exercise for 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which does this little exercise for 20
+but then also 200 in something days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then also 200 in something days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then also 200 in something days
+looks like this what's shown here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this what's shown here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this what's shown here is
+days and this is the inventory level at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days and this is the inventory level at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days and this is the inventory level at
+the different stations the notations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different stations the notations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different stations the notations
+here are of the AP case but again it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are of the AP case but again it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are of the AP case but again it's
+the same simulation for the medical case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same simulation for the medical case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same simulation for the medical case
+the four stations the inventory at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four stations the inventory at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four stations the inventory at the
+four stations versus time there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four stations versus time there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four stations versus time there's a
+couple of things down here this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of things down here this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of things down here this is this
+is our processing capability this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our processing capability this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our processing capability this is the
+WIPP that's on the table a total WIPP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WIPP that's on the table a total WIPP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WIPP that's on the table a total WIPP
+this is the cycle time this is how long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the cycle time this is how long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the cycle time this is how long
+it takes the average chip to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes the average chip to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes the average chip to move
+through the system and this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the system and this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the system and this is just a
+little luck thing to just see if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little luck thing to just see if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little luck thing to just see if you
+know maybe some of this variation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe some of this variation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe some of this variation is
+just due to luck alright maybe our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just due to luck alright maybe our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just due to luck alright maybe our
+average die roll is better or worse but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average die roll is better or worse but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average die roll is better or worse but
+we're rolling an awful lot of die so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're rolling an awful lot of die so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're rolling an awful lot of die so we
+do expect the actual average of the die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do expect the actual average of the die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do expect the actual average of the die
+rolls to kind of even out even if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolls to kind of even out even if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolls to kind of even out even if the
+system itself does it okay so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system itself does it okay so first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system itself does it okay so first
+thing we can notice about this system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we can notice about this system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we can notice about this system is
+okay we're running at 200 times is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're running at 200 times is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're running at 200 times is it
+settling down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settling down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settling down
+uh-uh it's not just waiting for it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh-uh it's not just waiting for it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh-uh it's not just waiting for it to
+settle down it's not gonna work um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settle down it's not gonna work um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settle down it's not gonna work um and
+let's see did that do anything no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see did that do anything no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see did that do anything no no
+yeah there we go select that blink I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there we go select that blink I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there we go select that blink I
+just ran it again came out different if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ran it again came out different if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ran it again came out different if
+I run it again different the even the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I run it again different the even the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I run it again different the even the
+gross behavior of the system is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gross behavior of the system is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gross behavior of the system is not
+predictable it doesn't like you know get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable it doesn't like you know get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable it doesn't like you know get
+bigger and then kind of even off if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger and then kind of even off if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger and then kind of even off if I
+ran it a billion times and took the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran it a billion times and took the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran it a billion times and took the
+average I'd actually get sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average I'd actually get sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average I'd actually get sort of a
+logarithmic curve or it would go up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithmic curve or it would go up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithmic curve or it would go up and
+steadily flatten out well we'll never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steadily flatten out well we'll never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steadily flatten out well we'll never
+actually reach an equilibrium but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually reach an equilibrium but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually reach an equilibrium but the
+behavior of even over a large number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of even over a large number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of even over a large number of
+rounds of any given instance of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounds of any given instance of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounds of any given instance of this
+system is extremely unpredictable so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is extremely unpredictable so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is extremely unpredictable so the
+variability perfect system except for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability perfect system except for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability perfect system except for
+variabilities variability is making the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variabilities variability is making the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variabilities variability is making the
+system behave very badly okay what can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system behave very badly okay what can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system behave very badly okay what can
+we do about this the other nice thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do about this the other nice thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do about this the other nice thing
+about a computer simulation is we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a computer simulation is we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a computer simulation is we can
+change it relatively easy we could for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it relatively easy we could for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it relatively easy we could for
+example lower the customer input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example lower the customer input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example lower the customer input
+variability that's that's a favorite of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability that's that's a favorite of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability that's that's a favorite of
+bad processes people say that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad processes people say that's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad processes people say that's our
+customers fault it's too much customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers fault it's too much customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers fault it's too much customer
+input variability like all patients show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input variability like all patients show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input variability like all patients show
+up Friday night so it's not our fault
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up Friday night so it's not our fault
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up Friday night so it's not our fault
+right let's lower the customer input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's lower the customer input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's lower the customer input
+variability some um didn't help very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability some um didn't help very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability some um didn't help very
+much let's lower it a lot didn't help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much let's lower it a lot didn't help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much let's lower it a lot didn't help
+very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much
+why that's that appeared to help a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that's that appeared to help a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that's that appeared to help a
+little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit
+yeah it's that's a little better that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's that's a little better that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's that's a little better that's
+with a lot less customer input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a lot less customer input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a lot less customer input
+variability but basically both count the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability but basically both count the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability but basically both count the
+process variability and the customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process variability and the customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process variability and the customer
+input variability camp a lot let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input variability camp a lot let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input variability camp a lot let's do
+this though let's lower the customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this though let's lower the customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this though let's lower the customer
+demand just a little bit ooh looks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand just a little bit ooh looks about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand just a little bit ooh looks about
+the same as lowering the variability a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as lowering the variability a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as lowering the variability a
+lot let's lower the customer demand 20%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hmm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hmm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hmm
+it doesn't look great but what's changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+part it looks like there's a lot less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part it looks like there's a lot less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part it looks like there's a lot less
+variability in the process right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability in the process right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability in the process right and
+that's that's that's and if we lower the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's that's and if we lower the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's that's and if we lower the
+customer variability by 30%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer variability by 30%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer variability by 30%
+there's still variability but we the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still variability but we the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still variability but we the
+system can handle it essentially we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system can handle it essentially we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system can handle it essentially we're
+distressing the system running it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distressing the system running it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distressing the system running it a
+little bit less than than 100% capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit less than than 100% capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit less than than 100% capacity
+and it behaves a lot better and this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it behaves a lot better and this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it behaves a lot better and this was
+brought up in the AP system where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought up in the AP system where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought up in the AP system where they
+were running at a hundred percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were running at a hundred percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were running at a hundred percent
+capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity
+it's the same in this system basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same in this system basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same in this system basically
+if we try to stress it we only get about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we try to stress it we only get about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we try to stress it we only get about
+70% if we say you know it's only gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70% if we say you know it's only gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70% if we say you know it's only gonna
+run at 70% anyway let's just give it 70%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run at 70% anyway let's just give it 70%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run at 70% anyway let's just give it 70%
+of the load it actually behaves pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the load it actually behaves pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the load it actually behaves pretty
+well this is this is a non-intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is this is a non-intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is this is a non-intuitive
+effect unless you're unless you're one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect unless you're unless you're one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect unless you're unless you're one
+of those workers what happens if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those workers what happens if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those workers what happens if you
+have fork all the time and something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fork all the time and something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fork all the time and something
+goes wrong chaos writes this crap at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes wrong chaos writes this crap at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes wrong chaos writes this crap at
+staff full night but I can't then too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff full night but I can't then too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff full night but I can't then too
+tired so things just go to hell what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tired so things just go to hell what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tired so things just go to hell what
+happens if you have six hours of work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if you have six hours of work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if you have six hours of work in
+an eight-hour day and something goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an eight-hour day and something goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an eight-hour day and something goes
+wrong you can fix it right it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong you can fix it right it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong you can fix it right it's really
+from from a from an individual workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from a from an individual workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from a from an individual workers
+point of view that's very easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view that's very easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view that's very easy to
+understand you know the system effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand you know the system effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand you know the system effect
+seems kind of mysterious but actually if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems kind of mysterious but actually if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems kind of mysterious but actually if
+you think about what's happening on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about what's happening on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about what's happening on the
+ground if the system is not fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground if the system is not fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground if the system is not fully
+stressed it can handle variability and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stressed it can handle variability and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stressed it can handle variability and
+you don't have to back off on the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to back off on the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to back off on the system
+all that much to handle quite a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that much to handle quite a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that much to handle quite a lot of
+variability yeah yeah I understand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability yeah yeah I understand that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability yeah yeah I understand that
+we're tight on time we're coming to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're tight on time we're coming to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're tight on time we're coming to a
+close here fortunately um okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close here fortunately um okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close here fortunately um okay so that's
+kind of magic the other thing we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of magic the other thing we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of magic the other thing we can do
+is attack variability and if we attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is attack variability and if we attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is attack variability and if we attack
+variability heroically let's reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability heroically let's reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability heroically let's reduce
+variability 30% across the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability 30% across the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability 30% across the board
+um it helps some yeah it's better but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it helps some yeah it's better but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it helps some yeah it's better but
+it's still behaving kind of badly if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still behaving kind of badly if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still behaving kind of badly if we
+reduce variability 70 percent across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce variability 70 percent across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce variability 70 percent across the
+board this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board this is
+really heroic variability reduction yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really heroic variability reduction yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really heroic variability reduction yeah
+that that didn't work well oh there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that didn't work well oh there we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that didn't work well oh there we
+go now it's notice when it was all but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go now it's notice when it was all but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go now it's notice when it was all but
+one it was still no good when we we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it was still no good when we we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it was still no good when we we have
+now reduced variability heroically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now reduced variability heroically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now reduced variability heroically
+across the board we've got about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the board we've got about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the board we've got about the
+same level of effect as reducing thee so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same level of effect as reducing thee so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same level of effect as reducing thee so
+apparently according to the simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently according to the simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently according to the simulation
+what we need is either heroic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we need is either heroic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we need is either heroic
+variability reduction or modest decrease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability reduction or modest decrease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability reduction or modest decrease
+in the load on the system and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the load on the system and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the load on the system and this is
+actually a very powerful practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a very powerful practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a very powerful practical
+lesson and it comes from that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesson and it comes from that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesson and it comes from that same
+equation that are always showing if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that are always showing if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that are always showing if
+we're if we're mathematically inclined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're if we're mathematically inclined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're if we're mathematically inclined
+here what happens when our utilization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what happens when our utilization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what happens when our utilization
+is very high on this term just put a 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very high on this term just put a 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very high on this term just put a 1
+in there and see what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there and see what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there and see what happens
+mathematically it goes to infinity right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically it goes to infinity right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically it goes to infinity right
+if the system is completely loaded and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the system is completely loaded and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the system is completely loaded and
+there's any variability at all it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's any variability at all it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's any variability at all it will
+just continue to get worse and worse in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just continue to get worse and worse in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just continue to get worse and worse in
+its behavior if it's 100% loaded the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its behavior if it's 100% loaded the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its behavior if it's 100% loaded the
+variability was actually squared so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability was actually squared so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability was actually squared so if
+we can reduce variability that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can reduce variability that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can reduce variability that's good
+but this effect is actually even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this effect is actually even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this effect is actually even more
+powerful and if we plot the two effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful and if we plot the two effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful and if we plot the two effects
+here's a plot of what happens if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a plot of what happens if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a plot of what happens if we
+control variability for various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control variability for various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control variability for various
+utilizations if we have a heavily loaded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilizations if we have a heavily loaded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilizations if we have a heavily loaded
+system that's this one and we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that's this one and we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that's this one and we want to
+and we reduce variability once we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we reduce variability once we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we reduce variability once we've
+driven it down really low this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven it down really low this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven it down really low this is the
+queue time or inventory they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queue time or inventory they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queue time or inventory they're
+basically the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the same
+once we've driven the variability down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we've driven the variability down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we've driven the variability down
+very low I will start to behave alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low I will start to behave alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low I will start to behave alright
+but if it's heavy but if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it's heavy but if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it's heavy but if there's
+noticeable variation on a heavily loaded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticeable variation on a heavily loaded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticeable variation on a heavily loaded
+system it's going to behave badly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it's going to behave badly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it's going to behave badly
+alright if it's um not so heavily loaded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright if it's um not so heavily loaded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright if it's um not so heavily loaded
+it almost doesn't matter right this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it almost doesn't matter right this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it almost doesn't matter right this is a
+lightly loaded system in the variability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightly loaded system in the variability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightly loaded system in the variability
+doesn't matter it's a moderately loaded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter it's a moderately loaded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter it's a moderately loaded
+system and reducing variability is good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and reducing variability is good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and reducing variability is good
+and and that's not really linear but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that's not really linear but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that's not really linear but
+basically sort of proportionally if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically sort of proportionally if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically sort of proportionally if we
+reduce variability we get better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce variability we get better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce variability we get better
+behavior but in a very heavily loaded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior but in a very heavily loaded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior but in a very heavily loaded
+system we really have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we really have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we really have
+drive it to zero this is Six Sigma if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive it to zero this is Six Sigma if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive it to zero this is Six Sigma if we
+have a system that we want to load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a system that we want to load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a system that we want to load
+really heavily we want to make billions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really heavily we want to make billions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really heavily we want to make billions
+of ICS then we have to drive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ICS then we have to drive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ICS then we have to drive the
+variability very close to zero to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability very close to zero to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability very close to zero to get
+the system to behave this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system to behave this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system to behave this is the
+converse that if we ease off on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converse that if we ease off on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converse that if we ease off on
+utilization for various variabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilization for various variabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilization for various variabilities
+what we see is that blow-up effect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we see is that blow-up effect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we see is that blow-up effect that
+divided by zero is we get close to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by zero is we get close to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by zero is we get close to one
+right and it's almost independent of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it's almost independent of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it's almost independent of the
+variability level at any level if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability level at any level if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability level at any level if we
+back off some from a hundred percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back off some from a hundred percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back off some from a hundred percent
+utilization the behavior actually gets a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilization the behavior actually gets a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilization the behavior actually gets a
+lot better that's right managers like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot better that's right managers like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot better that's right managers like
+Six Sigma because you know if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Six Sigma because you know if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Six Sigma because you know if your
+system is perfect you can load it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is perfect you can load it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is perfect you can load it a
+hundred percent right they want to hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred percent right they want to hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred percent right they want to hear
+that that's a message they want to hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's a message they want to hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's a message they want to hear
+in systems like health care or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in systems like health care or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in systems like health care or
+engineering getting the variability very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering getting the variability very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering getting the variability very
+very low is very very hard and it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low is very very hard and it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low is very very hard and it this
+is a very rich field in the interest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very rich field in the interest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very rich field in the interest of
+time I'm going to jump to a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I'm going to jump to a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I'm going to jump to a couple of
+useful tips one is that one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful tips one is that one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful tips one is that one of the
+purposes of lean and this was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes of lean and this was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes of lean and this was actually
+illustrated very nicely by the AP case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrated very nicely by the AP case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrated very nicely by the AP case
+study is to free up those resources not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study is to free up those resources not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study is to free up those resources not
+in order to lay people off or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to lay people off or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to lay people off or
+necessarily save money even but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily save money even but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily save money even but if you
+can take 10% or 20% of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take 10% or 20% of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take 10% or 20% of your
+non-value-added time out of your day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-value-added time out of your day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-value-added time out of your day
+what does that get you that gets you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that get you that gets you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that get you that gets you
+that Headroom that allows you to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Headroom that allows you to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Headroom that allows you to deal
+with variability and it's one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with variability and it's one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with variability and it's one of them
+and it's one of the sort of root causes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's one of the sort of root causes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's one of the sort of root causes
+of why lean seems to have a magic effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of why lean seems to have a magic effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of why lean seems to have a magic effect
+of increasing quality and throughput
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of increasing quality and throughput
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of increasing quality and throughput
+time when that's not even what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when that's not even what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when that's not even what you're
+aiming at if you just take waste out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aiming at if you just take waste out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aiming at if you just take waste out of
+a system suddenly everybody in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system suddenly everybody in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system suddenly everybody in the
+system has a little bit of extra time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system has a little bit of extra time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system has a little bit of extra time to
+deal with variation to deal with things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with variation to deal with things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with variation to deal with things
+going wrong so that's that sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going wrong so that's that sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going wrong so that's that sort of the
+the hint number one the other thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hint number one the other thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hint number one the other thing is
+that in terms of variability reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in terms of variability reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in terms of variability reduction
+there are although that's an art there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are although that's an art there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are although that's an art there's
+no one answer there are things that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one answer there are things that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one answer there are things that that
+help a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help a lot
+the reducing something like health care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reducing something like health care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reducing something like health care
+variability to zero is obviously not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability to zero is obviously not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability to zero is obviously not
+even possible but but there are one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even possible but but there are one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even possible but but there are one of
+the things about actually both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things about actually both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things about actually both
+healthcare and engineering type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare and engineering type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare and engineering type
+processes is that the distributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes is that the distributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes is that the distributions
+aren't really normal it tends to be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't really normal it tends to be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't really normal it tends to be like
+a bunch of standard cases and then some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of standard cases and then some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of standard cases and then some
+wacko ones right well what happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wacko ones right well what happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wacko ones right well what happens to
+the the variability in terms of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the variability in terms of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the variability in terms of those
+equations if you just take the Wacka
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations if you just take the Wacka
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations if you just take the Wacka
+ones off the table it's a lot better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones off the table it's a lot better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones off the table it's a lot better
+right it gets a lot better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it gets a lot better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it gets a lot better
+so essentially special case handling for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially special case handling for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially special case handling for
+the outliers in this in the simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outliers in this in the simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outliers in this in the simulation
+game weird we originally designed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game weird we originally designed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game weird we originally designed the
+healthcare simulation to be part of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare simulation to be part of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare simulation to be part of a
+three-day seminar where you play that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-day seminar where you play that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-day seminar where you play that
+last round at the end like after this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last round at the end like after this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last round at the end like after this
+lesson and there's something in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesson and there's something in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesson and there's something in there
+called a patient advocate anybody even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a patient advocate anybody even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a patient advocate anybody even
+look at that card what did it do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right Shepard exactly in terms of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Shepard exactly in terms of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Shepard exactly in terms of this
+in terms of the simulation it took the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the simulation it took the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the simulation it took the
+sixes off right and if you looked at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixes off right and if you looked at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixes off right and if you looked at the
+distributions they were highly wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions they were highly wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions they were highly wrong
+they were highly non-standard the sixes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were highly non-standard the sixes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were highly non-standard the sixes
+were horrible and so that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were horrible and so that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were horrible and so that's that's
+actually a real a real example of taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a real a real example of taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a real a real example of taking
+the really difficult cases sort of out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the really difficult cases sort of out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the really difficult cases sort of out
+of the standard flow of the system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the standard flow of the system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the standard flow of the system and
+that makes the standard flow work a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes the standard flow work a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes the standard flow work a lot
+better of course you have to devote some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better of course you have to devote some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better of course you have to devote some
+resources some special resources to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources some special resources to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources some special resources to the
+difficult people but there's there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult people but there's there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult people but there's there's
+ways you can kind of knock the top off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways you can kind of knock the top off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways you can kind of knock the top off
+of off of high variabilities that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of off of high variabilities that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of off of high variabilities that can
+help a lot on that side the on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help a lot on that side the on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help a lot on that side the on the
+capacity side the real key is to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity side the real key is to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity side the real key is to use the
+benefits of any kind of lien to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits of any kind of lien to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits of any kind of lien to
+essentially plow them back into making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially plow them back into making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially plow them back into making
+people's lives easier so that they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's lives easier so that they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's lives easier so that they can
+absorb so they have a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb so they have a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb so they have a little bit of
+extra time to absorb the variability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/uON1av7YiHw.txt b/uON1av7YiHw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f5c6fe8b0d89e49b9244ae65385649b8f6216934
--- /dev/null
+++ b/uON1av7YiHw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10827 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+So uh uh we will move right into the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh uh we will move right into the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh uh we will move right into the uh
+the first of the technology sessions now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first of the technology sessions now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first of the technology sessions now
+which is focused on the the network the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is focused on the the network the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is focused on the the network the
+the internet of things and our first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet of things and our first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet of things and our first
+speaker is Steve Brat who is the CEO of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker is Steve Brat who is the CEO of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker is Steve Brat who is the CEO of
+the WC3 which is also based here at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the WC3 which is also based here at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the WC3 which is also based here at MIT
+and thanks very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thanks very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thanks very much
+Steve be difficult to follow that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steve be difficult to follow that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steve be difficult to follow that
+wonderful talk by by Sanjay um and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful talk by by Sanjay um and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful talk by by Sanjay um and I
+only have about 10 minutes to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have about 10 minutes to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have about 10 minutes to tell you
+about a lot of cool things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a lot of cool things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a lot of cool things that are
+going on at W3C right now And so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on at W3C right now And so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on at W3C right now And so I'm
+going to be doing it a very light touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be doing it a very light touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be doing it a very light touch
+just hopefully gonna tweak your interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just hopefully gonna tweak your interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just hopefully gonna tweak your interest
+enough to come and and ask more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to come and and ask more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to come and and ask more
+questions come and talk to the W3C about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions come and talk to the W3C about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions come and talk to the W3C about
+some of the work we're doing. Um and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the work we're doing. Um and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the work we're doing. Um and the
+title of the talk is RFID things on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title of the talk is RFID things on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title of the talk is RFID things on the
+web of data and services. And as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web of data and services. And as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web of data and services. And as a
+slight contrast to an idea of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight contrast to an idea of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight contrast to an idea of an
+internet of things, it's things on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet of things, it's things on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet of things, it's things on the
+internet. And that's the way I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet. And that's the way I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet. And that's the way I would
+like to get people to think about uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to get people to think about uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to get people to think about uh the
+use of web technologies as you go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of web technologies as you go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of web technologies as you go ahead
+and and address the very complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and address the very complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and address the very complex
+research problems that Sanjay laid out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research problems that Sanjay laid out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research problems that Sanjay laid out
+uh before you. Um, by the way, the talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh before you. Um, by the way, the talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh before you. Um, by the way, the talk
+is also linked. It's on the web. No
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also linked. It's on the web. No
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also linked. It's on the web. No
+surprise. Uh, and it's linked from our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise. Uh, and it's linked from our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise. Uh, and it's linked from our
+homepage. If you don't remember the URI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homepage. If you don't remember the URI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homepage. If you don't remember the URI
+here, go to our homepage. There's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, go to our homepage. There's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, go to our homepage. There's a
+public presentations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public presentations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public presentations
+uh, uh, link right from the homepage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, uh, link right from the homepage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, uh, link right from the homepage and
+you'll find my talk hopefully pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find my talk hopefully pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find my talk hopefully pretty
+easily. So, uh, one slide about the W3C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily. So, uh, one slide about the W3C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily. So, uh, one slide about the W3C
+itself. How many people here uh, have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself. How many people here uh, have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself. How many people here uh, have
+never heard of the Worldwide Web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never heard of the Worldwide Web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never heard of the Worldwide Web
+Consortium? Don't be embarrassed if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consortium? Don't be embarrassed if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consortium? Don't be embarrassed if you
+haven't. So, so the worldwide web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't. So, so the worldwide web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't. So, so the worldwide web
+consortium uh was founded by Tim Berners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consortium uh was founded by Tim Berners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consortium uh was founded by Tim Berners
+Lee uh just 11 years ago now at uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lee uh just 11 years ago now at uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lee uh just 11 years ago now at uh in
+December two in 1994 started here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+December two in 1994 started here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+December two in 1994 started here at
+MIT. We now have 18 offices around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT. We now have 18 offices around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT. We now have 18 offices around the
+world. Um we have about 400 members
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world. Um we have about 400 members
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world. Um we have about 400 members
+corporate, university, organizational.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate, university, organizational.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate, university, organizational.
+We have um also a uh a vision to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We have um also a uh a vision to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We have um also a uh a vision to sort of
+a mission to provide a vision for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mission to provide a vision for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mission to provide a vision for the
+development of web technologies into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of web technologies into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of web technologies into the
+future and also we engineer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future and also we engineer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future and also we engineer the
+standards that make the web work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards that make the web work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards that make the web work and
+I'll tell you more about a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll tell you more about a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll tell you more about a couple of
+those later but the web really has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those later but the web really has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those later but the web really has
+changed a lot from the time Tim first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed a lot from the time Tim first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed a lot from the time Tim first
+invented this thing and it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented this thing and it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented this thing and it's really
+become an a really integral part of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become an a really integral part of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become an a really integral part of our
+fundamental infrastructure. And I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental infrastructure. And I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental infrastructure. And I
+thought one of the good questions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought one of the good questions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought one of the good questions that
+was brought up this morning, I think,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was brought up this morning, I think,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was brought up this morning, I think,
+uh, by John was, you know, is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, by John was, you know, is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, by John was, you know, is that you
+need to engineer an infrastructure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to engineer an infrastructure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to engineer an infrastructure
+that's going to last not for for a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to last not for for a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to last not for for a year
+or two years, but maybe for a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two years, but maybe for a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two years, but maybe for a hundred
+years. And an interesting question to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years. And an interesting question to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years. And an interesting question to
+ask is, is the web like that? Is the web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask is, is the web like that? Is the web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask is, is the web like that? Is the web
+the next telephone? Is the web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next telephone? Is the web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next telephone? Is the web
+technology so pervasive now and so good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology so pervasive now and so good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology so pervasive now and so good
+that it's going to be with us for a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's going to be with us for a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's going to be with us for a long
+time? And that's going to be a integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time? And that's going to be a integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time? And that's going to be a integral
+question to ask yourselves and whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question to ask yourselves and whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question to ask yourselves and whether
+you want to gamble on using web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to gamble on using web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to gamble on using web
+technologies as a foundation for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies as a foundation for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies as a foundation for your
+data infrastructure or not. So, we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data infrastructure or not. So, we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data infrastructure or not. So, we'll
+talk mainly about the the web as it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk mainly about the the web as it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk mainly about the the web as it's
+moving from a web of documents to a web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving from a web of documents to a web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving from a web of documents to a web
+of data and services. I'll focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data and services. I'll focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data and services. I'll focus on
+that, but there's also a number of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, but there's also a number of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, but there's also a number of other
+themes we're working on in W3C of moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themes we're working on in W3C of moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themes we're working on in W3C of moving
+web technologies to everything including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web technologies to everything including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web technologies to everything including
+phones and cars and planes and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones and cars and planes and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones and cars and planes and other
+kinds of places and a web for everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of places and a web for everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of places and a web for everyone
+as we expand to a developing world who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we expand to a developing world who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we expand to a developing world who
+are going to be taking greater and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be taking greater and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be taking greater and
+greater advantage of the the benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater advantage of the the benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater advantage of the the benefits
+that the web has brought the western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the web has brought the western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the web has brought the western
+world up till now. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world up till now. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world up till now. So
+um one thing I think is clear to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one thing I think is clear to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one thing I think is clear to me
+anyhow is that the web really increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyhow is that the web really increased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyhow is that the web really increased
+the the usefulness of the internet for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the usefulness of the internet for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the usefulness of the internet for
+for everyone. The internet been around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for everyone. The internet been around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for everyone. The internet been around
+for a long time. People used it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time. People used it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time. People used it
+academics largely and government and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academics largely and government and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academics largely and government and so
+on. Web technologies through some very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. Web technologies through some very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. Web technologies through some very
+simple concepts that Tim instituted and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple concepts that Tim instituted and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple concepts that Tim instituted and
+pulled from many parts of the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled from many parts of the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled from many parts of the computer
+science world. HTTP as a protocol, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science world. HTTP as a protocol, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science world. HTTP as a protocol, but
+more importantly, the use of uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more importantly, the use of uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more importantly, the use of uniform
+resource identifiers or URIs or IRIs,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource identifiers or URIs or IRIs,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource identifiers or URIs or IRIs,
+whatever you want to call them, URLs as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want to call them, URLs as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want to call them, URLs as
+unique identifiers and as unique uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique identifiers and as unique uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique identifiers and as unique uh
+identifiers are where something is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifiers are where something is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifiers are where something is and
+then a unique identifier to distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a unique identifier to distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a unique identifier to distinguish
+that item from other things. Very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that item from other things. Very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that item from other things. Very simple
+concept that's critical for the web and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept that's critical for the web and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept that's critical for the web and
+really critical for you guys of course.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really critical for you guys of course.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really critical for you guys of course.
+Um, and then also HTML as a simple way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and then also HTML as a simple way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and then also HTML as a simple way
+to link things to link documents to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to link things to link documents to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to link things to link documents to
+other documents or parts of documents to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other documents or parts of documents to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other documents or parts of documents to
+other documents. That's it. Really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other documents. That's it. Really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other documents. That's it. Really
+simple. And just with those simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple. And just with those simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple. And just with those simple
+concepts, we really in standardizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts, we really in standardizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts, we really in standardizing
+these in a global way really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in a global way really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in a global way really
+revolutionized the way that we can uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutionized the way that we can uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutionized the way that we can uh
+identify and find and retrieve documents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify and find and retrieve documents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify and find and retrieve documents
+uh of all kinds and sorts and around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of all kinds and sorts and around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of all kinds and sorts and around the
+world. So if the aim is to put RFID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world. So if the aim is to put RFID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world. So if the aim is to put RFID
+things on the internet, at least I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on the internet, at least I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on the internet, at least I hope
+the group and there are a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group and there are a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group and there are a lot of
+research problems in this in itself will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research problems in this in itself will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research problems in this in itself will
+carefully look at the existing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully look at the existing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully look at the existing and
+emerging web technologies before going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging web technologies before going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging web technologies before going
+off and inventing something new. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and inventing something new. So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and inventing something new. So I
+think that's a a logical thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's a a logical thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's a a logical thing you
+should do and I hope that what I tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do and I hope that what I tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do and I hope that what I tell
+you today will motivate you more to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you today will motivate you more to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you today will motivate you more to do
+that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that.
+So the new work that's going on at W3C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the new work that's going on at W3C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the new work that's going on at W3C
+in the area of web services and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the area of web services and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the area of web services and in the
+area of the semantic web really are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of the semantic web really are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of the semantic web really are
+going to expand the web to include more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to expand the web to include more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to expand the web to include more
+machine understandable resources of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine understandable resources of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine understandable resources of a
+variety of kinds. That's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of kinds. That's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of kinds. That's really
+important. And one thing that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. And one thing that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. And one thing that's going to
+do is going to enable you to uh have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is going to enable you to uh have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is going to enable you to uh have
+greater interoperability amongst the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater interoperability amongst the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater interoperability amongst the
+things that you know you want to link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you know you want to link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you know you want to link
+together. So it makes sense for you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. So it makes sense for you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. So it makes sense for you to
+go off and develop schemas and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go off and develop schemas and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go off and develop schemas and other
+kinds of things that make sense in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things that make sense in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things that make sense in your
+community and that'll probably work for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and that'll probably work for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and that'll probably work for
+the group of people you've brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group of people you've brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group of people you've brought
+together at that particular time and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together at that particular time and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together at that particular time and in
+that particular place. But if the goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular place. But if the goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular place. But if the goal
+is to perhaps be able to enable linking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to perhaps be able to enable linking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to perhaps be able to enable linking
+to things you haven't foreseen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to things you haven't foreseen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to things you haven't foreseen and
+that's really what made the web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really what made the web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really what made the web
+powerful, isn't it? People didn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful, isn't it? People didn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful, isn't it? People didn't really
+appreciate all the things you would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate all the things you would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate all the things you would be
+doing with the web today when Tim first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing with the web today when Tim first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing with the web today when Tim first
+invented it uh 15 years ago. Um but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented it uh 15 years ago. Um but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented it uh 15 years ago. Um but I
+think one of the keys is providing using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think one of the keys is providing using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think one of the keys is providing using
+these globally interoperable standards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these globally interoperable standards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these globally interoperable standards
+will help you to link between resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help you to link between resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help you to link between resources
+you have not yet decided you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have not yet decided you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have not yet decided you're going to
+want to link. Okay. So um two areas of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to link. Okay. So um two areas of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to link. Okay. So um two areas of
+emerging standards and I'm only going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging standards and I'm only going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging standards and I'm only going to
+have time to talk about one today. One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time to talk about one today. One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time to talk about one today. One
+is the semantic web and the very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the semantic web and the very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the semantic web and the very simple
+uh elevator or bumper sticker is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh elevator or bumper sticker is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh elevator or bumper sticker is that
+it's really a web of data. So it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really a web of data. So it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really a web of data. So it's
+really providing interoperability to at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really providing interoperability to at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really providing interoperability to at
+a data level and allow you to better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a data level and allow you to better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a data level and allow you to better
+understand, search for, share, reuse,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand, search for, share, reuse,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand, search for, share, reuse,
+aggregate data on the web. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate data on the web. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate data on the web. And then
+there's web services which probably more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's web services which probably more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's web services which probably more
+of you are familiar with. So I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you are familiar with. So I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you are familiar with. So I'm not
+going to spend any time on that, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to spend any time on that, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to spend any time on that, but
+I've got a lot of extra slides at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got a lot of extra slides at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got a lot of extra slides at the
+end of this presentation really to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of this presentation really to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of this presentation really to
+enable a web of interoperable programs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable a web of interoperable programs.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable a web of interoperable programs.
+So it's basically providing some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's basically providing some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's basically providing some kind of
+if you want to think about it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to think about it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to think about it in
+simplistic ways APIs to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplistic ways APIs to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplistic ways APIs to be able to
+access expose applications that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access expose applications that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access expose applications that you have
+and be able to provide access to those.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be able to provide access to those.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be able to provide access to those.
+We won't talk about that much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We won't talk about that much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We won't talk about that much more
+today. So in terms of the semantic web,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today. So in terms of the semantic web,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today. So in terms of the semantic web,
+there's also like everybody's got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also like everybody's got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also like everybody's got a
+stack and the semantic web really starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack and the semantic web really starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack and the semantic web really starts
+about where this RDF oops I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where this RDF oops I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where this RDF oops I'm sorry
+where the RDF uh core red brick is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the RDF uh core red brick is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the RDF uh core red brick is there
+in the stack but it's based firmly on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the stack but it's based firmly on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the stack but it's based firmly on
+the use of URIs and that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use of URIs and that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use of URIs and that's really
+important because URIs become the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because URIs become the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because URIs become the
+fundamental way to identify a unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental way to identify a unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental way to identify a unique
+identifier for anything okay in this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifier for anything okay in this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifier for anything okay in this in
+the semantic web world just like for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semantic web world just like for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semantic web world just like for you
+guys RFID tags or RFID uh uh numbers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys RFID tags or RFID uh uh numbers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys RFID tags or RFID uh uh numbers are
+are critical there's no using an RFID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are critical there's no using an RFID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are critical there's no using an RFID
+number can't be made into a URI. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number can't be made into a URI. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number can't be made into a URI. That's
+really simple. And then also there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really simple. And then also there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really simple. And then also there's
+other kinds of standards that are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of standards that are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of standards that are in the
+stack which enable you to express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack which enable you to express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack which enable you to express
+relationships between data to and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships between data to and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships between data to and that's
+we'll talk about that one later. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about that one later. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about that one later. That's
+RDF. Also a number of other standards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RDF. Also a number of other standards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RDF. Also a number of other standards
+here too. Another key would be owl. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here too. Another key would be owl. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here too. Another key would be owl. You
+see the owl thing there. It's a web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the owl thing there. It's a web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the owl thing there. It's a web
+ontology language to be able to set up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ontology language to be able to set up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ontology language to be able to set up a
+description of some domain of knowledge.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of some domain of knowledge.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of some domain of knowledge.
+It may be a domain related specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It may be a domain related specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It may be a domain related specifically
+to RFID or specifically to consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to RFID or specifically to consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to RFID or specifically to consumer
+goods or whatever it is. And then also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods or whatever it is. And then also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods or whatever it is. And then also
+other kinds of standards that are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of standards that are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of standards that are being
+developed now. Now those other ones I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed now. Now those other ones I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed now. Now those other ones I've
+mentioned already are already standards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned already are already standards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned already are already standards
+but there's new ones being developed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's new ones being developed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's new ones being developed to
+be able to do queries uh put rules on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to do queries uh put rules on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to do queries uh put rules on
+the web uh logic and trust uh security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web uh logic and trust uh security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web uh logic and trust uh security
+things and other other kinds of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and other other kinds of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and other other kinds of uh
+activities and I only have two minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities and I only have two minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities and I only have two minutes
+left. Okay. So so uh RF RDF the resource
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left. Okay. So so uh RF RDF the resource
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left. Okay. So so uh RF RDF the resource
+description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description
+framework simplify all the words on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework simplify all the words on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework simplify all the words on this
+page. Whereas HTML provided an ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page. Whereas HTML provided an ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page. Whereas HTML provided an ability
+to link documents to documents, RDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to link documents to documents, RDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to link documents to documents, RDF
+provides an ability to link data to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides an ability to link data to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides an ability to link data to
+data. And the links are not just saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data. And the links are not just saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data. And the links are not just saying
+this links but but an explanation of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this links but but an explanation of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this links but but an explanation of how
+that one thing relates to another thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one thing relates to another thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one thing relates to another thing.
+So subject property value. So for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So subject property value. So for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So subject property value. So for
+instance, I could say that my talk uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance, I could say that my talk uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance, I could say that my talk uh
+the subject might be talk has presenter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject might be talk has presenter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject might be talk has presenter
+Steve Bront and every one of those items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steve Bront and every one of those items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steve Bront and every one of those items
+itself has a URI. So the talk has a URI.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself has a URI. So the talk has a URI.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself has a URI. So the talk has a URI.
+the concept of has a presenter has a URI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept of has a presenter has a URI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept of has a presenter has a URI
+and I have a URI. So all those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have a URI. So all those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have a URI. So all those things
+are not only linked together but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not only linked together but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not only linked together but they're
+on the web and accessible as as highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the web and accessible as as highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the web and accessible as as highly
+accessible as you'd like them to be. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible as you'd like them to be. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible as you'd like them to be. So
+the simple picture is that this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple picture is that this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple picture is that this is the
+current web. It's all gray and boring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current web. It's all gray and boring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current web. It's all gray and boring
+but basically extremely powerful being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically extremely powerful being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically extremely powerful being
+able to link one resource to another. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to link one resource to another. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to link one resource to another. We
+found how powerful that is. The web of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found how powerful that is. The web of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found how powerful that is. The web of
+the future we can not only link concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future we can not only link concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future we can not only link concepts
+together but also say how they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together but also say how they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together but also say how they are
+linked. So Jane Doe is attending a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked. So Jane Doe is attending a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked. So Jane Doe is attending a
+meeting. Okay, it's not just Jane Do's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting. Okay, it's not just Jane Do's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting. Okay, it's not just Jane Do's
+link to this meeting. There's a simple a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link to this meeting. There's a simple a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link to this meeting. There's a simple a
+relationship that the linkage is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship that the linkage is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship that the linkage is that
+she is attending it and perhaps the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she is attending it and perhaps the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she is attending it and perhaps the
+meeting says she's also the chair and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting says she's also the chair and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting says she's also the chair and
+there's also information about her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also information about her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also information about her
+personal data, information about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal data, information about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal data, information about the
+location of the meeting and so on. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of the meeting and so on. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of the meeting and so on. All
+that information is contained using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information is contained using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information is contained using
+standards to syntax and also ontology is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards to syntax and also ontology is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards to syntax and also ontology is
+developed by domain experts. So in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed by domain experts. So in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed by domain experts. So in this
+case there may be a international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case there may be a international
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case there may be a international
+organization of meetings that sets up an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization of meetings that sets up an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization of meetings that sets up an
+ontology for what what uh meetings are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ontology for what what uh meetings are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ontology for what what uh meetings are
+all about in your field. You can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about in your field. You can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about in your field. You can imagine
+getting together the diverse kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting together the diverse kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting together the diverse kinds of
+people you want to be able to use RFID.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people you want to be able to use RFID.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people you want to be able to use RFID.
+You're never going to get them all to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're never going to get them all to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're never going to get them all to
+agree on on a single ontology for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree on on a single ontology for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree on on a single ontology for
+describing everything that's related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing everything that's related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing everything that's related to
+RFID. So another idea is to do a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RFID. So another idea is to do a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RFID. So another idea is to do a more
+ground up a bottomup approach to this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground up a bottomup approach to this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground up a bottomup approach to this.
+We allow communities of people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We allow communities of people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We allow communities of people who
+already have places they meet more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have places they meet more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have places they meet more
+generally likely to agree on things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally likely to agree on things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally likely to agree on things to
+come to agreement on their ontologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to agreement on their ontologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to agreement on their ontologies
+and then expose those in RDF and be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then expose those in RDF and be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then expose those in RDF and be able
+to more easily link them than you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to more easily link them than you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to more easily link them than you can do
+now. So what I'll show two more pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now. So what I'll show two more pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now. So what I'll show two more pictures
+and then I'll I'll have to skip the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'll I'll have to skip the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'll I'll have to skip the last
+couple. You know the simple enterprise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple. You know the simple enterprise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple. You know the simple enterprise
+integration uh facts today is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration uh facts today is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration uh facts today is that
+between things like stock control and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between things like stock control and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between things like stock control and
+parts and issue tracking and human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts and issue tracking and human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts and issue tracking and human
+resource management these organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource management these organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource management these organization
+these concepts and these domains all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these concepts and these domains all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these concepts and these domains all
+need to talk to each other and you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to talk to each other and you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to talk to each other and you still
+have a lot of a big business out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of a big business out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of a big business out there
+and trying to be able to integrate these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to be able to integrate these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to be able to integrate these
+very diverse kinds of communities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very diverse kinds of communities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very diverse kinds of communities
+together within even a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together within even a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together within even a single
+enterprise. Not to mention across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enterprise. Not to mention across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enterprise. Not to mention across
+enterprises. And the idea behind using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enterprises. And the idea behind using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enterprises. And the idea behind using
+the semantic web is you create a bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semantic web is you create a bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semantic web is you create a bus
+basically um a bus that would allow you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically um a bus that would allow you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically um a bus that would allow you
+to use based on the standards and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use based on the standards and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use based on the standards and that
+arrow there RDF resource description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow there RDF resource description
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow there RDF resource description
+framework owl http and other kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework owl http and other kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework owl http and other kinds of
+standards to be able to access a a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards to be able to access a a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards to be able to access a a set
+of all information and data that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all information and data that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all information and data that are
+exposed using a common syntax and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed using a common syntax and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed using a common syntax and then
+operate on those things with things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate on those things with things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate on those things with things like
+the rule standards that are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rule standards that are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rule standards that are being
+developed the query standards that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed the query standards that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed the query standards that are
+being developed and so on. So um last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being developed and so on. So um last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being developed and so on. So um last
+slide a number of links on here to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide a number of links on here to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide a number of links on here to some
+research efforts that are going on now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research efforts that are going on now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research efforts that are going on now
+in the semantic web. Many of them do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the semantic web. Many of them do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the semantic web. Many of them do
+apply to some of the uh domains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to some of the uh domains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to some of the uh domains
+represented by people in this room. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by people in this room. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by people in this room. And
+I encourage you to to look through some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I encourage you to to look through some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I encourage you to to look through some
+of these links. Come talk to me. Come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these links. Come talk to me. Come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these links. Come talk to me. Come
+talk to us at the W3C. And we'd be happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to us at the W3C. And we'd be happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to us at the W3C. And we'd be happy
+to help you get connected with other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help you get connected with other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help you get connected with other
+people who may be able to help you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who may be able to help you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who may be able to help you in
+the research that you're doing. Thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the research that you're doing. Thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the research that you're doing. Thank
+you very much.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you very much.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you very much.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Bernie Hogan is the CTO of EBC Global.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Steve,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good morning. I I too would also like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good morning. I I too would also like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good morning. I I too would also like to
+thank uh John and Stephen for today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank uh John and Stephen for today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank uh John and Stephen for today
+inviting us here today. Uh Chris Adcock,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inviting us here today. Uh Chris Adcock,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inviting us here today. Uh Chris Adcock,
+president of EPC Global, wanted to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president of EPC Global, wanted to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president of EPC Global, wanted to be
+here today, but due to schedule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here today, but due to schedule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here today, but due to schedule
+conflicts, he was unable to attend. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicts, he was unable to attend. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicts, he was unable to attend. Um
+but I'd just like to give a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'd just like to give a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'd just like to give a little bit
+different definition of the EPC Global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different definition of the EPC Global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different definition of the EPC Global
+network. I was here to talk about it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network. I was here to talk about it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network. I was here to talk about it and
+really this is what I've learned over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really this is what I've learned over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really this is what I've learned over
+four years. What EPC global is about. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four years. What EPC global is about. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four years. What EPC global is about. Um
+thank you. Um and my view of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you. Um and my view of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you. Um and my view of the world
+is is that EPC global is about a network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is that EPC global is about a network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is that EPC global is about a network
+or a community of trading partners that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a community of trading partners that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a community of trading partners that
+want to share EPC uh read events in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to share EPC uh read events in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to share EPC uh read events in a
+standardized way to improve their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized way to improve their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized way to improve their
+business processes. The technology is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business processes. The technology is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business processes. The technology is
+important but it's an enabler. Okay. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important but it's an enabler. Okay. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important but it's an enabler. Okay. And
+if if I've learned anything over four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if I've learned anything over four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if I've learned anything over four
+years, um I was looking back over the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years, um I was looking back over the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years, um I was looking back over the in
+order to prepare this presentation over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to prepare this presentation over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to prepare this presentation over
+the over the past four years and and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the over the past four years and and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the over the past four years and and I
+went back into the archives and um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went back into the archives and um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went back into the archives and um uh
+those of you that are familiar with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you that are familiar with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you that are familiar with uh
+Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn. Okay.
+Well, Sanjay was was Tom Sawyer and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, Sanjay was was Tom Sawyer and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, Sanjay was was Tom Sawyer and I
+was Huckleberry Finn. and I would come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Huckleberry Finn. and I would come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Huckleberry Finn. and I would come
+up on a regular basis in 2002 and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on a regular basis in 2002 and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on a regular basis in 2002 and we
+would sit in Starbucks coffee shops and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would sit in Starbucks coffee shops and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would sit in Starbucks coffee shops and
+drink lots of lattes and we would draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink lots of lattes and we would draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink lots of lattes and we would draw
+on napkins and um he was convincing me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on napkins and um he was convincing me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on napkins and um he was convincing me
+how much fun he was having um painting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much fun he was having um painting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much fun he was having um painting
+the fence and and so I bit into it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fence and and so I bit into it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fence and and so I bit into it.
+Okay. And I felt like right about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And I felt like right about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And I felt like right about this
+time here uh that I I grabbed hold of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time here uh that I I grabbed hold of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time here uh that I I grabbed hold of a
+of a bullet train. Okay. because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a bullet train. Okay. because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a bullet train. Okay. because there
+was such tremendous momentum coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was such tremendous momentum coming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was such tremendous momentum coming out
+of the auto ID center and we had no idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the auto ID center and we had no idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the auto ID center and we had no idea
+um what was what was in store for us. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what was what was in store for us. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what was what was in store for us. Um
+you know we we wanted coming from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we we wanted coming from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we we wanted coming from the
+GS1 and E and UCC we wanted to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GS1 and E and UCC we wanted to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GS1 and E and UCC we wanted to look at
+the next generation of identification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next generation of identification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next generation of identification
+but we just didn't know it was going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we just didn't know it was going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we just didn't know it was going to
+be at this scale. So these are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at this scale. So these are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at this scale. So these are some
+slides that that that um I pulled that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides that that that um I pulled that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides that that that um I pulled that
+were presented to the auto ID center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were presented to the auto ID center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were presented to the auto ID center
+board of governors and this was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board of governors and this was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board of governors and this was the
+transition plan uh from the from auto ID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition plan uh from the from auto ID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition plan uh from the from auto ID
+center. There was an entity called auto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center. There was an entity called auto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center. There was an entity called auto
+ID Inc. at one point in time everyone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID Inc. at one point in time everyone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID Inc. at one point in time everyone's
+kind of seems to have forgotten today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of seems to have forgotten today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of seems to have forgotten today
+and we're going to migrate to this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to migrate to this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to migrate to this thing
+called APC global with linkage to auto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called APC global with linkage to auto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called APC global with linkage to auto
+ID labs. This was the plan. Uh we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID labs. This was the plan. Uh we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID labs. This was the plan. Uh we didn't
+deviate too far from the plan. the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviate too far from the plan. the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviate too far from the plan. the phase
+phase one. Sanjay's message to me was is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase one. Sanjay's message to me was is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase one. Sanjay's message to me was is
+we've taken this phase of the research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've taken this phase of the research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've taken this phase of the research
+just about as far as we possibly can. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just about as far as we possibly can. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just about as far as we possibly can. We
+need to get this into the real world. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get this into the real world. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get this into the real world. We
+need to get standards. We need to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get standards. We need to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get standards. We need to get
+companies utilizing this technology to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies utilizing this technology to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies utilizing this technology to
+see what works, what does not work, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what works, what does not work, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what works, what does not work, and
+where to take the next iteration of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where to take the next iteration of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where to take the next iteration of of
+research. And only through real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research. And only through real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research. And only through real
+implementation will be able to identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation will be able to identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation will be able to identify
+and correct the systems issues. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and correct the systems issues. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and correct the systems issues. So this
+was the plan. Now you have to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the plan. Now you have to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the plan. Now you have to remember
+back then um UCCC and EAN we were two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back then um UCCC and EAN we were two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back then um UCCC and EAN we were two
+separate organizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate organizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate organizations
+um not tightly linked and and there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not tightly linked and and there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not tightly linked and and there was
+a long history of of constant for lack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long history of of constant for lack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long history of of constant for lack
+of a better word battles between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a better word battles between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a better word battles between the two
+organization and philosophical issues on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization and philosophical issues on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization and philosophical issues on
+how things should be done. So UCCC and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how things should be done. So UCCC and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how things should be done. So UCCC and
+uh EAN the agreement was that UCCC would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh EAN the agreement was that UCCC would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh EAN the agreement was that UCCC would
+lead the charge and negotiate with MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead the charge and negotiate with MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead the charge and negotiate with MIT
+um on behalf of this this thing but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on behalf of this this thing but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on behalf of this this thing but but
+MIT was insistent that that this be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT was insistent that that this be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT was insistent that that this be
+truly global not just a US initiative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly global not just a US initiative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly global not just a US initiative
+but also multis sectoral they did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also multis sectoral they did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also multis sectoral they did not
+want this to go into just be buried into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this to go into just be buried into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this to go into just be buried into
+retail be the next generation of the UPC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retail be the next generation of the UPC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retail be the next generation of the UPC
+so these were some some very um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these were some some very um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these were some some very um
+um high challenges for for us to reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um high challenges for for us to reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um high challenges for for us to reach
+and so we worked out the roles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we worked out the roles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we worked out the roles and
+responsibility I don't know if You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility I don't know if You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility I don't know if You
+remember these slides, Sanjay? But um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember these slides, Sanjay? But um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember these slides, Sanjay? But um we
+worked out the roles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out the roles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out the roles and
+responsibilities who does what. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibilities who does what. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibilities who does what. Okay.
+Well, MIT wanted to continue doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, MIT wanted to continue doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, MIT wanted to continue doing
+research uh development of new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research uh development of new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research uh development of new
+technology uh publish publications and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology uh publish publications and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology uh publish publications and
+also outreach for for uh government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also outreach for for uh government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also outreach for for uh government
+funding and we were and working together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding and we were and working together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding and we were and working together
+on a collaborative way. UCCC and Ean we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a collaborative way. UCCC and Ean we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a collaborative way. UCCC and Ean we
+were going to do what we did best our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going to do what we did best our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going to do what we did best our
+core competencies administration of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core competencies administration of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core competencies administration of the
+systems commercialization key point.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems commercialization key point.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems commercialization key point.
+Okay. We were going to bring this to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. We were going to bring this to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. We were going to bring this to the
+to the commercial world. uh manage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the commercial world. uh manage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the commercial world. uh manage
+intellectual property if it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual property if it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual property if it is
+manageable, marketing, communications,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manageable, marketing, communications,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manageable, marketing, communications,
+standards development and training and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards development and training and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards development and training and
+education. So this is what we laid out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education. So this is what we laid out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education. So this is what we laid out.
+Um and this I lifted from actually from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and this I lifted from actually from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and this I lifted from actually from
+the contract uh last night. Okay, these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contract uh last night. Okay, these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contract uh last night. Okay, these
+were the numbers and the milestones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the numbers and the milestones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the numbers and the milestones that
+we were expected to hit uh EN and UC and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were expected to hit uh EN and UC and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were expected to hit uh EN and UC and
+I had a very sinking feeling in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had a very sinking feeling in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had a very sinking feeling in my
+stomach at that point in time because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stomach at that point in time because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stomach at that point in time because I
+had to convince my my boss at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to convince my my boss at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to convince my my boss at the time
+that we needed to do this. Okay, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we needed to do this. Okay, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we needed to do this. Okay, this
+was the right thing. And uh we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the right thing. And uh we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the right thing. And uh we were
+signing on behalf of the US and UCC and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signing on behalf of the US and UCC and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signing on behalf of the US and UCC and
+we were supposed to get 20 trading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were supposed to get 20 trading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were supposed to get 20 trading
+partners up utilizing EPC in 2004 and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners up utilizing EPC in 2004 and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners up utilizing EPC in 2004 and we
+were also supposed to make this global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were also supposed to make this global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were also supposed to make this global
+and and and a multis sectoral uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and a multis sectoral uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and a multis sectoral uh
+approach. Um so the these were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach. Um so the these were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach. Um so the these were the
+numbers and uh I was probably never more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and uh I was probably never more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and uh I was probably never more
+scared in my life when when I you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scared in my life when when I you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scared in my life when when I you know I
+convinced my boss to sign these numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced my boss to sign these numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced my boss to sign these numbers
+and they were they look quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were they look quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were they look quite
+staggering. So what what have we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staggering. So what what have we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staggering. So what what have we
+accomplished today? Well, EA and UCCC is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplished today? Well, EA and UCCC is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplished today? Well, EA and UCCC is
+now under one organization. We're now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now under one organization. We're now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now under one organization. We're now
+GS1. We we've worked very hard. Um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GS1. We we've worked very hard. Um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GS1. We we've worked very hard. Um we
+have a common leadership, common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a common leadership, common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a common leadership, common
+approach. It's now GS1. So I'm I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach. It's now GS1. So I'm I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach. It's now GS1. So I'm I'm a
+member of I work for GS1 US. There's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of I work for GS1 US. There's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of I work for GS1 US. There's
+some other people um in the room here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other people um in the room here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other people um in the room here
+from GS1, other other countries uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from GS1, other other countries uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from GS1, other other countries uh
+around the world. And we we've also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world. And we we've also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world. And we we've also
+aligned our portfolio of standards and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned our portfolio of standards and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned our portfolio of standards and
+service offerings. We have four primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service offerings. We have four primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service offerings. We have four primary
+um service offerings today. Okay, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um service offerings today. Okay, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um service offerings today. Okay, the
+barcodes uh electronic commerce, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barcodes uh electronic commerce, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barcodes uh electronic commerce, it's
+EDI and XML, global data synchronization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EDI and XML, global data synchronization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EDI and XML, global data synchronization
+and and here I'm to talk to you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and here I'm to talk to you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and here I'm to talk to you about
+EPC global today. So the mission uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EPC global today. So the mission uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EPC global today. So the mission uh to
+be true to what what uh uh MIT wanted us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true to what what uh uh MIT wanted us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true to what what uh uh MIT wanted us
+to do is just to take a global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is just to take a global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is just to take a global
+leadership role in development and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership role in development and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership role in development and
+promoting multi-industry userdriven key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoting multi-industry userdriven key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoting multi-industry userdriven key
+point userdriven because if this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point userdriven because if this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point userdriven because if this is not
+relevant to the user, okay, it will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to the user, okay, it will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to the user, okay, it will not
+have impact. If you've been involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have impact. If you've been involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have impact. If you've been involved in
+standards processes before, if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards processes before, if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards processes before, if you don't
+get the support of the industry, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the support of the industry, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the support of the industry, you
+will not get the implementation. So, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not get the implementation. So, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not get the implementation. So, we
+keep on holding back to what the users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep on holding back to what the users
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep on holding back to what the users
+want and then we develop the standards.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and then we develop the standards.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and then we develop the standards.
+Building standards for the sake of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building standards for the sake of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building standards for the sake of
+building standards sake is is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building standards sake is is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building standards sake is is not
+interesting. Um, we wanted to deliver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting. Um, we wanted to deliver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting. Um, we wanted to deliver
+added value to our customers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added value to our customers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added value to our customers and
+stakeholders to our activities and drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders to our activities and drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders to our activities and drive
+it through the GS1 member organizations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it through the GS1 member organizations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it through the GS1 member organizations.
+There are 102 GS1 member organizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are 102 GS1 member organizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are 102 GS1 member organizations
+around the world today. We want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world today. We want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world today. We want to be
+the trusted authority on technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trusted authority on technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trusted authority on technical
+standards. Okay? Okay, we're not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards. Okay? Okay, we're not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards. Okay? Okay, we're not a
+technical development organization.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical development organization.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical development organization.
+Technology is an enabler, but we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology is an enabler, but we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology is an enabler, but we want to
+provide the form where the technologist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide the form where the technologist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide the form where the technologist
+can sit at the table and work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sit at the table and work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sit at the table and work on
+standards through our processes and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards through our processes and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards through our processes and to
+effectively manage public policy. Public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively manage public policy. Public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively manage public policy. Public
+policy, what we learned from the auto ID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy, what we learned from the auto ID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy, what we learned from the auto ID
+center is probably as important as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center is probably as important as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center is probably as important as
+anything we do because if this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything we do because if this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything we do because if this is not
+accepted by the consumer, it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted by the consumer, it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted by the consumer, it's not
+accepted by the legislators, okay, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted by the legislators, okay, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted by the legislators, okay, this
+will not fly. It will not move forward.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not fly. It will not move forward.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not fly. It will not move forward.
+Okay? And we have a lot of activities in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? And we have a lot of activities in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? And we have a lot of activities in
+that area of public policy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that area of public policy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that area of public policy.
+So where do we stand? You remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So where do we stand? You remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So where do we stand? You remember the
+other numbers I I put before. Um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other numbers I I put before. Um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other numbers I I put before. Um it
+shows the the amount of growth u around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows the the amount of growth u around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows the the amount of growth u around
+the world and the breakdown by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world and the breakdown by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world and the breakdown by by
+region. Well, you know, we we far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region. Well, you know, we we far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region. Well, you know, we we far
+exceeded our expectations and now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceeded our expectations and now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceeded our expectations and now we
+have a different challenge is community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different challenge is community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different challenge is community
+management. How do we manage these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management. How do we manage these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management. How do we manage these
+communities? But globally, we have um as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities? But globally, we have um as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities? But globally, we have um as
+of January, we have 733 trading partners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of January, we have 733 trading partners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of January, we have 733 trading partners
+around the world. The the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world. The the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world. The the most
+unbelievable amount of growth is coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbelievable amount of growth is coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbelievable amount of growth is coming
+from the Asia region. Uh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Asia region. Uh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Asia region. Uh there's
+government funded projects in the Asian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government funded projects in the Asian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government funded projects in the Asian
+region in Hong Kong, Singapore, Japan,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region in Hong Kong, Singapore, Japan,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region in Hong Kong, Singapore, Japan,
+and Korea. Um they're coming on very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Korea. Um they're coming on very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Korea. Um they're coming on very
+very strong and people not only do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strong and people not only do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strong and people not only do they
+want to build this technology, but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to build this technology, but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to build this technology, but they
+also want to improve their business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also want to improve their business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also want to improve their business
+processing leveraging this technology.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing leveraging this technology.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing leveraging this technology.
+So it it's quite rewarding to to where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it it's quite rewarding to to where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it it's quite rewarding to to where
+we are. You can see in two years two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are. You can see in two years two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are. You can see in two years two
+years um where where we've come and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years um where where we've come and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years um where where we've come and it's
+a very short period of time and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very short period of time and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very short period of time and you can
+see the the percentages and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the the percentages and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the the percentages and the
+breakdowns um by by region and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdowns um by by region and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdowns um by by region and the
+amount of growth uh around the world.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of growth uh around the world.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of growth uh around the world.
+This this is this this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This this is this this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This this is this this is very
+encouraging um and it's a lot of hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouraging um and it's a lot of hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouraging um and it's a lot of hard
+work but we want to get back to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work but we want to get back to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work but we want to get back to our
+mission. Okay. Initially what what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission. Okay. Initially what what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission. Okay. Initially what what was
+in in the auto ID center there was a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the auto ID center there was a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the auto ID center there was a um
+majority of of this well the a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of of this well the a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of of this well the a large
+portion of the companies that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of the companies that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of the companies that are
+involved in the auto ID center were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the auto ID center were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the auto ID center were
+solution providers. They were looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution providers. They were looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution providers. They were looking
+for the new new thing. They were looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the new new thing. They were looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the new new thing. They were looking
+for the next opportunity. They wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the next opportunity. They wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the next opportunity. They wanted to
+build the marketplace which is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build the marketplace which is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build the marketplace which is very
+important and continues to be important.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and continues to be important.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and continues to be important.
+But if we're going to be relevant to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But if we're going to be relevant to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But if we're going to be relevant to the
+marketplace, we need the involvement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketplace, we need the involvement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketplace, we need the involvement of
+the end users. And so you can see um as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end users. And so you can see um as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end users. And so you can see um as
+as of the latter part of last year with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as of the latter part of last year with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as of the latter part of last year with
+53% of our total membership is end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+53% of our total membership is end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+53% of our total membership is end
+users. Great industry support. Some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users. Great industry support. Some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users. Great industry support. Some of
+the companies in the room, Walmart,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the companies in the room, Walmart,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the companies in the room, Walmart,
+Target, Albertson's Department of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target, Albertson's Department of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target, Albertson's Department of
+Defense, Metro, uh Tesco, so on and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Defense, Metro, uh Tesco, so on and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Defense, Metro, uh Tesco, so on and so
+forth. And we're also getting support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth. And we're also getting support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth. And we're also getting support
+outside um of the traditional retail se
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside um of the traditional retail se
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside um of the traditional retail se
+sectors. So, so this is coming to true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors. So, so this is coming to true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors. So, so this is coming to true.
+Um, getting back to the uh multis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, getting back to the uh multis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, getting back to the uh multis
+sectoral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectoral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectoral
+approach, this is a breakdown. This is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach, this is a breakdown. This is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach, this is a breakdown. This is a
+US perspective, but it shows across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US perspective, but it shows across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US perspective, but it shows across the
+industry sectors. Not only is it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry sectors. Not only is it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry sectors. Not only is it just
+consumer goods, food and beverage,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer goods, food and beverage,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer goods, food and beverage,
+healthcare, life sciences. There's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare, life sciences. There's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare, life sciences. There's
+there's a great balance across these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a great balance across these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a great balance across these
+communities. And what they're now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities. And what they're now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities. And what they're now
+finding these communities, they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding these communities, they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding these communities, they all
+start as separate groups where they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start as separate groups where they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start as separate groups where they all
+want to talk about their problems, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about their problems, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about their problems, but
+they start to cross-pollinate with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they start to cross-pollinate with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they start to cross-pollinate with one
+another and they say some of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another and they say some of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another and they say some of their
+problems are are are the same. Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are are are the same. Um, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are are are the same. Um, and
+there's there's good good interaction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's good good interaction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's good good interaction.
+We have a structure um in place um and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We have a structure um in place um and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We have a structure um in place um and a
+governance structure, but it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governance structure, but it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governance structure, but it really
+starts with a business problem, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts with a business problem, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts with a business problem, the
+business steering committees. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business steering committees. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business steering committees. We
+organize the communities around business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize the communities around business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize the communities around business
+action groups. We have a consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action groups. We have a consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action groups. We have a consumer
+package good healthcare life sciences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package good healthcare life sciences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package good healthcare life sciences
+and we recently launched a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we recently launched a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we recently launched a
+transportation logistics. Uh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation logistics. Uh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation logistics. Uh there's
+regional adoption programs in Europe and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regional adoption programs in Europe and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regional adoption programs in Europe and
+Asia and now we have some um discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asia and now we have some um discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asia and now we have some um discussion
+groups in aerospace, food and beverage,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups in aerospace, food and beverage,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups in aerospace, food and beverage,
+automotive and apparel. So eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automotive and apparel. So eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automotive and apparel. So eventually
+these will become business action groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these will become business action groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these will become business action groups
+as as we move forward. So the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as we move forward. So the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as we move forward. So the structure
+is in place. We have a continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in place. We have a continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in place. We have a continuous
+improvement process to to organize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement process to to organize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement process to to organize
+things. It's great challenge but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. It's great challenge but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. It's great challenge but it's
+it's a great thing to be involved. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a great thing to be involved. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a great thing to be involved. Um
+here's the the the the standards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the the the the standards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the the the the standards
+process. Um where we are to date with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process. Um where we are to date with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process. Um where we are to date with
+the standards and what what have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standards and what what have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standards and what what have been
+delivered as as far as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered as as far as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered as as far as the
+specifications what have been ratified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications what have been ratified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications what have been ratified
+by the boards. We have ONS uh AL or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the boards. We have ONS uh AL or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the boards. We have ONS uh AL or
+filtering and collection tag data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering and collection tag data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering and collection tag data
+standards. We have several generations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards. We have several generations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards. We have several generations
+of that specification. U and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that specification. U and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that specification. U and of course
+gen two. Um but the most important part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gen two. Um but the most important part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gen two. Um but the most important part
+of and the real value of a standard is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and the real value of a standard is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and the real value of a standard is
+is is what's what occurs in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is what's what occurs in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is what's what occurs in the
+certification process. Um, last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certification process. Um, last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certification process. Um, last
+September we we announced the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+September we we announced the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+September we we announced the
+certification of Gen two interoperable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certification of Gen two interoperable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certification of Gen two interoperable
+products. Which tags work with which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products. Which tags work with which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products. Which tags work with which
+readers or or u better yet which ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readers or or u better yet which ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readers or or u better yet which ones
+conform to the specifications. Now as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conform to the specifications. Now as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conform to the specifications. Now as a
+result of that you're seeing pro prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of that you're seeing pro prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of that you're seeing pro prices
+starting to drop significantly and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to drop significantly and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to drop significantly and we're
+moving forward. So we're building a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving forward. So we're building a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving forward. So we're building a
+marketplace for the solution providers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketplace for the solution providers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketplace for the solution providers
+and we're we're building opportunity for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're we're building opportunity for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're we're building opportunity for
+for trading partners and giving them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for trading partners and giving them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for trading partners and giving them
+freedom of choice on which solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom of choice on which solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom of choice on which solutions
+they wish to to to procure. uh we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wish to to to procure. uh we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wish to to to procure. uh we have a
+a governance structure that is balanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a governance structure that is balanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a governance structure that is balanced
+and across the sectors. Not only do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and across the sectors. Not only do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and across the sectors. Not only do we
+have retail, we have transportation,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have retail, we have transportation,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have retail, we have transportation,
+logistics, health, health healthcare,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistics, health, health healthcare,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistics, health, health healthcare,
+technology, public sectors. We have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology, public sectors. We have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology, public sectors. We have
+regional balance uh globally from Latin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regional balance uh globally from Latin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regional balance uh globally from Latin
+America, uh Europe and and uh the Far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America, uh Europe and and uh the Far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America, uh Europe and and uh the Far
+East. Uh Sanjay serves on the board of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+East. Uh Sanjay serves on the board of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+East. Uh Sanjay serves on the board of
+governors providing linkage back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governors providing linkage back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governors providing linkage back to the
+labs a and uh we have a couple um other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labs a and uh we have a couple um other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labs a and uh we have a couple um other
+sectors that have come on board consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors that have come on board consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors that have come on board consumer
+electronics as well as aerospace and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronics as well as aerospace and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronics as well as aerospace and the
+board will expand depending on industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board will expand depending on industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board will expand depending on industry
+activity. Um, I want to commend Elgar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity. Um, I want to commend Elgar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity. Um, I want to commend Elgar
+and John and Nick Ferguson up top for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and John and Nick Ferguson up top for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and John and Nick Ferguson up top for
+the work that they've done in the LA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work that they've done in the LA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work that they've done in the LA
+last years. I mean, if there's any area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last years. I mean, if there's any area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last years. I mean, if there's any area
+of that we could have improved over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that we could have improved over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that we could have improved over the
+past two years was the linkage to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past two years was the linkage to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past two years was the linkage to the
+labs. Okay. I mean, the EPC global had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labs. Okay. I mean, the EPC global had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labs. Okay. I mean, the EPC global had
+um challenges, startup issues, the labs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um challenges, startup issues, the labs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um challenges, startup issues, the labs
+had had were were, you know, there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had had were were, you know, there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had had were were, you know, there was a
+change in role and how how things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in role and how how things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in role and how how things
+worked. I think we're on a great course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked. I think we're on a great course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked. I think we're on a great course
+now with the new structure. Uh, commend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now with the new structure. Uh, commend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now with the new structure. Uh, commend
+the work that's been done to to date in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work that's been done to to date in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work that's been done to to date in
+in that um arena. uh we we've created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that um arena. uh we we've created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that um arena. uh we we've created
+better linkage between the labs and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better linkage between the labs and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better linkage between the labs and the
+research. Uh these are some leadership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research. Uh these are some leadership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research. Uh these are some leadership
+roles that Sanjay uh serves on the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roles that Sanjay uh serves on the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roles that Sanjay uh serves on the board
+of governors and the architecture review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of governors and the architecture review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of governors and the architecture review
+committee. John Williams also serves on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee. John Williams also serves on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee. John Williams also serves on
+on the member of the ark. Elgar serves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the member of the ark. Elgar serves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the member of the ark. Elgar serves
+on the business steering committee. Also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the business steering committee. Also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the business steering committee. Also
+some of the other other research uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the other other research uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the other other research uh
+members uh Peter and Dan uh Peter Cole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members uh Peter and Dan uh Peter Cole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members uh Peter and Dan uh Peter Cole
+and Dan Engles the active members of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Dan Engles the active members of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Dan Engles the active members of the
+HAG and other members of the research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HAG and other members of the research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HAG and other members of the research
+community are participating in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community are participating in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community are participating in this
+thing. But we need to align this better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. But we need to align this better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. But we need to align this better
+going forward. It's it's a it's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going forward. It's it's a it's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going forward. It's it's a it's a great
+opportunity and as this academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity and as this academic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity and as this academic
+alliance comes together we we need we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alliance comes together we we need we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alliance comes together we we need we
+need to extend the outreach. Um looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to extend the outreach. Um looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to extend the outreach. Um looking
+into the future uh well my list isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the future uh well my list isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the future uh well my list isn't
+too far from Sanjay's and we both did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too far from Sanjay's and we both did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too far from Sanjay's and we both did
+this independently. So uh business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this independently. So uh business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this independently. So uh business
+justification um return on investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justification um return on investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justification um return on investment
+there's a lot of trading partners that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of trading partners that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of trading partners that
+are still struggling with trying to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still struggling with trying to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still struggling with trying to find
+the value and return on investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value and return on investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value and return on investment
+there. the trading partners that get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. the trading partners that get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. the trading partners that get it
+and the trading partners that are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the trading partners that are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the trading partners that are still
+struggling huge research opportunity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggling huge research opportunity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggling huge research opportunity to
+help them find the way uh business use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help them find the way uh business use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help them find the way uh business use
+cases they need to have clarity um to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases they need to have clarity um to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases they need to have clarity um to to
+do that information sharing I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that information sharing I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that information sharing I think is
+one of our biggest challenges uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of our biggest challenges uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of our biggest challenges uh
+information sharing because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information sharing because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information sharing because there's
+proprietary solutions many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proprietary solutions many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proprietary solutions many of the
+retailers today have their their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retailers today have their their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retailers today have their their own
+proprietary portals and uh getting them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proprietary portals and uh getting them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proprietary portals and uh getting them
+to to embrace an open standard will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to embrace an open standard will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to embrace an open standard will be a
+challenge you have legacy constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge you have legacy constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge you have legacy constraints
+people have large investments in EDI and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have large investments in EDI and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have large investments in EDI and
+other systems, lack of trust. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other systems, lack of trust. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other systems, lack of trust. Okay,
+getting trading partners to trust. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting trading partners to trust. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting trading partners to trust. I
+don't know if this is a research topic.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if this is a research topic.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if this is a research topic.
+I don't know how to get past the trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know how to get past the trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know how to get past the trust
+issue, but it is probably our biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue, but it is probably our biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue, but it is probably our biggest
+challenge right now. Um, inertia is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge right now. Um, inertia is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge right now. Um, inertia is
+another challenge. I mean, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another challenge. I mean, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another challenge. I mean, you know,
+we've always done it this way is is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've always done it this way is is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've always done it this way is is what
+we hear and getting people to pass that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we hear and getting people to pass that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we hear and getting people to pass that
+model. Um, there's also existing revenue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model. Um, there's also existing revenue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model. Um, there's also existing revenue
+models in place in healthcare, life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models in place in healthcare, life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models in place in healthcare, life
+sciences, and fastmoving consumer goods.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sciences, and fastmoving consumer goods.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sciences, and fastmoving consumer goods.
+The people sell information to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The people sell information to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The people sell information to one
+another. Well, if you create an open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another. Well, if you create an open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another. Well, if you create an open
+standard to share information over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard to share information over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard to share information over the
+internet, what happens to the revenue?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet, what happens to the revenue?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet, what happens to the revenue?
+We have to deal with it. Nobody wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We have to deal with it. Nobody wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We have to deal with it. Nobody wants to
+talk about that, but it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that, but it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that, but it's a it's a
+reality of what what we have to today.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality of what what we have to today.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality of what what we have to today.
+It's somewhat the elephant in the room.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's somewhat the elephant in the room.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's somewhat the elephant in the room.
+What we need is unbiased research on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What we need is unbiased research on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What we need is unbiased research on
+alternative technologies. I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative technologies. I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative technologies. I've been
+approached no less than three times uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approached no less than three times uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approached no less than three times uh
+from alternative technology companies um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from alternative technology companies um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from alternative technology companies um
+and saying I have the technology that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and saying I have the technology that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and saying I have the technology that
+that that will go past Gen 2 and um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that will go past Gen 2 and um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that will go past Gen 2 and um but
+we cannot have a single vendor solution.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we cannot have a single vendor solution.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we cannot have a single vendor solution.
+We need unbiased research to go look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We need unbiased research to go look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We need unbiased research to go look at
+these technologies and come back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these technologies and come back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these technologies and come back and
+help uh show a way security. You could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help uh show a way security. You could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help uh show a way security. You could
+put a whole slide on security. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a whole slide on security. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a whole slide on security. Um
+encryption, authentication, password
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encryption, authentication, password
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encryption, authentication, password
+management, um the list goes on around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management, um the list goes on around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management, um the list goes on around
+security. It's such a broad topic.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security. It's such a broad topic.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security. It's such a broad topic.
+Sensors, active active tags,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sensors, active active tags,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sensors, active active tags,
+intellectual property, how do you deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual property, how do you deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual property, how do you deal
+with it? I mean, we're dealing quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it? I mean, we're dealing quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it? I mean, we're dealing quite a
+bit with defensive patents today or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit with defensive patents today or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit with defensive patents today or or
+use my words, nuisance patents. Okay?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use my words, nuisance patents. Okay?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use my words, nuisance patents. Okay?
+But we need to work through that. We're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But we need to work through that. We're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But we need to work through that. We're
+not about companies that have truly have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not about companies that have truly have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not about companies that have truly have
+an invention that that they want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an invention that that they want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an invention that that they want to
+protect. Uh but but a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect. Uh but but a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect. Uh but but a lot of the
+intellectual property issues we deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual property issues we deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual property issues we deal
+with are are just in my opinion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with are are just in my opinion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with are are just in my opinion
+frivolous and as well as public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frivolous and as well as public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frivolous and as well as public
+policies. These these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies. These these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies. These these are all
+opportunities research uh to to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities research uh to to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities research uh to to move
+forward. The um in in summary in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward. The um in in summary in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward. The um in in summary in in
+conclusion the community we've moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion the community we've moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion the community we've moved
+from hope to hype to implementation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from hope to hype to implementation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from hope to hype to implementation.
+There are deployments there. You can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are deployments there. You can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are deployments there. You can
+read the reports um on what's happening.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the reports um on what's happening.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the reports um on what's happening.
+The community grows stronger every day.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The community grows stronger every day.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The community grows stronger every day.
+Um it's getting more complex. Um when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um it's getting more complex. Um when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um it's getting more complex. Um when
+you look at the numbers, you know, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the numbers, you know, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the numbers, you know, it's
+only, you know, we have over 700. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only, you know, we have over 700. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only, you know, we have over 700. It's
+quite staggering. How do you organize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite staggering. How do you organize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite staggering. How do you organize
+1,500 people around the world to develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,500 people around the world to develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,500 people around the world to develop
+standards? These are challenges, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards? These are challenges, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards? These are challenges, but
+we're I think we're up to the task. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're I think we're up to the task. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're I think we're up to the task. Uh
+physics and standards challenges are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and standards challenges are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and standards challenges are are
+be uh are become being overcome. Prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh are become being overcome. Prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh are become being overcome. Prices
+are coming down. The benefits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are coming down. The benefits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are coming down. The benefits of
+visibility are starting to be realized.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility are starting to be realized.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility are starting to be realized.
+We need to get more public facts about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We need to get more public facts about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We need to get more public facts about
+these these business benefits. Okay. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these business benefits. Okay. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these business benefits. Okay. But
+the community has moved decisively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community has moved decisively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community has moved decisively
+forward uh from preparation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward uh from preparation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward uh from preparation to
+implementation. So the companies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation. So the companies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation. So the companies that
+are involved, they they they see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are involved, they they they see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are involved, they they they see the
+opportunity and and they're off to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity and and they're off to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity and and they're off to the
+race for business benefits. Okay. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race for business benefits. Okay. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race for business benefits. Okay. We
+need to get the research community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get the research community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get the research community
+involved to bring in more people, get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved to bring in more people, get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved to bring in more people, get
+this technology uh to to everyone on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this technology uh to to everyone on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this technology uh to to everyone on a
+global basis. Thank you very much.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And then John Williams, the the director
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then John Williams, the the director
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then John Williams, the the director
+of the auto ID labs here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah, please.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Great. Thanks very much, Steve. Um, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great. Thanks very much, Steve. Um, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great. Thanks very much, Steve. Um, this
+is like little like being in a car race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like little like being in a car race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like little like being in a car race
+here. I feel I've got about three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. I feel I've got about three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. I feel I've got about three
+minutes to present, you know, 80 85
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes to present, you know, 80 85
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes to present, you know, 80 85
+slides. No.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides. No.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides. No.
+Um, let let me start zipping through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, let let me start zipping through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, let let me start zipping through
+these. uh Sanjay got me uh interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these. uh Sanjay got me uh interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these. uh Sanjay got me uh interested in
+RFID about a year ago. Um my background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RFID about a year ago. Um my background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RFID about a year ago. Um my background
+is not in RFID. Uh before this I built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not in RFID. Uh before this I built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not in RFID. Uh before this I built
+information systems. Um so I'm coming to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information systems. Um so I'm coming to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information systems. Um so I'm coming to
+things from the point of view of how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things from the point of view of how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things from the point of view of how do
+you build systems that are kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you build systems that are kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you build systems that are kind of
+globally um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globally um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globally um
+sustainable and I think there's some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable and I think there's some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable and I think there's some uh
+very interesting things happening at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting things happening at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting things happening at the
+moment in the world certainly in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment in the world certainly in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment in the world certainly in the
+world of software that things are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of software that things are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of software that things are are
+changing yet again we had the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing yet again we had the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing yet again we had the internet
+revolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution
+um recently Bill Gates and uh one of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um recently Bill Gates and uh one of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um recently Bill Gates and uh one of his
+VPs Ray Aussie sent out a memo it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VPs Ray Aussie sent out a memo it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VPs Ray Aussie sent out a memo it was
+October 30th 2005 five sent out a memo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+October 30th 2005 five sent out a memo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+October 30th 2005 five sent out a memo
+saying, "Guys, the world has changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying, "Guys, the world has changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying, "Guys, the world has changed
+again. We've got the internet happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. We've got the internet happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. We've got the internet happening
+yet again." They were blindsided.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet again." They were blindsided.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet again." They were blindsided.
+Microsoft were blindsided in the 90s by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Microsoft were blindsided in the 90s by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Microsoft were blindsided in the 90s by
+the internet. Now something else is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet. Now something else is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet. Now something else is
+happening and it's this world of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and it's this world of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and it's this world of
+services. Uh they're very afraid that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services. Uh they're very afraid that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services. Uh they're very afraid that
+Google has a totally different business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google has a totally different business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google has a totally different business
+model um to providing services. And I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model um to providing services. And I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model um to providing services. And I
+just want to say how Google's model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to say how Google's model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to say how Google's model
+actually impacts our FID because I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually impacts our FID because I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually impacts our FID because I think
+it's it's interesting when you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's interesting when you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's interesting when you think
+about what what happens when you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what what happens when you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what what happens when you know
+where everything is. And I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where everything is. And I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where everything is. And I think that's
+what's happening with our FID. We have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening with our FID. We have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening with our FID. We have
+the ability to know where a good portion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to know where a good portion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to know where a good portion
+of the physical things in the world are.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the physical things in the world are.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the physical things in the world are.
+And what happens to business models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what happens to business models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what happens to business models
+then? and Sanjay was uh intimating that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then? and Sanjay was uh intimating that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then? and Sanjay was uh intimating that
+yeah it's going to change the way we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's going to change the way we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's going to change the way we do
+business and I just like to add to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business and I just like to add to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business and I just like to add to that
+thought because I think it it really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought because I think it it really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought because I think it it really is
+going to happen. It is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen. It is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen. It is
+happening. Um my background is software.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening. Um my background is software.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening. Um my background is software.
+I'd like to say something about software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to say something about software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to say something about software
+trends. Uh security is a is a major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trends. Uh security is a is a major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trends. Uh security is a is a major
+problem. Um there was a recent report.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. Um there was a recent report.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. Um there was a recent report.
+It's the it's the fastest growing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's the it's the fastest growing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's the it's the fastest growing uh
+area uh business area is fraud. If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area uh business area is fraud. If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area uh business area is fraud. If you
+if you want to get into a a good area,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to get into a a good area,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to get into a a good area,
+fraud is a great area at the moment.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraud is a great area at the moment.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraud is a great area at the moment.
+It's growing at about a thousand% a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's growing at about a thousand% a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's growing at about a thousand% a
+year. Um I I was talking to how men and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year. Um I I was talking to how men and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year. Um I I was talking to how men and
+he was saying that the hag was recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was saying that the hag was recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was saying that the hag was recently
+hacked uh like yesterday that adverts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hacked uh like yesterday that adverts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hacked uh like yesterday that adverts
+were being sent out over the email
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were being sent out over the email
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were being sent out over the email
+lists. Um this is a serious trend. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists. Um this is a serious trend. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists. Um this is a serious trend. The
+internet was not designed with security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet was not designed with security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet was not designed with security
+in mind.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind.
+um we can see that we're probably going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we can see that we're probably going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we can see that we're probably going
+to have to be secure that we can't allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to be secure that we can't allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to be secure that we can't allow
+people to see the drugs in our pocket or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to see the drugs in our pocket or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to see the drugs in our pocket or
+that you're walking out of a store um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're walking out of a store um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're walking out of a store um
+with Oxycontton or whatever it is. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Oxycontton or whatever it is. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Oxycontton or whatever it is. Um
+the other thing I'd like to note is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing I'd like to note is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing I'd like to note is that
+is is that change we have to build for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is that change we have to build for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is that change we have to build for
+change. One thing we've learned about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change. One thing we've learned about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change. One thing we've learned about
+software is we can't expect people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software is we can't expect people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software is we can't expect people to
+follow a standard rigidly. You can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow a standard rigidly. You can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow a standard rigidly. You can't
+force people into adopting a standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force people into adopting a standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force people into adopting a standard
+that's going to stay static. we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to stay static. we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to stay static. we're going
+to have standards that are changing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have standards that are changing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have standards that are changing and
+that's going to be a problem. We have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be a problem. We have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be a problem. We have to
+design for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design for
+that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that.
+So, we've got a system that's global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we've got a system that's global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we've got a system that's global
+that this was some work we did on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this was some work we did on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this was some work we did on uh
+incorporating Google maps so that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporating Google maps so that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporating Google maps so that we
+could zoom in, we could type an EPC code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could zoom in, we could type an EPC code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could zoom in, we could type an EPC code
+in and zoom in uh you know down through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and zoom in uh you know down through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and zoom in uh you know down through
+the the layers of aerial photographs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the layers of aerial photographs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the layers of aerial photographs
+into a store onto the shop uh shelf in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a store onto the shop uh shelf in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a store onto the shop uh shelf in
+the shop. um that's possible now. We can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shop. um that's possible now. We can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shop. um that's possible now. We can
+we can integrate information systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can integrate information systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can integrate information systems
+that is distributed across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is distributed across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is distributed across the
+globe. Now I think the interesting thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globe. Now I think the interesting thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globe. Now I think the interesting thing
+is that that allows different business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that allows different business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that allows different business
+models. As I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models. As I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models. As I
+said, Google is a phenomena that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, Google is a phenomena that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, Google is a phenomena that we're
+only just beginning to understand. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only just beginning to understand. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only just beginning to understand. I
+don't know if you've heard about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if you've heard about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if you've heard about
+Adwords, but it's a six billion dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adwords, but it's a six billion dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adwords, but it's a six billion dollar
+industry at 50 cents a shot. So what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry at 50 cents a shot. So what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry at 50 cents a shot. So what
+they're doing, this is one of Google's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing, this is one of Google's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing, this is one of Google's
+projects products that anyone what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects products that anyone what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects products that anyone what
+they're trying to do is make anyone can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're trying to do is make anyone can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're trying to do is make anyone can
+buy and sell anything. They're matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy and sell anything. They're matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy and sell anything. They're matching
+up search queries with hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up search queries with hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up search queries with hundreds of
+thousands of marketers. You know, these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of marketers. You know, these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of marketers. You know, these
+people on eBay selling things, but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on eBay selling things, but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on eBay selling things, but they
+they'll match them up and they do it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll match them up and they do it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll match them up and they do it in
+a fraction of a second. And they do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fraction of a second. And they do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fraction of a second. And they do it
+with a very different software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a very different software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a very different software
+architecture. They don't use databases.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture. They don't use databases.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture. They don't use databases.
+They have everything in memory.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They have everything in memory.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They have everything in memory.
+Everything is cached. They have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everything is cached. They have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everything is cached. They have
+something like 500,000 machines at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 500,000 machines at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 500,000 machines at the
+moment. Nobody knows exactly how many,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment. Nobody knows exactly how many,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment. Nobody knows exactly how many,
+but they're not using relational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're not using relational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're not using relational
+databases. They have a very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases. They have a very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases. They have a very different
+approach. I don't know if you've typed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach. I don't know if you've typed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach. I don't know if you've typed
+something in and made a mistake in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in and made a mistake in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in and made a mistake in in
+Google and they suggest what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google and they suggest what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google and they suggest what the
+correction should be. And they don't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction should be. And they don't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction should be. And they don't do
+it based on dictionaries. What they do,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it based on dictionaries. What they do,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it based on dictionaries. What they do,
+they do it just based on the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do it just based on the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do it just based on the fact that
+somebody else has made that mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else has made that mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else has made that mistake
+before. They've recorded it. and they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before. They've recorded it. and they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before. They've recorded it. and they've
+recorded it what likely you you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded it what likely you you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded it what likely you you're
+likely to type in next. So they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to type in next. So they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to type in next. So they they
+have a very different kind of uh set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very different kind of uh set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very different kind of uh set of
+algorithms to normal. And Eric Schmidt,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms to normal. And Eric Schmidt,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms to normal. And Eric Schmidt,
+who's the CEO of Google, wants to match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's the CEO of Google, wants to match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's the CEO of Google, wants to match
+every single item in the world to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single item in the world to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single item in the world to a
+buyer. This sounds very much like RFID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buyer. This sounds very much like RFID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buyer. This sounds very much like RFID
+to me that you need to know where are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me that you need to know where are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me that you need to know where are
+those items, who do they belong to, etc.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those items, who do they belong to, etc.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those items, who do they belong to, etc.
+Um, so I think there's going to be a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so I think there's going to be a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so I think there's going to be a lot
+of research in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of research in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of research in
+integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating
+services. The EPC codes are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services. The EPC codes are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services. The EPC codes are going to be
+a critical part of that, but then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a critical part of that, but then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a critical part of that, but then we're
+going to add other data in. And we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to add other data in. And we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to add other data in. And we're
+already beginning to see some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already beginning to see some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already beginning to see some of the
+issues uh that that causes with data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues uh that that causes with data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues uh that that causes with data
+coming up through we've got uh through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up through we've got uh through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up through we've got uh through
+um EPC global, we've got standards up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um EPC global, we've got standards up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um EPC global, we've got standards up to
+about this EPCIS level.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this EPCIS level.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this EPCIS level.
+So this is dealing with EPC reads. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is dealing with EPC reads. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is dealing with EPC reads. Now
+above that we've got things like search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above that we've got things like search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above that we've got things like search
+and discovery discovery services. We're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and discovery discovery services. We're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and discovery discovery services. We're
+unsure what those are and we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsure what those are and we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsure what those are and we need to
+define them. So this this whole layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define them. So this this whole layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define them. So this this whole layer
+above you know ONS above EPCIS we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above you know ONS above EPCIS we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above you know ONS above EPCIS we really
+need to think seriously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to think seriously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to think seriously
+about that will involve feeding in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that will involve feeding in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that will involve feeding in other
+data matching it with these EPC reads.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data matching it with these EPC reads.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data matching it with these EPC reads.
+So at the moment we're thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So at the moment we're thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So at the moment we're thinking about
+okay it'll this will be data from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it'll this will be data from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it'll this will be data from the
+ERP systems but it may be data from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ERP systems but it may be data from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ERP systems but it may be data from
+Google maps uh other databases um from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google maps uh other databases um from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google maps uh other databases um from
+government databases for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government databases for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government databases for
+example so we're trying to build a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so we're trying to build a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so we're trying to build a a
+simulator in the auto ID labs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator in the auto ID labs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator in the auto ID labs to
+understand what this global network is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what this global network is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what this global network is
+going to be like we feel that we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be like we feel that we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be like we feel that we need to
+simulate it to get some idea of where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate it to get some idea of where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate it to get some idea of where
+the bottlenecks are going to be what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottlenecks are going to be what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottlenecks are going to be what the
+uh um uh research that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um uh research that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um uh research that's going to be
+needed. We just we don't know where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed. We just we don't know where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed. We just we don't know where this
+data is going to reside. The EPC reads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is going to reside. The EPC reads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is going to reside. The EPC reads
+are they going to be pushed way up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they going to be pushed way up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they going to be pushed way up
+beyond EPCIS? They're going to reside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond EPCIS? They're going to reside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond EPCIS? They're going to reside
+below the EPCIS layer. It's unclear how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the EPCIS layer. It's unclear how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the EPCIS layer. It's unclear how
+much data is going to be flowing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much data is going to be flowing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much data is going to be flowing or
+where it's going to uh to be. So at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's going to uh to be. So at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's going to uh to be. So at the
+moment we're defining this architecture.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment we're defining this architecture.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment we're defining this architecture.
+um a lot of the standards for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a lot of the standards for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a lot of the standards for the
+middleware and when I talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middleware and when I talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middleware and when I talk about
+middleware I'm talking about middleware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middleware I'm talking about middleware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middleware I'm talking about middleware
+at the TCP IP and above level not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the TCP IP and above level not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the TCP IP and above level not the
+middleware between the reader and the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middleware between the reader and the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middleware between the reader and the uh
+the tag um and I think we're already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tag um and I think we're already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tag um and I think we're already
+beginning to see there's some confusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to see there's some confusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to see there's some confusion
+about uh the use of of of words of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh the use of of of words of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh the use of of of words of
+semantics things like discovery for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantics things like discovery for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantics things like discovery for us
+in the web service world discovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the web service world discovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the web service world discovery
+mechanisms means uh something different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms means uh something different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms means uh something different
+to discovery I think in the EPC context.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discovery I think in the EPC context.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discovery I think in the EPC context.
+So, we're going to need to to sort out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we're going to need to to sort out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we're going to need to to sort out
+some of these dictionaries. So, some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these dictionaries. So, some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these dictionaries. So, some of
+the issues that I think are important.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issues that I think are important.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issues that I think are important.
+Um, one of the most important is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, one of the most important is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, one of the most important is
+security for sure that we we've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security for sure that we we've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security for sure that we we've got to
+figure out how to secure these systems.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to secure these systems.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to secure these systems.
+And it's not so much a it's a technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it's not so much a it's a technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it's not so much a it's a technical
+problem, but it's at all layers. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem, but it's at all layers. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem, but it's at all layers. You
+can't just secure the tag to the reader.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't just secure the tag to the reader.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't just secure the tag to the reader.
+Uh, that at some level security is a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, that at some level security is a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, that at some level security is a is
+about risk management. that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about risk management. that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about risk management. that you can
+provide a very very secure system, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide a very very secure system, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide a very very secure system, but
+it means that you're not connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that you're not connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that you're not connected to
+the outside world. This is what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outside world. This is what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outside world. This is what the
+national labs do. They just disconnect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national labs do. They just disconnect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national labs do. They just disconnect
+themselves from the internet. If you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves from the internet. If you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves from the internet. If you're
+connected to the inter internet, you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to the inter internet, you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to the inter internet, you're
+going to have to do some kind of risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to do some kind of risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to do some kind of risk
+management. And that means that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management. And that means that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management. And that means that you have
+to know who's taking what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know who's taking what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know who's taking what
+responsibility. And we don't have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility. And we don't have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility. And we don't have that
+defined at the moment. Uh um Brian has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined at the moment. Uh um Brian has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined at the moment. Uh um Brian has
+been doing a lot of research in how uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing a lot of research in how uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing a lot of research in how uh
+how the legal issues are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the legal issues are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the legal issues are going to be
+resolved with our FID of ownership and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolved with our FID of ownership and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolved with our FID of ownership and
+how that's transferred.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that's transferred.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that's transferred.
+Um so the security issue I I feel needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so the security issue I I feel needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so the security issue I I feel needs
+to be addressed. It's a systems problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be addressed. It's a systems problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be addressed. It's a systems problem
+uh and that we have to view it that way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that we have to view it that way.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that we have to view it that way.
+We're going to and need to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to and need to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to and need to understand
+the the business drivers, the software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the business drivers, the software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the business drivers, the software
+and the hardware. um scalability and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the hardware. um scalability and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the hardware. um scalability and
+robustness as I say Google are building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robustness as I say Google are building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robustness as I say Google are building
+global systems and to do that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global systems and to do that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global systems and to do that you have
+to look at how you scale you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at how you scale you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at how you scale you have to
+scale as you know this order order n as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale as you know this order order n as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale as you know this order order n as
+n increases you better not be n squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n increases you better not be n squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n increases you better not be n squared
+or n log n it's not going to work uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or n log n it's not going to work uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or n log n it's not going to work uh
+caching is going to be a real issue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caching is going to be a real issue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caching is going to be a real issue that
+we were talking to people um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were talking to people um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were talking to people um in
+warehouse management and They were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warehouse management and They were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warehouse management and They were
+saying that they they need response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that they they need response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that they they need response
+times of way under a second. So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times of way under a second. So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times of way under a second. So that
+means you can't go out to the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you can't go out to the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you can't go out to the internet
+to get something. They're down at like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get something. They're down at like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get something. They're down at like a
+hundth of a second. That they've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundth of a second. That they've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundth of a second. That they've got
+conveyor belts running. Uh they need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveyor belts running. Uh they need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveyor belts running. Uh they need to
+know what this item is, how big is it,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what this item is, how big is it,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what this item is, how big is it,
+what's it what's it made of, etc. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's it what's it made of, etc. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's it what's it made of, etc. And
+you need that immediately. So you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need that immediately. So you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need that immediately. So you're
+going to have to cache things. Caching,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to cache things. Caching,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to cache things. Caching,
+I don't know if you ever tried to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if you ever tried to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if you ever tried to to
+kind of delete what's cached in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of delete what's cached in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of delete what's cached in your
+computer, in your browser, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer, in your browser, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer, in your browser, it's
+difficult. shooting down caches is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult. shooting down caches is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult. shooting down caches is
+difficult. You've got multiple levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult. You've got multiple levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult. You've got multiple levels of
+caching. Um, and it's not easy to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caching. Um, and it's not easy to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caching. Um, and it's not easy to keep
+that consistent. And so the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that consistent. And so the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that consistent. And so the kinds of
+systems that we're going to be looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that we're going to be looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that we're going to be looking
+at, I think, are not going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at, I think, are not going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at, I think, are not going to be the
+traditional database systems. We're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional database systems. We're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional database systems. We're
+going to have to be thinking of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to be thinking of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to be thinking of these
+new kinds of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new kinds of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new kinds of uh
+architectures. And lastly, I'd just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures. And lastly, I'd just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures. And lastly, I'd just like
+to mention uh, you know, Steve's issue,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mention uh, you know, Steve's issue,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mention uh, you know, Steve's issue,
+not Steve's issue, but semantics and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not Steve's issue, but semantics and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not Steve's issue, but semantics and the
+the idea of semantic web. It's a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of semantic web. It's a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of semantic web. It's a real
+problem understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem understanding
+uh schema that it sounds like an easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh schema that it sounds like an easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh schema that it sounds like an easy
+issue but you know I give you a schema
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue but you know I give you a schema
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue but you know I give you a schema
+EPC global say publishes a schema now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EPC global say publishes a schema now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EPC global say publishes a schema now
+what happens is I get that schema I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is I get that schema I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is I get that schema I say
+yeah I understand it I understand what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I understand it I understand what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I understand it I understand what
+shipping date is I'm going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipping date is I'm going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipping date is I'm going to start
+programming things and then it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming things and then it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming things and then it turns out
+that different companies have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that different companies have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that different companies have a
+different understanding of what shipping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different understanding of what shipping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different understanding of what shipping
+date means maybe it means when it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date means maybe it means when it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date means maybe it means when it's
+actually out of the dock door maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually out of the dock door maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually out of the dock door maybe it's
+not maybe it's just ready to be shipped.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not maybe it's just ready to be shipped.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not maybe it's just ready to be shipped.
+So these are real issues as to how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So these are real issues as to how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So these are real issues as to how do
+you understand the the semantics of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand the the semantics of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand the the semantics of of
+the information that we're passing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information that we're passing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information that we're passing
+around.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around.
+Um I think I'll finish there. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I think I'll finish there. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I think I'll finish there. That's
+that's a that's that's a good place to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+finish. So maybe five minutes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish. So maybe five minutes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish. So maybe five minutes of
+questions for the panel. This is a quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions for the panel. This is a quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions for the panel. This is a quite
+unusual opportunity to have this range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual opportunity to have this range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual opportunity to have this range
+of experience. Um, any any questions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experience. Um, any any questions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experience. Um, any any questions for
+our panelists on the network and PC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our panelists on the network and PC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our panelists on the network and PC
+network?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh, and actually if you could come down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, and actually if you could come down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, and actually if you could come down
+to the microphone, please uh to to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the microphone, please uh to to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the microphone, please uh to to ask
+any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Actually for this audience it's a I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Actually for this audience it's a I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Actually for this audience it's a I
+think a very apt question and I I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a very apt question and I I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a very apt question and I I don't
+think I get this answer from anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I get this answer from anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I get this answer from anyone
+else. So how do we solve the schema
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else. So how do we solve the schema
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else. So how do we solve the schema
+problem? I mean um I think the semantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem? I mean um I think the semantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem? I mean um I think the semantic
+web um actually I think is is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web um actually I think is is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web um actually I think is is very
+exciting in that on that front but do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting in that on that front but do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting in that on that front but do
+you think we'll eventually it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think we'll eventually it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think we'll eventually it's going to
+go away you know is it going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go away you know is it going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go away you know is it going to
+converge? Is that going to basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge? Is that going to basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge? Is that going to basically
+reduce the scale of the problem?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Steve does this microphone work? Yeah it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steve does this microphone work? Yeah it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steve does this microphone work? Yeah it
+does. Um well that's a good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does. Um well that's a good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does. Um well that's a good question
+because XML schema is a is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because XML schema is a is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because XML schema is a is really
+embedded in in a lot of the business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded in in a lot of the business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded in in a lot of the business
+world already and and has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world already and and has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world already and and has been
+relatively successful but most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively successful but most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively successful but most of the
+companies find it very difficult to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies find it very difficult to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies find it very difficult to deal
+with for the very reasons that that John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with for the very reasons that that John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with for the very reasons that that John
+mentioned is that the un understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned is that the un understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned is that the un understanding
+of what the the elements mean in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what the the elements mean in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what the the elements mean in a
+schema are not are not easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schema are not are not easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schema are not are not easily
+transparent and so the semantic web is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent and so the semantic web is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent and so the semantic web is
+trying to address that problem by making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to address that problem by making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to address that problem by making
+sure that it's a much richer definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that it's a much richer definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that it's a much richer definition
+of everything also on the web you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of everything also on the web you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of everything also on the web you know
+so everything that's on the web there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everything that's on the web there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everything that's on the web there's
+also definitions of what it means means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also definitions of what it means means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also definitions of what it means means
+what units do you use? Uh how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what units do you use? Uh how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what units do you use? Uh how do you
+define exactly what you mean by ship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define exactly what you mean by ship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define exactly what you mean by ship
+date? Uh those are hard problems too.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date? Uh those are hard problems too.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date? Uh those are hard problems too.
+But the idea behind the semantic web is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the idea behind the semantic web is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the idea behind the semantic web is
+that you give people better tools for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you give people better tools for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you give people better tools for
+for more richly expressing the meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for more richly expressing the meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for more richly expressing the meaning
+of everything that they want to put on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of everything that they want to put on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of everything that they want to put on
+the web. So will whether that will solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web. So will whether that will solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web. So will whether that will solve
+the problem, I don't know. There's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem, I don't know. There's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem, I don't know. There's a lot
+of complicated problems including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of complicated problems including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of complicated problems including
+research problems involved, but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research problems involved, but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research problems involved, but that's
+what the aim of the semantic web is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. I I mean I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. I I mean I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. I I mean I think it's
+To some extent it's a human problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+To some extent it's a human problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+To some extent it's a human problem that
+you know we as humans think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we as humans think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we as humans think we
+understand what what a term means and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what what a term means and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what what a term means and it
+depends that you know we use something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends that you know we use something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends that you know we use something
+like web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like web
+services. It's pretty fuzzy as to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services. It's pretty fuzzy as to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services. It's pretty fuzzy as to what
+exactly that means what it includes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly that means what it includes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly that means what it includes and
+what it doesn't include. Now as humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it doesn't include. Now as humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it doesn't include. Now as humans
+we can get away with that fuzziness that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get away with that fuzziness that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get away with that fuzziness that
+that we you know I'll ask Steve so did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we you know I'll ask Steve so did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we you know I'll ask Steve so did
+you really mean this or or not? Now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really mean this or or not? Now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really mean this or or not? Now the
+problem with computers is that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with computers is that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with computers is that they're
+ma automatically making decisions for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ma automatically making decisions for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ma automatically making decisions for us
+that uh we may not like and we have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh we may not like and we have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh we may not like and we have no
+or we may not understand that the error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we may not understand that the error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we may not understand that the error
+has been made. That's the problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been made. That's the problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been made. That's the problem with
+the machine. And at the moment, what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine. And at the moment, what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine. And at the moment, what we
+do is we sit down in committees and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we sit down in committees and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we sit down in committees and
+agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree
+on a precise definition of the term that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a precise definition of the term that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a precise definition of the term that
+say in security a security token has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in security a security token has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in security a security token has a
+very precise definition and you better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very precise definition and you better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very precise definition and you better
+you better be aware of that committee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you better be aware of that committee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you better be aware of that committee
+and exactly what that definition is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exactly what that definition is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exactly what that definition is and
+not assume that you know the meaning.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not assume that you know the meaning.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not assume that you know the meaning.
+Um, but I think it's it's a it's a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but I think it's it's a it's a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but I think it's it's a it's a real
+issue. I think uh change is an issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue. I think uh change is an issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue. I think uh change is an issue
+when schemas change and they undoubtedly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when schemas change and they undoubtedly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when schemas change and they undoubtedly
+will change. Um, I think we have to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will change. Um, I think we have to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will change. Um, I think we have to to
+think seriously about how we handle that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think seriously about how we handle that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think seriously about how we handle that
+those changes. Yeah. Versionally, I I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those changes. Yeah. Versionally, I I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those changes. Yeah. Versionally, I I I
+think John and Steve both touched on it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think John and Steve both touched on it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think John and Steve both touched on it.
+One of the other challenges is is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One of the other challenges is is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One of the other challenges is is that
+the association of information, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the association of information, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the association of information, it's
+going to be different. Uh, John kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be different. Uh, John kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be different. Uh, John kind of
+alluded to it in his his his uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alluded to it in his his his uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alluded to it in his his his uh
+presentation about Google, but how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation about Google, but how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation about Google, but how you
+associate data because as Sanjay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate data because as Sanjay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate data because as Sanjay
+mentioned, you eliminate the line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned, you eliminate the line of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned, you eliminate the line of
+sight and so you have all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sight and so you have all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sight and so you have all this
+information coming in today. So you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information coming in today. So you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information coming in today. So you may
+have a carton that's associated with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a carton that's associated with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a carton that's associated with a
+pallet in one instance and then a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pallet in one instance and then a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pallet in one instance and then a few
+minutes later it's disassociated. How
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes later it's disassociated. How
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes later it's disassociated. How
+you manage that the systems and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you manage that the systems and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you manage that the systems and and the
+solutions out there is going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions out there is going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions out there is going to be a
+huge challenge going forward.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge challenge going forward.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge challenge going forward.
+Uh my question is uh related to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh my question is uh related to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh my question is uh related to what
+Bernie said uh information sharing. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernie said uh information sharing. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernie said uh information sharing. Uh
+maybe this is a slightly different view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this is a slightly different view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this is a slightly different view
+from using immediately Google or putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from using immediately Google or putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from using immediately Google or putting
+uh translating RFID or EPC tag into UR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh translating RFID or EPC tag into UR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh translating RFID or EPC tag into UR
+uh URL. Uh basically the way I look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh URL. Uh basically the way I look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh URL. Uh basically the way I look at
+it is RFID tag itself is just one piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is RFID tag itself is just one piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is RFID tag itself is just one piece
+of information. Here what matters is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information. Here what matters is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information. Here what matters is a
+holistic view of where things are right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holistic view of where things are right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holistic view of where things are right.
+Whereas the Google is not holistic view.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whereas the Google is not holistic view.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whereas the Google is not holistic view.
+You you type a word, it shows you a list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You you type a word, it shows you a list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You you type a word, it shows you a list
+of things that you the human searcher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that you the human searcher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that you the human searcher
+will need to integrate them. Okay. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will need to integrate them. Okay. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will need to integrate them. Okay. And
+then also in this holistic view that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then also in this holistic view that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then also in this holistic view that
+RFID is supposed to present, each part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RFID is supposed to present, each part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RFID is supposed to present, each part
+of it is owned and obtained by different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it is owned and obtained by different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it is owned and obtained by different
+companies and most of the companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies and most of the companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies and most of the companies
+don't want to share those information.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to share those information.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to share those information.
+So they are uh caught in the middle.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So they are uh caught in the middle.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So they are uh caught in the middle.
+They they know if they share information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They they know if they share information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They they know if they share information
+there's going to be great benefit. On
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be great benefit. On
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be great benefit. On
+the other hand, no one wants to share uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand, no one wants to share uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand, no one wants to share uh
+uh get uh uh give total control of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh get uh uh give total control of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh get uh uh give total control of the
+actual information uh captured by their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual information uh captured by their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual information uh captured by their
+readers. So I I' I just like to hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readers. So I I' I just like to hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readers. So I I' I just like to hear
+your comments on that. Thank you. There
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your comments on that. Thank you. There
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your comments on that. Thank you. There
+there's another because there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another because there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another because there's another
+dimension to that uh what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension to that uh what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension to that uh what we're
+experienced with the communities that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced with the communities that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced with the communities that
+that are involved with EPC Global is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are involved with EPC Global is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are involved with EPC Global is
+getting migrating from a push model. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting migrating from a push model. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting migrating from a push model. If
+you look at EDI today is is pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at EDI today is is pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at EDI today is is pretty much
+a push model. I'll send you all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a push model. I'll send you all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a push model. I'll send you all that
+information. And getting people to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information. And getting people to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information. And getting people to go to
+a poll model so I can query for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a poll model so I can query for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a poll model so I can query for the
+information on demand. That really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on demand. That really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on demand. That really
+touches on on the on the trust issue. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touches on on the on the trust issue. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touches on on the on the trust issue. Uh
+and the security issue. Not only do I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the security issue. Not only do I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the security issue. Not only do I do
+do I trust you as a as a trading partner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I trust you as a as a trading partner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I trust you as a as a trading partner
+and a business partner. Um and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a business partner. Um and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a business partner. Um and it's
+going to take a while to get get people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take a while to get get people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take a while to get get people
+past that businesses past that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past that businesses past that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past that businesses past that that
+issue. U and it's it's not just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue. U and it's it's not just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue. U and it's it's not just a
+technical issue. There's a business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical issue. There's a business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical issue. There's a business
+process issue involved with that. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process issue involved with that. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process issue involved with that. So
+yeah. I think when there has to be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah. I think when there has to be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah. I think when there has to be some
+advantage to you sharing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage to you sharing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage to you sharing your
+information. Um I mean the example with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information. Um I mean the example with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information. Um I mean the example with
+Google is for example they provide Gmail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google is for example they provide Gmail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google is for example they provide Gmail
+where they give you 2 GB of storage. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they give you 2 GB of storage. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they give you 2 GB of storage. In
+exchange they're watching your email.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange they're watching your email.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange they're watching your email.
+They're running algorithms on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're running algorithms on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're running algorithms on your
+email. Now they're they're they're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email. Now they're they're they're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email. Now they're they're they're going
+to start offering data storage in a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start offering data storage in a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start offering data storage in a big
+way because they want to just see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way because they want to just see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way because they want to just see what
+you're doing. You know, as I say, Eric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing. You know, as I say, Eric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing. You know, as I say, Eric
+Schmidt's goal is to is to know where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schmidt's goal is to is to know where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schmidt's goal is to is to know where
+everything is. he'll offer free storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is. he'll offer free storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is. he'll offer free storage
+in exchange for just taking some of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in exchange for just taking some of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in exchange for just taking some of that
+information and processing it. So I I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and processing it. So I I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and processing it. So I I I
+think it's these different business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's these different business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's these different business
+models that are the the fascinating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models that are the the fascinating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models that are the the fascinating
+thing that you can give away something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you can give away something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you can give away something
+for free because you're getting value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free because you're getting value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free because you're getting value
+from the statistics that you're running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the statistics that you're running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the statistics that you're running
+on that data.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The trust is not about individual users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The trust is not about individual users
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The trust is not about individual users
+which can be easily bought. I can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can be easily bought. I can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can be easily bought. I can be
+booked by to give it 20 but if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+booked by to give it 20 but if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+booked by to give it 20 but if it's a
+company it's a very different story but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company it's a very different story but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company it's a very different story but
+that's what I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I'm trying to
+right but I I think there has to be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but I I think there has to be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but I I think there has to be some
+uh de demonstrable benefit and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh de demonstrable benefit and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh de demonstrable benefit and I think
+there will be so you know the ROIs need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be so you know the ROIs need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be so you know the ROIs need
+to be uh explicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be uh explicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be uh explicated
+all right hello uh my name is Kevin Fu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right hello uh my name is Kevin Fu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right hello uh my name is Kevin Fu
+from UMass Ammerst and I have a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from UMass Ammerst and I have a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from UMass Ammerst and I have a question
+about uh where the internet of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh where the internet of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh where the internet of things
+what role it may play in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what role it may play in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what role it may play in the next
+generation internet so David Clark you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation internet so David Clark you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation internet so David Clark you
+have MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have MIT
+talking that uh the internet is broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking that uh the internet is broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking that uh the internet is broken
+that we need to design it from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to design it from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to design it from the
+ground up and start over. So could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground up and start over. So could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground up and start over. So could you
+tell us what you think uh is the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us what you think uh is the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us what you think uh is the best
+place for the internet of things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place for the internet of things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place for the internet of things to
+play? What's its best role in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play? What's its best role in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play? What's its best role in the next
+generation internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two
+seconds? I'd say just just just quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds? I'd say just just just quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds? I'd say just just just quickly
+I mean it strikes me again I like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it strikes me again I like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it strikes me again I like to
+think of things on the internet whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of things on the internet whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of things on the internet whether
+it's this generation internet or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this generation internet or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this generation internet or the
+next and and that clearly um compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next and and that clearly um compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next and and that clearly um compared to
+the first generation of the internet or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first generation of the internet or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first generation of the internet or
+the web generation of the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web generation of the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web generation of the internet
+things are going to be there'll be a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are going to be there'll be a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are going to be there'll be a lot
+more things that are available through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more things that are available through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more things that are available through
+whatever means whether it's the semantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever means whether it's the semantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever means whether it's the semantic
+web or some other technologies on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web or some other technologies on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web or some other technologies on the
+future internet and so you need to divi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future internet and so you need to divi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future internet and so you need to divi
+I guess you need to be able to design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess you need to be able to design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess you need to be able to design
+for that now of course moving to IPv6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that now of course moving to IPv6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that now of course moving to IPv6
+was a is one example of being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a is one example of being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a is one example of being able to
+greatly increase the the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatly increase the the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatly increase the the number of
+possible IP addresses. So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible IP addresses. So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible IP addresses. So that
+everything every grain of sand in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything every grain of sand in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything every grain of sand in the
+world or whatever could have one, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world or whatever could have one, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world or whatever could have one, but
+there's a number of other probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a number of other probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a number of other probably
+designed principles that Dave Clark has,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed principles that Dave Clark has,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed principles that Dave Clark has,
+I'm sure, thought about more than I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure, thought about more than I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure, thought about more than I have
+that certainly would uh need to be taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that certainly would uh need to be taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that certainly would uh need to be taken
+into account. Just the just the volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account. Just the just the volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account. Just the just the volume
+the sheer volume and the security again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sheer volume and the security again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sheer volume and the security again
+associated with with those kinds of huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with with those kinds of huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with with those kinds of huge
+volumes of things are I would think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volumes of things are I would think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volumes of things are I would think
+would be important.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be important.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be important.
+Hi, my name is Yanlay. I'm also from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi, my name is Yanlay. I'm also from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi, my name is Yanlay. I'm also from
+UMass Amherst. Um so I have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UMass Amherst. Um so I have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UMass Amherst. Um so I have two
+questions. The first one's technical. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions. The first one's technical. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions. The first one's technical. So
+in the software stack that has at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the software stack that has at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the software stack that has at the
+bottom has this device data and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom has this device data and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom has this device data and then
+filter transform and data that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter transform and data that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter transform and data that's
+published. Where does XML come into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published. Where does XML come into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published. Where does XML come into
+play? Is there any benefit of pushing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play? Is there any benefit of pushing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play? Is there any benefit of pushing
+XML down to lower layers of the software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XML down to lower layers of the software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XML down to lower layers of the software
+processing environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in in the um in the EPC global stack?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the um in the EPC global stack?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the um in the EPC global stack?
+I'm not sure stack is the right word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure stack is the right word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure stack is the right word
+these days, but but but it allows for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these days, but but but it allows for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these days, but but but it allows for an
+XML binding. Um there's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XML binding. Um there's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XML binding. Um there's not a
+significant um um demand for that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant um um demand for that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant um um demand for that at
+this point in time because it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point in time because it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point in time because it's it's
+pretty low level and and you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty low level and and you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty low level and and you could
+express it in different ways. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express it in different ways. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express it in different ways. Um
+although some companies have that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although some companies have that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although some companies have that that
+preference and the standard allows for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference and the standard allows for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference and the standard allows for
+for for that option. where the XML plays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for that option. where the XML plays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for that option. where the XML plays
+is is I think it was in Sanjay's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is I think it was in Sanjay's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is I think it was in Sanjay's
+presentation. The EPCIS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation. The EPCIS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation. The EPCIS
+um data that's stored the repository. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um data that's stored the repository. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um data that's stored the repository. So
+the EPCIS standard allows for a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the EPCIS standard allows for a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the EPCIS standard allows for a way to
+store information and retrieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store information and retrieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store information and retrieve
+information. The the opportunity and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information. The the opportunity and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information. The the opportunity and the
+information sharing um and the the that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information sharing um and the the that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information sharing um and the the that
+will all be expressed in XML. How and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will all be expressed in XML. How and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will all be expressed in XML. How and
+and that's done. It's still very early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's done. It's still very early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's done. It's still very early
+um in the process to to to describe how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the process to to to describe how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the process to to to describe how
+that's going to be done and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be done and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be done and how
+information is going to be associated.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is going to be associated.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is going to be associated.
+Oh, so you think it's rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, so you think it's rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, so you think it's rather
+representation for storage?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation for storage?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation for storage?
+Yes, that is the thinking today. Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes, that is the thinking today. Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes, that is the thinking today. Yes.
+Okay. All right. So the other question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. All right. So the other question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. All right. So the other question
+is so when you talk about internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so when you talk about internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so when you talk about internet
+things through web technology is ex no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things through web technology is ex no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things through web technology is ex no
+is RFID data management does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is RFID data management does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is RFID data management does it
+represent any new challenges or is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent any new challenges or is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent any new challenges or is it
+just a rep uh application of the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a rep uh application of the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a rep uh application of the current
+web services and semantic web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web services and semantic web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web services and semantic web
+technology does it represent anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology does it represent anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology does it represent anything
+fundamentally new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well I mean yeah it's not there yet I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I mean yeah it's not there yet I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I mean yeah it's not there yet I
+mean we don't know how to do this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean we don't know how to do this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean we don't know how to do this to
+build a global network I mean, I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a global network I mean, I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a global network I mean, I think
+Sanjay was uh pointing out that, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sanjay was uh pointing out that, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sanjay was uh pointing out that, you
+know, we we we've got all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, we we we've got all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, we we we've got all these
+challenges of how do you control costs?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges of how do you control costs?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges of how do you control costs?
+How do you how do you make the the chips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How do you how do you make the the chips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How do you how do you make the the chips
+cheap enough? Uh how do you get enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap enough? Uh how do you get enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap enough? Uh how do you get enough
+data? How do you get reliable data? How
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data? How do you get reliable data? How
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data? How do you get reliable data? How
+do you inference from uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you inference from uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you inference from uh you know
+incomplete data? Uh we don't know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomplete data? Uh we don't know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomplete data? Uh we don't know how to
+do those things. I see. And there the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do those things. I see. And there the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do those things. I see. And there the
+algorithms aren't there that uh okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms aren't there that uh okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms aren't there that uh okay so
+I have certain characteristics of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have certain characteristics of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have certain characteristics of data
+uncertainty security issues involved so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty security issues involved so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty security issues involved so
+they do present some new challenges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do present some new challenges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do present some new challenges
+beyond other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+applic I I probably believe I'm the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applic I I probably believe I'm the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applic I I probably believe I'm the only
+marketing professor that works in an RFI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing professor that works in an RFI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing professor that works in an RFI
+lab.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab.
+Um, thank you. And, uh, during your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, thank you. And, uh, during your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, thank you. And, uh, during your
+presentation uh, you talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation uh, you talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation uh, you talked about the
+research opportunities in terms of, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research opportunities in terms of, uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research opportunities in terms of, uh,
+business justification and ROIs. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business justification and ROIs. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business justification and ROIs. And
+this is specifically what I'm interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is specifically what I'm interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is specifically what I'm interested
+in. And you mentioned that certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. And you mentioned that certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. And you mentioned that certain
+companies get the ROI whereas other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies get the ROI whereas other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies get the ROI whereas other
+companies are still looking for it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies are still looking for it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies are still looking for it.
+Um, what do you believe is the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, what do you believe is the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, what do you believe is the reason
+that that the companies who have not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that the companies who have not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that the companies who have not
+found the ROI are not finding it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found the ROI are not finding it?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found the ROI are not finding it?
+I I I'm going to be dangerous here. I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I'm going to be dangerous here. I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I'm going to be dangerous here. I I
+I think you will notice a relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you will notice a relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you will notice a relationship
+between the companies that get it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the companies that get it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the companies that get it and
+their success. Okay? If you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their success. Okay? If you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their success. Okay? If you look at the
+companies that are lead these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that are lead these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that are lead these are
+leadership companies that they get it,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership companies that they get it,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership companies that they get it,
+they've applied the resources. Uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've applied the resources. Uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've applied the resources. Uh some
+of the companies that are involved have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the companies that are involved have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the companies that are involved have
+been involved with the auto ID center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been involved with the auto ID center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been involved with the auto ID center
+since 1999 and 2000. Okay. These are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since 1999 and 2000. Okay. These are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since 1999 and 2000. Okay. These are
+It's it's no different than other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's it's no different than other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's it's no different than other
+standards. If you look at the companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards. If you look at the companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards. If you look at the companies
+that led the way for for UPC codes,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that led the way for for UPC codes,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that led the way for for UPC codes,
+okay, for in the early days, the UPC was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay, for in the early days, the UPC was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay, for in the early days, the UPC was
+was a standard for 10 years before it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a standard for 10 years before it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a standard for 10 years before it
+took off, but there were companies were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took off, but there were companies were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took off, but there were companies were
+involved uh working the standard and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved uh working the standard and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved uh working the standard and
+deploying it and and and discovering it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deploying it and and and discovering it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deploying it and and and discovering it.
+Some of the other companies um are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Some of the other companies um are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Some of the other companies um are
+further along in the curve. I I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further along in the curve. I I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further along in the curve. I I think
+that there's a there's a community in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a there's a community in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a there's a community in
+the middle that's not sure and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle that's not sure and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle that's not sure and then
+you'll have the industry lagards as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have the industry lagards as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have the industry lagards as as
+we say. Um the point I was trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say. Um the point I was trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say. Um the point I was trying to
+make is is is that we need to focus from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make is is is that we need to focus from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make is is is that we need to focus from
+a communication standpoint on on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a communication standpoint on on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a communication standpoint on on the
+companies in the middle to help tip them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies in the middle to help tip them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies in the middle to help tip them
+over. No different than anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over. No different than anything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over. No different than anything else
+like the you know the worldwide web or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the you know the worldwide web or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the you know the worldwide web or
+email or any other technology. We needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email or any other technology. We needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email or any other technology. We needed
+a tipping point to tip them over to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tipping point to tip them over to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tipping point to tip them over to to
+to to to get it. That's there has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to to get it. That's there has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to to get it. That's there has to be
+to John's point, there has to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to John's point, there has to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to John's point, there has to be a
+compelling um business opportunity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelling um business opportunity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelling um business opportunity that
+will just get these companies um past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just get these companies um past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just get these companies um past
+the trust issue, past past the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trust issue, past past the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trust issue, past past the the
+security issue and and that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security issue and and that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security issue and and that's that's
+going to happen. And I I think it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen. And I I think it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen. And I I think it's a
+it's really in a marketing area. It's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really in a marketing area. It's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really in a marketing area. It's a
+messaging area. The technology is to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messaging area. The technology is to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messaging area. The technology is to me
+it's I think we've solved some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I think we've solved some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I think we've solved some of these
+problems many many times over. Okay. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems many many times over. Okay. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems many many times over. Okay. But
+it's it's a messaging um and look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a messaging um and look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a messaging um and look at
+some of the work that that uh um MIT is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the work that that uh um MIT is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the work that that uh um MIT is
+doing with their um and the business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing with their um and the business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing with their um and the business
+cases and and University of Arkansas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases and and University of Arkansas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases and and University of Arkansas
+with Walmart and those type things. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Walmart and those type things. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Walmart and those type things. So
+So actually if I could interrupt here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So actually if I could interrupt here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So actually if I could interrupt here
+because we're we're eating into our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're we're eating into our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're we're eating into our
+break time and and tomorrow we have a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break time and and tomorrow we have a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break time and and tomorrow we have a a
+session on supply chain that is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session on supply chain that is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session on supply chain that is very
+much aimed at at asking those those very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much aimed at at asking those those very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much aimed at at asking those those very
+types of questions. So I'd like to thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of questions. So I'd like to thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of questions. So I'd like to thank
+our panelists very much.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/vEsUsaK1HBk.txt b/vEsUsaK1HBk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f43c2eb183c2df1fdb1ed3d69cd4205d13b59ede
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vEsUsaK1HBk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1499 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this video we are going to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video we are going to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video we are going to calculate
+interesting quantities that have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting quantities that have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting quantities that have to do
+with the short-term behavior of Markov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the short-term behavior of Markov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the short-term behavior of Markov
+chains as opposed to those dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains as opposed to those dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains as opposed to those dealing with
+long terms to the state behaviors but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long terms to the state behaviors but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long terms to the state behaviors but
+first let us introduce the notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first let us introduce the notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first let us introduce the notion of
+absorbing state as indicated in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbing state as indicated in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbing state as indicated in this
+definition an absorbing state is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition an absorbing state is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition an absorbing state is a
+recurrent state from which you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrent state from which you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrent state from which you cannot
+escape once you get to it the transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escape once you get to it the transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escape once you get to it the transition
+probabilities from K to K is 1 so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities from K to K is 1 so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities from K to K is 1 so in
+some sense you get absorbed by the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense you get absorbed by the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense you get absorbed by the state
+for example consider this transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example consider this transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example consider this transition
+priority graph States 4 & 5 are both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority graph States 4 & 5 are both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority graph States 4 & 5 are both
+absorbing States indeed when you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbing States indeed when you get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbing States indeed when you get to
+4 you stay in 4 or when you get to 5 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 you stay in 4 or when you get to 5 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 you stay in 4 or when you get to 5 you
+stay in 5 state 1 2 & 3 are transient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay in 5 state 1 2 & 3 are transient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay in 5 state 1 2 & 3 are transient
+States so if the Markov chain initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States so if the Markov chain initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States so if the Markov chain initially
+started in 4 then it will stay in for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started in 4 then it will stay in for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started in 4 then it will stay in for
+forever if it started in 5 it's gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever if it started in 5 it's gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever if it started in 5 it's gonna
+stay in 5 forever but what if the Markov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay in 5 forever but what if the Markov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay in 5 forever but what if the Markov
+chain started in either 1 2 or 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain started in either 1 2 or 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain started in either 1 2 or 3
+eventually after some moving around you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually after some moving around you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually after some moving around you
+will either make that transition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will either make that transition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will either make that transition to
+state 4 and get absorbed by it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state 4 and get absorbed by it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state 4 and get absorbed by it all
+you're going to do that transition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to do that transition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to do that transition and
+get to 5 and get absorbed by the state 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to 5 and get absorbed by the state 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to 5 and get absorbed by the state 5
+so the question is are you going to end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is are you going to end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is are you going to end
+up in 4 or are you going to end up in 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in 4 or are you going to end up in 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in 4 or are you going to end up in 5
+well we don't know for sure these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we don't know for sure these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we don't know for sure these
+correspond to random events but can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to random events but can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to random events but can we
+say anything about their probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say anything about their probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say anything about their probabilities
+well let us try to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let us try to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let us try to calculate the
+probability that you end up in 4 as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you end up in 4 as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you end up in 4 as an
+example first it seems plausible that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example first it seems plausible that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example first it seems plausible that
+this probability of adding in 4 will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this probability of adding in 4 will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this probability of adding in 4 will
+depend on where you started if you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on where you started if you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on where you started if you start
+in two you probably have more chances of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two you probably have more chances of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two you probably have more chances of
+getting to 4 than if you start from 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to 4 than if you start from 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to 4 than if you start from 3
+because if you start from 2 at the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you start from 2 at the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you start from 2 at the next
+step you have immediately the chance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step you have immediately the chance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step you have immediately the chance of
+getting to 4 but if you start from 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to 4 but if you start from 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to 4 but if you start from 3
+there is some chance that you will go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some chance that you will go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some chance that you will go to
+5 and never go to 4 or you will have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 and never go to 4 or you will have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 and never go to 4 or you will have to
+go through 2 in order to get to 4 anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through 2 in order to get to 4 anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through 2 in order to get to 4 anyway
+so it looks like the priority of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it looks like the priority of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it looks like the priority of
+reaching for given you story from two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaching for given you story from two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaching for given you story from two
+will be bigger than if you started from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be bigger than if you started from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be bigger than if you started from
+three now from one it's unclear let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three now from one it's unclear let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three now from one it's unclear let us
+be systematic then let us consider all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be systematic then let us consider all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be systematic then let us consider all
+possible properties to add a pin for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible properties to add a pin for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible properties to add a pin for
+depending on the initial state so let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the initial state so let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the initial state so let us
+ask this question what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask this question what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask this question what is the
+probability a of I that the chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability a of I that the chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability a of I that the chain
+eventually settles in for given that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually settles in for given that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually settles in for given that it
+started in I so in other words a of I is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started in I so in other words a of I is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started in I so in other words a of I is
+the probability that you end up in for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that you end up in for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that you end up in for
+given that you started in I now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that you started in I now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that you started in I now the
+answer to that question is very easy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to that question is very easy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to that question is very easy for
+some cases if you start in for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases if you start in for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases if you start in for the
+variety that you add up in for is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety that you add up in for is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety that you add up in for is one
+and if you start in five the priority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you start in five the priority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you start in five the priority
+that you add up in four is zero there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you add up in four is zero there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you add up in four is zero there is
+no way that you can go from five to four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no way that you can go from five to four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no way that you can go from five to four
+what about the other cases well it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the other cases well it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the other cases well it's not
+so clear let us consider for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so clear let us consider for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so clear let us consider for example
+that you started from - what could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you started from - what could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you started from - what could
+happen next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen next
+welcome state - let's built a tree you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome state - let's built a tree you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome state - let's built a tree you
+can either with a priority 0.2 go to 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can either with a priority 0.2 go to 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can either with a priority 0.2 go to 4
+or with a priority 0.8 you will go to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or with a priority 0.8 you will go to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or with a priority 0.8 you will go to 1
+now in the first case you are done you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in the first case you are done you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in the first case you are done you
+reach for but in the second case you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach for but in the second case you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach for but in the second case you
+arrive in 1 and what happened next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive in 1 and what happened next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive in 1 and what happened next
+you don't know but what you know is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know but what you know is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know but what you know is that
+from that state either eventually you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that state either eventually you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that state either eventually you go
+and get trapped in 5 or you go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get trapped in 5 or you go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get trapped in 5 or you go and
+eventually get trapped in four what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually get trapped in four what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually get trapped in four what are
+the probabilities of these events what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probabilities of these events what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probabilities of these events what
+we don't know but one of them has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know but one of them has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know but one of them has been
+defined before these represent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined before these represent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined before these represent the
+probability of ending up in four given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of ending up in four given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of ending up in four given
+that you start in one and that has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you start in one and that has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you start in one and that has been
+defined here this is nothing else than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined here this is nothing else than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined here this is nothing else than
+if one so the overall probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if one so the overall probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if one so the overall probability of
+interest for us which is a of two using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest for us which is a of two using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest for us which is a of two using
+the twelve og theorem you can enumerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the twelve og theorem you can enumerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the twelve og theorem you can enumerate
+all options its with five to zero point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all options its with five to zero point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all options its with five to zero point
+two you will go to four and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two you will go to four and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two you will go to four and then the
+priority of going to for given that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority of going to for given that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority of going to for given that you
+started in four easy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started in four easy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started in four easy for
+plus 0.8 times a 1 now a of 4 is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 0.8 times a 1 now a of 4 is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 0.8 times a 1 now a of 4 is of
+course 1 as we have discussed before so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course 1 as we have discussed before so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course 1 as we have discussed before so
+we get a relation between a 2 and a of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get a relation between a 2 and a of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get a relation between a 2 and a of 1
+now of course you can do the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course you can do the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course you can do the same thing
+for the other state for example if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the other state for example if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the other state for example if you
+start from 1 what can happen next while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start from 1 what can happen next while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start from 1 what can happen next while
+you can go to 2 with a verb to 0.6 once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go to 2 with a verb to 0.6 once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go to 2 with a verb to 0.6 once
+you're in - you are asking yourself what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in - you are asking yourself what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in - you are asking yourself what
+is the property of reaching for well by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the property of reaching for well by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the property of reaching for well by
+definition is a 2 or from 1 you go to 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is a 2 or from 1 you go to 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is a 2 or from 1 you go to 3
+with a very to 0.4 and given that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a very to 0.4 and given that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a very to 0.4 and given that you
+have done that what is the prodigy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done that what is the prodigy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done that what is the prodigy that
+eventually you reach for it's a 3 if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually you reach for it's a 3 if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually you reach for it's a 3 if
+initially you start with a 3 what can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially you start with a 3 what can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially you start with a 3 what can
+happen next again with try to 0.3 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen next again with try to 0.3 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen next again with try to 0.3 you
+will end up in state 2 and there a of 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will end up in state 2 and there a of 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will end up in state 2 and there a of 2
+is the priority of interest or with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the priority of interest or with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the priority of interest or with a
+priority 0.5 you go to state 1 and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority 0.5 you go to state 1 and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority 0.5 you go to state 1 and in
+that case you get a of 1 and finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case you get a of 1 and finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case you get a of 1 and finally
+with a verb which is 0.2 you get trapped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a verb which is 0.2 you get trapped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a verb which is 0.2 you get trapped
+in five all right you can write it if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in five all right you can write it if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in five all right you can write it if
+you want but 0.2 and you get trapped in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want but 0.2 and you get trapped in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want but 0.2 and you get trapped in
+5 but we know that a of 5 is 0 so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 but we know that a of 5 is 0 so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 but we know that a of 5 is 0 so this
+term will disappear so in the end you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term will disappear so in the end you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term will disappear so in the end you
+get a system here after you replace a 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a system here after you replace a 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a system here after you replace a 4
+by 1 and a 5 by 0 you get a system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 1 and a 5 by 0 you get a system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 1 and a 5 by 0 you get a system of
+three linear equations with three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three linear equations with three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three linear equations with three
+unknown and it is easy to solve I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown and it is easy to solve I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown and it is easy to solve I will
+not do that you can do it yourself but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not do that you can do it yourself but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not do that you can do it yourself but
+here are the results you will get a of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the results you will get a of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the results you will get a of 1
+equals 18 over 28 a of 2 will be 20 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 18 over 28 a of 2 will be 20 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 18 over 28 a of 2 will be 20 over
+28 and a of 3 will be 15 over 28 now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+28 and a of 3 will be 15 over 28 now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+28 and a of 3 will be 15 over 28 now I
+express them so that we can compare them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express them so that we can compare them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express them so that we can compare them
+easily and as a sanity check you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily and as a sanity check you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily and as a sanity check you can
+verify that indeed the priority is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify that indeed the priority is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify that indeed the priority is
+starting from 2 will be larger than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from 2 will be larger than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from 2 will be larger than the
+priority story from 3 and turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority story from 3 and turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority story from 3 and turns out that
+a of 1 will be in between the other two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a of 1 will be in between the other two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a of 1 will be in between the other two
+so this probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this probability
+are consistent with our previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are consistent with our previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are consistent with our previous
+intuition as an aside note that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition as an aside note that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition as an aside note that you
+could have returned a system of five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have returned a system of five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have returned a system of five
+linear equations with five unknown the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear equations with five unknown the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear equations with five unknown the
+500 corresponding to the five states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 corresponding to the five states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 corresponding to the five states
+possible in fact we had our five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible in fact we had our five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible in fact we had our five
+equations here here was one another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations here here was one another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations here here was one another one
+here and one two three so 3 plus 2 5 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and one two three so 3 plus 2 5 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and one two three so 3 plus 2 5 of
+course this one was easy it was a 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this one was easy it was a 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this one was easy it was a 4
+equals 1 and a 5 equals 0 that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 and a 5 equals 0 that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 and a 5 equals 0 that you can
+replace in the air and get a limited or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace in the air and get a limited or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace in the air and get a limited or
+restricted or smaller system of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted or smaller system of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted or smaller system of three
+equations with three unknowns now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations with three unknowns now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations with three unknowns now what
+if you had been interested instead in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had been interested instead in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had been interested instead in
+finding the parity B of I that the chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the parity B of I that the chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the parity B of I that the chain
+eventually settles in five given you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually settles in five given you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually settles in five given you
+started in I how to do that well you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started in I how to do that well you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started in I how to do that well you can
+repeat exactly all this calculation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat exactly all this calculation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat exactly all this calculation that
+we have done but looking at five as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have done but looking at five as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have done but looking at five as the
+state of interest but of course you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of interest but of course you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of interest but of course you
+don't have to do this for any state I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to do this for any state I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to do this for any state I
+given that you started in AI you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that you started in AI you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that you started in AI you will
+eventually with Priority One end up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually with Priority One end up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually with Priority One end up in
+either 4 or 5 so you have a of I plus B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either 4 or 5 so you have a of I plus B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either 4 or 5 so you have a of I plus B
+of I equals 1 for all possible I so once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I equals 1 for all possible I so once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I equals 1 for all possible I so once
+you have calculated a 1 a 2 a 3 a 4 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have calculated a 1 a 2 a 3 a 4 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have calculated a 1 a 2 a 3 a 4 and
+a 5 you get B 1 B 2 B 3 B 4 and B 5 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 5 you get B 1 B 2 B 3 B 4 and B 5 by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 5 you get B 1 B 2 B 3 B 4 and B 5 by
+using this formula to sum up in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this formula to sum up in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this formula to sum up in general
+the calculation of the probabilities to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculation of the probabilities to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculation of the probabilities to
+reach a given absorbing state s starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach a given absorbing state s starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach a given absorbing state s starting
+from any state I of a general Markov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from any state I of a general Markov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from any state I of a general Markov
+chain with M States so let's assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain with M States so let's assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain with M States so let's assume that
+you have M States will be the unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have M States will be the unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have M States will be the unique
+solution of a system of M equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with em unknown with the additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with em unknown with the additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with em unknown with the additional
+conditions that a of s equals one and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions that a of s equals one and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions that a of s equals one and a
+of s prime equals zero for the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s prime equals zero for the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s prime equals zero for the other
+absorbing state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now going back to the following question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now going back to the following question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now going back to the following question
+that we posed at the end of the review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we posed at the end of the review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we posed at the end of the review
+on steady-state behavior we had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on steady-state behavior we had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on steady-state behavior we had this
+diagram and we wanted to know which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and we wanted to know which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and we wanted to know which
+recurrent class this chain would endure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrent class this chain would endure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrent class this chain would endure
+if it started in one of these transient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it started in one of these transient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it started in one of these transient
+States well we can now answer this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States well we can now answer this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States well we can now answer this
+question for the purpose of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question for the purpose of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question for the purpose of this
+calculation the trick is simply to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation the trick is simply to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation the trick is simply to think
+of a recurrent class as one big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a recurrent class as one big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a recurrent class as one big
+absorbing state and go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbing state and go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbing state and go through the
+calculation as we're done here so think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation as we're done here so think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation as we're done here so think
+about this class for example has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this class for example has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this class for example has been
+one big state an absorbing state and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one big state an absorbing state and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one big state an absorbing state and now
+forget about inside and calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget about inside and calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget about inside and calculate the
+probability that you end up in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you end up in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you end up in this
+class as the probability of reaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class as the probability of reaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class as the probability of reaching
+this absorbing state given that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this absorbing state given that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this absorbing state given that you
+start in one two and four and you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start in one two and four and you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start in one two and four and you do the
+same kind of calculation
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/vT_6DlaHcWQ.txt b/vT_6DlaHcWQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0182a04f5f8cea77e190f14d0cf07b2dd7c5b3e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vT_6DlaHcWQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2029 @@
+PROFESSOR: But you
+all knew that.
+
+That is quite a mouthful.
+
+So if you like, you can
+refer to it as SST.
+
+And today, we're taking off.
+
+So my name, for those of
+you who don't know
+
+me, is Bernardt Wuensch.
+
+My room number is 13-4037, The
+office that's become a legend
+
+in its own time.
+
+And my extension number
+is 3-6889.
+
+And hey, just to get you
+sensitized and thinking about
+
+the right things, let me point
+out that my extension number
+
+has a point of 180 degree
+rotational symmetry right in
+
+the middle.
+
+You can pick it up,
+turn it head over
+
+heels by 180 degrees.
+
+And it's mapped into coincidence
+with itself.
+
+Just happened to get it.
+
+You might think I would have had
+to have fought for years
+
+to get an extension
+number like that.
+
+But no, it just happened
+to come my way.
+
+OK, some words about the
+formalities of the subject.
+
+First of all, the format of
+the class is unusual.
+
+We meet four hours a week, but
+because most if not all of you
+
+are graduate students anxious
+to get some work done in the
+
+laboratory, we do this in
+two two-hour chunks.
+
+So we meet Tuesday and Thursdays
+for two hours.
+
+Two hours is a lot of time for
+anything, however good.
+
+So what we do is to take a
+long intermission halfway
+
+through and let you go out and
+enjoy what's left of the
+
+lingering summer for
+10 or 12 minutes.
+
+And then, come back refreshed
+and we will resume.
+
+Most graduate students like this
+arrangement because it
+
+gives them a chance to duck out
+and make a setting on a
+
+furnace or turn something
+off in the laboratory.
+
+And it works out better for them
+than having a one hour
+
+time chunk every day of the week
+or four of the five days
+
+of the week.
+
+In any case, nobody's
+complained about it.
+
+So I assume that will work
+
+satisfactorily for you as well.
+
+The other question that one
+immediately asked at the
+
+beginning of the term,
+how many quizzes?
+
+And we're supposed to tell
+you that straight up.
+
+There will be three quizzes.
+
+No final examination--
+
+do I look like the kind of
+Scrooge that would prevent you
+
+from getting a good flight home
+at Christmas time or have
+
+you working, cramming for a
+final examination a few days
+
+before Christmas?
+
+And for my part, I can remember
+the good old days--
+
+or not so good old days--
+when I did give a final.
+
+And there I would be, lying down
+on my stomach under the
+
+Christmas tree grading
+final examinations.
+
+And every time one of my little
+kids would come near,
+
+I'd lash out with my foot and
+say, get out of here, kid!
+
+Can't you see Daddy's got
+papers to correct?
+
+Well, no Scrooge.
+
+No final examination.
+
+We'll have three quizzes.
+
+The quizzes will also be
+a little bit unique.
+
+Since we have two hour chunks of
+time, I found by experience
+
+that if I give the quiz during
+the first hour everybody is
+
+sitting around glassy-eyed,
+absolutely brain dead and pay
+
+no attention to the lecture
+that follows.
+
+If I give the quiz in the second
+hour, everybody is
+
+pretending to pay attention
+and then sneaking
+
+surreptitious looks at their
+notes just so they can have
+
+everything packed away before
+they have to write on paper.
+
+So my quizzes are two hour
+quizzes which lets you not
+
+work for two hours, but gives
+you all the time you could
+
+possibly want.
+
+And people start leaving after
+about an hour and a quarter.
+
+But you can stay for the entire
+two hours if you want.
+
+Even at that, I found by
+experience that if I give you
+
+two hours for the quiz, after
+about an hour and a half,
+
+everybody's looking out the
+window, looking back at the
+
+ceiling, not a single
+pencil is moving.
+
+Then I will say, OK,
+you all done?
+
+Everybody starts writing
+again and going through
+
+their papers once more.
+
+And even after two hours I find
+that in order to get the
+
+quiz papers, I have to plant one
+foot on the edge of your
+
+table, grab hold of your quiz
+with both hands and drag it
+
+out of your clutching fingers.
+
+So you can take the
+full two hours.
+
+But it should not be necessary
+for you to
+
+consume that much time.
+
+The quizzes will come-- and this
+is something else we're
+
+supposed to explain to you--
+
+they will come at one third of
+the way through the term, two
+
+thirds of the way through the
+term, and 2.983/3 of the way
+
+through the term.
+
+And if you're wondering where
+that number comes from, this
+
+lets me put the quiz just before
+the final week of the
+
+term when we're not supposed
+to give examinations.
+
+So there'll be three quizzes.
+
+You will have opportunity
+for lots of
+
+practice with problems.
+
+We will have on the order
+of 15 problem sets.
+
+And for the most part, they
+will be very short, or
+
+modestly short, and designed to
+give you some practice in
+
+working with the material.
+
+Because as the nature of this
+subject begins to unfold,
+
+you'll see that it involves
+a type of mathematics that
+
+you've really perhaps not
+had much practice with.
+
+It involves geometrical
+relations.
+
+And to really master it, you
+have to work with the material
+
+and get some practice.
+
+Another question that's
+perennially asked if not
+
+outright raised in private,
+what do the quizzes count?
+
+What do the problem
+sets count?
+
+The answer to that is that the
+problem sets will count a lot
+
+towards your understanding
+of the material.
+
+But I'm not going
+to grade them.
+
+And I'm not going to factor them
+in along with the quizzes
+
+to decide your final eventual
+fortunes in this class.
+
+The problem sets, moreover,
+there are a lot of them.
+
+But they will be optional in the
+sense that if you do them,
+
+I will carefully correct them,
+add words of inspiration and
+
+advice, correct things where
+you've gone wrong and then
+
+return them to you as
+quickly as possible.
+
+But if you how to do the
+problem, you say, ah!
+
+Why does he wants us to do this
+and waste our time with a
+
+silly problem like this?
+
+Don't do it.
+
+Don't do it, because if you
+know how to do the problem
+
+set, that's fine.
+
+And you've got better things
+to do with your time.
+
+And I've got better things
+to do with my time if the
+
+feedback is not going to
+be of benefit to you.
+
+So I hope you will do them.
+
+And as I said, if you do them,
+I will correct them promptly
+
+and thoroughly.
+
+And if you haven't got the
+foggiest idea how to do the
+
+problem, do what you can.
+
+And then, write down
+a plea of help--
+
+I don't understand what's
+going on here!
+
+OK, and then I will take the
+time to write out what's going
+
+on, hopefully to your
+benefit and use.
+
+Will I turn out solutions?
+
+Only on an individual
+basis in the fashion
+
+that I've just described.
+
+I find that if I write out a
+solution to each of these
+
+problems, you don't do them.
+
+And you say, oh, so that's how
+you do that, throw it in a
+
+file, and not look at it until
+the night before the quiz.
+
+So there will not be solutions
+handed out other than
+
+correction on an individual
+basis on your papers.
+
+Is that all that I
+wanted to say?
+
+I think that's about all
+for the formalities.
+
+Actually, I should add one
+postscript to say the problem
+
+sets don't count anything
+toward your final grade.
+
+They do in one minor sense.
+
+When you have a large class and
+you plot up the grades and
+
+there are no lumps with gaps
+in between, there comes a
+
+point where you have
+to separate
+
+one grade from another.
+
+And if you've done well on the
+quizzes and you've done well
+
+on the problem sets and there's
+just one quiz that's a
+
+little bit, I say, OK,
+he or she had a
+
+bad day that afternoon.
+
+And I'll give you the benefit
+of the doubt.
+
+And even though I'm not a
+vindictive sort, if you're
+
+right on the fence and you
+haven't done any of the
+
+problems, then without
+malice I say, gotcha!
+
+And you go down [INAUDIBLE]
+
+on the low side of
+the barricade.
+
+And I think that's only a
+natural indication because
+
+there are some cases where, with
+Solomonic judgement, you
+
+have to decide who
+gets what grade.
+
+OK, let me say a little
+bit about the texts.
+
+There are a number of
+books that deal with
+
+crystallography.
+
+For the most part, though,
+they consists of an
+
+introductory chapter.
+
+Every single book on the solid
+state feels compelled to write
+
+some sort of half baked chapter
+on crystal structure
+
+or crystallography.
+
+And usually, these chapters
+consist of big tables.
+
+And they say, there
+are 14 of these.
+
+There are 17 of these.
+
+There are 32 of these.
+
+There are like 230 of these.
+
+There are 1,170 of these.
+
+And then, that has all the
+excitement and stimulation of
+
+reading the telephone
+directory.
+
+It's a crazy cast of characters,
+but it's awfully
+
+hard to see the plot.
+
+So what we will do all the way
+through is derive everything.
+
+So you can not only see how it
+turns out, but why it has to
+
+be that way.
+
+And that's the way, in my
+opinion, one really learns
+
+this material.
+
+A couple of other very pedantic
+
+comments about the material.
+
+In the early part of the term,
+the first half in fact, we're
+
+going to use plain
+old geometry.
+
+Now, geometry really
+doesn't cut much
+
+mustard around the Institute.
+
+If you can't integrate it or
+take its Fourier transform,
+
+that's a mathematics you don't
+have to take seriously.
+
+Well, geometry is a perfectly
+valid branch of mathematics.
+
+And one can do what we're going
+to do in more complex
+
+terms using the language
+of group theory.
+
+And we will, in fact, use a
+little bit of that later on.
+
+But for the most part, just
+diagrams with simple geometry
+
+are going to be one of the
+principle tools in the initial
+
+part of the class.
+
+About halfway through, we'll
+switch over to something that
+
+is much more mathematical in
+the traditional sense.
+
+Here, a little bit of linear
+algebra and matrix algebra
+
+will help you.
+
+If you haven't had that or
+haven't looked at it for a
+
+while, we'll build it up from
+ground zero so that you'll be
+
+able to fully understand it.
+
+We'll hit a few eigenvalue
+problems towards
+
+the end of the term.
+
+If that doesn't get your
+adrenaline pumping, that will
+
+be developed in a physical
+context so that you're doing
+
+the sort of problem before you
+even know what it's called.
+
+So it's going to be a user
+friendly course that doesn't
+
+rely on something that
+you may have had two
+
+or three years ago.
+
+OK, but the other thing that I
+wanted to say was that this
+
+class is not like many classes
+in that you talk about
+
+something for one week.
+
+And then, you put it aside and
+you talk about something
+
+completely different
+the next week.
+
+Our first half of the
+course will be one
+
+long process of synthesis.
+
+We're going to start out very,
+very simply with little
+
+mapping transformations.
+
+This is picked up and rotated
+and slid over to here.
+
+And you'll say, ho-hum,
+let's get on with it.
+
+Come on, go faster.
+
+But we'll build on this and then
+build on what we've just
+
+done to what comes next.
+
+And unlike most of the classes
+in science that you take where
+
+you start with general terms and
+you zero in on some little
+
+nugget like f equals ma, e
+equals mc squared, lambda
+
+equals 2d sin (theta), a little
+nugget like a bullion
+
+cube that you can drop
+in your pocket.
+
+And then when you need it later
+on, you pull it out and
+
+add hot water.
+
+And then, you have a tool
+that you can use.
+
+We will do something
+that's completely
+
+different in its structure.
+
+It will start out simple.
+
+It will grow.
+
+It will blossom like an
+elegant [? Filigree ?]
+
+structure that gets more and
+more complicated and diverges
+
+rather than converging to a
+nice, tight, little nugget.
+
+It's going to get very,
+very complicated.
+
+And the reason for doing this
+gradually and thoroughly is so
+
+that you can understand
+the complexity and
+
+where it comes from.
+
+OK, so my moral here
+is keep up.
+
+It may seem easy
+when you start.
+
+But we're going to assume that
+you've got that down cold
+
+before we go on to
+the next step.
+
+OK, texts.
+
+Apart from these half baked
+treatments which I just keep
+
+[INAUDIBLE] on, one of the very
+best books is by an old
+
+MIT guy, Martin Buerger, who
+was one of MIT's most
+
+distinguished faculty.
+
+He was the very first faculty
+member to be honored with the
+
+title Institute Professor,
+the very first one.
+
+Chairman of the Faculty, all
+sorts of awards from
+
+professional societies--
+
+he has a book called Elementary
+Crystallography.
+
+This is published by Wiley.
+
+There's some who dispute the
+term "elementary." But he
+
+really has a book which uses,
+at the outset, nothing more
+
+than geometry.
+
+He doesn't throw in comments
+like, "It can be shown that,"
+
+or "By further work, it
+turns out--." He does
+
+everything for you.
+
+Everything is down there so you
+can see how it's done and
+
+what the results are.
+
+To me, it is the best
+book on the subject.
+
+That's the good part.
+
+The bad part is that it's
+been out of print
+
+for about 15 years.
+
+So what I am going to
+do is to make--
+
+now that I know how many of you
+are going to be present--
+
+I'm going to make a Xerox
+copy for you of the
+
+first half of the book.
+
+What a department!
+
+What a class!
+
+You're going to get a classic
+text, 50% of it, without
+
+spending a nickel.
+
+And that'll be the text for the
+first part of the class.
+
+We will be doing some
+derivation that
+
+are not in this book.
+
+And for that, I will have notes
+that I have written out.
+
+And you'll get Xerox
+copies of that.
+
+So we'll have lots and lots of
+handouts during the course of
+
+this semester.
+
+I'd like to call your attention,
+though, to two
+
+other books.
+
+These are not textbooks.
+
+These are reference books.
+
+And you can see from the shape
+of this one that this is one
+
+of my favorite volumes.
+
+It's thoroughly worn out.
+
+This is something that is
+called The International
+
+Tables for X-ray
+Crystallography.
+
+And it is published by an
+organization called the
+
+International Union for
+Crystallography.
+
+The funny sounding term,
+"International Union for
+
+Crystallography," sounds like
+an organization under which
+
+diffractionists go out and
+strike for higher pay.
+
+But no, this is actually a
+federation of all of the
+
+national societies of
+crystallography from
+
+all over the world.
+
+And among the useful things that
+they do, besides having a
+
+splendid conference every couple
+of years, is to publish
+
+these tables.
+
+And volume one is called
+Symmetry Tables.
+
+And everything that we will
+derive and all of its
+
+properties--
+
+physical and geometrical--
+
+are tabulated in this book.
+
+It is, however, a reference
+book and not a textbook.
+
+You don't learn it for the first
+time from this book.
+
+But in terms of generating
+atomic arrangements from the
+
+data that's present in the
+literature, looking at the
+
+arrangement of symmetry elements
+in space, and how
+
+they move atoms around, it is
+the code book that tells you
+
+how to crack the arcane language
+in which diffraction
+
+and structural results are
+recorded and find out how to
+
+unravel it.
+
+I call also to your attention,
+although it will not be
+
+germane to this class, there
+are four other volumes.
+
+Volume two is called
+Mathematical Tables.
+
+And this has all sorts
+of useful stuff.
+
+If you've ever done diffraction,
+you know that
+
+depending on the symmetry of
+the crystal, there are some
+
+planes for which h squared plus
+k squared plus l squared
+
+divided by 2 pi is not a
+reflection [INAUDIBLE]
+
+if the crystal is green, and
+other arcane rules like that.
+
+All of these are summarized
+in these books.
+
+There are quantities that you
+need to calculate, things like
+
+interplanar spacings.
+
+Tables are available there.
+
+So this is a handy thing
+primarily for diffraction.
+
+Volume three is called
+Physical Tables.
+
+And this is where you find
+things like absorption
+
+coefficients for x-rays
+and for neutrons.
+
+It's where you find the latest
+values of absorption
+
+coefficients, neutron
+scattering length.
+
+And since these things are
+derived experimentally, the
+
+values improve and change
+from time to time.
+
+So this is where you find the
+most up to date values of
+
+physical constants and items
+that are necessary for
+
+diffraction.
+
+It never ceases to amaze me how
+somebody who has the good
+
+fortune of having to use the
+diffraction for a thesis will
+
+labor carefully over making
+the measurements and
+
+reducing the data.
+
+And then when it comes to using
+a wavelength, which is
+
+how the final numbers will
+be determined, goes to an
+
+appendix of a book on
+diffraction that was published
+
+20 years ago.
+
+And that's not the most
+up to date value.
+
+Scattering powers of x-rays by
+the electrons on the atoms are
+
+calculated from wave functions,
+which constantly
+
+get better from year to year.
+
+And the value of the scattering
+powers of the
+
+function of angle gets better
+from year to year.
+
+So this is where you want to
+go if you need any of that
+
+physical data.
+
+And finally, volume four is--
+
+it's not its title, but it's
+essentially an update of the
+
+Physical Tables, giving later
+values which came out about 10
+
+years later.
+
+OK, this series was getting
+out of hand.
+
+So I have to bend my knees
+and use two hands when I
+
+pick up this one.
+
+This is a continuation of
+the series, essentially.
+
+But this one is called
+International Tables for
+
+Crystallography, period, no
+x-rays because neutrons and
+
+electrons are just as important
+today for doing
+
+scattering experiments.
+
+And this is International Tables
+for Crystallography.
+
+No x-ray in there.
+
+And there are now something
+like six volumes out.
+
+They're not called one, two,
+three, and four, but they're
+
+called A, B, and C to
+avoid confusion.
+
+And volume A is one called
+Space Group Symmetry.
+
+And then, there are a whole
+series of other ones.
+
+As I say, I think there's six
+of them that give physical
+
+data and all sorts
+of useful guides.
+
+I have mixed feelings about
+the new series.
+
+You will see that it is about
+three times as large and three
+
+times as heavy, which means it's
+nine times as expensive.
+
+And to me, it's almost the
+case for most people of a
+
+situation where if it wasn't
+broke, you shouldn't fix it.
+
+And what they've done is that
+they've put in all sorts of
+
+esoteric theory which probably
+is going to be of interest and
+
+use to perhaps 5%
+of the readers.
+
+But nevertheless, if you wanted,
+you'll find it there,
+
+which is something that could
+not be said before.
+
+They've added a few things which
+are useful, but a lot of
+
+additional information which
+you don't really need.
+
+And you pay for that whether
+you want it or not.
+
+Nevertheless, it's been done.
+
+You can't buy the old
+volumes any longer.
+
+You have to buy the
+new volumes.
+
+So anyway, this is what you'll
+find in the library now.
+
+Maybe they do still have the old
+volumes, one through four.
+
+This, we will make reference to
+in the course of the term.
+
+I will give you some copies of
+certain pages in here as
+
+handouts when we need
+them for purposes of
+
+illustration or for use.
+
+But I spent the last five
+minutes just to make you aware
+
+of the existence
+of these books.
+
+And these are really the
+penultimate source of
+
+information and numerical
+quantities that will be used
+
+in diffraction, one of the
+principle applications of
+
+crystallography.
+
+I think I have just
+enough enough--
+
+to start things off, I have a
+syllabus for the course that
+
+is, in very dense form, exactly
+what we will be
+
+covering this term.
+
+And I'd like to lead you by
+the hand through this.
+
+All right, what we will be doing
+in the first half of the
+
+term is something that is known
+as crystallography.
+
+OK, the meaning of the word is
+almost self-explanatory.
+
+The first part is crystal.
+
+We're going to be
+dealing with the
+
+crystalline state of matter.
+
+To me, amorphous materials,
+although they may be
+
+important, have all the interest
+of a piece of steak
+
+before it's been cooked.
+
+The atoms in amorphous
+materials are fine.
+
+But they really get interesting
+when they organize
+
+themselves into an
+ordered fashion.
+
+So the name is self-explanatory.
+
+The first part, crystal, means
+we're going to deal with the
+
+crystalline state.
+
+What does the graphy mean?
+
+That means mapping
+or geometry.
+
+And let me give you an example
+of a few other words that have
+
+the same sort of structure.
+
+Geo--
+
+the Earth--
+
+followed by graph, geography,
+is the mapping of the Earth.
+
+And there are many other terms
+that involve these two
+
+separate parts.
+
+Crystallography, though, is
+very often subdivided into
+
+different flavors.
+
+There is something well
+defined called x-ray
+
+crystallography.
+
+And this is the experimental
+determination of the
+
+crystallography of a material
+using diffraction, usually
+
+x-rays because they're
+relatively inexpensive and
+
+they're widely available.
+
+But increasingly, neutron
+scattering or electron
+
+scattering is used
+for this purpose.
+
+And there are a number of very
+powerful, very exciting
+
+sources of neutrons, either
+from reactor sources of
+
+unprecedented intensity or
+from what's called a
+
+spallation source, where an
+entire synchrotron is built
+
+just to direct a beam
+of particles onto
+
+a heavy metal target.
+
+And those high energy particles
+split off neutrons
+
+from the nuclei of the
+target material.
+
+Doesn't really matter what
+the material is.
+
+It helps if it's
+a heavy metal.
+
+The nice thing about these
+sources of neutron radiation
+
+is that they're so expensive
+they are all national
+
+facilities.
+
+And the consequence of that is
+that anybody with a good idea
+
+and a project worth doing
+can apply for beam time.
+
+And if it's a good problem,
+you get it.
+
+So you're using a facility
+that cost $1 billion.
+
+You have people whose sole
+function in life is to help
+
+you do the experiment and make
+sure you're doing it properly.
+
+And this is a very, very
+exciting time to be somebody
+
+working with diffraction using
+these neutron sources.
+
+There's another branch of
+crystallography which is
+
+called optical crystallography.
+
+And this is the characterization
+and study of
+
+crystalline materials using
+polarized light.
+
+You can identify unknowns using
+their optical properties
+
+if they're transparent about 10
+times faster than you can
+
+do with x-ray diffraction.
+
+It's a technique that today
+is little used.
+
+But it's a very powerful
+technique.
+
+And all it takes is
+a microscope, and
+
+you're off and running.
+
+Some other flavors of
+crystallography, well, I'll
+
+mention the one that
+we're going to use.
+
+What we're going to talk about
+is something called
+
+geometrical crystallography, to
+distinguish it from these
+
+other branches.
+
+And this is synonymous
+with symmetry theory.
+
+So that's what we'll do
+for the first month
+
+and a half or so.
+
+All right, let me introduce
+now some basic concepts.
+
+Geometrical crystallography is
+the study of patterns and
+
+their symmetry.
+
+So let me give you an example
+of some very simple patterns
+
+that extent in one dimension.
+
+And let me put in a figure.
+
+The thing that is in the pattern
+is something that's
+
+called the motif.
+
+And let me use a plump,
+little fat comma.
+
+And I'll make a chain
+of these things
+
+extending in one dimension.
+
+The nice thing about this fat
+little comma is that it is a
+
+figure which, in itself, has
+no inherent symmetry.
+
+So it is asymmetric,
+without symmetry.
+
+And imagine this is being
+repeated without limit in both
+
+directions, both to the
+left and to the right.
+
+We then draw another
+pattern with a
+
+different sort of motif.
+
+And let me use a rectangle
+with one concave side.
+
+OK, and I think you get the
+picture of this one.
+
+And imagine that as extending
+without limit indefinitely to
+
+the left and to the right.
+
+Then, I'm getting tired of
+inventing new motifs.
+
+So let me use the same motif the
+second time, but arrange
+
+it in a slightly
+different way.
+
+And again, imagine that as
+extended indefinitely.
+
+OK, having now generated these
+three patterns in two
+
+dimensions but extending
+periodically in two
+
+dimensions.
+
+Let me ask the question now.
+
+And even if you have not the
+foggiest idea, you have a 50%
+
+chance of being right.
+
+Are any of these patterns
+the same?
+
+Or are they all different?
+
+Are any of the patterns
+the same?
+
+Or are they different?
+
+Well, that's a-- yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, that is an answer
+that's right because
+
+the bottom two involve the
+same sort of figure.
+
+They have the same sort
+of the motif.
+
+They both have the
+same rectangle
+
+with one concave side.
+
+And that's a valid answer.
+
+Do you have a different
+answer?
+
+AUDIENCE: The first and
+third are the same.
+
+PROFESSOR: First and
+third are the same.
+
+Why do you say that?
+
+AUDIENCE: They both have
+[? rotational symmetry. ?]
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+This is the point I was
+trying to introduce.
+
+And that is your choice of
+answering the question, one is
+
+the nature the motif.
+
+And you're absolutely correct.
+
+This pattern and this
+pattern are both
+
+based on the same motif.
+
+But in patterns, we are less
+concerned with the motif that
+
+is in the pattern than we are
+with the relations between one
+
+motif and all of the others.
+
+And in that context, the first
+and the third pattern,
+
+although they look entirely
+different, are really exactly
+
+the same sort of pattern.
+
+So let's begin to analyze what
+sort of operations are in
+
+these patterns that
+take one motif--
+
+and obviously, they're
+all the same--
+
+and relate it to all
+of the others.
+
+First of all, there is an
+operation which I'll call
+
+translation for obvious
+reasons.
+
+And I'll represent that by a
+vector, T, since a translation
+
+has magnitude and direction
+but no unique origin.
+
+I could take this pair of
+objects sitting nose to nose,
+
+pick them up, slide them over
+by T, put them down again.
+
+And I have the relation
+that gives me
+
+this neighboring pair.
+
+Pick it up again, move it
+to the right by the same
+
+translation in the same
+direction, put it down again.
+
+And I've got this pair.
+
+So that is one operation that
+can exist in patterns.
+
+This is the operation
+of translation.
+
+So let me call that by
+a vector relation.
+
+And it has magnitude.
+
+It has direction, but no unique
+origin, just like a
+
+plain old vector.
+
+So in other words, I can't say
+that the translation moves us
+
+from here to here or
+from here to here.
+
+It's all the same thing--
+
+magnitude and direction,
+no unique origin.
+
+In fact, all of these patterns
+have translational
+
+periodicity.
+
+There's a translation in this
+bottom pattern and another
+
+translation from here to here
+in the middle pattern.
+
+The thing that makes a crystal
+a crystal is that it is an
+
+arrangement of atoms or
+molecules which is related one
+
+part to another by the operation
+of translation.
+
+If you don't have translational
+periodicity, you
+
+do not have a crystal.
+
+So that comes to the
+essence of what
+
+crystallography is about.
+
+You can imagine, in one sense,
+the generation of this pattern
+
+by a rubber stamp sort
+of operation.
+
+Suppose I have a rubber stamp.
+
+And I put on the rubber stamp
+the pair of motifs like this.
+
+Pick it up, move
+it over, chunk.
+
+Pick it up, move
+it over, chunk.
+
+And I can stamp out the pattern
+in that fashion.
+
+Notice that my statement about
+no unique origin in these
+
+terms can be stated that it
+doesn't matter where the two
+
+motifs are on the stamp.
+
+they could be up in the upper
+left hand corner, right in the
+
+middle, down in the bottom.
+
+As long as I move the stamp
+through the same distance and
+
+the same direction, I get
+the same pattern.
+
+Now, that's not bad for
+an introduction.
+
+But I want to be more general
+than this because when I deal
+
+in terms of a rubber stamp
+operation, that is a
+
+transformation that involves
+taking one little chunk of a
+
+two dimensional space, picking
+it up, and putting it down in
+
+another location to another
+unique location in space.
+
+So I'm going to now make another
+generalization that
+
+operations, which we've
+begun to define,
+
+act on all of space.
+
+So I don't want you to think of
+this repetition in terms of
+
+a rubber stamp, although we
+could get the pattern that way
+
+and it's conceptually
+appealing.
+
+But I'm going to say now that
+this string of motifs has
+
+translational periodicity if,
+when I pick it up, move it by
+
+T in a particular direction,
+and drop the whole infinite
+
+chain back down again,
+it is mapped into
+
+congruence with itself.
+
+Which leads me to another
+definition--
+
+an object or a space possesses
+symmetry when there is an
+
+operation or a set of operations
+that maps it into
+
+congruence with itself.
+
+In other words, in plain words,
+you can't tell that
+
+it's been moved.
+
+OK, is there anything else that
+is a transformation which
+
+leaves the set invariant?
+
+OK, if we look at the first
+pattern, there are [? rho ?]
+
+sides such as this one here, or
+this one here, or this one
+
+here, about which I can rotate
+one motif into its neighbor
+
+or, for that matter, pick up the
+entire chain and flip it
+
+end over elbow through
+180 degrees.
+
+And it will be mapped into
+coincidence with itself.
+
+And that is an operation, and
+another sort of distinct
+
+operation of transformation.
+
+And this is one that
+I could call
+
+rotation for obvious reasons.
+
+And there are two things I
+have to tell you about a
+
+rotation operation.
+
+The first one is the point about
+which the rotation takes
+
+place, and that's going
+to be some point.
+
+And let me call this point here
+A. So this will be some
+
+labelled point that is the
+location of the rotation axis.
+
+But then, the other thing that
+I have to tell you is the
+
+angle through which I'm
+going to rotate.
+
+And I'll append to the
+A as a subscript
+
+the angle of rotation.
+
+So this particular operation,
+called a twofold rotation
+
+because it rotates through half
+of a circle, would be the
+
+operation A pi.
+
+This point is A. We rotate
+through an angle pi.
+
+This pattern here has also
+rotational symmetry.
+
+In addition to the translation,
+there is a
+
+rotation operation, A pi,
+in the lower pattern.
+
+So the follow who is unfortunate
+enough not to have
+
+a seat-- and I should
+have given you this
+
+one a long time ago.
+
+I'll give that to you
+as your reward for
+
+giving the best answer.
+
+And you get a seat wherever you
+would like to place it.
+
+The first and the final pattern
+are the same in the
+
+sense that they contain
+two operations,
+
+translation and rotation.
+
+This pattern is a much
+more interesting one.
+
+This also has a rotational
+symmetry, A pi.
+
+It also is based on
+a translation.
+
+But now, there's another
+operation that we can do to
+
+leave the pattern invariant.
+
+There exists [? rho sides ?]
+
+that pass through the center
+of this rectangular figure
+
+across which I could flip an
+individual motif, or for that
+
+matter the entire pattern,
+from left to right.
+
+It's a reflection sort
+of operation.
+
+So this is a new type
+of transformation.
+
+So we'll add that to our list.
+
+And the symbol that's usually
+used to indicate the locus of
+
+this operation is m, standing
+from mirror.
+
+And that does it for these
+particular patterns.
+
+Three sorts of operations--
+
+translation, rotation,
+and reflection.
+
+And in fact, that is all
+you can have in a
+
+two dimensional space--
+
+not necessarily a
+rotation that's
+
+restricted to 180 degrees.
+
+If these patterns are
+translational periodic in more
+
+than one direction, you can
+have higher symmetries.
+
+One of the things I would like
+to suggest to you is that you
+
+look around you in everyday life
+at the sort of patterns
+
+that enrich your environment.
+
+I see a one dimensionally
+periodic pattern there, the
+
+black and white stripes.
+
+It's translationally periodic,
+going up and down.
+
+It also has mirror planes
+running through the black
+
+stripes and the white stripes.
+
+I see another two dimensional
+pattern back there.
+
+That has translation.
+
+But you could rotate--
+
+no, you can't do anything.
+
+That just has translation,
+nothing else.
+
+Get a new shirt.
+
+That's not terribly
+interesting.
+
+There's another one there that's
+so complex I don't
+
+think I can look at it without
+climbing all over him and
+
+drawing some translational
+vectors and things like that.
+
+But that's a nice periodic
+pattern.
+
+That's a good one.
+
+But there's lots of
+stuff like that.
+
+Look at the grills in
+the ventilators.
+
+They have mirror planes.
+
+They are translationally
+periodic in one direction.
+
+We've got floor tiles.
+
+These are lovely because these
+have examples of 90 degree
+
+rotational symmetry.
+
+Same is true of the tiles
+up in the ceiling,
+
+same sort of pattern.
+
+And there's another pattern with
+four-fold symmetry in the
+
+grills that are underneath
+the fluorescent fixtures.
+
+So symmetry is everywhere.
+
+It surrounds us.
+
+We wear it.
+
+We walk on it.
+
+We sit on it.
+
+And think how much richer your
+life will be when you can
+
+understand this part of
+your environment.
+
+Hey, that's a good, chauvinistic
+note, overstated,
+
+on which to end.
+
+So why don't we take
+our break?
+
+I'll hang around if you have
+any questions or get you a
+
+copy of anything that
+came around that you
+
+missed getting one of.
+
+And it is now, according to my
+Timex watch, about three
+
+minutes before the hour.
+
+So let's take a break and
+stretch for 10 minutes.
+
+Ya'll come back because I've
+got your name's on a list.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/vnyxYtj0mfE.txt b/vnyxYtj0mfE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..87423b4476bdf051e1369bc5ffdeecf6281f6d10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vnyxYtj0mfE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1635 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's write the Hamiltonian again in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's write the Hamiltonian again in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's write the Hamiltonian again in
+terms of V and V Donder so from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of V and V Donder so from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of V and V Donder so from this
+equation V dagger V this equation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation V dagger V this equation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation V dagger V this equation is
+equal to 2 H bar over m Omega M dagger a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+immediately above equation under these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately above equation under these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately above equation under these
+this we substitute into the Hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we substitute into the Hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we substitute into the Hamiltonian
+and the Hamiltonian becomes the nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Hamiltonian becomes the nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Hamiltonian becomes the nice
+object H bar Omega a dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right we did the hard work of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we did the hard work of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we did the hard work of
+factorization we have to show what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization we have to show what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization we have to show what's
+good for well in fact we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for well in fact we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for well in fact we're going to be
+able to solve the harmonic oscillator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to solve the harmonic oscillator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to solve the harmonic oscillator
+without ever talking about the furniture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without ever talking about the furniture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without ever talking about the furniture
+almost ever talking about differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost ever talking about differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost ever talking about differential
+equation where fact we will not talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation where fact we will not talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation where fact we will not talk
+about the second order differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the second order differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the second order differential
+equation thanks to our great work you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation thanks to our great work you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation thanks to our great work you
+will have to talk about the first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have to talk about the first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have to talk about the first order
+differential equation a much simpler one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation a much simpler one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation a much simpler one
+and only one not for any one to three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only one not for any one to three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only one not for any one to three
+infinity it's a great simplification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity it's a great simplification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity it's a great simplification
+other Hamiltonians admit factorization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Hamiltonians admit factorization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Hamiltonians admit factorization
+in fact this of all the books and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact this of all the books and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact this of all the books and
+factorizable monomials because those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorizable monomials because those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorizable monomials because those are
+the nicest for not aliens to solve let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nicest for not aliens to solve let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nicest for not aliens to solve let's
+see why though we haven't said fine yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see why though we haven't said fine yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see why though we haven't said fine yet
+here is a living thing that we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a living thing that we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a living thing that we can do
+remember we call five side the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we call five side the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we call five side the integral
+DX of five star just notation so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX of five star just notation so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX of five star just notation so the
+expectation value calculate expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value calculate expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value calculate expectation
+value of the Hamiltonian in some state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the Hamiltonian in some state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the Hamiltonian in some state
+side so what are you supposed to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so what are you supposed to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so what are you supposed to do
+you're supposed to do side and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're supposed to do side and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're supposed to do side and this is a
+normalized state expectation values the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized state expectation values the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized state expectation values the
+interval sorry star age sigh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval sorry star age sigh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval sorry star age sigh that's
+purposes but now let's put in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes but now let's put in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes but now let's put in this
+information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and of the expectation whether this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of the expectation whether this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of the expectation whether this will
+be sine H bar H Omega n dagger in a sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sine H bar H Omega n dagger in a sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sine H bar H Omega n dagger in a sign
++ H Omega over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ H Omega over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ H Omega over 2
+sup so I just calculated H on side H so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sup so I just calculated H on side H so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sup so I just calculated H on side H so
+this is two terms H Omega sign a dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is two terms H Omega sign a dagger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is two terms H Omega sign a dagger
+a sign + H Omega over 2 side side ok so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sign + H Omega over 2 side side ok so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sign + H Omega over 2 side side ok so
+what did I gain with the factorization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did I gain with the factorization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did I gain with the factorization
+so far it looks like nothing but here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far it looks like nothing but here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far it looks like nothing but here we
+go this term is equal to 1 because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go this term is equal to 1 because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go this term is equal to 1 because the
+wave function is normalized and here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function is normalized and here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function is normalized and here I
+can do one thing I can remember my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do one thing I can remember my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do one thing I can remember my
+definition of affirmation conjugate I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of affirmation conjugate I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of affirmation conjugate I
+can move an operator and put its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can move an operator and put its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can move an operator and put its
+hermitian conjugate on the other side so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hermitian conjugate on the other side so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hermitian conjugate on the other side so
+think of this operator a dagger a dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this operator a dagger a dagger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this operator a dagger a dagger
+is acting on this wave function what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is acting on this wave function what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is acting on this wave function what is
+a dagger is this and P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dagger is this and P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dagger is this and P
+is H bar over I'd DX so this you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is H bar over I'd DX so this you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is H bar over I'd DX so this you know
+how to act but if a dollar is here I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to act but if a dollar is here I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to act but if a dollar is here I can
+put it on the first wave function but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it on the first wave function but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it on the first wave function but I
+must put the dagger of this operator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must put the dagger of this operator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must put the dagger of this operator and
+the diner of a dagger is a so this is H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diner of a dagger is a so this is H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diner of a dagger is a so this is H
+Omega a side inside plus H Omega over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now here comes the next thing if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here comes the next thing if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here comes the next thing if this is
+an inner product any five five is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inner product any five five is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inner product any five five is
+greater or equal than zero because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater or equal than zero because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater or equal than zero because you
+have five star five and that's positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have five star five and that's positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have five star five and that's positive
+so any of that interest greater equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so any of that interest greater equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so any of that interest greater equal
+zero nope here you have some function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero nope here you have some function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero nope here you have some function
+but here the same function it is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here the same function it is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here the same function it is this
+case the odd thing is greater or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the odd thing is greater or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the odd thing is greater or equal
+than zero that is the great benefit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero that is the great benefit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero that is the great benefit of
+the factorize Hamiltonian if age has a V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factorize Hamiltonian if age has a V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factorize Hamiltonian if age has a V
+dagger V you can flip the V dagger here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger V you can flip the V dagger here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger V you can flip the V dagger here
+and it becomes weak side weak side and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it becomes weak side weak side and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it becomes weak side weak side and
+it's possible and you've learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible and you've learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible and you've learned
+something very important but you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very important but you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very important but you can get
+positive energies in fact from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive energies in fact from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive energies in fact from here
+since this is positive this must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since this is positive this must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since this is positive this must be
+greater or equal and H Omega over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater or equal and H Omega over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater or equal and H Omega over 2
+because this is greater than equal zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is greater than equal zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is greater than equal zero
+so the expectation value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the expectation value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the expectation value of the
+Hamiltonian if you would be thinking now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian if you would be thinking now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian if you would be thinking now
+of energy eigenstates the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy eigenstates the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy eigenstates the energy
+eigenvalue is the expectation value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue is the expectation value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue is the expectation value of
+the Hamiltonian in an energy eigenstate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Hamiltonian in an energy eigenstate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Hamiltonian in an energy eigenstate
+must be greater than h bar on it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be greater than h bar on it over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be greater than h bar on it over
+two and in some blackboard that has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and in some blackboard that has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and in some blackboard that has been
+embraced we remember that the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embraced we remember that the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embraced we remember that the lowest
+energy state had energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy state had energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy state had energy
+there it is the lowest energy state has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it is the lowest energy state has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it is the lowest energy state has
+energy H on it over two so look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy H on it over two so look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy H on it over two so look at this
+you say okay this shows that any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say okay this shows that any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say okay this shows that any
+eigenstate must have energy greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstate must have energy greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstate must have energy greater than
+a charming over two but could there be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a charming over two but could there be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a charming over two but could there be
+one state for which energies exactly H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one state for which energies exactly H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one state for which energies exactly H
+omid / - yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omid / - yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omid / - yes
+if this inner product is zero but for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this inner product is zero but for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this inner product is zero but for an
+inner product of two things to be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product of two things to be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product of two things to be zero
+each function must be zero so from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each function must be zero so from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each function must be zero so from this
+we conclude that if there is a ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we conclude that if there is a ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we conclude that if there is a ground
+state it's a state for which a five or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state it's a state for which a five or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state it's a state for which a five or
+eight side is equal to zero so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight side is equal to zero so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight side is equal to zero so this is a
+very nice conclusion so if the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice conclusion so if the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice conclusion so if the lower
+bound is realized so that you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound is realized so that you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound is realized so that you get a
+state with energy then it must be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state with energy then it must be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state with energy then it must be true
+that a sigh is equal to zero and apes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a sigh is equal to zero and apes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a sigh is equal to zero and apes I
+equal to 0 means X plus I P over m Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0 means X plus I P over m Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0 means X plus I P over m Omega
+on side is equal to zero or X plus P is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on side is equal to zero or X plus P is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on side is equal to zero or X plus P is
+H bar over I be the egg so this is h-bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H bar over I be the egg so this is h-bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H bar over I be the egg so this is h-bar
+over and Omega V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and Omega V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and Omega V
+the eggs on side of X is equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eggs on side of X is equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eggs on side of X is equal to zero
+and that was the promised fact we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was the promised fact we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was the promised fact we have
+turned the second-order differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned the second-order differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned the second-order differential
+equation into a first-order differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation into a first-order differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation into a first-order differential
+equation think of the magic that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation think of the magic that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation think of the magic that has
+happened to do that you had a sacred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to do that you had a sacred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to do that you had a sacred
+order differential equation because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order differential equation because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order differential equation because the
+Hamiltonian had x squared and P Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian had x squared and P Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian had x squared and P Square
+by factorizing you got two first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by factorizing you got two first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by factorizing you got two first order
+differential operators and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential operators and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential operators and by
+hermeticity you were led to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hermeticity you were led to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hermeticity you were led to the
+condition that the lowest energy state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that the lowest energy state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that the lowest energy state
+had to be killed by a that's why a it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to be killed by a that's why a it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to be killed by a that's why a it
+should be killed and now you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be killed and now you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be killed and now you have to
+solve a first-order differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve a first-order differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve a first-order differential
+equation which is a game an easy game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which is a game an easy game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which is a game an easy game
+compared with a second-order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared with a second-order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared with a second-order
+differential equation so let's square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation so let's square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation so let's square
+solve it it doesn't take any time itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it it doesn't take any time itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it it doesn't take any time itself
+let's call this the ground state if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call this the ground state if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call this the ground state if it
+exists and this gives you the size zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists and this gives you the size zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists and this gives you the size zero
+the X is equal to minus M Omega over H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X is equal to minus M Omega over H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X is equal to minus M Omega over H
+bar X size zero this can be integrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar X size zero this can be integrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar X size zero this can be integrated
+easily or you can guess the answer it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily or you can guess the answer it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily or you can guess the answer it's
+an exponential anything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exponential anything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exponential anything that
+differentiated you should expand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiated you should expand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiated you should expand the
+same function is an exponential e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same function is an exponential e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same function is an exponential e to the
+minus and Omega 2 H squared x squared is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and Omega 2 H squared x squared is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and Omega 2 H squared x squared is
+the solution side zero of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution side zero of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution side zero of X
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+this was the number is the permit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the number is the permit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the number is the permit
+polynomial sub zero and that exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial sub zero and that exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial sub zero and that exponential
+is the exponential who wrote a few black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the exponential who wrote a few black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the exponential who wrote a few black
+words ago it's a good exponential term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words ago it's a good exponential term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words ago it's a good exponential term
+perfect bow motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect bow motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect bow motion
+it's our ground state and zero if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's our ground state and zero if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's our ground state and zero if you
+want to normalize it M 0 is equal to M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to normalize it M 0 is equal to M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to normalize it M 0 is equal to M
+Omega over PI H bar to the 1/4 and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega over PI H bar to the 1/4 and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega over PI H bar to the 1/4 and that
+is the ground state and it has energy H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the ground state and it has energy H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the ground state and it has energy H
+on it over to you could see what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it over to you could see what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it over to you could see what the
+energy is by doing this very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is by doing this very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is by doing this very simple
+calculation look again get accustomed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation look again get accustomed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation look again get accustomed to
+these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things
+hm size zero what is H is H Omega a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hm size zero what is H is H Omega a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hm size zero what is H is H Omega a
+dagger A plus 1/2 acting on size zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the a active in size zero already close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a active in size zero already close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a active in size zero already close
+it because that's the final equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because that's the final equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because that's the final equation
+that zero and you get 1/2 H bar Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+confirming that you did get this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirming that you did get this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirming that you did get this thing
+to be correct so this is only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be correct so this is only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be correct so this is only the
+beginning of the story who founded round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the story who founded round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the story who founded round
+sake and now we have to find excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sake and now we have to find excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sake and now we have to find excited
+States let me say a couple of words to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States let me say a couple of words to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States let me say a couple of words to
+set up the discussion for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up the discussion for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up the discussion for
+oh the ground the excited states appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh the ground the excited states appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh the ground the excited states appear
+in a very nice way as well so first up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very nice way as well so first up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very nice way as well so first up
+tiny bit of language of h-bar Omega a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny bit of language of h-bar Omega a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny bit of language of h-bar Omega a
+dagger a usually called the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger a usually called the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger a usually called the number
+operator is a diver a it's a permission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is a diver a it's a permission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is a diver a it's a permission
+operator and it's pretty much the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and it's pretty much the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and it's pretty much the
+Hamiltonian it's the number it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian it's the number it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian it's the number it's called
+why is it called the number is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it called the number is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it called the number is what
+would have to figure out it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to figure out it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to figure out it is a
+counting operator it just looks at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting operator it just looks at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting operator it just looks at that
+state and counts things so what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and counts things so what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and counts things so what does
+this give us well we also know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this give us well we also know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this give us well we also know that the
+number operator kills by zero because a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number operator kills by zero because a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number operator kills by zero because a
+kills size zero a Kelsey so that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kills size zero a Kelsey so that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kills size zero a Kelsey so that's what
+we have so we did say that a was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have so we did say that a was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have so we did say that a was a
+destruction operator and halation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destruction operator and halation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destruction operator and halation
+operator because it eliminates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator because it eliminates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator because it eliminates the
+ground state so if a initial eights the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state so if a initial eights the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state so if a initial eights the
+ground state a dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why because a dagger with a commutator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because a dagger with a commutator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because a dagger with a commutator
+is equal to one look at this this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to one look at this this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to one look at this this is a
+in gathers - anybody came out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in gathers - anybody came out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in gathers - anybody came out of the
+ground state that's it now this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state that's it now this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state that's it now this term
+kills it but this term better not kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kills it but this term better not kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kills it but this term better not kill
+it because it has to give you back the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because it has to give you back the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because it has to give you back the
+browser give this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser give this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser give this
+- this is true so a dagger doesn't kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- this is true so a dagger doesn't kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- this is true so a dagger doesn't kill
+the ground state since it doesn't kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground state since it doesn't kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground state since it doesn't kill
+it it's called a creation operator so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's called a creation operator so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's called a creation operator so
+you have this state but now there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this state but now there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this state but now there's also
+the state a dagger acting on the vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state a dagger acting on the vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state a dagger acting on the vacuum
+and there's the state a divert any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's the state a divert any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's the state a divert any
+dagger acting on the vacuum all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger acting on the vacuum all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger acting on the vacuum all those
+and what we will figure out next time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we will figure out next time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we will figure out next time is
+that yes this is the ground state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yes this is the ground state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yes this is the ground state and
+this is the first excited state and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the first excited state and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the first excited state and you
+see the second excited state and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the second excited state and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the second excited state and those
+are forever so we'll have a very compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are forever so we'll have a very compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are forever so we'll have a very compact
+formula for the excited states of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the excited states of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the excited states of the
+harmonic oscillator they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator they're just
+creation operators acting on the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation operators acting on the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation operators acting on the ground
+state or the body
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/w0jVqJlzdI8.txt b/w0jVqJlzdI8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8c212e8e15448d581ee98f8980fefb9e89e7a6d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/w0jVqJlzdI8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7672 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common license. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common license. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common license. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so
+I feel I should have brought pizza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel I should have brought pizza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel I should have brought pizza
+instead of math problems. I mean uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of math problems. I mean uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of math problems. I mean uh this
+is but this is our final final hour um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but this is our final final hour um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but this is our final final hour um
+open for any questions any discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open for any questions any discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open for any questions any discussion
+about furier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about furier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about furier
+uh topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh topics
+looking toward tomorrow evening's exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking toward tomorrow evening's exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking toward tomorrow evening's exam
+uh and well hoping you'll find the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and well hoping you'll find the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and well hoping you'll find the whole
+course uh useful in at many times in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh useful in at many times in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh useful in at many times in the
+future. So, uh, somebody emailed me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future. So, uh, somebody emailed me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future. So, uh, somebody emailed me that
+the, uh, posted solution. So, I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the, uh, posted solution. So, I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the, uh, posted solution. So, I just
+posted a quick solution to the last the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted a quick solution to the last the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted a quick solution to the last the
+uncollected homework 10. Uh, and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncollected homework 10. Uh, and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncollected homework 10. Uh, and so I
+haven't even looked to see what did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't even looked to see what did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't even looked to see what did it
+say for this question. But what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for this question. But what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for this question. But what is the
+answer? If I convolve the delta function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer? If I convolve the delta function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer? If I convolve the delta function
+with a delta function, what do I get?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a delta function, what do I get?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a delta function, what do I get?
+Delta. Right? If I convolve anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta. Right? If I convolve anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta. Right? If I convolve anything
+with delta, I get delta because I'm over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with delta, I get delta because I'm over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with delta, I get delta because I'm over
+in the other space, I'm multiplying by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the other space, I'm multiplying by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the other space, I'm multiplying by
+one. Yeah. So, so if I use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Yeah. So, so if I use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Yeah. So, so if I use the
+convolution rule to go over to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution rule to go over to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution rule to go over to the other
+space where it's this becomes just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space where it's this becomes just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space where it's this becomes just one
+times one, I'm getting one and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times one, I'm getting one and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times one, I'm getting one and that's
+the transform back and I've got delta.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transform back and I've got delta.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transform back and I've got delta.
+So there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there
+uh yeah well that question won't be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah well that question won't be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah well that question won't be on
+tomorrow's exam but I thought we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow's exam but I thought we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow's exam but I thought we could
+deal with that fast. Now I'm open to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with that fast. Now I'm open to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with that fast. Now I'm open to
+questions about any topic homework or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about any topic homework or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about any topic homework or
+not. Yeah. Thanks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh I could try. Did I make up the exam?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh I could try. Did I make up the exam?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh I could try. Did I make up the exam?
+Probably. Yeah, I'll recognize it. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Probably. Yeah, I'll recognize it. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Probably. Yeah, I'll recognize it. Okay.
+All right. I'll read it out. this. Oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. I'll read it out. this. Oh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. I'll read it out. this. Oh,
+okay. Oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. Oh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. Oh,
+okay. That So, this is a exam from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. That So, this is a exam from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. That So, this is a exam from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2005, not that far back. Uh, okay. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2005, not that far back. Uh, okay. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2005, not that far back. Uh, okay. So,
+uh, so it has some questions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, so it has some questions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, so it has some questions.
+Uh, I shall tell you what the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, I shall tell you what the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, I shall tell you what the whole
+question is, but it looks like this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is, but it looks like this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is, but it looks like this part
+D is sort of separate from the others.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D is sort of separate from the others.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D is sort of separate from the others.
+But why not? This give us some questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But why not? This give us some questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But why not? This give us some questions
+to think about. Uh so if I just read out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about. Uh so if I just read out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about. Uh so if I just read out
+the questions one was um find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the questions one was um find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the questions one was um find the
+coefficients of the function is e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients of the function is e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients of the function is e to the
+minus x that would naturally occur to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus x that would naturally occur to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus x that would naturally occur to me
+as a function that you could uh so from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function that you could uh so from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function that you could uh so from
+0 to 2 pi and then and then periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to 2 pi and then and then periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to 2 pi and then and then periodic
+always good to graph it. So what will e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always good to graph it. So what will e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always good to graph it. So what will e
+to the minus x look like? It'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus x look like? It'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus x look like? It'll come
+down to I mean it'll much steeper than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to I mean it'll much steeper than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to I mean it'll much steeper than
+that but that's that would do it. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but that's that would do it. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but that's that would do it. So
+that's e to the minus x. Here it's 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's e to the minus x. Here it's 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's e to the minus x. Here it's 1 and
+here it's e minus 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's e minus 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's e minus 2 pi
+and then repeat repeat repeat. Uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then repeat repeat repeat. Uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then repeat repeat repeat. Uh so
+find its find its 4a coefficients. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find its find its 4a coefficients. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find its find its 4a coefficients. I
+I'll just say what the question is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just say what the question is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just say what the question is and
+you can ask me and then what's the decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can ask me and then what's the decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can ask me and then what's the decay
+rate? Oh, maybe you can tell me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate? Oh, maybe you can tell me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate? Oh, maybe you can tell me the
+decay rate even before you tell me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay rate even before you tell me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay rate even before you tell me the
+coefficients. Uh, what would the decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients. Uh, what would the decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients. Uh, what would the decay
+rate be if I if I express this as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate be if I if I express this as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate be if I if I express this as a
+combination of 48 terms harmonics?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of 48 terms harmonics?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of 48 terms harmonics?
+Uh, what how quickly will those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, what how quickly will those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, what how quickly will those
+coefficients drop off? So, one over K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients drop off? So, one over K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients drop off? So, one over K
+only. That's right. one over k because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only. That's right. one over k because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only. That's right. one over k because
+uh this function has a jump at at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this function has a jump at at zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this function has a jump at at zero
+well at at zero and again at 2 pi at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well at at zero and again at 2 pi at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well at at zero and again at 2 pi at
+every at every one of those points it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every at every one of those points it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every at every one of those points it
+has a jump I guess of about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a jump I guess of about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a jump I guess of about this
+distance between one and that number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between one and that number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between one and that number
+would would be the jump that we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would would be the jump that we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would would be the jump that we would
+see of course every time. Yeah. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see of course every time. Yeah. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see of course every time. Yeah. So the
+coefficients would decay like one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients would decay like one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients would decay like one over
+k. Then uh then it asks to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k. Then uh then it asks to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k. Then uh then it asks to compute the
+sum of those coefficients squared.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of those coefficients squared.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of those coefficients squared.
+Okay. So how could we find the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So how could we find the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So how could we find the sum of
+those coefficients squared even before I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those coefficients squared even before I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those coefficients squared even before I
+know what they are?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what they are?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what they are?
+Well, you know the answer, right? What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, you know the answer, right? What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, you know the answer, right? What
+how how am I going to do this problem?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how am I going to do this problem?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how am I going to do this problem?
+Yeah, there's a So, I'm looking for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, there's a So, I'm looking for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, there's a So, I'm looking for the
+sum of squares of coefficients and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of squares of coefficients and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of squares of coefficients and then
+there's this magic trick. What is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this magic trick. What is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this magic trick. What is it
+that helps me to find that sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helps me to find that sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helps me to find that sum of
+squares?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares?
+How do I go about that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How do I go about that?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How do I go about that?
+Integral. I connect it to the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Integral. I connect it to the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Integral. I connect it to the integral
+of the function squared.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the function squared.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the function squared.
+It can go 0 to 2 pi of the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It can go 0 to 2 pi of the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It can go 0 to 2 pi of the function
+squared. And you remember the reason and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared. And you remember the reason and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared. And you remember the reason and
+and I've left a little space for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've left a little space for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've left a little space for the
+fudge factor 2 pi or or one over two pi.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fudge factor 2 pi or or one over two pi.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fudge factor 2 pi or or one over two pi.
+We can figure out what it is by taking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We can figure out what it is by taking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We can figure out what it is by taking a
+simple case. Yeah, why don't we take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple case. Yeah, why don't we take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple case. Yeah, why don't we take a
+simple case to figure out should there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple case to figure out should there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple case to figure out should there
+be a 2 pi or one over 2 pi or what?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a 2 pi or one over 2 pi or what?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a 2 pi or one over 2 pi or what?
+What's a simple case here?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's a simple case here?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's a simple case here?
+Suppose I take f ofx equal one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppose I take f ofx equal one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppose I take f ofx equal one.
+Suppose I take the function f ofx equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppose I take the function f ofx equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppose I take the function f ofx equal
+one. Then the right side. So if f ofx is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Then the right side. So if f ofx is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Then the right side. So if f ofx is
+one, the right side would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, the right side would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, the right side would be
+2 pi. I guess the integral of one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi. I guess the integral of one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi. I guess the integral of one and
+the left side would be what? What would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left side would be what? What would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left side would be what? What would
+be the what would be the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the what would be the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the what would be the free
+coefficients of the constant function?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients of the constant function?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients of the constant function?
+Well, just c 0. The only one we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, just c 0. The only one we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, just c 0. The only one we would
+have would be s c 0, the constant term,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have would be s c 0, the constant term,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have would be s c 0, the constant term,
+the c 0 e to the zero, and it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the c 0 e to the zero, and it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the c 0 e to the zero, and it would be
+one. So, so this I'd have a one there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So, so this I'd have a one there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So, so this I'd have a one there
+when k is zero and otherwise I wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when k is zero and otherwise I wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when k is zero and otherwise I wouldn't
+have anything. So, this would be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have anything. So, this would be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have anything. So, this would be one
+squared. This would be a one. So, I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared. This would be a one. So, I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared. This would be a one. So, I do
+need to divide by 2 pi. Is that are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to divide by 2 pi. Is that are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to divide by 2 pi. Is that are you
+agreeing with that? That to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreeing with that? That to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreeing with that? That to make it
+correct, I better have a one over two pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct, I better have a one over two pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct, I better have a one over two pi
+to to get that uh to be right. Okay. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to get that uh to be right. Okay. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to get that uh to be right. Okay. And
+then and then this gives me the answer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and then this gives me the answer.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and then this gives me the answer.
+Then I just do this integral e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then I just do this integral e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then I just do this integral e to the
+minus 2x. Then f is e minus x. So f2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2x. Then f is e minus x. So f2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2x. Then f is e minus x. So f2
+would be e to the minus 2x which I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be e to the minus 2x which I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be e to the minus 2x which I can
+certainly integrate and uh get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly integrate and uh get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly integrate and uh get some
+expression. Yeah. Okay. So that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression. Yeah. Okay. So that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression. Yeah. Okay. So that's a
+straightforward part. And now to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward part. And now to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward part. And now to the
+part d which you asked about which is Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part d which you asked about which is Oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part d which you asked about which is Oh
+wow.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow.
+Okay. So now I'm asking about an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now I'm asking about an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now I'm asking about an
+equation u du dx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation u du dx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation u du dx
+plus u ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus u ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus u ofx
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+uh train of delta. So delta of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh train of delta. So delta of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh train of delta. So delta of x
+made periodic. Can I write it that way?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made periodic. Can I write it that way?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made periodic. Can I write it that way?
+So this is the periodic case. So I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the periodic case. So I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the periodic case. So I'm
+looking for a periodic uh answer. Uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for a periodic uh answer. Uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for a periodic uh answer. Uh so
+I'm in I'm in the forier series world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm in I'm in the forier series world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm in I'm in the forier series world
+when I take the I'll be looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I take the I'll be looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I take the I'll be looking for
+coefficients not the integral transform.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients not the integral transform.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients not the integral transform.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So all right so I'm making it per so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So all right so I'm making it per so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So all right so I'm making it per so how
+do I proceed now with with such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I proceed now with with such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I proceed now with with such a
+problem? So this is the I mentioned this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem? So this is the I mentioned this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem? So this is the I mentioned this
+morning that you know problem like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning that you know problem like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning that you know problem like this
+could appear. So I'm happy to discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could appear. So I'm happy to discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could appear. So I'm happy to discuss
+it. Uh what do I do?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Uh what do I do?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Uh what do I do?
+transform absolutely take for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform absolutely take for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform absolutely take for a
+transforms. Okay. So what happens when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms. Okay. So what happens when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms. Okay. So what happens when I
+take for a transforms of u oh I guess so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take for a transforms of u oh I guess so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take for a transforms of u oh I guess so
+we're doing periodic so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing periodic so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing periodic so we're going to
+go to coefficients right I I'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to coefficients right I I'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to coefficients right I I'll call
+them shall I call shall I I think of u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them shall I call shall I I think of u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them shall I call shall I I think of u
+of x shall I just call its coefficient c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x shall I just call its coefficient c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x shall I just call its coefficient c
+it's the only function I have around so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the only function I have around so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the only function I have around so
+I might as well use c for for so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might as well use c for for so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might as well use c for for so this
+will be here's the function and forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be here's the function and forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be here's the function and forier
+takes this d to the set of coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes this d to the set of coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes this d to the set of coefficients
+Okay. And the point is that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And the point is that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And the point is that we can
+separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate
+I mean this is the whole reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean this is the whole reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean this is the whole reason why
+forier is so great that we can separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier is so great that we can separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier is so great that we can separate
+we can do each frequency separately. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do each frequency separately. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do each frequency separately. So
+we'll let's see that. So I so th this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll let's see that. So I so th this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll let's see that. So I so th this
+has coefficient CK and what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has coefficient CK and what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has coefficient CK and what are the
+coefficients? What's the kith
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients? What's the kith
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients? What's the kith
+coefficient? So this is all the e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient? So this is all the e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient? So this is all the e to the
+i kx term. What's the K coefficient of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i kx term. What's the K coefficient of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i kx term. What's the K coefficient of
+the derivative?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative?
+I k CK, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And what's the K coefficient of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what's the K coefficient of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what's the K coefficient of the
+delta function?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta function?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta function?
+One, right? Is that right? Or is it one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One, right? Is that right? Or is it one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One, right? Is that right? Or is it one
+over two pi or something?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two pi or something?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two pi or something?
+Is it one over two pi? Okay, one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is it one over two pi? Okay, one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is it one over two pi? Okay, one over
+two pi. Yeah, I guess that's right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pi. Yeah, I guess that's right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pi. Yeah, I guess that's right.
+Because the coefficient I I would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because the coefficient I I would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because the coefficient I I would have
+to take the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the integral
+uh and then times yeah the integral with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then times yeah the integral with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then times yeah the integral with
+the delta function will give me the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the delta function will give me the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the delta function will give me the one
+and then there's a one over 2 pi right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a one over 2 pi right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a one over 2 pi right
+okay so now I've got the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I've got the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I've got the answer
+now I now I have this equation at each k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I now I have this equation at each k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I now I have this equation at each k
+following each vector following each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following each vector following each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following each vector following each
+separate frequency and it's easy to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate frequency and it's easy to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate frequency and it's easy to do
+it's just 1 over 2 pi and there's 1 + I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just 1 over 2 pi and there's 1 + I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just 1 over 2 pi and there's 1 + I
+K I think.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+And now those are the CKS. So I've got I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now those are the CKS. So I've got I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now those are the CKS. So I've got I
+think maybe this is it. Sum from minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think maybe this is it. Sum from minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think maybe this is it. Sum from minus
+infinity infinity. I know what the CK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity infinity. I know what the CK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity infinity. I know what the CK
+is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is.
+2 pi 1 + i k*
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi 1 + i k*
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi 1 + i k*
+e to the i kx.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+That's my u of x. nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's my u of x. nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's my u of x. nothing
+had to be right. So I just did the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to be right. So I just did the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to be right. So I just did the sort
+of automatic steps. uh I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of automatic steps. uh I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of automatic steps. uh I don't know
+whether I was when I made up this exam I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether I was when I made up this exam I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether I was when I made up this exam I
+don't know whether I was thinking I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know whether I was thinking I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know whether I was thinking I can
+find out what you I can add can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out what you I can add can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out what you I can add can I
+actually do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do that
+uh sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+produce some function u of x that I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce some function u of x that I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce some function u of x that I am
+familiar with I'm I'm not sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what anybody reading the question. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what anybody reading the question. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what anybody reading the question. So
+the question says solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question says solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question says solve this
+differential equation. Doesn't say what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation. Doesn't say what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation. Doesn't say what
+it means by solve.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means by solve.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means by solve.
+Anyway, I've done it, I guess. Uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anyway, I've done it, I guess. Uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anyway, I've done it, I guess. Uh uh
+let's shall we agree that that I passed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's shall we agree that that I passed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's shall we agree that that I passed
+on this question? Uh yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this question? Uh yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this question? Uh yeah,
+if if we knew some tricky way to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if we knew some tricky way to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if we knew some tricky way to do this
+addition. Uh but I I don't immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition. Uh but I I don't immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition. Uh but I I don't immediately
+see it. So So that's good. Okay. For
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it. So So that's good. Okay. For
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it. So So that's good. Okay. For
+that one. Yeah. You're welcome. Thanks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one. Yeah. You're welcome. Thanks.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one. Yeah. You're welcome. Thanks.
+Okay. So, that was a very good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, that was a very good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, that was a very good question
+to ask because it got it got the method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask because it got it got the method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask because it got it got the method
+of the of the how do you deal with a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the how do you deal with a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the how do you deal with a uh
+differential equation. By the way, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation. By the way, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation. By the way, it
+this could be a difference equation too.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be a difference equation too.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be a difference equation too.
+That could be u at x + h minus u at x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That could be u at x + h minus u at x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That could be u at x + h minus u at x
+minus h. Shall I just emphasize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus h. Shall I just emphasize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus h. Shall I just emphasize that
+that wouldn't have been any any harder?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wouldn't have been any any harder?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wouldn't have been any any harder?
+U at X + H minus U at X - H over 2 H.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U at X + H minus U at X - H over 2 H.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U at X + H minus U at X - H over 2 H.
+Let me take for example plus U equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me take for example plus U equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me take for example plus U equals
+delta.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta.
+This is like I've taken a center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is like I've taken a center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is like I've taken a center
+difference there for the der instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference there for the der instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference there for the der instead of
+a derivative. How would you write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a derivative. How would you write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a derivative. How would you write a
+solution to that? Same method. Uh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to that? Same method. Uh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to that? Same method. Uh well
+it's yeah. So what what would the method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's yeah. So what what would the method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's yeah. So what what would the method
+be? I' I'd take transforms. So here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be? I' I'd take transforms. So here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be? I' I'd take transforms. So here,
+this would have coefficient CK. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would have coefficient CK. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would have coefficient CK. This
+would have coefficients 1 over 2 pi. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have coefficients 1 over 2 pi. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have coefficients 1 over 2 pi. And
+what would be the coefficients of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be the coefficients of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be the coefficients of these
+guys? Well, there's a one over two h. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys? Well, there's a one over two h. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys? Well, there's a one over two h. So
+what's the what are the for coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the what are the for coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the what are the for coefficients
+of u of x plus h? Just just to see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of u of x plus h? Just just to see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of u of x plus h? Just just to see that
+all these things, you know, I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these things, you know, I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these things, you know, I've got
+constant coefficients here. Why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant coefficients here. Why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant coefficients here. Why
+shouldn't forier work? Uh so if it's u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't forier work? Uh so if it's u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't forier work? Uh so if it's u
+of x plus h how do I so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x plus h how do I so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x plus h how do I so there's a
+there's a e to the something factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a e to the something factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a e to the something factor
+right when I've shifted a function then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when I've shifted a function then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when I've shifted a function then
+in the transform I see an e to the i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the transform I see an e to the i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the transform I see an e to the i
+thing. So let's just see if u of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. So let's just see if u of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. So let's just see if u of x
+if so if u of x is the sum of c k e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if so if u of x is the sum of c k e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if so if u of x is the sum of c k e to
+the i kx then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the i kx then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the i kx then
+u at x plus h would be the sum of c k e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u at x plus h would be the sum of c k e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u at x plus h would be the sum of c k e
+to the i k x plus h right no nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the i k x plus h right no nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the i k x plus h right no nothing
+surprising there so now I'm seeing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising there so now I'm seeing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising there so now I'm seeing the
+factor there's ck it's multiplied by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor there's ck it's multiplied by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor there's ck it's multiplied by the
+factor e to the i kh H.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So that's what So this is this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's what So this is this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's what So this is this is the
+same CK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same CK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same CK
+but an E to the I KH from that one. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but an E to the I KH from that one. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but an E to the I KH from that one. And
+this would be the minus and this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be the minus and this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be the minus and this would
+be shift the other way. So it' be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be shift the other way. So it' be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be shift the other way. So it' be the
+same C K and probably E to the minus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same C K and probably E to the minus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same C K and probably E to the minus I
+KH if I if I did that right. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KH if I if I did that right. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KH if I if I did that right. Yeah.
+Anyway, once again we have a still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anyway, once again we have a still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anyway, once again we have a still
+linear problem. This is CK times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear problem. This is CK times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear problem. This is CK times
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+equals 1 over 2 pi.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 over 2 pi.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 over 2 pi.
+By the way, this thing is what I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+By the way, this thing is what I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+By the way, this thing is what I would
+call the transfer function. You see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the transfer function. You see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the transfer function. You see that
+language? We haven't used that language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language? We haven't used that language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language? We haven't used that language
+much. It's it's a or at all. It's a sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much. It's it's a or at all. It's a sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much. It's it's a or at all. It's a sort
+of more of a systems theory control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of more of a systems theory control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of more of a systems theory control
+theory word. But hey, we're we're always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory word. But hey, we're we're always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory word. But hey, we're we're always
+doing this the same correct thing. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this the same correct thing. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this the same correct thing. The
+that's the thing that that transfers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the thing that that transfers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the thing that that transfers the
+input to the output.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input to the output.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input to the output.
+So maybe the transfer function is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So maybe the transfer function is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So maybe the transfer function is one
+over maybe I include the division in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over maybe I include the division in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over maybe I include the division in the
+transfer function. So, so finally I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function. So, so finally I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function. So, so finally I get
+CK is this 1 over 2 pi guy divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CK is this 1 over 2 pi guy divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CK is this 1 over 2 pi guy divided by
+whatever that whatever that was 1 over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever that whatever that was 1 over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever that whatever that was 1 over 2
+h times that number minus one over 2 h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h times that number minus one over 2 h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h times that number minus one over 2 h
+of that plus one whatever is multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that plus one whatever is multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that plus one whatever is multiplying
+ck there it's a transfer function. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ck there it's a transfer function. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ck there it's a transfer function. Yeah.
+So so there's another word which uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So so there's another word which uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So so there's another word which uh
+could have and should have used uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have and should have used uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have and should have used uh
+before today but uh here it is. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before today but uh here it is. Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before today but uh here it is. Okay. So
+that's thoughts about that question. Any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's thoughts about that question. Any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's thoughts about that question. Any
+other direction to go? Yes. Go ahead.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other direction to go? Yes. Go ahead.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other direction to go? Yes. Go ahead.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Lab problem 12. Okay. 4.5 for integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lab problem 12. Okay. 4.5 for integrals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lab problem 12. Okay. 4.5 for integrals
+number 12. Oh yeah, maybe that was also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 12. Oh yeah, maybe that was also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 12. Oh yeah, maybe that was also
+uh question was raised about was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh question was raised about was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh question was raised about was it
+right on the uh on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on the uh on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on the uh on the
+on the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the uh
+posted solution. So maybe uh maybe not.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted solution. So maybe uh maybe not.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted solution. So maybe uh maybe not.
+Let's see what we want to do. Yeah, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's see what we want to do. Yeah, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's see what we want to do. Yeah, I
+just thought that was pretty I I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just thought that was pretty I I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just thought that was pretty I I can
+remember the day I thought of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the day I thought of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the day I thought of this
+equation. Integral of u minus derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. Integral of u minus derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. Integral of u minus derivative
+of u equal delta of x. I thought that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of u equal delta of x. I thought that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of u equal delta of x. I thought that's
+kind of a cool looking equation. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a cool looking equation. Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a cool looking equation. Uh,
+but I don't know that I've ever solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't know that I've ever solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't know that I've ever solved
+it before. So, integral of u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it before. So, integral of u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it before. So, integral of u
+actually yeah I I look cheerful but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually yeah I I look cheerful but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually yeah I I look cheerful but
+uh so I'm finishing the fourth edition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so I'm finishing the fourth edition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so I'm finishing the fourth edition
+of the linear algebra book uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the linear algebra book uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the linear algebra book uh
+introduction to linear algebra. So, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to linear algebra. So, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to linear algebra. So, I
+love writing. I've done all the writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love writing. I've done all the writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love writing. I've done all the writing
+and now comes the only horrible part,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now comes the only horrible part,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now comes the only horrible part,
+solving all those stupid exercises. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving all those stupid exercises. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving all those stupid exercises. So,
+that you may think of me in a sunny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you may think of me in a sunny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you may think of me in a sunny
+Singapore somewhere, but what I'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singapore somewhere, but what I'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singapore somewhere, but what I'll be
+doing is not uh on the beach. It's uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is not uh on the beach. It's uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is not uh on the beach. It's uh in
+a office somewhere doing problem 1.1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a office somewhere doing problem 1.1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a office somewhere doing problem 1.1
+and two three. It's just it's not life.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two three. It's just it's not life.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two three. It's just it's not life.
+I mean it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but okay anyway that looks like a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but okay anyway that looks like a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but okay anyway that looks like a pretty
+good equation and certainly I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good equation and certainly I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good equation and certainly I'm going to
+transform it. Um yeah so I can see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform it. Um yeah so I can see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform it. Um yeah so I can see a
+little question coming up. So am I in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little question coming up. So am I in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little question coming up. So am I in
+the for integral world? Yeah. So I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for integral world? Yeah. So I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for integral world? Yeah. So I'm I'm
+I should do use this notation uhat of K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should do use this notation uhat of K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should do use this notation uhat of K
+right over I K. Is that the is that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right over I K. Is that the is that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right over I K. Is that the is that is
+that the right thing when I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the right thing when I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the right thing when I've
+integrated?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated?
+Yeah, that's made it smoother. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, that's made it smoother. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, that's made it smoother. That's
+that's dragging the function down. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's dragging the function down. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's dragging the function down. Uh
+and I guess the one point that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I guess the one point that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I guess the one point that's a
+little tricky there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little tricky there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little tricky there
+is always are you dividing by zero? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always are you dividing by zero? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always are you dividing by zero? So
+at because zero is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at because zero is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at because zero is one of the
+frequencies and so I sort of need uhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and so I sort of need uhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and so I sort of need uhat
+of zero to be zero for this. So it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zero to be zero for this. So it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zero to be zero for this. So it's
+looking slightly dangerous at K equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking slightly dangerous at K equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking slightly dangerous at K equals
+Z, but otherwise it's certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z, but otherwise it's certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z, but otherwise it's certainly
+improving things by by speeding up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving things by by speeding up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving things by by speeding up the
+decay rate. And then this would be minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay rate. And then this would be minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay rate. And then this would be minus
+I K U had of K as we just said. And this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I K U had of K as we just said. And this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I K U had of K as we just said. And this
+would be the one maybe it's a one in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the one maybe it's a one in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the one maybe it's a one in the
+Fier integral world where the 2 pi went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fier integral world where the 2 pi went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fier integral world where the 2 pi went
+in a different point. So I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a different point. So I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a different point. So I think that's
+yeah it uh so I would now just the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it uh so I would now just the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it uh so I would now just the usual
+thing. What's the transfer function? 1 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. What's the transfer function? 1 /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. What's the transfer function? 1 /
+i K minus I K. So that's my transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i K minus I K. So that's my transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i K minus I K. So that's my transfer
+function. That's that's multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. That's that's multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. That's that's multiplying
+uhat. Maybe I can simplify that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uhat. Maybe I can simplify that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uhat. Maybe I can simplify that by
+putting it all over I K 1 minus I K. Is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting it all over I K 1 minus I K. Is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting it all over I K 1 minus I K. Is
+it plus K?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Does that look good or does that look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does that look good or does that look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does that look good or does that look
+bad? K^ squ.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad? K^ squ.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad? K^ squ.
+Does that look better?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I'm wondering is K so over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm wondering is K so over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm wondering is K so over here
+is K^2 over I K is that the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is K^2 over I K is that the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is K^2 over I K is that the same as the
+minus I K.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I K.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I K.
+Yeah. Yeah. Bring it up and the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. Bring it up and the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. Bring it up and the minus
+I^2 is one and I've got K^2. Yeah. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I^2 is one and I've got K^2. Yeah. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I^2 is one and I've got K^2. Yeah. So
+this looks good. So that's then dividing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks good. So that's then dividing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks good. So that's then dividing
+by it gives me because I'm dividing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by it gives me because I'm dividing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by it gives me because I'm dividing the
+one. So uhat of k is 1 over this. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So uhat of k is 1 over this. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So uhat of k is 1 over this. So
+it's the transfer function 1 + k^2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the transfer function 1 + k^2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the transfer function 1 + k^2.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I don't know whether I had in mind to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know whether I had in mind to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know whether I had in mind to go
+any further than this. Did was that did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any further than this. Did was that did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any further than this. Did was that did
+you get this far or what? Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this far or what? Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this far or what? Yeah.
+It it said that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It it said that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It it said that.
+Oh jeez.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh jeez.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh jeez.
+That's what I uh I bitterly regret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's what I uh I bitterly regret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's what I uh I bitterly regret
+saying these things. Yeah. Okay. I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying these things. Yeah. Okay. I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying these things. Yeah. Okay. I don't
+know u of x. Did anybody have any luck?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know u of x. Did anybody have any luck?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know u of x. Did anybody have any luck?
+You do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You do.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You do.
+Did I say it was the der? Oh, 1 over 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Did I say it was the der? Oh, 1 over 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Did I say it was the der? Oh, 1 over 1
+plus k^2. Oh, yeah. Right. 1 over 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus k^2. Oh, yeah. Right. 1 over 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus k^2. Oh, yeah. Right. 1 over 1 plus
+k^2. We know what to do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k^2. We know what to do.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k^2. We know what to do.
+And then i k will take its derivative.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then i k will take its derivative.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then i k will take its derivative.
+Huh.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huh.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huh.
+So what do we do if it's 1 over 1 + k^2?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what do we do if it's 1 over 1 + k^2?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what do we do if it's 1 over 1 + k^2?
+That's the one where that that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the one where that that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the one where that that was the
+guy which was the e to the minus x,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy which was the e to the minus x,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy which was the e to the minus x,
+right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh, it's just one side. No, two sides,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, it's just one side. No, two sides,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, it's just one side. No, two sides,
+isn't it? Two side. Yeah. Yeah, we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it? Two side. Yeah. Yeah, we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it? Two side. Yeah. Yeah, we just
+got a corner. Yeah. Okay, that's looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a corner. Yeah. Okay, that's looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a corner. Yeah. Okay, that's looking
+good. And now that maybe maybe I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. And now that maybe maybe I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. And now that maybe maybe I need to
+divide by two. A a is one here, but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by two. A a is one here, but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by two. A a is one here, but I
+There is a division by two. Yeah, that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There is a division by two. Yeah, that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There is a division by two. Yeah, that
+looks good. Okay. And now I take right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks good. Okay. And now I take right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks good. Okay. And now I take right
+the this function its transform is has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this function its transform is has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this function its transform is has
+that. And now if I want to multiply it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And now if I want to multiply it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And now if I want to multiply it
+by I K I have to take the derivative. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by I K I have to take the derivative. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by I K I have to take the derivative. So
+I believe with your help here that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe with your help here that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe with your help here that the
+derivative of that is is the same.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of that is is the same.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of that is is the same.
+Can I just take the derivative while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can I just take the derivative while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can I just take the derivative while
+we're while we're looking at it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're while we're looking at it?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're while we're looking at it?
+I mean e to the x is the most you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean e to the x is the most you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean e to the x is the most you know
+that was created to take its derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was created to take its derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was created to take its derivative
+right so its derivative is itself the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so its derivative is itself the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so its derivative is itself the
+derivative of this is a minus so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this is a minus so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this is a minus so I think
+that maybe that's the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+e to the x over two coming up to coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the x over two coming up to coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the x over two coming up to coming
+up to 12 I guess and and then m oh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to 12 I guess and and then m oh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to 12 I guess and and then m oh well
+the picture won't look because of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture won't look because of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture won't look because of that
+minus sign yeah Good. Because that minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign yeah Good. Because that minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign yeah Good. Because that minus
+sign it's it's it's minus e to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign it's it's it's minus e to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign it's it's it's minus e to the minus
+x over two. So it starts at minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x over two. So it starts at minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x over two. So it starts at minus a
+half. So there's a jump of one or a drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half. So there's a jump of one or a drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half. So there's a jump of one or a drop
+of one. Is that right? There should be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one. Is that right? There should be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one. Is that right? There should be a
+drop of one in uhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probably.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably.
+Yeah. Yeah. The integral will be smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. The integral will be smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. The integral will be smooth
+at at at zero where the delta function's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at at zero where the delta function's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at at zero where the delta function's
+hitting us. Uh, I have a minus sign and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting us. Uh, I have a minus sign and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting us. Uh, I have a minus sign and
+a derivative. Yeah. Does that look good?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a derivative. Yeah. Does that look good?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a derivative. Yeah. Does that look good?
+Drop of the if the derivative has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Drop of the if the derivative has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Drop of the if the derivative has a
+delta, the function has a jump. And with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta, the function has a jump. And with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta, the function has a jump. And with
+that minus sign and with one delta, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that minus sign and with one delta, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that minus sign and with one delta, the
+jump should be a drop of one, which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump should be a drop of one, which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump should be a drop of one, which is
+that. Yeah. And and and the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Yeah. And and and the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Yeah. And and and the integral
+minus the derivative should be otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the derivative should be otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the derivative should be otherwise
+zero. Yeah. So this is again this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Yeah. So this is again this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Yeah. So this is again this is not
+unrelated to exam question. I did all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrelated to exam question. I did all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrelated to exam question. I did all
+this stuff and I really should check.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff and I really should check.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff and I really should check.
+Did I get it right? Does that solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Did I get it right? Does that solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Did I get it right? Does that solve the
+differential equation? I mean, you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation? I mean, you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation? I mean, you could
+say, of course, it does if you did took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, of course, it does if you did took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, of course, it does if you did took
+all these steps, right? But it's wise to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these steps, right? But it's wise to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these steps, right? But it's wise to
+check. Plug it in. Okay, it has the drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check. Plug it in. Okay, it has the drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check. Plug it in. Okay, it has the drop
+of one. So, it deals correctly with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one. So, it deals correctly with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one. So, it deals correctly with a
+delta because it the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta because it the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta because it the derivative
+has has a delta and things match. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has has a delta and things match. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has has a delta and things match. And
+now, what else do I have to check?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now, what else do I have to check?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now, what else do I have to check?
+I have to check out all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to check out all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to check out all the other
+points, right? I I just checked that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points, right? I I just checked that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points, right? I I just checked that.
+Yep, this answer is good at the jump,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yep, this answer is good at the jump,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yep, this answer is good at the jump,
+the tricky point. But now, what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tricky point. But now, what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tricky point. But now, what about
+all the other points? So, where I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other points? So, where I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other points? So, where I'm
+where the delta is zero, I should just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the delta is zero, I should just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the delta is zero, I should just
+check that the integral of u. So, what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that the integral of u. So, what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that the integral of u. So, what
+is the integral of u?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the integral of u?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the integral of u?
+Let me let me just check for the points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me let me just check for the points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me let me just check for the points
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+left of the origin. So, so I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left of the origin. So, so I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left of the origin. So, so I'm just
+going to look at this part.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at this part.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at this part.
+you know x negative so it's integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know x negative so it's integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know x negative so it's integral
+what's the integral of e to x over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the integral of e to x over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the integral of e to x over 2
+I guess e to the x over two right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus and what's the derivative of e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and what's the derivative of e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and what's the derivative of e to
+x oh yeah the derivative is also e to x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x oh yeah the derivative is also e to x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x oh yeah the derivative is also e to x
+over two and I get zero for x negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two and I get zero for x negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two and I get zero for x negative
+as I want to because the delta is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I want to because the delta is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I want to because the delta is zero
+in that left side and similarly on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that left side and similarly on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that left side and similarly on the
+right side it should be okay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side it should be okay and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side it should be okay and then
+the key point was that the jump was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key point was that the jump was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key point was that the jump was
+right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right.
+Yeah. So thank you glad to ask. Yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So thank you glad to ask. Yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So thank you glad to ask. Yes
+please.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please.
+What? Sorry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What? Sorry.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What? Sorry.
+Why did I take the derivative?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why did I take the derivative?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why did I take the derivative?
+What what will be the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What what will be the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What what will be the derivative of
+this?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this?
+Yes there is. That's right. What would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes there is. That's right. What would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes there is. That's right. What would
+be the derivative of this? Ah yeah good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the derivative of this? Ah yeah good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the derivative of this? Ah yeah good
+question. What's the derivative of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. What's the derivative of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. What's the derivative of this
+answer? Uh so it's it's that on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer? Uh so it's it's that on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer? Uh so it's it's that on the left
+and then there's a delta function a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a delta function a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a delta function a
+minus delta right because it's dropped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus delta right because it's dropped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus delta right because it's dropped
+down and then the derivative of that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and then the derivative of that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and then the derivative of that is
+e to the minus x. Yeah. So the d if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the minus x. Yeah. So the d if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the minus x. Yeah. So the d if I
+graph the derivative huh cool. If I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph the derivative huh cool. If I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph the derivative huh cool. If I
+draft the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draft the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draft the derivative
+uh it looks like the function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it looks like the function.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it looks like the function.
+It has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It has a
+spike going down there at at the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spike going down there at at the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spike going down there at at the origin
+and then the derivative here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the derivative here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the derivative here is
+positive, right? Because it's functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive, right? Because it's functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive, right? Because it's functions
+coming up. It's e minus x over 2. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up. It's e minus x over 2. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up. It's e minus x over 2. It's
+positive. It's there. Yeah. Oh, wow.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive. It's there. Yeah. Oh, wow.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive. It's there. Yeah. Oh, wow.
+That's a nice graph. So that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a nice graph. So that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a nice graph. So that's the
+derivative. This is a graph of du dx.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. Thanks. And similarly, I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Thanks. And similarly, I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Thanks. And similarly, I could
+graph the integral. The integral Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph the integral. The integral Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph the integral. The integral Well,
+would you want to see the integral?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you want to see the integral?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you want to see the integral?
+Probably not.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Probably not.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Probably not.
+Maybe. Yeah. I don't know. The integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe. Yeah. I don't know. The integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe. Yeah. I don't know. The integral
+will probably look pretty much just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will probably look pretty much just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will probably look pretty much just like
+that, but without the delta. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, but without the delta. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, but without the delta. Yeah.
+Huh. Cool. Isn't that nice? Yeah. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huh. Cool. Isn't that nice? Yeah. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huh. Cool. Isn't that nice? Yeah. I
+mean, it's artistic. Uh the that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, it's artistic. Uh the that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, it's artistic. Uh the that's the
+derivative. And the integral is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative. And the integral is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative. And the integral is the same
+thing without the delta. And when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing without the delta. And when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing without the delta. And when you
+subtract, you get the delta.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract, you get the delta.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract, you get the delta.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+You sure you guys don't want to come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You sure you guys don't want to come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You sure you guys don't want to come to
+Singapore and help uh with these problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singapore and help uh with these problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singapore and help uh with these problem
+solutions? There's plenty for everybody.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions? There's plenty for everybody.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions? There's plenty for everybody.
+Okay. No. All right. So, what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. No. All right. So, what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. No. All right. So, what what
+another question. Yeah. Right. Back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another question. Yeah. Right. Back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another question. Yeah. Right. Back to
+2005. 2005. Okay. Um All right. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2005. 2005. Okay. Um All right. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2005. 2005. Okay. Um All right. Yeah.
+Which one? Um I somehow set up the part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Which one? Um I somehow set up the part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Which one? Um I somehow set up the part
+which okay I'll just read out the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which okay I'll just read out the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which okay I'll just read out the whole
+question yeah u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yeah u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yeah u
+so this is 2005 problem three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay it's a halfhat function oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's a halfhat function oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's a halfhat function oh
+uh this is for integral because it's on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is for integral because it's on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is for integral because it's on
+the whole line and it's half a hat for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole line and it's half a hat for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole line and it's half a hat for
+between zero and one the function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero and one the function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero and one the function is
+coming down and then otherwise it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming down and then otherwise it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming down and then otherwise it's
+zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Draw its graph. Done. Graph its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Draw its graph. Done. Graph its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Draw its graph. Done. Graph its
+derivative. Okay, let's graph the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative. Okay, let's graph the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative. Okay, let's graph the
+derivative of that function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of that function.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of that function.
+Derivative is certainly zero along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Derivative is certainly zero along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Derivative is certainly zero along
+there. Then the derivative is minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Then the derivative is minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Then the derivative is minus one
+here. And then the derivative is zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And then the derivative is zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And then the derivative is zero.
+So the derivative looks to me like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the derivative looks to me like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the derivative looks to me like it's
+that. Okay. With with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Okay. With with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Okay. With with
+So it has a Yeah, that function. Is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it has a Yeah, that function. Is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it has a Yeah, that function. Is that
+right? No, it's not right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? No, it's not right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? No, it's not right.
+There's a delta. That was the tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a delta. That was the tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a delta. That was the tricky
+part of the problem. Right. There's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the problem. Right. There's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the problem. Right. There's a
+delta in the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta in the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta in the derivative
+right here because of that jump. There's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here because of that jump. There's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here because of that jump. There's
+a delta.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a delta.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a delta.
+Okay, great. Yeah. Now, is that better?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, great. Yeah. Now, is that better?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, great. Yeah. Now, is that better?
+Yeah, thanks. That's that's good. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, thanks. That's that's good. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, thanks. That's that's good. Okay,
+what's its transform?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's its transform?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's its transform?
+The transform of this derivative.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What's the for transform? Well, I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's the for transform? Well, I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's the for transform? Well, I guess
+we got two parts. So, this is this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got two parts. So, this is this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got two parts. So, this is this is my
+function U prime of X, the derivative.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function U prime of X, the derivative.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function U prime of X, the derivative.
+Now, what's U prime transform?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, what's U prime transform?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, what's U prime transform?
+So, it should be a function of K. Now,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, it should be a function of K. Now,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, it should be a function of K. Now,
+all right. What do you think? So, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right. What do you think? So, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right. What do you think? So, it's
+it's the sum of two things. That delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the sum of two things. That delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the sum of two things. That delta
+which 4A transforms to one and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which 4A transforms to one and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which 4A transforms to one and this
+uh guy down below between zero and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh guy down below between zero and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh guy down below between zero and one
+which uh is like the one we do did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh is like the one we do did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh is like the one we do did
+today. We we've got the integral from 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today. We we've got the integral from 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today. We we've got the integral from 0
+to one. Now it happens to be a minus1 e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one. Now it happens to be a minus1 e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one. Now it happens to be a minus1 e
+to the minus i kx dx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus i kx dx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus i kx dx
+right and that of course we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that of course we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that of course we can do
+um yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yep
+okay oh there's solutions here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay oh there's solutions here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay oh there's solutions here
+yeah uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh
+right um yeah so okay so I think we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um yeah so okay so I think we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um yeah so okay so I think we're
+doing all right this This this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing all right this This this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing all right this This this
+expression is familiar. Uh it's 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression is familiar. Uh it's 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression is familiar. Uh it's 1 minus
+e to the minus i k over the i k. Is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the minus i k over the i k. Is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the minus i k over the i k. Is that
+isn't that right? Uh we have a m is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't that right? Uh we have a m is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't that right? Uh we have a m is the
+minus. Yeah, I think the minus looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus. Yeah, I think the minus looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus. Yeah, I think the minus looks
+good. Uh yep. And yeah, at least that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. Uh yep. And yeah, at least that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. Uh yep. And yeah, at least that's
+that's here and it's probably got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's here and it's probably got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's here and it's probably got the
+minus signs correct. So why was it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus signs correct. So why was it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus signs correct. So why was it I
+plugged in x= 1 and that's why I got an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugged in x= 1 and that's why I got an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugged in x= 1 and that's why I got an
+e to the minus i k and then I plugged in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the minus i k and then I plugged in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the minus i k and then I plugged in
+x= z and that's where that one came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x= z and that's where that one came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x= z and that's where that one came
+from. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from. Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from. Okay. So
+but your question was about part that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but your question was about part that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but your question was about part that
+was it. Oh I see. Okay. Okay. Yeah. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it. Oh I see. Okay. Okay. Yeah. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it. Oh I see. Okay. Okay. Yeah. All
+right. Right. And then the next part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Right. And then the next part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Right. And then the next part
+asked about uh the transform of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked about uh the transform of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked about uh the transform of the
+original guy. The transform of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original guy. The transform of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original guy. The transform of the
+original guy. Now what would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original guy. Now what would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original guy. Now what would be the
+transform of the original guy?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The original U.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+Right. Okay. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm just the reason I'm sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just the reason I'm sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just the reason I'm sort of
+stuttering is that if I'm going to inte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuttering is that if I'm going to inte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuttering is that if I'm going to inte
+I mean what are you going to tell me how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean what are you going to tell me how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean what are you going to tell me how
+to how how what's the quick way to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how how what's the quick way to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how how what's the quick way to find
+the transform of the of the original u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transform of the of the original u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transform of the of the original u
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+divide by i k right divide by i k and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by i k right divide by i k and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by i k right divide by i k and
+then I'm all ready to do that except I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm all ready to do that except I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm all ready to do that except I'm
+worried at k equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried at k equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried at k equals zero
+but it should come out all right now so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it should come out all right now so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it should come out all right now so
+I have to hope that this thing comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to hope that this thing comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to hope that this thing comes out
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+zero at k equals z.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero at k equals z.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero at k equals z.
+Can you see that it does?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can you see that it does?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can you see that it does?
+What is Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What is Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What is Yeah,
+this is a good point. What is what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a good point. What is what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a good point. What is what does
+uhat at zero represent? Have you thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uhat at zero represent? Have you thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uhat at zero represent? Have you thought
+about that? What if I look at the fora
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that? What if I look at the fora
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that? What if I look at the fora
+transform which I've got here? So, let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform which I've got here? So, let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform which I've got here? So, let
+me write what I've got here. I've I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me write what I've got here. I've I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me write what I've got here. I've I've
+got here the Forier transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got here the Forier transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got here the Forier transform
+of this function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this function.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this function.
+And if I take the for a transform of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if I take the for a transform of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if I take the for a transform of any
+function and I look at zero frequency,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and I look at zero frequency,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and I look at zero frequency,
+what am I seeing?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what am I seeing?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what am I seeing?
+The average, right? I'm seeing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The average, right? I'm seeing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The average, right? I'm seeing the
+average. What's the average value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average. What's the average value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average. What's the average value of
+that of that function?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We never thought about that, but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We never thought about that, but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We never thought about that, but that
+this that's fun. What's the average of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's fun. What's the average of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's fun. What's the average of
+this guy if I integrate over the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy if I integrate over the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy if I integrate over the whole
+line?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line?
+Do I get zero? Yes, because I get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do I get zero? Yes, because I get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do I get zero? Yes, because I get the
+integral of the delta part gives me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the delta part gives me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the delta part gives me a
+one but the integral of this box part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but the integral of this box part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but the integral of this box part
+gives me a minus one. So the integral so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me a minus one. So the integral so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me a minus one. So the integral so
+so you this does equal zero at k equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you this does equal zero at k equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you this does equal zero at k equals
+z and I can safely do that uh division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z and I can safely do that uh division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z and I can safely do that uh division
+and get uh so now u hat of k is is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get uh so now u hat of k is is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get uh so now u hat of k is is this
+expression divided by i k. So it's 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression divided by i k. So it's 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression divided by i k. So it's 1
+minus this thing. I'm just copying minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus this thing. I'm just copying minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus this thing. I'm just copying minus
+I K over I K. All that divided by I K.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I K over I K. All that divided by I K.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I K over I K. All that divided by I K.
+And I can of course maneuver that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I can of course maneuver that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I can of course maneuver that some
+more to make it look better. Yeah. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more to make it look better. Yeah. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more to make it look better. Yeah. Yeah.
+Okay. These are good questions because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. These are good questions because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. These are good questions because
+it's giving me a few functions to to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's giving me a few functions to to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's giving me a few functions to to to
+do the standard rules. shifting,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the standard rules. shifting,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the standard rules. shifting,
+integrating, dividing, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating, dividing, uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating, dividing, uh,
+differentiating.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiating.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiating.
+Yes. Oh, here's a Christmas present.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Oh, here's a Christmas present.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Oh, here's a Christmas present.
+What does that mean?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What does that mean?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What does that mean?
+Is the convolution of this function with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is the convolution of this function with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is the convolution of this function with
+itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself
+the whole hat?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole hat?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole hat?
+Oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh,
+why is that a Christmas present? Is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that a Christmas present? Is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that a Christmas present? Is the
+the convolution convolution of that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the convolution convolution of that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the convolution convolution of that with
+itself?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself?
+So first point, we don't want to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So first point, we don't want to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So first point, we don't want to compute
+a convolution.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a convolution.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a convolution.
+We you may have noticed you you have not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We you may have noticed you you have not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We you may have noticed you you have not
+computed convolutions of things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed convolutions of things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed convolutions of things like
+this. It's it's not a lot of fun. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. It's it's not a lot of fun. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. It's it's not a lot of fun. Uh
+because you have that integral to do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have that integral to do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have that integral to do and
+and you'd have to separate out the parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'd have to separate out the parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'd have to separate out the parts
+where it's this and the part where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's this and the part where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's this and the part where it's
+this and the parts where it's that. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and the parts where it's that. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and the parts where it's that. It's
+not nice. Much better to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not nice. Much better to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not nice. Much better to
+multiply in the transform domain. Much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply in the transform domain. Much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply in the transform domain. Much
+better. Okay. So if I multiply in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better. Okay. So if I multiply in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better. Okay. So if I multiply in the
+transform domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform domain
+uh I don't think I get the for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I don't think I get the for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I don't think I get the for a
+transform of the hat uh of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of the hat uh of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of the hat uh of the of the
+whole hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole hat
+but can you give me a convincing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but can you give me a convincing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but can you give me a convincing
+argument why if I this is here I'm in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument why if I this is here I'm in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument why if I this is here I'm in
+the transform domain and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transform domain and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transform domain and I'm going to
+convolve with itself so I'm just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolve with itself so I'm just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolve with itself so I'm just going
+to square it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+would the decay rate what's the decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would the decay rate what's the decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would the decay rate what's the decay
+rate as it is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate as it is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate as it is now
+the decay rate is yes that that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decay rate is yes that that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decay rate is yes that that's the
+the decay rate is a good key so what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decay rate is a good key so what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decay rate is a good key so what is
+the decay rate right right now here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decay rate right right now here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decay rate right right now here's a
+function with a jump so I know that even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function with a jump so I know that even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function with a jump so I know that even
+though it has a slightly messy looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it has a slightly messy looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it has a slightly messy looking
+transform I know the decay rate it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform I know the decay rate it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform I know the decay rate it's
+what with a jump is one over k okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what with a jump is one over k okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what with a jump is one over k okay so
+this must be and I sort of do see a K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this must be and I sort of do see a K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this must be and I sort of do see a K
+down here. So that's sensible. Okay. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here. So that's sensible. Okay. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here. So that's sensible. Okay. Now
+if I convolve then I then I multiply in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I convolve then I then I multiply in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I convolve then I then I multiply in
+this domain. So that would give me the K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this domain. So that would give me the K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this domain. So that would give me the K
+squar as you said. So could that be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar as you said. So could that be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar as you said. So could that be the
+transform of the whole hat? Does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of the whole hat? Does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of the whole hat? Does the
+whole hat have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole hat have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole hat have a
+Could be.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm pretty sure the answer is no here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm pretty sure the answer is no here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm pretty sure the answer is no here.
+Yeah. No way. Is Yeah, I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. No way. Is Yeah, I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. No way. Is Yeah, I think that's
+the that's the best answer. Yeah. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's the best answer. Yeah. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's the best answer. Yeah. Yeah.
+I' I've lost the the the reason because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I' I've lost the the the reason because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I' I've lost the the the reason because
+I'm getting kar decay rate. If I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm getting kar decay rate. If I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm getting kar decay rate. If I
+convolve something with itself, that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolve something with itself, that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolve something with itself, that
+would that would give me a kar and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that would give me a kar and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that would give me a kar and the
+and the decay rate of the for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the decay rate of the for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the decay rate of the for the
+transform of the hat is a k squ. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of the hat is a k squ. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of the hat is a k squ. But
+they wouldn't be the same. Yeah. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wouldn't be the same. Yeah. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wouldn't be the same. Yeah. Okay.
+Yeah. I'll I won't Yes, please.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right? It's just convention. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? It's just convention. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? It's just convention. The
+difference was that that was the forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference was that that was the forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference was that that was the forier
+integral problem where we put you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral problem where we put you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral problem where we put you might
+have noticed that the 2 pi goes on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have noticed that the 2 pi goes on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have noticed that the 2 pi goes on the
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+on the if one if and this was the forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the if one if and this was the forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the if one if and this was the forier
+series problem that was the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series problem that was the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series problem that was the only
+difference. So it's just the convention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference. So it's just the convention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference. So it's just the convention
+uh and maybe other people would choose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and maybe other people would choose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and maybe other people would choose a
+different convention. Yeah. Yeah. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different convention. Yeah. Yeah. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different convention. Yeah. Yeah. So
+that that is a slight wiggle in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is a slight wiggle in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is a slight wiggle in the
+presentation that the 2 pi in the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation that the 2 pi in the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation that the 2 pi in the for
+integral section got moved to to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral section got moved to to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral section got moved to to the
+other uh to to the other to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh to to the other to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh to to the other to the
+transform in the other direction. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform in the other direction. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform in the other direction. Yeah.
+Yeah. Good. Other Yes. Thanks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh, okay. just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, okay. just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, okay. just uh
+I'm really just going by this rule that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm really just going by this rule that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm really just going by this rule that
+if there's a jump in the function then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a jump in the function then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a jump in the function then
+and nothing worse then the decay rate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nothing worse then the decay rate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nothing worse then the decay rate is
+1 over k and if there's a jump in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over k and if there's a jump in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over k and if there's a jump in the
+derivative as there would be here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative as there would be here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative as there would be here so
+that has a jump in slope then the decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a jump in slope then the decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a jump in slope then the decay
+rate is 1 over k^2 and so on but those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is 1 over k^2 and so on but those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is 1 over k^2 and so on but those
+are the main cases yeah so I'm not using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the main cases yeah so I'm not using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the main cases yeah so I'm not using
+anything deep there just and by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything deep there just and by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything deep there just and by the way
+I'm realizing that one mat lab problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm realizing that one mat lab problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm realizing that one mat lab problem
+that I didn't assign this semester but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I didn't assign this semester but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I didn't assign this semester but
+it's quite fun is to actually see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quite fun is to actually see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quite fun is to actually see the
+Gibbs phenomenon it's you you could we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gibbs phenomenon it's you you could we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gibbs phenomenon it's you you could we
+know the terms in the in the forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the terms in the in the forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the terms in the in the forier
+series with a jump and uh and this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series with a jump and uh and this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series with a jump and uh and this and
+if if you computed make make it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if you computed make make it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if you computed make make it the
+periodic case If you computed the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic case If you computed the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic case If you computed the the
+terms in the for a series, they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms in the for a series, they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms in the for a series, they would
+stay near here and then they would they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay near here and then they would they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay near here and then they would they
+would but sorry but then I'd see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would but sorry but then I'd see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would but sorry but then I'd see the
+famous Gibbs stuff here. So that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous Gibbs stuff here. So that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous Gibbs stuff here. So that you
+know it's quite pleasant to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's quite pleasant to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's quite pleasant to see the
+print out of the Gibbs phenomenon as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print out of the Gibbs phenomenon as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print out of the Gibbs phenomenon as you
+not getting any shorter just moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not getting any shorter just moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not getting any shorter just moving
+close closer to the jump as you increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close closer to the jump as you increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close closer to the jump as you increase
+the number of turns. Yeah, it's quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of turns. Yeah, it's quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of turns. Yeah, it's quite
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+but couldn't do everything. Yeah, ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but couldn't do everything. Yeah, ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but couldn't do everything. Yeah, ready
+for more. Any questions from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for more. Any questions from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for more. Any questions from
+these are good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Anything else? Yes. Thanks. Sorry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+With with cyclic convolution. Okay. Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+With with cyclic convolution. Okay. Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+With with cyclic convolution. Okay. Yes.
+Well, what could I do with cyclic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, what could I do with cyclic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, what could I do with cyclic
+convolution?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution?
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+Um, let's see.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, let's see.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, let's see.
+What do we What should I do with cyclic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What do we What should I do with cyclic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What do we What should I do with cyclic
+convolution?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution?
+I better make a little space. Anyway,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I better make a little space. Anyway,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I better make a little space. Anyway,
+okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh, let me make a little space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, let me make a little space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, let me make a little space and
+think. Anybody got a suggested problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think. Anybody got a suggested problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think. Anybody got a suggested problem
+for cyclic convolution?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I mean, one one type of problem would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean, one one type of problem would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean, one one type of problem would
+certainly be uh if I gave you the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if I gave you uh a cyclic convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I gave you uh a cyclic convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I gave you uh a cyclic convolution
+and asked for the I mean the direct way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and asked for the I mean the direct way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and asked for the I mean the direct way
+would be to say okay what's the cyclic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to say okay what's the cyclic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to say okay what's the cyclic
+convolution of 142
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution of 142
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution of 142
+cyclically with 213 or something uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclically with 213 or something uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclically with 213 or something uh but
+you could that's just a calculation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could that's just a calculation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could that's just a calculation so
+you would get that I won't discuss that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would get that I won't discuss that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would get that I won't discuss that
+further now suppose I ask it with the un
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further now suppose I ask it with the un
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further now suppose I ask it with the un
+with the unknown the thing that that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the unknown the thing that that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the unknown the thing that that I
+don't know here so let me do that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know here so let me do that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know here so let me do that so
+shall I say uh three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall I say uh three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall I say uh three
+Yeah. 311
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. 311
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. 311
+cycllically convolved with some unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycllically convolved with some unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycllically convolved with some unknown
+uh x1x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equals some right hand side. What shall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals some right hand side. What shall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals some right hand side. What shall
+we take for the right hand side? One one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take for the right hand side? One one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take for the right hand side? One one
+for example.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example.
+Okay. There there's a yeah just I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. There there's a yeah just I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. There there's a yeah just I'll
+erase the top one because that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay. How would you how would you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. How would you how would you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. How would you how would you go
+with that one?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So that's 3x3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's 3x3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's 3x3
+unknowns. It's linear. So somehow that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns. It's linear. So somehow that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns. It's linear. So somehow that I
+could write that as three equations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write that as three equations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write that as three equations in
+three unknowns.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three unknowns.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three unknowns.
+The question is how do I get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The question is how do I get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The question is how do I get some
+insight into this? And when I'm seeing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight into this? And when I'm seeing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight into this? And when I'm seeing a
+convolution, what's my immediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution, what's my immediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution, what's my immediate
+thought?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought?
+Transform.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transform.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transform.
+That's what this month is all about.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's what this month is all about.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's what this month is all about.
+November these days is all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+November these days is all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+November these days is all about
+transform. So what's the So I'll take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform. So what's the So I'll take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform. So what's the So I'll take
+the DFT of everything. So what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DFT of everything. So what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DFT of everything. So what's the
+discrete 4 transform of 111? So I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete 4 transform of 111? So I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete 4 transform of 111? So I'm just
+up up there is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up up there is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up up there is going to be the
+transform. So I don't let me call it x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform. So I don't let me call it x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform. So I don't let me call it x
+not hat x1 hat x2 hat just to emphasize.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not hat x1 hat x2 hat just to emphasize.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not hat x1 hat x2 hat just to emphasize.
+So n is three here in this problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So n is three here in this problem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So n is three here in this problem.
+Uh and uh or you maybe c 0 c1 c2 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and uh or you maybe c 0 c1 c2 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and uh or you maybe c 0 c1 c2 you
+might prefer whatever and now this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might prefer whatever and now this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might prefer whatever and now this is
+going to be a multiplication. So it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a multiplication. So it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a multiplication. So it's in
+mat lab notation it'll be a dot star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mat lab notation it'll be a dot star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mat lab notation it'll be a dot star
+right and so now I have to these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so now I have to these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so now I have to these are the
+known ones. So what's the discrete 4a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known ones. So what's the discrete 4a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known ones. So what's the discrete 4a
+transform of 111 the cyclic convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of 111 the cyclic convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of 111 the cyclic convolution
+of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that
+it's one z is it or three 0 0 is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one z is it or three 0 0 is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one z is it or three 0 0 is it
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+I guess when I ask the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess when I ask the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess when I ask the question
+you're open to two answers you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're open to two answers you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're open to two answers you could
+either be going from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either be going from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either be going from
+x space to frequency space or frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x space to frequency space or frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x space to frequency space or frequency
+to the other because I haven't told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other because I haven't told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other because I haven't told you
+what space we you know we're in. But let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what space we you know we're in. But let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what space we you know we're in. But let
+let's okay let's go with that one. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's okay let's go with that one. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's okay let's go with that one. So
+that how did you get to there? You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how did you get to there? You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how did you get to there? You
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+yeah right you multiplied by the 3x3 4a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right you multiplied by the 3x3 4a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right you multiplied by the 3x3 4a
+matrix. Is that is that what you did?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. Is that is that what you did?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. Is that is that what you did?
+All right. So now can you do that here?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So now can you do that here?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So now can you do that here?
+I got to so se separately I have to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got to so se separately I have to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got to so se separately I have to do a
+little multiplication of the 3x3 4a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little multiplication of the 3x3 4a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little multiplication of the 3x3 4a
+matrix one one. Sorry let me get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix one one. Sorry let me get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix one one. Sorry let me get it
+right. So I'm going to transform this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So I'm going to transform this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So I'm going to transform this.
+Okay, maybe make a little space here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, maybe make a little space here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, maybe make a little space here.
+Transform that. So it's one, one, one,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transform that. So it's one, one, one,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transform that. So it's one, one, one,
+one, one. And this is w^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, one. And this is w^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, one. And this is w^2
+w^2 and w to 4th, which is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w^2 and w to 4th, which is the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w^2 and w to 4th, which is the same as
+w. Okay. And now I want to multiply that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w. Okay. And now I want to multiply that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w. Okay. And now I want to multiply that
+by 311
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 311
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 311
+and get the answer there. Okay. So what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get the answer there. Okay. So what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get the answer there. Okay. So what
+do I have?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I have?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I have?
+Five.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Five.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Five.
+And what is that other one? Oh boy. What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what is that other one? Oh boy. What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what is that other one? Oh boy. What
+is 3 + w + w ^2?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 3 + w + w ^2?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 3 + w + w ^2?
+Anybody know that one?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anybody know that one?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anybody know that one?
+Well, I do know what 1 + w + w ^2 is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I do know what 1 + w + w ^2 is.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I do know what 1 + w + w ^2 is.
+It is zero. Why is 1 + w + w ^2 0? So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It is zero. Why is 1 + w + w ^2 0? So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It is zero. Why is 1 + w + w ^2 0? So I
+claim that if I have 3 plus I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that if I have 3 plus I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that if I have 3 plus I think the
+answer there is two. And here I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer there is two. And here I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer there is two. And here I think I
+also 3 ww ^2. I think if it was a one,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also 3 ww ^2. I think if it was a one,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also 3 ww ^2. I think if it was a one,
+the answer would be a zero, but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer would be a zero, but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer would be a zero, but it's a
+three, so I still have two there. I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three, so I still have two there. I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three, so I still have two there. I I
+think that's probably right. Can I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's probably right. Can I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's probably right. Can I just
+remind you why uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's one, there's w and there's w^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one, there's w and there's w^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one, there's w and there's w^
+squared, and they add to zero. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared, and they add to zero. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared, and they add to zero. Yeah.
+Yeah. Because if you Yeah. for for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Because if you Yeah. for for many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Because if you Yeah. for for many
+reasons. If you if you uh that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons. If you if you uh that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons. If you if you uh that's the
+a very very handy property that the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very very handy property that the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very very handy property that the sum
+of the nth roots of one add to zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the nth roots of one add to zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the nth roots of one add to zero.
+Okay. So now where am I? So I got 522.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I've transformed. Now what do I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I've transformed. Now what do I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I've transformed. Now what do I do
+next?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I divide. So now I can So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I divide. So now I can So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I divide. So now I can So this is
+telling me that five x this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me that five x this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me that five x this is this is
+three separate equations is three two x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three separate equations is three two x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three separate equations is three two x1
+hat is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat is
+zero right no x2 hat and 2 x2 hat sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right no x2 hat and 2 x2 hat sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right no x2 hat and 2 x2 hat sorry
+one was right and 2 x2 hat is zero I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was right and 2 x2 hat is zero I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was right and 2 x2 hat is zero I'm
+just doing the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just doing the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just doing the the
+multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication
+as I'm supposed to in the other space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I'm supposed to in the other space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I'm supposed to in the other space
+it's at each for each component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's at each for each component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's at each for each component
+separately. So now I know xnot hat is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately. So now I know xnot hat is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately. So now I know xnot hat is
+three fifths and the others are zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three fifths and the others are zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three fifths and the others are zero.
+So now I know what these numbers are. Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now I know what these numbers are. Oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now I know what these numbers are. Oh
+yeah. 3 fifths 0 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah. 3 fifths 0 0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah. 3 fifths 0 0.
+And now what?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I mean that's clear. That statement is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean that's clear. That statement is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean that's clear. That statement is
+clearly true, right? Point star means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly true, right? Point star means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly true, right? Point star means
+five times this gives me three. 2 * 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five times this gives me three. 2 * 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five times this gives me three. 2 * 0
+gives me zero. 2 * 0 gives zero. So I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me zero. 2 * 0 gives zero. So I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me zero. 2 * 0 gives zero. So I'm
+golden.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golden.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golden.
+But I'm not finished because So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But I'm not finished because So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But I'm not finished because So that's
+not x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not x.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not x.
+That's its transform. So what do I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's its transform. So what do I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's its transform. So what do I have
+to do?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do?
+Go back. Okay. So what's what's So now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Go back. Okay. So what's what's So now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Go back. Okay. So what's what's So now
+can you tell me what this is? Up to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you tell me what this is? Up to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you tell me what this is? Up to a
+factor of 1 / n or n which we may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 1 / n or n which we may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 1 / n or n which we may have
+to figure out separately. But so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out separately. But so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out separately. But so so
+apart from this possibly appearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart from this possibly appearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart from this possibly appearing
+and and probably appearing what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and probably appearing what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and probably appearing what what
+would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the
+Give me an idea of what's the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Give me an idea of what's the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Give me an idea of what's the inverse
+transform of that thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of that thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of that thing.
+Three fifths. Three fifths. Three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Three fifths. Three fifths. Three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Three fifths. Three fifths. Three
+fifths. Good. Three fifths all three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifths. Good. Three fifths all three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifths. Good. Three fifths all three
+times.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And now I can check to see if it if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now I can check to see if it if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now I can check to see if it if it's
+right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right.
+And again, I've skipped I have not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And again, I've skipped I have not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And again, I've skipped I have not
+attempted to get the one overn right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempted to get the one overn right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempted to get the one overn right.
+have just waited to the end. So now I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just waited to the end. So now I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just waited to the end. So now I'll
+just do this convolution and see if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do this convolution and see if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do this convolution and see if I
+really do get 111. So can we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do get 111. So can we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do get 111. So can we do that
+convolution? What's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution? What's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution? What's the
+what is a typical say this this guy?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a typical say this this guy?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a typical say this this guy?
+Where does that come from in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Where does that come from in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Where does that come from in the
+convolution?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution?
+It comes from this times what?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It comes from this times what?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It comes from this times what?
+This.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This.
+That's the constant, right? And that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the constant, right? And that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the constant, right? And that's
+the constant contributes to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constant contributes to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constant contributes to the
+constant. And what other what other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant. And what other what other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant. And what other what other
+products contribute to the constant? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products contribute to the constant? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products contribute to the constant? So
+we're really seeing this is a thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're really seeing this is a thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're really seeing this is a thank you
+for this question. We're really seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this question. We're really seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this question. We're really seeing
+uh so this one multiplies which one?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right? I'm I'm thinking about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? I'm I'm thinking about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? I'm I'm thinking about uh
+remember the answer is this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the answer is this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the answer is this one
+multiplies this guy. You may say, "Don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies this guy. You may say, "Don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies this guy. You may say, "Don't
+worry me about it because they're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry me about it because they're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry me about it because they're the
+same." But it's nice to know. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same." But it's nice to know. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same." But it's nice to know. So this
+one multiplies this one and this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one multiplies this one and this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one multiplies this one and this guy
+multiplies this guy. And we'll remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies this guy. And we'll remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies this guy. And we'll remember
+in a minute why. And then you add them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute why. And then you add them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute why. And then you add them
+up. That's what convolution is. So I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up. That's what convolution is. So I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up. That's what convolution is. So I'm
+getting 9 fths plus three fifths plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting 9 fths plus three fifths plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting 9 fths plus three fifths plus
+three fifths is 15 fths. So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three fifths is 15 fths. So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three fifths is 15 fths. So that's
+three.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three.
+So what's what's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what's what's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what's what's your
+conclusion here?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion here?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion here?
+I should divide by three, right? So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should divide by three, right? So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should divide by three, right? So I
+should divide by three. So that's easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should divide by three. So that's easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should divide by three. So that's easy
+to do. Those will all be one. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do. Those will all be one. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do. Those will all be one. Yeah.
+Okay. So that's the right Yeah, that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that's the right Yeah, that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that's the right Yeah, that's
+the right answer, right? And then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer, right? And then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer, right? And then I
+check that it's right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that it's right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that it's right.
+Yeah. Yeah. So let me just close by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. So let me just close by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. So let me just close by
+remembering why was it Well, so that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering why was it Well, so that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering why was it Well, so that was
+I I'm doing a just a forward convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'm doing a just a forward convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'm doing a just a forward convolution
+here. The solving the equation was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. The solving the equation was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. The solving the equation was a
+deconvolution figuring out that x. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deconvolution figuring out that x. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deconvolution figuring out that x. But
+now that I've got it and I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that I've got it and I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that I've got it and I'm just
+checking that's just do it forward and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking that's just do it forward and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking that's just do it forward and
+see if you got the right answer and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if you got the right answer and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if you got the right answer and and
+uh so we're just remembering how to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we're just remembering how to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we're just remembering how to what
+what it means to do a convolution. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means to do a convolution. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means to do a convolution. Um
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+so you remember the point about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you remember the point about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you remember the point about
+convolutions that that if I'm convolving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutions that that if I'm convolving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutions that that if I'm convolving
+ABC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ABC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ABC
+cyclically with DEF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that the constant term just tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the constant term just tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the constant term just tell me
+again now what's the constant term in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again now what's the constant term in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again now what's the constant term in
+this it's a d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's a d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's a d
+plus b * what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is the the the first term in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the the the first term in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the the the first term in the in
+the convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember that the day we brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that the day we brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that the day we brought
+convolutions into the course what does b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutions into the course what does b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutions into the course what does b
+multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply
+f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because b is the coefficient of w in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because b is the coefficient of w in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because b is the coefficient of w in the
+if if if I'm in if I'm thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if if I'm in if I'm thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if if I'm in if I'm thinking
+polomials this is a + b w + c w ^2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomials this is a + b w + c w ^2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomials this is a + b w + c w ^2 and
+this corresponds to d plus e w + f ^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this corresponds to d plus e w + f ^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this corresponds to d plus e w + f ^2
+and I'm looking for the constant so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm looking for the constant so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm looking for the constant so I
+get an a time a d gives me a constant bw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an a time a d gives me a constant bw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an a time a d gives me a constant bw
+times what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times what
+times fw^2 squ gives me the w cub which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times fw^2 squ gives me the w cub which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times fw^2 squ gives me the w cub which
+is the one. So the bf here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one. So the bf here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one. So the bf here and then
+there's a c e because c w ^2 multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a c e because c w ^2 multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a c e because c w ^2 multiplying
+ew is gives me the w cub the one which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ew is gives me the w cub the one which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ew is gives me the w cub the one which
+is goes folds in. Yeah. Okay. So anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is goes folds in. Yeah. Okay. So anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is goes folds in. Yeah. Okay. So anyway
+that's uh that's a quick reminder of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh that's a quick reminder of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh that's a quick reminder of
+cyclic convolutions. That was a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic convolutions. That was a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic convolutions. That was a good
+question to ask. Yeah, I you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question to ask. Yeah, I you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question to ask. Yeah, I you know I
+fully realize this especially this third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully realize this especially this third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully realize this especially this third
+topic lots of things like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic lots of things like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic lots of things like this
+straightforward if you have lots of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward if you have lots of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward if you have lots of time
+but we had to keep moving. Uh so uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we had to keep moving. Uh so uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we had to keep moving. Uh so uh this
+remembering what cyclic convolution was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering what cyclic convolution was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering what cyclic convolution was
+is a good good chance to do it.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/wERH7LtoUuE.txt b/wERH7LtoUuE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..aadf2a367e5c6b95e98590e94b1ba18de4ee1ea6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/wERH7LtoUuE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9559 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If I wanted you to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I wanted you to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I wanted you to remember
+three equations, really commit them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three equations, really commit them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three equations, really commit them to
+memory that allow you to essentially do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory that allow you to essentially do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory that allow you to essentially do
+everything that we've done, they'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that we've done, they'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that we've done, they'd be
+the following three. The first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+would essentially be Newton's second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would essentially be Newton's second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would essentially be Newton's second
+law.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We use that all the time. And in vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We use that all the time. And in vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We use that all the time. And in vector
+form, summation of the external forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form, summation of the external forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form, summation of the external forces
+on a rigid body must be equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a rigid body must be equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a rigid body must be equal to the
+time rate of change of the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time rate of change of the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time rate of change of the linear
+momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+of the of the rigid body. And that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the rigid body. And that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the rigid body. And that we
+know is equal to its mass times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is equal to its mass times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is equal to its mass times the
+acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration
+of its center of mass with respect to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its center of mass with respect to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its center of mass with respect to an
+inertial frame. And this the / means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial frame. And this the / means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial frame. And this the / means
+with respect to an inertial frame.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to an inertial frame.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to an inertial frame.
+That's Newton's second law. And of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's Newton's second law. And of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's Newton's second law. And of
+course we use it all the time. Now Oiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we use it all the time. Now Oiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we use it all the time. Now Oiler
+improved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved
+added to what Newton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added to what Newton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added to what Newton
+worked out for us.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out for us.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out for us.
+And let me actually just point out over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And let me actually just point out over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And let me actually just point out over
+here. So P with respect to O then is M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So P with respect to O then is M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So P with respect to O then is M
+velocity of G with respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of G with respect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of G with respect to the
+inertial frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial frame
+vector vector vector.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector vector vector.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector vector vector.
+Okay. What Oiler taught us was that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. What Oiler taught us was that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. What Oiler taught us was that the
+summation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation
+of the torqus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the torqus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the torqus
+about a point A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is a time rate of change of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a time rate of change of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a time rate of change of the
+angular momentum with respect to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum with respect to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum with respect to that
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus the velocity of the point cross P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the velocity of the point cross P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the velocity of the point cross P
+with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+general equation for angular momentum or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general equation for angular momentum or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general equation for angular momentum or
+for torqus and remember h with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for torqus and remember h with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for torqus and remember h with respect
+to a is the crossroduct of r.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I write this guy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we define angular momentum as just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we define angular momentum as just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we define angular momentum as just a
+crossroduct of the distance from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossroduct of the distance from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossroduct of the distance from the
+point that we're at to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I didn't write this right. This is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't write this right. This is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't write this right. This is a
+with respect to g cross p.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So that's our general definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's our general definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's our general definition of
+angular momentum. And finally, the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum. And finally, the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum. And finally, the third
+equation is the one that I showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is the one that I showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is the one that I showed you
+last time, which does appear in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time, which does appear in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time, which does appear in the
+book, but not until you get into chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book, but not until you get into chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book, but not until you get into chapter
+21. And that is that you can write H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21. And that is that you can write H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21. And that is that you can write H
+with respect to A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to A
+as H with respect to G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+R G A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R G A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R G A
+cross P with respect to O.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+There's something wrong here. I Matt,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's something wrong here. I Matt,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's something wrong here. I Matt,
+what have I done wrong?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+You have to slip my brain because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You have to slip my brain because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You have to slip my brain because I
+don't do it. I don't think about think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do it. I don't think about think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do it. I don't think about think
+about this. This is the Yeah, it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this. This is the Yeah, it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this. This is the Yeah, it's a
+summation. There we go.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation. There we go.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation. There we go.
+In general, this is a summation. And it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In general, this is a summation. And it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In general, this is a summation. And it
+is the location of all the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the location of all the little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the location of all the little
+particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I with respect to A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I with respect to A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I with respect to A
+cross the linear momentum of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross the linear momentum of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross the linear momentum of each
+particle m I v I with respect to O and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle m I v I with respect to O and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle m I v I with respect to O and
+we add all that up we get the ang that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we add all that up we get the ang that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we add all that up we get the ang that's
+a definition of angular momentum and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a definition of angular momentum and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a definition of angular momentum and we
+generally for rigid bodies then reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally for rigid bodies then reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally for rigid bodies then reduce
+that to saying that It's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to saying that It's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to saying that It's a
+mass moment of inertia matrix computed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass moment of inertia matrix computed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass moment of inertia matrix computed
+with respect to a times omega x omega y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to a times omega x omega y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to a times omega x omega y
+omega z.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega z.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega z.
+That's how we generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's how we generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's how we generally
+express this. But the third equation I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express this. But the third equation I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express this. But the third equation I
+want to come to is this one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to come to is this one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to come to is this one.
+Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah,
+that's not true in general.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is Iris respect to aa. Let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Iris respect to aa. Let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Iris respect to aa. Let's just
+let's just do this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just do this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just do this.
+So I've just slipped a bit this morning.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I've just slipped a bit this morning.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I've just slipped a bit this morning.
+Okay, I'm thinking too much about where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I'm thinking too much about where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I'm thinking too much about where
+I'm going here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going here.
+This equation I introduced last time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This equation I introduced last time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This equation I introduced last time.
+The book doesn't make a big deal about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The book doesn't make a big deal about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The book doesn't make a big deal about
+this at all, but it's really it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at all, but it's really it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at all, but it's really it's a
+fundamental equation that we proved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental equation that we proved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental equation that we proved
+from scratch very simply last time. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from scratch very simply last time. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from scratch very simply last time. And
+this this equation allows you to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this equation allows you to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this equation allows you to solve
+lots of problems without even for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of problems without even for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of problems without even for
+example knowing the parallel axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example knowing the parallel axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example knowing the parallel axis
+theorem. It'll just get you through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem. It'll just get you through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem. It'll just get you through it
+even without knowing things like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even without knowing things like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even without knowing things like that.
+So with these three equation, you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So with these three equation, you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So with these three equation, you can do
+all the problems that we've done. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the problems that we've done. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the problems that we've done. And
+I'm going to do two or three examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do two or three examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do two or three examples
+this morning just kind of and including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this morning just kind of and including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this morning just kind of and including
+coming back to a discussion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming back to a discussion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming back to a discussion of the
+parallel axis theorem. Okay? So these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel axis theorem. Okay? So these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel axis theorem. Okay? So these
+three are the ones you I recommend that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three are the ones you I recommend that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three are the ones you I recommend that
+you remember. Okay? Because everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember. Okay? Because everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember. Okay? Because everything
+else will flow from we know like we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else will flow from we know like we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else will flow from we know like we have
+special cases. So when a is at when a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special cases. So when a is at when a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special cases. So when a is at when a is
+at g right then the uh the veloc or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at g right then the uh the veloc or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at g right then the uh the veloc or or
+when the uh yeah when a is at g then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the uh yeah when a is at g then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the uh yeah when a is at g then
+this just this just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just this just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just this just
+reduces to h with respect to g when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces to h with respect to g when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces to h with respect to g when
+there's no ve no no when a doesn't move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no ve no no when a doesn't move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no ve no no when a doesn't move
+this term goes away those are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term goes away those are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term goes away those are all
+special cases which you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special cases which you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special cases which you can just
+substitute in the numbers and discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute in the numbers and discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute in the numbers and discover
+for yourself if you don't remember those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for yourself if you don't remember those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for yourself if you don't remember those
+but these are the three equations you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these are the three equations you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these are the three equations you
+want to have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have in
+kit to use.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, last time I I kind of classified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, last time I I kind of classified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, last time I I kind of classified
+problems in four different classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in four different classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in four different classes
+depending on these simplifications,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on these simplifications,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on these simplifications,
+right? And the class 4 problem was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And the class 4 problem was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And the class 4 problem was the
+more general case and that's when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more general case and that's when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more general case and that's when the
+point A can is allowed to move or per is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point A can is allowed to move or per is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point A can is allowed to move or per is
+allowed to move in general and that last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to move in general and that last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to move in general and that last
+equation we had there came was very can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we had there came was very can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we had there came was very can
+be very handy in those cases and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very handy in those cases and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very handy in those cases and I
+mentioned a problem last time but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned a problem last time but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned a problem last time but I
+didn't work it out and that's simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't work it out and that's simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't work it out and that's simply
+this problem where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem where
+you've got a block maybe a box on a cart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a block maybe a box on a cart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a block maybe a box on a cart
+and you want to and you're accelerating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to and you're accelerating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to and you're accelerating
+the cart. At what point will a block tip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cart. At what point will a block tip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cart. At what point will a block tip
+over? So, this one I've put a nail right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over? So, this one I've put a nail right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over? So, this one I've put a nail right
+here. So, the block can't slide,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So, the block can't slide,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So, the block can't slide,
+but it will tip about this point. So, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it will tip about this point. So, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it will tip about this point. So, if
+I accelerate it slowly, nothing happens.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I accelerate it slowly, nothing happens.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I accelerate it slowly, nothing happens.
+If I accelerate it fast enough, it tips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I accelerate it fast enough, it tips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I accelerate it fast enough, it tips
+around that point. So, that's the key.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that point. So, that's the key.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that point. So, that's the key.
+If identifying the points have to work.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If identifying the points have to work.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If identifying the points have to work.
+So, that's the key bit. What's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, that's the key bit. What's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, that's the key bit. What's the
+greatest acceleration that I can have so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest acceleration that I can have so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest acceleration that I can have so
+that this block will just not quite tip?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this block will just not quite tip?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this block will just not quite tip?
+That's the problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the problem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the problem.
+If you didn't have the nail there,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you didn't have the nail there,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you didn't have the nail there,
+there's also the possibility that it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also the possibility that it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also the possibility that it'll
+slip without tipping over. Okay, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slip without tipping over. Okay, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slip without tipping over. Okay, so
+that's another problem that we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another problem that we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another problem that we'll
+address at another another moment.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address at another another moment.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address at another another moment.
+Okay, so let's do this problem quickly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this is our problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And I've got a handle here. And I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I've got a handle here. And I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I've got a handle here. And I'm
+pushing on it with a force.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing on it with a force.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing on it with a force.
+Got a couple of wheels. This is m1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Got a couple of wheels. This is m1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Got a couple of wheels. This is m1.
+This is m2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is m2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is m2.
+And I'll have an inertial frame here. X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'll have an inertial frame here. X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'll have an inertial frame here. X
+y. So the question is, what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y. So the question is, what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y. So the question is, what's the
+maximum force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum force
+that I can apply such that the block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can apply such that the block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can apply such that the block
+won't tip over? And I've got a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't tip over? And I've got a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't tip over? And I've got a little
+nub there so this thing can't slide.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nub there so this thing can't slide.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nub there so this thing can't slide.
+Okay. And this is my point A because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And this is my point A because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And this is my point A because
+that's the point I expect it to rotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the point I expect it to rotate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the point I expect it to rotate
+around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+the uh XY and Z's coming out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh XY and Z's coming out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh XY and Z's coming out of the
+board. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So Newton's second. So we apply it first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So Newton's second. So we apply it first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So Newton's second. So we apply it first
+from Newton's second law. Or we say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Newton's second law. Or we say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Newton's second law. Or we say the
+sum of the forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the forces
+in this case on the system by the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case on the system by the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case on the system by the system
+I mean m_sub_1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean m_sub_1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean m_sub_1
+and m2. We want to remember that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and m2. We want to remember that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and m2. We want to remember that you can
+collect things together at times. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect things together at times. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect things together at times. So the
+sum of forces on the system in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of forces on the system in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of forces on the system in this case
+is then m_sub_1 plus m_sub_2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then m_sub_1 plus m_sub_2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then m_sub_1 plus m_sub_2
+and it's the acceleration of that point.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the acceleration of that point.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the acceleration of that point.
+And in this case,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in this case,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in this case,
+we are just going to do in the uh x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are just going to do in the uh x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are just going to do in the uh x
+direction because we know that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction because we know that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction because we know that's the
+only one where there's any action.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one where there's any action.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one where there's any action.
+So the sum of the forces in the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the sum of the forces in the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the sum of the forces in the x
+direction is the total mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is the total mass of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is the total mass of the
+system times the acceleration in the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system times the acceleration in the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system times the acceleration in the x
+direction. So the x dot we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. So the x dot we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. So the x dot we're looking
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+is f over m1 + m2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is f over m1 + m2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is f over m1 + m2.
+So this is trying to find out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is trying to find out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is trying to find out what the
+maximum value for this is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now next we can apply the torque
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now next we can apply the torque
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now next we can apply the torque
+equation because that's the key one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation because that's the key one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation because that's the key one and
+that's the sum of the torqus. Now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the sum of the torqus. Now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the sum of the torqus. Now it's
+just on the box at with respect to point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just on the box at with respect to point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just on the box at with respect to point
+A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we can say we're looking at that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can say we're looking at that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can say we're looking at that we
+need a free body diagram now of our box.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+You got a M1 G down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you might have a normal force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might have a normal force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might have a normal force
+upwards generally. But now we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwards generally. But now we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwards generally. But now we want to
+think about where's the where are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about where's the where are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about where's the where are the
+forces going to be acting on the box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces going to be acting on the box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces going to be acting on the box
+when it's just at this point that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's just at this point that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's just at this point that we
+that it's just barely about just barely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's just barely about just barely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's just barely about just barely
+starts to tip.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we're hypothesizing that here at A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're hypothesizing that here at A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're hypothesizing that here at A
+there'll be some upward force, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be some upward force, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be some upward force, right?
+And it's going to take care of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it's going to take care of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it's going to take care of the
+static equilibrium, but it's also uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static equilibrium, but it's also uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static equilibrium, but it's also uh
+could enter into our moment calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could enter into our moment calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could enter into our moment calculation
+if we weren't clever with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we weren't clever with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we weren't clever with respect to
+where we calculate this point. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the sum of the torqus about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the sum of the torqus about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the sum of the torqus about this
+point, we don't have to bring this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point, we don't have to bring this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point, we don't have to bring this one
+into it. We do have to consider this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it. We do have to consider this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it. We do have to consider this
+one. So the R here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So the R here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So the R here
+cross that force, we get a moment mg.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross that force, we get a moment mg.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross that force, we get a moment mg.
+And I need some dimensions on my box.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I need some dimensions on my box.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I need some dimensions on my box.
+We'll call it B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll call it B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll call it B
+and a height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+H.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H.
+So the moment arm this axon is B /2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the moment arm this axon is B /2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the moment arm this axon is B /2 and
+it's in the minus C direction. So I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the minus C direction. So I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the minus C direction. So I get
+a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus
+M1 G B /2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1 G B /2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1 G B /2
+K hat. Those are my external torqus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K hat. Those are my external torqus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K hat. Those are my external torqus on
+the box because the normal force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the box because the normal force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the box because the normal force
+supporting it on the floor is acting at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting it on the floor is acting at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting it on the floor is acting at
+a now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's must this must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from our second formula.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DH with respect to A DT plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DH with respect to A DT plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DH with respect to A DT plus the
+velocity of A with respect to O cross P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of A with respect to O cross P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of A with respect to O cross P
+with respect to O. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to O. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to O. And
+P with respect to O was M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P with respect to O was M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P with respect to O was M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V
+G with respect to O.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right? So we need to know what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So we need to know what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So we need to know what is the
+velocity of A with respect to O.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, we're only allowing motions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, we're only allowing motions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, we're only allowing motions in
+this direction. We have and this has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction. We have and this has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction. We have and this has to
+be evaluated in the inertial frame. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be evaluated in the inertial frame. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be evaluated in the inertial frame. So
+we have a coordinate X here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a coordinate X here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a coordinate X here.
+So it's going to be some X dot and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's going to be some X dot and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's going to be some X dot and I'll
+give you a capital I hat just to remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a capital I hat just to remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a capital I hat just to remind
+you where that's in the inertial frame.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you where that's in the inertial frame.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you where that's in the inertial frame.
+What is the velocity of G with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What is the velocity of G with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What is the velocity of G with respect
+to O?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah,
+you know, in this condition, we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, in this condition, we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, in this condition, we're
+saying we want the block not to quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying we want the block not to quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying we want the block not to quite
+tip over. That means it's moving with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tip over. That means it's moving with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tip over. That means it's moving with
+the cart at exactly the same velocity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cart at exactly the same velocity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cart at exactly the same velocity.
+So, it's the same. It's also equal to A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, it's the same. It's also equal to A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, it's the same. It's also equal to A
+with respect to O. But if that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to O. But if that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to O. But if that's the
+case, what's the crossroduct between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, what's the crossroduct between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, what's the crossroduct between
+velocity of A with respect to O and G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of A with respect to O and G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of A with respect to O and G
+with respect to O? Ah, so that one goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to O? Ah, so that one goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to O? Ah, so that one goes
+to zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+That's because of this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Okay, so that leaves us with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we don't have to deal with these terms,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have to deal with these terms,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have to deal with these terms,
+but we do need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we do need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we do need to
+compute h with respect to a. And now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute h with respect to a. And now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute h with respect to a. And now I'm
+going to use this formulation because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use this formulation because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use this formulation because it
+makes this problem easy to do. I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes this problem easy to do. I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes this problem easy to do. I don't
+have to deal with parallel axes or any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to deal with parallel axes or any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to deal with parallel axes or any
+of that. So I'm going to use my third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that. So I'm going to use my third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that. So I'm going to use my third
+equation and it says that this is h with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and it says that this is h with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and it says that this is h with
+respect to g plus r g with respect to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to g plus r g with respect to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to g plus r g with respect to a
+cross p with respect to o. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I'm going to now work it. So if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm going to now work it. So if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm going to now work it. So if you
+notice I I chose this problem kind of on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice I I chose this problem kind of on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice I I chose this problem kind of on
+purpose today because I started saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose today because I started saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose today because I started saying
+here's three really important equations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's three really important equations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's three really important equations.
+We use all three to do this problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We use all three to do this problem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We use all three to do this problem.
+Okay. So now we're exercising the third.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So my
+block here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since we're dealing with angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we're dealing with angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we're dealing with angular
+momentum rigid bodies I now have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum rigid bodies I now have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum rigid bodies I now have to
+think in terms of a coordinate system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in terms of a coordinate system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in terms of a coordinate system
+attached to the block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+I'll formulate it so it's lined up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll formulate it so it's lined up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll formulate it so it's lined up the
+same way. So this is a x1 I'll call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way. So this is a x1 I'll call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way. So this is a x1 I'll call it
+y1 and z1 but x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 and z1 but x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 and z1 but x1
+and and big x these are in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and big x these are in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and big x these are in the same
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so z and z1 and capital e and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so z and z1 and capital e and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so z and z1 and capital e and that
+means that my i hats are the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that my i hats are the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that my i hats are the same as the
+unit vectors associated with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit vectors associated with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit vectors associated with my
+coordinate system attached to the body.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system attached to the body.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system attached to the body.
+Remember, this is this body body fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remember, this is this body body fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remember, this is this body body fixed
+coordinate system and allows us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system and allows us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system and allows us to
+compute moments of inertia. And I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute moments of inertia. And I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute moments of inertia. And I'm
+going to have this located at G. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the only rotation that we're allowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the only rotation that we're allowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the only rotation that we're allowing
+in this problem, this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this problem, this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this problem, this is this is
+basically a 2D planer motion problem. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a 2D planer motion problem. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a 2D planer motion problem. It
+could conceivably have X and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could conceivably have X and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could conceivably have X and Y
+translations and a Z rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translations and a Z rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translations and a Z rotation
+constrained in the Y.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained in the Y.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained in the Y.
+So it has possible rotation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it has possible rotation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it has possible rotation and
+translation. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation. So
+the only Z only omega we're considering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only Z only omega we're considering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only Z only omega we're considering
+is this omega Z.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this omega Z.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this omega Z.
+And so we'll let's we'll proceed to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so we'll let's we'll proceed to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so we'll let's we'll proceed to use
+it to compute H.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we'll use this formula.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So h with respect to g is just I'm doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So h with respect to g is just I'm doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So h with respect to g is just I'm doing
+a couple of these things sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of these things sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of these things sort of
+carefully just to remind you of where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully just to remind you of where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully just to remind you of where
+these things all come from. This is i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things all come from. This is i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things all come from. This is i
+with respect to g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to g
+and in this case 0 0 omega z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case 0 0 omega z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case 0 0 omega z
+and we come out of this then the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we come out of this then the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we come out of this then the only
+this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a
+are these principal axes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these principal axes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these principal axes.
+So if they are this is diagonal right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if they are this is diagonal right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if they are this is diagonal right.
+So I've located these through G you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I've located these through G you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I've located these through G you know
+taken into consideration the symmetries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken into consideration the symmetries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken into consideration the symmetries
+I know because of symmetry these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know because of symmetry these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know because of symmetry these are
+principal axes. Therefore this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal axes. Therefore this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal axes. Therefore this is a
+diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal
+mass moment of inertia matrix. So when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass moment of inertia matrix. So when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass moment of inertia matrix. So when I
+calculate to do out the multiplication I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate to do out the multiplication I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate to do out the multiplication I
+get I Z Z with respect to G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get I Z Z with respect to G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get I Z Z with respect to G
+omega Z K hat that's the there's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega Z K hat that's the there's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega Z K hat that's the there's only
+one component one vector component of H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one component one vector component of H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one component one vector component of H
+that comes out of that and that's H Z is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes out of that and that's H Z is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes out of that and that's H Z is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+I ZZ G omega Z K hat there are two other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I ZZ G omega Z K hat there are two other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I ZZ G omega Z K hat there are two other
+possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+components of h, but they're both zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of h, but they're both zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of h, but they're both zero.
+There's no other rot. There is no other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's no other rot. There is no other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's no other rot. There is no other
+no angular momentum in the x or y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no angular momentum in the x or y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no angular momentum in the x or y
+directions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+RGA in this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RGA in this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RGA in this problem
+is from here this is point A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from here this is point A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from here this is point A
+to there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to there.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+RG with respect to A is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RG with respect to A is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RG with respect to A is
+B over 2 I + H over 2 K.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B over 2 I + H over 2 K.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B over 2 I + H over 2 K.
+That's the location of just the position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the location of just the position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the location of just the position
+of G with respect to A. B over two over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of G with respect to A. B over two over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of G with respect to A. B over two over
+H over two up. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H over two up. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H over two up. Okay.
+So in order to complete my calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in order to complete my calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in order to complete my calculation
+of H of A, I need to get the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of H of A, I need to get the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of H of A, I need to get the second
+piece. So the RGA cross PO.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, RGA is my B / 2 I plus H over 2 K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cross and then my ang my linear momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross and then my ang my linear momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross and then my ang my linear momentum
+is M1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X one dot in the Ihat direction and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X one dot in the Ihat direction and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X one dot in the Ihat direction and it
+either be capital I or lowercase I.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either be capital I or lowercase I.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either be capital I or lowercase I.
+They're the same. Right? So this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're the same. Right? So this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're the same. Right? So this is my
+second term the RG cross P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I cross I these two this pair gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I cross I these two this pair gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I cross I these two this pair gives you
+nothing. So it's k cross i is a j and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing. So it's k cross i is a j and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing. So it's k cross i is a j and so
+you get i z respect to g omega z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get i z respect to g omega z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get i z respect to g omega z
+and then a k term from here m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+h over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x dot
+and it's also in the A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's my total angular momentum now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's my total angular momentum now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's my total angular momentum now
+with respect to A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I think this is a uh cake.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+You're right. Wait a second. K I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're right. Wait a second. K I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're right. Wait a second. K I should
+give me a J, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me a J, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me a J, right?
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah, K cross I gives me a positive J,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, K cross I gives me a positive J,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, K cross I gives me a positive J,
+right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J
+based off your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This is This is a Okay, good catch. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is This is a Okay, good catch. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is This is a Okay, good catch. All
+right, so what happens now? Now we get J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, so what happens now? Now we get J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, so what happens now? Now we get J
+cross I gives you a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross I gives you a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross I gives you a minus
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that that should be okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that should be okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that should be okay.
+And let's see if that agrees with what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And let's see if that agrees with what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And let's see if that agrees with what I
+wrote here. Yes, I did it right on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote here. Yes, I did it right on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote here. Yes, I did it right on the
+paper. Just couldn't put it right on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper. Just couldn't put it right on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper. Just couldn't put it right on the
+board.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board.
+and all of Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So now the sum of the torqus with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now the sum of the torqus with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now the sum of the torqus with
+respect to a we've already figured out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to a we've already figured out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to a we've already figured out
+that it's minus m1 g b / 2 k hat must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's minus m1 g b / 2 k hat must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's minus m1 g b / 2 k hat must be
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+the time rate of change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time rate of change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time rate of change of
+from our second equation dh hdt and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our second equation dh hdt and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our second equation dh hdt and
+we've already figured out that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already figured out that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already figured out that the
+second term goes away. So it's just then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second term goes away. So it's just then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second term goes away. So it's just then
+the time rate of change of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time rate of change of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time rate of change of that
+expression.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh, I think we could probably do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, I think we could probably do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, I think we could probably do it
+straight away. So the time rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight away. So the time rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight away. So the time rate of
+chain, the derivative of this, you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain, the derivative of this, you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain, the derivative of this, you get
+omega z dot, you get an x dot. The k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega z dot, you get an x dot. The k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega z dot, you get an x dot. The k
+doesn't rotate. So there's nothing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't rotate. So there's nothing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't rotate. So there's nothing that
+comes from that. You take that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from that. You take that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from that. You take that time
+derivative, you get I Z Z with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative, you get I Z Z with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative, you get I Z Z with respect
+to G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to G
+omega Z dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega Z dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega Z dot
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+M1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1
+H over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H over 2
+X dot. And these are still all in the K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X dot. And these are still all in the K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X dot. And these are still all in the K
+direction. And that's a that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. And that's a that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. And that's a that's an
+equation that it's only has K hat terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that it's only has K hat terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that it's only has K hat terms
+on the left hand side, K on the right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left hand side, K on the right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left hand side, K on the right.
+So this is just one comp potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is just one comp potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is just one comp potential
+component of the torque and so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the torque and so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the torque and so we can
+drop the K's at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop the K's at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop the K's at this point
+and we now have an expression for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we now have an expression for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we now have an expression for the
+external torqus in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external torqus in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external torqus in terms of the
+accelerations of the system. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerations of the system. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerations of the system. This is
+essentially theta dot of it tips and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially theta dot of it tips and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially theta dot of it tips and
+that's the linear acceleration.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the linear acceleration.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the linear acceleration.
+But now then the key to the uh problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But now then the key to the uh problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But now then the key to the uh problem
+is we're trying to find out when just at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're trying to find out when just at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're trying to find out when just at
+the point it might tip but doesn't. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point it might tip but doesn't. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point it might tip but doesn't. So
+what's omega dot? Omega Z dot.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's omega dot? Omega Z dot.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's omega dot? Omega Z dot.
+Okay. So what we're looking for, we let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So what we're looking for, we let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So what we're looking for, we let
+omega Z dot or require that to be zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega Z dot or require that to be zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega Z dot or require that to be zero.
+And this makes this even simpler. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this makes this even simpler. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this makes this even simpler. And
+you find out then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find out then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find out then that
+m1 g b / 2 = m1 h / 2 x dot. And I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m1 g b / 2 = m1 h / 2 x dot. And I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m1 g b / 2 = m1 h / 2 x dot. And I've
+had minus signs on both sides, so I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had minus signs on both sides, so I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had minus signs on both sides, so I've
+gotten rid of them. And the m1's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten rid of them. And the m1's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten rid of them. And the m1's go
+away. And I can solve for h for x dot.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away. And I can solve for h for x dot.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away. And I can solve for h for x dot.
+And that's going to be g b over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's going to be g b over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's going to be g b over
+h.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And we started off saying what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And we started off saying what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And we started off saying what's
+the maximum force? So this is now X maxx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum force? So this is now X maxx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum force? So this is now X maxx
+the acceleration maximum and the force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acceleration maximum and the force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acceleration maximum and the force
+maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is just equal to M1 + M2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just equal to M1 + M2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just equal to M1 + M2
+X do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X do
+max or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let's see if that makes sense if B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's see if that makes sense if B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's see if that makes sense if B
+and H were equal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sort of a common sense argument here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B and H were equal. That tells you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and H were equal. That tells you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and H were equal. That tells you that
+you could accelerate this at 1 G, just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could accelerate this at 1 G, just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could accelerate this at 1 G, just
+one G. And that makes sense. The mg here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one G. And that makes sense. The mg here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one G. And that makes sense. The mg here
+is putting a restoring moment down.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is putting a restoring moment down.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is putting a restoring moment down.
+That'll be mgb over two. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That'll be mgb over two. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That'll be mgb over two. And the
+acceleration of this is putting an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of this is putting an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of this is putting an
+overturning moment on it in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overturning moment on it in the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overturning moment on it in the other
+direction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction.
+That would be mgh g over two. And if h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That would be mgh g over two. And if h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That would be mgh g over two. And if h
+and g h and b are the same that then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and g h and b are the same that then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and g h and b are the same that then it
+would be exactly 1g. Now so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be exactly 1g. Now so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be exactly 1g. Now so that's the
+answer to the problem. If you'd wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to the problem. If you'd wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to the problem. If you'd wanted
+to live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to live
+dangerously from the beginning,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerously from the beginning,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerously from the beginning,
+you could have done this with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have done this with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have done this with a
+fictitious force. I just mentioned in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fictitious force. I just mentioned in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fictitious force. I just mentioned in
+passing. I am not recommending that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing. I am not recommending that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing. I am not recommending that you
+generally go there. This was a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally go there. This was a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally go there. This was a very
+straightforward way of doing it. We just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward way of doing it. We just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward way of doing it. We just
+started with these three laws and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with these three laws and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with these three laws and we
+just worked our way through the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just worked our way through the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just worked our way through the problem
+and just and all the way to the end and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just and all the way to the end and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just and all the way to the end and
+it fell out. If you did want to live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it fell out. If you did want to live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it fell out. If you did want to live
+dangerously though, you could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that when you accelerate this,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you accelerate this,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you accelerate this,
+you can think of there being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of there being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of there being a
+fictitious force that is equal to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fictitious force that is equal to minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fictitious force that is equal to minus
+the mass of this object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass of this object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass of this object
+times the acceleration on the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the acceleration on the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the acceleration on the center of
+gravity. a force that is pulling it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity. a force that is pulling it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity. a force that is pulling it in
+the other direction. So you could think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other direction. So you could think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other direction. So you could think
+of there being a force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of there being a force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of there being a force
+m1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m1
+x dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x dot
+opposite to the direction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite to the direction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite to the direction of the
+acceleration. This is minus the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration. This is minus the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration. This is minus the mass
+times the acceleration is the fictitious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the acceleration is the fictitious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the acceleration is the fictitious
+force. Here's your point A. Here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force. Here's your point A. Here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force. Here's your point A. Here's the
+gra here's gravity m1 g.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gra here's gravity m1 g.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gra here's gravity m1 g.
+This is the distance B over two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the distance B over two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the distance B over two.
+This is the height H over two. And you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the height H over two. And you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the height H over two. And you
+could say just at that moment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say just at that moment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say just at that moment of
+balance, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance, the
+sum of those two moments should be zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of those two moments should be zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of those two moments should be zero.
+The sum of the external torqus.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And you would end up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you would end up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you would end up with a
+m1x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m1x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m1x
+dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot
+h over 2 minus m1 g b over 2 and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h over 2 minus m1 g b over 2 and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h over 2 minus m1 g b over 2 and you
+come up with the same answer. But for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with the same answer. But for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with the same answer. But for
+most of us that's a that takes a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of us that's a that takes a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of us that's a that takes a real
+leap of faith to do that to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leap of faith to do that to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leap of faith to do that to make
+convince yourself that you're right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince yourself that you're right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince yourself that you're right.
+Right. You got to know a lot of dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. You got to know a lot of dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. You got to know a lot of dynamics
+and remember all the parts and pieces to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember all the parts and pieces to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember all the parts and pieces to
+be able to just go there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to just go there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to just go there.
+But if you do it just carefully, those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But if you do it just carefully, those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But if you do it just carefully, those
+three equations, it'll all work out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three equations, it'll all work out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three equations, it'll all work out.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Because as long as the condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because as long as the condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because as long as the condition
+satisfied that it doesn't tip over,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied that it doesn't tip over,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied that it doesn't tip over,
+what's the rotation rate of this block?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the rotation rate of this block?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the rotation rate of this block?
+Zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero.
+So, we're not we're not solving for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we're not we're not solving for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we're not we're not solving for
+dynamics in this problem of the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics in this problem of the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics in this problem of the thing
+tipping. It isn't rolling on us. We're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tipping. It isn't rolling on us. We're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tipping. It isn't rolling on us. We're
+coming just up to the point that it tips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming just up to the point that it tips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming just up to the point that it tips
+and said we're not going any farther.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said we're not going any farther.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said we're not going any farther.
+And so, we just require the two moments,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so, we just require the two moments,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so, we just require the two moments,
+the one essentially caused by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one essentially caused by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one essentially caused by the
+acceleration, this fictitious force.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration, this fictitious force.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration, this fictitious force.
+It's got to be just in equilibrium with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's got to be just in equilibrium with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's got to be just in equilibrium with
+the restoring moment provided by mg.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the restoring moment provided by mg.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the restoring moment provided by mg.
+That's essentially the problem we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's essentially the problem we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's essentially the problem we've
+worked. But we've done it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked. But we've done it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked. But we've done it really
+carefully just using these three laws.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully just using these three laws.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully just using these three laws.
+And the real problem though, if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the real problem though, if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the real problem though, if you
+didn't have the nail here, is if now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have the nail here, is if now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have the nail here, is if now
+what if you need to test your solution,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if you need to test your solution,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if you need to test your solution,
+could you ever actually reach that rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you ever actually reach that rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you ever actually reach that rate
+of acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of acceleration
+before the thing starts sliding on you?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the thing starts sliding on you?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the thing starts sliding on you?
+And you know, maybe not. This thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you know, maybe not. This thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you know, maybe not. This thing
+slides before it tips. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides before it tips. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides before it tips. Okay.
+Method taking into account M2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Method taking into account M2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Method taking into account M2.
+Taking into account M2. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taking into account M2. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taking into account M2. Yeah.
+Uh so the the angular momentum was all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so the the angular momentum was all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so the the angular momentum was all
+calculated with respect to the rigid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated with respect to the rigid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated with respect to the rigid
+body M1, right? The only reason M2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body M1, right? The only reason M2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body M1, right? The only reason M2
+entered into it is the this is the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entered into it is the this is the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entered into it is the this is the way
+things happen, you know, in real life.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happen, you know, in real life.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happen, you know, in real life.
+It's just a real problem. It's a box on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's just a real problem. It's a box on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's just a real problem. It's a box on
+a cart and it's going to tip over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cart and it's going to tip over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cart and it's going to tip over and
+you're pushing on it. How hard can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're pushing on it. How hard can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're pushing on it. How hard can I
+push? To do that problem, you just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push? To do that problem, you just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push? To do that problem, you just have
+to consider these to begin with so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider these to begin with so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider these to begin with so that
+you realize that oh the the acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you realize that oh the the acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you realize that oh the the acceleration
+involves both of these masses. But the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves both of these masses. But the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves both of these masses. But the
+angular momentum part of the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum part of the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum part of the problem
+involves only the box that's tipping.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves only the box that's tipping.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves only the box that's tipping.
+So there's you know problems even as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's you know problems even as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's you know problems even as
+simple as this one looks has their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple as this one looks has their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple as this one looks has their
+little complications and you've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little complications and you've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little complications and you've got to
+work you got to work through them. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work you got to work through them. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work you got to work through them. So
+just so we had to treat the body as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so we had to treat the body as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so we had to treat the body as a
+two-body system to start with and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-body system to start with and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-body system to start with and then
+look at angular momentum for just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at angular momentum for just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at angular momentum for just the
+box the or screw exert a force on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+yes absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes absolutely
+does it create a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it create a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it create a moment
+no and that's why we can don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no and that's why we can don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no and that's why we can don't have to
+consider it I could have written I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider it I could have written I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider it I could have written I could
+have put it in there and probably should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have put it in there and probably should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have put it in there and probably should
+have if I done a free body diagram here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if I done a free body diagram here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if I done a free body diagram here.
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you could still say that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could still say that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could still say that there's a
+reaction force upwards here. I'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction force upwards here. I'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction force upwards here. I'll call
+it r y. And another one this direction,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it r y. And another one this direction,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it r y. And another one this direction,
+I'll call rx. And uh, when computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call rx. And uh, when computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call rx. And uh, when computing
+moments about this point, neither of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments about this point, neither of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments about this point, neither of
+them entered into the problem. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them entered into the problem. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them entered into the problem. And
+that's why we like to do our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we like to do our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we like to do our
+calculations for angular momentum with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations for angular momentum with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations for angular momentum with
+respect to points around which it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to points around which it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to points around which it the
+body rotates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body rotates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body rotates
+because that allows us to not have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that allows us to not have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that allows us to not have to
+solve for those unknown forces that pop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for those unknown forces that pop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for those unknown forces that pop
+up there. So yeah, indeed there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there. So yeah, indeed there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there. So yeah, indeed there are
+forces there. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces there. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces there. Okay,
+got it figured out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it figured out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it figured out.
+So we view you we've talked a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we view you we've talked a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we view you we've talked a little
+tiny bit about the parallel axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny bit about the parallel axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny bit about the parallel axis
+theorem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem.
+And so this I'm going to consider this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this I'm going to consider this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this I'm going to consider this a
+slender rod.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I can spin it about one of its principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can spin it about one of its principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can spin it about one of its principal
+axes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axes and
+calculate its angular momentum or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate its angular momentum or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate its angular momentum or
+whatever I need. And if I move it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever I need. And if I move it over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever I need. And if I move it over
+to an axis that's I just move it over by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an axis that's I just move it over by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an axis that's I just move it over by
+a little bit. Let's say this is the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit. Let's say this is the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit. Let's say this is the uh
+what coordin this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what coordin this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what coordin this is the
+x- axis here in my body. This is the z.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x- axis here in my body. This is the z.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x- axis here in my body. This is the z.
+So it's at omega z. And I've moved my ax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's at omega z. And I've moved my ax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's at omega z. And I've moved my ax
+my point around which I'm rotating over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my point around which I'm rotating over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my point around which I'm rotating over
+by a small amount a. That's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a small amount a. That's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a small amount a. That's this
+distance between these two holes. And by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between these two holes. And by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between these two holes. And by
+parallel axis theorem, we could say,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel axis theorem, we could say,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel axis theorem, we could say,
+well, now there's a mass moment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, now there's a mass moment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, now there's a mass moment of
+inertia with respect to A, which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia with respect to A, which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia with respect to A, which is the
+mass moment of inertia with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass moment of inertia with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass moment of inertia with respect to
+G, which is M L^2 over 12 if this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G, which is M L^2 over 12 if this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G, which is M L^2 over 12 if this is the
+length plus the mass times this distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length plus the mass times this distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length plus the mass times this distance
+squared. We know how to do that. So, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared. We know how to do that. So, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared. We know how to do that. So, but
+now what happens if I take this this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what happens if I take this this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what happens if I take this this uh
+stick, my slender rod,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick, my slender rod,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick, my slender rod,
+and here's my original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+Y Z C and I want to move it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y Z C and I want to move it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y Z C and I want to move it
+my point A my stick now I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my point A my stick now I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my point A my stick now I'm going to
+move it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it over
+by an amount A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an amount A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an amount A
+and up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and up
+by an amount C so that it's now up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an amount C so that it's now up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an amount C so that it's now up here
+with respect to this point so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to this point so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to this point so that's
+this stick has been like this and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stick has been like this and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stick has been like this and now
+I'm and it's been rotated about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm and it's been rotated about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm and it's been rotated about that
+that's a simple case. Now, I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a simple case. Now, I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a simple case. Now, I want to
+rotate it about this axis when it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate it about this axis when it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate it about this axis when it's
+moved over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved over to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved over to
+like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, not only have I moved it, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, not only have I moved it, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, not only have I moved it, so
+here's the original problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the original problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the original problem
+like this,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this,
+but now I move it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now I move it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now I move it up
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+over.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over.
+Maybe I'll do it there. And now I spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe I'll do it there. And now I spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe I'll do it there. And now I spin
+it. I'm talking interested in angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. I'm talking interested in angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. I'm talking interested in angular
+momentum about this point for so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum about this point for so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum about this point for so now
+it's dynamically unbalanced for sure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's dynamically unbalanced for sure.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's dynamically unbalanced for sure.
+This thing is trying to wobble and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This thing is trying to wobble and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This thing is trying to wobble and it's
+been pushed up and over. So is there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been pushed up and over. So is there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been pushed up and over. So is there a
+way to get do how do we solve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to get do how do we solve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to get do how do we solve that
+problem? How do we compute the torqus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem? How do we compute the torqus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem? How do we compute the torqus
+for this problem? Well, we could try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this problem? Well, we could try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this problem? Well, we could try to
+go at it with parallel axis to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go at it with parallel axis to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go at it with parallel axis to start
+with, but you don't know how to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with, but you don't know how to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with, but you don't know how to do that
+in general for this problem. So what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general for this problem. So what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general for this problem. So what do
+we go to?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go to?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go to?
+we go back to those three equations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go back to those three equations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go back to those three equations and
+just start there and it'll all fall out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just start there and it'll all fall out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just start there and it'll all fall out.
+And I'm going to do this kind of briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'm going to do this kind of briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'm going to do this kind of briefly
+for this problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this problem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this problem.
+So I want to compute H with respect to A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I want to compute H with respect to A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I want to compute H with respect to A
+h with respect to G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h with respect to G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h with respect to G
+plus R G with respect to A cross P. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus R G with respect to A cross P. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus R G with respect to A cross P. And
+now this is r g a is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is r g a is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is r g a is this
+vector right here that position vector.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector right here that position vector.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector right here that position vector.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And the only rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the only rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the only rotation
+is omega z. This is our z-axis. So I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is omega z. This is our z-axis. So I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is omega z. This is our z-axis. So I can
+write this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this as
+I ZZ with respect to G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I ZZ with respect to G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I ZZ with respect to G
+0 omega Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 omega Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 omega Z
+plus my RGA cross PO and that in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus my RGA cross PO and that in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus my RGA cross PO and that in this
+problem let's get the vector right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem let's get the vector right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem let's get the vector right this
+time it's A in the I direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's A in the I direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's A in the I direction
+plus C in the K direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus C in the K direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus C in the K direction
+cross now We need to know what's P with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross now We need to know what's P with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross now We need to know what's P with
+respect to O.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+But that's just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But that's just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But that's just the
+velocity of this of the center of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of this of the center of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of this of the center of mass
+which is now here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is now here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is now here.
+The velocity is omega cross r.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The velocity is omega cross r.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The velocity is omega cross r.
+So when you do that, you've done that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when you do that, you've done that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when you do that, you've done that
+problem lots of times. It's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem lots of times. It's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem lots of times. It's this
+distance.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance.
+It's the perpendicular distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's the perpendicular distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's the perpendicular distance
+uh cross k. You're it's got to be going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cross k. You're it's got to be going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cross k. You're it's got to be going
+into the board. If it's spinning like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the board. If it's spinning like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the board. If it's spinning like
+this, we know the answer's got to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, we know the answer's got to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, we know the answer's got to come
+out plus j and it's r. It's a omega z in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out plus j and it's r. It's a omega z in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out plus j and it's r. It's a omega z in
+the j direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the j direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the j direction
+cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross
+m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m
+a omega z, but it is in the jhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a omega z, but it is in the jhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a omega z, but it is in the jhat
+direction. That's your linear momentum.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. That's your linear momentum.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. That's your linear momentum.
+And we're c this is RGA crossed with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we're c this is RGA crossed with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we're c this is RGA crossed with the
+linear momentum. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this here is M velocity of G here with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here is M velocity of G here with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here is M velocity of G here with
+respect to O that's this term.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we carry out this calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we carry out this calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we carry out this calculation
+and we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get
+and I need a J. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I need a J. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I need a J. Okay.
+So I cross J gives me a K.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I cross J gives me a K.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I cross J gives me a K.
+So I'll get two and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'll get two and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'll get two and this
+this is a diagonal matrix because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a diagonal matrix because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a diagonal matrix because we
+began with a set of principal axes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began with a set of principal axes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began with a set of principal axes for
+our stick.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our stick.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our stick.
+So this term is I ZZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this term is I ZZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this term is I ZZ
+with respect to G. I shouldn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to G. I shouldn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to G. I shouldn't have
+written ZZ here. It's just I with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written ZZ here. It's just I with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written ZZ here. It's just I with
+respect to Z. We multiply this out. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Z. We multiply this out. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Z. We multiply this out. We
+get pick up just this term. Omega Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get pick up just this term. Omega Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get pick up just this term. Omega Z
+K hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K hat
+plus I cross J is K. So that's M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus I cross J is K. So that's M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus I cross J is K. So that's M
+A 2 omega Z K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A 2 omega Z K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A 2 omega Z K
+and K cross J is minus I minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and K cross J is minus I minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and K cross J is minus I minus
+M A C omega Z in the I hat direction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M A C omega Z in the I hat direction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M A C omega Z in the I hat direction.
+Okay. So this is my angular momentum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this is my angular momentum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this is my angular momentum and
+reminding you know it is a vector. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminding you know it is a vector. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminding you know it is a vector. This
+has got components in the K and the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has got components in the K and the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has got components in the K and the I
+directions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions.
+All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And I've rewritten it here. This also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I've rewritten it here. This also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I've rewritten it here. This also
+could be written. And this is h with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be written. And this is h with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be written. And this is h with
+respect to A is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to A is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to A is
+I with respect to A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times the rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the rotation
+vector. If we had just set out with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector. If we had just set out with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector. If we had just set out with this
+problem and said we're going if we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and said we're going if we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and said we're going if we know
+the mass moment inertia matrix computed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass moment inertia matrix computed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass moment inertia matrix computed
+with respect to this point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to this point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to this point and
+multiplied it by our our rotation rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied it by our our rotation rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied it by our our rotation rate
+vector, we would have gotten should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector, we would have gotten should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector, we would have gotten should have
+gotten the same answer. So we didn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten the same answer. So we didn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten the same answer. So we didn't do
+that. We just worked it out using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. We just worked it out using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. We just worked it out using the
+straight form just this formula. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight form just this formula. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight form just this formula. But
+we've essentially discovered the answer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've essentially discovered the answer.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've essentially discovered the answer.
+This is the rotation around K.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This is the term. This is the ZZ term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the term. This is the ZZ term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the term. This is the ZZ term
+with respect to A. And it really should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to A. And it really should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to A. And it really should
+looks like the familiar parallel axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like the familiar parallel axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like the familiar parallel axis
+piece. It's the amount that you moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece. It's the amount that you moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece. It's the amount that you moved
+this axis over. And you're the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this axis over. And you're the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this axis over. And you're the amount
+axis you're spinning around. You moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis you're spinning around. You moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis you're spinning around. You moved
+it over a. And you know the parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it over a. And you know the parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it over a. And you know the parallel
+axis theorem just says add ma squ and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis theorem just says add ma squ and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis theorem just says add ma squ and
+you've got the answer. But we also moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got the answer. But we also moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got the answer. But we also moved
+it up and it gave us another term. What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up and it gave us another term. What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up and it gave us another term. What
+do you suppose that term is? So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you suppose that term is? So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you suppose that term is? So this is
+i z with respect to a. This term by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i z with respect to a. This term by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i z with respect to a. This term by a
+parallel axis theorem you're familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel axis theorem you're familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel axis theorem you're familiar
+with it. This one is I and this is XZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with respect in the A coordinate system.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect in the A coordinate system.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect in the A coordinate system.
+Okay, this is we've created we've made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, this is we've created we've made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, this is we've created we've made
+this thing unbalanced.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing unbalanced.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing unbalanced.
+The angular momentum vector no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The angular momentum vector no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The angular momentum vector no longer
+points in the same direction as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in the same direction as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in the same direction as the
+rotation. It has a K component and an I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation. It has a K component and an I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation. It has a K component and an I
+component. And sure enough, when I spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component. And sure enough, when I spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component. And sure enough, when I spin
+that thing like that, I feel that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing like that, I feel that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing like that, I feel that
+additional torque out to out on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional torque out to out on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional torque out to out on the
+around my hand down here where I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around my hand down here where I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around my hand down here where I'm
+holding it, this thing is going trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding it, this thing is going trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding it, this thing is going trying
+to pull it back and forth. Okay, so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pull it back and forth. Okay, so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pull it back and forth. Okay, so we
+have essentially just shown we've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have essentially just shown we've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have essentially just shown we've just
+arrived at the parallel at a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrived at the parallel at a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrived at the parallel at a more
+complicated parallel axis theorem by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated parallel axis theorem by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated parallel axis theorem by
+just using this basic formula. Okay. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just using this basic formula. Okay. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just using this basic formula. Okay. So,
+Williams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Williams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Williams
+uh in the dynamics that second handout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the dynamics that second handout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the dynamics that second handout
+from Williams has actually given us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Williams has actually given us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Williams has actually given us a
+general formulation for parallel axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general formulation for parallel axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general formulation for parallel axis
+theorem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now, this is just handy to know. I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, this is just handy to know. I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, this is just handy to know. I'll
+just give it to you. And if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have problems
+have a problem someday where you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a problem someday where you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a problem someday where you just
+like to go directly to this statement.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to go directly to this statement.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to go directly to this statement.
+So now I'm just going to say in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now I'm just going to say in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now I'm just going to say in general
+we could have moved over by A, up by C,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could have moved over by A, up by C,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could have moved over by A, up by C,
+and actually into the board by another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually into the board by another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually into the board by another
+by B. So X I'm moving A, Y, I'm moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by B. So X I'm moving A, Y, I'm moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by B. So X I'm moving A, Y, I'm moving
+B, Z I'm moving C. Okay. So you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B, Z I'm moving C. Okay. So you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B, Z I'm moving C. Okay. So you could
+have all those possible moves of the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all those possible moves of the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all those possible moves of the new
+point about which you're rotating. Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+With respect to A, does that mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+With respect to A, does that mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+With respect to A, does that mean that
+you're rotating about point A? You are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're rotating about point A? You are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're rotating about point A? You are
+rotating about point A.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+isn't point A just at the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about the middle about G. Okay. And we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the middle about G. Okay. And we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the middle about G. Okay. And we
+can calculate angle angular momentum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate angle angular momentum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate angle angular momentum of
+this object with respect to G and learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this object with respect to G and learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this object with respect to G and learn
+some things, right? But now we've built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things, right? But now we've built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things, right? But now we've built
+a different device. This is just this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different device. This is just this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different device. This is just this is
+an object now that is in fact u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object now that is in fact u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object now that is in fact u
+spinning.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning.
+You know maybe a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know maybe a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know maybe a uh
+you know let's imagine it's a fan blade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know let's imagine it's a fan blade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know let's imagine it's a fan blade
+and you've broken one blade off. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've broken one blade off. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've broken one blade off. The
+motor is here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor is here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor is here.
+A proper fan blade would have you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A proper fan blade would have you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A proper fan blade would have you know
+blades on both sides so it's nice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blades on both sides so it's nice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blades on both sides so it's nice and
+balanced. The shaft has some length that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced. The shaft has some length that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced. The shaft has some length that
+it sticks out. And now you break off one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sticks out. And now you break off one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sticks out. And now you break off one
+of the blades. And so you've got a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the blades. And so you've got a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the blades. And so you've got a you
+have a system that's doing this, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a system that's doing this, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a system that's doing this, but
+this is going to put a lot of unusual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to put a lot of unusual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to put a lot of unusual
+loads on this point down here. So it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loads on this point down here. So it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loads on this point down here. So it's
+it's it is rotating at the same rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it is rotating at the same rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it is rotating at the same rotation
+rate about this point,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate about this point,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate about this point,
+but it is now a system whose center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is now a system whose center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is now a system whose center of
+mass is over here and it's up. It's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass is over here and it's up. It's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass is over here and it's up. It's not
+only it's above this point and it's out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only it's above this point and it's out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only it's above this point and it's out
+from this point, the center of mass. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this point, the center of mass. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this point, the center of mass. And
+now you compute the angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you compute the angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you compute the angular momentum
+with this point and take its time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this point and take its time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this point and take its time
+derivative. You will find all the torqus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative. You will find all the torqus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative. You will find all the torqus
+required to make this happen.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A little louder. The movements ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A little louder. The movements ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A little louder. The movements ahead and
+chat movement that you've moved the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chat movement that you've moved the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chat movement that you've moved the
+center of mass away from this axis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass away from this axis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass away from this axis of
+rotation and you've moved it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation and you've moved it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation and you've moved it
+you've moved it up and over. So let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've moved it up and over. So let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've moved it up and over. So let's
+actually let's think about that for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually let's think about that for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually let's think about that for a
+minute. This is our beginning point,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute. This is our beginning point,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute. This is our beginning point,
+right? We're at G.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? We're at G.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? We're at G.
+If I just move it up,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I just move it up,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I just move it up,
+does it cause any problems? It's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it cause any problems? It's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it cause any problems? It's still
+balanced. And you'll find out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced. And you'll find out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced. And you'll find out that
+nothing's nothing's happened in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing's nothing's happened in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing's nothing's happened in this
+problem. H with respect to A is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. H with respect to A is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. H with respect to A is the same
+as it was before.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. But now you move it up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. But now you move it up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. But now you move it up and
+over, it starts causing complications.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over, it starts causing complications.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over, it starts causing complications.
+Yeah. Um, in the equation you wrote, um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Um, in the equation you wrote, um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Um, in the equation you wrote, um,
+H= I omega Z. Um, so IA doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H= I omega Z. Um, so IA doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H= I omega Z. Um, so IA doesn't have
+like a direction, but you have an iZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a direction, but you have an iZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a direction, but you have an iZ
+term and XZ term and you're multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and XZ term and you're multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and XZ term and you're multiplying
+it by a vector with an omega in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by a vector with an omega in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by a vector with an omega in this
+term. So how are you getting an I hat?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term. So how are you getting an I hat?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term. So how are you getting an I hat?
+How does that look? Okay, so the there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How does that look? Okay, so the there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How does that look? Okay, so the there's
+an I haven't gone into this and I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an I haven't gone into this and I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an I haven't gone into this and I'm not
+going to when this the I matrix is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to when this the I matrix is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to when this the I matrix is a
+thing called a tensor.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing called a tensor.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing called a tensor.
+And so this is just this is a convention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this is just this is a convention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this is just this is a convention
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+you can make it very mathematical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make it very mathematical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make it very mathematical and
+and assign unit vectors to each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and assign unit vectors to each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and assign unit vectors to each of these
+terms inside but I haven't done that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms inside but I haven't done that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms inside but I haven't done that.
+But the convention here is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the convention here is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the convention here is that this
+the h the angular momentum is a vector.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the h the angular momentum is a vector.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the h the angular momentum is a vector.
+It consists of three components.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It has three potential vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It has three potential vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It has three potential vector
+components. HX in the I,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components. HX in the I,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components. HX in the I,
+HY in the J and HZ in the K directions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HY in the J and HZ in the K directions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HY in the J and HZ in the K directions.
+And we in a compact form say we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we in a compact form say we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we in a compact form say we can
+express that by multiplying its mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express that by multiplying its mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express that by multiplying its mass
+moment of inertia matrix with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of inertia matrix with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of inertia matrix with respect to
+A times the vector that is its rotation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A times the vector that is its rotation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A times the vector that is its rotation.
+Now I only have one component in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now I only have one component in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now I only have one component in this
+omega but it is in the k direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega but it is in the k direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega but it is in the k direction
+and the when you multip when you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the when you multip when you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the when you multip when you take
+this vector and multiply it by the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vector and multiply it by the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vector and multiply it by the top
+row that gives you everything that's i.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row that gives you everything that's i.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row that gives you everything that's i.
+You multiply this vector times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You multiply this vector times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You multiply this vector times the
+second row it gives you everything is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second row it gives you everything is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second row it gives you everything is in
+the j direction in the result. It's part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the j direction in the result. It's part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the j direction in the result. It's part
+of h y in the j direction. You take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of h y in the j direction. You take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of h y in the j direction. You take this
+vector and you multiply it by the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and you multiply it by the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and you multiply it by the third
+row it gives you the z directed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row it gives you the z directed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row it gives you the z directed
+components. Okay, so this one because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components. Okay, so this one because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components. Okay, so this one because
+this one when we multiply this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's in this matrix is this matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in this matrix is this matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in this matrix is this matrix
+diagonal?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+No way. And that's because that's we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No way. And that's because that's we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No way. And that's because that's we
+move we we've gone done something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move we we've gone done something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move we we've gone done something
+strange here. It's not diagonal. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange here. It's not diagonal. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange here. It's not diagonal. And
+when you multiply this times this top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you multiply this times this top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you multiply this times this top
+row, there's a term here which is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row, there's a term here which is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row, there's a term here which is not
+zero. I shouldn't write zero. Make an X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. I shouldn't write zero. Make an X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. I shouldn't write zero. Make an X
+here. This times this gives you an omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. This times this gives you an omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. This times this gives you an omega
+Z times that in the Ihat direction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, this term comes from there being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, this term comes from there being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, this term comes from there being
+something there. Okay. And I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something there. Okay. And I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something there. Okay. And I'm just
+going to give you a generalization that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you a generalization that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you a generalization that
+you can go back and read the Williams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go back and read the Williams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go back and read the Williams
+handout which he says if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout which he says if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout which he says if you want to
+know you want to rotate about some fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you want to rotate about some fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you want to rotate about some fixed
+point A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then you can say that this matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can say that this matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can say that this matrix
+is equal to the one with respect to G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the one with respect to G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the one with respect to G
+which is in our case is diagonal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in our case is diagonal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in our case is diagonal.
+The original one that we had is doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The original one that we had is doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The original one that we had is doesn't
+have to be but if you pick principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be but if you pick principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be but if you pick principal
+axes this will be diagonal plus m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+b ^2 + c^ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b ^2 + c^ 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b ^2 + c^ 2
+- a b - a c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- a b - a c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- a b - a c
+it's symmetric. This is a 2 + c^2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for rotating a system, if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for rotating a system, if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for rotating a system, if you know
+its mass moment of inertia matrix with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its mass moment of inertia matrix with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its mass moment of inertia matrix with
+respect to G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to G
+perhaps principal axes and you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps principal axes and you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps principal axes and you want to
+rotate it about any other point where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate it about any other point where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate it about any other point where
+you've moved it by an A, by a B, by a C,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've moved it by an A, by a B, by a C,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've moved it by an A, by a B, by a C,
+this is essentially the general parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is essentially the general parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is essentially the general parallel
+axis theorem. Again, you can just plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis theorem. Again, you can just plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis theorem. Again, you can just plug
+it in and use that. And you can see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in and use that. And you can see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in and use that. And you can see what
+would happen in this case if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen in this case if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen in this case if you
+multiplied. You add these two together.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied. You add these two together.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied. You add these two together.
+They add term by term. This goes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They add term by term. This goes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They add term by term. This goes into
+the upper up this point. This one adds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper up this point. This one adds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper up this point. This one adds
+to this. Okay. So in this problem in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this. Okay. So in this problem in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this. Okay. So in this problem in our
+particular problem this becomes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you have an I XX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an I XX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an I XX
+I Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I Y
+I Z with respect to G terms. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I Z with respect to G terms. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I Z with respect to G terms. It's
+diagonal to start with.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal to start with.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal to start with.
+And then we don't have a in our problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then we don't have a in our problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then we don't have a in our problem
+that we did there, we didn't have a B.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we did there, we didn't have a B.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we did there, we didn't have a B.
+We did have no B terms. So the B terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We did have no B terms. So the B terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We did have no B terms. So the B terms
+are all zero. But you do end up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all zero. But you do end up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all zero. But you do end up with a
+minus AC term over here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And if you multiply this by 0 0 omega Z,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you multiply this by 0 0 omega Z,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you multiply this by 0 0 omega Z,
+see what happens? You get minus AC in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what happens? You get minus AC in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what happens? You get minus AC in
+the I direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I direction
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+you need an M here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And you come down here, you get the IZ G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you come down here, you get the IZ G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you come down here, you get the IZ G
+uh omega Z in the K direction. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh omega Z in the K direction. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh omega Z in the K direction. That's
+those two terms. Here they are.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. Hope I need the plus a squ.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. So, when you move it over um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So, when you move it over um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So, when you move it over um to
+the end of the stick, normally like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the stick, normally like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the stick, normally like
+you're just shifting it um parallel, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just shifting it um parallel, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just shifting it um parallel, but
+now there's gravity. Is that why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's gravity. Is that why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's gravity. Is that why you
+have this? Say again. So, normally if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this? Say again. So, normally if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this? Say again. So, normally if
+you just take a stick and you have an um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just take a stick and you have an um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just take a stick and you have an um
+a principal axis and you move that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a principal axis and you move that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a principal axis and you move that
+parallel to the end, you wouldn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel to the end, you wouldn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel to the end, you wouldn't get
+all of this. But yeah, so if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this. But yeah, so if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this. But yeah, so if you just
+move it So there, I'm glad you asked the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it So there, I'm glad you asked the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it So there, I'm glad you asked the
+question. is normally or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. is normally or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. is normally or
+the the types of problems in which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the types of problems in which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the types of problems in which we
+usually use the parallel axis theorem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually use the parallel axis theorem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually use the parallel axis theorem is
+you've been spinning it around one axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been spinning it around one axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been spinning it around one axis
+everything's it's a principal axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's it's a principal axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's it's a principal axis
+everything's fine and you want to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's fine and you want to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's fine and you want to just
+move that move it over. So we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move that move it over. So we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move that move it over. So we do that
+with when we do pendulum problems.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with when we do pendulum problems.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with when we do pendulum problems.
+Here's a thing around the center and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's a thing around the center and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's a thing around the center and we
+just want to know what's how does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to know what's how does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to know what's how does this
+thing behave when we move it up here? it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing behave when we move it up here? it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing behave when we move it up here? it
+becomes a pendulum. And we would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a pendulum. And we would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a pendulum. And we would like to
+compute the angular momentum around this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the angular momentum around this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the angular momentum around this
+point. We say, oh, we've moved at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. We say, oh, we've moved at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. We say, oh, we've moved at a
+distance d. The new mass moment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance d. The new mass moment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance d. The new mass moment of
+inertia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia
+in the z direction is the original plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the z direction is the original plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the z direction is the original plus
+md^2, right? Well, that's the so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+md^2, right? Well, that's the so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+md^2, right? Well, that's the so when
+you only make one move, when you only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only make one move, when you only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only make one move, when you only
+have an a, a b, or a c, you never get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an a, a b, or a c, you never get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an a, a b, or a c, you never get
+any of the off diagonal terms because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the off diagonal terms because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the off diagonal terms because
+they're products. See?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're products. See?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're products. See?
+But if you start make more doing more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But if you start make more doing more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But if you start make more doing more
+than one, you introduce complications.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one, you introduce complications.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one, you introduce complications.
+And that's part of the reason I put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's part of the reason I put this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's part of the reason I put this
+up is there's limits limits to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up is there's limits limits to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up is there's limits limits to the
+simple parallel axis theorem. But there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple parallel axis theorem. But there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple parallel axis theorem. But there
+is a general way of doing it. Yes, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a general way of doing it. Yes, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a general way of doing it. Yes, I
+believe her actual question involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe her actual question involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe her actual question involves
+what causes the tors.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So what cause what what causes these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what cause what what causes these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what cause what what causes these
+torqus when you have two when you okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torqus when you have two when you okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torqus when you have two when you okay
+we've talked about this a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about this a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about this a little bit
+before the angular momentum when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the angular momentum when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the angular momentum when we
+calculate angular momentum does it never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate angular momentum does it never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate angular momentum does it never
+involves gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+never gets in there not in the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never gets in there not in the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never gets in there not in the angular
+momentum expression so when you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum expression so when you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum expression so when you go to
+compute d the der time derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute d the der time derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute d the der time derivative of the
+angular momentum you will not find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum you will not find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum you will not find
+torqus that are caused by gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torqus that are caused by gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torqus that are caused by gravity
+You just can't do them. It's not part.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You just can't do them. It's not part.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You just can't do them. It's not part.
+But are the torqus in the system? I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But are the torqus in the system? I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But are the torqus in the system? I
+mean, why I just hold this here? There's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, why I just hold this here? There's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, why I just hold this here? There's
+mg down and there's a static moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mg down and there's a static moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mg down and there's a static moment
+caused by this thing trying to twist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused by this thing trying to twist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused by this thing trying to twist
+this down. When you sum the torqus, when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this down. When you sum the torqus, when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this down. When you sum the torqus, when
+you do the sum of the torqus in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the sum of the torqus in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the sum of the torqus in the in
+the equation, you do your free body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation, you do your free body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation, you do your free body
+diagram, that term will appear.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram, that term will appear.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram, that term will appear.
+But it is balanced by some physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But it is balanced by some physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But it is balanced by some physical
+torque over here that balances it. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque over here that balances it. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque over here that balances it. It
+does. You just won't find it from doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does. You just won't find it from doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does. You just won't find it from doing
+DHDT.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DHDT.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DHDT.
+It's just part of the static equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's just part of the static equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's just part of the static equilibrium
+of the system. But the reason when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system. But the reason when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system. But the reason when you
+move this the pin over the reason you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move this the pin over the reason you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move this the pin over the reason you
+even have the shift is because of No,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even have the shift is because of No,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even have the shift is because of No,
+no, no, no. So, she's asking asking if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no, no, no. So, she's asking asking if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no, no, no. So, she's asking asking if
+is gravity the reason you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gravity the reason you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gravity the reason you
+you I'm not I'm I'm not even quite sure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I'm not I'm I'm not even quite sure.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I'm not I'm I'm not even quite sure.
+How did you how did you shift the line?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How did you how did you shift the line?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How did you how did you shift the line?
+or the Z component of your okay. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the Z component of your okay. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the Z component of your okay. So this
+let's just say that uh let's just make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just say that uh let's just make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just say that uh let's just make
+this a real physical problem. I'm making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a real physical problem. I'm making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a real physical problem. I'm making
+an airplane engine and and I'm making an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an airplane engine and and I'm making an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an airplane engine and and I'm making an
+an airplane with propeller on it and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an airplane with propeller on it and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an airplane with propeller on it and the
+bearing that supports the propeller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bearing that supports the propeller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bearing that supports the propeller
+shaft. If I put it really close to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaft. If I put it really close to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaft. If I put it really close to the
+propeller, okay, then it's doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propeller, okay, then it's doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propeller, okay, then it's doing this
+and everything's fine. What if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything's fine. What if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything's fine. What if I
+extended the propeller shaft?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended the propeller shaft?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended the propeller shaft?
+Okay, so now the bearing is back here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so now the bearing is back here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so now the bearing is back here
+and now the propeller spins. Does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the propeller spins. Does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the propeller spins. Does that
+cause any torqus, any loads back here on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause any torqus, any loads back here on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause any torqus, any loads back here on
+the bearing because I've extended it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bearing because I've extended it?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bearing because I've extended it?
+No. And you could prove that just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No. And you could prove that just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No. And you could prove that just by
+going through this. You do dhdt and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through this. You do dhdt and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through this. You do dhdt and you
+find out the only torqus when it's nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out the only torqus when it's nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out the only torqus when it's nice
+and balanced are those required to drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and balanced are those required to drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and balanced are those required to drive
+this propeller in the in the in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this propeller in the in the in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this propeller in the in the in in the
+direction of the axis of rotation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the axis of rotation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the axis of rotation.
+But as soon as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But as soon as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But as soon as you
+do something to that propeller, like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something to that propeller, like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something to that propeller, like you
+mount it off center, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mount it off center, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mount it off center, which
+rarely happens, but if you dinged if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rarely happens, but if you dinged if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rarely happens, but if you dinged if you
+broke off the tip of one of the blades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broke off the tip of one of the blades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broke off the tip of one of the blades
+of this propeller, you'd now have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this propeller, you'd now have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this propeller, you'd now have a
+propeller that looks like that, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propeller that looks like that, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propeller that looks like that, right?
+And now even in the original system, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now even in the original system, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now even in the original system, if
+you keep it your bearing is right close,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you keep it your bearing is right close,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you keep it your bearing is right close,
+this is this is spinning around. But is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is spinning around. But is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is spinning around. But is
+it putting a load? Sure. There's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it putting a load? Sure. There's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it putting a load? Sure. There's a
+centrifugal force that is going around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrifugal force that is going around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrifugal force that is going around
+and around. Has nothing to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and around. Has nothing to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and around. Has nothing to do with
+gravity. Nothing at all to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity. Nothing at all to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity. Nothing at all to do with
+gravity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity.
+Okay? It's just because this you now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? It's just because this you now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? It's just because this you now the
+mass center is out here. It has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass center is out here. It has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass center is out here. It has
+momentum. The time rate of change of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum. The time rate of change of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum. The time rate of change of of
+that linear momentum is a centripal is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that linear momentum is a centripal is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that linear momentum is a centripal is a
+force making this thing go in a circle.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force making this thing go in a circle.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force making this thing go in a circle.
+Okay. Now, if I extend the propeller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now, if I extend the propeller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now, if I extend the propeller
+shaft,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaft,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaft,
+so it's like that. And I I foolishly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's like that. And I I foolishly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's like that. And I I foolishly
+designed my airplane. So it had a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed my airplane. So it had a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed my airplane. So it had a long
+propeller shaft sticking out there. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propeller shaft sticking out there. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propeller shaft sticking out there. If
+there's a little bit of unbalance in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit of unbalance in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit of unbalance in
+this blade so that you're not spinning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this blade so that you're not spinning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this blade so that you're not spinning
+about the mass center, you're spinning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the mass center, you're spinning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the mass center, you're spinning
+about some other point. Now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some other point. Now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some other point. Now that
+centrifugal force going around is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrifugal force going around is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrifugal force going around is
+pulling this is bending trying to bend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling this is bending trying to bend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling this is bending trying to bend
+this back and forth around this bearing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this back and forth around this bearing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this back and forth around this bearing.
+And because of the way in which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And because of the way in which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And because of the way in which we
+formulate angular momentum, if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulate angular momentum, if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulate angular momentum, if you
+formulate it about that point and take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulate it about that point and take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulate it about that point and take
+its time derivative, you it will reveal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its time derivative, you it will reveal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its time derivative, you it will reveal
+those moments. It's really amazing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those moments. It's really amazing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those moments. It's really amazing that
+it can do that for you, but it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can do that for you, but it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can do that for you, but it has a
+zero nothing to do with gravity. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero nothing to do with gravity. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero nothing to do with gravity. Okay.
+All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+So handy uh hard to remember this from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So handy uh hard to remember this from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So handy uh hard to remember this from
+just a blackboard presentation but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a blackboard presentation but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a blackboard presentation but it's
+in that second reading by Williams. He
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that second reading by Williams. He
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that second reading by Williams. He
+does a not very he proves it in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a not very he proves it in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a not very he proves it in a very
+simple way using know summations of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple way using know summations of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple way using know summations of the
+miris and so forth proves it in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miris and so forth proves it in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miris and so forth proves it in a very
+simple way but a very general handy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple way but a very general handy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple way but a very general handy
+formula that you can use.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that you can use.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that you can use.
+Okay. So, let's uh have another topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, let's uh have another topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, let's uh have another topic
+which I'm not going to do. We've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'm not going to do. We've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'm not going to do. We've got a
+few minutes. You have muddy cards. We've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few minutes. You have muddy cards. We've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few minutes. You have muddy cards. We've
+been thinking about that. And let's ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been thinking about that. And let's ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been thinking about that. And let's ask
+questions. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions. Yeah.
+Ma,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ma,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ma,
+where did I get the the ma?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did I get the the ma?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did I get the the ma?
+Ah, I was doing that kind of fast and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ah, I was doing that kind of fast and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ah, I was doing that kind of fast and I
+probably even messed it up. So let's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably even messed it up. So let's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably even messed it up. So let's uh
+let me check the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I was doing for the example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r
+g a equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g a equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g a equals
+we moved it over by a i and up by c k.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we moved it over by a i and up by c k.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we moved it over by a i and up by c k.
+So and plus z j. We didn't move it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So and plus z j. We didn't move it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So and plus z j. We didn't move it in
+the J direction. Okay. So this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the J direction. Okay. So this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the J direction. Okay. So this is my
+mount that I've moved it. I've moved it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mount that I've moved it. I've moved it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mount that I've moved it. I've moved it
+and I'm out A and I'm out C. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm out A and I'm out C. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm out A and I'm out C. So the
+Williams formula would say ah that new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Williams formula would say ah that new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Williams formula would say ah that new
+mass moment of inertia matrix with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass moment of inertia matrix with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass moment of inertia matrix with
+respect to A becomes the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to A becomes the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to A becomes the original
+plus and now I every place there's a B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and now I every place there's a B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and now I every place there's a B
+here it goes to zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the remaining bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the remaining bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the remaining bits
+I add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with those. So I should get a m whoops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those. So I should get a m whoops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those. So I should get a m whoops
+this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a
+c^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no second term the third term is minus m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no second term the third term is minus m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no second term the third term is minus m
+a c over here that one is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a c over here that one is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a c over here that one is zero
+this one becomes a^2 + c^ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one becomes a^2 + c^ 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one becomes a^2 + c^ 2
+minus yep m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus yep m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus yep m
+and this one is minus m a c 0 I Z and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one is minus m a c 0 I Z and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one is minus m a c 0 I Z and
+A^2 + B^2. So it's just a squ. So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A^2 + B^2. So it's just a squ. So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A^2 + B^2. So it's just a squ. So that's
+this is now correct.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now correct.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now correct.
+Pardon?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pardon?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pardon?
+Yeah. All of these needs m a squ m.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So that's our problem when we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that's our problem when we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that's our problem when we did
+two shifts. But a second we shifted it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two shifts. But a second we shifted it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two shifts. But a second we shifted it
+in two directions we get uh these off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two directions we get uh these off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two directions we get uh these off
+diagonal terms which means that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal terms which means that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal terms which means that if you
+are actually making this device rotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually making this device rotate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually making this device rotate
+about point A you will get these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about point A you will get these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about point A you will get these
+unbalanced moments. It's dynamically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbalanced moments. It's dynamically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbalanced moments. It's dynamically
+unbalanced.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbalanced.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbalanced.
+Okay. Yeah. Um should we be trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Yeah. Um should we be trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Yeah. Um should we be trying to
+find our diagonal moments of inertia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find our diagonal moments of inertia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find our diagonal moments of inertia
+directly or should we uh just do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly or should we uh just do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly or should we uh just do a
+momentum equation to have them fall out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum equation to have them fall out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum equation to have them fall out
+like the integral with x * y.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So he's kind of asking advice on whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So he's kind of asking advice on whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So he's kind of asking advice on whether
+or not we ought to be trying to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not we ought to be trying to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not we ought to be trying to find the
+ang the inertia matrix about other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ang the inertia matrix about other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ang the inertia matrix about other
+points right like the I with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points right like the I with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points right like the I with respect to
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+where I started today I said you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I started today I said you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I started today I said you can
+always you can basically do all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always you can basically do all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always you can basically do all the
+problems with these three equations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with these three equations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with these three equations and
+this doesn't mention parallel axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doesn't mention parallel axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doesn't mention parallel axis
+theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+we use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use this
+to find in fact to solve this problem we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find in fact to solve this problem we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find in fact to solve this problem we
+didn't talk paralle class of serum at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't talk paralle class of serum at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't talk paralle class of serum at
+all. It just that the answer dropped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all. It just that the answer dropped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all. It just that the answer dropped
+out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out.
+And if we looked into that carefully, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if we looked into that carefully, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if we looked into that carefully, we
+could generalize that. We could work now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could generalize that. We could work now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could generalize that. We could work now
+with that a bit and say, "Ah, there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that a bit and say, "Ah, there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that a bit and say, "Ah, there's a
+pattern to this. I'll bet this can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern to this. I'll bet this can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern to this. I'll bet this can be
+recast like this." And it can. So if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recast like this." And it can. So if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recast like this." And it can. So if you
+want to if you if you know this exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to if you if you know this exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to if you if you know this exists
+and you don't want to have to grind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you don't want to have to grind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you don't want to have to grind
+through finding these uh the terms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through finding these uh the terms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through finding these uh the terms that
+come from here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+You can do the problems by finding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can do the problems by finding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can do the problems by finding the
+mass moment of inertia matrix with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass moment of inertia matrix with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass moment of inertia matrix with
+respect to a. You can use this form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to a. You can use this form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to a. You can use this form
+only when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only when you have
+fixed axis rotation. The thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed axis rotation. The thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed axis rotation. The thing is
+the point a is about which this rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point a is about which this rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point a is about which this rotation
+is occurring. then you can write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is occurring. then you can write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is occurring. then you can write down
+write the formula just directly like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the formula just directly like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the formula just directly like
+that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that.
+So you got to be careful when you apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you got to be careful when you apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you got to be careful when you apply
+the parallel axis theorem. Okay, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parallel axis theorem. Okay, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parallel axis theorem. Okay, this
+pro this the nice thing about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro this the nice thing about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro this the nice thing about these
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+forms is they're generally true. A point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms is they're generally true. A point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms is they're generally true. A point
+A can move point A can be accelerating.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A can move point A can be accelerating.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A can move point A can be accelerating.
+The problem that we did here, point A is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The problem that we did here, point A is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The problem that we did here, point A is
+accelerating,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating,
+not only moving, it's actually it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only moving, it's actually it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only moving, it's actually it's not
+even an inertial frame. We solved this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even an inertial frame. We solved this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even an inertial frame. We solved this
+problem. This is a non-inertial frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. This is a non-inertial frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. This is a non-inertial frame
+problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem.
+Went right at it and got and solved it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Went right at it and got and solved it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Went right at it and got and solved it
+directly. Okay. So, I would say if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly. Okay. So, I would say if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly. Okay. So, I would say if you
+have any doubt to answer to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any doubt to answer to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any doubt to answer to your
+question, when you're in doubt, just use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question, when you're in doubt, just use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question, when you're in doubt, just use
+the formula. You don't need to. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula. You don't need to. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula. You don't need to. And then
+you will need to find moments of inertia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will need to find moments of inertia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will need to find moments of inertia
+with respect to the center of mass. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the center of mass. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the center of mass. And
+it's in your interest to use principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in your interest to use principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in your interest to use principal
+axes because they're easier. Yeah. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axes because they're easier. Yeah. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axes because they're easier. Yeah. If
+you were to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation, you would have to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation, you would have to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation, you would have to take the
+derivative. So you have vectors are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative. So you have vectors are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative. So you have vectors are not
+changing. Correct. Ah. So if you took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing. Correct. Ah. So if you took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing. Correct. Ah. So if you took
+the derivative of this dhdt, right? This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of this dhdt, right? This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of this dhdt, right? This
+one just gives you omega z mega dot mega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one just gives you omega z mega dot mega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one just gives you omega z mega dot mega
+z dot. That's your spin in the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z dot. That's your spin in the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z dot. That's your spin in the direction
+of rotation. This term, that unit vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rotation. This term, that unit vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rotation. This term, that unit vector
+rotates.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotates.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotates.
+This gives you two terms.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This gives you two terms.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This gives you two terms.
+gives you a an I term omega I and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a an I term omega I and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a an I term omega I and it
+gives you an omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you an omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you an omega
+J term. Okay. And what those are, those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J term. Okay. And what those are, those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J term. Okay. And what those are, those
+are two torqus. This problem,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two torqus. This problem,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two torqus. This problem,
+there's a torque caused by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a torque caused by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a torque caused by the
+centrifugal force trying to bend this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrifugal force trying to bend this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrifugal force trying to bend this in
+the in the J direction. And if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the J direction. And if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the J direction. And if this is
+accelerating, you know, a theta dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating, you know, a theta dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating, you know, a theta dot
+term, there is a torque trying to bend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term, there is a torque trying to bend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term, there is a torque trying to bend
+this thing backwards. Okay, get them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing backwards. Okay, get them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing backwards. Okay, get them
+both. All right,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both. All right,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both. All right,
+muddy cards and see you on Thursday.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muddy cards and see you on Thursday.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muddy cards and see you on Thursday.
+Thursday, we're going to do a nasty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday, we're going to do a nasty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday, we're going to do a nasty
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+and it is a leadin to a problem. You can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is a leadin to a problem. You can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is a leadin to a problem. You can
+do the same problem extraordinarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same problem extraordinarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same problem extraordinarily
+easily using energy and that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily using energy and that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily using energy and that's kind of
+the purpose of doing it. So you see both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purpose of doing it. So you see both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purpose of doing it. So you see both
+ways of doing it.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/wMxOwJVs-LM.txt b/wMxOwJVs-LM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a55da1700c2759cbe3ab9a442a7c2c26a6fab313
--- /dev/null
+++ b/wMxOwJVs-LM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16346 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh so let me get started so um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so let me get started so um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so let me get started so um if
+you remember last class I did the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember last class I did the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember last class I did the sort
+of uh basic Strategic investment Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh basic Strategic investment Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh basic Strategic investment Theory
+and talked about you know how we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talked about you know how we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talked about you know how we think
+about um how we think about firms trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um how we think about firms trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um how we think about firms trying
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+uh make long-term Investments that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh make long-term Investments that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh make long-term Investments that
+either you know deter Rivals from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either you know deter Rivals from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either you know deter Rivals from
+entering or uh change the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering or uh change the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering or uh change the nature of
+competition in a way that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition in a way that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition in a way that's going to
+make them more profitable if they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them more profitable if they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them more profitable if they go
+ahead and give up and accommodate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and give up and accommodate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and give up and accommodate that
+the rivals come in and you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rivals come in and you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rivals come in and you know the
+basic insights there are you know to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic insights there are you know to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic insights there are you know to
+deter entry it's very simple you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deter entry it's very simple you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deter entry it's very simple you just
+want to do whatever kinds of Investments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do whatever kinds of Investments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do whatever kinds of Investments
+are going to hurt your Rivals and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to hurt your Rivals and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to hurt your Rivals and then
+in uh when you're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh when you're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh when you're talking about
+accommodating entry one of the insights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodating entry one of the insights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodating entry one of the insights
+was uh it really depends on whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh it really depends on whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh it really depends on whether
+you're playing games with strategic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're playing games with strategic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're playing games with strategic
+compliments or substitutes and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliments or substitutes and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliments or substitutes and in
+strategic compliments games generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic compliments games generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic compliments games generally
+act Investments that help your Rivals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act Investments that help your Rivals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act Investments that help your Rivals
+are are ones that are good strategically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are ones that are good strategically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are ones that are good strategically
+and Investments that hurt your Rivals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Investments that hurt your Rivals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Investments that hurt your Rivals
+are bad although and then then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bad although and then then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bad although and then then it's
+reversed if you're looking at coroi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversed if you're looking at coroi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversed if you're looking at coroi
+games okay so today I'm going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games okay so today I'm going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games okay so today I'm going to talk
+about um uh empirical work on Strategic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um uh empirical work on Strategic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um uh empirical work on Strategic
+investment and you know why are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment and you know why are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment and you know why are we
+interested in this you know there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in this you know there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in this you know there's a
+sort of standard kind of considerations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of standard kind of considerations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of standard kind of considerations
+that we want to sort of understand do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want to sort of understand do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want to sort of understand do
+the models work well the firms do what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the models work well the firms do what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the models work well the firms do what
+we think uh there are other cases where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think uh there are other cases where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think uh there are other cases where
+um you know Strategic investment of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know Strategic investment of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know Strategic investment of the
+type describing those models could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type describing those models could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type describing those models could be
+violating antitrust laws you know I gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violating antitrust laws you know I gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violating antitrust laws you know I gave
+a model of um tying where tying could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a model of um tying where tying could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a model of um tying where tying could be
+used to deter entry you know that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to deter entry you know that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to deter entry you know that would
+potentially be a monopolization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially be a monopolization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially be a monopolization
+violation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violation
+um but okay so anyway so yeah trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but okay so anyway so yeah trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but okay so anyway so yeah trying to
+sort of see do these you know and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of see do these you know and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of see do these you know and and
+you know are the incentives that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know are the incentives that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know are the incentives that these
+models sort of say could be there to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models sort of say could be there to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models sort of say could be there to
+Signal cost or do other things are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Signal cost or do other things are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Signal cost or do other things are those
+actually empirically important and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually empirically important and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually empirically important and then
+if they are important do the firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they are important do the firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they are important do the firms
+recognize and react to them so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize and react to them so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize and react to them so for
+thinking about one are these incentives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about one are these incentives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about one are these incentives
+important the main thing to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important the main thing to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important the main thing to understand
+is this da1 star dk1 and da uh two star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this da1 star dk1 and da uh two star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this da1 star dk1 and da uh two star
+dk1 you know if you remember the uh when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dk1 you know if you remember the uh when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dk1 you know if you remember the uh when
+we're talking about the entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+deterrence uh you know whether you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterrence uh you know whether you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterrence uh you know whether you do
+more or less investment to deter entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less investment to deter entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less investment to deter entry
+was determined by a strategic effect and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was determined by a strategic effect and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was determined by a strategic effect and
+that strategic effect looked like um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that strategic effect looked like um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that strategic effect looked like um uh
+uh it was D Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it was D Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it was D Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sorry D Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sorry D Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sorry D Pi
+2 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 uh
+da1 da1 Star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dk1 right you know strategic entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dk1 right you know strategic entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dk1 right you know strategic entry
+deterrence was about K1 is a commitment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterrence was about K1 is a commitment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterrence was about K1 is a commitment
+that makes me um change my second period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes me um change my second period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes me um change my second period
+action and then when I change my second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action and then when I change my second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action and then when I change my second
+period action how does it affect firm 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period action how does it affect firm 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period action how does it affect firm 2
+and keep firm 2 out of the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+accommodation you know I went to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodation you know I went to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodation you know I went to the
+helping and hurting but before that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping and hurting but before that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping and hurting but before that I
+had the Strategic effect was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the Strategic effect was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the Strategic effect was
+dp1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dp1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dp1
+da2 da2 star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+da2 da2 star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+da2 da2 star
+dk1 so you know strategic entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dk1 so you know strategic entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dk1 so you know strategic entry
+accommodation was about getting your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodation was about getting your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodation was about getting your
+rival to do something that using K1 as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rival to do something that using K1 as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rival to do something that using K1 as a
+changing nature of competition the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing nature of competition the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing nature of competition the way
+they get your rival to do something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get your rival to do something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get your rival to do something that
+you want to do you know we're we pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do you know we're we pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do you know we're we pretty
+much always know what these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much always know what these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much always know what these are the
+signs of these D Pi 2 A1 this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs of these D Pi 2 A1 this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs of these D Pi 2 A1 this is just
+like you know firms like their opponents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know firms like their opponents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know firms like their opponents
+to set higher prices or firms like their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set higher prices or firms like their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set higher prices or firms like their
+opponents choose lower quantities but so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponents choose lower quantities but so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponents choose lower quantities but so
+then the important strategic questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the important strategic questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the important strategic questions
+are how big are these things the a how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are how big are these things the a how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are how big are these things the a how
+much do the A's change with the K with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much do the A's change with the K with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much do the A's change with the K with
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Investments um so anyway that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Investments um so anyway that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Investments um so anyway that's one
+thing people do and then the other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing people do and then the other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing people do and then the other thing
+people do is you know we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do is you know we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do is you know we're trying to
+sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+see does the model with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see does the model with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see does the model with these
+investment in you know entry Investments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment in you know entry Investments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment in you know entry Investments
+better explain what what firms do than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better explain what what firms do than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better explain what what firms do than a
+model without those investment terms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model without those investment terms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model without those investment terms in
+there and firms you know our firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and firms you know our firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and firms you know our firms
+recognizing those um you know some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing those um you know some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing those um you know some
+sometimes we can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we can think
+of this question of our firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this question of our firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this question of our firms
+recognizing and reacting to entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing and reacting to entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing and reacting to entry
+deterrence incentives by really thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterrence incentives by really thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterrence incentives by really thinking
+of as just different strategic models so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of as just different strategic models so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of as just different strategic models so
+as I said everything I did on Strategic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I said everything I did on Strategic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I said everything I did on Strategic
+investment was comparing the entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment was comparing the entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment was comparing the entry
+investment with an entry accommodation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment with an entry accommodation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment with an entry accommodation
+motive to the open loop equilibrium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motive to the open loop equilibrium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motive to the open loop equilibrium and
+the open loop equilibrium is the fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the open loop equilibrium is the fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the open loop equilibrium is the fully
+optimal choice of K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal choice of K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal choice of K
+in this model where K is NE observed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this model where K is NE observed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this model where K is NE observed the
+incumbent chooses K the entrant chooses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incumbent chooses K the entrant chooses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incumbent chooses K the entrant chooses
+in or out there's Monopoly or duopoly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in or out there's Monopoly or duopoly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in or out there's Monopoly or duopoly
+and only after the you know and never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only after the you know and never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only after the you know and never
+does the uh rival appear observe K so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the uh rival appear observe K so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the uh rival appear observe K so
+non Strate you can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non Strate you can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non Strate you can think of
+non-strategic investment as just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-strategic investment as just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-strategic investment as just
+Strategic investment in that model where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strategic investment in that model where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strategic investment in that model where
+K is unobserved and then you could add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is unobserved and then you could add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is unobserved and then you could add
+in two different strategic variants one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two different strategic variants one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two different strategic variants one
+where uh if you observed K here that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh if you observed K here that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh if you observed K here that's
+the fully strategic model where you sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fully strategic model where you sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fully strategic model where you sort
+of think about entry accommodation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of think about entry accommodation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of think about entry accommodation and
+entry deterrence motives and if You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry deterrence motives and if You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry deterrence motives and if You
+observe K here that's the model where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe K here that's the model where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe K here that's the model where
+you think only think about strategic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think only think about strategic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think only think about strategic
+entry accommodation not deterrence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry accommodation not deterrence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry accommodation not deterrence
+because you're not observing K until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're not observing K until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're not observing K until
+after the entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the entry
+decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision
+okay um anyway so I'm I'm going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um anyway so I'm I'm going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um anyway so I'm I'm going to talk
+about papers taking a few different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about papers taking a few different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about papers taking a few different
+approaches um first approach is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches um first approach is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches um first approach is just
+examine the effects of the investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examine the effects of the investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examine the effects of the investment
+directly just look at some investment K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly just look at some investment K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly just look at some investment K
+look at some action a that occurs later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at some action a that occurs later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at some action a that occurs later
+and observe whether dadk is large um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and observe whether dadk is large um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and observe whether dadk is large um and
+what's what the sign of it is uh second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what the sign of it is uh second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what the sign of it is uh second
+approach you see is to try to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach you see is to try to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach you see is to try to understand
+if firms are following their strategic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if firms are following their strategic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if firms are following their strategic
+incentives what we can do is examine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives what we can do is examine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives what we can do is examine
+reduce form predictions that differ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce form predictions that differ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce form predictions that differ
+between the non-strategic and strategic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the non-strategic and strategic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the non-strategic and strategic
+models and and then sort of see which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and and then sort of see which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and and then sort of see which
+one better explains the data and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one better explains the data and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one better explains the data and then
+the third approach is to you know write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third approach is to you know write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third approach is to you know write
+down a model that you can structurally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a model that you can structurally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a model that you can structurally
+estimate and sort of understand does a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate and sort of understand does a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate and sort of understand does a
+structural model explain things better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural model explain things better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural model explain things better
+than hopefully some alternate structural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than hopefully some alternate structural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than hopefully some alternate structural
+model model that doesn't have that term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model model that doesn't have that term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model model that doesn't have that term
+um and so I'll talk about papers with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so I'll talk about papers with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so I'll talk about papers with
+each approach um so I'm going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each approach um so I'm going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each approach um so I'm going to start
+with um uh shaler's paper capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um uh shaler's paper capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um uh shaler's paper capital
+structure and product Market competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and product Market competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and product Market competition
+um so this is a paper about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is a paper about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is a paper about the
+supermarket industry and it's motivated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supermarket industry and it's motivated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supermarket industry and it's motivated
+by work on uh work in corporate finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by work on uh work in corporate finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by work on uh work in corporate finance
+um so you the corporate finance question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you the corporate finance question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you the corporate finance question
+that motivates this is why to firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that motivates this is why to firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that motivates this is why to firms
+choose the capital structures that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the capital structures that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the capital structures that they
+do um you know I think we're used well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um you know I think we're used well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um you know I think we're used well I
+don't know how many people here have Tak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how many people here have Tak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how many people here have Tak
+the corporate finance course is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corporate finance course is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corporate finance course is the
+answer going to be zero okay so one good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer going to be zero okay so one good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer going to be zero okay so one good
+okay anyway so starting point for most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay anyway so starting point for most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay anyway so starting point for most
+uh like theoretical corporate finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like theoretical corporate finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like theoretical corporate finance
+courses is you start with Miller miglani
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses is you start with Miller miglani
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses is you start with Miller miglani
+like you know a lot of corporate finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know a lot of corporate finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know a lot of corporate finance
+is about how does a you well the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about how does a you well the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about how does a you well the basic
+structure that you certainly want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that you certainly want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that you certainly want to
+teach MB is you know how do you set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach MB is you know how do you set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach MB is you know how do you set up
+your capital structure of your firm why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your capital structure of your firm why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your capital structure of your firm why
+do you you know how do you decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you you know how do you decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you you know how do you decide
+between having raising money through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between having raising money through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between having raising money through
+debt raising money through Equity how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debt raising money through Equity how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debt raising money through Equity how
+does a firm value affected by choosing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a firm value affected by choosing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a firm value affected by choosing a
+capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital
+structure and sort of the starting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and sort of the starting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and sort of the starting point
+for this literature is What's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this literature is What's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this literature is What's called the
+Miller miglani theorem and the Miller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miller miglani theorem and the Miller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miller miglani theorem and the Miller
+miglani theorem is a basic theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miglani theorem is a basic theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miglani theorem is a basic theorem
+talking about how in competitive markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about how in competitive markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about how in competitive markets
+uh with uh different states of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with uh different states of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with uh different states of the world
+your capital structure is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your capital structure is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your capital structure is just
+completely irrelevant and if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely irrelevant and if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely irrelevant and if you think
+about it it's like you know there's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it it's like you know there's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it it's like you know there's just
+some giant set of states of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some giant set of states of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some giant set of states of the world
+that may arise and the firm earns some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may arise and the firm earns some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may arise and the firm earns some
+different amount of profits in every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different amount of profits in every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different amount of profits in every
+state and then you divide up the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and then you divide up the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and then you divide up the state
+contingent claims on the firms into you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contingent claims on the firms into you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contingent claims on the firms into you
+know a debt contract or an equity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a debt contract or an equity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a debt contract or an equity
+contract you know like any contract like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract you know like any contract like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract you know like any contract like
+Equity or debt or whatever pays off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equity or debt or whatever pays off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equity or debt or whatever pays off
+different amounts in different states of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different amounts in different states of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different amounts in different states of
+the world and then midani theorem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world and then midani theorem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world and then midani theorem is
+basically sort of saying look if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically sort of saying look if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically sort of saying look if you
+think about if you're just deciding how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about if you're just deciding how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about if you're just deciding how
+much have in different states of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much have in different states of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much have in different states of the
+world whether you have some this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world whether you have some this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world whether you have some this
+combination of debt and Equity or this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of debt and Equity or this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of debt and Equity or this
+combination all you're doing is changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination all you're doing is changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination all you're doing is changing
+the you know like the the debt contracts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know like the the debt contracts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know like the the debt contracts
+were something the equities were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were something the equities were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were something the equities were
+something but the sum of the two is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but the sum of the two is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but the sum of the two is you
+know or the sum of all the claims you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know or the sum of all the claims you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know or the sum of all the claims you
+issue on the firm are still just issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue on the firm are still just issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue on the firm are still just issue
+to all of the value State contingent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all of the value State contingent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all of the value State contingent
+profits you're going to earn so capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits you're going to earn so capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits you're going to earn so capital
+structure is just completely irrelevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is just completely irrelevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is just completely irrelevant
+um but so then obviously you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but so then obviously you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but so then obviously you know the
+after that first observation you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that first observation you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that first observation you need
+you need theories for why firms do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need theories for why firms do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need theories for why firms do have
+debt and do have equity and why they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debt and do have equity and why they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debt and do have equity and why they
+decide to do it and um yeah I wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to do it and um yeah I wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to do it and um yeah I wouldn't
+say this is the biggest class but like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this is the biggest class but like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this is the biggest class but like a
+substantial part of that literature does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial part of that literature does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial part of that literature does
+say one reason why you could want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say one reason why you could want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say one reason why you could want
+capital structure could matter is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital structure could matter is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital structure could matter is
+because capital structure can affect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because capital structure can affect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because capital structure can affect the
+product Market competition between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product Market competition between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product Market competition between the
+firms and there's a big literature about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms and there's a big literature about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms and there's a big literature about
+debt arguing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debt arguing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debt arguing
+how debt could affect real actions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how debt could affect real actions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how debt could affect real actions that
+firms take and effects that can go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms take and effects that can go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms take and effects that can go in
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+directions so you know what's think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions so you know what's think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions so you know what's think
+about thought experiment you know a firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about thought experiment you know a firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about thought experiment you know a firm
+takes on a large amount of debt and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes on a large amount of debt and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes on a large amount of debt and so
+because they've taken on a large amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they've taken on a large amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they've taken on a large amount
+of debt they need a lot of cash flow to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of debt they need a lot of cash flow to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of debt they need a lot of cash flow to
+make the debt payments that they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the debt payments that they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the debt payments that they've
+taken on okay um what does that do well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken on okay um what does that do well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken on okay um what does that do well
+first you know start with a standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first you know start with a standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first you know start with a standard
+oligopoly game uh you know that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligopoly game uh you know that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligopoly game uh you know that's going
+to have no effect whatsoever so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have no effect whatsoever so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have no effect whatsoever so you know
+I I take it on debt I want to make more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I take it on debt I want to make more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I take it on debt I want to make more
+money if it's a stat game every period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money if it's a stat game every period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money if it's a stat game every period
+I'm trying to make as much money as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to make as much money as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to make as much money as I
+can so I'm still just going to choose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can so I'm still just going to choose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can so I'm still just going to choose a
+profit maximizing prices in every period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit maximizing prices in every period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit maximizing prices in every period
+debt would have no effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debt would have no effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debt would have no effect
+whatsoever um to get that to have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever um to get that to have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever um to get that to have an
+effect though you can think about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect though you can think about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect though you can think about um
+Dynamic models so one class of model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic models so one class of model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic models so one class of model
+might be you know if you have a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be you know if you have a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be you know if you have a model
+where you have customer loyalty you sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have customer loyalty you sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have customer loyalty you sell
+things to Consumers at good prices they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to Consumers at good prices they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to Consumers at good prices they
+get used to your product they like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get used to your product they like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get used to your product they like the
+taste of your mayonnaise they sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taste of your mayonnaise they sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taste of your mayonnaise they sort of
+like your frequent fly miles um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like your frequent fly miles um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like your frequent fly miles um and then
+you sort of build up this Goodwill over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of build up this Goodwill over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of build up this Goodwill over
+time but then it's a Goodwill as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but then it's a Goodwill as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but then it's a Goodwill as an
+asset that you can depreciate well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset that you can depreciate well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset that you can depreciate well if
+you now need a lot of money in the short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now need a lot of money in the short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now need a lot of money in the short
+run to pay down your debt you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run to pay down your debt you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run to pay down your debt you might
+start raising your prices exploit all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start raising your prices exploit all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start raising your prices exploit all
+the customers who are temporarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the customers who are temporarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the customers who are temporarily
+captive to you and sort of exploit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captive to you and sort of exploit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captive to you and sort of exploit and
+burn up all the Goodwill you've gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn up all the Goodwill you've gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn up all the Goodwill you've gotten
+um so that might be a case where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that might be a case where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that might be a case where you
+sort of raise prices because you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of raise prices because you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of raise prices because you need to
+raise money in the short run um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise money in the short run um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise money in the short run um in
+Dynamic collusion you can get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic collusion you can get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic collusion you can get the
+opposite effect I talked about like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite effect I talked about like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite effect I talked about like in
+the rodenberg saloner model if firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rodenberg saloner model if firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rodenberg saloner model if firms
+have a big incentive to deviate from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a big incentive to deviate from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a big incentive to deviate from the
+cartel agreement then the full collusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartel agreement then the full collusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartel agreement then the full collusion
+is no longer sustainable so in a dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no longer sustainable so in a dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no longer sustainable so in a dynamic
+model you could have that we can no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model you could have that we can no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model you could have that we can no
+longer sustain this high collusive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer sustain this high collusive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer sustain this high collusive
+prices because we need have the debt we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices because we need have the debt we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices because we need have the debt we
+need to lower our prices to reduce our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to lower our prices to reduce our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to lower our prices to reduce our
+incentive devv on the cartel agreement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive devv on the cartel agreement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive devv on the cartel agreement
+so this need for short run money could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this need for short run money could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this need for short run money could
+raise or lower prices um another effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise or lower prices um another effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise or lower prices um another effect
+we have talked about with Deb is uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have talked about with Deb is uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have talked about with Deb is uh you
+know high debt rais like if if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know high debt rais like if if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know high debt rais like if if there's
+like a you know for every extra dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a you know for every extra dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a you know for every extra dollar
+you borrow lenders are going to demand a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you borrow lenders are going to demand a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you borrow lenders are going to demand a
+higher and higher interest rate for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher and higher interest rate for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher and higher interest rate for the
+next dollar because the the threat of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next dollar because the the threat of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next dollar because the the threat of of
+bankruptcy is larger um so high debt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bankruptcy is larger um so high debt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bankruptcy is larger um so high debt
+raises the cost of capital and makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raises the cost of capital and makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raises the cost of capital and makes it
+difficult for you to borrow more money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult for you to borrow more money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult for you to borrow more money
+for future expansion and so if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for future expansion and so if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for future expansion and so if you think
+about like how would this work in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like how would this work in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like how would this work in a
+standard Coro competition model in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard Coro competition model in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard Coro competition model in a
+Coro model if you've committed to not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coro model if you've committed to not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coro model if you've committed to not
+expand then your Rivals are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand then your Rivals are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand then your Rivals are going to
+expand because like if I commit to a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand because like if I commit to a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand because like if I commit to a low
+Q my rivals are going to choose a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q my rivals are going to choose a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q my rivals are going to choose a higher
+Q as the best response um so it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q as the best response um so it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q as the best response um so it could be
+that debt is a you know commitment that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that debt is a you know commitment that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that debt is a you know commitment that
+leaves my rivals to expand more um there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves my rivals to expand more um there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves my rivals to expand more um there
+could be other models though I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be other models though I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be other models though I haven't
+talked about them yet like you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about them yet like you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about them yet like you know if
+you have like there's some new market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have like there's some new market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have like there's some new market
+there's some new growing uh City one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some new growing uh City one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some new growing uh City one one
+of two firms is going to open up a store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two firms is going to open up a store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two firms is going to open up a store
+in that new growing city well if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that new growing city well if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that new growing city well if you
+know your like if if you are afraid your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know your like if if you are afraid your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know your like if if you are afraid your
+rival is going to open before you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rival is going to open before you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rival is going to open before you you
+may race and get in there before it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may race and get in there before it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may race and get in there before it's
+short run profitable but just when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run profitable but just when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run profitable but just when the
+pdv is positive to get in and beat your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pdv is positive to get in and beat your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pdv is positive to get in and beat your
+rival into the new market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rival into the new market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rival into the new market
+if you know your rival is is debt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know your rival is is debt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know your rival is is debt
+constrained can't raise money you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained can't raise money you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained can't raise money you can
+just wait later and and enter later so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wait later and and enter later so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wait later and and enter later so
+it might be that your Rivals enter less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be that your Rivals enter less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be that your Rivals enter less
+if you're constrained by your debt load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're constrained by your debt load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're constrained by your debt load
+um anyway so you know I can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyway so you know I can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyway so you know I can think of
+these as different many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these as different many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these as different many different
+stories in which sort of taking on debt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories in which sort of taking on debt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories in which sort of taking on debt
+makes firms soft or makes firms tough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes firms soft or makes firms tough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes firms soft or makes firms tough
+and therefore would have an entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore would have an entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore would have an entry
+deterring or entry accommodating effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterring or entry accommodating effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterring or entry accommodating effect
+um okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay
+so uh this is sort of the what chial is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh this is sort of the what chial is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh this is sort of the what chial is
+interested in is is basically this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in is is basically this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in is is basically this
+question of what effect does debt have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of what effect does debt have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of what effect does debt have
+using the supermarket industry as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the supermarket industry as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the supermarket industry as an
+opportunity to explore debt um and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to explore debt um and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to explore debt um and you
+know she takes advantage of this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know she takes advantage of this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know she takes advantage of this sort of
+like you know again what's a natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know again what's a natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know again what's a natural
+experiment well um you know Judy claims
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment well um you know Judy claims
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment well um you know Judy claims
+that the sort of um um basic story here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sort of um um basic story here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sort of um um basic story here
+though it's this weird natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's this weird natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's this weird natural
+experiment at lbos in which there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment at lbos in which there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment at lbos in which there's a
+family called the half family they had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family called the half family they had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family called the half family they had a
+drugstore chain uh the dart drugstore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugstore chain uh the dart drugstore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugstore chain uh the dart drugstore
+chain and they sold the chain for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain and they sold the chain for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain and they sold the chain for you
+know this is back in the 1990s business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is back in the 1990s business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is back in the 1990s business
+worth less than they are now they sold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth less than they are now they sold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth less than they are now they sold
+their drugstore chain for $160
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their drugstore chain for $160
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their drugstore chain for $160
+million uh and soon after they decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million uh and soon after they decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million uh and soon after they decided
+that they wanted to get into the Super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they wanted to get into the Super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they wanted to get into the Super
+now having cashed out of the drugstore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now having cashed out of the drugstore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now having cashed out of the drugstore
+business they wanted to get into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business they wanted to get into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business they wanted to get into the
+supermarket business and they've marked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supermarket business and they've marked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supermarket business and they've marked
+on a series of attempts to buy some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a series of attempts to buy some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a series of attempts to buy some
+national supermarket chain uh using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national supermarket chain uh using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national supermarket chain uh using
+leverage buyouts um so um people know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leverage buyouts um so um people know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leverage buyouts um so um people know
+what a leverage buyout is leverage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a leverage buyout is leverage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a leverage buyout is leverage
+buyout is you know I want to buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buyout is you know I want to buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buyout is you know I want to buy
+something I don't nearly enough money to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I don't nearly enough money to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I don't nearly enough money to
+do it but I just get people to lend me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it but I just get people to lend me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it but I just get people to lend me a
+tremendous amount of money I take all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous amount of money I take all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous amount of money I take all
+the borrowed money and I use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the borrowed money and I use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the borrowed money and I use the
+borrowed money to buy uh the business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowed money to buy uh the business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowed money to buy uh the business
+that I want to buy um and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want to buy um and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want to buy um and so the
+leverage refers to you're borrowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leverage refers to you're borrowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leverage refers to you're borrowing
+you're buying this business largely with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're buying this business largely with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're buying this business largely with
+someone else's money but you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else's money but you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else's money but you're just
+sort of taking on an awful lot of debt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of taking on an awful lot of debt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of taking on an awful lot of debt
+to buy the business okay um anyway so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buy the business okay um anyway so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buy the business okay um anyway so
+first thing we know they did is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing we know they did is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing we know they did is they
+tried to buy you know they just started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to buy you know they just started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to buy you know they just started
+buying up all the stock and Safeway on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying up all the stock and Safeway on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying up all the stock and Safeway on
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+market and then obviously the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and then obviously the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and then obviously the you know
+you you start buying up stock and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you start buying up stock and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you start buying up stock and you
+can buy up 5% of the stock of a publicly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can buy up 5% of the stock of a publicly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can buy up 5% of the stock of a publicly
+traded company before announcing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traded company before announcing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traded company before announcing your
+intentions so they started buying up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentions so they started buying up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentions so they started buying up
+stock in Safeway they then announced we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock in Safeway they then announced we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock in Safeway they then announced we
+want to do an lbo and take and and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do an lbo and take and and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do an lbo and take and and uh
+take over Safeway obviously as soon as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take over Safeway obviously as soon as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take over Safeway obviously as soon as
+they announced that they were going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they announced that they were going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they announced that they were going to
+take over Safeway the price of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take over Safeway the price of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take over Safeway the price of you know
+like often you sort of buy out a firm at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like often you sort of buy out a firm at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like often you sort of buy out a firm at
+like 50% premium over the current stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 50% premium over the current stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 50% premium over the current stock
+market price so they announced they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market price so they announced they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market price so they announced they're
+going to take over Safeway price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take over Safeway price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take over Safeway price of
+Safeway stock you know jumps um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Safeway stock you know jumps um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Safeway stock you know jumps um and then
+the you know so so in some sense they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know so so in some sense they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know so so in some sense they
+bought the stock here they then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought the stock here they then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought the stock here they then
+announced they're buying it in the stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announced they're buying it in the stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announced they're buying it in the stock
+jumps like that um and then anyway the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumps like that um and then anyway the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumps like that um and then anyway the
+Safeway management does not want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Safeway management does not want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Safeway management does not want to be
+bought out by the um half family and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought out by the um half family and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought out by the um half family and
+lose their jobs so the Safeway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose their jobs so the Safeway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose their jobs so the Safeway
+management decides no we also think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management decides no we also think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management decides no we also think
+Safeway is undervalued we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Safeway is undervalued we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Safeway is undervalued we're going to
+buy Safeway out ourselves uh and so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy Safeway out ourselves uh and so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy Safeway out ourselves uh and so then
+what the Safeway management did is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the Safeway management did is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the Safeway management did is they
+borrowed several billion dollars did an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowed several billion dollars did an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowed several billion dollars did an
+lbo to buy the drugstore instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lbo to buy the drugstore instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lbo to buy the drugstore instead of
+letting the half family buy to sorry bu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letting the half family buy to sorry bu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letting the half family buy to sorry bu
+Safeway instead you know the managers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Safeway instead you know the managers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Safeway instead you know the managers
+themselves bought the firm and took it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves bought the firm and took it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves bought the firm and took it
+private rather than letting the um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private rather than letting the um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private rather than letting the um uh
+half family take it over uh and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half family take it over uh and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half family take it over uh and then you
+know what I think one thing that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what I think one thing that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what I think one thing that the
+half family noticed here was that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half family noticed here was that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half family noticed here was that they
+made an awful lot of money when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made an awful lot of money when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made an awful lot of money when the
+stock did this um and then after it did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock did this um and then after it did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock did this um and then after it did
+this you know then then the um Safeway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know then then the um Safeway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know then then the um Safeway
+management took it over and then had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management took it over and then had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management took it over and then had to
+pay them again to get to buy up all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay them again to get to buy up all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay them again to get to buy up all of
+the shares that they bought and to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shares that they bought and to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shares that they bought and to give
+up their take over at attempt uh and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up their take over at attempt uh and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up their take over at attempt uh and so
+they ended up making you know $150
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they ended up making you know $150
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they ended up making you know $150
+million or something like that and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million or something like that and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million or something like that and then
+what we don't know is like did the half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we don't know is like did the half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we don't know is like did the half
+Brothers say wow that was awesome I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brothers say wow that was awesome I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brothers say wow that was awesome I just
+made $150 million and I didn't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made $150 million and I didn't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made $150 million and I didn't have to
+do anything or did they really want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do anything or did they really want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do anything or did they really want a
+super market chain but they basically at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super market chain but they basically at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super market chain but they basically at
+this point went from chain to chain to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point went from chain to chain to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point went from chain to chain to
+chain to chain to chain and kept trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain to chain to chain and kept trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain to chain to chain and kept trying
+to buy them and kept losing and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buy them and kept losing and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buy them and kept losing and the
+management of all these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management of all these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management of all these different
+supermarkets um you know did either what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supermarkets um you know did either what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supermarkets um you know did either what
+either you know lbos or what are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either you know lbos or what are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either you know lbos or what are called
+Leverage Recaps where they just borrowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leverage Recaps where they just borrowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leverage Recaps where they just borrowed
+money and didn't take it private but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and didn't take it private but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and didn't take it private but
+borrowed a lot of money and bought back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowed a lot of money and bought back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowed a lot of money and bought back
+a lot of the equity uh and you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the equity uh and you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the equity uh and you know so
+but in this period of just three years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this period of just three years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this period of just three years
+19 of the 50 largest Supermarket chains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 of the 50 largest Supermarket chains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 of the 50 largest Supermarket chains
+in the US did lbos uh and and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the US did lbos uh and and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the US did lbos uh and and so you
+know Judy sort of treats this as she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Judy sort of treats this as she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Judy sort of treats this as she's
+going to think of this as a you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to think of this as a you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to think of this as a you know
+relatively random choice just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively random choice just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively random choice just sort of
+where did the half Brothers go over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did the half Brothers go over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did the half Brothers go over and
+over and over again trying to buy them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again trying to buy them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again trying to buy them
+and we get this natural experiment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get this natural experiment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get this natural experiment of
+19 chains doing lbos 31 chains not doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 chains doing lbos 31 chains not doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 chains doing lbos 31 chains not doing
+lbos going to treat this as a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lbos going to treat this as a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lbos going to treat this as a random
+event okay and then the you know Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event okay and then the you know Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event okay and then the you know Market
+level impact of the lbo W varied a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level impact of the lbo W varied a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level impact of the lbo W varied a lot
+from City to City because most cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from City to City because most cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from City to City because most cities
+will have three or four large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have three or four large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have three or four large
+Supermarket chains and and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supermarket chains and and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supermarket chains and and you know
+these are National chains and so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are National chains and so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are National chains and so it
+could be there's some cities where all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be there's some cities where all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be there's some cities where all
+the lbo chains had almost the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lbo chains had almost the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lbo chains had almost the entire
+Market there's some cities where there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market there's some cities where there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market there's some cities where there's
+only one lbo chain some cities where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one lbo chain some cities where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one lbo chain some cities where
+there are no lbo chains um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no lbo chains um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no lbo chains um
+okay so what's her data set it's uh few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what's her data set it's uh few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what's her data set it's uh few
+different data sources first she's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different data sources first she's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different data sources first she's got
+an annual information on the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an annual information on the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an annual information on the number of
+supermarkets in each chain each of 85
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supermarkets in each chain each of 85
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supermarkets in each chain each of 85
+msas msas mean cities um she has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+msas msas mean cities um she has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+msas msas mean cities um she has the
+demographics of the msas and CH how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographics of the msas and CH how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographics of the msas and CH how that
+changed over the six-year period um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed over the six-year period um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed over the six-year period um and
+she has whether every store that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she has whether every store that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she has whether every store that was
+there in 1985 became part of an lbo firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in 1985 became part of an lbo firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in 1985 became part of an lbo firm
+by 1988 or by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 1988 or by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 1988 or by
+1991 uh the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1991 uh the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1991 uh the main
+you know so she's going be running a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so she's going be running a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so she's going be running a lot
+of City level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of City level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of City level
+regressions in the city level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressions in the city level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressions in the city level
+regressions the main explanatory uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressions the main explanatory uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressions the main explanatory uh
+variable is lbo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is lbo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is lbo
+share so this is lbo share is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share so this is lbo share is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share so this is lbo share is just the
+share of stores in 1985 that became part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share of stores in 1985 that became part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share of stores in 1985 that became part
+of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an
+lbo and so we're going to be comparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lbo and so we're going to be comparing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lbo and so we're going to be comparing
+cities that had lots of firms doing lbos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities that had lots of firms doing lbos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities that had lots of firms doing lbos
+and not many firms doing lbos and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not many firms doing lbos and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not many firms doing lbos and the
+main thing she's looking at is interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main thing she's looking at is interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main thing she's looking at is interest
+is effect on you know does you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is effect on you know does you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is effect on you know does you know
+these effect of the on Entry uh and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these effect of the on Entry uh and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these effect of the on Entry uh and so
+she's going to look at both do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's going to look at both do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's going to look at both do the
+existing non- lbo firms expand and build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing non- lbo firms expand and build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing non- lbo firms expand and build
+more stores like you know a Coro like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stores like you know a Coro like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stores like you know a Coro like
+model that we can't expand therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that we can't expand therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that we can't expand therefore
+they start building more stores uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they start building more stores uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they start building more stores uh and
+then she also looks at effects on Entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then she also looks at effects on Entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then she also looks at effects on Entry
+by brand new firms to brand new firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by brand new firms to brand new firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by brand new firms to brand new firms
+come into this Market you know perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come into this Market you know perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come into this Market you know perhaps
+because they know that Safeway can no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they know that Safeway can no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they know that Safeway can no
+longer expand or they expect Safeway to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer expand or they expect Safeway to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer expand or they expect Safeway to
+raise its prices or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise its prices or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise its prices or something like that
+so she's going to look at effects on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she's going to look at effects on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she's going to look at effects on
+expansions and on new entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so anyway you know it's uh becomes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway you know it's uh becomes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway you know it's uh becomes you
+know compared to many papers we looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know compared to many papers we looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know compared to many papers we looked
+at fairly simple paper econometrically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at fairly simple paper econometrically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at fairly simple paper econometrically
+it's just U largely a lot of regressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just U largely a lot of regressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just U largely a lot of regressions
+uh looking at how things conditions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh looking at how things conditions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh looking at how things conditions in
+the market change when in in you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market change when in in you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market change when in in you know
+differ between the cities that have lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ between the cities that have lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ between the cities that have lots
+of lbos and cities that don't have lbos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lbos and cities that don't have lbos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lbos and cities that don't have lbos
+um so the first one here is there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the first one here is there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the first one here is there is
+some you know fairly weak evidence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some you know fairly weak evidence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some you know fairly weak evidence that
+uh number of early lb o led to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh number of early lb o led to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh number of early lb o led to an
+increase in the total number of stores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in the total number of stores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in the total number of stores
+in the market so you can see that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the market so you can see that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the market so you can see that uh
+that's this coefficient here so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this coefficient here so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this coefficient here so it's
+it's regressing like log of the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's regressing like log of the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's regressing like log of the number
+of stores on a market on a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stores on a market on a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stores on a market on a bunch of
+things and then one of the things is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and then one of the things is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and then one of the things is the
+um and this is you know log of stores as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this is you know log of stores as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this is you know log of stores as
+of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+uh Market characteristics and this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Market characteristics and this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Market characteristics and this one
+here is the fraction that of stores that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the fraction that of stores that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the fraction that of stores that
+had done lbos between 1995 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had done lbos between 1995 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had done lbos between 1995 and
+1998 and what it's showing is that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1998 and what it's showing is that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1998 and what it's showing is that when
+there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are
+more uh in the cities that had more lbo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh in the cities that had more lbo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh in the cities that had more lbo
+stores more stores that did lbos by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores more stores that did lbos by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores more stores that did lbos by uh
+1998 you see more stores in the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1998 you see more stores in the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1998 you see more stores in the market
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+2001 um so you would think that's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2001 um so you would think that's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2001 um so you would think that's sort
+of consistent with this story story that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of consistent with this story story that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of consistent with this story story that
+lb's soften price competition Safeway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lb's soften price competition Safeway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lb's soften price competition Safeway
+after the lbo is going to raise its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the lbo is going to raise its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the lbo is going to raise its
+prices to try to eat up its customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices to try to eat up its customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices to try to eat up its customer
+loyalty and and pay off its debts other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loyalty and and pay off its debts other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loyalty and and pay off its debts other
+firms are going to recognize that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms are going to recognize that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms are going to recognize that as
+that price is going to be higher than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that price is going to be higher than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that price is going to be higher than
+that Market we could move in and enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Market we could move in and enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Market we could move in and enter
+there or expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+um so that was total stores in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that was total stores in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that was total stores in the
+market um so this is um uh question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market um so this is um uh question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market um so this is um uh question of
+when lb when there are more lbo firms do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when lb when there are more lbo firms do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when lb when there are more lbo firms do
+the non- lbo firms build more Stores um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non- lbo firms build more Stores um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non- lbo firms build more Stores um
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+market so this is you know coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market so this is you know coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market so this is you know coefficient
+here if you look at the number of stores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if you look at the number of stores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if you look at the number of stores
+built by non lbo incumbents um when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built by non lbo incumbents um when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built by non lbo incumbents um when you
+have an early lbo the non lbo incumbents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an early lbo the non lbo incumbents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an early lbo the non lbo incumbents
+expand more again it's a not highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand more again it's a not highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand more again it's a not highly
+significant effect um but it's uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant effect um but it's uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant effect um but it's uh you
+know non- lbo incumbents expand more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know non- lbo incumbents expand more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know non- lbo incumbents expand more
+when there are a lot of early lbo firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there are a lot of early lbo firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there are a lot of early lbo firms
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+market um third res third set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market um third res third set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market um third res third set of
+regressions is about denovo entry so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressions is about denovo entry so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressions is about denovo entry so
+denovo entry is looking at do you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denovo entry is looking at do you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denovo entry is looking at do you see
+brand new chains that were never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brand new chains that were never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brand new chains that were never
+operating this Market before start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating this Market before start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating this Market before start to
+open in stores and you know typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open in stores and you know typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open in stores and you know typically
+big National chains they either have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big National chains they either have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big National chains they either have a
+lot of stores in the city or no stores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of stores in the city or no stores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of stores in the city or no stores
+in the city because if you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the city because if you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the city because if you're going to
+have stores in a city you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have stores in a city you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have stores in a city you need
+warehouses and things like that and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warehouses and things like that and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warehouses and things like that and then
+occasionally the big chains will sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally the big chains will sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally the big chains will sort of
+decide okay now we're moving into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide okay now we're moving into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide okay now we're moving into this
+metro area and they'll sort of build out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metro area and they'll sort of build out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metro area and they'll sort of build out
+there um also at the time you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um also at the time you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um also at the time you were
+getting uh Kmart and Walmart were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting uh Kmart and Walmart were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting uh Kmart and Walmart were
+expanding from just uh other things into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding from just uh other things into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding from just uh other things into
+groceries and so what they find on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groceries and so what they find on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groceries and so what they find on what
+she finds on denovo Entry is again this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she finds on denovo Entry is again this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she finds on denovo Entry is again this
+coefficient here the more early lbos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient here the more early lbos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient here the more early lbos
+there are in a city the more likely it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are in a city the more likely it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are in a city the more likely it
+is that we're going to see some new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we're going to see some new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we're going to see some new
+chain that wasn't in the city or came on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain that wasn't in the city or came on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain that wasn't in the city or came on
+to Walmart opening up new supermarkets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Walmart opening up new supermarkets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Walmart opening up new supermarkets
+there so I guess you know overall you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so I guess you know overall you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so I guess you know overall you
+know these results are consistent with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know these results are consistent with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know these results are consistent with
+models in which uh lbo make incumbent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models in which uh lbo make incumbent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models in which uh lbo make incumbent
+soft um you know this could be you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft um you know this could be you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft um you know this could be you know
+what the soft is in terms of Entry it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the soft is in terms of Entry it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the soft is in terms of Entry it
+could be the lbo firms are raising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be the lbo firms are raising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be the lbo firms are raising
+prices or it could be that the lbo firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices or it could be that the lbo firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices or it could be that the lbo firms
+are capacity constrained and that leads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are capacity constrained and that leads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are capacity constrained and that leads
+the rivals to sort of introduce more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rivals to sort of introduce more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rivals to sort of introduce more
+Stores um certainly in the if it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stores um certainly in the if it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stores um certainly in the if it's the
+raising prices part the raising prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising prices part the raising prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising prices part the raising prices
+one would be that is a you know you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one would be that is a you know you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one would be that is a you know you do
+want you do want to be soft all right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you do want to be soft all right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you do want to be soft all right in
+price competition games so if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price competition games so if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price competition games so if it's a
+commitment to raise your prices that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment to raise your prices that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment to raise your prices that
+gets your Rivals to raise your prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets your Rivals to raise your prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets your Rivals to raise your prices
+that's good um you know this isn't to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good um you know this isn't to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good um you know this isn't to
+say that you you know you do more you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that you you know you do more you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that you you know you do more you
+know this isn't to say that like there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this isn't to say that like there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this isn't to say that like there
+strategic effect of lbos is what makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic effect of lbos is what makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic effect of lbos is what makes
+you do an lbo but it is saying that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do an lbo but it is saying that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do an lbo but it is saying that like
+it's one of the considerations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of the considerations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of the considerations and
+whether to take an lbo is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether to take an lbo is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether to take an lbo is one of the
+benefits the lbo would be providing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits the lbo would be providing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits the lbo would be providing is
+the getting raise committing to raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the getting raise committing to raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the getting raise committing to raise
+your price which get your Rivals to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your price which get your Rivals to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your price which get your Rivals to
+raise their prices and that would be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise their prices and that would be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise their prices and that would be one
+of the factors in the calculation so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the factors in the calculation so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the factors in the calculation so in
+some sense you would do more lbos than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense you would do more lbos than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense you would do more lbos than
+you would in the um open loop lbo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would in the um open loop lbo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would in the um open loop lbo
+equilibrium where the rivals didn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium where the rivals didn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium where the rivals didn't know
+that you were doing the lbo and couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you were doing the lbo and couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you were doing the lbo and couldn't
+it couldn't affect your pricing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it couldn't affect your pricing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it couldn't affect your pricing
+okay questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay questions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay questions on
+that okay and then and then uh Judy also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay and then and then uh Judy also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay and then and then uh Judy also
+has a you know nice follow-up paper in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a you know nice follow-up paper in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a you know nice follow-up paper in
+the Journal of Finance which looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Journal of Finance which looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Journal of Finance which looks
+directly at pricing um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly at pricing um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly at pricing um
+so uh you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh you know this
+one again it's a fairly you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one again it's a fairly you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one again it's a fairly you know it's
+she's gotten data from Supermarket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's gotten data from Supermarket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's gotten data from Supermarket
+scanner data and looking at supermarket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanner data and looking at supermarket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanner data and looking at supermarket
+scanner data to compare how to firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanner data to compare how to firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanner data to compare how to firms
+with who've undertaken lbo price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with who've undertaken lbo price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with who've undertaken lbo price
+compared to non- lbo firms and what she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to non- lbo firms and what she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to non- lbo firms and what she
+finds is that by 1992 the firms that did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds is that by 1992 the firms that did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds is that by 1992 the firms that did
+lbos are generally charging rais have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lbos are generally charging rais have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lbos are generally charging rais have
+raised their prices by 2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised their prices by 2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised their prices by 2 to
+3% um if uh in markets where there isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3% um if uh in markets where there isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3% um if uh in markets where there isn't
+some dominant firm that wasn't didn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some dominant firm that wasn't didn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some dominant firm that wasn't didn't do
+an lbo uh then Market level prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an lbo uh then Market level prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an lbo uh then Market level prices
+typically go up after the lbo uh but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically go up after the lbo uh but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically go up after the lbo uh but in
+markets where you do have the dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets where you do have the dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets where you do have the dominant
+um uh dominant low debt firm what we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh dominant low debt firm what we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh dominant low debt firm what we see
+is that actually on average in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that actually on average in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that actually on average in the
+market prices at the market level prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market prices at the market level prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market prices at the market level prices
+go down it seems like the sometimes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down it seems like the sometimes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down it seems like the sometimes the
+low debt firms are exploiting the lbo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low debt firms are exploiting the lbo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low debt firms are exploiting the lbo
+firms and under you know like the lbo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms and under you know like the lbo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms and under you know like the lbo
+firms are committing to cut prices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms are committing to cut prices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms are committing to cut prices and
+the lbo firms perhaps could be deciding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lbo firms perhaps could be deciding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lbo firms perhaps could be deciding
+this is an opportunity for us to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an opportunity for us to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an opportunity for us to keep
+our prices low and we see some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our prices low and we see some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our prices low and we see some uh
+increased exits of lbo stores where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased exits of lbo stores where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased exits of lbo stores where the
+lbo stores find it uh difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lbo stores find it uh difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lbo stores find it uh difficult to
+compete with the other the non- lbo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+firms questions I mean it's two nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms questions I mean it's two nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms questions I mean it's two nice
+papers that are you know I know very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers that are you know I know very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers that are you know I know very
+much of that sort of first approach I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of that sort of first approach I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of that sort of first approach I
+said of just looking at the investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said of just looking at the investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said of just looking at the investment
+seeing what the effect of the investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing what the effect of the investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing what the effect of the investment
+is what does it do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what does it do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what does it do to
+firms okay um okay so then the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms okay um okay so then the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms okay um okay so then the second
+paper I want to talk about uh is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper I want to talk about uh is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper I want to talk about uh is this is
+uh uh um you know paper uh Sarah and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh um you know paper uh Sarah and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh um you know paper uh Sarah and I
+wrote about uh entry deterrence in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote about uh entry deterrence in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote about uh entry deterrence in the
+pharmaceutical Industries um so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceutical Industries um so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceutical Industries um so you know
+I guess you know basics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess you know basics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess you know basics of
+pharmaceuticals is you know you um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceuticals is you know you um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceuticals is you know you um you
+know you uh you know you invent a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you uh you know you invent a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you uh you know you invent a new
+drug you patent the new drug after you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug you patent the new drug after you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug you patent the new drug after you
+patent the drug you do some number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent the drug you do some number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent the drug you do some number of
+years of clinical trials to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of clinical trials to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of clinical trials to sort of
+prove that the drug is safe and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that the drug is safe and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that the drug is safe and
+effective after if you have enough you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective after if you have enough you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective after if you have enough you
+present your evidence the drug is safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present your evidence the drug is safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present your evidence the drug is safe
+and effective to the FDA they approve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and effective to the FDA they approve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and effective to the FDA they approve
+your drug for sale in the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your drug for sale in the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your drug for sale in the United States
+um you know the clock has been ticking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know the clock has been ticking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know the clock has been ticking
+since you in patented the drug on on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since you in patented the drug on on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since you in patented the drug on on how
+long you will have patent protection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long you will have patent protection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long you will have patent protection
+over it um there are various more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over it um there are various more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over it um there are various more
+complicated rules about if it's taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated rules about if it's taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated rules about if it's taking
+you this long to get the drug approved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this long to get the drug approved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this long to get the drug approved
+you can get extensions to your patent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get extensions to your patent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get extensions to your patent
+term and there also various ways you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and there also various ways you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and there also various ways you can
+get other extensions to your patent term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get other extensions to your patent term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get other extensions to your patent term
+but you know all drugs will have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know all drugs will have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know all drugs will have some
+date at which um the you know they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date at which um the you know they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date at which um the you know they'll
+have some date at which the the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some date at which the the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some date at which the the price
+drops um you know prices of many drugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops um you know prices of many drugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops um you know prices of many drugs
+are quite High um you know I think these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are quite High um you know I think these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are quite High um you know I think these
+days you know most people have have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days you know most people have have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days you know most people have have
+insurance but you know because most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance but you know because most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance but you know because most
+people have insurance um you know many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have insurance um you know many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have insurance um you know many
+new drugs come out that treat high blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new drugs come out that treat high blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new drugs come out that treat high blood
+pressure cholesterol ruction whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure cholesterol ruction whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure cholesterol ruction whatever
+and they come out with prices of $1,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they come out with prices of $1,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they come out with prices of $1,000
+a month or you know $2,000 a month or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a month or you know $2,000 a month or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a month or you know $2,000 a month or
+whatever and then obviously you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and then obviously you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and then obviously you know you
+you're from your you have insurance as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're from your you have insurance as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're from your you have insurance as a
+co-pay but the firms are getting these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-pay but the firms are getting these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-pay but the firms are getting these
+very high $2,000 a month prices for new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high $2,000 a month prices for new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high $2,000 a month prices for new
+drugs now sometimes people are you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs now sometimes people are you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs now sometimes people are you know
+pricing things at 50,000 a month um at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing things at 50,000 a month um at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing things at 50,000 a month um at
+some point the patent expires uh when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point the patent expires uh when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point the patent expires uh when
+the patent expires um there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patent expires um there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patent expires um there's something
+called an abbreviated new drug approval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called an abbreviated new drug approval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called an abbreviated new drug approval
+andda I think that's what it stands for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andda I think that's what it stands for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andda I think that's what it stands for
+you know there's a Rivals can come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's a Rivals can come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's a Rivals can come in
+show that they're producing a chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that they're producing a chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that they're producing a chemical
+compound that's equivalent to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound that's equivalent to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound that's equivalent to the
+chemical compound being produced by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical compound being produced by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical compound being produced by the
+Branded drug manufacturer that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Branded drug manufacturer that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Branded drug manufacturer that was
+approved by the FDA they you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approved by the FDA they you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approved by the FDA they you know
+earlier in US history you had to Pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier in US history you had to Pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier in US history you had to Pro
+again prove safety and Effectiveness and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again prove safety and Effectiveness and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again prove safety and Effectiveness and
+there were essentially no generic entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were essentially no generic entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were essentially no generic entry
+now all you have to do is prove bio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all you have to do is prove bio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all you have to do is prove bio
+equivalence of your uh drug with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence of your uh drug with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence of your uh drug with the
+existing drug then you can come in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing drug then you can come in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing drug then you can come in and
+compete with the existing firm um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compete with the existing firm um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compete with the existing firm um you
+know typically what happens is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know typically what happens is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know typically what happens is you know
+firms are going along charging their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms are going along charging their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms are going along charging their
+,000 month price and then you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+,000 month price and then you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+,000 month price and then you know
+generics enter and generics just come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generics enter and generics just come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generics enter and generics just come in
+and generics come in there's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and generics come in there's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and generics come in there's you know
+some date the generic entry is allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some date the generic entry is allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some date the generic entry is allowed
+and the generic just goes like that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the generic just goes like that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the generic just goes like that and
+prices it a small fraction of what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices it a small fraction of what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices it a small fraction of what the
+Branded firm charges strangely the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Branded firm charges strangely the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Branded firm charges strangely the
+Branded firm does not cut its price to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Branded firm does not cut its price to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Branded firm does not cut its price to
+match typically the Branded firm does if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match typically the Branded firm does if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match typically the Branded firm does if
+anything is Du this and price even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything is Du this and price even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything is Du this and price even
+higher um because now all they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher um because now all they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher um because now all they're
+serving is the people who will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serving is the people who will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serving is the people who will not
+buy people who will not buy a bio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy people who will not buy a bio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy people who will not buy a bio
+equivalent drug and so those people you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent drug and so those people you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent drug and so those people you
+might think are captive and are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think are captive and are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think are captive and are not
+going to leave no matter what you charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to leave no matter what you charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to leave no matter what you charge
+um but in any case you know the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but in any case you know the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but in any case you know the sort of
+if you look at the market shares of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the market shares of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the market shares of the
+Branded drug you know the market shares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Branded drug you know the market shares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Branded drug you know the market shares
+go like this the Branded drug is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go like this the Branded drug is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go like this the Branded drug is a
+market share of one and then it pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market share of one and then it pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market share of one and then it pretty
+quickly asmp tootes to some very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly asmp tootes to some very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly asmp tootes to some very small
+number like 10% and then the generics go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number like 10% and then the generics go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number like 10% and then the generics go
+like this and then they get they start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and then they get they start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and then they get they start
+to sort of the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of the whole
+market so what's nice about drugs as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market so what's nice about drugs as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market so what's nice about drugs as an
+ENT as a uh as an uh place to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ENT as a uh as an uh place to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ENT as a uh as an uh place to study
+Strategic investment is there's no entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strategic investment is there's no entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strategic investment is there's no entry
+possible until some date and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible until some date and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible until some date and then
+there's some date on which entry is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some date on which entry is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some date on which entry is
+possible and using looking at the FDA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and using looking at the FDA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and using looking at the FDA
+data you know the date at which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you know the date at which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you know the date at which the
+entry is possible and so we get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry is possible and so we get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry is possible and so we get this
+this opportunity where there's like no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this opportunity where there's like no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this opportunity where there's like no
+entry no entry possible no entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry no entry possible no entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry no entry possible no entry
+possible suddenly entry cost is possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible suddenly entry cost is possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible suddenly entry cost is possible
+and you can use that change in how firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can use that change in how firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can use that change in how firms
+behave around the time entry becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave around the time entry becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave around the time entry becomes
+possible to identify what firms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to identify what firms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to identify what firms are
+doing might be doing to deter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing might be doing to deter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing might be doing to deter
+entry um so anyway our uh data sample in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry um so anyway our uh data sample in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry um so anyway our uh data sample in
+this paper it's 63 branded drugs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper it's 63 branded drugs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper it's 63 branded drugs that
+lost patent protection at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost patent protection at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost patent protection at some point
+between 1986
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 1986
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 1986
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think I said that already okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think I said that already okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think I said that already okay so
+um you know this paper is a you know as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know this paper is a you know as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know this paper is a you know as
+I said this sort of reduced form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said this sort of reduced form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said this sort of reduced form
+approach we're trying to understand not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach we're trying to understand not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach we're trying to understand not
+what the incentives are we think that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the incentives are we think that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the incentives are we think that in
+many cases it the economics is simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cases it the economics is simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cases it the economics is simple
+enough that we know what the incentives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that we know what the incentives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that we know what the incentives
+for pharmaceutical manufacturers are to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for pharmaceutical manufacturers are to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for pharmaceutical manufacturers are to
+do and and how they would deter entry uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and and how they would deter entry uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and and how they would deter entry uh
+the question is are they reacting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is are they reacting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is are they reacting to
+those incentives to deter entry and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those incentives to deter entry and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those incentives to deter entry and do
+we see them taking actions to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see them taking actions to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see them taking actions to try to
+keep generic drugs out of their markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep generic drugs out of their markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep generic drugs out of their markets
+uh and the way we propose to do this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the way we propose to do this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the way we propose to do this is
+to sort of identify a prediction that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of identify a prediction that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of identify a prediction that we
+think differs between the Strategic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think differs between the Strategic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think differs between the Strategic
+model and the non-strategic model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and the non-strategic model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and the non-strategic model and
+then test that prediction um so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then test that prediction um so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then test that prediction um so the
+prediction comes off two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction comes off two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction comes off two
+observations um first observation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations um first observation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations um first observation is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+strategic entry deterence models often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic entry deterence models often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic entry deterence models often
+predict that investment the relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict that investment the relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict that investment the relationship
+between investment and Market size is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between investment and Market size is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between investment and Market size is
+going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be
+non-monotonic um the idea is that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-monotonic um the idea is that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-monotonic um the idea is that if you
+think about you know if you're a if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about you know if you're a if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about you know if you're a if
+you're Eli Lily and your patent on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're Eli Lily and your patent on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're Eli Lily and your patent on
+Prozac is expiring or if your you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prozac is expiring or if your you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prozac is expiring or if your you know
+fizer and your patent on lipor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fizer and your patent on lipor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fizer and your patent on lipor is
+expiring there's nothing you can do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expiring there's nothing you can do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expiring there's nothing you can do to
+stop entry from occurring um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop entry from occurring um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop entry from occurring um
+because lipor is bringing in billions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because lipor is bringing in billions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because lipor is bringing in billions of
+a year in profits it costs almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a year in profits it costs almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a year in profits it costs almost
+nothing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to
+make as soon as the patent on Lipitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make as soon as the patent on Lipitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make as soon as the patent on Lipitor
+expires there's going to be a ton of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expires there's going to be a ton of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expires there's going to be a ton of
+generic atorvastatin firms there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic atorvastatin firms there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic atorvastatin firms there's
+nothing that fizer could do about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing that fizer could do about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing that fizer could do about that
+um most drugs in the data you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um most drugs in the data you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um most drugs in the data you know we
+think of like drugs having these high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of like drugs having these high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of like drugs having these high
+prices and Incredibly High revenues uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and Incredibly High revenues uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and Incredibly High revenues uh
+if you actually look at the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you actually look at the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you actually look at the full
+cross-section of FDA approved drugs with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section of FDA approved drugs with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section of FDA approved drugs with
+expiring patents most of them don't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expiring patents most of them don't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expiring patents most of them don't do
+anything you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you know that
+firms get drugs they get the drugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms get drugs they get the drugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms get drugs they get the drugs
+approved but then the drug gets approved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approved but then the drug gets approved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approved but then the drug gets approved
+but it's not as good as some other drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not as good as some other drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not as good as some other drug
+in the market or it was the best drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the market or it was the best drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the market or it was the best drug
+when it was first patented but then some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it was first patented but then some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it was first patented but then some
+new drug has come in and supplanted it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new drug has come in and supplanted it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new drug has come in and supplanted it
+but so many many drugs basically to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so many many drugs basically to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so many many drugs basically to
+First St approximation nobody takes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First St approximation nobody takes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First St approximation nobody takes uh
+and if you have a drug that nobody takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you have a drug that nobody takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you have a drug that nobody takes
+there's never going to be any generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's never going to be any generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's never going to be any generic
+entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry
+because the generic firm is not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the generic firm is not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the generic firm is not going to
+come into a market that already has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come into a market that already has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come into a market that already has no
+patience when it's got a brand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patience when it's got a brand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patience when it's got a brand
+pharmaceutical reps pushing it and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceutical reps pushing it and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceutical reps pushing it and so
+the you know our fault in the paper is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know our fault in the paper is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know our fault in the paper is
+that these entry incentives really are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these entry incentives really are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these entry incentives really are
+something that exists just in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that exists just in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that exists just in
+intermediate sized markets and markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate sized markets and markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate sized markets and markets
+that are big enough so that generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are big enough so that generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are big enough so that generic
+firms would want to bother but small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms would want to bother but small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms would want to bother but small
+enough that it's plausible that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that it's plausible that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that it's plausible that you
+could keep the generic firms out by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could keep the generic firms out by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could keep the generic firms out by
+taking some set of strategic actions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking some set of strategic actions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking some set of strategic actions and
+so there's this potential non-monotonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's this potential non-monotonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's this potential non-monotonic
+effect of you there will be some action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of you there will be some action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of you there will be some action
+and in small markets you don't do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in small markets you don't do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in small markets you don't do this
+action and in big markets you do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action and in big markets you do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action and in big markets you do this
+action and then in really big Mark big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action and then in really big Mark big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action and then in really big Mark big
+markets you don't do the action again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets you don't do the action again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets you don't do the action again
+okay uh and then the other observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh and then the other observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh and then the other observation
+is that non-strategic models so if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that non-strategic models so if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that non-strategic models so if I'm
+putting here Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting here Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting here Market
+size on this and investment on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size on this and investment on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size on this and investment on this
+axis um the other observation is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis um the other observation is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis um the other observation is that
+non-strategic models like the uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-strategic models like the uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-strategic models like the uh you
+know the model ignoring that entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the model ignoring that entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the model ignoring that entry
+deterrence incentives often predict that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterrence incentives often predict that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterrence incentives often predict that
+the relationship between Market size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relationship between Market size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relationship between Market size
+investment is going to be monotone um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment is going to be monotone um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment is going to be monotone um we
+talk in the paper about there being sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk in the paper about there being sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk in the paper about there being sort
+of basically two effects that determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of basically two effects that determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of basically two effects that determine
+whether we should see more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we should see more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we should see more or less
+investments in big markets um one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investments in big markets um one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investments in big markets um one is the
+direct effect and it's just is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct effect and it's just is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct effect and it's just is a
+marginal investment return uh larger in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal investment return uh larger in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal investment return uh larger in
+a big Market than it is in a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big Market than it is in a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big Market than it is in a small
+market and many many Investments like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and many many Investments like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and many many Investments like um
+TV commercials like like you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TV commercials like like you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TV commercials like like you know you
+may be aware that there's just you watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be aware that there's just you watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be aware that there's just you watch
+TV there's zillions of these annoying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TV there's zillions of these annoying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TV there's zillions of these annoying
+commercials that go on for a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercials that go on for a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercials that go on for a minute
+talking about all the conditions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about all the conditions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about all the conditions that
+someone might have and all the side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone might have and all the side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone might have and all the side
+effects of this drug and buy zel Jans or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of this drug and buy zel Jans or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of this drug and buy zel Jans or
+whatever you know like at the end at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you know like at the end at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you know like at the end at the
+end of the commercial obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the commercial obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the commercial obviously
+commercials like that are only going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercials like that are only going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercials like that are only going to
+be feasible for conditions that a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be feasible for conditions that a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be feasible for conditions that a lot of
+people have if there's some condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have if there's some condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have if there's some condition
+that's very rare in the population you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very rare in the population you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very rare in the population you
+can't buy a national TV commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't buy a national TV commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't buy a national TV commercial
+advertising your drug there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising your drug there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising your drug there's a
+condition that many people have you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that many people have you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that many people have you can
+buy the commercial so we would talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy the commercial so we would talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy the commercial so we would talk
+about the call that the direct effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the call that the direct effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the call that the direct effect of
+investment returns like the more people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment returns like the more people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment returns like the more people
+have the condition the more you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the condition the more you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the condition the more you're going
+to invest in in overthe a TV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to invest in in overthe a TV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to invest in in overthe a TV
+advertising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising
+um a second effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a second effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a second effect
+do I have a second effect here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I have a second effect here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I have a second effect here uh
+strategic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic
+effect the second strategic effect is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect the second strategic effect is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect the second strategic effect is
+are the returns this investment bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the returns this investment bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the returns this investment bigger
+in a monopoly Market or in a duopoly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a monopoly Market or in a duopoly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a monopoly Market or in a duopoly
+market because the bigger is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market because the bigger is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market because the bigger is the
+Monopoly the bigger is the um Market the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monopoly the bigger is the um Market the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monopoly the bigger is the um Market the
+more likely you you are to end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely you you are to end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely you you are to end up with
+competition and so you're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition and so you're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition and so you're going to have
+to think about is this investment that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about is this investment that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about is this investment that
+I'm making more valuable when there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm making more valuable when there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm making more valuable when there's
+competition or more valuable when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition or more valuable when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition or more valuable when
+there's no competition uh so if those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no competition uh so if those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no competition uh so if those
+two effects go in the same same way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two effects go in the same same way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two effects go in the same same way you
+know this is something you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is something you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is something you want to
+invest more in in big markets than small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest more in in big markets than small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest more in in big markets than small
+markets and this you want to invest more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets and this you want to invest more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets and this you want to invest more
+in in oligopoly markets than in Monopoly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in oligopoly markets than in Monopoly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in oligopoly markets than in Monopoly
+markets then we're going to see a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets then we're going to see a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets then we're going to see a a
+monotone relationship between Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotone relationship between Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotone relationship between Market
+size and the investment uh and so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and the investment uh and so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and the investment uh and so if you
+have Investments like that you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Investments like that you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Investments like that you think
+those two effects going in the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two effects going in the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two effects going in the same way
+we would expect be monotone if there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would expect be monotone if there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would expect be monotone if there
+wasn't the entry deterrence motive but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't the entry deterrence motive but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't the entry deterrence motive but
+with the entry deterrence motive we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the entry deterrence motive we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the entry deterrence motive we
+could look for a non-monotone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could look for a non-monotone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could look for a non-monotone
+pattern I think I have several more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern I think I have several more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern I think I have several more
+slides on this um I'll see how many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides on this um I'll see how many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides on this um I'll see how many of
+them I do okay so here would be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I do okay so here would be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I do okay so here would be an
+example of a you know simple numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a you know simple numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a you know simple numerical
+model I can solve where that has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model I can solve where that has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model I can solve where that has this
+property um uh monotone effect without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property um uh monotone effect without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property um uh monotone effect without
+entry deterrence motives and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry deterrence motives and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry deterrence motives and a
+non-monotone with the entry motive so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-monotone with the entry motive so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-monotone with the entry motive so
+here think about a cross-section of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here think about a cross-section of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here think about a cross-section of
+markets and the markets are identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets and the markets are identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets and the markets are identical
+other than the number of people zi who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than the number of people zi who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than the number of people zi who
+have the you know you can think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the you know you can think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the you know you can think of this
+as a market for a particular drug and Zi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a market for a particular drug and Zi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a market for a particular drug and Zi
+is the number of people who would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number of people who would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number of people who would be
+served by the drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh assume that each market has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh assume that each market has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh assume that each market has a
+Continuum of types with Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Continuum of types with Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Continuum of types with Theta
+distributed uniformly on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed uniformly on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed uniformly on
+01 uh assume that this advertising has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 uh assume that this advertising has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 uh assume that this advertising has
+this technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this technology
+where a is my per consumer spending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a is my per consumer spending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a is my per consumer spending on
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+advertising and if I spend a per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising and if I spend a per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising and if I spend a per
+consumer on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer on the
+advertising then consumers are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising then consumers are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising then consumers are going to
+get utility Theta * < tk2 a minus p P1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get utility Theta * < tk2 a minus p P1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get utility Theta * < tk2 a minus p P1
+if they buy the Branded drug 1 12 Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they buy the Branded drug 1 12 Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they buy the Branded drug 1 12 Theta
+< tk2 a minus P if they buy the generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+< tk2 a minus P if they buy the generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+< tk2 a minus P if they buy the generic
+drug my rival and zero if they buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug my rival and zero if they buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug my rival and zero if they buy
+neither good okay so like a motivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither good okay so like a motivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither good okay so like a motivation
+for this technology would be you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this technology would be you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this technology would be you know
+some uh some drugs treat diseases that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh some drugs treat diseases that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh some drugs treat diseases that
+are typically managed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are typically managed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are typically managed by
+Specialists uh the way you Market drugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Specialists uh the way you Market drugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Specialists uh the way you Market drugs
+that are sold to Specialists rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are sold to Specialists rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are sold to Specialists rather than
+putting on TV commercials you just send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting on TV commercials you just send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting on TV commercials you just send
+sales reps to the specialist so if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales reps to the specialist so if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales reps to the specialist so if this
+is a not very you know common disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a not very you know common disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a not very you know common disease
+you know you have 20 the top 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you have 20 the top 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you have 20 the top 25
+specialists in this disease in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialists in this disease in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialists in this disease in the
+Boston area you send a sales rep to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston area you send a sales rep to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston area you send a sales rep to
+visit every one of them you tell them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit every one of them you tell them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit every one of them you tell them
+one-on-one about the drug and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-on-one about the drug and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-on-one about the drug and all the
+newest data on its Effectiveness and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newest data on its Effectiveness and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newest data on its Effectiveness and you
+try to get them to prescribe it um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to get them to prescribe it um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to get them to prescribe it um so
+what we're modeling that is there sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're modeling that is there sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're modeling that is there sort
+the more you spend on Advertising the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more you spend on Advertising the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more you spend on Advertising the
+higher utility people will have for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher utility people will have for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher utility people will have for
+buying your drug but because the doctors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying your drug but because the doctors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying your drug but because the doctors
+you're talking to will know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking to will know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking to will know that the
+generic is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic is
+also much the same in this model I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also much the same in this model I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also much the same in this model I'm
+going to assume that people get you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume that people get you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume that people get you know
+you IL when you raise people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you IL when you raise people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you IL when you raise people's
+willingness to pay for your drug you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to pay for your drug you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to pay for your drug you
+also raise their willingness to pay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also raise their willingness to pay for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also raise their willingness to pay for
+the generic drug what happens in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the generic drug what happens in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the generic drug what happens in this
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+um second slide here or not nope okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um second slide here or not nope okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um second slide here or not nope okay
+anyway what happens in this model I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway what happens in this model I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway what happens in this model I I
+will explain it a little more later if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will explain it a little more later if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will explain it a little more later if
+there's no strategic entry deterrence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no strategic entry deterrence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no strategic entry deterrence
+motive this is a model where you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motive this is a model where you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motive this is a model where you would
+do uh less investing the larger is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh less investing the larger is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh less investing the larger is the
+market and you're going to do less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and you're going to do less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and you're going to do less
+investing the larger is the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing the larger is the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing the larger is the market
+because the larger is the market the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the larger is the market the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the larger is the market the
+more likely it is that the generic uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely it is that the generic uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely it is that the generic uh
+competitor is going to end up entering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitor is going to end up entering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitor is going to end up entering
+if the generic competitor ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the generic competitor ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the generic competitor ends up
+entering it's as if the gain you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering it's as if the gain you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering it's as if the gain you're
+getting is 1 half Theta < tk2 a instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting is 1 half Theta < tk2 a instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting is 1 half Theta < tk2 a instead
+of theta < tk2 a um because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theta < tk2 a um because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theta < tk2 a um because you know
+it's only the marginal value way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only the marginal value way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only the marginal value way that
+increases your value relative to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases your value relative to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases your value relative to the
+competitor that matters so the bigger is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitor that matters so the bigger is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitor that matters so the bigger is
+the market the more likely generics are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market the more likely generics are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market the more likely generics are
+going to enter um and you know Prof and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to enter um and you know Prof and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to enter um and you know Prof and
+so therefore advertising is monotone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore advertising is monotone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore advertising is monotone
+decreasing in the market size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some sense this is what you would do if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense this is what you would do if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense this is what you would do if
+you if you knew entry was never going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you knew entry was never going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you knew entry was never going to
+occur and this is what you would do if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur and this is what you would do if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur and this is what you would do if
+you knew entry was going to occur with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you knew entry was going to occur with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you knew entry was going to occur with
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+one um but if you look at the Strategic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um but if you look at the Strategic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um but if you look at the Strategic
+entry in this model the Strategic entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry in this model the Strategic entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry in this model the Strategic entry
+will be like this out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be like this out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be like this out of this
+non-monotone pattern where it departs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-monotone pattern where it departs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-monotone pattern where it departs
+from the Strategic one dips way down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Strategic one dips way down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Strategic one dips way down and
+then comes back up what's this dip the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then comes back up what's this dip the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then comes back up what's this dip the
+dip is I'm trying to keep my market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dip is I'm trying to keep my market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dip is I'm trying to keep my market
+small enough so that generic don't come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small enough so that generic don't come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small enough so that generic don't come
+in and compete with me so what I do is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and compete with me so what I do is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and compete with me so what I do is I
+do less advertising with less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do less advertising with less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do less advertising with less
+advertising I have lower sales lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising I have lower sales lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising I have lower sales lower
+sales less likely there's a generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales less likely there's a generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales less likely there's a generic
+competitor and so what I'm doing in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitor and so what I'm doing in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitor and so what I'm doing in some
+sense is I'm keeping the market small so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense is I'm keeping the market small so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense is I'm keeping the market small so
+that I can get Monopoly profits in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can get Monopoly profits in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can get Monopoly profits in the
+small Market instead of getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small Market instead of getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small Market instead of getting
+oligopoly profits in a bigger Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligopoly profits in a bigger Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligopoly profits in a bigger Market
+okay and at some point I give up you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and at some point I give up you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and at some point I give up you
+know here I start increasing my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know here I start increasing my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know here I start increasing my
+advertising again because I realize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising again because I realize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising again because I realize the
+generics are going to come in no matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generics are going to come in no matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generics are going to come in no matter
+what so I might as well be splitting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so I might as well be splitting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so I might as well be splitting the
+best possible market with the generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best possible market with the generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best possible market with the generic
+competitor rather than trying to keep it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitor rather than trying to keep it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitor rather than trying to keep it
+small enough to keep the generics out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small enough to keep the generics out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small enough to keep the generics out
+anyway so you know the example above I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so you know the example above I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so you know the example above I
+was comparing investment in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was comparing investment in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was comparing investment in two
+different models the upper line that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different models the upper line that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different models the upper line that I
+drew for you was that was the line for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew for you was that was the line for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew for you was that was the line for
+this no entry deterrence motive model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this no entry deterrence motive model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this no entry deterrence motive model
+where the potential entrant only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the potential entrant only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the potential entrant only
+observes the advertising level a after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observes the advertising level a after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observes the advertising level a after
+it's come into the market or not and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's come into the market or not and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's come into the market or not and
+then the other line was the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the other line was the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the other line was the sort of
+standard strategic entry deterrence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard strategic entry deterrence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard strategic entry deterrence
+model where I choose a they observe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model where I choose a they observe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model where I choose a they observe a
+and they can stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can stay
+out and so what our argument was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and so what our argument was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and so what our argument was that
+investment in the relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment in the relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment in the relationship between
+Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+size uh determing Market size in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size uh determing Market size in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size uh determing Market size in the
+investment a was going to be you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment a was going to be you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment a was going to be you know
+monotone on the bottom model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotone on the bottom model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotone on the bottom model and
+non-monotone in the top in the model on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-monotone in the top in the model on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-monotone in the top in the model on
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+top so anyway the tries sort of explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top so anyway the tries sort of explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top so anyway the tries sort of explain
+why is it that we're going to see these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it that we're going to see these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it that we're going to see these
+sort of monotone patterns versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of monotone patterns versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of monotone patterns versus
+non-monotone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-monotone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-monotone
+patterns how do we think about this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns how do we think about this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns how do we think about this the
+Strategic entry deterrence model this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strategic entry deterrence model this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strategic entry deterrence model this
+you know you have a profit function Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you have a profit function Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you have a profit function Pi
+one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of
+a and I guess I didn't say here you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and I guess I didn't say here you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and I guess I didn't say here you know
+in all of my in all of terr's models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all of my in all of terr's models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all of my in all of terr's models
+terroll always has the entry cost e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terroll always has the entry cost e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terroll always has the entry cost e
+being known and the entry cost e being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being known and the entry cost e being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being known and the entry cost e being
+known means you know if I want to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known means you know if I want to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known means you know if I want to keep
+the entrance out I have to distort this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entrance out I have to distort this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entrance out I have to distort this
+far and going this far keeps them out or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far and going this far keeps them out or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far and going this far keeps them out or
+going less than that doesn't keep them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going less than that doesn't keep them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going less than that doesn't keep them
+out in empirical work we're always going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in empirical work we're always going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in empirical work we're always going
+be making the entry cost e random and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be making the entry cost e random and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be making the entry cost e random and
+have it unpredictable to the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it unpredictable to the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it unpredictable to the uh
+incumbent exactly what's going to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incumbent exactly what's going to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incumbent exactly what's going to keep
+the entrant out or not okay so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entrant out or not okay so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entrant out or not okay so if I
+think about what's my profit if I choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what's my profit if I choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what's my profit if I choose
+investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment
+a um I don't know the entry cost so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a um I don't know the entry cost so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a um I don't know the entry cost so
+assume that the entry cost e has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the entry cost e has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the entry cost e has some
+distribution F so F of Pi 2 Dapo of a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution F so F of Pi 2 Dapo of a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution F so F of Pi 2 Dapo of a is
+the probability that my rival's entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that my rival's entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that my rival's entry
+cost draw is low enough that the Rival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost draw is low enough that the Rival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost draw is low enough that the Rival
+comes in and competes with me in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in and competes with me in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in and competes with me in which
+case I will get the doop profits that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I will get the doop profits that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I will get the doop profits that
+you get after investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get after investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get after investment
+a uh the other case is when the entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh the other case is when the entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh the other case is when the entry
+cost is high if the entry cost is high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost is high if the entry cost is high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost is high if the entry cost is high
+which happens with one minus F of Pi 2D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which happens with one minus F of Pi 2D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which happens with one minus F of Pi 2D
+star of a then I'm going to get to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star of a then I'm going to get to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star of a then I'm going to get to be a
+monopolist and get this ENT this profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolist and get this ENT this profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolist and get this ENT this profit
+level and then I have a cost of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and then I have a cost of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and then I have a cost of doing
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+advertising the model on the bottom of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising the model on the bottom of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising the model on the bottom of
+my board um was different in that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my board um was different in that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my board um was different in that the
+entrant only observed a after making its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrant only observed a after making its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrant only observed a after making its
+entry decision so this again this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry decision so this again this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry decision so this again this a
+shorthand for you're not thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorthand for you're not thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorthand for you're not thinking about
+the effect of a on the entrant um so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect of a on the entrant um so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect of a on the entrant um so if
+the entrant wasn't observing a what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entrant wasn't observing a what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entrant wasn't observing a what
+advertising level would you do there the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising level would you do there the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising level would you do there the
+entry decision doesn't depend on a the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry decision doesn't depend on a the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry decision doesn't depend on a the
+entry deterrent depends on a star what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry deterrent depends on a star what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry deterrent depends on a star what
+the um incumbent expects you to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um incumbent expects you to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um incumbent expects you to what
+what the r what the potential entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the r what the potential entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the r what the potential entry
+expects you to invest so you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expects you to invest so you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expects you to invest so you want to
+think about writing your profit as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about writing your profit as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about writing your profit as a
+function of two things the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of two things the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of two things the actual
+advertising that you do and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising that you do and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising that you do and the
+equilibrium level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+advertising and here you know the firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising and here you know the firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising and here you know the firm
+enters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enters
+if its entry cost is less than what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if its entry cost is less than what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if its entry cost is less than what
+duopoly profits would be at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duopoly profits would be at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duopoly profits would be at the
+equilibrium level of advertising but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium level of advertising but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium level of advertising but
+then the actual profits received depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the actual profits received depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the actual profits received depend
+on the true level of advertising again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the true level of advertising again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the true level of advertising again
+entry depends on the equilibrium level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry depends on the equilibrium level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry depends on the equilibrium level
+of advertising Monopoly profit depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of advertising Monopoly profit depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of advertising Monopoly profit depends
+on the true advertising cost of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the true advertising cost of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the true advertising cost of it
+depends on the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the true
+advertising so when I think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising so when I think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising so when I think about the
+first order conditions for this profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order conditions for this profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order conditions for this profit
+maximization problem versus this one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization problem versus this one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization problem versus this one the
+two first order conditions are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two first order conditions are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two first order conditions are going to
+differ um because of the fact that here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ um because of the fact that here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ um because of the fact that here
+there's a d derivative with respect to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a d derivative with respect to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a d derivative with respect to a
+in this term and here changing a doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this term and here changing a doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this term and here changing a doesn't
+affect this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect this
+term so it's that's what makes the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so it's that's what makes the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so it's that's what makes the two
+problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+um what is the extra term so they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what is the extra term so they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what is the extra term so they have
+the same first order conditions except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same first order conditions except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same first order conditions except
+if you think about what's the effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about what's the effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about what's the effect
+that comes from differentiating this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes from differentiating this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes from differentiating this
+with respect to a it's that it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to a it's that it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to a it's that it's the
+derivative of this with respect to a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this with respect to a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this with respect to a uh
+times this plus the derivative of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this plus the derivative of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this plus the derivative of this
+with respect to a um times that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to a um times that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to a um times that that's
+the new term so the extra entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new term so the extra entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new term so the extra entry
+deterrence term is you know and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterrence term is you know and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterrence term is you know and this is
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+intuitive how much does a affect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive how much does a affect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive how much does a affect the
+duopoly profits that the firm is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duopoly profits that the firm is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duopoly profits that the firm is going
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get times the probability that that Marg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get times the probability that that Marg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get times the probability that that Marg
+effect on profits is going to affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect on profits is going to affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect on profits is going to affect
+to's entry decision and it's affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to's entry decision and it's affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to's entry decision and it's affect
+whose entry decision if and only if his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose entry decision if and only if his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose entry decision if and only if his
+entry Co his entry cost is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry Co his entry cost is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry Co his entry cost is
+identical to the profits or within you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to the profits or within you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to the profits or within you
+know DP of the profits and then if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know DP of the profits and then if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know DP of the profits and then if you
+do affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do affect
+entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry
+the extra profit that you get is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extra profit that you get is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extra profit that you get is the
+difference between the Monopoly profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the Monopoly profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the Monopoly profit
+and the duopoly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the duopoly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the duopoly
+profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit
+okay and this term do I have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this term do I have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this term do I have something
+that says that no okay yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says that no okay yeah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says that no okay yeah you
+know this term is where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this term is where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this term is where the
+non-monotonous comes from you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-monotonous comes from you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-monotonous comes from you know
+because this term is multiplied by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this term is multiplied by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this term is multiplied by the
+likelihood that a small decrease in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood that a small decrease in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood that a small decrease in an
+entrance profits is going to be pivotal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrance profits is going to be pivotal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrance profits is going to be pivotal
+to their entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to their entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to their entry
+decision uh and so this is what creates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision uh and so this is what creates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision uh and so this is what creates
+the non-monotonicity you know this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-monotonicity you know this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-monotonicity you know this we
+think of as a big number between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of as a big number between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of as a big number between
+Monopoly and duopoly profits this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monopoly and duopoly profits this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monopoly and duopoly profits this is
+just whatever effect your advertising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just whatever effect your advertising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just whatever effect your advertising
+has on the Rival but the the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has on the Rival but the the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has on the Rival but the the thing that
+makes it non-monotone is is that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it non-monotone is is that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it non-monotone is is that sort of
+change in your rival's profit going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in your rival's profit going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in your rival's profit going to
+be pivotal to whether they enter or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pivotal to whether they enter or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pivotal to whether they enter or not
+and that's going to be non-monotone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and then the second effect I I sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then the second effect I I sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then the second effect I I sort
+of said this earli in the paper there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of said this earli in the paper there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of said this earli in the paper there
+are these two reasons why investment CH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these two reasons why investment CH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these two reasons why investment CH
+normally changes in Market size uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally changes in Market size uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally changes in Market size uh it
+changes for this direct effect um which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes for this direct effect um which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes for this direct effect um which
+I Define here so it you know there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I Define here so it you know there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I Define here so it you know there's
+this direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direct
+effect which is just its direct effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect which is just its direct effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect which is just its direct effect
+on Pi 2 and then there's the competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Pi 2 and then there's the competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Pi 2 and then there's the competition
+effect so the competition effect is do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect so the competition effect is do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect so the competition effect is do
+you want to do more in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+duopoly or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duopoly or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duopoly or
+Monopoly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monopoly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monopoly and
+the direct effect is you want to do more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direct effect is you want to do more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direct effect is you want to do more
+in a big Market or a small Market uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a big Market or a small Market uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a big Market or a small Market uh and
+so you in some sense the theorem says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you in some sense the theorem says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you in some sense the theorem says
+that there are there are in that model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are there are in that model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are there are in that model
+exactly two reasons why you're changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly two reasons why you're changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly two reasons why you're changing
+investment as Market size increases one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment as Market size increases one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment as Market size increases one
+is because of the direct effect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because of the direct effect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because of the direct effect the
+other is because of the competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other is because of the competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other is because of the competition
+effect if those two go in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect if those two go in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect if those two go in the same
+direction then the investment would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction then the investment would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction then the investment would be
+monotone and we can think about whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotone and we can think about whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotone and we can think about whether
+we expect investment be monotone by just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expect investment be monotone by just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expect investment be monotone by just
+thinking about what our direct and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what our direct and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what our direct and
+competition effects of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition effects of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition effects of an
+investment um you know and what i' done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment um you know and what i' done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment um you know and what i' done
+in this model is the clearly the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this model is the clearly the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this model is the clearly the fact
+that the advertising raised the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the advertising raised the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the advertising raised the value
+for the generic is what gave it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the generic is what gave it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the generic is what gave it a
+negative competition effect if if my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative competition effect if if my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative competition effect if if my
+rival is going to be benefiting from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rival is going to be benefiting from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rival is going to be benefiting from
+that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and
+raising I I'm only get I'm getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising I I'm only get I'm getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising I I'm only get I'm getting a
+smaller value on a duopoly I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller value on a duopoly I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller value on a duopoly I
+eliminated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminated
+the um I eliminated the direct effect by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um I eliminated the direct effect by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um I eliminated the direct effect by
+saying you know a is a per consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you know a is a per consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you know a is a per consumer
+spending on advertising and so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending on advertising and so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending on advertising and so it's a
+per consumer spending for a per consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per consumer spending for a per consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per consumer spending for a per consumer
+benefit so there's no direct effect Big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit so there's no direct effect Big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit so there's no direct effect Big
+versus small if you're thinking of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus small if you're thinking of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus small if you're thinking of this
+as per consumer spending and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as per consumer spending and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as per consumer spending and that
+technology where you're visiting doctors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology where you're visiting doctors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology where you're visiting doctors
+and the you know number of doctors you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the you know number of doctors you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the you know number of doctors you
+have to visit is proportional number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to visit is proportional number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to visit is proportional number of
+patients it's plausible that the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients it's plausible that the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients it's plausible that the sort of
+per consumer you know cost and per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per consumer you know cost and per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per consumer you know cost and per
+consumer benefit are the same so there I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer benefit are the same so there I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer benefit are the same so there I
+just basically eliminated Direct effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just basically eliminated Direct effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just basically eliminated Direct effects
+and so once you eliminate Direct effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so once you eliminate Direct effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so once you eliminate Direct effects
+it's going to be monotone increasing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be monotone increasing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be monotone increasing or
+monotone decreasing depend on whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotone decreasing depend on whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotone decreasing depend on whether
+the competition effect is positive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the competition effect is positive or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the competition effect is positive or
+negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+um okay anyway paper does other stuff so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay anyway paper does other stuff so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay anyway paper does other stuff so
+let me go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me go to
+um uh empirical application here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh empirical application here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh empirical application here um
+there 63 branded drugs in our data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there 63 branded drugs in our data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there 63 branded drugs in our data
+sample all the Branded drugs lost patent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample all the Branded drugs lost patent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample all the Branded drugs lost patent
+protection at some point between 1986
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection at some point between 1986
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection at some point between 1986
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+1992 uh and so we're going to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1992 uh and so we're going to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1992 uh and so we're going to think
+about how does the behavior of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how does the behavior of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how does the behavior of
+incumbents compare between big and small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incumbents compare between big and small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incumbents compare between big and small
+markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so we're going to put generally we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we're going to put generally we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we're going to put generally we're
+going to make up graphs where we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make up graphs where we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make up graphs where we have
+Market size on the x-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market size on the x-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market size on the x-
+axis what Market size means for us is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis what Market size means for us is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis what Market size means for us is
+uh Revenue some number of years prior to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Revenue some number of years prior to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Revenue some number of years prior to
+patent expiration the thought is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent expiration the thought is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent expiration the thought is that if
+you're going to be doing something with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be doing something with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be doing something with
+your drug to deter entry that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your drug to deter entry that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your drug to deter entry that comes
+closer to the entry date and so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to the entry date and so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to the entry date and so we're
+going to look a few years back from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look a few years back from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look a few years back from the
+entry date and say how big was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry date and say how big was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry date and say how big was the
+market that's our sort of EX possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market that's our sort of EX possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market that's our sort of EX possibly
+exogenous measure of Market size and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exogenous measure of Market size and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exogenous measure of Market size and
+then going to look at four potential uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then going to look at four potential uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then going to look at four potential uh
+strategic Investments um one is detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic Investments um one is detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic Investments um one is detail
+advertising so detail advertising is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising so detail advertising is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising so detail advertising is
+strangely enough data on this exists the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strangely enough data on this exists the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strangely enough data on this exists the
+expenditures by pharmaceutical firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditures by pharmaceutical firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditures by pharmaceutical firms
+sending sales representatives to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending sales representatives to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending sales representatives to
+doctor's offices to tell them about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor's offices to tell them about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor's offices to tell them about
+their drugs and we have data on that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their drugs and we have data on that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their drugs and we have data on that at
+the drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drug
+level um second data uh Strategic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level um second data uh Strategic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level um second data uh Strategic
+investment we have is Journal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment we have is Journal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment we have is Journal
+advertising uh this is one thing you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising uh this is one thing you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising uh this is one thing you do
+with um drugs is advertise them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um drugs is advertise them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um drugs is advertise them in
+medical journals that are sold to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical journals that are sold to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical journals that are sold to
+doctors and so we know for each drug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors and so we know for each drug in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors and so we know for each drug in
+our sample how much money they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our sample how much money they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our sample how much money they were
+spending advertising them to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending advertising them to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending advertising them to to
+Physicians um third Strategic investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Physicians um third Strategic investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Physicians um third Strategic investment
+we look at is uh presentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at is uh presentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at is uh presentation
+proliferation something that You' we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proliferation something that You' we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proliferation something that You' we
+people have discussed firms doing deter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have discussed firms doing deter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have discussed firms doing deter
+entry is you know if you if you go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry is you know if you if you go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry is you know if you if you go into
+your doctor with a prescription for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your doctor with a prescription for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your doctor with a prescription for uh
+you go into the pharmacy and have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go into the pharmacy and have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go into the pharmacy and have a
+prescription for a 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescription for a 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescription for a 50
+milligram uh tablet of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milligram uh tablet of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milligram uh tablet of some
+medicine and then they don't have a 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine and then they don't have a 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine and then they don't have a 50
+milligram tablet they have 100 milligram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milligram tablet they have 100 milligram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milligram tablet they have 100 milligram
+tablet you know sometimes they can sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tablet you know sometimes they can sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tablet you know sometimes they can sort
+of give you the 100 milligram tablets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of give you the 100 milligram tablets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of give you the 100 milligram tablets
+and give you a little pill cutter thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and give you a little pill cutter thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and give you a little pill cutter thing
+that cuts the pills in half and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cuts the pills in half and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cuts the pills in half and you can
+turn one pill into two and take half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn one pill into two and take half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn one pill into two and take half of
+the 100 milligram pill um but sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 100 milligram pill um but sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 100 milligram pill um but sometimes
+you can't and certainly if they give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't and certainly if they give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't and certainly if they give you
+like they've given you sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they've given you sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they've given you sort of a
+prescription for a uh ointment that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescription for a uh ointment that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescription for a uh ointment that
+contains this drug and they don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains this drug and they don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains this drug and they don't have
+the ointment they only have the oral the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ointment they only have the oral the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ointment they only have the oral the
+pharmacist can't sell you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmacist can't sell you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmacist can't sell you the
+generic ointment when you're supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic ointment when you're supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic ointment when you're supposed to
+be taking the pill they can't tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be taking the pill they can't tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be taking the pill they can't tell you
+the gel cap you're supposed to be taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gel cap you're supposed to be taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gel cap you're supposed to be taking
+the pill or the liquid if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pill or the liquid if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pill or the liquid if you're
+supposed to be taking the pill or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be taking the pill or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be taking the pill or
+whatever and so something you've heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and so something you've heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and so something you've heard
+that um pharmacal firms might do to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um pharmacal firms might do to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um pharmacal firms might do to to
+deter entry is start producing the drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deter entry is start producing the drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deter entry is start producing the drug
+in a zillion different varieties um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a zillion different varieties um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a zillion different varieties um to
+in some sense raise the cost of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense raise the cost of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense raise the cost of the
+entrance to come in and compete with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrance to come in and compete with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrance to come in and compete with you
+so if instead of having one standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if instead of having one standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if instead of having one standard
+pill I have a whole bunch I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pill I have a whole bunch I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pill I have a whole bunch I have a
+regular pill and A Time release pill and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular pill and A Time release pill and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular pill and A Time release pill and
+a gel cap and a something or other I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gel cap and a something or other I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gel cap and a something or other I can
+have many different you know it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have many different you know it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have many different you know it would
+take some sense it would if the generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take some sense it would if the generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take some sense it would if the generic
+only came in and only produced the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only came in and only produced the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only came in and only produced the most
+popular presentation the drug it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular presentation the drug it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular presentation the drug it would
+only be competing for a small part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only be competing for a small part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only be competing for a small part of
+the market and that could make it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market and that could make it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market and that could make it more
+difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to
+enter uh and then the final thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter uh and then the final thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter uh and then the final thing that
+we do is just prices uh and again I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do is just prices uh and again I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do is just prices uh and again I I
+discussed you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed you know it's
+um some of these sort of issues about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some of these sort of issues about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some of these sort of issues about
+like the entry deterrence the entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the entry deterrence the entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the entry deterrence the entry
+deterrence through signaling costs or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterrence through signaling costs or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterrence through signaling costs or
+signaling something about demand or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling something about demand or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling something about demand or
+something where you sort of set low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where you sort of set low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where you sort of set low
+prices to Dy try to deter entry and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices to Dy try to deter entry and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices to Dy try to deter entry and so
+we're going to look at these Investments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at these Investments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at these Investments
+and how the Investments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how the Investments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how the Investments
+um look when you graph them against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um look when you graph them against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um look when you graph them against
+Market size and do they look monotone do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market size and do they look monotone do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market size and do they look monotone do
+they look non- monotone and what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look non- monotone and what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look non- monotone and what we're
+going to particularly do is focus on for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to particularly do is focus on for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to particularly do is focus on for
+drugs that are in that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs that are in that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs that are in that sort of
+intermediate range where entry is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate range where entry is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate range where entry is
+uncertain is that where we see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertain is that where we see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertain is that where we see a
+distortion in the direction that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distortion in the direction that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distortion in the direction that you
+would expect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect the
+Distortion um and what distortions would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion um and what distortions would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion um and what distortions would
+you expect you know if I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you expect you know if I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you expect you know if I'm trying to
+deter entry I'm going to do less detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deter entry I'm going to do less detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deter entry I'm going to do less detail
+advertising because I'm trying to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising because I'm trying to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising because I'm trying to keep
+the market small I'm going to do less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market small I'm going to do less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market small I'm going to do less
+Journal advertising so I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Journal advertising so I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Journal advertising so I'm trying to
+keep the market small I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the market small I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the market small I'm going to do
+more presentation proliferation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more presentation proliferation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more presentation proliferation and
+introduce more versions of my drug uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce more versions of my drug uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce more versions of my drug uh
+and I'm going to set lower prices uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to set lower prices uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to set lower prices uh
+would be the and I'm going to look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the and I'm going to look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the and I'm going to look for
+are they non-monotone with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they non-monotone with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they non-monotone with those
+deviations from monotonicity in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations from monotonicity in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations from monotonicity in the
+range where it's plausible that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range where it's plausible that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range where it's plausible that you
+could keep rifal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could keep rifal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could keep rifal
+out okay and we're going to look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay and we're going to look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay and we're going to look at this
+in two different ways one just in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two different ways one just in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two different ways one just in the
+pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure
+cross-section advertising versus Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section advertising versus Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section advertising versus Market
+size is advertising non- monotone in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size is advertising non- monotone in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size is advertising non- monotone in
+Revenue um but you know sometimes these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revenue um but you know sometimes these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revenue um but you know sometimes these
+things are just super steeply increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are just super steeply increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are just super steeply increasing
+depending on how you describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how you describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how you describe the
+variables because just bigger markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables because just bigger markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables because just bigger markets
+like TV advertising this would never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like TV advertising this would never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like TV advertising this would never
+work because TV advertising just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work because TV advertising just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work because TV advertising just the
+more bigger the market is the more you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more bigger the market is the more you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more bigger the market is the more you
+spend um but so the other thing we do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend um but so the other thing we do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend um but so the other thing we do is
+look at how are firms changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at how are firms changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at how are firms changing
+advertising in the year the patent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising in the year the patent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising in the year the patent
+expiring relative to what they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expiring relative to what they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expiring relative to what they were
+doing two years before the patent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing two years before the patent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing two years before the patent
+expires and so you can think of it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expires and so you can think of it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expires and so you can think of it as
+like it's like we're using at minus 2 as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's like we're using at minus 2 as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's like we're using at minus 2 as
+the control level of the investment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control level of the investment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control level of the investment and
+think about how are they changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how are they changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how are they changing
+Investments look at is that change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Investments look at is that change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Investments look at is that change in
+investment you know is the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment you know is the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment you know is the change in
+investment non-monotone in that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pattern and what are some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern and what are some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern and what are some of the
+findings again you know it's uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+findings again you know it's uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+findings again you know it's uh you know
+we're very conservative in this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're very conservative in this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're very conservative in this paper
+and sort of looking for arbit General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of looking for arbit General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of looking for arbit General
+tests of non-monotonicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests of non-monotonicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests of non-monotonicity
+nonparametrically rather than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonparametrically rather than just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonparametrically rather than just
+putting in quadratic functions and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting in quadratic functions and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting in quadratic functions and so
+nothing's all that significant but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing's all that significant but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing's all that significant but there
+are a few places where it looks like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a few places where it looks like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a few places where it looks like we
+find these nonmonotonicities the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find these nonmonotonicities the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find these nonmonotonicities the first
+is in the detail and journal advertising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the detail and journal advertising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the detail and journal advertising
+when you just um graph them versus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you just um graph them versus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you just um graph them versus the
+market size it looks like the detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market size it looks like the detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market size it looks like the detail
+advertising you know these are just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising you know these are just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising you know these are just the
+means the detail advertising is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the detail advertising is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the detail advertising is
+relatively low for the second quintile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively low for the second quintile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively low for the second quintile
+drugs relative to the other drugs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs relative to the other drugs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs relative to the other drugs and
+the journal advertising is relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the journal advertising is relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the journal advertising is relatively
+low for the second quintile drugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low for the second quintile drugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low for the second quintile drugs
+relative to the other drugs so it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the other drugs so it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the other drugs so it looks
+like there's this cross-sectional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's this cross-sectional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's this cross-sectional
+pattern in the detail in journal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern in the detail in journal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern in the detail in journal
+advertising where in these sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising where in these sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising where in these sort of
+second quintile drugs where the entry is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second quintile drugs where the entry is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second quintile drugs where the entry is
+UNC there is sort of lower levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+advertising but you know marginally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising but you know marginally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising but you know marginally
+significant once you test it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant once you test it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant once you test it
+non-parametrically um and then the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-parametrically um and then the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-parametrically um and then the other
+thing we look for is um you know how are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we look for is um you know how are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we look for is um you know how are
+things changing as um uh how are things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things changing as um uh how are things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things changing as um uh how are things
+changing as patent as uh patent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing as patent as uh patent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing as patent as uh patent
+expiration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expiration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expiration
+approaches uh and here we get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches uh and here we get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches uh and here we get some
+marginally significant results on the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginally significant results on the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginally significant results on the uh
+presentation proliferation and on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation proliferation and on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation proliferation and on the
+journal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal
+advertising um the uh Journal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising um the uh Journal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising um the uh Journal
+advertising is going in the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising is going in the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising is going in the wrong
+direction with the presentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction with the presentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction with the presentation
+herfindal there's sort of some evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herfindal there's sort of some evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herfindal there's sort of some evidence
+of the presentation proliferation also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the presentation proliferation also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the presentation proliferation also
+going up for these second quintile drugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up for these second quintile drugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up for these second quintile drugs
+as as looks like they're introducing new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as looks like they're introducing new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as looks like they're introducing new
+versions of the second quintile drugs as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of the second quintile drugs as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of the second quintile drugs as
+the patent expiring that they hadn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patent expiring that they hadn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patent expiring that they hadn't
+introduced years before when they were a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+monopolist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolist
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+questions comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions comments
+no okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay
+um okay so the third paper this one I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so the third paper this one I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so the third paper this one I'm
+going to do super quickly um uh gouby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do super quickly um uh gouby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do super quickly um uh gouby
+cyberson is a it's another um reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyberson is a it's another um reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyberson is a it's another um reduced
+form prediction paper looking at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form prediction paper looking at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form prediction paper looking at some
+prediction that would hold for strategic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction that would hold for strategic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction that would hold for strategic
+models versus non-strategic models um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models versus non-strategic models um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models versus non-strategic models um
+the prediction that they explore is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prediction that they explore is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prediction that they explore is how
+do firms change prices when they become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do firms change prices when they become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do firms change prices when they become
+threatened by southwest's entry even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threatened by southwest's entry even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threatened by southwest's entry even
+though Southwest has not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though Southwest has not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though Southwest has not
+entered um and so what's really nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entered um and so what's really nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entered um and so what's really nice
+about this application is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this application is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this application is you know
+imagine you have like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you have like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you have like a
+market you know so we have a market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market you know so we have a market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market you know so we have a market
+where that Southwest is not currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that Southwest is not currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that Southwest is not currently
+serving like uh flying from Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serving like uh flying from Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serving like uh flying from Boston
+to uh Nashville and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh Nashville and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh Nashville and there
+no no flights on Southwest from Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no flights on Southwest from Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no flights on Southwest from Boston
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+Nashville and the current carriers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nashville and the current carriers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nashville and the current carriers
+serving Boston to Nashville are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serving Boston to Nashville are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serving Boston to Nashville are
+completely unscared of Southwest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely unscared of Southwest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely unscared of Southwest
+entering and competing with them because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering and competing with them because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering and competing with them because
+Southwest doesn't have any operations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Southwest doesn't have any operations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Southwest doesn't have any operations in
+Nashville they have no Gates there they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nashville they have no Gates there they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nashville they have no Gates there they
+have no aircraft there they have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no aircraft there they have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no aircraft there they have no
+employees there if Southwest doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees there if Southwest doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees there if Southwest doesn't
+have any employees in Nashville it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any employees in Nashville it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any employees in Nashville it's
+unlikely they're going to just start a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlikely they're going to just start a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlikely they're going to just start a
+Boston to Nashville flight okay but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston to Nashville flight okay but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston to Nashville flight okay but you
+know suppose Southwest Southwest does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know suppose Southwest Southwest does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know suppose Southwest Southwest does
+operate out of Boston suppose Southwest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate out of Boston suppose Southwest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate out of Boston suppose Southwest
+were to announce we're moving into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to announce we're moving into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to announce we're moving into
+Nashville and we're initially going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nashville and we're initially going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nashville and we're initially going to
+fly Nashville to Miami Nashville to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly Nashville to Miami Nashville to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly Nashville to Miami Nashville to
+Dallas Nashville to Las Vegas um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dallas Nashville to Las Vegas um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dallas Nashville to Las Vegas um
+Nashville to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nashville to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nashville to
+La okay well then if you're the carriers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+La okay well then if you're the carriers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+La okay well then if you're the carriers
+on the Boston to uh Nashville route you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the Boston to uh Nashville route you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the Boston to uh Nashville route you
+become scared that Southwest now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become scared that Southwest now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become scared that Southwest now that
+they have operations in both Boston and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have operations in both Boston and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have operations in both Boston and
+Nashville are they going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nashville are they going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nashville are they going to start
+serving the Boston to Nashville Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serving the Boston to Nashville Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serving the Boston to Nashville Market
+um but the you know nice feature that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the you know nice feature that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the you know nice feature that
+that gby cyberon note is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gby cyberon note is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gby cyberon note is that
+Southwest both announces that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Southwest both announces that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Southwest both announces that they're
+coming to Nashville five months before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to Nashville five months before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to Nashville five months before
+they come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come to
+Nashville and when they they announc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nashville and when they they announc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nashville and when they they announc
+we're going to come to Nashville with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to come to Nashville with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to come to Nashville with
+these routes so you know they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these routes so you know they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these routes so you know they're not
+serving Boston to Nashville and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serving Boston to Nashville and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serving Boston to Nashville and so
+ghouls be cyberon say is you know let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ghouls be cyberon say is you know let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ghouls be cyberon say is you know let's
+imagine that firms are trying to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that firms are trying to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that firms are trying to keep
+you know that once this happens suddenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that once this happens suddenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that once this happens suddenly
+uh United Airlines has an incentive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh United Airlines has an incentive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh United Airlines has an incentive to
+try to keep uh Southwest out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to keep uh Southwest out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to keep uh Southwest out of the
+Boston Nashville Market what might they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston Nashville Market what might they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston Nashville Market what might they
+do they're looking at this sort of again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they're looking at this sort of again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they're looking at this sort of again
+this limit pricing thought of they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this limit pricing thought of they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this limit pricing thought of they could
+start limit pricing and cut their prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start limit pricing and cut their prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start limit pricing and cut their prices
+on the Boston to Nashville route to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the Boston to Nashville route to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the Boston to Nashville route to
+signal to Southwest they have low cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal to Southwest they have low cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal to Southwest they have low cost
+and tell Southwest stay you should stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tell Southwest stay you should stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tell Southwest stay you should stay
+out of Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of Boston
+Nashville um and you know the nice thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nashville um and you know the nice thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nashville um and you know the nice thing
+about it is you can look at do they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it is you can look at do they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it is you can look at do they do
+this 5 months before na their Southwest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 5 months before na their Southwest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 5 months before na their Southwest
+is even operating Nashville to Miami so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is even operating Nashville to Miami so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is even operating Nashville to Miami so
+you've got this sort of like long period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got this sort of like long period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got this sort of like long period
+before anything has actually changed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before anything has actually changed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before anything has actually changed in
+the airline Market where it's just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the airline Market where it's just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the airline Market where it's just the
+threat of Entry has changed and we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threat of Entry has changed and we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threat of Entry has changed and we look
+at with that threat of Entry changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at with that threat of Entry changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at with that threat of Entry changing
+does uh does United start changing its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does uh does United start changing its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does uh does United start changing its
+pricing uh and tring price in a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing uh and tring price in a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing uh and tring price in a way that
+looks like it's limit pricing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like it's limit pricing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like it's limit pricing or
+something to keep entry out okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to keep entry out okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to keep entry out okay um
+anyway the interesting results in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway the interesting results in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway the interesting results in the
+paper are that um this does seem to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper are that um this does seem to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper are that um this does seem to go
+on so as I said you know Southwest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so as I said you know Southwest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so as I said you know Southwest
+typically announces it's coming into an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically announces it's coming into an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically announces it's coming into an
+Des an endpoint airport like five months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Des an endpoint airport like five months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Des an endpoint airport like five months
+before it does and if you look at you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it does and if you look at you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it does and if you look at you
+know so in this case Southwest has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so in this case Southwest has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so in this case Southwest has
+announced that it's coming in at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announced that it's coming in at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announced that it's coming in at time
+t0 and what you find is that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t0 and what you find is that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t0 and what you find is that you know
+eight months before you don't pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight months before you don't pick up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight months before you don't pick up
+anything but then 7even six 5 months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything but then 7even six 5 months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything but then 7even six 5 months
+before you pick up the airlines having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you pick up the airlines having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you pick up the airlines having
+lowered their prices by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowered their prices by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowered their prices by by
+7% uh it goes up to 10% and then by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7% uh it goes up to 10% and then by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7% uh it goes up to 10% and then by the
+time Southwest is almost in Nashville
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time Southwest is almost in Nashville
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time Southwest is almost in Nashville
+United's prices end up 13% lower than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United's prices end up 13% lower than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United's prices end up 13% lower than
+they were before the entry occurred and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were before the entry occurred and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were before the entry occurred and
+again this is entry not competing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is entry not competing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is entry not competing
+directly on the route this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly on the route this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly on the route this is just
+threat of Entry causes this 133% decline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threat of Entry causes this 133% decline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threat of Entry causes this 133% decline
+in prices uh and prices are then even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in prices uh and prices are then even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in prices uh and prices are then even
+lower after Southwest gets to Nashville
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower after Southwest gets to Nashville
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower after Southwest gets to Nashville
+and then lower still if Southwest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then lower still if Southwest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then lower still if Southwest
+actually comes in and starts competing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually comes in and starts competing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually comes in and starts competing
+with United on Boston to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with United on Boston to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with United on Boston to
+Nashville but what they're finding is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nashville but what they're finding is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nashville but what they're finding is
+that there these price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there these price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there these price
+declines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declines
+um there are these price declines well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are these price declines well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are these price declines well
+before anything has actually changed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before anything has actually changed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before anything has actually changed in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+markets other than the future entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets other than the future entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets other than the future entry
+possibility um so I I think it's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility um so I I think it's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility um so I I think it's it's a
+striking finding it's not perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striking finding it's not perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striking finding it's not perfectly
+clean as a reduced form prediction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean as a reduced form prediction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean as a reduced form prediction of
+they must be behaving strategically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they must be behaving strategically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they must be behaving strategically
+because you know this is a model that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know this is a model that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know this is a model that
+would have a competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have a competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have a competition
+effect um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect um
+if United knows that Southwest is coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if United knows that Southwest is coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if United knows that Southwest is coming
+into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the
+market um then it knows that it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market um then it knows that it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market um then it knows that it's going
+to be a Dooly instead of a monopoly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a Dooly instead of a monopoly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a Dooly instead of a monopoly in
+the future it therefore might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future it therefore might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future it therefore might want to
+behave in a way that's good for it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave in a way that's good for it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave in a way that's good for it in a
+duopoly relative to what's good for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duopoly relative to what's good for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duopoly relative to what's good for it
+in a monopoly now my first thought would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a monopoly now my first thought would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a monopoly now my first thought would
+be actually it could that one could even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be actually it could that one could even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be actually it could that one could even
+go in the other way and it could be they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in the other way and it could be they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in the other way and it could be they
+want to raise their prices for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to raise their prices for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to raise their prices for the
+because of the competition effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the competition effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the competition effect
+because if they've been trying to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if they've been trying to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if they've been trying to build
+customer loyalty over the years and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer loyalty over the years and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer loyalty over the years and
+build frequent fire miles and get people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build frequent fire miles and get people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build frequent fire miles and get people
+to spend a lot of money it could be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend a lot of money it could be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend a lot of money it could be that
+you again you just start eat your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you again you just start eat your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you again you just start eat your
+loyalty it's like okay people have good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loyalty it's like okay people have good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loyalty it's like okay people have good
+feelings about us good feelings are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings about us good feelings are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings about us good feelings are
+going to be worthless to us let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be worthless to us let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be worthless to us let's just
+go ahead and make all the money we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead and make all the money we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead and make all the money we want
+$2,000 to fly to Nashville we'll take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$2,000 to fly to Nashville we'll take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$2,000 to fly to Nashville we'll take
+all our Goodwill we'll burn it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all our Goodwill we'll burn it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all our Goodwill we'll burn it in the
+next six months and then be done with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next six months and then be done with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next six months and then be done with it
+um but you know it could also go the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you know it could also go the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you know it could also go the
+other way if like by keeping prices low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way if like by keeping prices low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way if like by keeping prices low
+today people are loyal to United and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today people are loyal to United and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today people are loyal to United and
+don't ever try Southwest and find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't ever try Southwest and find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't ever try Southwest and find out
+what it's like to fly without having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's like to fly without having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's like to fly without having a
+reserved seat and maybe you just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserved seat and maybe you just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserved seat and maybe you just sort of
+want to build up the customer loyalty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to build up the customer loyalty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to build up the customer loyalty
+and not get them to try you know get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not get them to try you know get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not get them to try you know get
+them so they don't feel like try they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so they don't feel like try they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so they don't feel like try they're
+not angry and wanting to try Southwest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not angry and wanting to try Southwest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not angry and wanting to try Southwest
+um but anyway and then the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but anyway and then the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but anyway and then the second
+problem is that the you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that the you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that the you know the
+pre-entry stuff I think is really nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-entry stuff I think is really nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-entry stuff I think is really nice
+the post entry estimates there's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the post entry estimates there's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the post entry estimates there's always
+this concern that while Southwest is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this concern that while Southwest is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this concern that while Southwest is not
+flying uh Boston to they eliminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying uh Boston to they eliminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying uh Boston to they eliminate
+markets where Southwest is flying you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets where Southwest is flying you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets where Southwest is flying you
+know you know where Southwest announces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know where Southwest announces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know where Southwest announces
+Nashville to Boston they also would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nashville to Boston they also would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nashville to Boston they also would
+eliminate if if Southwest announces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate if if Southwest announces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate if if Southwest announces
+Nashville to Miami and then they already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nashville to Miami and then they already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nashville to Miami and then they already
+fly Miami to Boston but they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly Miami to Boston but they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly Miami to Boston but they don't
+eliminate it if you can go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate it if you can go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate it if you can go from
+Nashville to Chicago and from Chicago to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nashville to Chicago and from Chicago to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nashville to Chicago and from Chicago to
+Washington and then from Washington to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington and then from Washington to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington and then from Washington to
+Boston on Southwest those markets they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston on Southwest those markets they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston on Southwest those markets they
+don't eliminate you know people who Fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't eliminate you know people who Fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't eliminate you know people who Fly
+Southwest sometimes do things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Southwest sometimes do things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Southwest sometimes do things like that
+so it it could be there is actually some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it it could be there is actually some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it it could be there is actually some
+mismeasured real competition there that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mismeasured real competition there that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mismeasured real competition there that
+causes from people taking these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes from people taking these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes from people taking these
+multi-leg Southwest Journeys to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-leg Southwest Journeys to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-leg Southwest Journeys to to
+compete with the Boston Nashville uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compete with the Boston Nashville uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compete with the Boston Nashville uh
+flights that United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+has any questions so then you know thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has any questions so then you know thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has any questions so then you know thing
+I wanted to go for finish off today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to go for finish off today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to go for finish off today is
+is talk about you know I think a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is talk about you know I think a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is talk about you know I think a very
+nice uh recent paper by uh sweding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice uh recent paper by uh sweding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice uh recent paper by uh sweding
+Roberts and gedge on Dynamic limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roberts and gedge on Dynamic limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roberts and gedge on Dynamic limit
+pricing in the airline industry and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing in the airline industry and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing in the airline industry and this
+is very much again you know I I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very much again you know I I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very much again you know I I think
+you know I say over and over again you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I say over and over again you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I say over and over again you
+don't have to be really original to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to be really original to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to be really original to
+succeed in econom ICS you know you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed in econom ICS you know you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed in econom ICS you know you can
+just sort of take a take a good paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of take a take a good paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of take a take a good paper
+and do it better and so what you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do it better and so what you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do it better and so what you know
+sweding and Roberts and GED are doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweding and Roberts and GED are doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweding and Roberts and GED are doing is
+looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking
+at pricing by incumbents when Southwest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at pricing by incumbents when Southwest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at pricing by incumbents when Southwest
+is threatening entry and trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is threatening entry and trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is threatening entry and trying to
+understand does the limit pricing story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand does the limit pricing story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand does the limit pricing story
+really hang together to explain what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hang together to explain what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hang together to explain what we
+see in the pricing in the months before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in the pricing in the months before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in the pricing in the months before
+Southwest enters a market um so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Southwest enters a market um so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Southwest enters a market um so they
+start out by doing you know so what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out by doing you know so what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out by doing you know so what they
+do is they start out they sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is they start out they sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is they start out they sort of
+discuss a theoretical model mod in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss a theoretical model mod in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss a theoretical model mod in which
+the limit pricing would make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit pricing would make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit pricing would make
+sense they do a test of like reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense they do a test of like reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense they do a test of like reduced
+form predictions of that model versus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form predictions of that model versus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form predictions of that model versus a
+non- strategic model and then they do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non- strategic model and then they do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non- strategic model and then they do a
+structural estimation are the magnitudes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural estimation are the magnitudes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural estimation are the magnitudes
+here sufficient to explain those 133%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here sufficient to explain those 133%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here sufficient to explain those 133%
+price drops that gby cyberson reported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price drops that gby cyberson reported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price drops that gby cyberson reported
+okay so anyway what's their model so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so anyway what's their model so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so anyway what's their model so
+it's a multi-period like mgram Roberts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a multi-period like mgram Roberts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a multi-period like mgram Roberts
+limit pricing by uh through signaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit pricing by uh through signaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit pricing by uh through signaling
+your cost model so the incumbent has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cost model so the incumbent has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cost model so the incumbent has
+some marginal cost of carrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some marginal cost of carrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some marginal cost of carrying
+passengers CIT and it follows some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers CIT and it follows some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers CIT and it follows some
+Markov process on an interval c lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov process on an interval c lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov process on an interval c lower
+bar C upper bar and so and we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar C upper bar and so and we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar C upper bar and so and we're going
+to assume it's a persistent highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assume it's a persistent highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assume it's a persistent highly
+persistent markof process like an ar1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persistent markof process like an ar1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persistent markof process like an ar1
+process with a coefficient close to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process with a coefficient close to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process with a coefficient close to one
+so costs are following an ar1 process uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so costs are following an ar1 process uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so costs are following an ar1 process uh
+on this interval so at every point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this interval so at every point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this interval so at every point in
+time you know you're always uncertain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you know you're always uncertain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you know you're always uncertain
+about what United's cost is because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what United's cost is because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what United's cost is because it's
+always different and it's evolving um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always different and it's evolving um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always different and it's evolving um
+Southwest has a fixed entry cost KT and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Southwest has a fixed entry cost KT and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Southwest has a fixed entry cost KT and
+it's drawn IID from some density in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's drawn IID from some density in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's drawn IID from some density in
+every period And so there going be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every period And so there going be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every period And so there going be
+periods when it's good for Southwest to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods when it's good for Southwest to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods when it's good for Southwest to
+enter and bad for Southwest to enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter and bad for Southwest to enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter and bad for Southwest to enter
+they're going be more likely to enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going be more likely to enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going be more likely to enter
+when their costs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when their costs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when their costs are
+low um and so at each time t uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low um and so at each time t uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low um and so at each time t uh the
+incumbent chooses some price it earns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incumbent chooses some price it earns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incumbent chooses some price it earns
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+profit Southwest observes the price they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit Southwest observes the price they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit Southwest observes the price they
+charge but doesn't observe the profit or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge but doesn't observe the profit or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge but doesn't observe the profit or
+the cost and then Southwest learns what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost and then Southwest learns what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost and then Southwest learns what
+its cost draw is for entry cost and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its cost draw is for entry cost and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its cost draw is for entry cost and then
+it decides to enter or not and if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it decides to enter or not and if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it decides to enter or not and if it
+enters you know there's duopoly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enters you know there's duopoly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enters you know there's duopoly
+competition with now commonly observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition with now commonly observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition with now commonly observed
+costs in all future periods uh and firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs in all future periods uh and firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs in all future periods uh and firms
+just play the static Nash equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just play the static Nash equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just play the static Nash equilibrium
+all future periods if Southwest doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all future periods if Southwest doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all future periods if Southwest doesn't
+enter then we just they just wait and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter then we just they just wait and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter then we just they just wait and
+they can enter again next period if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can enter again next period if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can enter again next period if they
+get a good cost draw so notice that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a good cost draw so notice that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a good cost draw so notice that you
+know Southwest even if a market is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Southwest even if a market is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Southwest even if a market is
+profitable may want to wait some number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitable may want to wait some number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitable may want to wait some number
+of periods to come in to wait for a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of periods to come in to wait for a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of periods to come in to wait for a good
+cost draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost draw
+um and obviously they're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and obviously they're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and obviously they're going to be
+more likely to come in if they think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely to come in if they think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely to come in if they think
+that the incumbent cost is high this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the incumbent cost is high this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the incumbent cost is high this is
+a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a model
+where uh you know right the incumbent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh you know right the incumbent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh you know right the incumbent
+cost is sort of bouncing around on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost is sort of bouncing around on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost is sort of bouncing around on some
+interval c lower bar C upper bar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval c lower bar C upper bar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval c lower bar C upper bar and
+Southwest just has some other different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Southwest just has some other different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Southwest just has some other different
+cost which actually you know I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost which actually you know I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost which actually you know I think we
+think of is down here so we think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of is down here so we think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of is down here so we think of
+Southwest as being a lower cost carrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Southwest as being a lower cost carrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Southwest as being a lower cost carrier
+than United so United but if you such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than United so United but if you such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than United so United but if you such
+that if United's cost is down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if United's cost is down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if United's cost is down here
+Southwest is going to say our cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Southwest is going to say our cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Southwest is going to say our cost
+Advantage isn't big enough to pay all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advantage isn't big enough to pay all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advantage isn't big enough to pay all
+the fixed cost of buying the gates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fixed cost of buying the gates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fixed cost of buying the gates and
+hiring the employees if if United's cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiring the employees if if United's cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiring the employees if if United's cost
+is up here Southwest is going to want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is up here Southwest is going to want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is up here Southwest is going to want to
+come in and compete with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in and compete with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in and compete with
+them um and this Markoff process you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them um and this Markoff process you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them um and this Markoff process you
+know like Milgram and Roberts was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like Milgram and Roberts was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like Milgram and Roberts was this
+one time you price low to Signal your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one time you price low to Signal your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one time you price low to Signal your
+low cost and then they learn your cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low cost and then they learn your cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low cost and then they learn your cost
+and then they enter or not here there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they enter or not here there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they enter or not here there's
+just this Perpetual incentive to always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this Perpetual incentive to always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this Perpetual incentive to always
+signal your cost because there's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal your cost because there's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal your cost because there's always
+a new innovation your cost and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new innovation your cost and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new innovation your cost and you know
+that creates this incentive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that creates this incentive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that creates this incentive to
+continually limit price limit price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continually limit price limit price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continually limit price limit price
+limit price to always make them think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit price to always make them think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit price to always make them think
+your cost is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um okay so the first thing they do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so the first thing they do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so the first thing they do in
+the paper is a it's a non-monotonicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper is a it's a non-monotonicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper is a it's a non-monotonicity
+test and it's motivated by the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test and it's motivated by the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test and it's motivated by the limit
+pricing model um you know the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing model um you know the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing model um you know the model
+predicts that limit pricing is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicts that limit pricing is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicts that limit pricing is going to
+be most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be most
+important in markets that have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in markets that have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in markets that have an
+intermediate entry probability if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate entry probability if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate entry probability if you
+have a market where there's a very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a market where there's a very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a market where there's a very low
+entry probability then you're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry probability then you're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry probability then you're not going
+to bother limit pricing there's a market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bother limit pricing there's a market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bother limit pricing there's a market
+where there's a very high you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's a very high you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's a very high you know so
+like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the
+um you know service from Boston to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know service from Boston to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know service from Boston to
+Billings Montana there's no way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Billings Montana there's no way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Billings Montana there's no way
+Southwest is going to fly start flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Southwest is going to fly start flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Southwest is going to fly start flying
+Boston to Billings Montana it's just not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston to Billings Montana it's just not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston to Billings Montana it's just not
+something that of the kind of Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that of the kind of Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that of the kind of Market
+they serve there you don't need to limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they serve there you don't need to limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they serve there you don't need to limit
+price um you know if they've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price um you know if they've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price um you know if they've just
+entered Las Vegas and they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entered Las Vegas and they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entered Las Vegas and they're not
+serving it yet you know sooner or later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serving it yet you know sooner or later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serving it yet you know sooner or later
+there's going to be a Boston Las Vegas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be a Boston Las Vegas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be a Boston Las Vegas
+flight on Southwest there's nothing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight on Southwest there's nothing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight on Southwest there's nothing you
+can do to stop that so you don't try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do to stop that so you don't try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do to stop that so you don't try to
+limit price there but maybe Boston to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit price there but maybe Boston to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit price there but maybe Boston to
+Nashville is an intermediate Siz Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nashville is an intermediate Siz Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nashville is an intermediate Siz Market
+where you could try to make that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you could try to make that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you could try to make that one
+unattractive uh and so what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unattractive uh and so what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unattractive uh and so what they're
+going to say is do incumbents drop their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say is do incumbents drop their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say is do incumbents drop their
+prices most in markets with a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices most in markets with a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices most in markets with a uh
+intermediate entry probability and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate entry probability and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate entry probability and so
+this is you know pretty simple uh again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you know pretty simple uh again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you know pretty simple uh again
+chometric exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chometric exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chometric exercise
+they just have a first stage regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just have a first stage regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just have a first stage regression
+where they regress the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they regress the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they regress the probability of
+Southwest entry on Market size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Southwest entry on Market size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Southwest entry on Market size
+concentration of of whether the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of of whether the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of of whether the sort of
+end points are do have dominant carriers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end points are do have dominant carriers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end points are do have dominant carriers
+or not how it fits with Southwest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not how it fits with Southwest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not how it fits with Southwest
+Network other explanatory variables so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network other explanatory variables so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network other explanatory variables so
+they have a first stage regression sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a first stage regression sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a first stage regression sort
+of trying to understand where it is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trying to understand where it is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trying to understand where it is that
+Southwest enters and then the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Southwest enters and then the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Southwest enters and then the second
+stage um so PM hat is the predicted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage um so PM hat is the predicted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage um so PM hat is the predicted
+entry probability and so what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry probability and so what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry probability and so what they're
+looking for is this I think this sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for is this I think this sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for is this I think this sounds
+for Southwest post entry they're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Southwest post entry they're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Southwest post entry they're looking
+at your is price being reduced after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at your is price being reduced after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at your is price being reduced after
+entry in markets where there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry in markets where there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry in markets where there's an
+intermediate entry probability which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate entry probability which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate entry probability which you
+would get from the beta 1 being negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get from the beta 1 being negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get from the beta 1 being negative
+and the beta 2 being positive it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the beta 2 being positive it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the beta 2 being positive it would
+be something that dips down and has low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something that dips down and has low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something that dips down and has low
+prices in those intermediate Siz markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices in those intermediate Siz markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices in those intermediate Siz markets
+okay and so they just estimate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so they just estimate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so they just estimate this
+entry probability based on Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry probability based on Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry probability based on Market
+characteristics and then they look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics and then they look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics and then they look at
+how the prices change related to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the prices change related to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the prices change related to that
+um and you know pretty clean results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know pretty clean results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know pretty clean results
+that it is the inter you know those sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is the inter you know those sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is the inter you know those sort
+of 133% price declines are relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 133% price declines are relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 133% price declines are relatively
+larger in the um intermediate entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger in the um intermediate entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger in the um intermediate entry
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+markets what so what you get is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets what so what you get is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets what so what you get is you know
+and they give many different versions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they give many different versions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they give many different versions of
+this but you know simplest one is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but you know simplest one is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but you know simplest one is just
+log of price you regress you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of price you regress you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of price you regress you know this
+is the change in log price after entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the change in log price after entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the change in log price after entry
+and you see that it's interaction with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see that it's interaction with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see that it's interaction with
+the probability of Entry is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of Entry is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of Entry is a
+negative coefficient on the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative coefficient on the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative coefficient on the probability
+of Entry a positive coefficient on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Entry a positive coefficient on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Entry a positive coefficient on the
+probability of Entry squared so it's as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of Entry squared so it's as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of Entry squared so it's as
+if that effect is something that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that effect is something that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that effect is something that you
+know goes down like that and goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know goes down like that and goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know goes down like that and goes up
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+that uh another thing they do just on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh another thing they do just on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh another thing they do just on
+the quantity side instead of on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantity side instead of on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantity side instead of on the
+price side is look at how full are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price side is look at how full are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price side is look at how full are the
+airplanes are they sending Off full or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes are they sending Off full or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes are they sending Off full or
+empty airplanes and again this one it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty airplanes and again this one it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty airplanes and again this one it it
+it as you would expect it goes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as you would expect it goes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as you would expect it goes the
+opposite way that so this is sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite way that so this is sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite way that so this is sort of the
+price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price
+uh if you look at the sort of how full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you look at the sort of how full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you look at the sort of how full
+the airplanes are that one goes up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the airplanes are that one goes up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the airplanes are that one goes up and
+then down so that it's it's your more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then down so that it's it's your more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then down so that it's it's your more
+filling up the planes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling up the planes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling up the planes in the
+intermediate size markets which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate size markets which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate size markets which
+presumably you fill up the planes by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably you fill up the planes by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably you fill up the planes by
+charging lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging lower
+prices and all all the others seem to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and all all the others seem to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and all all the others seem to go
+same way but the story seems to be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way but the story seems to be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way but the story seems to be that
+yes it is the intermediate Siz markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it is the intermediate Siz markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it is the intermediate Siz markets
+where um intermediate Siz markets where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where um intermediate Siz markets where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where um intermediate Siz markets where
+this you're unur if they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you're unur if they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you're unur if they're going to
+enter where the price where the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter where the price where the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter where the price where the big
+price declines are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price declines are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price declines are
+biggest and then the final thing they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest and then the final thing they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest and then the final thing they
+try to do is a um structural analysis so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do is a um structural analysis so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do is a um structural analysis so
+what they're trying to do is take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're trying to do is take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're trying to do is take that
+markof model they wrote down um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markof model they wrote down um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markof model they wrote down um
+calibrate that model and see whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibrate that model and see whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibrate that model and see whether
+that model explains what it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that model explains what it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that model explains what it has
+um so in particular what they're often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in particular what they're often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in particular what they're often
+trying to do here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do here
+is you know trying to not use the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know trying to not use the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know trying to not use the data
+in the threat period calibrate the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the threat period calibrate the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the threat period calibrate the model
+using data from either the pre period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using data from either the pre period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using data from either the pre period
+before Southwest comes before Southwest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before Southwest comes before Southwest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before Southwest comes before Southwest
+announced or uh after the Southwest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announced or uh after the Southwest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announced or uh after the Southwest
+entry um and then show that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry um and then show that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry um and then show that we can
+calibrate this model and that model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibrate this model and that model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibrate this model and that model
+actually does predict price declines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually does predict price declines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually does predict price declines
+close to the actual price declines so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the actual price declines so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the actual price declines so
+it's it's a exercise of saying we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a exercise of saying we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a exercise of saying we're
+going to take this model we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take this model we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take this model we're going to
+calibrate it using the data that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibrate it using the data that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibrate it using the data that we have
+not from that Strategic investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not from that Strategic investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not from that Strategic investment
+period and then say what is it predicted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period and then say what is it predicted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period and then say what is it predicted
+to happen in the Strategic investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen in the Strategic investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen in the Strategic investment
+period and yes it does seem to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period and yes it does seem to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period and yes it does seem to predict
+the data pretty well um and then once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data pretty well um and then once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data pretty well um and then once
+they have it they also sort of use it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have it they also sort of use it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have it they also sort of use it to
+sort of discuss some welfare questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of discuss some welfare questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of discuss some welfare questions
+because it's going to be a model that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's going to be a model that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's going to be a model that
+you get consu back consumer utility and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get consu back consumer utility and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get consu back consumer utility and
+prices out of it you can estimate dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices out of it you can estimate dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices out of it you can estimate dead
+weight losses and see how they change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight losses and see how they change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight losses and see how they change
+and talk about the welfare effects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk about the welfare effects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk about the welfare effects of
+this limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pricing uh so how does this done so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing uh so how does this done so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing uh so how does this done so they
+restrict themselves to 109 markets so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrict themselves to 109 markets so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrict themselves to 109 markets so
+these are 109 City pair markets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are 109 City pair markets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are 109 City pair markets and
+they're all doing to get it as close as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all doing to get it as close as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all doing to get it as close as
+possible to this Monopoly case they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to this Monopoly case they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to this Monopoly case they're
+do 109 markets where there's one carrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do 109 markets where there's one carrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do 109 markets where there's one carrier
+that has a dominant share uh uh before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a dominant share uh uh before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a dominant share uh uh before
+Southwest comes in you know many markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Southwest comes in you know many markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Southwest comes in you know many markets
+there are multiple carriers serving them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are multiple carriers serving them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are multiple carriers serving them
+but if you pick smaller City pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you pick smaller City pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you pick smaller City pair
+markets a lot of them that have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets a lot of them that have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets a lot of them that have one
+carrier doing most of the traffic so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier doing most of the traffic so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier doing most of the traffic so you
+can think it is there's a monopolist and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think it is there's a monopolist and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think it is there's a monopolist and
+then the monopolis might be competing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the monopolis might be competing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the monopolis might be competing
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+Southwest um what they assume is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Southwest um what they assume is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Southwest um what they assume is that
+demand is a nested loit model where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand is a nested loit model where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand is a nested loit model where you
+have the outside good of not flying in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the outside good of not flying in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the outside good of not flying in
+one nest and then Southwest versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one nest and then Southwest versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one nest and then Southwest versus
+United in the inside Nest um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United in the inside Nest um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United in the inside Nest um and then
+they try to estimate that they estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they try to estimate that they estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they try to estimate that they estimate
+that model using data from before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that model using data from before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that model using data from before
+Southwest before there's any threat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Southwest before there's any threat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Southwest before there's any threat and
+using data from uh using data from after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using data from uh using data from after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using data from uh using data from after
+Southwest has entered and then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Southwest has entered and then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Southwest has entered and then you're
+just observing the competition between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just observing the competition between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just observing the competition between
+the other Airline and Southwest and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other Airline and Southwest and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other Airline and Southwest and
+where do they get the sort of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do they get the sort of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do they get the sort of you know
+IVs to do this in the pre period perod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IVs to do this in the pre period perod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IVs to do this in the pre period perod
+it's it's fairly easy it's like in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's fairly easy it's like in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's fairly easy it's like in the
+pre period they're getting the IV for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre period they're getting the IV for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre period they're getting the IV for
+your de your price uh from Air from fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your de your price uh from Air from fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your de your price uh from Air from fuel
+prices when fuel prices go up Airlines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices when fuel prices go up Airlines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices when fuel prices go up Airlines
+raise prices when fuel prices go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise prices when fuel prices go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise prices when fuel prices go down
+Airlines lower prices looking at how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Airlines lower prices looking at how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Airlines lower prices looking at how
+demand changes with fuel prices they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand changes with fuel prices they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand changes with fuel prices they
+estimate substitution between the inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate substitution between the inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate substitution between the inside
+good and the outside good and then for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and the outside good and then for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and the outside good and then for
+compete for the price competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compete for the price competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compete for the price competition
+between Southwest and United they're you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Southwest and United they're you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Southwest and United they're you
+know they're not as great end points but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're not as great end points but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're not as great end points but
+it's like using United endpoint shares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like using United endpoint shares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like using United endpoint shares
+and where United has bigger shares at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where United has bigger shares at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where United has bigger shares at
+the end points they're going to tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end points they're going to tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end points they're going to tend to
+set higher prices that's going to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set higher prices that's going to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set higher prices that's going to change
+the relative prices of Southwest and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relative prices of Southwest and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relative prices of Southwest and and
+United um okay then the marginal cost uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United um okay then the marginal cost uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United um okay then the marginal cost uh
+this you know going back to what tobas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know going back to what tobas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know going back to what tobas
+tobas lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tobas lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tobas lectures
+um if you first estimate the demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you first estimate the demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you first estimate the demand
+elasticities uh and then you assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticities uh and then you assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticities uh and then you assume that
+firms are pricing optimally you can back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms are pricing optimally you can back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms are pricing optimally you can back
+out what the marginal costs are so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what the marginal costs are so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what the marginal costs are so they
+do that kind of approach where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that kind of approach where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that kind of approach where they
+first estimate the demand elasticities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first estimate the demand elasticities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first estimate the demand elasticities
+then given the demand elasticities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then given the demand elasticities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then given the demand elasticities
+assume price firms are pricing at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume price firms are pricing at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume price firms are pricing at the
+static Optimum they back out what the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static Optimum they back out what the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static Optimum they back out what the um
+costs are and then once they get a cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs are and then once they get a cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs are and then once they get a cost
+they get a cost period by period they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get a cost period by period they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get a cost period by period they
+just run regressions on them to estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just run regressions on them to estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just run regressions on them to estimate
+ar1 coefficients and find if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ar1 coefficients and find if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ar1 coefficients and find if they're
+serially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serially
+correlated and then for entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated and then for entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated and then for entry
+costs um they just take a subset of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs um they just take a subset of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs um they just take a subset of the
+data using 20% of the markets and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data using 20% of the markets and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data using 20% of the markets and they
+just sort of say what distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of say what distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of say what distribution of
+Entry costs given the demand estimates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Entry costs given the demand estimates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Entry costs given the demand estimates
+that we have in the profit function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have in the profit function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have in the profit function
+we've estimated for Southwest what entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've estimated for Southwest what entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've estimated for Southwest what entry
+costs would rationalize the observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs would rationalize the observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs would rationalize the observed
+level of entry and The observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of entry and The observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of entry and The observed
+correlation between entry and Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation between entry and Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation between entry and Market
+size and they estimate sort of Entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and they estimate sort of Entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and they estimate sort of Entry
+cost distributions to match that to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost distributions to match that to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost distributions to match that to the
+data so that's where the Primitives come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so that's where the Primitives come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so that's where the Primitives come
+from um what do they look like um okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from um what do they look like um okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from um what do they look like um okay
+so here's what they look like um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's what they look like um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's what they look like um the
+demand estimates find that these goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand estimates find that these goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand estimates find that these goods
+are close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are close
+substitutes uh after entry the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutes uh after entry the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutes uh after entry the average
+uh own price elasticity for incumbents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh own price elasticity for incumbents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh own price elasticity for incumbents
+is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus
+2.9 um so you know you're going to still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.9 um so you know you're going to still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.9 um so you know you're going to still
+going to get 30% markups over marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get 30% markups over marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get 30% markups over marginal
+cost but demand is fairly elastic after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost but demand is fairly elastic after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost but demand is fairly elastic after
+people start competing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people start competing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people start competing with
+Southwest um you know the marginal cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Southwest um you know the marginal cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Southwest um you know the marginal cost
+estimates suggest that the traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates suggest that the traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates suggest that the traditional
+carriers are much more expensive much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers are much more expensive much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers are much more expensive much
+higher costs of operation than Southwest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher costs of operation than Southwest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher costs of operation than Southwest
+does um the marginal costs are averaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does um the marginal costs are averaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does um the marginal costs are averaging
+uh 258 the backed out marginal cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 258 the backed out marginal cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 258 the backed out marginal cost
+average 258 for the incumbents and 168
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average 258 for the incumbents and 168
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average 258 for the incumbents and 168
+for Southwest so it looks like Southwest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Southwest so it looks like Southwest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Southwest so it looks like Southwest
+has a big cost Advantage which you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a big cost Advantage which you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a big cost Advantage which you know
+is reflected comes out in the data of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is reflected comes out in the data of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is reflected comes out in the data of
+you see Southwest just pricing much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see Southwest just pricing much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see Southwest just pricing much
+lower than their traditional Rivals um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower than their traditional Rivals um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower than their traditional Rivals um
+and when you do the um serial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you do the um serial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you do the um serial
+correlation of the costs it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation of the costs it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation of the costs it looks like
+costs are very highly serially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs are very highly serially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs are very highly serially
+correlated over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time okay and then on the calibrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay and then on the calibrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay and then on the calibrated
+entry costs they just s sort of say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry costs they just s sort of say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry costs they just s sort of say that
+like you know we can match the the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know we can match the the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know we can match the the this
+this graph here is putting two things on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph here is putting two things on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph here is putting two things on
+on in the paper um on the x-axis they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in the paper um on the x-axis they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in the paper um on the x-axis they've
+gotten the um xaxis is the predicted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten the um xaxis is the predicted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten the um xaxis is the predicted
+entry probability from a linear from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry probability from a linear from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry probability from a linear from a
+regression of weather of entry on Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression of weather of entry on Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression of weather of entry on Market
+characteristics the y axis is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics the y axis is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics the y axis is the
+predicted entry cost that comes out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted entry cost that comes out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted entry cost that comes out of
+the theoretical model with the entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theoretical model with the entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theoretical model with the entry
+cost they've calibrated to make the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost they've calibrated to make the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost they've calibrated to make the two
+curves as close to each other as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves as close to each other as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves as close to each other as
+possible and they notice that they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and they notice that they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and they notice that they can
+make these two curves look very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make these two curves look very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make these two curves look very very
+close by picking an appropriate entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close by picking an appropriate entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close by picking an appropriate entry
+cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost
+distribution so you know it's it's both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so you know it's it's both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so you know it's it's both
+me measuring the you know you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me measuring the you know you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me measuring the you know you have to
+match both the level of entry and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match both the level of entry and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match both the level of entry and the
+correlation between entry and Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation between entry and Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation between entry and Market
+size but it looks like they're able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size but it looks like they're able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size but it looks like they're able to
+do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh so um you know two things they then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so um you know two things they then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so um you know two things they then
+do with the calibrated model one is does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with the calibrated model one is does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with the calibrated model one is does
+this model like is the sort of limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model like is the sort of limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model like is the sort of limit
+pricing story explaining much um how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing story explaining much um how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing story explaining much um how
+much limit pricing is going on in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much limit pricing is going on in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much limit pricing is going on in the
+data so panel B here is the data how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so panel B here is the data how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so panel B here is the data how
+much is um how much are incumbents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much is um how much are incumbents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much is um how much are incumbents
+reducing price as a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing price as a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing price as a function of the
+probability that entry will occur within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that entry will occur within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that entry will occur within
+the first four periods and here I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first four periods and here I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first four periods and here I guess
+you can see the data in theirs is um not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the data in theirs is um not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the data in theirs is um not
+quite as large must apparently be not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite as large must apparently be not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite as large must apparently be not
+quite as large a price reduction as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite as large a price reduction as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite as large a price reduction as the
+I know maybe it's it's M if these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know maybe it's it's M if these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know maybe it's it's M if these are
+things you know it's like we're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you know it's like we're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you know it's like we're getting
+in these intermediate entry Size Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these intermediate entry Size Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these intermediate entry Size Market
+intermediate size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate size
+markets uh we're getting 13 or 14% price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets uh we're getting 13 or 14% price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets uh we're getting 13 or 14% price
+reductions in these markets with very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions in these markets with very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions in these markets with very
+low entry probabilities we're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low entry probabilities we're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low entry probabilities we're getting
+like 4% price reductions and then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 4% price reductions and then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 4% price reductions and then in
+very big Mark in markets where there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very big Mark in markets where there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very big Mark in markets where there's
+almost sure entry although there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost sure entry although there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost sure entry although there are
+very few such markets they're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very few such markets they're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very few such markets they're getting
+price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price
+increases so that's that's what the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases so that's that's what the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases so that's that's what the data
+look like and then this is what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like and then this is what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like and then this is what the
+model predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model predict
+s you know the model predicts that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s you know the model predicts that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s you know the model predicts that in
+very small markets you would have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small markets you would have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small markets you would have very
+very tiny price Cuts just a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very tiny price Cuts just a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very tiny price Cuts just a couple
+percent in the intermediate size markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent in the intermediate size markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent in the intermediate size markets
+you would have 177% price cuts and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have 177% price cuts and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have 177% price cuts and then
+as we go to this extreme we're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we go to this extreme we're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we go to this extreme we're getting
+9% price Cuts so again you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9% price Cuts so again you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9% price Cuts so again you know it's
+it's not like the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like the model
+is it's not like the model is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's not like the model is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's not like the model is exactly
+fitting the data but the model is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting the data but the model is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting the data but the model is you
+know it's a model they've estimated not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's a model they've estimated not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's a model they've estimated not
+using the pricing data from the per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the pricing data from the per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the pricing data from the per
+perod when the threat of Entry occurred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perod when the threat of Entry occurred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perod when the threat of Entry occurred
+and this is what the model predicts will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what the model predicts will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what the model predicts will
+happen in that threat period and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in that threat period and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in that threat period and this is
+what did happen in the threat period and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did happen in the threat period and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did happen in the threat period and
+they argue that seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they argue that seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they argue that seems like
+quantitatively the model is doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitatively the model is doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitatively the model is doing a
+pretty good job of explaining how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good job of explaining how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good job of explaining how much
+limit pricing there is and so it's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit pricing there is and so it's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit pricing there is and so it's sort
+of we say you we they think the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of we say you we they think the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of we say you we they think the limit
+pricing is explaining why this is well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing is explaining why this is well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing is explaining why this is well
+the signaling is explaining could it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signaling is explaining could it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signaling is explaining could it be
+expl explaining is a let we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expl explaining is a let we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expl explaining is a let we say
+signaling is the right magnitude to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling is the right magnitude to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling is the right magnitude to
+explain why this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain why this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain why this is
+happening okay and then the second thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening okay and then the second thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening okay and then the second thing
+they do is talk talk about sort of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do is talk talk about sort of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do is talk talk about sort of uh
+what are the welfare effects and I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the welfare effects and I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the welfare effects and I guess
+you know not surprisingly um uh limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know not surprisingly um uh limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know not surprisingly um uh limit
+pricing is really good here compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing is really good here compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing is really good here compared to
+a model with known incumbent costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a model with known incumbent costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a model with known incumbent costs
+because in a if you those limit pricing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in a if you those limit pricing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in a if you those limit pricing
+models are sort of like this uh um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models are sort of like this uh um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models are sort of like this uh um you
+know it's if you think about relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's if you think about relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's if you think about relative to
+complete information it's it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete information it's it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete information it's it's it's
+firms are pricing a lot lower and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms are pricing a lot lower and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms are pricing a lot lower and
+they're not affecting the entry entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not affecting the entry entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not affecting the entry entry
+much and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much and so the
+um by pricing lower um you know by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by pricing lower um you know by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by pricing lower um you know by
+pricing lower you can get the um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing lower you can get the um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing lower you can get the um you
+know there's a substantial increase in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's a substantial increase in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's a substantial increase in
+consumer surplus from the limit pricing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer surplus from the limit pricing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer surplus from the limit pricing
+uh there's a loss in incumbent profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a loss in incumbent profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a loss in incumbent profits
+from the limit pricing but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the limit pricing but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the limit pricing but you know
+essentially we're eliminating the dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially we're eliminating the dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially we're eliminating the dead
+weight loss and so by eliminating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight loss and so by eliminating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight loss and so by eliminating the
+dead weight loss we're making things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead weight loss we're making things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead weight loss we're making things
+much better um and the only place where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better um and the only place where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better um and the only place where
+they argue that this doesn't happen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they argue that this doesn't happen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they argue that this doesn't happen is
+in the very large markets where they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the very large markets where they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the very large markets where they're
+arguing that there isn't much limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing that there isn't much limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing that there isn't much limit
+pricing going on where there's much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing going on where there's much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing going on where there's much
+limit pricing going on there there's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit pricing going on there there's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit pricing going on there there's not
+not really much of a welfare gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really much of a welfare gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really much of a welfare gain
+because the incumbents don't really do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the incumbents don't really do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the incumbents don't really do
+much limit pricing but in general right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much limit pricing but in general right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much limit pricing but in general right
+the limit pricing just lowers prices you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit pricing just lowers prices you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit pricing just lowers prices you
+have these consumer preferences where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these consumer preferences where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these consumer preferences where
+that reduces dead weight loss this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reduces dead weight loss this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reduces dead weight loss this is
+this limit pricing is is a socially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this limit pricing is is a socially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this limit pricing is is a socially
+beneficial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing okay questions no um okay so um oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay questions no um okay so um oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay questions no um okay so um oh
+uh I just to say very nice structural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I just to say very nice structural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I just to say very nice structural
+paper on uh on uh uh entry deterrence uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper on uh on uh uh entry deterrence uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper on uh on uh uh entry deterrence uh
+Steven Ryan has a very nice paper uh I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steven Ryan has a very nice paper uh I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steven Ryan has a very nice paper uh I'm
+leaving it for 273 because it uses a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving it for 273 because it uses a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving it for 273 because it uses a lot
+of methodology that that's covered in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of methodology that that's covered in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of methodology that that's covered in
+273 but the basic thing of Stephen's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+273 but the basic thing of Stephen's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+273 but the basic thing of Stephen's
+paper is looking at um uh you know when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper is looking at um uh you know when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper is looking at um uh you know when
+you sort of raise environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of raise environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of raise environmental
+regulations um one of the cost the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations um one of the cost the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations um one of the cost the
+environmental regulations is they make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental regulations is they make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental regulations is they make
+entry more difficult but then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry more difficult but then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry more difficult but then the
+incumbents don't have strategic entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incumbents don't have strategic entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incumbents don't have strategic entry
+rically deter entry anymore so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rically deter entry anymore so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rically deter entry anymore so you can
+get much higher pricing as an additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get much higher pricing as an additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get much higher pricing as an additional
+cost of environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of environmental
+regulation um okay anyway that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation um okay anyway that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation um okay anyway that that's
+covered well in 273 so uh next week uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered well in 273 so uh next week uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered well in 273 so uh next week uh
+again my shift gears I'm I'm sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again my shift gears I'm I'm sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again my shift gears I'm I'm sort of
+next week I'm going to talk about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week I'm going to talk about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week I'm going to talk about uh
+bounded rationality not 100% sure what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded rationality not 100% sure what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded rationality not 100% sure what
+I'm going to do with those two lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do with those two lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do with those two lectures
+I I may I may mix them up somewhat but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I may I may mix them up somewhat but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I may I may mix them up somewhat but
+uh anyway next week I'll be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh anyway next week I'll be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh anyway next week I'll be doing
+something talking about bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something talking about bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something talking about bounded
+rationality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationality
+okay for
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/wfLISAzXYns.txt b/wfLISAzXYns.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6d203d3a071400e22848c4623a84853662e45c56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/wfLISAzXYns.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3787 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's go through now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go through now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go through now
+how we can parametrize our guidelines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we can parametrize our guidelines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we can parametrize our guidelines
+specifically for covet 19.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically for covet 19.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically for covet 19.
+by looking at specific super spreading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking at specific super spreading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking at specific super spreading
+events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events
+so the event that was analyzed in great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the event that was analyzed in great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the event that was analyzed in great
+detail first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail first
+uh in which uh is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in which uh is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in which uh is going to be
+of most use for us initially for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of most use for us initially for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of most use for us initially for
+parametrize the guideline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametrize the guideline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametrize the guideline
+is the skagit valley chorale super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the skagit valley chorale super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the skagit valley chorale super
+spreading incident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreading incident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreading incident
+so this was again a two and a half hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was again a two and a half hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was again a two and a half hour
+choir practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choir practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choir practice
+uh involving 61 people one of whom was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh involving 61 people one of whom was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh involving 61 people one of whom was
+known to be infected the practice lasted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known to be infected the practice lasted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known to be infected the practice lasted
+two and a half hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and a half hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and a half hours
+and in the end there were 53 infected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the end there were 53 infected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the end there were 53 infected
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+two of whom later died so this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of whom later died so this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of whom later died so this was a
+large room with a height of four and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large room with a height of four and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large room with a height of four and a
+half meters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half meters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half meters
+and an area of 180 meters squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an area of 180 meters squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an area of 180 meters squared
+it was poorly ventilated the heat was on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was poorly ventilated the heat was on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was poorly ventilated the heat was on
+for a certain amount of time and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a certain amount of time and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a certain amount of time and then
+taken off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken off
+and the average air change rate was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the average air change rate was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the average air change rate was
+estimated at 0.65
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated at 0.65
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated at 0.65
+per hour and of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per hour and of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per hour and of course the
+uh people were singing for much of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh people were singing for much of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh people were singing for much of the
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+leading to much higher rates of droplet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading to much higher rates of droplet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading to much higher rates of droplet
+emission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission
+and in fact i think we can assume for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact i think we can assume for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact i think we can assume for
+this event given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this event given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this event given the
+huge number of infections that occurred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge number of infections that occurred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge number of infections that occurred
+in such a short time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in such a short time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in such a short time
+that the index patient the index case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the index patient the index case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the index patient the index case
+was at a near the peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was at a near the peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was at a near the peak
+viral load peak of infection and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viral load peak of infection and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viral load peak of infection and
+also that allows us to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also that allows us to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also that allows us to make a
+conservative estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative estimate
+of uh using that for calibrating our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh using that for calibrating our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh using that for calibrating our
+guideline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guideline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guideline
+so if we look at the figure here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we look at the figure here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we look at the figure here
+we can see the droplet distributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see the droplet distributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see the droplet distributions
+taken from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken from
+experimental measurements of morovska at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental measurements of morovska at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental measurements of morovska at
+al
+
+ align:start position:0%
+al
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+al
+in 2009 and those droplet distributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2009 and those droplet distributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2009 and those droplet distributions
+have been fed into the model that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been fed into the model that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been fed into the model that we
+just described and evolved in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just described and evolved in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just described and evolved in time
+in such a way that corresponds to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in such a way that corresponds to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in such a way that corresponds to the
+conditions of the skagit valley choir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions of the skagit valley choir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions of the skagit valley choir
+itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself
+and so what we can see is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we can see is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we can see is that the
+droplet distribution corresponding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplet distribution corresponding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplet distribution corresponding to
+singing or the closest approximation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singing or the closest approximation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singing or the closest approximation of
+singing which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singing which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singing which are
+measurements of voiced eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements of voiced eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements of voiced eyes
+from the original experiment that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the original experiment that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the original experiment that
+distribution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is
+much bigger than all the others it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much bigger than all the others it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much bigger than all the others it has a
+very broad tail to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very broad tail to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very broad tail to
+somewhat larger sizes but it has a peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat larger sizes but it has a peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat larger sizes but it has a peak
+just below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just below
+one micron similarly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one micron similarly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one micron similarly the
+other types of activities measured in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other types of activities measured in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other types of activities measured in
+the original study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original study
+which correspond to for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which correspond to for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which correspond to for example
+whispered ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whispered ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whispered ah
+or speaking or in counting of numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or speaking or in counting of numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or speaking or in counting of numbers
+for example or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example or
+various forms of breathing through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various forms of breathing through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various forms of breathing through the
+nose and the mouth or only through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nose and the mouth or only through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nose and the mouth or only through the
+nose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nose
+all those distributions have much lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those distributions have much lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those distributions have much lower
+sort of magnitude or number of drops and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of magnitude or number of drops and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of magnitude or number of drops and
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+also drop volume we have accounted for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also drop volume we have accounted for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also drop volume we have accounted for
+the size of the drops as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the drops as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the drops as well
+so it's the total droplet volume per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's the total droplet volume per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's the total droplet volume per
+total volume or volume fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total volume or volume fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total volume or volume fraction
+and the peak of all the distributions is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the peak of all the distributions is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the peak of all the distributions is
+in a similar place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a similar place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a similar place
+just below one micron so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just below one micron so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just below one micron so again
+corresponding to the aerosol range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the aerosol range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the aerosol range
+and it's important that we take those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's important that we take those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's important that we take those
+droplet distributions and evolve them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplet distributions and evolve them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplet distributions and evolve them
+in the skagit valley choir space so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the skagit valley choir space so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the skagit valley choir space so that
+then we can figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can figure out
+which of those droplets survived and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of those droplets survived and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of those droplets survived and
+would be in the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be in the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be in the air
+and would be then corresponding to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and would be then corresponding to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and would be then corresponding to the
+airborne transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airborne transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airborne transmission
+and can be compared with the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can be compared with the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can be compared with the actual
+spreading events that occurred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreading events that occurred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreading events that occurred
+using the wells riley model so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the wells riley model so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the wells riley model so this is a
+short amount of time we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short amount of time we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short amount of time we're going to
+assume there was no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume there was no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume there was no
+delay caused by incubation but rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay caused by incubation but rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay caused by incubation but rather
+people were getting infected but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were getting infected but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were getting infected but not
+passing it on to anybody else and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing it on to anybody else and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing it on to anybody else and so we
+will use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will use
+the wells riley model so when we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wells riley model so when we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wells riley model so when we do that
+fitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting
+we come out with a value of cq
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we come out with a value of cq
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we come out with a value of cq
+the number of infection quanta per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of infection quanta per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of infection quanta per
+volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume
+in the exhale breath of the infected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the exhale breath of the infected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the exhale breath of the infected
+person around 900 quater per meter cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person around 900 quater per meter cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person around 900 quater per meter cubed
+a published study of miller adele came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a published study of miller adele came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a published study of miller adele came
+to a similar conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a similar conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a similar conclusion
+of 870 quantity per meters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 870 quantity per meters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 870 quantity per meters
+cubed and so we can take that to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed and so we can take that to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed and so we can take that to be a
+reasonable value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable value
+for singing now if we go to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for singing now if we go to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for singing now if we go to the next
+figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure
+we can include all of these estimated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can include all of these estimated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can include all of these estimated
+uh total quanta concentrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh total quanta concentrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh total quanta concentrations
+corresponding to different hypothetical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to different hypothetical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to different hypothetical
+forms of respiration in the skagit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of respiration in the skagit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of respiration in the skagit
+valley choir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valley choir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valley choir
+and use that for rescaling so we can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use that for rescaling so we can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use that for rescaling so we can say
+the choir was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the choir was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the choir was actually
+involving singing and that gave us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving singing and that gave us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving singing and that gave us a
+number around 900
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number around 900
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number around 900
+and then if we rescale the other amounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if we rescale the other amounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if we rescale the other amounts
+of respiratory droplets corresponding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of respiratory droplets corresponding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of respiratory droplets corresponding to
+different activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different activities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different activities
+would have correspondingly scaled values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have correspondingly scaled values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have correspondingly scaled values
+of cq
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cq
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cq
+and as a further calibration we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as a further calibration we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as a further calibration we can
+compare with another recent study of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare with another recent study of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare with another recent study of
+assadi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assadi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assadi
+and riston part where again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and riston part where again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and riston part where again
+different types of respiratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of respiratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of respiratory
+activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities
+were measured for the aerosol size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were measured for the aerosol size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were measured for the aerosol size
+distributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions
+including speaking at different levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including speaking at different levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including speaking at different levels
+of volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of volume
+and also breathing in different ways and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also breathing in different ways and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also breathing in different ways and
+if we line up uh two values that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we line up uh two values that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we line up uh two values that
+correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to
+sort of intermediate speech as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of intermediate speech as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of intermediate speech as a
+calibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibration
+then we find that the quanta values that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we find that the quanta values that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we find that the quanta values that
+we infer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we infer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we infer
+the cq values for both of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cq values for both of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cq values for both of those
+independent studies of respiratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent studies of respiratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent studies of respiratory
+droplets uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplets uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplets uh
+really correlate nicely across different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really correlate nicely across different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really correlate nicely across different
+types of activities from breathing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of activities from breathing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of activities from breathing
+to speaking uh to singing allowing us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to speaking uh to singing allowing us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to speaking uh to singing allowing us a
+consistent definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent definition
+of uh cq again for a situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh cq again for a situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh cq again for a situation
+corresponding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to
+most likely peak infectivity so we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most likely peak infectivity so we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most likely peak infectivity so we are
+talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+sort of the worst case scenario in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the worst case scenario in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the worst case scenario in order
+to derive a conservative guideline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to derive a conservative guideline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to derive a conservative guideline
+it should also be noted that the median
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should also be noted that the median
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should also be noted that the median
+age of the choir members
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age of the choir members
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age of the choir members
+was 69 and by using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 69 and by using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 69 and by using
+the spreading incident we are again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spreading incident we are again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spreading incident we are again
+being conservative because it is well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being conservative because it is well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being conservative because it is well
+established
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established
+that elderly persons have an elevated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that elderly persons have an elevated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that elderly persons have an elevated
+risk of complications and even death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk of complications and even death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk of complications and even death
+from covet 19 and perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from covet 19 and perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from covet 19 and perhaps
+also some evidence showing increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also some evidence showing increased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also some evidence showing increased
+risk of transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk of transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk of transmission
+so therefore when we apply the guideline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore when we apply the guideline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore when we apply the guideline
+to a general population including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a general population including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a general population including
+younger and healthy people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger and healthy people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger and healthy people
+that we will find that we are making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we will find that we are making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we will find that we are making a
+conservative estimate which is our goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative estimate which is our goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative estimate which is our goal
+so at this point we have a fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at this point we have a fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at this point we have a fully
+parametrized guideline and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametrized guideline and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametrized guideline and we have
+consistent values of cq
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent values of cq
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent values of cq
+across a range of respiratory activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across a range of respiratory activities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across a range of respiratory activities
+involving two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving two different
+studies of respiratory aerosols all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of respiratory aerosols all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of respiratory aerosols all
+coming from the skagit choir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the skagit choir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the skagit choir
+incident so now let's look at some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident so now let's look at some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident so now let's look at some other
+spreading incidents to see if we can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreading incidents to see if we can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreading incidents to see if we can get
+consistent values of cq
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent values of cq
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent values of cq
+in cases where people were not singing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cases where people were not singing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cases where people were not singing
+and where the size of the room was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where the size of the room was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where the size of the room was
+different and so to see if we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and so to see if we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and so to see if we really
+have a transferable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a transferable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a transferable
+inference here and if we do find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference here and if we do find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference here and if we do find
+consistent numbers it provides further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent numbers it provides further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent numbers it provides further
+evidence to support the hypothesis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence to support the hypothesis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence to support the hypothesis of
+airborne transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airborne transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airborne transmission
+in all of these cases so the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all of these cases so the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all of these cases so the next
+example we'll look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we'll look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we'll look at
+is the incident of the chiamtang temple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the incident of the chiamtang temple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the incident of the chiamtang temple
+religious ceremony and in particular the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious ceremony and in particular the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious ceremony and in particular the
+buses that went back and forth from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buses that went back and forth from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buses that went back and forth from that
+ceremony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceremony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceremony
+one bus in particular was similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one bus in particular was similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one bus in particular was similar to
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+dongfang tour bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dongfang tour bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dongfang tour bus
+luxury liner which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luxury liner which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luxury liner which
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+was underwent a 100 minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was underwent a 100 minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was underwent a 100 minute
+trip to uh to ningbo and then back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip to uh to ningbo and then back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip to uh to ningbo and then back in
+the same seating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same seating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same seating
+the bus had seating for 68 or had 68
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bus had seating for 68 or had 68
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bus had seating for 68 or had 68
+persons in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persons in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persons in it
+the total time was 1.7 hours and the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total time was 1.7 hours and the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total time was 1.7 hours and the one
+infected person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected person
+managed to infect around 21 others when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed to infect around 21 others when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed to infect around 21 others when
+we account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we account
+for some that may have been infected at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some that may have been infected at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some that may have been infected at
+the event given these low rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the event given these low rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the event given these low rate of
+infection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection
+to people outside of the bus using those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to people outside of the bus using those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to people outside of the bus using those
+numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+and taking into account the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and taking into account the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and taking into account the size of the
+bus and the fact that there was no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus and the fact that there was no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus and the fact that there was no
+forced ventilation this was a winter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced ventilation this was a winter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced ventilation this was a winter
+ride and there's only natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ride and there's only natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ride and there's only natural
+ventilation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventilation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventilation
+and if we use a value that's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we use a value that's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we use a value that's been
+measured for other types of public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured for other types of public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured for other types of public
+transit buses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit buses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit buses
+where no force ventilation is occurring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where no force ventilation is occurring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where no force ventilation is occurring
+then we conclude that cq for this event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we conclude that cq for this event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we conclude that cq for this event
+is around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is around
+72 quanta per meter cube which is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+72 quanta per meter cube which is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+72 quanta per meter cube which is a very
+consistent estimate with what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent estimate with what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent estimate with what we
+obtained before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained before
+for a situation where people are perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a situation where people are perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a situation where people are perhaps
+speaking in an intermediate tone on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking in an intermediate tone on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking in an intermediate tone on a
+noisy bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noisy bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noisy bus
+over that period of time it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over that period of time it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over that period of time it's also
+important to note that a recent analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to note that a recent analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to note that a recent analysis
+of the uh of the incident involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh of the incident involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh of the incident involving
+interviews and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviews and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviews and
+of all the people involved established
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the people involved established
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the people involved established
+that there was no correlation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there was no correlation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there was no correlation between
+the position of a person with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position of a person with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position of a person with respect to
+the infected person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infected person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infected person
+in the seating chart of the bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the seating chart of the bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the seating chart of the bus
+relative to whether they got infected or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to whether they got infected or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to whether they got infected or
+not so in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so in other words
+it was not short-range transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was not short-range transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was not short-range transmission
+through puffs or respiratory jets but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through puffs or respiratory jets but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through puffs or respiratory jets but
+instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead
+somehow there was a circulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow there was a circulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow there was a circulation
+throughout the bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the bus
+of infected air as the most plausible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of infected air as the most plausible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of infected air as the most plausible
+explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+our third example is the diamond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our third example is the diamond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our third example is the diamond
+princess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+princess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+princess
+so this was the quarantined cruise ship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was the quarantined cruise ship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was the quarantined cruise ship
+uh in yokohama port japan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in yokohama port japan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in yokohama port japan
+there were 3011 passengers and crew on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were 3011 passengers and crew on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were 3011 passengers and crew on
+board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board
+and they the quarantine lasted for 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they the quarantine lasted for 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they the quarantine lasted for 12
+days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days
+or around 288 hours at which point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or around 288 hours at which point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or around 288 hours at which point
+people began to leave and we won't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people began to leave and we won't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people began to leave and we won't use
+any data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any data
+from that point the quarantine is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that point the quarantine is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that point the quarantine is a good
+chance for us to study airborne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance for us to study airborne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance for us to study airborne
+transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission
+because people were largely confined to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people were largely confined to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people were largely confined to
+their room so of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their room so of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their room so of course
+some of the crew were going back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the crew were going back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the crew were going back and
+forth bringing food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth bringing food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth bringing food
+and checking on the passengers but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and checking on the passengers but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and checking on the passengers but the
+vast majority of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vast majority of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vast majority of people
+were essentially cooped up in the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were essentially cooped up in the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were essentially cooped up in the room
+with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their
+fellow travelers or family members in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fellow travelers or family members in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fellow travelers or family members in
+small groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small groups
+typically with the windows closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically with the windows closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically with the windows closed
+because this was in the winter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this was in the winter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this was in the winter
+and with ventilation which was doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with ventilation which was doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with ventilation which was doing a
+significant amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant amount of
+recirculation between the rooms and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recirculation between the rooms and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recirculation between the rooms and in
+fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact
+transmission occurred across different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission occurred across different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission occurred across different
+rooms where people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooms where people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooms where people
+did not have direct contact with a known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not have direct contact with a known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not have direct contact with a known
+infected person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected person
+and yet still managed to get infected in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet still managed to get infected in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet still managed to get infected in
+those 12 days the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those 12 days the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those 12 days the number
+of infections grew very rapidly and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of infections grew very rapidly and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of infections grew very rapidly and in
+fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact
+had sort of an exponential increase so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had sort of an exponential increase so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had sort of an exponential increase so
+in the end there were 354
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end there were 354
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end there were 354
+infected persons when they began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected persons when they began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected persons when they began
+releasing passengers after 12 days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releasing passengers after 12 days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releasing passengers after 12 days
+and the fact that the shape of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fact that the shape of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fact that the shape of the
+infections versus time is an increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infections versus time is an increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infections versus time is an increasing
+exponential like curve suggests that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential like curve suggests that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential like curve suggests that
+this cannot be modeled by the wells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cannot be modeled by the wells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cannot be modeled by the wells
+raleigh equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raleigh equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raleigh equation
+where instead the number of infected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where instead the number of infected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where instead the number of infected
+people has to saturate as you run out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people has to saturate as you run out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people has to saturate as you run out of
+susceptibles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptibles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptibles
+so this acceleration of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this acceleration of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this acceleration of the
+number of infected people with time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of infected people with time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of infected people with time is
+best attributed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best attributed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best attributed to
+incubation and it is known that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incubation and it is known that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incubation and it is known that the
+incubation time for covet 19 is around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incubation time for covet 19 is around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incubation time for covet 19 is around
+5.5 days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5.5 days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5.5 days
+some people may have been infected and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people may have been infected and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people may have been infected and
+likely were infected before the start of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely were infected before the start of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely were infected before the start of
+the quarantine so there definitely were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quarantine so there definitely were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quarantine so there definitely were
+infected people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected people
+generating newly infectious people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating newly infectious people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating newly infectious people
+during the time of the quarantine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the time of the quarantine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the time of the quarantine
+so as a simple analysis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as a simple analysis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as a simple analysis of
+this incident we can use or let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this incident we can use or let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this incident we can use or let us
+use our model for fast incubation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use our model for fast incubation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use our model for fast incubation we
+have an analytical solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an analytical solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an analytical solution
+for the trend in the number of cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the trend in the number of cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the trend in the number of cases
+versus time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus time
+and as you can see in the figure this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you can see in the figure this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you can see in the figure this
+model has a pretty good fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model has a pretty good fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model has a pretty good fit
+to the growth in the number of cases and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the growth in the number of cases and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the growth in the number of cases and
+if we fit that model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we fit that model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we fit that model and
+infer what is the value of cq
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infer what is the value of cq
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infer what is the value of cq
+then we come out with a number around 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we come out with a number around 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we come out with a number around 30
+quanta per meter cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quanta per meter cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quanta per meter cubed
+again very consistent with all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again very consistent with all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again very consistent with all the other
+inferences uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferences uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferences uh
+and basically consistent with light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically consistent with light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically consistent with light
+activity lights uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity lights uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity lights uh
+normal speech and uh sort of resting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal speech and uh sort of resting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal speech and uh sort of resting
+breathing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing
+that was going on in the ship now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was going on in the ship now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was going on in the ship now
+there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+definitely could be some debate over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely could be some debate over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely could be some debate over the
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+that we've just analyzed the ship in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've just analyzed the ship in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've just analyzed the ship in the
+sense that we have analyzed it from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that we have analyzed it from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that we have analyzed it from the
+perspective of a well-mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective of a well-mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective of a well-mixed
+ship so we're assuming that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship so we're assuming that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship so we're assuming that the
+infectious aerosols were spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infectious aerosols were spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infectious aerosols were spread
+throughout the ship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the ship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the ship
+uniformly so that is obviously a gross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly so that is obviously a gross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly so that is obviously a gross
+estimate very crude on the other hand we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate very crude on the other hand we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate very crude on the other hand we
+get a very reasonable result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a very reasonable result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a very reasonable result
+and there is evidence that transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is evidence that transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is evidence that transmission
+was occurring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was occurring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was occurring
+through the vents through the hallways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the vents through the hallways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the vents through the hallways
+uh and through the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and through the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and through the air
+to large numbers of people and so uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to large numbers of people and so uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to large numbers of people and so uh the
+fact that we get a reasonably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we get a reasonably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we get a reasonably
+uh consistent number of thirty quadruple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh consistent number of thirty quadruple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh consistent number of thirty quadruple
+meter cube compared to all of our other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter cube compared to all of our other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter cube compared to all of our other
+estimates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates
+does support the idea of airborne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does support the idea of airborne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does support the idea of airborne
+transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission
+occurring in a somewhat uniform and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring in a somewhat uniform and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring in a somewhat uniform and
+well-mixed fashion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-mixed fashion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-mixed fashion
+across across the ship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yet another inference we could make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet another inference we could make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet another inference we could make
+would be to look at the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to look at the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to look at the initial
+spreading of the epidemic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreading of the epidemic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreading of the epidemic
+in wuhan china where it first originated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in wuhan china where it first originated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in wuhan china where it first originated
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+there have been a number of studies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have been a number of studies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have been a number of studies of
+the initial spreading and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial spreading and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial spreading and the
+reproductive number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproductive number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproductive number
+of the spreading of the disease r r zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the spreading of the disease r r zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the spreading of the disease r r zero
+has been estimated to be around 3.5 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been estimated to be around 3.5 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been estimated to be around 3.5 in
+fact there's a range of estimates from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact there's a range of estimates from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact there's a range of estimates from
+that time period given the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time period given the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time period given the sort of
+somewhat limited data but that's the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat limited data but that's the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat limited data but that's the uh
+an agreed-upon average number now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an agreed-upon average number now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an agreed-upon average number now
+there's an interesting thought exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an interesting thought exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an interesting thought exercise
+we can do looking at that number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do looking at that number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do looking at that number
+if we make the assumption that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we make the assumption that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we make the assumption that the
+majority of transmissions occurred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of transmissions occurred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of transmissions occurred
+indoors in people's family homes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indoors in people's family homes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indoors in people's family homes
+or apartments so if we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or apartments so if we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or apartments so if we take
+the time period for the spreading of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time period for the spreading of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time period for the spreading of the
+infection in our in our analysis to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection in our in our analysis to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection in our in our analysis to be
+5.5 days which is the average incubation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5.5 days which is the average incubation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5.5 days which is the average incubation
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+and we use the average size of a chinese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we use the average size of a chinese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we use the average size of a chinese
+household
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household
+in that region of 3.03 people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that region of 3.03 people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that region of 3.03 people
+and we assume an average size of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we assume an average size of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we assume an average size of a
+chinese apartment for that size family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chinese apartment for that size family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chinese apartment for that size family
+of 90 meters cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 90 meters cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 90 meters cubed
+and we also assume uh measured typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we also assume uh measured typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we also assume uh measured typical
+natural ventilation rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural ventilation rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural ventilation rates
+for this time of winter of around 0.3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this time of winter of around 0.3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this time of winter of around 0.3
+per hour our three hour uh air change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per hour our three hour uh air change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per hour our three hour uh air change
+time roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time roughly
+then interestingly enough from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then interestingly enough from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then interestingly enough from that
+analysis uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis uh
+we find cq again is 30 quantity per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find cq again is 30 quantity per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find cq again is 30 quantity per
+meter cube the same as the number that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter cube the same as the number that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter cube the same as the number that
+we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got
+for the diamond princess so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the diamond princess so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the diamond princess so
+again this is a very crude estimate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is a very crude estimate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is a very crude estimate this
+analysis is even more crude than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis is even more crude than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis is even more crude than the
+analysis of the ship we're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of the ship we're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of the ship we're looking at
+the entire population of a city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire population of a city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire population of a city
+and we're assuming that the spreading is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're assuming that the spreading is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're assuming that the spreading is
+happening in people's homes when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in people's homes when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in people's homes when they
+spend time together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend time together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend time together
+for long periods of time sharing indoor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for long periods of time sharing indoor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for long periods of time sharing indoor
+air which is typically not very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air which is typically not very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air which is typically not very well
+ventilated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventilated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventilated
+and not wearing masks importantly so at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not wearing masks importantly so at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not wearing masks importantly so at
+that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time
+people were absolutely wearing masks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were absolutely wearing masks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were absolutely wearing masks
+outside the house in fact for much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the house in fact for much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the house in fact for much of
+that time people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time people
+were confined to their apartments even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were confined to their apartments even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were confined to their apartments even
+under threat of force from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under threat of force from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under threat of force from the
+authorities so people were definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorities so people were definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorities so people were definitely
+spending a lot of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending a lot of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending a lot of time
+in their homes with their families and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their homes with their families and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their homes with their families and
+it's interesting to observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interesting to observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interesting to observe
+that despite that quarantine that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that despite that quarantine that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that despite that quarantine that the
+spreading still occurred fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreading still occurred fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreading still occurred fairly
+rapidly and occurred in a way which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly and occurred in a way which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly and occurred in a way which is
+consistent with indoor transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with indoor transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with indoor transmission
+in people's homes so if we take all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in people's homes so if we take all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in people's homes so if we take all of
+this analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this analysis
+and come back to our figure of cq
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and come back to our figure of cq
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and come back to our figure of cq
+values again that's the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values again that's the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values again that's the number of
+infection quanta per meter cube of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection quanta per meter cube of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection quanta per meter cube of
+exhaled breath for an infected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhaled breath for an infected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhaled breath for an infected
+individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual
+then we can put our inferences for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can put our inferences for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can put our inferences for the
+ningbo bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ningbo bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ningbo bus
+the diamond princess and the wuhan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diamond princess and the wuhan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diamond princess and the wuhan
+outbreak on the same plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outbreak on the same plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outbreak on the same plot
+as the values we inferred by rescaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the values we inferred by rescaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the values we inferred by rescaling
+the value of 900 for the skagit valley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of 900 for the skagit valley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of 900 for the skagit valley
+corral and what we find again is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corral and what we find again is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corral and what we find again is a very
+consistent set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent set of
+estimates over a range of respiratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates over a range of respiratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates over a range of respiratory
+activities which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities which
+tells us that the uh the the cq
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that the uh the the cq
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that the uh the the cq
+is around uh on the order of ten or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is around uh on the order of ten or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is around uh on the order of ten or so
+or tens uh for light activity and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or tens uh for light activity and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or tens uh for light activity and and
+resting breathing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resting breathing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resting breathing
+it's in the range of ten to a 100 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the range of ten to a 100 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the range of ten to a 100 or
+maybe several hundred for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe several hundred for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe several hundred for
+speech at different levels of volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech at different levels of volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech at different levels of volume
+which roughly the number of droplets is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which roughly the number of droplets is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which roughly the number of droplets is
+known to increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known to increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known to increase
+roughly linearly with the decibel level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly linearly with the decibel level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly linearly with the decibel level
+of speech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of speech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of speech
+and then singing as a more uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then singing as a more uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then singing as a more uh
+obviously a much much greater release of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously a much much greater release of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously a much much greater release of
+particles uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles uh
+and aerosols and that's that's at a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and aerosols and that's that's at a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and aerosols and that's that's at a much
+higher level in the many hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher level in the many hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher level in the many hundreds
+uh so i think those are fairly uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so i think those are fairly uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so i think those are fairly uh
+consistent numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent numbers
+which again looking at most of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which again looking at most of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which again looking at most of these
+cases are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases are
+conservative and could be applied in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative and could be applied in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative and could be applied in the
+guideline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guideline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guideline
+to a wide range of examples involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a wide range of examples involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a wide range of examples involving
+other types of populations which may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other types of populations which may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other types of populations which may be
+healthier younger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthier younger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthier younger
+less likely to transmit compared to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less likely to transmit compared to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less likely to transmit compared to all
+of these super spreading incidents
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/wtRBk2dWxpo.txt b/wtRBk2dWxpo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..292ed4c9982a67d9aa3a7e965580386e75cf4073
--- /dev/null
+++ b/wtRBk2dWxpo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9227 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so today our keynote speaker is Tom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today our keynote speaker is Tom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today our keynote speaker is Tom
+fredman uh have a story Tom doesn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fredman uh have a story Tom doesn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fredman uh have a story Tom doesn't know
+uh I first heard him speak uh at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I first heard him speak uh at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I first heard him speak uh at a
+graduation ceremony his daugh I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduation ceremony his daugh I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduation ceremony his daugh I think it
+was his daughter and my son were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was his daughter and my son were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was his daughter and my son were
+classmates uh and it was the graduation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classmates uh and it was the graduation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classmates uh and it was the graduation
+ceremony at Yale and I recall him giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceremony at Yale and I recall him giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceremony at Yale and I recall him giving
+this the graduation speech and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the graduation speech and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the graduation speech and
+it was truly a tour to force of both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was truly a tour to force of both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was truly a tour to force of both
+deep insight and personal commentary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep insight and personal commentary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep insight and personal commentary
+about their Futures and it occurred to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their Futures and it occurred to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their Futures and it occurred to
+me then my Universal answer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me then my Universal answer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me then my Universal answer to the
+question when you were in a meeting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question when you were in a meeting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question when you were in a meeting and
+you were planning an event now who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were planning an event now who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were planning an event now who
+should we get to come speak it made it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we get to come speak it made it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we get to come speak it made it
+real simple I just kept saying Thomas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real simple I just kept saying Thomas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real simple I just kept saying Thomas
+fredman and uh and I continued to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fredman and uh and I continued to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fredman and uh and I continued to do
+that for several years in a row uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for several years in a row uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for several years in a row uh and
+guess what we finally got it to work uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what we finally got it to work uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what we finally got it to work uh
+so it's my honor to introduce Tom Frey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's my honor to introduce Tom Frey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's my honor to introduce Tom Frey
+who actually needs very little in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who actually needs very little in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who actually needs very little in the
+way of introduction but uh being polite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of introduction but uh being polite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of introduction but uh being polite
+I will give you some of the highlights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will give you some of the highlights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will give you some of the highlights
+of what's an extraordinary career um he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's an extraordinary career um he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's an extraordinary career um he
+is one of The keenest Observers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of The keenest Observers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of The keenest Observers and
+commentators on the issues around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commentators on the issues around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commentators on the issues around
+globalization he's a world-renowned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globalization he's a world-renowned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globalization he's a world-renowned
+author and a journalist his foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+author and a journalist his foreign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+author and a journalist his foreign
+affairs column which appears twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affairs column which appears twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affairs column which appears twice
+weekly in the New York Times is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekly in the New York Times is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekly in the New York Times is
+syndicated in over 700 newspapers around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syndicated in over 700 newspapers around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syndicated in over 700 newspapers around
+the world he's one that pullit surpriz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world he's one that pullit surpriz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world he's one that pullit surpriz
+three times and he's the author of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times and he's the author of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times and he's the author of
+several books the most recent book is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several books the most recent book is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several books the most recent book is
+the World is Flat through 3.0 a brief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the World is Flat through 3.0 a brief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the World is Flat through 3.0 a brief
+history of the 21st century with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of the 21st century with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of the 21st century with that
+I'll turn the Podi over please join me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll turn the Podi over please join me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll turn the Podi over please join me
+in welcoming Tom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in welcoming Tom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in welcoming Tom
+Freeman thanks so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+much thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much thank
+you well it's a it's a treat uh to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you well it's a it's a treat uh to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you well it's a it's a treat uh to be
+back here I feel a certain proprietary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back here I feel a certain proprietary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back here I feel a certain proprietary
+interest in the open course whereare as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in the open course whereare as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in the open course whereare as
+an and Chuck vesto I was wasn't here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an and Chuck vesto I was wasn't here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an and Chuck vesto I was wasn't here
+quite at the creation but uh shortly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite at the creation but uh shortly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite at the creation but uh shortly
+after they uh got me to come up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after they uh got me to come up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after they uh got me to come up and
+Susan I think you were just starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Susan I think you were just starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Susan I think you were just starting
+then and um so we were all kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and um so we were all kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and um so we were all kind of
+present at the creation and I gave one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present at the creation and I gave one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present at the creation and I gave one
+of the very first lectures I ever gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the very first lectures I ever gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the very first lectures I ever gave
+about the World is Flat and they put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the World is Flat and they put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the World is Flat and they put it
+up on the open courseware site and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on the open courseware site and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on the open courseware site and it
+still sits there today I think it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still sits there today I think it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still sits there today I think it's been
+downloaded 70,000 times or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downloaded 70,000 times or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downloaded 70,000 times or something
+like that and um I now use it when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and um I now use it when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and um I now use it when
+people want me to speak and I just can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people want me to speak and I just can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people want me to speak and I just can't
+and some people you know um from far off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some people you know um from far off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some people you know um from far off
+places I can't get to I just say go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places I can't get to I just say go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places I can't get to I just say go to
+open courseware download it it's yours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware download it it's yours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware download it it's yours
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+and um uh it's been a great vehicle for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um uh it's been a great vehicle for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um uh it's been a great vehicle for
+me so it's a it's really a treat to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me so it's a it's really a treat to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me so it's a it's really a treat to be
+back here soon thank you for having me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back here soon thank you for having me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back here soon thank you for having me
+um what I thought I would do as Steve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what I thought I would do as Steve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what I thought I would do as Steve
+said I've gota I got to update my site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I've gota I got to update my site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I've gota I got to update my site
+my open courseware site so that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my open courseware site so that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my open courseware site so that's really
+why I came you know um and uh we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I came you know um and uh we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I came you know um and uh we're
+filming this and so um uh what I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filming this and so um uh what I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filming this and so um uh what I thought
+I'd do is share with you um what is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd do is share with you um what is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd do is share with you um what is now
+the 3.0 edition of The World is Flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 3.0 edition of The World is Flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 3.0 edition of The World is Flat
+gone through a couple more iterations um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone through a couple more iterations um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone through a couple more iterations um
+my kind of latest thinking on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my kind of latest thinking on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my kind of latest thinking on that
+subject um I know some of you have read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject um I know some of you have read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject um I know some of you have read
+the book those of you who haven't I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book those of you who haven't I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book those of you who haven't I know
+who you are uh know where you teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who you are uh know where you teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who you are uh know where you teach
+where you go to school um and uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you go to school um and uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you go to school um and uh so
+there'll be a little you know repetition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be a little you know repetition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be a little you know repetition
+to just sort of start from ground zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just sort of start from ground zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just sort of start from ground zero
+and then try to take it forward and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then try to take it forward and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then try to take it forward and then
+uh uh I'd like to just spend a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh I'd like to just spend a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh I'd like to just spend a few
+minutes talking about my new book which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes talking about my new book which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes talking about my new book which
+will be out in August uh called Green is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be out in August uh called Green is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be out in August uh called Green is
+the new red white and blue um which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new red white and blue um which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new red white and blue um which is
+about en energy environment because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about en energy environment because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about en energy environment because the
+two books are actually uh very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two books are actually uh very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two books are actually uh very much
+connected I I I hope it'll come together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected I I I hope it'll come together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected I I I hope it'll come together
+every time I try to do this I'm always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time I try to do this I'm always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time I try to do this I'm always
+reminded of this story when they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminded of this story when they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminded of this story when they were
+digging the Chunnel under the English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digging the Chunnel under the English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digging the Chunnel under the English
+Channel you know connecting Britain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel you know connecting Britain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel you know connecting Britain and
+and Europe they uh they put it out for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Europe they uh they put it out for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Europe they uh they put it out for
+bids and they got bids of $3 billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bids and they got bids of $3 billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bids and they got bids of $3 billion
+from Beckel and 3.1 from halberton all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Beckel and 3.1 from halberton all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Beckel and 3.1 from halberton all
+these big industrial engineering firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these big industrial engineering firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these big industrial engineering firms
+got one bid from Goldberg and Cohen firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got one bid from Goldberg and Cohen firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got one bid from Goldberg and Cohen firm
+on the upper east end of London for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the upper east end of London for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the upper east end of London for
+100,000 pound and for fiduciary reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100,000 pound and for fiduciary reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100,000 pound and for fiduciary reasons
+they had to check it out so they sent A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had to check it out so they sent A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had to check it out so they sent A
+team out to Goldberg and con knocked on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team out to Goldberg and con knocked on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team out to Goldberg and con knocked on
+the door con answered Goldberg was on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the door con answered Goldberg was on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the door con answered Goldberg was on
+the road and they said um Mr Mr Cohen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the road and they said um Mr Mr Cohen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the road and they said um Mr Mr Cohen
+how can you possibly dig a Chunnel under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you possibly dig a Chunnel under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you possibly dig a Chunnel under
+the English Channel for £100,000 he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the English Channel for £100,000 he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the English Channel for £100,000 he said
+what's the problem uh Goldberg will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the problem uh Goldberg will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the problem uh Goldberg will
+start on one side a cone will start on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start on one side a cone will start on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start on one side a cone will start on
+the other we'll each have a shovel we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other we'll each have a shovel we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other we'll each have a shovel we'll
+dig until we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dig until we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dig until we
+meet and he said what if you don't meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet and he said what if you don't meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet and he said what if you don't meet
+so you'll have two tunnels so so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll have two tunnels so so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll have two tunnels so so maybe
+you'll have one lecture one maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have one lecture one maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have one lecture one maybe you
+have two I don't know I I I I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two I don't know I I I I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two I don't know I I I I hope
+they'll meet it's all at for the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll meet it's all at for the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll meet it's all at for the same
+price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price
+um the the first thing you really need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the first thing you really need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the first thing you really need
+to know about the World is Flat is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know about the World is Flat is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know about the World is Flat is that
+uh this book came about completely by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this book came about completely by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this book came about completely by
+accident I wish I could tell you I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident I wish I could tell you I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident I wish I could tell you I was
+as smart as a MIT Professor this was all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as smart as a MIT Professor this was all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as smart as a MIT Professor this was all
+cooking in my head I unveiled it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooking in my head I unveiled it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooking in my head I unveiled it to the
+world it was all an accident um I became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world it was all an accident um I became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world it was all an accident um I became
+the New York Times Foreign Affairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the New York Times Foreign Affairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the New York Times Foreign Affairs
+columnist in January 1995 I um spent uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columnist in January 1995 I um spent uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columnist in January 1995 I um spent uh
+basically from January 1995 until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically from January 1995 until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically from January 1995 until
+September 11th 2001 my column really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+September 11th 2001 my column really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+September 11th 2001 my column really
+oscillated between what I call Lexus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillated between what I call Lexus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillated between what I call Lexus
+issues and Olive Tree issues issues of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues and Olive Tree issues issues of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues and Olive Tree issues issues of
+Finance technology trade and issues of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance technology trade and issues of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance technology trade and issues of
+traditional geopolitics and ethnic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional geopolitics and ethnic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional geopolitics and ethnic
+conflict and I was really going between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict and I was really going between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict and I was really going between
+Silicon Valley and the Becka Valley um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon Valley and the Becka Valley um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon Valley and the Becka Valley um
+in light of what happened on September
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in light of what happened on September
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in light of what happened on September
+11th I really dropped the globalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11th I really dropped the globalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11th I really dropped the globalization
+side of my column which had really been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of my column which had really been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of my column which had really been
+a abiding interest and spent the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a abiding interest and spent the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a abiding interest and spent the next
+three years almost exclusively in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three years almost exclusively in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three years almost exclusively in the
+Arab Muslim world trying to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arab Muslim world trying to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arab Muslim world trying to understand
+the roots of 9/11 I was really in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the roots of 9/11 I was really in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the roots of 9/11 I was really in that
+mode right up until January of 2004 when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode right up until January of 2004 when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode right up until January of 2004 when
+I started doing documentaries for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I started doing documentaries for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I started doing documentaries for the
+Discovery Channel we had done one on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Discovery Channel we had done one on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Discovery Channel we had done one on the
+roots of 911 we had done one on the wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots of 911 we had done one on the wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots of 911 we had done one on the wall
+Israel had built in the West Bank and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Israel had built in the West Bank and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Israel had built in the West Bank and in
+January of 2004 we were sitting around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+January of 2004 we were sitting around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+January of 2004 we were sitting around
+with our Discovery team trying to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our Discovery team trying to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our Discovery team trying to figure
+out what what should we do our next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what what should we do our next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what what should we do our next
+documentary on and at the time the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary on and at the time the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary on and at the time the big
+issue out there the obvious issue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue out there the obvious issue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue out there the obvious issue to
+take on was why does everyone hate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take on was why does everyone hate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take on was why does everyone hate
+America and that's how this all got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America and that's how this all got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America and that's how this all got
+started because I had this crazy idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started because I had this crazy idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started because I had this crazy idea
+that what we should do is go to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what we should do is go to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what we should do is go to call
+centers all over the world and interview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers all over the world and interview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers all over the world and interview
+young people foreigners who spend their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young people foreigners who spend their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young people foreigners who spend their
+days imitating Americans on what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days imitating Americans on what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days imitating Americans on what they
+think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of
+America that's how the whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America that's how the whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America that's how the whole thing
+started and right in the middle of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started and right in the middle of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started and right in the middle of our
+budgeting meetings while we were trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budgeting meetings while we were trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budgeting meetings while we were trying
+to figure out which call center centers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out which call center centers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out which call center centers
+to go to John krey came out with his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to John krey came out with his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to John krey came out with his
+blast against Benedict Arnold CEOs who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blast against Benedict Arnold CEOs who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blast against Benedict Arnold CEOs who
+engage in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage in
+Outsourcing and suddenly this issue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Outsourcing and suddenly this issue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Outsourcing and suddenly this issue of
+Outsourcing just exploded onto the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Outsourcing just exploded onto the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Outsourcing just exploded onto the world
+stage the front page of the New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage the front page of the New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage the front page of the New York
+Times The Wall Street Journal Forbes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times The Wall Street Journal Forbes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times The Wall Street Journal Forbes and
+Fortune I said wait a minute time out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fortune I said wait a minute time out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fortune I said wait a minute time out
+why why why don't we just go to bangal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why why don't we just go to bangal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why why don't we just go to bangal
+or India and let's do a documentary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or India and let's do a documentary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or India and let's do a documentary
+called the other side of Outsourcing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the other side of Outsourcing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the other side of Outsourcing
+where we try to explain this phenomena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we try to explain this phenomena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we try to explain this phenomena
+from the ground up that's how it started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the ground up that's how it started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the ground up that's how it started
+so we went off to Bangalore on February
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we went off to Bangalore on February
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we went off to Bangalore on February
+15th 20 4 with our Discovery crew we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15th 20 4 with our Discovery crew we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15th 20 4 with our Discovery crew we
+shot about 60 hours of film in in in 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot about 60 hours of film in in in 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot about 60 hours of film in in in 11
+days and across those 11 days I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days and across those 11 days I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days and across those 11 days I got
+progressively sicker and sicker uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressively sicker and sicker uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressively sicker and sicker uh it
+was nothing I ate it was somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was nothing I ate it was somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was nothing I ate it was somewhere
+between the Indian entrepreneur who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the Indian entrepreneur who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the Indian entrepreneur who
+wanted to prepare my Maryland tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to prepare my Maryland tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to prepare my Maryland tax
+returns from Bangalore and the Indian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns from Bangalore and the Indian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns from Bangalore and the Indian
+entrepreneur who wanted to write my new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneur who wanted to write my new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneur who wanted to write my new
+software from Bangalore and the Indian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software from Bangalore and the Indian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software from Bangalore and the Indian
+entrepreneur who wanted to read my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneur who wanted to read my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneur who wanted to read my
+x-rays from Bangalore and the Indian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays from Bangalore and the Indian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays from Bangalore and the Indian
+entrepreneur who wanted to trace my lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneur who wanted to trace my lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneur who wanted to trace my lost
+luggage on Delta lines from Bangalore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luggage on Delta lines from Bangalore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luggage on Delta lines from Bangalore
+that I got this really sick feeling that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I got this really sick feeling that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I got this really sick feeling that
+while I had been sleeping while I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I had been sleeping while I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I had been sleeping while I had
+been off covering the 911 Wars something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been off covering the 911 Wars something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been off covering the 911 Wars something
+really big transformative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big transformative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big transformative and
+fundamental had happened in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental had happened in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental had happened in the
+globalization world and I had completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globalization world and I had completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globalization world and I had completely
+missed it and it all came together with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed it and it all came together with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed it and it all came together with
+the last interview we did which with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last interview we did which with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last interview we did which with
+Nandan liani the CEO of nasis one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nandan liani the CEO of nasis one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nandan liani the CEO of nasis one of the
+crown jewels of uh India's high-tech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crown jewels of uh India's high-tech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crown jewels of uh India's high-tech
+firmament n was an old friend we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firmament n was an old friend we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firmament n was an old friend we were
+sitting on the couch outside his office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting on the couch outside his office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting on the couch outside his office
+I had my laptop top in my lap he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had my laptop top in my lap he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had my laptop top in my lap he's
+putting up a little plaque there now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting up a little plaque there now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting up a little plaque there now
+where where where where the world's flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where where where the world's flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where where where the world's flat
+was born and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was born and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was born and
+um Nan said at one point Tom I've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Nan said at one point Tom I've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Nan said at one point Tom I've got to
+tell you the the global economic playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you the the global economic playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you the the global economic playing
+field is being leveled the global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is being leveled the global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is being leveled the global
+economic playing field is being leveled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic playing field is being leveled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic playing field is being leveled
+and you Americans are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you Americans are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you Americans are not
+ready oh I wrote that down on my little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready oh I wrote that down on my little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready oh I wrote that down on my little
+laptop the global economic playing field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptop the global economic playing field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptop the global economic playing field
+is being leveled and you Americans are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being leveled and you Americans are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being leveled and you Americans are
+not ready well after the uh interview um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not ready well after the uh interview um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not ready well after the uh interview um
+I got in my Jeep went back to my hotel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got in my Jeep went back to my hotel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got in my Jeep went back to my hotel
+and along the way I kept rolling over in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and along the way I kept rolling over in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and along the way I kept rolling over in
+my mind as is my habit what nand said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my mind as is my habit what nand said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my mind as is my habit what nand said
+the global economic playing field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the global economic playing field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the global economic playing field is
+being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+leveled and after a while it occurred to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leveled and after a while it occurred to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leveled and after a while it occurred to
+me that what he was really saying was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that what he was really saying was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that what he was really saying was
+that the global economic playing field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the global economic playing field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the global economic playing field
+is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being
+flattened and then in the crazy chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flattened and then in the crazy chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flattened and then in the crazy chemical
+way these things happen it just popped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way these things happen it just popped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way these things happen it just popped
+into my head that wand dakani India's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into my head that wand dakani India's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into my head that wand dakani India's
+Premier engineer entrepreneur was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Premier engineer entrepreneur was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Premier engineer entrepreneur was really
+telling me was that the world is flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me was that the world is flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me was that the world is flat
+and I wrote that down in my my notebook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I wrote that down in my my notebook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I wrote that down in my my notebook
+The World is Flat I got back to my hotel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The World is Flat I got back to my hotel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The World is Flat I got back to my hotel
+I ran up to my room I called my wife and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I ran up to my room I called my wife and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I ran up to my room I called my wife and
+Bethesda I said honey I am going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bethesda I said honey I am going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bethesda I said honey I am going to
+write a book called The World is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a book called The World is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a book called The World is
+Flat she now says she thought that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flat she now says she thought that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flat she now says she thought that was a
+brilliant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant
+idea it's not how I remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea it's not how I remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea it's not how I remember the
+conversation but Men Are from Mars Women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation but Men Are from Mars Women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation but Men Are from Mars Women
+Are from Venus um uh but in any event I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are from Venus um uh but in any event I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are from Venus um uh but in any event I
+did come home and basically call my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did come home and basically call my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did come home and basically call my
+owners of the New York Times and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owners of the New York Times and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owners of the New York Times and say
+ladies and gentlemen I need to go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ladies and gentlemen I need to go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ladies and gentlemen I need to go on
+sabatical immediately I need to go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sabatical immediately I need to go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sabatical immediately I need to go on
+sabatical media because my software the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sabatical media because my software the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sabatical media because my software the
+intellectual framework through which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual framework through which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual framework through which I
+look at the world is out of date I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the world is out of date I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the world is out of date I'm a
+I'm a basic engineer and it's a Java
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a basic engineer and it's a Java
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a basic engineer and it's a Java
+world and if I don't go on leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and if I don't go on leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and if I don't go on leave
+immediately and update my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately and update my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately and update my
+software I am going to write something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software I am going to write something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software I am going to write something
+really stupid in the New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really stupid in the New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really stupid in the New York
+Times it's a great way to get a leave I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times it's a great way to get a leave I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times it's a great way to get a leave I
+I have to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to tell
+you so I started this book in March of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so I started this book in March of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so I started this book in March of
+2004 I turned it in in December do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2004 I turned it in in December do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2004 I turned it in in December do not
+try this this trick at home kids um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try this this trick at home kids um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try this this trick at home kids um I
+blew out my forearms along the way but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blew out my forearms along the way but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blew out my forearms along the way but
+in a fit of energy and passion uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a fit of energy and passion uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a fit of energy and passion uh
+produced kind of the core thesis of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced kind of the core thesis of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced kind of the core thesis of this
+book and the core thesis sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and the core thesis sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and the core thesis sort of the
+meta argument of this book is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meta argument of this book is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meta argument of this book is very
+simple The Meta argument is that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple The Meta argument is that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple The Meta argument is that there
+have been three what I would call three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been three what I would call three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been three what I would call three
+Great era of globalization uh the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great era of globalization uh the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great era of globalization uh the first
+I call globalization 1.0 it began in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I call globalization 1.0 it began in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I call globalization 1.0 it began in
+1492 and lasted until the early 1800s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1492 and lasted until the early 1800s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1492 and lasted until the early 1800s
+with the beginning of global Arbitrage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the beginning of global Arbitrage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the beginning of global Arbitrage
+that year of globalization Shrunk The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that year of globalization Shrunk The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that year of globalization Shrunk The
+World from a size large to a size medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World from a size large to a size medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World from a size large to a size medium
+and that year of globalization was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that year of globalization was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that year of globalization was
+really spearheaded by countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really spearheaded by countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really spearheaded by countries
+globalizing that is you went Global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globalizing that is you went Global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globalizing that is you went Global
+through your country nation states were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through your country nation states were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through your country nation states were
+the dynamic agent of globalization so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dynamic agent of globalization so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dynamic agent of globalization so it
+was Spain exploring the Americas Britain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Spain exploring the Americas Britain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Spain exploring the Americas Britain
+colonizing India Portugal East Asia you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonizing India Portugal East Asia you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonizing India Portugal East Asia you
+went Global through your country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went Global through your country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went Global through your country
+globalization 2.0 began in the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globalization 2.0 began in the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globalization 2.0 began in the early
+1800s lasted till the year 2000 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1800s lasted till the year 2000 that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1800s lasted till the year 2000 that's
+right it just ended it Shrunk The World
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it just ended it Shrunk The World
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it just ended it Shrunk The World
+from size medium to size small and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from size medium to size small and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from size medium to size small and that
+year of globalization was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year of globalization was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year of globalization was really
+spearheaded by companies companies going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spearheaded by companies companies going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spearheaded by companies companies going
+global for markets and for labor you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global for markets and for labor you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global for markets and for labor you
+went Global through your company well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went Global through your company well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went Global through your company well
+while you were sleeping or at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while you were sleeping or at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while you were sleeping or at least
+while I was sleeping we actually entered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I was sleeping we actually entered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I was sleeping we actually entered
+globalization 3.0 from the year 2000 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globalization 3.0 from the year 2000 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globalization 3.0 from the year 2000 to
+the present it shrieking in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the present it shrieking in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the present it shrieking in the world
+from size small to size tiny and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from size small to size tiny and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from size small to size tiny and
+flattening the global economic playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flattening the global economic playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flattening the global economic playing
+field at the same time only what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field at the same time only what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field at the same time only what's
+really new really different really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really new really different really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really new really different really
+exciting and really terrifying is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting and really terrifying is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting and really terrifying is that
+this year of globalization is certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this year of globalization is certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this year of globalization is certainly
+not spearheaded by countries and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not spearheaded by countries and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not spearheaded by countries and it's
+not exclusively spearheaded by companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exclusively spearheaded by companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exclusively spearheaded by companies
+anymore what's really new really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore what's really new really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore what's really new really
+different really exciting is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different really exciting is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different really exciting is that this
+era of globalization is spearheaded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era of globalization is spearheaded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era of globalization is spearheaded by
+individuals we've gone from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals we've gone from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals we've gone from a
+globalization built around countries to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globalization built around countries to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globalization built around countries to
+one built around companies to one built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one built around companies to one built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one built around companies to one built
+around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+individuals how did we get here how did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals how did we get here how did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals how did we get here how did
+we move down this progression to a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we move down this progression to a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we move down this progression to a point
+where individuals can now compete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where individuals can now compete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where individuals can now compete
+connect and collaborate globally as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect and collaborate globally as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect and collaborate globally as
+individuals well we had to create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals well we had to create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals well we had to create a
+platform really for that to happen I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform really for that to happen I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform really for that to happen I'm
+not going to talk about the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to talk about the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to talk about the whole
+platform what I call the 10 flatteners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform what I call the 10 flatteners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform what I call the 10 flatteners
+but I'm going to talk about four the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm going to talk about four the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm going to talk about four the
+four key ones basically that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four key ones basically that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four key ones basically that are
+relevant both to open courseware and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant both to open courseware and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant both to open courseware and I
+think to where we are today um basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think to where we are today um basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think to where we are today um basically
+the first of these four key flatteners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first of these four key flatteners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first of these four key flatteners
+was I'm going to do this really quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I'm going to do this really quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I'm going to do this really quickly
+the PC and what the personal computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PC and what the personal computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PC and what the personal computer
+allowed and this is really the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed and this is really the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed and this is really the beginning
+of the whole individual nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the whole individual nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the whole individual nature of
+globalization what the PC allowed was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globalization what the PC allowed was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globalization what the PC allowed was
+for individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for individuals
+individuals to author their own content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals to author their own content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals to author their own content
+in digital form it's great to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in digital form it's great to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in digital form it's great to be able to
+talk about this at MIT where I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this at MIT where I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this at MIT where I don't
+have to explain what those things mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to explain what those things mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to explain what those things mean
+um uh what the PC allowed was for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh what the PC allowed was for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh what the PC allowed was for the
+first time in the history of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time in the history of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time in the history of the world
+for individuals to author their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for individuals to author their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for individuals to author their own
+content in digital form now individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content in digital form now individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content in digital form now individuals
+have authored their own content ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have authored their own content ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have authored their own content ever
+since cave women and cave men etched on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since cave women and cave men etched on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since cave women and cave men etched on
+Cave walls but with a PC individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cave walls but with a PC individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cave walls but with a PC individuals
+could author their own content words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could author their own content words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could author their own content words
+photo data spreadsheets video music in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo data spreadsheets video music in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo data spreadsheets video music in
+the form of bits and bites in digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form of bits and bites in digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form of bits and bites in digital
+form and once your content was created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and once your content was created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and once your content was created
+in digital form it could be manipulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in digital form it could be manipulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in digital form it could be manipulated
+in so many more ways by individuals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so many more ways by individuals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so many more ways by individuals and
+dispatched so many more places that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispatched so many more places that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispatched so many more places that was
+the first basic flattener second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first basic flattener second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first basic flattener second
+flattener some of these are Technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flattener some of these are Technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flattener some of these are Technologies
+others are dates second flattener is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others are dates second flattener is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others are dates second flattener is a
+date 8995 August 9th 1995 which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date 8995 August 9th 1995 which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date 8995 August 9th 1995 which I
+consider to be possibly the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider to be possibly the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider to be possibly the most
+important day in your lifetime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important day in your lifetime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important day in your lifetime
+um certainly in our kids' lifetime up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um certainly in our kids' lifetime up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um certainly in our kids' lifetime up to
+now because on 8995 a small startup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now because on 8995 a small startup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now because on 8995 a small startup
+company in Mountain View California
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company in Mountain View California
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company in Mountain View California
+called Netscape went public and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Netscape went public and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Netscape went public and the
+world has never been the same since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world has never been the same since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world has never been the same since
+Netscape gave us two two basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netscape gave us two two basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netscape gave us two two basic
+flatteners that changed the world the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flatteners that changed the world the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flatteners that changed the world the
+first was netscape's invention this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first was netscape's invention this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first was netscape's invention this
+simple pointand click device called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple pointand click device called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple pointand click device called a
+browser and what the browser did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser and what the browser did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser and what the browser did
+was actually give us a tool that brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually give us a tool that brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually give us a tool that brought
+the internet to life it was really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet to life it was really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet to life it was really the
+Netscape browser that brought the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netscape browser that brought the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netscape browser that brought the
+internet to life because it allowed us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet to life because it allowed us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet to life because it allowed us
+to illustrate on computer screens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to illustrate on computer screens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to illustrate on computer screens
+everything locked away in Internet files
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything locked away in Internet files
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything locked away in Internet files
+and thanks to Tim burners Lee soon to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thanks to Tim burners Lee soon to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thanks to Tim burners Lee soon to be
+websites it was actually the Netscape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+websites it was actually the Netscape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+websites it was actually the Netscape
+browser that made the internet this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser that made the internet this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser that made the internet this
+incredible tool of connectivity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible tool of connectivity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible tool of connectivity that
+Grandma and Grandpa grandson and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grandma and Grandpa grandson and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grandma and Grandpa grandson and
+granddaughter not just MIT computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granddaughter not just MIT computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granddaughter not just MIT computer
+scientists could all use together so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists could all use together so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists could all use together so
+it's really the Netscape browser that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really the Netscape browser that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really the Netscape browser that
+brought the internet to life but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought the internet to life but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought the internet to life but that
+wasn't the only reason Netscape was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't the only reason Netscape was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't the only reason Netscape was a
+huge flattener it's because netscape's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge flattener it's because netscape's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge flattener it's because netscape's
+IPO Netscape going public on the morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IPO Netscape going public on the morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IPO Netscape going public on the morning
+of 8995 at 9:00 a.m. is what actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 8995 at 9:00 a.m. is what actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 8995 at 9:00 a.m. is what actually
+started the.com boom and that triggered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started the.com boom and that triggered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started the.com boom and that triggered
+the dot bubble and that triggered the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dot bubble and that triggered the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dot bubble and that triggered the
+crazy absurd ridiculous utterly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy absurd ridiculous utterly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy absurd ridiculous utterly
+outrageous overinvestment of $1 trillion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outrageous overinvestment of $1 trillion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outrageous overinvestment of $1 trillion
+dollar that's trillion with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar that's trillion with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar that's trillion with
+T into fiber optic cable in five years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T into fiber optic cable in five years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T into fiber optic cable in five years
+and what that crazy ridiculous absurd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what that crazy ridiculous absurd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what that crazy ridiculous absurd
+massive overinvestment into fiber optic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive overinvestment into fiber optic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive overinvestment into fiber optic
+cable in five years did was accidentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cable in five years did was accidentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cable in five years did was accidentally
+wire the world with nobody having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire the world with nobody having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire the world with nobody having
+planned it so all those individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planned it so all those individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planned it so all those individuals
+authoring their own content in digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authoring their own content in digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authoring their own content in digital
+form could suddenly send their bits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form could suddenly send their bits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form could suddenly send their bits and
+bites anywhere in the world basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bites anywhere in the world basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bites anywhere in the world basically
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+it was that fiber optic explosion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was that fiber optic explosion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was that fiber optic explosion that
+accidentally with nobody having planned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidentally with nobody having planned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidentally with nobody having planned
+it made Beijing Bangalore and Boston all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it made Beijing Bangalore and Boston all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it made Beijing Bangalore and Boston all
+nextd door neighbors how did it happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nextd door neighbors how did it happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nextd door neighbors how did it happen
+well on the morning of 8995 Netscape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well on the morning of 8995 Netscape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well on the morning of 8995 Netscape
+went public priced at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went public priced at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went public priced at
+$28 their investment bankers Morgan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$28 their investment bankers Morgan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$28 their investment bankers Morgan
+Stanley wanted the stock to be priced at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanley wanted the stock to be priced at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanley wanted the stock to be priced at
+32 but Jim barkdale the Netscape CEO at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 but Jim barkdale the Netscape CEO at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 but Jim barkdale the Netscape CEO at
+the time said no no no if this fails I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time said no no no if this fails I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time said no no no if this fails I
+want it to be remembered as a $20 stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it to be remembered as a $20 stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it to be remembered as a $20 stock
+Netscape opened that morning at $71
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netscape opened that morning at $71
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netscape opened that morning at $71
+closed the first day at 56 and we all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed the first day at 56 and we all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed the first day at 56 and we all
+looked at that and we said Woo there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at that and we said Woo there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at that and we said Woo there is
+gold over them their Hills and we went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold over them their Hills and we went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold over them their Hills and we went
+out and we we bought every.com that boom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and we we bought every.com that boom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and we we bought every.com that boom
+that moved yeah we we bought every doc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that moved yeah we we bought every doc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that moved yeah we we bought every doc
+that moved called Global Crossing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that moved called Global Crossing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that moved called Global Crossing and
+Nexel and JDS uniface oh you can't fool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nexel and JDS uniface oh you can't fool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nexel and JDS uniface oh you can't fool
+me I know it's in your 401ks I was born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me I know it's in your 401ks I was born
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me I know it's in your 401ks I was born
+at night it wasn't last night um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at night it wasn't last night um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at night it wasn't last night um and
+when we did we accidentally funded the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we did we accidentally funded the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we did we accidentally funded the
+massive over wirring of the world with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive over wirring of the world with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive over wirring of the world with
+fiber optic cable so every individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiber optic cable so every individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiber optic cable so every individual
+authoring content on their PC could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authoring content on their PC could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authoring content on their PC could
+suddenly send their digital content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly send their digital content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly send their digital content
+anywhere for free third key flattener
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere for free third key flattener
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere for free third key flattener
+was a quiet Revolution it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a quiet Revolution it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a quiet Revolution it was a
+revolution in transmission protocols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution in transmission protocols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution in transmission protocols
+happened across the 199s it was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened across the 199s it was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened across the 199s it was the
+alphabet soup of tcpip and HTML and HTTP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabet soup of tcpip and HTML and HTTP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabet soup of tcpip and HTML and HTTP
+and XML and soap and HX you don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and XML and soap and HX you don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and XML and soap and HX you don't need
+to know even though most people here do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know even though most people here do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know even though most people here do
+what all that alphabet soup meant it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what all that alphabet soup meant it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what all that alphabet soup meant it
+just meant one key thing for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just meant one key thing for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just meant one key thing for the
+flattening of the world critical to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flattening of the world critical to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flattening of the world critical to to
+this phenomena it meant everyone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this phenomena it meant everyone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this phenomena it meant everyone's
+computer and software became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and software became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and software became
+interoperable we forget today what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interoperable we forget today what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interoperable we forget today what a
+revolution that was we forget today what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution that was we forget today what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution that was we forget today what
+it was like when mit's Administration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was like when mit's Administration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was like when mit's Administration
+first got computers and the bookkeeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first got computers and the bookkeeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first got computers and the bookkeeping
+Department got rid of the Abacus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department got rid of the Abacus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department got rid of the Abacus and
+adding machine they had down there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding machine they had down there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding machine they had down there and
+got a computer and admissions got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a computer and admissions got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a computer and admissions got
+computers a very exciting day around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers a very exciting day around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers a very exciting day around
+here at MIT when that happened there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at MIT when that happened there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at MIT when that happened there
+there was just one problem though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was just one problem though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was just one problem though
+bookkeeping got sap and administration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookkeeping got sap and administration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookkeeping got sap and administration
+got uh windows and uh they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got uh windows and uh they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got uh windows and uh they didn't
+connect they didn't connect any more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect they didn't connect any more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect they didn't connect any more
+than you were on your comp you serve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you were on your comp you serve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you were on your comp you serve
+could connect with your wife on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could connect with your wife on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could connect with your wife on
+AOL well what happened thanks to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AOL well what happened thanks to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AOL well what happened thanks to all
+those transmission protocols is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those transmission protocols is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those transmission protocols is that we
+made everyone's computer and software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made everyone's computer and software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made everyone's computer and software
+interoperable it was a quiet Revolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interoperable it was a quiet Revolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interoperable it was a quiet Revolution
+I call it the workflow Revolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I call it the workflow Revolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I call it the workflow Revolution
+because it truly allowed work to flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it truly allowed work to flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it truly allowed work to flow
+and when that happened when you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when that happened when you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when that happened when you could
+suddenly sit at your computer terminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly sit at your computer terminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly sit at your computer terminal
+or someone in India and not have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or someone in India and not have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or someone in India and not have to
+think for a moment what is the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think for a moment what is the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think for a moment what is the computer
+and software that open courseware is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and software that open courseware is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and software that open courseware is
+running on and what computer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running on and what computer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running on and what computer and
+software do I have what it meant was we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software do I have what it meant was we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software do I have what it meant was we
+could all suddenly become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could all suddenly become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could all suddenly become
+collaborators so put it all together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborators so put it all together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborators so put it all together
+first I could author my own content in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first I could author my own content in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first I could author my own content in
+digital form then I could send it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital form then I could send it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital form then I could send it
+anywhere in the world for free and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere in the world for free and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere in the world for free and then
+thanks to the workflow Revolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks to the workflow Revolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks to the workflow Revolution
+suddenly everyone could collaborate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly everyone could collaborate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly everyone could collaborate with
+everyone else on their digital content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone else on their digital content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone else on their digital content
+what we created right around the year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we created right around the year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we created right around the year
+2000 right around the time of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000 right around the time of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000 right around the time of the
+Millennium was this crude flat world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Millennium was this crude flat world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Millennium was this crude flat world
+platform a global platform for multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform a global platform for multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform a global platform for multiple
+forms of collaboration suddenly more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of collaboration suddenly more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of collaboration suddenly more
+people could collaborate with more other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people could collaborate with more other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people could collaborate with more other
+people on more different kinds of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on more different kinds of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on more different kinds of things
+in more different kinds of ways from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in more different kinds of ways from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in more different kinds of ways from
+more different places for less money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more different places for less money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more different places for less money
+than ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than ever
+before that is built on this platform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that is built on this platform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that is built on this platform
+now this flat platform then gave rise to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this flat platform then gave rise to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this flat platform then gave rise to
+a whole new set of collaborations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole new set of collaborations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole new set of collaborations
+Outsourcing offshoring to me the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Outsourcing offshoring to me the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Outsourcing offshoring to me the most
+interesting one which again is critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting one which again is critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting one which again is critical
+to open courseware I call uploading a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to open courseware I call uploading a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to open courseware I call uploading a
+term coined by Kevin Kelly of wired not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term coined by Kevin Kelly of wired not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term coined by Kevin Kelly of wired not
+uploading in the conventional sense you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uploading in the conventional sense you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uploading in the conventional sense you
+see when the world was round you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see when the world was round you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see when the world was round you
+downloaded as an individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downloaded as an individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downloaded as an individual
+but when the world is flat individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when the world is flat individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when the world is flat individuals
+can now upload and globalize their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now upload and globalize their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now upload and globalize their own
+content globally uploading comes in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content globally uploading comes in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content globally uploading comes in many
+forms open- Source software is uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms open- Source software is uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms open- Source software is uh the
+most was the most early variant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most was the most early variant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most was the most early variant and
+probably still the most popular open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably still the most popular open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably still the most popular open
+course software you just uploaded your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course software you just uploaded your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course software you just uploaded your
+University
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University
+online uh blogging GE in the old days if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online uh blogging GE in the old days if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online uh blogging GE in the old days if
+you wanted an opinion on Foreign Affairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted an opinion on Foreign Affairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted an opinion on Foreign Affairs
+you had to read a fuddy duddy like me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had to read a fuddy duddy like me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had to read a fuddy duddy like me
+not anymore now I go to Iraqi bloggers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not anymore now I go to Iraqi bloggers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not anymore now I go to Iraqi bloggers
+see what they're uploading as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what they're uploading as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what they're uploading as
+individuals from Baghdad when I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals from Baghdad when I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals from Baghdad when I want to
+know what's going on there YouTube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's going on there YouTube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's going on there YouTube
+uploading video and of course the mother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uploading video and of course the mother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uploading video and of course the mother
+of all uploads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all uploads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all uploads
+Wikipedia the people are now uploading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wikipedia the people are now uploading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wikipedia the people are now uploading
+their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own
+encyclopedia now it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encyclopedia now it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encyclopedia now it's not
+perfect all you have to do is be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect all you have to do is be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect all you have to do is be a
+subject of Wikipedia to know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject of Wikipedia to know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject of Wikipedia to know how
+imperfect it is okay and anyone who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfect it is okay and anyone who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfect it is okay and anyone who
+thinks the network will get it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks the network will get it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks the network will get it all
+straightened out um uh doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightened out um uh doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightened out um uh doesn't have
+their biography on Wikipedia but never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their biography on Wikipedia but never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their biography on Wikipedia but never
+mind we won't go there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind we won't go there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind we won't go there
+um but the fact is we're going from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the fact is we're going from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the fact is we're going from a
+world where when I grew up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world where when I grew up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world where when I grew up in
+Minneapolis in the 1950s I remember when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minneapolis in the 1950s I remember when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minneapolis in the 1950s I remember when
+the encyclopedia branica salesman came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the encyclopedia branica salesman came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the encyclopedia branica salesman came
+to our house with all those books he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our house with all those books he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our house with all those books he was
+so excited put them down in the living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so excited put them down in the living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so excited put them down in the living
+room and then we got the coolest thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room and then we got the coolest thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room and then we got the coolest thing
+we got incarta and you could download an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got incarta and you could download an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got incarta and you could download an
+encyclopedia I think in carda 2007 had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encyclopedia I think in carda 2007 had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encyclopedia I think in carda 2007 had
+about 38,000 entries wow Wikipedia today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 38,000 entries wow Wikipedia today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 38,000 entries wow Wikipedia today
+has about 1.3 mil 840
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has about 1.3 mil 840
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has about 1.3 mil 840
+846 and they'll have 847 real soon so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+846 and they'll have 847 real soon so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+846 and they'll have 847 real soon so
+people aren't downloading their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people aren't downloading their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people aren't downloading their
+encyclopedia they're now uploading it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encyclopedia they're now uploading it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encyclopedia they're now uploading it so
+uploading is an incredibly new form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uploading is an incredibly new form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uploading is an incredibly new form of
+creativity that sprung off this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity that sprung off this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity that sprung off this
+platform now basically what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform now basically what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform now basically what happened
+around the year 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the year 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the year 20
+2000 is that all these flatteners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000 is that all these flatteners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000 is that all these flatteners
+converged as I said and they converged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converged as I said and they converged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converged as I said and they converged
+into a platform that is what I talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a platform that is what I talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a platform that is what I talk
+about when I say the World is Flat when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about when I say the World is Flat when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about when I say the World is Flat when
+I talk about the World is Flat I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I talk about the World is Flat I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I talk about the World is Flat I don't
+mean it's equal I don't mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's equal I don't mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's equal I don't mean that
+there's no more terms of trade I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no more terms of trade I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no more terms of trade I'm
+talking about a platform that allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a platform that allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a platform that allows
+individuals more equal ability to Plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals more equal ability to Plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals more equal ability to Plug
+and Play compete connect and collaborate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Play compete connect and collaborate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Play compete connect and collaborate
+globally and that's really what open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globally and that's really what open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globally and that's really what open
+course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+is an incredible manifestation of it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an incredible manifestation of it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an incredible manifestation of it's
+living on this platform so we've really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living on this platform so we've really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living on this platform so we've really
+gone from a world where value was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone from a world where value was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone from a world where value was
+created in vertical silos of command and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created in vertical silos of command and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created in vertical silos of command and
+control to a world where value is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control to a world where value is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control to a world where value is being
+created horizontally on this platform by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created horizontally on this platform by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created horizontally on this platform by
+who you connect and collaborate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who you connect and collaborate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who you connect and collaborate with
+we're going from vertical to horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going from vertical to horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going from vertical to horizontal
+I think that shift which is happening in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that shift which is happening in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that shift which is happening in
+a million universities a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a million universities a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a million universities a million
+businesses a million governments all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses a million governments all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses a million governments all
+over the world is going to be seen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the world is going to be seen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the world is going to be seen in
+time as the mother of all inflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time as the mother of all inflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time as the mother of all inflection
+points we are going to from vertical to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points we are going to from vertical to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points we are going to from vertical to
+horizontal and it in time is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal and it in time is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal and it in time is going to
+change I believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change I believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change I believe
+everything now there's sort of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything now there's sort of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything now there's sort of three
+things I'd keep in mind about this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I'd keep in mind about this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I'd keep in mind about this new
+platform the first is what I call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform the first is what I call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform the first is what I call the
+iron rule of business on the flat R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron rule of business on the flat R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron rule of business on the flat R
+platform and the iron rule of business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform and the iron rule of business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform and the iron rule of business
+on the flat world platform is whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the flat world platform is whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the flat world platform is whatever
+can be done will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be done will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be done will be
+done when the world is flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done when the world is flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done when the world is flat
+whatever can be done will be done the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever can be done will be done the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever can be done will be done the
+only question the only question left is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only question the only question left is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only question the only question left is
+will it be done by you or to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will it be done by you or to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will it be done by you or to
+you just do not think it won't be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just do not think it won't be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just do not think it won't be done
+promise me if you have a good idea here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise me if you have a good idea here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise me if you have a good idea here
+at MIT you will do it because I promise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT you will do it because I promise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT you will do it because I promise
+you someone at IIT Madras will have it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you someone at IIT Madras will have it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you someone at IIT Madras will have it a
+second later when the world gets this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second later when the world gets this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second later when the world gets this
+flat and there are this many distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat and there are this many distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat and there are this many distributed
+tools of Conn ity and creativity at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools of Conn ity and creativity at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools of Conn ity and creativity at the
+individual level whatever can be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual level whatever can be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual level whatever can be done
+will be done now I see this everywhere I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be done now I see this everywhere I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be done now I see this everywhere I
+go now and I'm not sure economics has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go now and I'm not sure economics has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go now and I'm not sure economics has
+fully been able to capture what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully been able to capture what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully been able to capture what is
+happening far below the firm level at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening far below the firm level at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening far below the firm level at
+the individual level I call it gross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual level I call it gross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual level I call it gross
+individual product because individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual product because individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual product because individuals
+on this platform are now doing whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this platform are now doing whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this platform are now doing whatever
+can be done my wife and I were in Peru
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be done my wife and I were in Peru
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be done my wife and I were in Peru
+last year we're on ecotour our guide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year we're on ecotour our guide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year we're on ecotour our guide
+Alfredo FAS head of ecotourism in Peru
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alfredo FAS head of ecotourism in Peru
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alfredo FAS head of ecotourism in Peru
+we're there with conservation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're there with conservation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're there with conservation
+International we're down in Rio tomoa he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+International we're down in Rio tomoa he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+International we're down in Rio tomoa he
+says to me one day he knows I like these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says to me one day he knows I like these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says to me one day he knows I like these
+stories says Tom I've got a friend I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories says Tom I've got a friend I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories says Tom I've got a friend I got
+to tell he's selling Peruvian dish wear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell he's selling Peruvian dish wear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell he's selling Peruvian dish wear
+now from a village near Cusco on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now from a village near Cusco on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now from a village near Cusco on the
+internet great The World is Flat proen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet great The World is Flat proen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet great The World is Flat proen
+village then he adds this he's checking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village then he adds this he's checking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village then he adds this he's checking
+to see if he can get his dishes made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see if he can get his dishes made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see if he can get his dishes made
+cheaper in China now okay why not if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper in China now okay why not if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper in China now okay why not if it
+can be done it will be done and if he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be done it will be done and if he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be done it will be done and if he
+doesn't do it the Villager in Cusco next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't do it the Villager in Cusco next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't do it the Villager in Cusco next
+to him will do it whatever can be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to him will do it whatever can be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to him will do it whatever can be done
+will be done I was out in uh Budapest a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be done I was out in uh Budapest a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be done I was out in uh Budapest a
+year ago they did a seminar on the World
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year ago they did a seminar on the World
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year ago they did a seminar on the World
+is Flat all these European scholars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Flat all these European scholars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Flat all these European scholars
+screaming at me it was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screaming at me it was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screaming at me it was really
+interesting and um uh they gave me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and um uh they gave me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and um uh they gave me a
+driver when I got there and and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver when I got there and and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver when I got there and and he
+stayed with me for three days and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stayed with me for three days and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stayed with me for three days and he
+took me back we're going back Sunday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took me back we're going back Sunday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took me back we're going back Sunday
+morning to the airport and on the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning to the airport and on the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning to the airport and on the way
+the airport he says Mr Tom Mr Tom I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the airport he says Mr Tom Mr Tom I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the airport he says Mr Tom Mr Tom I have
+to tell you you know if you have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you you know if you have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you you know if you have any
+friends coming to Budapest would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends coming to Budapest would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends coming to Budapest would you
+please tell them about me I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please tell them about me I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please tell them about me I do
+diplomatic driving tourism Business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diplomatic driving tourism Business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diplomatic driving tourism Business
+Services I said oh that's great you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Services I said oh that's great you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Services I said oh that's great you know
+sort of blur eyed Sunday morning I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of blur eyed Sunday morning I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of blur eyed Sunday morning I said
+give me your phone number whatever and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me your phone number whatever and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me your phone number whatever and
+I'll if I ever you know think of anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll if I ever you know think of anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll if I ever you know think of anybody
+coming he said no no just go to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming he said no no just go to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming he said no no just go to my
+website I said no no you you have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website I said no no you you have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website I said no no you you have your
+own website I said yeah he gives me his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own website I said yeah he gives me his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own website I said yeah he gives me his
+card soon as I got home I looked it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card soon as I got home I looked it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card soon as I got home I looked it up
+it's in three languages magar German and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in three languages magar German and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in three languages magar German and
+English all the pictures of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English all the pictures of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English all the pictures of his
+different services multi-pages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different services multi-pages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different services multi-pages
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+music and suddenly I had this vision of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music and suddenly I had this vision of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music and suddenly I had this vision of
+something secretary baker said to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something secretary baker said to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something secretary baker said to me
+after he retired as Secretary State he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after he retired as Secretary State he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after he retired as Secretary State he
+said how do you know you're out of power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said how do you know you're out of power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said how do you know you're out of power
+in Washington DC Tom you know you're out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Washington DC Tom you know you're out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Washington DC Tom you know you're out
+of power in Washington when your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of power in Washington when your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of power in Washington when your
+limousine is yellow and your dri speaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limousine is yellow and your dri speaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limousine is yellow and your dri speaks
+farsy okay um how do you know you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farsy okay um how do you know you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farsy okay um how do you know you're in
+a flat world when your Hungarian cab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flat world when your Hungarian cab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flat world when your Hungarian cab
+driver has his own website now in magar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver has his own website now in magar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver has his own website now in magar
+German and English with music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I interview people everywhere I go so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I interview people everywhere I go so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I interview people everywhere I go so
+I'm out in South Sous City Nebraska I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm out in South Sous City Nebraska I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm out in South Sous City Nebraska I
+don't even remember I think I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even remember I think I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even remember I think I was
+speaking at the University out there guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking at the University out there guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking at the University out there guy
+picks me up at the airport so I like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picks me up at the airport so I like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picks me up at the airport so I like to
+interview people wherever I am hi what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview people wherever I am hi what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview people wherever I am hi what
+do you do he says well um I used to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you do he says well um I used to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you do he says well um I used to be
+in the chocolate business imported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the chocolate business imported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the chocolate business imported
+chocolates so you're from Nebraska but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chocolates so you're from Nebraska but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chocolates so you're from Nebraska but
+Brazil could import them into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazil could import them into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazil could import them into this
+country finished chocolates cheaper than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country finished chocolates cheaper than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country finished chocolates cheaper than
+I could make them then we went into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could make them then we went into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could make them then we went into the
+TAC business you know horses stuff China
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TAC business you know horses stuff China
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TAC business you know horses stuff China
+came into that business wiped us out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came into that business wiped us out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came into that business wiped us out
+what do you do now he says now what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you do now he says now what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you do now he says now what do
+we do we import a machine from South
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do we import a machine from South
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do we import a machine from South
+Korea that can be placed at building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Korea that can be placed at building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Korea that can be placed at building
+sites that produces building sighing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites that produces building sighing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites that produces building sighing and
+insulation together I don't know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulation together I don't know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulation together I don't know that
+much about construction evidently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about construction evidently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about construction evidently
+there's a great efficiency there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a great efficiency there we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a great efficiency there we
+import this machine we add a little IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+import this machine we add a little IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+import this machine we add a little IP
+here from some folks in South City and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here from some folks in South City and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here from some folks in South City and
+we reexport it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we reexport it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we reexport it to
+Kuwait I said you're doing all that from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kuwait I said you're doing all that from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kuwait I said you're doing all that from
+here yeah I said I said interesting I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yeah I said I said interesting I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yeah I said I said interesting I
+mean how do you communicate with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean how do you communicate with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean how do you communicate with the
+kuwaitis this is actually in the 3.0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kuwaitis this is actually in the 3.0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kuwaitis this is actually in the 3.0
+edition of the book this is all I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edition of the book this is all I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edition of the book this is all I'm not
+making this up folks um he says um well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making this up folks um he says um well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making this up folks um he says um well
+you know we got the winnabago Indians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we got the winnabago Indians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we got the winnabago Indians
+here in Wago Indian tribes and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in Wago Indian tribes and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in Wago Indian tribes and the
+Winnebago Indians have a casino called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Winnebago Indians have a casino called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Winnebago Indians have a casino called
+Winne Vegas and Winne Vegas spins off an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Winne Vegas and Winne Vegas spins off an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Winne Vegas and Winne Vegas spins off an
+enormous amount of cash so the Winnebago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous amount of cash so the Winnebago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous amount of cash so the Winnebago
+Indians from wnne Vegas created the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indians from wnne Vegas created the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indians from wnne Vegas created the
+Winnebago Indian Development Corporation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Winnebago Indian Development Corporation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Winnebago Indian Development Corporation
+which created an ad Agency for Winnebago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which created an ad Agency for Winnebago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which created an ad Agency for Winnebago
+kids who went out and hired Arabic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids who went out and hired Arabic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids who went out and hired Arabic
+speakers from the local University and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers from the local University and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers from the local University and
+they write the brochure so we can import
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they write the brochure so we can import
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they write the brochure so we can import
+the machine from South Korea add our IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine from South Korea add our IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine from South Korea add our IP
+here they write the the uh the um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they write the the uh the um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they write the the uh the um uh
+directions for it from the Winnebago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions for it from the Winnebago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions for it from the Winnebago
+Indian Development Corporation and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indian Development Corporation and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indian Development Corporation and we
+reexport it to Kuwait wait you show me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reexport it to Kuwait wait you show me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reexport it to Kuwait wait you show me
+where that shows up in the economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that shows up in the economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that shows up in the economic
+statistics I'm sure it does somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics I'm sure it does somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics I'm sure it does somewhere
+but that is people doing whatever can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that is people doing whatever can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that is people doing whatever can be
+done and so much of that is happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and so much of that is happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and so much of that is happening
+today I see it everywhere I go which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I see it everywhere I go which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I see it everywhere I go which
+leads to me the second rule of the flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to me the second rule of the flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to me the second rule of the flat
+world platform and the second rule for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world platform and the second rule for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world platform and the second rule for
+me is the most important economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me is the most important economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me is the most important economic
+competition going forward in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition going forward in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition going forward in the world
+today is I don't believe going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is I don't believe going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is I don't believe going to be
+between countries and countries although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between countries and countries although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between countries and countries although
+it's obviously still important it's even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's obviously still important it's even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's obviously still important it's even
+going to be between companies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be between companies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be between companies and
+companies although obviously still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies although obviously still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies although obviously still
+important I think the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important I think the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important I think the most important
+economic competition going forward is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic competition going forward is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic competition going forward is
+going to be between you and your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be between you and your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be between you and your own
+imagination because when you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination because when you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination because when you have a
+world this flat and individuals are this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world this flat and individuals are this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world this flat and individuals are this
+empowered to act on their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empowered to act on their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empowered to act on their own
+imagination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination
+globally what individuals imagine really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globally what individuals imagine really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globally what individuals imagine really
+matters and therefore how well a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters and therefore how well a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters and therefore how well a
+university a country a state school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university a country a state school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university a country a state school
+inspires enables and empowers individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspires enables and empowers individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspires enables and empowers individual
+imagination I think will be the single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination I think will be the single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination I think will be the single
+greatest Competitive Edge in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest Competitive Edge in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest Competitive Edge in the world
+we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going
+into the third rule of this platform is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the third rule of this platform is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the third rule of this platform is
+how well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+horizontalization learned this lesson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontalization learned this lesson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontalization learned this lesson
+really right when I was starting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really right when I was starting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really right when I was starting to
+write the book quite by accident I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the book quite by accident I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the book quite by accident I was
+going to visit my daughter who was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to visit my daughter who was going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to visit my daughter who was going
+to school in New Haven Connecticut I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to school in New Haven Connecticut I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to school in New Haven Connecticut I
+live in Bethesda Maryland to get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in Bethesda Maryland to get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in Bethesda Maryland to get from
+Bethesda Maryland to New Haven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bethesda Maryland to New Haven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bethesda Maryland to New Haven
+Connecticut is a complete pain in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connecticut is a complete pain in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connecticut is a complete pain in the
+behind you have to drive almost an hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind you have to drive almost an hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind you have to drive almost an hour
+to Baltimore Airport take Southwest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Baltimore Airport take Southwest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Baltimore Airport take Southwest
+Airlines from Baltimore to Hartford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Airlines from Baltimore to Hartford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Airlines from Baltimore to Hartford
+airport then drive one hour from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport then drive one hour from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport then drive one hour from
+Hartford to New Haven I could almost go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hartford to New Haven I could almost go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hartford to New Haven I could almost go
+to London quicker never mind I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to London quicker never mind I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to London quicker never mind I'm a
+Southwest fan don't know many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Southwest fan don't know many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Southwest fan don't know many of you
+have flown South sou Southwest but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have flown South sou Southwest but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have flown South sou Southwest but you
+don't look like a Southwest crowd to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't look like a Southwest crowd to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't look like a Southwest crowd to me
+but that's okay and Southwest Airlines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's okay and Southwest Airlines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's okay and Southwest Airlines
+you know is El Cheapo Airlines you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is El Cheapo Airlines you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is El Cheapo Airlines you don't
+get a reserve seat you just get a ticket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a reserve seat you just get a ticket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a reserve seat you just get a ticket
+this is a b or c a's board first B's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a b or c a's board first B's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a b or c a's board first B's
+Board second se's board last only thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Board second se's board last only thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Board second se's board last only thing
+you need to know about Southwest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know about Southwest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know about Southwest
+Airlines is you do not want to be a c on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Airlines is you do not want to be a c on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Airlines is you do not want to be a c on
+Southwest Airlines especially if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Southwest Airlines especially if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Southwest Airlines especially if you
+have two bags of spring clothing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two bags of spring clothing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two bags of spring clothing for
+your daughter and you don't want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your daughter and you don't want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your daughter and you don't want to get
+stuck in the middle seat no problem I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck in the middle seat no problem I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck in the middle seat no problem I'm
+a hip guy did the E ticket thing ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hip guy did the E ticket thing ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hip guy did the E ticket thing ahead
+of time but just in case I got to BWI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time but just in case I got to BWI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time but just in case I got to BWI
+Baltimore Airport 95 minutes before my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baltimore Airport 95 minutes before my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baltimore Airport 95 minutes before my
+flight because I was going to be an a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight because I was going to be an a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight because I was going to be an a
+got to the machine took out my Visa card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to the machine took out my Visa card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to the machine took out my Visa card
+stuck it in the southwest e ticket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck it in the southwest e ticket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck it in the southwest e ticket
+machine out came my ticket and it said B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine out came my ticket and it said B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine out came my ticket and it said B
+and I said Son of a this thing is fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I said Son of a this thing is fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I said Son of a this thing is fixed
+this is rigged this is worse than Las
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is rigged this is worse than Las
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is rigged this is worse than Las
+Vegas there is no way I'm a bee I'm here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vegas there is no way I'm a bee I'm here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vegas there is no way I'm a bee I'm here
+95 minutes before this flight there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+95 minutes before this flight there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+95 minutes before this flight there is
+no way I'm a bee o I was mad got my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no way I'm a bee o I was mad got my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no way I'm a bee o I was mad got my
+Cinnabon and sat in the back of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cinnabon and sat in the back of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cinnabon and sat in the back of the
+beeline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beeline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beeline
+steing well 45 minutes went by and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steing well 45 minutes went by and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steing well 45 minutes went by and then
+they called the flight and then I saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they called the flight and then I saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they called the flight and then I saw
+it all the A's seemed to be getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all the A's seemed to be getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all the A's seemed to be getting
+getting on caring what looked to me like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting on caring what looked to me like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting on caring what looked to me like
+just crumpled white home printer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just crumpled white home printer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just crumpled white home printer
+paper as if they had gone online at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper as if they had gone online at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper as if they had gone online at
+12:01 a.m. the night before and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12:01 a.m. the night before and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12:01 a.m. the night before and
+downloaded and printed out their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downloaded and printed out their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downloaded and printed out their own
+barcodes and boarding passes well what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barcodes and boarding passes well what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barcodes and boarding passes well what I
+didn't know back then was what Southwest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know back then was what Southwest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know back then was what Southwest
+Airlines knew was that the world was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Airlines knew was that the world was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Airlines knew was that the world was
+flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat
+and on this new platform they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on this new platform they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on this new platform they could
+Empower their customers to go online and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Empower their customers to go online and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Empower their customers to go online and
+download print out their own barcodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download print out their own barcodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download print out their own barcodes
+and boarding passes and take up all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and boarding passes and take up all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and boarding passes and take up all the
+a seats before Tom fredman got to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a seats before Tom fredman got to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a seats before Tom fredman got to the
+airport oh I looked at that friends I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport oh I looked at that friends I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport oh I looked at that friends I
+said fredman you are so 20th century I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said fredman you are so 20th century I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said fredman you are so 20th century I
+mean really think you're so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean really think you're so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean really think you're so
+globalization 1.0 globalization there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globalization 1.0 globalization there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globalization 1.0 globalization there
+was a ticket agent I us to go down pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a ticket agent I us to go down pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a ticket agent I us to go down pull
+the number thank you ma'am I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number thank you ma'am I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number thank you ma'am I'm going to
+go to Baltimore then we got to eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to Baltimore then we got to eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to Baltimore then we got to eat
+ticket machine we thought that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ticket machine we thought that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ticket machine we thought that was
+cool and then while you were sleeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool and then while you were sleeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool and then while you were sleeping
+you the individual became your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the individual became your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the individual became your own
+ticket agent or to look at it another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ticket agent or to look at it another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ticket agent or to look at it another
+way you the individual became an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you the individual became an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you the individual became an
+employee of Southwest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employee of Southwest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employee of Southwest
+Airlines or or look at it actually still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Airlines or or look at it actually still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Airlines or or look at it actually still
+another way you the individual if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way you the individual if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way you the individual if you
+value your own time staying up at 12:01
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value your own time staying up at 12:01
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value your own time staying up at 12:01
+a.m. the night before are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a.m. the night before are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a.m. the night before are actually
+paying Southwest Airlines to be their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying Southwest Airlines to be their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying Southwest Airlines to be their
+employee have a nice day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employee have a nice day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employee have a nice day
+okay so I get smart next time I stay up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I get smart next time I stay up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I get smart next time I stay up
+till 12:01 a.m. I download my own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till 12:01 a.m. I download my own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till 12:01 a.m. I download my own
+barcode and boarding pass I get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barcode and boarding pass I get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barcode and boarding pass I get to the
+gate 35 minutes before the flight this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate 35 minutes before the flight this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate 35 minutes before the flight this
+time because I've interacted with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because I've interacted with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because I've interacted with
+Southwest Airlines horizontally now not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Southwest Airlines horizontally now not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Southwest Airlines horizontally now not
+vertically and what happened I captured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertically and what happened I captured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertically and what happened I captured
+60 Minutes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 Minutes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 Minutes of
+productivity by interfacing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity by interfacing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity by interfacing with
+Southwest Airlines on this platform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Southwest Airlines on this platform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Southwest Airlines on this platform
+horizontally not vertically well that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontally not vertically well that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontally not vertically well that
+move from vertical to horizontal it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move from vertical to horizontal it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move from vertical to horizontal it's
+happening as I said on a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening as I said on a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening as I said on a million
+campuses and a million businesses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campuses and a million businesses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campuses and a million businesses and
+when we get to the other side of it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we get to the other side of it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we get to the other side of it and
+the people who do it best are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who do it best are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who do it best are going to
+capture enormous productivity think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture enormous productivity think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture enormous productivity think of
+the productivity gains if you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the productivity gains if you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the productivity gains if you could
+measure them of all these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure them of all these people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure them of all these people
+interacting with MIT horizontally not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with MIT horizontally not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with MIT horizontally not
+vertically not getting on a plane coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertically not getting on a plane coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertically not getting on a plane coming
+here to a lecture but interacting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to a lecture but interacting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to a lecture but interacting with
+MIT horizontally I would be fascinated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT horizontally I would be fascinated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT horizontally I would be fascinated
+if someone could actually measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if someone could actually measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if someone could actually measure the
+incredible educational productivity gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible educational productivity gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible educational productivity gain
+you've given birth to here so so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've given birth to here so so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've given birth to here so so those
+are the to me the three rules of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the to me the three rules of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the to me the three rules of this
+platform now that that means several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform now that that means several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform now that that means several
+things I think for our society and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I think for our society and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I think for our society and how
+we organize ourselves which makes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we organize ourselves which makes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we organize ourselves which makes the
+current election campaign make you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current election campaign make you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current election campaign make you want
+to really weep because it means it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really weep because it means it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really weep because it means it means
+several things first of all I I I used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several things first of all I I I used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several things first of all I I I used
+to be a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a free
+Trader I'm I'm not anymore I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trader I'm I'm not anymore I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trader I'm I'm not anymore I have to
+tell you I do not I'm not a free Trader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you I do not I'm not a free Trader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you I do not I'm not a free Trader
+anymore now now I'm a radical free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore now now I'm a radical free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore now now I'm a radical free
+Trader oh I'm a wild crazy paint on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trader oh I'm a wild crazy paint on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trader oh I'm a wild crazy paint on my
+face radical free Trader because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face radical free Trader because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face radical free Trader because if
+whatever can be done will be done and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever can be done will be done and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever can be done will be done and if
+the greatest single Advantage is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greatest single Advantage is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greatest single Advantage is what
+you can act on your individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can act on your individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can act on your individual
+imagination who's going to win it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination who's going to win it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination who's going to win it's
+going to be the most open society that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the most open society that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the most open society that
+gets the signals first of what's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets the signals first of what's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets the signals first of what's being
+done and empowers and enables its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and empowers and enables its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and empowers and enables its
+citizens to react and do it before it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizens to react and do it before it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizens to react and do it before it's
+done to them so just at a moment when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done to them so just at a moment when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done to them so just at a moment when we
+have this incredible cultural Advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this incredible cultural Advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this incredible cultural Advantage
+as a free trading Society we do not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a free trading Society we do not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a free trading Society we do not have
+one single candidate basically in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one single candidate basically in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one single candidate basically in this
+election campaign truly in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+election campaign truly in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+election campaign truly in a
+full-throated way standing up for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full-throated way standing up for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full-throated way standing up for free
+trade it is really in my view really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade it is really in my view really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade it is really in my view really
+really dangerous I think the second rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really dangerous I think the second rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really dangerous I think the second rule
+that you know I pull off this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know I pull off this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know I pull off this new
+platform and um its new capabilities is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform and um its new capabilities is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform and um its new capabilities is
+also what it means for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also what it means for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also what it means for
+Education um I have to say I was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Education um I have to say I was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Education um I have to say I was a
+always a fan of liberal arts um I'm an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a fan of liberal arts um I'm an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a fan of liberal arts um I'm an
+even bigger fan of liberal arts today um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even bigger fan of liberal arts today um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even bigger fan of liberal arts today um
+Lord knows what MIT does here on math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lord knows what MIT does here on math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lord knows what MIT does here on math
+and science is irreplaceable um and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and science is irreplaceable um and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and science is irreplaceable um and is
+one of the crown jewels of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the crown jewels of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the crown jewels of this
+country but bringing liberal arts into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country but bringing liberal arts into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country but bringing liberal arts into
+the equation is more important than ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation is more important than ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation is more important than ever
+because we're in a world now where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're in a world now where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're in a world now where
+imagination and mashups the ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination and mashups the ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination and mashups the ability to
+mash things together through really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mash things together through really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mash things together through really
+imaginative I think than you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginative I think than you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginative I think than you
+is going to be such a huge advantage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be such a huge advantage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be such a huge advantage and
+I don't know about you all but where my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know about you all but where my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know about you all but where my
+imagination comes from is having two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination comes from is having two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination comes from is having two
+different Specialties Arabic Middle East
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Specialties Arabic Middle East
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Specialties Arabic Middle East
+history and globalization and technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history and globalization and technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history and globalization and technology
+and mashing them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mashing them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mashing them
+together I think educ inspiration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together I think educ inspiration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together I think educ inspiration
+Innovation comes from having two or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation comes from having two or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation comes from having two or more
+Specialties and applying the framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Specialties and applying the framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Specialties and applying the framework
+of one specialty to the framework of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one specialty to the framework of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one specialty to the framework of
+another and so it is great it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another and so it is great it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another and so it is great it is
+essential it is critical we have people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential it is critical we have people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential it is critical we have people
+who are expt exper at dots but we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are expt exper at dots but we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are expt exper at dots but we also
+need as individuals and collectives to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need as individuals and collectives to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need as individuals and collectives to
+be encouraging the connecting of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be encouraging the connecting of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be encouraging the connecting of those
+dots and the mashing of them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots and the mashing of them together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots and the mashing of them together
+that is where inspiration comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is where inspiration comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is where inspiration comes from
+Leonardo da Vinci was a scientist he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leonardo da Vinci was a scientist he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leonardo da Vinci was a scientist he was
+an artist he was an inventor and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an artist he was an inventor and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an artist he was an inventor and that's
+what made him special I always Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what made him special I always Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what made him special I always Point
+people to Steve Jobs graduation speech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to Steve Jobs graduation speech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to Steve Jobs graduation speech
+at Stanford a couple years ago where he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Stanford a couple years ago where he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Stanford a couple years ago where he
+talked about where his own inspiration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about where his own inspiration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about where his own inspiration
+came from for the max Steve went to Reed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from for the max Steve went to Reed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from for the max Steve went to Reed
+College he dropped out like all Great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+College he dropped out like all Great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+College he dropped out like all Great
+American entrepreneurs after one term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American entrepreneurs after one term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American entrepreneurs after one term
+think about that Bill Gates Michael Dell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that Bill Gates Michael Dell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that Bill Gates Michael Dell
+Steve Jobs all dropped out um but he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steve Jobs all dropped out um but he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steve Jobs all dropped out um but he had
+nowhere to go so he hung around Reed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere to go so he hung around Reed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere to go so he hung around Reed
+College and he had nothing to do so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+College and he had nothing to do so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+College and he had nothing to do so he
+decided to take a course in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to take a course in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to take a course in
+calligraphy and he learned the beauty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calligraphy and he learned the beauty of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calligraphy and he learned the beauty of
+typface of serif and San serif type and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typface of serif and San serif type and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typface of serif and San serif type and
+10 years later he said it all went into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 years later he said it all went into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 years later he said it all went into
+the Mac keyboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Mac keyboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Mac keyboard
+the first Mac keyboard was exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first Mac keyboard was exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first Mac keyboard was exactly what
+it was which had at that time the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was which had at that time the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was which had at that time the most
+Innovative type face in Computing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovative type face in Computing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovative type face in Computing in
+popular Computing because Steve Jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular Computing because Steve Jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular Computing because Steve Jobs
+dropped out of Reed College and took a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped out of Reed College and took a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped out of Reed College and took a
+course in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in
+craphy I don't know if anyone's out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+craphy I don't know if anyone's out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+craphy I don't know if anyone's out
+there looking for a job we are desperate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there looking for a job we are desperate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there looking for a job we are desperate
+at the New York Times for engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the New York Times for engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the New York Times for engineers
+they've asked me to actually make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've asked me to actually make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've asked me to actually make this
+appeal we can't hire Engineers we no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeal we can't hire Engineers we no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeal we can't hire Engineers we no one
+no one thinks we're cool we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one thinks we're cool we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one thinks we're cool we're not
+Google I know but we're not that bad you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google I know but we're not that bad you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google I know but we're not that bad you
+know but we would love if any of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but we would love if any of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but we would love if any of you
+want to give me your card you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give me your card you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give me your card you're looking
+for a job in engineering we'd love you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a job in engineering we'd love you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a job in engineering we'd love you
+to come interview at the New York Times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come interview at the New York Times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come interview at the New York Times
+but just one thing please don't come if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just one thing please don't come if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just one thing please don't come if
+you've never read the New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've never read the New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've never read the New York
+Times please don't come if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times please don't come if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times please don't come if you don't
+read at least three newspapers a day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read at least three newspapers a day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read at least three newspapers a day
+because we need people who can mash up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we need people who can mash up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we need people who can mash up
+those things we can we can get Engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things we can we can get Engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things we can we can get Engineers
+we can Outsource we can we can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can Outsource we can we can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can Outsource we can we can get
+people to do programming we need people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to do programming we need people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to do programming we need people
+who can really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who can really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who can really
+imaginatively Mash those things together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginatively Mash those things together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginatively Mash those things together
+so I'm these are the kind of things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm these are the kind of things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm these are the kind of things that
+I'm really looking at now as as I look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm really looking at now as as I look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm really looking at now as as I look
+at America as I look at our election and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at America as I look at our election and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at America as I look at our election and
+as I look at things that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I look at things that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I look at things that we
+need I I'm still a big believer that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need I I'm still a big believer that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need I I'm still a big believer that we
+have culturally so many things that work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have culturally so many things that work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have culturally so many things that work
+for this new world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this new world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this new world
+but we've kind of lost our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we've kind of lost our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we've kind of lost our
+groove since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groove since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groove since
+911 you I go around the world now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+911 you I go around the world now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+911 you I go around the world now and
+you hear it everywhere people say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hear it everywhere people say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hear it everywhere people say you
+know the 19th century belong to Britain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the 19th century belong to Britain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the 19th century belong to Britain
+the 20th century belong to America and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 20th century belong to America and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 20th century belong to America and
+the 21st century will belong to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 21st century will belong to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 21st century will belong to to
+China and what's happening in China
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China and what's happening in China
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China and what's happening in China
+today is truly impressive and what makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is truly impressive and what makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is truly impressive and what makes
+it impressive is it's it's from hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it impressive is it's it's from hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it impressive is it's it's from hard
+work and it's from the ground up and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and it's from the ground up and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and it's from the ground up and you
+just cannot go there and not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just cannot go there and not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just cannot go there and not be
+impressed at what China is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressed at what China is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressed at what China is
+doing but I I'm just not quite ready to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing but I I'm just not quite ready to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing but I I'm just not quite ready to
+seed the 21st century to anyone yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seed the 21st century to anyone yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seed the 21st century to anyone yet
+because you know we're we're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know we're we're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know we're we're not going
+to win it if we don't get our act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to win it if we don't get our act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to win it if we don't get our act
+together and be smart about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and be smart about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and be smart about these
+natural attributes we have free trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural attributes we have free trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural attributes we have free trade
+Innovative culture we don't need to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovative culture we don't need to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovative culture we don't need to have
+an hour of creativity class in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an hour of creativity class in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an hour of creativity class in this
+country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country
+okay but we need to get our act together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but we need to get our act together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but we need to get our act together
+we cannot go on being dumb as as we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we cannot go on being dumb as as we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we cannot go on being dumb as as we want
+to be and right now that is the motto of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be and right now that is the motto of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be and right now that is the motto of
+the US Congress dumb as we want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US Congress dumb as we want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US Congress dumb as we want to be
+okay Washington today is brain dead I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay Washington today is brain dead I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay Washington today is brain dead I am
+talking about beep there isn't even a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about beep there isn't even a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about beep there isn't even a
+okay brain dead as far as I'm concerned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay brain dead as far as I'm concerned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay brain dead as far as I'm concerned
+both parties both houses the White House
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both parties both houses the White House
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both parties both houses the White House
+brain dead but I have to tell you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain dead but I have to tell you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain dead but I have to tell you if
+someone who is a reporter who spends a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who is a reporter who spends a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who is a reporter who spends a
+lot of time out in the country thank God
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of time out in the country thank God
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of time out in the country thank God
+our country is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our country is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our country is
+alive because all these individuals I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alive because all these individuals I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alive because all these individuals I
+should show you my desk boy I got a pile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should show you my desk boy I got a pile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should show you my desk boy I got a pile
+here from energy entrepreneurs come see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here from energy entrepreneurs come see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here from energy entrepreneurs come see
+my flywheel it turns a duck it jumps up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my flywheel it turns a duck it jumps up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my flywheel it turns a duck it jumps up
+it makes you know methane I mean come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes you know methane I mean come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes you know methane I mean come to
+my class another pile from Educators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my class another pile from Educators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my class another pile from Educators
+we're teaching young women how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're teaching young women how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're teaching young women how to do
+science and math in these really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and math in these really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and math in these really
+innovative ways thank God our country is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovative ways thank God our country is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovative ways thank God our country is
+alive if we had a government that was as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alive if we had a government that was as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alive if we had a government that was as
+alive as the country no one would touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alive as the country no one would touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alive as the country no one would touch
+us so I'm not ready to seed the 21st
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us so I'm not ready to seed the 21st
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us so I'm not ready to seed the 21st
+century to anyone just yet because our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century to anyone just yet because our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century to anyone just yet because our
+culture of creativity it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture of creativity it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture of creativity it's hard to
+duplicate my grandmother in Minnesota
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplicate my grandmother in Minnesota
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplicate my grandmother in Minnesota
+had a saying Grand Grandma fredman God
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a saying Grand Grandma fredman God
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a saying Grand Grandma fredman God
+bless her she used to sit in her rocking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bless her she used to sit in her rocking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bless her she used to sit in her rocking
+chair in the data winter and she would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chair in the data winter and she would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chair in the data winter and she would
+say to me you know Tommy I I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say to me you know Tommy I I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say to me you know Tommy I I have to
+tell you remember one thing said Grandma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you remember one thing said Grandma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you remember one thing said Grandma
+fredman never seed a century to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fredman never seed a century to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fredman never seed a century to a
+country that censors Google it was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country that censors Google it was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country that censors Google it was it
+was just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just a
+it was it was just a little thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was it was just a little thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was it was just a little thing
+Grandma used to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grandma used to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grandma used to say
+and sitting sitting by the fire so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sitting sitting by the fire so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sitting sitting by the fire so I'm
+not ready to seed the 21st century yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not ready to seed the 21st century yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not ready to seed the 21st century yet
+to anyone but I think a lot of who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to anyone but I think a lot of who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to anyone but I think a lot of who is
+going to own the 21st century and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to own the 21st century and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to own the 21st century and I'm
+going to close with this is really going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to close with this is really going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to close with this is really going
+to be defined by who addresses this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be defined by who addresses this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be defined by who addresses this
+clean power challenge this clean energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean power challenge this clean energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean power challenge this clean energy
+challenge first best and most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge first best and most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge first best and most
+productively and that's really the segue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productively and that's really the segue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productively and that's really the segue
+to my next book Because when the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my next book Because when the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my next book Because when the world
+is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this
+flat what's happening is three billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat what's happening is three billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat what's happening is three billion
+new players God bless every one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new players God bless every one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new players God bless every one of them
+have come through through through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have come through through through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have come through through through
+portals like this to the flat world all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portals like this to the flat world all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portals like this to the flat world all
+with their own version of the American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their own version of the American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their own version of the American
+dream a house a car a toaster a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dream a house a car a toaster a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dream a house a car a toaster a
+microwave and a refrigerator if we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave and a refrigerator if we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave and a refrigerator if we don't
+find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a
+cleaner more non-emitting way to power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaner more non-emitting way to power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaner more non-emitting way to power
+their dreams we are going to burn up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their dreams we are going to burn up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their dreams we are going to burn up
+choke up heat up and smoke up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choke up heat up and smoke up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choke up heat up and smoke up this
+planet so much faster than even Al Gore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet so much faster than even Al Gore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet so much faster than even Al Gore
+predicts okay so the flattening of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicts okay so the flattening of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicts okay so the flattening of the
+world is critical to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is critical to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is critical to
+this now everyone says you know oh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now everyone says you know oh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now everyone says you know oh but
+but but Mr freedan there's a Green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but Mr freedan there's a Green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but Mr freedan there's a Green
+Revolution going on there's a Green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revolution going on there's a Green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revolution going on there's a Green
+Revolution ution going I read it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revolution ution going I read it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revolution ution going I read it in the
+special green issue of my local magazine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special green issue of my local magazine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special green issue of my local magazine
+my local newspaper special green issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my local newspaper special green issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my local newspaper special green issue
+even of amra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even of amra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even of amra
+magazine I say oh really really there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magazine I say oh really really there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magazine I say oh really really there's
+a Green Revolution going on here just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Green Revolution going on here just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Green Revolution going on here just
+you don't say really a Green Revolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't say really a Green Revolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't say really a Green Revolution
+have you ever been to a revolution where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you ever been to a revolution where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you ever been to a revolution where
+no one got hurt that's the Green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one got hurt that's the Green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one got hurt that's the Green
+Revolution yeah the Green Revolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revolution yeah the Green Revolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revolution yeah the Green Revolution
+we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're
+having is a revolution where nobody gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having is a revolution where nobody gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having is a revolution where nobody gets
+hurt you get to consume your way out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurt you get to consume your way out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurt you get to consume your way out of
+it oh that's not a revolution friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it oh that's not a revolution friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it oh that's not a revolution friends
+that's a party we're having a green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a party we're having a green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a party we're having a green
+party and it's it's great fun I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party and it's it's great fun I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party and it's it's great fun I have to
+tell you I get invited to all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you I get invited to all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you I get invited to all the
+parties it's great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fun I've never been to a revolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun I've never been to a revolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun I've never been to a revolution
+where no one got hurt many of you here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where no one got hurt many of you here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where no one got hurt many of you here
+attended drove and participated in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attended drove and participated in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attended drove and participated in the
+it Revolution that was a revolution it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Revolution that was a revolution it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Revolution that was a revolution it
+operated on the true business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operated on the true business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operated on the true business
+revolutionary principle change or die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutionary principle change or die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutionary principle change or die
+change or die Wayne computer data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change or die Wayne computer data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change or die Wayne computer data
+General Burrows they're not with us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General Burrows they're not with us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General Burrows they're not with us
+anymore they're in that great computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore they're in that great computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore they're in that great computer
+company heaven in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company heaven in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company heaven in the
+sky because they were in the middle of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sky because they were in the middle of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sky because they were in the middle of a
+real Revolution change or die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real Revolution change or die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real Revolution change or die
+the Green Revolution we're having is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Green Revolution we're having is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Green Revolution we're having is a
+complete fraud as far as I'm concerned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete fraud as far as I'm concerned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete fraud as far as I'm concerned
+because in this revolution everyone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in this revolution everyone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in this revolution everyone's
+green yeah exxon's Green BP's green I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green yeah exxon's Green BP's green I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green yeah exxon's Green BP's green I
+read there Beyond petroleum GM's green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read there Beyond petroleum GM's green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read there Beyond petroleum GM's green
+now they give you a little yellow cap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they give you a little yellow cap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they give you a little yellow cap
+you know on to put your flex fuel in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know on to put your flex fuel in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know on to put your flex fuel in
+they don't tell you you're driving a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't tell you you're driving a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't tell you you're driving a
+flex fuel car but never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flex fuel car but never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flex fuel car but never
+mind that's not a revolution that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind that's not a revolution that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind that's not a revolution that's a
+party and if we don't do what what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party and if we don't do what what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party and if we don't do what what it
+takes to sparkk a real revolution in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes to sparkk a real revolution in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes to sparkk a real revolution in a
+flat world the climate and energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat world the climate and energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat world the climate and energy
+impacts are going to swamp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts are going to swamp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts are going to swamp
+us I wrote about this a few weeks ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us I wrote about this a few weeks ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us I wrote about this a few weeks ago
+some of you may have seen by accident I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you may have seen by accident I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you may have seen by accident I
+happen to visit two cities you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to visit two cities you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to visit two cities you've
+probably never heard of two weeks apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably never heard of two weeks apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably never heard of two weeks apart
+I went to Iraq and on my way I stopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I went to Iraq and on my way I stopped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I went to Iraq and on my way I stopped
+in dohaqatar capital of Qatar a tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in dohaqatar capital of Qatar a tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in dohaqatar capital of Qatar a tiny
+Peninsular State off the east coast of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peninsular State off the east coast of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peninsular State off the east coast of
+Saudi Arabia and 10 days later I went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Saudi Arabia and 10 days later I went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Saudi Arabia and 10 days later I went to
+dalan China now I have to have been to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dalan China now I have to have been to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dalan China now I have to have been to
+Doan and dalen several times but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Doan and dalen several times but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Doan and dalen several times but I
+hadn't been to either one for three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't been to either one for three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't been to either one for three
+years I go to Doha and what do I find I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years I go to Doha and what do I find I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years I go to Doha and what do I find I
+find I get off the plane I look downtown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find I get off the plane I look downtown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find I get off the plane I look downtown
+and they have grown a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have grown a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have grown a
+Manhattan a little mini Manhattan since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manhattan a little mini Manhattan since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manhattan a little mini Manhattan since
+I was there last like a wildf flower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was there last like a wildf flower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was there last like a wildf flower
+that sprouted from a desert rainstorm I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sprouted from a desert rainstorm I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sprouted from a desert rainstorm I
+just looked I said that you you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looked I said that you you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looked I said that you you have a
+Skyline now that's like that's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Skyline now that's like that's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Skyline now that's like that's like a
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+Manhattan two weeks later I go to dalan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manhattan two weeks later I go to dalan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manhattan two weeks later I go to dalan
+10 days later I see they already had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 days later I see they already had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 days later I see they already had a
+Manhattan they've added two more since I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manhattan they've added two more since I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manhattan they've added two more since I
+was there so I'm really glad you changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there so I'm really glad you changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there so I'm really glad you changed
+all the CFL your lights here from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the CFL your lights here from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the CFL your lights here from
+incandescent to compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incandescent to compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incandescent to compact
+fluorescent Doha and dalen ate that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent Doha and dalen ate that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent Doha and dalen ate that for
+breakfast oh no you got a Prius God
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakfast oh no you got a Prius God
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakfast oh no you got a Prius God
+bless you Doan dalen ate that for lunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bless you Doan dalen ate that for lunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bless you Doan dalen ate that for lunch
+oh you added more insulation to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you added more insulation to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you added more insulation to your
+home you did the 205 easy ways to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home you did the 205 easy ways to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home you did the 205 easy ways to go
+green according to working woman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green according to working woman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green according to working woman
+magazine Doha and dalen snacked on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magazine Doha and dalen snacked on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magazine Doha and dalen snacked on that
+after dinner like so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after dinner like so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after dinner like so much
+popcorn two cities you've never heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popcorn two cities you've never heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popcorn two cities you've never heard
+of have grown Manhattans in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of have grown Manhattans in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of have grown Manhattans in the last
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+years the global economy today friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years the global economy today friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years the global economy today friends
+is like a monster truck with the gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a monster truck with the gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a monster truck with the gas
+pedal stuck and we have lost the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedal stuck and we have lost the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedal stuck and we have lost the
+key and the only way we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key and the only way we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key and the only way we are going to
+catch that truck is with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch that truck is with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch that truck is with a
+disruptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruptive
+breakthrough and the only way we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthrough and the only way we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthrough and the only way we're
+going to get a disruptive breakthrough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get a disruptive breakthrough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get a disruptive breakthrough
+is with a completely different mix of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is with a completely different mix of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is with a completely different mix of
+Standards regulations incentive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Standards regulations incentive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Standards regulations incentive and
+taxes that will trigger that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes that will trigger that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes that will trigger that
+disruption which is why my fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruption which is why my fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruption which is why my fundamental
+rule is change your leaders not your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule is change your leaders not your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule is change your leaders not your
+light bulbs oh it's great to change your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light bulbs oh it's great to change your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light bulbs oh it's great to change your
+light bulbs but if you don't change your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light bulbs but if you don't change your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light bulbs but if you don't change your
+leaders if you don't change the leaders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaders if you don't change the leaders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaders if you don't change the leaders
+who write the rules who trigger The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who write the rules who trigger The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who write the rules who trigger The
+Innovation we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation we are
+cooked so what I've been trying to do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooked so what I've been trying to do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooked so what I've been trying to do in
+the new book I'm writing um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new book I'm writing um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new book I'm writing um
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+basically in my own little way to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically in my own little way to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically in my own little way to try to
+reshape how we think about this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reshape how we think about this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reshape how we think about this problem
+because we actually think we're having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we actually think we're having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we actually think we're having a
+revolution and we're actually having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution and we're actually having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution and we're actually having a
+party but one of the real problems in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party but one of the real problems in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party but one of the real problems in
+getting people to rethink this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting people to rethink this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting people to rethink this
+problem is getting them to rethink the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is getting them to rethink the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is getting them to rethink the
+meaning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of
+green one of the big problems around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green one of the big problems around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green one of the big problems around
+green is that I'm a big believer to name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green is that I'm a big believer to name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green is that I'm a big believer to name
+something is to own it if you can name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is to own it if you can name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is to own it if you can name
+an issue you can own an issue The World
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an issue you can own an issue The World
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an issue you can own an issue The World
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+Flat and the problem with green is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flat and the problem with green is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flat and the problem with green is all
+these years it was named by its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these years it was named by its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these years it was named by its
+opponents basically they named it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponents basically they named it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponents basically they named it
+liberal tree hugging girly man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberal tree hugging girly man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberal tree hugging girly man
+unpatriotic vaguely French just vaguely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpatriotic vaguely French just vaguely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpatriotic vaguely French just vaguely
+French something about it vaguely French
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French something about it vaguely French
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French something about it vaguely French
+okay well what I'm really out to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well what I'm really out to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well what I'm really out to do is
+to rename green rename it geopolitical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rename green rename it geopolitical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rename green rename it geopolitical
+geostrategic economic capitalistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geostrategic economic capitalistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geostrategic economic capitalistic
+entrepreneurial patriotic green is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurial patriotic green is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurial patriotic green is the
+new red white and blue thank you very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thanks well first of all thank you very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks well first of all thank you very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks well first of all thank you very
+much for your marks um I'm glad you kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much for your marks um I'm glad you kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much for your marks um I'm glad you kept
+you know kept them lowkey and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know kept them lowkey and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know kept them lowkey and and
+certainly you they're really but thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly you they're really but thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly you they're really but thank
+you very much for Extraordinary pres
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you very much for Extraordinary pres
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you very much for Extraordinary pres
+we're going to take a 15-minute break uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take a 15-minute break uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take a 15-minute break uh
+and I will be ruthless in bringing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I will be ruthless in bringing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I will be ruthless in bringing you
+back uh but I shouldn't need to because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back uh but I shouldn't need to because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back uh but I shouldn't need to because
+we have an extraordinary panel as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an extraordinary panel as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an extraordinary panel as the
+next session so take a break come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next session so take a break come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next session so take a break come back
+when the lights start flickering and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the lights start flickering and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the lights start flickering and I
+start making noises and I'll see you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start making noises and I'll see you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start making noises and I'll see you in
+15 minutes
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/x0RamxvyDe0.txt b/x0RamxvyDe0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..94b57e330c91dab163e74605eb620b10bf294650
--- /dev/null
+++ b/x0RamxvyDe0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14571 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. Well, let's just talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Well, let's just talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Well, let's just talk about
+games a little bit. Um, so your learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games a little bit. Um, so your learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games a little bit. Um, so your learning
+journal assignment was, uh, what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal assignment was, uh, what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal assignment was, uh, what are
+the, um, what are the learning games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the, um, what are the learning games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the, um, what are the learning games
+that you all played in your in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you all played in your in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you all played in your in your
+youth or your contemporary times? We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youth or your contemporary times? We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youth or your contemporary times? We
+heard Omar has talked with us a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard Omar has talked with us a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard Omar has talked with us a couple
+of times about his passion for typing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times about his passion for typing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times about his passion for typing
+games um and the importance of them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games um and the importance of them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games um and the importance of them in
+his middle school experience, but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his middle school experience, but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his middle school experience, but what
+other kinds of games um are memorable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of games um are memorable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of games um are memorable to
+folks in their growing up for learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks in their growing up for learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks in their growing up for learning
+or otherwise? Yeah, Emily. I think like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or otherwise? Yeah, Emily. I think like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or otherwise? Yeah, Emily. I think like
+there was this game like game 24 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was this game like game 24 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was this game like game 24 or
+something. It was like you'll have math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something. It was like you'll have math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something. It was like you'll have math
+24. Oh, math 24. Man. Yeah. You have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24. Oh, math 24. Man. Yeah. You have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24. Oh, math 24. Man. Yeah. You have
+like four numbers on a card and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like four numbers on a card and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like four numbers on a card and then
+you're supposed to add, subtract,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're supposed to add, subtract,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're supposed to add, subtract,
+multiply, divide, however you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply, divide, however you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply, divide, however you want to
+get to the number 24. Did you do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the number 24. Did you do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the number 24. Did you do it
+online or in the cards? No, in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online or in the cards? No, in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online or in the cards? No, in the
+cards. Yeah, I was in elementary school.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards. Yeah, I was in elementary school.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards. Yeah, I was in elementary school.
+All right. Cool. This is it? No, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Cool. This is it? No, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Cool. This is it? No, we
+don't know. I don't know. I used the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know. I don't know. I used the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know. I don't know. I used the
+Yeah, those cards card game version. Oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, those cards card game version. Oh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, those cards card game version. Oh,
+all right. Spinning these things around.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right. Spinning these things around.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right. Spinning these things around.
+Cool. Other And where did this show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cool. Other And where did this show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cool. Other And where did this show up
+in elementary class? Yeah, it was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in elementary class? Yeah, it was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in elementary class? Yeah, it was like
+they put it in like the indoor recess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put it in like the indoor recess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put it in like the indoor recess
+spot.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot.
+That's great. That's great. Um, what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's great. That's great. Um, what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's great. That's great. Um, what
+else? What other kinds of games did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else? What other kinds of games did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else? What other kinds of games did
+people play?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people play?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people play?
+Sabrina, what was your None of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sabrina, what was your None of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sabrina, what was your None of these
+counts as like like really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts as like like really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts as like like really really
+educational, but um I used to play a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational, but um I used to play a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational, but um I used to play a lot
+of cool math games as a kid.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+They kind of are. At first they were and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They kind of are. At first they were and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They kind of are. At first they were and
+god is straight up just I teach you time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+god is straight up just I teach you time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+god is straight up just I teach you time
+management with all my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they teach you alt tab on your computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they teach you alt tab on your computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they teach you alt tab on your computer
+once a teacher walks behind your monitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once a teacher walks behind your monitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once a teacher walks behind your monitor
+is is Fruit Ninja a math game. Oh my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is Fruit Ninja a math game. Oh my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is Fruit Ninja a math game. Oh my
+god. They also teach you like teamwork.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+god. They also teach you like teamwork.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+god. They also teach you like teamwork.
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+Um, yeah, there is a pretty funny just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, yeah, there is a pretty funny just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, yeah, there is a pretty funny just
+naming convention of like, let's call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naming convention of like, let's call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naming convention of like, let's call it
+cool math games and then like maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool math games and then like maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool math games and then like maybe
+parents won't notice. I mean, there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents won't notice. I mean, there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents won't notice. I mean, there's
+definitely a first glance of like, oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely a first glance of like, oh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely a first glance of like, oh,
+you're playing cool math games. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're playing cool math games. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're playing cool math games. That's
+probably fine. They're like, no, those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably fine. They're like, no, those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably fine. They're like, no, those
+are not math games. Categories at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not math games. Categories at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not math games. Categories at the
+top.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top.
+Yeah, categories. Numbers. Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, categories. Numbers. Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, categories. Numbers. Yeah,
+platformer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platformer.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platformer.
+Um, block removal. Yeah, it's a it's I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, block removal. Yeah, it's a it's I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, block removal. Yeah, it's a it's I
+don't know. There definitely some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know. There definitely some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know. There definitely some
+darts. Test your aim in an online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darts. Test your aim in an online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darts. Test your aim in an online
+multiplier. Okay. Idle breakout. Maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier. Okay. Idle breakout. Maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier. Okay. Idle breakout. Maybe
+there used to be like those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there used to be like those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there used to be like those
+multiplication like penguin race games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication like penguin race games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication like penguin race games
+and you have to like answer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to like answer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to like answer the
+multiplication questions as fast as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication questions as fast as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication questions as fast as you
+could. Yep. Um definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could. Yep. Um definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could. Yep. Um definitely
+definitely a uh Oh, Math Playground.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely a uh Oh, Math Playground.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely a uh Oh, Math Playground.
+Yeah, that is another one that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, that is another one that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, that is another one that I've
+seen. Um no, this this I think is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen. Um no, this this I think is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen. Um no, this this I think is a
+direct descendant of Math Blaster.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct descendant of Math Blaster.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct descendant of Math Blaster.
+Um, uh, play now.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, uh, play now.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, uh, play now.
+Play now.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Play now.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Play now.
+Playing against Luke and Shamar. Are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Playing against Luke and Shamar. Are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Playing against Luke and Shamar. Are
+Luke and Shamar real? We don't know.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Luke and Shamar real? We don't know.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Luke and Shamar real? We don't know.
+Let's just see how close this is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's just see how close this is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's just see how close this is to
+math. Yeah, this is this is exactly Math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math. Yeah, this is this is exactly Math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math. Yeah, this is this is exactly Math
+Blaster.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blaster.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blaster.
+Um, and we'll play a little Math Blaster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and we'll play a little Math Blaster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and we'll play a little Math Blaster
+later. Good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later. Good.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later. Good.
+Yeah, good job everyone. nice strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, good job everyone. nice strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, good job everyone. nice strong
+strong singledigit multiplication skills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong singledigit multiplication skills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong singledigit multiplication skills
+in the MIT students. I'm very proud of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the MIT students. I'm very proud of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the MIT students. I'm very proud of
+you. Other other things I was saying um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. Other other things I was saying um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. Other other things I was saying um
+like in my other class, my learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in my other class, my learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in my other class, my learning
+class, we're like really pushing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class, we're like really pushing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class, we're like really pushing the
+boundary of what's considered like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary of what's considered like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary of what's considered like a
+learning game. Um and like one I grew up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning game. Um and like one I grew up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning game. Um and like one I grew up
+playing a lot of board games with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing a lot of board games with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing a lot of board games with my
+family. Um and one that like I'm right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family. Um and one that like I'm right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family. Um and one that like I'm right
+now doing a project on that like makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now doing a project on that like makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now doing a project on that like makes
+me really realize all the skills that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me really realize all the skills that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me really realize all the skills that I
+learned was a board game called The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned was a board game called The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned was a board game called The
+Resistance. You never heard of it? Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Resistance. You never heard of it? Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Resistance. You never heard of it? Um
+and like was just thinking about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like was just thinking about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like was just thinking about like
+skills that I've learned from that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills that I've learned from that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills that I've learned from that of
+like not like how to keep a poker face,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like not like how to keep a poker face,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like not like how to keep a poker face,
+but like how to formulate an argument to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like how to formulate an argument to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like how to formulate an argument to
+like back up the claims that I've made.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like back up the claims that I've made.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like back up the claims that I've made.
+Um, and like how to just like have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and like how to just like have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and like how to just like have
+constructive arguments about with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive arguments about with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive arguments about with
+between people. So like a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between people. So like a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between people. So like a lot of
+communication skills and just like life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication skills and just like life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication skills and just like life
+skills that I use to this day that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills that I use to this day that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills that I use to this day that were
+still just like developed in some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still just like developed in some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still just like developed in some of
+those like almost like roleplaying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those like almost like roleplaying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those like almost like roleplaying
+communication games. Have any of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication games. Have any of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication games. Have any of you
+ever played Mafia or Werewolf? That's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever played Mafia or Werewolf? That's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever played Mafia or Werewolf? That's a
+derivation of Mafia or Werewolf. Um, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation of Mafia or Werewolf. Um, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation of Mafia or Werewolf. Um, the
+guy who invented rare where there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy who invented rare where there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy who invented rare where there is a
+guy who invented mafia. Um, it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy who invented mafia. Um, it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy who invented mafia. Um, it's not
+just like an like a sort of cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like an like a sort of cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like an like a sort of cultural
+it's not it's not like a century old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not it's not like a century old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not it's not like a century old
+game. It's a guy who now I think lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. It's a guy who now I think lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. It's a guy who now I think lives
+in Newton or Welsley. He applied for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Newton or Welsley. He applied for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Newton or Welsley. He applied for a
+job in my lab once. He's a Russian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job in my lab once. He's a Russian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job in my lab once. He's a Russian
+immigrant. Um, he grew up in Russia and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigrant. Um, he grew up in Russia and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigrant. Um, he grew up in Russia and
+then came here. But I'm like he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then came here. But I'm like he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then came here. But I'm like he was
+like, "Yeah, I invented Mafia." And I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, "Yeah, I invented Mafia." And I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, "Yeah, I invented Mafia." And I
+was like, "I played that at camp when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like, "I played that at camp when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like, "I played that at camp when I
+was a kid." Like, nope. We, you know, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a kid." Like, nope. We, you know, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a kid." Like, nope. We, you know, it
+came from a particular moment and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from a particular moment and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from a particular moment and things
+like that. It's kind of cool.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. It's kind of cool.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. It's kind of cool.
+Um uh that's definitely a topic I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um uh that's definitely a topic I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um uh that's definitely a topic I want
+us to talk about uh today and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to talk about uh today and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to talk about uh today and is
+featured in the book this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+featured in the book this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+featured in the book this idea of
+transfer. Um what is it that you learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer. Um what is it that you learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer. Um what is it that you learned
+playing the resistance that we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing the resistance that we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing the resistance that we might
+plausibly think you would you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plausibly think you would you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plausibly think you would you would
+actually be able to deploy in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be able to deploy in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be able to deploy in other
+non-similar contexts and what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-similar contexts and what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-similar contexts and what does
+research tell us about uh about that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research tell us about uh about that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research tell us about uh about that and
+which which ends up being a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which ends up being a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which ends up being a sort of
+crucial question that the utility and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial question that the utility and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial question that the utility and
+value of learning games hinges around.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of learning games hinges around.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of learning games hinges around.
+Um, if you can get better at lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, if you can get better at lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, if you can get better at lots of
+things by playing Minecraft, if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things by playing Minecraft, if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things by playing Minecraft, if you can
+get better at critical thinking, if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get better at critical thinking, if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get better at critical thinking, if you
+can get better at teamwork, if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get better at teamwork, if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get better at teamwork, if you can
+get better at socialization, then like,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get better at socialization, then like,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get better at socialization, then like,
+oh, Minecraft sounds pretty cool. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh, Minecraft sounds pretty cool. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh, Minecraft sounds pretty cool. If
+actually playing a lot of Minecraft just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually playing a lot of Minecraft just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually playing a lot of Minecraft just
+makes you better at Minecraft, um, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes you better at Minecraft, um, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes you better at Minecraft, um, then
+the then the social utility of Minecraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the then the social utility of Minecraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the then the social utility of Minecraft
+playing in, you know, in schools or for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing in, you know, in schools or for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing in, you know, in schools or for
+learning experience goes down quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning experience goes down quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning experience goes down quite a
+bit. Um, what other games have people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit. Um, what other games have people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit. Um, what other games have people
+played or other things? What was yours,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played or other things? What was yours,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played or other things? What was yours,
+Khalil? Uh, so I generalize both. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Khalil? Uh, so I generalize both. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Khalil? Uh, so I generalize both. So
+there's a lot of games that rely on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of games that rely on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of games that rely on
+coordinate systems as an integral part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate systems as an integral part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate systems as an integral part
+of the game and a lot of these like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the game and a lot of these like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the game and a lot of these like you
+could easily draw the parallels of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could easily draw the parallels of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could easily draw the parallels of it
+towards like massification with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards like massification with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards like massification with
+regarding to that. The game that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regarding to that. The game that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regarding to that. The game that the
+most closely resemble that I remember is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most closely resemble that I remember is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most closely resemble that I remember is
+game over golfer to just like a car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game over golfer to just like a car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game over golfer to just like a car
+zombie like uh plant versus zombie like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zombie like uh plant versus zombie like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zombie like uh plant versus zombie like
+game. Uhhuh. Uh but it relies on you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. Uhhuh. Uh but it relies on you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. Uhhuh. Uh but it relies on you
+placing like it tells you hey place this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placing like it tells you hey place this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placing like it tells you hey place this
+at this coordinate and you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this coordinate and you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this coordinate and you have to
+figure out that quickly. So it have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out that quickly. So it have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out that quickly. So it have to
+like internalize the idea of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like internalize the idea of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like internalize the idea of the
+coordinate system beyond just like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system beyond just like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system beyond just like a
+search slow search because that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search slow search because that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search slow search because that would
+just get you so far.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get you so far.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get you so far.
+Uhhuh. How quickly will you will see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uhhuh. How quickly will you will see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uhhuh. How quickly will you will see the
+basics of this?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+No plot. No plot.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh, I see. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Cool. Um, the coordinate. Oh, and now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cool. Um, the coordinate. Oh, and now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cool. Um, the coordinate. Oh, and now I
+turn the sound off on that. The Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn the sound off on that. The Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn the sound off on that. The Let's
+see if this Let's see if we can find his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if this Let's see if we can find his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if this Let's see if we can find his
+Apple trick. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh, Apple Trek. Yeah. Originally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, Apple Trek. Yeah. Originally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, Apple Trek. Yeah. Originally
+released in 1971.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released in 1971.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released in 1971.
+Um, also had, uh, I was just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, also had, uh, I was just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, also had, uh, I was just going to
+let us get into it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us get into it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us get into it.
+Um, this was the game that I played when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, this was the game that I played when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, this was the game that I played when
+I was a kid that had a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was a kid that had a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was a kid that had a sort of
+coordinate system in it. Um, where, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system in it. Um, where, uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system in it. Um, where, uh,
+you just had to shoot photon torpedoes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just had to shoot photon torpedoes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just had to shoot photon torpedoes
+at uh, bad guys. You could press F. F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh, bad guys. You could press F. F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh, bad guys. You could press F. F
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+Thank you. Um, yeah. Good. Yeah. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank you. Um, yeah. Good. Yeah. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank you. Um, yeah. Good. Yeah. Yeah.
+So, you have to sort of fly through,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you have to sort of fly through,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you have to sort of fly through,
+you're sort of flying through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sort of flying through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sort of flying through the
+universe and eventually if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe and eventually if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe and eventually if you want to
+shoot the photon torpedo, you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot the photon torpedo, you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot the photon torpedo, you have to
+um, you know, figure out what the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, you know, figure out what the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, you know, figure out what the angle
+is and um, you know, you know, fire it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and um, you know, you know, fire it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and um, you know, you know, fire it
+at 90 degrees or 70 degrees or um, other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 90 degrees or 70 degrees or um, other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 90 degrees or 70 degrees or um, other
+kinds of things like that. Wasn't very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things like that. Wasn't very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things like that. Wasn't very
+good gameplay video, but uh, but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good gameplay video, but uh, but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good gameplay video, but uh, but it's
+but it's an example of a game with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's an example of a game with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's an example of a game with a
+coordinate system from 1971. So, that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system from 1971. So, that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system from 1971. So, that
+certainly seems like a feature that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly seems like a feature that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly seems like a feature that that
+shows up repeatedly. Could you look up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows up repeatedly. Could you look up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows up repeatedly. Could you look up
+Odell Fish? That was a I think a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Odell Fish? That was a I think a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Odell Fish? That was a I think a
+descendant of that Odell fish game.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descendant of that Odell fish game.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descendant of that Odell fish game.
+Yeah. Um but yeah, it was No, there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Um but yeah, it was No, there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Um but yeah, it was No, there was
+an older version. There was one from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an older version. There was one from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an older version. There was one from the
+198 1986 that it pretty much was just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+198 1986 that it pretty much was just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+198 1986 that it pretty much was just a
+fish and you had to not get eaten by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish and you had to not get eaten by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish and you had to not get eaten by the
+otter. So all you had to do was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otter. So all you had to do was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otter. So all you had to do was like
+move up and down and it was riveting for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move up and down and it was riveting for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move up and down and it was riveting for
+third graders in mid 90s. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third graders in mid 90s. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third graders in mid 90s. So
+what's it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's it?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's it?
+Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm not quite getting down a little bit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not quite getting down a little bit.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not quite getting down a little bit.
+It's not Yeah, it's not letting me. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's not Yeah, it's not letting me. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's not Yeah, it's not letting me. Uh
+there. This is the upto-date graphics,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. This is the upto-date graphics,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. This is the upto-date graphics,
+too, guys. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too, guys. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too, guys. That
+was good. All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was good. All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was good. All right.
+Um, are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, are you
+all too old to How many of you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all too old to How many of you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all too old to How many of you had
+Cahoot as sort of a central part of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cahoot as sort of a central part of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cahoot as sort of a central part of your
+middle school or high school? All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle school or high school? All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle school or high school? All right.
+Even we won't. How what what's your what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Even we won't. How what what's your what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Even we won't. How what what's your what
+year did you graduate high school,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year did you graduate high school,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year did you graduate high school,
+Jiren? 2019. 2019. It's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jiren? 2019. 2019. It's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jiren? 2019. 2019. It's still
+It was used it a lot in high school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It was used it a lot in high school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It was used it a lot in high school
+though. Like like 2015 like a lot pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though. Like like 2015 like a lot pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though. Like like 2015 like a lot pretty
+pretty substantial. How how did it get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty substantial. How how did it get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty substantial. How how did it get
+integrated into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated into
+um classroom experience?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um classroom experience?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um classroom experience?
+I think like eventually my school had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think like eventually my school had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think like eventually my school had a
+program of like we had like Chromebooks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program of like we had like Chromebooks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program of like we had like Chromebooks
+and so then that like just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then that like just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then that like just sort of
+naturally led to okay like we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally led to okay like we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally led to okay like we already
+all have our Chromebooks like we're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have our Chromebooks like we're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have our Chromebooks like we're like
+do some sort of quiz or whatever and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some sort of quiz or whatever and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some sort of quiz or whatever and it
+you know it gets real intense in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it gets real intense in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it gets real intense in the
+classroom obviously.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom obviously.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom obviously.
+Do do people are nodding? You generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do do people are nodding? You generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do do people are nodding? You generally
+like think of cahoot fondly like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like think of cahoot fondly like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like think of cahoot fondly like that
+was a good sort of I mean I I built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a good sort of I mean I I built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a good sort of I mean I I built
+similar things in my class when I was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar things in my class when I was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar things in my class when I was a
+teacher in 2003. I don't know somehow I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher in 2003. I don't know somehow I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher in 2003. I don't know somehow I
+had I had a I had a Jeopardy setup um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had I had a I had a Jeopardy setup um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had I had a I had a Jeopardy setup um
+that was with like a PowerPoint thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was with like a PowerPoint thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was with like a PowerPoint thing
+where I just deleted little like blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I just deleted little like blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I just deleted little like blocks
+to show the questions and then people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show the questions and then people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show the questions and then people
+guessed answers and stuff like that. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessed answers and stuff like that. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessed answers and stuff like that. So
+the sort of quiz show format. I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of quiz show format. I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of quiz show format. I mean
+it's not you know it's it really is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not you know it's it really is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not you know it's it really is not
+that is a classic example of sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a classic example of sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a classic example of sort of
+gamification or chocolate covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamification or chocolate covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamification or chocolate covered
+broccoli like there's no uh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broccoli like there's no uh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broccoli like there's no uh there's
+there's no intrinsic game mechanic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no intrinsic game mechanic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no intrinsic game mechanic
+that's in there. This is like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in there. This is like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in there. This is like like
+competition over you know review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition over you know review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition over you know review
+questions or knowledge or things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions or knowledge or things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions or knowledge or things like
+that. But it ends up being pretty I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. But it ends up being pretty I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. But it ends up being pretty I mean
+it's not you know um widely enjoyed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not you know um widely enjoyed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not you know um widely enjoyed by
+learners from lots of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learners from lots of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learners from lots of different
+backgrounds and things like that. I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds and things like that. I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds and things like that. I feel
+like it stems from like just being fed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it stems from like just being fed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it stems from like just being fed
+broccoli your whole life.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broccoli your whole life.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broccoli your whole life.
+chocolate broccoli. Like, man, this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chocolate broccoli. Like, man, this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chocolate broccoli. Like, man, this is
+great. It's so Yeah. Yeah. No, I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great. It's so Yeah. Yeah. No, I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great. It's so Yeah. Yeah. No, I think
+that's right. It's like, man, this is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right. It's like, man, this is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right. It's like, man, this is so
+much better than just doing a review.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better than just doing a review.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better than just doing a review.
+This is so much better than whatever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is so much better than whatever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is so much better than whatever the
+like typical routine of class is. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like typical routine of class is. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like typical routine of class is. Um,
+name Oh, great. It's like you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name Oh, great. It's like you get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name Oh, great. It's like you get to
+write your own custom name. Yeah. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write your own custom name. Yeah. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write your own custom name. Yeah. Yeah.
+You know, there are a bunch there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know, there are a bunch there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know, there are a bunch there's
+those identity components. There's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those identity components. There's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those identity components. There's a
+sort of surprise components. It's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of surprise components. It's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of surprise components. It's also
+like outside of Jeopardy being like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like outside of Jeopardy being like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like outside of Jeopardy being like a
+group thing like everyone gets to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group thing like everyone gets to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group thing like everyone gets to give
+an answer. Every everybody gets to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an answer. Every everybody gets to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an answer. Every everybody gets to give
+an answer. Yeah. It does some good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an answer. Yeah. It does some good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an answer. Yeah. It does some good
+mechanics. Um doesn't Cahoot have things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics. Um doesn't Cahoot have things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics. Um doesn't Cahoot have things
+where on your own display it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where on your own display it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where on your own display it like
+there's a classwide leaderboard, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a classwide leaderboard, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a classwide leaderboard, but
+there's sort of your own personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of your own personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of your own personal
+leaderboard. So like you're like even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaderboard. So like you're like even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaderboard. So like you're like even if
+like even if you're getting demolished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like even if you're getting demolished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like even if you're getting demolished
+in class, like it just shows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class, like it just shows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class, like it just shows you
+competing against the people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing against the people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing against the people who are
+nearest to you. So that there's far away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest to you. So that there's far away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest to you. So that there's far away
+five points behind this other player.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five points behind this other player.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five points behind this other player.
+Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. So, it's giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. So, it's giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. So, it's giving
+you relative uh some some I mean like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you relative uh some some I mean like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you relative uh some some I mean like uh
+like Pelaton and other kinds of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Pelaton and other kinds of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Pelaton and other kinds of things
+do that right like I don't know I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that right like I don't know I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that right like I don't know I don't
+have a Pelaton but I you know I think as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a Pelaton but I you know I think as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a Pelaton but I you know I think as
+these sort of leaderboard systems you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sort of leaderboard systems you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sort of leaderboard systems you
+know across distributing computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know across distributing computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know across distributing computing
+environments are developed they're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments are developed they're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments are developed they're like
+oh you don't have to compete against you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you don't have to compete against you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you don't have to compete against you
+know if you if you have people compete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you if you have people compete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you if you have people compete
+against everyone and only one person can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against everyone and only one person can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against everyone and only one person can
+win. If you have like everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win. If you have like everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win. If you have like everybody
+competing against a small subset which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing against a small subset which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing against a small subset which
+is not necessarily overlapping with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not necessarily overlapping with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not necessarily overlapping with
+anybody else's subset then like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody else's subset then like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody else's subset then like you know
+everybody but one can beat somebody in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody but one can beat somebody in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody but one can beat somebody in
+some kind of way. Um you know and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of way. Um you know and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of way. Um you know and then
+you make up some other people and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make up some other people and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make up some other people and they
+can beat the rest of them. um good other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can beat the rest of them. um good other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can beat the rest of them. um good other
+games have people played that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games have people played that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games have people played that were
+um I guess like related to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess like related to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess like related to like
+expanding what a learning game is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding what a learning game is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding what a learning game is like
+um I most of my youth I guess I was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I most of my youth I guess I was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I most of my youth I guess I was uh
+in Iran so like didn't really have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Iran so like didn't really have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Iran so like didn't really have like
+the internet bandage for like the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet bandage for like the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet bandage for like the like
+online learning games or anything and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online learning games or anything and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online learning games or anything and
+learning games in general were like not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning games in general were like not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning games in general were like not
+a thing that I was really aware of until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thing that I was really aware of until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thing that I was really aware of until
+I got to the US but I guess Like some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got to the US but I guess Like some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got to the US but I guess Like some
+stuff that I thought about was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that I thought about was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that I thought about was like
+um uh one specific one is like my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh one specific one is like my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh one specific one is like my
+parents got me a toy sewing machine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents got me a toy sewing machine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents got me a toy sewing machine that
+was like functional. Um and I learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like functional. Um and I learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like functional. Um and I learned
+how to sew with that and then generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to sew with that and then generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to sew with that and then generally
+just like uh it was like gamification of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like uh it was like gamification of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like uh it was like gamification of
+arts and crafts a lot of time. My mom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arts and crafts a lot of time. My mom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arts and crafts a lot of time. My mom
+would give me a bunch of like stuff be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give me a bunch of like stuff be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give me a bunch of like stuff be
+like go make something with this and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like go make something with this and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like go make something with this and and
+like my sister and I are very much like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like my sister and I are very much like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like my sister and I are very much like
+perfectionists. So like we would always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectionists. So like we would always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectionists. So like we would always
+be like, "Oh, like I want it to be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like, "Oh, like I want it to be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like, "Oh, like I want it to be like
+this." And then my mom would be like,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this." And then my mom would be like,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this." And then my mom would be like,
+"Okay, well if you want that like here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Okay, well if you want that like here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Okay, well if you want that like here's
+some like exploration of like how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some like exploration of like how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some like exploration of like how you
+want to be able to do that." And I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able to do that." And I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able to do that." And I think
+like a lot of that was like one like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a lot of that was like one like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a lot of that was like one like
+obviously like the skill itself of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously like the skill itself of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously like the skill itself of like
+I learned how to sew with a sewing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I learned how to sew with a sewing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I learned how to sew with a sewing
+machine and stuff like that, but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine and stuff like that, but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine and stuff like that, but also
+like a lot of practice of like um um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a lot of practice of like um um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a lot of practice of like um um uh
+what do you call it like spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you call it like spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you call it like spatial
+understanding and like how do you write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding and like how do you write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding and like how do you write
+letters on a poster so that they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters on a poster so that they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters on a poster so that they're not
+like all bunch stuff at one end and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all bunch stuff at one end and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all bunch stuff at one end and just
+like how to like plan like a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how to like plan like a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how to like plan like a certain
+space effectively. and things like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space effectively. and things like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space effectively. and things like that.
+Yeah. What what makes that what makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. What what makes that what makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. What what makes that what makes
+that a game to you as opposed to like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a game to you as opposed to like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a game to you as opposed to like a
+playful apprenticehip or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playful apprenticehip or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playful apprenticehip or
+um I guess some of it might be just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess some of it might be just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess some of it might be just like
+the stakes. I was just like and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stakes. I was just like and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stakes. I was just like and then
+like I guess it is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I guess it is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I guess it is um
+um I mean maybe it was also just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean maybe it was also just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean maybe it was also just a
+little bit influenced by like how it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit influenced by like how it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit influenced by like how it was
+presented I guess of like it was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented I guess of like it was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented I guess of like it was just
+like like if it has like some pretend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like if it has like some pretend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like if it has like some pretend
+aspect or of like oh like if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect or of like oh like if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect or of like oh like if it's a
+competition with my sister or things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition with my sister or things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition with my sister or things
+like that I guess. Yeah. Famously you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that I guess. Yeah. Famously you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that I guess. Yeah. Famously you
+know there are philosophers who've tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there are philosophers who've tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there are philosophers who've tried
+to pin down the word game and some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pin down the word game and some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pin down the word game and some of
+them have concluded it's not possible. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them have concluded it's not possible. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them have concluded it's not possible. I
+think Whit Wickenstein was one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Whit Wickenstein was one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Whit Wickenstein was one of the
+ones who uh who said that there that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones who uh who said that there that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones who uh who said that there that
+there really is no um there's no way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there really is no um there's no way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there really is no um there's no way to
+to accept to create a definition of game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accept to create a definition of game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accept to create a definition of game
+that correctly includes all the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that correctly includes all the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that correctly includes all the things
+that people think should be included and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people think should be included and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people think should be included and
+excludes all the things that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excludes all the things that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excludes all the things that people
+think should be excluded. It's quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think should be excluded. It's quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think should be excluded. It's quite
+difficult to figure out um what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to figure out um what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to figure out um what what
+gameness is, you know, and how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gameness is, you know, and how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gameness is, you know, and how it
+relates to sports or play or other, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates to sports or play or other, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates to sports or play or other, you
+know, the real life other kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, the real life other kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, the real life other kinds of
+activities. Um, but that's great that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities. Um, but that's great that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities. Um, but that's great that
+those things sort of felt uh felt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things sort of felt uh felt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things sort of felt uh felt
+gameful to you. Um, they certain they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gameful to you. Um, they certain they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gameful to you. Um, they certain they
+certainly have a bunch of what what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly have a bunch of what what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly have a bunch of what what you
+describe immediately evokes sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe immediately evokes sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe immediately evokes sort of
+situated learning kinds of things of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situated learning kinds of things of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situated learning kinds of things of
+like, oh, you know, my like my mom does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, oh, you know, my like my mom does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, oh, you know, my like my mom does
+this thing and so she gave me a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing and so she gave me a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing and so she gave me a little
+version of this thing and then we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of this thing and then we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of this thing and then we did
+some of that stuff and she gave us some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of that stuff and she gave us some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of that stuff and she gave us some
+tasks and we played around with them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks and we played around with them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks and we played around with them.
+Um, and it is funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and it is funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and it is funny
+how, you know, across cultures, across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how, you know, across cultures, across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how, you know, across cultures, across
+history, um, young people really like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history, um, young people really like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history, um, young people really like
+playing at what adults do. Um, I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing at what adults do. Um, I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing at what adults do. Um, I have a
+great photograph from Messiah, um, with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great photograph from Messiah, um, with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great photograph from Messiah, um, with
+this little, uh, three-year-old Messiah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little, uh, three-year-old Messiah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little, uh, three-year-old Messiah
+dude dude who's got a long stick, um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dude dude who's got a long stick, um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dude dude who's got a long stick, um,
+and a set of rocks in the sand, and he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a set of rocks in the sand, and he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a set of rocks in the sand, and he's
+sort of whacking the the rocks in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of whacking the the rocks in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of whacking the the rocks in the
+sand because Messiah are all herders.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sand because Messiah are all herders.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sand because Messiah are all herders.
+Um, and so he just watched his older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and so he just watched his older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and so he just watched his older
+brothers grow up hurting goats. And he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brothers grow up hurting goats. And he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brothers grow up hurting goats. And he
+knew that he was gonna end up hurting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew that he was gonna end up hurting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew that he was gonna end up hurting
+goats. And it's, you know, like there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goats. And it's, you know, like there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goats. And it's, you know, like there's
+like a lot of goat hurting going on. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a lot of goat hurting going on. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a lot of goat hurting going on. But
+a thing that's fun for him is to grab a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thing that's fun for him is to grab a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thing that's fun for him is to grab a
+couple rocks, pretend they're goats, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple rocks, pretend they're goats, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple rocks, pretend they're goats, and
+start hurting them around in the sand.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start hurting them around in the sand.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start hurting them around in the sand.
+And I think it's funny because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I think it's funny because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I think it's funny because it's
+relatable, you know, um to to whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatable, you know, um to to whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatable, you know, um to to whatever
+whatever culture you're in. Um, playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever culture you're in. Um, playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever culture you're in. Um, playing
+at being older is a big part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at being older is a big part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at being older is a big part of
+youth. Um, good. Other other games that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youth. Um, good. Other other games that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youth. Um, good. Other other games that
+people played? Yeah, Omar. Um, this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people played? Yeah, Omar. Um, this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people played? Yeah, Omar. Um, this one
+might unlock a couple memories, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might unlock a couple memories, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might unlock a couple memories, but
+Starfall was a big part of my childhood.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Starfall was a big part of my childhood.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Starfall was a big part of my childhood.
+No. What's that? It's uh I primarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No. What's that? It's uh I primarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No. What's that? It's uh I primarily
+played it during uh kindergarten and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played it during uh kindergarten and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played it during uh kindergarten and
+preschool and first grade. Um, yes, that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preschool and first grade. Um, yes, that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preschool and first grade. Um, yes, that
+first link. Um, but I they added a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first link. Um, but I they added a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first link. Um, but I they added a whole
+new section that I don't even remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new section that I don't even remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new section that I don't even remember
+like I don't ever recall seeing that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I don't ever recall seeing that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I don't ever recall seeing that.
+So, they significantly updated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, they significantly updated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, they significantly updated the
+website, but that was where I really did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website, but that was where I really did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website, but that was where I really did
+a lot of um sort of like uh reading,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of um sort of like uh reading,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of um sort of like uh reading,
+intro to reading. Uhhuh. Um, and I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intro to reading. Uhhuh. Um, and I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intro to reading. Uhhuh. Um, and I mean
+for me it got pretty old pretty fast,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me it got pretty old pretty fast,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me it got pretty old pretty fast,
+but like it's very nostalgic nowadays.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like it's very nostalgic nowadays.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like it's very nostalgic nowadays.
+So, um, that was one of them. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, um, that was one of them. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, um, that was one of them. And then
+also like Leaf Frog Toys. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we had like a computer lab and we'd all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had like a computer lab and we'd all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had like a computer lab and we'd all
+go there and we'd like watch these and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go there and we'd like watch these and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go there and we'd like watch these and
+it was like really cool. Um, especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was like really cool. Um, especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was like really cool. Um, especially
+cuz like we didn't have like a um a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz like we didn't have like a um a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz like we didn't have like a um a lot
+of like computing technology when I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like computing technology when I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like computing technology when I like
+grew up at that time. So, it was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grew up at that time. So, it was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grew up at that time. So, it was really
+cool to see this kind of a kind of a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool to see this kind of a kind of a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool to see this kind of a kind of a a
+special highlight for the day to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special highlight for the day to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special highlight for the day to be able
+to do these kind of things, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do these kind of things, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do these kind of things, you know,
+and and and I hope that as you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and I hope that as you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and I hope that as you think
+about these kinds of things, think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these kinds of things, think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these kinds of things, think about
+Cahoot and stuff like that that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cahoot and stuff like that that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cahoot and stuff like that that your
+mind drifts back to what you read in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind drifts back to what you read in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind drifts back to what you read in
+Larry Cuban and his description of kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Larry Cuban and his description of kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Larry Cuban and his description of kind
+of the material concerns of teachers,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the material concerns of teachers,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the material concerns of teachers,
+the schedule concerns of teachers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the schedule concerns of teachers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the schedule concerns of teachers of
+things like, oh, it's pretty handy to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like, oh, it's pretty handy to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like, oh, it's pretty handy to be
+able to have a bunch of like digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to have a bunch of like digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to have a bunch of like digital
+books that people find extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books that people find extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books that people find extremely
+compelling to shove six-year-olds in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelling to shove six-year-olds in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelling to shove six-year-olds in
+front of for an hour during the day so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of for an hour during the day so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of for an hour during the day so
+you can like finish your lunch or do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can like finish your lunch or do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can like finish your lunch or do
+some grading or do a little PR planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some grading or do a little PR planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some grading or do a little PR planning
+and prep for other times of the day. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and prep for other times of the day. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and prep for other times of the day. Um
+I don't know if this is well studied but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if this is well studied but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if this is well studied but
+I bet uh you know Larry Cuban's finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I bet uh you know Larry Cuban's finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I bet uh you know Larry Cuban's finding
+that that uh television and film strips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that uh television and film strips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that uh television and film strips
+were more likely to be used at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were more likely to be used at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were more likely to be used at the end
+of the day in elementary schools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the day in elementary schools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the day in elementary schools
+probably parallels findings that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably parallels findings that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably parallels findings that you
+might have today about when cahoot games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have today about when cahoot games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have today about when cahoot games
+or other things like this get used uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or other things like this get used uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or other things like this get used uh in
+the in the rhythm of the day and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the rhythm of the day and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the rhythm of the day and so
+forth. Um so uh yeah different different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth. Um so uh yeah different different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth. Um so uh yeah different different
+technologies but we can apply some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies but we can apply some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies but we can apply some of
+the similar sorts of uh analytic tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the similar sorts of uh analytic tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the similar sorts of uh analytic tools
+and frameworks to them. Good. Um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and frameworks to them. Good. Um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and frameworks to them. Good. Um what
+are some things that I wanted to let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some things that I wanted to let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some things that I wanted to let me
+let me talk let me talk for you a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me talk let me talk for you a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me talk let me talk for you a little
+bit and then I'll give you a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and then I'll give you a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and then I'll give you a little bit
+of chance to play some games. Um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chance to play some games. Um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chance to play some games. Um and
+then uh and then we can talk a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh and then we can talk a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh and then we can talk a little
+bit about transfer. Um, one thing that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about transfer. Um, one thing that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about transfer. Um, one thing that I
+just wanted to draw your attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wanted to draw your attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wanted to draw your attention to
+that's in the syllabus is uh for failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the syllabus is uh for failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the syllabus is uh for failure
+disrupt in the rabbit hole readings that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrupt in the rabbit hole readings that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrupt in the rabbit hole readings that
+you're not required to do. One of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not required to do. One of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not required to do. One of those
+links for every chapter is a podcast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+links for every chapter is a podcast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+links for every chapter is a podcast
+episode. Um, and uh I was thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode. Um, and uh I was thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode. Um, and uh I was thinking about
+them because some people who are missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them because some people who are missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them because some people who are missing
+class this week because of Sloan SIP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class this week because of Sloan SIP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class this week because of Sloan SIP
+week. I was going to recommend those to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week. I was going to recommend those to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week. I was going to recommend those to
+them as sort of supplementary kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as sort of supplementary kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as sort of supplementary kind of
+things. But for the um uh this chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. But for the um uh this chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. But for the um uh this chapter
+in particular, Scott Auststerhile who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular, Scott Auststerhile who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular, Scott Auststerhile who
+developed the logical journey of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed the logical journey of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed the logical journey of the
+Zubinis is one of the guests and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zubinis is one of the guests and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zubinis is one of the guests and then
+Constant Steiner who actually had a job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Constant Steiner who actually had a job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Constant Steiner who actually had a job
+for a while in the US Department of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while in the US Department of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while in the US Department of
+Education thinking about um the role of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Education thinking about um the role of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Education thinking about um the role of
+games in education systems is there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games in education systems is there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games in education systems is there.
+Probably one of the most fun things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Probably one of the most fun things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Probably one of the most fun things
+about the podcast episodes um is that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the podcast episodes um is that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the podcast episodes um is that I
+really encouraged the people who came to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really encouraged the people who came to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really encouraged the people who came to
+disagree with me. Um and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagree with me. Um and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagree with me. Um and so
+um you in in most episodes there there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you in in most episodes there there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you in in most episodes there there
+are uh you know claims made about where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh you know claims made about where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh you know claims made about where
+the book is wrong by very well-informed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book is wrong by very well-informed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book is wrong by very well-informed
+people um on those topics. So so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people um on those topics. So so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people um on those topics. So so
+Constant Steiner does not agree with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Constant Steiner does not agree with me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Constant Steiner does not agree with me
+in this episode about uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this episode about uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this episode about uh the
+relationship between games and learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between games and learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between games and learning
+and transfer and it's fun to to listen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and transfer and it's fun to to listen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and transfer and it's fun to to listen
+to that. Um, I think uh Mitch and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that. Um, I think uh Mitch and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that. Um, I think uh Mitch and
+Natalie had some disagreements with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Natalie had some disagreements with me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Natalie had some disagreements with me
+in in uh about uh what the what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in uh about uh what the what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in uh about uh what the what the
+learning goals of Scratch are um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning goals of Scratch are um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning goals of Scratch are um in
+practice. So, those can be kind of fun.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice. So, those can be kind of fun.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice. So, those can be kind of fun.
+So, I don't know you're going for a run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I don't know you're going for a run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I don't know you're going for a run
+or something like that. You need some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that. You need some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that. You need some
+light podcast listening to these can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light podcast listening to these can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light podcast listening to these can be
+fun episodes. If you're if you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun episodes. If you're if you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun episodes. If you're if you're not
+getting enough education technology in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting enough education technology in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting enough education technology in
+your three hours a week with me, um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your three hours a week with me, um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your three hours a week with me, um
+there's more to be had.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more to be had.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more to be had.
+Um so the way that this chapter is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so the way that this chapter is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so the way that this chapter is
+structured is I call it sort of testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured is I call it sort of testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured is I call it sort of testing
+this theory of the genres of learning at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theory of the genres of learning at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theory of the genres of learning at
+scale. um which is um what you should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale. um which is um what you should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale. um which is um what you should be
+you know the the reason part a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the reason part a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the reason part a big
+reason for organizing um the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for organizing um the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for organizing um the the the
+idea of three genres of learning at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of three genres of learning at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of three genres of learning at
+scale is I want people to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale is I want people to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale is I want people to be able to
+take new technologies and say oh that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take new technologies and say oh that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take new technologies and say oh that is
+kind of like this and if we can say oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like this and if we can say oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like this and if we can say oh
+that's kind of like this then we can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of like this then we can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of like this then we can say
+all right so we probably know something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we probably know something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we probably know something
+about its technology we probably know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about its technology we probably know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about its technology we probably know
+something about the sort of pedagogical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the sort of pedagogical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the sort of pedagogical
+underpinnings we can make some guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underpinnings we can make some guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underpinnings we can make some guess
+about research like a big thing that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about research like a big thing that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about research like a big thing that I
+would want someone who reads failure to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want someone who reads failure to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want someone who reads failure to
+disrupt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrupt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrupt
+to be able to do is to like look at new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to do is to like look at new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to do is to like look at new
+AI tools and be like, okay, you know, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI tools and be like, okay, you know, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI tools and be like, okay, you know, we
+did not have generative pre-trained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not have generative pre-trained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not have generative pre-trained
+transformers that were pretty useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformers that were pretty useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformers that were pretty useful
+until November of 2022, but like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until November of 2022, but like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until November of 2022, but like the
+things that we're trying to do with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we're trying to do with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we're trying to do with them
+are going to be similar to other kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be similar to other kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be similar to other kind of
+stuff that we've done in the past, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that we've done in the past, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that we've done in the past, and
+we should be able to slot the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should be able to slot the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should be able to slot the things
+that we're going to do to them into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to do to them into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to do to them into
+different kinds of categories. Um, games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of categories. Um, games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of categories. Um, games
+struck me as a good testing place for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struck me as a good testing place for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struck me as a good testing place for
+this because it's it's not the case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because it's it's not the case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because it's it's not the case that
+I think games fit neatly into one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think games fit neatly into one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think games fit neatly into one of
+these three categories of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three categories of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three categories of
+instructorguided learning at scale or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructorguided learning at scale or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructorguided learning at scale or
+algorithm guided learning at scale or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm guided learning at scale or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm guided learning at scale or
+peer guided learning at scale. But I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peer guided learning at scale. But I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peer guided learning at scale. But I do
+think that any given game probably fits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that any given game probably fits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that any given game probably fits
+into one of those categories pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into one of those categories pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into one of those categories pretty
+nicely or has some sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely or has some sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely or has some sort of like
+recognizable hybridity across those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizable hybridity across those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizable hybridity across those
+categories. Um, so something like Math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories. Um, so something like Math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories. Um, so something like Math
+Blaster, um, you know, is is is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blaster, um, you know, is is is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blaster, um, you know, is is is kind of
+an example of, you know, you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of, you know, you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of, you know, you could
+decide whether or not it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide whether or not it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide whether or not it's sort of
+instructorg guided learning at scale or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructorg guided learning at scale or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructorg guided learning at scale or
+algorithm guided learning at scale or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm guided learning at scale or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm guided learning at scale or
+something like that. Doesn't really have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that. Doesn't really have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that. Doesn't really have
+a lot of item response theory to it. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of item response theory to it. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of item response theory to it. Um,
+you know, but it's but it's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, but it's but it's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, but it's but it's basically
+just an autograder. Um, you know, you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an autograder. Um, you know, you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an autograder. Um, you know, you go
+you go in, you're given a type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go in, you're given a type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go in, you're given a type of
+problem, you practice that problem over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem, you practice that problem over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem, you practice that problem over
+and over again. Maybe the difficulty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over again. Maybe the difficulty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over again. Maybe the difficulty
+goes up and you practice sort of another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up and you practice sort of another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up and you practice sort of another
+type of problem. Um, had any of you ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of problem. Um, had any of you ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of problem. Um, had any of you ever
+heard of Vanished before? Maybe some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of Vanished before? Maybe some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of Vanished before? Maybe some of
+you in the other in the games for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in the other in the games for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in the other in the games for
+learning classes you read about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning classes you read about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning classes you read about
+Vanished. Um, so Vanished, which I write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vanished. Um, so Vanished, which I write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vanished. Um, so Vanished, which I write
+about a little bit in the book, was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a little bit in the book, was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a little bit in the book, was this
+really cool project that the MIT uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool project that the MIT uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool project that the MIT uh uh
+education arcade did with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education arcade did with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education arcade did with the
+Smithsonian Museum? It was any watch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Smithsonian Museum? It was any watch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Smithsonian Museum? It was any watch the
+television show Lost? Um, okay. So, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television show Lost? Um, okay. So, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television show Lost? Um, okay. So, a
+couple nods there. I don't Have any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple nods there. I don't Have any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple nods there. I don't Have any of
+you ever participated? I I mean, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ever participated? I I mean, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ever participated? I I mean, it
+actually d I don't know. Like are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually d I don't know. Like are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually d I don't know. Like are you
+all aware what's going on with Kate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all aware what's going on with Kate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all aware what's going on with Kate
+Middleton right now where people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Middleton right now where people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Middleton right now where people are
+like trying to figure out like why she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like trying to figure out like why she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like trying to figure out like why she's
+not showing up in public and sort of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not showing up in public and sort of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not showing up in public and sort of all
+these conspiracies theories show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these conspiracies theories show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these conspiracies theories show up
+about it and people do these detective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and people do these detective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and people do these detective
+work. There's a bunch of things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work. There's a bunch of things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work. There's a bunch of things like
+that or like I don't know um when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or like I don't know um when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or like I don't know um when the
+Malaysian airline flight crashed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Malaysian airline flight crashed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Malaysian airline flight crashed and
+nobody really knew. I don't know there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody really knew. I don't know there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody really knew. I don't know there
+there's something that human beings have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something that human beings have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something that human beings have
+that's like let's all kind of solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like let's all kind of solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like let's all kind of solve the
+mystery together and it gets kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mystery together and it gets kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mystery together and it gets kind of
+woven into conspiratorial thinking. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woven into conspiratorial thinking. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woven into conspiratorial thinking. It
+overlaps nicely with fiction with things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlaps nicely with fiction with things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlaps nicely with fiction with things
+like Lost or um sort of other television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Lost or um sort of other television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Lost or um sort of other television
+shows that do that. But but Vanished was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows that do that. But but Vanished was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows that do that. But but Vanished was
+basically like an alternate reality game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically like an alternate reality game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically like an alternate reality game
+that was sort of played out on the web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was sort of played out on the web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was sort of played out on the web
+um where there were codes to break.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where there were codes to break.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where there were codes to break.
+There were secret messages spread across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There were secret messages spread across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There were secret messages spread across
+websites. There were sort of scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+websites. There were sort of scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+websites. There were sort of scientific
+claims that were happening. Other sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims that were happening. Other sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims that were happening. Other sorts
+of thing. There are messages from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing. There are messages from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing. There are messages from the
+future being beamed back into the past.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future being beamed back into the past.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future being beamed back into the past.
+um and students signed up um to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and students signed up um to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and students signed up um to like
+either as classes or individuals to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either as classes or individuals to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either as classes or individuals to sort
+of like get the kind of messages that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like get the kind of messages that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like get the kind of messages that
+went along. I think the game ran for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went along. I think the game ran for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went along. I think the game ran for a
+couple months or something like that. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple months or something like that. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple months or something like that. Um
+but very much a sort of peerguided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but very much a sort of peerguided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but very much a sort of peerguided
+learning at scale kind of example like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning at scale kind of example like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning at scale kind of example like
+you know just like a series of puzzles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just like a series of puzzles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just like a series of puzzles
+put out there that you collaboratively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put out there that you collaboratively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put out there that you collaboratively
+tried to solve. you had to interact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to solve. you had to interact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to solve. you had to interact with
+other people um to kind of find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people um to kind of find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people um to kind of find
+um a big you know the these two kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a big you know the these two kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a big you know the these two kinds of
+games um illustrate uh some of the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games um illustrate uh some of the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games um illustrate uh some of the basic
+principles that we were just talking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles that we were just talking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles that we were just talking a
+about a little bit. Um Math Blaster. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a little bit. Um Math Blaster. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a little bit. Um Math Blaster. So
+what you did in Math Blaster is you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you did in Math Blaster is you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you did in Math Blaster is you like
+took that little character and you ran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took that little character and you ran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took that little character and you ran
+it back and forth to get the get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back and forth to get the get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back and forth to get the get the
+correct answer. Actually, what was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct answer. Actually, what was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct answer. Actually, what was the
+what was the penguin game that we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the penguin game that we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the penguin game that we just
+played? What was that called? Penguin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played? What was that called? Penguin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played? What was that called? Penguin
+Race Off or something? Yes, I think so.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Race Off or something? Yes, I think so.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Race Off or something? Yes, I think so.
+Yeah. So, so penguin penguin raceoff um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So, so penguin penguin raceoff um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So, so penguin penguin raceoff um
+is uh is an example of what sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh is an example of what sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh is an example of what sometimes
+gets called gamification, which is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets called gamification, which is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets called gamification, which is how
+do we take a mathematic how do we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we take a mathematic how do we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we take a mathematic how do we take
+an intellectual exercise that we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an intellectual exercise that we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an intellectual exercise that we think
+is useful for people and put game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is useful for people and put game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is useful for people and put game
+elements on it to inspire people to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements on it to inspire people to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements on it to inspire people to do
+that activity? Um, uh, what what other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that activity? Um, uh, what what other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that activity? Um, uh, what what other
+kinds of software have you played with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of software have you played with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of software have you played with
+that takes like basically a worksheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes like basically a worksheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes like basically a worksheet
+activity and add sort of game elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity and add sort of game elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity and add sort of game elements
+on top of it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It's kind of like thinking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's kind of like thinking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's kind of like thinking about the
+what the slide you presented earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the slide you presented earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the slide you presented earlier
+like Dolingo kind of Yep. Dolingo has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Dolingo kind of Yep. Dolingo has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Dolingo kind of Yep. Dolingo has a
+ton of gamification built into it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ton of gamification built into it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ton of gamification built into it like
+in you know I don't know how many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you know I don't know how many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you know I don't know how many of you
+how many of you use Dolingo or have used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of you use Dolingo or have used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of you use Dolingo or have used
+it. Oh just a couple. Okay. So maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Oh just a couple. Okay. So maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Oh just a couple. Okay. So maybe
+more people play around with it. Um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more people play around with it. Um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more people play around with it. Um but
+you know they have millions of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they have millions of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they have millions of people
+who are doing little language activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are doing little language activities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are doing little language activities
+but a big part of why they're doing like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a big part of why they're doing like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a big part of why they're doing like
+the little language activities are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little language activities are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little language activities are not
+that inherently fun. Um but what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that inherently fun. Um but what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that inherently fun. Um but what are the
+features in Dualingo that try to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features in Dualingo that try to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features in Dualingo that try to like
+get people hooked to to do it and keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get people hooked to to do it and keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get people hooked to to do it and keep
+doing it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it?
+Streaks. Streaks are a big one. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Streaks. Streaks are a big one. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Streaks. Streaks are a big one. Yeah.
+you know, which is just like a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, which is just like a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, which is just like a number
+that you try to increment every day.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you try to increment every day.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you try to increment every day.
+That's kind of a game.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's kind of a game.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's kind of a game.
+Visual design. What kind of elements? Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Visual design. What kind of elements? Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Visual design. What kind of elements? Uh
+colorful design, interactive design, all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorful design, interactive design, all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorful design, interactive design, all
+of these like bubbly like feelings to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these like bubbly like feelings to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these like bubbly like feelings to
+everything in it. Yep. Yep. So, yeah, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in it. Yep. Yep. So, yeah, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in it. Yep. Yep. So, yeah, it
+like creating it and turning into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like creating it and turning into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like creating it and turning into a
+playful space. Some of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playful space. Some of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playful space. Some of the most
+important visual elements are when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important visual elements are when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important visual elements are when you
+get something right. Um there's usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something right. Um there's usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something right. Um there's usually
+like a little flash you for sound, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a little flash you for sound, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a little flash you for sound, a
+little ding. Um, Edex had these big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little ding. Um, Edex had these big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little ding. Um, Edex had these big
+green check marks for a while when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green check marks for a while when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green check marks for a while when you
+got answers correct. I think another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got answers correct. I think another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got answers correct. I think another
+thing that's been like a recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's been like a recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's been like a recent
+development has been their PR. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development has been their PR. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development has been their PR. Um,
+recently like at least on Tik Tok like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently like at least on Tik Tok like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently like at least on Tik Tok like
+Duolingo's like gone unhinged. Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duolingo's like gone unhinged. Um, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duolingo's like gone unhinged. Um, and
+like the birds like everywhere and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the birds like everywhere and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the birds like everywhere and it
+like comments on weird things and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like comments on weird things and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like comments on weird things and like
+every time it comments somewhere like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time it comments somewhere like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time it comments somewhere like
+there's like a million like like replies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like a million like like replies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like a million like like replies
+to it. Um, and I think like wanting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it. Um, and I think like wanting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it. Um, and I think like wanting to
+be like a part of that community or like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like a part of that community or like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like a part of that community or like
+say I've done that is also like a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I've done that is also like a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I've done that is also like a big
+thing in society today. Yeah. Good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in society today. Yeah. Good.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in society today. Yeah. Good.
+Um, Mari who's not here wrote in like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, Mari who's not here wrote in like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, Mari who's not here wrote in like to
+me um uh uh Dolingo when I think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me um uh uh Dolingo when I think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me um uh uh Dolingo when I think about
+it is sort of a classic example of kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is sort of a classic example of kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is sort of a classic example of kind
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+gamification. Um, you know, sort of very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamification. Um, you know, sort of very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamification. Um, you know, sort of very
+instructionist kind of inspired like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructionist kind of inspired like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructionist kind of inspired like
+let's just put some game elements on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just put some game elements on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just put some game elements on
+stuff. And Mario wrote an essay was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff. And Mario wrote an essay was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff. And Mario wrote an essay was
+like, "No, actually this thing is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, "No, actually this thing is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, "No, actually this thing is like
+super motivated by situated learning."
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super motivated by situated learning."
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super motivated by situated learning."
+Um, the way that it makes you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, the way that it makes you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, the way that it makes you like
+things like that are like, "Oh, like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that are like, "Oh, like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that are like, "Oh, like the
+duo bird is out there and I can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duo bird is out there and I can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duo bird is out there and I can have a
+parasocial relationship with the duo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parasocial relationship with the duo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parasocial relationship with the duo
+bird and it will comment on my TikTok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird and it will comment on my TikTok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird and it will comment on my TikTok
+feeds and I can respond to it and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeds and I can respond to it and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeds and I can respond to it and things
+like that." Um, got me thinking a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that." Um, got me thinking a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that." Um, got me thinking a little
+bit differently about it. Maybe we keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit differently about it. Maybe we keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit differently about it. Maybe we keep
+talking about that. Um, yeah, the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about that. Um, yeah, the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about that. Um, yeah, the the
+the the term of art for this uh kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the term of art for this uh kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the term of art for this uh kind of
+approach is chocolatecovered broccoli.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach is chocolatecovered broccoli.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach is chocolatecovered broccoli.
+um that basically like this is super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that basically like this is super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that basically like this is super
+boring math to do, but we're just gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring math to do, but we're just gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring math to do, but we're just gonna
+like pour chocolate on it to get you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like pour chocolate on it to get you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like pour chocolate on it to get you to
+try to do more of it. And of course,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do more of it. And of course,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do more of it. And of course,
+like the joke of chocolate covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the joke of chocolate covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the joke of chocolate covered
+broccoli is that like chocolate covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broccoli is that like chocolate covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broccoli is that like chocolate covered
+broccoli does actually not taste that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broccoli does actually not taste that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broccoli does actually not taste that
+good. Um and Math Blaster is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. Um and Math Blaster is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. Um and Math Blaster is actually
+not that fun. Like it's fun for a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that fun. Like it's fun for a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that fun. Like it's fun for a little
+while and then you're like, "Oh, I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while and then you're like, "Oh, I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while and then you're like, "Oh, I'm
+just doing division."
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just doing division."
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just doing division."
+um whereas Vanished um and other kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um whereas Vanished um and other kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um whereas Vanished um and other kinds
+of games like it there's not a there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of games like it there's not a there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of games like it there's not a there's
+not an as well accepted name, but my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an as well accepted name, but my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an as well accepted name, but my my
+colleagues at the education arcade um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues at the education arcade um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues at the education arcade um
+refer to these games as resonant games.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to these games as resonant games.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to these games as resonant games.
+Um and a key feature of resonant games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and a key feature of resonant games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and a key feature of resonant games
+is that instead of trying to add game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that instead of trying to add game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that instead of trying to add game
+elements on top of some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements on top of some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements on top of some kind of
+intellectual exercise, you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual exercise, you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual exercise, you're trying to
+find the playfulness in the intellectual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the playfulness in the intellectual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the playfulness in the intellectual
+exercise. like what it's not it's not um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise. like what it's not it's not um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise. like what it's not it's not um
+how do we how do we add game mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we how do we add game mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we how do we add game mechanics
+to math. It's what is already fun and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to math. It's what is already fun and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to math. It's what is already fun and
+playful and interesting in math and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playful and interesting in math and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playful and interesting in math and then
+how do we have that fun and playfulness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we have that fun and playfulness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we have that fun and playfulness
+kind of surface and emerge so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of surface and emerge so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of surface and emerge so that you
+so that we get learners to engage with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we get learners to engage with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we get learners to engage with
+that first. um in in vanished like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first. um in in vanished like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first. um in in vanished like how
+do we teach scientific thinking,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we teach scientific thinking,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we teach scientific thinking,
+scientific practices by having those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific practices by having those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific practices by having those
+practices emerge kind of naturally in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices emerge kind of naturally in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices emerge kind of naturally in
+this sort of conspiratorial mystery kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of conspiratorial mystery kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of conspiratorial mystery kind
+of story um that happens. Um, oh, good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of story um that happens. Um, oh, good.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of story um that happens. Um, oh, good.
+These, this is a great example of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These, this is a great example of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These, this is a great example of what
+Khalil was just talking about of, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Khalil was just talking about of, uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Khalil was just talking about of, uh,
+um, uh, yeah, the very the very sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, uh, yeah, the very the very sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, uh, yeah, the very the very sort of
+playful environment that like we'll give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playful environment that like we'll give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playful environment that like we'll give
+you some experience points. We'll tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some experience points. We'll tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some experience points. We'll tell
+you about your time. We'll call you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about your time. We'll call you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about your time. We'll call you
+amazing. We'll give you these funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing. We'll give you these funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing. We'll give you these funny
+little sticker. I mean, like this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little sticker. I mean, like this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little sticker. I mean, like this is
+this is I don't know if any of you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is I don't know if any of you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is I don't know if any of you do
+did your elementary teachers like put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did your elementary teachers like put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did your elementary teachers like put
+stickers on successful assignments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stickers on successful assignments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stickers on successful assignments and
+stuff like that. Can you think of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that. Can you think of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that. Can you think of like
+gold stars and stuff like that? Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold stars and stuff like that? Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold stars and stuff like that? Yeah,
+this is just like a digital version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just like a digital version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just like a digital version of
+that. is the same kind of thing. Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. is the same kind of thing. Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. is the same kind of thing. Let's
+give you some kind of visual reward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you some kind of visual reward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you some kind of visual reward
+reminder to get you to keep playing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder to get you to keep playing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder to get you to keep playing and
+doing these things. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing these things. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing these things. Um,
+uh, this is one that I talk about in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, this is one that I talk about in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, this is one that I talk about in the
+book, uh, Lumosity, which maybe we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book, uh, Lumosity, which maybe we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book, uh, Lumosity, which maybe we'll
+talk about a little bit later when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about a little bit later when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about a little bit later when we
+talk about, uh, transfer and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about, uh, transfer and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about, uh, transfer and things like
+that. Um, all right. So, I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Um, all right. So, I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Um, all right. So, I would like to
+invite you to play two of these games,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invite you to play two of these games,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invite you to play two of these games,
+and you can find these links in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can find these links in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can find these links in the
+syllabus, but why don't we take 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus, but why don't we take 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus, but why don't we take 15
+minutes or so and let you pull out some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes or so and let you pull out some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes or so and let you pull out some
+computers. Um, I'm going to give you I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers. Um, I'm going to give you I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers. Um, I'm going to give you I'm
+going to give you maybe before you pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you maybe before you pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you maybe before you pull
+them out, let me just explain these four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them out, let me just explain these four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them out, let me just explain these four
+things and then you can do whatever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and then you can do whatever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and then you can do whatever you
+want with them. Um, the first one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want with them. Um, the first one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want with them. Um, the first one is
+Math Blaster. Um, I could I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Math Blaster. Um, I could I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Math Blaster. Um, I could I don't think
+I successfully found the 1983 version. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I successfully found the 1983 version. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I successfully found the 1983 version. I
+think I found a 1996 one. Um, but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I found a 1996 one. Um, but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I found a 1996 one. Um, but you
+should play a few rounds of Math Blaster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should play a few rounds of Math Blaster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should play a few rounds of Math Blaster
+and see what all the hype is about. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what all the hype is about. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what all the hype is about. Um,
+the second game is the logical journey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second game is the logical journey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second game is the logical journey
+of the of the Zoominis. Um, which was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the Zoominis. Um, which was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the Zoominis. Um, which was a
+key part of Erin's childhood. And so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key part of Erin's childhood. And so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key part of Erin's childhood. And so now
+she'll get to go back to that. It has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she'll get to go back to that. It has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she'll get to go back to that. It has a
+really long kind of intro story and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really long kind of intro story and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really long kind of intro story and
+stuff like that. You if that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that. You if that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that. You if that's what
+you're into, you can do that. But if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're into, you can do that. But if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're into, you can do that. But if you
+want to play the game, you'll have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to play the game, you'll have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to play the game, you'll have to
+like skip a bunch of introductory stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like skip a bunch of introductory stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like skip a bunch of introductory stuff
+to get into some interesting sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get into some interesting sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get into some interesting sort of
+combinatorics kinds of things. Um, one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorics kinds of things. Um, one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorics kinds of things. Um, one
+thing which is not a game, but if any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which is not a game, but if any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which is not a game, but if any of
+you are big Minecraft fans, um, I gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are big Minecraft fans, um, I gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are big Minecraft fans, um, I gave
+you a link to what is essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a link to what is essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a link to what is essentially the
+Minecraft website for teachers. Um, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minecraft website for teachers. Um, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minecraft website for teachers. Um, you
+won't be able to unless you have got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be able to unless you have got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be able to unless you have got
+Minecraft on your computer, you won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minecraft on your computer, you won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minecraft on your computer, you won't be
+able to jump in there and play with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to jump in there and play with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to jump in there and play with
+things. But a thing that you can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. But a thing that you can do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. But a thing that you can do is
+go to like their lesson plan finder.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to like their lesson plan finder.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to like their lesson plan finder.
+Um, and uh, that's probably the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and uh, that's probably the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and uh, that's probably the most
+useful probably the thing you'd find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful probably the thing you'd find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful probably the thing you'd find
+most interesting is go to explore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most interesting is go to explore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most interesting is go to explore
+lessons and pick a topic you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessons and pick a topic you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessons and pick a topic you're
+interested in and you know see whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in and you know see whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in and you know see whether
+or not you think the you know good going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not you think the you know good going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not you think the you know good going
+back to the coordinate system like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the coordinate system like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the coordinate system like how
+do you uh um, you know, how to how would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you uh um, you know, how to how would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you uh um, you know, how to how would
+how would you use Minecraft to teach the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you use Minecraft to teach the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you use Minecraft to teach the
+coordinate system and they've got all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system and they've got all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system and they've got all
+kinds of guiding activities and student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of guiding activities and student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of guiding activities and student
+activities and you won't be able to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities and you won't be able to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities and you won't be able to see
+the world that's associated with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world that's associated with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world that's associated with them
+but each one of these lessons has a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but each one of these lessons has a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but each one of these lessons has a kind
+of Minecraft space that's been built,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Minecraft space that's been built,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Minecraft space that's been built,
+you can at least get some screenshots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can at least get some screenshots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can at least get some screenshots
+from it. And then if anybody hasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it. And then if anybody hasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it. And then if anybody hasn't
+played Dualingo, it it it's not it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played Dualingo, it it it's not it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played Dualingo, it it it's not it you
+could probably pretty quickly start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could probably pretty quickly start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could probably pretty quickly start
+creating an account um and doing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating an account um and doing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating an account um and doing some
+things like that. Um if you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that. Um if you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that. Um if you want to do
+it with a person next to you, you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with a person next to you, you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with a person next to you, you should
+feel free to do that. Um the easiest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to do that. Um the easiest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to do that. Um the easiest
+place to find all of these links, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to find all of these links, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to find all of these links, you
+could just Google them, but they are on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just Google them, but they are on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just Google them, but they are on
+the syllabus, um bit.lym
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the syllabus, um bit.lym
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the syllabus, um bit.lym
+LMT syllabus and then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LMT syllabus and then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LMT syllabus and then uh
+um on the on the day for learning games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on the on the day for learning games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on the on the day for learning games
+I've put uh four of these links there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've put uh four of these links there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've put uh four of these links there.
+Um so it's 1:35. Why don't we take until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so it's 1:35. Why don't we take until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so it's 1:35. Why don't we take until
+about 1:50 and just let you uh and feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1:50 and just let you uh and feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1:50 and just let you uh and feel
+free to do it with a partner or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to do it with a partner or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to do it with a partner or
+something like that. And if they've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that. And if they've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that. And if they've got
+sound, you turn on the sound quietly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound, you turn on the sound quietly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound, you turn on the sound quietly and
+stuff like that so you can hear it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that so you can hear it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that so you can hear it
+without bothering people next to you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without bothering people next to you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without bothering people next to you.
+But they're but they're pretty fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But they're but they're pretty fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But they're but they're pretty fun
+things to mess around with. Sound good?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to mess around with. Sound good?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to mess around with. Sound good?
+Ready? Go.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So, having having who who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, having having who who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, having having who who
+played around with Zooinis? Looked like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played around with Zooinis? Looked like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played around with Zooinis? Looked like
+we had a lot of Zoominis player. What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a lot of Zoominis player. What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a lot of Zoominis player. What
+are what are your reactions having spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what are your reactions having spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what are your reactions having spent
+some time with Zooinis?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time with Zooinis?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time with Zooinis?
+It's cute.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's cute.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's cute.
+It takes so long. I I just I want like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It takes so long. I I just I want like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It takes so long. I I just I want like
+go hurry up. Then you get to see them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go hurry up. Then you get to see them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go hurry up. Then you get to see them
+walk up and bounce up. Yeah. Yeah. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk up and bounce up. Yeah. Yeah. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk up and bounce up. Yeah. Yeah. So
+yeah. So the more you know the more I it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah. So the more you know the more I it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah. So the more you know the more I it
+actually you know most of you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you know most of you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you know most of you were
+playing with sound off which might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing with sound off which might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing with sound off which might be a
+mistake because I think part of the part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake because I think part of the part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake because I think part of the part
+of the stakes of Zoominis are set like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stakes of Zoominis are set like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stakes of Zoominis are set like
+there's a narrator in the back who tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a narrator in the back who tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a narrator in the back who tells
+you about how the Zoominis were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about how the Zoominis were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about how the Zoominis were
+oppressed and you're saving them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oppressed and you're saving them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oppressed and you're saving them and
+things like that and have like um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that and have like um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that and have like um you
+know having you having you develop a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know having you having you develop a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know having you having you develop a
+kind of affinity for them is is in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of affinity for them is is in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of affinity for them is is in a
+sort of storytelling world is part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of storytelling world is part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of storytelling world is part of
+the game having them be cute I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game having them be cute I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game having them be cute I think is
+important that you develop some care for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that you develop some care for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that you develop some care for
+them um and want to engage with them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them um and want to engage with them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them um and want to engage with them and
+things like that sort of the more in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that sort of the more in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that sort of the more in
+fact the more you peel away those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the more you peel away those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the more you peel away those
+elements and ju the the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and ju the the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and ju the the kind of
+narrative elements the social elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative elements the social elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative elements the social elements
+the artistic elements and just get down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the artistic elements and just get down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the artistic elements and just get down
+to the math the more like that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the math the more like that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the math the more like that that
+could that could risk some of the fun of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could that could risk some of the fun of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could that could risk some of the fun of
+the engagement I'd rather play Sudoku
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engagement I'd rather play Sudoku
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engagement I'd rather play Sudoku
+rather play okay good yeah which is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather play okay good yeah which is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather play okay good yeah which is just
+like a straight immersion into like yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a straight immersion into like yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a straight immersion into like yeah
+and and those kinds of personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and those kinds of personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and those kinds of personal
+preferences raise some real challenges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences raise some real challenges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences raise some real challenges
+for teachers right like for like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for teachers right like for like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for teachers right like for like you
+Imagine having, you know, if you were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imagine having, you know, if you were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imagine having, you know, if you were to
+take time in a math class to have people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take time in a math class to have people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take time in a math class to have people
+play the logical journey of the Zubinis,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play the logical journey of the Zubinis,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play the logical journey of the Zubinis,
+there'd be some kids who are like, "This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'd be some kids who are like, "This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'd be some kids who are like, "This
+is the best day of class ever." And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the best day of class ever." And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the best day of class ever." And
+there'd be other kids who are like, "H,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'd be other kids who are like, "H,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'd be other kids who are like, "H,
+can we just go back to doing whatever we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we just go back to doing whatever we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we just go back to doing whatever we
+were doing before?" Um, and uh it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing before?" Um, and uh it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing before?" Um, and uh it's like
+an expensive investment of time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expensive investment of time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expensive investment of time and
+other kinds of things to to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of things to to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of things to to have a
+third-year class be like, "Ah, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third-year class be like, "Ah, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third-year class be like, "Ah, this
+game's not that fun."
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game's not that fun."
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game's not that fun."
+Emily, did it did it sell you eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Emily, did it did it sell you eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Emily, did it did it sell you eventually
+or?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or?
+Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah,
+I I would say I I kind of like it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I would say I I kind of like it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I would say I I kind of like it.
+Good. I think it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good. I think it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good. I think it's just
+um I don't know. It It could be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't know. It It could be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't know. It It could be like
+that tendency like you said of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tendency like you said of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tendency like you said of like
+create like having an affinity for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create like having an affinity for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create like having an affinity for that
+or like, oh, it's like these like cute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like, oh, it's like these like cute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like, oh, it's like these like cute
+little creatures like going across your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little creatures like going across your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little creatures like going across your
+screen and like um how much you enjoy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen and like um how much you enjoy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen and like um how much you enjoy
+that or how much you might care for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or how much you might care for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or how much you might care for
+that. And I'm I'm very much down for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And I'm I'm very much down for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And I'm I'm very much down for a
+fun little game with little cute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun little game with little cute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun little game with little cute
+characters and identities and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters and identities and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters and identities and things
+like that. But I feel like it might just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. But I feel like it might just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. But I feel like it might just
+be because like now I'm so used to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be because like now I'm so used to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be because like now I'm so used to like
+things having to happen like very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things having to happen like very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things having to happen like very
+quickly cuz like even like lectures I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly cuz like even like lectures I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly cuz like even like lectures I
+tend to watch them like in two times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to watch them like in two times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to watch them like in two times
+speed instead of like the normal way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed instead of like the normal way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed instead of like the normal way
+like the normal time. So then it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the normal time. So then it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the normal time. So then it's like
+watching playing these games are so slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching playing these games are so slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching playing these games are so slow
+that I'm just like you've lost my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm just like you've lost my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm just like you've lost my
+attention. I don't want to play it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention. I don't want to play it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention. I don't want to play it
+anymore. Good. Yeah. There's there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore. Good. Yeah. There's there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore. Good. Yeah. There's there's a
+little kind of gap in there. Wait, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little kind of gap in there. Wait, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little kind of gap in there. Wait, I
+have a question. Did you guys like skip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a question. Did you guys like skip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a question. Did you guys like skip
+the like transitions or were you sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like transitions or were you sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like transitions or were you sitting
+through them? I clicked out of skip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through them? I clicked out of skip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through them? I clicked out of skip
+them. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. Yeah.
+Okay. Cuz the the the transitions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Cuz the the the transitions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Cuz the the the transitions are
+like I see what you mean, but like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I see what you mean, but like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I see what you mean, but like the
+transitions are like Okay. Like you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions are like Okay. Like you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions are like Okay. Like you're
+slowly highlighting the next place I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly highlighting the next place I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly highlighting the next place I'm
+going in the map for like a minute and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in the map for like a minute and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in the map for like a minute and
+it's like, okay, I I've seen enough. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like, okay, I I've seen enough. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like, okay, I I've seen enough. It
+was fun to like figure out what the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was fun to like figure out what the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was fun to like figure out what the sort
+of traits were that they were selecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of traits were that they were selecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of traits were that they were selecting
+for, but then like you kind of inst I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for, but then like you kind of inst I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for, but then like you kind of inst I
+felt like I instantly found the traits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt like I instantly found the traits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt like I instantly found the traits
+and then I was just like, "Oh, okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I was just like, "Oh, okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I was just like, "Oh, okay.
+I'll just like there I didn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just like there I didn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just like there I didn't really
+have to like completely, you know, do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to like completely, you know, do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to like completely, you know, do
+like a crazy search for the traits or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a crazy search for the traits or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a crazy search for the traits or
+whatever." Like I was just like, "Oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever." Like I was just like, "Oh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever." Like I was just like, "Oh,
+okay. Well, maybe this hair is good."
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. Well, maybe this hair is good."
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. Well, maybe this hair is good."
+And then all that hair turned out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then all that hair turned out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then all that hair turned out to be
+fine. I'm like, "Oh, okay. Great."
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine. I'm like, "Oh, okay. Great."
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine. I'm like, "Oh, okay. Great."
+I mean, it might have been harder if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean, it might have been harder if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean, it might have been harder if you
+were 10, but Well, actually, to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were 10, but Well, actually, to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were 10, but Well, actually, to build
+those two together, I'm like try I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two together, I'm like try I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two together, I'm like try I don't
+remember like when I was going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember like when I was going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember like when I was going through
+this game as a young person if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game as a young person if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game as a young person if I
+recognized or was even looking for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized or was even looking for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized or was even looking for the
+traits. Like I think maybe I I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traits. Like I think maybe I I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traits. Like I think maybe I I might
+have been more pulled to like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been more pulled to like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been more pulled to like the
+affinity to the characters and like, oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity to the characters and like, oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity to the characters and like, oh
+no, they got bounced back. That's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no, they got bounced back. That's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no, they got bounced back. That's not
+good. And just like doing I would do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. And just like doing I would do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. And just like doing I would do it
+with my sisters and we just like drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my sisters and we just like drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my sisters and we just like drop
+them all over the place and see if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all over the place and see if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all over the place and see if they
+go in. that I cannot remember if I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in. that I cannot remember if I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in. that I cannot remember if I like
+noticed that there were conditions and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed that there were conditions and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed that there were conditions and I
+just we cared we were okay with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just we cared we were okay with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just we cared we were okay with the
+slowness because we cared more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowness because we cared more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowness because we cared more about
+just getting them through it didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just getting them through it didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just getting them through it didn't
+matter like and I can't remember and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter like and I can't remember and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter like and I can't remember and
+that's killing me a little bit. Yeah. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's killing me a little bit. Yeah. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's killing me a little bit. Yeah. Um
+how many of you clicked the the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of you clicked the the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of you clicked the the question
+mark hint button that has an explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark hint button that has an explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark hint button that has an explanation
+and how many didn't discover the um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how many didn't discover the um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how many didn't discover the um it's
+kind of an interesting design feature um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of an interesting design feature um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of an interesting design feature um
+to be able to say that uh um you you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to say that uh um you you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to say that uh um you you can
+you can play you can play the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can play you can play the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can play you can play the game
+without any instructions about how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any instructions about how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any instructions about how to
+play the game. you're just like put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play the game. you're just like put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play the game. you're just like put in
+the world, start clicking things around,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world, start clicking things around,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world, start clicking things around,
+start moving things around. If you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start moving things around. If you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start moving things around. If you had
+to put the logical um journeys of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put the logical um journeys of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put the logical um journeys of the
+Zoominis as instructor guided learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zoominis as instructor guided learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zoominis as instructor guided learning
+at scale, algorithm guided learning at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at scale, algorithm guided learning at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at scale, algorithm guided learning at
+scale, or um peer guided learning at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale, or um peer guided learning at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale, or um peer guided learning at
+scale, what would you call it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I feel like instructor guided learning.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel like instructor guided learning.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel like instructor guided learning.
+Um, it's not like if I was able to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, it's not like if I was able to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, it's not like if I was able to solve
+all of the like or get all of the Zenis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the like or get all of the Zenis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the like or get all of the Zenis
+through on like one or two errors that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through on like one or two errors that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through on like one or two errors that
+it would automatically jump to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would automatically jump to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would automatically jump to like
+level five. Yep. Um, like there's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level five. Yep. Um, like there's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level five. Yep. Um, like there's very
+much like a sequence that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like a sequence that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like a sequence that you're
+supposed to follow. Um, and I when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to follow. Um, and I when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to follow. Um, and I when I
+would place one and then it would try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would place one and then it would try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would place one and then it would try
+and go up and felt like an autograder of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go up and felt like an autograder of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go up and felt like an autograder of
+like it's like this is either pass or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's like this is either pass or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's like this is either pass or
+fail. H yeah, the autograder is a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail. H yeah, the autograder is a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail. H yeah, the autograder is a lot
+more fun because like a thing crosses a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fun because like a thing crosses a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fun because like a thing crosses a
+bridge or gets kicked back or somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge or gets kicked back or somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge or gets kicked back or somebody
+eats a pizza but doesn't eat a pizza,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eats a pizza but doesn't eat a pizza,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eats a pizza but doesn't eat a pizza,
+but it's not really any different from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not really any different from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not really any different from a
+green check or a red check or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green check or a red check or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green check or a red check or other
+kinds of things like that. Um no, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things like that. Um no, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things like that. Um no, the
+way the way that I argued that Zoominis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the way that I argued that Zoominis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the way that I argued that Zoominis
+fit is that it's instructor learning at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit is that it's instructor learning at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit is that it's instructor learning at
+scale with an autograder. However,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale with an autograder. However,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale with an autograder. However,
+almost every MOO is inspired by more um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost every MOO is inspired by more um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost every MOO is inspired by more um
+instructivist kinds of approaches. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructivist kinds of approaches. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructivist kinds of approaches. And
+this is very much more inspired by kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very much more inspired by kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very much more inspired by kind
+of a situated learning apprenticeship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a situated learning apprenticeship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a situated learning apprenticeship
+kind of approach where it's almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of approach where it's almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of approach where it's almost
+trying to trying to hide the autograder,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to trying to hide the autograder,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to trying to hide the autograder,
+trying to hide the instructor. Um it's I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to hide the instructor. Um it's I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to hide the instructor. Um it's I
+mean it's very much trying to hide the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's very much trying to hide the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's very much trying to hide the
+instructions. You know, it says just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions. You know, it says just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions. You know, it says just
+like go into this world, immerse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like go into this world, immerse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like go into this world, immerse
+yourself into this world, play around,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself into this world, play around,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself into this world, play around,
+see what happens. There's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what happens. There's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what happens. There's sort of
+winning and losing, but like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning and losing, but like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning and losing, but like it's
+actually, you know, it's actually fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually, you know, it's actually fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually, you know, it's actually fine
+to fail a level. Well, it's fine to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fail a level. Well, it's fine to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fail a level. Well, it's fine to have
+all your Zoominis kick back. You can try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all your Zoominis kick back. You can try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all your Zoominis kick back. You can try
+again and rescue some other Zoominis,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and rescue some other Zoominis,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and rescue some other Zoominis,
+other sorts of things. Um, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other sorts of things. Um, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other sorts of things. Um, you know,
+there's there's no point in the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's no point in the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's no point in the game
+where it stops and is like, "Okay, kids,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it stops and is like, "Okay, kids,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it stops and is like, "Okay, kids,
+like actually, we're teaching you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like actually, we're teaching you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like actually, we're teaching you
+combinotaurics." Um, or, you know, or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinotaurics." Um, or, you know, or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinotaurics." Um, or, you know, or
+probability or whatever else you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability or whatever else you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability or whatever else you think
+is the mathematics of the game. It just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the mathematics of the game. It just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the mathematics of the game. It just
+lets that be a kind of, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lets that be a kind of, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lets that be a kind of, you know,
+natural learning that that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural learning that that happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural learning that that happens
+throughout. um you know there are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout. um you know there are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout. um you know there are there
+are other you know so this is this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other you know so this is this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other you know so this is this is an
+exercise that I think is the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise that I think is the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise that I think is the kind of
+thing that might be helpful if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that might be helpful if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that might be helpful if you were
+um you know a department head a teacher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know a department head a teacher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know a department head a teacher
+trying to figure out whether or not you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out whether or not you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out whether or not you
+should adopt this technology in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should adopt this technology in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should adopt this technology in your
+classroom um which is sort of for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom um which is sort of for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom um which is sort of for any
+new technology three good questions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new technology three good questions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new technology three good questions to
+ask or who drives and control the pace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask or who drives and control the pace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask or who drives and control the pace
+and path of learning what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and path of learning what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and path of learning what are the
+technologies here what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies here what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies here what are the
+pedagogies and then sort of what can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedagogies and then sort of what can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedagogies and then sort of what can I
+predict will happen in my educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict will happen in my educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict will happen in my educational
+system given a consequence of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system given a consequence of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system given a consequence of this
+design. So like Math Blaster is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design. So like Math Blaster is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design. So like Math Blaster is pretty
+pretty instructor guided. It's got an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty instructor guided. It's got an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty instructor guided. It's got an
+autograder. I mean they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autograder. I mean they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autograder. I mean they're just
+worksheet problems. There's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worksheet problems. There's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worksheet problems. There's no
+difference between um that and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between um that and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between um that and a
+worksheet problem except like maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worksheet problem except like maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worksheet problem except like maybe I
+will slightly motivate some of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will slightly motivate some of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will slightly motivate some of my
+students to do more worksheet problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to do more worksheet problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to do more worksheet problems
+because like there's aliens and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like there's aliens and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like there's aliens and it's
+kind of fun and things like that. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of fun and things like that. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of fun and things like that. But
+maybe not. Maybe there's some people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not. Maybe there's some people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not. Maybe there's some people who
+are like ah I really don't want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like ah I really don't want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like ah I really don't want to have
+to like I just give me the math problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like I just give me the math problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like I just give me the math problems
+to answer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to answer.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to answer.
+Um I I had often thought of do How many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I I had often thought of do How many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I I had often thought of do How many
+of you played around with Duolingo for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you played around with Duolingo for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you played around with Duolingo for
+the first time as you're clicking around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time as you're clicking around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time as you're clicking around
+here? Any sort of new Dolingo people? Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here? Any sort of new Dolingo people? Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here? Any sort of new Dolingo people? Um
+you know it certainly is algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it certainly is algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it certainly is algorithm
+guided as it's trying to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guided as it's trying to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guided as it's trying to you know
+there's some there's a lot of good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some there's a lot of good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some there's a lot of good
+writing um the the the developers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing um the the the developers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing um the the the developers of
+Dualingo keep blogs and other kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dualingo keep blogs and other kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dualingo keep blogs and other kinds of
+things where they talk about um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things where they talk about um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things where they talk about um you know
+for instance they they have a um have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance they they have a um have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance they they have a um have
+you ever heard of the concept of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ever heard of the concept of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ever heard of the concept of the
+zone of proximal development? This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zone of proximal development? This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zone of proximal development? This is
+sort of a classic educational concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a classic educational concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a classic educational concept
+that basically you want to try to as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically you want to try to as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically you want to try to as
+you're teaching people have there be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're teaching people have there be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're teaching people have there be a
+difficulty level where you feel sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty level where you feel sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty level where you feel sort of
+competent but also sort of stretched and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competent but also sort of stretched and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competent but also sort of stretched and
+you know if you're if things are too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you're if things are too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you're if things are too
+easy it's boring. If things are too hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy it's boring. If things are too hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy it's boring. If things are too hard
+it's boring. There's a zone of proximal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's boring. There's a zone of proximal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's boring. There's a zone of proximal
+sort of ideal development. Um for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of ideal development. Um for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of ideal development. Um for the
+they measure that zone of proximal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they measure that zone of proximal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they measure that zone of proximal
+development by saying like you you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development by saying like you you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development by saying like you you know
+we're trying to aim for people to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to aim for people to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to aim for people to have a
+certain kind of error rate. I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kind of error rate. I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kind of error rate. I don't know
+exactly what it is but it might be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what it is but it might be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what it is but it might be like
+we want you to get about 20% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want you to get about 20% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want you to get about 20% of the
+things you're hitting wrong. Um, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you're hitting wrong. Um, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you're hitting wrong. Um, if
+you're getting more than 20% wrong, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting more than 20% wrong, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting more than 20% wrong, then
+we're probably making it too hard,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're probably making it too hard,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're probably making it too hard,
+otherwise too easy. Um, but what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise too easy. Um, but what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise too easy. Um, but what are the
+I don't know what we talked a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know what we talked a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know what we talked a little
+bit, but what are some of the situated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit, but what are some of the situated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit, but what are some of the situated
+learning elements that you saw? If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning elements that you saw? If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning elements that you saw? If you
+were to say that there was not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to say that there was not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to say that there was not so
+instructionist, but it was more um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructionist, but it was more um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructionist, but it was more um
+inspired by kind of constructionism,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspired by kind of constructionism,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspired by kind of constructionism,
+situated learning. What kinds of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situated learning. What kinds of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situated learning. What kinds of things
+like that are in Dolingo?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I like I found out Dolinda has a music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like I found out Dolinda has a music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like I found out Dolinda has a music
+thing now which is really cool because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing now which is really cool because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing now which is really cool because
+I've always wanted to learn music. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've always wanted to learn music. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've always wanted to learn music. I
+like play around with that but I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like play around with that but I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like play around with that but I don't
+understand it. Like I can't read notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it. Like I can't read notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it. Like I can't read notes
+or anything. I just like think and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anything. I just like think and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anything. I just like think and then
+play piano. But it's more interesting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play piano. But it's more interesting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play piano. But it's more interesting to
+see like they had this they had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see like they had this they had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see like they had this they had this
+stupid simulation of playing hot cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid simulation of playing hot cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid simulation of playing hot cross
+buns and I swear I could play that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buns and I swear I could play that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buns and I swear I could play that if I
+tried. But doing it with their little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried. But doing it with their little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried. But doing it with their little
+app, it was like you had to paste it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app, it was like you had to paste it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app, it was like you had to paste it and
+you had to recognize the notes. And I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had to recognize the notes. And I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had to recognize the notes. And I
+went back to that like 10 times and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went back to that like 10 times and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went back to that like 10 times and it's
+like simulating playing the piano. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like simulating playing the piano. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like simulating playing the piano. It's
+really simple for like a computer game,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really simple for like a computer game,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really simple for like a computer game,
+but that was pretty engaging. So, so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that was pretty engaging. So, so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that was pretty engaging. So, so it
+sort of immersed you in the feeling of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of immersed you in the feeling of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of immersed you in the feeling of
+playing a piano even though you're kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing a piano even though you're kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing a piano even though you're kind
+of on your phone. That seems like a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of on your phone. That seems like a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of on your phone. That seems like a good
+quality of a situated apprenticeship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of a situated apprenticeship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of a situated apprenticeship
+kind of thing. Um, now you you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing. Um, now you you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing. Um, now you you had
+played Hot Cross Buns before. Um, I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played Hot Cross Buns before. Um, I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played Hot Cross Buns before. Um, I feel
+like I could just play it like sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I could just play it like sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I could just play it like sitting
+in a piano without like if I looked for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a piano without like if I looked for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a piano without like if I looked for
+the notes soundwise. Like I can't read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notes soundwise. Like I can't read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notes soundwise. Like I can't read
+piano notes, but like I can figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piano notes, but like I can figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piano notes, but like I can figure out
+songs if you tell me what they like if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+songs if you tell me what they like if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+songs if you tell me what they like if I
+hear them. Yeah. So, playing by ear.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear them. Yeah. So, playing by ear.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear them. Yeah. So, playing by ear.
+Yeah. Yeah. Cool. So, yeah. Um, and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. Cool. So, yeah. Um, and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. Cool. So, yeah. Um, and and
+so you feel like this could be a pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you feel like this could be a pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you feel like this could be a pathway
+to doing I mean I I'm sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to doing I mean I I'm sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to doing I mean I I'm sort of
+increasingly convinced now that Dolingo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly convinced now that Dolingo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly convinced now that Dolingo
+um Dolingo came out of Carnegie Melon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Dolingo came out of Carnegie Melon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Dolingo came out of Carnegie Melon
+University and they have some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University and they have some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University and they have some of the
+best sort of learning scientists,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best sort of learning scientists,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best sort of learning scientists,
+learning engineers in the world and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning engineers in the world and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning engineers in the world and one
+of the things I like about them is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things I like about them is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things I like about them is that
+they're they're sort of methodological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're sort of methodological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're sort of methodological
+pluralists. They're like what are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pluralists. They're like what are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pluralists. They're like what are all
+the good ideas and how do we shove them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good ideas and how do we shove them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good ideas and how do we shove them
+all in there? Um so in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in there? Um so in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in there? Um so in some sense
+Dolingo like is very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dolingo like is very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dolingo like is very much
+instructionist. It's like taking big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructionist. It's like taking big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructionist. It's like taking big
+complex things and breaking it down into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex things and breaking it down into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex things and breaking it down into
+small pieces. It'll show you examples,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small pieces. It'll show you examples,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small pieces. It'll show you examples,
+then give you part tax practice and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then give you part tax practice and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then give you part tax practice and all
+those kinds of things. But it also has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those kinds of things. But it also has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those kinds of things. But it also has
+this way of like, well, let's give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way of like, well, let's give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way of like, well, let's give you
+an identity in this environment. Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an identity in this environment. Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an identity in this environment. Let's
+have you build a parasocial relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you build a parasocial relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you build a parasocial relationship
+with an owl. Let's feel like you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an owl. Let's feel like you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an owl. Let's feel like you're
+sitting down with a piano. Let's reward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting down with a piano. Let's reward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting down with a piano. Let's reward
+you. Let's help you go on a journey from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. Let's help you go on a journey from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. Let's help you go on a journey from
+being a newcomer to an old-timer by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a newcomer to an old-timer by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a newcomer to an old-timer by
+having badges and streaks and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having badges and streaks and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having badges and streaks and these
+other sorts of things with it. Kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other sorts of things with it. Kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other sorts of things with it. Kind of a
+nice blend um of uh of those things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice blend um of uh of those things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice blend um of uh of those things.
+Um, you know, um, we've talked a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, you know, um, we've talked a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, you know, um, we've talked a bunch
+in this class about how one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class about how one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class about how one of the
+signature challenges of self-paced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature challenges of self-paced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature challenges of self-paced
+online learning is that people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online learning is that people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online learning is that people are
+typically bad at it. Like people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically bad at it. Like people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically bad at it. Like people
+typically quit. Um, Duolingo has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically quit. Um, Duolingo has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically quit. Um, Duolingo has
+probably been as successful, maybe more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably been as successful, maybe more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably been as successful, maybe more
+successful than any other education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful than any other education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful than any other education
+technology company in building a product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology company in building a product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology company in building a product
+um, that's just super sticky for people.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, that's just super sticky for people.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, that's just super sticky for people.
+Um they they really have put a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um they they really have put a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um they they really have put a lot of
+effort into trying to break down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort into trying to break down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort into trying to break down the
+challenges of self-paced learning. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges of self-paced learning. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges of self-paced learning. Um
+and some you know through these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some you know through these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some you know through these
+gamifications through streaks through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamifications through streaks through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamifications through streaks through
+making it playful through having it feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it playful through having it feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it playful through having it feel
+like it'd be fun through I don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it'd be fun through I don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it'd be fun through I don't have
+have any of you quit tried to quit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any of you quit tried to quit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any of you quit tried to quit
+Dualingo like they send you heranging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dualingo like they send you heranging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dualingo like they send you heranging
+emails when you're not doing it enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emails when you're not doing it enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emails when you're not doing it enough
+and things like that. They've got all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that. They've got all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that. They've got all
+kinds of ways of trying to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of ways of trying to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of ways of trying to sort of
+continuously pull them in there. They're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously pull them in there. They're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously pull them in there. They're
+super scientific about all this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super scientific about all this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super scientific about all this stuff
+too. So, all like I'm sure all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too. So, all like I'm sure all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too. So, all like I'm sure all of those
+emails that you've ever gotten have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emails that you've ever gotten have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emails that you've ever gotten have been
+AB tested a zillion times. Um, all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AB tested a zillion times. Um, all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AB tested a zillion times. Um, all
+different kinds of timing and language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of timing and language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of timing and language
+they use and other things like that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use and other things like that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use and other things like that to
+sort of rope you back in. Um, good. How
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of rope you back in. Um, good. How
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of rope you back in. Um, good. How
+many of you looked around on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you looked around on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you looked around on the
+Minecraft um website? What did you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minecraft um website? What did you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minecraft um website? What did you find
+there, Khalil? Uh, I played like a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there, Khalil? Uh, I played like a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there, Khalil? Uh, I played like a game
+where like they're trying to like teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where like they're trying to like teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where like they're trying to like teach
+kids good game like stuff and it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids good game like stuff and it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids good game like stuff and it's still
+very like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very like
+uh like there's not much to do just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like there's not much to do just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like there's not much to do just like
+go there do that should you feed the dog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go there do that should you feed the dog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go there do that should you feed the dog
+you probably should feed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably should feed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably should feed the
+dog. So it it feel it felt like a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog. So it it feel it felt like a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog. So it it feel it felt like a little
+bit forced in terms of the path that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit forced in terms of the path that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit forced in terms of the path that you
+could take. But after like oh doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take. But after like oh doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take. But after like oh doing
+these chores it it tells you hey you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these chores it it tells you hey you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these chores it it tells you hey you
+have to write this like good game guide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to write this like good game guide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to write this like good game guide
+book book and like oh what's the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book book and like oh what's the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book book and like oh what's the you
+should write like a certain instruction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should write like a certain instruction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should write like a certain instruction.
+Do you want an example? Oh what you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do you want an example? Oh what you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do you want an example? Oh what you did
+today was chores. You should do your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today was chores. You should do your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today was chores. You should do your
+chores before playing games. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chores before playing games. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chores before playing games. And then
+you get to write whatever you want,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to write whatever you want,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to write whatever you want,
+which case they don't really check what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case they don't really check what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case they don't really check what
+you write in there. But after that, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write in there. But after that, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write in there. But after that, you
+get to play like a little game where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to play like a little game where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to play like a little game where you
+shoot balloons, I guess. And then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot balloons, I guess. And then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot balloons, I guess. And then you're
+back into a new day. So it felt a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into a new day. So it felt a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into a new day. So it felt a lot of
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+uh a lot of like let's simulate life in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a lot of like let's simulate life in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a lot of like let's simulate life in
+Minecraft. You have like even you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minecraft. You have like even you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minecraft. You have like even you have
+parents in the game because they named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents in the game because they named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents in the game because they named
+them trusted adults.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them trusted adults.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them trusted adults.
+Uh but yeah, it felt it felt like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh but yeah, it felt it felt like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh but yeah, it felt it felt like a
+little bit too much like constrained in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit too much like constrained in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit too much like constrained in
+terms of what activity you could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of what activity you could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of what activity you could be
+doing and it felt uh like very like very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and it felt uh like very like very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and it felt uh like very like very
+much like clearly instructivist. I mean,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like clearly instructivist. I mean,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like clearly instructivist. I mean,
+I'm very much like an adult, so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm very much like an adult, so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm very much like an adult, so it's not
+like you're not the target audience for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're not the target audience for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're not the target audience for
+this, but I I hypothesize a kid would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, but I I hypothesize a kid would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, but I I hypothesize a kid would
+like recognize. Yeah. They are telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like recognize. Yeah. They are telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like recognize. Yeah. They are telling
+me to do my chores before playing games,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to do my chores before playing games,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to do my chores before playing games,
+but they're just doing it in Minecraft.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're just doing it in Minecraft.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're just doing it in Minecraft.
+Yeah. Yeah. I I think that's I mean to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. I I think that's I mean to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. I I think that's I mean to
+me how many of you are Minecraft players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me how many of you are Minecraft players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me how many of you are Minecraft players
+just like in your regular lives or were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like in your regular lives or were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like in your regular lives or were
+at some point in your you know to me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point in your you know to me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point in your you know to me the
+sort of joy of Minecraft the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of joy of Minecraft the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of joy of Minecraft the thing that
+they discovered was was the you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they discovered was was the you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they discovered was was the you know the
+the the joy of the boundlessness of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the joy of the boundlessness of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the joy of the boundlessness of just
+people inventing their own um missions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people inventing their own um missions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people inventing their own um missions
+and structure and things like that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and structure and things like that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and structure and things like that like
+there's a little bit of the overworld of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit of the overworld of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit of the overworld of
+the game but you know I mean for me it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game but you know I mean for me it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game but you know I mean for me it
+was always like all right I'm in a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was always like all right I'm in a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was always like all right I'm in a new
+world I will need a wizards tower like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world I will need a wizards tower like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world I will need a wizards tower like
+you know I had like a sort of construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I had like a sort of construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I had like a sort of construct
+in my mind of what I should live in um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my mind of what I should live in um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my mind of what I should live in um
+and it was a wizard's tower um And uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was a wizard's tower um And uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was a wizard's tower um And uh um
+you know that just cuts off it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that just cuts off it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that just cuts off it's very
+difficult to conduct educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to conduct educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to conduct educational
+activities which are like everyone go do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities which are like everyone go do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities which are like everyone go do
+whatever you want. I mean usually when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want. I mean usually when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want. I mean usually when
+you have some instructional activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some instructional activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some instructional activity
+you're like let's all do X you know. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're like let's all do X you know. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're like let's all do X you know. Um
+and so to some extent the kind of let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so to some extent the kind of let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so to some extent the kind of let's
+all do go do X is like directly against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all do go do X is like directly against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all do go do X is like directly against
+the fabric of one of the main things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fabric of one of the main things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fabric of one of the main things
+that makes Minecraft so special um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes Minecraft so special um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes Minecraft so special um is
+this open world where you can kind of do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this open world where you can kind of do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this open world where you can kind of do
+anything you want. Um, so there's a sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you want. Um, so there's a sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you want. Um, so there's a sort
+of um those those kinds of tensions show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um those those kinds of tensions show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um those those kinds of tensions show
+up all the time in you know I think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up all the time in you know I think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up all the time in you know I think you
+know could I think m Minecraft is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know could I think m Minecraft is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know could I think m Minecraft is
+incredibly sticky to young people. It is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly sticky to young people. It is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly sticky to young people. It is
+incredibly compelling and so you go oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly compelling and so you go oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly compelling and so you go oh
+maybe we could take this really sticky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we could take this really sticky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we could take this really sticky
+compelling world and have people do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelling world and have people do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelling world and have people do
+learning in it. But as soon as you add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning in it. But as soon as you add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning in it. But as soon as you add
+this dimension of okay you all have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dimension of okay you all have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dimension of okay you all have to
+do X inside my Minecraft world. Um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do X inside my Minecraft world. Um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do X inside my Minecraft world. Um it's
+uh it's often much much less compelling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's often much much less compelling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's often much much less compelling
+for people. you're sort of pull you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people. you're sort of pull you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people. you're sort of pull you're
+sort of taking away one of the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of taking away one of the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of taking away one of the key
+features that made it sticky um in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features that made it sticky um in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features that made it sticky um in the
+first place. Um but even if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place. Um but even if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place. Um but even if you want to
+do that, I think one of the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that, I think one of the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that, I think one of the central
+questions that games pose is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that games pose is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that games pose is
+um if you spend a lot of time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you spend a lot of time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you spend a lot of time in
+Minecraft, are there things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minecraft, are there things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minecraft, are there things that are
+that you're learning that are useful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're learning that are useful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're learning that are useful for
+other things or are you just learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things or are you just learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things or are you just learning
+how to play Minecraft? Um and that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to play Minecraft? Um and that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to play Minecraft? Um and that is a
+very old educational question. It is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very old educational question. It is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very old educational question. It is an
+educational question that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational question that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational question that actually
+somebody we've talked about a bunch. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody we've talked about a bunch. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody we've talked about a bunch. Um
+Edward Thorndikeke was one of the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edward Thorndikeke was one of the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edward Thorndikeke was one of the very
+earliest researchers in um and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest researchers in um and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest researchers in um and it
+relates to a problem that's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates to a problem that's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates to a problem that's called
+transfer. Um to what extent when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer. Um to what extent when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer. Um to what extent when you
+learn something can you take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn something can you take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn something can you take that
+learning and apply it into some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and apply it into some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and apply it into some other
+different kind of context. That is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of context. That is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of context. That is one
+of the most important questions we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most important questions we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most important questions we could
+ask in education. Um the more you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask in education. Um the more you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask in education. Um the more you
+believe that things learned in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that things learned in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that things learned in one
+context will help you do other kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context will help you do other kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context will help you do other kinds of
+things. Um, in some ways it sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. Um, in some ways it sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. Um, in some ways it sort of
+simplifies the education system. Like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifies the education system. Like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifies the education system. Like
+let's just get you to be really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just get you to be really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just get you to be really good
+thinkers in one domain and then you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinkers in one domain and then you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinkers in one domain and then you'll
+be good at all kinds of stuff. The more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be good at all kinds of stuff. The more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be good at all kinds of stuff. The more
+that you believe that things don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you believe that things don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you believe that things don't
+transfer very well, that people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer very well, that people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer very well, that people are
+really only good at doing the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really only good at doing the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really only good at doing the things
+that they're taught how to do, the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're taught how to do, the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're taught how to do, the more
+difficult and complex education become.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult and complex education become.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult and complex education become.
+In Thornikeke's time, um, the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In Thornikeke's time, um, the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In Thornikeke's time, um, the the the
+sort of thorny challenge that he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thorny challenge that he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thorny challenge that he was
+faced with, um, was that people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faced with, um, was that people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faced with, um, was that people were
+still big fans of sort of classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still big fans of sort of classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still big fans of sort of classical
+curriculum, um, teaching people Latin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curriculum, um, teaching people Latin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curriculum, um, teaching people Latin
+and Greek. Um, and the argument that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Greek. Um, and the argument that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Greek. Um, and the argument that was
+out there, um, was that if people got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there, um, was that if people got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there, um, was that if people got
+really good at learning Latin and Greek,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good at learning Latin and Greek,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good at learning Latin and Greek,
+they would learn sort of generically how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would learn sort of generically how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would learn sort of generically how
+to think well. They would learn how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think well. They would learn how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think well. They would learn how to
+think well, how to communicate well. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think well, how to communicate well. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think well, how to communicate well. I
+don't You all are giggling at this. Why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't You all are giggling at this. Why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't You all are giggling at this. Why
+are you giggling at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this? What seems silly about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this? What seems silly about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this? What seems silly about that
+argument?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I mean, learning Latin Greek is first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean, learning Latin Greek is first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean, learning Latin Greek is first of
+all, it seems like kind of elitist and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all, it seems like kind of elitist and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all, it seems like kind of elitist and
+hilarious for that reason, but also it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hilarious for that reason, but also it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hilarious for that reason, but also it's
+like any language or I guess any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like any language or I guess any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like any language or I guess any
+singular task. It's a lot of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular task. It's a lot of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular task. It's a lot of like
+pattern matching. I imagine I'm not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern matching. I imagine I'm not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern matching. I imagine I'm not a
+great language learner, but I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great language learner, but I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great language learner, but I can't
+imagine how you could apply the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine how you could apply the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine how you could apply the same
+underlying like if I just learned a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying like if I just learned a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying like if I just learned a lot
+of Polish, I would be really good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Polish, I would be really good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Polish, I would be really good at
+lots of other kinds of things. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of other kinds of things. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of other kinds of things. It
+doesn't doesn't stick quite well. Good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't doesn't stick quite well. Good.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't doesn't stick quite well. Good.
+Um what are what are things in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um what are what are things in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um what are what are things in our
+current educational system that we tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current educational system that we tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current educational system that we tell
+people if you will if you learn this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people if you will if you learn this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people if you will if you learn this
+thing you'll be good at lots of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you'll be good at lots of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you'll be good at lots of other
+kinds of things?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Math especially higher level stuff. Okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Math especially higher level stuff. Okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Math especially higher level stuff. Okay
+good. So there's there can people think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. So there's there can people think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. So there's there can people think
+of other kinds of things that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other kinds of things that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other kinds of things that have
+claims that are similar to that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Feel like just reading in general people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Feel like just reading in general people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Feel like just reading in general people
+claim like oh like if you can read then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim like oh like if you can read then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim like oh like if you can read then
+you can read anything and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can read anything and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can read anything and then you can
+learn it. Ah good. Okay. So that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn it. Ah good. Okay. So that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn it. Ah good. Okay. So that that
+there's domain independent reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's domain independent reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's domain independent reading
+skills. That's a thing that comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills. That's a thing that comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills. That's a thing that comes out
+there that that we can ask some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that that we can ask some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that that we can ask some more
+about. I could argue that uh like many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. I could argue that uh like many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. I could argue that uh like many
+academic stuff when not relating to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic stuff when not relating to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic stuff when not relating to
+academic stuff gets that claim like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic stuff gets that claim like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic stuff gets that claim like if
+you do this good academic like achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do this good academic like achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do this good academic like achieve
+whatever like learning you will do good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever like learning you will do good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever like learning you will do good
+at nonacademic certain task whether that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at nonacademic certain task whether that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at nonacademic certain task whether that
+be like you know normal dayto-day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like you know normal dayto-day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like you know normal dayto-day
+getting a job or something like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a job or something like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a job or something like that.
+Yep. Yep. Yeah. schools help you with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yep. Yep. Yeah. schools help you with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yep. Yep. Yeah. schools help you with
+other things. Um, chess gets this a lot.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things. Um, chess gets this a lot.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things. Um, chess gets this a lot.
+You know, learn to play chess, you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know, learn to play chess, you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know, learn to play chess, you get
+strategic thinking. Uh, if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic thinking. Uh, if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic thinking. Uh, if you take
+classes, you will be good at the job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes, you will be good at the job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes, you will be good at the job
+that they're teaching you. Yeah. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're teaching you. Yeah. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're teaching you. Yeah. You
+know, my my wife works on the faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, my my wife works on the faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, my my wife works on the faculty
+here um and uh in material science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um and uh in material science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um and uh in material science and
+she had somebody from who did material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she had somebody from who did material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she had somebody from who did material
+science in a in an engineering company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science in a in an engineering company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science in a in an engineering company
+once come and came to a faculty meeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once come and came to a faculty meeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once come and came to a faculty meeting
+and and basically was telling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and basically was telling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and basically was telling the
+faculty like how little she thought of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty like how little she thought of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty like how little she thought of
+the training that they got in in lab.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the training that they got in in lab.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the training that they got in in lab.
+She was like, "Well, I guess it's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+She was like, "Well, I guess it's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+She was like, "Well, I guess it's okay
+if you do a Europe. It's like better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do a Europe. It's like better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do a Europe. It's like better
+than doing lifeguarding for a summer or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than doing lifeguarding for a summer or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than doing lifeguarding for a summer or
+something like that, but it's really not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that, but it's really not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that, but it's really not
+very helpful." Which was funny at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very helpful." Which was funny at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very helpful." Which was funny at the
+time. But the point being that like yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. But the point being that like yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. But the point being that like yeah
+the thing like the things that people do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing like the things that people do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing like the things that people do
+in companies to like actually build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in companies to like actually build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in companies to like actually build
+products are quite different than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products are quite different than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products are quite different than the
+things that happen in academic research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that happen in academic research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that happen in academic research
+labs to imagine these kinds of things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labs to imagine these kinds of things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labs to imagine these kinds of things.
+Um all right here's here are a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um all right here's here are a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um all right here's here are a couple of
+sort of striking examples. Oh um I and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of striking examples. Oh um I and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of striking examples. Oh um I and
+I'll point out this later. I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll point out this later. I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll point out this later. I think
+computer programming gets this. Have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer programming gets this. Have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer programming gets this. Have any
+of you ever heard the phrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you ever heard the phrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you ever heard the phrase
+computational thinking? Um, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational thinking? Um, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational thinking? Um, so
+computational thinking is like roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational thinking is like roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational thinking is like roughly
+the claim that if you teach people how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the claim that if you teach people how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the claim that if you teach people how
+to program computers, they will have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to program computers, they will have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to program computers, they will have a
+bunch of skills that are useful in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of skills that are useful in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of skills that are useful in other
+kinds of domains. Like you'll learn how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of domains. Like you'll learn how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of domains. Like you'll learn how
+to break problems down into smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to break problems down into smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to break problems down into smaller
+problems. You'll learn how to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems. You'll learn how to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems. You'll learn how to think
+through things with algorithms and stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through things with algorithms and stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through things with algorithms and stuff
+like that. It is actually that line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. It is actually that line of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. It is actually that line of
+argument is very similar to the argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument is very similar to the argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument is very similar to the argument
+a century plus ago or a couple centuries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a century plus ago or a couple centuries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a century plus ago or a couple centuries
+ago um that if you learn Latin and Greek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago um that if you learn Latin and Greek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago um that if you learn Latin and Greek
+you will have these domain independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will have these domain independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will have these domain independent
+thinking skills that are good for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking skills that are good for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking skills that are good for
+reasoning and other kinds of domains. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning and other kinds of domains. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning and other kinds of domains. Um
+uh here's a remarkable study that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here's a remarkable study that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here's a remarkable study that a
+colleague of mine did recently that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague of mine did recently that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague of mine did recently that sort
+of illustrates this. He was trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of illustrates this. He was trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of illustrates this. He was trying to
+figure out like how good are people at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out like how good are people at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out like how good are people at
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+differentiating at at sorting truth from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiating at at sorting truth from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiating at at sorting truth from
+fiction online. Um so he shows them two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction online. Um so he shows them two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction online. Um so he shows them two
+websites. One of them is the American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+websites. One of them is the American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+websites. One of them is the American
+Academy of Pediatrics. The other is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Academy of Pediatrics. The other is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Academy of Pediatrics. The other is the
+American College of Pediatricians. Those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American College of Pediatricians. Those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American College of Pediatricians. Those
+sound pretty similar. The websites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound pretty similar. The websites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound pretty similar. The websites
+actually look pretty similar. Um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look pretty similar. Um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look pretty similar. Um the
+American Academy of Pediatrics is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American Academy of Pediatrics is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American Academy of Pediatrics is a
+40,000 member organization that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40,000 member organization that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40,000 member organization that
+represents pediatricians across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents pediatricians across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents pediatricians across the
+United States. Um the American College
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States. Um the American College
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States. Um the American College
+of Pediatricians is like a four, five,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Pediatricians is like a four, five,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Pediatricians is like a four, five,
+600 person splinter group um that split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+600 person splinter group um that split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+600 person splinter group um that split
+off from the American Academy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off from the American Academy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off from the American Academy of
+Pediatricians um in opposition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pediatricians um in opposition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pediatricians um in opposition to
+same-sex adoption. Um so like one is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same-sex adoption. Um so like one is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same-sex adoption. Um so like one is a
+very mainstream group, one is sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very mainstream group, one is sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very mainstream group, one is sort of a
+splinter group. Um professional fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splinter group. Um professional fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splinter group. Um professional fact
+checkers who work in newspapers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkers who work in newspapers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkers who work in newspapers and
+magazines and stuff like that um could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magazines and stuff like that um could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magazines and stuff like that um could
+identify this the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify this the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify this the difference between
+these websites and organizations 100% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these websites and organizations 100% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these websites and organizations 100% of
+the time. Um how well do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time. Um how well do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time. Um how well do you think
+historians did at this professional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historians did at this professional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historians did at this professional
+trained historians did at this who spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained historians did at this who spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained historians did at this who spend
+their entire lives studying how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their entire lives studying how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their entire lives studying how to
+evaluate information and how well do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate information and how well do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate information and how well do you
+think Stanford freshmen do at this task?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Stanford freshmen do at this task?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Stanford freshmen do at this task?
+like saying this group is not the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like saying this group is not the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like saying this group is not the same
+as this other group. Uh yeah, I mean it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this other group. Uh yeah, I mean it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this other group. Uh yeah, I mean it
+was slightly more detailed than I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was slightly more detailed than I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was slightly more detailed than I was
+like which which which which of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like which which which which of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like which which which which of these
+would have like you know better better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have like you know better better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have like you know better better
+substantiated claims but even sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantiated claims but even sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantiated claims but even sort of
+recognizing the difference between them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing the difference between them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing the difference between them.
+Um like even identifying that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um like even identifying that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um like even identifying that the
+American College of Pediatricians is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American College of Pediatricians is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American College of Pediatricians is
+like not the same thing as the American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like not the same thing as the American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like not the same thing as the American
+Academy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Academy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Academy of
+Pediatricians.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pediatricians.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pediatricians.
+Um they do shockingly shockingly poorly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um they do shockingly shockingly poorly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um they do shockingly shockingly poorly.
+Um so 50% of trained award-winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so 50% of trained award-winning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so 50% of trained award-winning
+tenured historians um either wasn't sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenured historians um either wasn't sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenured historians um either wasn't sure
+I I think the question they ask is which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think the question they ask is which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think the question they ask is which
+of these is sort of like a more reliable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these is sort of like a more reliable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these is sort of like a more reliable
+source of information and the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of information and the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of information and the fact
+checkers were like yeah the academy with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkers were like yeah the academy with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkers were like yeah the academy with
+all the people in the mainstream group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the people in the mainstream group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the people in the mainstream group
+and historians about half of them did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and historians about half of them did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and historians about half of them did
+that and actually about 20% of Stanford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and actually about 20% of Stanford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and actually about 20% of Stanford
+freshmen you know people who um got into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freshmen you know people who um got into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freshmen you know people who um got into
+a university with a 3% acceptance rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a university with a 3% acceptance rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a university with a 3% acceptance rate
+or something like that um are fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that um are fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that um are fact
+checkers smarter than historians tenure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkers smarter than historians tenure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkers smarter than historians tenure
+historians or Stanford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historians or Stanford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historians or Stanford
+students like it like it doesn't stand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students like it like it doesn't stand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students like it like it doesn't stand
+to reason that they would have better um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reason that they would have better um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reason that they would have better um
+generic like domain independent thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic like domain independent thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic like domain independent thinking
+skills or critical thinking skills or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills or critical thinking skills or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills or critical thinking skills or
+problem solving something like that. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem solving something like that. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem solving something like that. Um
+a better a better way to think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a better a better way to think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a better a better way to think about it
+is like they must be doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like they must be doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like they must be doing something
+different. Um and and it turned out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different. Um and and it turned out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different. Um and and it turned out that
+when you observe them, they were um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you observe them, they were um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you observe them, they were um that
+when historians and Stanford freshmen go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when historians and Stanford freshmen go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when historians and Stanford freshmen go
+to a website to evaluate the website,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a website to evaluate the website,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a website to evaluate the website,
+they scroll up and down and they look on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they scroll up and down and they look on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they scroll up and down and they look on
+the website for markers of credibility.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the website for markers of credibility.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the website for markers of credibility.
+Um uh you know, does this like is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um uh you know, does this like is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um uh you know, does this like is it
+formatted correctly? Does it seem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formatted correctly? Does it seem to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formatted correctly? Does it seem to be
+from a reputable organization? Is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a reputable organization? Is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a reputable organization? Is it
+aorg.com? Does it have citations? Stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aorg.com? Does it have citations? Stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aorg.com? Does it have citations? Stuff
+like that. The American College of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. The American College of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. The American College of
+Pediatricians has all of those markers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pediatricians has all of those markers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pediatricians has all of those markers
+of credibility. Like the like all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of credibility. Like the like all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of credibility. Like the like all the
+bad guys have lists of how to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad guys have lists of how to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad guys have lists of how to make a
+credible looking website. Um the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credible looking website. Um the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credible looking website. Um the fact
+checkers do something totally different.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkers do something totally different.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkers do something totally different.
+As soon as they go to a website, they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As soon as they go to a website, they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As soon as they go to a website, they
+leave it. Um so they would go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave it. Um so they would go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave it. Um so they would go to the
+American College of Pediatricians and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American College of Pediatricians and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American College of Pediatricians and
+they immediately just Google American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they immediately just Google American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they immediately just Google American
+College of Pediatricians in which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+College of Pediatricians in which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+College of Pediatricians in which you
+very quickly learn, you know, that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly learn, you know, that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly learn, you know, that the
+600 person uh splinter group and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+600 person uh splinter group and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+600 person uh splinter group and and
+those sorts of things. Um and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those sorts of things. Um and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those sorts of things. Um and so the
+idea you know people would like even you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea you know people would like even you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea you know people would like even you
+know the thing which is so striking here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the thing which is so striking here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the thing which is so striking here
+actually the reason why this research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the reason why this research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the reason why this research
+group picked this tenure group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group picked this tenure group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group picked this tenure group of
+historians is they were hoping that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historians is they were hoping that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historians is they were hoping that they
+would be examples of experts. It would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be examples of experts. It would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be examples of experts. It would
+be like they would be like these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like they would be like these people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like they would be like these people
+have trained their entire lives to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have trained their entire lives to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have trained their entire lives to study
+information and to sort truth from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and to sort truth from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and to sort truth from
+fiction in historical documents. And it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction in historical documents. And it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction in historical documents. And it
+turns out spending your entire life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out spending your entire life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out spending your entire life
+learning how to sort truth from fiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning how to sort truth from fiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning how to sort truth from fiction
+in the archives doesn't help you very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the archives doesn't help you very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the archives doesn't help you very
+much. Learning how to sort truth from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much. Learning how to sort truth from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much. Learning how to sort truth from
+fiction to the internet. Um so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction to the internet. Um so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction to the internet. Um so this is
+one of the sort of key ideas of transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the sort of key ideas of transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the sort of key ideas of transfer
+that if you learn how to do something in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you learn how to do something in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you learn how to do something in
+one domain even changing the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one domain even changing the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one domain even changing the context of
+that domain not that much going from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that domain not that much going from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that domain not that much going from
+searching sorting truth for fiction in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching sorting truth for fiction in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching sorting truth for fiction in
+the archives is sufficiently different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the archives is sufficiently different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the archives is sufficiently different
+from sorting truth from fiction online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from sorting truth from fiction online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from sorting truth from fiction online
+um that there's not like a generic set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that there's not like a generic set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that there's not like a generic set
+of critical thinking skills that helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of critical thinking skills that helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of critical thinking skills that helps
+you bridge that. Um if you want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bridge that. Um if you want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bridge that. Um if you want to get
+if you want to get good at sorting truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to get good at sorting truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to get good at sorting truth
+from fiction online you have to learn a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from fiction online you have to learn a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from fiction online you have to learn a
+specific set of skills that are related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific set of skills that are related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific set of skills that are related
+to learning to sort truth from fiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learning to sort truth from fiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learning to sort truth from fiction
+online. Um here's another one of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online. Um here's another one of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online. Um here's another one of uh
+those examples.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those examples.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those examples.
+Um this is a classic experiment that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um this is a classic experiment that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um this is a classic experiment that
+gets replicated in various kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets replicated in various kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets replicated in various kinds of
+ways. In one experiment, third graders,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways. In one experiment, third graders,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways. In one experiment, third graders,
+some identified by a reading test as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some identified by a reading test as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some identified by a reading test as
+good readers, some as poor, were asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good readers, some as poor, were asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good readers, some as poor, were asked
+to read a passage about soccer. The poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read a passage about soccer. The poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read a passage about soccer. The poor
+readers who knew a lot about soccer were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readers who knew a lot about soccer were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readers who knew a lot about soccer were
+three times as likely to make accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times as likely to make accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times as likely to make accurate
+inferences about the passage as the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferences about the passage as the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferences about the passage as the good
+readers who didn't know much about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readers who didn't know much about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readers who didn't know much about the
+game. Current education practices show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. Current education practices show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. Current education practices show
+that reading comprehension is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reading comprehension is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reading comprehension is
+misunderstood. It's treated like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misunderstood. It's treated like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misunderstood. It's treated like a
+general skill that can be applied with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general skill that can be applied with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general skill that can be applied with
+equal success to all texts. Rather,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal success to all texts. Rather,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal success to all texts. Rather,
+comprehension is intimately intertwined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehension is intimately intertwined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehension is intimately intertwined
+with knowledge. So, we we think, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with knowledge. So, we we think, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with knowledge. So, we we think, you
+know, there's ways of measuring like are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, there's ways of measuring like are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, there's ways of measuring like are
+you a good reader or a bad reader. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a good reader or a bad reader. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a good reader or a bad reader. But
+it actually sort of sets aside the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually sort of sets aside the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually sort of sets aside the fact
+that like if you know a bunch of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like if you know a bunch of stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like if you know a bunch of stuff
+about soccer, you're a good soccer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about soccer, you're a good soccer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about soccer, you're a good soccer
+reader. And if you don't know a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reader. And if you don't know a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reader. And if you don't know a lot of
+stuff about soccer, you're a bad soccer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff about soccer, you're a bad soccer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff about soccer, you're a bad soccer
+reader. Um, this is terrible for reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reader. Um, this is terrible for reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reader. Um, this is terrible for reading
+instruction, right? It would be much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction, right? It would be much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction, right? It would be much
+better for the world if we could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better for the world if we could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better for the world if we could just
+make you a good reader. But actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you a good reader. But actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you a good reader. But actually the
+way to be good at reading in a domain is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to be good at reading in a domain is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to be good at reading in a domain is
+to teach you a bunch of facts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to teach you a bunch of facts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to teach you a bunch of facts and
+knowledge and information in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge and information in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge and information in that
+specific domain. Um that in fact like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific domain. Um that in fact like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific domain. Um that in fact like
+the skill of reading doesn't transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the skill of reading doesn't transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the skill of reading doesn't transfer
+that well from reading about soccer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well from reading about soccer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well from reading about soccer to
+reading about softball. Um it's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading about softball. Um it's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading about softball. Um it's not that
+it doesn't transfer at all. Um but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't transfer at all. Um but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't transfer at all. Um but you
+know and also being able to read well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and also being able to read well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and also being able to read well
+about soccer is sort of more like being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about soccer is sort of more like being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about soccer is sort of more like being
+able to read well about soft well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to read well about soft well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to read well about soft well you
+know softball and less likely you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know softball and less likely you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know softball and less likely you know
+sort of less related to being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of less related to being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of less related to being able to
+read well about restaurants or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read well about restaurants or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read well about restaurants or something
+like that. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. Um
+uh this this is my way of making fun of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this this is my way of making fun of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this this is my way of making fun of
+the claim that computer science taught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the claim that computer science taught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the claim that computer science taught
+me to break down problems into pieces.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to break down problems into pieces.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to break down problems into pieces.
+This is sort of a classic kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is sort of a classic kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is sort of a classic kind of
+computational thinking argument that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational thinking argument that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational thinking argument that if
+you if you teach if you teach someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you teach if you teach someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you teach if you teach someone
+computer science they'll be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science they'll be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science they'll be able to
+break down problems into pieces. um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break down problems into pieces. um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break down problems into pieces. um you
+know like so here's an AP literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like so here's an AP literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like so here's an AP literature
+question like before using computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question like before using computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question like before using computer
+science I answered this with one long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science I answered this with one long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science I answered this with one long
+sentence but now I use paragraphs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence but now I use paragraphs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence but now I use paragraphs to
+break up my arguments into pieces no of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break up my arguments into pieces no of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break up my arguments into pieces no of
+course like from the very beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course like from the very beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course like from the very beginning of
+you learning how to write you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learning how to write you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learning how to write you were
+taught to break down problems into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught to break down problems into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught to break down problems into
+pieces like that's what writing is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces like that's what writing is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces like that's what writing is you
+break big ideas into paragraphs you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break big ideas into paragraphs you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break big ideas into paragraphs you
+break paragraphs into sentences you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break paragraphs into sentences you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break paragraphs into sentences you make
+sentences into phrases you've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences into phrases you've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences into phrases you've been
+taught forever how to break ideas down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught forever how to break ideas down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught forever how to break ideas down
+into pieces but turning you know written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into pieces but turning you know written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into pieces but turning you know written
+words into breaking them down into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words into breaking them down into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words into breaking them down into
+pieces doesn't really help you at all in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces doesn't really help you at all in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces doesn't really help you at all in
+taking computer programming problems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking computer programming problems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking computer programming problems and
+breaking them down into pieces. Um, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking them down into pieces. Um, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking them down into pieces. Um, you
+know, before studying computer science,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, before studying computer science,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, before studying computer science,
+I wrote one equation to solve all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wrote one equation to solve all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wrote one equation to solve all these
+problems, but now I break problems down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems, but now I break problems down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems, but now I break problems down
+into pieces. Um yeah, I could speak like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into pieces. Um yeah, I could speak like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into pieces. Um yeah, I could speak like
+a little on that and from like firsthand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little on that and from like firsthand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little on that and from like firsthand
+experience like I've done like computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience like I've done like computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience like I've done like computer
+science like problem solving very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science like problem solving very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science like problem solving very much
+since like middle school and in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since like middle school and in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since like middle school and in terms of
+domain knowledge like I don't when I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain knowledge like I don't when I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain knowledge like I don't when I'm
+encounter with a different domain I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter with a different domain I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter with a different domain I
+don't know where to even cut the pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know where to even cut the pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know where to even cut the pieces
+for the problem there are sure I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the problem there are sure I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the problem there are sure I want to
+do that but where I don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that but where I don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that but where I don't know what
+where to cut it into smaller pieces this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where to cut it into smaller pieces this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where to cut it into smaller pieces this
+is something I have to acquire just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something I have to acquire just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something I have to acquire just like
+anyone else. Yeah, that is the domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone else. Yeah, that is the domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone else. Yeah, that is the domain
+specific knowledge that you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific knowledge that you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific knowledge that you need to
+acquire in that particular domain to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquire in that particular domain to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquire in that particular domain to
+know what break I mean it it is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what break I mean it it is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what break I mean it it is probably
+slightly useful to have the intuition um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly useful to have the intuition um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly useful to have the intuition um
+hey bigger problems can be broken down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey bigger problems can be broken down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey bigger problems can be broken down
+into smaller problems like that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into smaller problems like that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into smaller problems like that's
+probably a little bit helpful in a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a little bit helpful in a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a little bit helpful in a lot
+of cases but I like the way that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cases but I like the way that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cases but I like the way that you
+phrase that if you don't know anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase that if you don't know anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase that if you don't know anything
+about the domain you don't know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the domain you don't know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the domain you don't know what the
+sort of relevant division points for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of relevant division points for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of relevant division points for
+breaking something into pieces are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking something into pieces are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking something into pieces are
+um uh that one of the first people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh that one of the first people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh that one of the first people to
+study this was uh Edward Thorndikeke I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study this was uh Edward Thorndikeke I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study this was uh Edward Thorndikeke I
+was just rereading meeting today one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just rereading meeting today one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just rereading meeting today one of
+the studies that he did which was um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the studies that he did which was um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the studies that he did which was um to
+uh have people be really good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have people be really good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have people be really good at
+estimating the size of rectangles. So he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating the size of rectangles. So he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating the size of rectangles. So he
+would cut rectangles on pieces of paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would cut rectangles on pieces of paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would cut rectangles on pieces of paper
+and have people look at rectangles,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have people look at rectangles,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have people look at rectangles,
+estimate their area, give them some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate their area, give them some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate their area, give them some
+feedback and you can actually get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback and you can actually get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback and you can actually get you
+know there was a hundred different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there was a hundred different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there was a hundred different
+rectangles of different sizes and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangles of different sizes and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangles of different sizes and you
+found pretty quickly you can get people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found pretty quickly you can get people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found pretty quickly you can get people
+better at estimating rectangles. Um then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better at estimating rectangles. Um then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better at estimating rectangles. Um then
+he would give them piles of circles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he would give them piles of circles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he would give them piles of circles and
+triangles and rhombuses and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles and rhombuses and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles and rhombuses and things like
+that and they're no better at estimating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and they're no better at estimating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and they're no better at estimating
+the size of circles and triangles having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of circles and triangles having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of circles and triangles having
+studied how to estimate um rectangles.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied how to estimate um rectangles.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied how to estimate um rectangles.
+Again, um there are all kinds of studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again, um there are all kinds of studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again, um there are all kinds of studies
+that are done like this. A lot a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are done like this. A lot a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are done like this. A lot a sort of
+wave recently being uh um you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave recently being uh um you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave recently being uh um you know,
+studies that disprove that there's any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies that disprove that there's any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies that disprove that there's any
+relationship between chess knowledge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between chess knowledge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between chess knowledge and
+academic outcomes between or chess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic outcomes between or chess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic outcomes between or chess
+proficiency and academic outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proficiency and academic outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proficiency and academic outcomes
+between music knowledge and academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between music knowledge and academic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between music knowledge and academic
+outcomes. Um these things are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes. Um these things are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes. Um these things are sort of
+much more separate than we might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more separate than we might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more separate than we might have
+hoped. Uh about the reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoped. Uh about the reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoped. Uh about the reading
+comprehension thing. Yeah. Do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehension thing. Yeah. Do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehension thing. Yeah. Do the
+standardized tests like ACT or ACT take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized tests like ACT or ACT take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized tests like ACT or ACT take
+that into an account or they don't? It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into an account or they don't? It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into an account or they don't? It's
+a it's a hu it's a huge problem. Um so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's a hu it's a huge problem. Um so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's a hu it's a huge problem. Um so I
+mean in a sense they here's how they try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean in a sense they here's how they try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean in a sense they here's how they try
+to take it into account is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take it into account is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take it into account is
+they try to indicate to educators what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they try to indicate to educators what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they try to indicate to educators what
+are the domains of knowledge that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the domains of knowledge that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the domains of knowledge that will
+be sampled by the SAT um and have people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sampled by the SAT um and have people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sampled by the SAT um and have people
+read things that are related to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read things that are related to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read things that are related to those
+domains of knowledge. Um, one of the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains of knowledge. Um, one of the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains of knowledge. Um, one of the one
+of the knocks about particularly early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the knocks about particularly early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the knocks about particularly early
+standardized tests. I think standardized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized tests. I think standardized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized tests. I think standardized
+testing companies have done better about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing companies have done better about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing companies have done better about
+these kinds of things. Um, is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of things. Um, is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of things. Um, is you know
+there would be there would be all kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be there would be all kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be there would be all kinds
+of questions that are about like or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of questions that are about like or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of questions that are about like or you
+know where where the examples take place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where where the examples take place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where where the examples take place
+in a country club or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a country club or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a country club or something like
+that. Um, you know, and in 75 years or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Um, you know, and in 75 years or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Um, you know, and in 75 years or
+whatever, maybe it would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever, maybe it would have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever, maybe it would have been
+pretty likely that just about everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty likely that just about everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty likely that just about everybody
+who's applying to college knows what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's applying to college knows what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's applying to college knows what a
+country club is. Um, but there are tons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country club is. Um, but there are tons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country club is. Um, but there are tons
+of Americans who have no idea what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Americans who have no idea what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Americans who have no idea what a
+country club is. Um, and so you know, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country club is. Um, and so you know, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country club is. Um, and so you know, if
+you if you treat reading as a domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you treat reading as a domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you treat reading as a domain
+independent entity where everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent entity where everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent entity where everybody
+should be able to like recognize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to like recognize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to like recognize the
+words country club and then process the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words country club and then process the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words country club and then process the
+rest of the sentence, then that seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the sentence, then that seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the sentence, then that seems
+fair. But it is the more you realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair. But it is the more you realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair. But it is the more you realize
+like no, knowing something about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like no, knowing something about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like no, knowing something about a
+country club gives you an advantage on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country club gives you an advantage on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country club gives you an advantage on
+questions that are about country clubs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that are about country clubs.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that are about country clubs.
+Um, then you know, and I think we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, then you know, and I think we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, then you know, and I think we could
+all agree that like knowing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all agree that like knowing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all agree that like knowing about
+country clubs is not something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country clubs is not something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country clubs is not something that's
+particularly important to going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly important to going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly important to going to
+college or advancing higher education or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college or advancing higher education or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college or advancing higher education or
+other things like that. then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things like that. then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things like that. then you're
+like, "Oh, that is kind of unfair." Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, "Oh, that is kind of unfair." Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, "Oh, that is kind of unfair." Um,
+so I think there's more recognition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think there's more recognition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think there's more recognition of
+those things over time. Of course, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things over time. Of course, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things over time. Of course, you
+have the opposite problem, which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the opposite problem, which is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the opposite problem, which is that
+the more you tell people exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more you tell people exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more you tell people exactly what
+the domains are that might be tested,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the domains are that might be tested,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the domains are that might be tested,
+um, the more you have people like just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, the more you have people like just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, the more you have people like just
+studying and practicing those domains.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying and practicing those domains.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying and practicing those domains.
+And that's not like exactly the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's not like exactly the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's not like exactly the point of
+these testing systems either. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these testing systems either. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these testing systems either. Um,
+ideally, ideally, they would sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally, ideally, they would sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally, ideally, they would sort of
+give us some kind of indication of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us some kind of indication of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us some kind of indication of
+people's proficiency like in a wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's proficiency like in a wide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's proficiency like in a wide
+range of things that might help them be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of things that might help them be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of things that might help them be
+good at college, but it's a it's a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at college, but it's a it's a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at college, but it's a it's a real
+problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem.
+I've heard that like SAT kind of changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've heard that like SAT kind of changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've heard that like SAT kind of changed
+their argument a little bit or like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their argument a little bit or like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their argument a little bit or like the
+way they phrase it into like it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they phrase it into like it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they phrase it into like it's not
+that the test matters at all. They like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the test matters at all. They like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the test matters at all. They like
+the argument now like is more leaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the argument now like is more leaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the argument now like is more leaning
+towards like their performance on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards like their performance on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards like their performance on the
+test indicates the students ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test indicates the students ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test indicates the students ability to
+prepare for the test. Even though the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare for the test. Even though the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare for the test. Even though the
+test is meaningless, the ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test is meaningless, the ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test is meaningless, the ability to
+prepare for the test is what's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare for the test is what's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare for the test is what's being
+tested. And that's correlated well with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested. And that's correlated well with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested. And that's correlated well with
+other kind of things which is not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kind of things which is not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kind of things which is not like
+completely outrageous to say like like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely outrageous to say like like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely outrageous to say like like I
+give you like a completely stupid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you like a completely stupid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you like a completely stupid
+subject no one heard of and tell you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject no one heard of and tell you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject no one heard of and tell you to
+prepare for it. The people who better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare for it. The people who better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare for it. The people who better
+prepare for it are probably better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare for it are probably better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare for it are probably better
+studyers who will perform better at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studyers who will perform better at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studyers who will perform better at
+college where you will also do kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college where you will also do kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college where you will also do kind of
+that study but it's not perfect and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that study but it's not perfect and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that study but it's not perfect and it
+will lead to like disproportionate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will lead to like disproportionate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will lead to like disproportionate
+outcomes when like these people who do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes when like these people who do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes when like these people who do
+not fit into the ne like nice like line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not fit into the ne like nice like line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not fit into the ne like nice like line
+where the like standard fats go. I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the like standard fats go. I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the like standard fats go. I I
+think that's right. I think the I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's right. I think the I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's right. I think the I think
+an early early rhetoric of testing would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an early early rhetoric of testing would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an early early rhetoric of testing would
+have been something along the lines of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been something along the lines of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been something along the lines of
+like intelligence is uh is a is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like intelligence is uh is a is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like intelligence is uh is a is a
+universal human quality. We can design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal human quality. We can design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal human quality. We can design
+tests that's not culturally specific. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests that's not culturally specific. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests that's not culturally specific. We
+can design tests that measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can design tests that measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can design tests that measure
+intelligence and using these accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence and using these accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence and using these accurate
+tests that me measure intelligence, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests that me measure intelligence, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests that me measure intelligence, we
+can find the most intelligent people um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find the most intelligent people um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find the most intelligent people um
+and then we can send them into college.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can send them into college.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can send them into college.
+As soon as you recognize that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As soon as you recognize that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As soon as you recognize that some
+degree of intelligence tests are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of intelligence tests are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of intelligence tests are
+culturally biased because of all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culturally biased because of all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culturally biased because of all these
+sort of transfer problems that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of transfer problems that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of transfer problems that we've
+just been talking about um that uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just been talking about um that uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just been talking about um that uh you
+know um if you if you have a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um if you if you have a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um if you if you have a bunch of
+questions you know about ranching um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions you know about ranching um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions you know about ranching um
+then you then you benefit uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you then you benefit uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you then you benefit uh you know
+young people who are in rural states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young people who are in rural states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young people who are in rural states
+where there's a lot of ranching going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's a lot of ranching going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's a lot of ranching going on
+but like you know what does that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like you know what does that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like you know what does that have
+you know that's sort of the equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's sort of the equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's sort of the equivalent
+of the country club kind of thing. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the country club kind of thing. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the country club kind of thing. Um
+and then the you know the other argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the you know the other argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the you know the other argument
+for them is that uh they are pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them is that uh they are pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them is that uh they are pretty
+good. You know there are correlations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. You know there are correlations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. You know there are correlations
+between people's success on these tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between people's success on these tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between people's success on these tests
+and their later success in college. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their later success in college. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their later success in college. It's
+not a perfect correlation. Um but it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a perfect correlation. Um but it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a perfect correlation. Um but it is
+one indicator that you you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one indicator that you you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one indicator that you you know if
+someone is struggling to do well on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone is struggling to do well on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone is struggling to do well on
+these tests. There's good there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tests. There's good there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tests. There's good there's
+reasonable reasons to believe that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable reasons to believe that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable reasons to believe that they
+might struggle to do well in college
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might struggle to do well in college
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might struggle to do well in college
+settings and so forth. Um anyway, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings and so forth. Um anyway, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings and so forth. Um anyway, you
+can imagine t you know um unraveling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine t you know um unraveling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine t you know um unraveling
+this kind of question has huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of question has huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of question has huge
+implications for how valuable it is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications for how valuable it is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications for how valuable it is for
+kids to spend zillions of hours on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids to spend zillions of hours on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids to spend zillions of hours on
+Minecraft. So when kids play when kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minecraft. So when kids play when kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minecraft. So when kids play when kids
+play zillions of hours on Minecraft,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play zillions of hours on Minecraft,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play zillions of hours on Minecraft,
+they learn a ton. Um you know, they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they learn a ton. Um you know, they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they learn a ton. Um you know, they
+learn um uh how to collaborate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn um uh how to collaborate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn um uh how to collaborate with
+other people. They learn how to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people. They learn how to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people. They learn how to find
+information on the internet. You know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on the internet. You know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on the internet. You know,
+the the Minecraft, a little bit like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Minecraft, a little bit like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Minecraft, a little bit like the
+logical journey of the Zooinis, has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical journey of the Zooinis, has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical journey of the Zooinis, has no
+instructions on the screen. Um, you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions on the screen. Um, you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions on the screen. Um, you have
+to go to wikis, you have to watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to wikis, you have to watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to wikis, you have to watch
+playthrough videos, you have to do other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playthrough videos, you have to do other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playthrough videos, you have to do other
+kinds of exercises to like figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of exercises to like figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of exercises to like figure out
+how to engage in Minecraft. And some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to engage in Minecraft. And some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to engage in Minecraft. And some of
+those things seem like domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things seem like domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things seem like domain
+independent sorts of skills, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent sorts of skills, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent sorts of skills, you know,
+how to find information from other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to find information from other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to find information from other
+places, how to set goals, how to pursue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places, how to set goals, how to pursue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places, how to set goals, how to pursue
+those goals, um, other kinds of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those goals, um, other kinds of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those goals, um, other kinds of things
+like that. Um but a but an enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. Um but a but an enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. Um but a but an enormous
+question about the value of playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about the value of playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about the value of playing
+games like that is something like well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games like that is something like well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games like that is something like well
+um like if you know how to do all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like if you know how to do all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like if you know how to do all that
+in Minecraft, does it help you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Minecraft, does it help you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Minecraft, does it help you do that
+somewhere else? Um there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else? Um there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else? Um there's a lot of
+educational psychology research that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational psychology research that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational psychology research that
+suggests that transfer is really hard um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests that transfer is really hard um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests that transfer is really hard um
+that when you learn things in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you learn things in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you learn things in one
+domain, people are not that good um at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain, people are not that good um at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain, people are not that good um at
+uh at passing it to another domain. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at passing it to another domain. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at passing it to another domain. Um
+to me there are sort of two contrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me there are sort of two contrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me there are sort of two contrary
+arguments to that. Um, this is sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments to that. Um, this is sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments to that. Um, this is sort of a
+joking way of putting it, but like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joking way of putting it, but like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joking way of putting it, but like I
+think one of the best arguments against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think one of the best arguments against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think one of the best arguments against
+humans ability, one of the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans ability, one of the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans ability, one of the best
+arguments in favor of humans ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments in favor of humans ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments in favor of humans ability to
+transfer learning is civilization. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer learning is civilization. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer learning is civilization. Um,
+like it's pretty hard to imagine how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's pretty hard to imagine how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's pretty hard to imagine how you
+would develop civilization if pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would develop civilization if pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would develop civilization if pretty
+people weren't pretty good at like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people weren't pretty good at like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people weren't pretty good at like
+learning some things and then applying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning some things and then applying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning some things and then applying
+them to new kinds of tasks. Um, uh, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to new kinds of tasks. Um, uh, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to new kinds of tasks. Um, uh, so
+so a sort of a theme of counterargument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a sort of a theme of counterargument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a sort of a theme of counterargument
+is that basically like educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that basically like educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that basically like educational
+researchers are not good at detecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers are not good at detecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers are not good at detecting
+and observing transfer. We're not good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and observing transfer. We're not good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and observing transfer. We're not good
+at at conducting studies that measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at conducting studies that measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at conducting studies that measure
+people's abilities to take things from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's abilities to take things from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's abilities to take things from
+one domain um and put them to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one domain um and put them to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one domain um and put them to another
+domain. If you listen to that podcast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain. If you listen to that podcast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain. If you listen to that podcast
+episode with Constance Steiner, who's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode with Constance Steiner, who's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode with Constance Steiner, who's a
+huge advocate of uh the benefits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge advocate of uh the benefits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge advocate of uh the benefits of
+games for learning, you'll hear her make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games for learning, you'll hear her make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games for learning, you'll hear her make
+an argument sort of along those lines,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an argument sort of along those lines,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an argument sort of along those lines,
+which is like, come on, Justin, like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like, come on, Justin, like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like, come on, Justin, like if
+you get really good at doing cool stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get really good at doing cool stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get really good at doing cool stuff
+in Minecraft, like that will help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Minecraft, like that will help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Minecraft, like that will help you
+with other things that you're doing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with other things that you're doing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with other things that you're doing in
+life. Not that different from what Dana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life. Not that different from what Dana
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life. Not that different from what Dana
+said at the beginning of the class about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said at the beginning of the class about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said at the beginning of the class about
+the things you learn playing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things you learn playing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things you learn playing in the
+resistance, you know? Like I can learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance, you know? Like I can learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance, you know? Like I can learn
+how, you know, I learned how to keep a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how, you know, I learned how to keep a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how, you know, I learned how to keep a
+poker face there and now I can keep a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker face there and now I can keep a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker face there and now I can keep a
+poker face in other kinds of places. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker face in other kinds of places. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker face in other kinds of places. Um,
+so unanswered questions to be sure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so unanswered questions to be sure.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so unanswered questions to be sure.
+Good. Um, 2:25, you all should have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good. Um, 2:25, you all should have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good. Um, 2:25, you all should have a
+wonderful spring break. Um, you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful spring break. Um, you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful spring break. Um, you should
+come, there's a little bit of reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come, there's a little bit of reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come, there's a little bit of reading
+that you have to do, but mostly you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to do, but mostly you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to do, but mostly you
+should come with a draft. Um, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should come with a draft. Um, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should come with a draft. Um, the
+strongest draft that you can put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongest draft that you can put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongest draft that you can put
+together for paper two on Monday. Um, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together for paper two on Monday. Um, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together for paper two on Monday. Um, a
+week from Monday, and we'll have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week from Monday, and we'll have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week from Monday, and we'll have a
+chance to do some peer editing in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to do some peer editing in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to do some peer editing in that
+class. Um, and we're going to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class. Um, and we're going to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class. Um, and we're going to sort of
+shift from genres of learning at scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift from genres of learning at scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift from genres of learning at scale
+to the as yet intractable dilemmas in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the as yet intractable dilemmas in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the as yet intractable dilemmas in
+the second half of failure to disrupt.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/y_CA5btuoQk.txt b/y_CA5btuoQk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2126a3cdef67763edbfbb5297ff0dd4629d21318
--- /dev/null
+++ b/y_CA5btuoQk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1960 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hi, welcome back to recitation. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi, welcome back to recitation. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi, welcome back to recitation. In
+lecture, Professor Miller did a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture, Professor Miller did a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture, Professor Miller did a bunch of
+examples of integrals involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of integrals involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of integrals involving
+trigonometric functions. So, I thought I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonometric functions. So, I thought I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonometric functions. So, I thought I
+would give you a couple more well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give you a couple more well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give you a couple more well I
+guess three more examples uh of some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess three more examples uh of some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess three more examples uh of some of
+them are a little different flavor than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are a little different flavor than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are a little different flavor than
+the ones he did, but but some nice nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones he did, but but some nice nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones he did, but but some nice nice
+examples of some integrals you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of some integrals you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of some integrals you can
+compute. Now, um, one one thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute. Now, um, one one thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute. Now, um, one one thing you
+might need for them, um, is you you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might need for them, um, is you you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might need for them, um, is you you're
+going to have to remember some of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to remember some of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to remember some of your
+trig identities just just like, uh, just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trig identities just just like, uh, just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trig identities just just like, uh, just
+like you had to remember some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you had to remember some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you had to remember some of them
+last time. So, in particular, one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time. So, in particular, one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time. So, in particular, one
+identity that you might you need today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity that you might you need today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity that you might you need today
+that you didn't need in lecture was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you didn't need in lecture was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you didn't need in lecture was the
+was the angle sum identity for cosine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the angle sum identity for cosine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the angle sum identity for cosine.
+So, let me just remind you what that is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, let me just remind you what that is.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, let me just remind you what that is.
+It says the cosine of a + b is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It says the cosine of a + b is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It says the cosine of a + b is equal to
+cossine a cosine b minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cossine a cosine b minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cossine a cosine b minus
+sin a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin a
+sin b. So you're going to need that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin b. So you're going to need that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin b. So you're going to need that
+formula to compute one of these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula to compute one of these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula to compute one of these three
+integrals. Um so why don't you pause the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals. Um so why don't you pause the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals. Um so why don't you pause the
+video, take some time to to work these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video, take some time to to work these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video, take some time to to work these
+out. Come back, you can check your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. Come back, you can check your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. Come back, you can check your
+answers against my work.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hopefully you had some some fun and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hopefully you had some some fun and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hopefully you had some some fun and some
+luck working on these these integrals.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck working on these these integrals.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck working on these these integrals.
+Let's uh let's have a go at them. Um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's uh let's have a go at them. Um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's uh let's have a go at them. Um the
+first integral is sin cub x secant^ 2 x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first integral is sin cub x secant^ 2 x.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first integral is sin cub x secant^ 2 x.
+So I don't think that professor Miller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I don't think that professor Miller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I don't think that professor Miller
+did any uh integrals that involved the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did any uh integrals that involved the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did any uh integrals that involved the
+the secant function. But one thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the secant function. But one thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the secant function. But one thing to
+remember is that the secant function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember is that the secant function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember is that the secant function is
+very closely related to the cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very closely related to the cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very closely related to the cosine
+function. That's just cosine to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. That's just cosine to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. That's just cosine to the
+minus one. Um so sorry by that I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one. Um so sorry by that I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one. Um so sorry by that I mean
+one over cosine not the arc cosine. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over cosine not the arc cosine. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over cosine not the arc cosine. Um
+so so in order to uh so so we can view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so in order to uh so so we can view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so in order to uh so so we can view
+this this first integral here as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this first integral here as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this first integral here as an
+integral of a power of s times a power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of a power of s times a power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of a power of s times a power
+of cosine just like the ones you had in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cosine just like the ones you had in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cosine just like the ones you had in
+lecture. So this we can write this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture. So this we can write this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture. So this we can write this as
+sin cub of x * I'm going to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin cub of x * I'm going to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin cub of x * I'm going to write
+cossine x to the minus 2 dx. And here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cossine x to the minus 2 dx. And here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cossine x to the minus 2 dx. And here we
+see this is a nice example where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this is a nice example where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this is a nice example where the
+sign occurs with an odd power. So when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign occurs with an odd power. So when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign occurs with an odd power. So when
+the sign occurs with an odd power, life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sign occurs with an odd power, life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sign occurs with an odd power, life
+is or or when one of them at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is or or when one of them at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is or or when one of them at least
+occurs with an odd power, life is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs with an odd power, life is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs with an odd power, life is
+relatively simple. And what we do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively simple. And what we do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively simple. And what we do is
+just what we did in lecture which is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what we did in lecture which is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what we did in lecture which is we
+we break it up so that we just have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we break it up so that we just have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we break it up so that we just have one
+instance of the one that occurs to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance of the one that occurs to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance of the one that occurs to an
+odd power and then a bunch of powers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd power and then a bunch of powers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd power and then a bunch of powers of
+of the other one. So in this case we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other one. So in this case we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other one. So in this case we
+have sign to an odd power. So we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sign to an odd power. So we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sign to an odd power. So we want to
+pull out all the all the even you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull out all the all the even you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull out all the all the even you know
+all the extra multiples. So in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the extra multiples. So in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the extra multiples. So in this case
+we have s time sin^ squar um so we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have s time sin^ squar um so we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have s time sin^ squar um so we take
+all those sin squares and we convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those sin squares and we convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those sin squares and we convert
+them into into 1 - cosine^ squ. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into into 1 - cosine^ squ. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into into 1 - cosine^ squ. So this
+is going to be equal to the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be equal to the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be equal to the integral
+of sinx times well time sin^ 2 x which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sinx times well time sin^ 2 x which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sinx times well time sin^ 2 x which
+is 1 - cosine^ 2 x time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 - cosine^ 2 x time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 - cosine^ 2 x time
+cossine x^ the - 2 power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cossine x^ the - 2 power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cossine x^ the - 2 power
+dx. And now you you take all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx. And now you you take all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx. And now you you take all these
+cosiness and you multiply them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosiness and you multiply them together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosiness and you multiply them together
+and you see what you've got. Um so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see what you've got. Um so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see what you've got. Um so in
+this case that's equal to the integral.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case that's equal to the integral.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case that's equal to the integral.
+Okay so 1 * cosine to the minus 2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so 1 * cosine to the minus 2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so 1 * cosine to the minus 2 is
+just cosine to the minus 2. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just cosine to the minus 2. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just cosine to the minus 2. So this
+first term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term is
+cossine x^ theus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cossine x^ theus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cossine x^ theus 2
+sinx and then minus okay we have cosine^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinx and then minus okay we have cosine^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinx and then minus okay we have cosine^
+2* cosine to the - 2. So that one's even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2* cosine to the - 2. So that one's even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2* cosine to the - 2. So that one's even
+simpler. That's just minus sinx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler. That's just minus sinx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler. That's just minus sinx
+dx. So at this point if you like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx. So at this point if you like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx. So at this point if you like you
+could do the sub you could do a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do the sub you could do a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do the sub you could do a a
+substitution of a trigonometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution of a trigonometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution of a trigonometric
+function. You could set u equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. You could set u equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. You could set u equal to
+cossine x. All right. So what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cossine x. All right. So what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cossine x. All right. So what's going to
+happen if you set u equal to cosine x?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen if you set u equal to cosine x?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen if you set u equal to cosine x?
+Well, du is going to be sin or minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, du is going to be sin or minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, du is going to be sin or minus
+sinx dx. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinx dx. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinx dx. And so
+each of these have exactly one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these have exactly one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these have exactly one
+appearance of sin x in them. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearance of sin x in them. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearance of sin x in them. So this
+would become so if we set u equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cossine x. So as I said du= minus s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cossine x. So as I said du= minus s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cossine x. So as I said du= minus s
+x dx because each of these have have a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x dx because each of these have have a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x dx because each of these have have a a
+sinx dx in them that's going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinx dx in them that's going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinx dx in them that's going to get
+clumped into the du and the cosiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clumped into the du and the cosiness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clumped into the du and the cosiness
+will just get replaced with u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just get replaced with u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just get replaced with u
+everywhere. So I'm going to take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere. So I'm going to take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere. So I'm going to take this
+over over here so I have a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over over here so I have a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over over here so I have a little more
+space. So this is becomes the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. So this is becomes the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. So this is becomes the integral
+of u to the minus 2 I guess it's minus u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of u to the minus 2 I guess it's minus u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of u to the minus 2 I guess it's minus u
+to the minus2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus2
+plus 1 du that minus sinx become is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 du that minus sinx become is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 du that minus sinx become is just
+is just exactly equal to du um okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just exactly equal to du um okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just exactly equal to du um okay and
+now this this is easy to finish from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this this is easy to finish from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this this is easy to finish from
+here this is equal to well okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is equal to well okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is equal to well okay so
+minus2 so we have to go up one to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus2 so we have to go up one to minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus2 so we have to go up one to minus
+one so that's just U to the -1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so that's just U to the -1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so that's just U to the -1
++ 1 gives us a U plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 1 gives us a U plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 1 gives us a U plus
+a constant and then of course we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant and then of course we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant and then of course we have to
+we have to substitute back in. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to substitute back in. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to substitute back in. So this
+is u is cosine x. So u to the -1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is u is cosine x. So u to the -1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is u is cosine x. So u to the -1 is
+secant x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secant x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secant x
+plus cossine x plus a constant. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus cossine x plus a constant. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus cossine x plus a constant. So
+that's the first one. Um for the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the first one. Um for the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the first one. Um for the second
+one sinx cosine of 2x let me um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sinx cosine of 2x let me um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sinx cosine of 2x let me um we
+actually have so so we have a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have so so we have a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have so so we have a slightly
+more complicated situation here because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated situation here because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated situation here because
+the the cosine 2x is no longer it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the cosine 2x is no longer it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the cosine 2x is no longer it's not
+just a trigonometric function of x alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a trigonometric function of x alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a trigonometric function of x alone
+it's a trigonometric function of 2x. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a trigonometric function of 2x. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a trigonometric function of 2x. So
+in order to to do the sorts of things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to to do the sorts of things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to to do the sorts of things we
+did in lecture, what you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did in lecture, what you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did in lecture, what you're going to
+have to do is you're going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do is you're going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do is you're going to have to
+expand this out in terms of just sinx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand this out in terms of just sinx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand this out in terms of just sinx
+and cosine x rather than cosine of 2x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cosine x rather than cosine of 2x.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cosine x rather than cosine of 2x.
+So in order to do that, you just need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in order to do that, you just need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in order to do that, you just need to
+remember your double angle formula. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember your double angle formula. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember your double angle formula. Now
+if you don't remember your double angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't remember your double angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't remember your double angle
+formulas, one way you can remember them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas, one way you can remember them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas, one way you can remember them
+is remember the angle sum formula and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is remember the angle sum formula and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is remember the angle sum formula and
+and apply it with a and b both equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and apply it with a and b both equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and apply it with a and b both equal to
+x um if you like. But or you could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x um if you like. But or you could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x um if you like. But or you could just
+remember your your double angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember your your double angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember your your double angle
+formulas. So let's go over here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas. So let's go over here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas. So let's go over here.
+And so in this case we have the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so in this case we have the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so in this case we have the integral
+of sinx times well cosine 2x. So there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sinx times well cosine 2x. So there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sinx times well cosine 2x. So there
+there are actually right there there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are actually right there there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are actually right there there are
+several different ways you can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several different ways you can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several different ways you can write
+cosine 2x. So one way you can write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine 2x. So one way you can write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine 2x. So one way you can write it
+is cosine^ 2 x minus sin^ 2 x. But we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cosine^ 2 x minus sin^ 2 x. But we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cosine^ 2 x minus sin^ 2 x. But we
+want everything again we have an odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want everything again we have an odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want everything again we have an odd
+power of s. So it would be nice if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of s. So it would be nice if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of s. So it would be nice if
+everything else could be written in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else could be written in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else could be written in
+terms of just cosine. So an equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of just cosine. So an equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of just cosine. So an equivalent
+form for cosine 2x is to write is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form for cosine 2x is to write is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form for cosine 2x is to write is is
+that it's equal to 2 cosine^ 2 x - 1 dx.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's equal to 2 cosine^ 2 x - 1 dx.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's equal to 2 cosine^ 2 x - 1 dx.
+And here this is very very similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And here this is very very similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And here this is very very similar to
+the last question. Again you can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last question. Again you can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last question. Again you can make
+the substitution u= cosine if you liked.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the substitution u= cosine if you liked.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the substitution u= cosine if you liked.
+Um, and so I'm not going to do out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and so I'm not going to do out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and so I'm not going to do out the
+whole substitution for you, but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole substitution for you, but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole substitution for you, but this is
+going to work out to so the 2 cosine^ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work out to so the 2 cosine^ 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work out to so the 2 cosine^ 2
+x sinx that the integral of that is -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sinx that the integral of that is -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sinx that the integral of that is -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine
+cub x and then the integral of minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cub x and then the integral of minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cub x and then the integral of minus
+sinx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinx
+is cosine x plus a constant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cosine x plus a constant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cosine x plus a constant of
+integration. So that's the so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration. So that's the so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration. So that's the so that's the
+second one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one.
+Um the third one now is is of a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the third one now is is of a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the third one now is is of a similar
+flavor except you have here you have sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor except you have here you have sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor except you have here you have sin
+2x and cosine 3x. So again when you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x and cosine 3x. So again when you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x and cosine 3x. So again when you want
+to integrate something where you have so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to integrate something where you have so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to integrate something where you have so
+here here we have the the both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here we have the the both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here we have the the both
+trigonometric functions occur uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonometric functions occur uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonometric functions occur uh in
+multiples. Now if it was the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiples. Now if it was the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiples. Now if it was the same
+multiple if it were 2x and 2x say that'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple if it were 2x and 2x say that'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple if it were 2x and 2x say that'd
+be fine. You know, you could just make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fine. You know, you could just make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fine. You know, you could just make a
+substitution like u equals 2x or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution like u equals 2x or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution like u equals 2x or
+something. Um, and and and then proceed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something. Um, and and and then proceed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something. Um, and and and then proceed
+as usual. But because they're different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as usual. But because they're different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as usual. But because they're different
+multiples, we need we need when we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiples, we need we need when we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiples, we need we need when we do
+these trig integrals, we need the to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these trig integrals, we need the to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these trig integrals, we need the to to
+apply the methods that we used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the methods that we used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the methods that we used in
+lecture, you want the the arguments to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture, you want the the arguments to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture, you want the the arguments to
+agree. So you want it all to be s of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree. So you want it all to be s of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree. So you want it all to be s of
+something and cosine of the same thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and cosine of the same thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and cosine of the same thing.
+Um so here the the thing to do I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so here the the thing to do I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so here the the thing to do I think
+is to try and put everything in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to try and put everything in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to try and put everything in terms of
+just sinx and cosine x. Um so sin 2x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sinx and cosine x. Um so sin 2x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sinx and cosine x. Um so sin 2x is
+one you should remember double angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you should remember double angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you should remember double angle
+formula cossine 3x. Well in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula cossine 3x. Well in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula cossine 3x. Well in order to
+figure out what cosine 3x is you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what cosine 3x is you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what cosine 3x is you could
+just know it. Maybe you learned it once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just know it. Maybe you learned it once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just know it. Maybe you learned it once
+upon a time. Um the other thing you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon a time. Um the other thing you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon a time. Um the other thing you can
+do for cosine 3x is you can again you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do for cosine 3x is you can again you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do for cosine 3x is you can again you
+can use this this angle sum formula. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use this this angle sum formula. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use this this angle sum formula. So
+let me just just work that out for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just just work that out for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just just work that out for you
+quickly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+cosine of 3x well how do you use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of 3x well how do you use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of 3x well how do you use the
+angle sum formula? You can write 3x as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle sum formula? You can write 3x as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle sum formula? You can write 3x as
+2x plus x. So this is equal to cossine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x plus x. So this is equal to cossine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x plus x. So this is equal to cossine
+of 2x + x. And now this is a sum. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2x + x. And now this is a sum. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2x + x. And now this is a sum. So you
+can use the the cosine sum formula. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use the the cosine sum formula. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use the the cosine sum formula. So
+you get this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this is equal to
+cossine 2x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cossine 2x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cossine 2x
+cosine x minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine x minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine x minus
+sin 2x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin 2x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin 2x
+sinx.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinx.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinx.
+Okay. And now you can use the double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And now you can use the double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And now you can use the double
+angle formulas here and here. So in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle formulas here and here. So in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle formulas here and here. So in the
+end, if you do this all out, what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end, if you do this all out, what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end, if you do this all out, what you
+get is you're going to get four cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is you're going to get four cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is you're going to get four cosine
+cubed x -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed x -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed x -
+3 cossine x. Well, you might say, oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 cossine x. Well, you might say, oh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 cossine x. Well, you might say, oh,
+what happened to the sin x's? We're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened to the sin x's? We're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened to the sin x's? We're
+going to get a sin^ 2 x and I've just I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get a sin^ 2 x and I've just I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get a sin^ 2 x and I've just I
+I want to write everything in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to write everything in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to write everything in terms of
+cosine. Um, so so I've replaced the I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine. Um, so so I've replaced the I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine. Um, so so I've replaced the I've
+done an extra step here that that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done an extra step here that that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done an extra step here that that I'm
+not showing where I replace the sin^ 2 x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not showing where I replace the sin^ 2 x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not showing where I replace the sin^ 2 x
+with a 1 - cosine^ 2 x. So you make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a 1 - cosine^ 2 x. So you make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a 1 - cosine^ 2 x. So you make this
+substitution and you also make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution and you also make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution and you also make the
+substitution for sinx uh sorry for sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution for sinx uh sorry for sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution for sinx uh sorry for sin
+2x that you have okay sin 2x is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x that you have okay sin 2x is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x that you have okay sin 2x is equal to
+you know double angle formula 2 sinx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know double angle formula 2 sinx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know double angle formula 2 sinx
+cosine x and so when you multiply sin 2x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine x and so when you multiply sin 2x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine x and so when you multiply sin 2x
+by cosine 3x you again have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by cosine 3x you again have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by cosine 3x you again have an
+expression that's got powers of cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression that's got powers of cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression that's got powers of cosine
+with a single power of sign. So, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a single power of sign. So, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a single power of sign. So, so
+doing these simplifications you again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing these simplifications you again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing these simplifications you again
+get this nice form. One of them's odd,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this nice form. One of them's odd,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this nice form. One of them's odd,
+the other one, uh, so, so one of them,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one, uh, so, so one of them,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one, uh, so, so one of them,
+one of the trig functions s or cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the trig functions s or cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the trig functions s or cosine
+appears to just the power one. So, okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears to just the power one. So, okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears to just the power one. So, okay.
+So, you can do this nice simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you can do this nice simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you can do this nice simple
+substitution. Uh, you don't need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution. Uh, you don't need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution. Uh, you don't need to do
+any of the double angle or half angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the double angle or half angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the double angle or half angle
+complication. Um, so I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complication. Um, so I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complication. Um, so I'm not going to
+finish this one out for you, but I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish this one out for you, but I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish this one out for you, but I did
+write down the answer. So you can check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the answer. So you can check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the answer. So you can check
+your answer um when you the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your answer um when you the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your answer um when you the third
+integral that we had which was integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral that we had which was integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral that we had which was integral
+sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin
+2x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x
+cosine 3x dx. When you work it all out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine 3x dx. When you work it all out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine 3x dx. When you work it all out
+you should get let me see what I got.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should get let me see what I got.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should get let me see what I got.
+Okay, should get minus 8 fs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, should get minus 8 fs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, should get minus 8 fs
+cossine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cossine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cossine
+to the 5th x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus 2 cossine cub x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2 cossine cub x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2 cossine cub x
+plus a constant of integration. So if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a constant of integration. So if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a constant of integration. So if
+you if you you know work out all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you you know work out all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you you know work out all the
+details, this is what you should get. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details, this is what you should get. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details, this is what you should get. So
+I'll stop there.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/yfxD7JKUxFQ.txt b/yfxD7JKUxFQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7a86f4335d5aa9de3e0d3034b9ac6c8bfcdc5dfe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yfxD7JKUxFQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2467 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so as a technical aside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as a technical aside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as a technical aside
+let me go through and sketch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me go through and sketch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me go through and sketch the
+derivation of the structure of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation of the structure of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation of the structure of a
+turbulent jet in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulent jet in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulent jet in particular
+the conical shape that we have when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conical shape that we have when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conical shape that we have when the
+flow is turbulent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow is turbulent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow is turbulent
+so in order to study the mean flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in order to study the mean flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in order to study the mean flow
+profile we begin with the neighbor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile we begin with the neighbor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile we begin with the neighbor
+stokes equations which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stokes equations which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stokes equations which
+describe the momentum conservation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the momentum conservation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the momentum conservation and
+mass conservation or continuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass conservation or continuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass conservation or continuity
+of an incompressible so-called newtonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an incompressible so-called newtonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an incompressible so-called newtonian
+fluid so this is a complicated set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid so this is a complicated set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid so this is a complicated set of
+equations in particular we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations in particular we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations in particular we have this
+non-linear term here which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-linear term here which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-linear term here which is the
+inertial term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial term
+and we've already said that we have at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've already said that we have at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've already said that we have at
+higher reynolds number and turbulence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher reynolds number and turbulence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher reynolds number and turbulence
+results because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results because
+the inertia is very strong compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inertia is very strong compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inertia is very strong compared to
+the viscous term which is here so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the viscous term which is here so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the viscous term which is here so that's
+the divergence of the viscous stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the divergence of the viscous stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the divergence of the viscous stress
+or the viscous forces on the fluid so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the viscous forces on the fluid so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the viscous forces on the fluid so
+these two terms we know are important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two terms we know are important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two terms we know are important
+they have to balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to balance
+and the inertia is particularly strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the inertia is particularly strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the inertia is particularly strong
+and is what leads to the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is what leads to the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is what leads to the very
+complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+flows that we see so you can solve these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows that we see so you can solve these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows that we see so you can solve these
+equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations
+numerically on a computer and generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically on a computer and generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically on a computer and generate
+simulations that look a lot like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations that look a lot like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations that look a lot like
+experiments on turbulent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments on turbulent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments on turbulent
+jets what i'd like to do here is just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jets what i'd like to do here is just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jets what i'd like to do here is just to
+derive by simple scaling arguments what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive by simple scaling arguments what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive by simple scaling arguments what
+sort of the structure of the solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the structure of the solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the structure of the solutions
+could look like so these two terms as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could look like so these two terms as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could look like so these two terms as we
+just indicated are the ones that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just indicated are the ones that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just indicated are the ones that are
+most likely to balance in the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most likely to balance in the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most likely to balance in the time
+average flow so let's consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average flow so let's consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average flow so let's consider
+a time averaged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a steady flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which has uh velocity components um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has uh velocity components um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has uh velocity components um
+which has has a velocity component of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has has a velocity component of v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has has a velocity component of v
+z that depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z that depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z that depends
+on r and z okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on r and z okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on r and z okay so
+it's uh so it's basically something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh so it's basically something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh so it's basically something like
+this which is basically expanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this which is basically expanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this which is basically expanding
+uh but has a certain uh sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but has a certain uh sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but has a certain uh sort of
+localization of the flow in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localization of the flow in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localization of the flow in the middle
+and it's smooth because we're averaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's smooth because we're averaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's smooth because we're averaging
+over all the complexity of the jets so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all the complexity of the jets so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all the complexity of the jets so
+the jet looks something like this with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jet looks something like this with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jet looks something like this with
+all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of
+vortices and eddies that are getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vortices and eddies that are getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vortices and eddies that are getting
+bigger as it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger as it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger as it goes
+as you're entraining more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you're entraining more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you're entraining more and more
+uh air uh from from the outside so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh air uh from from the outside so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh air uh from from the outside so we're
+looking at the time average flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the time average flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the time average flow
+and we're also going to importantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're also going to importantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're also going to importantly
+assume that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that we have
+a eddy viscosity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the kinematic viscosity new in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the kinematic viscosity new in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the kinematic viscosity new in the
+equations as i've written them here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations as i've written them here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations as i've written them here
+rep it represents the diffusion momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rep it represents the diffusion momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rep it represents the diffusion momentum
+if a parcel of fluid is moving with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a parcel of fluid is moving with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a parcel of fluid is moving with a
+certain momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain momentum
+it has a chance of passing that momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a chance of passing that momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a chance of passing that momentum
+to the neighboring fluid and moving it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the neighboring fluid and moving it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the neighboring fluid and moving it
+along with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with it
+and that is accomplished through viscous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is accomplished through viscous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is accomplished through viscous
+stresses so the eddy viscosity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stresses so the eddy viscosity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stresses so the eddy viscosity
+basically assumes that that diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically assumes that that diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically assumes that that diffusion
+process for momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process for momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process for momentum
+happens at the scale of the largest eddy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens at the scale of the largest eddy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens at the scale of the largest eddy
+in the flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the flow
+and so we've talked about the assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we've talked about the assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we've talked about the assumption
+of eddy diffusivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of eddy diffusivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of eddy diffusivity
+but for any viscosity what i'll write is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for any viscosity what i'll write is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for any viscosity what i'll write is
+the eddy viscosity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eddy viscosity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eddy viscosity
+is a typical velocity which is v z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a typical velocity which is v z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a typical velocity which is v z
+times a length scale which is delta so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a length scale which is delta so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a length scale which is delta so
+what i'm saying here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm saying here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm saying here
+is that with this is that if i go out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that with this is that if i go out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that with this is that if i go out to
+a certain position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain position
+z and i ask myself what is this or width
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z and i ask myself what is this or width
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z and i ask myself what is this or width
+of the jet at size z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the jet at size z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the jet at size z
+then there's all kinds of eddies but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's all kinds of eddies but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's all kinds of eddies but the
+largest eddy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest eddy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest eddy
+is kind of at that scale and so if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of at that scale and so if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of at that scale and so if i
+write down an eddy viscosity it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down an eddy viscosity it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down an eddy viscosity it's going
+to be the sort of average velocity there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the sort of average velocity there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the sort of average velocity there
+times that scale okay so that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that scale okay so that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that scale okay so that's going to
+be the eddy velocity and i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the eddy velocity and i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the eddy velocity and i'm going to
+replace when i do my time averaging i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace when i do my time averaging i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace when i do my time averaging i'm
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+replace the microscopic viscosity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace the microscopic viscosity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace the microscopic viscosity of the
+fluid kinematic viscosity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid kinematic viscosity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid kinematic viscosity
+with the eddy viscosity so that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the eddy viscosity so that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the eddy viscosity so that's an
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+uh modification and so if i do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh modification and so if i do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh modification and so if i do that
+if i do this time averaging and look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i do this time averaging and look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i do this time averaging and look at
+the eddie viscosity then i take these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eddie viscosity then i take these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eddie viscosity then i take these
+two terms and balance them i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two terms and balance them i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two terms and balance them i'm going to
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+v z bar so that's my average vz and i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v z bar so that's my average vz and i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v z bar so that's my average vz and i'm
+looking at the z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the z
+component of momentum here of that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of momentum here of that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of momentum here of that first
+neighbor stokes equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor stokes equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor stokes equation
+and i get d v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i get d v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i get d v
+z dot derivative of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z dot derivative of v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z dot derivative of v
+z with respect to z plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z with respect to z plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z with respect to z plus
+uh vr and there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh vr and there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh vr and there's also
+an r component of velocities there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an r component of velocities there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an r component of velocities there's
+also some velocity in fact which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also some velocity in fact which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also some velocity in fact which is
+coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in
+from the sides but i'm just going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the sides but i'm just going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the sides but i'm just going to be
+interested in this uh term here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in this uh term here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in this uh term here
+uh vz dr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh vz dr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh vz dr
+and i'm going to balance this against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to balance this against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to balance this against
+um the eddy viscosity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the eddy viscosity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the eddy viscosity
+v eddy our new eddy i should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v eddy our new eddy i should say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v eddy our new eddy i should say
+sorry new eddie's eddie viscosity um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry new eddie's eddie viscosity um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry new eddie's eddie viscosity um
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+and then the laplacian is one over r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the laplacian is one over r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the laplacian is one over r
+d d r r d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d d r r d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d d r r d
+v z dr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v z dr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v z dr
+okay so that's just the laplacian and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's just the laplacian and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's just the laplacian and
+cylindrical coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylindrical coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylindrical coordinates
+and now i'm going to make the assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i'm going to make the assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i'm going to make the assumption
+that this ve scales as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this ve scales as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this ve scales as
+v bar z times delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v bar z times delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v bar z times delta
+and so now i'm going to do a scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now i'm going to do a scaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now i'm going to do a scaling
+analysis on this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis on this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis on this equation
+and so what we see is we have vz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we see is we have vz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we see is we have vz
+over z times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over z times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over z times
+and then at least for that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then at least for that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then at least for that first
+so i should say these two terms will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i should say these two terms will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i should say these two terms will be
+of comparable size because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of comparable size because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of comparable size because of
+incompressibility the second equation i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incompressibility the second equation i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incompressibility the second equation i
+won't go through the details of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't go through the details of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't go through the details of that
+and we'll just do a scaling argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll just do a scaling argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll just do a scaling argument
+balancing these two terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balancing these two terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balancing these two terms
+so if i look at vz divided by z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i look at vz divided by z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i look at vz divided by z
+times vz so that's a scaling of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times vz so that's a scaling of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times vz so that's a scaling of those
+two terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two terms
+i can balance that against vz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can balance that against vz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can balance that against vz
+delta times and the scale for r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta times and the scale for r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta times and the scale for r
+is delta so i have 1 over delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is delta so i have 1 over delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is delta so i have 1 over delta
+for the 1 over r 1 over delta for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the 1 over r 1 over delta for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the 1 over r 1 over delta for the
+derivative times delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative times delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative times delta
+times 1 over delta v z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 1 over delta v z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 1 over delta v z
+so there's a lot there but notice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a lot there but notice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a lot there but notice the
+vz's all cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vz's all cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vz's all cancel
+and we're left with a bunch of deltas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're left with a bunch of deltas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're left with a bunch of deltas
+here and how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and how many
+because of the eddy viscosity we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the eddy viscosity we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the eddy viscosity we are
+left with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with
+um all of this is just one over delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all of this is just one over delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all of this is just one over delta
+there's a one over z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a one over z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a one over z
+and so we find here that delta scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we find here that delta scales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we find here that delta scales
+as z so in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as z so in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as z so in other words
+we have a conical shape okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a conical shape okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a conical shape okay so the
+boundary layer thickness is a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary layer thickness is a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary layer thickness is a constant
+times z and what we write is that delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times z and what we write is that delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times z and what we write is that delta
+is equal to alpha z specifically and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to alpha z specifically and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to alpha z specifically and we
+define the turbulent entrainment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the turbulent entrainment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the turbulent entrainment
+coefficient alpha that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient alpha that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient alpha that way
+and then once we've done that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then once we've done that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then once we've done that we've
+already shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already shown
+that from from the momentum flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from from the momentum flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from from the momentum flux
+that vz scales as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vz scales as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vz scales as
+the square root of k over row error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of k over row error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of k over row error
+times 1 over delta so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 1 over delta so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 1 over delta so
+this basically now gives me the scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this basically now gives me the scaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this basically now gives me the scaling
+of the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the problem
+in fact there is a similarity solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact there is a similarity solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact there is a similarity solution
+for the shape of this profile that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the shape of this profile that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the shape of this profile that one
+could solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could solve for
+and it has the form that for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has the form that for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has the form that for example the
+v z is square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v z is square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v z is square root
+of because alpha is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of because alpha is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of because alpha is
+delta is is proportional to z so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta is is proportional to z so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta is is proportional to z so it's
+the square root of k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of k
+over rho a z times some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over rho a z times some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over rho a z times some
+function of r over alpha z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of r over alpha z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of r over alpha z
+and then there's a similar expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a similar expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a similar expression
+for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+uh the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the uh
+the uh of the other velocity component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh of the other velocity component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh of the other velocity component
+and the function f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the function f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the function f
+is looks very much as i've sketched here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is looks very much as i've sketched here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is looks very much as i've sketched here
+it's essentially a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's essentially a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's essentially a
+gaussian type profile or a bell curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian type profile or a bell curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian type profile or a bell curve
+that kind of localizes the velocity you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of localizes the velocity you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of localizes the velocity you
+know across this distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know across this distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know across this distance
+delta the second thing that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta the second thing that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta the second thing that we're
+interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in
+is the mean concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that would be a concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would be a concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would be a concentration of
+let's say virions contained in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say virions contained in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say virions contained in
+infectious aerosol droplets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infectious aerosol droplets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infectious aerosol droplets
+so there's a mean concentration profile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a mean concentration profile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a mean concentration profile
+in the jet assuming that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the jet assuming that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the jet assuming that we
+are injecting a fluid of a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are injecting a fluid of a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are injecting a fluid of a constant
+concentration at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration at
+the source of the jet so again we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source of the jet so again we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source of the jet so again we can do
+some scaling arguments here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some scaling arguments here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some scaling arguments here
+so if we ask ourselves what is the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we ask ourselves what is the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we ask ourselves what is the mass
+flow rate through a slice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or actually the volumetric flow rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or actually the volumetric flow rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or actually the volumetric flow rate
+excuse me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that is we'll just call that q and it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is we'll just call that q and it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is we'll just call that q and it'll
+just be sort of an average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be sort of an average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be sort of an average
+this will be the average velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be the average velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be the average velocity
+times the cross-sectional area at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the cross-sectional area at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the cross-sectional area at a
+given position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given position
+so this is scaling like so area scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is scaling like so area scales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is scaling like so area scales
+like delta squared and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like delta squared and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like delta squared and
+then the velocity scales in this way is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the velocity scales in this way is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the velocity scales in this way is
+1 over delta so this ends up scaling as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over delta so this ends up scaling as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over delta so this ends up scaling as
+k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+over rho a times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over rho a times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over rho a times
+just delta so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just delta so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just delta so
+the volumetric flow rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volumetric flow rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volumetric flow rate
+is increasing with r and that's a sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is increasing with r and that's a sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is increasing with r and that's a sign
+that we are actually in training fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are actually in training fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are actually in training fluid
+as i indicated this is not just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i indicated this is not just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i indicated this is not just the
+fluid we're injecting but it's moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid we're injecting but it's moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid we're injecting but it's moving
+forward and it's sucking more fluid in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward and it's sucking more fluid in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward and it's sucking more fluid in
+and all that fluid is kind of becoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all that fluid is kind of becoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all that fluid is kind of becoming
+part of the turbulent jet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the turbulent jet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the turbulent jet
+as it grows now if we ask so this is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it grows now if we ask so this is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it grows now if we ask so this is our
+this is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our
+our flow rate volumetric flow rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our flow rate volumetric flow rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our flow rate volumetric flow rate
+but we can also ask ourselves what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can also ask ourselves what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can also ask ourselves what is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+flux of concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux of concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux of concentration
+of let's say virions per unit volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of let's say virions per unit volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of let's say virions per unit volume
+well that would be the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that would be the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that would be the average
+concentration times the average flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration times the average flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration times the average flow
+rate because flow rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate because flow rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate because flow rate
+is volume per time and concentration is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is volume per time and concentration is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is volume per time and concentration is
+number per volume so this is a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number per volume so this is a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number per volume so this is a number
+total number per time and this we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number per time and this we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number per time and this we will
+assume should be a constant because as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume should be a constant because as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume should be a constant because as
+you can see from this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see from this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see from this picture
+if we're injecting a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're injecting a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're injecting a bunch of
+concentration of let's say droplets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of let's say droplets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of let's say droplets
+here they will spread out in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they will spread out in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they will spread out in the
+turbulent flow but they don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulent flow but they don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulent flow but they don't really
+have a good mechanism to get out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a good mechanism to get out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a good mechanism to get out of the
+turbulent flow the turbulent flow is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulent flow the turbulent flow is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulent flow the turbulent flow is
+sucking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sucking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sucking
+fluid into the plume and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid into the plume and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid into the plume and so the
+particles are just kind of well mixed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles are just kind of well mixed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles are just kind of well mixed in
+that plume and we could assume they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that plume and we could assume they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that plume and we could assume they have
+a roughly constant concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a roughly constant concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a roughly constant concentration
+and so if that's the case uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if that's the case uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if that's the case uh
+then we can and in fact this constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can and in fact this constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can and in fact this constant
+would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+lambda uh q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda uh q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda uh q
+if we're thinking of for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're thinking of for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're thinking of for example
+infection if c is the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection if c is the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection if c is the concentration
+infection quanta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection quanta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection quanta
+then lambda q is the rate of admission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then lambda q is the rate of admission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then lambda q is the rate of admission
+of ejection infection quanta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ejection infection quanta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ejection infection quanta
+from the mouth we've already talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the mouth we've already talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the mouth we've already talked
+about that quantity and this is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that quantity and this is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that quantity and this is now
+telling me how the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me how the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me how the concentration
+infection quanta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection quanta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection quanta
+decays with time and so we find if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays with time and so we find if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays with time and so we find if we
+substitute now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute now
+is that the concentration infection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the concentration infection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the concentration infection
+quanta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quanta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quanta
+at a position z scales as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a position z scales as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a position z scales as
+um so i have to divide by q so i get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so i have to divide by q so i get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so i have to divide by q so i get the
+inverse of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of this
+so i get square root of rho a over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i get square root of rho a over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i get square root of rho a over
+k and then i have lambda q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k and then i have lambda q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k and then i have lambda q
+over alpha z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this tells me that if i plot as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this tells me that if i plot as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this tells me that if i plot as a
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+of distance from the mouth in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of distance from the mouth in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of distance from the mouth in the
+direction of the jet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the jet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the jet
+the concentration of infection quanta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration of infection quanta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration of infection quanta
+that are carried by virions in aerosol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are carried by virions in aerosol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are carried by virions in aerosol
+droplets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplets
+then you know somewhere here i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know somewhere here i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know somewhere here i have
+let's say at z equals zero is the mouth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say at z equals zero is the mouth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say at z equals zero is the mouth
+where i'm exhaling and the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i'm exhaling and the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i'm exhaling and the concentration
+there is actually c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is actually c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is actually c
+q in fact that is something we've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q in fact that is something we've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q in fact that is something we've talked
+about before which is the cons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about before which is the cons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about before which is the cons
+that that's the key disease parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the key disease parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the key disease parameter
+the concentration of infection quanta in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration of infection quanta in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration of infection quanta in
+the exhaled breath of an effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exhaled breath of an effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exhaled breath of an effective
+person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+so we know at the mouth that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know at the mouth that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know at the mouth that's what we
+start with and what the turbulent theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with and what the turbulent theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with and what the turbulent theory
+is telling us is how that concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is telling us is how that concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is telling us is how that concentration
+is decaying with time and is decaying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is decaying with time and is decaying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is decaying with time and is decaying
+like one over z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one over z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one over z
+and so that tells us sort of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that tells us sort of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that tells us sort of our
+relative risk of infection at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative risk of infection at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative risk of infection at different
+positions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions
+relative to being mouth-to-mouth with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to being mouth-to-mouth with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to being mouth-to-mouth with
+the infected person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/zJ56b-aErN4.txt b/zJ56b-aErN4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..841f92528b3d17672612e28cb8ead516d1de35c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/zJ56b-aErN4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3790 @@
+The following content
+is provided by a
+
+Creative Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: I just want to be
+explicit about it because with
+
+all of the abstraction of QAM
+looking at it in terms of
+
+Hilbert filters and all of that,
+you tend to forget that
+
+what's really going on in terms
+of implementation is
+
+something very, very simple.
+
+We said that what we were
+doing with QAM is, we're
+
+trying to essentially build two
+PAM systems in parallel.
+
+So what we do is, we have
+two different data
+
+streams coming in.
+
+Each one there's a new signal,
+each t seconds. t is the time
+
+separation between times when
+we transmit something.
+
+So the sequence of
+symbols come in.
+
+What we form is then --
+well, actually this
+
+isn't a real operation.
+
+Because everybody does this in
+whatever way suits them.
+
+And the only thing that's
+important is getting from here
+
+over to there.
+
+And what we're doing in doing
+that is taking each of these
+
+signals, multiplying them by a
+pulse, to give this waveform
+
+the pulses delayed according
+to what signal it is.
+
+And if you like to think of that
+in terms of taking the
+
+signal and viewing it as an
+impulse, so you have a train
+
+of impulses weighted by
+these values here.
+
+And then filtering that, fine.
+
+That's a good way to
+think about it.
+
+But, at any rate you
+wind up with this.
+
+With the other data stream which
+is going through here --
+
+yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: You couldn't argue
+that was band limited also.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: But it's band limited
+in the same way.
+
+I mean, visualize --
+
+I mean, the Fourier transform of
+p of t minus k t is simply
+
+the Fourier transform of p of
+t, which is multiplied by a
+
+sinusoid in f at this point.
+
+So it doesn't change the
+bandwidth of that.
+
+In other words, when you take a
+function and you move it in
+
+time, the Fourier transform is
+going to be rotating in a
+
+different way.
+
+But its frequency components
+will not change at all.
+
+All of them just change
+in phase because
+
+of that time change.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: When you look at it
+in frequency, well no, because
+
+we're adding up all
+these things in
+
+frequency at that point.
+
+But each one of these pulses
+is still constrained within
+
+the same bandwidth.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: The transform of a
+pulse train does not look like
+
+a pulse train in
+frequency, no.
+
+When you take a pulse train
+in time, and you take the
+
+transform of each one of these
+pulses, what you get is a
+
+pulse which, where in frequency
+there is a rotation.
+
+In other words, the
+phase is changing.
+
+But in fact, what you wind up
+with is a pulse within the
+
+same frequency band.
+
+I mean, simply take the Fourier
+transform and look at
+
+it, and see which frequencies
+it has in it.
+
+In they don't change.
+
+And when you weight it with
+coefficients, the Fourier
+
+transform will be scaled, will
+be multiplied by a scalar.
+
+But that won't change which
+frequencies are there, either.
+
+So in fact, when
+you do this --
+
+I should make that clearer
+in the notes.
+
+It's a little confusing.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: It'll be band limited
+in the same way,
+
+though, yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: It won't
+look the same.
+
+But the Nyquist criterion
+theorem remains the same.
+
+I mean, if you look at the proof
+of it, it's -- well I'll
+
+go back and look at it.
+
+I think if you look at it, you
+see that it actually --
+
+I think you see that this time
+variation here in fact does
+
+not make any difference.
+
+I mean, I know it doesn't
+make any difference.
+
+But the question is, how to
+explain that it doesn't make a
+
+difference.
+
+And I'll go through this.
+
+And I will think about that.
+
+And I'll change the
+notes if need be.
+
+But anyway, it's not something
+you should worry about.
+
+Anyway.
+
+What happens here is, you get
+this pulse train, which is
+
+just a sum of these pulses.
+
+And they all interact
+with each other.
+
+So at this point we have
+intersymbol interference.
+
+We multiply this by
+a cosine wave.
+
+We multiply this
+by a sine wave.
+
+And what we get then is
+some output, x of t.
+
+Which is in the frequency
+band.
+
+But if you take the low pass
+frequency here, which goes
+
+from 0 up to sum w, up at
+passband, we go from f c minus
+
+w to f c plus w.
+
+Same thing here.
+
+So we have this function, which
+is then constrained.
+
+But it's a passband constraint
+to twice the frequency which
+
+we have here.
+
+When we take x sub t, and
+we try to go through a
+
+demodulator.
+
+The thing we're going to
+do is to multiply,
+
+again, by the cosine.
+
+Multiply again by the sine.
+
+Incidentally, this is minus
+sine and minus sine here.
+
+When you implement it, you can
+use plus sine or minus sine,
+
+whichever you want to.
+
+So long as you use the same
+thing here and there.
+
+It doesn't make any
+difference.
+
+It's just that when you look at
+things in terms of complex
+
+exponentials, this turns
+into a minus sine.
+
+Oh, and this turns into
+a minus sine.
+
+We then filter by q of t.
+
+We filter this by q of t.
+
+The same filter.
+
+And we wind up then going
+through the T-spaced sampler.
+
+The T-spaced sampler and the
+output use of k prime.
+
+And the reason for this is that
+if you look at the system
+
+broken right here, this is
+simply a PAM waveform.
+
+And when we take this PAM
+waveform, the only thing we're
+
+doing is we're multiplying
+it by a cosine.
+
+Then we're multiplying
+it by a cosine again.
+
+When we get a cosine squared
+term, half of it comes back
+
+down to baseband.
+
+Half of it goes up to twice
+the carrier frequency.
+
+And this filter, in principle,
+is going to filter out that
+
+part at 2 times the
+carrier frequency.
+
+And it's also going to do the
+right thing to this filter.
+
+To turn it into something where,
+when we sample, we
+
+actually get these components
+back again.
+
+So the only thing that's going
+on here is simply, this is a
+
+PAM system where, when we
+multiply by cosine twice, the
+
+thing we're getting is a
+baseband component again,
+
+which is exactly the same
+as this quantity here.
+
+Except it's --
+
+why, I when I multiply this
+by this, don't I have
+
+to divide by --
+
+don't I have to multiply by 2?
+
+I don't know.
+
+But we don't.
+
+And when we get all through the
+thing we come out with u
+
+sub k prime, and we come out
+with u sub k double prime.
+
+It is easier to think about
+this in terms of complex
+
+frequencies.
+
+When we think about it in terms
+of cosines and sines,
+
+we're doing it that way because
+we have to implement
+
+it this way.
+
+Because if you implement a
+Hilbert filter, you're taking
+
+a complex function, filtering it
+by complex waveform, which
+
+means you've got to build
+four separate filters.
+
+One to take the real part with
+the real part of the filter.
+
+The real part with the complex
+part of the filter.
+
+Also the imaginary part of the
+waveform with the real part of
+
+the filter, and so forth.
+
+So you don't implement it that
+way, but that's the easy way
+
+to look at what's happening.
+
+It's the easy way
+to analyze it.
+
+This just does the same thing.
+
+When we use this double sideband
+quadrature carrier
+
+implementation of QAM,
+the filters p and q
+
+really have to be real.
+
+Why do they have to be real?
+
+Well, because otherwise, we're
+mixing what's going on here
+
+with what's going on here.
+
+In other words, you can't take
+-- this will not be a real
+
+waveform, so you can't just
+multiply it by a cosine wave.
+
+In the other implementation we
+had, you have this, which is a
+
+complex waveform, plus
+this, which is
+
+another complex waveform.
+
+You multiply it by e to
+the 2 pi i f c t.
+
+And then you take the
+real part of it.
+
+And everything comes
+out in the wash.
+
+Here we need this to be real and
+this to be real in order
+
+to be able to implement this
+just by multiplying by cosine
+
+and multiplying by sine.
+
+So the standard QAM signal
+set makes it just
+
+parallel PAM systems.
+
+If, in fact, you don't use a
+standard QAM set; namely, if
+
+these two things are mixed up
+in some kind of circular
+
+signal set or something, then
+what comes out here has to be
+
+demodulated in the same way.
+
+So you don't have the
+total separation.
+
+But the real part of
+the system is the
+
+same in both cases.
+
+I think the notes for a little
+confusing about that.
+
+Finally, as a practical detail
+here, we have talked several
+
+times about the fact that
+every time people do
+
+complicated filtering, and
+complicated filtering involves
+
+very sharp filters.
+
+Every time you make a very sharp
+filter at baseband, the
+
+way you do it is, you
+do it digitally.
+
+Namely, you first take
+this waveform.
+
+You sample it very, very rapidly
+at a rapid pace.
+
+And then you take those digital
+signals and you pass
+
+those through a digital
+filter.
+
+And that gives you the
+waveform that you're
+
+interested in.
+
+When you do that, you're faced
+with having a waveform coming
+
+into the receiver which has
+a band down at baseband.
+
+Which it has width w.
+
+You also have a band up at twice
+the carrier frequency.
+
+And if you sample that whole
+thing, according to all of the
+
+things we've done with aliasing
+and everything, those
+
+samples mix what's up at twice
+the carrier frequency with
+
+what's down here at baseband.
+
+And you really have to do some
+filtering to get rid of once
+
+or twice the carrier
+frequency.
+
+This really isn't much of a
+practical issue, because you
+
+can hardly avoid doing that much
+filtering just in doing
+
+the sampling.
+
+I mean, you can't build the
+sampler that doesn't filter
+
+the waveform a little bit too.
+
+But you have to be conscious of
+the fact that you have to
+
+get rid of those double
+frequency terms before you go
+
+into the digital domain.
+
+So, you have to think of it as
+a little bit of filtering
+
+followed by a rapid
+sampler, followed
+
+by a careful filtering.
+
+Which does this function
+q of t here.
+
+OK.
+
+Want to talk a little bit about
+the number of degrees of
+
+freedom we have when
+we do this.
+
+If we look at quadrature
+amplitude modulation, anytime
+
+you get confused about
+bandwidths, it's probably
+
+better to look at the sample
+time, t, which is something
+
+that never changes.
+
+And that always remains
+the same.
+
+When you look at the sample
+spacing, the baseband
+
+bandwidth, as we've seen many
+times, the nominal baseband
+
+bandwidth is 1 over 2t.
+
+Namely, that's what's called
+the Nyquist bandwidth.
+
+It's what you get if you use
+sinc functions, which strictly
+
+puts everything in
+this baseband and
+
+nothing outside of it.
+
+And we've seen that by using
+the Nyquist criterion and
+
+building sharp filters, we can
+make the actual bandwidth as
+
+close to this as we
+want to make it.
+
+When we modulate this up to
+passband, we're going to have
+
+a passband bandwidth
+which is 1 over t.
+
+Because, in fact, this baseband
+function is going
+
+from minus 1 over 2t
+to plus 1 over 2t.
+
+When we modulate that up, we get
+something that goes from f
+
+c minus 1 over 2t to
+f c plus 1 over 2t.
+
+Which is really an overall
+bandwidth of 1 over t.
+
+If we look at this over a large
+time interval, t0, we
+
+have two degrees of freedom.
+
+Namely, the real part and
+the imaginary part.
+
+Namely, we have two different
+real number signals coming
+
+into this transmitter.
+
+Each t seconds.
+
+So that over a period of t0,
+some much larger period, we
+
+have t0 over capital T different
+signals that we're
+
+transmitting.
+
+Each of those signals has two
+degrees of freedom in it.
+
+So we wind up with 2 t0 times
+w real degrees of freedom.
+
+Namely, 2 t0 over T. There's 2
+t0 times w, where w is the
+
+passband bandwidth.
+
+What I want to do now, to show
+you that actually nothing is
+
+being lost and nothing is being
+gained, is to look at a
+
+baseband system where you use
+pulse amplitude modulation.
+
+But, in fact, you use
+a humongously wide
+
+bandwidth to do this.
+
+So it becomes something like
+these ultra-wideband systems
+
+that people are talking
+about now.
+
+You use this very, very wide
+bandwidth, and you see how
+
+many signals you can pack
+into this very wide
+
+bandwidth using PAM.
+
+And what's the answer?
+
+There are 2 t0 w 0 real
+degrees of freedom.
+
+And a baseband bandwidth w 0.
+
+This is what we determine when
+we were dealing with PAM.
+
+It simply corresponded to the
+fact that the baseband
+
+bandwidth was 1 over 2 t 0.
+
+Therefore we got two signals
+coming in, each 1 over w 0.
+
+So this was the number of real
+degrees of freedom we have.
+
+Now, the thing we want
+to do is to take
+
+this humongous bandwidth.
+
+And to say, what happens if
+instead of using this wide
+
+bandwidth system, we use a lot
+of little narrow bands.
+
+So we make narrow bands send QAM
+in the narrow bands, where
+
+in fact we're packing signals
+into the real part and the
+
+imaginary part, which is what
+we decided we ought to do.
+
+And how do these two
+systems compare.
+
+Well, if we take a very wide
+bandwidth w0, with lots of
+
+little bandwidths, w, up at
+various passbands, all stacked
+
+on top of each other.
+
+Like here's zero.
+
+Here's w0 which is up at five
+gigahertz or whatever you want
+
+to make it.
+
+We put lots of little
+passbands in here,
+
+each of width w.
+
+And the question is how many
+different frequency
+
+intervals do we get?
+
+How many different signals can
+we multiplex together here by
+
+using different frequency
+bands?
+
+Which is exactly the way people
+who use QAM normally
+
+transmit data.
+
+Well, the answer is,
+you get w0 over w
+
+different bands here.
+
+So how many degrees of
+freedom do you have?
+
+Well, we said we had 2 t 0 w
+real degrees of freedom with
+
+each QAM system.
+
+We have w0 over w different QAM
+systems all stacked on top
+
+of each other.
+
+So, when you take w equals w0
+over m you wind up with 2 t0
+
+w, 2 t0 w 0 real degrees of
+freedom, overall using QAM.
+
+Exactly the same thing
+if you use PAM.
+
+This corresponds to these
+orthonormal series we were
+
+thinking about, where we were
+thinking in terms of taking
+
+segmenting time, and then using
+a Fourier series within
+
+each segment of time.
+
+And looking at the number
+of different
+
+coefficients that we got.
+
+And we then looked at these sinc
+weighted expansions of
+
+the same type.
+
+We got the same number of
+degrees of freedom.
+
+This is simply saying that PAM
+and QAM use every one of those
+
+degrees of freedom.
+
+And there aren't any more
+degrees of freedom available.
+
+If you're stuck with using some
+very large time interval
+
+t0 and some very large frequency
+interval, w0, you're
+
+stuck with that many
+real degrees of
+
+freedom, and real waveform.
+
+There's nothing else available,
+and PAM and QAM are
+
+perfectly efficient
+as far as their
+
+user spectrum is concerned.
+
+They both do the same thing.
+
+How about single sideband?
+
+That does the same thing too.
+
+I mean, with single sideband,
+you're sending real signals
+
+but you cut off half the
+bandwidth at passband.
+
+So, again, you get the same
+number of signals for unit
+
+time and per unit bandwidth.
+
+And most systems, except double
+sideband quadrature
+
+carrier, which is just obviously
+wasting bandwidth,
+
+all do the same thing.
+
+So, it's not hard to
+use all of these
+
+available degrees of freedom.
+
+And the only thing that makes
+these degrees of freedom
+
+arguments complicated is,
+there's no way you can find
+
+the pulse, which is perfectly
+limited to 1 over w in time
+
+and 1 over w in bandwidth.
+
+If you make it limited
+in time, it
+
+spills out in bandwidth.
+
+If you make it limited
+in bandwidth, it
+
+spills out in time.
+
+So we always have to fudge a
+little bit as far as seeing
+
+how these things go together.
+
+Let's talk about one sort of
+added practical detail that
+
+you always need in
+any QAM system.
+
+In fact, you always need it
+in a PAM system, also.
+
+And you need to do it
+somehow or other.
+
+There's this question of, how
+do you make sure that the
+
+receiver is working on the same
+clock as the transmitter
+
+is working on?
+
+How do you make sure that when
+we talk about a cosine wave at
+
+the receiver, the phase of that
+cosine wave is, quote,
+
+the same as the phase
+at the transmit?
+
+So, if the transmitted waveform
+at the upper passband
+
+-- at positive frequencies
+is u of t times e to
+
+the 2 pi i f c t.
+
+This is this is one of the
+reasons why you want to think
+
+in terms of complex notation.
+
+If you try to analyze
+QAM phase lock using
+
+cosines and sines --
+
+I mean, you're welcome
+to do it, but it's
+
+just a terrible mess.
+
+If you look at it in terms of
+complex signals, it's a very
+
+easy problem.
+
+But it's most easy when you look
+at it in terms of just
+
+what's going on at positive
+frequencies.
+
+So the thing we're doing here
+is, when we modulate, we're
+
+taking u of t.
+
+We multiply by e to
+the 2 pi i f c t.
+
+What happens to any arbitrary
+phase that we have in the
+
+transmitter?
+
+Well, nothing happens to it.
+
+We just define time in such
+a way that it's not there.
+
+At the receiver, we're going to
+be multiplying again by e
+
+to the minus 2 pi i f c t.
+
+There's going to be some phase
+in there because the
+
+receiver's clock and
+the transmitter's
+
+clock are not the same.
+
+Now, the thing which is
+complicated about this is that
+
+at the receiver there's some
+propagation delay from what
+
+there is at the transmitter.
+
+So what we're really saying here
+is that when the waveform
+
+u of t gets to the receiver --
+
+in other words, after we
+demodulate, what do we get?
+
+That's the practical
+question to ask.
+
+I mean you have an arbitrary
+sinusoid, complex sinusoid at
+
+the transmitter.
+
+You have an arbitrary complex
+sinusoid at the receiver.
+
+When you multiply by e to the 2
+pi i f c t, and then at the
+
+receiver you demodulate by
+multiplying e to the minus 2
+
+pi i f c t, there's some added
+phase in there just because
+
+you're multiplying by
+some sinusoid in
+
+an arbitrary phase.
+
+What do you wind up with when
+you get done with that?
+
+You get the received waveform,
+u of t, times e to the i phi.
+
+Now, suppose you're sending
+analog data.
+
+What happens here?
+
+Well, with analog data,
+you're absolutely up a
+
+creek without an oar.
+
+There's nothing you can do.
+
+But with digital data there
+is something you can do.
+
+And I think this diagram makes
+it clear, if you can see the
+
+little arrows on it.
+
+What you're transmitting is
+QAM signals out of a QAM
+
+constellation.
+
+So the signals -- so you're
+either transmitting this, or
+
+this, or this, or this,
+and so forth.
+
+Now, at the receiver we haven't
+analyzed noise yet.
+
+We're going to start doing
+that later today.
+
+But if you visualize noise being
+added up at passband and
+
+then coming down to baseband
+again, we can visualize what's
+
+happening as the noise just adds
+something to each one of
+
+these points.
+
+I mean, assuming that we know
+exactly what the timing is for
+
+the time being.
+
+So that we sample
+at exactly the
+
+right time at the receiver.
+
+And that's a separate issue.
+
+But let's assume that we do
+know what the timing is.
+
+We do sample at the
+correct time.
+
+And the only question we're
+trying to find out now is, how
+
+do we choose this phase right
+on this sinusoid that we're
+
+using at the demodulator.
+
+Because at the demodulator,
+there's no way to know whether
+
+phi is zero or whether phi
+is something else.
+
+But after we got all done doing
+this, if we sample at
+
+the right time, what we're going
+to receive, if there's
+
+some small error in phase, is
+that this diagram is all
+
+rotated around a little bit.
+
+Any time you send this point,
+what you receive is going to
+
+be a point up here.
+
+If you send this point it's
+going to be a point here.
+
+If phi is negative, everything
+will go the other wa.y How do
+
+I know whether it's positive
+phi or negative phi?
+
+I don't.
+
+I just do the same thing
+either place.
+
+Everybody I know who worries
+about phase locked loops
+
+ignores the sign and simply
+makes sure that they're using
+
+the same sign at the transmitter
+and the receiver.
+
+If they don't, when they build
+it, the thing goes out of lock
+
+immediately.
+
+And they try switching the sign,
+and if it works then,
+
+they say uh-huh, I now
+have the right sign.
+
+I mean, it's like these
+factors of two.
+
+You always put them in
+after you're done.
+
+Anyway, I think I've
+done it right here.
+
+So the received waveform is now
+going to be u of t times e
+
+to the i phi.
+
+It will have a little bit
+of noise added to it.
+
+So what we're getting, then,
+if you look at a scope, or
+
+whatever people use as
+scope these days.
+
+And people have done this for
+so many years that they call
+
+this an eye pattern.
+
+And what they see, after looking
+at many, many received
+
+signals, is little blobs around
+each of these points
+
+due to noise.
+
+And they also see the set
+of points rotated
+
+around a little bit.
+
+And if the noise a small, and
+if the phase error is small,
+
+you can actually see this
+diagram rotated around sitting
+
+at some orientation.
+
+And the question is, if you know
+that's what's happening,
+
+what do you do about it?
+
+Well, if you have this diagram
+rotated around a little bit,
+
+you want to change the phase of
+your demodulating carrier.
+
+So the thing you do is, you
+measure the errors that you're
+
+making when you go from these
+received signals.
+
+And you make decisions
+on them.
+
+You then look at the phase
+of these errors.
+
+If all the phases are positive,
+then you know that
+
+you have to change the phase
+of this carrier one way.
+
+And if all the phases are
+negative, you change
+
+it the other way.
+
+Now, why does this work?
+
+It works because these clocks
+are very stable clocks.
+
+They wander in phase slowly.
+
+I mean, you can't lock
+them perfectly.
+
+And since they wander
+in phase slowly.
+
+And since you're receiving data
+quickly, you can average
+
+this carrier recovery over
+many, many data symbols.
+
+Which is what people do.
+
+So, you average it
+over many symbol.
+
+And you gradually change
+the phase as the
+
+phase is getting off.
+
+How much trouble does that cause
+in trying to actually
+
+receive the data?
+
+Hardly any.
+
+Because if the phase changes
+are slow enough, then you
+
+average over a long enough
+interval, the actual phase
+
+errors are going to be
+extraordinarily small.
+
+So it's the noise errors that
+look big and the phase errors
+
+that look very small.
+
+When you average over a long
+period of time, the noise is
+
+sort of independent from
+one period to another.
+
+So the noise averages out.
+
+And the thing you see, then,
+is the phase errors.
+
+So, so long as the phase is slow
+and the noise is quick,
+
+you first decode the data.
+
+After you decode the data, you
+average over what the phase
+
+errors are.
+
+And then you go and you
+change the clock.
+
+And people spend their lives
+designing how to make these
+
+phase lock loops.
+
+And there's a lot of interesting
+technology there.
+
+But the point is, the idea is
+almost trivially simple.
+
+And this is what it is.
+
+Since the phase is changing
+slowly, you can change the
+
+phase slowly.
+
+You can keep the phase error
+very, very small.
+
+And therefore, the data recovery
+due to the noise
+
+works almost as well as if you
+had no phase error at all.
+
+How do you recover from
+frequency errors?
+
+Well, if I can recover from
+phase errors, I'm recovering
+
+from frequency errors also.
+
+Because I had this clock which
+is running around.
+
+And I'm slaving the clock at the
+receiver to the clock at
+
+the transmitter.
+
+So, so long as I have very
+little frequency error to
+
+start with, simply by keeping
+this phase right, I can also
+
+keep the carrier frequency
+right.
+
+Because the phase is just going
+around at the speed it's
+
+supposed to be going around.
+
+So this will also serve as a
+frequency lock as well as a
+
+phase lock.
+
+When you're trying to do both
+together, you build the phase
+
+lock loop a little different,
+obviously.
+
+What's the problem with this?
+
+You look this diagram, and you
+say, OK, suppose there's some
+
+huge error where for a long
+period of time, things get
+
+very noisy.
+
+What's going to happen?
+
+Well, if you can't decode the
+data for a long period of
+
+time, suddenly these phase
+errors build up.
+
+The channel stops being noisy.
+
+And what could have happened
+is that your phase could be
+
+off by pi over 2.
+
+Which means what you see, what
+you should be seeing is this.
+
+What you're actually
+seeing is this.
+
+You can't tell the difference.
+
+In other words, you decode
+every symbol wrong.
+
+Because you're making an
+error of pi over 2 in
+
+every one of them.
+
+You decode this as this, you
+decode this as this, this as
+
+this, and so forth.
+
+So every point is wrong.
+
+What will you do to
+recover from this?
+
+I mean, suppose you were
+designing a system where in
+
+fact you had no feedback to
+the transmitter at all.
+
+You have feedback from the
+transmitter, you just,
+
+obviously every once in a
+while you stop and you
+
+resynchronize.
+
+You don't have any feedback,
+what do you do?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Differential
+phase shift key, yes.
+
+I mean, this isn't quite
+phase shift key, but
+
+it's the same idea.
+
+In other words, the thing that
+you do is, you don't --
+
+usually when the data is coming
+in, you don't map it
+
+directly into a signal point.
+
+The thing that you do is map the
+data into a phase change
+
+from one period of
+time to the next.
+
+I mean, you map it into
+an amplitude.
+
+And then you map it into
+a change of phase
+
+in this set of points.
+
+Or change of phase within
+this set of points.
+
+Or a change of phase within
+the outer set of points.
+
+And then if, due to some
+disaster, you get off by pi
+
+over 2, it won't hurt you.
+
+Because the changes are still
+the same, except for the
+
+errors that you make when
+this process starts.
+
+So in fact, a lot of these
+things that people have been
+
+doing for years, you would think
+of almost immediately.
+
+The only thing you have to be
+careful about, when you invent
+
+new things to build new systems,
+is you have to have
+
+somebody to check whether
+somebody else
+
+has a patent on it.
+
+So, you invent something and
+then you check whether
+
+somebody else patented it.
+
+So that's what this slide says.
+
+Bingo.
+
+It's time to go on to talk
+about additive noise and
+
+random processes.
+
+How many of you have seen
+random processes before?
+
+How many of you have seen it
+in a graduate context as
+
+opposed to an undergraduate
+context?
+
+A smaller number.
+
+Many of you, if you got your
+degrees outside of the US, if
+
+you've studied this as an
+undergraduate, you probably
+
+know what students here have
+learned in their various
+
+graduate courses.
+
+So you might know a
+lot more about it.
+
+What we're going to do here is
+I'll try to teach you just
+
+enough about random processes
+that you can figure out what's
+
+going on with the kinds
+of noise that we're
+
+looking at this term.
+
+Which involves two
+kinds of noise.
+
+One, something called additive
+noise, which is what we're
+
+going to be dealing with now.
+
+And the other is much later,
+when we start studying
+
+wireless systems, we
+have to deal with a
+
+different kind of noise.
+
+People sometimes call it
+multiplicative noise, but
+
+really what it is, is these
+channels fade in various ways.
+
+And the fading is a
+random phenomena.
+
+And therefore we have to learn
+how to deal with that in some
+
+kind of probabilistic
+way also.
+
+So the thing we're going to do
+is we're going to visualize
+
+what gets received as what gets
+transmitted plus noise.
+
+Now, at this point, I've said
+OK, we know how to deal with
+
+compensating for phase errors.
+
+So we'll assume that
+away, it's our
+
+usual layered approach.
+
+What kind of other assumptions
+are we making here?
+
+When I say the received signal
+is the transmitted
+
+signal plus the noise.
+
+Well, I mean, I could look at
+this and say, this doesn't
+
+tell me anything.
+
+This is simply defining
+the noise.
+
+There's the difference
+between what I
+
+receive and what I transmit.
+
+So when I say this is additive
+noise, I'm not saying anything
+
+other than the definition of the
+noise, is this difference.
+
+But when we look at this,
+we're really going to be
+
+interested in trying to analyze
+what this process is.
+
+And we're going to be interested
+in analyzing what
+
+this is as a process also.
+
+Here, I'm just looking
+at sample functions.
+
+And what I'd like to be able
+to do is say this sample
+
+function, namely, what's going
+into the channel, is one of a
+
+large set of possibilities.
+
+If it weren't one of a large
+set of possibilities, there
+
+would be no sense at all to
+transmitting it, because the
+
+receiver would know what
+it was going to be.
+
+And you wouldn't have to
+transmit it, it would just
+
+print it out at the output.
+
+So, this is some kind of
+random process which is
+
+determined by the binary data
+which is coming into the
+
+encoder and the signals
+it gets mapped
+
+into, and so forth.
+
+This reviewing of some kind
+of noise waveform.
+
+What we're going to assume is
+that in fact these two random
+
+phenomena are independent
+of each other.
+
+And when I write this, you would
+believe that if nobody
+
+told you to think about it.
+
+Because it just looks like
+that's what it's saying.
+
+Here's some noise phenomena
+that's added to the signal
+
+phenomenon.
+
+If in fact I told you, well,
+this noise here happens to be
+
+twice the input then
+you'd say, foul.
+
+What I'm really doing is calling
+something noise which
+
+is really just a scaling
+of the input.
+
+Which is really a more
+trivial problem.
+
+So we don't want to do that.
+
+Another thing I could try to do,
+and people tried to do for
+
+a long time in the communication
+field, was to
+
+say, well, studying random
+processes is too complicated.
+
+Let me just say there's a
+range of possibilities,
+
+possible things for
+what I transmit.
+
+There's a range of possible
+waveforms for the noise.
+
+And I want to make a system
+that works for both these
+
+ranges of different things.
+
+And it just turns out that
+that doesn't work.
+
+It works pretty well for
+the transmitter.
+
+It doesn't work at all
+for the noise.
+
+Because sometimes the noise
+is what it should be.
+
+And sometimes the noise
+is abnormally large.
+
+And when you're trying to decide
+what kind of coding
+
+devices you want to use, what
+kind of modulation you want to
+
+use, and all these other
+questions, you really need to
+
+know something about the
+probabilistic structure here.
+
+So we're going to view
+this as a sample
+
+function of a random process.
+
+And that means we're going to
+have to say what a random
+
+process is.
+
+And so far, the only thing we're
+going to say is, when we
+
+talk about it as a random
+process, we'll call it capital
+
+N of t instead of
+little n of t.
+
+And the idea there is that for
+every time, for every instant
+
+of time, when you talking about
+random processes, you
+
+usually call instants
+of time epochs.
+
+And you call them epochs because
+you're using time for
+
+too many different things.
+
+And calling it an epoch helps
+you keep straight what you're
+
+talking about.
+
+So for each epoch t, n of
+t is a random variable.
+
+And this little n of t is just
+some sample value of that
+
+random variable.
+
+So we're going to assume that
+we have some probabilistic
+
+description of this very large
+
+collection of random variables.
+
+And the thing which makes this
+a little bit tricky,
+
+mathematically is that we have
+an uncountably infinite number
+
+of random of variables
+to worry about here.
+
+x sub t is known at the
+transmitter but
+
+unknown at the receiver.
+
+And what we're eventually
+concerned about is, how does
+
+the receiver figure out
+what was transmitted.
+
+So we'd better view
+x of t as a sample
+
+function of a random process.
+
+x of t, from the receiver's
+viewpoint.
+
+Namely, the transmitter
+knows what it is.
+
+This is this continual problem
+we run into with probability.
+
+When you define a probability
+model for something, it always
+
+depends on whose viewpoint
+you're taking.
+
+I mean you could view my voice
+waveform as a random process.
+
+And in a sense it is.
+
+As far as I'm concerned it's
+almost a random process,
+
+because I don't always
+know what I'm saying.
+
+But as far as you're concerned,
+it's much more of a
+
+random process than it
+is from my viewpoint.
+
+If you understand the English
+language, which all of you do,
+
+fortunately, it's one kind
+of random process.
+
+If you don't understand that,
+it's just some noise waveform
+
+where you need a much more
+complicated model
+
+to deal with it.
+
+So everything we have to do here
+is based on these models
+
+of these random processes, which
+are based on reasonable
+
+assumptions of what we're trying
+to do with the model.
+
+When we do this in terms of
+random processes, we have the
+
+input random process, and we
+have the noise random process.
+
+And if we add up two random
+processes, it doesn't take
+
+much imagination to figure out
+that what we get is another
+
+random process.
+
+It's random both because of
+this and because of this.
+
+Now, we implicitly are assuming
+a whole bunch of
+
+things when we write things
+out this way.
+
+We're not explicitly assuming
+them, but what we want to do
+
+is explain the fact that we're
+implicitly assuming them and
+
+then make it explicit.
+
+One of those things that we're
+doing here is, we're avoiding
+
+all attenuation in what's
+been transmitted.
+
+We've been doing
+that all along.
+
+We've been talking about
+received waveforms as being
+
+equal to the transmitted
+waveform.
+
+Which means that we're assuming
+that the receiver
+
+knows what the attenuation is.
+
+And if it knows what the
+attenuation is, there's no
+
+point in putting in this scale
+factor everywhere.
+
+So we might as well look at
+what's being transmitted as
+
+being the same as what's being
+received, subject to this
+
+attenuation, which is just some
+known factor which we're
+
+not going to consider.
+
+There's also this question
+of delay.
+
+And we're assuming that the
+delay is known perfectly.
+
+So that assumption is
+built into here.
+
+y of t is x of t without
+delay, plus z of t.
+
+And now, after studying these
+modulation things, we can add
+
+a few more things which are
+implicitly put into here.
+
+One of them is that we know what
+the received phase is.
+
+So that in fact we don't
+have any phase
+
+error on all of this.
+
+So we're saying, let's
+get rid of that also.
+
+So we have no timing error,
+no phase error.
+
+All of these errors are
+disappearing because what we
+
+want to focus on is just the
+errors that come from this
+
+additive noise.
+
+Whatever the additive
+noise is.
+
+But we want to assume that
+this additive noise is
+
+independent of this process.
+
+So we're saying, when we know
+all of these things about --
+
+or when the receiver knows all
+of these things about what's
+
+being transmitted, except for
+the actual noise waveform, how
+
+do we deal with the problem?
+
+We implicitly mean that z of
+t is independent of x of t,
+
+because otherwise it would be
+just very misleading to define
+
+n z of t as the difference
+between what you receive and
+
+what you transmit.
+
+So we're going to make that
+assumption explicit here.
+
+These are standing assumptions
+until we start to study
+
+wireless systems.
+
+And another standing assumption
+which we'll make is
+
+the kind of assumption
+we've been making in
+
+this course all along.
+
+Which some people like,
+usually theoreticians.
+
+And some people often don't
+like, namely practitioners.
+
+But which if both the
+theoreticians and
+
+practitioners understood better
+what the game was, I
+
+think they would agree to
+doing things this way.
+
+And what we're going to do here
+is, we're not going to
+
+think of what happens when
+people make measurements of
+
+this noise and then try to
+create a stochastic model of
+
+it from all of these
+measurements.
+
+What we're going to do is more
+in the light of what Shannon
+
+did then when he invented
+information theory.
+
+Which is to say, let's try to
+understand the very simplest
+
+situations first.
+
+If we can understand those
+very simplest situations
+
+namely, we will invent whatever
+
+noise we want to invent.
+
+To start to understand what
+noise does to communication.
+
+And we will look at the simplest
+processes we can.
+
+Which seem to make any
+sense at all of us.
+
+And then after we understand a
+few of those, then we will
+
+say, OK, what happens if
+there's some particular
+
+phenomenon going on
+in this channel.
+
+And when you look at what
+practitioners do, what in fact
+
+they do is, everything
+they do is based on
+
+various rules of thumb.
+
+Where do these rules
+of thumb come from?
+
+They come from the theoretical
+papers that were written 50
+
+years before, if they're very
+out of date practitioners.
+
+25 years before if they're
+relatively up to date
+
+practitioners.
+
+Or one year before if they're
+really reading all the
+
+literature as it comes out.
+
+But rules of thumb usually
+aren't based on what's
+
+happening as far as papers
+are concerned now.
+
+It's usually based on some
+composite of what people have
+
+understood over a large
+number of years.
+
+So in fact, the way you
+understand the subject is to
+
+create these toy models.
+
+And the toy models are
+what we're going
+
+to be creating now.
+
+Understand the toy models, and
+then move from the toy models
+
+to trying to understand
+other things.
+
+This is the process we'll be
+going through when we look at
+
+this additive noise channel,
+which doesn't make much sense
+
+for wireless channels,
+as it turns out.
+
+But it's part of what you deal
+with on a wireless channel.
+
+And then, on a wireless channel,
+we'll say, well, are
+
+these other effects
+concerned also?
+
+And we'll try to deal with
+these other effects as an
+
+addition to the effects that
+we know how to deal width.
+
+We've already done that as far
+as phase noise is concerned.
+
+Namely, we've already said that
+since phase effects occur
+
+slowly, we can in fact get rid
+of them almost entirely.
+
+And therefore we don't have
+to worry about them here.
+
+So, in fact we have done what
+we've said that we believe
+
+ought to be done.
+
+Namely, since we now know how to
+get rid of the phase noise,
+
+we're now looking at additive
+noise and saying, how can we
+
+get rid of that.
+
+Actually, if you look at the
+argument we went through with
+
+phase noise, we were really
+assuming that we knew how to
+
+deal with channel noise
+as part of that.
+
+And in fact when you get done
+knowing how to deal with
+
+channel noise, you can
+go back to that
+
+phase locked loop argument.
+
+And you'll see a little more
+clearly, or a little more
+
+precisely, what's
+going on there.
+
+When we started talking about
+waveforms, if you remember
+
+back to when we were talking
+about compression, we really
+
+faked this issue of
+random processes.
+
+If you remember the thing we
+did, everything was random
+
+while we were talking about
+taking discrete sources and
+
+coding for them.
+
+When we then looked at how
+do you do quantization on
+
+sequences of real numbers or
+sequences of complex numbers,
+
+we again took a probabilistic
+model.
+
+And we determined how to do
+quantization in terms of that
+
+probabilistic model.
+
+And in terms of that
+probabilistic model, we
+
+figured out what ought
+to be done.
+
+And then, if you remember, when
+we went to the problem of
+
+going from waveforms to
+sequences, and our pattern
+
+was, take a waveform.
+
+Turn it into a sequence.
+
+Quantize the sequence, then
+encode the digital sequence.
+
+We cheated.
+
+Because we didn't talk at all
+about random processes there.
+
+And the thing we did instead is,
+we simply converted source
+
+waveforms to sequences and
+said that only the
+
+probabilistic description of
+the sequence is relevant.
+
+And, you know, that's
+actually true.
+
+Because so long as you decide
+that what you're going to do
+
+is go from waveforms to
+sequences, and in fact you
+
+have decided on which particular
+orthonormal
+
+expansion you're going to use,
+then everything from there on
+
+is determined just by what you
+know about the probabilistic
+
+description of that sequence.
+
+And everything else
+is irrelevant.
+
+I mean, each waveform maps
+into a sequence.
+
+When you're going back,
+sequences map into waveforms,
+
+at least in this L2 sense,
+which is what determines
+
+energy difference.
+
+And energy differences usually
+are criterion for whether
+
+we've done a good job or not.
+
+So, in fact, we could avoid the
+problem that way simply by
+
+looking at the sequences.
+
+And it makes some sense to do
+that because we're looking at
+
+mean square error.
+
+And that was why we looked
+at mean square error.
+
+But now we can't do
+that any more.
+
+Because now, in fact, the noise
+is occurring on the
+
+waveform itself.
+
+So we can't just say, let's turn
+this into a sequence and
+
+see what the noise on the
+waveform does to the sequence.
+
+Because, in fact, that won't
+work at this point.
+
+So random process z of t is
+a collection of random
+
+variables, one for
+each t and r.
+
+So, in other words, this is
+really a collection of an
+
+uncountably infinite number
+of random variables.
+
+And for each epoch
+t, the random
+
+variable z of t is a function.
+
+Capital Z of t and omega.
+
+Omega is the sample point we
+have in this sample space.
+
+Where does the sample
+space come from?
+
+We're imagining it.
+
+We don't know any way
+to construct a
+
+sample space very well.
+
+But we know if we study
+probability theory that we
+
+need a sample space to talk
+about probabilities.
+
+So we're going to imagine
+different sample spaces and
+
+see what the consequences
+of those are.
+
+I mean, that's the point of
+this general point of view
+
+that we have.
+
+That we start out looking at
+simple models and go from
+
+there to complex models.
+
+Part of the model is the sample
+space that we have.
+
+So for each sample point that
+we're dealing with, the
+
+collection --
+
+I should have written
+this differently.
+
+Let me change this
+a little bit to
+
+make it a little clearer.
+
+z of t omega for t and r
+is a sample function
+
+z of t; t and r.
+
+So if I look at this, as a
+function of two variables.
+
+One is time and one is this
+random collection of
+
+things we can't see.
+
+If I hold omega fixed,
+this thing becomes
+
+a function of time.
+
+And in fact it's a sample
+function, it's the sample
+
+function corresponding to that
+particular element in the
+
+sample space.
+
+And don't try to ask what
+the sample space is.
+
+The sample space --
+
+I mean, the sample
+point here --
+
+really specifies what this
+sample function is.
+
+It specifies what the input
+sample function is.
+
+It specifies what everything
+else you're interested in is.
+
+So it's just an abstract
+entity to say, if we're
+
+constructing probabilities
+we need something to
+
+construct them on.
+
+So that's the sample space that
+we can construct these
+
+probabilities on.
+
+The random processes --
+
+Oh.
+
+OK.
+
+We want to look at two different
+things here.
+
+Here we're looking at a fixed
+sample point, which means that
+
+this process for a fixed sample
+point corresponds to a
+
+sample function.
+
+If instead I look a fixed time,
+a fixed epoch, t and r,
+
+and I say what does this
+correspond to as I look at z
+
+of t and omega over all
+omega in this big
+
+messy thing, fix t.
+
+What do I have there?
+
+I have a random variable.
+
+If I look at a fixed t, and
+I'm looking over the whole
+
+sample space, that's what you
+mean by a random variable.
+
+If I look at -- if I hold omega
+fixed and look over the
+
+time axis, what I have
+is a sample function.
+
+I hope that makes it a little
+clearer what the game we're
+
+playing is.
+
+Because this random thing, the
+random process that we're
+
+dealing with, we can best
+visualize it as a function of
+
+two things, both time
+and sample point.
+
+The sample point in this big
+sample space is what controls
+
+everything.
+
+It tells you what every random
+variable in the world is.
+
+And what the relationship
+of every random variable
+
+in the world is.
+
+So, a random process is defined,
+then, by some rule
+
+which establishes a joint
+density for all finite values
+
+of k, all particular sets of
+time, and all particular
+
+arguments here.
+
+What am I trying to do here?
+
+I'm trying to admit right from
+the outset that if I try to
+
+define this process for an
+uncountably infinite number of
+
+times, I'm going to be
+dead in the water.
+
+So I had better be happy with
+the idea of, at least in
+
+principle I would like to be
+able to find out what the
+
+joint probability density
+is for any finite set
+
+of points in time.
+
+And if I can find that,
+I will say I have
+
+defined this random process.
+
+And I'll see what I
+can do with it.
+
+So we need rules that let
+us find this kind
+
+of probability density.
+
+That's the whole
+objective here.
+
+Because I don't know how to
+generate a random process that
+
+does more than that,
+that talks about
+
+everything all at once.
+
+You can read mathematics texts
+to try to do this, but I don't
+
+know any way of getting from
+that kind of general
+
+mathematics down to anything
+that we could make sense about
+
+in terms of models of reality.
+
+The favorite way we're going to
+generate this kind of rule
+
+is to think of the random
+process as being a sum of
+
+random variables multiplied
+by orthonormal functions.
+
+In other words, we will have
+sample values in time, z of t,
+
+which are equal to z sub
+i phi sub i of t.
+
+And for each sample function
+in time, we will then have,
+
+for that particular time, as I
+vary over capital Omega, I'm
+
+going to be varying over
+the values of z sub i.
+
+These are just fixed
+functions.
+
+And what that's going to give
+me is a set of random
+
+variables here.
+
+So in a way we're doing very
+much the same thing as we did
+
+with functions.
+
+With functions we said, when
+we're dealing with these the
+
+equivalence classes, things get
+very, very complicated.
+
+The way we're going to visualize
+a function is in
+
+terms of an orthonormal
+expansion.
+
+And with orthonormal expansions,
+if two functions
+
+are equivalent, they
+both have the
+
+same orthonormal expension.
+
+So now we're saying the same
+thing when we're dealing with
+
+this more general thing, which
+is stochastic processes.
+
+This is really what the signal
+space viewpoint of
+
+communication is.
+
+It's the viewpoint that you view
+these random processes in
+
+terms of orthonormal expansions
+where the
+
+coefficients are random
+variables.
+
+And if I deal with a finite
+number of random variables
+
+here, everything
+is very simple.
+
+Because you know how to add
+random variables, right?
+
+I mean, at least in principle,
+you all know how
+
+to add random variables.
+
+You've been doing that
+any time you take
+
+a probability class.
+
+A quarter of the exercises you
+deal with are adding random
+
+variables together and finding
+various things about the sum
+
+of those random variables.
+
+So that's the same thing we're
+going to be doing here.
+
+The only thing is, we can do
+this for any real value of t,
+
+just by adding up this fixed
+
+collection of random variables.
+
+And you add it up at a different
+arguments here
+
+because as t changes, phi
+sub i of t changes.
+
+And this is sort of what we did
+when we were talking about
+
+source waveforms.
+
+It's very much the same idea
+that we were looking at.
+
+Because with source waveforms,
+when we turned the waveform
+
+into a sequence we were turning
+the waveform into a
+
+sequence by in fact using an
+orthonormal expansion.
+
+And then what was happening is
+that the coefficients in the
+
+orthonormal expansion, we were
+using to actually represent
+
+the random process.
+
+So we're doing the
+same thing here.
+
+The same argument.
+
+So, somehow we have to
+figure out what these
+
+joint densities are.
+
+So, as I said before, when we
+don't know what to do, we make
+
+a simple assumption.
+
+And the simple assumption we're
+going to make is that
+
+these random variables at
+different points in time, of
+
+noise, we're going to assume
+that they're Gaussian.
+
+And a normal Gaussian random
+variable; this, I hope, is
+
+familiar to you, has the density
+1 over the square root
+
+of 2 pi, e to the minus
+n squared over 2.
+
+So it's just density that has
+this nice bell-shaped curve.
+
+It's an extraordinarily
+smooth thing.
+
+It has a mean of 0.
+
+It has a variance of 1.
+
+How many of you could
+prove that the
+
+variance of this is 1?
+
+Well, in a while you'll all
+be able to prove it.
+
+Because there are easy
+ways of doing it.
+
+Other than looking at a table of
+integrals, which we'll do.
+
+An arbitrary Gaussian random
+variable is just where you
+
+take this normal variable.
+
+These normalized Gaussian random
+variables are also
+
+traditionally called
+normal variables.
+
+I mean, they have such a central
+position in all of
+
+probability.
+
+And when somebody talks about
+a normal random variable --
+
+I mean, there's sort of the
+sense that random variable
+
+should be normal.
+
+That's the typical thing.
+
+It's what should happen.
+
+And any time you don't have
+normal random variables,
+
+you're dealing with something
+bizarre and strange.
+
+And that's carrying it a little
+too far, but in fact,
+
+when we're looking at noise,
+that's not a bad idea.
+
+If you shift this random
+variable by a mean z bar, and
+
+you scale it by -- excuse
+me, scale it by sigma.
+
+Then the density of the result
+becomes 1 over the square root
+
+of 2 pi sigma squared, e to the
+minus z minus z bar over 2
+
+sigma squared.
+
+In other words, the shifting
+just shifts the
+
+whole thing by z bar.
+
+So this density peaks up around
+z bar, rather than
+
+peaking up around 0,
+which makes sense.
+
+And if you scale it by sigma,
+then you need a
+
+sigma in here, too.
+
+When you have this probability
+density, you're going to be
+
+scaling it this way.
+
+Scaling it that way is what
+we mean by scaling it.
+
+If you scale it this way to make
+sigma squared larger, the
+
+variance larger, this thing
+still has to integrate to 1.
+
+So you have to pop it down
+a little bit also.
+
+Which is why this sigma squared
+appears here in the
+
+denominator.
+
+So anytime we scale a random
+variable, it's got to be
+
+scaled this way.
+
+And it's also got to
+be scaled down.
+
+So that's why these
+Gaussian random
+
+variables look this way.
+
+We're going to be dealing with
+these Gaussian random
+
+variables so much that we'll
+refer to this random variable
+
+as being normal with mean
+z bar and sigma
+
+variance sigma squared.
+
+And if we don't say anything
+other than it's normal, we
+
+mean it's normal with mean
+0 and variance 1.
+
+Which is the nicest
+case of all.
+
+It's this nice bell-shaped curve
+which everything should
+
+correspond to.
+
+They tend to be good
+models of things
+
+for a number of reasons.
+
+One of them is the central
+limit theorem.
+
+And the central limit theorem,
+I'm not going to state it
+
+precisely here.
+
+I'm certainly not going
+to prove it.
+
+One of the nastiest things to
+prove in probability theory is
+
+the central limit theorem.
+
+It's an absolute bear.
+
+I mean, it seems so simple.
+
+And you try to prove
+it, and it's ugly.
+
+But, anyway, the central limit
+theorem says that if you add
+
+up a large number of Gaussian
+random variables, of
+
+independent Gaussian random
+variables, and you scale the
+
+sum down to make it
+variance one, you
+
+have to scale it down.
+
+Then when you get all done
+adding them all up, what you
+
+wind up with is a Gaussian
+random variable.
+
+This is saying something a
+little more precise than the
+
+law of large numbers.
+
+The law of large numbers says
+you add up a bunch of
+
+independent or almost
+independent random variables.
+
+And you scale them down.
+
+And you get a mean, which
+is something.
+
+This is saying something more.
+
+It's saying you add them all up,
+and you scale them down in
+
+the right way.
+
+And you get not only the mean,
+now, but you also get the
+
+shape of the density
+around the mean.
+
+Which is this Gaussian shape,
+if you add a lot of them.
+
+It has a bunch of extremal
+properties.
+
+In a sense, it's
+the most random
+
+of all random variables.
+
+Not going to talk about that,
+but every once in a while, one
+
+of these things will come up.
+
+When you start doing an
+optimization in probability
+
+theory, over all possible random
+variables of a given
+
+mean and variance, you often
+find that the answer that you
+
+come up with either when you
+maximize or when you minimize
+
+is Gaussian.
+
+If you get this answer when you
+maximize, then what you
+
+get when you minimize is usually
+a random variable,
+
+which is zero or something.
+
+And vice versa.
+
+So that either the minimum
+or the maximum of a
+
+problem makes sense.
+
+And the one that makes
+sense, the
+
+answer is usually Gaussian.
+
+At least, it's Gaussian
+for the problems
+
+for which it's Gaussian.
+
+But it's Gaussian for an
+awful lot of problems.
+
+It's very easy to manipulate
+analytically.
+
+Now, you look at that density,
+and you say, my God, that
+
+can't be easy to manipulate
+analytically.
+
+But in fact, after you get
+used to two or three very
+
+small tricks, in fact you'll
+find out that it's very easy
+
+to manipulate analytically.
+
+It's one of the easiest random
+variables to work with.
+
+Far easier than a binary
+random variable.
+
+If we add up a bunch of binary
+random variables,
+
+and what do you get?
+
+You get a binomial
+random variable.
+
+And binomial random variables,
+when you add up enough of
+
+them, they get uglier
+and uglier.
+
+Except they start to
+look Gaussian.
+
+These Gaussian random variables,
+if you add up a
+
+bunch of them, and
+what do you get?
+
+You get a Gaussian
+random variable.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Central limit theorem
+applies to random
+
+variables or Gaussian
+random variables?
+
+PROFESSOR: Central
+limit theorem
+
+applies to random variables.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, I'm sorry.
+
+I shouldn't have.
+
+No.
+
+I said, when you add a bunch of
+Gaussian random variables,
+
+you get exactly a Gaussian
+random --
+
+when you add up a bunch of
+jointly Gaussian random
+
+variables, and we'll find out
+what that means in a while,
+
+you get exactly a Gaussian
+random variable.
+
+When you add up a bunch of
+random variables which are
+
+independent, or which are close
+enough to independent,
+
+and which have several
+restrictions on them and you
+
+scale them the right way.
+
+What you get as you add more and
+more of them, tends toward
+
+a Gaussian distribution.
+
+And I don't want to state
+all of those conditions.
+
+I mean, we don't need all
+those conditions here.
+
+Because the only thing we're
+relying on is when we look at
+
+noise, we're looking at a
+collection of a very large
+
+number of phenomena.
+
+And because we're looking at
+a very large number of
+
+phenomena, we can sort of model
+it as being an addition
+
+of a lot of little
+random variables.
+
+And because of that, in an
+enormous number of situations,
+
+when you look at these things,
+what you get is fairly close
+
+to a Gaussian shape.
+
+And it's a model that everybody
+uses for noise.
+
+If you read papers in the
+communication field, or in the
+
+control field, or in a bunch
+of other fields, and people
+
+start talking about what happens
+when noise enters the
+
+picture, sometimes they will
+talk about their model for the
+
+noise process.
+
+Sometimes they won't.
+
+But if they don't talk about
+what noise model they're
+
+using, it's a very safe bet that
+what they're using is a
+
+Gaussian process model.
+
+In other words, this is the
+kind of model people use
+
+because it's a model
+that makes a
+
+certain amount of sense.
+
+Now, there's one other thing you
+ought to be aware of here.
+
+It's something that we've talked
+about a little bit in
+
+other contexts.
+
+When we're looking at a noise
+waveform that you have to deal
+
+with in a modem or something
+like that, this modem only
+
+experiences one noise waveform
+in its life.
+
+So, what do we mean by saying
+that it's random?
+
+Well, it's an act of
+faith, in a sense.
+
+But it's not so much.
+
+Because if you're designing
+communication equipment, and
+
+you're cookie cuttering
+cellphones or something like
+
+that, or something else, what
+you're doing is designing a
+
+piece of equipment which is
+supposed to work in an
+
+enormous number of
+different places.
+
+So that each one you're
+manufacturing is experiencing
+
+a different waveform.
+
+So that as far as the designing
+the device is
+
+concerned, what you're
+interested in is not that one
+
+waveform that one of these
+things experiences, but in
+
+fact the ensemble of waveforms
+that all of them experience.
+
+Now, when you look at the
+ensemble of waveforms that all
+
+of these things experience, over
+all of this large variety
+
+of different contexts; noise
+here, noise there, noise
+
+there, suddenly the model of a
+large collection of very small
+
+things makes even
+better sense.
+
+Because in each context, in
+each place, you have some
+
+forms of noise.
+
+When you look at this over all
+the different contexts that
+
+you're looking at, then suddenly
+you have many, many
+
+more things that you, in a
+sense, are just adding up if
+
+you want to make a model here.
+
+So we're going to use this
+model for a while.
+
+We will find out that it leads
+us to lots of nice things.
+
+And so forth.
+
+So, we said that we'd be happy
+if we could deal with at least
+
+studying a random process over
+some finite set of times.
+
+So it makes sense to
+look at a finite
+
+set of random variables.
+
+So we're going to look at a
+k-tuple of random variables.
+
+And we're going to call that
+-- what do you think we're
+
+going to call a k-tuple
+of random variables?
+
+We're going to call it
+a random vector.
+
+In fact, when you look at
+random vectors, you can
+
+describe them as being elements
+of a vector space.
+
+And we're not going to do that
+because most of you are
+
+already sufficiently confused
+about doing functions as
+
+vectors, and adding on the idea
+of a random process as a
+
+vector would be very unkind.
+
+And we're not going to
+do it because we
+
+don't need to do it.
+
+We're simply calling these
+things vectors because we want
+
+to use the notation of vector
+space, which will be
+
+convenient here.
+
+So, if we have a collection of
+random variables n 1 to n k,
+
+and they're all IID, independent
+identically
+
+distributed.
+
+They're all normal with mean
+zero and variance one, the
+
+joint density of them is what?
+
+Well, you know what the
+joint density is.
+
+If they're independent and
+they're all the same, you just
+
+multiply their densities
+together.
+
+So it's 1 over 2 pi
+with a k over 2.
+
+e to the minus n 1
+squared minus n 2
+
+squared, and so forth.
+
+Divided by 2.
+
+That's why this density
+form is a
+
+particularly convenient thing.
+
+You have something
+in the exponent.
+
+When you have independent
+random variables,
+
+you multiply densities.
+
+Which means you add what's
+in the exponent.
+
+Which means everything
+is very nice.
+
+So you wind up adding up all
+these sample values for each
+
+of the random variables.
+
+With our notation looking at
+norm squared, this is just the
+
+norm squared for this sequence
+of sample values.
+
+And look at the sequence of
+samples values is a actual
+
+vector, n 1 up to n sub k.
+
+So we wind up width the norm
+of the vector n squared
+
+divided by 2.
+
+If you draw a picture of that,
+you have spherical symmetry.
+
+Every set of sample vectors
+which have the same energy in
+
+them has the same probability
+density.
+
+If you draw it in two
+dimensions, you get --
+
+it looks like a target where
+the biggest probability
+
+density is in here, and the
+probability density goes down
+
+as you move out.
+
+If you look at it in three
+dimensions, if that same
+
+thing's looked at in a sphere.
+
+And if you look at it in four
+dimensions, well, it's the
+
+same thing, but I can't draw
+it, I can't imagine it.
+
+But it's still a spherical
+symmetry.
+
+In the one minute that I have
+remaining, I'm going to --
+
+I might derive a Gaussian
+density.
+
+I'm going to call a bunch of
+random variables zero-mean
+
+jointly Gaussian if they're
+all derived by linear
+
+combinations on some
+set of normal IID
+
+Gaussian in random variables.
+
+In other words, if each of them
+is a linear combination
+
+of these IID random variables, I
+will call the collection z 1
+
+up to z k a jointly Gaussian
+random variable.
+
+In other words, jointly Gaussian
+does not mean that z
+
+1 is Gaussian, z 2
+is Gaussian, up
+
+to z k being Gaussian.
+
+It means much more than that.
+
+It means that all of them are
+linear combinations of some
+
+underlying set of independent
+random variables.
+
+In the homework that was passed
+out this time, you will
+
+look at two different ways of
+generating a pair of random
+
+variables which are each
+Gaussian, but which are not
+
+jointly Gaussian.
+
+Which you can't view
+in this way.
+
+So this is important.
+
+Jointly Gaussian makes sense
+physically because when we
+
+look at random variables, we say
+it makes sense to look at
+
+Gaussian random variables
+because of a collection of a
+
+lot of noise variables.
+
+If you look at two different
+random variables, each of them
+
+is going to be a collection of
+
+different small noise variables.
+
+And they're each going to be
+some weighted sum over a
+
+different set of noise
+variables.
+
+So it's reasonable to expect
+each of them to be expressible
+
+in this way.
+
+I guess I'm not going to derive
+
+what I wanted to derive.
+
+I'll do it next time.
+
+It's easier to think of
+this in matrix form.
+
+In other words, I'll take the
+vector of sample values, z 1
+
+up to z sub k.
+
+Each one of them is a linear
+combination of these normal
+
+random variables, n
+1 up to n sub n.
+
+So I can do it as z equal
+to matrix a times n.
+
+This is a vector of
+real numbers.
+
+This is a vector of real
+numbers, this is a matrix.
+
+And if I make this a square
+matrix, than what we're doing
+
+is mapping each of the unit
+vectors, each single noise
+
+vector, into the i'th
+column of a.
+
+In other words, if I have a
+noise vector where n 1 is
+
+equal to 0, n 2 is equal to 0,
+n sub i is equal to 1 and
+
+everything else is equal to 0,
+what that generates in terms
+
+of this random vector z is
+just the vector a sub 1.
+
+So.
+
+What I'm going to do when I come
+back to this next time
+
+is, if I take a little cube in
+the n space, and I map it into
+
+what goes on in the z space,
+this unit vector here is going
+
+to map into a vector here.
+
+The unit vector here is going
+to map into a vector here.
+
+So cubes map into
+parallelograms.
+
+Next time, the thing we will
+say is, if you look at the
+
+determinant of a matrix, the
+determinant of a matrix, the
+
+most fundamental definition of
+it, is that it's the volume of
+
+a parallelepiped.
+
+In fact, it's the volume
+of this parallelepiped.
+
+So we'll do that next time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/zLJZY6VOO6w.txt b/zLJZY6VOO6w.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..48bbbd9d48f122a413f7d9556ddfc158a1e439db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/zLJZY6VOO6w.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6523 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're gonna get started and what we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna get started and what we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna get started and what we'll
+do today is continue with fatty acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do today is continue with fatty acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do today is continue with fatty acid
+synthase because that's the paradigm for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthase because that's the paradigm for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthase because that's the paradigm for
+these macro molecular machines like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these macro molecular machines like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these macro molecular machines like the
+PKS and then we'll go over the logic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PKS and then we'll go over the logic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PKS and then we'll go over the logic of
+polyketide synthases so we left off last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyketide synthases so we left off last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyketide synthases so we left off last
+time with this discussion about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time with this discussion about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time with this discussion about some
+molecules that will be involved and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules that will be involved and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules that will be involved and in
+particular bio esters and I asked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular bio esters and I asked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular bio esters and I asked about
+the Alpha H so just going back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Alpha H so just going back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Alpha H so just going back to
+introductory organic chemistry what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory organic chemistry what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory organic chemistry what are
+properties of this atom here yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of this atom here yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of this atom here yeah okay
+right so this is acidic so if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what that means is if there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what that means is if there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what that means is if there's a
+base that can deprotonate that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base that can deprotonate that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base that can deprotonate that we can
+get an enolate okay and this is the type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an enolate okay and this is the type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an enolate okay and this is the type
+of chemistry that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chemistry that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chemistry that's going to be
+happening with the thio esters that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening with the thio esters that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening with the thio esters that are
+used in fatty acid synthase and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in fatty acid synthase and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in fatty acid synthase and also
+polyketide synthase and just to rewind a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyketide synthase and just to rewind a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyketide synthase and just to rewind a
+little bit more if we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more if we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more if we think about
+carbon-carbon bond forming reactions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon-carbon bond forming reactions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon-carbon bond forming reactions in
+nature right which is what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature right which is what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature right which is what's happening
+in fatty acid biosynthesis and in poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fatty acid biosynthesis and in poly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fatty acid biosynthesis and in poly
+key tight biosynthesis effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key tight biosynthesis effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key tight biosynthesis effectively
+nature uses three different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature uses three different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature uses three different types of
+reaction okay so one is the aldol to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction okay so one is the aldol to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction okay so one is the aldol to the
+claisen and three parental transfer okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claisen and three parental transfer okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claisen and three parental transfer okay
+and so we're gonna see claisen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're gonna see claisen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're gonna see claisen
+condensations in FAS and PKS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensations in FAS and PKS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensations in FAS and PKS
+biosynthesis and then after spring break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis and then after spring break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis and then after spring break
+when Joanne starts with Colo cholesterol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Joanne starts with Colo cholesterol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Joanne starts with Colo cholesterol
+biosynthesis that will involve parental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis that will involve parental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis that will involve parental
+transfers and hopefully you've seen out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers and hopefully you've seen out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers and hopefully you've seen out
+all reactions sometime before with in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all reactions sometime before with in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all reactions sometime before with in
+biochemistry here okay so we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry here okay so we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry here okay so we need to
+think about just what the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about just what the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about just what the general
+claisen condensation is that we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claisen condensation is that we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claisen condensation is that we're gonna
+be seeing here and the consequences of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be seeing here and the consequences of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be seeing here and the consequences of
+this acidic proton so also just keep in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this acidic proton so also just keep in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this acidic proton so also just keep in
+mind rewinding a little more nature uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind rewinding a little more nature uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind rewinding a little more nature uses
+thio esters okay not ox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thio esters okay not ox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thio esters okay not ox
+Westers and so the alpha age is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Westers and so the alpha age is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Westers and so the alpha age is more
+acidic the kirpan neil is more activated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acidic the kirpan neil is more activated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acidic the kirpan neil is more activated
+for nucleophilic attack and there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for nucleophilic attack and there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for nucleophilic attack and there's some
+resonance argument and over orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance argument and over orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance argument and over orbital
+overlap arguments that can guide those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap arguments that can guide those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap arguments that can guide those
+conclusions if you wish to do them here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions if you wish to do them here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions if you wish to do them here
+okay so let's imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is our nucleophile and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is our nucleophile and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is our nucleophile and what
+you'll see coming forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so effectively this acyl thioester it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so effectively this acyl thioester it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so effectively this acyl thioester it's
+definitely activated so it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problems sorry about that it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems sorry about that it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems sorry about that it can be
+activated as an electrophile okay at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated as an electrophile okay at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated as an electrophile okay at the
+c1 position so next door to the sulfur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c1 position so next door to the sulfur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c1 position so next door to the sulfur
+and it can be activated as a nucleophile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can be activated as a nucleophile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can be activated as a nucleophile
+at the c2 position here so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the c2 position here so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the c2 position here so this is the
+general chemistry that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general chemistry that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general chemistry that's going to be
+happening by FA F and P KF in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening by FA F and P KF in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening by FA F and P KF in terms of
+forming carbon-carbon bonds between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming carbon-carbon bonds between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming carbon-carbon bonds between
+monomers here okay so in fatty acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomers here okay so in fatty acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomers here okay so in fatty acid
+synthase we have two monomer units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we have acetyl co a and Melanie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have acetyl co a and Melanie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have acetyl co a and Melanie
+Lau a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acetyl co a is the starter unit okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl co a is the starter unit okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl co a is the starter unit okay
+sometimes called unit 0 and then Melanie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called unit 0 and then Melanie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called unit 0 and then Melanie
+Ocoee is the extender okay I'm so recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ocoee is the extender okay I'm so recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ocoee is the extender okay I'm so recall
+that in fatty acid biosynthesis each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in fatty acid biosynthesis each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in fatty acid biosynthesis each
+long elongation event adds two carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long elongation event adds two carbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long elongation event adds two carbons
+okay and if we look at Melanie Oh Kawai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if we look at Melanie Oh Kawai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if we look at Melanie Oh Kawai
+we have three here right so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have three here right so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have three here right so there's
+decarboxylation of Millenial co a to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarboxylation of Millenial co a to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarboxylation of Millenial co a to
+generate a c2 unit and there's details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a c2 unit and there's details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a c2 unit and there's details
+of that in the lecture fifteen notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and ESCO a is coenzyme a here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and ESCO a is coenzyme a here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and ESCO a is coenzyme a here okay
+and there's some information as to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's some information as to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's some information as to the
+biosynthesis of these starter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis of these starter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis of these starter and
+extender units and the notes we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extender units and the notes we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extender units and the notes we're not
+going to go over that in lecture here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go over that in lecture here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go over that in lecture here so
+in terms of using these monomers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of using these monomers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of using these monomers to
+obtain fatty acids first what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain fatty acids first what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain fatty acids first what we're
+going to go over are the domains in FAS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go over are the domains in FAS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go over are the domains in FAS
+and so we can consider domains that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we can consider domains that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we can consider domains that are
+required for extension of the fatty acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required for extension of the fatty acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required for extension of the fatty acid
+chain and then domains that are required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain and then domains that are required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain and then domains that are required
+for tailoring of that effectively to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for tailoring of that effectively to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for tailoring of that effectively to
+reduce the carbonyl as shown so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the carbonyl as shown so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the carbonyl as shown so and
+we're going to go through these because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go through these because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go through these because
+what we're gonna find is that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're gonna find is that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're gonna find is that with
+polyketide biosynthesis the same types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyketide biosynthesis the same types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyketide biosynthesis the same types
+of domains are used so this logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of domains are used so this logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of domains are used so this logic
+extends there okay so first we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extends there okay so first we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extends there okay so first we have
+domains required for elongation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains required for elongation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains required for elongation of the
+fatty acid chain okay by one two carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acid chain okay by one two carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acid chain okay by one two carbon
+unit okay so these include domains that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit okay so these include domains that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit okay so these include domains that
+may be abbreviated as ahe or ma T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be abbreviated as ahe or ma T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be abbreviated as ahe or ma T and
+they can be grouped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as a chi and stand for acetyl or melon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a chi and stand for acetyl or melon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a chi and stand for acetyl or melon
+eel transferase okay we have an acyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eel transferase okay we have an acyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eel transferase okay we have an acyl
+carrier protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ACP okay and this carries the growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ACP okay and this carries the growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ACP okay and this carries the growing
+chain okay between the domains of fatty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain okay between the domains of fatty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain okay between the domains of fatty
+acid synthase and so in recitation this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid synthase and so in recitation this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid synthase and so in recitation this
+week you're going to see how these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week you're going to see how these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week you're going to see how these
+domains move around and talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains move around and talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains move around and talk about the
+length of this acyl carrier protein we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of this acyl carrier protein we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of this acyl carrier protein we
+also have the ketosynthase okay so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have the ketosynthase okay so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have the ketosynthase okay so what
+the keto spin face does it it accepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the keto spin face does it it accepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the keto spin face does it it accepts
+the grilling Shan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay from the acyl carrier protein okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay from the acyl carrier protein okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay from the acyl carrier protein okay
+and it catalyzes the Clay's and claisen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it catalyzes the Clay's and claisen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it catalyzes the Clay's and claisen
+condensation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay with the next monomer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and what we'll see is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what we'll see is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what we'll see is that this
+ketosynthase uses covalent catalysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and via a cysteine thiolate residue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so these are the key domains required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are the key domains required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are the key domains required
+for elongation of the chain okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for elongation of the chain okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for elongation of the chain okay and
+then what we also need our domains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what we also need our domains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what we also need our domains
+required for tailoring and just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required for tailoring and just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required for tailoring and just to
+clarify I'm defining domain domain here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarify I'm defining domain domain here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarify I'm defining domain domain here
+as a polypeptide with a single enzymatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a polypeptide with a single enzymatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a polypeptide with a single enzymatic
+activity so domains can be connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity so domains can be connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity so domains can be connected to
+one another or they can be standalone in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one another or they can be standalone in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one another or they can be standalone in
+different types of synthesis but domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of synthesis but domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of synthesis but domain
+means polypeptide with a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means polypeptide with a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means polypeptide with a single
+enzymatic activity okay so what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymatic activity okay so what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymatic activity okay so what are the
+domains required for tailoring okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains required for tailoring okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains required for tailoring okay and
+these work after addition of the c2 unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to the growing change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the growing change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the growing change
+okay so first there's the keto reductase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and as indicated what this enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and as indicated what this enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and as indicated what this enzyme
+does is it reduces the carbonyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is it reduces the carbonyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is it reduces the carbonyl
+okay of the previous unit okay - I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay of the previous unit okay - I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay of the previous unit okay - I know
+H and use this NADPH H+ okay we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H and use this NADPH H+ okay we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H and use this NADPH H+ okay we also
+have the dehydratase here and this forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the dehydratase here and this forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the dehydratase here and this forms
+an alpha beta alkyne from the product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an alpha beta alkyne from the product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an alpha beta alkyne from the product of
+the keto reductase action and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the keto reductase action and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the keto reductase action and then we
+have an enol reductase that reduces that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reduces this alpha beta alkene and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces this alpha beta alkene and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces this alpha beta alkene and this
+also requires nad ph h plus here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also requires nad ph h plus here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also requires nad ph h plus here okay
+and then some fatty acids and bases use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then some fatty acids and bases use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then some fatty acids and bases use
+a domain called a thioester ace for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a domain called a thioester ace for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a domain called a thioester ace for
+chain release and that's noted as te
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and we'll see thigh OS traces and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we'll see thigh OS traces and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we'll see thigh OS traces and
+PKS and n RPS sections here so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PKS and n RPS sections here so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PKS and n RPS sections here so one
+comment regarding the acyl carrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment regarding the acyl carrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment regarding the acyl carrier
+protein and then we'll just look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein and then we'll just look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein and then we'll just look at the
+fatty acid synthase cycle and see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acid synthase cycle and see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acid synthase cycle and see how
+these domains are acting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in order for the acyl carrier protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in order for the acyl carrier protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in order for the acyl carrier protein
+to carry this growing chain it first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to carry this growing chain it first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to carry this growing chain it first
+needs to be post translationally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be post translationally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be post translationally
+modified with what's called a peep an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified with what's called a peep an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified with what's called a peep an
+arm and that arm provides the ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm and that arm provides the ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm and that arm provides the ability to
+have these monomers or growing chains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these monomers or growing chains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these monomers or growing chains
+linked via a thioester and so just to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked via a thioester and so just to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked via a thioester and so just to go
+over this post translational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this post translational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this post translational
+modification so post translational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modification so post translational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modification so post translational
+modification they so carrier protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modification they so carrier protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modification they so carrier protein
+with the P pant arm okay if we consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the P pant arm okay if we consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the P pant arm okay if we consider
+a PO a SIL carrier protein okay and a PO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a PO a SIL carrier protein okay and a PO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a PO a SIL carrier protein okay and a PO
+means that the P pant arm is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the P pant arm is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the P pant arm is not
+attached okay there's a serine residue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an enzyme called a PPT ace o comes along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an enzyme called a PPT ace o comes along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an enzyme called a PPT ace o comes along
+and it allows for post translational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it allows for post translational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it allows for post translational
+modification of this serine using Co a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modification of this serine using Co a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modification of this serine using Co a
+sh releasing 3 5 ADP to give ACP post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sh releasing 3 5 ADP to give ACP post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sh releasing 3 5 ADP to give ACP post
+translationally modified with the PP an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translationally modified with the PP an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translationally modified with the PP an
+arm okay and we'll look at the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm okay and we'll look at the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm okay and we'll look at the actual
+chemical structures in a minute what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical structures in a minute what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical structures in a minute what I
+want to point out is that throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to point out is that throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to point out is that throughout
+this unit this squiggle some form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this unit this squiggle some form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this unit this squiggle some form of
+squiggle here is the abbreviation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squiggle here is the abbreviation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squiggle here is the abbreviation for
+the P pant arm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and this is very flexible and about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is very flexible and about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is very flexible and about
+20 angstroms in length here so what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 angstroms in length here so what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 angstroms in length here so what does
+this actually look like so here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually look like so here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually look like so here we have
+Co a sh so p pant is an abbreviation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Co a sh so p pant is an abbreviation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Co a sh so p pant is an abbreviation for
+phospho Kanta theme here this FOIA t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phospho Kanta theme here this FOIA t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phospho Kanta theme here this FOIA t
+okay and here's the 3/5 ABP and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and here's the 3/5 ABP and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and here's the 3/5 ABP and so
+effectively what's shown on the board is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively what's shown on the board is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively what's shown on the board is
+repeated here except for here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated here except for here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated here except for here we're
+seeing the full structure of the phospho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the full structure of the phospho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the full structure of the phospho
+panteth in elated acyl carrier protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panteth in elated acyl carrier protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panteth in elated acyl carrier protein
+so this squiggle abbreviation indicates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this squiggle abbreviation indicates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this squiggle abbreviation indicates
+this post translational modification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this post translational modification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this post translational modification
+onto a serine residue of the ACP just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto a serine residue of the ACP just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto a serine residue of the ACP just as
+an example of structure so here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of structure so here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of structure so here's a
+structure of acyl carrier protein from E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of acyl carrier protein from E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of acyl carrier protein from E
+coli it's about ten kiloton so not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coli it's about ten kiloton so not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coli it's about ten kiloton so not very
+big and we see the P parent arm here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big and we see the P parent arm here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big and we see the P parent arm here
+attached okay so if we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached okay so if we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached okay so if we think about
+Donnie acids biosynthesis okay we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Donnie acids biosynthesis okay we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Donnie acids biosynthesis okay we can
+think about this in three steps better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this in three steps better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this in three steps better
+iterative okay so first we have loading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the acyl carrier proteins need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the acyl carrier proteins need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the acyl carrier proteins need to be
+loaded with monomers sometimes this step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loaded with monomers sometimes this step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loaded with monomers sometimes this step
+the reactions are described as priming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactions are described as priming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactions are described as priming
+reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we have initiation and elongation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have initiation and elongation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have initiation and elongation
+I'll group together here and three at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll group together here and three at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll group together here and three at
+some point a termination okay so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point a termination okay so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point a termination okay so we've
+thought about these before from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about these before from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about these before from the
+standpoint of biological polymerizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what about the FAS cycle here's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what about the FAS cycle here's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what about the FAS cycle here's one
+depiction and I've provided multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depiction and I've provided multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depiction and I've provided multiple
+depictions in the lecture 15 notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depictions in the lecture 15 notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depictions in the lecture 15 notes
+because some people find different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because some people find different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because some people find different
+cycles easier than others but let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles easier than others but let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles easier than others but let's just
+take a look so this charts out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look so this charts out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look so this charts out the
+various domains the starter and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various domains the starter and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various domains the starter and the
+extender and then the chemistry that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extender and then the chemistry that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extender and then the chemistry that
+occurs and on these steps and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs and on these steps and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs and on these steps and so what
+needs to happen is that there needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to happen is that there needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to happen is that there needs to
+be some loading and initiation where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some loading and initiation where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some loading and initiation where the
+acetyl co a is loaded onto an acyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl co a is loaded onto an acyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl co a is loaded onto an acyl
+carrier protein so that's shown here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier protein so that's shown here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier protein so that's shown here the
+base the transferase here and then from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base the transferase here and then from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base the transferase here and then from
+the acyl carrier protein this monomer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acyl carrier protein this monomer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acyl carrier protein this monomer is
+loaded onto the ketosynthase if we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loaded onto the ketosynthase if we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loaded onto the ketosynthase if we look
+here we have one of our extender units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have one of our extender units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have one of our extender units
+the Malin Alcoa and the co2 unit that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Malin Alcoa and the co2 unit that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Malin Alcoa and the co2 unit that
+gets removed during decarboxylation as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets removed during decarboxylation as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets removed during decarboxylation as
+shown in this light blue okay we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown in this light blue okay we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown in this light blue okay we need to
+have this extender unit also transferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this extender unit also transferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this extender unit also transferred
+to an acyl carrier protein via the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an acyl carrier protein via the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an acyl carrier protein via the
+action of an 80 so we've seen lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action of an 80 so we've seen lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action of an 80 so we've seen lots of
+the co a here we have the acyl carrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the co a here we have the acyl carrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the co a here we have the acyl carrier
+protein with the peep an arm it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein with the peep an arm it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein with the peep an arm it's not a
+squiggle here it is in the next one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squiggle here it is in the next one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squiggle here it is in the next one
+with this malonyl unit loaded there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this malonyl unit loaded there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this malonyl unit loaded there's a
+decarboxylation and what do we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarboxylation and what do we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarboxylation and what do we see
+happening here we have a chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening here we have a chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening here we have a chain
+elongation event so claisen condensation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elongation event so claisen condensation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elongation event so claisen condensation
+catalyzed by the ketosynthase between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyzed by the ketosynthase between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyzed by the ketosynthase between
+the starter and the first extender to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the starter and the first extender to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the starter and the first extender to
+give us this beta keto thio ester so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us this beta keto thio ester so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us this beta keto thio ester so
+once this carbon-carbon bond is formed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once this carbon-carbon bond is formed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once this carbon-carbon bond is formed
+to give us the beta keto thio ester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give us the beta keto thio ester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give us the beta keto thio ester
+there's processing of the beta carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's processing of the beta carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's processing of the beta carbon
+via those tailoring domains the keto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via those tailoring domains the keto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via those tailoring domains the keto
+reductase the enol reductase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductase the enol reductase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductase the enol reductase the
+dehydratase and the enol reductase and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydratase and the enol reductase and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydratase and the enol reductase and
+so we see reduction of the beta ketone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we see reduction of the beta ketone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we see reduction of the beta ketone
+here we see formation of the alkene and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we see formation of the alkene and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we see formation of the alkene and
+then we see reduction to get us to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we see reduction to get us to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we see reduction to get us to this
+point and so this cycle can repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and so this cycle can repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and so this cycle can repeat
+itself until at some point there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself until at some point there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself until at some point there's a
+termination event and in this case here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+termination event and in this case here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+termination event and in this case here
+we see a thio ester ace catalyzing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see a thio ester ace catalyzing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see a thio ester ace catalyzing
+hydrolytic release of the fatty acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolytic release of the fatty acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolytic release of the fatty acid
+chain this is the depiction you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain this is the depiction you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain this is the depiction you'll see
+in recitation today or saw before and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in recitation today or saw before and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in recitation today or saw before and I
+guess what I like about this depiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what I like about this depiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what I like about this depiction
+is that you see color coding separating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you see color coding separating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you see color coding separating
+the elongation and the domains involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elongation and the domains involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elongation and the domains involved
+in elongation with then the processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in elongation with then the processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in elongation with then the processing
+of the beta ketone here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the beta ketone here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the beta ketone here and then
+termination ok so we get some fatty acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+termination ok so we get some fatty acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+termination ok so we get some fatty acid
+from this and so where we're going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this and so where we're going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this and so where we're going to go
+with this overview is looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this overview is looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this overview is looking at the
+poly key tides ok and to ask what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly key tides ok and to ask what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly key tides ok and to ask what's
+similar and different in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar and different in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar and different in terms of
+polyketide biosynthesis and so where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyketide biosynthesis and so where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyketide biosynthesis and so where we
+can begin with thinking about that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can begin with thinking about that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can begin with thinking about that is
+asking what are the starters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking what are the starters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking what are the starters and
+extenders and so these are the starters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extenders and so these are the starters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extenders and so these are the starters
+and extenders we saw for fatty acids and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and extenders we saw for fatty acids and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and extenders we saw for fatty acids and
+here are the starters and extenders for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the starters and extenders for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the starters and extenders for
+poly key tides so very similar right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly key tides so very similar right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly key tides so very similar right we
+just see that there's some additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just see that there's some additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just see that there's some additional
+options so we also have this propanil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options so we also have this propanil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options so we also have this propanil
+Kawai here in addition to millennial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kawai here in addition to millennial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kawai here in addition to millennial
+Kawai as an extender we see that methyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kawai as an extender we see that methyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kawai as an extender we see that methyl
+Melanie Alcoa can be employed so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Melanie Alcoa can be employed so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Melanie Alcoa can be employed so what
+are the core domains of the PKS they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the core domains of the PKS they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the core domains of the PKS they're
+similar to those of FAS and we'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to those of FAS and we'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to those of FAS and we'll just
+focus on the PKS side of this table so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the PKS side of this table so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the PKS side of this table so
+this is a helpful table when reviewing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a helpful table when reviewing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a helpful table when reviewing
+both types of assembly lines so the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both types of assembly lines so the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both types of assembly lines so the core
+means that every module which I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that every module which I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that every module which I'll
+define in a moment contains these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define in a moment contains these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define in a moment contains these
+domains so we see that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains so we see that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains so we see that there's a
+ketosynthase an acyl transferase and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketosynthase an acyl transferase and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketosynthase an acyl transferase and a
+thigh elation domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thigh elation domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thigh elation domain
+so this dilation domain is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this dilation domain is the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this dilation domain is the same as
+the acyl carrier protein so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acyl carrier protein so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acyl carrier protein so there's
+different terminology used and within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different terminology used and within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different terminology used and within
+the notes I have some pages that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notes I have some pages that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notes I have some pages that are
+dedicated to these terminologies okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicated to these terminologies okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicated to these terminologies okay so
+for PKS here we have the ketosynthase we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for PKS here we have the ketosynthase we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for PKS here we have the ketosynthase we
+have the chemistry and then we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the chemistry and then we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the chemistry and then we have this
+T domain which equals acyl carrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T domain which equals acyl carrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T domain which equals acyl carrier
+protein here okay so then what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein here okay so then what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein here okay so then what about
+these tailoring domains that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tailoring domains that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tailoring domains that were
+required to produce the fatty acid what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required to produce the fatty acid what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required to produce the fatty acid what
+we see in polyketide biosynthesis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see in polyketide biosynthesis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see in polyketide biosynthesis is
+that those domains are optional so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those domains are optional so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those domains are optional so one
+or more of these domains may be in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more of these domains may be in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more of these domains may be in a
+given module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's an overview and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's an overview and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's an overview and then
+we'll look at an example of some domains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll look at an example of some domains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll look at an example of some domains
+and modules so we're going to focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and modules so we're going to focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and modules so we're going to focus on
+type one polyketide synthesis and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type one polyketide synthesis and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type one polyketide synthesis and in
+these what we're going to see is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these what we're going to see is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these what we're going to see is that
+catalytic and carrier protein domains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalytic and carrier protein domains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalytic and carrier protein domains
+are fused and they're organized into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fused and they're organized into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fused and they're organized into
+what will term modules so a module is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will term modules so a module is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will term modules so a module is
+defined as a group of domains that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as a group of domains that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as a group of domains that's
+responsible for activating forming the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for activating forming the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for activating forming the
+carbon-carbon bonds and tailoring a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon-carbon bonds and tailoring a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon-carbon bonds and tailoring a
+monomer so there is an individual module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomer so there is an individual module
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomer so there is an individual module
+for every monomer within the growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every monomer within the growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every monomer within the growing
+chain and the order of the modules in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain and the order of the modules in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain and the order of the modules in
+the polyketide synthase determines the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polyketide synthase determines the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polyketide synthase determines the
+functional group status and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional group status and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional group status and that
+functional group status is determined by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional group status is determined by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional group status is determined by
+whether or not these optional domains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not these optional domains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not these optional domains
+are there okay how do we look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there okay how do we look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there okay how do we look for
+modules the easiest way is to look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules the easiest way is to look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules the easiest way is to look for
+one of these violation or ACP domains so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these violation or ACP domains so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these violation or ACP domains so
+each module has one of these so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each module has one of these so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each module has one of these so you can
+count your a number of T domains and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count your a number of T domains and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count your a number of T domains and
+then you know okay there's 70 domains so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know okay there's 70 domains so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know okay there's 70 domains so
+there's seven monomers for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's seven monomers for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's seven monomers for instance
+so each clayvin condensation is a chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each clayvin condensation is a chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each clayvin condensation is a chain
+elongation and chain translocation event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elongation and chain translocation event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elongation and chain translocation event
+keep in mind the starting monomer so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind the starting monomer so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind the starting monomer so
+whether that's asset Eelco a or propria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that's asset Eelco a or propria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that's asset Eelco a or propria
+neil koay does not contain a co2 group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neil koay does not contain a co2 group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neil koay does not contain a co2 group
+so there's no decarboxylation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's no decarboxylation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's no decarboxylation of the
+starting monomer but decarboxylation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting monomer but decarboxylation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting monomer but decarboxylation of
+millennial kawaii occurs like in fatty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millennial kawaii occurs like in fatty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millennial kawaii occurs like in fatty
+acid synthase and if that's the case it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid synthase and if that's the case it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid synthase and if that's the case it
+provides the c2 unit and if methyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides the c2 unit and if methyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides the c2 unit and if methyl
+malonyl coenzyme a collation provides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malonyl coenzyme a collation provides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malonyl coenzyme a collation provides
+the c3 unit because of that methyl group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the c3 unit because of that methyl group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the c3 unit because of that methyl group
+so key difference as we just saw in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so key difference as we just saw in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so key difference as we just saw in
+fatty acid biosynthesis we have complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acid biosynthesis we have complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acid biosynthesis we have complete
+reduction of that beta Kido group and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction of that beta Kido group and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction of that beta Kido group and
+every elongation cycle because of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every elongation cycle because of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every elongation cycle because of these
+three tailoring domains the kr D H and E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three tailoring domains the kr D H and E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three tailoring domains the kr D H and E
+are in PKS what can happen is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in PKS what can happen is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in PKS what can happen is that
+reduction of this Vedic each a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction of this Vedic each a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction of this Vedic each a whole
+group may not happen at all or it may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group may not happen at all or it may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group may not happen at all or it may be
+incomplete in each elongation step so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomplete in each elongation step so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomplete in each elongation step so
+what that means is that poly ki tights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means is that poly ki tights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means is that poly ki tights
+retain functional groups during chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retain functional groups during chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retain functional groups during chain
+elongation and if you look back at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elongation and if you look back at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elongation and if you look back at some
+of the structures that were in the notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the structures that were in the notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the structures that were in the notes
+from last time you'll see that in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from last time you'll see that in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from last time you'll see that in terms
+of ketones hydroxyls double bonds etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ketones hydroxyls double bonds etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ketones hydroxyls double bonds etc
+and also the other point to note is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the other point to note is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the other point to note is that
+there can be additional chemistry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can be additional chemistry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can be additional chemistry and
+that these assembly lines or poly key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these assembly lines or poly key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these assembly lines or poly key
+types and theses non-ribosomal peptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types and theses non-ribosomal peptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types and theses non-ribosomal peptide
+synthesis can contain what are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis can contain what are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis can contain what are called
+optional domains so these are additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional domains so these are additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional domains so these are additional
+domains that are not required for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains that are not required for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains that are not required for
+formation of the carbon-carbon bond or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of the carbon-carbon bond or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of the carbon-carbon bond or
+an amide bond and non-ribosomal peptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an amide bond and non-ribosomal peptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an amide bond and non-ribosomal peptide
+synthesis but they can do other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis but they can do other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis but they can do other
+chemistry there so imagine a methyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry there so imagine a methyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry there so imagine a methyl
+transferase for instance or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferase for instance or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferase for instance or some
+cyclization domain so how do we show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclization domain so how do we show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclization domain so how do we show
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+domains and modules so typically a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains and modules so typically a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains and modules so typically a given
+synthase is depicted from left to right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthase is depicted from left to right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthase is depicted from left to right
+in order of domain and bond forming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order of domain and bond forming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order of domain and bond forming
+reactions here so let's just take a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if we consider PKS domains and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we consider PKS domains and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we consider PKS domains and
+modules we're just going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a pretend assembly line okay so this I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretend assembly line okay so this I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretend assembly line okay so this I'm
+defining here as an optional domain so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining here as an optional domain so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining here as an optional domain so
+in this depiction going from left to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this depiction going from left to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this depiction going from left to
+right each one of these circles is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right each one of these circles is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right each one of these circles is a
+domain so a polypeptide with a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain so a polypeptide with a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain so a polypeptide with a single
+enzymatic activity okay note that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymatic activity okay note that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymatic activity okay note that
+they're all basically touching one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all basically touching one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all basically touching one
+another okay which indicates in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another okay which indicates in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another okay which indicates in these
+types of notations that the polypeptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of notations that the polypeptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of notations that the polypeptide
+continues okay it's not two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues okay it's not two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues okay it's not two different
+proteins but we have one polypeptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins but we have one polypeptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins but we have one polypeptide
+here I said that there's modules and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I said that there's modules and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I said that there's modules and we
+can identify modules by counting T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can identify modules by counting T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can identify modules by counting T
+domains so here we have three T domains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains so here we have three T domains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains so here we have three T domains
+so effectively there's three modules so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so effectively there's three modules so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so effectively there's three modules so
+we have a module here you have a module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a module here you have a module
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a module here you have a module
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we have a module here what do we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have a module here what do we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have a module here what do we see
+two of these modules have a ketosynthase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of these modules have a ketosynthase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of these modules have a ketosynthase
+right so that's the domain that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's the domain that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's the domain that
+catalyzes the claisen condensation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyzes the claisen condensation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyzes the claisen condensation we
+have no ketosynthase here in this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no ketosynthase here in this first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no ketosynthase here in this first
+module why is that we're all the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module why is that we're all the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module why is that we're all the way to
+the left this is effectively our starter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left this is effectively our starter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left this is effectively our starter
+or loading module so the propane eoa or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or loading module so the propane eoa or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or loading module so the propane eoa or
+acetyl co a will be here as we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl co a will be here as we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl co a will be here as we'll see
+and there's nothing upstream to catalyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's nothing upstream to catalyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's nothing upstream to catalyze
+a condensation event with so there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a condensation event with so there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a condensation event with so there's no
+KS domain in the starting module here or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KS domain in the starting module here or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KS domain in the starting module here or
+loading module okay so this is often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loading module okay so this is often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loading module okay so this is often
+called loading our starter so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called loading our starter so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called loading our starter so if we
+think about these optional domains for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about these optional domains for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about these optional domains for a
+minute right and think about how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute right and think about how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute right and think about how they
+work if we go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to a fatty acid synthase and let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a fatty acid synthase and let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a fatty acid synthase and let's just
+imagine we have this species attached
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine we have this species attached
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine we have this species attached
+right we have the action of the KR the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we have the action of the KR the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we have the action of the KR the
+dehydratase and the ER to give us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydratase and the ER to give us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydratase and the ER to give us the
+fully reduced species right we're here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully reduced species right we're here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully reduced species right we're here
+we have a beta ch2 group rather than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a beta ch2 group rather than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a beta ch2 group rather than the
+beta ketone so what happens in PKS right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta ketone so what happens in PKS right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta ketone so what happens in PKS right
+in terms of the different option in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the different option in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the different option in all
+domains so we could have this and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains so we could have this and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains so we could have this and have
+full reduction we could imagine maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full reduction we could imagine maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full reduction we could imagine maybe
+there's no you know lil reductase so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no you know lil reductase so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no you know lil reductase so the
+module has the keto reductase and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module has the keto reductase and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module has the keto reductase and the
+dehydratase but no in allele reductase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydratase but no in allele reductase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydratase but no in allele reductase
+and so as a result this poly key tied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so as a result this poly key tied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so as a result this poly key tied
+ends up with a double bond here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up with a double bond here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up with a double bond here okay
+what if we have no dehydratase like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if we have no dehydratase like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if we have no dehydratase like this
+okay we just work backwards from the FAS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we just work backwards from the FAS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we just work backwards from the FAS
+cycle okay we'd be left with this o H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle okay we'd be left with this o H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle okay we'd be left with this o H
+group at the beta position right and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group at the beta position right and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group at the beta position right and if
+we have none of them so no hito
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have none of them so no hito
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have none of them so no hito
+reductase dehydratase or evenly over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductase dehydratase or evenly over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductase dehydratase or evenly over
+duct ace the beta ketone will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duct ace the beta ketone will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duct ace the beta ketone will be
+retained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what this also means is that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this also means is that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this also means is that you can
+just look at some polyketide and assess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at some polyketide and assess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at some polyketide and assess
+what the situation is from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the situation is from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the situation is from the
+standpoint of these optional domains so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint of these optional domains so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint of these optional domains so
+let's just take an example if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just take an example if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just take an example if we have
+three cycles of elongation and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three cycles of elongation and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three cycles of elongation and let's
+imagine we had an acetyl co a starter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay plus three myelin ilka way so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay plus three myelin ilka way so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay plus three myelin ilka way so what
+do we end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's imagine our chain looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do we see right so two carbons are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we see right so two carbons are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we see right so two carbons are
+added during each elongation cycle to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added during each elongation cycle to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added during each elongation cycle to
+the chain here and we can see those here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain here and we can see those here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain here and we can see those here
+here here and here okay so a total of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here and here okay so a total of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here and here okay so a total of
+four C two units one from the starter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four C two units one from the starter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four C two units one from the starter
+and then three from these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then three from these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then three from these three
+extenders right and then we can look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extenders right and then we can look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extenders right and then we can look at
+what the functional group status is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the functional group status is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the functional group status is and
+say okay well here we have no Kido
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay well here we have no Kido
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay well here we have no Kido
+reductase and here there was keto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductase and here there was keto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductase and here there was keto
+reductase action but there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductase action but there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductase action but there's no
+dehydratase and here what do we see we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydratase and here what do we see we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydratase and here what do we see we
+see that there is a reduction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that there is a reduction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that there is a reduction of the
+beta ketone and then the action of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta ketone and then the action of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta ketone and then the action of the
+dehydratase but we're left at the alkene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydratase but we're left at the alkene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydratase but we're left at the alkene
+so no in oil reductase right so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no in oil reductase right so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no in oil reductase right so just
+looking you can begin to decipher in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking you can begin to decipher in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking you can begin to decipher in a
+given module what optional domains are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given module what optional domains are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given module what optional domains are
+there so what we'll do is take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so what we'll do is take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so what we'll do is take a look at
+an actual PKS assembly line and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an actual PKS assembly line and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an actual PKS assembly line and then
+look at the chemistry happening on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the chemistry happening on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the chemistry happening on it
+here these are just for your review this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here these are just for your review this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here these are just for your review this
+is a poly key tied synthase responsible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a poly key tied synthase responsible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a poly key tied synthase responsible
+for making this molecule here so de Bie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for making this molecule here so de Bie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for making this molecule here so de Bie
+deb is a 14-member in macro lactone it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deb is a 14-member in macro lactone it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deb is a 14-member in macro lactone it's
+a precursor to the antibiotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a precursor to the antibiotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a precursor to the antibiotic
+erythromycin here and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erythromycin here and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erythromycin here and this is the
+cartoon depiction of the polyketide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon depiction of the polyketide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon depiction of the polyketide
+synthase required for the biosynthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthase required for the biosynthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthase required for the biosynthesis
+of this molecule so what do we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this molecule so what do we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this molecule so what do we see
+looking at this poly key tight synthase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this poly key tight synthase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this poly key tight synthase
+so it's more complicated than this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's more complicated than this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's more complicated than this one
+here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but
+same principles apply and what we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same principles apply and what we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same principles apply and what we'll see
+is that it's comprised of three proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's comprised of three proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's comprised of three proteins
+there's seven modules so one loading or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's seven modules so one loading or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's seven modules so one loading or
+starter module and six elongation Maalik
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starter module and six elongation Maalik
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starter module and six elongation Maalik
+modules and there's a total of 28
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules and there's a total of 28
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules and there's a total of 28
+domains okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains okay
+and I said before the placement and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I said before the placement and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I said before the placement and the
+identity of these domains dictates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity of these domains dictates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity of these domains dictates the
+identity of the growing chain so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity of the growing chain so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity of the growing chain so let's
+take a look so first how do we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look so first how do we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look so first how do we know
+there's three proteins we know that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's three proteins we know that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's three proteins we know that in
+this type of cartoon because we ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type of cartoon because we ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type of cartoon because we ended up
+seeing some breaks between different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing some breaks between different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing some breaks between different
+domains so here for instance the AP the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains so here for instance the AP the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains so here for instance the AP the
+T the KS etc they're all attached to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T the KS etc they're all attached to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T the KS etc they're all attached to one
+another in the cartoon that means it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another in the cartoon that means it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another in the cartoon that means it's
+all one polypeptide chain but this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all one polypeptide chain but this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all one polypeptide chain but this one
+polypeptide chain has many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide chain has many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide chain has many different
+enzymatic activities in it because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymatic activities in it because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymatic activities in it because it
+has different domains when we see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has different domains when we see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has different domains when we see a
+break so for instance here this T domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break so for instance here this T domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break so for instance here this T domain
+and this KS domain are not touching one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this KS domain are not touching one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this KS domain are not touching one
+another that means we have two separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another that means we have two separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another that means we have two separate
+proteins so this T domain is at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins so this T domain is at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins so this T domain is at the
+terminus of the EBS one and D EBS two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminus of the EBS one and D EBS two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminus of the EBS one and D EBS two
+begins with this ketosynthase okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins with this ketosynthase okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins with this ketosynthase okay
+likewise we have a break here between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise we have a break here between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise we have a break here between
+the T domain and this ketosynthase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T domain and this ketosynthase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T domain and this ketosynthase
+so three proteins make up this assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so three proteins make up this assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so three proteins make up this assembly
+line and so when thinking about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and so when thinking about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and so when thinking about this
+these proteins are gonna have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these proteins are gonna have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these proteins are gonna have to
+interact with each other in one way or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with each other in one way or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with each other in one way or
+another and so there's a lot of dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another and so there's a lot of dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another and so there's a lot of dynamics
+and protein protein interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and protein protein interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and protein protein interactions
+happening here how do we know there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening here how do we know there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening here how do we know there's
+seven modules and remember each module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven modules and remember each module
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven modules and remember each module
+is responsible for one monomer unit we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is responsible for one monomer unit we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is responsible for one monomer unit we
+count the T domains so we have 1 2 3 4 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count the T domains so we have 1 2 3 4 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count the T domains so we have 1 2 3 4 5
+6 7 T domains so like the acyl carrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 7 T domains so like the acyl carrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 7 T domains so like the acyl carrier
+proteins of fatty acid synthase these T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins of fatty acid synthase these T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins of fatty acid synthase these T
+domains will be post-translationally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains will be post-translationally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains will be post-translationally
+modified with the PPO arm and that P pan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified with the PPO arm and that P pan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified with the PPO arm and that P pan
+arm will be loaded with the acetyl co a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm will be loaded with the acetyl co a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm will be loaded with the acetyl co a
+or methylmalonyl coenzyme alota module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or methylmalonyl coenzyme alota module
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or methylmalonyl coenzyme alota module
+has no ketosynthase because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no ketosynthase because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no ketosynthase because there's
+nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing
+upstream over here for catalyzing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstream over here for catalyzing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstream over here for catalyzing a
+carbon-carbon bond formation event and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon-carbon bond formation event and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon-carbon bond formation event and
+then we see modules one through six so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we see modules one through six so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we see modules one through six so
+sometimes the loading module is module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the loading module is module
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the loading module is module
+zero we see that each one has a ketose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero we see that each one has a ketose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero we see that each one has a ketose
+in face so they'll be carbon-carbon bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in face so they'll be carbon-carbon bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in face so they'll be carbon-carbon bond
+formation going along this assembly line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation going along this assembly line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation going along this assembly line
+and we see that the optional domains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we see that the optional domains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we see that the optional domains
+vary so for instance module one has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary so for instance module one has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary so for instance module one has a
+keto reductase as does module two look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keto reductase as does module two look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keto reductase as does module two look
+at module four we see all three domains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at module four we see all three domains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at module four we see all three domains
+required for complete processing of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required for complete processing of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required for complete processing of that
+beta Kido Kido group here here only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta Kido Kido group here here only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta Kido Kido group here here only a
+keto reductase and here only a keto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keto reductase and here only a keto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keto reductase and here only a keto
+reductase okay so just looking at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductase okay so just looking at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductase okay so just looking at this
+you can say okay well we'll have an H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say okay well we'll have an H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say okay well we'll have an H
+group here here here we have complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group here here here we have complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group here here here we have complete
+processing just ignore this it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing just ignore this it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing just ignore this it's in
+lower case because it's a non-functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower case because it's a non-functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower case because it's a non-functional
+reduc reductase domain it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduc reductase domain it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduc reductase domain it's not
+operating as annotated here so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating as annotated here so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating as annotated here so what
+happens so again there's post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens so again there's post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens so again there's post
+translational modification of this T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translational modification of this T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translational modification of this T
+domain so it has a serine the serine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain so it has a serine the serine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain so it has a serine the serine
+gets modified with the P pant arm as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets modified with the P pant arm as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets modified with the P pant arm as
+shown here and we use that squiggle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here and we use that squiggle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here and we use that squiggle
+depiction as I showed for the acyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depiction as I showed for the acyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depiction as I showed for the acyl
+carrier protein of FAS so post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier protein of FAS so post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier protein of FAS so post
+translational modification of these t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translational modification of these t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translational modification of these t
+domains has to happen before any of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains has to happen before any of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains has to happen before any of the
+monomers are loaded onto this assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomers are loaded onto this assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomers are loaded onto this assembly
+line and these peep and arms allow us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and these peep and arms allow us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and these peep and arms allow us to
+use thio esters as the linkages and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use thio esters as the linkages and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use thio esters as the linkages and
+through the chemistry I showed earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the chemistry I showed earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the chemistry I showed earlier
+so here what we're seeing in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here what we're seeing in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here what we're seeing in this
+cartoon okay going from here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon okay going from here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon okay going from here this
+indicates that the T domains are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates that the T domains are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates that the T domains are not
+post-translationally modified and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-translationally modified and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-translationally modified and here
+we see the assembly line after action of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see the assembly line after action of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see the assembly line after action of
+some vos potential transferase loading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some vos potential transferase loading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some vos potential transferase loading
+these arms okay so each T domain gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these arms okay so each T domain gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these arms okay so each T domain gets
+post-translationally modified what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-translationally modified what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-translationally modified what
+happens next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens next
+we have loading of monomers and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have loading of monomers and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have loading of monomers and we'll
+look at module zero and one on the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at module zero and one on the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at module zero and one on the board
+and then look at how the whole assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then look at how the whole assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then look at how the whole assembly
+line goes I don't know I don't know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line goes I don't know I don't know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line goes I don't know I don't know in
+terms of the kinetics and say it does 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the kinetics and say it does 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the kinetics and say it does 1
+T domain get loaded by a PPT ace before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T domain get loaded by a PPT ace before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T domain get loaded by a PPT ace before
+the other these enzymes are very complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other these enzymes are very complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other these enzymes are very complex
+and there's a lot we don't know but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a lot we don't know but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a lot we don't know but that
+that would be interesting if it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be interesting if it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be interesting if it's the
+case I wouldn't rule it out but I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I wouldn't rule it out but I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I wouldn't rule it out but I just
+don't know one thing to point out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know one thing to point out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know one thing to point out to
+these assembly lines are huge so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these assembly lines are huge so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these assembly lines are huge so this is
+something we'll talk about more the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we'll talk about more the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we'll talk about more the next
+time as we begin to discuss how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time as we begin to discuss how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time as we begin to discuss how do you
+experiment until we study them but some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment until we study them but some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment until we study them but some
+are the size of the ribosome for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the size of the ribosome for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the size of the ribosome for the
+biosynthesis of one natural product and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis of one natural product and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis of one natural product and
+what that means from the standpoint of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means from the standpoint of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means from the standpoint of
+in vitro characterization is that often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in vitro characterization is that often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in vitro characterization is that often
+you you just can't express a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you just can't express a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you just can't express a whole
+assembly line let alone say one protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly line let alone say one protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly line let alone say one protein
+that has a few modules so often what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a few modules so often what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a few modules so often what
+people will do is individually express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will do is individually express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will do is individually express
+domains or Die domains and study you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains or Die domains and study you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains or Die domains and study you
+know the reactions they catalyze in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the reactions they catalyze in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the reactions they catalyze in
+their chemistry there and so it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their chemistry there and so it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their chemistry there and so it would be
+very difficult even to test that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult even to test that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult even to test that in
+terms of in vitro is there an ordering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of in vitro is there an ordering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of in vitro is there an ordering
+to how the T domains are loaded and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how the T domains are loaded and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how the T domains are loaded and then
+there's the question - do you even know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the question - do you even know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the question - do you even know
+what the dedicated PPP ASE's so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the dedicated PPP ASE's so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the dedicated PPP ASE's so there's
+some tricks that are done on the bench
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some tricks that are done on the bench
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some tricks that are done on the bench
+top to get around not knowing that which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top to get around not knowing that which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top to get around not knowing that which
+we'll talk about later so back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about later so back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about later so back to this
+assembly line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay to make done so we're just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to make done so we're just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to make done so we're just going to
+go over the loading module and module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over the loading module and module
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over the loading module and module
+one and look at a claisen condensation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and look at a claisen condensation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and look at a claisen condensation
+catalyzed by the KF and this chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyzed by the KF and this chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyzed by the KF and this chemistry
+pertains to the various other modules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pertains to the various other modules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pertains to the various other modules
+and other PKS so you have a T domain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other PKS so you have a T domain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other PKS so you have a T domain and
+our thigh elation domain of module 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our thigh elation domain of module 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our thigh elation domain of module 0 and
+then we have the ketosynthase the a T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have the ketosynthase the a T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have the ketosynthase the a T
+domain the keto reductase and the T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain the keto reductase and the T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain the keto reductase and the T
+domain of module 1 okay I'm drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain of module 1 okay I'm drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain of module 1 okay I'm drawing
+these a little up and down just to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these a little up and down just to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these a little up and down just to make
+it easier to show the chemistry so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it easier to show the chemistry so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it easier to show the chemistry so
+sometimes you see them straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you see them straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you see them straight
+sometimes moved around here but it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes moved around here but it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes moved around here but it's all
+the same so we have these keep an arms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same so we have these keep an arms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same so we have these keep an arms
+on the true t domains so what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the true t domains so what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the true t domains so what happens
+now after these have been post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now after these have been post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now after these have been post
+translationally modified we need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translationally modified we need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translationally modified we need the
+action of the AP domains to load the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action of the AP domains to load the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action of the AP domains to load the
+monomers onto the P pant arms here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so action of the a T domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what do we end up with in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we end up with in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we end up with in this case
+the starter is a propane yieldco a so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the starter is a propane yieldco a so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the starter is a propane yieldco a so we
+can see that here and we have a methyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that here and we have a methyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that here and we have a methyl
+Millenial Kawai as the extender that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Millenial Kawai as the extender that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Millenial Kawai as the extender that
+gets loaded okay and I'm going to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the cysteine thiolate of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cysteine thiolate of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cysteine thiolate of the
+ketosynthase here so what happens next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we need to have decarboxylation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to have decarboxylation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to have decarboxylation of the
+methyl Melanie Alcoa monomer to give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl Melanie Alcoa monomer to give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl Melanie Alcoa monomer to give us
+a c3 unit and it's c3 because of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a c3 unit and it's c3 because of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a c3 unit and it's c3 because of this
+methyl group okay but the growing chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl group okay but the growing chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl group okay but the growing chain
+will grow by two carbons and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will grow by two carbons and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will grow by two carbons and then we
+need to have transfer of this starter to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have transfer of this starter to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have transfer of this starter to
+the ketosynthase so the keto stand face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ketosynthase so the keto stand face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ketosynthase so the keto stand face
+is involved in covalent catalysis here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is involved in covalent catalysis here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is involved in covalent catalysis here
+so what happens we can imagine here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens we can imagine here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens we can imagine here we
+have a tack and then here we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a tack and then here we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a tack and then here we're going to
+have the decarboxylation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the unchained transferred and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unchained transferred and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unchained transferred and the
+ketosynthase okay and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketosynthase okay and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketosynthase okay and here
+decarboxylation leaves us species okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now what happens now the assembly set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what happens now the assembly set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what happens now the assembly set
+up for the claisen condensation to occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up for the claisen condensation to occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up for the claisen condensation to occur
+which is catalyzed by the ketosynthase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is catalyzed by the ketosynthase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is catalyzed by the ketosynthase
+right so what will happen here you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what will happen here you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what will happen here you can
+imagine that and as a result where do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that and as a result where do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that and as a result where do we
+end up I'll just draw it down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and what else do we have we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Aikido reductase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aikido reductase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aikido reductase
+so this keto reductase will act on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this keto reductase will act on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this keto reductase will act on the
+monomer of the upstream unit and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomer of the upstream unit and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomer of the upstream unit and that's
+how it always is so if there's optional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it always is so if there's optional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it always is so if there's optional
+domains in module 1 they act on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains in module 1 they act on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains in module 1 they act on the
+monomer from module 0 if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomer from module 0 if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomer from module 0 if there's
+optional domains in module 2 they'll act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional domains in module 2 they'll act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional domains in module 2 they'll act
+on the monomer from module 1 okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the monomer from module 1 okay so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the monomer from module 1 okay so we
+see here now we have reduction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here now we have reduction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here now we have reduction of the
+ketone from module 1 to here via the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketone from module 1 to here via the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketone from module 1 to here via the
+keto reductase okay so if we take a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at with on the board or sorry on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at with on the board or sorry on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at with on the board or sorry on the
+power point here what we're seeing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power point here what we're seeing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power point here what we're seeing is
+one depiction of this assembly line to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one depiction of this assembly line to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one depiction of this assembly line to
+make Deb indicating the growing chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make Deb indicating the growing chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make Deb indicating the growing chain
+okay so as we walk through each module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so as we walk through each module
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so as we walk through each module
+we see an addition or medicinal monomer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see an addition or medicinal monomer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see an addition or medicinal monomer
+attached so the chain elongates and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached so the chain elongates and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached so the chain elongates and then
+you can track what's happening to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can track what's happening to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can track what's happening to the
+ketone group of the upstream monomer on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketone group of the upstream monomer on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketone group of the upstream monomer on
+the basis of the optional domains here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis of the optional domains here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis of the optional domains here
+if we look in this one which I like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look in this one which I like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look in this one which I like this
+one because they color code so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because they color code so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because they color code so they
+color code the different modules along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color code the different modules along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color code the different modules along
+with the monomer and so it's pretty easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the monomer and so it's pretty easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the monomer and so it's pretty easy
+to trace what's happening so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to trace what's happening so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to trace what's happening so for
+instance here we have the loading module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance here we have the loading module
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance here we have the loading module
+and we have the starter unit in red and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have the starter unit in red and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have the starter unit in red and
+here we see that it's been reduced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we see that it's been reduced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we see that it's been reduced by
+the keto reductase of the upstream blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the keto reductase of the upstream blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the keto reductase of the upstream blue
+module okay here we have the green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module okay here we have the green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module okay here we have the green
+module here it's its monomer and we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module here it's its monomer and we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module here it's its monomer and we see
+its keto reductase acted on the blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its keto reductase acted on the blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its keto reductase acted on the blue
+monomer from module 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomer from module 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomer from module 1
+cetera here so I encourage you all to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cetera here so I encourage you all to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cetera here so I encourage you all to
+just very systematically work through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just very systematically work through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just very systematically work through
+the assembly lines that are provided in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assembly lines that are provided in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assembly lines that are provided in
+these notes and it's the same type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these notes and it's the same type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these notes and it's the same type of
+chemistry over and over again and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry over and over again and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry over and over again and if you
+learn the patterns it ends up being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn the patterns it ends up being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn the patterns it ends up being
+quite easy to work through at least the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite easy to work through at least the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite easy to work through at least the
+simple assembly line so as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple assembly line so as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple assembly line so as you can
+imagine complexity increases and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine complexity increases and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine complexity increases and we'll
+look at some examples of more complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at some examples of more complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at some examples of more complex
+ones as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones as well
+so where we'll start next time with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where we'll start next time with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where we'll start next time with this
+is just briefly looking at chain release
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just briefly looking at chain release
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just briefly looking at chain release
+by the thio ester ace and then we'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the thio ester ace and then we'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the thio ester ace and then we'll do
+an overview of non-ribosomal peptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an overview of non-ribosomal peptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an overview of non-ribosomal peptide
+bioessence this is logic and then look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioessence this is logic and then look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioessence this is logic and then look
+at some example assembly lines so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some example assembly lines so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some example assembly lines so we
+have the exams to give back I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the exams to give back I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the exams to give back I'll just
+say a few things so the average was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a few things so the average was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a few things so the average was
+around 268 plus or minus 10 11 12 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 268 plus or minus 10 11 12 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 268 plus or minus 10 11 12 for
+the standard deviation I'd say if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard deviation I'd say if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard deviation I'd say if you
+were in the mid 70s and above you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in the mid 70s and above you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in the mid 70s and above you did
+really well if you're in to the low 60s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well if you're in to the low 60s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well if you're in to the low 60s
+that is okay but we'd really like things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is okay but we'd really like things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is okay but we'd really like things
+to improve for the next one in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to improve for the next one in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to improve for the next one in terms of
+the exam and just some feedback and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exam and just some feedback and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exam and just some feedback and
+output feedback as well in the key which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output feedback as well in the key which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output feedback as well in the key which
+will be posted later today or early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be posted later today or early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be posted later today or early
+tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow
+there wasn't one question that say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there wasn't one question that say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there wasn't one question that say the
+whole class bombed so that that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole class bombed so that that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole class bombed so that that's good
+there were a few things for just general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were a few things for just general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were a few things for just general
+improvement and I want to bring this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement and I want to bring this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement and I want to bring this up
+so you can also think about it in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can also think about it in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can also think about it in terms
+of problem sets one involves being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problem sets one involves being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problem sets one involves being
+quantitative so there's certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative so there's certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative so there's certainly
+qualitative trends and data but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative trends and data but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative trends and data but there's
+also quantitative information there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also quantitative information there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also quantitative information there and
+that can be important to look at and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be important to look at and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be important to look at and one
+example I'll give of that involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I'll give of that involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I'll give of that involved
+question one if you recall there was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question one if you recall there was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question one if you recall there was an
+analysis of gtp hydrolysis and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of gtp hydrolysis and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of gtp hydrolysis and an
+analysis of peptide bond formation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of peptide bond formation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of peptide bond formation and
+quantitative analysis of the peptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative analysis of the peptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative analysis of the peptide
+bond formation experiments will show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond formation experiments will show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond formation experiments will show
+that all of the lysyl trna DH were used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all of the lysyl trna DH were used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all of the lysyl trna DH were used
+up in the case of the codon that was AAA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the case of the codon that was AAA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the case of the codon that was AAA
+whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas
+some of those tRNAs were not used up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those tRNAs were not used up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those tRNAs were not used up
+when the codon contained that six methyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the codon contained that six methyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the codon contained that six methyl
+a in position one right and if you link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in position one right and if you link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in position one right and if you link
+that back to the kinetic model along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that back to the kinetic model along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that back to the kinetic model along
+with the other data what that indicates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the other data what that indicates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the other data what that indicates
+is that proofreading is going on right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that proofreading is going on right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that proofreading is going on right
+some of those tRNAs are being rejected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those tRNAs are being rejected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those tRNAs are being rejected
+from the ribosome there so that that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the ribosome there so that that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the ribosome there so that that was
+one place where quantitation a fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one place where quantitation a fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one place where quantitation a fair
+number if you missed that and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number if you missed that and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number if you missed that and another
+thing I just want to stress is to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I just want to stress is to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I just want to stress is to make
+sure you answer the question being asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you answer the question being asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you answer the question being asked
+and where an example of that came up was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where an example of that came up was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where an example of that came up was
+in question one with the final question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in question one with the final question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in question one with the final question
+asking about relating the data back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking about relating the data back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking about relating the data back to
+the kinetic model and so if a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetic model and so if a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetic model and so if a question
+asked that you really didn't need to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked that you really didn't need to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked that you really didn't need to go
+back to the model which was in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the model which was in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the model which was in the
+appendix and think about that so many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appendix and think about that so many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appendix and think about that so many of
+you gave some very interesting answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you gave some very interesting answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you gave some very interesting answers
+and presented hypotheses about perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and presented hypotheses about perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and presented hypotheses about perhaps
+the six methyl a is involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the six methyl a is involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the six methyl a is involved in
+regulation and controlling like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation and controlling like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation and controlling like the
+timing of translation and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing of translation and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing of translation and that's
+terrific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrific
+and interesting to think about but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and interesting to think about but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and interesting to think about but it
+wasn't the answer to the question right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't the answer to the question right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't the answer to the question right
+which was you know to go beyond the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was you know to go beyond the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was you know to go beyond the
+conclusions from the experiments with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions from the experiments with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions from the experiments with
+GTP hydrolysis and formation of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GTP hydrolysis and formation of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GTP hydrolysis and formation of that
+dipeptide and ask you know how can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipeptide and ask you know how can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipeptide and ask you know how can we
+conceptualize this and this from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptualize this and this from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptualize this and this from the
+standpoint of the model we studied in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint of the model we studied in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint of the model we studied in
+class and then just the third point I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and then just the third point I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and then just the third point I'll
+make is related to question two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+specifically to grow a yell but the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically to grow a yell but the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically to grow a yell but the more
+general thing is that if we learn about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general thing is that if we learn about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general thing is that if we learn about
+a system in class unless there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system in class unless there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system in class unless there's
+compelling data presented in a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelling data presented in a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelling data presented in a question
+to suggest the model is something other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to suggest the model is something other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to suggest the model is something other
+than what we learned or its behavior is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what we learned or its behavior is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what we learned or its behavior is
+something other than what we learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something other than what we learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something other than what we learned
+stick with what you know so in the use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick with what you know so in the use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick with what you know so in the use
+of grow al the idea in that experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of grow al the idea in that experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of grow al the idea in that experiment
+was that if you recall this question was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that if you recall this question was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that if you recall this question was
+looking at these J proteins and asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at these J proteins and asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at these J proteins and asking
+how 2 J proteins facilitate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how 2 J proteins facilitate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how 2 J proteins facilitate
+disaggregation right and so a grow L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaggregation right and so a grow L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaggregation right and so a grow L
+trap was used that cannot hydrolyze ATP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trap was used that cannot hydrolyze ATP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trap was used that cannot hydrolyze ATP
+right which means it's not active at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which means it's not active at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which means it's not active at
+folding any any polypeptide but the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folding any any polypeptide but the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folding any any polypeptide but the idea
+there is that these J proteins end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is that these J proteins end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is that these J proteins end up
+allowing monomers to come out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing monomers to come out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing monomers to come out of the
+aggregate and then grow l can't wrap the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate and then grow l can't wrap the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate and then grow l can't wrap the
+unfold and monomer to prevent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfold and monomer to prevent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfold and monomer to prevent
+reactivation and so a number of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactivation and so a number of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactivation and so a number of people
+came to the conclusion that grow a o was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to the conclusion that grow a o was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to the conclusion that grow a o was
+binding the aggregate somehow in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding the aggregate somehow in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding the aggregate somehow in his
+chamber and what we learned about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber and what we learned about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber and what we learned about
+growing L is that its chamber can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing L is that its chamber can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing L is that its chamber can't
+house a protein over 60 kilo daltons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house a protein over 60 kilo daltons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house a protein over 60 kilo daltons
+right we saw that in terms of the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we saw that in terms of the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we saw that in terms of the in
+vitro assays that we're done looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitro assays that we're done looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitro assays that we're done looking at
+what its native substrates are right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what its native substrates are right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what its native substrates are right so
+always go back to what you know and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always go back to what you know and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always go back to what you know and then
+you need to ask yourself are this are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to ask yourself are this are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to ask yourself are this are
+the data suggesting some other behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data suggesting some other behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data suggesting some other behavior
+and and if that were the case like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and if that were the case like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and if that were the case like what
+is your analysis of those data there I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your analysis of those data there I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your analysis of those data there I'm
+so pleased even if you did really well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so pleased even if you did really well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so pleased even if you did really well
+look at the key and see what the key has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the key and see what the key has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the key and see what the key has
+to say and if you have questions and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say and if you have questions and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say and if you have questions and you
+can make an appointment when the year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make an appointment when the year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make an appointment when the year
+come to office hours you know or discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to office hours you know or discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to office hours you know or discuss
+with cheveux they're okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file